,transcriber's ,notes ,text printed in italics has been transcribed between underscores1 bold face text between equal signs4 ,small capitals have been converted to ,,all ,,capitals4 ,more transcriber's notes may be found at the end of this text4 ,illustration3 ,,harold ,m4 ,,dunphy1 ,,ll4 ,b4 ,graduate of the ,university of ,michigan1 #aijf ,attorney at ,law ,,one ,,thousand ,,ways ,,to ,,make ,a ,,living ,,or ,,an ,,encyclop,,dia ,,of ,,plans ,,to ,,make ,,money ,collated and ,edited by ,,harold ,m4 ,,dunphy1 ,,ll4 ,b4 ,,first ,,edition ,,spokane1 ,,washington #aiai ,,all ,,rights ,,reserved1 ,,including ,,that ,,of ,,translation ,,into ,,foreign ,,languages ,,copyright1 #aiai ,,by ,h4 ,m4 ,,dunphy ,,spokane1 ,,washington ,,important ,,publisher',s ,,announcement ,the contents of this book have taken years to gather4 ,they have been collected from every corner of this vast continent1 and in some cases from ,europe4 ,the literary style1 no doubt1 from the reviewer's point of view1 will leave much to be desired4 ,this1 from the very start1 was pointed out to the editor1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,dunphy1 who1 however1 determined that his object was to give a plain1 unvarnished story of how to make a livelihood1 and not to produce a book of a high literary character4 ,his exact words every time were3 8,my position as editor of this work is simply to take the matter as handed in to me from time to time1 see that nothing objectionable or prohibited by the ,states laws is allowed to be published4 ,so far as the literary style is concerned1 it would not be difficult for me1 a lawyer of long practice1 to fall into line with the orthodox4 ,but ,i prefer to give the different information just as sent in to me1 with certain exceptions ,i have mentioned4 8,i did not arrive at this decision in haste1 but after due deliberation4 ,it was a choice of altering--and placing almost every experience ,i received--into literary phraseology1 or allowing same to pass for publication in the language of the people4 ,i choose the latter40 ,we think ,mr4 ,dunphy is right4 ,this book's aim is the people rather than the classes2 although we have no doubt it will appeal to many people of high education with slender means4 ,however1 the language in every case is understandable by the people1 so1 while no excuse is offered1 we think the reviewers and the higher educated public should be given an explanation4 ,not only from a business point of view1 but for the betterment of the conditions of the people1 we desire this work to have a wide circulation4 ,there is no need for people to call aloud about lack of employment if they will not consult this book4 ,one way to make a livelihood has been omitted in the edition of this work1 and we feel sure he will excuse us for drawing attention to the fact4 ,we want agents in every part of the country--and we don't want those agents to handle the work without proper compensation4 ,write us for terms4 ,,preface ,the title of this book speaks for itself and should require no foreword from me4 ,however1 the able compiler and editor thinks otherwise1 so ,i gladly fall in with his wishes4 ,i grasp the opportunity1 because ,i think when doing so1 ,i can benefit a great number of my fellow-countrymen and country-women1 who to-day have the constant shadow of unemployment confronting them4 ,this is not a 8get-rich-quick0 book4 ,it is a work to teach people how to get a livelihood4 ,of course1 a great many people who commence in business through reading this book1 and adopting one or more of the plans1 will naturally push ahead and accumulate wealth4 ,that1 however1 is not the object of the book4 ,if it were1 ,i certainly should not sponsor its sale4 ,i maintain1 as all decent citizens must believe1 that every soul on this planet has a right to a decent existence4 ,but it grieves me to see so many people1 young and old1 foot-sick1 walking about looking for a 8job10 which employers of labor are unable to offer4 ,if these people would only look around and try to help themselves a little1 the world would be a happier place in which to live4 ,there is work everywhere to be done1 and this book tells how to go about it4 ,it is a book that should be in every public reference library in the country1 for the use of those who are unable to buy it4 ,the various plans for making a living are set forth in such detail that they can be understood by all4 ,they do not cater only to the person who is out of employment1 but they are also valuable to the man in business1 who through competition may find he is not doing as well as he should4 ,they are a great storehouse of general business knowledge4 ,i1 myself1 am what people would call a 8successful business man40 ,yet the book is invaluable to me from the point of view of an investor4 ,if ,i had had in my possession 8,protection against ,fraud and ,wildcat ,schemes0 only three years ago--and acted upon it1 ,i should have saved myself from entering into a bad speculation4 ,this chapter is undoubtedly worth ten times the price asked for the whole book4 ,out-of-door folk such as farmers and market gardeners1 are firm believers in the theory of luck4 ,i suppose it is because there is no more speculative occupation than the cultivation of the soil4 ,well1 ,i don't grudge them their theory1 but ,i will say this3 ,if they will only consult this book and act upon its plans1 they will find their 8luck0 has been increased considerably4 ,but to come back to the unemployed2 to the man or woman who is looking for work4 ,it is these people ,i personally wish to benefit1 and it is to them ,i would particularly address myself4 ,of the sincerity of their desire for work1 there is no shadow of doubt2 and since the only remedy for unemployment is employment1 its discovery is the duty of man4 ,well1 here in this book we have it1 of that ,i am convinced4 ,only co-operation must come from the unemployed4 ,let them select one of the plans at once and get to business4 ,i'm sure they will succeed if only they put their heart and soul into it4 ,after a little effort1 if everything does not prosper at once1 they must not lapse like ,watts' sluggard did3 8',tis the voice of the sluggard1 ,i hear him complain4 ,you've waked me too soon--,i must slumber again40 ,that won't do4 ,in this life1 whatever it may be in the next1 if we wish to live1 we must work4 ,there will be plenty of time for slumber later on4 ,and now1 a final word4 ,if there should be one person who reads this foreword and who does not believe every word ,i have written1 ,i ask one favor3 ,let him individually select one of the plans set forth1 and give it a fair trial4 ,i give this advice1 knowing full well that all ,i have written will be found to be true4 ,this book has my very best wishes for a large sale4 ,,the ,,way ,,to ,,wealth ,the following article1 8,the ,way to ,wealth0 was published by one of the greatest of ,americans1 ,benjamin ,franklin1 in his famous 8,poor ,richard's ,almanac10 in the year #ageg4 ,this article is especially strong1 as it represents the observations of ,benjamin ,franklin after twenty-five years of publishing 8,poor ,richard's ,almanac40 ,there is1 perhaps1 no other of ,franklin's writing that won for him more reputation than the following3 8,the ,way to ,wealth0 is run in the same form as it was originally written4 8,the ,way to ,wealth0 should be regarded as the constitution of this book and should be read and followed with each and every plan4 ,,the ,,way ,,to ,,wealth ,i have heard that nothing gives an author so great a pleasure as to find his work respectfully quoted by others4 ,just1 then1 how much ,i must have been gratified by an incident ,i am going to relate to you4 ,i stopped my horse lately where a great number of people were collected at an auction of merchant goods4 ,the hour of the sale not being come they were conversing on the badness of the times2 and one of the company called to a plain1 clean1 old man1 with white locks3 8,pray1 ,father ,abraham1 what think you of the times8 ,will not these heavy taxes quite ruin the country8 ,how shall we ever be able to pay them8 ,what would you advise us to do80 ,father ,abraham stood up and replied3 8,if you would have my advice1 ,i will give it to you in short2 for a word to the wise is enough1 as ,poor ,richard says40 ,they joined in desiring him to speak his mind1 and gathering around him he proceeded as follows3 8,friends10 said he1 8the taxes are indeed very heavy1 and if those laid on by the government were the only ones we had to pay1 we might more easily discharge them1 but we have many others and much more grievous to some of us4 ,we are taxed twice as much by our idleness1 three times as much by our pride1 and four times as much by our folly1 and from these taxes the commissioners cannot ease or deliver us by allowing an abatement4 ,however1 let us hearken to good advice and something may be done for us3 #8,god helps those who help themselves1' as ,poor ,richard says4 8,i4 ,it would be thought a hard ,government that would tax its people one-tenth part of their time to be employed in its service1 but idleness taxes many of us much more2 sloth by bringing on disease1 absolutely shortens life4 #8,sloth1 like rust1 consumes faster than labor wear1 while the used key is always bright1' as ,poor ,richard says4 #8,but dost thou love life8 if so then do not squander time1 for that is the stuff life is made of1' as ,poor ,richard says4 ,how much more than is necessary do we spend in sleep1 forgetting that the #8sleeping fox catches no poultry1' and that #8there will be sleeping enough in the grave1' as ,poor ,richard says4 8#8,if time be of all things the most precious1 wasting time must be1' as ,poor ,richard says1 #8the greatest prodigality1' since1 as he elsewhere tells us1 #8lost time is never found again1 and what we call time enough always proves little enough4' ,let us then be up and doing1 and doing to the purpose2 so by diligence shall we do more with less perplexity4 #8,sloth makes all things difficult1 but industry all things easy2 and he that rises late1 must trot all day1 and shall scarce overtake his business at night3 while laziness travels so slowly that poverty soon overtakes him4 ,drive thy business1 let not thy business drive thee2 and early to bed and early to rise1 makes a man healthy1 wealthy1 and wise1' as ,poor ,richard says4 8,so what signifies wishing and hoping for better times8 ,we may make these times better if we but bestir ourselves4 #8,industry need not wish1 and he that lives upon hope will die fasting4 ,there are no gains without pains2 then help1 hands1 for ,i have no lands2 or if ,i have they are smartly taxed4 ,he that hath a trade hath an estate1 and he that hath a calling hath an office of profit and honor1' as ,poor ,richard says4 ,but then the trade must be worked at and the calling followed1 or neither the estate nor the office will enable us to pay our taxes4 ,if we are industrious we shall never starve1 for #8at the working man's house hunger looks in but dares not enter4' ,nor will the bailiff nor the constable enter1 for industry pays debts1 while despair increases them4 ,what1 though you have found no treasure1 nor have any rich relations left you a legacy1 #8diligence is the mother of good luck1 and ,god gives all things to industry4 ,then plow deep while sluggards sleep1 and you shall have corn to sell and to keep4' ,work while it is called today1 for you know not how much you may be hindered tomorrow4 #8,one today is worth two tomorrows1' as ,poor ,richard says2 and further1 #8never leave that till tomorrow which you can do today4' ,if you were a servant would you not be ashamed that the good master should catch you idle8 ,are you then your own master8 ,be ashamed to catch yourself idle when there is so much to be done for yourself1 your family1 your country and your king4 ,handle your tools without mittens2 remember that #8the cat in gloves catches no mice1' as ,poor ,richard says4 ,it is true that there is much to be done1 and perhaps you are too weak-handed1 but stick to it steadily and you will see great effects2 for #8constant dropping wears away stones2 and by diligence and patience the mouse ate in two the cable2 and little strokes fell great oaks4' 8,methinks ,i hear some of you say3 #8,must a man afford himself no leisure8' ,i will tell thee1 my friends1 what ,poor ,richard says3 #8,employ thy time well1 if thou meanest to gain leisure1 and since thou art not sure of a minute1 throw not away an hour4' ,leisure is time for doing something useful2 thus1 leisure the diligent man will obtain1 but the lazy man never2 for #8a life of leisure and a life of laziness are two things4 ,many1 without labor would live by their wits only1 but they break for want of stock'2 whereas industry gives comfort and plenty and respect4 #8,fly pleasures1 and they will follow you4 ,the diligent spinner has a large shift2 and now ,i have a sheep and a cow1 everybody bids me good morrow4' 8,,ii4 ,but with our industry we must likewise be steady1 settled and careful1 and oversee our own affairs with our own eyes1 and not trust too much to others2 for1 as ,poor ,richard says3 8,and again1 #8three removes are as bad as a fire4' ,and again1 #8keep thy shop and thy shop will keep thee4' ,and again1 #8if you would have your business done1 go2 if not1 send4' ,and again1 #8,he that by the plow would thrive1 himself must either hold or drive4' ,and again1 #8the eye of the master will do more work than both his hands4' ,and again1 #8want of care does us more damage than want of knowledge4' ,and again1 #8not to oversee workmen is to leave them your purse open4 ,trusting too much to others is the ruin of many2 for in the affairs of this world men are saved1 not by faith1 but by want of it4' ,but a man's own care is profitable2 for1 #8if you would have a faithful servant1 and one that you like1 serve yourself4 ,a little neglect may breed great mischief2 for want of a nail the shoe was lost2 for want of a shoe the horse was lost2 and for want of a horse the rider was lost1 being overtaken and slain by the enemy2 all for want of a little care about a horseshoe nail4' 8,,iii4 ,so much for industry1 my friends1 and attention to one's own business2 but to these we must add frugality1 if we would make our industry more certainly successful4 ,a man may1 if he knows not how to save as he gets1 keep his nose all his life to the grindstone and die not worth a groat at last4 #8,a fat kitchen makes a lean will2 and many estates are spent in the getting4 ,some women for tea forsook spinning and knitting4 ,and men for punch1 forsook hewing and splitting4 ,if you would be wealthy1 think of saving as well as getting4 ,the ,indies have not made ,spain rich1 because her outgoes are greater than her incomes4' ,away then with your expensive follies1 and you will not have so much cause to complain of hard times1 heavy taxes and chargeable families2 for1 #8,women and wine1 game and deceit1 make the wealth small and the wants great4' ,and further1 #8,what maintains one vice would bring up two children4' ,you may think1 perhaps1 that a little tea1 or punch now and then1 diet a little more costly1 clothes a little finer1 and a little entertainment now and then1 can be of no great matter2 but1 remember1 #8,many a little makes a mickle4' ,beware of little expenses4 #8,a small leak will sink a great ship1' as ,poor ,richard says2 and again1 #8who dainties love1 shall beggars prove2' and moreover1 #8,fools make feasts1 and wise men eat them4' ,here you are all got together at this sale of finery and nicks-nacks4 ,you call them goods2 but if you do not take care1 they will prove evils to some of you4 ,you expect they will be sold cheap1 and perhaps it may be less than they cost2 but if you have no occasions for them1 they must be dear to you4 ,remember what ,poor ,richard says3 #8,buy what thou hast no need of1 and ere long thou shalt sell thy necessaries4' ,and again1 #8,at a great pennyworth1 pause awhile4' ,he means1 that perhaps the cheapness is apparent only1 and not real2 or the bargain1 by straightening thee in thy business1 may do thee more harm than good4 ,for in another place he says1 #8,many have been ruined by buying good pennyworths4' ,again1 #8it is foolish to lay out money in a purchase of repentence1' and yet this folly is practiced every day at auctions for want of minding the ,almanac4 ,many a one for the sake of finery on the back1 has gone with a hungry belly and half starved his family4 #8,silks and satins and scarlets and velvets put out the kitchen fire1' as ,poor ,richard says4 8,these are not the necessaries of life2 they can scarcely be called the conveniences2 and yet1 only because they look pretty1 how many want to have them6 ,by these and other extravagances1 the genteel are reduced to poverty and forced to borrow from those whom they formerly despised1 but who1 through industry and frugality1 have maintained their standing2 in which case it appears plainly that3 #8,a plowman on his legs is higher than a gentleman on his knees1' as ,poor ,richard says4 ,perhaps they had a small estate left them1 which they knew not the getting of2 they think1 #8it is day1 and will never be night2' that a little to be spent out of so much is not worth minding2 but #8always taking out of the meal-tub1 and never putting in1 soon comes to the bottom1' as ,poor ,richard says2 and then1 #8when the well is dry1 they know the worth of water4' ,but this they would have known before1 had they taken his advice4 #8,if you would know the value of money1 go and try to borrow some2' for #8he that goes a borrowing1 goes a sorrowing1' as ,poor ,richard says4 ,and indeed so does he that lends to such people1 when he goes to get it again4 ,poor ,dick further advises and says3 #8,fond pride of dress is sure a very curse2 ere fancy you consult1 first consult your purse4' ,and again1 #8,pride is as loud a beggar as want1 and a great deal more saucy4' ,when you have bought one fine thing1 you must buy ten more1 that your appearance may be all of a piece2 but poor ,dick says1 #8,it is easier to suppress the first desire than to satisfy all that follow it4 ,and it is as truly folly for the poor to ape the rich1 as for the frog to swell in order to equal the ox4' 8,it is1 however1 a folly soon punished2 for1 as ,poor ,richard says1 #8,pride that dines on vanity1 sups on contempt4 ,pride breakfasted with plenty1 dined with poverty1 and supped with infamy4' ,and after all1 of what use is this pride of appearance1 for which so much is risked1 so much suffered8 ,it cannot promote health1 nor ease pain2 it makes no increase of merit in the person2 it creates envy2 it hastens misfortune4 8,but what madness must it be to run in debt for these superfluities8 ,we are offered by the terms of this sale six months' credit2 and that perhaps1 has induced some of us to attend it1 because we cannot spare the ready money1 and hope now to be fine without it4 ,but ah6 think what you do when you run in debt2 you give to another power over your liberty4 ,if you cannot pay at the time1 you will be ashamed to see your creditor2 you will be in fear when you speak to him2 you will make poor1 pitiful1 sneaking excuses1 and by degrees come to lose your veracity and sink into base1 downright lying2 for #8the second vice is lying1 the first is running into debt1' as ,poor ,richard says2 and again1 to the same purpose1 #8,lying rides upon ,debts back2' whereas a free-born ,englishman ought not to be ashamed nor afraid to see or speak to any man living4 ,but poverty often deprives a man of all spirit and virtue4 #8,it is hard for an empty bag to stand upright4' 8,what would you think of that prince or government who should issue an edict forbidding you to dress like a gentleman or gentlewoman1 on pain of imprisonment and servitude8 ,would you not say that you were free and had the right to dress as you please2 that such an edict would be a breach of your privileges1 and such a government tyrannical8 ,and yet you are about to put yourselves under such tyranny when you run in debt for such dress6 ,your creditor has authority1 at his pleasure to deprive you of your liberty by confining you in gaol till you shall be able to pay him4 ,when you have got your bargain1 you may perhaps think little of payment2 but1 as ,poor ,richard says1 #8,creditors have better memories than debtors2 creditors are a superstitious sect--great observers of set days and times4' ,the days come around before you are aware1 and the demand is made before you are prepared to satisfy it2 or1 if you bear your debt in mind1 the term which at first seems so long will1 as it lessens1 seem extremely short4 ,time will seem to have added wings to his heels as well as to his shoulders4 #8,those have a short ,lent who owe money to be paid at ,easter4' ,at present1 perhaps1 you may think yourselves in thriving circumstances1 and that you can spare a little extravagance without injury1 but1 #8for age and want save while you may--no morning sun lasts a whole day4' ,gain may be temporary and uncertain1 but ever1 while you live1 expense is constant and certain2 and #8it is easier to build two chimneys than to keep one in fuel1' as ,poor ,richard says2 so1 #8rather go to bed supperless than rise in debt4' #8,get what you can1 and what you get1 hold2 ',tis the stone that will turn all your lead into gold4' ,and when you have got the philosopher's stone1 surely you will no longer complain of bad times1 or the difficulty of paying taxes4 8,,iv4 ,this doctrine1 my friends1 is reason and wisdom1 but1 after all1 do not depend too much on your own industry and frugality and prudence1 though excellent things1 for they all may be blasted1 without the blessing of heaven2 and therefore ask that blessing humbly1 and be not uncharitable to those that at present seem to want it1 but comfort and help them4 ,remember ,job suffered and afterwards was prosperous4 8,and now1 to conclude1 #8,experience keeps a dear school1 but fools will learn in no other1' as ,poor ,richard says1 and #8scarce in that1 for it is true we may give advice1 but we cannot give conduct4' ,however1 remember this1 #8,they that will not be counseled cannot be helped1' and further1 that #8if you will not hear reason1 she will surely rap your knuckles1' as ,poor ,richard says40 ,thus the ,old ,gentleman ended his harangue4 ,the people heard it and approved the doctrine1 and immediately practiced the opposite1 just as if it had been a common sermon2 for the auction opened and they began to buy extravagantly4 ,i found the good man had thoroughly studied my ,almanac1 and digested all ,i had dropped on these topics during the course of twenty-five years4 ,the frequent mention he made of me1 must have tired anyone else1 but my vanity was wonderfully delighted with it1 though ,i was conscious that not a tenth part of the wisdom was my own which he ascribed to me1 but rather the gleaning ,i had made of the sense of all ages and nations4 ,however1 ,i resolved to be the better for the echo of it1 and though ,i had at first determined to buy stuff for a new coat1 ,i went away1 resolved to wear my old one a little longer4 ,reader1 if thou wilt do the same1 thy profit will be as great as mine4 ,i am1 as ever1 thine1 to serve thee4 ,,richard ,,saunders4 ,,self-,,protection ,,against ,,fraudulent ,,schemes ,,and ,,wildcat ,,investments ,thousands of men and women1 who have lost their savings of years through the skillfully manipulated schemes of men who make a profession of robbing the unwary1 might still be in comfortable circumstances had they been forewarned and forearmed against these people by the timely advice of some one who knew the crooks and turns by which they approach their victims with honeyed words and roseate pictures of fortunes quickly and easily made4 ,women who have come into the possession of considerable sums of money1 through inheritance1 or as beneficiaries of husbands1 fathers or brothers1 are the special objects of exploitation4 ,it is estimated that fully #ij per cent of the women thus provided for1 lose the entire amounts within three to six months4 ,many of these women succumb to flatteries accompanying offers of marriage1 and willingly turn over every dollar that some loyal and devoted husband and father has made untold sacrifices to provide4 ,once in possession of the money1 however1 these villains usually disappear1 to seek new fields and swindle other women by the same contemptible methods4 ,the greater part of the fraudulent schemes through which women with little savings are swindled1 consists of plausible plans for making 8profitable0 investments4 ,the writer of this chapter is reliably informed that in a certain city of over #ajj1jjj inhabitants1 more than sixty-five men engage in this business4 ,women1 however1 are not the only victims1 for men are also easily persuaded to part with their savings4 ,the man or woman known to have acquired any considerable sum of money1 or even a few hundred dollars1 is skillfully approached and asked to make an investment that is 8sure to double your money in six months10 or guaranteed to pay #a1jjj per cent dividends within a year1 and every year thereafter1 and the alluring picture thus held out is usually a veritable gem of literary and artistic skill4 ,perhaps it is a choice piece of real estate1 which the owner will sell at a 8great sacrifice10 as his health requires a removal to a 8milder climate40 ,or it may be a block of mining or industrial stock1 represented by a gorgeously engraved certificate1 embellished with an elaborate seal and is advertised as a 8real snap10 as only a few dollars of additional capital will start the enterprise to grinding out dividends4 ,whatever it is1 there is a dazzling certainty about its future that is perfectly bewildering to the poor investor1 who is made to see him- or herself soon very wealthy4 ,and how easy it is to make an inexperienced woman--or man1 either--believe that her or his few hundred dollars can so easily be turned into a channel that will bring a swift and sure reward4 ,the bait may be a first mortgage on a piece of farm land1 8worth many times the small indebtedness it represents10 bears a high interest rate1 and which1 if foreclosed by the holder1 would make him well to do4 ,oftentimes these seductive offerings come through a friend1 who offers--for a commission--to guide the faltering steps of the investor to certain wealth1 as a personal favor4 ,the valuable farm land is found to be upon a mountain top or in the middle of a swamp1 where no one could live or nothing can grow4 ,it is worthless4 ,but the mortgage1 which showed some one had loaned a large sum of money on it8 ,oh1 that was a mortgage made for the purpose4 ,no real money was ever loaned on it4 ,and the stock in that wonderful mine1 almost ready to pay dividends8 ,why1 that consists principally of a set of location stakes1 with perhaps a #aj-;foot hole in the ground1 representing the first year's assessment work on a very poor 8prospect40 ,anybody can see that it never will make a mine4 ,but the industrial enterprise--that surely must have a bright and promising future4 ,well1 maybe1 but as yet it has no equipment1 no raw material1 no franchise1 no location--nothing but a certificate of incorporation1 authorizing a few comparatively unknown men1 with no capital whatsoever1 to do a certain kind of manufacturing or other business--if they can raise a little money with which to make a start4 ,at last1 when the money is gone and it is too late1 the poor investor begins to realize what has happened4 ,his money is lost4 ,it is bad enough for the one who has been thus defrauded1 but it is many times worse when little children are made to suffer4 ,it may be that the widow should pay the penalty of her foolishness but the innocent1 helpless little children are the ones who suffer most4 ,how to guard against the depredations of these people1 and protect one's self1 is the object of this chapter4 ,by following the plan here outlined1 any man or woman can be assured of comparative safety4 ,it has been successfully employed1 and has saved thousands of dollars4 ,first of all1 you must learn to do your own thinking1 instead of becoming confused by the advice that is offered you1 for no two of your friends or acquaintances will advise you alike4 ,use your own judgment1 and carefully weigh every suggestion4 ,suppose you are approached with a proposition to invest your money4 ,no matter how attractive the prospect may look1 adopt this as a slogan3 8,investigate before investing10 and do this thoroughly1 because the 8snap0 will not be gone if you delay a little while4 ,make sure that your investigation is as complete as possible4 ,this will not only protect you from fraudulent and wild-cat schemes but will enable you to find a really meritorious proposition4 ,it may cost you from #be to #ej as expense for investigation purposes1 but this is far better than losing #e1jjj to #aj1jjj4 ,make it a rule to test all propositions on which you are solicited--to never act until you have full information before you4 ,when approached by the person desiring you to invest tell him before going into a discussion as to the investment you wish to be informed about his company4 ,copy all the following questions and submit them to him1 requesting that each question be carefully answered1 and that after the answers are made they shall be signed by the corporation1 individual1 company or partnership4 ,if his proposition is all right1 and he believes in it1 he will gladly co-operate2 but if he is doubtful whether or not it will stand the test1 he will endeavor to persuade you not to put the company to the trouble of answering so many unnecessary questions4 ,adhere to your resolution to have the information first4 ,these questions alone will eliminate nine-tenths of the fraudulent investments and all weak propositions4 ,,list ,,of ,,questions ,,to ,,submit #a4 ,give full name of corporation1 partnership or association4 #b4 ,if partnership1 has your firm name been properly filed of record8 #c4 ,if corporation1 when were you incorporated8 #d4 ,have you paid your last annual license fee to the state8 #e4 ,what is your capitalization8 #f4 ,in how many shares is the company divided8 #g4 ,is the stock assessable or non-assessable8 #h4 ,do you have common or preferred stock8 #i4 ,if you have common or preferred stock1 how much common and how much preferred stock have you8 #aj4 ,state the object of the company in issuing these two kinds of stock4 #aa4 ,what advantage has the preferred over the common8 #ab4 ,what is the preferred stock selling for8 ,also the common8 ,how much have you sold to date of each8 #ac4 ,what are the names of the present stockholders and their addresses and how much cash have they paid for the stock they hold8 #ad4 ,if they have not paid cash--what did they give for their stock8 #ae4 ,has any stock or interest in the company been given for the promotion of the company8 ,if so1 how much or what interest8 #af4 ,give the names1 addresses and businesses1 also amount of stock held by each of the officers1 trustees or directors of said corporation or company1 also did they pay cash for their stock--if so1 how much8 ,if service was rendered for stock1 what was the service8 #ag4 ,is the stock of the company paid for in full8 ,if so1 state how or in what manner it was paid for4 #ah4 ,when and where do you hold your annual meetings8 #ai4 ,do your trustees meet regularly and transact their business and have they done so from the inception of the corporation8 #bj4 ,have you a list of articles of incorporation and by-laws printed8 ,if so1 please furnish me with a copy of them4 #ba4 ,please state where ,i can see the minutes of your meeting4 #bb4 ,will you allow my attorney to go over the minutes of your meetings8 #bc4 ,have you real estate8 ,if you answer yes1 set forth the legal descriptions of all the real estate now owned by you1 whether in this state or in other states4 #bd4 ,is the above described property free and clear of all incumbrances8 #be4 ,if you answer no1 state in detail the kind of incumbrance1 amount1 and date it is due4 #bf4 ,please state the present value of each piece of property and state whether or not it is improved4 #bg4 ,if you answer that the land is improved1 state clearly how and in what manner it is improved and set forth clearly what the improvements are on said land4 #bh4 ,what income has said lands and what is the gross expense of the property8 #bi4 ,what net profit is made from land each year by your company8 #cj4 ,what other assets has the company8 ,and if there are other assets1 where are they kept8 ,please set forth these assets in full1 their present value and whether or not they are free and clear of all incumbrances4 #ca4 ,what bank or trust company do you bank with8 ,how long have you banked with it4 #cb4 ,how much have you now on hand with said bank or trust company8 #cc4 ,please give the name and address of your lawyer and how long he has represented you4 #cd4 ,what salaries are paid to officers of the company8 #ce4 ,what are the total debts of the company at the present time8 ,please state to whom they are due and how long they have been owing4 #cf4 ,are there any judgments now on record or in existence against your company8 #cg4 ,are there any lawsuits now pending8 ,if you answer yes1 please give case number1 name and address of plaintiff's attorney and amount involved4 #ch4 ,is there any contemplated suit against the company which you have any knowledge of8 ,if you answer yes1 state the facts concerning it4 #ci4 ,please furnish me with a detailed statement of the affairs of the company4 ,showing the present income and expense and net profit or loss made to date4 #dj4 ,have you as yet paid dividends on your stock8 #da4 ,please furnish me with a complete statement in writing as to what your company plans to do this year and the immediate future and what profits are reasonably possible from such operations4 #db4 ,if ,i invest ----1 please state to what use my money will be put4 #dc4 ,if it is to be used for a certain purpose1 state how much of my money will go to the company and how much will go out on commissions4 #dd4 ,will the money ,i have subscribed be sufficient or will other money be necessary for the company successfully to carry out its plans8 ,if you answer no1 how much more will be necessary8 ,in the event of the above list of questions being answered in full1 inform the salesman that you will familiarize yourself with the report and will later call upon him to go over the matter4 ,first look into the reputation of the men connected with the company4 ,also the reputation of the trustees and officers4 ,also obtain the financial standing of the large stockholders4 ,this can be done in cities of over #ej1jjj by consulting reporting companies4 ,see some prominent merchant and find out the best reporting company in the city4 ,call or write the reporting company and ascertain from them whether the above parties are good pay and whether they are the kind of men that are successful in carrying out plans4 ,this report is important2 it will cost you so much per name but it is well worth the fee to you4 ,if the majority of these men are unknown--or have a poor reputation and are bad pay--it would be unnecessary to go further in your investigations as your chances would be very poor in such a company4 ,oftentimes this investigation alone will show the promotors have suits pending against them and even judgments on record4 ,however1 if these investigations show the above-referred-to men ,o4 ,k41 submit the signed report to a banker not named as the company banker and obtain as complete a report as possible in writing from the bank and pay for the trouble2 if the bank will not give a written report obtain a verbal report and write it down later yourself4 ,if their advice is for or against the investment1 obtain their reasons1 and if none is given do not give it any thought4 ,now see a lawyer and have him give you an exhaustive written report on your signed report1 and pay him for it4 ,remember that it is far better to pay #be to #ej and know where your investment is to go1 than take a chance of losing all you possess4 ,these last two reports will be very valuable to you4 ,i suggest that they be put in writing so that when you are alone in your home you will be able to consider more carefully their report and advice4 ,now make a copy of the real property and write the assessors of the county in which the land lies for a report concerning this land and its improvements4 ,this information will be furnished you free of charge4 ,if it be farm property1 they can inform you quite well the kind of land and its value and also give you what improvements1 if any1 are on the land and their nature4 ,and the same is true of city property4 ,while the assessor's estimate may be a little below the real value of the land it is far better to have the land at too conservative a figure than an excessive figure4 ,in the event that the company is in possession of mortgages1 have a detailed report from the county assessor's office as to the mortgaged property4 ,this will give you the character of the mortgage security4 ,the writer in the last two years has saved more than #e1jjj to his clients by checking up the property used as a security for the mortgage4 ,in one case my client requested me to prepare a deed and have it ready for him at three o'clock1 the time of request being about #a3cj ,p4 ,m41 that he had decided to accept a #a1ejj mortgage4 ,the mortgage ran for three years--two years having elapsed--and the interest had been paid to date4 ,he permitted me1 by way of caution1 to call the county assessor's office1 some hundred miles away1 by long distance1 which revealed that the land securing the mortgage was above the snow line up in a mountain region and worthless4 ,armed with the above information you are prepared to talk and question the salesman4 ,if he is sincere he will endeavor to answer fully your questions4 ,after you talk with the salesman do not give your answer at once but inform him that you will give him your final answer in two or three days4 ,with the various reports before you--and the salesman's answers to your questions which you should jot down--as judge of your own affairs decide your course of action4 ,if your decision is to invest your money you will be an asset to the company as you will be familiar with its workings4 ,oftentimes ignorant investors in a company will destroy a good proposition4 ,if your decision is favorable1 put away the signed report of the company1 along with all the data1 you have secured1 and in case the future develops that the facts stated in the company's report is untrue1 you can lay the representation made1 before an attorney and your case will be clear4 ,,one ,,thousand ,,ways ,,to ,,make ,a ,,living ,in presenting these one thousand tried and tested plans for making a living1 the author hopes and believes that he will be the means of helping many people to better methods of earning money2 by pointing out to them the occupations to which they are better adapted1 and in which their chances of success may be greatly increased4 ,especially will the opportunities thus presented be welcomed by the families of those who have sacrificed their lives for their country1 and those who return from the war wounded1 or otherwise incapacitated from following their former callings4 ,they will find in this book many valuable suggestions for the taking up of other lines of work1 and profiting by the experiences of those who have successfully worked the various plans herein set forth4 ,it should be borne in mind1 however1 that those adopting any of the plans herein outlined must combine in the execution of the same the elementary essentials of earnestness1 honesty and perseverance1 coupled with a strong will power and a determination to win success4 ,let them make this their one definite aim1 and they will find that what others have done1 they can do1 and thereby bring to themselves and their families that much desired end--prosperity and happiness4 ,,plan ,no4 #a4 ,,weaving ,,baskets ,,for ,,ferns ,it was the clever idea of a woman that prompted her to dig ferns out of the woods of her native state1 and put them in attractive raffia baskets woven by herself4 ,the florists of her neighboring city gladly pay good prices for all of these she can bring in4 ,in the winter she fills these same baskets with holly1 attaches a bow of red ribbon to the side of each basket1 and sells them as fast as she can turn them out4 ,other plants can be used to the same advantage in other localities4 ,,plan ,no4 #b4 ,,professional ,,hostess ,a young girl who possessed a pleasing personality1 but had no capital1 created a profitable profession for herself by announcing to the young mothers of her neighborhood that she would take charge of children's parties at the low price of two dollars for an afternoon4 ,she arranged the menu and planned the entertainment for the youngsters1 and did it so well that she soon had all the orders she could fill4 ,from this small beginning1 she enlarged her activities by planning parties for grown people as well1 at a much higher remuneration1 and she is now receiving orders for conducting all kinds of entertainment1 and it pays her well4 ,,plan ,no4 #c4 ,a ,,teacher ,,turns ,,chauffeur ,one of the teachers of a ,seattle school was obliged by ill-health temporarily to suspend teaching1 and1 for outdoor exercise1 engaged to run an auto carrying children from a distance to and from the school4 ,she soon found this work so healthful and pleasant that she bought a machine1 carried passengers for a while at a good profit1 and finally1 in partnership with her brother1 an expert mechanic1 went into the automobile business as a regular occupation4 ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #c4 ,a ,school ,teacher's ,way ,she makes considerable money by giving lessons to women in the management of a car4 ,,plan ,no4 #d4 ,,paid ,,reading ,,matter ,,for ,,newspapers ,just after the panic of #ahic1 when jobs were not to be had1 an advertising man made a contract with a ,denver daily newspaper to conduct a column of small reading notices1 on a commission of forty per cent4 ,he went among the small merchants who were not advertising in the display columns1 and found they were willing to spend a little money each month in that sort of publicity1 though not able to advertise extensively4 ,he wrote attractive items for each one1 and had them set up in the form of news matter4 ,by keeping his column free from display lines and other indications of advertising1 he soon built up a very handsome column1 which many merchants were willing to patronize1 as the cost was small and the results extremely satisfactory4 ,he also wrote special articles that looked and read exactly like news items1 and even secured columns of interviews1 at regular rates1 with leading business men concerning general trade conditions1 thereby aiding in restoring public confidence following that panicky period4 ,his commissions during that year of hard times averaged forty dollars per week1 and he had made many thousands of dollars for the paper besides4 ,this plan is not so easy to work as it was then1 as all paid articles must now be followed by the word 8adv10 meaning advertisement2 and yet1 even with that handicap1 reading notices are still regarded by many people as more effective than display advertisements1 and the man who has a talent for writing that class of matter can still make good money by doing so4 ,,plan ,no4 #e4 ,,vacant ,,lots ,,kept ,,clean ,here is the case of a woman who1 though having only a few hundred dollars1 had a lot of foresight and energy1 and these qualities enabled her to originate a plan that paid4 ,thousands of vacant lots in her city were covered with weeds that were an eyesore to their respective neighborhoods1 and detracted from their appearance when shown to prospective purchasers4 ,she went to the agents for these lots1 made contracts with them under which she was to keep them clean of weeds the entire season for #c per one hundred feet frontage1 bought a mowing machine with her #ajj1 and went to work4 ,she also contracted to mow the lawns of a large number of people1 hiring thirty men at #a4ej per day to do the work1 and charging #b per day for the work done by each man4 ,the profits of her first month's work paid for her mowers and her advertising1 but after that all the profit was hers4 ,the summer's work1 after paying all expenses1 including her own board and clothes1 netted her #a1bjj4 ,the next season she contracted to keep the weeds from city lots that aggregated #b1jjj acres1 at #c per one hundred feet frontage1 plowed those lots all up1 sowed them in wheat1 kept fifty men employed1 mowed more lawns1 cut and threshed her wheat1 and found she had made #aa1jjj1 with good prospects of making a great deal more the next year4 ,and all she had to start on was a few hundred dollars and a plan4 ,,plan ,no4 #f4 ,,mint ,,culture ,no capital1 and but little space1 is required for growing mint on a profitable scale4 ,one woman1 who is making and saving money for the education of her children1 goes at it in a very methodical manner4 ,she lays out her ground in beds with walks between1 and each variety is given a separate bed4 ,each bed has a border of sage or other herb plants that find a ready sale4 ,the soil should be loose and fine1 and well fertilized1 to obtain the best results4 ,she not only supplies customers in her nearest town1 but1 as her business increases1 is shipping a great deal of it to the city markets1 where it is in constant demand from hotels1 cafes1 druggists1 candy makers1 etc4 ,what she does not sell1 she utilizes at home in the making of candy1 delicious sweets and aromatic vinegars4 ,crystallized and candied mint leaves1 mint sprays1 mint vinegar and other products of this herb are much sought after1 and to the resourceful person who has a taste for this class of work there is a mint of money in mint4 ,,plan ,no4 #g4 ,,clipping ,,collection ,the woman who has a taste for literary or club work can turn many an honest penny by starting a small clipping bureau of her own4 ,one lady who made a success of this1 both socially and financially1 procured some large envelopes1 and put all the clippings she made from magazines1 newspapers1 etc41 on any one subject1 into one envelope1 duly labeled1 until she had accumulated an extensive variety4 ,realizing that material for papers to be read at the meetings of women's clubs are always eagerly sought for1 she specialized on those subjects that engrossed the attention of club women1 particularly biographical sketches1 entertainments1 plans for special holidays1 and table decorations1 place cards1 games1 amusements1 etc4 ,then she let it be known that for a small fee1 she would furnish the material for properly entertaining the club1 and found her clippings in constant demand4 ,this is a good plan1 that can be carried out with considerable profit1 and one that requires no capital to start or operate it4 ,,plan ,no4 #h4 ,a ,,one-,,cow ,,dairy ,here is how a lady who knew her business made a lot of pin money from what she called her 8,one-,cow ,dairy40 ,there were three in the family and their available capital consisted of an excellent cow1 with an average butter production of one pound per day the year round1 besides supplying the family with plenty of milk and cream4 ,they also had a small cream separator1 which cost considerable to begin with1 but more than paid for itself1 even with the output of a single cow1 as it insured clean milk1 more and better cream1 and required less work as well as but little space4 ,for a butter worker1 they had a ten-gallon ,v-shaped barrel churn1 also a four-gallon stone jar for holding the cream1 and a good pair of balance scales4 ,her husband built a dairy1 #hx#ab feet1 with cemented floor1 on the shady side of the house1 covering it with vines1 thus assuring a cool place always4 ,she bought an iceless cooler1 made entirely of galvanized iron1 which is placed outside for holding the cream1 and in which1 the night before churning1 she puts two pails of water1 to preserve an even temperature4 ,she sells her butter the year around1 to regular customers1 at forty cents per pound1 and has demands for more than she can produce4 ,when the cow is about to go dry1 she puts away1 in brine1 strong enough to float an egg1 all the butter the family will need for that period1 and having tied the pieces of butter up in muslin thoroughly sterilized1 it keeps as fresh and sweet as the day it was made4 ,the total cost of establishing her dairy1 exclusive of the separator1 was #bf4be1 and with the present equipment she is ready to add one or two more cows to her dairy1 whenever she finds those that are as good as the one she already has4 ,she will thus be at but little additional expense1 while greatly increasing her revenue4 ,,plan ,no4 #i4 ,,writing ,,business ,,letters ,many good business men write very poor business letters1 and anyone having a taste and a talent for this class of work can make the writing of such letters a permanent and profitable profession4 ,a former newspaper man in a western city took it up1 and found in it a much larger income than even the liberal salary he had formerly received4 ,living in a town of about #ej1jjj inhabitants1 and having a rather extensive acquaintance1 he called upon a number of the leading merchants and offered to come at a certain hour each day and dictate the answers to all letters received from out-of-town customers4 ,as most of these firms did a large mail order business1 and the heads of the concerns in many cases lacked either the time or the ability to give the correspondence the attention it deserved1 they were glad to turn it over to a man who could handle it in a thorough manner4 ,this man found that he could easily dictate one hundred or more letters per day1 among the various firms engaging his services1 and could well afford to do the work for five cents per letter1 thus making at least thirty dollars per week1 with but little effort4 ,he also prepared form letters for many of his patrons1 for which he charged from five to ten dollars each1 and thus increased his income to over fifty dollars per week4 ,it is readily seen1 therefore1 that this is not only a very genteel profession for anyone adapted to it1 but one that also pays well1 besides being a good thing for the merchants who have their letters written by someone who knows how4 ,,plan ,no4 #aj4 ,,window-,,card ,,suggestions ,an ,illinois woman tells an interesting story of how she helped her husband rise from a #bj-;a-week clerk to proprietor of a fine office business netting them #ejjj a year1 but she furnished the plan4 ,both were employed in an advertising agency1 and patronized a nearby delicatessen store kept by a ,german woman who prepared palatable foods1 but never had used any form of publicity concerning them4 ,the lady with the idea was fond of the home-baked beans and the salads sold at this place1 but had no means of knowing on what days they were to be had4 ,so1 instead of asking the ,german lady what days she had these on sale1 she suggested the idea of furnishing her with attractive window-cards and appropriate decorations showing each day's specialties in a way that drew favorable attention--and an increased volume of trade4 ,later she asked her patron to allow her to write and place in the local papers notices regarding her specialties1 and this greatly added to the incomes of all concerned4 ,but it was the results of those display cards in the window1 8,today is ,baked-,bean ,day10 and 8,if ,you ,like ,potato ,salad1 ,you'll ,like ,ours10 that turned the trick and got things going4 ,soon after this1 the husband and wife joined forces and made a 8drive0 for other lines of business1 with the result that in six years they were occupying a handsome four-room suite of offices1 with two large national advertisers and twenty-seven smaller ones for a clientele1 were employing a rather extensive corps of assistants1 and clearing up #e1jjj per year net profits4 ,it was a woman's plan that made this a success4 ,,plan ,no4 #aa4 ,,starting ,a ,,gingham ,,shop ,from a position as a small-salaried clerk in a ,missouri wholesale dry-goods store to the ownership of a good-paying store of their own1 is told by a wife1 who first conceived the idea of the enterprise4 ,needing some ginghams for her little girls' school dresses1 she learned that gingham stocks in all the retail stores were extremely limited1 the clerks telling her that the firms purchased cheap wash goods only once a year1 and they were practically out4 ,on her way home1 she passed an attractive storeroom in a good location1 and suddenly she formulated a plan by which she and her husband would start something new--,a ,,gingham ,,store6 ,she talked the matter over with her husband that night1 and he was very favorably impressed with the idea4 ,the firm by which he was employed also thought it would be a splendid thing and offered him very liberal terms on whatever purchases of stock he might desire from them4 ,what money they had they invested in stocks1 improvements1 rent1 advertising1 etc41 the wife selecting every piece of gingham that went into the store1 putting herself in the place of the woman who would want to buy ginghams for any purpose4 ,a handsome electric sign announced 8,the ,gingham ,shop02 as did the lettering on the windows1 the bill-boards and in the street cars1 and ads4 in all the papers told the story of 8,the ,gingham ,shop40 ,they advertised a dolly's gingham apron free to every little girl who came to their opening accompanied by her mother4 ,that brought the mothers1 and they kept coming1 more and more of them every day1 for they managed to keep the gingham idea before all the people all the time1 in a thousand different ways1 until every one who thought of ginghams at all thought of 8,the ,gingham ,shop40 ,their store became the fad1 so that they had practically all the gingham trade of the town and for many miles around4 ,they sold strictly for cash1 and thereby eliminated bookkeeping1 collecting and bad debts4 ,,plan ,no4 #ab4 ,,crocheting ,,doll ,,clothes ,noticing a very pretty doll's crocheted sack in a store1 and hearing the proprietor say he feared he could get no more like it1 as the lady who made those things for him had not been in the store for some time1 a young lady who had ideas of her own decided to take up the work herself4 ,she bought some worsted1 went home and proceeded to make a number of dolls' sacks1 hoods1 capes1 booties1 caps1 slippers1 muffs1 etc41 put some baby ribbon on most of them1 and1 after figuring up the cost1 put a price on each article and returned to the store4 ,the proprietor was so well pleased that he gave her a large order1 as did also several others in that and nearby towns4 ,then she learned where she could buy the worsted and ribbon at wholesale prices1 and until after the holidays her spare time was all spent in crocheting dainty things for dolly1 when she found she had made a profit of nearly #ajj in odd moments4 ,later she began taking orders for crocheted scarfs1 shawls1 fascinators1 etc41 and made it a regular business for it continued to pay well4 ,and it required very little time1 capital or labor to make it a success4 ,,plan ,no4 #ac4 ,,making ,,ready-,,to-,,wear ,,aprons ,making and selling ready-to-wear aprons is the means a woman may employ to earn a good many extra dollars1 without interfering very much with her regular household duties4 ,she can turn her parlor into a work- and sales-room1 where she can exhibit every description of aprons1 in sizes and patterns1 and offer them at attractive prices4 ,a woman we know1 now has a large list of regular patrons and has found it necessary to employ help in doing her housework1 so that she can devote the larger portion of her time to this new enterprise4 ,,plan ,no4 #ad4 ,,making ,,canvas ,,gloves ,making canvas gloves would not seem to be a very good way to earn money1 but a woman who lived near a small mining town1 where the demand for canvas gloves was much greater than the supply1 found she could live very comfortably on it4 ,she had a sewing machine1 and having ripped an old pair of gloves open to get the pattern1 found that it was merely a matter of sewing seams on the machine1 so she turned them out very rapidly1 and earned many dollars by doing so4 ,one need not live in a mining town to find a demand for canvas gloves1 for they are used by thousands of other people--railroad men1 mechanics1 teamsters1 lumber workers1 gardeners--indeed1 nearly everybody who works needs them1 so why should not other women of slender means also improve this humble but better-than-nothing means of making a living8 ,,plan ,no4 #ae4 ,,spats ,,for ,,college ,,girls ,a college girl with a limited allowance had just enough spare cash to pay for a new blue-gray tailor-made suit1 but not enough more to pay for a pair of spats to match1 which the tailor offered to make for #b4 ,however1 she had a small piece of the goods left over when the suit was finished1 and by ripping an old pair of spats to note the pattern1 she proceeded to make a pair of new ones herself2 silk-lined1 but with the old buttons4 ,they were so well made1 and presented so neat an appearance1 that all the other girls in the college implored her to make spats to match their suits4 ,she did so and earned sufficient to pay her college expenses4 ,,plan ,no4 #af4 ,a ,,children',s #e;c ,,play ,,ground ,it was the sound of children's voices raised in shouts of glee1 as they reveled in the delights of a six-passenger1 hand-propelled merry-go-round in the back yard of a friend1 that gave to a young man1 temporarily out of a position1 an idea which he promptly enlarged to the dignity of a community affair1 and imparted a world of pleasure to hundreds of children1 while adding very largely to his own bank account4 ,the small merry-go-round in the private grounds of his friend was operated upon strictly business principles by the hopeful scions of the household1 and every other youthful pleasure seeker was obliged to contribute some toy or other article of small value in return for the privilege of a few dizzy whirls in the small-sized machine1 while being regaled with music from a miniature organ that played certain lively tunes while the machine was in motion4 ,the 8admission fee0 was a book1 pencil1 knife1 rubber ball1 or anything that represented value to the young proprietors1 but it had to be something1 and everybody was happy4 ,the young man who was a witness of the performance began at once to enlarge upon the idea of entertaining children for a merely nominal sum1 but which in the aggregate would amount to hundreds of thousands of dollars2 and1 having a little available capital1 he rented a vacant corner containing several lots1 in a central location1 and began systematically to equip it4 ,he bought a #ab-seated merry-go-round1 three swings1 four see-saws1 three 8,irish ,mails01 two tricycles1 two velocipedes1 and #ajj worth of awnings to cover the entire scene of gaiety1 and protect the little guests from both sunshine and rain4 ,he constructed a sand pit1 installed rag-doll games1 etc41 and built a board walk around it all for the racing of the tricycles1 velocipedes and 8,irish ,mails40 ,he hired a carpenter to build a fence around the property1 with an arch over the entrance for the name of the play-ground1 and considered a few booths for the sale of candy1 soda water and other soft drinks4 ,his entire expense1 including advertising and incidentals1 was #chb1 and he placed the price of admission1 which entitled the visitor to all the attractions of the place at five cents4 ,from the day the gates were opened the place was filled with children1 for parents were glad to have their little ones participate in the clean and healthful entertainment it afforded4 ,within the first three months the enterprising proprietor had taken in enough to pay all the expense of establishing and conducting the play-ground1 and noted that he had earned a net profit of #baj besides4 ,when winter came1 he turned the place into a skating rink1 and made a profit several times larger than it had brought as a summer play-ground for children4 ,,plan ,no4 #ag4 ,,co-,,operative ,,cooking ,the daily drudgery of cooking is a nightmare2 the horror and the despair of the ordinary housewife4 ,and no wonder2 for no other member of the family would ever stand for it4 ,therefore1 any reasonable and economical plan that will free the wife and mother from this thraldom1 and at the same time assure equally satisfactory service in the matter of food1 at possibly less cost1 is sure of a cordial welcome4 ,the co-operative kitchen not only solves this vexed problem for the housewife in general1 but at the same time it affords a comfortable living to the two or three or half-dozen women who have the energy to give it a start in almost any community1 and the culinary skill to keep it going good after it is started4 ,if women have sufficient capital to establish such a business in the right way1 so much the better1 but if they have not1 they may incorporate for that purpose1 and thus secure the necessary equipment for making it a going concern4 ,as a private enterprise it would produce a handsome and permanent income for its originators1 while as an incorporated concern it would greatly reduce the household expenses of its members4 ,what is known as the ,montclair plan provides for the serving of hot meals at any time desired1 in the homes of the patrons or members1 and according to the menu sent in by each individual in each family4 ,thermos bottles for the liquids1 and ,swedish containers for the meats1 solve the problem of keeping food either hot or cold for an indefinite period1 and the plan1 if properly worked1 is certain to grow in popular favor wherever it is tried4 ,there's money in it for somebody4 ,during the war ,england learned its practicability and great advantage4 ,,plan ,no4 #ah4 ,,starting ,a ,,tea ,,room ,to start a tea room1 and start it right1 will require an amount of capital ranging all the way from #ejj to #a1jjj1 according to the locality and the amount of competition1 either of other tea rooms1 or of the service offered by various larger enterprises that use this as a side line4 ,a lady in ,denver gives her experience in the following condensed statement3 ,she was fortunate in securing a location where the advent of a tea room was joyously hailed as a much desired innovation1 and where the conditions obviated the necessity for an extensive publicity campaign1 so that her little capital of #ejj was sufficient to launch the enterprise in fairly good shape4 ,she started with a limited menu1 fully intending to extend it as she gained experience and patronage4 ,to begin with1 she served tea1 coffee1 chocolate1 broths1 toasts1 muffins1 sandwiches1 salads1 fresh eggs1 cake1 cold meats1 together with simple desserts1 such as rice pudding1 tarts1 baked apples and stewed prunes1 with whipped cream4 ,she made it a special point to see that every item was of the best quality1 properly prepared1 and served with delicacy and tact1 while cleanliness pervaded every nook and corner of her dainty little establishment4 ,at the same time she guarded zealously against waste1 and showed excellent judgment in providing just the exact amount of each material that could be utilized to advantage4 ,she hired a neat1 pretty and attractively attired maid as waitress1 who was tactful in her demeanor towards guests4 ,the prompt1 courteous and refined service of this maid proved a valuable asset1 as she soon became a general favorite with the patrons of the place1 through her earnest endeavor to please4 ,the taking and filling of large orders for outside affairs--such as sandwiches1 salads1 etc41 as well as the renting of her china1 table silver and other accessories1 also proved a source of considerable revenue4 ,sometimes the tea-room itself would be rented out for social functions1 such as card parties1 church and lodge affairs or wedding feasts4 ,on such occasions the proprietress did practically all of the catering1 and was well paid for her services and accommodations4 ,during the first year she kept on display and for sale a line of antiques1 art novelties1 embroideries1 confectionary1 fine stationery1 and other articles that commanded a ready sale1 and thereby added considerably to her income during that trying period of making a beginning4 ,as her regular patronage increased1 however1 she gradually discarded these side-lines1 and concentrated all her efforts upon steadily and permanently increasing the scope of her trade4 ,she showed decided originality and talent in the preparation of her menu cards1 and gave them an artistic effect which was at once striking and vastly different from the ordinary4 ,her prices1 while extremely reasonable1 afforded a satisfactory profit on every item1 and at the end of the first year she had not only paid all expenses1 but had a comfortable balance left over with which to begin the second year on a much more extensive scale4 ,,plan ,no4 #ai4 ,,bread ,,and ,,cake ,,baking ,many men lose their positions1 from one cause or another1 but it isn't every one of them who has a resourceful1 skilful and determined wife to help him out4 ,here is one who had3 ,this man who had been a salesman was 8let out0 because his firm could no longer manufacture the goods he had been selling1 and1 as times were hard1 another position could not be obtained4 ,the family had never saved anything1 and1 their grocer changing suddenly to the cash system1 left them with only half a dozen potatoes1 a few pounds of flour1 half a pound of lard1 a cup of sugar1 a little salt--and three hungry boys1 to say nothing of the parents4 ,it was then that the plucky wife and mother rose to the occasion and saved the day4 ,but it required a lot of grit and hard work4 ,she peeled1 sliced and boiled three of the six precious potatoes1 adding water as the boiling went on4 ,then she put into a pan three tablespoonfuls of flour1 one of sugar1 and one of salt1 scalding them with the hot water in which the potatoes had been boiled1 and adding two quarts of cold water1 making the mixture lukewarm4 ,five cents from the small hoard of the family bought yeast one-half of which was saved for the next time1 after moistening it with water and pouring it into the mixture4 ,covering the pan tightly1 she set it aside until morning while the family went supperless to bed4 ,the hustling little woman was up at five o'clock the next morning and put twelve pounds of flour into a large pan1 mixed in two heaping tablespoonfuls of lard1 two of sugar and two of salt1 then added the yeast mixture1 which made an ordinary bread dough1 and set it in a warm place to rise4 ,at eight a4 m4 she molded the dough into rolls1 twelve rolls to each pound1 two and one-half inches across and pressed down to an inch in thickness4 ,these she put into a greased pan1 not allowing them to quite touch each other1 as they sell better when baked separately4 ,by ten o'clock her eldest boy1 who rode a wheel1 had been excused from school1 came home to do the selling4 ,with five dozen light brown rolls in a basket1 he started out to sell them at #aj cents a dozen4 ,in less than half an hour he was back for three dozen more1 and returned in a short time with an order for the remainder1 which the mother refused to accept1 as she was keeping those for her own hungry family4 ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #ai4 ,god helps those who help themselves ,the next day she went through with the same program1 except on a larger scale1 and still was unable to supply the demand for her beautifully browned hot rolls that were ready for delivery just before meal time1 and looked so tempting4 ,her boy being out of school on ,saturday1 she mixed two pans of cake dough1 one white and one brown1 and spread them into a large bread pan so as to marble brown and white1 and making a cake one and one-half inches thick1 when baked4 ,iced thinly1 in plain white1 and cut into two and one-half-inch squares1 these sold readily for #bj cents a dozen1 and were delicious4 ,at the end of four days the little woman had made #aj1 and ,monday morning her husband1 still out of a position1 offered to do the selling and delivering--greatly to her delight and the profit of both--for the sales increased until they had more demands for their products than they could supply4 ,she also began to bake delicious bread and pies1 as well as rolls and cakes1 and sold every article at a good price1 that meant a handsome profit4 ,this was the beginning of a successful bakery business for this family4 ,,plan ,no4 #bj4 ,,pencil ,,sharpening ,,machine ,,free ,the teacher who finds the sharpening of pencils for her pupils a large and disagreeable part of her daily duties1 will welcome this plan as a perfect godsend3 that the plan1 when properly operated by a live man1 is a money-maker1 is demonstrated by the fact that a ,chicago man made big profits out of it4 ,he bought a large number of that botanical wonder known as the ,resurrection ,plant1 or ,anasta-tica1 which can be obtained at a cost of #b cents each1 or less1 when ordered in large quantities1 and even when retailed at as low a price as #aj cents each1 yield an enormous profit4 ,to those not familiar with this remarkable plant1 it may be well to explain that1 altho it stays green while kept in water changed often enough to prevent it becoming stagnant or rancid1 when taken out of the water it dries and curls up and goes to sleep1 remaining in this state for years1 and re-awakening or being 8resurrected0 immediately upon being placed in water again1 when it will open up and commence to grow in half an hour or less4 ,when tired of seeing it grow1 you simply take it out of the water1 let it 8go to sleep0 again1 and re-awaken or resurrect it at any time you desire4 ,many people would gladly pay several dollars for a simple plant1 but in the operation of this plan you can well afford to sell them at #aj cents each1 as you realize a profit of #h cents apiece1 and one in every schoolroom in the land will prove a constant source of delight1 as well as of educational value4 ,this is the way the ,chicago man works the plan to the pleasure of teachers and pupils1 and his own profit of something like #cjj per week3 he not only buys thousands of these ,resurrection ,plants1 at1 say1 #b cents each1 but also a number of the best pencil sharpening machines1 which cost him about #ij cents each4 ,he consigns one of these machines and thirty of the ,resurrection ,plants to each teacher in a public school and requests her to announce that the pencil sharpener will belong to that particular room1 for the full use of all of them1 if each pupil will take home one of the plants and bring #aj cents back to her the next morning1 explaining to them the peculiar characteristics of the plant4 ,of course1 every child gladly performs this small service1 and the teacher then remits to the consigner1 the #c4jj collected1 and he has exactly doubled his money1 as both the pencil sharpener and the thirty plants cost him but #a4ej4 ,if there are over thirty pupils in the room1 that simply means more plants and more profits1 for with the second consignment of thirty plants it is not necessary to send the pencil sharpener1 and the ,chicago man's profit on that transaction is therefore #b4dj instead of #a4ej4 ,as there are many thousands of public schools in this country1 and nearly all of them have a number of rooms1 anyone who is good at figures can easily make a reasonable calculation as to the probable profits4 ,,plan ,no4 #ba4 #e1jjj ,a ,,year ,,from #h ,,acres 8,the touch of a woman's hand0 is what turned eight and one-half acres of unattractive1 idle land on the shores of ,long ,island ,sound into a productive little farm that is now netting it's owner a profit of over #e1jjj a year6 ,don't believe it8 ,listen6 ,to be sure1 she had a few hundred dollars--just enough to buy it and improve it with a cheap little cottage1 a small barn and some poultry sheds1 and plant it to fruit trees1 besides every sort of vegetable that enjoyed the greatest demand4 ,she now has an orchard containing the best varieties of fruit trees1 #a1jjj apple1 #ejj peach1 #ajj pear1 #ajj quince1 #ajj cherry--besides one-fourth acre in grapes1 one-half acre in raspberries1 blackberries1 etc41 and still has plenty of room left for vegetables1 planting them between the rows of fruit trees1 thus affording ample cultivation for all4 ,she employs one man regularly at #dj per month1 and hires extra help in the busy seasons of the year4 ,to supply the immediate demand for the less common garden products she grew okra1 ,french finochio1 endive1 chicory1 etc41 getting many ideas from seed catalogues1 ,government publications that are sent for the postage4 ,she plants large quantities of all vegetables1 and cultivates every foot of the ground1 fertilizers are freely used1 and crops changed from year to year4 ,she finds early asparagus and peaches the most profitable of all the things she raises1 and while her first garden was growing she wrote letters to her friends in the city1 asking them if they would not like a few samples of her fresh vegetables4 ,they did and said so1 and each one became a regular customer4 ,as she produced more1 she kept increasing her list of patrons by the same means1 and to these she ships her products in 8knock-down0 crates that cost her #b cents each1 and1 unless otherwise ordered1 she fills these crates half with fruit and half with vegetables4 ,the crates each hold six great basketfuls of produce1 and cost the customer #a4ej1 besides #be cents each for expressage4 ,by picking her products early in the morning1 she has them delivered in the city for dinner1 while they are fresh and much preferred to those bought at corner groceries4 ,having her own horse and wagon1 the cost and labor involved in shipping is very small1 and #ejj crates easily net her #gej4 ,realizing from her own experience1 the longing of city women for a quiet1 rural spot in which to spend the week-ends1 she informed a limited number of her lady friends in town that for #a4ej per day she would give them room1 board and transportation1 to and from the station1 and so many of them gladly accepted her invitation that the capacity of her small cottage was soon taxed to the utmost4 ,but she will not take regular boarders1 and thus has the greater portion of her time to herself1 to be devoted to such activities as best suit her4 ,those women who are given the privilege of spending the week-end on the farm not only cheerfully pay the moderate charges1 but many of them render valuable assistance by working in her garden1 as a pleasant means of relaxation and an agreeable change from the exacting requirements of city life4 ,the little #h acre farm wasn't much to look at when she first took it over1 but she has made it a veritable bower of beauty1 a haven of rest1 and a revenue producer to the extent of #e1jjj a year1 all set down in the column marked 8net profits40 ,,plan ,no4 #bb4 ,,political ,,manual ,politics is always an interesting subject1 particularly to politicians1 whether of large or small calibre1 and the man who can formulate a plan by which to 8aid the party10 and at the same time insure an income for himself has certainly 8picked a winner40 ,we know of a man who did this1 most successfully1 and this is the way he did it3 ,his city1 like all others1 had political organizations of varying degrees of efficiency and influence1 and desiring to assist in placing his own political party in the lead1 while devising a good revenue from his activities at the same time1 he hit upon the plan of a manual giving a resume of the main issues of the campaign1 his party's position regarding the same1 the various ward and precinct boundaries1 the names and addresses of all precinct committeemen1 as well as those of the chairman and secretary of the central committee1 the location of each polling place1 dates of registration1 of primaries and general election1 and data of every character which would be interesting to voters4 ,instead of leaving it to the secretary to compile and issue this manual1 and having it printed and distributed at the expense of the committee1 this man sought and obtained the authority of the committee for the publication of the same without cost to them1 had them indorse it as the official publication1 and proceeded to have it issued in attractive form4 ,most of the candidates for office on his party ticket were glad to give him half tone portraits of themselves1 with a declaration of the principles for which they stood and pay him from #be to #ej each for the publicity thus obtained4 ,besides1 practically all the merchants belonging to that particular party also gave him large advertisements1 as the manual reached all the voters of the ward or county1 regardless of party affiliations1 and proved an excellent advertising medium4 ,finding the plan so successful in his own county1 he extended it to other counties1 and finally to the entire state4 ,,plan ,no4 #bc4 ,,theatre-,,goers' ,,weekly ,in many cities the theatrical managers arrange in some way to compile a list of theatre goers1 and send them1 by mail1 neatly printed postal cards announcing the attractions billed for their houses several days in advance of their appearance4 ,this plan has proved successful in most cases1 but a man in one city of the middle west improved greatly upon it by publishing a weekly that embraced all the theatres and amusement places1 and gave them all very much wider publicity1 at no cost to any of them4 ,he arranged with the manager of each theatre and motion picture house in his city to furnish him with all the data concerning engagements for a week or two in advance1 obtaining details of coming attractions1 with portrait cuts and personal sketches of the most prominent actors and actresses billed for appearance at each house1 a synopsis of the play1 or any other feature that would naturally create a desire to see it4 ,write-ups and notes of local interest were also an excellent feature in this weekly1 and it was so well edited and printed that nearly all copies were carefully preserved by those receiving them4 ,instead of going to the trouble and expense of mailing1 these weeklies were distributed at all the theatres and movie houses at every performance1 and thus afforded each patron an opportunity to plan his amusement program ahead4 ,having saved the theatre managers the expense of a program for each house1 they were glad to allow him all the profits of the extensive advertising he secured1 and he soon built up a business that netted several thousand dollars a year4 ,,plan ,no4 #bd4 ,,spraying ,,fruit ,,and ,,shade ,,trees ,every orchardist stands in mortal terror of the multitude of pests that infest both fruit and shade trees in practically all parts of the country1 and as but few really understand how to prevent or destroy these persistent plagues1 or have the time to do it properly1 it affords some one in each community an excellent opportunity to make a good living by doing it for them4 ,all he needs is to know exactly how4 ,an enterprising young man in one of the irrigated fruit districts of the ,northwest thought of a good plan along this line and proceeded to put it into execution1 with entire satisfaction to the fruit growers1 and a corresponding profit to himself4 ,the leading hardware merchant in his town was not only a good friend of the young man1 but was thoroughly familiar with all the really effective methods of destroying tree pests through the spraying process4 ,he sold him one of the best makes of spraying machine1 gave him accurate instructions as to its use1 as well as the various materials for spraying1 and advised him to get busy at once4 ,he visited the principal fruit growers of that section and found most of them glad to turn the protection of their trees over to him1 as he quickly demonstrated that he knew his business1 and his charges were reasonable4 ,in a short time he had contracts to keep him busy during the entire season1 and found it was paying him at the rate of #age a month4 ,the next year he took more contracts1 hired boys to operate several spraying machines1 and is now clearing over #a1jjj for a few months work each year4 ,so can you4 ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #bd4 ,spraying ,fruit in ,spokane ,valley ,,plan ,no4 #be4 ,,home ,,lunch ,,delivery ,a ,michigan young lady1 who had an invalid mother and a little brother to support1 hit upon the novel plan of supplying the families of her neighborhood1 as well as nearby cafes1 lunch rooms1 business offices1 stores1 and soda fountains1 with tempting lunches consisting mainly of nut sandwiches made of shredded wheat biscuit1 or bread1 or buns1 baked by herself4 ,buying all the materials in large quantities1 she secured everything necessary at greatly reduced prices1 purchasing ,english walnuts at so much per hundred pounds1 and removing the shells with a nut cracker4 ,slicing a moistened shredded wheat biscuit in two with a sharp knife1 she spread it with peanut butter and finished with a layer of crushed walnuts1 or made the sandwiches from slices of bread in the usual way4 ,having distributed cards throughout the neighborhood1 announcing the form of service she was prepared to render1 she kept a list of her regular patrons1 with the day and hour when deliveries were required1 and sent her little brother to fill the orders4 ,each sandwich was wrapped in wax paper1 and sold readily at #e cents4 ,however1 when a more extensive lunch was required1 she supplied two ham sandwiches1 one cheese sandwich with pie or cake all neatly packed in a small paper box1 with paper napkin and tooth pick1 which was not only cheaper1 but also much better1 than the same articles bought at a restaurant4 ,and still there was a fair profit on each item included in this service4 ,of course1 the increased cost of materials1 now makes it necessary to charge higher prices for the lunches thus delivered1 her patronage has grown to such proportions that she now hires boys on bicycles to make the deliveries4 ,,plan ,no4 #bf4 ,,repairing ,,lawn ,,mowers ,can you repair a lawn mower that is out of order8 ,if not1 you can soon learn1 and if you have any mechanical ability at all1 you can put it to a practical use and make a good business out of it4 ,an elderly man in a western city1 who was regarded as 8too old0 to be given a salaried position1 but who 8needed the money10 turned his knowledge of lawn mowers to good account1 and to-day has a profitable business that renders it unnecessary for him to ask anybody for a 8job40 ,he made his own job4 ,of course1 he had no capital1 but he needed none1 except a few dollars for the purchase of certain small tools and lawn mower parts and a friend of his in a hardware store sold him those on time4 ,starting out he was surprised to find how many lawn mowers in any given neighborhood were slightly out of order1 the main trouble with most of them being that they merely needed sharpening1 while a rusty bolt here1 a missing nut there or a broken part almost anywhere about the machine was quickly replaced1 and the mower put in fine working shape4 ,a charge of #ej to #ge cents an hour1 or a flat rate for the job1 netted him a profit of several dollars a day1 and by doing good1 honest work1 he was usually called upon when anything else went wrong1 as he left his card at every house he visited4 ,after a couple of years he was able to open a little shop of his own1 and had the work come to him1 instead of being obliged to go after it4 ,he is making a comfortable living for himself and his family and doesn't feel any longer that he is 8too old0 to be useful and self-supporting4 ,,plan ,no4 #bg4 ,,the ,,inkless ,,pen ,never heard of an inkless pen8 ,well1 you can make one1 or a thousand1 so easily1 and sell them so fast1 at a splendid profit1 that you will wish you had known how a long time ago4 ,a down-east girl learned how it was done1 and she has made a lot of money out of it1 just as anyone else can by trying4 ,she got some of the very best quality of violet aniline1 and reduced it with water1 to a thick paste4 ,she added about half as much mucilage as there was of the aniline and water1 and mixed it thoroly4 ,then she applied it with a toothpick to the inside hollow of several ordinary steel pens1 above the split1 and laid them aside for ten hours to dry4 ,either a fine-pointed1 ordinary or stub pen can be used1 but as an advertising leader a fine-pointed pen is best1 and to give it a neat appearance1 the pen should be inclosed in a very small envelope1 with directions for use printed thereon1 as follows3 8,the ,wonderful ,inkless ,pen4 ,put in a penholder1 and dip it in water up to the split1 when ink will flow from the pen4 ,when flow ceases1 dip in water again40 ,she then placed a small ad in the paper1 saying1 8,boys and girls1 send ten cents for three of our wonderful inkless pens4 ,write by dipping in water4 ,no ink necessary4 ,better than a fountain pen40 ,this brought hundreds of answers1 all containing dimes1 and the business thus launched in a small way1 with practically no capital1 finally grew into an enterprise netting nearly #a1jjj a year4 ,,plan ,no4 #bh4 ,,old ,,barn ,,makes #fjj ,a ,,year ,how a plucky woman1 with an invalid husband and two small children1 utilized a rickety old barn on a run-down farm eleven miles from a city1 is best told in her own words3 8,the old barn had not been used for years1 and was in a dilapidated condition indeed4 ,i paid #a4be for new shingles and #e cents for nails1 and fixed the roof so it would not leak4 ,i found some old hinges around the place1 and put on the doors in good shape4 ,there were six windows1 and ,i bought #a4hj worth of cheese cloth and made curtains for these1 and paid #g4jj for a crex matting to put on the floor4 8,from some old furniture we were not using1 ,i selected some chairs1 beds1 a table1 old cupboard1 and other articles needed4 ,the three stalls ,i converted into a kitchen1 dining room and den1 and paid #b4ge for an old oil stove1 #a4cj for cooking utensils1 and #b for crockery ware4 8,i converted the loft into two sleeping rooms1 using cretonne curtains for partitions1 made a dresser from an old packing box1 and above it ,i placed a cheap mirror1 #ahx#ab inches4 ,i also purchased two hammocks for #c1 and was ready to let 8apartments0 at #bj per month1 the tenants to furnish their own bedding and silver4 8,i planted morning glories all around this 8house10 and put in several beds of ,california poppies1 costing #fe cents1 so that the total expenses renovating the barn and making it fit for human habitation were just #ai4hj4 8,a small ad4 in the paper quickly brought me a renter for the remodeled 8apartments0 at #bj per month for six months1 and then ,i began to supply my tenants with home-grown produce1 at good prices1 such as berries1 fresh vegetables1 fresh bread1 pies and cakes1 cottage cheese1 cream1 milk1 eggs1 poultry1 homemade soap1 jellies1 jams1 etc41 besides doing laundry work1 renting horse and cart1 making dresses and bonnets for tenants1 neighbors and others4 ,and all this without interfering with my regular work of growing and marketing my poultry1 dairy and garden products1 which ,i took to the city on the weekly market days1 and sold for good prices4 8,the first year on this place netted me over #ejj1 the second year #fjj1 and it will be more this year4 ,my first tenant has re-rented the old barn from me every year since ,i started1 and wants it again next year1 so ,i am no longer worrying as to where the next meal is coming from4 8,besides1 the country air and home-grown foods have restored my husband to perfect health1 and my children are getting big enough to help me40 ,,plan ,no4 #bi4 ,,baking ,,fruit ,,cake ,,to ,,sell ,who doesn't love fruit cake8 ,and yet how few can make it as it should be made4 ,a lady who really knew how1 found that she could make a fruit cake at a cost of about #aj cents a pound1 and make it so good that anybody would be glad to buy it at more than three times its cost4 ,she used the following receipt4 ,two cups of flour1 #a cup of raisins1 #a cup of currants1 one-half cup of lard1 #a cup of sugar1 #a teaspoonful cinnamon1 #a teaspoonful of cloves1 #a teaspoonful of soda1 teaspoonful of salt2 flavor with lemon extract4 ,these1 with the exception of the flour1 the soda and the extract1 she boiled for a few minutes in an agate-ware sauce-pan1 then took it off the fire1 and when lukewarm mixed in the flour and soda and added the lemon extract4 ,this1 baked one hour in a moderate oven1 will make a #b-pound loaf1 and1 requiring no eggs or butter1 is not expensive4 ,she found her first customers were steady customers1 and tho she had very limited baking facilities1 she cleared from #be to #cj a month4 ,with greater baking capacity1 added from time to time1 and with the aid of a few small ads1 she increased her profits gradually1 until now she is realizing a net profit of over #ajj a month1 and expects soon to do even better than that4 ,just a simple plan1 intelligently carried out1 and the result was--success4 ,,plan ,no4 #cj4 ,,lawyer ,,makes ,,municipal ,,collections ,in nearly all cities of #ge1jjj to #aej1jjj population1 there are usually many thousands of dollars due the municipality in old claims1 unpaid assessments1 and all sorts of overlooked accounts in practically all departments4 ,these have been allowed to accumulate until they amount to a sum large enough to materially reduce the tax levy for several years1 but incoming administrations1 having all the difficulties incident to their own tenures of office to meet1 and having no disposition to overcome the shortcoming of their predecessors1 pay no attention to these delinquencies1 and the city's debtors are thus allowed to escape payment of bills they justly owe4 ,it was under such conditions in a well known city of the ,pacific ,northwest that a young lawyer1 just admitted to practice1 discovered a field of activity that promised to bring him prominently into public notice1 and at the same time to secure him a revenue that but few young attorneys are able to command in several of the earlier years of their practice4 ,he had previously examined the records in most of the departments1 and thereby gained a close estimate of the enormous amounts still due the city on old accounts1 which no effort had been made to collect for so long that many of them were outlawed and not legally collectable4 ,he then interviewed a number of city officials and submitted a proposition to collect these accounts1 on a basis of commission dependent upon the relative difficulty of getting the money4 ,his proposition was accepted4 ,a closer examination of the records showed that the amounts still due the various departments ranged from #ac1jjj to #fj1jjj in each1 the aggregate being #bjj1jjj4 ,having carefully laid his plans1 his first step was to have himself interviewed by the city hall reporters of all the daily papers1 in which he made it clear that he would bring suit against every one of those who owed the city anything on old accounts4 ,this caused considerable uneasiness among the delinquents1 many of whom came to the treasurer's office and made settlements in full4 ,many of them1 however1 hung back1 awaiting developments1 and thereupon the young attorney brought a number of suits in the city's name1 in all of which he secured judgments against the defendants1 and nearly all of them were paid4 ,in some special cases1 where the debtors felt that they were safe1 since the claims against them had been barred by the statute of limitations1 the attorney1 called upon the parties in person and gave them so fair an outline of the entire situation1 laying special emphasis upon their moral obligation to pay even an outlawed claim1 that more than half of those old claims were paid into the city treasury4 ,there are hundreds of cities in which other young attorneys can follow the same plan1 with equally good results4 ,,plan ,no4 #ca4 ,,brief-,,writing ,,for ,,lawyers ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #ca4 ,lawyer puts ,dictaphone to ,profitable ,use ,a far-sighted young attorney in a large city1 desiring to extend his acquaintance among the older members of the bar1 and at the same time add materially to his rather limited income1 figured that he could do both by writing the briefs of those lawyers interested in cases taken to the higher courts on appeal4 ,he purchased a dictaphone and1 having familiarized himself with a case1 by reference to the files1 and otherwise1 he found it an easy matter to get the attorney's consent to brief it in proper form1 especially when he could do it for considerably less than it would cost the attorney to do it himself4 ,this plan brought him an immediate financial return1 gave him a large acquaintance among leading lawyers1 and vastly increased his knowledge of law1 through frequent references to supreme court reports and other authorities4 ,it also aided him in building up a practice which has become both permanent and profitable4 ,,plan ,no4 #cb4 ,,renting ,,water ,,filters ,for more than three years a man in a western city realized a net profit of #bbe a month1 through the very simple plan of renting water filters1 and then sold out his business for #e1jjj4 ,having a little spare money he bought filters by the gross from the manufacturers1 at #ab4ej per gross1 or a fraction over #ab cents apiece4 ,they were the reversible kind1 filled with powdered charcoal and crushed granite1 were nickel plated1 easily kept clean1 and caught all the impurities in the water leaving it clean and pure4 ,he bought the filtering material1 charcoal and crushed granite1 by the barrel1 at a cost of about #f4jj a barrel4 ,these materials he mixed in equal parts1 placed them in the filters and was ready for business4 ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #cb4 ,pure ,water his ,first ,thought ,an epidemic of typhoid fever broke out in his city about that time1 the cause of which was found to be in the water supply1 and the means of excluding the disease germs from the water that came from the faucets assumed the form of an imperative demand4 ,this man had some circulars printed1 calling attention to the efficiency of his filters1 and sent boys to distribute them all over the city4 ,then agents were sent out to the houses to show the filters and offer them for rent at #aj cents each a month1 a fresh filter to be installed every month4 ,the agents were given one-half of all the money they collected1 and as nine in every ten households gave them contracts1 both agents and originator of the plan realized a steady and handsome income4 ,at the end of the month the agent would call at each house1 take off the old filter1 attach the other end to the faucet1 set a clean glass under it1 turn on the water and show the lady a glass filled with impurities4 ,that would settle it4 ,she would at once hand over another #aj cents for a fresh filter1 and the agent would proceed to the next house4 ,between #e1jjj and #f1jjj filters were thus kept rented1 the old ones refilled with fresh material1 and the man who used this plan and a little money not only saved hundreds of lives1 but cleared up over #ac1jjj for himself in three years' time4 ,,plan ,no4 #cc4 ,,clips ,,personal ,,notices ,,from ,,newspaper ,not the big press clipping bureau1 with its elaborately furnished offices and scores of employes1 but one which any energetic young man or woman may start in a small way1 and earn more than a comfortable living1 while increasing the scope and revenues of the business4 ,here is how a bright young fellow did it3 ,realizing the pride and vanity many people feel in seeing their names in print1 and calculating on their curiosity as well1 he subscribed for a number of papers in near-by cities and towns1 and pays particular attention to the personal paragraph columns of them all4 ,he carefully notes the name and address of any person named in these paragraphs and sends him or her a letter stating that their name was mentioned in a newspaper on a certain day1 adding that it might be of interest to the person named1 and that he will send the clipping for #be cents4 ,curiosity alone will impel most people to send the small amount required to obtain the article in question and this young man received seven orders and remittances from every ten letters he mails out4 ,to mail fifty letters per day would cost him #a for postage1 and to fill the thirty-five orders received1 #a4je more1 or a total expense of #b4je4 ,he would receive #h4ge1 and his profit would be #f4gj a day4 ,,plan ,no4 #cd4 ,,publishing ,a ,,cook ,,book ,there are cook books and cook books1 but we know of only one in which thousands of housewives1 who contributed recipes to it1 took that deep personal interest which made them feel that each one positively must buy a copy of it4 ,this one was thought out by a young man in a middle western state1 and literally 8takes the cake0--and the cash4 ,if there is any place where the ordinary woman likes to see her name in print1 outside of the society columns of a ,sunday newspaper1 it is in a book1 and especially in a cook book4 ,this young man was aware of this fact1 and out of his knowledge he evolved a plan that paid him many thousands of dollars4 ,first1 he obtained from directories and mailing lists the names of several thousand women1 and mailed to each one a letter1 stating that he was about to publish a cook book1 and asking them to send in such recipes as they personally knew to be exceptionally good4 ,he told them that each woman so contributing would be paid a royalty1 based upon actual sales of the book1 and also have her name and address printed in it4 ,the price of the book was to be #b4jj per copy1 but those contributors willing to waive all claims to royalty would be supplied at #a4jj per copy4 ,he also offered each contributor a commission of #ej cents on every sale of the book she made4 ,the letter was carefully written1 and brought answers and recipes in a perfect avalanche1 practically all the letters contained orders for a book1 so that he knew it would require #aj1jjj copies to fill all the orders4 ,then he got busy with the national advertisers1 manufacturers of1 and dealers in1 kitchen specialties1 household supplies1 flour and yeast dealers1 etc41 and1 having proved to them that his first edition would be #aj1jjj copies1 he secured advertising enough to pay the entire cost of publishing the book4 ,,plan ,no4 #ce4 ,,good ,,safety ,,razors ,,for #be ,,cents ,you know1 as does everybody else1 that #e4jj is too much for any safety razor ever made4 ,a western man who found himself a cripple for life1 and had to earn his living or starve1 perfected a plan for supplying the best kind of a safety razor for #be cents1 and made a permanent income for himself and family4 ,he wrote a good circular letter1 in which he asked the reader to send in his old safety razor1 no matter what its make or condition1 together with #be cents1 and said that upon its receipt1 with #d cents in stamps to prepay postage1 he would send a new safety razor that would give excellent service and be durable1 the handle triple-silver plated and highly polished and one ,swedish steel blade1 well tempered and hand-honed1 while extra blades would be supplied at #ae cents for three1 postpaid4 ,he bought safety razors of the kind described1 for about #g cents each1 and made a profit of #ag cents on each one4 ,a set of these blades cost him1 with postage1 about #g cents1 and his profit on them was #h cents4 ,,plan ,no4 #cf4 ,,lists ,,of ,,names ,,for ,,advertisers ,supplying reliable lists of names to magazine advertisers and others would not at first be regarded as a very profitable business1 but here is the experience of an ,illinois man who made it pay well3 ,studying the advertisements in the magazines1 he thought of how much these advertisers could save if they were only brought into direct contact with the class of people each one was trying to reach at so great an outlay as magazine space involves4 ,he thought of a way in which it could be done4 ,he had learned that he could buy the #djj-page edition of ,webster's dictionary for #aa cents each with postage of #d cents each1 or a total of #ae cents1 in quantities4 ,then he inserted1 through an agency1 an ad4 in all the country papers for quite a distance around1 offering to send a handsome dictionary free in return for a little information which anyone could easily give4 ,the answers came so fast that he was obliged to send mimeographed letters to those who replied1 in which he asked for the names and addresses of all those in the community who were suffering from rheumatism1 deafness1 or any chronic ailment2 also the names of property owners1 horse and cattle owners1 people with lawns1 fruit trees1 porches2 the names of mothers1 prospective mothers1 newly married couples1 etc41 and stated if the information so given proved authentic1 he would later arrange to pay them on a cash basis for other names1 though the dictionary would be sent for the first lists4 ,thousands of names were obtained in this way1 and he proceeded to typewrite them1 making ten carbon copies of each list1 fifty names to the sheet4 ,he then wrote to each of the advertisers to whom the lists would be valuable1 stating that he had obtained the names through his own correspondents in various communities1 and offering to send them #a1jjj names of those who would be interested in the advertiser's line1 for #e1 or #ejj names for #c4ej4 ,he invited a trial order first1 in order that they might test his service1 and nearly all of them responded4 ,in fact1 he received more orders than he could well take care of1 and the usual result of one day's work was a net profit of #gj4 ,he then branched out on a larger scale1 using various articles as premiums4 ,and this man who had been a clerk on a small salary for years1 had only enough money when he started to pay for his advertisement1 buy postage stamps1 and purchase a typewriter on the instalment plan4 ,he 8used his plan0--and won4 ,he never sold the same list to two concerns in the same line4 ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #cg4 ,auto ,inspector at ,work ,,plan ,no4 #cg4 ,,auto ,,inspection ,,service 8,i was a fair auto mechanic1 familiar with the mechanism of every machine on the market10 said a man who is now a prosperous dealer in a western city4 8,but ,i was out of work1 and could not get the kind of job ,i wanted1 so ,i decided to make one for myself4 ,and ,i did4 8,i called upon some twenty well-to-do owners of cars who did their own driving1 but who were not able to locate or remedy many of the little troubles that are certain to happen to all machines1 and told them that for #a per week ,i would spend an hour each week in their garages1 inspecting their autos1 adjusting such parts as were even slightly out of order1 and doing all small repairs1 but furnishing none of the materials required2 that ,i would do square1 honest work1 and thereby save them many dollars4 ,all but two of these men accepted my offer1 and were so well pleased with the results that ,i soon had a list of fifty regular patrons1 and was easily making my #ej a week and more1 without the investment of a single cent1 except what ,i had paid for my kit of tools4 8,of course1 for extra work ,i made a reasonable additional charge1 and later ,i arranged with a supply house to furnish me with extra parts of equipment1 which netted me a nice little profit besides my regular income as auto inspector40 ,,plan ,no4 #ch4 ,a #e;c ,,and #aj;c ,,grocery ,,store ,of course1 everybody knows all about the #e- and #aj-;cent notion stores that have made millionaires of their owners1 but who ever heard1 until now1 of a #e- and #aj-;cent grocery store8 ,one man1 who lives in a good-sized western city1 had never heard of such a thing1 but one day the idea came to him1 and he tried it out--and made it win4 ,he rented a small but neat store room in a good location1 on a well traveled street1 put up shelves on both sides and set a nice show case in the center4 ,there were no counters4 ,then he went to the head of a leading wholesale grocery house and had them put up a special line of all their goods that were not perishable1 in handsomely printed cartons1 in quantities that could be retailed at #e and #aj cents each1 and still pay both the wholesaler and the retailer a small but fixed margin of profit4 ,he made a similar arrangement with a well known and popular packing company to handle its products in the same manner1 while a local cannery was only too glad to obtain the publicity this method afforded4 ,inside and on top of the showcase were displayed bottled goods1 preserves1 jellies1 flavoring extracts1 candies1 toilet specialities1 soaps1 etc41 while the shelves were used for a convenient arrangement of cereals1 rice1 hominy1 beans1 teas1 coffee1 and most of the canned goods4 ,as soon as his doors were opened1 he discovered that he had 8picked a winner10 for the neat and tasty display of the various articles and the fact that they could be had in the small quantities many people desired1 made a hit with the women of the neighborhood1 and the enterprising originator of this novel plan came out at the end of the year with a net profit of several thousand dollars4 ,,plan ,no4 #ci4 ,,storing ,,screens ,it would hardly seem that the mere storing of door and window screens during the winter season1 when they are not needed and are in the way1 would prove profitable1 but an old gentleman in a ,west ,virginia town earns many good dollars through that plan1 and others might follow his example with profit4 ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #ci4 ,work that ,anyone can do ,a spare room1 or a barn loft1 where there is no leakage from the roof1 is all that is required to get into the business4 ,this man has about #cjj customers1 for whom he removes the screens in the fall and stores them carefully away1 properly ticketed1 so as not to get them mixed up with other people's screens4 ,in the spring he takes them back to their respective owners and replaces them4 ,his charge for the season is about #b4jj for the average house but where the screens are to be repainted1 he of course makes an extra charge for that service4 ,to be sure1 this income is small1 but it is #fjj or more every spring or fall1 and six hundred dollars extra often means a great addition to the comfort of an old man4 ,,plan ,no4 #dj4 ,,button-,,hole ,,making ,a lady living in a city of the ,middle ,west had by long practice become an expert button-hole maker1 and so great was her skill that she had more calls for her special work than she could fill4 ,dressmakers1 tailors1 department stores1 housewives who made their own dresses1 all were anxious to secure her services in this particular line1 and she derived a very comfortable income from this specialty4 ,recently she has organized several classes of young ladies to whom she is teaching the art1 as she realizes that she cannot continue to make all the good button-holes required in her community1 and is anxious to give others a chance to do some of this work4 ,in these days of specializing1 why not a button-hole specialist--especially if it pays8 ,,plan ,no4 #da4 ,,typewriting ,,at ,,home ,a young lady typist who was obliged to give up her position1 in order to take care of her invalid mother1 arranged with a business man to write his letters in payment for the use of his type-writing machine4 ,then she addressed letters to a number of other business men1 offering to do their stenographic work and typewriting at her home1 and in a short time had work that brought her better returns than her former salary had been1 besides being able to look after her sick mother4 ,,plan ,no4 #db4 ,,raising ,,angora ,,cats ,an ambitious mother1 who very much desired to send her daughter to college1 decided upon cat culture as a source of raising the necessary funds4 ,she paid #be for a pair of pure-bred ,angora kittens1 gave them the best of care and in three years these kittens and their progeny have netted her more than #a1jjj4 ,but her resourcefulness in providing charming surroundings assists her greatly in the important matter of sales4 ,she enclosed the back yard of her home with chicken wire1 and divided it into two sections--one for colored cats and the other for white cats--with low buildings on each side for comfortably housing the mother cats and kittens4 ,the yard was then planted with roses and other flowers1 and when the well-kept cats and kittens are seen by prospective purchasers in those delightful environments1 the effect is so appealing to their sense of the beautiful that the buyers freely pay almost any price4 ,a few small ads in the local papers bring her customers for all the cats she can raise4 ,just a little plan1 but it has brought remarkably pleasing results4 ,,plan ,no4 #dc4 ,,management ,,of ,,social ,,functions ,a young lady who found herself dependent upon a married sister1 decided that she would create a profession of her own and be under no obligations to anyone4 ,she distributed a number of her business cards among the society leaders of her town1 announcing that she would take complete charge of parties and other social events1 whether for grown people or children1 and relieve the hostess of all anxiety concerning the success of the affair1 besides saving considerable sums in the outlay for the occasion4 ,she was given a number of engagements1 and succeeded so well that her services were soon in constant and ever-increasing demand4 ,she superintended the decorations1 arranged the menu1 looked after the comfort of each guest1 and saw that all were served in a manner to meet their hearty approval4 ,she also planned all the details of the entertainment1 in whatever form1 and became a positive necessity1 as the various hostesses soon learned that she could not only provide a better program than they1 but actually saved more in the matter of expenditure than her services cost1 which varied all the way from #e4jj to #ae4jj for an afternoon or evening4 ,,plan ,no4 #dd4 ,,new ,,way ,,to ,,sell ,,sheet ,,music ,a young lady in ,ohio1 who recently graduated from a music school1 has originated a novel and profitable method of selling sheet music4 ,realizing from her own experience that the surest way to cause anyone to want a particular piece of music is to let them hear it properly played1 so she arranged with a leading music dealer to allow her a rather liberal commission on all sales she might make4 ,she then selects a number of the best pieces1 and ringing the bell at the first house she approaches1 and asks if there is a piano or an organ in the house4 ,if the answer is yes1 she asks if she may come in and play a piece of music4 ,in most cases permission is freely given1 and seating herself at the instrument proceeds to play two or three of the selections4 ,she has chosen so well1 and plays so beautifully1 that in nearly every house where she is accorded the privilege of playing1 she sells from one to half a dozen or more of the sheets1 and goes on to the next house4 ,she has often made as high as #ej a week by employing this plan4 ,,plan ,no4 #de4 ,,supplying ,,clean ,,towels ,here is a plan which is good for a town where there are a large number of offices4 ,a young woman who lived in a town of this kind made it pay4 ,she visited the various offices in the place and contracted to furnish each one with a clean1 fresh towel every day for #a4ej a month1 or two towels per day for #b4ej a month1 two deliveries to be made each week4 ,she secured contracts enough to bring in #dg4jj a month4 ,she then bought #be4jj worth of good towels1 hired a colored woman to come twice a week to wash and iron the towels1 and paid a little boy to deliver the fresh towels and collect the soiled ones4 ,the service proved satisfactory1 and1 although the enterprise netted the young lady only a little over #cj per month1 she found it sufficient to support herself and her invalid mother1 as they owned their home and were economical in their expenditures4 ,it left the young lady with her entire time at her own disposal to be devoted to other work4 ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #df4 ,baby's ,first ,picture ,,plan ,no4 #df4 ,,taking ,,children',s ,,pictures ,getting the children interested1 and working on your side of a proposition1 is the surest way to reach the pocketbooks of the parents4 ,an ,iowa man1 who was out of work and money1 evolved a plan that worked so well that he has been at it ever since4 ,he owned a good camera1 and understood how to use it1 and having tried soliciting orders from house to house1 without success1 he hit upon the plan of borrowing a team of goats and a small cart from a boy friend1 and started out4 ,whenever he saw a child1 he would stop and tell it that he would give it a free ride1 and take its picture in the cart1 if it would get the consent of its mother4 ,of course1 all the children got busy right away1 and called their mothers to come and see how 8cute0 they looked in the cart drawn by the goats4 ,the result was that nearly every mother was glad to give an order for a dozen or more pictures to be delivered in three days1 and the enterprising artist soon found that he had all the business he could attend to1 at good prices1 and now owns a complete outfit4 ,a young lady in a city who was quite expert in the use of a camera called at the homes which had children and took their pictures1 usually with the mother and baby in some natural position4 ,she obtained the birth records and forwarded a card each month congratulating her1 also called attention to the service she was rendering by taking the pictures of children1 stating that she would call in a few days--also said the mother took no obligation because of her call4 ,she then called as early as possible to get the first picture of the new baby4 ,,plan ,no4 #dg4 ,,taught ,,care ,,of ,,the ,,hair ,most people have hair troubles of some kind1 and most of them have used the widely advertised hair tonics1 restorers1 etc41 with but little appreciable benefit1 as some simple home preparation usually produces the best results4 ,now1 you have read in scores of household magazines1 and elsewhere of ways without number in which the hair can be beautified and its growth and lustre wonderfully promoted1 without the risk of injuring it in any way4 ,a widow lady in an eastern city collected all the formulas of this kind she could find anywhere for making dry1 brittle hair soft and glossy1 for preventing and stopping the hair from falling out1 for making the hair thicker and longer1 for the removal of dandruff1 and correcting all other forms of hair trouble4 ,these she had printed1 each on a separate slip of good paper1 and also provided herself with neat stationery4 ,she then advertised in a number of newspapers that covered the territory for #bjj or #cjj miles in every direction1 stating that she had formulas for every conceivable form of hair trouble1 and that particulars would be sent upon request4 ,she received thousands of answers1 and in reply to these she sent a circular letter saying she had a formula for the particular difficulty named in the inquiry1 which she would send upon receipt of #ej cents1 and the person to whom it was sent could have it put up under her own personal direction1 thus knowing exactly what it contained4 ,as many of these preparations can be put up from ingredients to be found in most homes1 they are not expensive and the lady built up a very profitable business through this method4 ,,plan ,no4 #dh4 ,,making ,,harness ,,dressing ,every farmer will buy a good1 reliable waterproof harness dressing1 and if you know how to make it1 you can sell it rapidly4 ,a young man who had spent most of his life on the farm found himself stranded in the city1 and when a friend gave him the recipe for such a dressing1 he bought the materials with his last few pennies and began selling it to the farmers4 ,he realized such a good profit from his first sales that he was soon able to make it on a much more extensive scale1 and started on a trip through the country1 where he sold it to farmers he called upon4 ,here is the formula3 ,petrolatum1 #d pounds2 ,burgundy pitch1 #d ounces2 rosin1 #b ounces2 ivory black 7dry71 #fj ounces2 beeswax1 #d ounces4 ,he melted the rosin1 pitch and beeswax together1 then added the petrolatum1 and when melted1 he stirred in the ivory black1 stirring it until cold1 when he put it up in tin boxes and pasted a printed label on it4 ,this preparation is applied with the fingers or a soft cloth1 and rubbed well into the leather1 on both sides and edges1 after thoroughly washing the leather with softsoap and water1 and letting it dry4 ,it imparts a nice black appearance to the leather1 but not a high polish1 and renders the leather soft and pliable4 ,used as a shoe dressing1 it makes shoes waterproof1 so that one does not need rubbers4 ,to test it1 he would1 after applying it1 soak the leather in water for a few hours1 weighing it both before and after soaking1 and thus prove that no water had been absorbed4 ,,plan ,no4 #di4 ,,book ,,that ,,costs ,,nothing ,,sells ,,for #ih ,,cents ,this man clothed an old idea in a new dress1 greatly improved upon it1 and made it a permanent1 paying business4 ,he got twenty merchants1 in different lines1 to pay him #e4jj each for a page ad4 in a book1 and spent the #ajj thus received in having #b1jjj copies of it printed4 ,then he sold the #b1jjj copies for #ih cents each1 or a total of #a1ifj4 ,but who is going to buy a book with nothing in it except twenty pages of ads1 do you ask8 ,answer3 #b1jjj people4 ,why8 ,every advertiser in that book has agreed to give a certain discount on every item he sells to the person who has bought that book--the furniture man giving #aj per cent off1 the hardware man #e or #aj per cent1 the dry goods man #ab or #ae per cent1 the grocer #b per cent1 and so on--every one offering a discount that in the aggregate means a saving of #ajj or more a year--to the buyer of the book4 ,and the book that entitles these people to so great a saving on their purchases costs only #ih cents6 ,will people buy the book8 ,does #ih cents look bigger to most people than #ajj1 or possibly #bjj8 ,of course the books sell1 every last one of them1 and the enterprising publisher gets nearly #b1jjj net out of it1 the merchants get a whole year's splendid advertising among people who want to buy from them1 for #e4jj each1 and the printer gets #ajj for putting out the book4 ,,plan ,no4 #ej4 ,,typewriting ,,short ,,stories ,,by ,,mail ,in these days of an ever-increasing demand for short stories by hundreds of old and new magazines1 when thousands of aspiring young authors are reaching out for fame and fortune1 it is but natural to assume that but few of them are familiar with the form in which manuscripts are required to be submitted4 ,in practically all cases manuscripts must be typewritten1 and young people all over the country who do not own typewriters1 and could not use them if they did1 are always glad to have this done for them4 ,a young lady who was a skilled typist realized this fact1 and at once inserted a few ads4 in a small number of papers reaching this class of people1 to the effect that she would do this work for them at reasonable prices1 and turn out her work in the high class manner required by publishers4 ,she excelled in spelling1 punctuation1 paragraphing1 etc41 and felt certain of her ability to do satisfactory work4 ,she received many replies to her advertisements1 and in a few months had established a pleasant and profitable business of her own besides having placed many ambitious young authors in a position to present their manuscripts to publishers in acceptable form1 thereby greatly increasing the chances of acceptance4 ,any young person1 man or woman1 who possesses the ability of this young lady1 can do equally well by following the same plan of doing satisfactory work at fair prices4 ,,plan ,no4 #ea4 ,,opening ,a ,,gift ,,shop ,a widow1 who was left with some very good furnishings and about #bjj in cash1 resolved to make an opportunity of her own and improved it to such excellent advantage that she made a satisfactory living by following a definite plan and the exercise of an unusual amount of good taste4 ,renting a small but attractive down-town store room1 she fitted it up with the furnishings of her home1 imparting to the place a decidedly cozy effect1 and she printed some #ejj cards1 which she sent out by mail1 paying regular letter postage on each4 ,these contained an invitation to visit her 8,many ,happy ,returns ,shop10 where rare gifts1 suitable for all occasions1 could be purchased at prices ranging from #aj cents to #aj each4 ,she further intimated that an inspection of her wares would prove extremely interesting even to those who did not come in to buy4 ,living only a short distance from ,new ,york1 she went to the city and1 visiting the ,italian and ,syrian districts1 she purchased many pieces of old brass1 trays1 pots1 lanterns1 etc41 while in the ,japanese quarters she bought odd bits of china and lacquer1 in all fifty articles1 costing her #cj4 ,she also asked her friends to bring in odd or rare articles for her to sell on commission1 and arranged everything very tastefully for her opening day1 when large numbers of people visited her store and many of the novelties were sold at good prices4 ,her first day's sales netted her #g4ff1 and by constantly adding to her stock of rarities and other attractions1 she enjoyed a steady and substantial income4 ,,plan ,no4 #eb4 ,,coupons ,,to ,,aid ,,sales 8,a friend of mine10 said a successful merchant1 not long ago1 8was making and selling--or trying to sell--three preparations of great merit1 but with such indifferent success that he decided to give it up4 8,i knew the value of his preparations1 and concluded that his failure was due to himself rather than to them4 ,i1 therefore1 outlined a plan for him that ,i thought would bring success1 and loaned him the money with which to make another try at it4 8,i had #a1jjj circulars printed1 to each of which were attached twenty coupons of the face value of #e cents each4 ,i then got ten merchants to agree to accept one of these #e-;cent coupons at its face value on every dollar's worth of merchandise purchased for cash1 and gave the names of these merchants on the circular1 with their agreement to accept the coupons as above stated4 8,the regular price of my friend's preparations was #ej cents each1 but ,i told him to offer the three for #a4jj1 and give each purchaser #a4jj worth of the coupons besides4 8,the way the buyers went for those preparations1 when offered in this way1 was simply amazing1 as they got the three preparations for nothing1 since the various merchants gave them back the dollar they had paid for the coupons1 and the merchants themselves were well pleased with the effective advertising the plan had given them1 since it brought each of them many new patrons4 8,but the best part of it was that my friend not only sold this first #a1jjj worth of coupons1 but a good many thousand more1 and gladly repaid my loan in a day or two4 ,besides1 it established his remedies permanently1 as people had found out in this way how good they were40 ,,plan ,no4 #ec4 ,,woman ,,packs ,,trunks ,a woman left totally unprovided for by her husband1 a commercial traveler who died suddenly1 had to provide for herself and family4 ,discussing with her friends what she could do to make a living1 one suggested that she pack trunks for people who did not know how4 ,she had always packed her husband's trunks4 ,she acted on this suggestion1 and made arrangements with a large hotel to pack trunks for its guests4 ,she furnished bonds to amply protect guests against loss4 ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #ec4 ,her ,husband was a ,traveling ,man ,there are many hotels and travelers throughout the country that would be glad to avail themselves of such assistance4 ,,plan ,no4 #ed4 ,,vegetables ,,by ,,parcel ,,post ,our friend the suburban gardener1 lives several miles from the city1 where he has about three acres of ground in cultivation1 and knows how to make it pay--via parcel post4 ,he knows that the city man likes nice1 fresh1 crisp vegetables1 right from the soil the day he gets them1 and that he will pay a good price for them1 besides saving the unwilling tribute he pays the city middleman for dried up1 shriveled and often spoiled market stuff1 that may be a week old4 ,and the gardener gets more for his produce when he sells it direct to the city consumer4 ,so he runs a small ad4 in the city papers1 stating what he has for sale1 that they are strictly fresh1 and the prices he asks4 ,from one or two regular customers at first1 he gradually increases his list of patrons1 until he has more than a hundred upon whom he can depend as steady buyers of his products4 ,he plays fair with them1 gives them exactly what he advertised1 with prompt delivery that assured their arrival in fine condition--so he builds up a business4 ,three times a week he sends postal cards to his customers advising them that tomorrow it will be fresh1 crisp radishes1 or sweet1 juicy young onions or tender1 luscious asparagus or rhubarb1 or any other of a dozen or more delightfully appetizing things grown in the garden1 with the price of whatever it is1 to be sent by parcel post so as to reach the city customer the same day4 ,who wouldn't buy from a man who did business in that way1 and rendered the service that everyone appreciates4 ,but the supply of the suburban gardens is never greater than the demand1 and thousands more can find health1 plenty and happiness in this pleasant and profitable occupation4 ,why not be one of them yourself8 ,,plan ,no4 #ee4 ,,farmers' ,,supply ,,bureau ,this young man lived in a city of about #g1jjj inhabitants1 where there were several wholesale houses1 as well as a large number of up-to-date retail stores4 ,the town was in the midst of a prosperous farming community1 where the farmers were kept busy at home looking after their crops1 and had but little time for coming to town4 ,one day this enterprising young man had an idea1 which proved to be a good one1 for it enabled him to make a good living4 ,he secured the name of every farmer living on every rural route running out of the city1 and sent him a well printed circular letter1 offering to make purchases for him of anything he might need in town1 and send it out to him by parcel post the very day the order was received4 ,he added that no charge would be made for this service1 but that the farmer would get exactly what he desired1 at the same price he would pay if he came to the city himself4 ,he then arranged with wholesale and retail merchants to pay him a commission on all articles sold for them in this way1 besides paying the postage1 and inside of three months he had one hundred well-to-do farmers on his list who1 instead of coming to town for what they wanted1 phoned their orders to him1 and they were filled so promptly and satisfactorily that the farmers placed absolute confidence in him and allowed him to make practically all their purchases for them4 ,he proved a good shopper1 and built up a profitable business by just thinking out a feasible and legitimate plan4 ,,plan ,no4 #ef4 ,a ,,superb ,,table ,,relish ,the very best table relish it is possible to make is prepared from the following formula by a woman living in the country1 who has created for it a demand far greater than she can supply4 ,here are the ingredients3 ,ripe tomatoes1 #i pounds2 onions1 #b pounds2 cider vinegar1 #c pints2 cayenne pepper1 #b teaspoonfuls2 black pepper1 #d ounces2 brown sugar1 #f ounces4 ,she mashes the tomatoes thoroughly1 peels and grinds the onions in a vegetable grinder1 then places all the ingredients in a porcelain vessel and boils them briskly for about two hours4 ,then she places them in short half pint water bottles1 costing about half a cent each1 cuts off the corks close to the bottles and seals with sealing wax4 ,one taste of this relish invariably creates a demand for more1 and she can sell it as fast as she can put it up1 and have many calls for more4 ,there is a fine margin of profit in it1 as she raises practically all the materials herself1 and by making use of the parcel post she has been able to come out over #a1jjj ahead each season since she began operations4 ,lately she has been enlarging the scope of her activities1 with the assurance of a much larger income from year to year4 ,just try this yourselves1 you mothers who want to make some money with very little outlay4 ,,plan ,no4 #eg4 ,,money ,,from ,a ,,stereo ,,camera ,a newly married couple decided to spend their honeymoon in a small ,ohio town surrounded by beautiful scenery1 and having a stereoscopic camera among their possessions1 took it along1 as it might come in handy4 ,and it did4 ,they happened to know that they could obtain from a ,chicago firm1 for #hj cents per hundred1 any number of the colored views shown in stereoscopes1 and which agents usually sell for #a4ej to #b4jj per dozen1 and they ordered twenty sets of #ajj each1 paying #af4jj for the lot4 ,then they used their stereoscopic camera in taking a number of views in that vicinity1 together with pictures of noted persons1 groups of children1 grounds and residences of leading citizens1 and other objects of local interest4 ,when all was completed1 they made a personal canvas of the town exhibiting the colored views to the people1 through an ordinary stereoscope1 and in this way created a most favorable impression as to the superior character of the work4 ,the sets of #ajj colored views were offered at #e4jj each1 and1 as a premium1 six of the local views were added1 but they made an extra charge when views of some subject of special interest to the families were ordered taken2 and where people had no stereoscope1 they ordered one1 which made them a good profit4 ,their work became a popular fad in the town1 and they received and filled so many orders that in two months there they cleared over #ejj4 ,it is not necessary to buy a stereo-camera--an ordinary camera will do4 ,print two pictures from negative1 paste these two on cardboard cut down to proper size1 and your picture is complete4 ,,plan ,no4 #eh4 ,a ,,renting ,,bulletin ,a young man made use of the following plan to get started in business3 ,living in a western town of about #aj1jjj inhabitants1 he noted the various cards of 8,for ,sale10 8,for ,rent10 8,furnished rooms10 8,board and ,rooms10 etc41 and decided he could help these people get what they wanted1 and at the same time make a little sum for himself4 ,he called at each of the places where cards were displayed1 explained that he was about to begin the publication of a renting and business bulletin1 and would insert an ad4 under the proper heading1 to remain until the particular want was supplied1 and distribute free a certain number of these bulletins all over town each week1 all for #a4jj for each of such notices1 to be paid in advance4 ,as most of those he approached knew him to be reliable1 he had no difficulty in securing a little over #ajj subscriptions of the kind desired2 then he went among the merchants of the town and contracted for a sufficient amount of advertising to pay the cost of printing the bulletin1 leaving him the entire amount received for publication of the 8for rent0 and other notices as clear profit4 ,he faithfully distributed the bulletins from house to house1 in hotels1 reading rooms1 and barber shops4 ,this gave him a start4 ,he continued to solicit advertisements and worked faithfully at his little publication which gave returns sufficient to make his living4 ,,plan ,no4 #ei4 ,,making ,,hens ,,lay ,,in ,,winter ,that grasshoppers1 which have been the scourge of many sections of the country for many years1 can really be made to serve a useful purpose1 and so utilized as to pay at least a part of the damage they do1 was proven by the experience of a ,kansan woman who had found great difficulty in making her hens lay during the winter months4 ,the grasshopper pest had been unusually active in her part of the country that year1 having destroyed practically every growing thing within reach1 and her hens were about the only available source of revenue that remained4 ,but how to feed them was the problem she could not solve4 ,suddenly she became impressed with the fact that the hated grasshopper was an ideal chicken food and tonic1 and as other foods and tonics were too expensive for her slender purse1 she decided upon laying in a good supply of grasshoppers--but how8 ,they must first be caught4 ,she bought a piece of screen wire #d feet wide by #bj feet long1 bent it lengthwise in a circular form1 and fastened the edges with large-size hooks and eyes1 with circular doors1 working on a single hinge1 at each end1 fitting the edges closely4 ,she then constructed a frame of #d-;inch pine sheathing1 #d feet high and #bj feet long1 back of the trap1 and covered it with white oilcloth1 slanting it in such a position that when the grasshoppers struck the oilcloth they would slip down into the trap4 ,these they carried out into the wheat field one evening in ,august1 placed them in position1 and started driving the swarms of grasshoppers toward the pitfall thus prepared for them4 ,the white oilcloth shield proved a great attraction for the hoppers1 and in forty-five minutes they had driven four bushels of the insects into the trap4 ,beneath this they placed a formaldehyde generator1 covered the trap with muslin made to fit over it1 and soon had it full of dead grasshoppers4 ,these they carried to the barn loft1 spread them out to dry1 and put them away in sacks4 ,altogether they got over eighty bushels of dried hoppers1 and those hens laid that winter as they had never laid before4 ,,plan ,no4 #fj4 ,,making ,,polishing ,,cloths ,a polishing cloth would seem an insignificant thing in itself1 and it is1 but often it is the little things that make good profit and a man in a western city1 who understood this fact1 made thousands of dollars by giving it practical application4 ,he bought a bolt of outing flannel of the cheaper grade1 and from this he cut a few hundred small pieces of the proper size for samples4 ,these he immersed in a solution which he had made1 as follows3 ,one-half pound of castile soap1 shaved fine and melted to a jelly4 ,when thoroughly dissolved1 he added a gallon of soft water and #d ounces of powdered pumice stone1 coloring it with tincture of red analine4 ,this gave him a polishing cloth that worked wonders with silverware1 brass and other bright metals1 imparting to them a lustre that but few of the high-priced polishes can give1 and doing away with the mussy method of using a powder with an ordinary cloth4 ,securing a number of good canvassers1 he gave each of them #ajj of the small samples1 #ajj full sized polishing cloths1 and #ajj imitation type-written letters addressed to 8,the ,lady of the ,house10 asking her to use the small free sample which the agent would leave with her1 and note its many points of superiority over polishing powders1 etc4 ,nearly every housewife would use the sample1 and be so well pleased with it that when the agent called a couple of days later1 with the full-sized cloths1 at #be cents each1 it meant a sale in almost every case4 ,the man who made the cloths gave the agents half the proceeds of all sales1 and the other half he retained for himself which was practically all profit4 ,by extending his sale to other towns1 he developed a big business4 ,,plan ,no4 #fa4 ,,selling ,,lists ,,of ,,names ,we know of a man who averaged #dj4jj per day through the sale of mailing lists to advertisers all over the country4 ,but they were good1 reliable lists of live people1 who for years had not been flooded with a tidal wave of advertising circulars4 ,these names he procured from county1 town1 and other officials1 from certain directories1 and from private individuals in different parts of the country4 ,in some cases he advertised in country papers1 asking for replies from those willing to furnish lists of bonafide names1 usually offering some small inducement to secure this service1 and the lists thus obtained consisted largely of well-to-do farmers1 which proved the most salable of the lists4 ,the various magazines and metropolitan dailies gave him the names of advertisers anxious to reach the class of consumers who comprised his lists1 and he sold them for prices ranging from #b4jj to #aj4jj per thousand1 though in some special cases his charges would be considerably more4 ,indeed1 in one case1 where he had secured the names of #e1jjj speculators and investors1 patrons of the stock exchanges1 he asked1 and received1 #hj for the list1 and sold it to many advertisers in various lines4 ,he had his lists typewritten with as many as ten carbon copies to each page1 and the expense of supplying them to numerous customers was very trivial1 while his receipts netted him a good living each year4 ,,plan ,no4 #fb4 ,,the ,,professional ,,man ,,shopper ,an elderly man who lived in a small eastern town had formerly been a merchant in the city1 but had failed through the dishonesty of a partner1 and was obliged to make a humble living by any legitimate means4 ,being familiar with all the details of buying and selling1 as well as with the quality of various kinds of merchandise1 he decided to become a professional shopper1 and succeeded beyond his expectations4 ,he distributed cards throughout the little town and its vicinity announcing that he would make daily trips to the city1 and for a small charge would purchase such articles as might be desired by local people from the big city stores1 particularly those advertising 8bargain sales40 ,as most people in a small place know of these bargains1 through the columns of the city dailies reaching their places1 and would like to take advantage of many of them1 yet cannot afford the time and expense of making these frequent trips themselves1 they were very glad to have this service so promptly and satisfactorily performed for them by one they knew to be reliable4 ,the elderly shopper soon had all he could attend to4 ,outside of his fare1 his expenses were nothing1 and while his charges were so reasonable that it saved his patrons many dollars in railroad fare1 as well as a great deal of valuable time1 it made him a very comfortable living4 ,he not only received a small sum for his service to each customer1 but he received a special discount from the store that filled the order4 ,,plan ,no4 #fc4 ,a ,,thermometer ,,plan ,,that ,,paid ,the vagaries of the weather have never been regarded as affording a living for anyone except the 8local forecaster10 but here is the experience of a man in ,iowa who thought otherwise1 and made money out of the plan4 ,he paid #dj for a large thermometer1 all complete1 the same being about six feet high1 mounted on a frame #cx#h feet1 and containing space for fourteen advertisements4 ,these he readily sold to merchants of the town1 at #ae for each space1 bringing his receipts up to #baj1 or #agj after paying for the thermometer1 and many times he sold the entire fourteen spaces in one day's work4 ,to be sure1 he was obliged to buy the thermometers in quantities1 in order to get them for #dj apiece1 but as long as he could realize a profit of #agj on each1 he could well afford that4 ,as his business increased1 his orders for thermometers grew larger and their cost correspondingly smaller1 so that he soon found himself on the road to success4 ,he did not give this advertising service in towns of less than #e1jjj people1 and even if he only sold three thermometers in a week1 his income was very good4 ,,plan ,no4 #fd4 ,,lettuce ,,growing1 #ajj1jjj ,a ,,year ,some ten years ago two brothers went to a ,north ,carolina town1 in the fall of the year1 rented a piece of ground near the outskirts1 carefully laid it out in large beds1 and planted it in lettuce1 to be sold to northern markets during the winter months4 ,the inhabitants of the town ridiculed the idea1 declaring that the lettuce would freeze when the weather got cold1 and even if it grew1 it could not be sold at a profit1 but the brothers said nothing1 for they knew what they were doing4 ,the lettuce1 after planting1 came up nicely and made a rapid growth1 but it wasn't allowed to be touched by frost4 ,covers to fit over all the beds were made from coarse cotton sheeting1 and held in place by hooks fastened to rings in small stakes driven at the corners and edges of the beds4 ,these covers were taken off when the sun was shining and replaced over the beds at night1 when there was frost in the air4 ,soon the people of the town went out to see how the lettuce crop was growing1 and were so astonished at its marvelous growth1 and the fabulous prices it brought in the northern cities1 that large numbers of the people took up lettuce growing as a regular business4 ,it was not long before the receipts from the lettuce in that town were #ajj1jjj a year1 and everybody was growing it2 the men in the fields1 the women in their gardens1 and all making money at it1 for the variety was of the best1 the soil just right1 and all conditions were adapted to its culture4 ,usually two crops were grown each year1 one in the late fall1 the other in the early spring1 and it was shipped up north in board baskets1 where it brought from #a4be to #c4ej per basket1 according to its grade and the condition of the market at the time of its arrival4 ,the people in that town do not laugh any more when lettuce growing in the winter is mentioned1 for winter time is harvest time down there4 ,,plan ,no4 #fe4 ,a ,,future ,,in ,,salad ,,dressing ,an enterprising woman in a western state has made money in home-made salad dressing and peanut butter4 ,she started demonstrating the superior quality of her products in a little corner grocery4 ,she now owns a large building on a prominent street in a city1 and sells her produce all over the ,northwest4 ,she not only knows all about making the very best salad dressing and peanut butter that anyone could possibly imagine or wish for1 but she insists upon a high degree of cleanliness and care in the preparation of her products4 ,her corps of assistants and employes are selected with a view to maintaining the excellent standard which formed the basis of her own success in the beginning4 ,other women have excellent recipes for making good things to eat1 and1 though all of them may not make large incomes from the knowledge and skill they possess1 yet they may at least add largely to the family income by making such articles to sell at a good profit1 and1 at the same time1 benefit the consumers as well4 ,,plan ,no4 #ff4 ,,country ,,paper ,,advertising ,a young newspaper man perfected a plan under which he took over the advertising of all the weekly papers published within a radius of #ajj miles or more from his home town1 including those having 8patent insides0 supplied by the branch of a prominent newspaper union in his town4 ,arranging these various publications in groups of forty or more1 he established a rate for each group that not only offered the advertiser a very great reduction from what it would cost him to deal with all these papers separately1 but still left him a good margin of profit4 ,he soon became the head of a prosperous business which yielded a net income of #fjj a month4 ,this plan can be worked to good advantage by capable men in other localities1 as it requires but little capital to start it4 ,,plan ,no4 #fg4 ,,worked ,,her ,,way ,,through ,,college ,it isn't every girl who feels competent to work her way through college1 when her people are not able to pay the expenses of her course1 but this one did1 and proved it by paying all her bills and having something left besides4 ,being very proficient in embroidery work1 she organized a class of fifty of her fellow-students1 to whom she gave a course of twenty embroidery lessons1 at #e4jj each for the course1 while several of the girls who wished instruction in difficult stitches were each charged #a4jj a lesson4 ,she also took subscriptions for a periodical devoted largely to embroidery and needle work1 and received a commission of #be cents on each subscription she secured4 ,the faculty gave her shopping privileges two afternoons each week1 and she improved these occasions by executing commissions at the various stores for the other girl students4 ,she had excellent taste in the matter of selections1 and her purchases were not only highly pleasing to those for whom they were made1 but she received a discount from each of the merchants thus patronized1 and this netted her a neat little sum1 her commissions alone in nine months amounting to #bfj4 ,she also added #ij to her income through the sale of copies of articles contributed to the college journal1 and her total earnings for the year were #ffb4ej4 ,the income she derived from these various activities not only relieved her parents of all expense for her education1 but gave her a valuable insight into practical business principles and methods1 while developing a spirit of confidence in her own abilities1 as well as a feeling of independence4 ,,plan ,no4 #fh4 #d1hjj ,,for ,,five ,,calves ,the old saying that 8pigs is pigs10 might with equal propriety be applied to calves1 particularly if they are of ,holstein-,friesian stock1 if one is to judge from the experience of a breeder of blooded stock in ,new ,york state4 ,from one cow1 nine years old1 this man has sold five calves for #d1hjj1 has another for which he has refused #ejj1 and still another of her progeny is owned by a man who wouldn't sell it at any price4 ,this man started as a poor boy1 who was obliged to work as a hired hand on a farm1 at #aj per month4 ,but the farmer employer did not always have the #aj when the month was up1 and really couldn't afford to keep a hired man1 or a boy1 though he needed one4 ,however1 he did own a pure-bred ,holstein calf and the farmer offered this calf to the boy for two months' work on the farm4 ,the boy had a keen eye for good points of an animal1 and accepted the offer1 keeping the calf in a small pasture on his employer's farm until fall when he took it with him to his own humble home and gave it the best of care4 ,well1 that calf was the mother of the nine-year-old cow that was the mother1 of the five calves which the 8boy0 has sold for #d1hjj1 and still has a calf worth more than #ejj4 ,,plan ,no4 #fi4 ,,night ,,patrolman ,,in ,,small ,,town ,a husky young ,irishman1 who lived in a town too small to maintain a regular police officer1 and too large to be entirely without protection from hold-ups1 burglars and fires1 especially at night1 called upon the principal merchants of the place and arranged to give such service as was needed1 on a basis of #be cents a night from each one4 ,fifteen merchants readily agreed to these terms1 and1 by remaining on duty every night including ,sundays1 he was able to earn #bf4be a week4 ,the third night he was on duty he captured a man in the act of stealing4 ,needless to say1 that after this1 the other merchants in the town quickly added their names to the young ,irishman's list of protected firms1 and his weekly pay-check soon became much larger4 ,,plan ,no4 #gj4 ,,he ,,raised ,,ducks ,,and ,,geese ,a small farmer1 living a few miles from a city1 derived a very handsome income from the raising of ducks and geese4 ,from a long and careful study of various domestic fowls1 he had learned that1 while ducks and geese are much more rare than chickens1 and that many people prefer them as table birds1 they eat much less than hens1 and the feathers of the geese are always in demand1 at top prices4 ,both ducks and geese are much more hardy than chickens1 and not nearly so liable to disease1 therefore the losses are not so great4 ,by keeping 8,indian ,runner0 ducks1 he got an almost unlimited supply of eggs1 which always brought good prices1 while during the holiday season the demand for ducks and geese was second only to the demand for turkeys1 which are expensive to raise4 ,when he figured up his receipts at the end of the year1 he found that each goose had brought him a net profit of #e4ge1 while the ducks averaged considerably higher1 owing to their greater egg-laying capacity4 ,both classes of birds1 when fattened just before ,thanksgiving1 brought fancy prices1 and involved a great deal less labor and expense in their raising than would be required in the case of hens4 ,,plan ,no4 #ga4 ,,collection ,,agency ,that a smile1 a pleasant word and a liberal amount of good humor will succeed better in the collection of accounts than the bullying method1 was the idea of a young friend of ours who decided to make ,collections a regular business4 ,about all he had with which to make a beginning was a desk1 three chairs1 a small rug1 a second-hand typewriter1 and #ej for some printed matter and a month's office rent4 ,he had arranged with a young lawyer friend of his to attend to whatever litigation might be necessary1 and the attorney's name appear on his letter heads as counsel for the agency4 ,then he called upon the leading merchants and solicited their accounts1 on a basis of #e per cent on the fairly good ones1 and from #bd to #ej per cent on others4 ,in every case where it was possible1 he called upon the debtor personally1 and possessing a most pleasing and sympathetic manner with which to meet the usual 8hard luck0 stories he encountered1 he was able not only to impress the fact that he was the debtor's friend but to compel a recognition of the creditor's rights and equities in the matter4 ,as a result of this method he collected many old accounts that were regarded as hopeless1 and made his business pay4 ,in those cases1 however1 where the debtor was defiant and inclined to not to care he dealt with them judiciously4 ,,plan ,no4 #gb4 ,,making ,,and ,,selling ,,rag ,,rugs ,you probably have no idea how many people would pay for rag rugs1 to be used in their bathrooms1 bedrooms1 dining rooms and elsewhere if only some one would make them and sell them from house to house4 ,an old lady in ,illinois1 who knew all about making rag rugs1 as well as rag carpets1 and who needed a little money very badly1 concluded to use her knowledge of rug making and make a few dollars in the only way she could think of4 ,her only available resources were a quantity of clean bits of cloth of various hues and textures1 some needles and thread4 ,the pieces of cloth she tore into strips of the proper width1 and sewed them together1 so as to form combinations of blue and white1 brown and white1 red and black1 grey and old rose1 etc4 and1 having no loom with which to weave them1 she made them into three-strand braids and sewed them together in oval shape1 until she had completed a mat about #bx#c feet4 ,some of these she sold from house to house1 at very good prices1 while others she displayed in a department store window1 where they sold rapidly1 though she was obliged to pay the storekeeper a small commission for selling them4 ,she made a very good living at it4 ,,plan ,no4 #gc4 ,,photos ,,at #ci ,,cents ,a ,,dozen ,it seemed impossible1 but here's the story of a man who did it1 and made a good living out of it1 also kept four men on the road working at this novel but legitimate plan3 ,he had been a traveling salesman for several years1 and on one of his trips had gone into a grocery store1 but found another traveling man ahead of him4 ,this man was showing the grocer the details of a plan whereby he could have a photo enlarged for anyone buying a #e punch-ticket1 good for that amount in merchandise1 and paying #a4be additional4 ,our enterprising friend saw it was a good plan1 but believed he could improve upon it1 and proceeded to do so4 ,after a long search he finally found a photographer who would make copies of any photograph for #ej cents per dozen1 when a large number of orders was given4 ,then he had several thousand punch-tickets printed1 calling for #e worth of merchandise1 and these he sold to merchants at #e for #ejj1 while the merchant1 in turn1 would sell the #e punch-ticket to a customer4 ,later the originator of the plan opened a small studio of his own1 and thus reduced the cost of the photos to #ci cents per dozen1 leaving him a profit of #aa cents per dozen1 and it was then that he quit the road himself and put four good men on as many routes1 while he remained at home and managed his business4 ,,plan ,no4 #gd4 ,,real 8,,fresh ,,roasted ,,coffee0 ,everybody loves the aroma of fresh roasted coffee1 but it is so seldom they have an opportunity to inhale it when it is fresh1 that1 when they do1 it comes as a most delightful sensation1 and makes them want coffee--real1 genuine1 fresh roasted coffee4 ,a coffee-roasting machine1 almost automatic in its action1 has been perfected to such a degree that it retains all the aroma and flavor of the coffee1 and places it1 freshly roasted1 in the hands of the consumer1 who thus 8gets all the good out of it40 ,a young man purchased one of these machines1 rented a small corner in a meat and vegetable market1 where no groceries were kept for sale1 bought a few pounds of the best green coffee1 and started his machine1 which was run by electricity1 and gas for fuel4 ,in the window he placed a neatly painted card1 saying3 8,fresh ,coffee1 ,right ,out of the ,roaster10 and awaited results4 ,soon the delicious aroma pervaded the entire establishment and was wafted to the crowds on the sidewalk4 ,the smell of good coffee is an excellent advertisement and brings customers4 ,but this enterprising vender of fresh roasted coffee realized that even the best brands of coffee would prove a failure if not properly made1 so he put every pound he sold into a paper sack containing the following directions1 plainly printed1 and urged every purchaser to pay particular attention to it4 8,use one heaping tablespoonful of the ground coffee to each cup of cold water1 not warm or hot1 and let it steep in the cold water for five minutes or more1 as this greatly improves the flavor4 ,then put over a slow fire and slowly bring it to the boiling point1 boiling it for just three minutes1 but no longer4 ,take off the fire and let it stand for four or five minutes before serving1 and you'll find you have the finest flavored cup of coffee you ever drank4 ,but always use fresh coffee1 never using the grounds more than once40 ,the plan was successful4 ,,plan ,no4 #ge4 ,,college ,,laundry ,,agency ,a young man1 attending college in a small town1 secured the agency for a leading laundry in a near-by city1 and in that way made enough to pay for his entire course4 ,the laundry company paid him #dj percent for all the work he sent in1 and one-half of the express charges besides1 so that he was at practically no expense in conducting the business4 ,he soon demonstrated that he was representing a laundry that did good work and made prompt deliveries1 and it was an easy matter to secure orders from all the students4 ,the city laundry did better work than the local concern1 and the prices were also lower1 so most of the students1 and many residents of the town as well1 were glad to have their work done where satisfactory service was assured4 ,in order to overcome the feeble competition offered by local barber shops and store agencies1 the young man further strengthened his claim to patronage by offering a premium for each #aj worth of laundry work sent in through him1 and by that means came out ahead in the volume of paying business secured4 ,it took but little of his spare time and did not interfere with his studies1 and at the same time gave him a good income4 ,,plan ,no4 #gf4 ,,co-,,operative ,,store ,a former merchant in a small town1 who had lost his entire stock by fire1 and had been unable to collect the insurance1 conceived the idea of starting a co-operative store1 without capital1 and the plan worked so well that in a few years he was in a better condition financially than before the fire4 ,fully realizing that the average store in the small town charges higher prices for inferior goods than the city stores ask for the better grades1 and knowing the people of his community would be glad to be better served at a lower cost1 he visited a wholesale house in the city1 made arrangements for purchasing groceries and kindred lines at wholesale prices1 when taken in considerable quantities4 ,he then formed a sort of club or co-operative society of from #ge to #ajj members1 among his acquaintances and former patrons1 agreeing to supply them with the better grades of goods at prices considerably less than those charged by the local stores4 ,he opened a little store room in the town for the distribution of these goods1 each member paying cash for every item purchased1 and1 there being no necessity for bookkeeping or collections1 he made a good profit on everything sold in this manner1 suffered no losses1 and in a short time controlled practically all the grocery trade in his town and the surrounding country4 ,he often remarked that the fire which destroyed his former store was the best thing that could have happened to him1 besides the benefit it brought to those in the community who co-operated with him in his enterprise1 while he started on nothing4 ,,plan ,no4 #gg4 ,,starting ,a ,,hospital ,,in ,a ,,small ,,town ,it was a doctor's wife who1 with a husband broken in health and purse1 originated a plan that was successful and put the couple financially 8on their feet04 ,the husband1 an able physician and surgeon1 in a western city1 with failing health1 decided to move to a country town4 ,his finances were at a low ebb1 it soon became necessary for him to resume his practice in this rural community4 ,but he was not physically able to make calls at long distances from town1 especially at night and in bad weather1 and his wife decided to carry out her long-cherished plan of opening a hospital1 even if it had to be done on a small scale4 ,the house next door being vacant1 the doctor's wife engaged it at a low rental1 paying for the first month in advance4 ,then1 when a telephone call came for the doctor from a farmer whose wife was ill1 the wife told him the doctor was not able to go1 but suggested that the farmer bring his wife to town1 where his wife would have a pleasant room1 the care of an experienced nurse1 and the medical services of the doctor4 ,the doctor himself was astonished when he overheard this conversation1 and entered a vigorous protest1 but the wife told him not to worry4 ,having engaged the only nurse in the town1 which was herself1 with the assistance of a couple of farmer's boys she moved the furniture from the three upper rooms of her own residence into the next house1 where she fixed up three rooms very comfortably1 and awaited the coming of results4 ,early in the afternoon the farmer brought his wife and she was installed in one of the rooms1 under the care of the nurse4 ,later others came1 and it soon became known all over the community that the 8new doctor10 having more patients than he could visit1 had fitted up a nice place in town where his patients could come to him1 and where women from the country could 8stay over night10 or as many days and nights as were necessary1 and where they could be nursed and 8doctored0 in a proper manner4 ,it was not long until further rooms had been tastefully fitted up1 another nurse engaged1 and the doctor was kept busy with his patients every minute of the day4 ,with the assistance of a maid1 the doctor's wife served meals to the patients in their own rooms1 and the charges for all these accommodations1 room1 board1 nursing and treatment1 were very reasonable4 ,the people of the town and vicinity soon saw the advantages afforded by this plan1 and the patronage increased until there was a long waiting list4 ,the reception or social room that had been fitted up was supplied with magazines1 newspapers1 and other means of entertainment for the patients and their friends who called upon them1 and was a much appreciated resting place for country women who came to town with their husbands4 ,the rent of the building was #ae a month1 the nurses were paid #a4jj a day and board1 #c for taking care of a patient at night1 and farm produce was purchased at very low prices1 or taken as part payment for services4 ,at the end of the first year these people had cleared #e1jjj over all expenses1 and on the fourth anniversary of the launching of the plan1 the doctor1 now restored to health1 handed his wife a check for #h1jjj1 to repay her1 as he said1 for 8thinking of such a splendid plan40 ,,plan ,no4 #gh4 ,,making ,a ,,soda ,,fountain ,,pay ,she was a druggist's wife1 and had some excellent ideas of her own1 besides1 she knew how to put them to practical use4 ,while the prescription business of the store was large and profitable1 the soda fountain1 a fine large one with every modern feature of equipment1 was not making good1 and there were seven other soda fountains in the town of some #b1jjj inhabitants4 ,here was the wife's opportunity4 ,the drug store was a large and attractive place and she decided upon the following plan of action3 ,she installed four private booths1 covering the partitions with green burlap1 with burlap curtains on the outside4 ,putting wire over the top of each booth1 she covered them with paper flowers1 which she made herself4 ,the covering of one booth was of yellow roses1 one of ,american beauty roses1 one of pumpkin blossoms and one of lilies4 ,in the center of each booth she placed an electric light1 with a shade to match the flowers of the ceiling1 also an electric bell4 ,this novel and attractive arrangement proved very popular1 and rapidly brought a large number of patrons who preferred to have sodas and ice cream served in the privacy of the tastefully decorated booths rather than to sit at tables in the open store4 ,however1 she was continually planning on some new feature to make the place talked about1 and she turned her attention to the fountain itself4 ,she built a large canopy over the fountain1 and covered it with #cjj crepe-paper oranges and #c1jjj leaves1 which produced a very striking and pleasing effect4 ,to still further stimulate interest1 she issued neatly designed and printed circulars1 particularly when she had some novelty to give away1 and thus kept it constantly before the public4 ,that the idea was a good one1 is shown by the fact that1 whereas1 the receipts from the soda fountain had formerly ranged from #f to #aj a day1 the carrying out of her new plan increased its revenue from #ah to #cj a day1 and placed the store far in the lead of all the other drug stores in the town4 ,,plan ,no4 #gi4 ,,motion ,,picture ,,theaters ,a husband and wife had lost their money and all they had left was #ejj in cash1 a moving-picture camera1 and a good supply of courage4 ,selecting a location in a prosperous residence district they opened a moving-picture theater with a seating capacity of #djj people4 ,the city every year had a local fiesta or carnival1 lasting about two weeks1 and the wife suggested the idea of taking daily motion pictures of the parades and showing them on the screen as an additional attraction4 ,this greatly increased the attendance for a time1 but when the fiesta was over there was a 8slump0 in the receipts4 ,the wife then suggested that the husband present films of local interest4 ,whenever such a picture was taken1 they would advertise3 8,come and see yourself and your friends in the movies10 and it brought good returns4 ,in fact1 this plan proved so popular that they were obliged to enlarge their hall1 all of which was due to the working out of an original idea--that everyone wants to see himself or herself on the screen4 ,,plan ,no4 #hj4 ,,from ,,clerk ,,to ,,superintendent ,every man who is a clerk would be very glad to be promoted to superintendent4 ,but it isn't every clerk who has a wife with the energy and the initiative to assist him4 ,with the arrival of the second baby1 the husband began to realize that he must have more money1 but how to obtain it was the question4 ,he could not ask for more salary1 because he was already the best-paid shipping clerk in the establishment4 ,although without practical experience in the conduct of a large business1 his wife intuitively realized that the difference between employer and employe was not because the employer did more work1 but because he knew more about the business itself and how to direct others to do it to the best advantage of the employer4 ,it was a hard thing to do1 but after long and earnest reasoning with her husband she maintained that if he left more of the details of the work to his assistants1 and devoted more of his time to planning improved methods1 it would mean the recognition of his ability and his consequent advancement4 ,he accepted his wife's suggestion1 acted upon it at once1 and greatly profited by it1 for he began to see the work through his employer's eyes4 ,gradually the idea grew upon him1 until he evolved a plan for the complete reorganization of his department in such a manner as to entail less cost and labor and yet bring better returns4 ,in a dispute with the man next in authority over him1 he won the approval of the general manager1 because he was right4 ,from that time on his advancement was rapid1 and today he is superintendent of the entire business1 due largely to his wife's forethought4 ,,plan ,no4 #ha4 ,,making ,,over ,,old ,,houses ,a lawyer in a western city had only a small practice but his wife possessed good business judgment4 ,they had just cash enough to purchase a small house1 with a good-sized lot1 in a modest side street occupied mainly by the homes of working men4 ,this lady possessed good taste in the matter of furnishings and decorations1 and exercised her talent in this direction by turning this property into an attractive little home4 ,by a most skillful arrangement of the furniture1 and not having too much of it1 she gave all the rooms the appearance of being much larger than they really were1 while dotted ,swiss curtains admitted sufficient light to impart a most cheerful atmosphere4 ,everything was made to contribute to the coziness of the place1 and give it a homelike air that was very inviting4 ,in a few months they were offered #cej more than the property cost them1 and they accepted the offer4 ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #hb4 ,industry has its rewards ,they next bought an older house1 that was badly in need of repairs1 gave it two coats of white paint1 added green shutters1 and the wife improved the interior with home-made book-cases1 window seats and kitchen conveniences of many kinds1 and put blue and white lace paper on the pantry shelves4 ,a retired farmer and his wife1 who wanted to move to town1 was greatly impressed with the pattern of that paper as well as with the large back yard1 where quantities of garden products could be raised1 and readily paid them #ejj more than the cost of the place4 ,they then bought a nine-room house1 converted it into two apartments1 that rented for #de a month each1 and a little later sold it at a profit of #a1aej1 making their total profits in two years #b1jjj4 ,,plan ,no4 #hb4 ,,cultivating ,,other ,,people',s ,,back ,,yards ,thousands of men and women who complain of 8hard times0 and bemoan the fact that they 8can't get anything to do10 could live comfortably by following the plan which an almost invalid husband and his wife so successfully carried out1 at a time when everything looked very dark4 ,they were in debt1 through the illness of the husband1 a mill worker1 whom the doctors had told to get into some line of work that would give him plenty of outdoor exercise4 ,in the residential section of the city1 near by1 were many back yards either sown in grass or covered with weeds1 and utterly neglected and uncared for4 ,the wife visited many of the homes where these conditions prevailed1 and offered to give their back yards thorough cultivation during the season1 for one-half of what might be grown on them4 ,some of the people refused the offer but enough agreed to the proposition to keep both the wife and her husband constantly employed4 ,they raised a great deal more of all kinds of garden produce than both the families of the owners and the renters could use1 and one-half of the excess they sold at good prices in the city1 even selling some of it to the people who had refused them the use of their ground4 ,the next year they had offers of more back yards than they could cultivate1 but their three boys helped them with the work1 and together they succeeded so well that they not only lived better than they ever had before1 but were entirely out of debt and had a bank account besides4 ,,plan ,no4 #hc4 ,,from ,,clerk ,,to ,,hydraulic ,,engineer ,the husband in this case was a combination of stock-keeper and shipping clerk in a large machinery house1 knew the details of the business thoroughly1 and uncomplainingly shouldered the constantly increasing burdens and responsibilities that were placed upon him1 with no intimation of a corresponding increase in salary4 ,finally he rebelled1 and said to his wife that if he had a certain amount of capital he would go into business for himself4 ,his wife remarked that he did not need any capital1 if he would write to a number of manufacturers of the lines with which he was familiar1 detailing his experience1 and giving other important data1 he would no doubt be appointed manufacturer's agent in that part of the country2 and being of good presence and pleasing personality1 he could soon create a volume of sales that would pay him well4 ,he acted upon the suggestion immediately1 wrote several manufacturers1 and was appointed resident agent by a number of them1 on liberal commission basis4 ,he resigned his position and went to work with not a dollar of capital invested4 ,for a time he made his home his office1 where his wife1 having learned typewriting1 proved a willing and valuable assistant4 ,that was seven years ago4 ,today the husband has a big office1 with plenty of help1 in a down-town office building1 and is recognized as one of the best hydraulic engineers in the state4 ,,plan ,no4 #hd4 ,,programs ,,for 8,,movie0 ,,theaters ,a man who had considerable experience in theatre-program advertising decided that if some money could be made from publishing one program a great deal more could be made with several programs4 ,the following experience proved his reasoning was right3 ,visiting the managers of five leading motion-picture houses1 he offered to furnish each with an attractive program twice a week1 free of charge1 provided he could have the bill three or four days in advance4 ,he was to have all the money received from advertisements in the programs4 ,they all accepted his proposition1 and he called upon the printer1 who usually set up his matter4 ,he explained that there would be two editions of each program every week1 those containing the bill for ,thursday1 ,friday1 ,saturday and ,sunday to be distributed at the various theatres on ,wednesday1 while that for ,monday1 ,tuesday and ,wednesday was to be distributed on ,sunday1 that all ads4 were to stand for at least one month1 while the bill was to be changed twice a week1 and this1 of course1 enabled the printer to name a very low rate for the printing4 ,he gave each theater twice as many programs for each day as there were seats in the house1 so as to reach both the afternoon and evening crowds1 and added #bjj or #cjj to that number for distribution on ,sunday1 the big day of the week4 ,he selected the five theatres as near each other as possible1 as most of the advertisers were in that vicinity4 ,he usually ran about sixteen pages of ads41 though during the holidays he would have as much as twenty-four pages most of the time2 and as he printed about #bj1jjj programs a week1 he had no difficulty in securing good prices for the ads4 ,the advertisers soon found it was well worth all it cost1 and the originator of the plan realized many thousands of dollars from it4 ,,plan ,no4 #he4 ,,messenger ,,service ,it was a woman who originated the plan of establishing a messenger service to meet the needs of a large number of people who are not regular patrons of the larger messenger agencies and who often have special messages or articles requiring prompt and trustworthy delivery4 ,at a total cost of less than #cj1 she fitted up her kitchen as an office and as headquarters for the boys whom she engaged for this service1 circulated a few hundreds cards1 with her address and telephone number1 among the class of business people she wished to reach1 had blanks printed for the names and addresses of those to whom messages were sent1 with space for their acknowledgement of the receipt of whatever was delivered1 and inserted a few ads4 in the local paper1 announcing the beginning of her new enterprise4 ,she adopted a schedule of prices a little lower than those charged by the larger companies1 and engaged the services of two good reliable boys of her acquaintance to make deliveries4 ,patrons soon found the service satisfactory and her business grew with amazing rapidity4 ,within a year she was enjoying an income far in excess of what she anticipated4 ,she is now more than pleased with the success of her novel plan for making a comfortable living4 ,,plan ,no4 #hf4 ,,watch ,,fobs ,,for #e ,,cents ,,each ,,at ,,college ,selling watch fobs for #e cents each1 and yet realizing a profit of #a4ej from the sale yourself1 looks like one of those things that 8can't be done0 and yet it is easily accomplished4 ,this plan helped pay part of his college expenses4 ,he procures a quantity of ribbon representing the colors of the local football or baseball team and bearing a small nickel or silver-plated ornament1 such as a horseshoe or football1 and the one who gets the fob was entitled to have his name or any design engraved upon it free of charge4 ,the plan is usually worked in a cigar store1 or pool hall as follows3 ,two fobs are attached to a card with the label 8,win a ,watch ,fob for #e cents10 and the game is played with dice in a set of five4 ,three throws for #e cents is the charge1 and the spots are counted and recorded with each throw4 ,the highest possible throw in three shakes is #ij1 the lowest #ae4 ,the limit of entries of #fj1 and the highest and lowest scores in the series each receives a fob4 ,sixty entries at #e cents each is #c4jj1 and as the cost of the fobs do not exceed #be cents each1 the profit is #b4ej4 ,after settling with the clerk who keeps the tally and the middleman who placed the outfit1 the originator of the plan realizes at least #a4ej on each transaction1 and his profits are limited only by the number of games played4 ,,plan ,no4 #hg4 ,,started ,,shorthand ,,school ,a man who was state agent for a concern that failed1 was left without money1 and there were no positions open for him4 ,in earlier life he had been a stenographer1 while his wife had taught school for a number of years before their marriage4 ,as a traveling man he had noted the incompetency of many stenographers1 especially their ignorance of business principles1 and often commented on this to his wife4 ,in their dilemma1 the wife suggested the establishment of a shorthand and business school combined1 but they had no capital as a basis upon which to begin operations4 ,the husband still had the small office he had used as state agent1 in which were two desks1 a few tables1 chairs1 etc41 and the wife suggested that these could be used to begin with in a small way4 ,she at once began taking shorthand lessons from her husband1 took up typewriting at which she made rapid progress4 ,they secured two or three students by personal solicitation1 and the wife began teaching them shorthand and typewriting1 though she was only one lesson ahead of them1 a fact of which the students remained blissfully ignorant4 ,the husband took charge of the practical business course of instruction1 and the pupils made rapid progress1 for they were being taught along right lines4 ,in the meantime1 the wife did her own housework1 took care of the children1 sewed1 cooked1 and performed all the household duties1 while looking after the progress of her pupils1 attending to her husband's correspondence1 etc4 ,by using practical methods of instruction1 they turned out very competent classes1 and soon found it necessary to increase their facilities by moving to larger quarters and adding to their equipment1 besides hiring additional teachers in the various departments4 ,today they have a prosperous business and shorthand school4 ,,plan ,no4 #hh4 ,,opening ,a ,,mending ,,shop ,a young woman in an eastern city1 being in poor health and having an invalid mother to support1 decided to open a shop for mending and fine sewing1 as she was very skillful in the use of the needle4 ,she rented a small ground floor apartment in a good location1 and put out a neat sign announcing the opening of a 8,mending and ,darning ,shop4 ,fine sewing of all kinds40 ,she made a specialty of fine damask1 hemming table cloths and napkins and darning old ones1 and did her work so neatly that her services soon became in great demand among the housewives of the community4 ,she distributed her business cards throughout the neighborhood1 and these brought her in a great many orders4 ,finally a large department store offered to add a mending and darning department to its activities1 and place her in charge at a good salary4 ,she accepted the offer1 and has made such a success that she is now the head of this department1 with several girls doing the greater part of the work under her personal direction4 ,just a little plan of her own1 but it brought her independence4 ,,plan ,no4 #hi4 ,,home ,,wall-,,paper ,,agency ,a ,california man who had formerly been in the wall-paper business and found himself entirely wiped out by a fire1 decided to make another start by using his home as the basis of operations for supplying his patrons with wall paper at very much less than the usual prices1 the profit in that community being sufficiently large to permit great reductions in even the best grades4 ,a large manufacturer gladly sent him a book of samples of all kinds of wall paper1 and with this he visited hundreds of homes1 where he exhibited the various styles4 ,the prices he named were far below those of the down-town stores1 as he had no rent or clerk to pay4 ,he took a surprisingly large number of orders1 and realized a handsome profit on each sale4 ,many of his customers felt they could put on the paper themselves1 but in those cases where he did this work for them1 he charged a fair price1 and soon found he had all the work he could possibly do4 ,as his patronage increased1 he found it necessary to employ a young man to do the papering in those cases where it was required1 while his entire time was devoted to the taking of orders4 ,he had excellent taste in the matter of harmonious decorations1 and made many sales through showing the housewives the artistic effects that could be produced by selecting the design best adapted to the furnishings of the home4 ,at the end of the first year1 he found his profits were much greater than those of any year he had conducted his store1 and this without the investment of a single dollar4 ,,plan ,no4 #ij4 ,,catering ,,for ,,lodge ,,people ,a young woman living in a town of a few thousand inhabitants1 where there were many fraternal societies1 all having large memberships1 found she had an opportunity to make a good income by catering to these societies4 ,she was not only a very skillful cook1 but had excellent taste in the preparation and arrangement of repasts1 and at the same time possessed an exceptionally pleasing personality4 ,she distributed among the officers and members of all the lodges in her town a number of handsomely designed and printed cards announcing she was prepared to serve light luncheons for their social meetings1 at a certain price per plate1 and would assume full charge of the entire entertainment4 ,her first engagement was for a large gathering of lodge people1 on the occasion of a visit from one of the supreme officers of the order1 and so well did she carry out the elaborate program1 and so exquisite was the luncheon and its service1 that this gave her a good reputation for this work4 ,after that no social affair of the fraternalists was considered without first engaging her to take charge1 and the income she derived from this source made her a good living each year4 ,,plan ,no4 #ia4 ,,growing ,,mushrooms ,if you have a cellar that is not in use1 you have the foundation for a good living in the growing of mushrooms4 ,dig up the space you desire to use for this purpose1 digging it deep1 and pulverize the earth thoroughly4 ,then add a quantity of fine1 black dirt1 rich in phosphates1 with a liberal amount of some good fertilizer4 ,then water the prepared bed thoroughly1 and put in the spawn1 which you can buy very cheaply almost anywhere4 ,your mushrooms1 when well started1 will produce a crop every month1 but from ,september to ,may is the season when they bring the highest prices1 ranging from #ge cents to #a4ej per pound1 at hotels1 cafes1 etc4 ,give them considerable attention1 especially at first1 keeping them well watered and giving them plenty of air1 but not too much light1 and keep the temperature at from #fj to #gj degrees the entire time4 ,one person we know of1 from a bed of #d feet long by #c feet wide1 and three bricks of spawn1 eight weeks after starting1 produced two and one-half pounds of mushrooms every two days1 or about nine pounds a week4 ,at an average price of #a4jj per pound1 this brought an addition of #i4jj a week to his regular income1 and required but a few hours of his spare time in the growth of the product4 ,by doubling his space1 he could have doubled his profits from this source1 and #ah a week from a 8side line0 is a sum not to be despised1 especially when it involves so little labor and time1 requires no capital and carries with it no risk of any kind4 ,,plan ,no4 #ib4 ,,basket ,,making ,basket making is one of these simple1 easily-learned1 easily-operated and profitable occupations1 so well adapted to women1 that it is a wonder more of them do not engage in it4 ,the country women at ,aitken1 ,s4 ,c41 make thousands of pretty and useful baskets from pine needles1 and sell them at good prices4 ,a lady who was visiting there learned the art of making these baskets1 and later her sister moved out west1 where she learned how the ,indians made the baskets for which they are so famous4 ,some of the materials used1 including certain kinds of grasses1 she sent back to her sister at home1 and these were made into baskets of various pretty patterns1 which sold readily1 at good prices1 to florists and others4 ,in fact1 her basket-making business grew into such proportions that she was obliged to employ a number of girls to assist her in turning them out as fast as they could be sold4 ,the beauty of it is that her expenses are next to nothing1 as her home is her factory1 the material is not expensive1 no advertising or printing of literature is necessary1 and the proceeds of the output1 aside from the wages of the girls1 are practically all profit4 ,as this lady lives in a city1 she also derives a very neat income from teaching the basket-making art to other women1 and these in turn1 make a good living from their work1 without glutting the market1 for as long as florists have calls for flowers1 they need these pretty baskets to put them in--and that means an additional profit on the flowers4 ,,plan ,no4 #ic4 ,,potato ,,chips ,,and ,,doughnuts ,with a husband who was sick and without money1 a new ,england woman1 living in a small city1 found it incumbent upon herself to do some planning to supply the family with food4 ,having an intimate knowledge and special aptitude for making exceptionally fine potato chips and doughnuts1 she decided that if she could once succeed in getting people to try her products she would be assured of a ready sale for them1 and immediately went to work to prepare a small quantity of each1 put up in her own style4 ,packing them neatly in a clean1 new basket1 she called at a number of well-to-do homes and asked the lady of the house to try a sample order4 ,nearly all these ladies were willing to do so1 and were so greatly delighted with the superior manner in which they were made that upon her next call she was given a large number of orders to supply families regularly with what they regarded as positive delicacies4 ,in nine weeks she had made a net profit of #hj on her potato chips and #ij on her doughnuts1 and from that time on she was so busy filling orders that she was obliged to employ a boy with a bicycle to make her deliveries4 ,there are thousands of other women who can do just what this woman did1 and rise from a condition of actual want to one of plenty1 and without asking favors of anyone4 ,if they will make it a matter of strict business1 they may succeed as she did4 ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #id4 ,a ,happy ,group ,,plan ,no4 #id4 ,,poultry ,,raising ,,for ,a ,,boy ,as a means of educating a boy regarding business principles1 and teaching him practical ways of making money1 nothing is better than the raising of poultry in a small way1 but according to correct methods4 ,a man in ,ogden1 ,utah1 gave his #aj-year-old boy #e4jj and told him to invest it in whatever enterprise best suited him1 and what promised the best returns upon the investment4 ,the boy1 who was healthy1 energetic and enthusiastic1 bought a young rooster and two pullets1 all pure-bred fowls1 and turned them into the back yard of his home4 ,during ,february1 the two pullets laid twenty-nine eggs1 which he put into an incubator1 and on ,march #bbnd1 he had twenty lively young chicks4 ,he kept these until ,august1 taking the best of care of them1 when he sold four pullets for #a4ej each1 and four roosters at #b4jj each1 making him already #i4jj ahead of his original investment1 with five pullets and three cockerels left1 besides the three he started with4 ,his first two pullets laid thirty-two eggs in ,march1 and these he sold for hatching purposes1 at #ae cents each4 ,in the next month he got only twenty-three more eggs1 as one of the pullets had become broody1 and those that were laid in ,april and ,may he put under scrub hens for hatching1 while his two blooded pullets were kept laying4 ,the boy was learning1 and his father was giving him valuable advice in business methods4 ,on ,december #ast1 the boy figured up the results of the season's operations1 and found that his expenses had been #cj4gc1 of which #ai4be was for feed1 and that his cash receipts and stock of chickens on hand amounted to #ada4ae1 so that he had made a net profit of #aaj4db on an investment of #e4jj a few months before4 ,and where is the boy1 if he is of the right sort1 and tries1 who cannot equal this record8 ,,plan ,no4 #ie4 ,,watch ,,insurance ,you may think you have heard of all kinds of insurance1 but have you ever heard of watch insurance8 ,this ,pittsburgh man never had1 but he figured out a plan of insuring watches against breakage1 loss or theft1 and thought it out with such perfect precision and detail1 that he soon had a profitable and permanent business of his own4 ,in the policy he issues he agrees that in case the watch insured is broken1 he makes complete repairs by sending it to some jeweler1 to be selected by the assured1 upon receipt of a full statement of the nature and extent of the breakage1 and to pay all the costs of such repairs4 ,in case of the loss of the watch1 he is to pay the assured1 or owner of the watch1 one-half its value1 as stated in the policy if the watch is not found again1 and the same amount if the watch is stolen and not recovered4 ,the policy holder is required in all cases to send full details concerning the breakage1 loss or theft of the watch1 and if upon investigation it appears that the watch is not1 or cannot be found or recovered1 he sends his check for one-half of its value as above stated4 ,his charges for insuring watches vary from #a4jj to #e4jj per year1 according to the value of the watch1 the greater the value the higher the premium2 and1 being a man of good standing in his community1 he finds most people willing to pay the small amount required to guard them against the damage1 loss or theft of their favorite timepieces4 ,he has made it a good-paying business1 and many others can follow the same plan with profit4 ,,plan ,no4 #if4 ,,collecting ,,old ,,witness ,,fees ,in the office of clerks of the court in the ,united ,states are thousands of dollars in unclaimed witness fees1 and this offers an opportunity for thousands of men all over the country to collect them for the parties on a large percentage basis----say1 one-half the amounts collected4 ,a man living in a county seat in a western state made a small fortune in this manner1 because he hit upon the right plan4 ,all public records are open to the inspection of any person1 and his method was to make a thorough examination of these records and obtain a list of all witness fees paid in but not called for by the parties1 who had probably forgotten all about them1 or1 after calling for them several times1 found the records were not completed1 so that their witness fees could not be paid4 ,he noted the title of each case1 the date of the trial1 the name and address of the witnesses1 the number of days of attendance and the amount of the fees due him4 ,then he would call upon or write to the former witnesses1 stating that a certain amount was due him1 which he had failed or forgotten to call for1 and that he would collect the same on a #ej per cent basis1 as he was in a position to make the collection4 ,he enclosed1 or handed to the party if seen personally1 an order on the court clerk as follows3 8,you are hereby authorized to pay to 7collector's name here7 the sum of ------ dollars and ------ cents1 the same being due me as witness for ------ days attendance in the case of ---------- vs4 ----------0 with blank for signature of the witness4 ,his letter bore the names of several well known men in his town as references1 and in most cases the paper came back duly signed1 the money was collected1 one-half sent to the former witness1 and the balance belonged to the man who thought out the plan4 ,,plan ,no4 #ig4 ,,doubling ,,the ,,business ,,of ,,hotels ,a young man who owned a small printing office1 had a reputation for the skillful and artistic manner in which he did the work that came to him1 dropped into a hotel that ran a caf in connection1 and said to the proprietor3 8,would you like to have me double your business for you1 at but very little cost80 8,i certainly would10 replied the hotel man1 8and if you can do that you are the very man ,i am looking for40 8,all right10 said the printer1 8,i am ready to show you40 ,he went into the caf1 secured the menu for the various meals of the following day1 together with the general or short-order menu1 and hurried back to his printing office4 ,there he proceeded to work out an attractive design in border and type effects that would draw attention anywhere1 and took them to the hotel1 where he submitted them to the proprietor4 ,the hotel man was delighted with the artistic appearance of the cards1 and suggested that they be taken into the caf at once4 8,no10 said the printer1 8only enough of these to be placed at each table are to go into the caf4 ,the others are to be put up in the guest rooms1 one of each to every room in the house1 and see how it works40 ,the proprietor had never thought of that1 but realized at once the value of the plan1 and right there gave the printer a standing order to print all the menu cards the house could use in the manner suggested1 willingly paying a good round sum for the service4 ,the young man extended the plan to the other hotels of the town1 and was soon the busiest printer in the town1 for it really doubled the business of each house4 ,,plan ,no4 #ih4 ,a ,,church ,,paper ,that churches1 as well as commercial and other enterprises1 could derive great benefits from the publication of a weekly paper devoted to the interests of all the churches in a community1 was the firm conviction of a young man living in a western city1 and having had considerable newspaper experience1 he concluded to try it and see if it would prove a success4 ,he attended a meeting of the ministerial association and submitted the plan to them4 ,every one of the ministers1 representing all the various denominations1 at once became very much interested in the proposition1 and each promised it his hearty endorsement and support4 ,each pastor in the city agreed to furnish the news1 as well as the various announcements of his particular church each week1 so there was comparatively little in the way of editorial work for the young man to do4 ,having made arrangements to have the paper printed in an attractive form1 on a good quality of paper1 the young publisher called upon a large number of business men1 particularly those belonging to the various churches of the city1 and soon had enough subscriptions and advertisements to more than pay the cost of printing the paper4 ,the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a41 the ,y4 ,w4 ,c4 ,a41 the ,w4 ,c4 ,t4 ,u41 and other religious organizations1 all contributed to its columns and helped to increase its circulation1 while pictures of the churches and portraits of the pastors and leaders in religious work gave it a most attractive appearance4 ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #ii4 ,now ,i have a ,cow--,everybody ,bids ,me ,good ,morrow ,,plan ,no4 #ii4 ,,photographing ,,animals ,,for ,,sale ,next to having a prospective purchaser come to your place to see any animal you may have for sale1 the best means of giving him a good idea of it is to take a good photograph of the animal1 properly posed1 and send it to him by mail1 or use it in advertising4 ,a farmer's wife1 who had bought a camera for pleasure1 soon learned to adapt it to business purposes and made many sales of valuable animals through this means alone4 ,this lady had three pure-bred collie dogs1 from which she sold about #djj worth of puppies every year1 and she found that a majority of those sales were made to persons to whom she had sent photographs which she made easily and cheaply with her camera4 ,she knew the secret of having an animal correctly posed in order to show it to best advantage in a picture1 and knew exactly how best to attract its attention at the critical moment of opening and closing the shutter4 ,the result was that the fine points of the animal were made very prominent4 ,her husband was so impressed with the results of her skill in this respect that he asked her to take the pictures of some pure-bred ,berkshire hogs he had for sale1 and readily disposed of them by this means4 ,horses and cows were also photographed with equal success1 while many of the best animal photos were sent to agricultural papers1 and were in most cases accepted at good prices4 ,the use of the camera in this way not only paid its first cost many times over1 but brought in a good revenue each year1 besides the pleasure it afforded the family when used for other purposes4 ,,money-,,making ,,plans ,,for ,,women ,a lady living in a small western town was the mother of two boys to whom she wished to give a good start in life4 ,she had very little money1 but many original yet practical ideas1 and from these she formulated some excellent plans for earning the money she needed for her boys and herself4 ,one after another she adopted a number of good plans1 made a success of them1 and was thus enabled to bring up her boys in the manner she desired4 ,her plans are here given in separate detail1 and it should be noted that each and every one of these plans could be used with great profit by any other woman who wishes to use either one or all of them1 as she chooses4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajj4 ,,home-,,made ,,stick ,,candy ,well knowing the predilection of most people for sweet things1 her first efforts were directed toward making and selling a very superior grade of stick candy1 according to the following formula3 ,over a hot fire place a kettle containing a quart of water1 ten pounds of white sugar and one teaspoonful cream tartar4 ,let it boil until it will snap1 then put it into cold water and pour out on marble slab or tin cooler1 well greased4 ,as it cools1 turn outer edge to center1 and when cool enough to handle1 pull it until it is white as snow4 ,leave a small piece unpulled1 and color this red by adding a few drops of cochineal4 ,now roll your batch of candy into a ball1 pull the red candy into a long strip1 cut in three or four pieces1 lay them on top of the white and roll it out1 commencing at one end1 pulling and rolling it at the same time1 which throws the stripes in a twist around the stick4 ,keep rolling until hard enough to prevent sticks from flattening out1 then tap the sticks lightly with the edge of a knife1 and break them into any lengths desired4 ,in making this1 as in all her products1 she used only the purest ingredients1 so that the candy was perfectly safe for children1 and she sold great quantities of it1 because it was 8so good40 ,,plan ,no4 #aja4 ,,home-,,made ,,taffy ,,candy ,this taffy candy1 which proved an excellent seller1 yielding large profits1 she made as follows3 ,white sugar1 #aj pounds2 water1 #c pints2 cream tartar1 one teaspoonful1 and when nearly cooked add one-fourth pound of butter4 ,add any kind of flavor preferred1 by pouring it on while rolling4 ,this candy should be cooked to the snapping point1 but do not stir while cooking1 or the sugar will granulate4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajb4 ,,home-,,made ,,maple ,,cream ,,candy ,this was one of her most popular products1 and was made as follows3 white sugar1 #e pounds2 best maple syrup1 one pint2 water1 one pint2 butter1 #a tablespoonful2 cream tartar1 teaspoonful4 ,cook same as in making above described taffy candy1 and put in one teaspoonful extract of vanilla while pulling4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajc4 ,,home-,,made ,,peanut ,,crisp ,this was also a great favorite with the children1 and she sold a great deal of it1 as well as her other candies1 by visiting the different schools during the noon hour or at recess1 on certain days of each week4 ,the peanut crisp she made as follows3 ,white sugar1 #e pounds2 water1 #a pints2 cream tartar1 one-half teaspoonful4 ,when nearly cooked1 add one pound parched1 hulled peanuts and one tablespoonful soda4 ,cook until it will snap4 ,she employed many ways of selling the above and other specialties4 ,she took pains to learn of approaching anniversaries1 such as birthday1 wedding1 etc41 and a few days preceding the event she would send an attractive letter of congratulation1 incidentally suggesting a box of her home-made candies for the occasion4 ,this made many sales4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajd4 ,,extracting ,,attar ,,of ,,roses1 ,,etc4 ,in addition to her candy-making enterprise1 this lady likewise engaged in the making of perfumes1 and so well did she succeed that her income was more than doubled4 ,she developed a method of extracting the attar of roses and other flowers1 which enabled her to make a great variety of the most delightful as well as lasting perfumes1 and the ladies soon came to know of their exquisite fragrance4 ,to extract the attar of any flower she procured a quantity of the petals1 which she placed on thin layers of cotton1 afterwards dipping them into the finest ,florence or ,lucca oil1 then sprinkled a small quantity of fine salt on the flowers alternately1 until an earthen vessel or wide-mouthed bottle was filled with them4 ,then she tied the top of the vessel closely with a piece of parchment or rubber cloth1 and laid it in the heat of the sun for fifteen days1 when a fragrant oil1 equal to the highest-priced essences1 and very valuable in the making of various kinds of perfumes1 could be squeezed from the contents thus treated4 ,,plan ,no4 #aje4 ,a ,,cheap ,,home-,,made ,,cologne ,many people who cannot afford the high-priced perfumes are very well satisfied with some cheaper kind1 and to meet this demand1 the lady put up a home-made cologne that gave very good satisfaction4 ,this she made as follows3 ,to one gallon spirits of wine1 add a teaspoonful each of the oils of lemon1 orange and bergamot2 with #dj drops of extract of vanilla4 ,shake until the oils are well cut1 then add one and one-half pints of soft water4 ,this made a very fair grade of perfume1 and1 though it could be sold at a low price1 it yielded a fair profit to the lady who produced it4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajf4 ,,making ,,rose ,,jars ,very few are the boudoir accessories that are dearer to the feminine heart than a rose jar1 properly made1 and most women will pay almost any price for one of that kind4 ,this lady knew exactly how to make a perfect rose jar1 and added this to the already long list of her profitable industries4 ,she dried rose petals in salt for two weeks1 then cleansed the salt from the petals and put them in a jar4 ,she would leave the jar open for a few days1 then put in #b tablespoonfuls each of cloves1 allspice and cinnamon1 and added #aj grains of powdered musk1 letting it stand a few hours4 ,she then added #e cents worth of oil of lemon verbena1 and #e cents worth of oil of lavender4 ,this she let stand three days1 added #ae cents worth of oil of rose geranium1 and had a rose jar that would sell for just about any price she had the temerity to ask4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajg4 ,,making ,,almond ,,paste ,this preparation she found in great demand by the ladies1 as it proved a wonderful beautifier of the complexion1 and a fine remedy for chapped hands1 rough skin1 etc4 ,this is the formula she used for preparing it3 ,to #d ounces of blanched almonds she added the white of one egg1 after beating the almonds to a smooth paste in a mortar1 then add enough rose water1 mixed with its weight in alcohol1 to give it the proper consistency4 ,she put it up in #b-ounce jars1 pasted on a fancy label1 and sold it at #be cents a jar4 ,its actual cost to her1 jar1 label and all1 was less than #g cents4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajh4 ,,home ,,work ,,that ,,pays ,having suffered her full share of the losses and disappointments that fall to the lot of so many victims of the fraudulent 8home-work0 schemes through which many become well-to-do at the expense of poor women who are seeking to make an honest living a ,california woman perfected a really meritorious as well as profitable plan that can be carried out by other women with as great profit as it brought to her4 ,instead of dealing with that class of utility articles which can be purchased ready made for less than the ordinary woman can buy the materials1 she decided to specialize in something that appealed to the vanity of women who could afford to gratify individual taste1 and chose as her particular specialty those dainty ribboned sachet puffies for the handkerchief case1 shirt-waist box or bureau drawer1 also those made in heart shape with beauty pin attached1 which girls wear inside their waists1 presenting a beautiful appearance1 yet easy and inexpensive to make1 and affording a nice profit at #aj cents each4 ,in fact1 the entire cost of the material1 including the beauty pin1 is only one and one-half cents each and the making is but a minute's work4 ,few people really know how to use sachet powder4 ,they generally use entirely too much1 and the scent is too strong1 or it is adulterated with something like orris root and the scent is uneven4 ,but this lady did know1 and she placed fluffy cotton1 or wadding1 inside the bag1 and sprinkled it lightly with the sachet1 which gave an even1 delicate and lasting perfume4 ,she made up the bags of silkalene of various colors1 using baby ribbon of colors to match for 8drawing0 the puffie4 ,the silkalene will cost #aj cents per yard and one yard will make twenty-eight of the bags4 ,less material is required for the corsage puffie1 but the beauty pin evens up the cost4 ,any woman who can sew can make one hundred of the puffies a day1 at a cost of #a4ej1 and she can readily sell them for #aj1 and even more1 thus making a profit of #h4ej a day for very light1 pleasant work4 ,having made up several hundreds of the puffies1 in various styles and colors--the larger ones are round or oblong and the corsage puffies heart-shaped--she decided upon the 8trust0 plan as the best means of selling them4 ,she sent out a number of boys and girls to sell them at #aj cents each1 paying them #b4jj for each one hundred sold1 and even at this figure she made a profit of #f4ej on each one hundred puffies4 ,and they sold1 too1 for almost every woman or girl who saw them bought at least one and in some cases as many as half a dozen1 so the sales were easy and rapid4 ,having made so great a success in her home town1 this lady extended it to other towns1 and after covering the territory thoroughly she offered to sell complete instructions1 with patterns for making them1 for #a4jj4 ,to those purchasing this information she supplied the materials1 which she bought at wholesale1 and made a good profit in that way1 so that in a few months she was enjoying a steady income equal to that of many other merchants in her town1 yet she had only a few dollars--and a good plan--to start with4 ,,plan ,no4 #aji4 ,,sharp ,,saws ,,for ,,butchers ,an enterprising young man in ,san ,francisco1 who knew that the saw blades used by butchers require frequent sharpening and also knew that it costs the average butcher about #c4jj a month to keep them sharpened1 figured out a way to save more than half that expense1 and make a good thing for himself at the same time4 ,he heard of a firm in ,new ,york that manufactured a machine for automatically sharpening hand- and meat-saws1 at the rate of two hundred and fifty blades a day4 ,he ordered one of these machines at a cost of #fj and set it up in the family woodshed4 ,he also bought #fjj new saw blades at #bj cents each1 or #abj more1 a total investment of #ahj4 ,then he started out to round up the butchers of the city1 and when he showed them that he could supply each of them with twelve sharp blades a month1 at #aj cents each1 or #a4bj1 instead of the #c4jj a month they had been paying1 everyone of them gave him an order4 ,at the shop of each patron he left twelve sharp blades1 taking twelve dull ones in their place and collecting #a4bj1 so that his first month's receipts from fifty shops amounted to #fj4 ,in three months he had his entire investment back1 and after that his #fj a month was all profit1 but by doubling the number of his patrons he doubled his net income1 and so on in proportion to the increase in the number of his orders4 ,all the dull blades collected were re-sharpened and taken to his customers in exchange for more dull ones each month4 ,he also made considerable money through supplying his customers with new saw frames1 knives1 steels1 etc41 and in a few months had built up a profitable business of his own4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaj4 ,,selling ,,flags ,,by ,,mail ,a patriotic young lady in the ,east1 realizing that many people do not have a flag1 when every home should possess one or more of these emblems of liberty1 decided upon a plan by which she believed she could supply this need1 and do so at a neat profit to herself1 especially as there are national holidays requiring the flying of the colors almost every month in the year4 ,she wrote an eastern manufacturer1 asking the lowest wholesale prices on flags of all sizes and materials1 together with collapsible flag-poles that can be sent by parcel post1 rope holder1 etc41 all packed in a neat box and shipped direct from the factory to such patrons as she might secure in her city and neighborhood1 leaving her nothing to do but to get the orders4 ,the prices quoted being satisfactory1 she prepared a circular letter1 to be sent to those who answered a small ad4 in the local paper offering flags for sale at extremely moderate prices1 and several hundred of these1 tactfully written in a patriotic vein1 were mailed out all over the country1 giving full description1 quoting prices1 etc4 ,in response many orders for flags were received1 and these she sent1 with the wholesale price of each1 to the manufacturer1 who shipped the complete outfit direct to the customer1 under the young lady's own label4 ,this plan was successful1 not only in furthering a good and patriotic cause1 but brought her a neat sum in the way of profits4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaa4 ,,free ,,movies ,,for ,,children ,nothing else you can offer a child appeals so strongly as does a free ticket to a motion picture theatre1 and when you offer a dozen or more of these free tickets for a few hours' work children will almost go through fire and water to get them4 ,a ,portland man who had been a boy himself--long before the day of the movies--having made up a large amount of an exceptionally good silver polish1 for which he had not found a very ready sale1 concluded to let the boys and girls of the smaller towns sell it for him1 and believed that free tickets to the motion-picture theatres would prove the most acceptable of all premiums to offer them for their activities4 ,he advertised in a number of small-town papers1 asking for the names of all children who would like to see the movies free of charge1 and received so many names that it was only a matter of selection from the great number replying4 ,to each of these he sent twenty packages of the silver polish with instructions to sell them at #aj cents each and remit the money to him1 when he would send each boy or girl an order on the theatre manager for twelve tickets to a #e cent house or six to a #aj cent house4 ,he had previously sent the manager a draft sufficient to cover the cost of all the tickets1 and in most cases it made it easy for him thereafter to secure tickets in quantities at great reductions1 thus adding considerably to his net profits4 ,his sales under this plan netted him over #e1jjj the first year4 ,,plan ,no4 #aab4 ,,live ,,alligators ,,for ,,boy ,,agents ,a young man in ,salt ,lake ,city made money by giving away live alligators4 ,a certain man in ,florida where alligators of a hardy and harmless kind are numerous captures these young alligators by the hundreds and sells them at #dj cents each1 in lots of a dozen or more4 ,this young fellow was making and selling--or trying to sell--a number of small articles1 such as sheet bluing1 silver polish1 and some other things1 but his sales were slow1 and he realized that he must do something to boost his business4 ,he sent for twenty-five of these little alligators1 and advertised in a number of country weeklies that any boy who would sell a certain number of his specialties1 at #aj cents each1 and remit the entire receipts to him1 would receive free a real live alligator as a premium for his work4 ,in a week he received many inquires1 and as fast as the names of boys came in he sent packages of his goods to them to be sold4 ,the boys must have been good salesmen or unusually enthusiastic1 for inside of two weeks more the remittances began to arrive and to each boy so remitting a live young alligator was sent by express1 charges collect2 and1 as they made very interesting little pets1 absolutely safe to play with1 every boy who received one became the envy of the neighborhood1 so that every other boy wanted one too1 and a little effort soon brought him one of his own4 ,,plan ,no4 #aac4 ,,desk ,,room ,,in ,a ,,city ,,office ,a ,new ,york man who had a nicely equipped office was asked one day by a western customer how much he would charge for the privilege of having some of his mail come to his address1 as he wished to place on his stationery the words1 8,new ,york office1 ,no 4 4 4 4 ,building40 ,he thought it would add prestige to his business standing4 ,the ,new ,york man named a small amount1 and then this idea came to him3 ,why not make the same arrangement with a lot of other out-of-town people1 none of whom would be in the office more than once or twice a year1 and all he would have to do would be to forward any mail that came for any of these various parties8 ,afterwards he bought small1 cheap desks at auction1 installed them in his office and advertised desk room for rent at #a4jj to #e4jj a month4 ,many people called1 to whom he explained that #a4jj a month would entitle a man to call once a day for his mail1 while those who transacted any amount of business there each day would be charged #e4jj a month4 ,he also advertised in leading western dailies that persons could have their ,new ,york address at his office for a certain amount1 and the plan worked so well that the rentals so obtained much more than paid his own rent and all his other office expenses besides4 ,but he insisted upon references in every case1 and never let anyone have this privilege unless he proved to be honest and reliable4 ,other men in various eastern cities have since adopted this plan with success4 ,,plan ,no4 #aad4 ,,ready-,,to-,,make ,,dresses1 ,,etc4 8,knock-down0 furniture and picture frames are an old story1 but 8knock-down10 or ready-to-make wearing apparel is 8a new one0 to most people4 ,a ,chicago woman who was an expert cutter1 and who knew that most women and girls would like to make their own clothes if they could only be assured of a perfect fit1 saw an opportunity here to not only save these women at least half on the cost of their apparel1 but to make money as well1 out of the business of supplying their needs4 ,she arranged with a popular pattern house for the loan of current illustrations with which to publish a monthly fashion bulletin1 featuring those particular patterns1 and with a wholesale dry goods house for the regular discounts on dress materials1 trimmings1 etc41 securing a line of small samples of each piece of goods in most demand4 ,then she began advertising that for #f4ej she would furnish all the material for a certain dress1 ready cut1 ready to sew together1 that would cost1 made up1 at the stores1 #ae1 and other goods in the same proportion4 ,to women answering these ads4 and asking for particulars1 she would send a small sample of the goods desired1 together with a copy of her bulletin1 illustrating each pattern1 and showing the difference in the price when cut to fit by her1 as compared with the same dress bought at a store1 and usually requiring extensive alterations4 ,she was soon obliged to employ a number of skilled assistants1 in order to turn out the work that came to her4 ,the pattern selected by the customer was used for cutting the garment1 then sent to her with the material and it was an easy matter to complete a perfect fitting dress1 at a great saving in cost4 ,,plan ,no4 #aae4 ,,became ,a ,,secretary-,,by-,,mail ,being a secretary by mail is a man's-size job1 and few there are who can fill a position so exacting and often so delicate in the performance of its manifold duties4 ,however1 a ,denver young man1 of literary tastes and a lot of good business sense1 felt that he could do it1 and found that he could4 ,he began by catering to the mail-order merchants who wish to keep posted on new advertisements and schemes1 and answered all such ads4 for his clients1 sending them the replies received4 ,he wrote attractive business-getting letters for mail-order and other people who were poor letter writers themselves1 but who knew the value of good ones4 ,he attended to business matters in his city for his clients1 occasionally made collections for them1 and performed many delicate forms of service that proved of great value4 ,in short1 he did the work of a regular secretary1 but did it better than most of them are capable of doing1 the main difference being that he was secretary for some #bjj men or firms1 instead of for only one2 and1 though his charges in each case were very small1 they amounted to a good deal in the aggregate1 and brought him a nice income for comparatively little effort4 ,it was a successful combination of the right man and the right plan4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaf4 ,,free ,,motion-,,picture ,,tickets ,a ,seattle man worked out the following plan4 ,he called upon the managers of half a dozen or more of the #e cent motion-picture houses and told them if they would sell him tickets at one-half the regular price1 to be paid for in cash1 in lots of #ejj or more1 he could greatly increase the attendance at their theatres1 as the tickets would not cost the holders anything1 and everybody who had free tickets would be sure to come4 ,practically all of those approached accepted this offer1 and then he had several thousand coupons printed1 at a cost of #ej cents per #a1jjj1 and used a special tint of paper to prevent counterfeiting4 ,thus armed1 he next called upon a number of merchants with a proposition that1 for #a4be1 he would give them #ajj of these coupons1 twenty-five of the #e cent admission tickets1 and an attractive show-card calling attention to the fact that he was offering his cash customers free motion-picture tickets4 ,the twenty-five tickets alone1 at their face value1 were worth the amount he asked for the entire outfit4 ,most merchants were glad to give a discount of #e cents on each #a4jj cash purchase1 as it had a tendency to convert many credit customers into cash buyers1 and the favorable publicity it gave was worth a good deal4 ,he gave one coupon with each #be-;cent cash purchase1 four for a #a4jj purchase1 and these four coupons entitled their holder to a free #e-;cent theatre ticket4 ,he gave out1 on an average1 #ajj of these coupons and twenty-five tickets each day1 with cash purchases amounting in all to #be4 ,the young man's profit on each #ajj coupons1 accompanied by twenty-five of the #e cent tickets1 was #dj cents1 or #b4dj a week for each merchant giving out #ajj coupons a day4 ,this amounted to #abd4hj a year4 ,twenty-five merchants therefore netted him #c1abj a year1 while fifty merchants as regular customers would net him #f1bdj1 and #ajj merchants1 #ab1dhj4 ,,plan ,no4 #aag4 ,,sweet ,,potato ,,slips ,,by ,,mail 8,i had always believed that only a resident of a big city could engage in mail order business10 said a successful ,eastern ,washington farmer1 the other day1 8but ,i have learned from my own experience that this is not true4 8,last spring ,i began to realize what a great demand there is for sweet potato slips1 and believed there would be money in supplying this need1 so1 in ,february1 ,i bought and 8bedded0 #ajj bushels of sweet potatoes1 and in ,may the first lot of slips was ready for the market4 ,between that time and ,july #ast ,i disposed of #ejj1jjj slips1 at an average price of #a4ej per #a1jjj1 and then realized that if ,i had specialized on a certain brand of potatoes1 besides the regular line1 my profits would have been much larger4 ,when it is considered that only a few months' work was involved1 ,i regard the returns as very satisfactory1 for my net profits on the entire transaction were #edj4 ,by enlarging my scope of operations next year1 ,i expect to do very much better1 and then have the greater part of the year left1 to devote to other purposes4 ,i believe thousands of other men can become successful mail order operators by specializing on some similar line40 ,,plan ,no4 #aah4 ,,designer ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #aai4 ,,electrotypes ,,for ,,country ,,merchants ,a mail-order man back east hit upon a new plan of making money1 and received #cba during the first three weeks4 ,from an electrotype company he purchased #bjj mounted electrotypes of different subjects1 all suitable for advertising in weekly newspapers1 for #aj cents each4 ,then he had printed #b1ejj circulars1 #bdx#cf1 showing the #bjj cuts1 and mailed the circulars to that number of country merchants whose names he had obtained by sending for sample copies of weekly newspapers within a radius of #bej miles from the city in which he lived4 ,now1 country merchants are always glad to use cuts in their ads41 if they can only get them at low rates1 and when they were offered to them at #bj cents each by express1 or #bb cents if sent by mail1 postage paid1 they were very glad to get them1 and the orders came in rapidly4 ,as the orders were received1 this man forwarded them to the electrotyping company to be filled1 enclosing #aj cents for each cut ordered1 and retaining the other #aj cents as his profit4 ,some merchants ordered from five to fifty of the cuts1 and after the mail-order man had had several thousand more circulars printed1 he used the #bjj cuts he had bought in filling orders1 and thereafter all orders were filled direct by the company making the electrotype cuts4 ,extending his field of operations to cover more territory1 the mail-order man found it so profitable that he made it a regular business4 ,,plan ,no4 #abj4 ,,grease ,,and ,,oil ,,remover ,a young ,denver widow1 whose husband had been a druggist1 but had left her practically destitute at his death1 decided that a formula she had successfully used herself for quickly removing grease1 paint and oil spots from wearing apparel1 carpets1 silks1 laces1 woodwork1 etc41 besides being an unequaled shampoo for the hair1 could be made a source of considerable revenue if properly presented to the public4 ,the formula for making this magic annihilator is as follows3 ,for making one gross of #h-ounce bottles1 take aqua ammonia1 one gallon2 soft water1 #h gallons2 best white soap1 #d pounds2 saltpetre1 #h ounces4 ,shave the soap fine1 add the water1 boil until the soap is dissolved1 let it get cold1 then add the saltpetre1 stirring until dissolved4 ,now strain1 let the suds settle1 skim off the dry suds1 add the ammonia1 bottle and cork at once4 ,this will not injure the finest texture1 and its chemical action is such that it turns any oil or grease into soap1 which is easily washed out with clear1 cold water4 ,it is excellent for cleaning silver1 brass and copper1 and is certain death to bedbugs1 if applied to the places frequented by them4 ,used as a shampoo1 with an equal amount of water and a stiff brush1 it produces a lather that removes grease and dandruff1 while a cloth wet with it will remove grease from doorknobs1 window sills1 etc4 ,to remove grease from clothing1 pour on a quantity of it1 rubbing with a clean sponge1 on both sides of the article to be cleaned4 ,for carpets and coarse goods1 use a stiff brush and wash out with clear1 cold water4 ,one application is sufficient for fresh grease spots1 but where old and dry1 apply again1 if necessary4 ,for cleaning silverware1 etc41 mix with an equal amount of whitening1 and rub briskly with a rag4 ,pasting a neat label1 containing the directions1 upon each of the #add bottles1 she started in business by selling it from house to house1 but as the demand increased1 she employed canvassers1 placed it on sale at the various drug stores in the city1 and later advertised it with excellent results4 ,although the cost was a mere trifle1 she found a ready sale for it at #ej cents per bottle1 and it has proved so profitable that she has greatly increased her facilities and is to-day enjoying an income considerably larger than her late husband ever derived from his drug store4 ,,plan ,no4 #aba4 ,,dinners ,,from ,,country ,,by ,,parcel ,,post ,a man who had held a good position in the city decided to move to the country and raise chickens4 ,he bought a small home1 besides a number of hens1 and started in business4 ,but the hen project was a failure1 and he was about to return to his old place in the city4 ,but he had a bright1 enterprising wife1 who had some ideas of her own1 and she vetoed the plan of going back to the old drudgery of a clerk's position1 which had almost ruined her husband's health4 ,having read a good deal concerning the value to farmers of the parcel post1 she decided upon a plan of action4 ,she wrote a catchy ad4 offering to furnish dinners to city people2 everything1 even to the floral decorations1 being complete1 and delivered by parcel post on the day desired4 ,this ad4 she sent to each of the city papers1 and in a day or two the first order arrived4 ,the dinner she sent consisted of one pint of shelled peas1 a few young potatoes1 one broiler1 a pint of strawberry preserves1 a pint of cottage cheese1 a quart box of cherries1 fresh from the tree1 a loaf of home-made bread1 an angel food cake1 one-half pound of fresh1 sweet butter1 and a number of sweet1 old-fashioned roses4 ,all were neatly packed in a strong container and the postage prepaid4 ,it was sent in the morning1 and arrived that afternoon4 ,for a dinner like that she charged #b4jj1 which was considerably less than it would have cost in the market for stale stuff1 but which cost so little to produce that it yielded a very good margin of profit4 ,the family to whom the first dinner was sent promptly placed an order for two dinners each week1 to be varied according to the season1 and their example was followed by so many others that both husband and wife were kept busy as bees in putting up parcel-post dinners4 ,but they were making money--more than the husband had ever earned before4 ,,plan ,no4 #abb4 ,,lunches ,,for ,,factory ,,workers ,a widow lady who lived near a large factory1 and who had done some sewing for the wife and daughters of the superintendent1 was told by that official that she could make considerable money by bringing small box lunches to the factory doors at noon every day1 and that if she cared to try out the plan she could have the exclusive privilege of doing so4 ,she thought the matter over carefully and decided there might be something in it1 so she procured a hundred small1 cheap1 paper boxes1 and filled them with light1 simple lunches which she could sell at a profit for #e1 #aj and #ae cents each1 and from the very first she found a ready demand for them4 ,many of the operators1 especially the young women who had previously brought their lunches from home1 preferred to buy these1 as they afforded a variety which1 though limited1 was something of a change1 and the lady found her time fully occupied in planning and preparing them for service while the net profits amounted to something over #b4ej each day4 ,,plan ,no4 #abc4 ,a ,,currant ,,farm ,an ,indiana farmer devoted six acres of his land to currant culture and in a year or two began to realize that he had quite an undertaking on his hands4 ,from these six acres he usually picks #a1jjj crates which sell at #a4ce per crate1 and it is necessary for him to hire a large number of boys and girls to do the picking4 ,to these he pays good prices1 and after all expenses are paid1 he generally comes out about #fjj ahead4 ,as this is much more than can be produced by any other crop1 he has about decided to plant his entire farm of #afj acres in currants1 and thus clear #af1jjj a year from a crop that requires but a few months each season to look after4 ,by using a two-horse cultivator1 he need spend but little time or labor in raising the currants1 while no planting is required after the first year1 and the picking can be let out so as to furnish employment to a large number of boys and girls1 as well as those men and women who are not otherwise engaged and are looking for work4 ,,plan ,no4 #abd4 ,,shopping ,,for ,,friends ,many women dread the shopping it is necessary for them to do every little while1 for to them it is the hardest kind of work1 and most of these women would be glad to pay someone to do it for them4 ,but here was a woman who positively delighted in shopping4 ,she loved it for the variety1 the excitement and the adventure it afforded4 ,she called first at the homes of a number of the women whom she knew could not afford to spend much time in shopping1 being thoroughly occupied with the numerous duties and responsibilities of their own households4 ,besides1 they did not like to shop anyway4 ,to these women she made a proposition to attend not only to all their local shopping1 but to help them make selections from the catalogs of big mail-order houses1 and order whatever goods they wanted from those sources1 as well4 ,for these services she named a rate of compensation that seemed surprisingly low to those for whom they were rendered1 but when these small sums were multiplied by #ajj or more1 they amounted to considerable in the aggregate1 so that the arrangement was eminently satisfactory to all parties concerned4 ,besides1 it gave the woman who loved shopping an opportunity to do so without any limitations to her favorite pastime1 and it made her a good living4 ,,plan ,no4 #abe4 ,,the ,,milk ,,diet ,ever since the dawn of civilization many men and women have endured various forms of stomach trouble1 usually as a result of abusing that delicate and sensitive organ1 yet often arising from causes over which the sufferer has no control4 ,and in practically all these cases every known means has been employed in an effort to find a remedy for this distressing affliction4 ,all sorts of 8cures0 have been foisted upon these people from time to time1 and fortunes have been made from the miseries of the human race1 for nowhere else are there such fertile fields for heartless exploitation as among the hosts of the afflicted1 who would gladly give all they possess to be restored to that robust health so easily promised by those who profit upon the sick4 ,it has remained1 however1 for ,father ,kneipp1 a well known scientist1 to discover and perfect a method of curing stomach trouble that1 for its simplicity and effectiveness1 has never been equaled1 and which is now being used with great success in this country and ,europe4 ,several large sanatoriums have been established in various ,european countries1 where this treatment1 which is nothing more nor less than a perfect milk diet1 is administered with astonishing results4 ,a young ,american1 who had been a patient at one of these sanatoriums1 succeeded in obtaining the exact method or formula for giving this treatment1 and believing he could bring untold benefit to thousands of stomach sufferers in this country1 and at the same time derive a good income himself from sending them full printed instructions for taking the treatment in the proper manner1 devised the following admirable method of procedure3 ,through an advertising agency1 he inserted the following advertisement in a list of newspapers within a few hundred miles of his home town3 8,the world's most successful treatment for the regeneration of shattered1 weak and disordered stomachs and for all chronic ailments of the digestive apparatus1 that make life miserable for those so affected4 ,builds up thin1 ill-nourished people1 and reduces the superfluous weight of fat people4 ,relieves and heals disorders of the liver1 kidneys1 bladder1 the circulation1 etc4 ,restores rheumatic sufferers to health1 strength and happiness4 ,milk1 which you can take in your own home1 is nature's own sanative1 but you must know how to take this diet4 ,obtain complete instructions1 fully describing the method of taking it1 by writing us today for the great two-course treatment1 and learn how1 if you would be well40 ,a surprisingly large number of inquiries were received in answer to the above ad41 and to every inquirer he sent a circular letter substantially as follows3 8,dear ,friend3 ,i have your inquiry relative to the principles of rejuvenation through the ,milk ,diet1 and take pleasure in referring to the really wonderful work it has accomplished for those suffering from ailments of the stomach4 8,that famous scientist1 ,father ,kneipp1 who recently discovered certain priceless principles of bodily rehabilitation through the medium of the ,milk ,diet1 was so greatly impressed with the marvelous results obtained1 that he opened a sanatorium in the ,tyrol mountains1 to which thousands of wealthy ,europeans suffering from stomach or other intestinal disorders are flocking every year1 and from which in from two to six weeks they emerge rejoicing in regained health and a new lease on life1 the result of a simple and delightful course of treatment4 ,indeed1 patients who are able to pay the expenses of so long a journey are going there from all parts of the world4 8,but there are unnumbered thousands everywhere who are suffering equal tortures from disordered stomachs1 yet who cannot afford so expensive a trip1 and it is now made possible for these people to obtain the same wonderful benefits right in their own homes1 through being given the proper instructions for taking this simple yet powerfully effective treatment4 ,even so great a boon as is the ,milk ,diet would avail but little unless taken according to the established method adopted by ,father ,kneipp as the result of years' of experiment and research4 ,every good result depends upon knowing how to take the ,milk ,diet1 and those instructions ,i am prepared to supply for the merely nominal payment of one dollar1 which but little more than defrays the cost of printing and mailing4 ,i am offering the two complete courses for this small amount1 and am willing to refund even this if you are not more than satisfied with the results of the treatment1 when taken according to the instructions ,i furnish40 ,in case this letter failed to bring an order1 one or two 8follow-up0 letters were sent1 emphasizing the need of the treatment in all forms of stomach derangement1 and again calling attention to the curative qualities of milk when used as a diet in the proper way4 ,he referred to the fact that ,americans are particularly subject to stomach difficulties1 as a result of improper food1 especially hot bread1 pies and pastry1 and reminded the recipient of the letter that the ,milk ,diet was easy and pleasant to take2 that it was the first natural food of mankind1 gives the stomach a much needed rest1 and enables it to rebuild under ,nature's beneficent ways2 that his course showed anyone exactly how the treatment should be taken1 to obtain the desired results and regenerate the entire digestive system1 and offered to leave the decision of the case to the party's own family physician1 provided he was a good doctor1 and an honest man4 ,in his third letter he offered to send the course on approval1 if desired1 expressing full confidence that the patient would remit the #a4jj promptly after having thoroughly tested the merits of the treatment4 ,the first letter usually brought an order1 accompanied by the #a4jj asked1 and so uniform was the success of the treatment that not one person ever asked to have his money refunded4 ,on the contrary1 dozens of others sent in their dollars after seeing the wonderful results the treatment accomplished4 ,in the meantime he had had the instructions governing the taking of the treatment neatly printed in an attractive little booklet1 the cover containing the words1 8,the ,milk ,diet1 ,nature's ,greatest ,remedy for the ,relief of ,those ,suffering from ,stomach ,troubles1 ,indigestion1 ,dyspepsia1 ,constipation and all ,intestinal ,ills10 and below this was the picture of a fine cow of high-class stock1 contentedly browsing in a green1 shady pasture1 with trees and a running stream4 ,in this booklet were printed complete instructions1 as follows3 ,,plan ,no4 #abf4 ,,course ,no4 #a4 ,,the ,,buttermilk ,,diet 8,in order to restore the digestive and assimilating processes to a condition whereby they can perform their functions properly1 the first requisite is to give the stomach a complete rest1 by providing it with food that will not tax the stomach and digestive organs1 yet will nourish the body4 8,scientists have discovered that ,buttermilk1 used to the exclusion of all other foods for a stated time1 is the ideal food for that purpose as it contains all the elements of nourishment1 and is free from indigestible butter fat2 that it thoroughly cleans out the system1 eliminating all the toxic poisons and fermented contents of the stomach1 which having entered the circulation1 upset the whole system and produce disease4 ,it expels the bile1 mucus and acids produced by incorrect digestive action1 cleanses the stomach and intestines1 the liver1 pancreas1 kidneys and blood1 enabling the system to throw off every trace of toxic poisons1 and bring a speedy return of the normal appetite and renewed energy4 8,the element in buttermilk scientifically known as lecithin1 acts on the system as a tonic1 which clears the complexion1 brightens the eyes1 and imparts the glow of perfect health to the entire body4 8,but one fact must be kept constantly in mind while taking the ,milk ,diet1 if success is to be assured3 ,a strict adherence to the rules as herein laid down4 ,to take it in a haphazard fashion1 on and off as the notion strikes one1 will do no good1 and a lapse from the regular program will set you back to where you were at the beginning4 ,therefore1 do exactly as the course prescribes1 without the deviation of a hair's breadth from its positive and plainly-stated rules4 8,before taking this course1 give the system a thorough purging1 with castor oil or saline laxatives1 to carry off the contents of the intestines and prepare the stomach for the beneficent action of the buttermilk4 8,the ,buttermilk ,diet ,course is divided into three periods3 the first two of four days each1 and the third until a satisfactory condition is obtained1 which should be in from four to ten days4 8,during the first four-day period1 take one-half pint of fresh1 pure buttermilk every two hours during the waking hours1 beginning at #g ,a4 ,m4 and continuing until #i ,p4 ,m41 or #aa ,p4 ,m41 if preferred4 ,this amounts to from #b to #b quarts of buttermilk a day for the first four days4 ,should this produce vomiting1 as it may in a few cases1 do not be alarmed1 for it simply indicates that the system is taking notice of what is being done for it1 and is trying to expel some of the poisons it is unable to get rid of through the intestines4 ,keep on taking the buttermilk1 even increasing the quantity1 until the vomiting ceases and the stomach accepts it without protest4 8,in the second four-day period1 the amount of buttermilk taken should be increased to one-half pint every hour and a half during the waking hours1 or nearly three quarts of buttermilk a day4 8,after the eighth day1 take half a pint of buttermilk every hour1 and continue this until you feel that you have been restored to a healthy condition4 ,this feeling will be manifested by a sensation of complete ease1 bodily and mentally1 and an active desire for solid food--a desire which will have disappeared almost entirely after the second or third day of the first period1 and does not return until the system is once more balanced and healthy4 8,if unable to get absolutely pure1 fresh buttermilk take pure1 fresh milk1 draw off the cream or butter fat which rises to the top of the bottle1 and add buttermilk tablets1 which can be procured at all drug stores and many grocery stores1 with directions for use on the package4 ,buttermilk made in this way is far better than poor grades of real buttermilk that is not fresh4 8,the buttermilk should be taken lukewarm--not iced1 chilled or hot--and sipped slowly1 not gulped down4 8,if1 while taking the course1 you suffer from hunger or thirst1 do not allow yourself to either eat or drink anything--not even water--but always take some more of the buttermilk1 as this will relieve the hunger and satisfy the thirst4 8,while taking the treatment1 always keep the bowels open1 and enemas1 or internal bathing1 are advised for this4 ,in taking the enema1 or rectal injection1 use a two-quart bag with syringe1 having the water blood-warm1 or just so you can hold your hand in it4 ,to a two-quart bag of this warm water1 add half a cupful of pure glycerine1 shaking it up thoroughly1 and1 lying on the floor on one side1 with the legs doubled up1 inject the entire contents of the bag into the rectum4 ,hold this in for ten minutes1 then evacuate it naturally and thoroughly4 ,this internal bath should be taken every day during the first four-day period1 then every other day during the second period1 and after that twice a week1 until you are having two natural passages every day4 ,make an effort at these times1 whether the desire exists or not4 8,in taking the enema1 regulate the flow so that it will not be too violent4 ,hanging the bag of the syringe from #b to #c feet above the floor will give the correct impetus to the flow4 ,these internal flushings remove the secretions from the lower intestine1 where they are prone to lie and ferment1 and are a great aid in preserving the general health1 as they assist nature in eliminating waste and poisonous matter4 8,after completing the ,buttermilk ,diet1 as directed herein1 use caution in taking solid nourishment for awhile4 ,for a few days reduce the supply of buttermilk1 and substitute light1 easily digested foods1 such as eggs1 boiled1 poached1 or creamed2 chicken1 broiled lamb chops1 small quantities of rare roast beef1 broiled steak rare1 boiled fresh fish1 rice1 macaroni cooked in milk until tender1 fresh vegetables that do not contain starchy elements1 and ripe1 wholesome fruit4 ,also eat dry toast1 or whole wheat bread in place of fresh bread made from white wheat flour4 ,this course has1 no doubt1 broken you of the coffee habit1 so avoid coffee in future1 and use milk or buttermilk instead1 as it will be much better for you4 ,resume the eating of solid foods by eating only one meal a day1 about noon1 taking the milk or buttermilk for your morning and evening meals1 as well as during the day when hungry or thirsty4 8,thoroughly chew your food after returning to a solid diet1 and thus avoid many stomach troubles1 while obtaining more nourishment from your food4 ,besides1 by eating slowly1 you will eat much less1 and feel all the better for it40 ,,plan ,no4 #abg4 ,,the ,,milk ,,diet 8,because people are inclined to eat more for the pleasure it affords them than for the necessary nourishment of the body1 they usually eat too much1 and suffer from stomach disorders and derangements in consequence4 ,especially is this true in the ,united ,states1 where high living is the rule1 rather than the exception1 and it is here that so many thousands are suffering untold agonies from various forms of stomach and intestinal complaints4 8,but ,nature herself has placed within easy reach of all a safe1 certain and pleasant remedy for the myriad maladies caused by improper eating1 as well as sufferers through inherited tendencies4 ,and that supreme and sovereign remedy is--milk4 8,the efficacy of the ,milk ,diet is now so thoroughly and firmly established that thousands have been the beneficiaries of its marvelous healing power1 while still unnumbered thousands are earnestly longing for the blessings it will bring them when properly brought to their attention4 8,milk possesses certain properties that heal and anoint those organs of the body which digest and assimilate the sources of nourishment1 and pure milk will counteract many ailments which no other seems able to reach4 ,the systematic drinking of milk1 under certain well established rules1 if persistently adhered to1 will practically restore the shattered and disordered stomach to that condition of health and strength which is its natural birthright and inheritance4 8,the first requisite in the use of milk as a remedy for stomach ailments is that it be absolutely pure and fresh4 ,it must not be taken cold1 but cool enough to be palatable1 though preferably blood-warm1 as it is then easier to digest and is more quickly assimilated4 ,it must be taken from healthy cows1 must not be skimmed1 and must be sipped slowly1 not gulped down4 8,in taking up the ,milk ,diet1 you must give up all kinds of food and drink--except milk--and it is best to rest the body as much as possible during the period of the treatment1 so as to conserve all your energies for renovating and rejuvenating your system4 ,complete physical relaxation during the first ten days is highly advisable1 lying on the back as much as possible1 and making no unnecessary effort along the line of physical activity4 ,afterwards1 however1 light work or moderate exercise is desirable4 8,taking into consideration the rich elements of milk1 it is best at first to take only small quantities1 and repeat often4 ,half a glass every half-hour will do to begin with1 and the quantity can be increased gradually1 until the stomach will retain a full glass every half-hour4 ,keep this up during the first ten days1 keeping your body relaxed meanwhile1 and after that a half pint should be taken every hour during the working hours1 and a pitcher of milk be kept within reach to drink during the night4 ,in a thoroughly well ventilated room the milk will keep sweet all night except in the hottest weather1 and is good in case of sleeplessness4 8,some people become bilious when taking nothing but milk1 the biliousness being evidenced by the regurgitation of the milk1 by acid eruptions from the stomach to the mouth1 and even by vomiting4 ,but do not be discouraged4 ,keep on drinking the milk1 for these manifestations are merely nature's protest against the condition of the stomach1 and not against the milk4 ,soon the vomiting will clear out the accumulations of bile and mucus from the stomach1 the milk will cease to distress you and will be easily and quickly digested4 ,if milk does not lie quietly on the stomach1 it is because the stomach is not in a fit condition to receive it1 that is all4 8,as the milk begins to be absorbed by the circulation1 it permeates all parts of the system and cleans them out1 for the cleaning power of milk is very great4 8,some persons1 after taking the milk for awhile1 begin to loath it1 and in these cases the juice of a lemon may be substituted for a short time1 but only occasionally to overcome the feeling of nausea4 ,a little lemon juice is also advisable following the vomiting incident to the biliousness that sometimes occurs4 8,in taking either the milk or buttermilk treatment1 the patient will experience1 at first1 great hunger1 and a longing for solid food4 ,in all such cases1 drink milk1 plenty of it1 and it will be both food and drink for you4 ,after the third day1 the craving for solid food generally disappears1 though it is best to keep away from food and avoid temptation for a few days and soon you will have no craving4 8,before beginning the ,milk ,diet1 a good dose of castor oil is advisable1 though not so essential as in the ,buttermilk ,diet4 ,but after the course has started1 no drugs should be used for keeping the bowels open4 ,if constipation develops1 as is likely1 flush the rectum with the enemas1 as in the case of the ,buttermilk ,diet1 doing this every day for three or four days1 then one every other day for the next four days1 and after that once or twice a week1 so as to keep the bowels moving regularly1 assisting nature in having regular passages every morning and evening4 ,always add half a cup of glycerine to the two quarts of warm water used as an injection1 as this acts as a lubricant and softener of the inner tract1 and water alone will dry out the colon1 which is dangerous4 ,if the patient is suffering from piles1 use a soft catheter or rubber in taking the injections4 ,the internal bath conquers looseness of the bowels and diarrhea1 as well as constipation1 and when used with glycerine is a sedative to the irritated colon or intestines4 8,how much time should be given to taking the ,milk ,diet8 ,that depends entirely upon the person taking it4 ,many who know its great benefits advise that it be taken at least once every year1 especially by hearty eaters and high livers1 who should take it for two or three weeks each spring and fall1 as by doing so they can always be perfectly healthy4 8,relief in chronic ailments due to indigestion1 stomach or intestinal troubles1 and derangement of the kidneys and bladder1 varies with the aggravation of the case1 and nature itself will show when the regeneration is completed4 ,but the safe rule is to continue the treatment until you know you are well1 though your judgment may not always be infallible4 8,fat people who take this treatment to reduce their weight1 and thin people who take it to build up their wasted bodies1 will know when to stop1 and by using proper care in the selection of foods1 will be able to maintain a normal condition1 but even then it is better to continue it a little longer than to stop too soon1 and not resume hearty eating too quickly4 ,observe the same rules in preparing the system for the taking of solid foods as are prescribed in the ,buttermilk ,diet1 beginning lightly and gradually increasing the quantity taken4 ,a few people are affected strangely by the results of the ,milk ,diet upon the nervous system1 where it has been badly run down by excesses in eating or the ailments that follow them1 but this condition is only temporary1 and will soon pass away through perservering in the diet1 and the nerves will be greatly strengthened and renewed by the rich new blood that is the natural result of the ,milk ,diet4 8,to only one class of persons is there any danger in taking the ,milk ,diet4 ,people who have organic heart trouble are liable to find the flow of new blood too strong for a weak heart1 and should be guided by the advice of a reputable physician before beginning it1 so as to avoid serious consequences4 8,the ,milk ,diet should be taken only by adults2 as children are rarely to be found suffering from stomach trouble and their strong young systems require solid food for proper development4 8,nor should the ,milk ,diet be taken by anyone without first flushing the system by the use of the enema1 as above set forth4 8,above all things else1 take absolutely no food or even a drink of water1 while taking the ,milk ,diet1 as this will undo all the good that has been accomplished and make it necessary to begin all over again4 8,fat people usually lose two or three pounds a day when they first begin taking the ,milk ,diet strictly according to the instructions herein given1 while thin people commence to gain in weight1 for it brings real health1 instead of merely artificial relief1 such as is given by drugs4 ,and after the treatment is taken1 practice simple living1 eating plain but substantial food1 and you will find yourself completely restored to perfect health4 ,in the meantime1 keep the bowels regular1 by an occasional enema if necessary1 and your troubles will be over4 ,however1 you can bring them all back1 by again abusing the delicate organism of the stomach4 8,sleep enough1 but not too much1 in well ventilated rooms4 ,exercise moderately and thoroughly masticate your food before swallowing it40 ,within a month after inserting the advertisements1 several hundred people had ordered the course1 remitting the #a requisite1 and almost without exception those who completed the treatment according to the instructions sent1 began sending testimonials to the marvelous effects of the ,diet in their individual cases4 ,the enterprising citizen had no capital invested1 carried no stock1 and had only to mail the printed instructions for taking the treatment1 and the patients gladly did the rest4 ,and he not only made a good living for himself but brought health and happiness to a host of suffering people4 ,,plan ,no4 #abg;,b4 ,,making ,,orchard ,,and ,,garden ,,pay ,a farmer's wife in ,iowa1 who wanted to make some money of her own1 instead of feeling that she had to ask her husband for every dollar she received1 started in a systematic manner to have a bank account of her own4 ,the family lived within twenty miles of a large city1 and the farm contained an extensive orchard1 as well as over an acre devoted to gardening purposes1 and in these the wife found a broad field for her activities4 ,she thoroughly understood the many tempting ways in which fruits1 vegetables and other orchard and garden products can be put up1 and she knew the city people would pay for the products of her skill1 so she entered upon an extensive campaign of canning1 pickling and preserving1 any one of which lines will furnish any energetic woman with a way for making money1 even though she may adopt only one of the profitable plans4 ,she could not begin to supply the demands of the city people4 ,,plan ,no4 #abh4 ,,pickled ,,peaches ,,and ,,pears ,there are few things that have a more delicious taste than pickled peaches or pears1 especially when pickled the way this farmer's wife pickled them4 ,take one-half cup of vinegar and one-half pound of sugar to a little over a pound of the fruit4 ,place the sugar and vinegar over the fire until it comes to a boil4 ,add a layer of fruit1 and cook until soft enough to run fork through it2 then remove the fruit and fill the same way until all are done4 ,the syrup needs no more cooking4 ,stick cloves in the fruit before cooking1 and add cinnamon to syrup1 if desired4 ,when she sent these to the city1 she soon had calls for more1 and the prices they brought were a source of much pride as well as profit to the energetic housewife who put them up4 ,,plan ,no4 #abi4 ,,pickled ,,apples ,apples1 especially those of the choicest varieties1 are very good without pickling1 but a great deal more so when they are pickled the way the farmer's wife prepared them1 as follows3 ,take ripe1 hard1 sweet apples4 ,peel evenly1 and if the apples are perfect1 leave them whole1 otherwise cut in quarters4 ,to a peck of apples1 take about two quarts of vinegar and four pounds of sugar1 half an ounce of mace1 half an ounce of cloves1 and the same amount of allspice1 all unground2 one teaspoonful of mustard seed1 a few pepper grains and a little salt4 ,heat the vinegar and sugar together to the boiling point1 skim well1 put the spices in a thin muslin bag and add the vinegar1 then put in the apples4 ,place over the fire1 and stew slowly until the apples are soft4 ,then take out the apples1 let the vinegar boil down1 and pour in over the fruit4 ,cover and put away4 ,of course1 in making large quantities1 she increased the amount of the ingredients accordingly1 yet maintained the proportions named4 ,,plan ,no4 #acj4 ,,pickled ,,cherries ,the cherry trees were full that year1 and she made good use of cherries by using this recipe3 ,to every quart of cherries1 allow a cupful of vinegar1 one-half cupful of sugar1 one dozen whole cloves1 half a dozen blades of mace4 ,put the vinegar and sugar on to heat1 with the spices1 boil five minutes1 turn out into a covered stoneware vessel and let it get perfectly cool4 ,strain out the spices1 fill small jar three-fourths full of cherries1 then fill up with cold vinegar4 ,cork or seal tightly4 ,leave the stems on the cherries4 ,besides filling several shelves in her own cellar with these1 she sold large quantities to her city customers at 8top0 prices4 ,,plan ,no4 #aca4 ,,pickled ,,plums ,it would hardly seem possible to make a plum any better than it is when ripe and right off the tree1 but this ,iowa woman did so as follows3 ,to seven pounds of plums1 take four pounds of sugar and two ounces each of stick cinnamon and cloves1 one quart of vinegar and a little mace4 ,put in the jar first a layer of plums1 then a layer of spices2 scald the vinegar and sugar together1 and pour over the plums1 and when the jar is full1 scald all together4 ,they are then ready for use at once4 ,but she didn't use all she put up4 ,she sold to city people who liked her other products so well4 ,,plan ,no4 #acb4 ,,sweet ,,cucumber ,,pickles ,people like cucumber pickles1 so this woman catered to their taste as follows3 ,take ripe cucumbers1 cut in two1 scrape out the seeds1 cut into strips and soak over night in salt water4 ,to every quart of vinegar add one pound of sugar2 boil and skim4 ,boil the strips in vinegar until tender and quite transparent4 ,take out the pickles1 strain the vinegar1 put it over the fire with a small muslin bag of mixed spices1 boil two hours1 pour over the pickles1 cover and put away4 ,she sold these pickles at a good profit4 ,,plan ,no4 #acc4 ,,indian ,,chutney ,,make ,this will be something new to many people1 but it is so good that almost any woman could derive a good living from making and selling this and nothing else4 ,here is the way the ,iowa lady made it3 ,pare1 core and chop in small squares pieces half a pound of sour apples1 and to them add half a pound each of tomatoes1 brown sugar1 stoned raisins and salt1 a quarter of a pound each of cayenne pepper and powdered ginger1 two ounces each of onions and garlic1 one quart of lemon juice and three quarts of vinegar4 ,mix all well together1 and put in a closely covered jar4 ,keep in a warm place1 and stir every day for a month1 being careful to see that it is kept covered2 strain through a sieve at the end of this time and bottle4 ,the liquor may be used as a sauce for fish or meat1 and imparts a flavor seldom equaled4 ,,plan ,no4 #acd4 ,,spiced ,,currants ,any one should be able to obtain any quantity of currants desired in their season1 and make extra money by spicing them as this ,iowa lady did1 as follows3 ,three pounds of white sugar1 five pounds of ripe currants1 one tablespoonful each of cinnamon1 nutmeg1 cloves and allspice4 ,boil currants one hour1 then add sugar1 spices and one-half pint of vinegar and boil one-half hour longer4 ,this was one of the best sellers she put up4 ,,plan ,no4 #ace4 ,,tomato ,,preserves ,with tomatoes as plentiful and cheap as they are almost every year1 and with so many people who like them1 it is a wonder that thousands of women do not make a living by preserving1 according to the following recipe1 which this lady used3 ,peel the tomatoes1 and to each pound add a pound of sugar and let stand over night4 ,take the tomatoes out of the sugar1 and boil the syrup1 removing the scum4 ,put in the tomatoes and boil gently twenty minutes4 ,remove the fruit again1 and boil until the syrup thickens4 ,on cooling1 put the fruit into jars and pour the syrup over4 ,the round1 yellow variety of tomatoes should be used1 and as soon as ripe4 ,it is hard to imagine a more delicious preserve1 or one that will bring a better price4 ,,plan ,no4 #acf4 ,,crab ,,apple ,,jelly ,while thousands of bushels of crab apples are allowed to go to waste every year1 and cost nothing but the picking1 hundreds of women could be earning considerable money by gathering them1 as they make the best jelly in the world1 and it can be sold at almost any price one may ask4 ,this ,iowa lady used her surplus stock of crab apples as follows3 ,wash the fruit clean1 put in a kettle1 cover with water1 and boil until thoroughly cooked4 ,then pour into a sieve and let it drain4 ,do not press it through4 ,for each pint of this liquor1 allow one pound of sugar4 ,boil from twenty minutes to half an hour4 ,jellies can also be made from quinces1 peaches and ,porter apples in the same way4 ,even with all of this she could make1 the lady was unable to supply the demand4 ,she secured customers for her products through a few short ads in the city papers4 ,,plan ,no4 #acg4 ,,glass ,,polishing ,,paste ,nothing affords the housewife more pleasure or pride than to have her glassware1 mirrors1 window panes1 etc41 show that brilliancy and lustre so universally admired1 but it is difficult to obtain4 ,a young man in ,san ,diego1 ,california1 who had the formula for one of the best of these polishes1 but very little else1 anchored his hopes of making a living on supplying all the homes he possibly could with the means of keeping their glass surfaces shiny and clean4 ,therefore he made up as much of the preparation as he could afford for a starter1 from the following formula3 ,prepared chalk1 #i ounces2 jewelers' rouge1 ounce2 white bole1 ounce2 alcohol1 #c ounces2 water1 #e ounces4 ,mix into a stiff paste4 ,to use1 moisten a cloth with alcohol1 place a small quantity of the paste1 not larger than a pea1 on the glass1 and rub over the surface with the cloth until dry1 and until the powder is completely removed4 ,the result was good4 ,not having sufficient capital to advertise his preparation1 or to make it in sufficient quantities to employ agents or supply it to the drug stores1 he made up a small amount at first1 and introduced it into various homes by asking permission to polish up some glassware or a window1 and the lustre it left was so brilliant that he sold some of it at most every house in which he demonstrated1 and as the profit was very large1 he soon had enough capital to make it on a larger scale4 ,then he placed a crew of agents in the city and surrounding towns and thus created a demand for the product which the druggists were glad to supply from the stocks he had left with them for sale4 ,in a short time he was able to advertise it thoroughly1 and in the course of a couple of years he had built up a business that is today netting him a very good income4 ,but his success need not exclude others from this field1 and there is still room for hundreds of other young men who wish to follow his example4 ,,plan ,no4 #ach4 ,,hair ,,dressing ,,as ,a ,,profession ,a young lady in ,denver1 the possessor of a pleasing manner1 neat and attractive1 felt the need of making some money to help support her invalid mother4 ,she had been employed in a hair-dressing establishment for some time1 and had learned all the secrets of the business1 so she put her knowledge of the business into practical form and made a success of it4 ,she was personally acquainted with a number of women in her section of the city1 who1 though not regular patrons of the leading hair-dressers1 liked to have their hair done up in proper form1 and could afford a reasonable price for such service4 ,she therefore had some neat cards printed1 announcing that she would do all kinds of hair-dressing for ladies at their homes1 at very reasonable rates1 and1 calling upon these women1 she left her cards1 with a request that she be allowed to dress the hair of each one as a sort of demonstration of her ability1 also asking the ladies interviewed to hand her card to some lady acquaintance4 ,she was surprised by the large number of 8trial orders0 she received1 and she performed the service so well that practically all the women1 after having her dress their hair once1 insisted upon paying her rates1 which were not considerably less than regular hair-dressers' prices4 ,in a short time she had all the permanent patrons she could serve1 and the reward of her tact and skill came in the form of a good living4 ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #aci4 ,woman in ,business ,,plan ,no4 #aci4 ,,clipping ,,bureau ,there are clipping bureaus1 big and little1 in all the cities and towns in ,america1 but a short time ago there was one town of #f1jjj people1 in a western state1 where there was no clipping bureau1 so an enterprising citizen of the place started one4 ,he was on a friendly basis with the newspaper men of the town and was allowed the use of exchange papers4 ,next he interviewed a number of contractors1 builders1 architects1 supply houses1 manufacturers1 men prominent socially and politically1 and many others and arranged to furnish them with all the news items of interest within a radius of #bjj miles1 for #c4jj a month and up1 depending upon the character and number of subjects clipped4 ,then he rented a small office in a quiet street1 hired a girl for #ce a month to do the reading1 clipping1 pasting and classifying4 ,he solicited the business4 ,his receipts for the first month were #ajj1 the second month #aej1 the third month #bjj1 and on up until it reached #cjj a month1 with no additional expense4 ,he also read1 marking the articles to be clipped and mailed by the girl assistant4 ,his bureau is still running and is making him a good living4 ,,how ,a ,,wife ,,helped ,,her ,,husband ,the wife of a young man who had been incapacitated for heavy work by injuries received in an automobile accident assumed the duties of bread-winner for the family by carrying out a number of plans which she had always regarded as 8life-savers0 in case of emergencies4 ,each of these in itself would prove a means of earning a livelihood by any one other woman similarly situated4 ,,plan ,no4 #adj4 ,,started ,a ,,home ,,store ,this couple lived in a small western city of about #be1jjj inhabitants1 some of whom were well-to-do1 and it occurred to her that by utilizing her large front room and opening a little store in which all the articles offered for sale were made at home1 she could keep it stocked with many articles which she could make herself1 and soon build up a profitable business4 ,possessing extraordinary taste and skill1 by odd jobs she earned some money to be used as working capital for the store4 ,first1 she bought a ham1 sliced it thin1 laid some sprigs of parsley around it on a number of plates1 and set this in her front window4 ,she also made some artificial honey from a recipe she found in an old cook book1 and arranged this display so tastefully that her supply was soon sold4 ,then she displayed a variety of vegetables1 fresh from her garden1 and these also sold readily1 at good prices4 ,to this display she added plants of many kinds1 then delicious pastry of her own cooking1 preserves1 sweetmeats1 fresh laid eggs from her own hens1 and finally branched out into a complete line of home-made goods1 for which she found a steady demand the year round4 ,with the little help her husband could give1 she was soon earning more money than the family ever had before4 ,,plan ,no4 #ada4 ,,has ,a ,,flower ,,bed ,never before had she realized the immense profit to be derived from a well-kept flower bed1 but the insistent call for plants and cut flowers of all kinds gave her a new idea1 and she turned this also to excellent account4 ,her own personal care of the flower bed was the only capital she found it necessary to invest1 and she was pleased to learn that the large returns she received from this source represented just that much clear profit4 ,the more common plants1 such as pansies1 geraniums1 etc41 were always in demand by those who had failed to plant flowers of their own1 while the rarer kinds1 such as orchids1 etc41 were wanted1 at fancy prices4 ,she possessed the artistic taste necessary to arrange her flowers and plants to the best possible advantage1 and this arrangement no doubt brought many patrons4 ,to keep her flowers fresh1 she wet them thoroughly1 put them in a damp box and covered them with wet raw cotton or wet newspapers1 then placed them in a cool place4 ,to preserve bouquets1 she put a little saltpetre in the water4 ,,plan ,no4 #adb4 ,,home-,,made ,,christmas ,,gifts ,during her spare time she made a great variety of ,christmas presents1 such as sofa pillows1 pin cushions and trays1 jewel trays1 lamp shades1 chair cushions1 tidies1 book-marks1 catch-bags1 and work-baskets4 ,the latter she made of a few cents' worth of light drilling covered with ruffled net1 and when made they were fully equipped with the necessary needles1 thread1 etc4 ,some cheap yet substantial material was used as a base for these baskets1 and when tastefully adorned1 as she so well knew how1 they1 as well as all the other holiday articles she made1 sold quickly4 ,,plan ,no4 #adc4 ,,home-,,made ,,lace ,the prices which home-made lace commands in the cities would surprise those not familiar with this rare industry1 but when it is known that #ae is considered cheap for a simple point lace handkerchief1 some idea may be gained as to its possibilities4 ,of course1 many cheaper articles can be made of lace1 and sold readily at good profits1 and procuring a book that gave complete instructions for the making of lace of all kinds1 this lady devoted considerable time to making many things which she sold at good prices4 ,,plan ,no4 #add4 ,,school ,,children',s ,,needs ,as her little home store was near a school1 she decided to make up a number of needed articles for the use of the pupils1 and had no trouble in selling them4 ,these articles consisted mainly of school-book bags made of stout linen1 with fancy stitching and a strong linen strap2 also pen-wipers1 sleeve-protectors1 school aprons1 etc4 ,these she made in pretty colors1 with neat stitching1 and they were very handsome as well as useful4 ,sometimes she arranged with a bright boy or girl to sell these in school1 paying a small commission for such services1 either in cash or goods selected from her store4 ,that she made a success of her venture may be judged when it is stated that her profits are larger each year than those of some of the regular merchants of her city4 ,,plan ,no4 #ade4 ,,artificial ,,maple ,,syrup ,the following plan was adopted by a farmers' grocer who had located in a southern state for his wife's health and it proved more profitable than had his former big store in a northern city4 ,his plan was the making of artificial maple syrup1 a healthful staple product that cost but little and brought excellent returns4 ,he made the syrup as follows3 ,take one bushel of clean1 fresh corn-cobs1 place them in a large kettle1 pour in five gallons of clear water and boil for two hours1 or until it boils down to about two gallons4 ,then remove the cobs and strain the water4 ,then add five pounds of ,new ,orleans sugar and boil for thirty minutes1 and strain and seal in glass or tin cans1 with proper labels4 ,the corn-cobs give it the maple flavor1 which makes it very palatable1 though it can be sold at very much less than the genuine article4 ,by increasing the quantities of the ingredients1 he was soon able to make forty to fifty gallons a day1 at a cost of about #ab cents per gallon4 ,the cans cost him #bj to #cj cents per dozen1 and the labels about #b per #a1jjj1 the entire cost of one dozen gallon cans being about #a4ge1 while he retailed it at #a4jj per gallon4 ,at first he sold it through agents1 paying a commission of #be per cent1 and his net profit on one dozen gallon cans was therefore #g4be4 ,later1 however1 he wholesaled it to grocers at #ej cents per gallon1 and this netted him #d4be per dozen cans4 ,it was so good an imitation that it could not be detected from genuine maple syrup1 and those who bought it once insisted upon having it again1 and the maker soon had a long list of regular customers which insured him a good living4 ,,plan ,no4 #adf4 ,,carbolic ,,face ,,cream ,a young woman in ,vancouver1 ,b4 ,c41 who had noticed that most ladies gladly pay from #be cents to #a4ej for a two-ounce jar or bottle of widely-heralded 8face cream10 decided that she could make some just as good as the best of these1 and realize a profit of #gjj per cent4 ,she took ten pounds of oatmeal and boiled it thoroughly in clear water1 afterward straining it through a cheese cloth1 squeezing the meal through the cloth with a motion like that of milking a cow4 ,when well strained1 she diluted three ounces of carbolic acid with a quart of water1 then mixed it well with the meal1 adding enough water1 where it was too thick1 to make the consistency of cream4 ,she put this in two-ounce jars1 attractively1 and sold it readily at #be cents per jar4 ,this made enough to fill #ejj jars of the cream1 which sold for #abe1 while the total cost of the same1 including materials1 jars and labels1 was not over #ae1 so that from this one 8batch0 of cream her profits were #aaj4 ,it became a very popular product1 as the oatmeal softens the skin and the carbolic acid removes blemishes1 and these results1 coupled with a fancy name on an artistic label1 sold the cream as fast as she could make it4 ,the directions for use were as follows3 ,after bathing the face thoroughly in tepid water1 dry well1 dip tips of fingers in cream1 and rub on face until dry1 which helps to efface all impurities of the skin4 ,bathe the face again1 and dry with a soft towel4 ,how much money do you suppose that girl made out of this simple face cream during the first year8 ,exactly #b1ejj4 ,,plan ,no4 #adg4 ,,woman ,,dress ,,and ,,style ,,adviser ,a preacher's daughter1 thrown upon her own resources1 and feeling that she could not enter any of the ordinary occupations1 owing to the unreasonable opposition of her late father's parishioners1 decided to adopt the novel profession of toilet adviser to her lady friends4 ,having excellent taste in such matters1 and having long been looked to for counsel in the matter of dress1 she had no difficulty in securing a very considerable list of permanent patrons1 who paid her reasonably well for the services she rendered4 ,she opened a little 8office0 in her home1 and those who came for consultation concerning matters of dress or personal adornment she charged #a4jj an hour1 while her rate for accompanying her patrons on shopping expeditions was #ej cents an hour4 ,she advised her customers how to dress their hair becomingly1 the colors they could wear to the best advantage1 the style of gown appropriate to each occasion1 the propriety of neckwear1 hat1 bonnet1 etc41 and as her taste in these matters was faultless1 her services were so thoroughly appreciated that her time was taken up with these duties4 ,she had the firmness to insist upon her decision being accepted as final1 and yet possessed the delicacy to do so without injuring their feelings1 and made a much better living for the family than had her father4 ,it isn't every girl who is qualified to render this service1 but every town and city offers a great field for its performance4 ,,plan ,no4 #adh4 ,,nurses' ,,bureau ,a middle-aged widow in ,st4 ,louis1 who owned a large house and grounds in a good residential district1 but who was short of ready money1 evolved a plan for establishing a nurses' bureau in her own home4 ,from physicians1 hospitals1 city directories and friends1 she obtained the names of nearly two hundred nurses1 and from the greater part of these she secured permission to place their names upon her list1 with their addresses1 telephone numbers1 wages asked per week1 etc41 and with the understanding that they were to pay her a certain amount as commission for obtaining positions for them at any time they were not engaged4 ,they were to keep her informed when they were engaged1 with the length of time so employed1 and the means of reaching them quickly when necessary4 ,she then advertised in the classified columns of the city papers to the effect that she was prepared at all times to supply nurses at any time1 and notified the doctors and the hospitals of this fact4 ,she further utilized several of the unoccupied rooms in her home1 as well as the aid of one servant1 by taking a number of the nurses to board with her1 so as to have them ready for sudden calls1 and in this way offered facilities not theretofore enjoyed by either the nurses or those needing their services4 ,within a few months she was enjoying a living income from her novel venture1 and rendered excellent service to nurses and patients alike4 ,,plan ,no4 #adi4 ,,dress-,,cutting ,,school ,almost any woman who wants to learn dress-cutting can do so by using one of the numerous systems now on the market1 and it is an easy matter to get one of the charts that give complete instructions4 ,some women learn quickly1 while others are slow4 ,but here is one who made a good living out of it4 ,having thoroughly mastered the chart1 and being naturally gifted in matters pertaining to the fitting of garments1 she proceeded to open a school for teaching the dress-cutting art to others who wished to learn4 ,to each pupil one of the charts is supplied1 together with personal instructions needed in most cases1 and for these services and supplies she makes a moderate charge4 ,the first lesson she gives is on garments belonging to the pupils themselves1 and as others come in with dresses to make she names a reasonable charge for making these1 and even then her prices are much less than those of regular dress-makers4 ,the pupils do the main part of the work on these dresses1 as part of their instructions1 while the lady gets the pay for the finished dress4 ,she not only gets paid for the tuition of the girls and the dresses they make but also a commission on each chart sold to her pupils1 and in this way makes a very comfortable living4 ,after she became well established1 she also gave employment to some of the more apt and dextrous of her finished pupils1 and thus enabled them to make good wages for themselves4 ,,plan ,no4 #aej4 ,,etiquette ,,and ,,dancing ,,school ,a young society woman in a western city had recently been reduced to comparative poverty by sudden reverses which overtook her father1 and being of an energetic and resourceful nature1 she started a class in dancing and deportment1 to earn something with which to assist her now almost dependent father and mother4 ,she sent out circulars to a long list of her acquaintances1 announcing that her class would begin on a certain evening1 and invited their patronage4 ,she was so well known that she had no difficulty in securing a large class from the very beginning1 as even those mothers who did not favor dancing were anxious to have their daughters properly instructed in social laws and customs from so competent and trustworthy a teacher4 ,she also gave private lessons in both dancing and deportment for the benefit of a number of families whose early advantages had not been such as to fit them for the places in society to which they now aspired4 ,these lessons paid well4 ,,plan ,no4 #aea4 ,,woman',s ,,exchange ,women's exchanges1 as usually conducted1 consist of a number of women who form a sort of syndicate1 have a board of managers1 rent a suitable building1 employ the necessary help to carry on the work1 and pay annual dues of a stated amount each4 ,but an ,omaha woman1 who had only a very few dollars1 and had a taste for that kind of work1 concluded to start one all her own1 and she made it a success4 ,lacking the capital with which to rent a store room she used her parlor for that purpose1 and succeeded so well that in a short time she was able to move to larger quarters1 more centrally located4 ,she issued some neat circulars1 inviting the women of her own and other neighborhoods to bring any articles they had for sale1 and she would make an effort to dispose of them1 or exchange them for other articles they desired1 on the basis of a #aj per cent commission on all sales or exchanges made4 ,as nearly every woman has certain belongings which she wishes to sell1 or exchange for something else1 there was a hearty response to the invitation1 and her parlor was soon filled with a motley array of miscellaneous merchandise4 ,every article was labeled with the name1 address and telephone number of the owner1 the price asked for it1 or the goods for which it would be exchanged1 and the parlor was thronged every day and evening with women patrons1 who nearly always found something they were glad to buy at the marked price1 so that the lady's commissions began almost at once to assume very good proportions4 ,later she served lunches in her dining room1 and these also were liberally patronized1 so that she made a very good living from her exchange idea1 and finally became the owner of a regular store4 ,,plan ,no4 #aeb4 ,,shopping ,,as ,a ,,profession ,a ,san ,francisco woman who had excellent taste and judgment1 and large experience in buying1 decided to adopt shopping as a regular profession1 and found it a most pleasant and profitable occupation4 ,after making arrangements with several large stores in the city1 carrying different lines of goods1 for a straight commission of #aj per cent on all purchases she should make1 she asked and obtained the consent of a number of well-known business men of her acquaintance to use their names as references in launching her enterprise4 ,she had several thousand circulars printed1 stating that she would carefully and satisfactorily attend to orders she received from outside parties for doing all kinds of shopping1 and that she would make no charge whatever for the services so rendered4 ,these circulars contained the names of her references1 and stated the experience she had had in buying merchandise of various kinds4 ,then she advertised in a number of papers that circulated largely throughout the rural districts and country towns1 asking inquiries regarding her method of free shopping4 ,these ads4 brought hundreds of letters asking for complete information1 and in answer to these she sent her circulars4 ,she also obtained many names of people in small communities from seed dealers1 agricultural implement men1 and others having a large country trade1 and sent circulars to these also4 ,the fairness of the offer1 and the standing of the lady herself1 as evidenced by her references1 brought many orders1 and1 as she had announced that where cash did not accompany the order the goods would be sent ,c4 ,o4 ,d41 she sustained no losses4 ,the idea of having a competent and reliable person do all their shopping1 without charge1 appealed to them and they became her permanent patrons4 ,,plan ,no4 #aec4 ,,drugless ,,treatment ,,for ,,constipation ,a western man who was strongly opposed to the use of drugs1 and who had cured himself of prolonged constipation by a process of self-massaging of the abdomen1 was anxious that other sufferers might also receive the benefit of his experience1 and felt that the information given them was worth paying for4 ,he therefore had some circular letters printed1 fully explaining the method1 and advertised in a large number of papers1 offering this drugless treatment upon receipt of #ej cents4 ,the advertisements seemed to have created a decidedly favorable impression1 for hundreds of answers1 with enclosures1 were received1 and to each of these he sent a copy of his circular letter1 as follows3 8,the causes of constipation are many4 ,often it is an insufficient supply of bile1 or may be due to digestive troubles1 and always follows sedentary habits4 8,cathartics are injurious1 and make the bowels dependent upon artificial means for their movement1 and this in time may lead to paralysis1 with consequent loss of control4 8,to teach the muscles of the abdomen to bring on a natural peristaltic movement1 at least twice a day1 is the purpose of these instructions4 8,once each day or night always at the same hour stand erect and place the palms of both hands directly over your intestines4 ,then1 with no clothing over the abdomen1 with a circular motion from right to left1 begin gently to massage the same1 not rapidly1 but slowly and with a gentle pressure1 giving your hands a rotary motion over the flesh4 ,continue this for five or ten minutes4 8,starting in at the right side of your abdomen1 work your hands in a circling motion1 from right to left1 gradually taking in all parts of the abdomen1 but do not pound or strike yourself4 8,if satisfactory results do not come the first day1 or even the first week1 do not give up1 but keep at it until they do1 and go through with it at the same hour each day or night1 as you choose4 8,within a few days you will find your bowels beginning to move more regularly and freely1 but do not stop the massaging1 though you may reduce the time given to it4 ,in a few weeks the massage will require but one minute a day4 8,many kinds of food tend to produce constipation4 ,crackers1 cheese and too much white bread are particularly bad1 so that less rich food1 but more coarse foods1 as meats1 potatoes1 vegetables1 light puddings1 etc41 are necessary4 ,a raw apple once a day is highly beneficial and so are oranges4 ,eat regularly1 and take plenty of time to thoroughly chew your food before swallowing4 8,constipation causes the waste to ferment in the intestines1 producing dangerous poisons that are absorbed in the blood1 and waste gas in the stomach and bowels4 8,give the abdominal muscles plenty of exercise1 especially through deep breathing while lying on your back1 also by bending over1 swinging from side to side1 and other simple exercises that give stamina to the muscles of the abdominal tract4 ,take no cathartics1 but where artificial aid is needed1 use an enema of a quart of warm water1 in which you have placed at least an ounce of glycerine4 ,but even this will not be necessary after you have established regular habits through the continued use of this natural1 drugless treatment1 which costs you nothing1 no matter how long you keep it up40 ,this course of treatment produced the best results1 and thousands of them were mailed out to persons remitting the #ej cents each required for the instructions4 ,many of these people afterwards sent in unsolicited testimonials as to the benefits they had received from it1 and these1 as well as the financial returns brought by this plan1 afforded its originator a great deal of satisfaction and profit4 ,,plan ,no4 #aed4 ,,raise ,a ,,few ,,sheep ,a city man who had inherited a #dj-;acre tract of pasture land from his father's estate1 and whose failing health rendered it necessary for him to get out into the country1 concluded that about the only use he could make of this land was to raise a few sheep4 ,he therefore built a cabin on the tract1 together with a shed for sheltering the sheep1 and bought twenty head of well-bred animals1 which he placed in the pasture4 ,this pasture was well seeded in grass1 was all fenced and had a fine stream of water running through it from a spring that came out of a small hill upon which the cabin was built4 ,it also contained several shade trees4 ,he had a few hundred dollars in cash1 but the living expenses of himself and wife were light1 so that his small savings were sufficient for a year or two1 especially as they had planted a fine garden with berry bushes1 besides plants and shrubs of various kinds1 and had also bought a cow and a few dozen chickens1 so that the greater part of their living was taken care of4 ,in the meantime their flock of sheep increased rapidly1 and the cost of raising them was small in money and labor4 ,this man and his wife were agreeably surprised at the end of the third year to find that their little flock had earned for them over #a1ejj4 ,that amount has been greatly increased with each succeeding year1 and has brought them a larger yearly income than would the highest salaried position in the city4 ,and their health has also been completely restored through the out-door life they have led4 ,,plan ,no4 #aee4 ,,making ,,cozy ,,corners ,not one woman in ten thousand would ever have thought of the plan which this talented woman living in an eastern city thought out and adopted as a means of earning a very comfortable living1 when confronted with the necessity for doing so4 ,possessing artistic tastes and tendencies1 she began by arranging delightful cozy corners for people who were able to pay good prices for the charming effects she designed and produced1 yet who lacked the originality to plan them with the delicacy and harmony that characterized her designs4 ,many of these she originated1 while others were taken from the homes of her friends4 ,these she photographed1 arranged them in a large album1 and carried them from house to house4 ,in most of the homes visited1 these designs created a profound impression1 owing to their originality and beauty1 and when she submitted estimates of the cost of duplicating these1 or where desired1 of making a special design1 which of course included her own services1 she usually received an order at once1 and soon found she had all the work she could possibly do1 at prices that in the aggregate brought her a revenue of several thousand dollars a year4 ,when the cozy corner was finished1 she would impress upon the lady of the house the satisfaction it would afford her to have the same photographed1 so she could send pictures of it to her friends1 and as she was herself an expert with the camera1 she earned many extra dollars by making these photos4 ,,plan ,no4 #aef4 ,,briefing ,,the ,,briefs ,a middle-aged man in a western city1 who had practiced law for some years in the middle west1 but later drifted into the newspaper business1 for the double reason that he liked it better and was more adapted to it1 finally took up general publicity work as a profession and soon became recognized as a leader in his line4 ,although he wrote a great many advertisements for commercial houses1 medical specialists1 dentists1 etc41 all of which were rendered usually attractive through their originality of design and their concise and forceful style1 he later began to specialize on booklets1 prospectuses1 etc4 ,he was engaged to prepare the matter for a number of books about to be published1 in which field his ability to extract all the salient points from subjects that are often laboriously and voluminously treated1 and to condense a long tiresome story into a short and interesting one1 found full scope4 ,one day a lawyer friend of his suggested to him that he could find a fertile field for his talents in re-writing the long and tedious briefs which most attorneys submit to the supreme court for review when taking cases before that tribunal on appeal2 that lawyers1 as a rule1 are poor writers and waste much time and effort in the preparation of their briefs1 with the result that they are not apt to receive the consideration from supreme court justices that would be accorded a condensed yet accurate statement of the facts1 with properly arranged citations of authorities1 etc4 ,profiting by this suggestion1 the publicity man called upon many of the lawyers in the city and1 after explaining why he believed he could greatly improve their briefs1 was given a number to remodel and prepare according to his own ideas both as a lawyer and as a newspaper man4 ,these proved so satisfactory1 that he was given much work in that line by several of the leading law firms1 and found his time profitably occupied4 ,several rising young lawyers with political aspirations also engaged his services in the writing of newspaper articles through which their names were brought and kept prominently before the public1 with the result that their progress toward a coveted goal was rendered much more rapid1 and a number of them are now holding important public positions as a consequence of this well-directed publicity4 ,,plan ,no4 #aeg4 ,,magazine ,,circulating ,,library ,a lady in a western state who had considerable literary ability1 yet who had not been successful in having very many of her magazine articles accepted for publication on a cash basis1 concluded to try another way of making a little money out of these same periodicals4 ,she offered several of her manuscripts to various publishers in payment for subscription to their magazines1 and these offers were as a rule gladly accepted1 so that she was constantly in receipt of the latest publications4 ,she had many neighbors who also liked to read magazines1 but did not feel able to subscribe for as many as they wanted1 and most of them would not borrow them from her4 ,this afforded her an opening to launch her pet scheme of starting a circulating library with her surplus stock of magazines4 ,so she had a number of circular letters typewritten1 announcing that for a small monthly rate she would loan all her periodicals to the members1 rotating them so that each would have an opportunity to read them all during the month4 ,as the charge was very reasonable1 and the benefits to be derived from the plan so great1 practically every family within a radius of twenty miles promptly subscribed4 ,the enterprising originator of the plan was thus able not only to bring pleasure to her neighbors1 but considerable profit to herself as well1 besides the satisfaction of having her neighbors read her own contribution to a number of magazines4 ,,plan ,no4 #aeh4 ,,made ,,money ,,from ,,mending ,capable seamstresses suffering for the lack of work are to be found almost anywhere1 yet if they would do as these four western girls did1 they could have all the work they wanted1 and be well paid for it1 too4 ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #aeh4 ,a ,stitch in ,time ,saves ,nine ,all these girls were fine needlewomen1 who could do all kinds of sewing and mending1 on all classes of wearing apparel1 yet each of them specialized in some particular line4 ,one made a specialty of putting new facings and bindings on dress skirts2 another did the mending on underwear2 another coats1 suits1 cloaks1 dresses and men's wear1 while the fourth mended laces1 gloves1 fine table linen and dainty things that women usually throw away when torn1 because no one seems able to mend them4 ,the girls roomed together1 and they had cards printed1 setting forth the class of work they did1 and these they took turns in distributing in various parts of the city1 often bringing back considerable work as a result of these expeditions4 ,they were not only polite1 pleasant and obliging in their manner1 but they did the mending so skillfully1 and yet so reasonably1 that work came to them quite rapidly1 so that they soon had all they could do1 and in time they set up a regular dressmaking and mending establishment1 which grew into such proportions that they were obliged to hire other girls to help them do their work4 ,,plan ,no4 #aei4 ,,beauty ,,bags ,,free ,a lady who knew how to make a simple1 cheap yet very effective beauty bag1 advertised in a number of papers that for #be cents she would send complete information for making the same1 and also send one of the beauty bags free4 ,she received hundreds of answers1 enclosing #be cents each1 and to these people she sent the following formula1 together with one of the bags complete3 ,get a package of ,quaker oats and a yard of cheesecloth2 cut the cloth into pieces1 #bx#e inches1 and with each of these make a little flat pad1 by doubling1 once1 and overcasting or loosely button-holing two of the three open sides4 ,fill with the ,quaker oats1 then overcast the remaining side4 ,on going to bed1 fill a basin with warm water and allow the bag to soak a few seconds1 or until you see a little milky substance ooze forth4 ,then use this beauty bag1 thus made1 as a wash cloth1 thoroughly rubbing the face and into every little crevice or wrinkle4 ,keep moistening the bag as you use it4 ,the effect produced will be surprising1 as it leaves the skin soft and clear4 ,but do not use soap1 unless you wish to ruin your complexion4 ,the bag will cleanse your face much quicker and much better4 ,the orders continued to come1 and the enterprising lady was many hundreds of dollars ahead at the end of the first three months4 ,and still the orders came1 for the offer is one that appeals to every woman who wants to improve her looks--and where is the woman who doesn't8 ,,plan ,no4 #afj4 ,,dustless ,,dusters ,a ,seattle young woman built up a business of her own by making and selling dustless dusters1 in two different styles both made of cheesecloth1 as follows3 ,one formula3 ,white paraffin oil1 #d pints2 cottonseed oil1 #a pint2 a little oil of citronella to give it an agreeable odor4 ,saturate the cloths in this solution1 and pass through a clothes wringer to take out the excess of the oil4 ,put in envelopes to fit4 ,the other formula3 ,one quart of gasoline2 #h ounces of whiting1 or1 what is better1 cilica1 #h ounces2 oxalic acid1 of an ounce4 ,thoroughly mix and immerse the cloths1 and hang up out doors to dry4 ,then place in envelope for mailing4 ,dusters made in this way do not soil the hands1 and the dust will stick to the cloth instead of flying everywhere4 ,they do not have to be washed out1 but simply shaken4 ,use the dustless duster the same way as any other duster4 ,it does not injure the finest surface4 ,a few small ads4 in the city and other papers offering to send the dustless duster complete for #be cents1 brought answers1 and as they gave satisfaction1 almost every one sent out brought in from two to half a dozen orders1 so that in a short time the young lady was doing a splendid business4 ,,plan ,no4 #afa4 ,,copying ,,pad ,the following directions for making a copying pad were sent out for #aj cents each by a young man in ,chicago1 to those remitting that amount to him1 in answer to an ad4 he inserted in a number of newspapers covering wide territory3 ,take white gelatine1 #d ounces2 glycerine #bj ounces4 ,melt the gelatine in water1 then add the glycerine1 after warming it1 and stir until well mixed4 ,pour into a pan #ajx#ab inches square and inch deep4 ,write your copy on a sheet of paper with ink made of methyl violet1 #a ounce2 water1 #g ounces4 ,put on the stove and heat until dissolved1 stirring often4 ,add hot water1 to replace that which evaporates4 ,when dissolved1 add #b ounces of glycerine4 ,use a new pen in writing4 ,lay copy face down on the pad1 and let it remain two minutes1 then take it off4 ,from #ej to #ajj copies may be taken by laying blank paper on the impression1 and repeating the operation until as many copies as desired have been made4 ,clean the pad with a wet sponge as soon as you are through copying1 and keep it in a dry place4 ,he sold several thousand copies of these instructions1 at #aj cents each1 and most of this1 of course1 was clear profit4 ,,plan ,no4 #afb4 ,,cleaning ,,compound ,,powder ,a compound that will thoroughly clean clothing1 gloves1 carpets1 etc41 and that can be sold at a profit for #aj cents a package1 is something that everyone wants and that anyone can sell4 ,a young man in ,spokane1 ,washington1 who had an excellent formula for a compound of this kind1 tried it and found it successful4 ,he put it up with the following ingredients1 when making a small amount1 and simply increased the amounts of each in proportion as larger quantities were required3 ,powdered castile soap1 #b pounds2 borax powder1 #b ounces2 powdered saltpetre1 #d ounces4 ,mix thoroughly and put up dry in small envelopes1 holding about one teaspoonful each4 ,directions for use3 ,dissolve the contents of package in hot water1 leave stand until cool1 and apply a small quantity to affected spot1 whether of dirt or grease1 then clean with a dry cloth4 ,this compound will not explode1 but is harmless and safe to use4 ,placing a rubber band around either twelve or twenty-four of the packages1 he put #ejj packages in a small hand-bag1 and made a house to house canvass4 ,at each house he would ask the lady if she had any boys or girls4 ,if so1 wouldn't they like to make some money or earn a valuable premium8 ,the answer usually was yes1 and he would then leave with the lady as many of the packages as she thought her children could sell at #aj cents each1 taking her receipt therefor4 ,he would then go on to the next house1 and make the same arrangement4 ,in less than half a day he placed the entire #ejj packages in homes for sale1 and a week later called and collected for those sold1 allowing a cash commission of #b cents a package1 or giving some small1 inexpensive premium1 whichever was preferred4 ,in most cases the mother would have tried the compound herself1 and finding it excellent for cleaning goods of all kinds1 she would usually order several more packages4 ,he also placed considerable quantities of the compound in general stores1 where it sold readily1 and later made it a mail order proposition by advertising it in a list of good papers4 ,,plan ,no4 #afc4 ,,sewing ,,lessons ,,for ,,children ,why shouldn't the little girls begin to learn dressmaking as soon as they are able to use a needle and thread8 ,that is what a ,seattle lady thought1 and she advertises in the daily papers that she will teach dressmaking to children on certain afternoons of each week for #be cents a lesson4 ,she already has a large number of pupils1 is rapidly enrolling more1 and says it is surprising the way the little misses show an interest in the work4 ,,plan ,no4 #afd4 ,,cucumber ,,culture ,a young ,irishman1 who had a wife and two children1 was working as a motorman1 at #b4jj a day1 and his entire future seemed to be limited to that #ad a week1 with no holidays or ,sundays off1 to allow him to get acquainted with his family4 ,one particular locality on his route impressed him as an ideal place for raising cucumbers to supply the market a few miles away4 ,the prospect looked good to him1 but as he had only about #ejj in cash1 and it would require at least #a1jjj to build a greenhouse1 the outlook was not especially inviting4 ,finally1 after many efforts1 he succeeded in borrowing #a1jjj1 built a greenhouse1 and began the culture of cucumbers4 ,he was apt at the business1 and the first year he made enough to pay back the #a1jjj1 live well1 and have a neat little sum saved besides4 ,then he borrowed #a1gjj more1 built another greenhouse1 leased more land and at the end of eighteen months was again free from debt4 ,he increased his acreage1 enlarged his greenhouses1 and began to grow two crops a year1 instead of one4 ,he now has thirteen acres of ground all under glass1 and owns an establishment free from debt1 conservatively valued at #ej1jjj4 ,he made a specialty of cucumber and the marketing of this crop4 ,,plan ,no4 #afe4 ,,palmistry ,,by ,,mail ,there are thousands of people who don't believe--or at least pretend they don't--in palmistry as a means of learning what the future has in store1 but almost anyone is willing to pay for having the palm of the hand read1 either through confidence or curiosity1 for 8there may be something in it1 after all40 ,anyway1 a lady in a southern city decided it was worth trying1 so she sent #ej cents to a ,new ,york publisher for a book that revealed about all there is to be known of that science1 and made a careful study of this book4 ,she first obtained an electrotype of a very pretty woman's head1--not her own--and used it on her letter heads1 which also bore an assumed but rather fancy name suggestive of the mysterious4 ,she inserted an ad4 in several papers1 offering to read people's palms for #ej cents each1 and received many answers to this4 ,she had provided herself with a box of carbon impression paper1 and to each person replying she mailed a piece of this about #dx#h inches1 with instructions to lay the carbon paper on a sheet of plain white paper1 on a hard1 smooth surface1 such as a table1 the carbon side next to the white paper1 and press the hand firmly down on the back of the carbon paper1 so as to get a clean impression of the palm on the white paper1 and1 when this was done to send the impression1 with #ej cents for a reading4 ,she was surprised at the large proportion of those who sent the money1 but she gave a very good reading of each palm1 and no one seemed to be dissatisfied1 for she received no complaints4 ,she had previously sent each one a letter1 explaining how the ancient philosophers and others had recognized palmistry as a well established science1 and this no doubt had impressed the recipients with the fact that it had much value as a means forecasting the future1 as well as relating the past4 ,,plan ,no4 #aff4 ,,starting ,a ,,weekly ,,paper ,the journalistic graveyards are full of monuments to the misdirected energy and zeal of aspiring 8newspaper men0 who had plenty of enthusiasm but lacked experience1 or resourcefulness in the matter of ideas4 ,the young fellow1 however1 of whom we are going to speak had ideas and knew how to put them to practical use4 ,he knew very well that a new weekly newspaper that did not have something besides its own merits to amuse and keep up a local interest would be but a short-lived affair in any community1 so he devised a method which he felt sure would create that interest4 ,he employed a thoroughly competent publicity specialist to write him a small book with a catchy title1 which he could offer as a premium with each subscription to his paper4 ,the publicity man turned out an interesting piece of work1 which he completed in four days1 and for which he charged the prospective young publisher #ge4 ,a printer charged him #bej for #e1jjj copies of these little books1 and after giving one of each to #ejj new subscribers of his paper1 he advertised them in his own and other papers1 and sold the remainder at #aj cents each4 ,when the supply was exhausted1 he had more of the books printed and continued to sell them until he had realized a profit of #b1jjj from them4 ,by this time his weekly newspaper had grown in circulation and advertising value so that it was bringing in a good revenue every year1 but he kept on advertising and selling books with good titles1 as he found this source of income was well worth the additional effort4 ,,plan ,no4 #afg4 ,,marketing ,a ,,preparation ,by a carefully considered plan of furnishing a number of drug stores with free wrappers for their bottles1 boxes1 combs1 brushes1 and a host of other articles which every druggist sells1 an enterprising young man who had the formula for a preparation of unusual merit1 but with no money with which to push the sale of it1 succeeded in getting it so thoroughly advertised in his home city that he was soon able to open a handsomely furnished office and employ a number of assistants to put it up4 ,the preparation was exceptionally good or it would not have brought the 8repeat0 orders it did4 ,he began his plan by offering free to each druggist #a1jjj circulars setting forth the superior qualities of his preparation1 these circulars being the proper size for wrapping all ordinary packages that come from drug stores1 that is1 about #ix#i inches1 but with the printed matter set in a space #ex#g inches1 and at the bottom of each set of circulars the words1 8,for ,sale by10 followed by the name of the druggist using the wrappers and having the preparation for sale4 ,the man who owned the formula thus got his preparation well advertised at practically no expense1 while the druggists realized much benefit from it4 ,,plan ,no4 #afh4 ,,dealing ,,in ,,nut ,,meats ,you would hardly think that cracking various kinds of nuts and selling the meats would be much of a business1 yet a young lady found that it paid her very well1 and brought in many dollars during certain seasons of the year4 ,she lived in a section of country where nuts of all varieties were very plentiful1 and had noticed the waste in shipping unshelled nuts in bulk to the market4 ,she believed it would save considerable in the way of transportation costs if only the meats were shipped4 ,besides1 the difference in the prices would mean a neat profit to anyone doing the work4 ,walnuts and hickory nuts were the principal kinds growing in her neighborhood1 and these she gathered in great quantities when ripe1 removing the outside hulls by pounding them lightly with a stout stick4 ,providing herself with a good nut cracker and set of picks1 besides a dozen or so glass jars1 she began cracking the nuts1 aiming to extract the meats in halves or as large pieces as possible1 and placing them in the jars which1 when full1 she covered tightly with tops so as to exclude air and dampness1 and found that in this way they brought the highest prices in the market4 ,she previously had arranged with a number of bakers and confectioners in the city to take all the nut meats she could supply1 and could have sold many more had they been available4 ,to help meet the demand1 however1 she purchased a few barrels of ,english walnuts with the shells cracked and packed them as she had done with the others and sold them at profit over their original cost4 ,,plan ,no4 #afi4 ,,started ,a ,,luncheon ,,club ,living near a large motion picture studio1 a young married woman originated what she called a luncheon club for the purpose of serving the members of the company with a dainty luncheon every day at a moderate cost1 yet one that yielded a fair profit to herself4 ,having obtained the names of the various players from the manager of the studio1 she wrote a note to each of them1 announcing her plans and inviting them to join her club4 ,the members were to pay a stated price as weekly dues payable in advance1 and each could bring a friend at so much per luncheon4 ,having a good supply of linen1 silver1 and all the little accessories for personal comfort1 she made her purchases with much care1 selecting only such materials as were necessary1 and writing out a menu each week1 which was varied by many combinations that prevented any appearance of sameness from day to day4 ,she soon learned the little whims and preferences of each guest1 and made it a point to serve each one with what she liked best4 ,a large number of the girls from the studio joined her club at the very beginning1 and each of these members she greeted personally1 as a guest1 upon her arrival thereby creating a feeling of home-coming that had an excellent effect4 ,she did all the cooking herself1 setting out the lunches on small tables intended to accommodate only two guests at a time1 and everything about the place she kept scrupulously neat1 clean and inviting4 ,her club became very popular and she soon had all the members she could serve during the luncheon hour4 ,though she could have charged more1 she maintained the reasonable charges established at the beginning and found that the venture paid her a very satisfactory profit4 ,,plan ,no4 #agj4 ,,two ,,sisters ,,sold ,,spectacles ,two sisters1 both stenographers in down-town offices1 were having their vacation1 and being desirous of making some money at the same time they were resting from their regular work1 they were induced1 through the advice of a well-informed friend1 to take up the selling of spectacles1 especially after he had assured them that this was a line in which the receipts were practically all profit4 ,their friend informed them where they could buy spectacles for about #ah cents a pair1 which they could readily sell for #a4jj per pair1 and they bought several gross of these1 of different magnifying strength1 and various styles of frames1 together with a black carrying case and a few testing cards1 all of which came with the spectacles4 ,these they set upon a high tripod for making an attractive display of their wares1 while one of the girls sat upon a high stool behind the tastefully arranged stock of goods4 ,they had secured a good street location1 on the inside of a well shaded sidewalk1 and began explaining the merits of their spectacles in a quiet1 ladylike way1 to all who stopped to inquire about them4 ,their sales averaged about ten pairs a day1 or #h4bj clear profit4 ,,plan ,no4 #aga4 ,,keeping ,,brood ,,sows 8,even #ej to #ij seems a rather big price to pay for a single brood sow10 said an old farmer who had made a success of hog raising1 8but let me tell you a little story3 8,one spring two of my sows farrowed twelve pigs each1 and we raised twenty-three of the twenty-four4 ,when they were eight months old1 those shoats brought #did4ga1 but at war-time prices they would have brought a very large sum4 8,suppose a young sow produces seventy-five pigs during her life-time1 and she may do even better than that4 ,if this sow were owned by a small farmer1 he could raise the pigs for almost nothing1 and after he has saved out twelve of the best ones as the foundation of a superior herd1 he can sell the remaining sixty-three1 when they are eight or ten months old1 for enough to make a good-sized payment on his farm1 and to pay the cost of raising #ejj more pigs1 besides4 8,the good breeder must be a good feeder1 and he will find that1 with ordinary intelligence in the selection and care of his pure-bred stock1 he can make more money1 and have better meat products1 many times over1 then he can ever hope for from the ordinary scrub stock4 8,if farmers will pay more attention to the raising of pure-bred hogs1 they will be better off1 and be at much less labor and expense1 than from any other branch of farming4 ,let every farmer encourage his boy to have a few blooded pigs of his own1 so that he may have the benefit of all the profit they will bring1 and boys will not be so anxious to leave the farm as they are now4 8,i've tried it1 and ,i know40 ,,plan ,no4 #agb4 ,,farm ,,woman',s ,,ways ,,of ,,making ,,money ,unlike most farmers' wives1 this woman had plenty of time to devote to various ways of making money1 and put a dozen plans into practice1 all of which proved productive of good results4 ,her first plan was to pick arbutus1 which she sent to the store of a friend in the city1 fresh each day1 where it sold readily for #e or #aj cents a bunch1 nearly all profit4 ,,plan ,no4 #agc4 ,,home-,,made ,,christmas ,,candy ,early in ,december she made up a lot of nice candy at home1 which sold as fast as she could make it for #be cents a pound1 delivered4 ,she made many kinds1 and realized a good profit on all of them4 ,,plan ,no4 #agd4 ,,growing ,,tomato ,,plants ,this she found to be a profitable source of income4 ,she raised the plants from seed1 starting to plant about the middle of ,march1 and each #d-;cent package of seed produced plants that sold for #d4jj4 ,,plan ,no4 #age4 ,,baking ,,for ,,busy ,,people ,most farm women are very busy1 and often find it convenient to have some one do their baking1 especially when they have company4 ,this lady would either go to different houses1 and do the baking for the families1 who furnished their own material1 for which she charged #ce cents per hour1 or would do the baking at home1 using her own materials1 and sell the bread1 cakes and pies she baked1 at good prices to those too busy to do their own baking4 ,,plan ,no4 #agf4 ,,taking ,,orders ,,for ,,dress ,,goods ,she arranged with reliable firms in the city to send her samples of all the new dress goods they received each season1 and she showed these to the various women in the neighborhood1 taking a great many orders for different patterns1 on all of which she was paid a commission that amounted to a considerable sum each year4 ,,plan ,no4 #agg4 ,,taking ,,orders ,,for ,,extracts ,she makes considerable money each year taking orders for various kinds of extracts1 as well as for a popular summer drink1 which comes in boxes selling at #be cents each4 ,the drink is made by dissolving the preparation in water and adding a little sugar4 ,it is a delicious drink1 made in a minute4 ,,plan ,no4 #agh4 ,,picking ,,cranberries ,,on ,,shares ,as she lives in the country where cranberries grow in great quantities1 she earns many dollars each season by picking cranberries on shares1 and her share always sells readily at good prices4 ,,plan ,no4 #agi4 ,,gathering ,,chestnuts ,in the fall of the year she gathers chestnuts1 which are plentiful in that vicinity1 and these she sells at surprisingly high prices1 for everybody wants them4 ,,plan ,no4 #ahj4 ,,plays1 ,,and ,,teaches ,,piano ,,pupils ,along with her other accomplishments she is a good pianist4 ,she plays for dances and other gatherings1 and gives music lessons to a number of pupils4 ,,plan ,no4 #aha4 ,,preserves ,,flagroot ,flagroot preserves bring high prices in the cities1 and she adds many dollars to her income by gathering1 preserving and selling this4 ,,plan ,no4 #ahb4 ,,making ,,and ,,selling ,,may ,,baskets ,although ,may ,day 8comes but once a year10 she manages to turn this anniversary to good account by making and selling the baskets that are a requisite for its observance4 ,,plan ,no4 #ahc4 ,,raising ,,and ,,selling ,,poultry ,but her greatest source of pleasure and profit is poultry raising1 her selection and care of birds enabling her to keep only those that produce the most money4 ,,plan ,no4 #ahd4 ,,money-,,making ,,for ,,women ,the wife of a farmer living in the middle west has worked out several plans for making money at home1 and finds that they all pay her very well4 ,one plan is to make shades for lamps and electric light globes1 of rice and crepe paper1 decorating them with water colors1 pressed leaves1 flowers1 holly1 etc41 and these she sells to her neighbors for #aj cents each as they are very pretty and quite durable1 with care4 ,,plan ,no4 #ahe4 ,,crochet ,,and ,,other ,,patterns ,she designs pretty patterns in crochet edgings1 insertions1 medallions and initials1 and these she sells at six for #ej cents1 through ads4 in the local and city papers1 delivering them by mail in most cases4 ,,plan ,no4 #ahf4 ,,handkerchiefs1 ,,collars1 ,,cuffs1 ,,etc4 ,these she makes with rolled hem and crochet edge1 and sells them at #be cents to #a each4 ,pop-corn balls rolled in clear syrup she sells at two for #e cents1 while her potato chips bring #e cents for a small bag4 ,she makes braided or woven rag rugs1 white or in colors1 with woven or stenciled borders1 and sells them for #a4be and up1 while hand-made place cards1 favors1 etc41 bring #a per dozen4 ,,plan ,no4 #ahg4 ,,annual ,,sales ,,in ,,parlor ,,and ,,hall ,every year she holds sales in her front room and large hall1 and sells pies1 cakes1 rolls1 bread1 cookies1 doughnuts1 plum puddings1 fruit cakes1 jams1 jellies1 canned fruits1 vegetables1 etc41 besides her needle-work products1 and always clears a handsome sum from these sales4 ,she also takes orders for roast ducks1 geese1 turkeys1 chickens and squabs1 and finds a ready sale for all these from all classes of people1 at special prices4 ,many of these are delivered by parcel post1 and prove a good source of revenue4 ,,plan ,no4 #ahh4 ,,opened ,a ,,beauty ,,parlor ,a talented young woman1 living in a small western city1 wanted to open a beauty parlor1 but realizing that she was not familiar with the necessary details of the business1 went to a city some distance away and took a course of lessons from a dermatologist in the approved methods of removing wrinkles1 moles1 birthmarks1 freckles1 tan1 superfluous hair1 etc4 ,the course cost her #be4 ,before leaving the city1 however1 she also paid #ae for instructions in manicuring1 and #aj for the necessary instruments with which to do this class of work in a satisfactory manner4 ,arriving at her home town she sent personal letters to all the prominent women of the place1 inviting them to visit the neat and attractively-fitted-up parlors she had opened in her home1 and stating her qualifications for doing the work required4 ,responses to these letters were numerous1 and as the lady did exceptionally good work1 her reputation spread rapidly throughout the community1 and inside of the first year the net profits she realized from her small-town parlors were greater than those of many similar institutions in the large city4 ,she was both capable and careful in the treatment of her patrons1 who became permanent customers and made her plan an unqualified success4 ,,plan ,no4 #ahi4 ,,made ,a ,,hand ,,laundry ,,pay ,a man who had some experience in a steam laundry in a city moved to a small town of #b1ejj inhabitants and established a hand laundry that in a short time became a paying concern4 ,he had but a few hundred dollars in cash1 but found he did not need a great deal4 ,before leaving the city1 he had bought a light collar-and-cuff ironing machine that cost him #ej1 while #be more paid for a few little accessories he knew he would need4 ,he rented a store room some distance from the business center1 hired a couple of experienced women1 and advertised that he would do better work than the steam laundries of the city could do1 and at lower prices1 calling particular attention to the fact that the machinery in the big laundries tear the clothes to pieces4 ,he also offered to do mending of men's articles free1 and by turning out high-class work from the very first he soon had all the business he could handle4 ,,plan ,no4 #aij4 ,,making ,,inks ,,and ,,mucilage ,everybody uses ink1 and most people need mucilage at one time or another1 so that the making and selling of these necessary articles afforded a man in a small western town a very good money-making opportunity1 which he improved with considerable profit4 ,books of formulas for making these things can be procured from a number of sources1 but the formula for preparing indelible marking ink proved to be one of the most profitable of them all4 ,this ink is made by taking equal parts of green vitriol and cinnabar1 powdered as finely as possible1 and mixing them with unboiled linseed oil4 ,when strained through a cloth this makes a fine indelible ink1 and he found a good demand for it from laundries1 department stores and various other places4 ,he employed salesmen to canvass near-by towns1 and in a few months had established a permanent and profitable business of his own4 ,the ingredients for these articles cost but little1 the labels and bottles being the principal items of expense1 and the margin was sufficiently large to justify him in paying a liberal commission to agents4 ,,plan ,no4 #aia4 ,,newspaper ,,correspondent ,in every town1 large or small1 there are always news items of more or less interest1 mainly local1 but often of national importance1 and the man or woman who can collect these items1 put them in readable shape1 and send them to the newspapers in the neighborhood cities1 or larger towns1 can always derive something of an income from this source4 ,the editor of one of the largest and most influential of western dailies thus relates how he began his newspaper career in this manner3 8,i lived in a town of about #a1jjj inhabitants1 which did not boast of a weekly newspaper1 and yet there were many local happenings that would have been of great interest if published in the city paper1 which had a rather extensive circulation in the town4 8,i wrote to the editor of this paper and offered my services as correspondent from my town4 ,he was glad to secure my services1 and offered me a very fair rate of compensation1 based upon a certain amount per column4 8,i made it a point to write only actual and dependable items of news1 to clothe them in proper and dignified language1 with an occasional dash of humor in those cases where it was not only permissible but added to the force and interest of the article1 and my letters were all published just as they were written4 8,i added other daily newspapers to my list from time to time1 and1 as these were all sent to me free1 ,i began to absorb the world's news and soon became well informed on current events4 ,besides1 my income grew until ,i was doing very well indeed1 but when ,i was offered a position as reporter on this paper ,i accepted the offer1 and have risen steadily until ,i am now managing editor1 a position assured to me as long as ,i care to hold it40 ,,plan ,no4 #aib4 ,,an ,,exchange ,,mart ,how a man with original ideas established an 8exchange mart0--something he had never heard of before--and built up a good business along a novel line1 is told by himself as follows3 8,knowing the tendency of people to sell what they have and buy or trade for something they haven't1 it occurred to me that ,i could supply the wants of both classes1 and make some money for myself at the same time4 8,i rented a store room and bought two blank books1 one of which ,i marked 8buyers0 and the other one 8sellers10 and then inserted an ad4 in the local paper1 asking those who had anything they wanted to sell to come and see me4 ,i ran another ad41 to the effect that it would pay those who wanted to buy anything1 no matter what1 to call upon me4 8,before long ,i had on hand a large assortment of articles of every kind that were for sale--books1 furniture1 tools1 musical instruments--almost everything--and each of these ,i carefully listed in my sellers' book1 with the name and address of the owner1 and the very lowest price at which it could be sold4 ,a number of people also called to ask for certain articles1 and if ,i did not have them ,i made a note of what was wanted1 in my buyers' book1 with the name1 address and phone number of the person wishing it1 together with the highest price he would pay4 ,then ,i advertised for those things to be brought in1 and when they came ,i bought them as cheaply as possible4 ,next ,i notified the prospective buyer1 who would generally respond promptly and pay the price he had named1 or a little more if the article particularly pleased him1 and the difference between the seller's lowest price and the buyer's highest price was my profit4 ,and this profit amounted to over #b1jjj at the end of the first year40 ,,plan ,no4 #aic4 ,,auto ,,and ,,carriage ,,polish ,of the many thousands of automobiles in use a great many of them have the varnish worn off or scratched1 through carelessness and hard usage1 and this fact gave an enterprising young ,portland man an idea4 ,he made up a considerable quantity of a fine polish from the following formula3 ,orange shellac1 #cj ounces2 ,venice turpentine1 one ounce2 castor oil1 one ounce2 gum sandarac1 one ounce2 nigrosine1 one ounce2 wood alcohol1 #i pints and #f ounces4 ,these he mixed1 and shook them until thoroughly dissolved4 ,this mixture he put up in pint tin cans1 with tight-fitting tops1 the same as paint cans1 pasted an attractive label on each can1 gave it a fancy name1 and was ready for business4 ,the directions for using were3 ,remove all dust and dirt with a clean cloth1 and apply the dressing to the body of the auto or carriage with a soft camel hair brush1 letting it dry thoroughly4 ,at first he took orders for applying the polish to autos himself1 but he later decided he could make more money by employing agents to sell it for him4 ,each can cost but a trifle1 and sold readily for #a1 so that1 after paying the agents liberal commission1 he still had a net profit of over #ej cents per can4 ,later he began to advertise it throughout the country1 and in a few months he had built up a mail order business1 that netted him a good living4 ,,plan ,no4 #aid4 ,,singing ,,songs ,,through ,a ,,megaphone ,with a strong1 melodious voice1 a megaphone1 a hand organ in a covered wagon1 and a few hundred copies of a popular song1 a young man in ,new ,york ,city earned a good living4 ,this young man1 standing up in the front part of the wagon1 would stop the horse at a crowded corner1 place the megaphone to his mouth and1 giving a sign to the man manipulating the hand organ in the covered wagon1 would commence to sing one of the latest songs of the day4 ,when the crowd became interested1 as it always did1 he would stop singing1 offer the copies of the song1 words and music1 for #aj cents each4 ,the song sold rapidly1 and when the ten minute limit for stopping in one place expired he would start up the horse1 move on to another location1 probably in the same block1 and repeat the performance4 ,,plan ,no4 #aie4 ,a ,,subscription ,,agency ,most magazines1 as well as daily and weekly newspapers1 are always glad to pay a liberal commission for subscriptions1 and some of them offer bonuses besides for good lists of subscribers4 ,a young man in an inland city of the ,pacific ,northwest1 who had a few hundred dollars1 fitted up a neat little down-town office--after securing a subscription agency for a number of leading periodicals1 made a list of the same in alphabetical order1 with columns for the regular price and the price at which he could supply them4 ,if his commission was #a on a year's subscriptions1 he advertised to send a #d magazine for #c4fj4 ,where his commission was #hj cents1 he deducted #be cents to his subscribers2 if his discount was #dj cents1 he would deduct #ae cents from the rate and so on4 ,he issued an attractive circular showing the various discounts he would allow on each subscription to any of the magazines or other publications listed1 and sent these circulars to those answering his ads4 in a number of papers covering his territory1 and was surprised at the number of subscriptions he received through this system of discounts4 ,while each subscription thus saved #aj per cent or more from regular subscription prices1 it still left him a neat profit on each1 and as the lists he was thus able to send in were quite large1 he received enough in bonuses besides the discounts to himself as agent1 to make a very comfortable income4 ,,plan ,no4 #aif4 ,,publishing ,,programs ,there is always more or less money to be made in a good advertising plan1 and here is one way an elderly newspaper man turned his knowledge of printers ink to good account4 ,whenever a church or social organization in his town proposed to give an affair or other form of entertainment he would offer to get out a good program for it free of cost to the parties planning the affair1 and this offer was always gladly accepted4 ,sometimes he even offered a percentage of the proceeds for the privilege1 and this too1 was acceptable4 ,he would get the best figures possible from a number of printers1 and let the contract to the one who could do good work for the lowest price4 ,then he divided the program into small spaces for advertising1 which he could easily fill at fair rates1 and usually came out with at least #ej per cent profit on the undertaking4 ,there were so many of these programs to be obtained in his town1 that he continued this as a regular business1 and made an excellent living out of it4 ,,plan ,no4 #aig4 ,,church ,,post ,,cards ,any plan that will help to raise money for a church is always gladly welcomed1 but a plan that will do this1 and at the same time make a fair profit for the originator1 must be a 8good one40 ,a young printer in an eastern city inserted the following ad4 in a number of religious papers all over the country3 8,to raise money for your church1 send us a photograph of your church or your pastor1 and we will send you #ejj high-grade post cards1 with photo on each card4 ,sell these at #aj cents each1 send us #bj1 and keep the balance4 ,this is easy1 and can be done in a week or less40 ,the answers came in1 the cuts were made from the photos1 and the printed cards sent out4 ,the post cards1 printed1 cost #g1 the electro of the photo #c1 and the other #aj for each set was net profit4 ,as from two to ten of these were received each day1 one may judge as to the profits of the plan1 while hundreds of churches were better off to the extent of #be to #cj for each #ejj cards sold4 ,,plan ,no4 #aih4 ,,making ,,sachet ,,powders ,,pays ,,woman',s ,,college ,,expenses ,a young lady1 who wanted to make some money to help pay for a college course1 proceeded to make the money by making sachet powder1 her first 8batch0 amounting to fifty pounds4 ,as a basis for the formula1 she used1 at various times1 powdered starch1 fine sawdust1 oatmeal1 and corn meal1 and colored the completed preparation with a small quantity of analine4 ,the powder itself she made as follows3 ,wheat starch1 #f parts2 orris root1 #b parts4 ,reduce starch to a very fine powder1 and mix well with the orris root1 then perfume with attar of lemon1 attar of bergamot and attar of cloves1 using twice as much of the lemon as of the others4 ,this is really a violet sachet powder1 but she gave it a fancy1 high-sounding name1 which added greatly to its selling qualities4 ,by advertising it in a small way1 she created a demand for it that required help in making up the powder and filling the orders1 and by placing it in a number of drug stores1 she succeeded in providing herself with an income far in excess of the cost of a thorough course in the college of her choice4 ,after her graduation1 she continued to make these sachet powders1 which were mostly profit1 and as they were of unquestioned quality1 she received a revenue from their sales that paid all her expenses and gave her a nice bank account besides4 ,,plan ,no4 #aii4 ,,making ,,carpet ,,cleaner ,a married man1 who had endured the horrors of house-cleaning time so often that he knew how that ordeal was dreaded by housewives and husbands alike1 felt that he could bring a feeling of peace to thousands of homes1 and also bring himself a good income as well1 by removing the most formidable of the house-cleaning nightmare1 the taking up and cleaning of carpets4 ,therefore1 having a very fair idea of what would be a good thing to use for the purpose1 he proceeded to make a carpet cleaning compound1 as follows3 ,powdered ,fullers earth1 #d pounds2 common salt1 #c pounds2 turpentine1 pint4 ,these he mixed well1 passed through a sieve1 and packed in half-pound packages4 ,the entire cost was but a few cents1 and the paper boxes and labels added but little to the expense of making it4 ,he used this preparation by sprinkling over a square yard of the carpet at a time1 rubbing it with a stiff1 dry scrubbing brush1 and going over it a second time with a softer brush1 after the dirt was removed4 ,the same powder can be used for several squares1 until it is too dirty to use4 ,he placed an ad4 in the local papers1 offering to send a free sample of the cleaner to anyone desiring it1 and received many requests asking for samples4 ,the assurance that carpets would not have to be taken up to be cleaned1 clinched the argument1 and as there was enough of the sample to show what it could do1 he received calls for more4 ,then he employed agents1 on a good commission basis1 to sell it from house to house1 and soon had a demand for it that extended over several states4 ,,plan ,no4 #bjj4 ,,they ,,picked ,,berries ,owing to the failing health of the husband1 a man and his wife went camping in the mountains1 just about the time berries were ripe and plentiful1 and seeing an opportunity for healthful exercise as well as considerable financial profit1 they began an extensive berry-picking campaign4 ,they had taken their bedding1 some canvas cots1 a stove1 and a small tent to use in case of bad weather4 ,they camped near several cool springs1 and a mountain stream1 from which they caught a great many trout4 ,impressed with the immense quantities of berries all around them1 they went to the nearest town and bought a supply of jars1 cans1 and glasses1 #bjj pounds of sugar and had #a1jjj labels printed4 ,then they began their berry picking1 canning1 preserving and making jams and jellies of the berries at the same time1 and sending them to the city hotels4 ,their products were carefully packed in apple boxes1 and went through in fine shape4 ,when they figured up their receipts they amounted to #acb1 while their total expenses were #dj1 leaving them a net profit of #ib1 besides an enjoyable vacation4 ,this proved the possibilities to this work1 and this couple continued to put up more berries and received in return for their work a good living4 ,,plan ,no4 #bja4 ,,wrote ,a ,,church ,,history ,a former newspaper man1 living in a western town of #aj1jjj people1 became impressed with the importance of a well written church history1 and suggested the idea to the pastors of several of the local churches4 ,they approved the plan and promised him their support and co-operation4 ,selecting one of the leading churches he interviewed the members1 and from them obtained information concerning the history of the organization1 past and present1 with a complete list of the membership1 as well as the names of those who had died since the church's organization4 ,many interesting personal sketches of the older members were obtained and a review of the early struggles through which the society had passed in its infancy4 ,usually a photograph of the church itself1 as well as those of the pastor and a number of the more prominent members1 were included in the book1 while all the auxiliary organizations of the church were given considerable prominence4 ,the book was well printed1 and sold readily to the members and friends of the church1 at a price which netted the author a good profit4 ,having succeeded so well with this church1 he proceeded to write histories of other churches in the town1 and later extended his work to other communities4 ,it paid him so well that he has made it his business4 ,,plan ,no4 #bjb4 ,a ,,liquid ,,glycerine ,,soap ,he was a #aj-;a-week drug clerk1 in a small ,nebraska town1 but he had ideas and formulas of much merit1 and one of the latter was that for making a superior liquid glycerine soap1 as follows3 ,best soft soap1 #g ounces2 tincture of soap bark1 #c ounces2 glycerine1 #a ounce4 ,put into a vessel and warm gently until dissolved1 then add a dash of some selected perfume4 ,then strain and make up to #ab fluid ounces by adding the necessary amount of warm distilled water4 ,the soap used in compounding this should be the best transparent kind4 ,a trip to the nearest city revealed the fact that the agents of office buildings1 large factories1 department stores1 etc41 were greatly in need of this product1 to be used in their sanitary toilet equipment1 and would pay good prices for it4 ,in the course of a week1 he took orders for several hundred dollars worth and then placed it on sale in the drug stores1 at the same time notifying his patrons and the public in general to that effect4 ,that was ten years ago1 and today that former cheap drug clerk is the owner of one of the best pharmacies in the city4 ,,plan ,no4 #bjc4 ,,making ,,air ,,pencils ,air-pencils used in writing show cards and for other purposes can be made at home very cheaply1 and sold at considerably less than the kind one buys at paint stores1 and elsewhere1 at the same time yielding a good profit1 and a young man1 who did card-writing for a ,minneapolis department store1 figured out a way to make them4 ,at a drug store he bought a white rubber syringe bulb1 ,no4 #c size1 open at one end only1 and cut off the neck down to the bulb part4 ,then he got a small oil can1 of the size used for sewing machines1 etc41 and cut off the screw or thread part of this4 ,he inserted this in the bulb of the syringe1 and secured it with a fine wire twisted about the neck of the bulb4 ,he then screwed the nozzle of the oil can into the neck1 and the air-pencil was complete4 ,to fill the air-pencil1 he unscrewed the nozzle from the neck of the bulb1 pressed the bulb partly together1 placed the neck or mouth of the bulb in the lettering mixture1 and released his hold on the bulb1 thus filling it by suction4 ,then he inserted the nozzle in the bulb1 and was ready to begin lettering4 ,whenever he was through using the air-pencil1 he rinsed the bulb out thoroughly1 with water1 as the lettering mixture1 if left in1 would soon harden and render the pencil useless4 ,this home-made pencil worked so perfectly that he decided to make a number of them for sale1 and did so1 getting good price concessions on both bulbs and cans when buying a good many at a time4 ,having made up about #bjj of the air-pencils1 he advertised them in a journal devoted to department stores1 and sold the entire lot from the first ad4 ,receiving calls for more1 he made them up in larger quantities1 and1 offering them at about three-fourths the regular prices1 sold several thousand of them at a very good profit4 ,,plan ,no4 #bjd4 ,,profit ,,from ,,an ,,air-,,pencil ,a young card writer in ,los ,angeles1 who had bought an air-pencil for doing his work1 after becoming thoroughly familiar with its use1 concluded to take orders for various kinds of work from the city merchants1 and follow this as a special line4 ,aside from lettering show cards and the like1 he also did considerable work in objects1 done in relief with leaves1 flowers1 scrolls and other designs4 ,he also did considerable work in home decorations1 such as vases1 flower pots1 panels1 picture frames1 and other made designs1 such as 8,merry ,christmas10 8,home1 ,sweet ,home10 8,happy ,new ,year10 and other placards1 for which he found a ready sale4 ,the materials used were alabastine1 bronze1 flitters1 diamond dust and analine coloring powders2 white and colored cardboard of all sizes2 white wood1 glass1 and metal ware1 used to some extent for expensive pieces of work4 ,he utilized many new and original ideas in his work1 and showed remarkable taste and talent in execution4 ,an idea of his profits may be gained from the statement that plain lettered card signs that cost him from #a to #h cents to produce1 he sold for #ae to #bj cents1 while those more elaborately made with diamond dust1 flitters1 gold and silver lettering1 costing #b to #f cents each1 brought him from #bj to #ej cents each4 ,mottoes1 finely executed1 sold for #ge cents to #a each4 ,in many cases he gave instructions in lettering and sold outfits for doing the work at #b to #c each1 and made considerable from that source4 ,for making his lettering waterproof1 he used two parts alabastine1 #a part flour1 #a part linseed oil1 stirring them well1 then quickly adding cold water4 ,for the work thus treated he made an additional charge that paid its cost many times over4 ,,plan ,no4 #bje4 ,a ,,home-,,made ,,water ,,filter ,an old gentleman living in a western town of #e1jjj people1 unable to do hard work1 but obliged to earn his own living1 hit upon a plan that brought him a small income upon which he could live with comfort4 ,his plan was to make a simple water filter2 and1 as the local water supply was not of the best1 he sold all he could make4 ,taking a small wooden pail1 not painted on the inside1 he bored a hole in the bottom and covered the bottom of the pail with flannel4 ,then he put in a layer of coarsely powdered charcoal to a depth of #b inches1 then a #h-;inch layer of coarse sand1 and on top of this a #h-;inch layer of coarse powdered limestone4 ,setting the pail over a jar1 he allowed the water from the faucet to drip slowly into the pail1 where it was thoroughly filtered before going into the jar1 and was therefore perfectly safe for drinking4 ,this first filter he sold for #ge cents1 and with the profits on this sale he bought several more of the pails and a quantity of the charcoal1 with a few yards of flannel1 and made these up as before4 ,the people of his town were glad to get so good a filter for that price and he supplied several hundred families1 and his net profits were sufficient to maintain him4 ,he is now making filters for other towns4 ,,plan ,no4 #bjf4 ,,condensed ,,milk ,a poor widow1 living in a small southern city1 was practically dependent upon a splendid cow1 which gave more milk than she and her few customers could use4 ,she therefore conceived the idea of converting this surplus into condensed milk that would keep for an indefinite period1 and bring good prices when shipped to city customers by parcel post4 ,taking #aj1jjj parts of fresh milk1 #ej parts of white sugar1 and #b parts of carbonate of soda1 she placed all in a porcelain vessel1 and with constant stirring evaporated by heat of vapor bath at #adj to #afj degrees to the consistence of a thick paste4 ,placing this paste in small glass jars1 she sold it readily at fair prices1 and realized a good profit from its sale4 ,one pint of this paste is equal to ten pints of fresh milk1 and being a distinctively country product of assured purity and cleanliness brought a good living to this woman4 ,,plan ,no4 #bjg4 ,a ,,newspaper ,,man',s ,,plan ,he published a weekly newspaper in a field that was covered by one of the papers of a large city about thirty miles away1 and he was very desirous of showing a special service to the people in his community4 ,he made it a point to find out the people who came into the city1 and to ascertain this early4 ,so each morning he went to the ,water ,department of his city and obtained the names and addresses of parties who had water turned on1 and from this information1 made a statement in his paper concerning each person's arrival4 ,when the paper was published1 he sent a boy around to get the newcomer's subscription4 ,when there was a refusal1 the boy was instructed to say3 8,well1 the editor desired you to have a copy anyway1 so ,i will leave this copy40 ,the new arrival1 upon reading over the paper1 found his name mentioned1 and on his next call the boy easily secured a subscriber4 ,this is an excellent way for a person running a small paper close to a large city to build up his subscription list4 ,this man succeeded to the extent of seven or eight hundred dollars a year4 ,,plan ,no4 #bjh4 ,,perfumed ,,bags ,,for ,,the ,,bath ,the delights of the bath are increased #ajj per cent by the use of a perfumed bath bag1 which a druggist friend made up as follows3 ,fine oatmeal1 #d pounds2 bran1 #a pound2 powdered castile soap1 #a pound2 powdered orris1 pound4 ,mix well together and tie up in muslin bags1 of any desired tint1 and fasten with ribbon or silk4 ,each bag contained about one pound of the mixture1 and sold readily at #be cents each4 ,anyone can make considerable money by making and selling these4 ,,plan ,no4 #bji4 ,,vinegar ,,made ,,prom ,,strawberries ,thoroughly mash a quantity of ripe strawberries into a paste1 and let stand for #bd hours4 ,then press out the juice and let it stand for a few days1 to ferment and to allow the slimy contents to separate4 ,then filter the juice and put into clean1 well-closed bottles1 and put in a cool place1 where it will keep a long time4 ,added to good cider vinegar1 when ready to use1 it makes an excellent flavoring4 ,it was cheap and easy to make1 and profitable to sell4 ,,plan ,no4 #baj4 ,,canned ,,fruit ,,and ,,vegetables ,while ,mr4 ,farmer devoted his time and attention to the larger operations of general farming1 his wife made a profitable side issue of such subsidiary lines as the orchard1 the garden and the poultry yard1 in all of which the products were of the highest order4 ,buying ,mason jars in large quantities1 at a practically wholesale price1 she utilized these in the canning of fruits1 berries and vegetables1 as they keep longer and look better when put up in this way1 and bring much higher prices4 ,while her specialty was tomatoes1 she also canned peas1 beans1 carrots1 beets1 turnips1 parsnips1 sweet potatoes1 squash1 pumpkins1 sweet corn1 shredded cabbage1 brussels sprouts1 and many other products of that kind1 and they retained their original flavor and appearance throughout the entire year1 if kept beyond the winter season4 ,of fruits1 she canned peaches1 pears1 apples1 cherries1 blueberries1 blackberries1 raspberries and strawberries1 put up in their syrup for making pies and puddings as well as for general table uses4 ,hundreds of city people gladly purchased these canned fruits and vegetables1 and though she sold them at prices lower those asked for inferior grades in the market1 she still netted a good profit from all her products4 ,,plan ,no4 #baa4 ,,pickles ,,and ,,relishes ,,preserved ,she made immense quantities of the most delicious pickles and relishes4 ,she made these from the very best recipes she could procure anywhere1 and the product was so excellent that she was proud to have it known that it was due to her own skill in making everything just right4 ,the pickles and relishes she made of green tomatoes1 and the profit on them even at her reasonable prices were great4 ,pickled cucumbers1 cabbage1 celery1 onions1 cauliflower1 beets1 beans1 and a score of other garden growths1 took up a large portion of her time and brought large returns1 while chow-chow1 pickalillie1 and other appetizing relishes were in demand4 ,like the famous 8,pin-,money ,pickles0 of a southern woman who started on nothing1 ,snider's ,catsup1 which was launched in a small way by a wife1 and ,heinz's fifty-seven varieties1 this farm lady's articles were popular because she turned out only good products4 ,,plan ,no4 #bab4 ,,her ,,poultry ,,plan ,an ,ohio farm woman had learned1 through experience1 that there is no profit in scrubby poultry2 that these birds eat as much as the high grade1 and bring only the lowest prices in the market4 ,she therefore weeded out the mongrels and substituted pure-breds4 ,instead of selling common eggs at the corner grocery for #bj cents a dozen1 she was soon selling settings at #b4ej to #f1 and had a fine lot of high-grade cockerels which not only matured early but showed greater size and bulk1 and brought more per pound than the common ones4 ,she also dealt in the best strains of ducks1 geese1 turkeys1 etc41 and these were very productive of cash returns1 also4 ,a few ads4 in farm and poultry journals brought many orders for pure-bred poultry and eggs4 ,,plan ,no4 #bac4 ,,sells ,,flowers ,,and ,,garden ,,seeds ,this enterprising woman would never plant a seed of any kind except the very choicest variety1 and the result was seen in the superior products of her orchard and garden4 ,not content with even this showing1 she was continually experimenting in the cross-breeding of the most select specimens of plants1 flowers1 vegetables and fruits4 ,for instance1 through these methods she developed a climbing tomato vine4 ,this vine was a thing of beauty and a wonderful producer1 and she received big prices for a few seeds1 as everyone who saw it was anxious to have some of the same kind in their own garden4 ,her sales from garden seeds alone often brought her as high as #ejj in a single year4 ,,plan ,no4 #bad4 ,,bee-,,keeping ,one would think this farmer's wife would be busy enough without adding to her long list of home industries1 but she realized that real honey is a luxury1 for which people will pay good prices1 so she installed a few colonies of bees and1 with her usual thoroughness in all matters pertaining to the productiveness of the farm1 she gave them that degree of care which is necessary in order to secure the best results4 ,that orchard and garden proved a veritable paradise for the bees1 and they well repaid their favorable surroundings with a yield of choice honey that not only supplied all the family needs but furnished several hundred pounds for sale at high prices every fall4 ,as the colonies increased1 so did the revenue they brought1 and as but little labor or expense was involved in their keep1 they returned very large profits4 ,,plan ,no4 #bae4 ,,pickled ,,plums ,having a number of plum trees in the orchard that were loaded with fruit1 she sold #hjj or #a1jjj pounds of them at good prices1 and still having more of them than she could use1 she pickled them1 as follows3 ,to every #g pounds of plums1 add #d pounds of sugar and #b ounces each of cinnamon stick and cloves1 #a quart vinegar and a little mace4 ,scald the vinegar and sugar together and pour over the plums4 ,when the jar is full1 scald all together1 and they are then ready for use4 ,one taste of these always made people want more4 ,,plan ,no4 #baf4 ,,home-,,made ,,fireless ,,cookers ,only those who have used fireless cookers can have any adequate conception of their practical value1 or realize the manifold advantages their use affords4 ,but fireless cookers1 as they are made and sold today1 are prohibitive in price to many people1 costing1 as they do1 from #ab to #cj each1 according to the number of 8burners10 and thousands who would be glad to have them are obliged to go without4 ,it was an intimate knowledge of this condition that prompted an enterprising citizen in ,california to supply these people with fireless cookers which he could make in his own woodshed1 and supply them at less than one-third the prices asked for the 8boughten0 ones4 ,anyway1 he decided to make a few and see what could be done in the matter of sales4 ,he purchased a quantity of lumber one inch thick1 and this he cut up into sufficient lengths to make wooden boxes #ah inches wide1 #af inches deep1 and #ah1 #cj and #dj inches in length1 with a hinged cover of the same materials as the sides1 ends and bottoms of the boxes4 ,the #ah-;inch boxes were for one burner1 the #cj-;inch for two burners1 and the #dj-;inch for #c-;burner cookers4 ,he placed a thick layer of excelsior all around the inside of the box1 holding this in place with burlap1 long1 slender nails being driven through the burlap and excelsior into the wood of the sides and ends1 while a thick cushion of burlap and excelsior was made to fit over the tops of the kettles1 and cushions of the same kind1 made in circular form1 to fit closely around each kettle as it set in the box4 ,the bottom of the box was also fitted with a thick cushion of the same material4 ,on this bottom cushion was laid a thick piece of soapstone1 upon which the kettles rested1 and this1 when heated on top of the stove or range upon which the food in the kettles had been partially cooked1 completed the cooking and retained the heat for an indefinite period4 ,the air spaces left in the corners next to the circular cushions1 he filled with excelsior4 ,he made arrangements with a wholesale hardware house for a special price on granite kettles of the proper size1 in lots of #ajj or more1 so as to avoid the misfits that would result when housewives attempted to fit their own kettles into the circular spaces made to hold them1 and he was thus able to make them uniform in size4 ,in order to first test the merits of his product1 he made one of the #c-;burner cookers and gave it a thorough trial in his own home4 ,the demonstration was most convincing1 and proved that the fireless cooker which he could turn out at a cost of not to exceed #c1 was just as practical and effective as those made by the large manufacturers4 ,the #a-;burner cookers1 which cost him #b to make1 he decided to sell for #e2 the #b-;burner kind1 costing him #b4ej1 at #g1 and the #c-;burner ones1 that cost him #c1 including the kettles1 at #h4 ,he began by thoroughly canvassing his own town1 and was surprised at the large number of orders received4 ,the income from this work afforded him a very good living4 ,,plan ,no4 #bag4 ,,civil ,,service ,,as ,a ,,career ,,scope ,,of ,,the ,,civil ,,service ,,law ,for the following valuable information we are indebted to the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education4 ,this article was prepared by ,herbert ,e4 ,morgan1 of the ,united ,states ,civil ,service ,commission1 at the request of ,charles ,h4 ,winslow1 ,chief of the ,research ,division of the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education4 ,acknowledgment is due to ,dr4 ,john ,cummings1 of the ,research ,division1 for editorial assistance4 ,the adoption of a career is always a matter of great importance4 ,to the discharged soldier1 sailor1 or marine who1 through force of circumstances1 must 8begin again10 the particular place he will fill in the great army of the world's workers is probably his chief concern4 ,the purpose of this little pamphlet is to inform1 in a general way1 the men who made sacrifices in order that the world might remain a decent place to live in1 as to what the ,united ,states ,government has to offer in the civil branch in the way of employment for those who seek it1 and the conditions under which it may be obtained4 ,,the ,,government ,a ,,large ,,employer ,our government is the largest employer in the world4 ,the limits of its activities are those of the field of human endeavor4 ,before the ,united ,states entered the war nearly #ejj1jjj persons were employed in the ,federal civil service1 about #cjj1jjj of whom occupied positions classified under the civil-service law and rules4 ,of course the service was greatly expanded to meet the demands of war conditions4 ,in a normal year about #dj1jjj appointments are made in the classified civil service4 ,about one-tenth of the positions in the ,federal civil service are in ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 the balance being distributed throughout the country4 ,on ,january #af1 #ahhc1 ,congress passed what is known as the civil service law4 ,this act created the ,united ,states ,civil ,service ,commission4 ,the fundamental purpose of the law is to establish in the parts of the service covered by its provisions a merit system whereby selection for appointment shall be made upon the basis of demonstrated relative fitness without regard to political1 religious1 or other such considerations4 ,to carry out this purpose a plan of competitive examinations is prescribed4 ,the term 8classified service0 indicates the parts of the service within the provisions of the civil service law and rules requiring appointments therein to be made upon examination and certification by the ,civil ,service ,commission unless especially excepted from competition2 the term 8unclassified service0 indicates the parts of the service which are not within those provisions and therefore in which appointments may be made without examination and certification by the commission4 ,under the law1 positions of mere unskilled laborer and positions to which appointment is made by the ,president1 subject to confirmation by the ,senate1 are in the unclassified service4 ,unskilled laborers in all branches of the service in some localities and in certain branches of the service in all localities are filled through competitive examination under regulations promulgated by the ,president4 ,included in the classified service are positions in or under the departments and offices at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 the ,custodian ,service1 the ,customs ,service1 the ,engineer ,department at large1 the ,freedman's ,hospital1 the ,forest ,service1 the ,government ,printing ,office1 the ,immigration ,service1 the ,indian ,irrigation and ,allotment ,service1 the ,indian ,service1 the ,internal ,revenue ,service1 the ,land ,office ,service1 the ,lighthouse ,service1 the ,mint and ,assay ,service1 the ,national ,military ,park ,service1 the ,navy ,yard ,service1 the ,ordnance ,department at large1 the ,panama ,canal ,service1 the ,post ,office ,service1 the ,public ,health ,service1 the ,quartermaster ,corps1 the ,reclamation ,service1 the ,rural ,delivery ,service1 the ,railway ,mail ,service1 ,st4 ,elizabeths ,hospital1 the ,steamboat ,inspection ,service1 the ,subtreasury ,service1 the ,united ,states ,penitentiary ,service2 and the position of fourth-class postmaster1 except in ,alaska1 ,canal ,zone1 ,guam1 ,hawaii1 ,philippine ,islands1 ,porto ,rico and ,samoa4 ,,character ,,of ,,examinations ,where1 in the opinion of the ,civil ,service ,commission1 such an examination is practicable and desirable1 applicants are assembled in examination rooms in certain specified places1 conveniently located throughout the country1 for written scholastic tests4 ,in many cases1 however1 the competitors are not required to assemble for a written examination1 but are graded upon their training and experience and1 where necessary1 upon their physical condition4 ,these so-called nonassembled examinations are given for two general classes of positions1 viz3 7#a7 ,mechanical trades and similar positions1 and 7#b7 high-grade technical1 professional1 and scientific positions1 and administrative positions which can not adequately be filled by promotion and for which the ,government requires men whose fitness is demonstrated in a record of successful experience4 ,in such examinations1 competitors are rated upon the sworn statements in their applications and upon corroborative evidence gathered by the ,civil ,service ,commission4 ,in some examinations of this character1 these1 published writings of the applicant1 and the like are considered4 ,applicants for positions of mere unskilled laborer are given a physical examination only4 ,in all cases the examinations are practical and are designed to test the qualifications of the applicant for the particular kind of work for which he applies4 ,the commission's system of rating insures a fair and impartial judgment of the relative merits of applicants4 ,,number ,,and ,,diversity ,,of ,,examinations ,,held ,the vast range of the activities of the ,government requires employees in many parts of the country and with widely differing qualifications4 ,examinations are held by the ,civil ,service ,commission for all kinds and classes of positions1 from mere unskilled laborer to the highest grades of technical1 professional1 and scientific positions4 ,it is not practicable to name in this publication all of the hundreds of occupations which exist in the ,federal civil service1 but the list of positions for which examinations have recently been held by the ,civil ,service ,commission will convey a fair idea of the broad scope of the opportunities offered by the civil service4 ,,definite ,,information ,,concerning ,,pending ,,examinations ,there is seldom a time when examinations of less than #ajj different kinds are open4 ,definite information as to the kinds1 dates1 and places of current examinations may be obtained from any representative of the ,civil ,service ,commission or by writing to 8,the ,united ,states ,civil ,service ,commission1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c40 ,in any request for information made by mail the inquirer should state in general terms his desire and qualifications in order that his inquiry may be answered intelligently4 ,the organization of the ,civil ,service ,commission consists of approximately #c1jjj local boards of examiners in every part of the country1 reporting to district secretaries in #ab civil-service districts1 all under the supervision and direction of the commission at ,washington4 ,the local boards of examiners have their offices in the post office or customhouse in each city in the country that has house-to-house delivery of mail and in some smaller cities that do not have such delivery4 ,the district secretaries are located as follows3 ,secretary first ,united ,states civil service district1 customhouse1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,secretary second ,united ,states civil service district1 customhouse1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,secretary third ,united ,states civil service district1 post office1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,secretary fourth ,united ,states civil service district1 ,sixth and ,g ,streets ,,nw41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,secretary fifth ,united ,states civil service district1 post office1 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,secretary sixth ,united ,states civil service district1 post office1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 ,secretary seventh ,united ,states civil service district1 post office1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,secretary eighth ,united ,states civil service district1 post office1 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn4 ,secretary ninth ,united ,states civil service district1 old customhouse1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,secretary tenth ,united ,states civil service district1 customhouse1 ,new ,orleans1 ,la4 ,secretary eleventh ,united ,states civil service district1 post office1 ,seattle1 ,wash4 ,secretary twelfth ,united ,states civil service district1 post office1 ,san ,francisco1 ,calif4 ,all district and local boards of examiners are supplied currently with announcements of examinations and are fully informed concerning civil service matters generally4 ,discharged soldiers1 sailors1 and marines1 as well as all other citizens1 are advised to keep in touch with the boards of examiners in their respective communities in order that they may be informed as to opportunities for employment4 ,those who live in communities in which the ,civil ,service ,commission is not represented may obtain information at any time by writing to the nearest district secretary or to the commission at ,washington4 ,,mechanical ,,trades ,,positions ,local boards of examiners for certain branches of the service receive applications for some positions1 principally mechanical trades and similar positions and positions of unskilled laborer4 ,local boards of this class are located at navy yards and naval stations1 at ordnance plants1 at district headquarters of the ,engineer ,department of the ,army1 at headquarters of lighthouse districts1 at projects of the ,indian ,irrigation and ,allotment ,service1 and at projects of the ,reclamation ,service4 ,information relative to position which are open in any particular establishment may be obtained by communicating with the secretary of the local board of civil service examiners at the establishment4 ,the locations of the various establishments of the services named will be furnished upon request by any district secretary or by the commission at ,washington4 ,,physical ,,requirements ,the civil service regulations specify certain physical defects which will debar from all examinations and other defects which will debar from certain examinations4 ,these regulations are based upon the requirements of the service as established by the several departmental heads4 ,the general regulations provide that the following defects will debar persons from any examination3 ,insanity1 tuberculosis2 paralysis2 epilepsy2 seriously defective sight of both eyes which can not be corrected by glasses2 loss of both arms or both legs2 loss of arm and leg2 badly crippled or deformed hands1 arms1 feet or legs2 uncompensated valvular disease of the heart2 locomotor ataxia2 cancer2 ,bright's disease2 diabetes4 ,defective hearing will also debar from examination if the duties of the position are such that the defective hearing of the employee would be likely to result in injury to himself or his fellow workers or would otherwise impair his efficiency4 ,other physical defects may debar persons from certain examinations4 ,announcements of examinations specify the additional physical requirements if any are provided4 ,on ,april #af1 #aiai1 the ,president authorized1 on the recommendation of the ,civil ,service ,commission1 an amendment to the civil-service rules which permits the ,commission to exempt from physical requirements established for any position a disabled and honorably discharged soldier1 sailor1 or marine upon the certification of the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education that he has been specially trained for and has passed a practical test demonstrating his physical ability to perform the duties of the class of positions in which employment is sought4 ,,preference ,,in ,,appointment ,an act of ,congress1 approved ,march #c1 #aiai1 provides as follows3 8,that hereafter in making appointments to clerical and other positions in the executive departments and independent governmental establishments preference shall be given to honorably discharged soldiers1 sailors1 and marines1 and widows of such1 if they are qualified to hold such positions40 ,the foregoing provision applies only to appointments in the departmental service at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,section #aged of the ,revised ,statutes provides that persons honorably discharged from the military or naval service by reason of disability resulting from wounds or sickness incurred in the line of duty shall be preferred for appointments to the civil offices1 provided they are found to possess the business capacity necessary for the proper discharge of the duties of such offices4 ,section #aged applies to all branches of the service1 in ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 and in the country at large4 ,it does not authorize the waiving of physical requirements4 ,persons who are entitled to preference under the statutes must qualify for appointment by passing the usual entrance examinations4 ,,restoration ,,to ,,eligible ,,registers ,an act of ,congress1 approved ,march #a1 #aiai1 provides as follows3 8,that the period of time during which soldiers1 sailors1 and marines1 both enlisted and drafted men1 who1 prior to entering the service of their country1 had a civil service status1 and whose names appear upon the eligible list of the ,civil ,service ,commission1 shall not be counted against them in the determination of their eligibility for appointment under the law1 rules and regulations of the ,civil ,service ,commission now in effect1 and at the time of demobilization their civil service status shall be the same as when they entered the service40 ,,reinstatement ,,in ,,civil ,,service ,,of ,,men ,,who ,,left ,,to ,,bear ,,arms ,an ,executive order of ,july #ah1 #aiah1 provides as follows3 8,a person leaving the classified civil service to engage in the military or naval service of the ,government during the present war with ,germany and who has been honorably discharged1 may be reinstated in the civil service at any time within five years after his discharge1 provided that at the time of reinstatement he has the required fitness to perform the duties of the position to which reinstatement is sought40 ,an act of ,congress1 approved ,february #be1 #aiai1 provides as follows3 8,that all former ,government employees who have been drafted or enlisted in the military service of the ,united ,states in the war with ,germany shall be reinstated on application to their former positions1 if they have received an honorable discharge and are qualified to perform the duties of the position40 ,,some ,,men ,,who ,,have ,,made ,,good ,in the ,government service1 as in private employ1 unusual ability is rewarded by more rapid promotion4 ,as indicating that opportunity is not lacking in ,government offices for those who possess brains and ambition1 a few examples1 selected from a large number of similar cases1 may be mentioned3 ,in the ,department of ,labor an employee now receiving a salary of #c1jjj a year entered the ,government service as a compositor in the ,government ,printing ,office at #c4bj a day4 ,another1 in the same department and receiving the same salary1 started as a clerk at #a1jjj4 ,an assistant to the ,secretary of ,labor1 who is paid #e1jjj a year1 entered the service in #aijf as a stenographer at #ijj4 ,this employee1 as well as one who was appointed at #a1jjj and who now receives #d1jjj1 studied law while in the service1 attending the evening classes held by one of the several universities in ,washington4 ,a former ,chinese inspector1 appointed at #a1ddj in #aijc1 also studied law and by successive promotions has attained a salary of #d1ejj a year4 ,the present ,solicitor for the ,department of ,state entered that department as a law clerk at #a1fjj a year in #aiji4 ,his present salary is #e1jjj a year4 ,the ,department of the ,interior pays #d1jjj a year to one of its employees who entered the service as a copyist at #ijj4 ,a messenger boy in the ,post ,office ,department1 appointed in #aijc1 now holds a position in another department which pays #e1jjj a year4 ,an employee of the ,department of ,agriculture now receiving #d1jjj a year started in #aijd as a clerk-stenographer-typist at #a1jjj4 ,in the same department there is an instance of a rise from assistant messenger at #dhj a year in #aijf to assistant to the ,secretary at #c1cjj a year at the present time4 ,in the ,treasury ,department are two employees who rose1 one from #gbj and the other from #a1hjj a year1 to positions in that department paying #f1jjj a year4 ,the ,interstate ,commerce ,commission has afforded the opportunity to a number of civil-service employees to secure advancement to positions paying #e1jjj a year4 ,these instances could be multiplied many times4 ,no attempt has been made to cover all the departments and bureaus2 the selections have been made from large numbers of equally interesting cases4 ,aside from the excellent opportunities for advancement in the ,government service1 many men have received training in ,government establishments which has qualified them to hold positions paying as high as #ab1jjj a year1 and even more1 in private employ4 ,it is human to measure success by standards of money1 but1 of course1 pecuniary reward represents only a certain kind of success4 ,achievement1 work well done1 whatever it may be1 is success4 ,the civil service of the ,united ,states offers a wide field of opportunity where individual tastes may be developed and where real constructive work may be done4 ,its offices1 laboratories1 and workshops are equipped with modern appliances4 ,its libraries receive currently the books and periodicals needed by the worker in his effort to keep abreast of his fellows4 ,its working hours and vacation periods permit the worker to live while he works1 and he works better in consequence4 ,the civil service has much to commend it to the discharged soldier1 sailor1 or marine1 or any other citizen who seeks work4 ,,partial ,,list ,,of ,,examinations ,,held ,,for ,,the ,,federal ,,civil ,,service ,the following list of positions for which examinations have recently been held by the ,civil ,service ,commission will serve to illustrate the great number and variety of the occupations existing in the ,federal civil service4 ,no attempt has been made to give a complete list1 for it would not be feasible to do so in this publication4 ,practically every occupation is represented in the offices1 laboratories1 and workshops of the ,government4 ,it should not be understood that examinations are now open for all of the positions included in the list4 ,definite information relative to current examinations may be obtained from the secretary of the local board of civil-service examiners at the post office or customhouse in any of #c1jjj cities or from the ,united ,states ,civil ,service ,commission1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,the entrance salaries named are those which were offered when the examinations were announced4 ,higher or lower salaries may be offered when the examinations are announced again4 ,position ,usual entrance salary ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,accountant1 ,federal ,trade ,commission-- ,grade ,i #b1ejj-c1fjj a year4 ,grade ,,ii #a1hjj-b1ejj a year4 ,accounting1 commission-house1 assistant in #a1hjj-b1djj a year4 ,accounting and office management1 investigator in #b1jjj-c1jjj a year4 ,accounting and statistical clerk #a1bjj-a1fbj a year4 ,accounts1 examiner of1 ,interstate ,commerce ,commission-- ,grade ,i #b1bbj-c1jjj a year4 ,grade ,,ii #a1hfj-b1ajj a year4 ,actuary #b1ejj-c1ejj a year4 ,adjuster1 sewing-machine #a1bjj a year4 ,aeronautical draftsman #d-e4jd a day4 ,aeronautical engineer #c1fjj a year4 ,aeronautical engineering draftsman #a1ejj-b1jjj a year4 ,aeronautical expert aid #ac a day4 ,aeronautical mechanical draftsman #a1bjj-a1hjj a year4 ,agent1 special1 qualified as ,latin-,american trade expert #c1jjj a year4 ,statistical #a1djj a year4 ,agricultural assistant #a1djj-a1fjj a year4 ,agricultural economics1 assistant in #a1hjj-b1bhj a year4 ,agricultural education-- ,assistant in #b1jjj-c1jjj a year4 ,special agent for #c1jjj-c1ejj a year4 ,specialist in #c1jjj a year4 ,agricultural inspector 7,philippine7 #a1bjj-a1djj a year4 ,agricultural technology1 laboratory aid in #gbj-a1jhj a year4 ,agriculture-- ,dry-land1 assistant in #a1bjj-b1jjj a year4 ,scientific and practical1 expert in #b1ejj a year4 ,agriculturist1 assistant #b1jdj-b1ebj a year4 ,agriculturist in extension work #a1hjj-b1gej a year4 ,agriculturist and field agent #b1jjj-c1jjj a year4 ,agronomy1 scientific assistant in #a1bjj-a1hjj a year4 ,agrostologist1 assistant #a1fjj-b1jdj a year4 ,aid-- ,aeronautical1 expert #ac a day4 ,bureau of ,standards #fjj-gbj a year4 ,chemist's #gbj-a1bjj a year4 ,coast and ,geodetic ,survey #a1jjj-a1cjj a year4 ,division of ,plants1 ,national ,museum #a1bjj a year4 ,electrical and mechanical1 expert #f a day4 ,senior #ab a day4 ,electrical1 expert #d-f a day4 ,field station #gbj-a1jjj a year4 ,geologic #a1jjj-a1hjj a year4 ,laboratory1 agricultural technology #gbj-a1jhj a year4 ,lighthouse ,service #a1jbj a year4 ,pharmacological #ijj-a1bjj a year4 ,qualified in chemistry #fjj-hdj a year4 ,engineering #fjj-hdj a year4 ,radio work #fjj a year4 ,radio1 expert #i4jd a day4 ,topographic #dhj-ijj a year4 ,analyst-- ,valuation-- ,grade ,i #c1fjj-e1jjj a year4 ,grade ,,ii #a1hjj-c1cjj a year4 ,anatomist #a1fjj a year4 ,anesthetist #a1bjj a year4 ,animal husbandry1 scientific assistant in #a1bjj-a1hjj a year4 ,apicultural assistant #a1djj-a1fjj a year4 ,apple insect investigations1 specialist in #a1hjj a year4 ,appraiser1 land-- ,junior #ijj-a1ejj a year4 ,senior #a1hjj-b1gjj a year4 ,apprentice-- ,draftsman #dhj-gbj a year4 ,draftsman and photographer #fjj-ijj a year4 ,electrical engineer #gbj-ifj a year4 ,fish-culturist #fjj-ifj a year4 ,laboratory #dhj-ffj a year4 ,map printer1 assistant #cfj a year4 ,map engraver #a4be a day4 ,plate cleaner #fjj a year4 ,plate cleaner1 transferrer and engraver #fjj a year4 ,shop #gbj a year4 ,arboriculture1 dry-land1 assistant in #ijj-a1ejj a year4 ,architect-- ,barn #a1hjj-b1djj a year4 ,junior #a1bjj-a1fhj a year4 ,landscape #b1djj a year4 ,senior #a1hjj-b1gjj a year4 ,artist1 botanical #ijj a year4 ,assayer1 assistant #a1bjj a year4 ,assistant-- ,assay ,laboratory #a1bjj a year4 ,bureau of ,fisheries #b1djj a year4 ,electrical #a1bjj a year4 ,research #a1bjj-a1hjj a year4 ,technical #c4ej a day4 ,test #f4dh a day4 ,assistant chief1 ,office of ,markets and ,rural ,organization #d1jjj a year4 ,assistants1 research and special agents #a1bjj-a1fhj a year4 ,attendant-- ,hospital #ahj-cfj a year4#a ,laboratory #ffj a year4 ,attorney1 ,interstate ,commerce ,commission #a1bjj-a1hjj a year4 ,bacteriologist #a1ddj-b1ejj a year4 ,dairy #a1hjj-b1bbj a year4 ,junior #a1ddj-a1gdj a year4 ,philippine ,service #b1jjj-b1bej a year4 ,sanitary #a1ejj a year4 ,baker1 ,indian ,service #dhj-fjj a year4 ,band leader and instructor #gbj-a1jjj a year4 ,bee handler #a1jjj a year4 ,biochemist1 assistant #b1jjj a year4 ,biological assistant #a1bjj-a1hjj a year4 ,biologist1 assistant #c1jjj a year4 ,qualified in economic ornithology #a1bjj-a1djj a year4 ,systematic botany #a1djj a year4 ,blacksmith #a1jhj-a1cbj a year4 ,boilermaker1 master #f4gb a day4 ,boilers1 local and assistant inspector of #b1ajj-b1ejj a year4 ,bookbinder #fj cents an hour4 ,bookbinder and accountant #a1jjj-a1ejj a year4 ,bookkeeper #ijj-a1bjj a year4 ,bookkeeper #a1hjj a year4 ,bookkeeper and accountant1 radio assistant #a1bjj a year4 ,bookkeeper-typewriter #ijj-a1bjj a year4 ,botanist #a1gjj a year4 ,brickmaker1 foreman #a1bjj a year4 ,builder1 automobile body #a1jjj a year4 ,business administration1 clerk qualified in #a1bjj-a1ejj a year4 ,business manager1 assistant to #a1hjj a year4 ,cabinetmaker #ijj-a1ejj a year4 ,cadet officer #fjj-gbj a year4#a ,car equipment1 inspector of #a1hjj-c1fjj a year4 ,carpenter #a1bjj a year4 ,qualified as band leader1 ,indian ,service #gbj-ijj a year4 ,carrier ,letter #a1jjj a year4 ,qualified as chauffeur #a1jjj a year4 ,cement worker #c4ej a day4 ,ceramics1 laboratory assistant in #ijj-a1bjj a year4 ,cereal disease investigations1 pathologist in #b1ajj-b1ebj a year4 ,chauffeur1 ,post ,office ,service #ghj-a1jjj a year4 ,chauffeur-mechanic #a1jjj-a1bjj a year4 ,checker #ijj a year4 ,navy yard #c4eb-d a day4 ,cheesemaker #a1bjj-a1ddj a year4 ,chemist-- ,alloy1 assistant #a1fbj a year4 ,analytical and mineralogist1 assistant #a1hjj-b1djj a year4 ,assistant-- ,grade ,i #a1hjj-b1ejj a year4 ,grade ,,ii #a1cej-a1ejj a year4 ,associate1 analytical #b1ejj a year4 ,ceramic1 associate #b1jjj-b1ejj a year4 ,ceramic1 junior #a1bjj-a1ejj a year4 ,engineer ,department at large1 assistant #a1jjj a year4 ,explosives #c1cjj a year4 ,fuels1 junior #a1jbj-a1bjj a year4 ,gas1 junior #a1bjj-a1ejj a year4 ,inorganic #a1djj-b1jjj a year4 ,junior #a1bjj-a1ddj a year4 ,qualified in fuels #a1jbj a year4 ,qualified in tars #a1ejj a year4 ,junior in radioactivity #a1bjj-a1ejj a year4 ,laboratory and junior #c4bh-e4jd a day4 ,leather1 ,philippine ,service #a1fjj a year4 ,metallurgical #a1hjj-b1ejj a year4 ,ordnance ,department at large1 assistant #a1cej-a1ejj a year4 ,organic #a1hjj-b1bej a year4 ,assistant #a1hjj a year4 ,organic and physical #a1hjj-b1ejj a year4 ,petroleum1 assistant #a1hjj a year4 ,pharmaceutical1 research #c1jjj a year4 ,physiological #a1hjj-b1bbj a year4 ,physiological and organic #a1hjj-b1ejj a year4 ,chemistry1 agricultural1 biological and physiological1 specialist in #a1ejj-a1hjj a year4 ,classification1 assistant to officer in charge of #b1djj a year4 ,clerk #ijj-a1bjj a year4 ,accountant1 qualified as #a1jjj-a1hjj a year4 ,accounting and statistical #a1bjj-a1fbj a year4 ,chief1 ,bureau of ,education #b1jjj a year4 ,editorial #a1bjj-a1fjj a year4 ,express rate #a1bjj-a1ejj a year4 ,forest and field #a1ajj-a1bjj a year4 ,freight rate #a1bjj-a1ejj a year4 ,general #ijj-a1bjj a year4 ,index and catalogue #a1jjj-a1bjj a year4 ,land law #ijj-a1fjj a year4 ,law #a1jjj-a1hjj a year4 ,law1 stenographer and typewriter #a1jjj-a1gdj a year4 ,minor #gbj-ijj a year4 ,panama ,canal ,service #a1bjj-a1ejj a year4 ,passenger rate #a1bjj-a1ejj a year4 ,postal1 ,panama ,canal ,service #a1bjj-a1ejj a year4 ,qualified as accountant #a1jjj-a1hjj a year4 ,qualified as business administration #a1bjj-a1ejj a year4 ,qualified as free-hand artist #a1jjj a year4 ,qualified in modern languages #ijj-a1bjj a year4 ,qualified in statistics or accounting-- ,grade ,i #a1jjj-a1djj a year4 ,grade ,,ii #a1djj-a1hjj a year4 ,qualified as typewriter repairer #a1bjj a year4 ,railway mail #a1ajj a year4 ,shipping #a1fjj a year4 ,statistical #ijj-a1bjj a year4 ,stenographic #a1jjj-a1bjj a year4 ,tariff #a1bjj-a1ejj a year4 ,to commercial attach #a1hjj a year4 ,weight #c4bh a day4 ,with knowledge of stenography or typewriting #ijj-a1bjj a year4 ,clerk-bookkeeper #a1jjj a year4 ,clerk-carrier #a1jjj a year4 ,clerk-draftman #a1bjj a year4 ,clinical director #b1jjj a year4 ,collector1 inspector1 and agent1 deputy #e-g a day4 ,commerce and finance1 expert in #a1hjj-b1ejj a year4 ,assistant to #a1djj-a1hjj a year4 ,commissioner1 shipping #a1ejj a year4 ,deputy #ijj a year4 ,community organization1 specialist in #c1jjj a year4 ,computer #a1ejj-a1hjj a year4 ,junior #ijj-a1bjj a year4 ,coast and ,geodetic ,survey #a1bjj a year4 ,nautical ,almanac ,office and ,naval ,observatory #a1bjj a year4 ,computer and estimator #a1fjj-a1hjj a year4 ,computing clerk #ijj a year4 ,conductor1 elevator #gbj-ijj a year4 ,construction1 superintendent of #a1fjj-b1djj a year4 ,cook 7,indian ,service7 #dhj-ffj a year4 ,cook1 qualified us deck hand #ghj a year4 ,co-operative marketing1 investigator in #b1bej-b1gej a year4 ,co-operative organization1 investigator in #b1jjj-b1gej a year4 ,co-operative purchasing1 investigator in #a1hjj-b1ejj a year4 ,copyist ship draftsman #c4gf a day4 ,cotton classing3 ,assistant in #a1hjj-b1djj a year4 ,specialist in #b1ejj-c1ejj a year4 ,cotton entomologist #a1jjj-a1ejj a year4 ,cotton grading1 assistant in #a1bjj-a1fjj a year4 ,cotton marketing and warehousing1 specialist in #c1jjj-c1fjj a year4 ,crop acclimatization1 assistant in #ijj-a1djj a year4 ,crop physiologist #c1jjj a year4 ,crop physiology1 assistant in #a1bjj-a1ejj a year4 ,curator1 assistant #a1ejj-a1hjj a year4 ,custodian1 assistant #a1djj-a1fjj a year4 ,custodian-janitor1 assistant #ffj-a1jjj a year4 ,dairy cattle breeding1 specialist in #b1ejj-c1jjj a year4 ,dairy herdsman1 senior #a1ejj a year4 ,dairy husbandman #a1hjj-b1ejj a year4 ,assistant #a1ejj-a1gdj a year4 ,dairying1 scientific assistant in #a1bjj-a1hjj a year4 ,dairyman #ijj a year4 ,deck hand #fjj-ghj a year4 ,deck officer #a1jjj a year4 ,dentist 7,indian ,service7 #a1ejj a year4 ,deputy collector1 inspector1 and agent1 antinarcotic act #a1fjj a year4 ,designer1 electrical #aec-afd a month4 ,designer1 gauge #b1jjj-c1jjj a year4 ,designer1 landscape #a1ejj a year4 ,designer of marine engines1 boilers1 and machinery #b1djj-c1jjj a year4 ,director1 assistant1 ,child ,labor ,division #b1djj-b1hbj a year4 ,director clinical #b1jjj a year4 ,draftsman-- ,aeronautic #e4jd a day4 ,aeronautical engineering #a1ejj-b1jjj a year4 ,aeronautical mechanical #a1bjj-a1hjj a year4 ,architectural and structural steel #a1ejj a year4 ,architectural1 mechanical1 structural steel-- ,grade ,i #d-d4if a day4 ,grade ,,ii #d4if-e4ib a day4 ,grade ,,iii #e4ib-f4hh a day4 ,artist #a1bjj-a1ddj a year4 ,chief #b1ejj a year4 ,copyist #b4ef-c4gf a day4 ,copyist structural steelwork #b4hj-c4bh a day4 ,electrical-- ,grade ,i #d-d4if a day4 ,grade ,,ii #e4dd-f4dj a day4 ,electrical copyist #c4eb-d a day4 ,hull #aejj a year4 ,marine #a1ddj-a1hjj a year4 ,marine engine and boiler #c4bh-g4jd a day4 ,copyist #c4bh a 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assistant to #b1djj a year4 ,oil1 assistant inspector of #a1djj a year4 ,oil and gas production1 assistant technologist in #a1hjj-b1ajj a year4 ,oil gauger #a1bjj-a1hjj a year4 ,oiler #hdj a year4 ,marine #dhj-fjj a year4#a ,oiler and filterman #he a month4 ,opener and packer #hdj a year4 ,operative #gbj-a1jjj a year4 ,operator-- ,calculating machine #ijj-a1bjj a year4 ,linotype #fe cents an hour4 ,machine1 harness shop #gbj a year4 ,monotype #fe cents an hour4 ,motor-boat #ade a month4 ,multigraph #a1jjj-a1bjj a year4 ,power plant #a1jjj-a1ejj a year4 ,substation #a1bjj a year4 ,telegraph #ijj-a1fjj a year4 ,wireless #ghj-a1adj a year4 ,telephone #ffj-gbj a year4 ,packer1 chief #a1bjj a year4 ,packer of merchandise #ijj a year4 ,painter #ijj-a1bjj a year4 ,auto body #a1jjj a year4 ,paleobotany1 aid in #a1bjj a year4 ,paleontology1 assistant curator in #a1ejj a year4 ,panology1 scientific assistant in #a1bjj-a1hjj a year4 ,pathological adviser in cotton1 truck1 and forage crop diseases #b1ejj-c1jjj a year4 ,pathologist #b1jjj a year4 ,plant1 assistant #a1hjj-b1jdj a year4 ,in citrus fruit diseases #b1ebj-c1jjj a year4 ,pathologist in charge of forage crop disease investigations #a1hjj-b1jjj a year4 ,pharmacist #a1bjj a year4 ,pharmacist and physician's assistant #a1jjj a year4 ,pharmacognosist1 assistant #a1hjj-b1ejj a year4 ,pharmacological aid #ijj-a1bjj a year4 ,pharmacologist1 junior #a1bjj-a1fjj a year4 ,pharmacology1 technical assistant in #b1ejj a year4 ,philippine assistant #a1ejj a year4 ,photographer1 assistant #a1jbj a year4 ,physician #dhj-a1hjj a year4 ,physicist-- ,assistant #a1ejj-a1hjj a year4 ,associate 7qualified in electrical engineering7 #b1jjj-b1hjj a year4 ,junior #a1ejj a year4 ,soil #a1cbj-a1fhj a year4 ,physicist1 assistant-- ,physical metallurgy1 qualified in #a1djj-a1hjj a year4 ,spectrophotometry1 qualified in #a1djj-a1hjj a year4 ,spectroscopy1 qualified in #a1djj-a1hjj a year4 ,physiologist1 crop #c1jjj a year4 ,physiologist in crop utilization1 assistant #b1jjj-b1djj a year4 ,pilot #abe a month4#a ,plant breeding1 scientific assistant in #a1bjj-a1hjj a year4 ,plant disinfection1 assistant in #a1fbj-a1hjj a year4 ,plant introduction1 assistant in #a1bjj-a1djj a year4 ,field station assistant in #a1bjj-a1fjj a year4 ,plant nutrition1 assistant in #a1jhj-a1chj a year4 ,plant pathology-- ,field aid in #hdj-a1jhj a year4 ,field and laboratory aid in #gbj-a1jhj a year4 ,scientific assistant in #a1bjj-a1hjj a year4 ,laboratory aid in #gbj a year4 ,plant physiology1 scientific assistant in #a1bjj-a1hjj a year4 ,plant quarantine inspector #a1bjj-b1ejj a year4 ,plate cleaner #d4hj a day4 ,plate printer #g4ee a day4 ,plumber #a1jjj-a1bjj a year4 ,master #f4dj a day4 ,postmaster-- ,fourth class #ahj-iii a year4 ,second and third classes #a1jjj-b1djj a year4 ,poultry and egg handling1 investigator in #a1bjj-a1hjj a year4 ,poultry husbandry1 scientific assistant in #a1bjj-a1hjj a year4 ,powder and explosives1 inspector of #a1djj-b1djj a year4 ,preparator in entomology #fjj-a1jjj a year4 ,scientific #a1bjj a year4 ,preparator in nematology #ffj-a1jjj a year4 ,press feeder #gbj-hdj a year4 ,pressman #fe cents an hour4 ,pressman on offset presses #e4ge a day4 ,printer #fj-fe cents an hour4 ,public health work1 scientific assistant in-- ,grade ,i #a1ejj-b1jjj a year4 ,grade ,,ii #ijj-a1ejj a a year4 ,public roads and rural engineering1 assistant chemist in #a1hjj-b1ejj a year4 ,radio activity1 junior chemist in #a1bjj-a1ejj a year4 ,radio draftsman #c4eb-f a day4 ,radio engineer #a1hjj a year4 ,radio1 expert1 aid #i4jd a day4 ,radio inspector #a1bjj-a1fjj a year4 ,radio towers1 subinspector #e4eb a day4 ,railway mail clerk #a1ajj a year4 ,ranger1 forest #a1ajj-a1bjj a year4 ,reclamation projects1 agriculturist for #a1hjj-b1djj a year4 ,rodman and chainman #gbj-a1jhj a year4 ,rural carrier #dhj-a1cdd a year4 ,motor #a1ejj-a1hjj a year4 ,rural economics1 specialist in #a1ejj-a1hjj a year4 ,safety appliances1 inspector of #c1jjj a year4 ,salvage superintendent #d-f a day4 ,sawyer1 ,indian ,service #hdj-a1jjj a year4 ,sawyer and carpenter1 ,indian ,service #hdj-a1jjj a year4 ,sawyer and general mechanic1 ,indian ,service #gbj-ijj a year4 ,sawyer and marine gasoline engineer #ijj a year4 ,scaler #a1djj a year4 ,scientific assistant-- ,bureau of ,fisheries #ijj-a1djj a year4 ,department of ,agriculture #a1jjj-a1hjj a year4 ,scientific indexer #a1bjj a year4 ,scientific preparator #a1bjj a year4 ,scientist1 statistical #a1fjj-a1hjj a year4 ,seeds1 marketing-- ,investigator in #a1hjj-b1djj a year4 ,specialist in #b1ejj-c1ejj a year4 ,seed testing-- ,laboratory aid in #fjj-gbj a year4 ,scientific assistant in #a1bjj-a1hjj a year4 ,sheet metal worker #e4cf a day4 ,ship fitter #e4cf a day4 ,shoemaker1 ,indian ,service #cjj-fjj a year4 ,skilled laborer-- ,qualified as chauffeur #gbj-a1jjj a year4 ,qualified as elevator machinist #ijj-a1jjj a year4 ,qualified as general mechanic #gbj a year4 ,soil bacteriology1 scientific assistant in #a1bjj-a1hjj a year4 ,soil surveying1 scientific assistant in #a1bjj-a1hjj a year4 ,specialist-- ,agricultural education #c1jjj a year4 ,dairy manufacturing #a1hjj-b1ejj a year4 ,assistant #a1ejj-a1gdj a year4 ,fruit crop #a1fjj-b1djj a year4 ,market milk1 assistant #a1ddj-a1gdj a year4 ,milk #a1hjj-b1ejj a year4 ,school hygiene and sanitation #c1jjj a year4 ,truck crop #a1fjj-b1djj a year4 ,statistical agent #a1djj a year4 ,statistical clerk #ijj-a1bjj a year4 ,statistical scientist #a1fjj-a1hjj a year4 ,statistician #a1hjj a year ,statistics1 vital1 chief statistician for #c1jjj a year4 ,steam fitter #a1bjj-b1djj a year4 ,steel maker1 master #h a day4 ,stenographer #a1jjj-a1bjj a year4 ,stenographer and typist #a1jjj-a1bjj a year4 ,stereotyper #gj cents an hour4 ,steward1 assistant #a1jhj a year4 ,stockman #c4hd-e4gf a day4 ,stock tender #dhj a year4 ,storage1 specialist in #a1hjj-b1djj a year4 ,storehouse arrangement and control1 organizer of#b1djj a year4 ,stoveman #ijj a year4 ,subclerical-- ,messenger #dhj-gbj a year4 ,skilled laborer #gbj-ijj a year4 ,watchman #fjj-ijj a year4 ,substation operator1 assistant #ijj a year4 ,sugar-beet investigations-- ,agriculturist in #a1hjj-b1ajj a year4 ,assistant pathologist in #a1hjj-b1djj a year4 ,sugar-beet seed production1 technologist in #b1ajj-b1ejj a year4 ,sugar sampler #a1jjj-a1jhj a year4 ,superintendent-- ,construction #a1fjj-b1djj a year4 ,equipment #b1djj-b1hjj a year4 ,forge shop #h4dj-ab a day4 ,indian ,reservation #a1bjj-c1jjj a year4 ,supervising inspector of fruits and vegetables #b1jjj-c1jjj a year4 ,surveyor #a1bjj-a1hjj a year4 ,surveys1 examiner of #a1bjj-a1ejj a year4 ,tailor1 ,indian ,service #fjj-a1bjj a year4 ,teacher-- ,agriculture #a1jjj-a1bjj a year4 ,free-hand drawing #gbj a year4 ,indian ,service #fjj-gbj a year4 ,kindergarten #fjj-a1bjj a year4 ,manual training1 ,indian ,service #gbj-a1bjj a year4 ,philippine #a1jjj-a1ejj a year4 ,assistant #a1jjj a year4 ,technical assistant1 ,assay ,office #c4ej a day4 ,technologist-- ,mineral #b1djj-c1fjj a year4 ,petroleum #b1ejj-c1jjj a year4 ,chief 7,bureau of ,mines7 #c1jjj-d1hjj a year4 ,junior #a1bjj-a1ejj a year4 ,testing engineer1 assistant #a1hjj-b1ejj a year4 ,tests1 engineer of #d1jjj a year ,timber cruiser #a1bjj a year4 ,tinner1 ,indian ,service #hdj a year4 ,tinner and sheet-metal worker #e4cf a day4 ,tobacco examiner #b1ejj a year4 ,tobacco investigations1 assistant in #a1bjj-a1fjj a year4 ,toolmaker #a1ejj a year4 ,topographer #b1ajj a year4 ,junior #a1ejj a year4 ,trade commissioner1 ,bureau of ,foreign and ,domestic ,commerce #aj a day4 ,trade commissioner and special agent1 ,bureau of ,foreign and ,domestic ,commerce #aj a day4 ,trade or industrial education1 special agent for#c1jjj-c1ejj a year4 ,traffic1 director of #a1hjj-b1djj a year4 ,assistant #a1bjj-a1fjj a year4 ,transferrer-- ,lithographic #e4gf a day4 ,steel plate #d4dh a day4 ,translator #a1bjj-a1ddj a year4 ,transportation1 assistant in #a1hjj-b1gjj a year4 ,truck crop specialist #a1fjj-b1djj a year4 ,tug master #d-d4if a day4 ,typist #ijj-a1bjj a year4 ,minor #fjj-ijj a year4 ,unskilled laborer #dhj-gbj a year4 ,veterinarian #a1ejj a year4 ,visual agricultural instruction1 assistant in #b1jjj a year4 ,warehouse investigations1 assistant in #a1ejj-b1ajj a year4 ,warehouseman #ijj a year4 ,seed #hdj a year4 ,warehousing-- ,investigator of #b1djj-c1fjj a year4 ,wool1 investigator in #b1bjj-c1jjj a year4 ,watchman #fjj-ijj a year4 ,mounted #a1bjj a year4 ,park #gj a month4 ,watchman-fireman #fjj-hdj a year4 ,weed investigations1 scientific assistant in #a1bjj-a1fbj a year4 ,weigher #a1jbj-a1bjj a year4 ,weight clerk #c4bh a day4 ,weights and measures1 assistant inspector of #a1jjj-a1fjj a year4 ,wireman #ijj-a1bjj a year4 ,yardmaster #h a day4 ,zoologist1 junior #a1djj-a1hjj a year4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #a ,with subsistence4 ,,plan ,no4 #bah4 ,,wayside ,,tea ,,house ,a young woman1 living in a big city1 wished to live in the country1 and induced her parents to buy a farm of thirty acres some distance away4 ,but the farm didn't pay1 and the question of making a living became a serious one4 ,several young people of the neighborhood had remarked to the young lady in question upon the large number of motorists who had stopped at their house and inquired for refreshments1 or for overnight accommodations4 ,this gave the young lady from the city her idea4 ,she had a lot of bird houses put up among the trees surrounding the house1 put up a sign1 8,bird ,house ,inn10 had the place all lighted by electricity1 increased the kitchen equipment1 and awaited results4 ,they came1 and have been coming ever since1 for the fame of 8,bird ,house ,inn10 with its daintily cooked yet generous meals1 its superior sleeping accommodations and its home-like restfulness1 has spread all over the land1 and the enterprising young lady is reaping a harvest as a result of her foresight in grasping the opportunity that came to her unbidden4 ,the rickety old place has become a bower of beauty1 a veritable haven of refuge for the weary traveler1 and the young lady who preferred the country to the city is rejoicing in the happiness she has been the means of bringing to thousands of other people and to herself4 ,,plan ,no4 #bai4 ,,illustrated ,,poultry ,,primer ,acknowledgement is due to the ,united ,states ,dept4 of ,agriculture for the following ,plan3 ,,harry ,m4 ,,lamon ,,and ,,jos4 ,,wm4 ,,kinghorn1 ,animal ,husbandry ,division4 ,the object of this article is to give1 by means of photographs and brief statements1 the fundamentals underlying the production of poultry4 ,an effort has been made to illustrate the various phases of poultry production in such a way as to impress upon the reader's mind the principles of poultry keeping4 ,under 8,selecting the ,breed10 for example1 photographs are shown of the more popular breeds of each of the three main classes of poultry1 giving the reader an immediate and complete idea of the appearance of these fowls1 the classes to which they belong1 and their economical usefulness4 ,in like manner other essential phases of poultry keeping are illustrated and discussed4 ,,selecting ,,the ,,breed ,in the selection of a breed or variety of poultry care should be taken to obtain healthy1 vigorous stock4 ,beginners are urged to keep but one variety of a breed of fowls4 ,there is no best breed of poultry4 ,select the breed that suits your purpose best4 ,illustration3 ,mongrel male4 ,illustration3 ,standard-bred male4 ,be sure that the male bird at the head of the flock is standard-bred4 ,a standard-bred male at the head of a mongrel flock will improve the quality of the stock materially4 ,a mongrel male will produce no improvement in quality4 ,given the same care and feed1 standard-bred fowls will make a greater profit than mongrel fowls4 ,illustration3 ,a standard-bred flock4 ,standard-bred fowls produce uniform products which bring higher prices4 ,standard-bred stock and eggs1 sold for breeding purposes1 bring higher prices than market quotations4 ,standard-bred fowls can be exhibited and thus compete for prizes4 ,illustration3 ,a mixed or mongrel flock4 ,the products from mongrel fowls are not uniform and do not always bring the highest prices4 ,eggs and stock from mongrel fowls are not sold for breeding purposes4 ,mongrel fowls are not exhibited in poultry shows or exhibits4 ,,the ,,general-,,purpose ,,breeds ,the general-purpose breeds are best suited to most farms where the production of both eggs and meat is desired4 ,the four most popular representatives of this class are the ,plymouth ,rock1 ,wyandotte1 ,orpington and ,rhode ,island ,red4 ,illustration3 ,plymouth ,rock4 ,illustration3 ,wyandotte4 ,illustration3 ,orpington4 ,illustration3 ,rhode ,island ,red4 ,all these breeds1 with the exception of the ,orpington1 are of ,american origin4 ,they are characterized by having yellow skin and legs1 and lay brown-shelled eggs4 ,the ,orpington is of ,english origin1 has a white skin1 and also lays brown-shelled eggs4 ,for detailed discussion of the various breeds of fowls of ,american origin request ,farmers' ,bulletin #hjf on 8,standard ,varieties of ,chickens4 ,i4 ,the ,american ,class10 which may be had on application to the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,the ,,egg ,,breeds ,the ,mediterranean or egg breeds are best suited for the production of white-shelled eggs4 ,representatives of this class are bred largely for the production of eggs rather than for meat production4 ,among the popular breeds of this class are3 ,leghorn1 ,minorca1 ,ancona1 and ,andalusian4 ,illustration3 ,leghorn4 ,illustration3 ,minorca4 ,illustration3 ,ancona4 ,illustration3 ,andalusian4 ,one of the outstanding characteristics of the egg breeds is the fact that they are classed as nonsitters2 that is1 as a rule they do not become broody and hatch their eggs4 ,when fowls of this class are kept1 artificial incubation and brooding are usually employed4 ,for detailed discussion of the various breeds of this class request ,farmers' ,bulletin #hih on 8,standard ,varieties of ,chickens4 ,,ii4 ,the ,mediterranean ,class10 which may be obtained on application to the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,the ,,meat ,,breeds ,the meat breeds of poultry are primarily kept for the production of meat rather than for the production of eggs in large quantities4 ,representatives of this class are3 ,langshan1 ,brahma1 ,cochin1 and ,cornish4 ,illustration3 ,langshan4 ,illustration3 ,brahma4 ,illustration3 ,cochin4 ,illustration3 ,cornish4 ,although classed as meat breeds representatives of this class are sometimes kept as general-purpose fowls4 ,each of these breeds is heavier and larger in size than the egg breeds or those of the general-purpose class1 and lay brown-shelled eggs4 ,for further information on the various breeds of this class1 request ,farmers' ,bulletin on 8,standard ,varieties of ,chickens4 ,,iii4 ,the ,asiatic1 ,english1 and ,french ,classes10 which may be obtained on application to the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,breeding ,fowls for breeding purposes should be strong1 healthy1 vigorous birds4 ,the comb1 face1 and wattles should be of a bright-red color1 eyes bright and fairly prominent1 head comparatively broad and short and not long or crow-shaped1 legs set well apart and straight1 plumage clean and smooth4 ,illustration3 ,females showing high and low vitality4 ,the latter to be avoided when selecting females for breeding4 ,illustration3 ,a knock-kneed fowl4 ,the kind to be avoided as a breeder4 ,defects of the kind shown here should be avoided in selecting breeders4 ,if possible1 free range should be provided for the breeding pen4 ,usually hens make better breeders than pullets4 ,cockerels1 if well grown and matured1 often give better fertility than older birds4 ,however1 cock birds that have proved good breeders should be used4 ,illustration3 ,,male ,,heads ,,showing ,,defective ,,combs4 #a4 ,,thumb ,,mark #b4 ,,lopped 7,,single7 #c4 ,,hollow ,,center #d4 ,,side ,,sprig #e4 ,,uneven ,,serrations4 #f4 ,,twisted ,illustration3 ,,males ,,with ,,defective ,,tail ,,carriage #a4 ,,squirrel #b4 ,,wry ,when the breeding flock is confined to a yard1 the size of the mating should be #a male to #aj or #ab females4 ,when allowed free range1 the number of females can be increased to #bj or #be with good results4 ,matings should be made two weeks before the eggs are saved for hatching4 ,illustration3 ,a well-ventilated cellar of uniform temperature is an excellent place to operate the incubator4 ,illustration3 ,homemade egg candler4 ,the hole for testing eggs should be directly opposite the flame of the lamp4 ,,artificial ,,and ,,natural ,,incubation ,,and ,,brooding ,have everything ready beforehand and start your hatching operations early in the year4 ,in sections where the climate is temperate1 ,february1 ,march1 and ,april are the best months for hatching4 ,the early hatched pullet is the one that begins to lay early in the fall and continues to lay when eggs are high in price4 ,illustration3 ,a good hatch4 ,illustration3 ,dust the hen thoroughly with a good lice powder before placing her on the nest4 ,select uniform1 fairly large sized eggs for hatching4 ,operate the incubator according to the manufacturer's directions to produce the best results4 ,test the eggs for fertility on the seventh and fourteenth days4 ,do not open the incubator after the eighteenth day until the chicks are hatched4 ,given proper care and attention1 the hen is the most valuable incubator for the farmer whose poultry operations are of moderate size4 ,illustration3 ,do not allow the mother hen to range over the farm with the chicks4 ,illustration3 ,confine the mother hen to a brood coop until the chicks are weaned4 ,illustration3 ,toe-mark the chicks as soon as they are hatched4 ,this enables one to tell their ages later4 ,in cool weather place from #aj to #ac eggs under the hen2 in warm weather from #ac to #ae eggs4 ,chicks should not receive feed until they are #cf hours old4 ,when artificial incubation is used1 start the brooder a day or two before putting in the chicks1 to see that the heating apparatus is working properly4 ,brooder lamps should be cleaned every day4 ,in the case of hen-hatched broods1 the coop for hen and chicks should be well ventilated1 easy to clean1 and large enough to insure comfort4 ,to allow the hen to range over the farm with the chicks will often be the cause of heavy losses4 ,for the first three days chicks may be fed a mixture of equal parts of hard-boiled eggs and rolled oats or stale bread1 or stale bread soaked in milk4 ,when bread and milk are used1 care should be taken to squeeze all the milk out of the bread4 ,from the third or fourth day commercial chick feed may be fed until the chicks are old enough to eat wheat screenings or cracked corn4 ,to insure rapid and uniform growth of the chicks1 provide in addition to a grain feed a dry mash to which the chickens will have access at all times4 ,for additional information on incubation and brooding1 request ,farmers' ,bulletins #ehe and #fbd4 ,illustration3 ,an excellent range providing shade and shelter for growing chicks4 ,if possible locate the brooders on ground that has recently been cultivated1 thereby eliminating the danger of tainted soil and possible disease4 ,chicks having access to a shaded range1 such as shown above1 develop and thrive better in warm weather than those not having such range4 ,for the production of infertile eggs1 exhaustive information relating to the care of poultry and eggs1 along with individual advice on such subjects--write to ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture1 c_/o ,animal ,husbandry ,division1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,poultry ,,houses ,,and ,,fixtures ,select a location for the poultry house that has natural drainage away from the building4 ,a dry1 porous soil1 such as sand or gravelly loam1 is preferable to a clay soil4 ,illustration3 ,,old ,,style ,,hen ,,house ,,no ,,light--,,no ,,ventilation ,,poor ,,results ,,shed ,,excellent ,,material ,,for ,,poultry ,,house ,,open ,,front ,,hen ,,house ,,shed ,,boarded ,,up ,,in ,,front ,,poultry ,,netting ,,windows ,,side ,,view ,,of ,,house ,,constructed ,,from ,,old ,,shed ,,interior ,,of ,,same ,,house ,,good ,,sunlight ,,conditions4 #a ,,movable ,,roosts #b ,,dropping ,,board #c ,,nests ,,nests ,,open ,,from ,,front ,,hens ,,enter ,,from ,,rear ,,model ,,hen ,,house ,,constructed ,,from ,,shed ,,at ,,little ,,cost ,,note ,,effects ,,of ,a ,,coat ,,of ,,whitewash ,rebuilding a poultry house out of old lumber at small cost ,the building should face the south or southeast to insure the greatest amount of sunlight during the winter4 ,the roosts should be built on the same level1 about #c feet from the floor with a droppings board about #f inches below the roosts4 ,illustration3 ,a good interior arrangement for a poultry house1 showing roosts and droppings boards with nests underneath and wire coop at end for confining broody hens4 ,note ventilators in back of house and the abundance of sunlight1 which insures a dry house and healthy fowls4 ,illustration3 ,a partial open-front curtain house is conceded to be the best type for most sections of temperate climate4 ,good roosts may be made of #b by #b inch material with the upper edges rounded4 ,the nests may be placed on the side walls or under the droppings boards4 ,it is best to have them darkened1 as hens prefer a secluded place in which to lay4 ,for further information on poultry house construction request ,farmers' ,bulletin #egd4 ,,trap ,,nests ,a trap nest is a laying nest so arranged that after a hen enters it she is confined until released by the attendant4 ,the trap nest shown in the accompanying illustration is used with good results on the ,government poultry farm and is very similar to the nest used at the ,connecticut ,state experiment station4 ,it is very simple and may be built at a small cost4 ,illustration3 ,trap nests enable the poultryman to distinguish between the layers and the drones4 ,when possible it is advisable to trap-nest the layers for the following reasons3 #a4 ,to tame the birds1 thereby tending toward increased egg production4 #b4 ,to furnish definite knowledge concerning traits and habits of individuals4 #c4 ,to furnish the only satisfactory basis for utility or other breeding4 #d4 ,to eliminate the nonproductive hen4 #e4 ,to add mechanical precision to judgment and experience in developing and maintaining the utility of a flock4 ,for further information and plans showing the construction of a trap nest1 send for ,farmers' ,bulletin #fhb1 8,a ,simple ,trap ,nest for ,poultry40 ,,feeding ,,for ,,egg ,,production ,classification of ,poultry ,feeds ,nature provides--,scientific classification ,poultrymen feed-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,worms and bugs ,nitrogenous material1 or ,meat 7,green cut bone or protein beef scrap71 milk or cottage cheese4 ,seeds ,carbohydrates ,wheat1 oats1 corn1 barley1 etc4 ,greens ,succulents ,lettuce1 cabbage1 kale1 mangels1 alfalfa1 clover1 sprouted oats1 etc4 ,grit ,mineral matter ,grit and oyster shell4 ,water ,water ,water4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,illustration3 ,a homemade dry-mash hopper4 ,illustration3 ,oats in the process of sprouting4 ,in order to obtain an abundance of eggs it is necessary to have healthy1 vigorous stock1 properly fed4 ,the following are good grain mixtures for the laying stock1 the proportions being by weight3 ,ration #a4 ,ration #b4 ,ration #c4 ,equal parts of3 #c parts cracked corn4 #b parts cracked corn4 ,cracked corn4 #b parts oats4 #a part oats4 ,wheat4 #a part wheat4 ,oats4 ,a choice of any one of these rations should be scattered in the litter twice daily1 morning and evening4 ,illustration3 ,average amount of feed consumed by a laying hen and eggs produced4 ,either of the following suggested dry-mash mixtures should be fed in a dry-mash hopper such as illustrated1 allowing the fowls to have access to it at all times4 ,mash ,no4 #a4 ,mash ,no4 #b4 #b parts corn meal4 #a part middlings4 #c parts corn meal4 #a part bran4 #a part beef scrap4 #a part beef scrap4 ,when fowls do not have access to natural green feed1 sprouted oats1 cabbage1 mangels1 cut clover1 etc41 should be fed4 ,when wet mashes are fed1 be sure that they are crumbly and not sticky4 ,plenty of exercise increases the egg yield4 ,illustration3 ,a rural cafeteria4 ,fresh1 clean drinking water should be always provided4 ,charcoal1 grit1 and oyster shell should be placed before the fowls so that they can have access to them at all times4 ,for additional information on feeds and feeding request ,farmers' ,bulletin #bhg1 8,poultry ,management10 and ,farmers' ,bulletin #ebh1 8,hints to ,poultry ,raisers10 from ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,illustration3 ,to produce infertile eggs confine or dispose of the male birds4 ,this has no influence on the number of eggs laid by the hens4 ,produce the infertile egg4 ,infertile eggs are produced by hens that have no male birds with them4 ,the following table shows that the losses of fertile eggs are computed to be nearly twice as great as in the case of infertile eggs4 ,fertile,infertile ,eggs ,eggs ---------------------------------------- -------- ,per cent,per cent ,on the farm #bi4j #ae4e ,at country store #g4a #d4j ,transportation to packing house #f4d #d4g ----------------- ,total #db4e #bd4b ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,marketing ,,the ,,product ,the hen's greatest egg-producing periods are the first1 second1 and third years1 depending upon the breed4 ,the heavier breeds1 such as ,plymouth ,rocks1 may be profitably kept for two years2 the lighter breeds1 such as ,leghorns1 three years4 ,market white-shelled and brown-shelled eggs in separate packages4 ,eggs irregular in shape1 those which are unusually long or thin-shelled1 or which have shells otherwise defective1 should be kept by the producer for home use1 so that breakage in transit may be reduced as much as possible4 ,illustration3 ,uniform products command the best prices4 ,standard-bred fowls produce uniform products4 ,for additional information on packing and shipping eggs by parcel post request ,farmers' ,bulletin #hcj1 8,marketing ,eggs by ,parcel ,post10 issued by the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,illustration3 ,extremely large1 small and soiled eggs should not be marketed2 use them at home4 ,all the eggs above were produced by a farm flock of mixed or mongrel fowls4 ,eggs from 8stolen0 nests should not be marketed2 they are of unknown age and quality and should be used at home4 ,when taking eggs to market1 protect them from the sun's rays in warm weather4 ,ship or deliver eggs twice or three times weekly4 ,notice the candler has places for the good eggs as well as for checks 7cracked eggs71 dirty eggs and 8rots40 ,when selling eggs insist that they be bought on a quality basis4 ,illustration3 ,the result of a trip under the corncrib4 ,illustration3 ,everybody in the shade except the eggs4 ,infertile eggs will withstand marketing conditions much better than fertile eggs4 ,all cockerels not intended to be kept or sold for breeders should be marketed when they reach suitable size4 ,such birds confined in a homemade fattening battery or coop and fed a fattening ration for a week or ten days will not only increase in weight but bring a better price on the market1 because of improved quality4 ,illustration3 ,a shipment of eggs on the railroad station platform1 exposed to the sun4 ,illustration3 ,candling eggs for quality4 ,,caponizing ,a capon is an unsexed male bird1 which when mature is of larger size and more desirable for eating than cockerels or cocks4 ,illustration3 ,a ,buff ,orpington cock4 ,illustration3 ,a ,buff ,orpington capon4 ,by following directions and with a little practice1 poultrymen will find caponizing a simple operation4 ,for detailed information on caponizing1 request ,farmers' ,bulletin #hdi4 ,illustration3 ,boys caponizing a cockerel4 ,,lice ,,and ,,mites ,the free use of an effective lice powder is always advisable4 ,a dust bath1 consisting of road dust and wood ashes1 is essential in ridding fowls of lice4 ,sodium fluorid1 a white powder which can be obtained from druggists1 is also effective4 ,apply a pinch of the powder at the base of the feathers on the head1 neck1 back1 breast1 below the vent1 base of tail1 both thighs1 and on the underside of each wing4 ,an effective remedy for lice on chicks is a small quantity of melted lard rubbed under the wings and on top of the chick's head4 ,illustration3 ,applying sodium fluorid4 ,the free use of kerosene or crude oil on the roosts and in the cracks of the house will help to exterminate mites4 ,whitewash is effective against all vermin4 ,it is possible and thoroughly practicable to keep the poultry flock reasonably free from lice and mites4 ,such practices should be the aim of every one who is endeavoring to establish a successful flock of poultry4 ,for complete information on mites and lice1 request ,farmers' ,bulletin #hja4 ,illustration3 ,a bad case of roup4 ,,common ,,diseases ,,and ,,treatment ,all diseased birds should be isolated4 ,colds and roup4--,disinfect the drinking water as follows3 ,to each gallon of water add one tablespoonful of sodium sulphite or as much potassium permanganate as will remain on the surface of a dime4 ,illustration3 ,chicken pox4 ,chicken pox4--,put a touch of iodin on each sore and apply carbolated vaseline4 ,gapes4--,fresh ground and vigorous cultivation will often remedy this trouble1 which is caused by small gapeworms that live in the soil and attach themselves to the inside of the throat4 ,illustration3 ,limberneck4 ,diarrhea in hens4--,low-grade wheat flour or middlings is good for this trouble4 ,a teaspoonful of castor oil containing #e drops of oil of turpentine to each fowl is also good4 ,illustration3 ,scaly legs4 ,bumblefoot4--,when the feet are badly swollen1 a small cut should be made with a clean1 sharp knife1 and the pus removed4 ,wash the wound out with equal parts of hydrogen peroxide and water1 grease with vaseline1 and bandage4 ,limberneck4--,a teaspoonful of castor oil given to the fowl will sometimes effect a cure4 ,scaly legs4--,apply vaseline containing #b per cent of creolin to the affected parts and after #bd hours soak in warm1 soapy water4 ,repeat treatment until cured4 ,for a detailed discussion of the foregoing and other poultry diseases1 request ,farmers' ,bulletin #ieg1 8,important ,poultry ,diseases40 ,,nine ,,essential ,,features ,,for ,,profitable ,,poultry ,,keeping #a4 ,,keep ,,better ,,poultry3 ,standard-bred poultry increases production and improves the quality4 #b4 ,,select ,,vigorous ,,breeders3 ,healthy1 vigorous breeders produce strong chicks4 #c4 ,,hatch ,,the ,,chicks ,,early3 ,early hatched pullets produce fall and winter eggs4 #d4 ,,preserve ,,eggs ,,for ,,home ,,use3 ,preserve when cheap for use when high in price4 #e4 ,,produce ,,infertile ,,eggs3 ,they keep better4 ,fertile eggs are necessary for hatching only4 #f4 ,,cull ,,the ,,flocks3 ,eliminate unprofitable producers and reduce the feed bill4 #g4 ,,keep ,a ,,back-,,yard ,,flock3 ,a small flock in the back yard will supply the family table4 #h4 ,,grow ,,your ,,poultry ,,feed3 ,home-grown feed insures an available and economical supply4 #i4 ,,eat ,,more ,,poultry ,,and ,,eggs3 ,poultry and eggs are highly nutritious foods4 ,for further information or individual advice on poultry raising write to your ,state ,agricultural ,college1 or to the ,animal ,husbandry ,division1 ,bureau of ,animal ,industry1 ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,plan ,no4 #bba4 ,,raising ,,canaries ,a ,philadelphia lady who was fond of canaries1 and was an adept in their breeding and care1 netted over #a1jjj every year by raising these beautiful songsters and selling them to people of wealth in various parts of that city4 ,but to make a success of this venture1 one must thoroughly understand canaries from every point of view4 ,,plan ,no4 #bbb4 ,,laundering ,,lingerie ,a ,chicago woman1 made a comfortable living by laundering and mending lace and other fine articles of women's wear1 which could not be entrusted to a washer woman4 ,she went among the wealthy people and solicited this work4 ,,plan ,no4 #bbc4 ,,small-,,town ,,manicuring ,a young lady1 in a ,western ,washington town1 too small to support a professional manicurist1 made a good living by studying up on the treatment and care of the nails and hands1 and offering her services to the well-to-do people of her town4 ,they were greatly pleased that they could have this service performed for them without going to the city1 and kept the young lady busy1 at a compensation that afforded her an excellent living4 ,,plan ,no4 #bbd4 ,,shampooing ,,and ,,hair ,,dressing ,a woman who lived in a small town some distance from a city1 where there were many families of wealth1 found field for her talents in shampooing and dressing the hair of women and children4 ,possessing a pleasing personality1 she called upon the leading ladies of the place and offered to come to their homes at stated intervals1 for the purpose of caring for the hair of the ladies and their daughters1 at a stipulated sum per hour1 assuring them of satisfactory service4 ,her offer was accepted by most of the women she visited1 and she found her time fully occupied4 ,,plan ,no4 #bbe4 ,,marketing ,,eggs ,,by ,,parcel ,,post ,acknowledgment is due to the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture for the following plan4 ,contribution from the ,bureau of ,markets1 ,charles ,j4 ,brand1 ,chief4 ,whether the marketing of eggs by parcel post should be attempted by any particular producer will depend on his present available markets1 the possibility of securing a satisfactory customer or customers1 and the care taken to follow tested and approved methods in preparing the eggs for shipment4 ,failures in attempting to ship eggs by parcel post have resulted because proper precautions as to package or container1 packing1 and labeling were not observed4 ,this article presents conclusions from investigations made by the ,office of ,markets and ,rural ,organization in cooperation with the ,post ,office ,department and gives detailed information as to the use of the parcel post4 ,illustration ,the practicability of shipping eggs by parcel post is demonstrated by the fact that more parcels of eggs than of any other one product pass through the mails4 ,in order to test various methods of packing and handling eggs the ,office of ,markets and ,rural ,organization has shipped more than #gjj dozen eggs through the mails from various points1 under various conditions1 and in different types of containers1 without undue loss1 either in the expense of shipment or the condition of the eggs on reaching the consumer's kitchen4 ,while the great bulk of eggs which come from distant producing territory will continue to be shipped by other methods1 it is no doubt true that many cities can be supplied with a considerable portion of their fresh eggs from within the first and second zones by parcel post to the advantage of both producer and consumer4 ,by such direct contact the producer should secure somewhat better prices for his eggs than are realized by present methods of marketing1 and the consumer should obtain a fresher quality at no increased cost1 or1 frequently1 even at a reduction in price4 ,the producer who does not have satisfactory marketing facilities may find in the parcel post a means of solving his egg-marketing problems4 ,this applies especially to the man whose flock is so small that he can not make case shipments1 i4 e41 shipments in the regular #cj-;dozen-size egg case4 ,,summary ,,of ,,results ,,of ,,experimental ,,shipments ,four hundred and sixty-six shipments were made in the experiments4 ,they comprised a total of #gfj dozens1 or #i1aca eggs1 in lots of from #a dozen to #aj dozen each4 ,the number of eggs broken was #cbg1 or slightly less than #c4f per cent of the whole number4 ,of these1 #bji eggs1 or slightly less than #b4c per cent1 were broken too badly to use2 the remaining #aah were usable4 ,if #ia eggs broken in parcels known to have received violent usage be eliminated1 the breakage resulting in loss is less than #a4c per cent4 ,the instructions issued by the ,post ,office ,department for the handling of fragile mail matter 7which includes eggs7 are carefully drawn and quite ample4 ,if the proper preparations were made for mailing1 and if all employees of the ,postal ,service could be educated to observe the instructions faithfully1 the breakage could be reduced to a negligible minimum4 ,these experimental shipments were made over various routes and distances1 including not only local shipments over short routes but points as far away from ,washington as ,minneapolis1 ,minn41 and the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,they began in ,october1 #aiac1 and extended to ,february1 #aiad1 thus including the holiday rush4 ,the shipments were sufficiently numerous to justify the conclusion that eggs can be shipped by mail satisfactorily under the existing postal provisions1 provided these are rigorously observed4 ,,the ,,eggs ,the successful use of the parcel post for marketing eggs imposes the need of great care on the producer4 ,only such eggs should be shipped as are produced by healthy fowls kept under proper sanitary conditions and supplied with sound1 wholesome feed4 ,if possible1 only infertile eggs should be produced for market2 fertile eggs deteriorate rapidly and are the cause of much loss4 ,a broody hen on the nest1 or exposure to a temperature from other sources sufficient to start incubation1 causes all such eggs to be rejected when they are candled4 ,eggs should be cared for carefully1 beginning with keeping the fowls1 under such conditions that the eggs will not be soiled in the nest by mud from the feet of the hens or otherwise2 they should be gathered at least once a day 7twice would be better7 and should be stored in a well-ventilated place1 which must be kept as cool as possible4 ,eggs intended for high-class trade should never be washed1 as washing removes the natural mucilaginous coating of the egg and opens the pores of the shell4 ,eggs which are soiled should be kept for home use or disposed of otherwise than to a parcel-post customer4 ,in spite of the greatest care it will sometimes happen under ordinary farm conditions that an occasional bad egg will appear among those sent to market4 ,it would be wise to candle every egg shipped4 ,candling is 8the process of testing eggs by passing light through them so as to reveal the condition of the contents40 ,a simple candling outfit may be made of an ordinary pasteboard box sufficiently large to be placed over a small hand lamp after the ends have been removed4 ,the box should have a hole cut in it on a level with the flame of the lamp4 ,several notches should be cut in the edges on which the box rests1 to supply air to the lamp4 ,the box should be sufficiently large to prevent danger from catching fire4 ,the one shown in figure #a is made of corrugated pasteboard2 ordinary pasteboard will serve the purpose4 ,candling is done in the dark1 or at least away from strong light1 and each egg is held against the hole in the side of the box1 when its condition may be seen4 ,an egg that shows any defect should not be marketed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4--,this cut illustrates a homemade candling outfit1 consisting of small lamp and corrugated pasteboard box4 ,only first-class eggs can be marketed successfully by parcel post4 ,the shipping of bad eggs not only will cause dissatisfaction or even loss of the customer1 but1 in interstate shipments1 will violate the ,federal food law if there are more than #e per cent of bad eggs in a shipment4 ,the limit allowed1 however1 is no excuse for any bad eggs among those marketed4 ,persons desiring to build up a business of marketing eggs by this method should hatch their chicks early enough to have them begin laying in the fall season1 when eggs are scarce and high priced4 ,this will also result in more evenly distributed production throughout the year4 ,,preserving ,,eggs ,,in ,,water ,,glass ,in the spring1 when they are plentiful1 eggs may be preserved for home use in a solution of water glass1 so that those laid during the fall and winter season may be available for marketing4 ,a standard grade of water glass can be obtained at drug stores for #ge cents per gallon1 if bought in moderately large quantities4 ,each quart of water glass should be diluted with #aj quarts of water which has been boiled and cooled4 ,only strictly fresh1 newly laid1 clean eggs should be placed in the solution4 ,the eggs may be packed in stone jars or crocks which have been washed thoroughly in scalding water and the water-glass solution poured over them1 or the eggs may be placed daily in the solution by putting them down in it carefully by hand so as to avoid breaking or cracking them4 ,the solution at all times should cover the eggs to a depth of at least #b inches4 ,the solution will not injure the hands4 ,the jars should be put in a cool and preferably dark place before the eggs are deposited in them1 and should not be moved1 because breakage and loss may result4 ,the water-glass solution may become cloudy1 but this is a natural condition and should cause no alarm4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4--,this illustration shows two #b-;dozen size corrugated pasteboard egg boxes4 ,the one to the left is closed4 ,the other is taken apart to show construction4 ,the two inner pieces of the case fold around the egg fillers and slip into the outer case shown on top4 ,in filling1 the box is not taken completely apart but only opened up properly4 ,eggs thus kept are good for all purposes1 but the shells break rather easily in boiling4 ,this trouble can be prevented by puncturing the end of the shell with a pin or needle just before boiling4 ,perhaps an occasional customer will be willing to buy eggs preserved in water glass1 but they should be sold for just what they are and at a price mutually agreed upon by the producer and customer4 ,,containers ,experience has shown that frequently parcels are mailed in containers not sufficiently strong and inadequately prepared and protected4 ,these are a cause of complaint4 ,while the containers often can be secured more easily by the consumer1 the producer should make it a point to secure1 through his local dealer or otherwise1 such containers or carriers as meet the requirements of the postal authorities and such as will carry the particular product in a satisfactory manner1 so that he may have uniformity in them when he is shipping to a number of customers4 ,uniform containers and uniform pack are economical and desirable2 otherwise he may lose his customer1 and should the container or carrier not be sufficiently stout to stand the service it will not be worth returning as an 8empty0 to use again4 ,the postal requirements for mailing eggs for local delivery are as follows3 ,eggs shall be accepted for local delivery when so packed in a basket or other container as to prevent damage to other mail matter4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4--,this picture shows a #aj-;dozen size box of corrugated pasteboard4 ,the eggs are placed in four layers of #cj each4 ,this embraces all collection and delivery service within the jurisdiction of the postmaster of the office where the parcel is mailed4 ,eggs to be sent beyond the local office are to be prepared for mailing as follows3 ,eggs shall be accepted for mailing regardless of distance when each egg is wrapped separately and surrounded with excelsior1 cotton1 or other suitable material and packed in a strong container made of double-faced corrugated pasteboard1 metal1 wood1 or other suitable material and wrapped so that nothing can escape from the package4 ,all such parcels shall be labeled 8,eggs40 ,eggs in parcels weighing more than #bj pounds shall be accepted for mailing to offices in the first and second zones when packed in crates1 boxes1 buckets1 or other containers having tight bottoms to prevent the escape of anything from the package and so constructed as properly to protect the contents4 ,such packages to be marked 8,eggs--,this side up10 and to be transported outside of mail bags4 ,the ideal container must be simple in construction1 efficient in service1 and cheap4 ,simplicity of construction is essential1 so that it may be assembled and packed or filled readily and rapidly4 ,any part which is to be opened should be so marked or notched as to indicate the part to pull up or out4 ,it must be efficient in service to insure satisfaction to the shipper and to the receiver1 and also to prevent damage to other mail matter by possible breakage and leakage4 ,it must be inexpensive or it will defeat the object to be attained1 which is a reduction of the cost of handling between producer and consumer4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4--,this photograph shows a fiber-board box filled with corrugated-pasteboard lining and fillers1 or partitions1 of the same material4 ,each egg has a wrap of one-faced corrugated pasteboard4 ,the lining is raised to show the eggs2 it shows dark against the lid4 ,trials of many different styles and makes of containers or cartons for shipping eggs by parcel post were made4 ,quite a number proved satisfactory in extended trials4 ,a few of them are illustrated in these pages for the purpose of showing in a general way their appearance and construction4 ,any container which meets the postal requirements and which serves the purpose properly can be used4 ,information ,relative to ,securing ,containers ,the experiment stations in the various ,states have information as to containers for parcel-post shipments of eggs1 in consumer-size lots1 and persons desiring information of this kind should not address the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 but should address the director of the experiment station in their own ,states4 ,the following list gives the post-office address of each station3 ,alabama3 ,auburn4 ,tuskegee ,institute4 ,alaska3 ,sitka4 ,arizona3 ,tucson4 ,arkansas3 ,fayetteville4 ,california3 ,berkeley4 ,colorado3 ,fort ,collins4 ,connecticut3 ,new ,haven4 ,storrs4 ,delaware3 ,newark4 ,florida3 ,gainesville4 ,georgia3 ,experiment4 ,guam3 ,guam4 ,hawaii3 ,honolulu4 ,idaho3 ,moscow4 ,illinois3 ,urbana4 ,indiana3 ,lafayette4 ,iowa3 ,ames4 ,kansas3 ,manhattan4 ,kentucky3 ,lexington4 ,louisiana3 ,baton ,rouge4 ,maine3 ,orono4 ,maryland3 ,college ,park4 ,massachusetts3 ,amherst4 ,michigan3 ,east ,lansing4 ,minnesota3 ,university ,farm1 ,st4 ,paul4 ,mississippi3 ,agricultural ,college4 ,missouri3 ,columbia4 ,montana3 ,bozeman4 ,nebraska3 ,lincoln4 ,nevada3 ,reno4 ,new ,hampshire3 ,durham4 ,new ,jersey3 ,new ,brunswick4 ,new ,mexico3 ,state ,college4 ,new ,york3 ,geneva4 ,ithaca4 ,north ,carolina3 ,raleigh4 ,north ,dakota3 ,agricultural ,college4 ,ohio3 ,wooster4 ,oklahoma3 ,stillwater4 ,oregon3 ,corvallis4 ,pennsylvania3 ,state ,college4 ,porto ,rico3 ,mayaguez4 ,rhode ,island3 ,kingston4 ,south ,carolina3 ,clemson ,college4 ,south ,dakota3 ,brookings4 ,tennessee3 ,knoxville4 ,texas3 ,college ,station4 ,utah3 ,logan4 ,vermont3 ,burlington4 ,virginia3 ,blacksburg4 ,washington3 ,pullman4 ,west ,virginia3 ,morgantown4 ,wisconsin3 ,madison4 ,wyoming3 ,laramie4 ,,packing ,,eggs ,,for ,,shipment ,the eggs for packing1 if the trade requires it or if it can be done without any disadvantage1 should be assorted as to size and color4 ,eggs irregular in shape1 those which are unusually long or thin-shelled1 or which have shells otherwise defective1 should be kept by the producer for home use1 so that breakage in transit may be reduced as much as possible4 ,regardless of the particular style or design of the container used1 each egg should be wrapped according to parcel-post requirements1 so that it will not shake about4 ,square-block tissue paper1 which comes in packages of #ejj sheets each1 soft wrapping paper1 or newspaper1 should be used around each egg4 ,should the eggs shake about in the container1 the danger of breakage in handling is increased4 ,from the experimental shipments that have been made1 it is clear that the packing should be attended to carefully4 ,a little practice will enable the packer to do his work rapidly4 ,weight of ,egg ,parcels ,average hens' eggs will weigh about #a pounds to the dozen1 or #b ounces apiece4 ,the weight of a single dozen of eggs in a carton properly packed and wrapped for mailing will run from #b to #c pounds1 depending on the nature of the particular container1 the size of the eggs1 and the packing and wrapping used4 ,if the container be a very light one and the eggs small1 the parcel may fall within the #b-pound limit1 and the postage1 therefore1 within the first and second zones1 or #aej-mile limit1 would be six cents4 ,most parcels containing a dozen eggs will exceed #b pounds but will not reach #c2 therefore the postage on them will be #g cents within the first and second zones4 ,a parcel containing #b dozen eggs will add perhaps #b cents to the postage1 though sometimes only #a cent1 depending on the nature of the container and the packing and wrapping4 ,it should be observed that the larger the parcel 7within the size and weight limits7 the cheaper is the postage1 as the first pound of every package costs #e cents within the first and second zones1 while each additional pound1 up to #ej1 costs but #a cent2 so that while a #a-pound parcel would cost #e cents postage1 a #b-pound parcel would cost only #f cents1 or #c cents a pound4 ,a #bj-pound parcel would cost #bd cents1 or #a cents per pound1 and a #ej-pound parcel would cost #ed cents1 or but #a cents per pound4 ,shipping ,eggs for ,hatching ,purposes ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4--,this illustration shows #bj-pound parcel-post scales1 which will be found quite convenient for many household purposes requiring a small scale4 ,shipping eggs intended for hatching purposes in the style of containers illustrated in this bulletin has been found satisfactory to a great many poultry breeders4 ,those who do not favor this way of packing can use the method ordinarily employed when eggs are to be shipped by express1 which is covered by the following postal regulation3 ,eggs for hatching shall be accepted for mailing1 regardless of distance1 when each egg is wrapped separately and surrounded with excelsior1 wood-wool1 or other suitable material and packed in a basket1 preferably with a handle1 or other suitable container1 lined with paper1 fiber-board or corrugated pasteboard1 in such a way that nothing can escape from the package4 ,such parcels shall be labeled 8,eggs for hatching40 8,keep from heat and cold40 8,please handle with care10 or other suitable words1 and shall be handled outside of mail sacks4 ,the person receiving eggs for hatching should place them on the small end in bran or similar substance for #bd hours1 in order that the germs may settle thoroughly before incubation is started4 ,supplies for ,shippers ,as the postal regulations require that every parcel must have on it the name and address of the sender preceded by the word 8,from10 each person shipping eggs by parcel post will find it convenient to have a rubber stamp similar to the following3 ,from ,william ,smith1 ,rural ,corners1 ,pa4 ,the stamp and an inking pad will cost about #ej cents4 ,the postal regulations also require that parcels containing eggs are to be marked 8,eggs40 ,for this purpose a rubber stamp having letters one-half inch high and reading 8,eggs0 should be used to stamp this word on each side of the parcel4 ,thus the nature of the contents will be apparent no matter which side is in view4 ,the sender will soon learn how much postage each size of parcel requires4 ,parcel-post scales can be secured at reasonable prices4 ,scales are needed in the farm home on many occasions1 and the parcel-post type will serve these other purposes also4 ,they can be had for #b4ej and weigh up to #bj pounds4 7,see fig4 #e47 8,union0 scales having both a platform and a scoop attachment and weighing up to #bjj or #cjj pounds can be had for from #f to #ab1 if desired4 ,boxes1 wrapping paper1 and twine should be bought in as large quantities as possible 7say a year's supply at a time71 so that lower prices may be obtained4 ,with proper organization it will be possible for several farmers to join in ordering containers by the thousand and other supplies in correspondingly large quantities4 ,economical ,size of ,parcels ,in arranging with the customer as to the size and frequency of shipments it is wise to take into consideration the fact that the larger the parcel sent 7i4 e41 the more eggs sent in one parcel7 the cheaper will be the postage per dozen4 ,it would be much more economical for the family that uses1 say1 #d dozens a week to have them sent in a #d-;dozen parcel once a week than to have them sent in two #b-;dozen parcels at different times during the week2 and the eggs1 if produced under proper conditions and properly kept1 would not deteriorate to any appreciable extent in that length of time4 ,the same principle would hold good regardless of quantity used4 ,considering the cost of the container and the postage1 the consumer usually will find it no economy to buy eggs for food by parcel post in less than #b-;dozen lots4 ,wrapping and ,addressing ,parcels ,the appearance of the parcel depends largely upon the manner in which it is wrapped4 ,odds and ends of paper and twine are not desirable for this purpose4 ,every producer who aims to make a business of shipping eggs by parcel post should procure a supply of good tough paper of the proper size to wrap his parcels1 and also good1 strong1 though not too heavy1 cord or twine that stretches very little4 ,no matter what the design of the container there is always danger1 should the parcel be subjected to excessive pressure or violence in any form1 that the eggs may be broken and the contents leak out4 ,in a large number of experiments it was found that when parcels were properly wrapped with good paper1 even though there were quite a number of broken eggs in the parcel1 in only a few cases did any leakage of the contents damage other mail matter4 ,a container badly stained from broken eggs should not be used again4 ,better a little less profit on a shipment of eggs than a displeased customer1 who1 displeased a few times1 will cease to be a customer4 ,it is a simple matter to wrap the parcels both rapidly and neatly4 ,a little attention to the best manner of folding the paper in completing the wrapping will result in a securely and neatly covered package4 ,this applies to parcels weighing less than #bj pounds--parcels exceeding #bj pounds need not be wrapped4 ,to insure prompt delivery the address should be written plainly on the wrapping of the parcel4 ,much mail matter is delayed or altogether fails to reach its destination because of an incomplete or poorly written address4 ,inclosures ,an inclosure stating the number of eggs and the price may be placed in the parcel1 but no message of any kind may be included1 as that would subject the package to the first-class postage rate4 ,,unpacking ,,eggs ,,when ,,received ,the person receiving the eggs should unpack them immediately to see if any have been broken4 ,it may be desirable to have instructions printed on the outside of the container1 and the following are suggested3 8,please unpack and examine at once to see condition and to give proper attention40 ,whether or not this is printed on the container1 the shipper should have a distinct understanding with the consumer that this is to be done with every parcel received1 so that information as to any unsatisfactory condition may be promptly obtained4 ,,returning ,,empty ,,containers ,many shippers will doubtless find it desirable and economical to have the customer save the containers and return them after a sufficient number have accumulated4 ,when so returned the postage on empty cases still in usable condition is less than the cost of new ones4 ,the consumer should receive credit for the postage required to return them4 ,many of the containers are made in 8knocked-down0 style1 i4 e41 to take apart and fold so they can be made into a much smaller package or parcel4 ,containers which are knocked down to be returned should be packed in such a way that there will be no edges or points projecting without support or protection1 as such projections are likely to be broken or crushed in the mails4 ,the cost of the container is necessarily included in the price of the eggs to the consumer4 ,it is therefore to the interest of the consumer to take proper care of containers and to save or return all that are in usable condition4 ,since the return of containers will have some effect on the price of the eggs1 the proper spirit of thrift should cause the consumer to take care of all returnable empties and to send them back in accordance with whatever agreement or understanding may exist between the producer and himself4 ,,method ,,of ,,bringing ,,producer ,,and ,,consumer ,,together ,one of the problems to the average farmer is how to secure customers who desire eggs direct from the farm4 ,in other words1 the question is1 8,how shall ,i come in contact with the person who wants my product80 ,an occasional contact may be secured through acquaintance in the city or town where a parcel-post market is sought4 ,contact might also be secured by a small advertisement in a city or town paper1 stating the number of eggs available per week4 ,the postmasters in a number of large cities have issued lists of consumers which ought to be helpful4 ,in ,france city dwellers make these business arrangements in summer when in the country on their holiday4 ,consumers who will not take trouble about these relatively small things should not complain of the high cost of food products4 ,additional contact ought to be more easily obtained than the original contact1 for the simple reason that if a producer supplies satisfactory eggs the person receiving them is almost sure to obtain other customers for him by speaking well of his product4 ,it might be said that the reputation a parcel-post shipper makes with his first customers will very largely determine his success or failure in marketing by this method4 ,the matter of holding business once secured and securing additional business is important4 ,one of the serious drawbacks of ordinary farming is the great irregularity of income during the year4 ,the development of a regular parcel-post business in eggs and the numerous other products that may be marketed by this means will increase the income and distribute it better throughout the year4 ,once a customer has been secured1 every endeavor should be made to furnish strictly high-grade goods and to deal fairly1 promptly1 and satisfactorily1 so that the customer may be retained4 ,when a reputation has been established for products of high quality and for fair dealing1 the holding of customers and securing new ones will be a comparatively simple matter4 ,,fixing ,,fair ,,prices ,as the object of parcel-post dealing is to get slightly increased prices for the producer and better products at the same price1 or the same class of products at lower prices1 for the consumer1 the question of arriving at prices fair to both is important4 ,it is also difficult4 ,it is not likely1 at least not for some time to come1 that eggs will be marketed so largely by parcel post that the ordinary marketing quotations can not be depended upon in arriving at prices4 ,it ought to be a comparatively easy matter for a producer and a consumer to agree upon a stipulated market quotation as the basis for determining the price to be paid4 ,a consumer may desire #e dozen eggs per week1 the price to be agreed upon being the number of cents per dozen above the wholesale quotation for the best grade of eggs on the market that week4 ,the necessary relations in this matter can be maintained only by scrupulous honesty and well-founded mutual trust4 ,,contracts ,,or ,,agreements ,,between ,,producer ,,and ,,consumer ,the nature of the agreement between the producer and the consumer1 whether reduced to writing or not1 should be made to suit the circumstances and must be fair to both4 ,perhaps the first agreement made should be in writing2 but later1 if mutual confidence and trust have been thoroughly established1 the contract may be verbal4 ,the matter of frequency and method of payment can be arranged in various ways4 ,for the first agreement term1 which may be a year or less1 cash in advance might be satisfactory1 until a definite system of orders and payments is established4 ,the agreement should specify3 7#a7 ,the names of the parties to the agreement4 7#b7 ,the length of time during which the agreement is to be in force4 7#c7 ,the number of eggs to be shipped each week during the time the contract runs1 and also the frequency of shipment and the number in each shipment4 7#d7 ,price to be paid during the time of the contract1 together with the base on which the price is fixed4 7#e7 ,method of adjusting claims for broken or bad eggs4 7#f7 ,the consumer should open boxes properly 7without cutting or tearing71 and should take proper care of them and return them by mail as desired by the producer4 7#g7 ,frequency of payment and manner of remitting2 postage paid on empties returned to the producer to be credited to the consumer on next bill rendered4 ,for the reason that eggs are in very abundant supply in the spring season and in very short supply in the fall and early winter season1 the contract should specify quantity to be supplied each week throughout the year4 ,the producer can not expect the consumer to take all the eggs that are to be marketed in the season of greatest production1 nor can the consumer expect to get as many eggs as he wishes in the season of lowest production2 and these two extremes should be thoroughly understood and specifically mentioned in the agreement1 so as to have no misunderstanding regarding them4 ,in the season of short supply the consumer might be willing to try some eggs preserved in water glass1 thereby relieving the situation4 ,the producer in making an agreement with a consumer should undertake to replace or allow for eggs lost by breakage in shipping4 ,should this provision in the agreement be abused by any consumer it might be sufficient reason to refuse to contract again with that consumer1 and of course satisfactory evidence of unusual breakage would need to be produced1 and it might even be necessary to locate the cause of the breakage in the mails4 ,the following is a suggested form of agreement3 ,,this ,article of ,agreement made this 444444 day of 4444441 #aiag1 by and between ,,john ,,doe1 of ,,doeville1 ,,doe ,county1 ,va41 party of the first part1 and ,,richard ,,roe1 of #bih ,bahama ,avenue1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 party of the second part4 ,,witnesseth1 ,that for the price of 4444 cents 744447 per dozen above the wholesale price for best eggs quoted in the 8,blankville ,news0 on ,tuesday of each week1 the party of the first part agrees to supply the party of the second part 4444 744447 dozens of eggs weekly for the remainder of the calendar year #aiag1 each weekly consignment to be shipped in one parcel4 ,payments are to be made every four weeks on bill rendered by party of the first part to party of the second part after making proper allowance for eggs broken beyond use and for eggs otherwise unusable4 ,the party of the second part is to receive credit for postage on empties returned and agrees to take proper care of containers1 open them properly 7without cutting or tearing71 and to return them to the party of the first part as party of the first part may desire4 ,if party of the first part require it1 party of the second part agrees to return containers with broken eggs in place if he claims they are damaged beyond use4 ,,parcel ,,post ,,zones ,the ,united ,states is divided into 8units10 each one of which is numbered1 as illustrated by the accompanying section of map4 7,see fig4 #f47 ,the center of each unit constitutes the center of the zones for all post offices within that unit4 ,the first zone consists of any given unit together with all the adjoining units1 even though they but touch at the corner4 ,the second zone embraces all those units within a radius of #aej miles from the center of any given unit1 and the whole of any unit1 any part of which is touched by this #aej-mile boundary line1 is considered entirely within that zone4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,this illustration shows a section of ,parcel ,post ,zone ,map for ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 and all other post offices in ,unit #ajga4 ,there is separate zone map for each unit4 ,the accompanying illustration shows a section of the map for the unit in which ,washington is located4 ,the second circle shows the nominal boundary of zone #b2 but owing to the fact that all units which are touched by this boundary line fall entirely within the second zone1 the units which are bounded by the heavy line 7outside the second curved line7 are entirely within zone #b4 ,this principle applies to all other zones2 that is1 any unit which is touched at any point by the boundary of a given zone lies wholly within that given zone and is so considered for the purposes of the parcel-post service4 ,particular description is here given of the first and second zones because of the fact that the great bulk of the shipping of farm products by parcel post is likely to be done within these zones4 ,the rate can be ascertained readily from the accompanying tables4 ,local parcel post rates ,pounds,postage ------------- ,cents #a #e #b #f #c #f #d #g #e #g #f #h #g #h #h #i #i #i #aj #aj #aa #aj #ab #aa #ac #aa #ad #ab #ae #ab #af #ac #ag #ac #ah #ad #ai #ad #bj #ae #ba #ae #bb #af #bc #af #bd #ag #be #ag #bf #ah #bg #ah #bh #ai #bi #ai #cj #bj #ca #bj #cb #ba #cc #ba #cd #bb #ce #bb #cf #bc #cg #bc #ch #bd #ci #bd #dj #be #da #be #db #bf #dc #bf #dd #bg #de #bg #df #bh #dg #bh #dh #bi #di #bi #ej #cj ------------- ,fifty pounds is the weight limit for local delivery4 ,these rates are #e cents for the first pound and #a cent additional for each #b pounds or fraction thereof2 they apply to any parcel-post matter that does not go beyond the jurisdiction of the mailing office4 ,first and second zone parcel-post rates ,pounds,postage ------------- ,cents #a #e #b #f #c #g #d #h #e #i #f #aj #g #aa #h #ab #i #ac #aj #ad #aa #ae #ab #af #ac #ag #ad #ah #ae #ai #af #bj #ag #ba #ah #bb #ai #bc #bj #bd #ba #be #bb #bf #bc #bg #bd #bh #be #bi #bf #cj #bg #ca #bh #cb #bi #cc #cj #cd #ca #ce #cb #cf #cc #cg #cd #ch #ce #ci #cf #dj #cg #da #ch #db #ci #dc #dj #dd #da #de #db #df #dc #dg #dd #dh #de #di #df #ej #dg #ea #dh #eb #di #ec #ej #ed ------------- ,the weight limit within the first and second zones is #ej pounds4 ,these rates apply to all points within the first and second zones1 as there is no difference in rates between these two zones4 ,a simple rule to determine the postage on any parcel not going beyond the second zone is to add #d to the number of pounds1 and the resulting number is the postage required in cents4 ,example3 ,a parcel weighs #ac pounds and #aa ounces2 this will require postage on #ad pounds 7as any fraction of a pound is considered a full pound72 #ad #d #ah cents postage4 ,the weight limit for the third1 fourth1 fifth1 sixth1 seventh1 and eighth zones is #bj pounds4 ,any information desired in regard to rates1 zones1 and other postal matters can be obtained from any post office4 ,measurement ,limits for ,parcel-,post ,mail ,matter ,in addition to the weight limits shown in connection with the foregoing postage tables there is a measurement limit1 which is the same for all zones4 ,this limit is that the girth 7measurement around7 and the length added must not exceed #hd inches4 ,for example1 a parcel #ab inches square 7#dh inches around7 and #cf inches long would be just up to the limit1 as would also a parcel #ae inches square 7#fj inches around7 and #bd inches long4 ,a parcel cubical in shape and #ad inches in each dimension would measure #ef inches around1 and to this would be added #ad inches for length1 making #gj inches1 or #ad inches less than the limit4 ,receipt1 ,insuring and ,c4 ,o4 ,d4 ,if desired1 a receipt can be procured from the postmaster acknowledging the mailing of a parcel on the payment of #a cent4 ,for #c cents a parcel may be insured against loss if not valued at more than #e4 ,a parcel may be sent collect on delivery for #aj cents4 ,this also insures it for actual value not exceeding #ej4 ,,practicability ,,and ,,utility ,,of ,,the ,,parcel ,,post ,,in ,,egg ,,marketing ,under the present method the general farmer1 or in most cases the farmer's wife1 sells the surplus eggs to the local storekeeper1 taking their value out in trade4 ,the parcel post offers an opportunity for a cash outlet at better prices4 ,it should prove a valuable help1 especially to those farms that are located unfavorably in regard to a consuming market4 ,it is not too much to say that shipping by parcel post has been demonstrated as a practical proposition when properly conducted4 ,to send a #b-;dozen-size parcel would cost about as follows3 ,for container and wrapping1 #h cents2 for postage1 #i cents1 or a total of #ag cents1 which would be #h cents a dozen marketing cost4 ,marketing a #e-;dozen parcel would cost about #ac cents for container and wrapping and #ad cents postage1 or a total of #bg cents2 a #aj-;dozen lot would cost about #bb cents for container and wrapping and #be cents postage1 or a total of #dg cents4 ,these figures are based on container prices prevailing prior to ,july #a1 #aiad4 ,the postage rates here used are those within the first and second zones4 ,the rates to the third and farther zones are higher1 and the advantages of marketing by parcel post consequently less4 ,these figures include the cost of a new container each time4 ,the experiments show that containers from the #d-;dozen size up will stand on an average two to four trips very satisfactorily4 ,containers for smaller lots will stand on an average from three to five trips4 ,as the postage cost of returning containers is considerably less than the price of new ones1 the average expense for containers can be materially reduced from the figures quoted4 ,,disadvantages ,,or ,,difficulties ,,in ,,marketing ,,eggs ,,by ,,parcel ,,post ,if it is kept in mind that it takes a few days for eggs to reach the consumer1 a regular supply of eggs can be had for use at all times4 ,the possibility of broken eggs and the consequent adjustment of payment may seem to be a disadvantage1 but if properly provided for in the agreement it need not be4 ,the matter of arriving at equitable prices may seem to be difficult1 but ought not be a drawback4 ,some farmers may be so situated that they already have a satisfactory market for their eggs4 ,others may wish to have a parcel-post market during a part of the year1 but may dispose of them otherwise during the remainder of the year4 ,the local market may also at times afford a more satisfactory price than that received under a parcel-post selling agreement4 ,there may also be producers of large quantities of eggs who find express transportation cheaper than parcel post4 ,the securing of proper containers and the wrapping and packing of the eggs properly for mailing1 as well as the care that needs to be exercised in shipping only strictly first-class eggs1 may seem difficult to some1 but if a parcel-post market is to be developed1 it will require care and attention to get it properly established and to keep it going successfully4 ,,direct ,,marketing ,,of ,,larger ,,quantities ,,of ,,eggs ,,than ,,private ,,families ,,require ,the foregoing discussion applies especially to shipments of eggs for family consumption4 ,it is likely that many producers will desire a larger outlet than is afforded by private families4 ,these shippers may use containers such as are described in the postal regulations4 ,they must come within the weight and measurement limits1 however4 ,the present #cj-;dozen commercial case exceeds the weight limits and would have to be forwarded by express4 ,the express companies are now paying special attention to small shipments of food products1 and furnish prompt and efficient service4 ,should an individual farmer not have enough eggs to ship alone a number of neighboring farmers may club together for the purpose of shipping eggs and may secure a purchaser in the person of a hotel1 restaurant1 or lunch-room proprietor1 or a retail grocer in some town or city4 ,the eggs from each farm should be packed in #a-;dozen size cartons or fillers1 which would take the place of the ordinary filler of the standard #cj-;dozen-size egg case4 ,these cartons should have stamped on them the name and address of the producer1 or instead of the name and address a number could be assigned to each farm for the purposes of identification4 ,each carton should be sealed so that any complaint in regard to quality can be traced to the individual producer4 ,this is necessary in order to protect members of the club from complaints of delinquency not justly attributable to them4#b #b ,farmers' ,bulletin #fef1 ,the ,community ,egg ,circle1 gives the details of such an organization4 ,it can be obtained on request from the ,division of ,publications1 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,shipping by express presupposes that the producers concerned are within reasonable distance of express service1 otherwise the expense of transporting the eggs to the express office might be prohibitive4 ,it is hoped that these methods may enable the producer to realize better prices1 and that at the same time the consumer will secure a fresher product4 ,eggs so handled and shipped will be fresher and in better condition than ordinary country-store or huckster-collected eggs4 ,the average farmer pays scant attention to egg and poultry production1 usually leaving matters relating thereto to his wife4 ,properly managed1 however1 this branch of farm industry may prove profitable4 ,indeed1 it is not unlikely that a careful keeping of the cost of producing corn on many farms would lead to the conclusion that the family treasury had profited more by the activities of the hen than by raising corn4 ,,opportunity ,,of ,,extension ,,of ,,parcel-,,post ,,marketing ,,to ,,other ,,products ,it is quite possible that once having secured a parcel-post market for eggs many farmers having other commodities not readily salable at home may open up markets for them in the same way4 ,methods of arriving at prices would be the same1 the producer advising the consumer as to the commodities1 quantity1 and price4 ,by this means a market may be found for many products which are not now being marketed1 mainly for the reason that they are in the nature of by-products or small surpluses over the family's need which do not justify a special trip to market4 ,there is also a field of opportunity open for development in making a special effort to produce such things as town or city residents are anxious to obtain1 and by proper attention a supplemental income could be built up by developing such business4 ,,summary 7#a7 ,in the experiments conducted in this study #gfj dozens1 or #i1aca eggs1 were sent through the mails in #dff shipments of from #a to #aj dozens each4 ,the total breakage was #cbg eggs2 of these1 #aah were only cracked or slightly broken and were usable1 and #bji 7or #b4c per cent7 were broken beyond use4 ,ninety-one eggs were broken because the parcels containing them were handled contrary to postal rules and regulations4 ,subtracting these1 the loss was only #a4c per cent4 ,this shows the possibility of shipping eggs by parcel post with small loss1 and indicates that eggs may be so shipped with safety if existing postal regulations are observed4 7#b7 ,care should be exercised in the production of eggs so that they will be of as good quality as possible4 ,the hens should be provided with proper quarters and fed on clean1 wholesome feed4 ,the production of non fertile eggs reduces the losses materially4 ,after gathering1 the eggs should be kept carefully in the coolest and best ventilated place available4 7#c7 ,trials of many styles and makes of containers were made2 a large number proved satisfactory4 ,the addresses of manufacturers of containers can be obtained from the agricultural experiment stations in the several ,states4 7#d7 ,in selecting eggs for shipping by mail1 thin-shelled and unusually long or irregular-shaped eggs should not be used4 ,each egg should be wrapped in sufficient paper to hold it snugly in its own individual compartment in the container4 ,the container should be properly closed and carefully wrapped with good1 tough wrapping paper and strong twine4 ,the address should be written plainly to insure prompt delivery on arrival4 ,the postal regulations require the name and address of the sender on the parcel also4 7#e7 ,if attention is given to the necessary details1 as indicated in this bulletin1 eggs can be shipped by parcel post to the advantage of the farmer4 ,this method of marketing affords a means of increasing the fresh-egg business to the benefit of both the producer and the consumer4 7#f7 ,farmers located out of reach of a satisfactory market or of the usual means of transportation can find in the parcel post a ready means of getting their eggs direct to a consuming market promptly and at prices that will justify the additional trouble involved in packing for mailing4 ,,publications ,,of ,,the ,,department ,,of ,,agriculture ,,of ,,interest ,,to ,,poultry ,,raisers ,farmers' ,bulletin #ea4 ,standard ,varieties of ,chickens4 ,farmers' ,bulletin #bhg4 ,poultry ,management4 ,farmers' ,bulletin #ebh4 ,hints to ,poultry ,raisers4 ,farmers' ,bulletin #ecj4 ,important ,poultry ,diseases4 ,farmers' ,bulletin #efb4 ,the ,organization of ,boys' and ,girls' ,poultry ,clubs4 ,farmers' ,bulletin #egd4 ,poultry ,house ,construction4 ,farmers' ,bulletin #ehe4 ,natural and ,artificial ,incubation of ,hen's ,eggs4 ,farmers' ,bulletin #fbd4 ,natural and ,artificial ,brooding of ,chickens4 ,farmers' ,bulletin #fef4 ,the ,community ,egg ,circle4 ,farmers' ,bulletin #fhb4 ,a ,simple ,trap ,nest for ,poultry4 ,farmers' ,bulletin #gjc4 ,suggestions for ,parcel-post ,marketing4 ,further suggestions along this line may be found in ,farmers' ,bulletin #gjc1 ,suggestions for ,parcel-,post ,marketing1 which may be obtained on request from the ,division of ,publication1 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,plan ,no4 #bbf4 ,,dressing ,,christmas ,,dolls ,having observed that of the thousands of dolls which are sold during the holidays very few of them are dressed to suit the tastes of buyers1 this woman felt certain she could make a good living by dressing these dolls4 ,she therefore prepared a circular letter which she sent to hundreds of selected homes in her city1 asking to be allowed the privilege of dressing the children's dolls according to her own taste1 or that of the mothers of the little girls1 and received invitations to call at the homes of a large number of these people4 ,she did so1 and so well did she demonstrate her ability for the work that she received many orders4 ,her charges were reasonable1 and she developed a regular and paying business4 ,,plan ,no4 #bbg4 ,,paper ,,covers ,,for ,,school ,,books ,,assist ,,in ,,putting ,,man ,,through ,,college ,a young man in an eastern ,washington town1 who was obliged to work his way through the agricultural college1 adopted1 as one of his numerous plans for making money1 that of providing substantial yet inexpensive manilla covers for school books4 ,he bought from a wholesale paper store1 a quantity of the best manilla paper at #d cents a pound and1 at a cost of #ae cents additional1 had it cut into different sizes and the corners cut off on a regular paper cutter4 ,the ends he cut off himself with a pair of shears1 and pasted them down so they could be slipped on over any school book1 to protect it4 ,the cover1 completed1 cost him less than #b cents each1 yet he sold a large number of them for #e cents each4 ,finally1 he induced the school board to buy #e1jjj of them1 at #c cents each4 ,he made enough in this to put him through the greater part of his first year's schooling4 ,he operated the same plan in other school districts the second and third years1 and completed his course with the money he thus earned4 ,,plan ,no4 #bbh4 ,,making ,,pan-,,lifters ,a woman in ,lincoln1 ,nebraska1 who knew the difficulties and dangers involved in lifting hot pans that have to be handled often1 figured out a plan to make this work both safe and convenient4 ,she made a belt to fasten around the waist1 and on each side of the front she fastened a strip that came down nearly to the knees4 ,on the ends of these strips she sewed small quilted pads about six inches square4 ,these were always ready to use1 and proved great time-savers and made the lifting easy4 ,she was so well pleased with the one she made for herself1 that she made up a hundred of them and went from house to house1 explaining their advantages1 and readily sold them at #be cents each4 ,,plan ,no4 #bbi4 ,,money ,,in ,,winter ,,bulbs ,in late ,october or early ,november every year1 a ,massachusetts woman buys some plain glass dishes1 about five inches wide and two or three inches deep4 ,she then collects pebbles and places them in each dish1 and on top of them1 so they will not touch each other1 she places fine narcissus bulbs1 filling in around them with more pebbles1 until the dish is quite full4 ,then adding water enough to fill to the top1 she sets the dishes on the cellar floor and leaves them there until they are full of roots4 ,she then brings them into a light1 sunny room1 and as soon as they are in bloom she takes them to the woman's exchange1 where they sell readily for #ej cents a dish4 ,the cost of the dishes is #e cents each1 and the bulbs1 six for #e cents1 so she makes #dj cents on each dish4 ,,plan ,no4 #bcj4 ,,selling ,,hickory ,,nuts ,a country woman with a grove of hickory trees on her farm1 made #cj in one month gathering hickory nuts1 which she sent to a friend in the city1 who bought them at #a4ej per bushel4 ,that was only twenty bushels1 and people who live in localities where these nuts are plentiful could multiply that number many times by gathering them on a more extensive scale4 ,,plan ,no4 #bca4 ,,thumbless ,,mittens ,,for ,,children ,what mother has ever been able to get a baby's thumb into a mitten8 ,and how long would it stay if she did8 ,then why have thumbs on baby's mittens at all8 ,these are questions a ,canadian mother asked herself many times1 and learned that there was but one answer3 make the mittens without thumbs4 ,and she did so4 ,in fact1 she found that no matter how many pair she made1 the baby-outfitters gladly took all she could knit1 sold them for #dj cents a pair1 and charged her only a small commission for selling2 as the materials cost less than #aj cents1 her profit was large4 ,she used white pompadour or saxony yarn1 and a large steel hook1 so the work was light1 pleasant and profitable4 ,,plan ,no4 #bcb4 ,,tailored ,,hats ,here is the story of a ,montana woman who discovered that she could make a better tailored hat for girls1 and sell it for #ej cents1 than the millinery stores ask #b for1 and she not only made one for her own little girl1 but for a hundred or more other small misses1 and realized a profit on every one she made4 ,the material cost but little1 while the work on the hats was no trouble at all1 so she kept it up until she had supplied everybody of her acquaintance with the prettiest hats to be seen anywhere4 ,she made them from a pattern published by a well known woman's periodical2 and it was so easy to follow it that the making of hats was a real pleasure4 ,she also made nice hats for women1 at #a4jj each1 and on these the profits were still greater4 ,,plan ,no4 #bcc4 ,,selling ,,potted ,,plants ,a southern woman who was extremely fond of flowers lived in a town of #e1jjj inhabitants in which there was no regular florist1 so she began supplying the needs of the flower-loving people there by engaging in the business on a small scale herself1 specializing on potted plants and cut flowers4 ,she bought small plants1 repotted them1 and easily doubled her money on them4 ,in their season she buys tomato and pansy plants and scarlet sage1 as well as bulbs and roots1 and holds regular flower sales at ,easter1 ,christmas1 ,thanksgiving1 ,mother's ,day1 etc41 and always finds a demand for all her floral products4 ,recently she turned her back yard into a hot-house1 and raises the plants herself1 thus decreasing the cost and increasing the margin of profit4 ,from one large bed1 the seed for which cost #ge cents1 she sells from #ae to #bj worth of plants every season4 ,she also advises flower growers about flowers culture1 color schemes1 etc41 and in many ways adds to the grand total of her yearly income4 ,,plan ,no4 #bcd4 ,,basket ,,making ,a downeast woman learned basket making in the young people's society of her church1 and made it a regular business4 ,she specializes in market and scrap baskets1 but makes fancy reed ones to order4 ,her main sales are made through the woman's exchange1 though sometimes direct to customers1 and her earnings are sufficient to support her very comfortably4 ,this line of work is not overcrowded1 and there is plenty of opportunity in it for many other women4 ,,plan ,no4 #bce4 ,,growing ,,mushrooms ,there are many methods of growing mushrooms1 but the one adopted by this ,michigan woman is perhaps as easy and profitable as any of them4 ,first1 providing a sufficient quantity of fresh manure and black dirt1 she carefully prepares the beds and buys the spawn1 and with but little care thereafter they produce a good crop every month in the year4 ,in one bed #g feet long by #b feet wide1 made from an old trunk lid and two soap boxes1 she placed three bricks of spawn early in ,october1 and eight weeks later picked #a pounds of mushrooms1 which sold for #a4bf per pound4 ,then every two days thereafter1 until ,may #ast1 she picked from four to five pounds4 ,the picking1 packing and marketing are easy1 and do not interfere with her regular household duties4 ,she made #h to #aj a week out of this industry1 and recommends it to others who need something to help out with household expenses4 ,,plan ,no4 #bcf4 ,,lunches ,,for ,,school ,,children ,a woman in ,minnesota1 whose income was very limited1 was asked by the parent-teachers' association to provide noon lunches for the pupils in the basement of a school building1 the profit or loss to be her own4 ,she had two long tables made of rough boards1 covered with white oilcloth1 and on these she spreads sandwiches made of minced ham1 peanut butter1 chipped beef and cheese1 at #c cents each2 cake at #b cents a slice1 with milk1 cocoa1 soup1 etc41 at very low prices1 yet which pay her a profit4 ,she buys her material at wholesale prices1 and makes a small profit on each article1 so there is at least a comfortable living in it4 ,at one o'clock her work is all done1 and she has the afternoons and ,saturdays at her own disposal4 ,not a very large enterprise1 but it affords a living1 and that is quite an item for a poor woman4 ,,plan ,no4 #bcg4 ,,desiccated ,,vegetables ,an eastern woman1 anxious to help her husband lift the mortgage from their farm1 had been told of the possibilities of desiccated vegetables1 and decided to try out the plan herself4 ,by way of experiment1 she desiccated some vegetables and dried them in the sun4 ,these she soaked for an hour in cold water1 poured off the water1 and put the vegetables in with some meat she was stewing4 ,in half an hour she had a fine ,irish stew ready for the table4 ,calling in some of her neighbors1 they formed a local company for manufacturing desiccated vegetables4 ,the vegetables1 dried to a small bulk1 were easily shipped to grocers at a great saving in freight or express charges1 the weight also having been reduced to almost nothing4 ,the company employed several of its members to become traveling salesmen1 and they took many orders1 as dealers were glad to get the new product4 ,a package containing enough potatoes1 carrots and onions for a stew1 was sold for #c cents at retail or #b cents wholesale4 ,they sold well at all seasons1 as they were a great saving to the housewife1 and when put into water were as fresh and palatable as in their original state4 ,,plan ,no4 #bch4 ,a ,,profitable ,,advertising ,,plan ,a young man left ,chicago some time ago and went to the ,northwest for the purpose of increasing his earning power4 ,having first provided himself with twelve cartoon plates1 with a strong home-trade argument under each cartoon1 which a big newspaper syndicate had made for him1 he stopped at a town of some #e1jjj inhabitants and called upon the publisher of the leading newspaper4 ,to him he made the following proposition3 ,to obtain for his paper one or two pages of local advertisements to run every week for twelve weeks1 and create a strong sentiment for patronizing home merchants and local industries1 furnishing the cartoons and home-trade arguments1 of which he showed proofs1 and to divide the profits equally1 though it was not to cost the publisher a cent1 except the composition on the local ads4 to be secured and set up2 that for this home-trade page1 the rates must be double his regular rates1 so that he would get full price for his ads4 ,of course1 the publisher accepted1 and the ,chicago man went to work4 ,in three days he had contracts signed up for enough local ads4 to fill two pages with the cartoon in the center of the page to run twelve consecutive weeks1 the contracts to be left with the publisher1 who was to collect and forward him his half1 but the newspaper man willingly paid him one-fourth of the amount that would be due him at the end of the twelve weeks4 ,in three days the ,chicago man had made just #bhh4 ,this plan will afford a good living to any advertising salesman4 ,,plan ,no4 #bci4 ,,backyard ,,poultry ,,keeping ,acknowledgment is due for this article to the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,contribution from the ,bureau of ,animal ,industry1 ,a4 ,d4 ,melvin1 ,chief4 ,in every household1 no matter how economical the housewife1 there is a certain amount of table scraps and kitchen waste which has feeding value but which1 if not fed1 finds its way into the garbage pail4 ,poultry is the only class of domestic animals which is suitable for converting this waste material1 right where it is produced in the city1 into wholesome and nutritious food in the form of eggs and poultry meat4 ,each hen in her pullet year should produce ten dozen eggs4 ,the average size of the back-yard flock should be at least ten hens4 ,thus each flock would produce in a year #ajj dozens of eggs which1 at the conservative value of #be cents a dozen1 would be worth #be4 ,by keeping a back-yard poultry flock the family would not only help in reducing the cost of living but would have eggs of a quality and freshness which are often difficult to obtain4 ,remember that eggs produced by the back-yard flock cost very little1 as the fowls are fed largely upon waste materials4 ,illustration3 ,an illustration of the average back yard of the city man which may be turned to a profitable use by raising chickens4 ,,advantages ,,of ,,home ,,poultry ,the keeping of a small flock of laying hens on a town or village lot or in a city back yard is an important branch of poultry keeping4 ,though the value of the product from each flock is small of itself the aggregate is large4 ,the product of such a flock1 both in the form of eggs and fowls for the table1 may be produced at a relatively low cost1 because of the possibility of utilizing table scraps and kitchen waste which would otherwise be thrown away4 ,a small flock of hens1 even as few as six or eight1 should produce eggs enough1 where used economically1 for a family of four or five persons throughout the entire year1 except during the molting period of the fall and early winter4 ,by the preservation of surplus eggs produced during the spring and early summer this period of scarcity can be provided for4 ,the keeping of pullets instead of hens also will insure the production of eggs at this time4 ,not only will the eggs from the home flock materially reduce the cost of living1 but the superior freshness and quality of the eggs are in themselves well worth the effort expended4 ,eggs are a highly nutritious food and are so widely used as to be almost indispensable1 and an occasional chicken dinner is relished by everyone4 ,where conditions render it feasible and cheap small flocks of poultry should be kept to a greater extent than at present by families in villages and towns1 and especially in the suburbs of large cities4 ,the need for this extension of poultry raising is particularly great in those sections where the consumption of poultry products exceeds the production1 with the result that prices are high4 ,,overcoming ,,objections ,,to ,,keeping ,,poultry ,,in ,,the ,,city ,objection is frequently raised to the keeping of poultry in towns and cities because of the odor which may result and also because of the noise which is made by roosters crowing1 particularly in the early morning4 ,in some cases city regulations have been formulated to prevent or to control poultry keeping4 ,where there are city regulations it is necessary to find out their provisions and to conform to them4 ,there is no necessity for the poultry flock to become a nuisance to neighbors4 ,if the dropping boards are cleaned daily and the houses and yards are kept in a reasonably clean condition there will be no annoying odors4 ,the male bird need not be a nuisance4 ,unless it is intended to hatch chickens from the flock it is unnecessary to keep a male bird4 ,the fact that there is no male in the flock will have absolutely no effect on the number of eggs laid by the hens4 ,if it is desired to mate the hens and to hatch chicks the male bird should be sold or eaten just as soon as the hatching season is over4 ,this is desirable not only for the purpose of eliminating noise1 but also to save the feed that would be eaten by the male and for the reason that the eggs produced after the male is disposed of will be infertile4 ,since these eggs are incapable of chick development they keep much better than fertile eggs and consequently are superior for preserving or for market4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4--,poultry house and run in a back yard4 ,the flock must be kept confined2 otherwise the hens will stray into neighbors' yards and gardens1 where they may cause damage and are almost sure to cause ill feeling4 ,,kind ,,of ,,fowls ,,to ,,keep ,householders usually desire not only eggs for the table and for cooking1 but also an occasional chicken to eat4 ,for this reason one of the general-purpose breeds1 such as the ,plymouth ,rock1 ,wyandotte1 ,rhode ,island ,red1 or ,orpington1 is preferable to the smaller egg breeds1 such as the ,leghorns4 ,not only do the mature fowls of these breeds1 because of their larger size1 make better table fowls than the ,leghorns1 but the young chickens for the same reason make better friers and roasters1 whereas chickens of the egg breeds are only suitable for the smaller broilers4 ,the general-purpose breeds are also 8broody0 breeds1 the hens making good sitters and mothers1 which is a decided advantage when it is desired to hatch and raise chickens1 since the hens of the egg breeds seldom go broody and are in any event rather unreliable sitters and mothers4 ,if1 however1 the production of eggs outweighs the desire for an occasional table fowl1 the lighter egg breeds undoubtedly will be found better1 because they lay as many eggs and do so on less feed1 with the result that they produce the eggs more cheaply4 ,it is by all means advisable to keep some pure breed or variety4 ,where this is done1 sales at a profitable figure can often be made of breeding stock which it is intended to market or of eggs for hatching4 ,,size ,,of ,,flock ,the size of the flock which can be most efficiently kept will depend first of all upon the space available and1 secondly1 upon the amount of table scraps or other waste which is available for feed4 ,it is a mistake to try to overstock the available space4 ,better results will be obtained from a few hens in a small yard than from a larger number4 ,the back-yard poultry flock rarely will consist of over #bj or #be hens and in many cases of not more than #h or #aj1 or occasionally of only #c or #d4 ,for a flock of #bj to #be hens a space of not less than #be by #cj feet should be available for a yard4 ,where less space is available1 the size of the flock should be reduced1 allowing on the average #bj to #cj square feet per bird4 ,a few hens are sometimes kept successfully with a smaller yard allowance than this1 but if the space is available a yard of the size indicated should be used4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,a back-yard poultry plant4 ,in the background are the poultry houses set up off the ground on accounts of rats4 ,at the left is a shade made of wooden strips and roofing paper4 ,at the right are the coops for the hens and chicks4 ,in the foreground oats for green feed are being sprouted under wire screens4 ,,procuring ,,stock ,the best way for the city poultry keeper to procure hens is to purchase them in the fall4 ,an effort should be made to obtain pullets rather than older hens1 and the pullets selected should be well matured1 so that they will begin to lay before the cold weather sets in4 ,evidences of the maturity of pullets are the development and red color of the comb and a size and growth which are good for the breed or variety4 ,hens will lay little or no eggs during the fall and early winter1 while they are molting4 ,well-matured pullets1 however1 should lay fairly well during this period1 so that an immediate return is realized from the investment4 ,the purchasing of pullets in the fall is preferable in most cases to purchasing day-old chicks or to hatching chicks in the spring4 ,usually there is little space available for the raising of chicks1 and1 moreover1 many city dwellers have had no experience in raising them4 ,under these conditions the results are apt to be very poor4 ,hatching and rearing chicks also necessitates broody hens for this purpose1 or else investing money in artificial apparatus such as incubators and brooders4 ,such an investment is often too great to prove profitable with the average small flock4 ,if chicks are raised1 they must be fed throughout the summer and no return will be obtained until the pullets begin to lay in the fall1 except that the males can be eaten or sold4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,a shed in the heart of the city utilized for a poultry house4 ,while a larger opening in the front would admit more light and make a more suitable hen house1 the fowls kept here have done very well4 ,the wire netting used for the yard was purchased very cheaply at an auction4 ,the grass and sacks shown on the top of the run are used to furnish shade4 ,when pullets are to be purchased1 it is well if possible to go to some farmer or poultryman who may be known to the prospective purchaser4 ,in some cases it may pay to make arrangements with the farmer to raise the desired number of pullets at an agreed price4 ,where the householder does not have an opportunity to go into the country for his pullets1 he can often pick them out among the live poultry shipped into the city to be marketed4 ,the advice of some one who knows poultry should be sought in making such a purchase1 to make sure that pullets or young hens are obtained1 and that the stock is healthy4 ,often the local poultry associations are glad to help the prospective poultry keeper to get stock by putting him in communication with some of its members having stock for sale4 ,sometimes the local board of trade or chamber of commerce is glad to help to bring together the prospective purchaser and the poultry raiser4 ,,housing ,the flock should be comfortably but not expensively housed4 ,a house which provides a floor space of #c or #d square feet per bird is ample for the purpose1 and fowls are often successfully kept with an allowance no greater then #b to #c square feet4 ,houses must be dry and free from draft1 but must allow ventilation4 ,often there is an unused shed or small building on the place which can easily be converted into a chicken house 7see fig4 #c74 ,the front of the poultry house should be faced toward the south1 if possible1 so that the sun will shine into it4 ,perfectly satisfactory houses can be made cheaply from piano boxes or other packing cases4 ,two piano boxes with the backs removed can be nailed together and a door cut in the end4 ,these boxes should be covered with a roofing paper in order to keep the house dry and to make it wind-proof4 ,a portion of the door should be left open or covered with a piece of muslin1 so as to allow ventilation4 7,see figs4 #d and #e47 ,similar houses can be constructed of packing cases at a relatively small cost4 ,a small amount of #b by #d or #b by #c lumber can be purchased for framing4 ,the box boards can be applied for siding or sheathing and then covered with roofing paper4 ,where there is a board fence it is sometimes possible to take advantage of this by building the poultry house in the corner of the fence and making the fence itself1 with the cracks covered by strips or battened1 serve as the back and one side of the house4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4--,poultry houses1 each of which is made out of two piano boxes4 ,the two boxes are placed back to back1 #c feet apart1 the back and top of each removed1 a frame for roof and floor added1 and the part between the two boxes built in with the boards removed from the boxes4 ,the whole is covered with roofing paper4 ,with piano boxes at #b4ej each1 such a house can be easily and quickly constructed for #ab4 ,it will accommodate #ab hens comfortably4 ,a cheap house #h by #h feet square can be made of #b by #d inch pieces and #ab-;inch boards4 ,plans for such a house are given in figure #f4 ,the #b by #d pieces are used for sills1 plates1 corner posts1 and three rafters4 ,no studding is required except that necessary to frame the door and window space4 ,the boards are run up and down and add sufficient stiffness to the house4 ,they are used also for the roof and covered with roofing paper4 ,the back and sides of the house also can be covered with roofing paper1 or the cracks can be covered with wooden battens or strips #a to #c inches wide4 ,in the front of the house there should be left a window or opening which can be closed1 when desired1 by a muslin screen or curtain which serves as a protection against bad weather but allows ventilation4 ,in the side a door should be provided which will allow entrance4 ,a shed or single-slope roof is best because easiest to build4 ,a height of #f feet in front and #d feet in the rear is ample4 ,if desired1 the house may be built higher1 so that it is more convenient to work in2 the increase in cost will be slight4 ,the ventilator in the rear is not needed in the northern part of the country1 but is desirable in the ,south where summers are very warm4 ,illustration3 ,fig #e4--,rear view of piano-box houses shown in fig4 #d4 ,the openings at the rear are provided for ventilation and coolness in the hot weather4 ,windows could be used instead of solid shutters and would make the houses lighter when closed4 ,such a house would be ample for a flock of #bj to #be hens4 ,it can be built quickly and easily and is cheap in construction4 ,the material required is as follows3 ,,bill ,,of ,,material ,roof rafters1 #e pieces1 #b by #d inches by #h feet long4 ,roof plates1 #b pieces1 #b by #d inches by #h feet long4 ,sills1 #d pieces1 #b by #d inches by #h feet long4 ,posts1 #c pieces #b by #d inches by #f feet long2 #b pieces #b by #d inches by #d feet long4 ,stringer1 #a piece1 #b by #d inches by #h feet long4 ,total pieces required to cut list3 #g pieces #b by #d inches by #af feet long4 #a piece #b by #d inches by #ab feet long4 ,total feet in board measure1 #ha4 ,,roosts ,,and ,,dropping ,,board4 #a piece #b by #c inches by #af feet long4 #a piece #b by #c inches by #aj feet long4 ,total board measure1 #ac feet4 #b pieces #a by #ab inches by #af feet long4 ,total board measure1 #cb feet4 ,,sheathing ,,boards ,roof1 #e pieces #a by #ab inches by #af feet long4 ,two sides1 #b pieces #a by #ab inches by #aj feet long2 #c pieces #a by #ab inches by #ab feet long2 #b pieces #a by #ab inches by #ad feet long4 ,front1 #b pieces #a by #ab inches by #aj feet long4 ,back1 #b pieces #a by #ab inches by #af feet long4 ,total feet board measure1 #baf4 ,,batten ,,strips4 #acj linear feet by #b inch strips1 #bd board feet4 #bd linear feet by #b inch strips1 for curtain frame1 #d board feet4 ,,roofing #hj square feet roofing paper2 nails and tins4 ,,hardware #b pairs #h-;inch ,t hinges for door4 #a padlock for door4 #c pairs #d-;inch ,t hinges for curtain frame and rear ventilator4 #e pounds #aj-penny wire nails for framing4 #aj pounds #h-penny wire nails for sheathing4 #e pounds #d-penny wire nails for stripping4 #ba square feet poultry wire1 -inch mesh1 for front4 #c yards muslin for curtain4 #cb rough bricks will build piers4 ,,floor ,if floor is desired in house1 add the following material3 #b pieces #b by #d inches by #af feet long4 #d pieces #a by #ab inches by #af feet long4 ,total feet board measure1 #he4 ,,total ,,lumber ,,required ,without floor1 #cgj board feet4 ,with floor1 #dee board feet4 ,lumber can be rough or dressed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4--,plan of a simple back-yard poultry house4 ,when the soil is well drained and consequently will remain dry no floor need be used in the house1 the ground itself serving as the floor4 ,often a slight dampness can be corrected by filling up the floor several inches above the outside ground with sand1 cinders1 gravel1 or dry dirt4 ,three or four inches of the surface of the floor1 and of the run if a very small run is used1 should be removed and replaced with fresh dirt two or three times a year4 ,if the ground is so wet or damp that this condition can not be corrected by filling it is best to provide a board floor as this will help to keep the house dry1 will allow easier cleaning1 and will promote the general health and welfare of the hens4 ,a house with a board floor should be set on posts or blocks1 so that it is #e to #ab inches above the ground4 ,when this space is left the floor will not rot so quickly and rats are not so likely to take refuge under the house4 7,see fig4 #g47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4--;,a good type of open-front poultry house for a small flock4 ,the front can be closed with a muslin curtain on cold nights4 ,the house is set on brick piers so as not to afford a refuge for rats4 ,notice the nests built out on the front of the house where the eggs can be reached by raising the hinged cover4 ,in order to keep the flock in a clean and sanitary condition1 dropping boards should be provided and roosts above them4 ,this makes it easy to remove the droppings each morning and helps greatly to keep the house free from objectionable odors4 ,a little sand or ashes sprinkled on the dropping board after each cleaning will be found to make the cleaning easier4 ,the dropping boards and roosts should be placed against the back wall4 ,here they are out of the way and at the same time where they are least likely to be reached by drafts4 ,the dropping boards should be about #bj to #cj inches from the floor1 depending on the height of the building4 ,this gives space enough under them so that the hens have room to exercise and is not too high for the heavier hens to fly up to4 ,the roosts should be #c or #d inches above the dropping boards4 ,if more than a single roost is used1 they should be on the same level2 otherwise all the hens will try to crowd upon the highest roost4 ,a piece of #b by #d or #b by #c1 laid and with the upper corners rounded off1 make a good roost4 ,a pole1 or even a piece of board #b or #c inches wide1 may be used4 ,if the roost is of light material and fairly long1 it should be supported in the center1 as well as at the ends1 to prevent it from sagging badly4 ,an allowance of #g to #aj inches of roost space per fowl1 according to the size of the birds1 should be made4 ,if more than one roost is used1 they should be placed about #ae inches apart4 ,nests must be provided and may be very simple4 ,any box about #a foot square and #e or #f inches deep is suitable4 ,an ordinary orange box with the partition in the middle serves this purpose very well1 each box forming two nests4 ,the top is removed1 the box laid on its side1 and a strip #c to #d inches wide nailed across the lower front4 7,see fig4 #i47 ,nests can be fastened against the walls of the house or set on the floor4 ,it is preferable to fasten them against the wall1 as they take too much floor space if set on the floor4 ,one nest should be provided for each #d or #e hens4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4--;,a larger poultry house suitable for a suburban lot4 ,notice the old lumber1 sash1 etc41 used in the construction4 ,the utilization of such used material1 which can often be purchased for a very slight sum at auction or where buildings are being wrecked1 lessens the cost of the poultry buildings very materially4 ,the straw or other material used in the nest should be kept clean and not be allowed to get so low that the eggs when laid by the hen will strike the board bottom of the nest1 as this will cause them to break and will start the hens to eating the eggs1 which is a very troublesome habit and one that is very difficult to break up once it is formed4 ,a litter of straw or the leaves raked up in the fall about #c or #d inches deep1 should be used on the floor of the house4 ,this material helps to absorb the droppings and also provides a means of feeding the grain in such a way that the hens are obliged to exercise by scratching for it4 ,when hens become broody1 they should be 8broken up0 as quickly as possible4 for the sooner this is done the sooner they will resume laying4 ,to break a hen of broodiness she should be confined to a small coop1 preferably with a slat bottom4 ,give her plenty of water to drink2 she may be fed or not as desired4 ,not much difference will be found in the time required to break her of broodiness1 whether she is fed or made to fast4 ,usually from #c to #f days' confinement will break her1 but some hens require #aj to #ab days4 ,the broody hen will be recognized by her inclination to stay on the nest at night1 the ruffling of her feathers and her picking at anyone who approaches her1 and by the clucking noise she makes4 ,the fact that her broodiness has been broken up can be recognized by the disappearance of these symptoms4 ,,the ,,yard ,the yard should be inclosed by a board or wire fence4 ,wire fencing is preferable1 as it is cheaper and the hens are less likely to fly over it4 ,if cats prove troublesome1 where one is raising young chickens1 it may be necessary to cover the top of the yard with wire also4 ,a board should not be used at the top of a wire fence1 as this gives the hens a visible place to alight and tends to teach them to fly over4 ,a #e-;foot fence is high enough for most conditions1 but if the hens show a tendency to fly over such a fence the flight feathers of one wing should be clipped4 ,the larger the yard which can be provided the better the hens will do1 as it not only gives them greater opportunity to exercise1 but also makes it possible to maintain a sod on the yard4 ,in most cases not enough land will be available so that a sod can be maintained4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4--;,an orange box converted into a double nest by laying it on its side and nailing strips across the front to hold in the nesting material4 ,if the yard is fairly large1 it can be divided into two parts and green crops1 such as oats1 wheat1 rye1 or dwarf essex rape1 allowed to start in one yard while the hens are confined to the other4 7,see fig4 #aj47 ,the green crops should be sown very thick1 and the following quantities will be found satisfactory for a yard #be by #cj feet3 ,wheat1 #b pounds2 oats1 #a pounds2 rye #c pounds2 rape1 #e ounces4 ,when the growing stuff reaches a height of #b or #c inches the hens can be turned upon it and the other yard be similarly sown4 ,where it is inadvisable to divide the yard1 it is possible to keep a supply of green stuff growing by using a wooden frame #b or #c inches high1 covered with #a-;inch-mesh wire4 ,a frame made of #b by #d lumber1 #f feet long and #c feet wide1 with an additional piece across the center to support the wire when the hens stand on it1 will be found desirable for a small yard4 7,see fig4 #aa47 ,a part of the yard as large as this frame is spaded up and sown1 the frame placed over it1 and the material allowed to grow4 ,as soon as the green sprouts reach the wire the hens will begin to pick them off1 but since they can not eat them down to the roots the sprouts will continue to grow and supply green material4 ,this frame can be moved from place to place in the yard1 and in this way different parts cultivated4 ,the yard should be stirred or spaded up frequently if not in sod in order to keep it in the best condition4 ,this will not only tend to keep down any odors which might arise1 but also allow the droppings to be absorbed into the soil more readily and therefore keep the yard in better condition for the hens4 ,although it is necessary to keep the hens confined to their yard most of the time1 it is sometimes possible to let them out where they may range upon the lawn for an hour or so in the evening when some one can be at hand to watch them1 or at certain seasons of the year to allow them to run in the garden plot4 ,this will be enjoyed greatly by the hens and will be very beneficial to them4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4--;,back-yard poultry house and flock4 ,notice the double yard4 ,the green crop of the first yard has been fed off and the second yard is planted to rape1 which is about ready to feed4 ,the mulberry tree in the background provides1 when the berries are ripe1 nearly enough feed for a flock of #be hens for three weeks4 ,,feeding ,in feeding the city flock an effort should be made to do so as cheaply as possible1 consistent with the production of eggs4 ,to accomplish this1 all table scraps1 kitchen waste1 etc41 should be utilized4 ,scraps of meat or left-over vegetables which can not be utilized in any other way make excellent feed4 ,there are also many other waste products1 such as beet tops1 turnip tops1 carrot tops1 potato parings1 onion tops1 watermelon and cantaloup rinds1 the outside leaves of cabbages1 waste lettuce leaves1 bread and cake crumbs1 etc41 all of which are relished by the hens and can be used to the best advantage4 ,in saving the scraps and waste it is well to separate the portions adapted for feeding to the flock and place these in a receptacle or pail of their own4 ,decomposed waste material or moldy bread or cake should never be saved to feed to the hens1 as it is harmful to them and may cause serious bowel trouble4 ,sloppy material1 such as dishwater1 should not be thrown into their pail4 ,it is also useless to put in such things as banana peels or the skins of oranges1 as these have little or no food value4 ,any sour milk which is not utilized in the house should be given to the chickens4 ,this should be fed separately1 however1 either by allowing the hens to drink it or by allowing it to clabber on the back of the stove and then feeding it in that condition4 ,when the family's table waste is not sufficient for feeding the flock1 it is usually possible to get some of the neighbors who keep no hens to save material suitable for feeding4 ,many people are glad to do this if a small pail in which to place the waste is furnished4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4--;,a frame made of #b by #d inch lumber and covered with -inch mesh poultry wire used to sprout oats or other grain for the hens4 ,the wire prevents the hens from eating the sprouts down so close as to kill the plants and from scratching out the roots4 ,sprouting grain unprotected will be quickly killed4 ,table scraps and kitchen waste are best prepared for feeding by running them through an ordinary meat grinder4 ,after the material has been put through the grinder it is usually a rather moist mass1 and it is well to mix with it some corn meal1 bran1 or other ground grain until the whole mass assumes a crumbly condition4 ,the usual method is to feed the table scraps at noon or at night1 or at both times1 as may be desired1 in a trough or on a board4 ,all should be fed that the hens will eat up clean1 and if any of the material is left after one-half or three-quarters of an hour it should be removed4 ,if allowed to lie it may spoil and would be very bad for the hens4 ,with the table scraps it is well to feed some grain4 ,perhaps this may be given best as a light feed in the morning4 ,four or five handfuls of grain 7about pint7 scattered in the litter will be sufficient for a flock of #bj or #be hens4 ,by handful is meant as much as can be grasped in the hand1 not what can be scooped up in the open hand4 ,by scattering it in the litter the hens will be compelled to scratch in order to find the grain and in this way to take exercise1 which is decidedly beneficial to them4 ,if the house is too small to feed in1 the grain can be scattered on the ground outside4 ,a good grain mixture for this purpose is composed of equal parts by weight of wheat1 cracked corn1 and oats4 ,another suitable grain mixture is composed of #b parts by weight of cracked corn and #a part oats4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4--;,an intensive back-yard poultry plant4 ,practically the entire back-yard is occupied by houses and covered runs1 and about #gj hens are carried4 ,each house is #f by #ad feet1 divided into two pens with a covered yard of the same size4 ,each pen carries about #ae hens4 ,the houses are raised from the ground so that the hens can run under them4 ,the soil in the runs is renewed four times a year4 ,a flock of #ac hens in one of these pens laid #b1afc eggs in a year4 ,oats are sprouted in the cellar of the dwelling house for green feed4 ,in addition1 chickens are raised here4 ,in addition to the grain and the table scraps it is well to feed a dry mash4 ,this dry mash is composed of various ground grains and is placed in a mash hopper or box from which the hens can help themselves4 ,the advantage of feeding such a mash is that the hens always have access to feed1 and this tends to make up for any fault1 inexperienced1 or insufficient feeding4 ,the hens do not like the dry mash so well that they are likely to overeat1 but it will supply a source of feed in case they are not getting enough4 ,the dry mash also provides a suitable medium for feeding beef scrap1 a certain amount of which may or may not be necessary1 depending upon the amount of meat scraps available in the table waste4 ,if the hens show a tendency to become overfat it may be desirable to close the mash hopper during a part of the day and allow them access to it only during a certain period1 preferably the afternoon4 ,a good dry mash is composed of equal parts by weight of corn meal1 wheat bran1 wheat middlings1 and beef scrap4 ,another good mash is composed of #c parts by weight of corn meal and #a part beef scrap4 ,still a third mash1 which has given excellent results1 is composed of #a pound of wheat bran1 #a pound of wheat middlings1 #f4e pounds of beef scrap1 and #af4e pounds of corn meal4 ,the beef scrap used in the dry mash is usually the most expensive ingredient1 but it is a very essential part of the mash and very efficient for egg production4 ,it should not be eliminated or reduced unless the quantity of meat in the table scraps is considerable or unless some other product can be substituted for it4 ,fish scrap1 when available1 may replace the beef scrap1 or cottonseed meal can be used to replace one-half the beef scrap in the mash4 ,no attempt should be made to replace more than half the beef scrap with cottonseed meal1 as the results in egg production and in the quality of the eggs will be unsatisfactory4 ,green cut bone can often be purchased from the butcher4 ,this material when procured fresh makes an excellent substitute for beef scrap4 ,it should be purchased in small quantities1 as it can not be kept fresh for any length of time and when spoiled may cause severe bowel trouble4 ,it is best fed in a trough not oftener than every other day1 allowing about one-half ounce per bird4 ,should severe or continued looseness of the bowels follow the feeding of green cut bone it should be discontinued or the quantity reduced4 ,vegetable tops1 parings1 and other vegetable refuse supply a valuable and very necessary green feed for the hens4 ,lawn clippings also are a valuable green feed4 ,they can be fed as soon as cut1 or they may be dried or cured1 stored in bags1 and saved until winter1 when they can be soaked in warm water and fed in that condition or be mixed with some of the mash or with the table scraps4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4--;,inclosure for hen and chicks with box used as a coop at the end4 ,both coop and run is moved each day to a fresh spot of ground4 ,a burlap bag thrown across the top of the yard provides shade4 ,twenty-five chicks were put with a hen in this yard and #bd of them were raised1 making good growth4 ,the hens should have access at all times to a supply of grit or stones of a size small enough to be swallowed readily4 ,grit is used by the hens to help in grinding in their gizzards the hard grains which they eat4 ,a supply of ordinary gravel will answer the purpose of grit very well4 ,crushed oyster or clam shell also should be given to the hens and be kept before them at all times4 ,if this is withheld the hens are likely to lack sufficient shell-forming material in their feed1 with the result that they lay many soft-shelled or thin-shelled eggs4 ,grit or shell can be purchased in small quantities at any feed or poultry supply store4 ,a plentiful supply of clean1 fresh water must always be available to the hens4 ,the fowls drink freely1 especially when laying heavily1 and should not be stinted of such a necessary and cheap material as water4 ,the water pan or dish should be kept clean4 ,if it is not washed out frequently a green slime will gather on its inner surface4 ,this should not be allowed to happen4 ,it is well to keep the water pan outside the house and in the shade in the summer1 but in the winter1 when the water may freeze1 it is best that the pan be left in the house1 and it should be raised about a foot above the floor so that the hens will not kick it full of straw or other litter when scratching for their feed4 ,when the nights are cold enough so that the water is likely to freeze the pan should be emptied each night and refilled in the morning4 ,,lice ,,and ,,mites ,if the best results are to be expected from the flock1 the hens must not be allowed to become overrun with lice or the house with mites4 ,usually there will be a place in the yard where the hens can dust themselves in the dry dirt4 ,if such a place is not available1 a box large enough 7about #b feet square7 for the hens to get into it should be provided in the house and a quantity of dust such as ordinary road dust or fine dirt placed in it to allow the hens a place to dust themselves4 ,a dust bath aids the hens in keeping lice in check and therefore adds to their comfort4 ,usually the lice are not present on the birds in sufficient number to prove particularly harmful4 ,however1 it is better to keep the hens as free as possible from this pest1 and if they are not able to keep them in check by dusting themselves1 other measures can be undertaken4 ,to rid the hens of lice1 each one can be treated by placing small pinches of sodium fluorid1 a material which can be obtained at most large drug stores1 among the feathers next to the skin--one pinch on the head1 one on the neck1 two on the back1 one on the breast1 one below the vent1 one at the base of the tail1 one on either thigh1 and one scattered on the underside of each wing when spread4 ,another method is to use a small quantity of blue ointment1 a piece about as large as a pea on the skin #a inch below the vent4 ,if mercurial ointment is used instead of blue ointment1 it should be diluted with an equal quantity of vaseline4 ,any of these methods will be found very effective in ridding the hens of lice and should be employed whenever the lice become troublesome4 ,two or three applications a year usually prove sufficient4 ,mites are more troublesome and more harmful than lice4 ,they do not live upon the birds like the lice1 but during the day hide in the cracks and crevices of the roosts and walls of the house1 and at night they come out and get upon the fowls4 ,they suck the hen's blood1 and if allowed to become plentiful--as they certainly will if not destroyed--will seriously affect her health and consequently her ability to lay eggs4 ,they may be eradicated by a few thorough applications of kerosene or some of the coal-tar products which are sold for this purpose1 or crude petroleum1 to the interior of the poultry house4 ,the commercial coal-tar products are more expensive but retain their killing power longer1 and they may be cheapened by reducing with an equal part of kerosene4 ,crude petroleum will spray better if thinned with #a part of kerosene to #d parts of the crude oil4 ,both the crude petroleum and the coal-tar products often contain foreign particles1 so should be strained before attempting to spray4 ,one must be sure that the spray reaches all of the cracks and crevices1 giving especial attention to the roosts1 dropping-boards1 and nests1 and the treatment should be repeated two or three times at intervals of a week or #aj days4#c #c ,for further information on the subject of poultry lice and mites and their control the reader is referred to ,farmers' ,bulletin #hja1 8,mites and ,lice on ,poultry10 by ,f4 ,c4 ,bishopp and ,h4 ,p4 ,wood1 of the ,bureau of ,entomology4 ,copies of this bulletin may be obtained free on application to the ,division of ,publications1 ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture4 ,,hatching ,,and ,,raising ,,chicks ,often it is inadvisable to attempt to renew the city poultry flock by hatching and rearing chicks or buying and rearing day-old chicks4 ,previous experience in the raising of chickens often increases the chances of success4 ,however1 the land available is usually small in area1 and no attempt should be made to raise chicks unless a plot can be provided separate from that to which the hens have access and upon which there is grass1 or a supply of green feed can be furnished4 ,where these conditions are not available1 it is better to kill the hens as soon as they have outlived their usefulness and replace them by well-matured pullets in the fall4 ,where it is found desirable to hatch and rear a few chicks this can best be done with hens4 ,where a few day-old chicks are purchased to rear and no hens are available for the purpose1 it is possible with little trouble and expense to construct a fireless brooder which will answer the purpose4 ,full directions for making such a brooder are given in ,farmers' ,bulletin #fbd1 page #ajd4 #d ,copies of these publications may be obtained free from the ,division of ,publications1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture4 ,the hatching should be done early in the spring and should be completed if possible by the first of ,may4 ,chicks hatched before this time will have a good chance to mature and be in laying condition as pullets before the cold weather of fall sets in1 and should in consequence be producers during the entire fall and winter4 ,early-hatched chicks are also easier to raise1 as they live and thrive better than those which are still small when the hot weather begins4 ,if it is desired to hatch and raise chicks1 the reader is referred to ,farmers' ,bulletin #ehe1 8,natural and ,artificial ,incubation of ,hens' ,eggs10 and #fbd1 8,natural and ,artificial ,brooding of ,chickens40#e #e ,copies of these publications may be obtained free from the ,division of ,publications1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture4 ,,culling ,,the ,,hens ,in any flock some hens will be found to be much better producers than others4 ,often there are a few hens which are such poor producers that they are unprofitable4 ,where the flock is comparatively small1 the owner is often able to determine by observation which are the poor producing hens4 ,needless to say1 these should be the ones to kill and eat as fowls are desired for the table4 ,all hens molt in the fall and early winter4 ,during this molting season1 which usually takes about three months1 the hens lay few or no eggs4 ,it is advisable1 if well-matured pullets can be purchased at a reasonable price1 to kill and eat the hens as they begin to molt1 replacing the flock with newly purchased pullets4 ,the hens should not be killed1 however1 until they begin to molt and their comb begins to lose its size1 color1 and flexibility1 for if these changes have not taken place the hens will probably still be laying and at a time of year when eggs are especially valuable4 ,,preserving ,,eggs ,a small flock of hens1 even five or six1 may produce enough eggs during the greater part of the year to supply the needs of a medium-sized family4 ,where a larger flock is kept1 there will be a time during the spring and early summer when more eggs are produced than are used4 ,these surplus eggs can either be sold or1 what is perhaps more desirable1 preserved in the spring for home use during the fall and early winter1 when eggs are high in price and much more difficult to obtain from the flock4 ,the eggs to be preserved must be fresh4 ,they should be put in the preserver on the day on which they are laid4 ,the eggs should be clean1 but it is better not to wash them4 ,eggs with dirty shells can be used for immediate consumption and the clean eggs preserved4 ,cracked eggs or those with thin or weak shells should never be used for preservation4 ,not only will the cracked egg itself spoil1 but it will cause many of the other eggs packed in the same jar with it to spoil as well4 ,one of the best methods of preserving eggs is by the use of waterglass4 ,this material can be purchased by the quart from the druggist or poultry supply men4 ,it is a pale yellow1 odorless1 sirupy liquid4 ,it should be diluted in the proportion of #a part of waterglass to #i parts of water which has been boiled and allowed to cool4 ,earthenware crocks or jars are the best containers for the purpose1 since they have a glazed surface and are not subject to chemical action from the solution4 ,the crocks or cans should be scalded out1 so that they will be perfectly clean1 and allowed to cool before they are used4 ,a container holding #f gallons will accommodate #ah dozen eggs and will require about #bb pints of solution4 ,too large containers are not desirable1 since they increase the liability of breaking some of the eggs4 ,half fill the container with the waterglass solution and place the eggs in it4 ,eggs can be added from day to day as they are obtained1 until the container is filled4 ,be sure that the eggs are covered with about #b inches of waterglass solution4 ,cover the container and place it in a cool place1 where it will not have to be moved4 ,it should be looked at from time to time to see that not enough of the water has evaporated so that the eggs are uncovered4 ,if there seems to be any danger of this1 sufficient cool boiled water should be added to keep them covered4 ,remove the eggs from the solution as desired for use and rinse them in clean1 cold water4 ,before boiling such eggs prick a tiny hole in the large end of the shell with a needle1 to keep them from cracking4 ,as the eggs age the white becomes thinner and is harder to beat4 ,the yolk membrane becomes more delicate1 and it is correspondingly difficult to separate the whites from the yolks4 ,limewater is also satisfactory for preserving eggs and is slightly less expensive than waterglass4 ,a solution is made by placing #b or #c pounds of unslaked lime in #e gallons of water which has been boiled and allowed to cool1 and allowing the mixture to stand until the lime settles and the liquid is clear4 ,the eggs should be placed in a clean earthenware jar or other suitable vessel and covered to a depth of #b inches with the liquid4 ,remove the eggs as desired1 rinse in clean1 cold water1 and use immediately4 ,,practical ,,pointers ,keep the hens confined to your own land4 ,don't keep a male bird4 ,hens lay just as well without a male4 ,don't overstock your land4 ,purchase well-matured pullets rather than hens4 ,don't expect great success in hatching and raising chicks unless you have had some experience and have a grass plot separate from the yard for the hens4 ,build a cheap house or shelter4 ,make the house dry and free from drafts1 but allow for ventilation4 ,fowls stand cold better than dampness4 ,keep house and yard clean4 ,provide roosts and dropping boards4 ,provide a nest for each four or five hens4 ,grow some green crop in the yard4 ,spade up the yard frequently4 ,feed table scraps and kitchen waste4 ,also feed grain once a day4 ,feed a dry mash4 ,keep hens free from lice and the house free from mites4 ,kill and eat the hens in the fall as they begin to molt and cease to lay4 ,preserve the surplus eggs produced during the spring and summer for use during the fall and winter when eggs are scarce and high in price4 ,,publications ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,department ,,of ,,agriculture ,,relating ,,to ,,the ,,care ,,of ,,poultry ,available for ,free ,distribution by the ,department4 ,standard ,varieties of ,chickens4 7,farmers' ,bulletin #ea47 ,poultry ,management4 7,farmers' ,bulletin #bhg47 ,successful ,dairy and ,poultry ,farm4 7,farmers' ,bulletin #cee47 ,hints to ,poultry ,raisers4 7,farmers' ,bulletin #ebh47 ,important ,poultry ,diseases4 7,farmers' ,bulletin #ecj47 ,boys and ,girls ,poultry ,clubs4 7,farmers' ,bulletin #efb47 ,poultry ,house ,construction4 7,farmers' ,bulletin #egd47 ,natural and ,artificial ,incubation of ,hens' ,eggs4 7,farmers' ,bulletin #ehe47 ,natural and ,artificial ,brooding of ,chickens4 7,farmers' ,bulletin #fbd47 ,simple ,trap ,nest for ,poultry4 7,farmers' ,bulletin #fhb47 ,squab ,raising4 7,farmers' ,bulletin #fhd47 ,duck ,raising4 7,farmers' ,bulletin #fig47 ,goose ,raising4 7,farmers' ,bulletin #gfg47 ,mites and ,lice on ,poultry4 7,farmers' ,bulletin #hja47 ,standard ,varieties of ,chickens3 #a4 ,the ,american ,class4 7,farmers' ,bulletin #hjf47 ,how the ,produce ,dealer ,may ,improve ,quality of ,poultry and ,eggs4 7,separate #eif from ,year ,book #aiab47 ,thanksgiving ,turkey4 7,separate #gjj from ,year ,book #aiaf47 ,the ,chicken ,mite1 ,its ,life ,history and ,habits4 7,department ,bulletin #eec47 ,,for ,,sale ,,by ,,the ,,superintendent ,,of ,,documents1 ,,government ,,printing ,,office1 ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,refrigeration of ,dressed ,poultry in ,transit4 7,department ,bulletin #ag47 ,price1 #aj;c4 ,commercial ,fattening of ,poultry4 7,department ,bulletin #ba47 ,price4 #aj;c4 ,lessons on ,poultry for ,rural ,schools4 7,department ,bulletin #dfd47 ,price1 #aj;c4 ,food ,value and ,uses of ,poultry4 7,department ,bulletin #dfg47 ,price1 #e;c4 ,eggs and ,their ,value as ,food4 7,department ,bulletin #dga47 ,price1 #e;c4 ,improvement of ,farm ,eggs4 7,bureau of ,animal ,industry ,bulletin #ada47 ,price1 #aj;c4 ,,plan ,no4 #bdj4 ,,capons ,,and ,,caponizing ,contribution from the ,bureau of ,animal ,industry1 ,a4 ,d4 ,melvin1 ,chief4 ,acknowledgment is due for this article to the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,a capon is an unsexed or castrated male chicken4 ,the true capon seldom crows4 ,the capon is to the poultry dealer what the fat steer is to the beef packer--the source of the choicest food product of its kind4 ,as a result of a contented disposition the capon develops more uniformly than the cockerel1 and grows larger than the cockerel of the same age4 ,coupled with this better growth1 the capon commands a better price per pound1 and the demand continues good notwithstanding the fact that more and more are raised each year4 ,the ,plymouth ,rocks1 ,light ,brahmas1 ,cochins1 ,indian ,games1 ,langshans1 ,wyandottes1 ,orpingtons1 and various crosses of these1 make the best capons4 ,cockerels should be caponized when they weigh from #a to #b pounds or when from #b to #d months old4 ,the operation is more difficult than with most other domestic animals1 but can be performed rapidly and with little danger after some practice4 ,the making1 feeding1 and marketing of capons1 with details concerning methods and results1 are presented in this bulletin that caponizing may become a regular practice of the poultry raiser where conditions are favorable4 ,it is impossible to say just how long the operation of caponizing has been performed4 ,it seems quite certain1 however1 that the practice was familiar to the ,chinese more than #b1jjj years ago4 ,later it was practiced by the ,greeks and ,romans and1 through medieval times1 by the people of middle and southern ,europe1 until in recent times it has been introduced into ,america4 ,at present capons are most universally known and appreciated in ,france1 although within the last few years the business of producing them has advanced rapidly in this country4 ,this industry is most important in that portion of the ,united ,states east of ,philadelphia1 though increasing numbers of capons are being raised in the ,middle ,western ,states4 ,during the winter months capon is regularly quoted in the markets of the larger eastern cities4 ,massachusetts and ,new ,jersey are the great centers for the growing of capons1 while ,boston1 ,new ,york1 and ,philadelphia are the important markets4 ,illustration3 ,a ,capon4 ,,description ,,and ,,characteristics ,,of ,,the ,,capon ,what is a capon8 ,a capon is an altered or castrated male chicken1 bearing the same relation to a cockerel that a steer does to a bull1 a barrow to a boar1 or a wether to a ram4 ,as with other male animals so altered1 the disposition of the capon differs materially from that of the cockerel4 ,he no longer shows any disposition to fight1 is much more quiet and sluggish1 and is more docile and easy to keep within bounds4 ,the true capon seldom crows4 ,along with this change in disposition there is a change in appearance4 ,the comb and wattles cease growing1 which causes the head to appear small4 ,the hackle and saddle feathers develop beautifully4 ,as a result of the more peaceful disposition of the capon he continues to grow and his body develops more uniformly and to a somewhat greater size than is the case with a cockerel of the same age4 ,for a time the cockerel and the capon make about equal development1 but as soon as the reproductive organs of the cockerel begin to develop the capon begins to outstrip him in growth4 ,also when finishing off the capon fattens more readily and economically4 ,as they do not interfere with or worry one another1 a large flock of capons may be kept together4 ,coupled with the better growth is the fact that the capon brings a better price per pound4 ,cockerels from #b to #e months old usually bring from #ae to #be cents a pound2 if held longer than this they become 8staggy10 are classed as old cocks1 and do not bring more than #f to #ae cents a pound4 ,capon in season brings #bj to #ce cents and often more a pound4 ,there are two reasons1 then1 why it is better to caponize surplus cockerels than to raise them for market as such3 7#a7 ,there is an increase in weight and 7#b7 the price per pound is materially increased4 ,yet in many localities where especially fine poultry is raised1 while capons usually sell for a somewhat better price1 the difference is not great4 ,in fact1 for the ,boston market1 many capons are picked clean and sold as 8south shore roasters40 ,hence it will be seen that the profit in capons must depend to a great extent upon local conditions4 ,the demand for capons continues good1 notwithstanding the fact that more and more are raised each year4 ,,selection ,,of ,,breeds ,in selecting the breed best suited for caponizing several factors must be taken into consideration4 ,large capons bring the best prices4 ,consequently the breed should be large4 ,it does not pay to caponize small fowls4 ,yellow legs and skin1 as in other classes of poultry1 are most popular4 ,the ,plymouth ,rocks1 ,light ,brahmas1 ,cochins1 ,indian ,games1 ,langshans1 and ,wyandottes are all recommended by different producers1 as are also various crosses of these4 ,the ,orpington also makes fine capons1 but the white legs and skin are somewhat of a disadvantage in this country4 ,the ,brahmas and ,cochins possess good size4 ,by some the ,brahmas are claimed to be difficult to operate upon2 by others this is denied4 ,the ,plymouth ,rocks and ,wyandottes are somewhat smaller1 but sell readily and possess the advantage of yellow skin and legs4 ,the ,langshan is large and is easily operated upon4 ,the ,indian ,game is probably most useful as a cross upon some one of the other breeds1 thereby improving the breast meat without materially reducing the size of the fowl4 ,in ,massachusetts the ,brahma was formerly the most popular breed for this purpose because of the demand for large birds for roasters4 ,later crosses between the ,light ,brahma and the ,barred or ,white ,plymouth ,rock became quite popular1 while at present the pure ,barred and ,white ,plymouth ,rocks are perhaps most widely used4 ,,time ,,to ,,caponize ,in so far as the effects of the operation and the rapidity and ease of healing are concerned1 the time of year when the operation is performed is of little importance4 ,the capons seem to recover and do well at any time4 ,certain other considerations1 however1 do influence the time4 ,the age and size of the cockerel are very important4 ,as soon as the cockerels weigh #a to #b pounds1 or when #b to #d months old1 they should be operated upon4 ,the lower age and weight limits apply particularly to the ,american breeds1 while the higher apply to the ,asiatics4 ,if smaller than this1 their bodies do not give room enough to work handily4 ,on the other hand1 they should never be over #f months old1 as by this time the testicles have developed to a considerable extent1 the spermatic arteries carry greater amounts of blood1 and the danger of pricking these arteries and causing the fowl to bleed to death is greatly increased4 ,the fact that capons are in greater demand and bring the best prices from the ,christmas season until the end of ,march1 and that it takes about #aj months to grow and finish them properly1 makes it important to hatch the chicks in early spring so that they will be of proper size for caponizing in ,june1 ,july1 and ,august4 ,these are by far the most popular months for the operation1 though in some cases it is performed still later4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,instruments used in ,caponizing4 ,,caponizing ,,instruments ,there are several sets of instruments for performing the operation4 ,these differ principally in the type of instrument used in getting hold of and removing the testicle4 ,one type is the cannula 7fig4 #a1 a74 ,this consists of a hollow tube1 the lower end of which is compressed and closed except for two small holes through which to run the horse hair or wire comprising the other part of the instrument4 ,this type requires two hands to operate4 ,another type is the twisting scoop 7fig4 #a1 b74 ,this is a spoon-like scoop slotted in the center and mounted upon a slender rod4 ,it is designed to slip under the testicle1 allowing the spermatic cord to pass through the slot4 ,by twisting the cord in severed4 ,this type has the advantage of requiring only one hand to operate1 but is more liable to produce 8slips0 than the cannula4 ,a third style of instrument 7fig4 #a1 i7 is also in the form of a spoon or scoop1 but instead of being in one piece has two jaws regulated by a slide4 ,the testicle is caught in the scoop with the spermatic cord between the jaws1 and by tightening the jaws and gently moving the instrument the cord is severed and the testicle removed4 ,still another type1 not now in common use1 is the spoon forceps4 ,with this the testicle is simply grasped with the forceps and detached by a twisting movement4 ,here one hand can be used also1 but the liability of slips is rather greater than with the other methods4 ,figure #a1 k1 shows a type of forceps1 consisting of two hinged arms1 one of which terminates in a broad1 flat surface1 and the other in an end of similar shape from which the center has been removed1 leaving only a narrow rim4 ,these two ends are held closely pressed together by means of a rubber band passing across the handles4 ,in use1 the ends of the forceps are separated1 the solid one slipped under the testicle and the rim then allowed to settle down over it4 ,the cord is thus caught and the testicle can be removed4 ,careless or too rapid use of this instrument is likely to cause slips4 ,figure #a1 l and m1 shows two additional types of testicle removers4 ,the type shown in l has a curved handle which brings the hand out of the line of vision1 making it easier to see into the body cavity when using the instrument4 ,a knife for making the incision into the body cavity is1 of course1 necessary4 ,almost any sharp-pointed1 thin-bladed knife will answer the purpose well 7see fig4 #a1 c74 ,some sort of spreader to spring apart the ribs far enough to allow the instruments to be inserted into the body must be used4 ,a plain spring spreader1 as shown in figure #a1 d1 or a sliding spreader 7fig4 #a1 e71 allowing the pressure to be gauged1 will answer the purpose4 ,a sharp-pointed hook 7fig4 #a1 h74 for tearing away the thin membranes1 and a blunt probe1 of which figure #a1 g1 is one type1 for pushing aside the intestines1 complete the necessary equipment4 ,a pair of small tweezers or nippers 7fig4 #a1 f7 is also useful in removing any foreign matter from the body4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,barred ,plymouth ,rock cockerel of suitable size to caponize4 ,,the ,,operation ,,of ,,caponizing ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4--,method of securing fowl in position for the operation on top of a barrel4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,feathers plucked away to make ready for incision4 ,before beginning the operation two conditions are absolutely essential4 ,if these are not favorable1 do not attempt to operate4 ,the first of these is that the intestines of the fowl should be completely empty1 so that they will fall away and expose the testicle to view4 ,this can be accomplished by shutting up the fowls and withholding all food and water for #bd to #cf hours before the operation4 ,withholding water tends to make the blood thicker and consequently to decrease the amount of bleeding4 ,thirty-six hours is better than #bd1 especially for a beginner4 ,the second condition is a good1 strong light1 so that the organs of the fowl may be clearly and easily distinguished4 ,direct sunlight is best for this1 and in consequence it is well to operate out of doors on a bright day4 ,some operators have substituted the physician's head reflector and artificial light with good success4 ,an ordinary incandescent electric bulb fastened to a gooseneck standard and provided with a reflector can be used to good advantage when caponizing indoors4 ,it has been suggested that a probe consisting of a small electric bulb on the end of a slender rod and operated by small dry batteries1 so that it can be introduced into the body cavity1 could be manufactured and used with good success4 ,,methods ,,of ,,holding ,,the ,,fowl ,when ready to operate1 catch the bird and pass a noose of strong string about the legs4 ,do the same with both wings close to the shoulder joints4 ,to the other end of the string are attached weights of sufficient size to hold down and stretch out the bird when placed upon the head of a barrel or box of convenient height1 which is to serve as operating table4 ,these weights are allowed to hang on opposite sides of the barrel or box 7see fig4 #c74 ,a table1 if so desired1 may be arranged by boring holes through its top at proper distances from each other1 allowing the strings to pass through these1 and hanging the weights underneath4 ,still other ways of holding the fowl in place have been devised1 but these are unimportant so long as the fowl is held securely stretched out4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4--,the incision made4 ,before making the cut1 the skin over the last two ribs is pulled down toward the thigh and held there while the incision is made4 ,when the bird is released after the operation1 the skin slips back into its natural position4 ,the cut in the skin is then not directly over the incision in the body1 with the result that the wound is closed and protected4 ,,details ,,of ,,the ,,operation ,having fastened the fowl1 be sure that all the instruments are at hand4 ,it is also well1 though not necessary1 to have ready some absorbent cotton and a dish of water to which have been added a few drops of carbolic acid or some other antiseptic4 ,having once started1 carry the operation through as quickly as possible4 ,moisten and remove the feathers from a small area over the last two ribs just in front of the thigh 7see fig4 #d74 ,with the left hand slide the skin and flesh down toward the thigh4 ,holding it thus1 make the incision between the last two ribs 7see fig4 #e71 holding the edge of the knife away from you as you stand back of the fowl4 ,lengthen the incision in each direction until it is #a to #a inches long4 ,now insert the spreader into the incision1 thus springing the ribs apart1 as shown in figures #f and #g4 ,the intestines will now be visible1 covered by a thin membrane called the omentum4 ,tear apart this membrane with the hook1 and the upper testicle1 yellow or sometimes rather dark colored and about the size and shape of an ordinary bean1 should be visible close up against the backbone4 ,by pushing aside the intestines this can easily be seen1 and the lower one also1 in a similar position on the other side of the backbone4 ,expert operators usually remove both testicles through one incision4 ,this is a desirable practice1 as it saves time and is not so hard on the bird4 ,inexperienced operators will usually find it well to attempt the removal of the upper or nearer testicle only and to make a second incision on the opposite side of the body for the removal of the other testicle4 ,if both testicles are to be removed through the same incision1 remove the lower first1 as the bleeding from the upper might be sufficient to obscure the lower4 ,each testicle is enveloped in a thin membrane4 ,this may be and probably is best removed with the testicle1 though some operators tear it open and remove the testicle only4 ,the delicate part of the operation is now at hand1 owing to the close proximity of the spermatic artery1 which runs just back of the testicle and to which the testicle is in part attached4 ,if this is ruptured the fowl will bleed to death4 ,the cannula1 threaded with a coarse horsehair or fine wire1 or one of the other forms of instrument previously described1 now comes into use4 ,if the cannula is used1 allow the hair or wire protruding from the end to form a small loop just large enough to slip over the testicle4 ,work this over the testicle1 being careful to inclose the entire organ4 ,now tighten up on the free ends of the hair or wire1 being careful not to catch any part of the artery4 ,if the spermatic cord does not separate1 saw lightly with the hair or wire4 ,when the testicle is free1 remove it from the body4 ,the method of removing the testicle is shown in figure #h4 ,if only the upper testicle has been removed1 turn the birds over and proceed in exactly the same manner upon the other side4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4--,spreader in place4 ,tearing open the membranes4 ,after removing the testicle1 if the bleeding is at all profuse it is well to remove a portion of the blood by introducing small pieces of absorbent cotton into the body by means of the hook or nippers1 allowing them to become saturated and then removing them4 ,be sure to remove all blood clots1 feathers1 or foreign matters4 ,after the testicles and all foreign matter are removed1 take out the spreaders1 thus allowing the skin to slip back over the incision4 ,,losses ,,due ,,to ,,caponizing ,even experts are sure to kill some birds1 but the loss is small1 seldom exceeding #e per cent where any considerable number are caponized1 and usually not more than #b or #c per cent4 ,with beginners1 of course1 the percentage is much larger1 but with a little practice and care this is soon overcome4 ,any fowls which may be killed in this way are perfectly good to eat and are therefore not wasted4 ,a great deal of practice is required to become expert enough to operate rapidly4 ,consequently it is quite common in localities where many capons are grown to hire experts to do the work4 ,these men are able to caponize a fowl every two to five minutes1 and charge from #c to #f cents a fowl for the service4 ,it is most humane for the beginner to make his first trials upon dead fowls4 ,,slips ,many times1 particularly with beginners1 while the operation seems to be entirely satisfactory1 the bird will turn out to be what is known as a 8slip40 ,a 8slip0 is neither cockerel nor capon1 but is between the two1 possessing the mischievous disposition and the appearance of an ordinary cockerel1 but1 as a rule1 being unable to reproduce4 ,this condition is due to the fact that a small piece of the testicle is left in the body4 ,this piece often grows to a considerable size4 ,as the 8slips0 possess the same restless disposition as the cockerels1 they grow and fatten little if any better1 while they do not bring as good a price in the market as the capons4 ,consequently it is well to use every precaution in order to avoid 8slips10 as they are unprofitable as compared with capons4 ,with the greatest care1 however1 8slips0 are more common than are deaths due to the operation4 ,the percentage varies all the way from #ej per cent with beginners down to #b or #c per cent with experts4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4--,spreader in place4 ,the testicle can be observed lying between the jaws of the spreader4 ,,care ,,of ,,fowls ,,after ,,the ,,operation ,upon being released from the operating table the capons are usually put in a closed yard where they can find shelter1 food1 and water and can be kept quiet4 ,no roosts are provided1 as the less flying and jumping they do the sooner will the wound heal4 ,the capons seem to be very little inconvenienced by the operation1 and water and soft feed mixed with sweet skim milk can be given immediately4 ,some feeders give this in unlimited quantity1 while others feed more sparingly for a time4 ,some growers observe no precautions whatever1 giving the birds full liberty immediately after the operation and allowing them to have any sort of feed4 ,for a week or #aj days the newly made capons should be carefully observed to see whether they become 8wind puffed40 ,this is a condition caused by air gathering under and puffing out the skin near the wound4 ,when observed it can be readily relieved by pricking the skin with a needle or knife and pressing out the air4 ,in about #aj days or #b weeks the incision into the body should be entirely healed1 and1 although no special antiseptic methods are employed in the operation1 blood poisoning or any other trouble seldom results4 ,,feeding ,,capons ,capons are usually kept till they are about #aj months old4 ,at this time the market is at its best and the birds have made their most profitable gains4 ,the feeds used and the methods of feeding vary greatly1 so much so1 indeed1 that it is futile to try to give specific directions4 ,for several months after the operation a good growing ration and not a fattening ration is required4 ,it may consist of whole grains1 ground grains1 or a combination of the two1 as each feeder finds most profitable and best suited to his locality4 ,as with other poultry1 variety must be given for best results4 ,late in the fall1 when the capons have no pasture1 green feed1 such as cut clover or vegetables1 should be provided4 ,a somewhat more fattening ration than that required for laying hens seems to give good results4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4--,removing the testicle4 ,as capons are not usually marketed before ,christmas or the first of ,january they have to be housed during the late fall and early winter4 ,because of their quiet disposition they stand crowding quite well and have been successfully housed with only #b or #c square feet of floor space to a fowl4 ,free range for capons is very desirable1 as it promotes their continuous1 rapid1 and economical growth4 ,during the last month or month and a half before marketing1 the corn in the ration should be gradually increased until the fowls are on a full fattening ration4 ,for the last two or three weeks it is desirable to shut them up and feed them in crates1 for every possible ounce at this stage adds to the appearance and profit4 ,,killing ,,and ,,dressing ,,capons ,,for ,,market ,killing ,the capons selected for killing should be confined for #bd hours without feed or water to completely empty their crops4 ,the usual method of killing is known as the sticking method4 ,the fowl is hung up by the feet1 the head held in the left hand1 and the whole body stretched to full length4 ,the mouth is forced open1 and by means of a sharp1 narrow-bladed knife held in the right hand the blood vessels at the back of the throat are severed with a single sweep4 ,the knife is then turned and the point plunged through the roof of the mouth to a point just behind and between the eyes4 ,the brain is here reached1 and if properly stuck all feeling is then lost4 ,convulsions ensue1 the muscles are relaxed1 and the feathers come out easily4 ,picking ,capons should always be dry picked1 as they look much better and some of the feathers should be left on4 ,the feathers of the neck and head1 the tail feathers1 those a short way up the back1 the feathers of the last two joints of the wing1 and those of the leg1 about one-third of the way from knee to hip joint1 should be left on4 ,these feathers1 together with the head of the capon1 serve to distinguish it from other classes of poultry on the market1 and consequently should never be removed4 ,in picking be careful not to tear the skin4 ,if bad tears are made1 sew them up4 ,capons scalded and picked bare bring very little1 if any1 better prices than other poultry in the same condition4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4--,the spreader removed and the weights taken off the wings4 ,notice how the skin slips back over the incision so as to close it4 ,drawing ,most markets require capons to be undrawn and the head and feet left on4 ,care should be used to cleanse the head and feet of all signs of blood or filth4 ,cooling and ,packing ,after picking1 the carcases are hung in a cool place until the animal heat has entirely left the body1 when they are ready to be packed4 ,like other poultry they should be packed in boxes of convenient size1 holding a dozen carcases1 or in barrels4 ,every attention should be given to neatness and attractiveness1 as this helps the sale and the price4 ,during the time of year when most capons are marketed--,january1 ,february1 and ,march--no ice is necessary1 but if for any reason they are shipped in warm weather they should be packed in ice4 ,,profits ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4--;,capons dressed for market4 ,these illustrations show appearance after picking1 but do not show fowls in perfect condition of flesh4 ,it is extremely difficult to make any general statement concerning the profits yielded by capons4 ,that they do yield a profit in practically all cases is undoubtedly true1 but whether the profit is sufficient to give up to them the time and room they require is a question which must be settled by each man's experience and by local conditions4 ,many poultrymen think that they can do better to turn off their surplus cockerels as broilers as long as the market holds up and rely upon caponizing only for later-hatched chicks4 ,the house room thus saved they use for pullets or other laying stock1 feeling that they make more money in this way4 ,it is certain1 however1 that many poultrymen find capon raising profitable enough to induce them to continue in the business4 ,on several farms in ,massachusetts #ejj to #a1jjj capons are raised annually1 and the writer knows of one farm on which in one season #e1jjj cockerels were held for caponizing4 ,although the industry is growing rapidly year by year1 the supply does not yet equal the demand4 ,the best prices are commanded by capons produced near to the market1 and consequently perfectly fresh4 ,the markets of the ,west usually do not quote as good prices as the eastern ones2 hence most of the western-grown capons are shipped ,east1 in which case the express rates cut down the profit materially4 ,on the whole1 the profit is probably rather greater for eastern producers than for those of the ,north ,central ,states4 ,,plan ,no4 #bda4 ,,liquid ,,carpet ,,cleaner ,one of the very best carpet cleaners ever placed on the market is that put up in liquid form by a man living in a western town of #e1jjj people1 where there was no steam cleaning establishment4 ,he used the following formula3 ,solution soap1 #abj ounces2 ammonia water 7#aj71 #fj ounces2 gasoline1 #abj ounces2 chloroform1 the cheap kind1 #bj ounces2 saltpetre1 #aj ounces2 commercial oil of wintergreen1 or other perfume1 sufficient to give an agreeable scent4 7,the solution soap named is made of cheap olive oil1 #fj ounces2 caustic potash1 #ab ounces2 wood alcohol and water1 equal parts1 to make #a1jjj ounces47 ,in making the liquid cleaner1 dissolve the saltpetre in the water1 add the ammonia to the soap solution1 then the chloroform1 oil and gasoline1 shaking well after adding each ingredient1 then add this to the water4 ,this makes a milky white compound that must be shaken well before using4 ,citronella or other cheap perfume may be used instead of the wintergreen1 if desired4 ,in making the soap solution1 called for in the formula1 put the oil into a suitable vessel1 with half of the alcohol1 then dissolve the potash in water1 mix the two solutions1 until it forms a nice soap1 which can be determined by dropping a little of it in water4 ,if it dissolves without forming oily drops1 it is complete4 ,allow this to cool1 add the rest of the alcohol and enough water to bring the measure up to #a1jjj ounces4 ,then strain and filter4 ,use the cleaner by applying freely with a sponge1 and scrub briskly with a stiff brush1 then wash off with warm water1 which removes all grease1 dirt1 etc4 ,with a man to do the work1 our friend went to the most prominent homes1 as well as all the hotels in his town1 and asked for the privilege of demonstrating his compound4 ,this was granted in practically all cases1 and he was given a large number of orders for cleaning carpets without removing them from the floor1 at about half the price charged by regular cleaning establishments1 yet which netted him a good profit after paying his man for the work4 ,he also advertised it through the smaller towns1 and secured sales for it which brought him a good income every year4 ,,plan ,no4 #bdb4 ,a ,,white ,,shoe ,,dressing ,the only objection to white shoes is that they soil so easily1 but those who use the following formula will find their troubles on that score are over4 ,precipitated chalk1 #d ounces2 zinc oxide1 #f ounces2 whiting1 #h ounces2 pipe clay1 #af ounces2 have all thoroughly dry and in fine powder1 mix together very thoroughly and pass through a fine sieve4 ,now is where one of the tricks of the trade comes in4 ,if the powder should have any yellowish tinge1 as it most likely will1 or does not seem to be just as dead white as it should be it may be brought up1 by the judicious admixture of a very little bluing1 just as is used in washing clothes and also is put in white granulated sugar for the same purpose4 ,the blue must be in very fine powder and thoroughly mixed with the other powder1 to give the proper results4 ,add it cautiously and be careful not to get too much4 ,a good plan to work is1 take some blue and rub it with three or four times its bulk of the powder in a mortar until thoroughly and evenly mixed1 then use this powder for toning up your product4 ,when this is done1 mix a dram of powdered tragacanth and a dram of carbolic acid for each pound of the powder1 with enough water to wet the whole thing into a stiff1 putty-like mass4 ,fill this mass solidly into the boxes1 and strike the upper edge4 ,it will dry out1 but that will not injure it at all4 ,directions for use3 ,brush the shoes well1 then rub over with a soaped cloth1 to remove all stains1 etc4 ,wet a small sponge or cloth in water1 rub it on the cake in the box until well loaded1 then go over the shoes1 evenly and rapidly4 ,set aside to dry1 and with a dry cloth lightly remove spots in the dressing4 ,,plan ,no4 #bdc4 ,a ,,traveling ,,typist ,a young man who had been clerking in a men's furnishing store for #aj a week got an idea one day that turned out to be the means of giving him a good-paying business4 ,he noticed that there were many public stenographers located in the various office buildings of the city1 and figuring that all their patrons had to come to them when wanting work done1 why wouldn't it be a good thing to call at the different stores and offices of these patrons and do their type-writing4 ,he therefore bought a light but reliable typewriting machine1 which could be carried easily from place to place1 learned to operate it with accuracy and speed1 and then began to work up a line of customers4 ,he found them1 too1 lots of them1 and every day he called at their places of business and wrote their letters4 ,he was kept busy all the time1 and from the very beginning of his enterprise he made from #be a week up1 yet did his work at the rate of #aj cents per letter4 ,he seldom used short-hand but took the letters on his machine4 ,,plan ,no4 #bdd4 ,,making ,,hens ,,lay ,,all ,,the ,,year ,this is something that all poultry raisers would give a good deal to know3 ,on every alternate day1 mix cayenne pepper with soft food1 at the rate of one teaspoonful of pepper to each dozen hens4 ,take good care to see that each hen obtains her share4 ,in winter give each hen a half ounce of fresh meat each day1 and see that they have plenty of water1 grain1 gravel and lime4 ,,plan ,no4 #bde4 ,,how ,,to ,,make ,,cottage ,,cheese ,,on ,,the ,,farm ,k4 ,j4 ,,matheson ,,and ,f4 ,r4 ,,cammack1 of the ,dairy ,division4 ,contribution from the ,bureau of ,animal ,industry4 ,acknowledgment is due to the ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 for the following plan3 ,cottage cheese can be made on the farm or in the home with little labor and expense4 ,it is a palatable1 nourishing product that furnishes a means of utilizing skim milk to excellent advantage4 ,the directions given in this plan are for manufacturing cottage cheese either for home use or for marketing on a small scale4 ,illustration3 ,preparing ,cottage ,cheese for ,market4 ,a ,,desirable ,,food ,,easily ,,prepared ,cottage cheese1 a most palatable and nutritious product1 is one of the few varieties of cheese which can be manufactured on a small scale4 ,it furnishes a convenient and economical means for using skim milk as a human food1 and supplies1 more cheaply than meat1 the protein or body-building part of the diet4 ,in fact1 pound for pound1 it contains #be per cent more protein than a medium-fat side of beef and costs about half as much4 ,the haphazard methods used in the making of this product1 together with the lack of simple and easily available directions1 probably are responsible for the small quantities made and consumed in the farm home4 ,uncertainty of results and defects in the finished product also have been causes for discouragement to the beginner4 ,it is hoped1 however1 that by following the directions given in this bulletin a better and more uniform product may be obtained4 ,for making the cheese in small quantities for home use a very simple process and ordinary household equipment will suffice4 ,but if it is desired to market the product and to insure good1 uniform quality it will be necessary to follow somewhat more elaborate methods4 ,details sometimes must be modified according to conditions1 and only experience will give proficiency4 ,,quality ,,and ,,its ,,requisites ,cottage cheese is judged by its flavor and texture4 ,a high-quality cheese should have a clean1 mild1 acid flavor and a texture smooth1 free from lumps1 and uniform or homogeneous throughout4 ,the undesirable flavors commonly found are described as unclean1 tasteless1 too acid1 and sometimes even bitter4 ,flavor can be controlled by the use of clean1 sweet skim milk and a good 8starter10 but texture depends largely upon careful manipulation during the making process4 ,good1 clean skim milk1 clean utensils1 and careful attention to the details of making are essential to good quality in the product4 ,good ,skim ,milk ,necessary ,the first consideration in the production of good cottage cheese is the quality of the milk itself4 ,milk which is dirty or has undergone any abnormal fermentation is undesirable4 ,the fresher the milk the more satisfactory it is for cheesemaking1 because then it is possible to direct and control the souring4 ,it is absolutely necessary to give the milk proper attention1 both at the time of its production and in all its subsequent handling4 ,the temperature at which it is kept from the time of production until made into cheese determines in a large measure the quality of the cheese4 ,for best results milk should be kept cool1 at #ej ,f4 or lower1 if possible1 until it is to be made into cheese4 ,cleanliness of ,utensils ,the material and construction of all equipment used in handling milk and in the manufacture of cheese should be smooth and free from crevices1 so as to allow easy and efficient cleaning4 ,the most scrupulous care should be exercised in order to keep all utensils sweet and clean4 ,for cleaning utensils the following method is advised3 #a4 ,rinse with cold water4 #b4 ,wash and scrub with hot water to which a cleaning powder has been added4 #c4 ,rinse in hot water above a temperature of #aej ,f4 #d4 ,steam or immerse in boiling water for five minutes4 #e4 ,place all equipment in a clean place free from dust4 ,a ,,simple ,,way ,,to ,,make ,,small ,,quantities ,,for ,,home ,,use ,one gallon of skim milk will make about #a pounds of cheese4 ,if the milk is sweet it should be placed in a pan and allowed to remain in a clean1 warm place at a temperature of about #ge ,f4 until it clabbers4 ,the clabbered milk should have a clean1 sour flavor4 ,ordinarily this will take about #cj hours1 but when it is desirable to hasten the process a small quantity of clean-flavored sour milk may be mixed with the sweet milk4 ,as soon as the milk has thickened or firmly clabbered it should be cut into pieces #b inches square1 after which the curd should be stirred thoroughly with a spoon4 ,place the pan of broken curd in a vessel of hot water so as to raise the temperature to #ajj ,f4 ,cook at that temperature for about #cj minutes1 during which time stir gently with a spoon for #a minute at #e-minute intervals4 ,at the conclusion of the heating1 pour the curd and whey into a small cheesecloth bag 7a clean salt bag will do nicely7 and hang the bag on a fruit-strainer rack to drain1 or the curd may be poured into a colander or a strainer over which a piece of cheesecloth has been laid4 ,after #e or #aj minutes1 work the curd toward the center with a spoon4 ,raising and lowering the ends of the cloth helps to make the whey drain faster4 ,to complete the draining tie the ends of the bag together and hang it up4 ,since there is some danger that the curd will become too dry1 draining should stop when the whey ceases to flow in a steady stream4 ,the curd is then emptied from the bag and worked with a spoon or a butter paddle until it becomes fine in grain1 smooth1 and of the consistency of mashed potatoes4 ,sour or sweet cream may be added to increase the smoothness and palatability and improve the flavor4 ,then the cheese is salted according to taste1 about one teaspoonful to a pound of curd4 ,because of the ease with which the cheese can be made it is desirable to make it often so that it may be eaten fresh1 although if it is kept cold it will not spoil for several days4 ,if the cheese is not to be eaten promptly it should be stored in an earthenware or glass vessel rather than in one of tin or wood1 and kept in a cold place4 ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,starters ,the first step in the making of cottage cheese is to sour or ripen the milk4 ,if care has been used in the production and handling of milk1 a good grade of cheese may be made by allowing the milk to sour naturally4 ,uncertainty of results and lack of uniformity in the cheese1 however1 have caused many to resort to a more definite means of controlling fermentation or souring by the use of starters4 ,some of the dangers and disadvantages of natural souring are-- #a4 ,slow coagulation or curdling4 #b4 ,glassy and undesirable fermentations1 causing loss of curd in whey4 #c4 ,bitter and other undesirable flavors4 #d4 ,lack of uniformity in the cheese4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,bottles of ,starter4 ,when cottage cheese is to be produced in large quantities it is advisable to use a starter4 ,starters aid and hasten acid fermentation and tend to suppress and eliminate undesirable fermentation4 ,a starter1 in brief1 is a quantity of milk in which the acid-forming bacteria have grown until the milk contains a great number of them4 ,there are two kinds of starters1 commercial and homemade4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4--,stirring in starter and rennet and taking temperature4 ,commercial ,starters ,when cottage cheese is to be made on a large scale it is advisable to use a commercial starter1 obtainable from a reliable starter company or through a dairy-supply house4 ,the small package of starter1 which may be either liquid or solid1 is added to a pint of pasteurized skim milk and the milk covered and set away at #ge ,f4 to sour4 ,this is called a 8mother starter40 ,after curdling or coagulation1 a teaspoonful of the 8mother starter0 is added to a quart of pasteurized skim milk1 which1 when coagulated1 is used to ripen the milk for cheesemaking4 ,in pasteurizing milk for starters1 it is heated to #age ,f4 and held at that temperature for #cj minutes1 after which it is cooled to #ge ,f4 before the starter is added4 ,homemade ,starters ,homemade starters are made as follows3 #a4 ,clean thoroughly and boil for five minutes several pint fruit jars or wide-mouthed bottles1 together with tops or tumblers for covering them4 7,fig4 #a47 ,after boiling1 keep the jars or bottles covered to prevent the entrance of bacteria4 #b4 ,select several pint samples of fresh milk1 put into the jars or bottles1 cool to #ge ,f41 cover and keep at that temperature until curdling occurs4 #c4 ,the curdling or coagulation should take place in about #cj hours4 ,an ideal curd should be firm1 smooth1 marblelike1 free from holes or gas bubbles1 and should show little separation of the whey4 ,to be a good starter the curd should have a clean1 sharp1 sour or acid flavor4 #d4 ,select the sample that most closely meets these conditions and propagate it4 ,this is done as follows3 a4 ,prepare1 shortly before using1 a quart jar or bottle and a teaspoon according to the method described in paragraph #a4 b4 ,fill the jar or bottle with fresh skim milk and pasteurize by heating to #age ,f4 and keeping at that temperature for #cj minutes4 c4 ,cool to #ge ,f4 and add a teaspoonful of curdled milk or starter described in paragraph #c1 and set away to curdle4 d4 ,propagate the starter from day to day until one is found with desirable qualities4 ,in doing this repeat steps a1 b1 and c1 but in the last use the starter of the day before instead of that originally mentioned in paragraph #c4 ,,pasteurization ,while for small-scale operations the pasteurization of milk may not always be practicable1 it permits a better control of the fermentations1 increases the yield of cheese1 and renders the product safe from disease-producing organisms4 ,if milk is pasteurized it is absolutely necessary to use a vigorous starter for ripening4 ,otherwise1 great difficulty is found in draining the curd1 and as a result the cheese probably is spoiled4 ,skim milk is pasteurized for making cottage cheese by heating it in a pail1 can1 or vat to a temperature of #ade ,f4 and holding it at that temperature for #cj minutes4 ,the milk then is cooled quickly to #ge ,f41 when it is ready for adding the starter4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4--,pouring curd upon draining cloth4 ,,making ,,the ,,cheese ,,on ,a ,,larger ,,scale ,to make cottage cheese in considerable quantities and of good1 uniform quality1 especially if it is to be sold1 it is desirable to follow a more exact method than that described for making small quantities for home use4 ,setting ,for natural souring without starter1 fresh skim milk is placed in a clean pail or a 8shotgun0 can1 covered1 warmed to #ge ,f41 and allowed to stand at that temperature until curdled4 ,the temperature can be controlled by keeping the pail or can of milk in a tub1 sink1 or other vessel filled with water at the same temperature4 ,when starter is used it is stirred into skim milk which has been warmed to #ge ,f4 7,fig4 #b47 ,the vessel of milk then is covered and set away at the same temperature to curdle4 ,the quantity of starter used varies from #a to #e per cent2 a pint for #c or #d gallons of milk usually gives good results4 ,by the use of a large quantity of starter it is possible to ripen the milk and complete the making of the cheese in one day4 ,probably it is more convenient1 however1 to set the milk with starter at night1 in which case the milk should be firmly clabbered by morning4 ,for obtaining a desirable coagulum or curd that is firm and not easily broken into fine particles during heating1 #ge ,f4 seems to be the best temperature4 ,when the skim milk has coagulated into a firm1 solid curd which gives a sharply defined break as the finger is inserted1 with whey collecting at the break1 the curd is ready for cutting4 ,cutting1 ,heating1 and ,stirring ,the coagulum1 or curd1 is cut crosswise into #b-;inch squares1 with a long-bladed knife4 ,the mixture then is heated quickly to #ajj ,f4 and is maintained at that temperature for about #cj minutes4 ,during the entire heating process the curd is stirred with a spoon or a cream agitator every four or five minutes4 ,the object of these operations is to remove the whey from the curd and to bring the product into a concentrated form4 ,the texture of the cheese is regulated in a large measure by the manner of cutting1 heating1 and stirring the coagulum4 ,prolonged and vigorous stirring of the mixture is undesirable1 since it causes a fine-grained curd which is slow in draining and has excessive curd losses in the whey4 ,heating at too high a temperature results in a tough1 dry curd4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4--,raising and lowering draining cloth to hasten draining4 ,draining ,after heating1 the mixture is poured upon a draining cloth1 which is fastened over a pail or a specially constructed rack1 in order to separate the curd from the whey4 7,see fig4 #c47 ,the curd is allowed to drain undisturbed for #ae or #bj minutes1 because if handled during that period it will tend to become mushy1 a condition which renders the removal of the whey very difficult4 ,later1 every few minutes1 the sides of the cloth should be raised and lowered several times 7as shown in fig4 #d71 which hastens draining4 ,draining should continue until very little whey separates upon standing1 at which time the curd is rather soft and smooth4 ,it is then ready for salting4 ,salting ,for salting1 the curd is placed in a pan or pail and salt added and mixed uniformly into the curd with a butter ladle or a spoon4 ,the usual rate of salting is two heaping tablespoonfuls to #c gallons of milk1 or about #b ounces to #aj pounds of curd1 although there is some difference of opinion as to the quantity of salt needed4 ,in case a scale is lacking it is possible to approximate the salt when it is known that a level tablespoonful of salt equals two-thirds of an ounce4 ,salt is added to the cheese to increase its palatability and to a certain extent to preserve it4 ,,making ,,the ,,cheese ,,with ,,rennet ,,or ,,pepsin ,several advantages are found in making cottage cheese with rennet or pepsin1 as follows3 #a4 ,a finer-textured and more uniform cheese results4 #b4 ,making requires less time and attention4 #c4 ,losses of curd in the whey are reduced4 ,rennet is a substance which causes milk to coagulate and may be obtained either as commercial liquid rennet or as junket tablets4 ,the former may be purchased from a dairy-supply house1 while the latter may be obtained from grocery and drug stores4 ,if commercial rennet is used for making cottage cheese1 about #c drops should be added to each #aj pints or pounds of milk1 or #aj drops to #cj pounds of milk4 ,the rennet1 after being measured1 is diluted about #dj times with cold water 7a half cupful is satisfactory7 before it is added to the milk4 ,for measuring a medicine dropper may be used with good results4 ,if the liquid rennet can not be obtained1 junket tablets may be used1 one tablet having about the same strength as #a cubic centimeter or #be drops of the liquid4 ,one tablet may be dissolved in #aj tablespoonfuls of cold water1 then #a tablespoonful of the mixture is sufficient for #aj pounds or pints of skim milk and #c tablespoonfuls for #cj pounds of milk4 ,junket tablets are not always of the same strength1 so it may be necessary to experiment somewhat before the right quantity to add is obtained4 ,pepsin is a powder which has somewhat the same effect upon milk as rennet and may be used instead4 ,it should be added at the rate of one-twelfth gram to #ajj pounds of milk4 ,for #cj pounds of milk this would be a quantity about half the size of a medium-sized pea4 ,this should be dissolved in water and fractional portions used in a manner similar to that described for the junket tablet4 ,the milk is handled in identically the same manner as in the method already described with the exception that rennet or pepsin is added to it just after the starter is put in and the mixture stirred vigorously4 ,when this is done the curd or coagulum may be poured directly into the draining cloth without cutting1 heating1 or stirring4 ,if no starter is used it is desirable to let the milk stand at #hj ,f4 for five or six hours before adding the rennet or pepsin4 ,when clear whey collects upon the surface of the curd in the can it is an indication that the curd is ready to be drained4 ,at first it may not be possible to get the best results by this method1 but after a few trials it should be possible to produce a fine1 firm coagulum in from #ab to #ae hours4 ,the coagulum is now poured upon the draining rack covered with cotton sheeting4 ,because of the fineness of the curd a draining cloth with a smaller mesh is more desirable than the one previously described4 ,after a short preliminary drainage of perhaps #bj minutes the ends of the cloth are unfastened and the diagonally opposite corners drawn together and tied4 ,moderate weights1 about #be pounds1 are then placed upon the bag of curd to hasten the draining4 7,see fig4 #e47 ,a pail filled with stones or water will serve for this purpose4 ,there is danger that the cheese curd may be pressed too dry when rennet is used1 so it is advisable to watch the curd closely at this period4 ,the pressing should be continued until the curd has reached about the same consistency as described under the preceding method4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,boards and weight for pressing cheese4 ,after draining1 salt is added in the same way as for ordinary cottage cheese4 ,,adding ,,cream ,,and ,,peppers ,a small quantity of sweet or sour cream added after salting1 especially if the curd is a little dry1 will improve greatly the quality and palatability of cottage cheese made by either process4 ,usually cream is added at the rate of half a pint to #aj pounds of curd4 ,finely ground pimento peppers also add much to the appearance1 taste1 and attractiveness of the product1 especially to the finer textured1 rennet-made cheese4 ,peppers when used are added at the rate of #a pound to #bj of curd4 ,if the product is to be marketed the additional expense of cream or peppers probably is warranted4 ,,yield ,,of ,,cheese ,the yield of cottage cheese depends upon the quality of the milk and the method of manufacture4 ,yields of from #ab to #bb pounds of cheese per #ajj pounds of skim milk represent the limits1 while a normal yield of from #af to #ah pounds produces best results4 ,a gallon of skim milk usually yields about #a pounds of cottage cheese4 ,,marketing ,,the ,,product ,although often marketed in bulk and sold by the pound1 cottage cheese may be marketed best in single-service containers holding from #aj to #ab ounces4 ,this makes a neat and convenient package which commonly retails for about #aj cents4 ,these cartons are made of wood pulp treated with paraffin4 ,for interstate shipping it is necessary to put the net weight of the cheese on the package1 and it is desirable1 for advertising purposes1 to place on it the name and address of the maker4 ,while the product may be molded into balls or prints and wrapped in paraffined paper1 the carton is strongly recommended as a marketing receptacle for such a perishable product as cottage cheese4 ,the carton makes a nearly air-tight package which improves the keeping quality of the cheese4 ,it is advisable to keep cottage cheese at a low temperature until consumed4 ,holding the product at room temperature for only #cf hours may cause it to become slightly 8off flavor10 while in a longer period the deterioration may be so marked as to render it unsuitable for consumption4 ,cheese from which the whey separates spoils quickly and is very undesirable4 ,it is better to have the cheese a little too dry than too moist1 for the former defect may be corrected easily by the addition of a little cream or milk by the consumer4 ,,equipment ,,for ,,making ,,cottage ,,cheese ,little equipment is needed for making cottage cheese1 and for the most part it may be found in any home4 ,when the cheese is made in large quantities a small outlay for equipment is warranted as a matter of convenience and satisfaction4 ,in most homes1 however1 satisfactory substitutes may be found for some of the utensils mentioned here4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4--;,equipment used in first stages of making cottage cheese4 ,starter bottles4--,quart milk bottles and tumblers are needed for holding the starter4 ,quart fruit jars will serve the purpose very well4 ,cans or pails4--,a 8shotgun0 can which may vary in size and material is very convenient2 usually it is straight sided1 #h inches in diameter1 #bj inches high1 and holds about #d gallons of milk4 ,if such a can is not available1 an ordinary #aj-quart milk pail will be satisfactory4 ,milk agitator4--,a stirrer of the kind shown in figure #f is desirable for causing a uniform distribution of the starter and rennet prior to setting and for stirring the curd1 but for making small quantities of cheese a spoon is entirely satisfactory4 ,floating dairy thermometer4--,the use of a reliable and accurate thermometer is absolutely necessary to obtain uniformity in results from day to day4 ,because of the danger of breaking1 it should be kept in a case when not in use4 ,rennet or pepsin4--,either commercial liquid rennet or junket tablets are desirable when cottage cheese is to be made quickly4 ,powdered pepsin also may be used4 ,rennet always should be kept cold and in a dark place4 ,draining racks4--,an ordinary fruit-straining rack is very useful for small quantities of cheese4 ,a colander also will answer the purpose4 ,when larger quantities are made a special rack will be found to be very convenient4 ,such a rack is described below4 ,a wire-covered rack 7fig4 #g7 consists of a rectangular frame1 #bj by #eb inches and #f inches high1 upon the bottom of which is tacked one-half inch mesh woven wire4 ,the rack should be made of hard wood and dovetailed at the corners4 ,if it is placed upon a table slightly inclined1 the whey is directed to a common point and collected in a jar or pail by the use of strips nailed to the bottom of the frame4 ,the materials required for making the rack are two boards by #f by #eb inches1 two boards by #f by #bf inches1 and woven wire #bf by #eb inches4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4--,wire-covered draining rack4 ,another kind of rack is rectangular1 #ac inches wide1 #cf inches long1 and #aj inches deep4 ,the corner posts extend #a inches beyond the strips and top and bottom1 with the top rounded1 so that a ring may fit over them4 ,the bottom slats fit loosely into notches and are removable for washing4 ,the materials required are four corner posts #a by #a inches1 nine strips #a by by #cf inches1 and six strips #a by by #ab inches1 notched to receive bottom slats1 all made of pine4 ,a cloth is fastened upon each frame and the contents of one can poured into each cloth4 ,draining cloths4--,when the cheese is made without rennet1 common cheesecloth is most satisfactory1 but for cheese made with rennet1 unbleached cotton sheeting is recommended4 ,the quantity depends upon the size of the draining rack1 enough being required to supply a single thickness1 with an allowance for hems4 ,all draining cloths should be hemmed4 ,cartons4--,round1 paraffined1 sanitary1 single-service containers are desirable for marketing the cheese4 ,,summary ,,of ,,ordinary ,,process ,the process of making cottage cheese without rennet or pepsin1 on the basis of #cj pounds or about #c gallons of milk1 which will yield about #e pounds of cheese1 may be summarized as follows3 ,obtain clean1 fresh milk4 ,if starter is not used1 warm the milk to #ge ,f4 and hold it at about that temperature until curdled4 ,if starter is to be used1 add #a to #e per cent1 or about #a pint of starter to #cj pounds of milk1 stir1 and set away at #ge ,f4 to curdle4 ,if it is desired to pasteurize1 heat milk to #ade ,f41 hold at that temperature for #cj minutes1 and cool to #ge ,f4 ,if pasteurization is practiced1 a starter must be used and should be added after pasteurization1 as described4 ,time for curdling when starter is used1 #ab to #ae hours 7usually overnight74 ,when starter is not used the time for curdling will be about #cj hours4 ,cut and stir1 and then heat to #ajj ,f4 and hold for #cj minutes4 ,stir gently at intervals4 ,pour upon cheesecloth and drain for #bj or #cj minutes4 ,place in pail or pan and salt at the rate of #b ounces to #aj pounds of curd1 or about #b level tablespoonfuls for the cheese from #cj pounds of milk4 ,if desired1 add sweet or sour cream at the rate of one-half pint to #aj pounds of curd1 or about one-quarter pint of cream to the product from #cj pounds of milk4 ,,summary ,,of ,,rennet ,,or ,,pepsin ,,process ,the following is an outline of the process with rennet or pepsin on the basis of #cj pounds or #c gallons of milk1 which will yield about #e pounds of cheese3 ,obtain clean1 fresh milk4 ,when a starter is not used1 after adding rennet or pepsin1 warm the milk to #ge ,f4 and hold it at about that temperature until curdled4 ,if starter is to be used1 add #a to #e per cent1 or about #a pint of starter to #cj pounds of milk1 and set away at #ge ,f4 to curdle4 ,if it is desired to pasteurize1 heat to #ade ,f41 hold at that temperature for #cj minutes1 and cool to #ge ,f4 ,if pasteurization is practiced1 a starter must be used and should be added as described4 ,add rennet1 junket tablets1 or pepsin just before setting the milk away to curdle at #ge ,f41 carefully stirring to insure a thorough distribution4 ,add rennet at the rate of one-third cubic centimeter1 or about #h drops1 diluted #dj times in cold water 7half a cup of cold water is satisfactory7 for each #cj pounds or #c gallons of milk4 ,or1 dissolve one junket tablet in a pint of cold water and use one-third of the mixture4 ,or1 dissolve powdered pepsin 7one-half size of pea7 in one-quarter pint of cold water and use the entire mixture4 ,time for curdling when starter is used1 #ab to #ae hours 7usually overnight74 ,when starter is not used the time for curdling will be about #cj hours4 ,pour upon cotton sheeting and drain for #bj or #cj minutes4 ,tie the ends of the cloth together and press with weight 7#bj or #be pounds7 until the curd has attained the desired consistency4 ,salt at the rate of #b ounces to #aj pounds of curd4 ,if desired1 add sweet or sour cream at the rate of one-half pint of cream to each #aj pounds of curd1 or one-quarter pint of cream to the product from #cj pounds of milk4 ,,plan ,no4 #bdf4 ,,marketing ,,butter ,,and ,,cheese ,,by ,,parcel ,,post ,,lewis ,b4 ,,flohr1 ,investigator of ,marketing and ,,roy ,c4 ,,potts1 ,specialist in ,marketing ,dairy ,products4 ,contribution from the ,bureau of ,markets1 ,,charles ,j4 ,,brand4 ,chief4 ,for the following plan we are indebted to the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,because butter does not keep well unless good storage facilities are available1 most families must purchase it frequently and in small quantities4 ,parcel post has been found a desirable and useful means of sending butter from producer to consumer1 and when favorable conditions exist and proper methods are used in preparing and mailing1 it carries satisfactorily by that method of transportation4 ,there are practically no difficulties in transporting cheese by parcel post4 ,frequently this method of marketing affords an economical and satisfactory way for obtaining cheese for family use4 ,butter is highly perishable unless it is handled under proper conditions1 yet the fact that many consumers obtain their supplies direct from producers by parcel post1 proved by the quantity passing through many post offices1 indicates that parcel-post marketing of butter is feasible4 ,it is usually an economical method1 as the cost of market distribution through the regular wholesale and retail channels of trade is relatively high in comparison with the cost of shipments by parcel post from the first and second and sometimes more distant zones4 ,,experimental ,,parcel-,,post ,,shipments ,,of ,,butter ,shipments of butter aggregating more than #aj1jjj pounds have been made by the ,bureau of ,markets1 under various conditions and in packages carrying from #a to #aj pounds1 over both long and short distances1 in order to test various kinds of shipping containers1 methods of packing1 and the possibilities of parcel-post shipping of butter during the summer and other seasons4 ,these experimental shipments consisted of 7#a7 shipments of fresh butter from four creameries to this bureau1 and 7#b7 shipments of the butter received from the creameries by the bureau to experiment stations and return shipments of the same4 ,the summarized results of the shipments from the four creameries are presented in the following table3 ,,table ,i4--,experimental shipments of butter by parcel post in #b1 #c1 #e1 and #aj pound parcels from creameries to the ,bureau of ,markets4 ,distance from ,hours in ,number ,creamery4,washingtontransit4 ,months covered4 of 7miles74 shipments4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,a #cge #bb ,april to ,october #bbb ,b #ecf #dh to #fj;,august and ,september #fa ,c #ahg #ah to #bj;,june and ,july #hb ,d #bff #ah to #bj;,april to ,january #hi ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,total #ded ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,received in ,received in ,total satisfactory unsatisfactory pounds ,creamery4 condition4 condition4 of ------------------------------ butter4 ,number4,percent4,number4,percent4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,a #bah #ih4b #d #a4h #hbb ,b #fj #ih4d #a #a4f #bdi ,c #gc #hi4j #i #aa4j #bij ,d #hi #ajj4j 444 444 #ffa ---------------------------------------- ------- ,total #ddj #if4i #ad #c4a #b1jbb ---------------------------------------- ------- ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4--,two views of hand printer for #a-pound prints4 ,although many of these shipments were made during the heat of summer1 only #ad of the #ded shipments1 or #c4a per cent1 were received in an unsatisfactory condition4 ,these very satisfactory results may be attributed to the care exercised in the proper packing of butter in suitable shipping containers and the pre-cooling or thorough hardening of the butter at the creameries before shipment4 ,the experimental shipments to the ,state experiment stations were satisfactory where the temperature and distance were not too great4 ,butter which had softened much in transit from the creamery to the bureau when later shipped to the experiment stations did not arrive in as good condition as that in which the grain had not been previously injured4 ,in general1 the shipments from ,washington were successful when forwarded as far north as ,maine and as far west as ,michigan and ,indiana4 ,shipments into the ,south were successful for shorter distances4 ,the results of these experimental shipments indicate that well-made butter1 thoroughly chilled before shipping1 when packed in a suitable container1 may be marketed satisfactorily by parcel post when extreme high temperatures are not encountered4 ,under ordinary conditions1 where the butter does not melt and a firm or semifirm condition is maintained1 the shipping of butter by parcel post generally may be successful4 ,even though proper safeguards were taken1 the shipments made during extremely hot weather frequently arrived in an oily and unsatisfactory condition4 ,,quality ,,and ,,condition ,,of ,,butter ,as parcel-post shipments of butter are likely to be subjected to conditions1 especially during the summer1 which may cause deterioration and injure the quality of the butter1 it is highly desirable that every possible precaution be taken before shipment4 ,particularly is this true of farm-made butter1 because conditions affecting its quality and condition usually can not be controlled as easily on farms as in creameries4 ,however1 farm-made butter should be marketed just as satisfactorily as creamery-made butter when it is properly made and prepared for shipment4#f #f ,those desiring information on making farm butter may secure1 upon request to the ,division of ,publications of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 a copy of ,farmers' ,bulletin ,no4 #hgf1 entitled 8,making ,butter on the ,farm40 ,it is necessary to maintain proper conditions in the care of the milk and cream and the making of butter if a marketable product is to be produced4 ,too much importance can not be given to the maintaining of cleanly conditions in the stable and in other places where the milk1 cream1 or butter are produced or kept1 for they absorb odors and spoil very quickly4 ,it is important1 too1 that these products be kept in a cool place4 ,high temperatures should always be avoided as heated cream or butter produces a soft1 oily condition in the finished product which is undesirable4 ,in manufacturing butter on the farm or in a factory the buttermilk must be removed and washed out1 and the proper amount of salt must be incorporated evenly4 ,frequently parcel-post shipments of farm butter are unsatisfactory to customers because proper methods were not used in making it1 and thereby the quality and condition of the butter were injured before it was shipped4 ,for the satisfaction of customers it is important that a uniform quality of butter be produced4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4--,three stages of a parcel-post package of butter2 ,wrapped1 opened1 showing print of butter4 ,,preparation ,,of ,,butter ,,for ,,parcel-,,post ,,shipping ,the methods used in preparing butter for parcel-post shipping depend largely upon the local conditions and the style of package used4 ,to insure delivery in the best possible condition1 butter1 after being packed or printed and placed in cartons1 should be chilled or hardened thoroughly before it is shipped4 ,one of the most satisfactory ways of preparing butter for shipment is in the form of regular #a-pound prints4 ,the standard print measures #b by #b by #d inches4 ,a hand butter printer or mold should be used in forming the prints4 ,the printer shown in figure #a is so made that it can be taken apart readily and thoroughly cleaned4 ,the print of butter is easily removed from the mold by the false bottom4 ,another style is made with the sides and ends hinged to the bottom and held in place by hooks across the ends4 ,after the butter is packed in the mold the sides are unhooked1 so that the butter can be removed from the printer4 ,one-pound hand printers similar to these styles may be secured from dairy-supply companies or they may be made on the farm4 ,each pound print should be neatly wrapped in regular butter parchment or paper4 ,a second thickness of such paper has been found to add materially to the carrying possibility of the butter4 ,waxed paper may be used for the second wrapping4 ,as a further protection to the print1 it should be placed in heavy manila paraffined cartons1 which may be obtained from folding paper-box companies for about one-half cent each when unprinted or at a slightly additional cost when printed as a stock carton or with a special private brand4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,actual parcel-post shipment of #c pounds of butter wrapped in parchment paper1 several thicknesses of newspaper1 corrugated paper-board carton1 and finally an outside wrapper of heavy wrapping paper4 ,,shipping ,,containers ,,for ,,butter ,corrugated fiber board shipping containers of various sizes may be obtained for shipping #a-pound prints of butter4 7,see fig4 #b47 ,these boxes or containers practically insulate the butter and furnish much protection against heat4 ,further protection may be obtained by wrapping the container in stout wrapping paper4 ,the whole should be tied securely with a strong cord4 ,in tying the twine1 it should be drawn tightly around the package so as to insure its proper carriage4 ,not infrequently packages are broken open or otherwise damaged because they are insecurely tied4 ,the corrugated containers are also useful for carrying shipments of butter put up in other styles4 ,some persons ship butter by parcel post in improvised or 8home-made0 containers4 ,clean1 discarded1 corrugated paper-board cartons are obtained from the grocer or other merchant at small cost or frequently without cost4 ,it is possible to cut a piece of paper board in such shape and size that when it is folded it will form a satisfactory carton4 ,in figure #c is shown a piece of paper board that is cut so as to provide a carton for shipping #c pounds of butter that is wrapped in parchment paper and several thicknesses of newspaper4 ,for this carton the paper board was so cut that it was #g inches wide and #be inches long with projections in the middle of the length which were #d inches wide and extended #h inches on each side4 ,this provided a carton with dimensions1 when folded1 as shown in the illustration1 of #d by #f by #g inches4 ,butter shipped in an improvised container should be wrapped in parchment paper and several thicknesses of newspaper and then should be securely tied with string4 ,the package should then be inclosed in the piece of corrugated paper board with the projections of the paper board so folded as to form a container4 ,the container should then be tied with twine1 wrapped in heavy wrapping paper1 and again tied securely with a strong twine4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,cheese for parcel-post mailing4 ,in some of the important cheese-producing sections ,swiss and other varieties of cheese are frequently cut into suitable blocks for parcel-post shipping4 ,if butter that is prepared for shipment in this manner is thoroughly chilled before being mailed1 it should carry safely even in warm weather if it is not in transit over #bd to #cf hours4 ,,examples ,,of ,,successful ,,marketing ,,of ,,butter ,,by ,,parcel ,,post ,a few of the many instances which have come to the attention of the bureau will indicate with what success butter may be marketed by parcel post4 ,a farmer's wife who was making a good quality of butter was securing but little more than half retail price a pound for it when a trial shipment was made by parcel post to a consumer in a large city4#g ,as the result of this shipment1 a demand was developed and customers obtained for the entire product at an advance in price to the farmer's wife and with a considerable saving to the customers under the retail price of the best creamery butter4 #g ,those desiring to obtain suggestions regarding parcel-post business methods should make request to the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture for a copy of ,farmers' ,bulletin ,no4 #ibb1 entitled 8,parcel-,post ,business ,methods40 ,a number of creameries have developed an extensive parcel-post business4 ,one which has a large output markets practically its entire product direct to consumers or retail distributers1 except in the flush of production in spring and early summer4 ,another has developed a substantial parcel-post trade by sending out a weekly price list4 ,formerly this creamery used newspaper advertisements1 but the manager says that the quality of the butter is sufficient advertisement4 ,illustration3 8,,longhorn0 7,,weight #ab7 8,,young ,,america0 7,,weight #h7 8,,midget0 7,,weight #d7 8,,flat0 7,,weight #ba7 8,,brick0 7,,weight #aj7 ,fig4 #e4--,various styles of ,american ,cheddar cheese suitable for parcel-post shipping4 ,,essentials ,,for ,,success ,,in ,,marketing ,,butter ,,by ,,parcel ,,post ,successful parcel-post marketing of butter requires that extreme care be taken to insure the delivery of a satisfactory product to the customers4 ,the following are a few of the important considerations to be observed to market butter successfully by parcel post3 #a4 ,a uniformly high-quality product should be produced4 #b4 ,it should be properly packed in neat and attractive packages4 #c4 ,the shipping container used should amply protect the butter from deterioration and damage4 #d4 ,the packages should bear the address of the sender and be properly addressed to the customer4 #e4 ,the most expeditious mail service from the mailing office should be used to insure the delivery of the butter in the best condition4 ,,varieties ,,and ,,styles ,,of ,,cheese ,most varieties of cheese1 being firm and not so subject to damage by high temperature as butter1 may be shipped any distance by parcel post without difficulty4 7,see fig4 #d47 ,the two important varieties of cheese produced on farms are cottage cheese and ,american 7full cream or whole milk7 cheese4 ,cottage cheese is soft and quickly perishable1 therefore it is consumed while fresh4 ,when made rather dry and packed in moisture-proof packages it may be shipped to points where delivery may be made within #bd to #cf hours4 ,the first and second zones are usually the practical limits of shipping cottage cheese by parcel post4#h #h ,those desiring to obtain suggestions regarding parcel-post business methods should make request to the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture for a copy of ,farmers' ,bulletin ,no4 #ibb1 entitled 8,parcel-,post ,business ,methods40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4--,suitable container for shipping cheese4 ,as ,american1 ,swiss1 ,brick1 and several other of the firmer varieties of cheese are ripened or cured and paraffined before they are marketed1 they can be more successfully shipped by parcel post then the soft varieties such as cottage cheese4 ,the more common styles or forms in which the firmer varieties of cheese are marketed are prints1 bricks1 and cylindrical shapes4 ,the prints are made by cutting the larger styles of cheeses into square 8prints0 weighing usually #a pound each4 ,bricks are made in molds of the desired size4 ,cylindrical-shaped cheeses1 both flat and long1 are commonly known by various trade names such as ,midgets1 ,picnics1 ,young ,americas1 ,long ,horns1 ,daisies1 and ,flats4 ,on the ,pacific coast a type of cheese called 8,jack10 which closely resembles the 8,daisy0 size1 is marketed by parcel post4 ,the usual weight and shape of several styles of cheese1 suitable for parcel-post shipping1 are shown in figure #e4 ,,the ,,packaging ,,of ,,cheese ,,for ,,parcel-,,post ,,shipping ,general care should be exercised in the packaging of cheese for shipment by parcel post4 ,the surface of the cheese should be clean and1 if necessary1 paraffined4 ,as a protection to the cheese it should be wrapped in several layers of paper1 preferably with a waxed paper next to the cheese4 ,corrugated or other fiber-board containers or wooden boxes may be used as shipping containers4 7,see figure #f47 ,when rather weak fiber board or wooden boxes are used they should be wrapped with several sheets of tough paper4 ,,addressing ,,and ,,mailing ,,parcel-,,post ,,packages ,parcel-post packages1 like other mail matter1 should be carefully addressed1 including the street number of the person to receive the parcel4 ,in the upper left-hand corner the name and address of the sender should be plainly written4 ,it is preferable to place all addresses on the package itself rather than on a tag tied to the package1 for if the tag becomes detached the addresses of both the sender and receiver are lost4 ,a rubber stamp for butter shipments bearing the statement3 8,butter--keep away from heating apparatus10 may be used to show that the parcel is perishable and should be handled accordingly by the postal employees4 ,the letters in the word 8,butter0 should be one-half inch high1 the others one-fourth inch high4 ,in shipping by parcel post such a perishable product as butter1 which is affected by exposure to heat1 inquiry should be made of the post office regarding the daily mail service for parcel matter from that point to the destination of the shipment4 ,arrangements should be made to post the packages as near as practicable to the mail time in order to obtain delivery in the quickest possible time4 ,illustration3 ,parcel ,post ,package ,ready for ,sending4 ,consideration should be given to the practicability of using night mail service when available1 as the temperature is usually cooler at night than in the daytime4 ,night shipments to points within the first and second zones ordinarily are delivered early the next day4 ,in a general way the foregoing precautions suggested for butter should be observed in shipping cheese4 ,,postal ,,requirements ,postal regulations provide that-- ,when it 7butter7 is so packed or wrapped as to prevent damage to other mail1 it will be accepted for local delivery either at the office of mailing or on any rural route starting therefrom4 ,butter will be accepted for mailing to all offices to which in the ordinary course of mail it can be sent without spoiling when suitably wrapped or inclosed or when packed in crates1 boxes1 or other suitable containers to prevent the escape of anything from the package1 and so constructed as to properly protect the contents4 ,more than #ej pounds can not be sent beyond the third zone4 ,the firmer varieties of cheese1 not being liable to cause damage in the mails1 need no special consideration when properly packaged4 ,in some cases it will be found that the express can be used to better advantage than the parcel post4 ,the rates on parcel-post packages vary according to their weight and the distances shipped4 ,persons not familiar with the postal regulations governing parcel-post shipments may obtain specific information at any post office regarding the rates and limits of weight and measurement applicable to shipments to any other office4 ,,plan ,no4 #bdg4 ,,made ,,shirts ,,for ,,men ,a woman had heard her friend's husband complain of the poor-fitting quality of ready-made shirts1 and tried her hand at making him some4 ,she carefully took his measure1 bought a good shirt pattern and made him two4 ,he was so well pleased that he ordered six more1 and after that she had all she could do in making shirts for men1 charging a price depending upon the style of shirt4 ,this insured her a good living each year4 ,there are other men who want shirts made1 and other women who can make them--and make money at it1 too4 ,,plan ,no4 #bdh4 ,,secret ,,of ,,showing ,,samples--,,company ,,agent ,,becomes ,a ,,welcome ,,salesman ,while other canvassers were complaining that they did not get a chance to show their goods or samples at every house they visited1 many doors being shut in their faces1 an ,english brush company thought of a good plan4 ,they furnish their salesmen with post cards saying3 8,dear ,madam3 ,this card entitles you to one of our #ae-;cent sink brushes1 which our agent will deliver to you at your home tomorrow4 ,you don't have to buy a thing--just let him show you our full line of brushes40 ,the next day after mailing this card1 the agent calls with the brush1 and of course ,madam is civil enough to accept it and 8look at the others40 ,that 8look0 nearly always means a sale1 and this happens at almost every house1 so the agent finds himself admitted to every home and a chance to have a popular hearing4 ,this is given as a tip to other agents who have had the cold reception usually accorded agents and peddlers4 ,,plan ,no4 #bdi4 ,,assist ,,musical ,,composers ,this plan1 which was successfully operated by a ,chicago man1 not only brought many struggling authors of musical compositions into considerable prominence1 but proved a profitable business for himself4 ,he was engaged in publishing sheet music1 and was in close touch with musical people all over the country4 ,he inserted an ad4 in the classified columns of the big city dailies1 addressed to composers who had failed as their own publishers1 the ad4 asking them to write for a proposition4 ,hundreds of them did so1 and he made them the following offer3 ,if they would send the plates of their composition1 and sign over their rights in the same to him1 he would publish them1 with their names prominently displayed as authors1 send the authors fifty copies of each composition1 and give a wide distribution to the main issue of the same2 that he would also prominently mention their names in his publicity matter1 and thus greatly increase their reputations as authors4 ,practically all of them accepted this offer1 and he faithfully carried out his part of the contract1 so that1 just as he said1 they became widely known in the musical world1 and were soon doing business with the leading music publishers of the country4 ,he realized a good income from publishing their compositions1 as some of their compositions met with good sale while he sold some of all the rest4 ,,plan ,no4 #bej4 ,,honing ,,razors ,,by ,,mail ,a ,seattle man who carried a line of barbers' supplies1 decided to increase his mail-order business by making it an object for men in the country and small towns to have their old-style razors honed1 at no cost if not satisfactory4 ,he inserted an ad4 in some country newspapers1 offering to make 8dull razors sharp or no pay10 to return the razor1 post paid1 in twenty-four hours1 and if the customer was satisfied1 he was to send him #be cents4 ,a lot of them came in1 all were sharpened and returned1 and most of them were paid for4 ,but he had a good list of names1 secured in this way1 and to these he sent a neatly written booklet1 containing illustrations of many articles in the way of shaving supplies he carried in stock1 and the orders he received from these made him a good profit1 besides the amount he was ahead on the razors he honed4 ,the few losses did not count1 for he was out only #b cents on each for postage1 and those that did pay placed him far ahead4 ,,plan ,no4 #bea4 ,,successful ,,sale1 ,,yet ,,didn',t ,,advertise ,it isn't often we hear of anyone who succeeds in selling a product without newspaper advertising1 but here is the case of a young man in a small city who did4 ,this young man was putting up a very good cough remedy1 and the first he made he left with the druggists to sell4 ,they liked it1 and sold it rapidly4 ,then he watched for the country merchants at the court house1 the hotels1 and other places1 and many of them agreed to carry his remedy and push it1 which made a great many more sales4 ,in a few months every store within #ae miles of his home town was selling it4 ,then a wholesale grocery house took it up and1 through its #ae traveling salesmen1 introduced it in three states1 covering several hundred miles4 ,he demonstrated the wisdom of covering a small territory in the beginning1 and gradually increased it4 ,,plan ,no4 #beb4 ,,local ,,view ,,calenders ,a young printer in ,los ,angeles made money by getting a number of excellent photographs of local views1 and printing calendars for city merchants1 with these views as the prominent feature of each calendar4 ,,plan ,no4 #bec4 ,,amateur ,,printer ,,and ,,hand ,,press ,a very young man who had worked in a printing office for a couple of years decided to go into business for himself on a small scale1 so he bought a small hand press that could be carried from place to place1 and visited country fairs1 picnics1 summer resorts1 and other places where people gather for recreation1 and did a nice business printing calling cards and other small jobs4 ,when he had a little leisure1 he went among the smaller merchants in out-of-the-way sections of the country and printed letter heads1 envelopes1 business cards1 etc41 and in this way made a good living4 ,,plan ,no4 #bed4 ,,making ,,cushions1 ,,pillows1 ,,etc4 ,a ,chicago man1 who has good taste in designing pillows and cushions earns a living by making artistic cushions1 pillows1 etc41 for use in cosy corners4 ,he goes to the homes of wealthy people1 shows them his samples1 and almost invariably receives an order for a number of these articles4 ,his prices are rather high1 but his work is so artistically done that it is well worth all it costs4 ,,plan ,no4 #bee4 ,,bathroom ,,exclusively ,,for ,,women ,in a northern city of #aj1jjj inhabitants1 a woman fitted up a neat1 tasty and well equipped bathroom exclusively for women4 ,it became very popular4 ,women who had no bathroom of their own1 disliked going to one patronized by men1 at once became her regular customers4 ,,plan ,no4 #bef4 ,,the ,,guinea ,,fowl ,,andrew ,s4 ,,weiant ,scientific ,assistant in ,poultry ,investigations ,animal ,husbandry ,division4 ,contribution from the ,bureau of ,animal ,industry ,a4 ,d4 ,,melvin1 ,chief ,for the following plan we are indebted to the ,u4 ,s4 ,dept1 of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,guinea fowl are growing in favor as a substitute for game birds1 with the result that guinea raising is becoming more profitable4 ,they are raised usually in small flocks on general farms1 and need a large range for best results4 ,domesticated guinea fowl are of three varieties1 ,pearl1 ,white1 and ,lavender1 of which the ,pearl is by far the most popular4 ,guinea fowl have a tendency to mate in pairs1 but one male may be mated successfully with three or four females4 ,guinea hens usually begin to lay in ,april or ,may1 and lay #bj to #cj eggs before becoming broody4 ,if not allowed to sit they will continue to lay throughout the summer1 laying from #dj to #fj or more eggs4 ,eggs may be removed from the nest when the guinea hen is not sitting1 but two or more eggs should be left in the nest4 ,ordinary hens are used commonly to hatch and rear guinea chicks1 but guinea hens and turkey hens also may be employed successfully1 although they are more difficult to manage4 ,guineas are marketed late in the summer1 when they weigh from #a to #a pounds at about #b months of age1 and also throughout the fall1 when the demand is for heavier birds4 ,,demand ,,for ,,guinea ,,fowl ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,the value of the guinea fowl as a substitute for game birds such as grouse1 partridge1 quail1 and pheasant is becoming more and more recognized by those who are fond of this class of meat and the demand for these fowls is increasing steadily4 ,many hotels and restaurants in the large cities are eager to secure prime young guineas1 and often they are served at banquets and club dinners as a special delicacy4 ,when well cooked1 guineas are attractive in appearance1 although darker than common fowls1 and the flesh of young birds is tender and of especially fine flavor1 resembling that of wild game4 ,like all other fowl1 old guineas are very likely to be tough and rather dry4 ,illustration3 ,guinea ,fowl4 ,a few of the large poultry raisers1 particularly those who are within easy reach of the large eastern markets1 make a practice of raising a hundred or so guineas each year1 but the great majority of guineas are raised in small flocks of from #aj to #be upon farms in the ,middle ,west and in the ,south4 ,many farmers keep a pair or a trio of guineas more as a novelty than for profit1 and from these a small flock is raised4 ,the guinea fowl doubtless would be more popular on farms were it not for its harsh and at times seemingly never-ending cry4 ,however1 some people consider this cry an argument in the guinea's favor1 as it gives warning of marauders in the poultry yard4 ,similarly1 their pugnacious disposition1 while sometimes causing disturbances among the other poultry1 also makes them show fight against hawks and other common enemies1 so that guineas sometimes are kept as guards over the poultry yard4 ,often a few guineas are raised with a flock of turkeys and allowed to roost in the same tree1 where they can give warning if any theft is attempted during the night4 ,,price ,,of ,,guinea ,,fowl ,the highest prices for guinea fowl are paid in the large eastern markets4 ,guinea raisers1 who are near these markets1 or who have developed a trade among private customers receive prices that make this industry very profitable4 ,one poultryman located near a ,new ,england summer resort has raised as many as #djj guineas in one season1 selling them in ,august1 when they weigh about #a pound each1 at #a4be per pair4 ,wholesale prices in ,new ,york usually range from #ge cents to #a per pair for dressed spring guineas weighing #b pounds to the pair1 and from #a4be to #a4ej per pair for those weighing #c to #d pounds to the pair4 ,old guineas are not wanted and seldom bring more than #ej or #fj cents a pair4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4--,white guinea1 male4 ,in the city markets of the ,middle ,west and ,south the demand for guinea fowl is small1 and the prices are correspondingly low1 the average price received by the producer being from #bj to #cj cents each4 ,the ordinary retail price for guineas in ,birmingham1 ,ala41 is from #cj to #dj cents1 while in ,st4 ,louis and ,chicago the retail price usually is about #ge cents1 and in ,new ,york #a4 ,on the ,pacific coast very few guineas are raised and only occasionally can they be found even in the largest markets4 ,,breeding ,,stock ,,and ,,eggs ,,for ,,hatching ,the demand for guinea fowls as breeding stock is considerable1 most of them being sold in pairs and trios4 ,breeders of the purebred ,pearl1 ,white1 or ,lavender varieties who have a reputation for high-class birds usually have little difficulty in disposing of surplus stock at prices ranging from #b to #c4ej a pair and from #c to #e a trio4 ,the demand for eggs for hatching is greater than for breeding stock4 ,from #ge cents to #a for #ae eggs from pure-bred birds is an ordinary price4 ,during the last few years a limited market for guinea eggs has developed among commercial hatcheries which have an outlet for a few day-old guinea chicks along with their ordinary chicks1 ducklings1 goslings1 and turkey poults4 ,one hatchery near ,boston has sold as many as #b1jjj guinea chicks in one season1 the eggs being purchased from an extensive breeder in ,ohio and shipped by express in crates containing #cfj eggs each4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4--,splashed guinea 7cross between ,white and ,pearl varieties74 ,,varieties ,,of ,,guinea ,,fowl ,several species of wild birds known as guinea fowl are found in ,africa1 and derive their name from ,guinea1 which is situated on the ,west ,coast of that continent4 ,from one of these wild species 7,numida meleagris7 the common domesticated guineas are descended4 ,they have long been domesticated1 having been raised as table birds by the ancient ,greeks and ,romans1 and were introduced into this country by the early settlers4 ,in ,africa1 where there are still many wild flocks1 they are highly prized by hunters as game birds1 and in ,england they sometimes are used to stock game preserves4 ,even in this country a few flocks left to shift for themselves have become so wild as to afford excellent hunting4 ,domesticated guinea fowl are of three varieties--,pearl1 ,white1 and ,lavender4 ,the ,pearl is by far the most popular4 ,it has a purplish-gray plumage regularly dotted or 8pearled0 with white and is so handsome that frequently the feathers are used for ornamental purposes4 ,the ,white guinea fowl 7fig4 #a7 is of pure-white plumage1 and the skin is somewhat lighter in color than in the ,pearl variety4 ,lavender guineas resemble those of the ,pearl variety1 except that the plumage is of a light gray or lavender1 regularly dotted with white instead of a dark or purplish gray dotted with white4 ,by crossing the ,pearl or ,lavender varieties with the ,white1 what is known as the 8,splashed0 guinea is produced1 the breast and flight feathers being white and the remainder of the plumage being ,pearl or ,lavender 7fig4 #b74 ,crosses between guinea fowl and other poultry1 particularly chickens and less commonly turkeys1 are not unknown1 but such birds without exception are sterile4 ,the young guinea chicks are very attractive1 those of the ,pearl variety resembling young quail4 ,they are brown in color1 the under part of the body being lighter than the rest1 while the beak and legs are red4 ,the first feathers are brown1 but these are replaced gradually by the 8pearled0 feathers until at about #b months of age the brown feathers have disappeared completely4 ,about this time also the wattles and helmet begin to make an appearance4 ,as yet no standard of perfection has been set for guinea fowl1 the birds not being recognized by the ,american ,poultry ,association4 ,they are exhibited at poultry shows throughout the country1 however1 and most of these shows offer prizes for the best birds4 ,in judging guinea fowl1 the points regarded as most important are good size and uniform color4 ,white flight feathers in the ,pearl and ,lavender varieties are the most common defects4 ,in weight1 guineas average from #c to #d pounds at maturity for both male and female4 ,,distinguishing ,,sex ,the male and the female guinea fowl differ so little in appearance that many persons have considerable difficulty in making a distinction4 ,indeed1 it often happens that those who are inexperienced in raising these fowl will unknowingly keep all males or all females as breeding stock4 ,usually the males can be distinguished by their larger helmet and wattles and coarser head 7fig4 #c71 but to be positive one should listen to the cry made by each bird4 ,that of the female resembles 8buckwheat1 buckwheat10 and is decidedly different from the one-syllable shriek of the male4 ,when excited1 both the male and the female emit one-syllable cries1 but at no time does the male imitate the cry of 8buckwheat1 buckwheat40 ,sex can be distinguished by this difference in the cry of the male and female when the birds are about #b months old4 ,,breeding ,like quail and most other wild birds1 guinea fowls in their wild state mate in pairs1 and this tendency prevails among domesticated guineas also1 provided the males and females are equal in number4 ,as the breeding season approaches1 one pair after another separates from the remainder of the flock and ranges off in the fields in search of a suitable nesting place4 ,once mated in this way1 the male usually remains with his mate throughout the laying season1 standing guard somewhere near the nest while the hen is laying and ready to warn her of any approaching danger4 ,however1 it is not necessary to mate them in pairs under domestic conditions to secure fertile eggs1 and most breeders keep but one male for every three or four females4 ,when mated in this way the hens are more apt to lay near home1 and several usually lay in the same nest1 thus making it much easier to find the nests and gather the eggs4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,distinguishing between male and female4 ,the helmet and wattles of the male 7on left7 are larger than those of the female4 ,most guinea raisers allow their breeding stock free range of the entire farm at all times1 and this helps to keep the birds strong and vigorous4 ,during the winter the breeders should be fed a grain mixture of corn1 wheat1 and oats twice a day1 and where no green feed is available on the range at this time of the year1 vegetables1 such as potatoes1 turnips1 beets1 and cabbage1 should be substituted4 ,animal feed is essential to best results and can be supplied by feeding meat scrap or skimmed milk4 ,given free range1 where the supply of natural feed during the winter and early spring is ample1 as it usually is in the southern portion of the ,united ,states1 the guineas can be left to pick up a considerable part of their feed4 ,free access to grit1 charcoal1 and oyster shell is necessary throughout the breeding and laying season4 ,avoid having the breeders too fat1 but keep them in good firm flesh4 ,while guineas can be kept in the best breeding condition upon free range1 still they can be confined1 if necessary1 and satisfactory results obtained4 ,one extensive guinea raiser has confined as many as #de hens and #ae males in an acre pen throughout the breeding and laying season and been successful4 ,this pen is inclosed with a wire fence #e feet high and the birds are prevented from flying over by clipping the flight feathers of one wing4 ,within the pen is a grass pasture with bushes here and there where the hens make their nests by scratching out a bowl-shaped hollow in the ground4 ,the winters being severe1 a roosting shed is provided1 having a cleated board reaching from the floor to the roosts for the wing-clipped birds to walk up4 ,,guinea ,,eggs ,as profitable egg producers guinea hens can not compete with ordinary hens1 but during the latter part of the spring and throughout the summer they are persistent layers4 ,the eggs are smaller than hen eggs1 weighing about #a4d ounces each1 while eggs of the common fowl average about #b ounces each2 consequently guinea eggs sell at a somewhat lower price4 ,there is no special market for guinea eggs and they are usually graded by dealers as small hen eggs4 ,owing to the natural tendency of the guinea hen to nest in a patch of weeds or some other well-hidden place1 many of the eggs are not found until they are no longer fit for market4 ,the shells of guinea eggs are so thick and often so dark that it is difficult to test them by candling1 and for this reason1 and also because the eggs are small1 dealers do not like to handle them4 ,for home use1 however1 guinea eggs can be made to take the place of hen eggs1 and many regard them as superior in flavor4 ,in composition the greatest difference is that the shell is thicker and the yolk makes up a slightly larger proportion of the total egg contents than in the case of hen eggs4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4--,relative size of eggs of ordinary hen 7left7 and guinea hen 7right74 ,,laying ,guinea hens usually begin laying in ,april or ,may1 those in the ,south laying earlier than those in the ,north4 ,a short time before the opening of the laying period the hens with their mates begin searching for suitable nesting places among the weeds and brush along the fences or in the fields4 ,in this search the male takes as active an interest as his mate1 and when a suitable location is found both help to dig out the nest and make it into a suitable shape4 ,each day as the hen goes to the nest to lay the male accompanies her and remains near by until she comes off4 ,should anyone approach he shrieks in warning and thus betrays the whereabouts of the nest1 which might otherwise be difficult to locate4 ,if several guinea hens are mated with one male they usually all lay in the same nest1 but sometimes a hen after mating will wander off by herself to make her own nest4 ,at other times the male bird1 after helping one hen to make her nest1 will then desert her and pair off with another hen to make another nest4 ,from #bj to #cj and often more eggs are laid before the guinea hen becomes broody1 at which time she can be broken of her broodiness easily by removing the eggs from her nest1 when she will soon begin laying again4 ,if not allowed to sit1 guinea hens will continue to lay throughout the summer1 laying from #dj to #fj and in some cases #ajj eggs during the season4 ,,gathering ,,the ,,eggs ,the wild nature of the guinea hen asserts itself in her nesting habits4 ,instinct demands that the nest be well hidden from all enemies1 such as crows1 dogs1 skunks1 opossums1 rats1 foxes1 coyotes1 and other predatory animals4 ,if the hen becomes frightened by the intrusion of some enemy1 or if her eggs are removed from the nest1 more than likely she will change her nesting place to a safer location4 ,for this reason she should not be disturbed while she is on the nest1 and the eggs should not be removed without leaving a few nest eggs in their place4 ,if a number of eggs are removed at one time1 half a dozen left in the nest usually are sufficient to keep the hen from seeking a new nest4 ,if the eggs are gathered every day1 two or three usually are enough to leave as nest eggs4 ,it is unnecessary to remove the eggs with a spoon or to scrape them out with a stick1 as is sometimes done to prevent the hand from coming in contact with the nest and leaving a scent4 ,after the eggs are gathered they should be handled with as little jarring as possible and should be set while fresh1 never holding them more than two weeks if it can be avoided4 ,,incubation ,ordinary hens are used commonly to incubate guinea eggs1 but guinea hens1 turkey hens1 and incubators also can be employed successfully4 ,the usual sitting for a guinea hen is about #ad eggs1 for a hen of one of the general-purpose breeds such as a ,plymouth ,rock1 #ah eggs1 and for a turkey hen1 about #bd eggs4 ,the incubation period for guinea eggs is #bh days1 although frequently they start hatching on the twenty-sixth day and are all hatched by the end of the twenty-seventh day4 ,if the nest in which the guinea hen becomes broody is safe from any disturbance1 she may be trusted with a sitting of eggs and more than likely will hatch out every egg that is fertile1 provided all hatch at about the same time4 ,as soon as the guinea chicks begin to leave the nest the hen will leave with them1 and any eggs that are late in hatching are ruined unless they are placed in an incubator or under a broody hen before they become chilled4 ,guinea hens usually are too wild to be set anywhere except in the nest where they have become broody1 and often such a nest is unsafe4 ,because of these disadvantages and the fact that guinea hens do not make the most satisfactory mothers for guinea chicks1 ordinary hens are most often used to do both the incubating and the brooding1 at least until late in the summer1 when the guinea hens often are allowed to sit and raise a brood without much attention being given them4 ,broody turkey hens1 when not needed to incubate turkey eggs1 often receive a sitting of guinea eggs1 and they hatch them quite as well as ordinary hens and also are able to cover more eggs4 ,,artificial ,,incubation ,,and ,,brooding ,incubators are used as successfully in hatching guinea eggs as in hatching hen eggs4 ,they are operated in exactly the same way for either kind1 except that the thermometer is lowered sufficiently to make its relative position above the guinea eggs similar to its former position above the hen eggs4 ,little has been done in the way of brooding guinea chicks artificially4 ,they are naturally of a wild nature and require free range to grow into strong1 vigorous birds4 ,nevertheless in one case a ,new ,england poultryman hatched #bjj guinea chicks and succeeded in raising about #abe by brooding them in exactly the same way as common chicks in a hot-water brooder house4 ,on bright warm days the chicks were allowed to run in a yard about #ej by #ajj feet1 which had been planted to corn1 and thus afforded some green food for them to pick at4 ,this yard was inclosed by a #e-;foot wire fence of #a-;inch mesh1 with #b feet of -inch mesh around the bottom4 ,the guineas began flying over the fence when they were about #f weeks old1 and from then on they had free range and were allowed to roost in the trees4 ,other poultrymen who have tried brooding guinea chicks artificially report utter failures1 sometimes due to white diarrhea1 and at other times the birds seem to become weak and die from no apparent cause except too close confinement4 ,,natural ,,brooding ,,of ,,guinea ,,chicks ,ordinary hens make the best mothers for guinea chicks4 ,given warm1 dry weather and plenty of range1 turkey and guinea hens can be used successfully1 but should a rain or heavy dew occur1 the mother turkey or guinea hen is apt to drag the chicks through the wet grass and many are lost from becoming wet and chilled4 ,neither turkey nor guinea hens can be induced to seek the shelter of a coop at night and during storms1 but will remain out in the fields to hover their broods wherever they happen to be when nightfall overtakes them4 ,when the guineas are old enough to roost they can be trained to roost wherever desired by driving them to the roosting place and feeding them there regularly4 ,after the first few nights they will come to the place themselves1 but until they are old enough to roost many of the young guineas that are being raised with turkey or guinea hens are likely to be killed by exposure to cold and dampness or by being led over so wild a range that they become exhausted and are unable to keep up with the remainder of the flock4 ,if ordinary hens are used as mothers1 it is very easy to raise a large percentage of the total number of guinea chicks hatched4 ,each hen that is to have a brood should be allowed to hatch out some of the eggs herself1 after which she will mother all that are given her4 ,a ,plymouth ,rock hen can care for #ah easily4 ,after the hatch is completed and the chicks are strong enough to leave the nest1 the hen and brood are ready to be removed to the coop provided for them4 ,the greatest fault of the hen as a mother is that on the average farm she has become accustomed to staying about the barnyard1 and if allowed to do so1 she will keep her guinea chicks there also4 ,conditions about the barnyard are entirely unsuited for raising guineas1 and to prevent the hen keeping them there the coop should be placed in a distant pasture or field4 ,here the hen should be induced to remain until the guineas are old enough to go to roost4 ,for the first two days the hens should be confined to the coop1 allowing the chicks to run in and out at will4 ,they will not stay away unless there is another brood near by which they are apt to join4 ,after the first few days the chicks become so attached to their foster mother that they will never leave her4 ,by the third day the hen will have recognized the coop as her home and can have free range without fear of her wandering far away4 ,at night she will return to the coop with her brood and can be shut in to protect her from foxes or any other night prowlers4 ,after the dew is off the grass in the morning the coop can be opened and the hen and her brood allowed free range again4 ,should a rain come up they can easily be driven to the coop and the chicks will be kept warm and dry4 ,the coop should be rain proof and built without a floor4 ,if it is moved a short distance every day1 the ground beneath it is kept fresh and clean4 ,,lice ,hens to be used in brooding guinea chicks should first be completely freed from lice4 ,this can be done by dusting them with some good lice powder at the time they are set and repeating once a week during the period of incubation4 ,guineas are less likely to have lice than common fowl1 but when they are raised with hens care should be taken to keep them from becoming infested4 ,examine the young chicks about the head and along the wing bar at the base of the quill feathers1 and if lice are found grease these parts lightly with lard4 ,as the guineas grow older they take great delight in dusting themselves and usually are able to keep free from lice4 ,,feeding ,guineas are fed in much the same way as chickens1 but they require less feed1 as they are natural rangers and can be trusted to find enough seeds of weeds and grasses1 buds1 insects1 and green vegetation in the fields to supply much of their living4 ,for the first #cf hours after hatching no feed is required1 as the sustenance from the egg is sufficient to nourish them for this period4 ,the first meal may consist of a little hard-boiled egg mixed with bread crumbs1 or bread may be soaked in milk1 squeezed partly dry1 and fed in small bits4 ,clabbered milk also is very good4 ,three times a day is as often as they need to be fed1 one feed consisting of clabbered milk or the bread and egg or bread and milk mixture1 and the other two of chick feed4 ,if the coop is placed in a field or pasture where green feed is available1 the guinea chicks can secure this for themselves2 otherwise1 sprouted oats1 dandelion leaves1 lettuce1 or onion tops cut fine should be furnished4 ,water1 grit1 and fine oyster shell should be before them always4 ,by the end of the first week the young guineas will be finding enough worms and insects to take the place of the egg or milk feed1 so this may be eliminated and chick feed given morning and night4 ,if clabbered milk is available1 however1 it can be continued with excellent success1 since guineas are very fond of variety in their ration and it is conductive to quick growth4 ,as the birds grow older1 whole wheat1 oats1 and cracked corn can be substituted gradually for the chick feed4 ,,roosting ,when guinea fowl are from #f to #h weeks old they will leave their coop and start roosting in some near-by tree or other roost that may be provided for them4 ,they prefer roosting in the open1 but if they have been raised with a hen they can be induced to follow her inside a poultry house and roost there4 ,it is advisable to have them become accustomed to going in a house or shed of some sort1 for otherwise it is almost impossible to catch them when they are wanted for the market4 ,guineas1 even after they are grown1 will not allow the mother hen to leave4 ,when she goes to her nest to lay1 they follow and wait near by until she is ready to leave again4 ,this attachment affords an easy method of controlling the natural wild instincts of the guinea fowl and makes raising them under domestic conditions much simpler4 ,,marketing ,the marketing season for guinea fowl is during the latter part of the summer and throughout the fall4 ,at this time the demand in the city markets is for young birds weighing from #a to #b pounds each4 ,at about #b months of age guineas weigh from #a to #a pounds1 and at this size they begin reaching the markets in ,august4 ,as the season advances the demand is for heavier birds4 ,during the fall of #aiaf ,new ,york wholesale quotations for dressed guineas were as follows3 ,sept4 #a1 guineas1 spring1 #b pounds to pair1 per pair #a4jj ,sept4 #a1 guineas1 spring1 #b to #c pounds to pair1 per pair #a4be to #a4cg ,oct4 #a1 guineas1 spring1 #b pounds to pair1 per pair #a4jj ,oct4 #a1 guineas1 spring1 #c to #d pounds to pair1 per pair #a4be to #a4ej ,nov4 #a1 guineas1 spring1 #b pounds to pair1 per pair 4#ge to #a4jj ,nov4 #a1 guineas1 spring1 #c to #d pounds to pair1 per pair #a4ej to #a4ge ,the usual practice in marketing game birds is to place them on the market unplucked1 and in most markets guineas are sold in this way 7see fig4 #e74 ,they look more attractive with the feathers on and sell more readily4 ,when dressed the small size and dark color of the guinea are likely to prejudice the prospective customer1 who may be unfamiliar with the bird's excellent eating qualities4 ,for hotel and restaurant trade1 however1 guineas should be dressed in the same way as common fowl4 ,before shipping any birds to a market1 it is advisable to inquire of the dealer to whom they are to be shipped whether the feathers should be removed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,guinea fowl usually are marketed unplucked1 except for hotel and restaurant trade1 for which they are dressed like ordinary fowl4 ,if the guineas are to be marketed with the feathers on1 all that should be done is to bleed them by severing the vein in the roof of the mouth1 allowing them to hang head downward until bleeding is complete4 ,if the feathers are to be removed1 this should be done by dry picking4 ,the vein in the roof of the mouth is severed first to insure thorough bleeding1 and the knife then thrust through the groove in the roof of the mouth into the brain4 ,when the brain is pierced the feathers are loosened by a convulsive movement of the muscles and can be removed easily4 ,,plan ,no4 #beg4 ,,souvenir ,,post ,,cards ,a ,spokane man1 whose total capital was #ge1 perfected a plan for making money out of post cards1 and realized a profit of about #ij per cent4 ,he bought #i1jjj post cards of different designs1 including embossed floral1 birthday greetings1 best wishes1 air-brush embossed fruit and flowers1 live series1 embossed and family mottoes1 cards for all the holidays and seasons1 etc4 ,these he bought at #d4jj per #a1jjj for #cf4 ,to send out these cards in registered packages of #ajj each1 cost #ad4ej1 a total of #ej4ej4 ,the next he secured the names of several hundred general store keepers in towns of #gjj or under1 and selecting #ij of these at one time1 he sent each of them #ajj of the assorted cards1 offering to accept #a4jj for the lot if paid inside of ten days1 or #a4be for the #ajj cards if kept more than #aj days before remitting4 ,he added that if they did not want to keep the cards1 he should be notified at once1 and he would send postage for their return4 ,he also enclosed a price list of other cards1 and asked the merchants to compare the quality and prices of his cards with other cards1 and note the saving made by patronizing him4 ,in practically all cases the #a was remitted inside the ten days named1 and his gross receipts from the cards that cost him #ej4ej was #ij1 or a net profit of #ci4ej4 ,this afforded him a comfortable income by the year4 ,,plan ,no4 #beh4 ,,novel ,,canvassing ,,method ,an enterprising agent who had secured several formulas1 had them printed separately on good paper1 with the selling price marked at #ej cents each4 ,he made up a small quantity of each article mentioned1 for demonstration purposes1 and bought a gross of cheap silverene sugar spoons at a cost of less than #e cents each1 to be used as premiums1 and started out on a house-to-house canvassing expedition4 ,he would call at a house and ask the lady if she had any clothing that was soiled with grease or paint or a soiled glove that she would allow him to clean without charge4 ,almost every housewife had exactly what he mentioned1 and quickly brought it out1 as it would cost her nothing to have it cleaned4 ,having thoroughly cleaned the clothing or gloves he would then rub a little of the furniture polish on a chair1 and clean a silver spoon or the nickel on the stove with his metal polish1 and by this time he would have her deeply interested4 ,then he took from his grip one of the silverene spoons1 with the remark that he was not selling the cleaners or polishers but simply the formulas for making them from ingredients procurable at any drug store1 and that she could have any two of the #ej-;cent formulas for #ej cents and he would throw in the sugar spoon as a premium4 ,usually he got the half dollar without further argument1 but if the lady hesitated he would add another formula or two more if necessary1 as they cost him nothing but the printing1 and the spoon cost but #e cents1 so he would have been away ahead if he had given her one each of all the formulas and the sugar spoon besides4 ,,plan ,no4 #bei4 ,a ,,circulating ,,library ,,in ,,small ,,town ,there are several ways of establishing circulating libraries1 but probably the best plan yet devised is one worked out by a young man living in a middle-western city4 ,going into a town of not less than #hjj or #a1jjj people1 he first arranges with some trustworthy merchant1 usually the local druggist1 to handle the books and make his place the library headquarters4 ,the druggist is glad to do this without charge1 as it will bring many people to his store who have not been coming there before1 and probably mean a number of new customers4 ,he then canvasses the town for members1 on a basis as follows3 ,the membership fee to be #a4ge1 and for two years will entitle the members or their families to the use of any of the books in the circulating library1 one book to be placed therein for each member secured1 but at least fifty members must be secured1 thus giving each one the chance to read the fifty books in the two years for #a4ge4 ,of course1 more than fifty members are secured1 if possible1 and the membership fee is to be paid to the druggist or merchant handling the same1 upon the arrival of the books4 ,when all the members possible have been secured1 the originator of this plan orders the books forwarded to the resident manager1 who is the druggist or merchant already mentioned1 and the membership fee is collected and sent to the home address of the man who established the library1 while he goes on to the next town to start another library4 ,it does not require more than a week in each town1 and as the books are bought in quantities at a very low figure1 he makes a good living each year from this plan4 ,,plan ,no4 #bfj4 ,a ,,new ,,way ,,to ,,sell ,,memorials ,a young man living in a southern city originated a plan by which he was able to sell thousands of memorials all over the country1 while not appearing to be selling anything4 ,supplying himself with an impressive looking blank book1 in which long lists of names could be written1 he called at every house in the territory he was canvassing1 and informed the lady at each place that he was compiling a list of the deaths in the county for statistical purposes4 ,in those cases where deaths had occurred in the family he would ask for the names1 dates of births and death1 and having secured these1 he would say1 as he was leaving3 8,these records are going to be very beautiful1 and the lady next door has asked me to show her what they will be like4 ,if you wish1 ,i can bring yours at the same time1 so that you may see if ,i have all the facts correctly stated40 ,having bought several hundred memorials at a low figure1 those with angels on them predominating1 and selecting from books of poetry stanzas appropriate to each of the memorials1 he had these1 together with the names and dates1 printed in gold letters1 pasting the printed slips on the memorials1 near the bottom1 thus making them very attractive4 ,returning to the route he had formerly canvassed he would call at each house where he had procured names and dates and say to the lady that1 in compliance with her request1 he had come to show her the record4 ,it was so beautifully done that in practically every case the lady would ask if it were for sale4 ,he would sell the record for #a4fj or #b4jj1 and as at least half of this was clear profit1 and he sold many thousands of memorials in this way1 some idea of his earnings may be gained4 ,,plan ,no4 #bfa4 ,,growing ,,and ,,selling ,,potted ,,plants ,an ,illinois woman1 wishing to earn a little money for herself1 obtained catalogs from various seed firms1 and sent #ej cents to one of them for geranium seeds4 ,she planted them in shallow boxes1 and got more than #bjj plants from them4 ,she shifted these plants from the boxes to small tin cans1 and sold them to her neighbors for #aj cents each1 thus receiving #bj for her #ej-;cent investment4 ,succeeding so well in her first venture1 she sent for more seeds1 some plants and thumb pots1 and bought collections of small plants1 from which she took cuttings when they had grown larger4 ,she soon had more orders for plants than she could fill1 so she built a low shed on the south side of her house1 with old window frames and glass for a roof1 and produced on a larger scale4 ,she found that geraniums1 begonias and ferns were most in demand1 and she specialized in these4 ,in a year or two she had a business of her own that was not only pleasant and fascinating but profitable enough to give her an independent income4 ,,plan ,no4 #bfb4 ,,money ,,from ,,geese ,very few people seem to know that although geese pay greater profits than any other domestic bird1 they cost much less to raise than other species of fowl4 ,but a farmer's wife in ,kansas knew this1 and she utilized her knowledge in a very profitable way4 ,she realized that the market for live goose feathers never could become glutted1 and that dressed geese for ,thanksgiving and ,christmas time brought enormous prices4 ,she began early in the summer as she knew they were expensive to keep over winter4 ,she bought one pair and a setting of eggs and from these she raised fifteen fine young geese within the first three months4 ,another setting brought out twelve more1 and by fall she had a nice flock of thrifty young ones4 ,by late ,november they were almost full grown1 raised entirely on green stuff1 so that just before ,thanksgiving she plucked them all1 including the old ones1 and had a fine lot of fresh1 clean feathers which later sold for very high prices4 ,then1 after plucking the birds1 she killed them all1 dressed them1 and sold every one of them before ,thanksgiving4 ,she could have sold many more for they were choice1 fat birds1 and all young except the two she started with4 ,when she counted up her total receipts from the sale of the feathers and the dressed geese1 she was surprised1 and the next year she went into the business on a much larger scale1 with correspondingly increased profits1 which were sufficient to make her livelihood4 ,,plan ,no4 #bfc4 ,,started ,,with ,,the ,,library ,,column ,,in ,,newspaper ,a literary woman in a small city1 realizing the inability of many people to make proper selections of books from the public library1 in conjunction with the librarian1 induced the editor of the local daily paper to let her establish a 8library column0 in the ,saturday issue1 in which she sought to instruct the public regarding the choice of books1 the use of the card catalog1 the consultation of shop lists1 the periodical index1 and various reference works4 ,she was to be paid #e4jj a week1 if she 8made good10 which she did4 ,then she inaugurated a 8club column0 in the same issue of the paper1 and gave interesting news of club meetings1 with comments upon the work done1 etc41 and for this she received another #e4jj4 ,later the editor urged her to add a 8home department0 to her work1 at still another #e4jj a week1 and on this modest salary she managed to live comfortably4 ,in two years1 however1 she was offered the control of the home department of the ,sunday edition of a large city daily at more than twice her #ae a week in the small town1 and she promptly accepted it4 ,,plan ,no4 #bfd4 ,,canning ,,for ,,city ,,people ,a farmer's wife1 who had plenty of fruits1 small fruits1 berries1 vegetables1 etc41 but had very few jars in which to put them up1 arranged with a number of families in the city to have them furnish the jars1 while she would furnish the fruits and the sugar1 and do the canning1 for #bj cents per jar4 ,as the fruit thus put up was worth at least #ej cents per quart jar1 the city people obtained it cheaply enough1 while the farmer's wife made #hj by putting up #djj jars during the season4 ,this made it profitable all around1 and saved a lot of farm products that would otherwise have gone to waste4 ,this plan can be worked on a larger scale to afford any one a good living each year4 ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #bfe4 ,he ,loves the ,out-of-door ,life ,,plan ,no4 #bfe4 8,,landscaping0 ,,city ,,lots ,two landscape gardeners1 who lived in a residence part of the city where scant attention was paid by the owners to the appearance of their lawns and parking strips1 undertook to change the looks of the neighborhood1 and create a good business for themselves4 ,selecting ten blocks on a graded street1 along which were good houses and many trees1 most of them sadly neglected1 they proposed to the owners of the various houses on both sides of the street to give it the careful and skillful attention the places needed1 at so much a month4 ,most of the owners signed contracts for this work1 and at the end of the season each property so cared for by these men had improved better than #ajj per cent in appearance4 ,the result was that several owners were offered higher prices for their property than they had ever thought it worth1 and the next year those who had at first refused to employ the landscape gardeners were the first to sign up for the season just starting4 ,,plan ,no4 #bff4 ,,bossing ,,other ,,people',s ,,gardens1 ,,or ,,garden ,,management ,a suburban resident who knew all about gardens and gardening1 yet realized the utter ignorance of the average suburbanite regarding the planting and care of gardens1 the prevention and extermination of insect pests1 and a lot of other things necessary to know1 decided one spring that he would not raise a garden that year1 but would make a good living by taking care of other people's gardens1 not doing the work himself1 but taking general supervision of it and telling the owners just how it should be done1 if they wished to make a success of gardening4 ,most of the people in that suburb wanted to raise gardens1 but didn't know how to do it themselves1 so they were glad enough to secure the services of this expert at so much for the season1 and do as he told them4 ,he made a careful survey of every garden under contract1 noting the soil1 slope and general characteristics of the location1 named the kind and quantity of seeds or plants1 to be given a certain amount of space1 the kind of fertilizer1 if any1 that must be used1 the time of planting1 the method of cultivation1 the symptoms of insect pests1 and the kind of spray to be used in their destruction1 and every other item of knowledge needed by those who didn't know but were willing to learn4 ,the outcome of it all was that that particular suburb was frequently mentioned in the city papers as the one possessing the prize gardens for many miles around1 and the owners found them the source of profit instead of loss1 besides having the satisfaction of knowing how to do it next year4 ,and the expert was equally pleased for he had made #b1jjj that season by simply telling other people what to do4 ,,plan ,no4 #bfg4 ,,repairing ,,lawn ,,mowers ,one would scarcely think there could be much of a living in simply traveling around and repairing lawn mowers1 but a man in a western city1 who is 8handy with tools10 and has a taste for machinery1 makes a good living for himself and a large family4 ,the mechanism of a lawn mower is easily learned by carefully studying its construction1 finding out what each particular piece is for1 how it gets out of order1 how to repair it1 in short1 to become a master of the machine4 ,he not only covers a large territory in his home city1 where all work in that line is reserved for him1 by those for whom he has already done repairing1 but he occasionally finds time to take in one or two outside towns where1 in a few days1 he takes all the lawn mowers that need repair and puts them in first class working condition4 ,his charges are #ej to #ge cents an hour4 ,he makes a living1 and has bought and paid for a nice home4 ,,plan ,no4 #bfh4 ,,money ,,from ,,small ,,lunches ,that 8many a mickle makes a muckle10 is pretty well exemplified in the case of a young man living in ,buffalo1 who has built up a very good business of his own through supplying soda water counters1 small lunch rooms1 tourists1 school houses1 factories1 etc41 with what he calls 8nut sandwiches40 ,these he makes from shredded wheat 8triscuits0 by cutting them in two and spreading peanut butter between the two sides4 ,he puts these up in wax paper and retails them at a low price1 yet one that enables him to make a discount when selling them in quantities4 ,,plan ,no4 #bfi4 ,a ,,novel ,,lunch ,,plan ,there is a concern in a southern city that puts up and delivers lunches in any part of town1 to those who cannot go home to their mid-day meal4 ,a lunch they sell and deliver for a comparatively small sum1 which includes two ham sandwiches1 one cheese sandwich1 a piece of pie and a piece of cake1 packed in a paper box1 with paper napkin1 toothpicks1 etc4 ,less elaborate lunches are sold for #aj cents1 and more complete ones for a higher price1 and deliveries are made by boys on bicycles1 who are hired for two hours each day4 ,as the expense has been reduced to a minimum1 the young fellows at the head of the concern are able to send out a better lunch than can be bought at the restaurants1 for the same price and yet make a good profit out of the business for themselves4 ,,plan ,no4 #bgj4 ,,old ,,street-,,car ,,becomes ,,dining ,,room ,a lady in southern ,california motored to a little tourist town up the mountain side to look at some property she thought of buying4 ,noticing an abandoned street car in the rear of a gift shop1 she leased it from the owner and converted it into a 8dining car40 ,taking out the seats1 she put in adjustable tables and chairs1 electric lights and pretty cretonne hangings4 ,the tables she painted buff1 with black enamel tops2 the dishes were in conventional designs of the same coloring1 while quaint birds and flowers were the shapes given the salt and pepper shakers4 ,table runners and napkins she made of soft ,indian-head1 hand-hemmed4 ,a kitchen was built at one end of the car and reached by a protected platform1 so no kitchen odors reached the car4 ,the menu was of the 8homey0 variety1 and light lunches were served all day1 with a #f-o'clock dinner4 ,the patronage of hungry motorists from cities on the coast1 as well as the people of the little mountain town1 makes it lively at all times1 and a very profitable as well as pleasant business4 ,other disused cars all over the country could be put to the same practical and profitable use1 if people only thought of it4 ,,plan ,no4 #bga4 ,,fruit ,,preserved ,,and ,,marketed ,,by ,a ,,woman ,to help her husband rise from a #aj-;a-week clerkship to a factory of his own1 where he is making more money in a day than he formerly made in a month as a 8hired man10 is what a ,new ,york woman accomplished by a little idea that came to her one day4 ,having made a practice of visiting the large markets late in the evening1 and buying over-ripe fruit for a small price1 as much of it would not keep over night1 she suggested to her husband that1 as he quit his work at #e o'clock every day and had a half-holiday on ,saturdays1 he should visit these markets as late as possible on ,mondays1 ,wednesdays1 and ,saturdays1 buy fruit at low prices1 bring it home and let her can or preserve it4 ,then on ,tuesday1 ,thursday and ,friday evenings1 he could carry samples of the canned or preserved fruits on his bicycle to clubs1 hotels and the best residences1 let the chefs and cooks sample them1 and take orders4 ,her husband thought the suggestion a good one1 so he bought the fruits1 berries1 etc41 as cheaply as possible1 near closing time of the markets1 and she canned or preserved them in the best way4 ,the fruit sold readily2 he found many orders waiting for him when making his second calls1 and the first week their profits were #cj1 or three times the amount of the husband's salary4 ,of course1 he resigned at once1 and they enlarged the scope of their operations to such an extent that in a year or two they had removed to a suburb1 rented a piece of ground1 where they raised cucumbers for pickles1 which she pickled according to a recipe that created a tremendous demand for them1 and later they established a factory for putting up fruit which has made them good profits every year since it started4 ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #bgb4 8,not ,what ,i ,have1 but ,what ,i ,do is ,my ,kingdom0 ,,plan ,no4 #bgb4 ,a ,,woman ,,landscape ,,artist ,,assisted ,,an ,,architect ,an architect living in a western city has a wife who possesses excellent taste and marked talent in the matter of planning surroundings for homes1 and her own little cottage is an example of what a woman with excellent taste can do4 ,her husband had designed many houses in a good residence district1 but as the owners lacked the taste necessary to add attractive surroundings1 they did not present a pleasing appearance4 ,in order to assist her husband she volunteered to furnish plans for laying out and decorating the grounds free of charge1 and in every case made a great improvement in the appearance of the place4 ,so favorable was the impression created by her work that she was paid for her plans and her services which greatly assisted her husband's business4 ,a couple of years later her husband was given a contract for designing all the houses to be built by a land company on a large tract1 and she was given a contract for all the landscape gardening4 ,,plan ,no4 #bgc4 ,a ,,woman ,,made ,,huckleberry ,,pie ,just because she knew that almost every man on earth likes huckleberry pie1 a woman started out on a capital of one dollar to help her husband to rise from a job in a cotton mill to a business of his own4 ,the husband went for a two-weeks1 much needed1 vacation and rest in the mountains1 and on that very morning a colored boy came to the door with two pails1 one filled with huckleberries1 the other with blackberries1 both of which he offered to sell for #be cents4 ,she wanted the berries1 but she couldn't break that dollar1 the last bit of money she had on earth1 and the boy turned tearfully away4 ,just as he reached the gate1 an idea struck her1 and she called him back1 paid him the quarter and took the berries4 ,it was then ten minutes to #h ,a4 ,m4 ,at #aa4cj she had sixteen delicious huckleberry and blackberry pies out of the oven and in a basket4 ,then she hurried over to the factory where her husband worked1 and asked and received permission to stand at the exit of the cotton mill and offer her pies to the workmen as they came out at #ab4 ,when they came out and saw those pies1 and were told they could buy them at a low price1 inside of ten minutes every pie was gone1 and she went home with a good profit as the result of her first day's pie-making4 ,the next day she had pies for all the workmen1 and her business grew so fast that at the end of the fourth day she wired her husband to come home and help her4 ,today they own a big pie house that is making several thousand dollars a year1 and it all came from the start the wife made on one dollar4 ,,plan ,no4 #bgd4 ,,little ,,girls' ,,cooking ,,school ,establish a school in which1 for a small weekly sum1 you can teach little girls the art of cooking4 ,vacation is the best time to start this1 when teachers and pupils are both at leisure4 ,a large class should be easily formed for this purpose4 ,,plan ,no4 #bge4 ,,girls' ,,sewing ,,school ,those who cannot combine the teaching of cooking and sewing in the same school1 will find a separate school a profitable occupation1 or both together could be turned into a domestic housework school4 ,,plan ,no4 #bgf4 ,a ,,home ,,store ,anyone who has a house with a window fronting on the street1 or near it1 can start a little store in which most of the goods are home-made1 and so show a large profit and make a good deal of money4 ,it all depends on the enterprise of the storekeeper4 ,,plan ,no4 #bgg4 ,,collecting ,,and ,,selling ,,names ,for one who lives in the country there is a profitable business in collecting names and addresses of residents in each rural community and selling them to the publishers of farm journals4 ,they will pay well for these names4 ,in the city it is an easy matter to find a market for the names4 ,,plan ,no4 #bgh4 ,a ,,mailing ,,bureau ,operating a folding1 addressing and mailing bureau is a pleasant and profitable home business that will grow and make money for the person who owns it4 ,,plan ,no4 #bgi4 ,,cardboard ,,kitchen ,,list ,print on a good1 strong piece of cardboard a list of articles needed in the home from day to day1 with the heading1 8,lest ,we ,forget10--the housewife is to stick a pin in each article wanted on the list1 which begins with apples and ends with yeastcake4 ,all around the sides of this list have spaces for ads4 which the merchants will gladly pay for1 as the list is consulted several times every day1 and the names of advertisers become familiar to the entire household4 ,distribute free of charge the cards to the housewives4 ,such a medium is valuable to the advertiser and will yield a good advertising solicitor a good living4 ,,plan ,no4 #bhj4 ,,the ,,city ,,home ,,garden ,for this following plan we are indebted to the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,fresh vegetables for an average family may be grown upon a large back yard or city lot4 ,the use of fresh vegetables conserves meats1 grains1 and other foods produced on farms4 ,the production of vegetables at home relieves transportation difficulties and solves the marketing problem4 ,the city home garden utilizes idle land and spare time for food production4 ,thousands of acres of idle land that may be used for gardens are still available within the boundaries of our large cities4 ,some of the problems that confront the city gardener are more difficult than those connected with the farm garden1 and it is the object of this article to discuss these problems from a practical standpoint4 ,illustration3 ,city ,farming4 ,the problems that confront the city gardener are vastly greater than those of the farmer1 who is free to select the choicest plat of ground upon the farm for his vegetable garden4 ,the city-lot or back-yard garden as a rule offers little choice of soil or location4 ,the available land is often shaded a part of the day1 and the soil frequently consists of hard clay or is covered to a depth of several inches with cinders1 broken stone1 or other materials unfit for growing plants4 ,the city gardener is usually handicapped by lack of practical experience and for want of suitable tools with which to do the work4 ,hand methods must be employed for the most part1 and numerous local difficulties must be overcome4 ,it is possible1 however1 to grow certain kinds of vegetables under very adverse conditions1 and the results obtained by many city gardeners are truly remarkable4 ,the many thousands of city gardens have played an important part in providing a substantial increase in the food supply of the country4 ,it is essential that the work so well started should continue and that the many thousands of acres of unoccupied land in and around our cities be utilized for food production4 ,the experimental stage of city gardening has been passed1 and1 in the language of one of the ,state workers1 8the city garden movement will not have achieved its full purpose until all suitable lands are utilized and every family table is fully supplied40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4--,small back-yard gardens in a residence section of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,the city back-yard or vacant-lot garden provides a supply of vegetables at home without transportation or handling costs4 ,vegetables from the home garden are fresher and more palatable than those brought from a distance4 ,many persons who work in offices1 stores1 and factories have time mornings and evenings that may well be devoted to the cultivation of a garden1 thus utilizing spare time and idle land for food production4 ,the home vegetable garden should be a family interest and all members of the family who are able to do so should take part in its cultivation4 ,there is no better form of outdoor exercise than moderate working in the home garden1 and few lines of recreational work will give greater returns for the time employed4 7,fig4 #a47 ,,type ,,and ,,location ,,of ,,the ,,city ,,garden ,there are three general types of city vegetable gardens3 ,back-yard gardens1 vacant-lot gardens1 and community gardens4 ,in locating the home garden the back yard or the ground surrounding the dwelling should be given first consideration1 because of the convenience both in working the garden and in gathering the products as wanted for use4 ,if the grounds around the dwelling are too small or too densely shaded or if the soil is of such a character that vegetables can not be grown successfully upon it1 the use of a vacant lot in the neighborhood is recommended4 7,fig4 #b47 ,community gardens located in the outskirts of the city1 where a tract of land can be secured1 are adapted for the use of families living in apartment houses2 also for shopworkers and those employed by large manufacturing concerns4 ,there is a distinct advantage in having the garden located near the home1 as much of the work of tending it may be done during spare moments1 and the garden can be protected from theft or from injury by stray animals4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,a vacant-lot garden on one of the principal residence streets of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,do not locate the garden on land upon which the sun does not shine for at least five hours each bright day4 ,do not locate the garden on soil where the rock is but a few inches below the surface and where there is insufficient moisture4 ,do not attempt to grow a garden where a fill has been made with cinders1 broken bricks1 or rock1 or where the original soil has been buried with materials upon which weeds will not grow4 ,if weeds grow rank and vigorous it is a sure sign that the soil is good4 ,do not plant a garden under or near large trees that will steal all the moisture and plant food from the crops4 ,the maples and the oaks are the kinds of trees that are most injurious to crops planted near them4 ,do not plant a garden on low land where the crops are reasonably sure to be lost from overflow4 ,failure to observe one or more of the above precautions has resulted in disappointment on the part of many gardeners4 ,where there is any choice in the selection of a garden location the following points should be considered4 ,the land should be level or gently sloping toward the south or southeast4 ,the drainage should be good1 but the land should not be so steep as to wash during rains4 ,the location should be higher than adjoining land1 in order to safeguard against frost1 as frost does most damage on the lower levels4 ,the ideal soil is a dark sandy loam with a rather retentive subsoil4 ,the soil should be deep and break up loose and mellow when plowed or spaded4 ,plenty of organic matter or rotted manure should be present in the soil1 in order to give it the power to retain large quantities of moisture and to carry the crops through periods of drought4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4--,long straight rows of vegetables which add attractiveness to a garden and lessen the labor of cultivation4 ,note how this garden has produced these results4 ,the ideal garden spot is seldom found1 but it is often possible to choose a location that embodies a number of the more important conditions and then supply others4 ,the difficulties of the first season are greater than those of subsequent years1 and a garden plat if properly handled will improve with each season's cultivation4 ,on account of the wide variety of local conditions that must be met1 no definite plan can be given for a garden4 ,a plan should be drawn on paper and the location of each crop decided upon4 ,as a general rule1 the rows should run north and south1 but it is more important to have the rows run the long way of the garden for convenience in cultivating4 ,figure #c shows a well-planned garden4 ,it is essential that the garden be so arranged that the tall-growing crops will not shade the smaller ones4 ,,preparation ,,of ,,the ,,soil ,with the location of the garden settled1 the first step is the preparation of the soil4 ,first1 remove anything that would interfere with the plowing or spading of the soil4 ,if the location is the home back yard it is assumed that the ground is free from dbris and ready to be broken up4 ,if the garden is to be located on a vacant lot it is probable that there will be stones1 broken bricks1 tin cans1 and other trash to be gotten rid of4 ,if the quantity of trash is not too great it should be hauled to some dump1 but if there is so much of it as to make its removal expensive it may be piled on one side or one end of the lot4 ,in some cases stone fences have been built along the outside of lots from the stones that were scattered over the ground4 ,this cleaning-up process requires considerable work and should be done whenever the weather will permit prior to preparation for planting4 ,the next step in the garden-making process will be to plow or spade the ground4 ,if the land is in sod it should be turned in the fall so that the sods will rot4 ,heavy clay soils should be turned up loosely and allowed to lie exposed to the freezing and thawing of the winter months4 ,in all cases manure should be turned under if it can be secured4 ,if the surface soil is so hard that it can not be spaded or plowed to advantage a pick or mattock should be used and the ground broken to a depth of #h or #aj inches4 ,plenty of manure is about the only thing that will bring a soil of this character into condition4 ,the supply of manure in cities is now quite limited1 and the city gardener should make arrangements early in the season to get what he needs4 ,it is assumed that the average back-yard garden is about #cj by #fj feet in size4 ,about #a ton or one #b-;horse load of stable manure can be spaded into the soil of a plat of this size each year4 ,on soil which has not been worked before and which is especially heavy and wanting in organic matter a larger quantity of manure can be used4 ,street sweepings are not desirable1 as they frequently contain considerable oil4 ,sawdust and planing-mill shavings should not be used on garden land4 ,leaves may be mixed with heavy soils1 but it is best to have them fairly well rotted before they are applied to the land4 ,early breaking and exposure to frost is the best method of getting land that has not been under cultivation for a number of years in shape for planting4 ,sandy soils do not benefit by freezing and thawing as do the heavy clay soils1 and in all cases precautions must be taken so that the soil will not wash away during heavy rains4 ,it is a very good plan to plow or spade the land in the autumn1 sow rye upon it1 and then turn the rye under early in the spring4 ,in regions where the soil is very sandy it is often necessary to keep the surface covered with coarse manure or with some material to prevent it from blowing away4 ,if this precaution is not taken the entire surface soil will be blown off to the depth of the plowing4 ,in the spring the coarser part of the covering should be raked off or turned under before pulverizing and fitting the surface for planting4 ,nothing is gained by working the land before it is sufficiently dry in the spring4 ,in sections where the ground freezes hard during winter no harm will be done by plowing it in the fall or during the early winter when quite wet1 as the freezing will correct any injury1 but land that is worked when too wet in the spring will be injured for the entire season4 ,the usual test is to press a small quantity of the soil in the palm of the hand4 ,if it is too wet for working it will adhere in a solid mass and retain the imprint of the hand1 but if dry enough to work it will crumble apart of itself4 ,when the test shows its fitness for working1 land which was plowed or spaded in the fall should be thoroughly harrowed1 raked1 hoed1 or forked over to a depth of #d or #e inches1 in order to fit it for planting4 ,the more carefully this part of the work is done the easier it will be to care for the crops during the growing season4 ,land which was not worked in the fall should be plowed or spaded as soon as it dries out sufficiently in the spring1 and the top should be thoroughly fitted1 as suggested above4 ,use of ,ashes on ,garden ,soils ,gardeners frequently ask whether it is advisable to use coal and wood ashes on garden soils4 ,the use of coal ashes on heavy clay soils will tend to lighten them1 but the ashes should be screened before they are applied1 in order to remove any clinkers or cinders4 ,they should then be spread evenly upon the land and thoroughly mixed with it4 ,coal ashes have little value as a fertilizer1 their use being mainly to loosen the soil and make it more workable4 ,wood ashes that are produced by the burning of hard woods1 such as oak and hickory1 frequently contain as much as #g per cent of potash and also a little lime and for this reason are a valuable fertilizer4 ,wood ashes produced by the burning of pine and other soft woods and hardwood ashes that have been exposed to the weather and have had their potash leached from them have comparatively little value as a fertilizer4 ,not more than #ej pounds of reasonably dry unleached hardwood ashes should be applied to a plat of ground #cj by #fj feet in size1 and these should be well mixed with the soil4 ,liming ,garden ,soils ,an application of about #ab pecks of hydrated or air-slaked lime to a plat of land #cj by #fj feet in size is advisable in most cases1 but there are certain soils that do not need lime4 ,lime has the effect of loosening and pulverizing heavy clay soils4 ,it also has the effect of sweetening poorly drained soils and those that have a tendency to be sour4 ,it is poor policy1 however1 to endeavor to remedy conditions resulting from lack of drainage by the application of lime without first providing suitable drainage and removing the cause of the sourness of the soil4 ,lime should always be applied to the surface soil and not turned under4 ,it should not be applied to land that is to be planted to ,irish potatoes1 on account of the tendency of the tubers to become infested with scab where lime is present4 ,perhaps the best method of applying lime to the remainder of the garden is to scatter it over the surface after plowing and before the land is harrowed and fitted for cultivation in the spring4 7,fig4 #d47 ,one application each year is sufficient1 and much larger quantities may be applied on heavy clay soils than on light or sandy soils4 ,lime should never under any circumstances be mixed with commercial fertilizer or with manure1 as it liberates the nitrogen contained in them4 ,use of ,manure on ,garden ,land ,the use of barnyard manure on garden land has already been mentioned1 but too much stress can not be placed upon this important point4 ,the most successful commercial gardeners not only follow the practice of plowing or spading under large quantities of manure1 but they stack up manure to rot and apply the rotted manure as a top-dressing when fitting the land for planting4 ,beans1 tomatoes1 and ,irish potatoes may be injured by the use of too much manure1 but it is practically impossible to have the land too rich for most garden crops4 ,poultry and pigeon manures are excellent fertilizers for the garden but must be used sparingly1 as they are very strong and are liable to burn the crops4 ,these manures should be kept under shelter until used and then should be well mixed with the soil1 care being taken that no lumps of the manure come in direct contact with the seeds4 ,not more than #bjj pounds of poultry or pigeon manure should be applied to a garden plat #cj by #fj feet in size4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,applying lime to a garden after plowing and before harrowing4 ,sheep manure is sold by florists and seedsmen and is an excellent fertilizer for garden crops4 ,like poultry manure1 it is very strong and should be used sparingly4 ,a little pulverized sheep manure sprinkled along the rows and worked into the soil will give the plants a vigorous growth4 ,commercial ,fertilizers ,the use of commercial fertilizers is advisable1 especially where plenty of stable or barnyard manure can not be procured4 ,as a rule1 fertilizers should be sown broadcast and thoroughly harrowed or raked into the upper #c inches of soil4 ,where applied underneath the rows the fertilizer should be well mixed with the soil before the seeds are planted4 ,great care must be taken in the use of commercial fertilizers in a small garden1 as there is always a tendency to use too much and do more injury than good4 ,from #dj to #fj pounds of a standard fertilizer1 such as is used by truck gardeners1 may be applied to a plot of ground #cj by #fj feet in size4 ,commercial fertilizers may be used in very moderate quantities as a side dressing for most growing crops4 ,nitrate of soda is frequently used in this manner1 especially with crops that are grown for their leaf and stem development rather than for fruit4 ,where used as a side dressing it is best to apply the fertilizer a short distance from the plants but where the small feeder roots will reach it4 ,the fertilizer should be worked into the soil immediately4 ,it should be remembered that the best results are obtained by the use of commercial fertilizers where there is plenty of manure or organic matter in the soil4 ,all sods and weeds and the remains of garden plants that are not infected with disease should be turned under or composted in one corner of the garden1 in order to form material with which to enrich the soil4 ,,tools ,elaborate or expensive tools are not necessary for the cultivation of a small garden2 in fact1 a spade or spading fork1 a hoe1 a steel rake1 and a line with two stakes to fasten it to are all that are required4 ,a garden trowel and a watering can may be added to advantage but are not absolutely necessary4 ,a wheelbarrow1 wheel cultivator1 and seed drill are desirable for the larger gardens and might be procured and used jointly by several gardeners in a neighborhood4 ,after the soil is broken and in shape for planting1 the hoe and the steel rake are the important tools for a small garden4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4--,window box for starting early plants in the house4 ,,seeds ,a comparatively small quantity of seeds is required for planting the average city garden1 but these should be procured in ample time and should be of the highest quality obtainable4 ,the best are the cheapest in the long run4 ,garden seeds should not be wasted2 only enough should be planted to insure a perfect stand4 ,any seeds that are left over should be stored in a ventilated tin or glass container1 to protect them from mice until needed for later planting4 ,the particular variety of any crop to plant will depend upon local conditions4 ,there are usually experienced persons in each community who can be relied upon for advice as to the best varieties to plant in that section4 ,a number of the seed houses are now offering special garden-seed collections adapted to various conditions and sizes of gardens4 ,,starting ,,early ,,plants ,half the pleasure and profit of a garden is derived from having something to use just as early in the spring as possible4 ,in many cities and towns last year the local greenhouse men grew thousands of plants which were sold to home gardeners at very reasonable prices4 ,it often happens1 however1 that home gardeners do not have the opportunity to purchase well-grown plants1 so they must start their own supply of early plants in the house or in a hotbed if they desire to have their crops mature early4 ,among the garden crops that may be started to advantage in this manner are tomatoes1 early cabbage1 peppers1 eggplant1 and lettuce4 ,even cucumbers1 melons1 beets1 snap beans1 ,lima beans1 and sweet corn may be started indoors by using flowerpots1 paper bands1 or berry boxes to hold the soil4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4--,starting early plants2 preparing the seed box4 ,where just a few tomato and cabbage plants are desired1 the seeds may be sown in a cigar box or in a shallow tin pan with a few holes punched in the bottom for drainage4 ,a very good plan is to secure a soap box and saw off about #c inches of the bottom portion to form a tray4 ,if the top has been saved1 it can be nailed on and the box again sawed1 forming a second tray4 ,this will leave about #c inches of the middle of the box upon which a piece of wire netting may be tacked to form a sieve for screening the soil used in the trays4 ,any shallow box 7fig4 #e7 that may be fitted into the window of a living room where there is a reasonable amount of sunlight will answer for starting early plants4 ,after filling the trays with sifted soil1 smooth off even with the top and slightly firm down the soil in the trays by means of a small piece of board4 ,use the edge of a ruler or strip of thin board 7fig4 #f7 to form little grooves or furrows in the soil in which to plant the seeds4 ,these little rows should be about #b inches apart and one-fourth inch deep4 ,scatter the seeds of tomatoes1 early cabbage1 peppers1 and eggplant1 as shown in figure #g1 very thinly in the rows and cover them by sifting a small quantity of soil over the entire surface4 ,smooth the top of the soil gently and water very lightly4 ,the box should then be placed where the temperature will remain at about #gj ,f4 ,if conditions are kept right1 the seedlings will appear in five to eight days after the seed is planted4 ,from this time on the plants will need constant care1 especially as regards watering4 ,owing to the fact that the light from a window comes from one side only1 the seedlings will draw toward the glass1 and the box should be turned each day1 so as to keep the plants from growing crooked4 ,just as soon as the little plants are large enough to handle they should be transplanted to other boxes and given #b or #c inches of space in each direction4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4--,starting early plants2 sowing seed in the window box4 ,where the required number of plants is too great for growing in window boxes1 a hotbed or cold frame may be provided4 ,the usual method of constructing a hotbed is to first dig a shallow pit #h to #ah inches deep1 according to locality1 and pack it full of fermenting stable manure4 ,the manure before being placed in the pit should be turned over once or twice in a pile1 in order to insure even heating4 ,it may then be packed into the hotbed pit and tramped uniformly4 ,standard hotbed sash are #c feet in width and #f feet in length1 and the size of the bed should be made to suit the number of sash employed4 ,a framework of boards #ah to #bd inches high at the back and about #ab inches high in front is placed over the manure-filled pit to support the sash4 7,fig4 #h47 ,about #c or #d inches of fine garden loam is spread evenly over the manure and the bed allowed to stand four or five days to warm up before any seed is sown4 ,at first the temperature of the bed will run rather high1 and it is best to delay planting the seeds in it until it begins to decline4 ,this can best be determined by placing a cheap thermometer1 with the bulb about #c inches below the surface of the soil1 and watching it until the temperature falls below #he ,f4 before planting the seeds4 ,if glazed sash are not available for covering the hotbed1 heavy muslin may be used instead2 the glass1 however1 makes the most desirable form of covering4 ,care must be taken to give the bed sufficient ventilation to prevent overheating2 as it is liable to heat up rapidly when the sun shines full upon the glass4 ,watering should be done during the early part of the day and the bed given enough air so that the plants will dry off before night4 ,the bed should be closed before evening1 in order to conserve enough heat to carry it through the night in good condition4 ,if the weather should turn severely cold1 a covering of straw1 blankets1 or canvas may be thrown over the bed to protect it4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4--,preparation of a sash-covered frame for starting early plants4 ,a cold frame is constructed in exactly the same manner as a hotbed1 with the exception that no manure is placed beneath it to supply heat4 ,before the plants are set in the garden1 either from the hotbed or the cold-frame they should be gradually hardened to outside conditions by giving them more ventilation each day4 ,finally1 remove the sash entirely on bright days and replace them for the night4 ,the aim should be to produce strong1 healthy plants that will make a quick start when placed in the garden4 ,,planting ,,zones ,the accompanying planting tables1 together with the frost-zone maps 7figs4 #i and #aj71 are based upon records of the ,united ,states ,weather ,bureau covering a period of #bj years and are intended to serve as a guide for determining the earliest dates that the various garden crops may be planted in the spring2 also the latest dates that it will be safe to plant certain crops and have them mature before the first killing frost in the autumn4 ,it should be borne in mind that there is a difference of several days in the frost occurrence within each zone2 this is due to differences in altitude and latitude1 and also to the proximity of bodies of water and large tracts of timber4 ,,earliest ,,planting ,,dates ,earliest safe dates for planting vegetables in the open in the zones shown in figure #i ,crop ,zone ,a ,zone ,b ,zone ,c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,bean,lima ,mar4 #a to #ae ,mar4 #ae to ,apr4 #a ,apr4 #a to #ae ,snap ,feb4 #ae to ,mar4 #a,mar4 #a to #ae ,mar4 #ae to #cj ,beet ,feb4 #a to #ae ,feb4 #ae to ,mar4 #a ,mar4 #a to #ae ,brussels sprouts do4 do4 do4 ,cabbage ,jan4 #a to ,feb4 #a ,jan4 #ae to ,feb4 #ae;,feb4 #ae to ,mar4 #a ,carrot ,feb4 #a to #ae ,feb4 #ae to ,mar4 #a ,mar4 #a to #ae ,cauliflower do4 do4 do4 ,celery do4 do4 do4 ,chard do4 do4 do4 ,collard ,jan4 #a to ,feb4 #a ,feb4 #a to #ae ,feb4 #ae to ,mar4 #a ,corn1 sweet ,feb4 #ae to ,mar4 #a,mar4 #a to #ae4 ,mar4 #ae to ,apr4 #a ,cucumber ,mar4 #a to #ae ,mar4 #ae to ,apr4 #a ,apr4 #a to #ae ,eggplant do4 do4 do4 ,kale ,jan4 #a to ,feb4 #a ,feb4 #a to #ae ,feb4 #ae to ,mar4 #a ,kohl-rabi ,feb4 #a to #ae ,feb4 #ae to ,mar4 #a ,mar4 #a to #ae ,lettuce,head do4 do4 do4 ,leaf ,jan4 #a to ,feb4 #a ,feb4 #a to #ae ,feb4 #ae to ,mar4 #a ,melons ,mar4 #a to #ae ,mar4 #ae to ,apr4 #a ,apr4 #a to #ae ,okra1 or gumbo ,feb4 #ae to ,mar4 #a,mar4 #a to ,mar4 #ae ,mar4 #ae to #cj ,onion sets ,jan4 #a to ,feb4 #a ,feb4 #a to #ae ,feb4 #ae to ,mar4 #a ,parsley ,feb4 #a to #ae ,feb4 #ae to ,mar4 #a ,mar4 #a to #ae ,parsnip do4 do4 do4 ,peas,smooth ,jan4 #a to ,feb4 #a ,feb4 #a to #ae ,feb4 #ae to ,mar4 #a ,wrinkled,feb4 #a to #ae ,feb4 #ae to ,mar4 #a ,mar4 #a to #ae ,peppers ,mar4 #a to #ae ,mar4 #ae to ,apr4 #a ,apr4 #a to #ae ,pota-,irish ,jan4 #a to ,feb4 #a ,feb4 #a to #ae ,feb4 #ae to ,mar4 #a toes ,sweet ,mar4 #a to #ae4 ,mar4 #ae to ,apr4 #a ,apr4 #a to #ae4 ,pumpkin do4 do4 do4 ,radish ,jan4 #a to ,feb4 #a ,feb4 #a to #ae ,feb4 #ae to ,mar4 #a ,salsify ,feb4 #a to #ae ,feb4 #ae to ,mar4 #a ,mar4 #a to #ae4 ,spinach do4 do4 do4 ,squash ,mar4 #a to #ae ,mar4 #ae to ,apr4 #a ,apr4 #a to #ae ,tomato do4 do4 do4 ,turnip ,jan4 #a to ,feb4 #a ,feb4 #a to #ae ,feb4 #ae to ,mar4 #a ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,crop ,zone ,d ,zone ,e ,zone ,f ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,bean,lima ,may #a to #ae ,may #ae to ,june #a ,may #ae to ,june #ae ,snap ,apr4 #a to ,may #a ,may #a to #ae ,may #ae to ,june #a ,beet ,mar4 #ae to ,apr4 #ae;,apr4 #ae to ,may #a ,may #a to #ae ,brussels sprouts do4 do4 do4 ,cabbage ,mar4 #a to #ae ,mar4 #ae to ,apr4 #ae;,apr4 #ae to ,may #a ,carrot ,mar4 #ae to ,apr4 #ae;,apr4 #ae to ,may #a ,may #a to #ae ,cauliflower do4 do4 do4 ,celery do4 do4 do4 ,chard do4 do4 do4 ,collard ,mar4 #a to #ae ,mar4 #ae to ,apr4 #ae 444 ,corn1 sweet ,apr4 #a to ,may #a ,apr4 #ae to ,may #ae ,may #a to ,june #a ,cucumber ,apr4 #ae to ,may #a ,may #a to ,june #a ,may #ae to ,june #ae ,eggplant do4 do4 do4 ,kale ,mar4 #a to #ae ,mar4 #ae to ,apr4 #ae;,apr4 #ae to ,may #a ,kohl-rabi ,mar4 #ae to ,apr4 #a ,apr4 #a to ,may #a ,may #a to #ae ,lettuce,head ,mar4 #ae to ,apr4 #ae do4 do4 ,leaf ,mar4 #a to #ae ,mar4 #ae to ,apr4 #ae;,apr4 #ae to ,may #a ,melons ,apr4 #ae to ,may #a ,may #a to ,june #a ,june #a to #ae ,okra1 or gumbo do4 ,may #a to #ae ,may #ae to ,june #a ,onion sets ,mar4 #a to #ae ,mar4 #ae to ,apr4 #ae;,apr4 #a to ,may #a ,parsley ,mar4 #ae to ,apr4 #a ,apr4 #a to ,may #a ,may #a to #ae ,parsnip do4 do4 do4 ,peas,smooth ,mar4 #a to #ae ,mar4 #ae to ,apr4 #ae;,apr4 #ae to ,may #a ,wrinkled,mar4 #ae to ,apr4 #a ,apr4 #a to ,may #a ,may #a to #ae ,peppers ,apr4 #ae to ,may #a ,may #a to ,june #a ,june #a to #ae ,pota-,irish ,mar4 #a to #ae ,mar4 #ae to ,apr4 #ae;,apr4 #ae to ,may #a toes ,sweet ,apr4 #ae to ,may #a ,may #a to ,june #a ,june #a to #ae ,pumpkin do4 do4 do4 ,radish ,mar4 #a to #ae ,mar4 #ae to ,apr4 #ae;,apr4 #ae to ,may #a ,salsify ,mar4 #ae to ,apr4 #ae;,apr4 #ae to ,may #a ,may #a to #ae ,spinach do4 do4 do4 ,squash ,apr4 #ae to ,may #a ,may #a to ,june #a ,june #a to #ae ,tomato do4 do4 ,may #ae to ,june #ae ,turnip ,mar4 #a to #ae ,mar4 #ae to ,apr4 #ae;,apr4 #ae to ,may #a ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,crop ,zone ,g -------------------------------- ,bean ,lima 444 ,snap ,may #ae to ,june #ae4 ,beet ,may #ae to ,june #a4 ,brussels sprouts do4 ,cabbage ,may #a to ,may #ae4 ,carrot ,may #a to ,june #a4 ,cauliflower do4 ,celery do4 ,chard do4 ,collard 444 ,corn1 sweet ,may #ae to ,june #ae4 ,cucumber ,june #a to #ae4 ,eggplant 444 ,kale ,may #a to #ae4 ,kohl-rabi ,may #ae to ,june #a4 ,lettuce ,head do4 ,leaf ,may #a to ,may #ae4 ,melons 444 ,okra1 or gumbo 444 ,onion sets ,may #a to #ae4 ,parsley ,may #ae to ,june #a4 ,parsnip do4 ,peas ,smooth ,may #a to ,june #a4 ,wrinkled,may #ae to ,june #a4 ,peppers 444 ,potatoes,irish,may #a to ,june #a4 ,sweet 444 ,pumpkin 444 ,radish ,may #a to #ae4 ,salsify ,may #ae to ,june #a4 ,spinach do4 ,squash 444 ,tomato ,june #a to #ae4 ,turnip ,may #a to #ae4 -------------------------------- ,owing to the varied character of the ,rocky ,mountain and ,pacific coast regions1 it is not practicable to present the planting information in zone form1 as there may be a very great difference in the dates of killing frosts in the same general locality on account of elevation4 ,gardeners on the ,pacific coast should be guided by the experience of competent persons in their own neighborhood4 ,the coast region of ,oregon and ,washington is so influenced by ocean currents that a separate map would have to be designed to meet its requirements4 ,sufficient data upon which to base a map for this region are not at hand4 ,in zones ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 and parts of zone ,d of the eastern ,united ,states1 cabbage1 turnips1 spinach1 kale1 collards1 and certain varieties of onions may be grown in the open ground throughout the winter4 ,in certain parts of zone ,e spinach and kale may be grown all winter4 ,in zone ,f such crops as sweet potatoes1 melons1 eggplants1 and peppers should be planted only under the most favorable conditions1 as the season is sometimes too short for their full development under adverse conditions4 ,garden plants are divided into about four more or less distinct groups4 ,early cabbage plants1 kale1 onion sets1 smooth peas1 ,irish potatoes1 and radishes may be planted two weeks before the average date of the last killing frost4 ,beets1 ,swiss chard1 carrots1 lettuce1 wrinkled peas1 cauliflower1 spinach1 and sweet corn may be planted about the date of the last killing frost4 ,,latest ,,planting ,,dates ,latest safe dates for planting vegetables for the fall garden in the zones#i shown in figure #i ,crop ,zone ,c ,zone ,d ,zone ,e ,zone ,f ,zone ,g ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,bean3 ,pole ,lima ,sept4 #ae;,aug4 #a ,july #ae ,july #a 444 ,snap do4 ,sept4 #a;,aug4 #ae ,aug4 #a ,july #ae ,beet do4 do4 do4 do4 do4 ,cabbage ,sept4 #a ,aug4 #ae;,july #ae ,july #a ,june #ae ,carrot do4 do4 do4 do4 do4 ,cauliflower do4 do4 do4 do4 do4 ,celery ,oct4 #a ,sept4 #a;,aug4 #a do4 ,may #ae ,chard1 ,swiss,sept4 #ae do4 ,aug4 #ae ,aug4 #a ,july #ae ,corn1 sweet ,aug4 #ae ,aug4 #a ,july #ae ,july #a ,june #ae ,cucumber do4 do4 do4 do4 444 ,eggplant ,july #ae ,july #a ,june #ae ,june #a 444 ,kale ,nov4 #a ,oct4 #a ,sept4 #ae,sept4 #a ,aug4 #ae ,lettuce do4 ,oct4 #ae,oct4 #a ,sept4 #ae,sept4 #a ,melons3 ,muskmelon ,june #ae ,june #a ,may #ae ,may #a 444 ,watermelon,july #a ,july #a ,june #ae 444 444 ,okra ,july #ae do4 do4 ,june #a 444 ,onion sets do4 do4 do4 do4 ,may #ae ,parsley ,nov4 #a ,oct4 #a ,sept4 #a ,aug4 #a ,july #a ,parsnip 444 444 ,may #ae ,may #a ,apr4 #ae ,pea ,nov4 #a ,oct4 #a ,sept4 #a ,aug4 #a ,july #ae ,peppers ,july #ae ,july #a ,june #ae ,june #a 444 ,potatoes3 ,irish ,aug4 #ae ,aug4 #a ,july #ae ,july #a ,june #ae ,sweet do4 ,july #ae;,june #ae ,may #a 444 ,radish ,oct4 #ae ,oct4 #a ,sept4 #ae,sept4 #a ,aug4 #ae ,salsify ,june #ae ,june #a ,may #ae ,may #a ,apr4 #ae ,spinach ,oct4 #e ,oct4 #a ,sept4 #a ,aug4 #ae ,aug4 #a ,squash3 ,bush ,aug4 #ae ,aug4#a ,july #ae ,july #a ,june #ae ,vine ,july #ae ,july #a ,june #ae ,june #a 444 ,tomato ,aug4 #ae ,july #ae;,july #a ,june #ae 444 ,turnip ,oct4 #ae ,oct4 #a ,sept4 #a ,aug4 #a ,july #ae ---------------------------------------- ---------- #i ,zones ,a and ,b are sections in which many vegetables are planted late in the fall to form the winter garden or early spring garden4 ,beans1 parsnips1 salsify1 melons1 cucumbers1 tomato1 and sweet-potato plants may be planted after the last killing frost4 ,the heat-loving plants1 such as peppers1 eggplants1 ,lima beans1 and the squashes1 should not be planted in the open until the ground has thoroughly warmed1 which will be about four weeks after the last killing frost4 ,there are a number of crops1 such as snap beans1 lettuce1 radishes1 and beets1 that should be planted at intervals in order to insure a continuous supply throughout the season4 ,in the case of snap beans as many as five different plantings may be had in some sections4 ,in the southern part of the ,united ,states special attention should be given to the planting of the semihardy crops1 such as spinach1 kale1 and cabbage1 during the autumn1 in order to have a supply throughout the winter4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4--,outline map of the ,united ,states1 showing zones based on the average date of the last killing frost in spring4 ,the time of planting for the various vegetables is determined for every section by the dates given on this map4 ,by following the table showing the latest safe dates for planting 7see also fig4 #aj71 the various crops will mature during average years2 however1 there may be seasons when the first killing frost in the autumn occurs earlier than usual and some of the later plantings will be lost4 ,the late planting of vegetables prolongs the season of usefulness and is worth a chance4 ,,general ,,care ,,of ,,the ,,garden ,a garden bears close acquaintance1 and the successful gardener is the one who keeps in close contact with his crops throughout the entire growing season4 ,a visit to the garden during the early morning while the dew hangs heavily upon every plant will reveal the happenings of the night4 ,perhaps some insect attack has started or some injury has occurred which requires immediate attention4 ,a garden requires a little attention almost every day and responds in direct proportion to the care bestowed upon it4 ,the size of the garden should be such that its care will not prove a burden4 ,a small garden intensively cultivated is much better than a larger one which is allowed to grow to weeds4 ,holding ,moisture ,the frequent stirring of the surface soil with a steel rake1 especially during dry weather1 will stimulate the growth of the crops and control weeds4 ,the surface should also be stirred after a rain just as soon as the ground is dry enough to work4 ,most people have an idea that the stirring of the soil is primarily in order to kill weeds1 but there is equal need of it where no weeds are present4 ,the roots of plants require air as well as moisture1 and frequent stirring of the surface soil admits the air and at the same time conserves moisture4 ,shallow cultivation during dry weather forms what is known as a soil mulch1 preventing the escape of moisture4 ,very often shallow cultivation during dry weather is more effective than irrigation4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,outline map of the ,united ,states1 showing zones based on the average date of the first killing frost in autumn4 ,the latest safe dates for planting vegetables in the autumn are determined by the dates given on this map4 ,watering ,artificial watering1 if properly applied1 will prove a decided advantage during dry periods1 but may prove an injury if not properly handled4 ,frequent light sprinkling of the garden is injurious4 ,the proper method is to soak the soil thoroughly about once each week1 preferably during the evening1 and then loosen the surface by cultivation the following morning or as soon as the soil is dry enough to work4 ,no more water should be applied until absolutely necessary2 then another soaking should be given4 ,on a small scale the water may be applied by means of a sprinkling can4 ,where available1 a garden hose is effective1 and overhead sprinkler systems are frequently employed to advantage4 ,perhaps the best method for applying the water is to open slight furrows alongside the rows of plants and allow the water to flow gently along these furrows4 ,after the water has all soaked into the soil the wet earth in the furrows should be covered with dry soil1 to prevent baking4 ,where seeds are to be sown during a period of drought a slight furrow may be opened and filled with water2 then1 after the water has soaked into the soil1 the seeds may be sown and covered with dry earth4 ,this method will insure a good stand of plants1 as the moisture feeds upward in the soil1 like the oil in a lamp wick4 ,diseases and ,insects ,garden crops are subject to attack by a number of insects and diseases4 ,preventive measures are best1 but if an attack occurs and the city gardener is not familiar with the insect or disease and the proper treatment to protect his crops he is advised to consult the local garden leader or write immediately to the ,extension ,division of the ,state ,college of ,agriculture4 ,the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture has a bulletin 7,farmers' ,bulletin #hef7 which gives the necessary information on garden insects and diseases and can be procured free upon request4 ,in a number of cities the garden committees have arranged for sprayers and spray materials1 and these are furnished to gardeners at actual cost4 ,in a few instances power sprayers have been used1 the work being done by city-park employees1 the outfit being driven through the alleyways and the gardens reached by means of long leads of hose4 ,in many cases the city-garden committees have provided a number of small compressed-air sprayers that can be carried by means of a strap over the shoulder of the operator4 ,these are lent to the gardeners1 who are also supplied with the necessary spray materials at cost and given full instructions regarding their application4 ,poisons may be applied in a powdered form to a number of the garden crops1 including ,irish potatoes1 by means of a small burlap or cheesecloth bag1 the poison being dusted upon the plants when they have dew upon them4 ,this can be done in the morning before the plants have dried or late in the evening after the dew has begun to form4 ,,crops ,,for ,,the ,,city ,,home ,,garden ,as a rule not more than #aj or #ab different kinds of vegetables should be grown in the city home garden4 ,these should be chosen from the standpoint of securing the greatest food value from a limited area4 ,certain of the very important food crops1 such as ,irish potatoes1 peas1 and sweet corn1 require too much space for the small city garden1 but should be included wherever the available space will permit4 ,owing to the extreme variation of local conditions1 no definite plan can be given for the city home garden1 and each gardener will have to select the crops to be grown according to his soil1 space1 and the requirements of his family4 ,by careful planning and by keeping every foot of garden space fully occupied a great quantity of produce can be secured from a comparatively small plat of ground4 ,a succession of plantings of certain vegetables will produce a continuous supply while others may be grown between the main crops1 thus making the land do double duty4 ,there is a tendency on the part of many persons to plant too heavily to lettuce and radishes4 ,as a matter of fact a supply of these vegetables can be grown in the rows between the plants or hills of other crops4 ,most beginners attempt too many varieties and kinds of vegetables4 ,they would do better to confine themselves to a few standard sorts1 leaving the novelties to those who have plenty of land and time at their disposal4 ,it is assumed that the average space available for the city vegetable garden will not exceed #hj by #fj feet4 ,many gardens in back yards are smaller1 while others located on vacant lots may include one-fourth acre or more4 ,the size of the garden will determine largely the crops to be grown4 ,the following cultural directions are based on average conditions and are subject to some modification to suit the locality4 ,beans ,the bean crop stands at the head of the list in importance for the city garden1 especially from the standpoint of producing a large quantity of food quickly on a limited space4 ,the food value of the bean1 in all forms1 is also very high1 and it may be grown under a wide range of conditions4 ,string beans1 or snap beans in bush form1 are the most popular for planting in the small garden4 ,the seed should not be planted until the ground is fairly warm and the danger of frost safely passed4 ,stringless ,green-,pod1 ,currie's ,rustproof ,wax1 and ,refugee ,wax are the leading early varieties of bush beans4 ,where space is limited the bush varieties can be planted in rows #bd inches apart1 with the individual plants #c or #d inches apart in the row1 or in hills #ab inches apart with four plants in a hill4 ,three1 or even four1 plantings at intervals of three or four weeks should be made1 in order to insure a continuous supply4 ,in sections of the country where the first autumn frost does not occur until about the first of ,october a late or fall crop of snap beans can be grown to advantage1 the seed being planted about the first week in ,august4 ,a half pint of seed of snap beans will plant about #ajj feet of row with five seeds to a hill and the hills #ab inches apart4 ,a hundred feet of row will be sufficient for one planting to supply the average family4 ,if four plantings are made #a quart of seed will be required4 ,pole or climbing beans should be planted in every garden where space will permit4 ,the variety known as ,kentucky ,wonder produces a plentiful supply that can be eaten pod and all while they are tender1 as shelled beans when more mature1 and as dry beans after they ripen4 ,pole or climbing ,lima beans are adapted to a wide range of territory and can often be grown on a division fence1 on a trellis covering the kitchen porch1 or on an outbuilding4 ,figure #aa shows a street fence which is being made to support a splendid crop of ,lima beans4 ,bush ,lima beans are more limited in their soil and climatic requirements1 but are considered by many persons to be of finer quality than the pole varieties4 ,lima beans require a richer soil than string or snap beans1 and the seed should not be planted until the ground is quite warm1 fully a week later than snap beans4 ,all beans should be planted comparatively shallow1 especially on clay or heavy soils4 ,on light or sandy soils beans may be covered from #a to #b inches4 ,beans will not start well if planted in wet soil or if covered too deeply4 ,in case the soil should become packed by heavy rains before the plants appear it is a good plan to break the crust over the row by means of a steel rake1 great care being taken that the rake teeth do not go deep enough to injure the sprouting beans4 ,beans should be cultivated and hoed at least once a week1 but they should not be worked when their leaves are wet with dew or rain1 as this has a tendency to cause them to rust4 ,in case more beans are grown than are required for summer use1 the young tender pods may be canned for winter4 ,any beans that become too old for immediate use should be allowed to ripen and be saved for planting the next season or for cooking as dry beans4 ,colored dry beans are as good as white1 both in flavor and nutritive value1 in spite of a rather general popular belief to the contrary1 and none of them should be wasted4 ,root ,crops ,the root crops1 including beets1 carrots1 parsnips1 salsify1 turnips1 and radishes1 form a group of very important food crops for the small garden4 ,the soil requirements and general culture are very much the same for all the root crops1 and for that reason they are considered collectively4 ,the soil for root crops should be quite rich1 and it should also be spaded or plowed deep and made fine and mellow the full depth that is broken4 ,these root crops will all withstand slight frosts and may be planted very early in the spring4 ,root crops are especially desirable for the small garden on account of the fact that the rows may be as close together as #ab or #ad inches and the plants #c or #d inches apart in the row1 making it possible to grow a large quantity of food on a small tract4 ,beets ,an ounce of beet seed will be sufficient for the ordinary city garden4 ,beets may be planted almost as soon as the ground can be worked in the spring4 ,make the soil fine and mellow2 then lay off the row about #a inch deep1 using the hoe handle to make the little furrow4 ,what are commonly called beet seeds are really seed balls1 each containing two or three seeds1 and for that reason too many should not be put in4 ,eight or ten to the foot of row are sufficient4 ,cover the seeds about #a inch and rake the surface smooth over the row4 ,if the seeds are good and the weather favorable the plants should appear in about #aj days after planting4 ,they should be thinned to about #c inches in the row1 but if not too thick to start with they may be allowed to reach a height of about #c or #d inches before thinning1 and the thinnings may be used for beet greens4 ,any skips or spaces can be filled in by transplanting plants that are removed from other parts of the row4 ,a row #ej feet long will furnish enough early beets to supply the ordinary family4 ,a second planting may be made about four week after the first4 ,a late planting should be made about six or eight weeks before the first autumn frosts4 ,any beets that are left in the garden at the end of the season should be stored for winter use4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,lima beans growing on the outside of a garden fence4 ,crosby's ,egyptian and ,blood ,turnip are considered among the best varieties for the home garden4 ,carrots ,one-fourth ounce of carrot seed will be more than enough to plant #ej feet of row early in the spring and to make another similar planting later for fall use and storage4 ,plant the seeds rather thickly1 #bj or #cj to the foot1 and cover them with about half an inch of light soil1 but not more than one-fourth of an inch in heavy soil4 ,thin to #b or #b inches in the row as soon as they are large enough to handle4 ,if desired1 the plants may be left a little closer1 then thinned a second time when the first of the young carrots are about half an inch in diameter4 ,the young carrots that are thinned out may be used on the table as creamed baby carrots and are very fine4 ,late-planted carrots may remain in the ground until after the first frosts of autumn and then dug1 topped1 and stored for winter use4 ,oxheart and ,danvers ,half-,long are leading varieties4 ,parsnips ,a #aj-;cent packet1 or about one-eighth of an ounce1 of parsnip seed will be sufficient to plant for the ordinary family4 ,be sure that the seed is fresh1 as it loses its vitality if kept over until the second year4 ,plant the same as carrots1 and thin to #c or #d inches in the row4 ,parsnips require a deeply prepared and a very rich soil for their best development4 ,parsnips may remain in the ground where grown during the winter or until wanted4 ,it may be best1 however1 to dig part of the roots late in the fall before the ground freezes and store them for winter use4 ,in the ,north parsnips are planted quite early and given the entire season to develop and are used mainly during the winter and spring4 ,in the ,south they may be planted quite early and used as a spring vegetable2 then another planting is made for a fall crop4 ,the later planting is usually made in ,august or ,september1 when the late summer rains occur4 ,hollow ,crown and ,guernsey are among the best varieties4 ,salsify1 or ,vegetable ,oyster ,salsify requires practically the same cultural treatment as parsnips4 ,it is not grown extensively in the home gardens of the ,southern ,states1 but is primarily a northern crop4 ,salsify may remain in the ground during the winter1 or a part may be dug late in the fall and stored in a bed or box of moist sand for winter use4 ,the ,sandwich ,island is the leading variety4 ,turnips ,throughout the ,northern ,states turnips are planted as a late-season crop1 the seed being sown from ,july #aj to #be and the crop harvested after the first heavy frosts4 ,in the ,southern ,states turnips are planted in the spring1 just as soon as the ground can be worked1 and the crop is used before the hot weather of summer comes on4 ,a late crop is frequently planted in ,september1 the roots being cooked in the usual manner1 while the young tender tops are boiled as greens4 ,for the small garden1 turnips had best be planted in drills1 with the rows about #ab inches apart1 and the plants should be thinned to #b or #b inches in the row4 ,the seed should be scattered very thinly in the drill and covered very lightly4 ,the plants removed in thinning may be used as greens4 ,turnips will withstand some frost1 but their keeping qualities are injured if allowed to freeze before pulling4 ,if they become frozen in the storage pit they should not be disturbed until the weather warms and the frost gradually draws out of them4 ,for best results turnips should not actually freeze at any time4 ,the ,purple-,top ,strap-,leaved is a leading variety4 ,radishes ,radishes are mentioned last in the list of root crops because they have the least real food value of any4 ,everybody wants a few early radishes in the garden1 because they come to maturity quickly and furnish something green and succulent for the table4 ,from #aj to #bj feet of row will produce all the radishes required by a family4 ,the seeds should be sown in a little furrow or drill1 about #ab or #ae seeds to the foot1 and covered #a inch4 ,radishes may also be sown thinly in the drill with beets1 carrots1 or parsnips1 as they come quickly and break the surface for the other seedlings4 ,the radishes should be pulled before they are large enough to injure the regular crop4 ,the ,scarlet ,globe ,white-,tipped1 ,french ,breakfast1 ,icicle1 ,philadelphia ,white ,box1 and ,early ,yellow ,turnip are among the leading varieties4 ,where it is desirable to have radishes for a considerable period of time1 two1 or even three1 plantings at intervals of two weeks should be made1 or the same result may be obtained by the proper selection of varieties4 ,there are also two or three varieties of winter radishes that may be grown for winter use4 ,tomatoes ,tomatoes are among the most universally used products of our home gardens1 and there should be a few plants1 no matter how small the garden4 ,in order to have tomatoes early1 the seed must be sown in the house or hotbed or the plants purchased from some plant grower who has the facilities for starting them early4 ,bonnie ,best1 ,early ,jewel1 ,acme1 ,globe1 and ,detroit are among the leading early sorts1 while ,improved ,stone and ,trophy are standard late varieties4 ,two small packets of seeds1 one of an early and one of a late variety1 will produce enough plants for several family gardens1 and it may be possible for one person to start the plants for an entire neighborhood4 ,if a window box is used for starting early plants of various kinds1 a portion of the space in this box should be used for the tomato plants4 ,where a window box is not in use a cigar box filled with loose soil will serve as a seed bed1 but the plants will have to be transplanted and given about #c inches of space both ways as soon as they form one or two true leaves in addition to their two small seed leaves4 ,tomato seed comes up in about five or six days1 and the seedlings will ordinarily be ready for transplanting in two weeks after the seed is sown4 ,about six weeks will be required for growing the plants from the time of sowing the seed until they are ready for setting in the garden4 ,a tray of fine1 rich soil about #h inches deep placed in a south window of a living room makes a good transplanting bed4 ,the plants can be grown in quart berry boxes1 in #c-;inch flowerpots1 in tin cans with a few holes punched in their bottoms1 or in paper bands4 ,the essentials are to keep the plants growing rapidly from the start and to retain all the dirt attached to their roots when setting them in the garden4 ,the best method of growing tomatoes in the city home garden is by pruning the plants to a single stem1 or at most to two stems1 and tying them to stakes or a trellis1 as shown in figure #ab4 ,by this method the plants can be set as close as #b feet apart in each direction4 ,when tied to stakes the plants are easy to cultivate4 ,the fruit is clean because it is kept off the ground1 and the tomatoes ripen earlier than when the plants are not pruned or tied to stakes4 ,any stakes that are about #a inches in diameter and #d to #e feet long will answer4 ,frequently the plants are trained to horizontal wires stretched on small posts or to a trellis made of laths4 ,the tomato plants are pruned by pinching out the side shoots 7fig4 #ab7 as they appear in the axis of the leaf1 that is1 where it joins the main stem4 ,the fruit clusters appear on the opposite side of the stem where there is no leaf4 ,the plants are tied to the stakes or other support by means of soft twine or with small strips of old cotton goods4 7,fig4 #ac47 ,seedsmen have on sale a jute string which is especially made for tying tomatoes4 ,loop the string around the stake so that it will not slip downward on the stake and then tie loosely below a leaf node in such a manner that the stem will be supported without the string binding it and injuring its growth4 ,four to seven fruit clusters will be formed on each plant1 and if the plants are well cultivated and cared for they will continue to bear fruit throughout the season in the northern parts of the country4 ,in the ,south1 where the heat of midsummer kills tomato plants1 a late crop may be planted for fall use4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4--,training tomatoes to stakes3 ,a1 ,cutting out the side shoots or branches2 ,b1 tying the main stem to the supporting stake4 ,sweet ,peppers ,sweet or ,mango peppers are increasing in favor with home gardeners everywhere4 ,six or eight good plants will supply enough for an ordinary family4 ,in the ,north1 where the growing season is short1 the plants must be started indoors and should be transplanted twice1 so as to be quite large by the time the weather is warm enough to set them in the garden4 ,pepper plants will not withstand any frost1 and they should not be set out until all danger is past4 ,in the ,south the seed should be sown in the house or in a hotbed and may be transplanted directly from the seed bed to the garden1 although better plants will be obtained if they are transplanted first from the seed bed to other boxes or to the hotbed and later to the garden4 ,the plants should be handled in the same manner as tomatoes1 but pepper plants are even more delicate4 ,the ,ruby ,king and ,chinese ,giant are standard varieties of the large sweet peppers4 ,pimento peppers are becoming very popular throughout the ,southern ,states2 however1 they will not mature where the frost-free growing season is less than #d months and are not profitable unless they have at least #e months of warm weather for their development4 ,the pimento is adapted to the ,south1 where the summers are long1 with plenty of hot weather4 ,the green pimento peppers have a thick flesh and a pleasant flavor and may be used like any sweet pepper4 ,when red ripe the pimentos are canned for winter salads and for mixing with cheese to make pimento cheese4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4--,tomatoes trained to stakes in a back-yard garden4 ,eggplant ,the seeds of eggplant should be sown indoors at the same time that early tomatoes and peppers are planted4 ,the small plants should be transplanted to pots or paper bands and kept in the house until the weather is quite warm4 ,the plants require a rich1 deep soil1 with plenty of fertilizer4 ,they should be set about #b feet apart each way4 ,six to ten plants will be sufficient to supply the average family4 ,okra1 or ,gumbo ,okra is sown in the open after danger of frost is over and the soil becomes quite warm1 but in the ,north a few plants for the home garden may be started indoors4 like tomatoes or peppers4 ,sow the seed a few inches apart in the row and thin the plants to #ah inches to #b feet apart4 ,okra is very prolific1 and #h or #aj feet of row will supply the needs of an average family4 ,give frequent shallow cultivation until the plants are nearly grown4 ,the pods are the part of the plant used for food and should be gathered while still crisp and tender4 ,if the pods are removed so as to allow none to ripen1 the plants will continue to bear until killed by frost4 ,the ,white ,velvet1 ,dwarf ,green ,prolific1 ,perkins ,mammoth1 ,long-,podded1 and ,lady ,finger varieties are recommended4 ,onions ,the usual method of growing onions in the home garden is to plant a quart or two of sets just as early in the spring as the ground can be worked4 ,throughout the ,south the sets may be planted in the autumn and the surface of the ground mulched with fine straw or light manure over the winter4 ,onions may also be grown from seed1 sown in the early autumn in the ,south and early spring in the ,north1 but as a rule it is more satisfactory to secure a few sets for planting4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,planting onion sets2 every bulb is placed with the root end downward at a uniform depth and in straight rows4 ,onions require a light1 mellow1 rich soil4 ,if planted in rows the sets 7fig4 #ad7 should be placed by hand1 root end downward1 about #d inches apart in the row and covered to a depth of #a inch4 ,if planted in a bed they should be spaced #d to #f inches apart in each direction4 ,as a rule1 onion sets are not sold under variety names1 but are classed as white1 brown1 or red4 ,the ,yellow ,globe1 ,yellow ,danvers1 ,red ,wethersfield1 and ,silverskin are among the leading varieties that are planted from seed4 ,the ,crystal ,wax and ,red ,bermuda varieties of the ,bermuda type are often grown in the ,southern ,states4 ,where wanted for green onions1 the sets may be planted as a filler in the rows with early tomatoes1 but where mature onions are desired it is best to plant them alone4 ,fully grown onions should not be pulled until the tops have broken over and partially ripened4 ,the bulbs should then be pulled and spread in a cool1 dry place 7fig4 #ae7 where they will get plenty of air4 ,the mature onions should be kept where it is quite cool and dry4 ,slight freezing will not hurt the stored onions if they are not disturbed while frozen4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4--,onions spread out to dry in the shade of a tree4 ,cabbage ,group ,the cabbage group of garden plants includes both the early and the late types of cabbage1 cauliflower1 kale1 collards1 and ,brussels sprouts4 ,the general cultivation of each member of this group is practically the same4 ,they are natives of low-lying seacoast regions and require deep1 moist1 and rather rich soil for their best development4 ,the various members of the cabbage group1 however1 may be grown in almost any locality2 in fact1 cabbage is one of the most universally grown of our garden crops4 ,the important consideration is to have plenty of plant food in the soil so that they will make a quick1 tender growth4 ,early ,cabbage ,only a few heads of early cabbage should be grown in a small city garden4 ,the plants should be started indoors1 but may be set in the garden quite early if hardened off a little before setting them4 ,in certain sections of the ,south1 especially near the seacoast1 the early varieties of cabbage may be started in ,october1 planted out in ,november1 and matured in ,april or ,may of the following spring4 ,the ,jersey ,wakefield and ,charleston ,wakefield are the leading early varieties4 ,they may be set in rows #bd to #cj inches apart and #ae inches apart in the row4 ,late ,cabbage ,late cabbage can be planted between the rows of early potatoes or after snap beans1 so that double service may be obtained from the soil4 ,late cabbage may be planted ,july #a in some sections of the ,north and will form solid heads before the weather becomes cold enough to injure the crop4 ,the ,late ,flat ,dutch1 ,danish ,baldhead1 and ,copenhagen are among the best late varieties4 ,they should be planted in rows #cf inches apart and #ah inches apart in the row4 ,cabbage may be stored in a cool1 dry1 well-ventilated cellar or buried in an outdoor pit in the garden4 ,cauliflower ,cauliflower is much more difficult to grow than cabbage and is only adapted to certain soil and climatic conditions which are to be found near the seacoast and limited inland areas4 ,the important consideration in growing a spring crop of cauliflower is to have it so early that the heads will be formed before the extremely hot weather begins4 ,the methods of starting the plants and general culture are the same as for early cabbage4 ,when the heads begin to form1 the leaves should be brought together above the heads and fastened by means of a string1 so as to shut out the sunlight and retain the snowy whiteness of the heads4 ,a fall crop of cauliflower can be grown in the same manner as late cabbage4 ,cauliflower can not be stored to advantage1 but must be used within a few days after it is gathered4 ,kale ,kale can be grown either as a spring or fall crop1 and in sections where the temperature does not go below zero during the winter it can be planted in the fall and will be ready for use during ,march and ,april4 ,the market gardeners around ,norfolk1 ,va41 grow great fields of winter kale1 planting the seed in ,september and cutting the crop at any time during the winter when the ground is free from snow and ice4 ,about #ej or #fj feet of row in the home garden may be planted during the late summer for fall and early winter use4 ,kale is not stored1 but is left growing until wanted for use4 ,collards ,no southern garden would be quite complete without a small plat of collards for late fall and early winter use4 ,collards are a hardy form of cabbage which forms a loose head or cluster of very tender leaves that are used in much the same manner as cabbage4 ,throughout the ,south collards are planted during the latter part of the summer and the plants are left standing where grown1 like late cabbage1 and are quite hardy2 in fact1 it is claimed that the flavor is greatly improved by a slight freezing of the heads4 ,collards are not recommended for planting in the ,northern ,states4 ,a small packet of seed is all that is necessary to start the plants required in a family garden4 ,brussels ,sprouts ,brussels sprouts are a kind of cabbage that forms a large number of buttons or small heads along its stem where the leaves are attached4 ,the culture of ,brussels sprouts is the same as that of cabbage except that the leaves are removed from the lower part of the stem to give the buttons more room to develop4 ,kohl-,rabi ,kohl-rabi is a near relative of cabbage4 ,it forms an enlargement of the stem just above the surface of the ground4 ,this portion is used in the same way as turnips4 ,salad ,plants ,as a general rule1 the ,american people do not eat enough green vegetables1 commonly referred to as salads4 ,crops of this class are especially adapted to the small garden1 as they occupy very little space and will withstand more or less shading4 ,the salad plants require a deep1 rich soil with plenty of moisture4 ,they also thrive under comparatively cool conditions4 ,swiss ,chard ,swiss chard resembles the common garden beet in appearance1 but it does not form an edible root1 like the beet1 and is grown for its large leaf stems1 which are boiled for greens4 ,americans do not as a rule eat enough greens1 and there is need to encourage the planting in the home garden of ,swiss chard and other crops that may be used for this purpose4 ,beet tops while young and tender make good greens1 but the leaf stems of ,swiss chard have a very excellent flavor and remain tender a long time4 ,as the outer leaf stems are removed the plants keep on forming new leaves in the center1 so that a continuous supply is provided4 ,swiss chard is planted and cultivated the same as garden beets4 ,one-half ounce of seed will be sufficient for the ordinary family of five persons4 ,the variety known as ,lucullus is considered best4 ,plant in the early spring the same as beets1 and thin the plants to about #f inches in the row4 ,spinach ,spinach is another crop that is highly desirable for use as greens4 ,spinach thrives in cool weather and should be grown both as a spring and as a fall crop4 ,in the extreme northern part of the country only one crop may be grown4 ,in sections where the winters are mild the seed can be planted in the fall and the plants can remain in the ground all winter4 ,for a spring crop1 plant in the open ground as soon as the soil can be worked4 ,the rows may be as close as #g inches1 and #ab to #ae seeds should be sown to a foot of row1 the plants being thinned so that they will have #a to #b inches of space for their development4 ,spinach requires a very rich soil in order to make it grow quickly4 ,a bed #e feet wide and #cj feet in length and having about eight rows running the length of the bed will furnish enough spinach for the ordinary family4 ,the entire spinach plant is removed by cutting just above the surface of the ground4 ,from #b to #c ounces of seed will be sufficient for a bed #e by #cj feet in size4 ,spinach contains large quantities of iron and is especially desirable as a part of the diet in the early spring4 ,celery ,there is nothing particularly difficult about growing celery after the plants are started4 ,the celery seed bed requires very careful watering until the plants are up and large enough to transplant4 ,as a rule1 it will be best for city gardeners to purchase plants that are ready for setting in the garden4 ,celery requires a rich soil and plenty of moisture4 ,anyone desiring to grow it should write to the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture for a copy of the ,farmers' ,bulletin on celery 7,no4 #bhb71 which gives full directions for growing the crop4 ,the ,white ,plume1 ,golden ,self-,blanching1 and ,boston ,market are among the best varieties for the home garden4 ,lettuce ,no early garden would be complete without at least a bed of lettuce2 however1 only a small space is necessary to grow plenty for the average family4 ,in the old-fashioned garden a small bed was spaded in one corner and the seed sown broadcast and raked into the soil just as soon as the ground was dry enough to work in the spring4 ,as the plants grew and began to crowd each other1 they were thinned and those that were pulled out were used on the table4 ,later1 when the plants became larger1 they were cut off just above the ground4 ,lettuce requires very rich soil and plenty of moisture1 and will not withstand continued hot weather4 ,it can be grown in partial shade and is one of the few crops that can be planted in back-yard gardens that are shaded a portion of the time4 ,a #e-;cent packet of seed will produce all the plants required for the small garden4 ,a good method is to sow the seed in a box in the house and transplant the small plants to a bed or to rows in the garden4 ,lettuce is not injured by a light frost1 especially if the plants have been grown in the open4 ,the seed or plants may be planted between other crops that require a longer period for their development than the lettuce4 ,two plantings should be made in the spring and one in the late summer1 in order to have a supply for a considerable period4 ,grand ,rapids is the leading variety of loose-leaf lettuce1 while the ,big ,boston1 ,iceberg1 and ,california ,cream ,butter are good heading sorts4 ,vegetables ,that ,require ,considerable ,space in the ,garden ,there are a number of garden vegetables that require too much space for growing in the small home garden4 ,wherever plenty of land is available these vegetables should be grown4 ,among those included in this group are ,irish potatoes1 sweet potatoes1 peas1 sweet corn1 squashes1 cantaloupes1 and watermelons4 ,irish ,potatoes ,irish potatoes are among the first crops that can be planted in a home garden4 ,they have no place in a small garden1 but where a space as great as #cj by #fj feet is available they should be included4 ,a peck of seed potatoes1 properly cut1 will plant #cjj feet of row and should yield #d to #e bushels4 ,the usual method is to cut the seed1 two eyes to each piece1 dividing the fleshy part of the potato as equally as possible4 ,the seed should not be cut until the ground is all ready to receive it4 ,great care should be taken to get seed that is free from scab or other diseases4 ,irish potatoes can be planted in the ,north just as soon as the frost is all out of the ground and the soil dry enough to work4 ,in the ,south the planting date will be governed by the season and the time that the young plants will be safe from spring freezes4 ,it generally takes three to five weeks after planting in the ,southern ,states for the potatoes to come up4 ,in the ,north they will appear in a shorter period if weather conditions are favorable4 ,peas ,peas1 often called ,english peas1 require considerable space and should not be planted in a small garden4 ,in order to be of real value at least #ae feet of row should be planted for each person in the family4 ,peas are the first crop that can be planted in the spring4 ,in the ,north1 this planting can be made just as soon as the ground can be worked1 and two1 or even three1 plantings should be made in order to have a continuous supply4 ,in the ,south1 peas are planted about the same time as early ,irish potatoes or a little earlier4 ,peas require a rather rich soil with a little fertilizer added1 as they make a quick growth4 ,one pint of seed will plant #ge to #he feet of row1 and this should yield plenty of peas for five persons at each of four or five pickings4 ,first1 spade and rake the ground until it is fine and mellow2 then open a furrow #c to #d inches deep with the corner of a hoe4 ,scatter the seeds broadcast in the bottom of the furrow or space them at the rate of #ab to #ae peas to a foot and cover them #c to #d inches deep4 ,in heavy soils the seeds should not be covered so deeply as in light or sandy soils4 ,if the ground is cold the seeds may be #aj days or two weeks in coming up1 and if there should be a heavy rain meantime the crust forming on the surface of the soil should be carefully broken over the rows with a steel rake4 ,extra ,early ,alaska1 ,gradus1 and ,thomas ,laxton are among the leading early sorts4 ,the ,champion of ,england and ,telephone are considered good medium and late varieties4 ,the extra-early sorts may be planted with the rows as close as #bd inches apart where hand cultivation is practiced4 ,the later and larger growing varieties require a space of about #c feet between the rows4 ,there should not be more than #aj days or two weeks' difference between the planting dates of early and of late varieties of peas1 as the late ones mature more slowly than the early sorts4 ,several of the early varieties of peas can be grown without supports1 but they do better if given something to climb on4 ,the late varieties for the most part make a strong growth and require supports4 ,brush1 where it may be had1 woven-wire netting1 a wire fence1 or strings on stakes make satisfactory supports for peas4 7,fig4 #af47 ,the supports should be in place when the peas come up1 in order that the plants may climb them from the first4 ,early spring peas occupy the land a comparatively short time and may be followed by late cabbage1 beets1 turnips1 kale1 spinach1 or some other crop4 ,a planting of peas made late in the summer will often give a fine fall crop that is ready for use just before frost in the autumn4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4--,tall-growing peas of the ,telephone type1 supported on brush4 ,sweet ,corn ,sweet corn requires plenty of space in order to produce enough ears to supply an average family and for that reason finds its proper place in large city and suburban gardens4 ,the rows should be spaced at least #c feet apart1 and the individual plants should stand #ae to #ah inches apart in the rows4 ,if the corn is planted in hills containing three stalks each of the hills must be at least #b feet apart in the row for the early dwarf-growing varieties and #c feet apart for the later or larger growing sorts4 ,corn requires a rich soil and should not be planted until the ground has warmed considerably4 ,a pint of seed will plant #djj to #ejj feet of row in either drills or in hills4 ,cover the seed #a to #b inches deep and thin to three stalks in a hill or to single stalks #ae or #ah inches apart in drills4 ,if a large number of offshoots or suckers appear at the base of the plants at the ground1 these should be removed1 as they draw the strength of the plant4 ,none but those shoots that appear very near the ground should be removed1 as some of the varieties have their ears quite low on the stalks and the young ear looks very much like a sucker until the silk appears4 ,the ,golden ,bantam is the leading early variety4 ,the ,country ,gentleman1 ,stowell's ,evergreen1 ,mammoth ,evergreen1 and ,ohio ,sugar are among the leading medium and late varieties4 ,for a continuous supply1 plant ,golden ,bantam as early as possible1 then follow in a few days with a planting of ,country ,gentleman4 ,two weeks later plant ,stowell's ,evergreen1 and follow with additional plantings of some good late variety every three weeks until midsummer4 ,sweet ,potatoes ,for an early crop1 sweet-potato plants are started in a hotbed or greenhouse1 and they must not be set in the open until all danger of frost is past and the ground is well warmed up4 ,they usually thrive best when planted on wide ridges some #d to #d feet apart and #ab to #ae inches apart in the row4 ,any good garden fertilizer will answer for this crop1 and it is best applied either in small trenches or to the surface of the ground before the ridges are thrown up4 ,frequent shallow cultivation should be given until the vines begin to run4 ,the ,porto ,rico1 ,nancy ,hall1 and ,southern ,queen varieties are recommended1 and the ,big-,stem ,jersey where a dry-fleshed potato is desired4 ,vine ,group ,the vine group includes cucumbers1 summer and winter squashes1 cantaloupes1 and watermelons4 ,owing to the space required by these crops they are not adapted to planting in a small garden4 ,for the convenience of those who desire to grow them1 brief cultural directions are given4 ,practically all of the vine crops can be trained to a wire fence or trellis or on wire netting4 ,by this method they can be planted along a fence or beside a building where there is good sunlight and the vines can be trained up out of the way of other crops4 ,in case cantaloupes or squashes are grown on a trellis1 it will be necessary to support the fruits by means of bagging or cloth slings4 ,all of the vine crops require plenty of fertility in the soil4 ,in addition to a shovelful of manure and a handful of fertilizer in each hill1 a small quantity of commercial fertilizer may be worked into the soil around each hill after the vines begin to spread over the ground4 ,the fertilizer should not be placed closer than a foot from the base of the plants and should be scattered over a considerable area4 ,the results to be obtained in a small garden from growing any of the vine crops except summer squashes and cucumbers are extremely doubtful1 and beginners are advised to devote the space to crops producing more food on a small area4 ,cucumbers ,one or two hills will produce enough cucumbers for the average family4 ,each hill should be given about #ej square feet of space1 or #g feet in each direction4 ,the hills should be made several days before planting1 with a shovelful of manure mixed thoroughly with the soil of each hill4 ,about a dozen seeds should be scattered in each hill and covered to a depth of about an inch4 ,later1 the plants should be thinned to three to five in a hill4 ,cucumbers are very tender and should not be planted until all danger of frost is past4 ,the plants may be started indoors by planting the seeds in pots1 paper bands1 or quart berry boxes filled with soil2 then set in the garden when the weather is warm4 ,the young cucumber plants are frequently destroyed by a small beetle4 ,the easiest way to protect the plants is by covering each hill with a small wooden box the bottom of which has been removed and a piece of fine mosquito or fly netting tacked on4 ,after the plants become toughened1 the beetles are not likely to trouble them4 ,white ,spine is the most common variety4 ,cantaloupes ,cantaloupes1 sometimes referred to as muskmelons1 are grown exactly the same way as cucumbers4 ,the ,rocky ,ford1 ,tiptop1 ,hoodoo1 and ,ohio ,sugar are among the leading varieties4 ,watermelons ,watermelons require too much space for planting in a small garden4 ,the cultivation of watermelons is practically the same as that of squashes4 ,the ,kleckley ,sweets and ,florida ,favorite are among the best small watermelons for home growing4 ,the variety known as ,tom ,watson is the one most frequently sold on our markets4 ,squashes ,two varieties of summer squashes are suited for growing in city gardens4 ,these are the ,summer ,crookneck and ,pattypan4 ,the summer squashes are of bush habit of growth and do not require much space4 ,three to five hills of either of the kinds mentioned will supply the ordinary family4 ,the hills should be #d to #e feet apart4 ,plant #h or #aj seeds to a hill1 covering them to a depth of an inch1 and when the plants are well established thin them to three in a hill4 ,the ,hubbard ,squash and ,boston ,marrow form true vines and require more space than the summer bush varieties4 ,the fruits of the summer varieties are used while they are young and tender1 but those of the fall and winter varieties are allowed to get fully ripe before being gathered and stored4 ,four or five hills will be sufficient1 and a space of #aj or #ab feet should be allowed between the hills4 ,the vine or running squash may be grown in a corner of the garden or on a trellis4 ,in one instance an old peach tree formed a support for a large squash vine and the fruits were held up by slings consisting of strips of bagging4 ,,plan ,no4 #bha4 ,,making ,,clothing ,,fireproof ,to make clothing fireproof1 and thus save hundreds of precious lives1 dissolve one pound of ammonium phosphate in one gallon of cold water1 and in this soak for five minutes the fabric to be fireproofed4 ,then dry1 and it will not burn4 ,it does not harm the material4 ,it sells for about #be cents a pound in the drug stores4 ,make it up and sell it at #a per gallon4 ,but when the cloth is washed it is no longer fireproof1 until treated with this solution again4 ,,plan ,no4 #bhb4 ,,making ,,pullets ,,pay ,buy pullets in the fall1 give them good feed and care1 and they will lay eggs all winter1 making you a profit of several dollars per pullet4 ,sell them as hens the next spring and they will bring good prices for setting purposes1 or as a table bird4 ,,plan ,no4 #bhc4 ,,pumpkins ,,in ,,powder ,,form ,don't can pumpkins4 ,slice thin1 dry in the sun1 then in an oven1 and grind up in powder form4 ,put in cartons for sale4 ,it makes more pies per pound than canned pumpkin4 ,have a good recipe tried out with your powdered pumpkin4 ,put the directions for use on your carton4 ,retail one-half pound cartons for #aj cents1 or more1 and it will make twice the number of pies that a #aj-;cent can of pumpkin will4 ,get local customers first1 and later deal with a jobber or wholesaler4 ,,plan ,no4 #bhd4 ,,money ,,in ,,horse-,,radish ,horse radish has made money for live men4 ,simply grate the horse radish and sell it when nice and fresh to the grocer1 hotelkeeper1 or to individual users4 ,horse radish is perennial and needs little or no care4 ,a half-acre will produce a great amount of horse radish4 ,to start it take whole ones1 cut them in small pieces1 and plant like potatoes4 ,,plan ,no4 #bhe4 ,,profitable ,,plain ,,sewing ,women who used to spend hours and days in doing fancy but useless needle-work1 now believe in doing the plain kind of sewing and getting paid for it4 ,making aprons1 handkerchiefs1 underskirts1 and many similar articles1 is a much more valuable use of spare time1 which most women have4 ,lace-trimmed or monogramed handkerchiefs bring good prices4 ,,plan ,no4 #bhf4 ,,pickling ,,dandelions ,gather dandelions by the ton1 put them down in brine just as you would cucumber pickles4 ,retail them in the winter by the quart4 ,this will make you extra money4 ,,plan ,no4 #bhg4 ,,planting ,,endive ,,for ,,pickling ,plant endive on a city lot4 ,this article can be treated in brine and cannot be told from fresh dandelion greens4 ,get regular customers for the entire winter4 ,supply stores1 restaurants1 etc4 ,,plan ,no4 #bhh4 ,,early ,,cucumbers ,very early cucumbers bring #a4jj per dozen4 ,start your cucumber plants early in strawberry boxes in the house4 ,when they have four leaves on them1 transplant1 early in ,april1 and you will have your cucumbers in the market before your neighbors have planted theirs4 ,you could sell cucumber plants to your neighbors and to the stores also4 ,,plan ,no4 #bhi4 ,,raising ,,sweet ,,peas ,raise sweet peas4 ,one ounce of seed will produce #aj1jjj blossoms1 and florists pay around #c4jj per #a1jjj for them4 ,on an acre thirty ounces could be planted1 or even on a city lot three ounces of seed can be raised and make you money4 ,,plan ,no4 #bij4 ,a ,,notion ,,store ,,at ,,home ,a poor woman living in a ,chicago suburb made a good living by laying in a small but well selected stock of notions at her home1 which was a long distance from a store of any kind4 ,she got these at wholesale prices1 and sold them at regular retail rates1 so she made sufficient profit to support herself in comfort1 as the ladies in the neighborhood bought practically all their little notions from her4 ,,plan ,no4 #bia4 ,,making ,,cottage ,,cheese ,few foods are more palatable1 more healthful or more economical than cottage cheese1 when properly made4 ,a ,california farmer's wife makes hers from milk that is not too old1 and often sours sweet milk by adding a little buttermilk to it4 ,she cooks it in #e-;gallon 8shotgun0 cans4 ,as soon as the milk sets into a firm clabber she puts the cans into a #cj-;gallon tank of boiling water1 connected with the kitchen stove by pipes and the usual waterback in the firebox1 stirring the milk a little1 and cutting the curd with a long-bladed knife4 ,when the curd readily separates from the whey1 lift the can out and let it stand from ten to twenty minutes4 ,the contents of the can are then poured into a large bag made of cheese-cloth1 which is hung up to drain4 ,the whey is fed to the pigs as it contains milk-sugar which is a fattening ration4 ,in a few hours the cheese will be drained enough4 ,it is then thoroughly mashed and mixed in a proper vessel1 salted1 and it is ready for the trip to town4 ,it should be sold at once as it does not keep long4 ,if cream is plentiful and cheap1 a little mixed with the cheese places it at the top notch of quality4 ,one can decide for himself whether he can afford to sell cream in this way1 by the price he obtains for the cheese4 ,cottage cheese is now sold at retail to the consumer for #aj to #ae cents a pound4 ,this means nearly #cj cents a quart1 a pint weighing slightly over a pound4 ,it ought to bring at least #aj cents a pound to the maker1 which is no mean profit for skim-milk usually fed to hogs and calves4 ,,plan ,no4 #bib4 ,,developing ,,and ,,printing ,,photographs ,a city woman1 fond of photography1 made her spare time profitable by developing and printing photographs for others1 and by taking orders for that class of work1 and having it done by a local dealer1 paying him #bj per cent of her earnings4 ,as she purchased all her material from this dealer1 it helped increase his sales also4 ,,plan ,no4 #bic4 8,,citronette0 ,,cucumbers ,raise cucumbers1 and when ripe place on the market 8citronette40 ,this is better than 8sugared citron0 and much cheaper4 ,recipe3 ,pick cucumbers when ripe2 split in half2 scrape out pulp4 ,put in salt brine for one or two days1 then draw off brine and add one pound of sugar to each pound of cucumber rind2 let stand over night for juice to draw1 then place on back of stove and allow to simmer until translucent and most of the water has evaporated4 ,turn occasionally to keep from burning4 ,when the water has evaporated1 and it looks dry1 allow it to cool4 ,you then have 8citronette40 ,this project has been tried and it made #f4jj a day for a year1 using only one-half acre of ground4 ,,plan ,no4 #bid4 ,,canning ,,vegetables1 ,,etc4 ,can vegetables1 peas1 beans1 sweet corn1 also fruit1 and pickles4 ,from a good farm paper select an advertiser offering 8home-canning outfits10 and get his circulars4 ,buy an outfit4 ,get customers by placing a tempting ad4 in your local paper1 and by getting out attractive placards to be used by grocers who handle your goods4 ,you can raise your own vegetables and fruit1 or buy them from a farmer wholesale very reasonably4 ,,plan ,no4 #bie4 ,,small-,,town ,,catering ,a young lady who lives in a small city where there are many social functions1 has found catering on these occasions quite profitable1 and she thus relates her plan of operations3 8,i have furnished refreshments and acted as hostess for a social club of young men--usually thirty plates at fifty cents each4 ,i serve fruit punch during the card game1 and either a fruit salad or a meat salad1 with crackers1 ice cream or sherbet1 cake and nuts1 or mints4 ,my profit is between five and six dollars4 ,i also cater for the ,masons' ladies' nights on the same terms1 and in this small country town there is no other business of that sort4 8,the ,masons have about one hundred plates4 ,i introduce the ladies and group them congenially2 and the young daughters are only too glad to wait on the tables in pretty aprons1 so that ,i employ only one maid4 ,i arrange the tables for progressive ,five ,hundred4 ,the girls who do not play are glad to serve and punch the score cards4 ,the men can play pool1 and there is a table for cinch and dominoes40 ,,plan ,no4 #bif4 ,,perfume ,,for ,a ,,sick ,,room ,the following makes a very pleasant antiseptic perfume for a sick-room1 imparting the odor of the pine woods1 and is very grateful and refreshing to an invalid3 ,oil of bergamot1 #f drams2 oil of orange1 #a dram2 oil of rosemary1 #a dram2 eucalyptol1 #b drams2 bornyl acetate1 dram2 tincture benzoin1 #d drams2 water1 #b parts2 alcohol to make one gallon4 ,mix and spray about the room whenever the air begins to indicate the necessity for freshening it4 ,,plan ,no4 #big4 ,,raising ,,capons ,one poultry man in a ,kansas town got so much more for his young roosters than was paid to any other person in the same place for apparently similar stock1 that several of them came to him to find out why this was the case4 ,he replied that there was no secret about it1 that he simply caponized the male birds at about four months of age2 that this process not only made them grow much faster and larger1 but gave their flesh a flavor no other bird possessed1 and that when people had once tasted a young caponized cock they would buy no other1 if they could possibly get these4 ,the process is very simple1 and is performed with a set of tools that can be bought for #b1 so that the extra profit on a few birds soon pays for this expense and the time and trouble required4 ,the other poultry growers in the community at once adopted the same plan1 and the increased demand for their product in the market showed them where and why they had been losing money before1 instead of making it4 ,,plan ,no4 #bih4 ,a ,,losing ,,grocery ,,business ,,made ,a ,,success ,near a good-sized ,texas town a man and his wife were trying to farm a piece of sun-baked land1 and were making a failure of it1 when the wife proposed that they start a small grocery4 ,they had a few hundred dollars1 and borrowed a little more1 and with this they bought a small stock of groceries1 but the growth of the business was so slow as to be disheartening4 ,on her way down to their store one afternoon the woman noticed that trade was brisk in those places that presented a cleanly appearance1 and then she got busy4 ,together they scrubbed the floors1 applied paint where it was needed1 and began a general clean-up campaign that soon transformed the dingy little place into a most attractive store room4 ,pyramids of canned goods were erected in the show window1 and everything tastefully arranged on counters and shelves to present the best possible appearance4 ,she had a number of jars of preserves1 pickled fruits and vegetables they had put up while on the farm1 and these she brought to the store1 where they were quickly sold4 ,she then put up more at their home1 all of which were sold at a big profit4 ,then she baked cakes and brought them to the store1 where they found a steady sale1 which encouraged her to bake many more4 ,as a means of advertising their 8clean grocery10 they labeled the collar of their dog and the net mesh that covered their delivery horse with catchy phrases1 and soon had their place widely talked about4 ,their business grew until they were obliged to move to a larger building1 where they have the best trade in the town4 ,,plan ,no4 #bii4 ,,bringing ,,women ,,to ,a ,,store ,it was a woman's idea that brought scores of women to a store1 where her husband was a clerk1 who had never been in the place before1 and coming in once1 usually became regular customers4 ,her idea was very simple1 but it worked splendidly4 ,it was merely to have the management of the store put up a free bulletin board in a prominent place just inside the entrance1 upon which women in need of maids1 domestics1 or help of any kind1 could pin up a short notice of the place offered1 the wages paid1 special privileges and requirements4 ,at the same time1 women and girls in search of employment could also use the bulletin board to help them in securing the places they wanted1 and it was not long until the store was visited with women anxious to consult the bulletin board1 which well served its purpose as a free employment agency4 ,very soon the store became talked about all over town1 as the place to look for help or positions1 and of the hundreds of women who visited the place for that purpose1 many of them stayed to look over the stock1 and buy4 ,the business was so greatly increased that the management of the store1 impressed with the value of the idea1 gave the husband of its originator a considerable increase in salary4 ,,plan ,no4 #cjj4 ,a ,,traveling ,,grocery ,a southern woman's husband was #cj years old1 and a grocery clerk at #ej a month4 ,both were hoping for something better1 when a good idea came to the wife4 ,it was to start something new--a grocery on wheels6 ,she had saved a few hundred dollars before her marriage1 but had never told her husband1 as she intended to surprise him with it when the proper time came--and that time had arrived4 ,with this money to start with1 she drew a plan for a wagon arranged with shelves and compartments for holding canned goods1 preserves1 breakfast foods1 coffee1 cheese1 fresh-baked bread1 cakes1 pies1 fresh fruits and vegetables--everything to be found in a well-ordered grocery4 ,sealed packages were a specialty1 for sanitary reasons4 ,they had rented a neat little store in a suburb and put in a fine stock of groceries1 which the wife took care of while the husband made the rounds of the entire neighborhood with his wheeled grocery4 ,the women were more than pleased to come out to the wagon every morning and make their purchases for the day1 without having to go to a market for what they wanted1 so that his wagon was in constant demand in every part of the suburb4 ,later a motor truck took the place of the horse4 ,,plan ,no4 #cja4 ,,sales ,,manager ,,becomes ,,realty ,,owner ,the sales manager for a large ,chicago concern was married1 had three children1 and was getting further and further behind every year1 with debts that constantly increased4 ,then the wife thought out a plan that she hoped would bring a betterment in conditions1 and decided to make it win4 ,she began by selling their grand piano for #hjj and buying a second-hand up-right for #ahe4 ,then she sold her buffet1 china closet1 two extra bedroom suites1 four good rugs1 several sets of silverware1 some china1 cut-glass1 pictures1 etc41 at private sale1 and from these she received #gbj more4 ,out of her total receipts1 she paid the family debts and had #fdj left4 ,she paid #cjj for a lot in the outskirts of the city2 #ed for enough second-hand lumber to build a shack #bjx#dj in size1 she and her husband putting up the building and putting in a cement floor1 and lining the building with tar paper4 ,they divided the shack into four rooms with straw matting for partitions1 bought second-hand windows at #a each1 and made their own doors4 ,then they placed rugs on all the floors except the kitchen and moved in1 thus saving #dj a month in rent4 ,they still had #bjj in the bank1 and out of this she paid #dj for putting down a well1 then she gave piano lessons to country children1 at #ej cents an hour1 and earned #bj a month that way4 ,she set up her grandmother's old loom and wove rag rugs until she had earned #gjj that way1 and at the end of three years they had #c1jjj in the bank1 had raised the house1 put in a foundation1 dug a cellar and built two porches4 ,in two years more they were another #b1jjj ahead1 so her husband resigned his position and they began buying vacant lots at #bej to #djj each1 bought old houses 8for a song10 tore them down1 and with the material built several tiny new bungalows4 ,the husband did the carpenter work1 she did the interior decorating work and the children helped a good deal4 ,when a bungalow was finished1 they readily sold it for from #a1gjj to #b1bjj and made a nice profit on each4 ,to-day they are living in a modern #i-room bungalow1 and own twenty-seven vacant lots besides1 all paid for1 and have an income of #d1jjj a year4 ,,plan ,no4 #cjb4 ,,hot ,,soups ,,for ,,business ,,girls ,a practical and profitable idea came to a woman in an eastern city when she thought of the large number of business girls and girls in government employ who so earnestly long for the taste of home-cooked foods1 which they never get4 ,instantly she had formed her plan to put up ready-to-serve1 homemade soups1 potpies1 beans1 clam and fish chowders1 and other things1 to be delivered in glass jars1 just at dinner time1 to those girls who would love to have a hot meal at home1 if they had anyone to cook it for them1 or had time to cook it themselves4 ,making sure that nothing left her kitchen until its taste and attractiveness were tested and proven when it reached those tired women and girls1 it was a veritable blessing in glass jars4 ,she baked beans without pork1 but with an onion in the center instead1 and covered with salad oil4 ,she made ,dutch potpie cooked like a stew1 made fish and clam chowders and prepared them all in the most appetizing way1 so that anyone would relish them4 ,later she set up a table and an electric stove in the corner of a hall in a large office building occupied mostly by men1 where she served lunches taken from her fireless cooker1 and these the men took to their offices on trays provided by themselves4 ,on these she realized a profit of #dj per cent1 besides having enough food left to supply her own family4 ,,plan ,no4 #cjc4 ,,bread ,,and ,,cake ,,baking ,,sold ,,to ,,woman ,,exchange ,a married woman in ,new ,york1 who had formerly been a stenographer but could not return to that work on account of her household duties1 which included the care of two children1 yet who was anxious to help in enlarging the family income1 decided to bake cakes and sell them through various woman's exchanges4 ,her sales were very good1 but often there would be cakes left over1 and1 to avoid this1 she changed her selling method so as to supply a certain number of families with bread and cakes4 ,her entire capital was but #e1 and she started with seven customers1 having discontinued her deliveries to the exchanges4 ,she wrote to a number of people who were able to pay her prices1 and soon secured a good list of regular patrons4 ,in six months she had forty-five steady customers1 was baking all kinds of cakes besides raisin1 whole wheat and brown breads1 and rapidly increasing the number of her patrons1 so that in six months more she had a total of seventy-eight4 ,some of these1 when starting on their summer vacations1 arranged to have her supply them regularly by parcel post while away1 and when they returned in the fall they continued to buy her baked products4 ,she employed a boy at #b a week to make deliveries two afternoons each week and all day ,saturdays1 and before very long her net profits had reached #aej a month4 ,,plan ,no4 #cjd4 ,,making ,,use ,,of ,,surplus ,,apples ,in some sections of the country thousands of bushels of fine apples are allowed to go to waste every year1 simply because there is no one to gather them and make practical use of them4 ,a man in eastern ,ohio1 where the supply of apples is largely in excess of the demand1 made profitable use of this apple surplus by a new method of concentrating cider1 through freezing and centrifugal motion4 ,this method consists of first freezing the raw cider until it is solid1 by placing it in shallow trays and exposing it to a freezing outdoor temperature4 ,then it is crushed up fine and put into a receptacle like a barrel churn1 and whirled very rapidly4 ,this throws off the juice in the form of a syrup and leaves the water in the machine as ice4 ,one gallon of this concentrated cider1 or syrup1 is as strong as five gallons of ordinary apple cider1 and when put in a cool place will keep from six months to a year without fermenting4 ,it also reduces the bulk about four-fifths1 so that it can be shipped at a low transportation cost1 thus increasing the profits by a large percentage4 ,this man gathered up several hundred bushels of the apples that were going to waste1 rented a cider press1 and turned out the cider in immense quantities1 late in the fall when the weather was freezing cold4 ,the concentrated product he shipped to the city and sold it at big profit1 the first netting him nearly #a1jjj4 ,,plan ,no4 #cje4 ,,selling ,,eggs ,,at ,a ,,high ,,price ,even in those times when eggs were selling to the middle man for #bj cents per dozen1 a man who lived in the suburbs of an eastern city1 and kept hens that laid large1 rich-looking1 golden brown eggs1 worth twice as much as the tiny white ones in the dealers' stalls1 always sold every egg he could produce for #fj cents per dozen1 or a nickel each4 ,the way he did it was to advertise in the city papers that he would send eggs by parcel post the very day they were laid1 and guaranteed them to be strictly fresh and safe for sick people as well as robust persons4 ,that brought in the orders1 and the way he kept them coming from the same people1 year after year1 was by making good--by actually shipping the eggs the day they were laid--and strictly fulfilling every promise he made4 ,these facts1 once duly impressed upon the minds of his city customers1 made the eggs he sent them worth three times the price of ordinary market eggs of small size and uncertain age4 ,anyone1 situated as he was1 can do the same thing and make money out of it4 ,,plan ,no4 #cjf4 ,,free ,,recipe ,,books ,,to ,,farmers ,in order to interest city merchants in the possibilities open to them for country trade through the parcel post1 and to interest the farmers in the goods carried by the city merchants1 an advertising man in a western city thought out a plan that would do both4 ,first1 he secured the name of every farmer within fifty miles of the city in which he lived4 ,then he got up a little #af-;inch page booklet1 with an attractive cover1 and filled one-half of every page with interesting and useful information for farmers1 such as recipes1 methods of gardening farm1 garden and orchard products1 etc4 ,he then went to merchants in various lines1 showed them the plan of the booklet1 exhibited his list of farmers' names1 assured them that he would send a copy of the booklet free to every farmer on that list1 and got them to fill the other half of each page with an advertisement of those goods especially for farmers' use4 ,the front of the cover he used as a title page1 while the three other cover pages he sold for advertising purposes at good rates4 ,that little booklet netted him over #bej1 after he had submitted affidavits to the advertisers that copies of it had been sent out free to all the farmers1 as he had agreed4 ,he prepared another booklet1 using the same matter1 except the ads41 and these he obtained from another set of advertisers4 ,the matter already set up for the first booklet saved a great deal on the cost of composition1 and at the end of the year his profits amounted to more than #b1jjj4 ,,plan ,no4 #cjg4 ,,trust ,,plan ,,worked ,,locally ,a mail-order man back east decided to work trust plan by which he could keep in close touch with those selling the goods1 and have settlements where necessary4 ,from a catalog issued by a reliable house carrying a line of novelties adapted to the trust plan1 he selected a few attractive ones which any child could sell at #aj cents each1 and which cost him about #a4ej per gross1 and these he advertised in the local papers1 offering a premium to anyone selling a certain number of them4 ,he was thus enabled to place a large quantity of these novelties in the hands of children and others1 who sold them and promptly remitted or called personally to make settlements and receive their premiums4 ,this system reduced his losses to a minimum and greatly increased his profits1 so that he sent no more goods on the trust plan to outside towns1 but confined his operations to his home city4 ,,plan ,no4 #cjh4 ,,ice ,,wool ,,shawls ,,by ,,parcel ,,post ,another good parcel-post idea was worked out with success by a mail-order man1 as follows3 ,he bought a quantity of ice wool shawls from a ,chicago supply house1 at a price which allowed him to retail them at #ih cents each1 and still make a good profit4 ,he secured the names of all the farmers' wives within #aej miles1 wrote a neat circular describing the beauty and stylishness of ice-wool shawls1 and1 wrapping one of these around each shawl1 he sent them by parcel post1 stating that if they wanted it for #ih cents1 to remit him that amount1 if not1 to notify him on a postal card enclosed for that purpose4 ,but a very few of the shawls came back4 ,hundreds of money orders for #ih cents each did come1 and he sold thousands of them in that way1 realizing a good profit on each sale4 ,,plan ,no4 #cji4 ,,cigars ,,for ,,farmers ,a cigar man in ,denver made up a special brand of cigars1 placed two of them in a neat little case1 and sent them by parcel post to several hundred farmers1 with a note saying they were presented with the cigar maker's compliments4 ,he also enclosed a coupon1 good for a certain premium with each box of cigars ordered4 ,the cigars were good1 and many of the samples sent out brought orders for a full box1 at the regular price4 ,,plan ,no4 #caj4 ,a ,,new ,,trust ,,plan ,instead of that disagreeable method of selling goods--house to house canvassing--an agent in an ,illinois city made use of the parcel post1 with good results4 ,selecting the article he wished to sell1 he prepared a strong circular fully describing it1 and wrapped the article in this circular1 ready to send out by parcel post4 ,from the city directory he obtained a list of householders in various parts of the city1 and mailed the article to them1 with the statement that it was sent for inspection1 and that his agent would call in a few days and give a full explanation4 ,he sometimes mailed out as many as #a1jjj a day of these articles1 and later sent out agents to close the sales1 on a commission basis2 and1 as the sales were much more numerous under this plan than by canvassing from house to house1 the increased profits fully justified him in assuming the extra expense the new plan involved4 ,,plan ,no4 #caa4 ,a ,,good ,,coupon ,,idea ,a ,chicago man who knew the truth of the saying1 8a woman loves a bargain10 made a practical application of that principle to his own profit4 ,from the catalog of a supply house he selected an article that could be bought for a few cents1 in considerable quantities1 and yet would be a good value when retailed at1 say1 #bf cents4 ,in a local paper he placed an ad4 descriptive of the article1 with a coupon at the bottom1 saying3 8,we have only a few of these on hand4 ,if you wish one1 send this coupon and #bf cents1 and we will send it by parcel post40 ,he sold large quantities of goods by this method4 ,,plan ,no4 #cab4 ,,sell ,,goods ,,on ,,installments ,,by ,,parcel ,,post ,a ,seattle man originated the plan of selling goods on the installment plan by parcel post1 and made it succeed4 ,running an ad4 in the local papers1 describing the article for sale1 he attached a coupon upon receipt of which the goods would be sent by parcel post for inspection4 ,if approved and desired1 the first installment was to be remitted at once1 the others at stated intervals1 but in all cases the names of two references were required4 ,he sold quantities of goods1 sustained no losses1 and made a good profit each year through this plan4 ,,plan ,no4 #cac4 ,,medical ,,vegetable ,,garden ,a ,san ,francisco man1 who knew something of the medical and other properties of ,cannabis ,americana1 commonly known as hemp1 experimented with it and found that it would grow in this country as well as in ,india1 and decided it was a good thing4 ,he procured enough seed to sow one acre of land1 sewing it broadcast the same as oats or buckwheat4 ,he kept the weeds down until it had obtained a good start1 and1 as it then grew fast as the weeds1 it needed no further attention4 ,in the fall he cut it1 cured it like hay1 and sent it to the market1 where it brought #de cents a pound4 ,there were two tons of it1 and that #d1jjj pounds sold for #a1hjj1 all from one acre4 ,,plan ,no4 #cad4 ,,improving ,a ,,market ,a market-man's wife1 who wished to make her husband's place of business the most popular in that part of the city1 did so by planning the meals for about forty of their regular customers4 ,she charged nothing for her services1 kept well within the weekly limit of each family1 and relieved the housewives of all anxiety in the matter of deciding what the menu for each day should consist of4 ,it not only made them permanent customers1 but enabled the storeman to order only what he knew would be sold on any one day1 so that his stock of meats and vegetables was always fresh1 his prices no higher than those who gave less attention to their patrons' needs1 and his place was soon what the wife set out to make it--the most popular and profitable market4 ,,plan ,no4 #cae4 ,,boosted ,,hubby',s ,,bakery ,a woman in ,california1 who was impressed with the waste of gas and other fuels by women who devoted long hours to cooking 8little dabs01 of oatmeal and other foods for their children1 concluded to make that an unpopular and unprofitable pastime for these women1 by having such things all cooked in her husband's bakery1 where there would be no waste1 while it saved hundreds of mothers many anxious hours and tedious toil that were wholly unnecessary4 ,her husband agreed with her that it would be a good thing all round to cook all these things in the bakery and place them on sale at prices that would mean a great saving of material as well as fuel1 and guarantee their quality at the same time4 ,they began by cooking oatmeal guaranteed to have been steamed four hours1 and baked small individual rice puddings in attractive little brown pottery molds1 all of which sold so well that they added mutton broth with rice1 plain beef broth1 chicken broth with barley1 and bean1 pea purees for the children4 ,desiring to expand their field of activities1 they induced well located bakeries1 delicatessen and other stores to handle their products on a commission basis1 and1 while their profits were not large1 the business finally became so extensive that it paid exceedingly well4 ,finally they gave up all this1 and established a small model factory for children's foods1 and now have two motor wagons distributing these foods1 which bring them a profit of several hundred dollars a month4 ,,plan ,no4 #caf4 ,,making ,,stocking ,,patterns ,a lady in ,reno1 ,nevada1 who had long deplored the woeful waste involved in the throwing away of women's stockings as soon as a small hole appears in the foot1 hit upon an excellent plan for effecting a great saving in this regard1 and one that at the same time brought her a good income4 ,her plan was to make patterns for stocking feet1 as the material in one pair of women's hose will re-foot three or four pairs1 and thus save the cost of a new pair when all that needs replacing is the small foot part of the stocking4 ,ripping up a stocking of a good make1 she succeeded in cutting out a perfect-fitting pattern from this1 the only change necessary in using it being to adapt it to various sizes1 and then she advertised to save the women of the country thousands of dollars in hosiery expense1 if each of them would send her #aj cents for a pattern that would enable her to replace the feet of stockings whenever a small hole appeared in the heel or toe4 ,no matter what the material1 whether it was wool1 silk1 lisle or a coarse cotton1 women realized that it would pay to re-foot them instead of buying new ones1 and thousands of them sent for the pattern4 ,many of the women who bought the patterns admitted that they did so for the purpose of making a business of re-footing stockings for women who could not do it for themselves4 ,,plan ,no4 #cag4 ,a ,,rhubarb ,,bed ,,that ,,paid ,a grocer's wife1 with only a few square feet in the back yard of a city lot1 cultivated a rhubarb bed that paid for itself hundreds of times over1 and required but little care from the time it was started4 ,she obtained several pieces of old root stock from a variety she knew to be of the very best1 and in the spring had the ground spaded up and pulverized until it was almost like powder1 then she added some good fertilizer1 and set out the roots in hills four feet apart each way1 leaving the top or eye an inch or so below the level of the ground4 ,these began to grow at once1 and during the dry season were kept well watered1 being frequently hoed to kill all the weeds4 ,a considerable number of edible stalks were pulled the first season1 great care being taken to let none of them go to seed1 by snapping off the seed stems as fast as they appeared4 ,the second season the growth began early and was remarkably rapid so that before any one else had rhubarb1 she had a good display of it in her husband's store where it sold readily at a very high price4 ,ever since then this small rhubarb bed has kept her in pin money1 and all the care it has required was to keep it free from weeds and to water it occasionally4 ,,plan ,no4 #cah4 ,,purebred ,,poultry ,an ,eastern ,washington farmer1 who had raised scrub poultry for years1 without ever being able to decide whether or not they were really worth their keep1 finally decided to raise pure-breds1 and now feels justified in making the change1 as the returns from his high-grade fowls have been large4 ,he simply selected the breed he liked best1 and gave them the care to which birds of high degree are entitled1 and they have repaid him many times over for his efforts4 ,he now finds he can get more for a single pure-bred fowl than twenty of the common or barn-yard variety would bring1 while their cost to raise is considerably less--bird for bird4 ,another thing3 ,a single setting of eggs from a pedigreed hen brings him more than he could ever hope to receive for all the eggs an ordinary hen would lay in an entire season1 and he is not only much better off financially1 but feels that the satisfaction of having a breed that everybody else wants is worth a good deal to him4 ,,plan ,no4 #cai4 ,,sorting ,,and ,,selling ,a preacher's wife1 living in ,michigan1 has had to support the family for the last fifteen years1 and this she has accomplished by cultivating a truck farm a few miles from the city in that state4 ,from this she derives an income adequate for all immediate needs4 ,her good judgment and experience in the selection1 sorting and selling of farm and garden products have made her an expert4 ,her services command a high figure and she earns a good living each year through this skill4 ,,plan ,no4 #cbj4 ,,architect--,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #cba4 ,,dustless ,,dusters ,,and ,,oil ,,mops ,a woman in a ,new ,mexico city1 where dust is one of the most plentiful of products1 earned a good living by making and selling dustless dusters and oil mops to the people of her town4 ,to make a dustless duster1 mix--out of doors1 of course--#a quart of gasoline1 pint of turpentine1 pound of whiting and ounce oxalic acid4 ,mix in a #b-quart fruit jar4 ,shake the cloths well1 then dip into the mixture1 and hang out on the line to dry4 ,the above amount is enough for making several dustless dust cloths4 ,she sells them at #be cents each4 ,to make an oil mop1 she gets #bj cents worth of paraffin oil1 warms it up by setting it in a pan of hot water1 and dips the cloth in this and squeezes it quite dry1 then hangs it up to dry thoroughly4 ,in this mixture she also dips broom bags made of the legs of stockings sewed together4 ,she puts the oil in a bottle to use again4 ,,plan ,no4 #cbb4 ,,what ,a ,,busy ,,country ,,girl ,,did ,a little farmer girl1 who is not a bit afraid of work1 earns enough to clothe her nicely every year1 and here are some of the ways she does it3 ,picks strawberries in ,june1 at #b cents a box2 earns five dollars4 ,picks huckleberries and blackberries in ,july and ,august2 makes from eighteen to twenty dollars4 ,gathers wild grapes in ,september1 and sells them at #a per bushel or #ej cents for a peach basket full4 ,gathers hickory nuts in ,october1 and sells them from ,thanksgiving to ,christmas at #b4be to #b4ej a bushel4 ,also gathers chestnuts2 sells them for #ae cents a quart4 ,plants #e cents worth of popcorn seed in the spring2 gets five bushels2 sells it at ,christmas time for #b4ej a bushel2 or #ab4ej4 ,in summer she gathers wild balsam blossoms and fresh pine needles2 makes them into small head pillows2 sells these in drug and dry goods stores at #be cents each1 net4 ,gathers bayberries in ,august1 and combines their natural wax with paraffin1 melting them into pretty1 green-tinted candles4 ,ties these in bunches of three with baby ribbon1 and sells two bunches for #be cents4 ,planted sage bushes in a corner of the garden4 ,gets #a to #e from these every summer4 ,she is now going to raise medical herbs1 such as boneset1 catnip1 wormwood1 mullen1 etc41 and will sell these to a wholesale druggist at big prices4 ,,plan ,no4 #cbc4 ,a ,,wife ,,who ,,bought ,a ,,store ,a street-car conductor on a ,massachusetts street-car line1 some twenty years1 would probably be a conductor still if it hadn't been for his wife1 who took the initiative in launching an enterprise that finally robbed him of his #af-;a-week job and gave him one as joint owner1 with his better-half1 of six prosperous stores1 any one of which would make a good living for an ordinary family1 besides a fine home in the country4 ,the long hours and close attention of his position as conductor was wearing on him1 and the wife decided to take a hand in managing affairs4 ,a small creamery near their home was for sale for #hjj4 ,the wife had #ejj she had saved1 and she borrowed #cjj more on her furniture and the store fixtures4 ,she at once changed the name of the creamery to that of 8,clover ,farm ,dairy ,products10 cleaned the place all up1 had the landlord paint it white1 put in new linoleums1 and had the doors and windows washed1 so that everything about the place was 8spick and span40 ,she had previously arranged with the dairy above named to handle their products1 which were popular1 and opened up for business4 ,the first week her profits were only #aj1 but in seven months the mortgage was paid off1 and the place was clear4 ,she then put a counter in the storeroom1 and served sandwiches and light lunches all of which paid well4 ,at the end of the first year she had #b1ejj laid away as profits4 ,by that time she proposed to buy another store1 and each of them own one1 as her husband was ready to resign his position1 and this venture proved as profitable as the first one1 they kept on until they now own six stores and a nice farm4 ,,plan ,no4 #cbd4 ,,cleaned ,,and ,,repaired ,,cisterns ,a man who made his living by doing odd jobs found the cleaning and repairing of cisterns about the most profitable work he could find to do4 ,using a hand-pump to remove the water1 he would go down into the cistern and scrub the walls clean with a broom1 then dip up and remove the dirty water and debris from the bottom4 ,then he would throw in several buckets of clean water to wash down any particles of dirt remaining1 dip this all out1 and the cistern was clean4 ,but repairing was necessary in most cases1 and if there was a leak1 he would enlarge the hole with a hammer1 force in some beef suet and then fill the hole with a mortar made of cement and water4 ,for cracks in the wall1 he gave it a coat of cement and water1 throwing dust-dry cement over it until the cement set hard enough to hold4 ,if the leak was so great that the above method would not stop it1 he cut a hole in the bottom1 set in a pail that could be emptied when full1 and treated the leak as above1 afterwards filling the hole in the bottom with stiff clay1 cementing it with the mortar4 ,these jobs paid him well1 and his time was fully occupied4 ,,plan ,no4 #cbe4 ,,grease-,,eradicating ,,tablets ,a very convenient grease-spot remover1 made in tablet or stick form1 was put up and sold in large quantities by a traveling man1 who realized how easy it would be to use it while on the road4 ,this is the formula he used3 ,soft soap1 #b pounds2 powdered ,fullers earth1 #b pounds2 turpentine1 #f fluid ounces4 ,mix the soap with the earth1 gradually working in the turpentine1 and give a dash of cheap scent1 such as nitro benzol or even lemon oil4 ,then fashion into sticks or cakes4 ,the spot or stain is first moistened with hot water1 is rubbed with the cake and allowed to soak for a few minutes1 or to get nearly dry1 then it is well rubbed with a little warm water and a brush1 or a piece of clean woolen1 and afterwards rinsed in clean water and finally rubbed dry and smoothed off with a dry cloth or a brush4 ,introducing this among other traveling men1 merchants and others1 he soon found such a demand for it that he gave up his position on the road1 began making it on a large scale4 ,,plan ,no4 #cbf4 ,a ,,social ,,register ,the society reporter of a leading daily newspaper in a middle western city1 who enjoyed an extensive acquaintance among the prominent people of the place1 devoted her vacation to accumulating the material for a 8social register0 in addition to the knowledge she already possessed regarding the foremost families of the city4 ,she was on intimate terms with most of the society leaders1 and therefore had but little difficulty in inducing them to pay her #b each for including the family name in the register1 which was open only to those who were representatives of good citizenship1 and properly entitled to such prominence4 ,the #b paid by the head of each family covered the entire charge for having the names of all members of the family in the book1 and included the family name1 given names1 address1 telephone number1 8at-home0 days1 names of daughters having made their debut1 as well as those 8coming out0 the present season1 the names of social societies or clubs to which any members of the family belong1 with official position1 if any held therein1 the families1 summer address1 etc4 ,in a word1 it was a complete record of the city's best people4 ,she appointed one or two solicitors capable of approaching exclusive people1 for the purpose of enrolling them1 and solicited only enough advertisements of the highest class to fill six or seven pages1 charging very high rates for the same2 and1 although no capital was required to start the enterprise1 by the time the solicitors and the printers were paid1 she found she had cleared nearly #fjj from the publication of the book4 ,every two years thereafter she published a new edition4 ,,plan ,no4 #cbg4 ,,character ,,reading ,,from ,,photographs ,there are comparatively few persons who are really qualified to make a success of this work1 but once in a while some person is found who can give a very close analysis of the individual character4 ,a young lady in ,indianapolis1 who possessed this gift1 made a great success of this work1 and not only gave satisfaction to those who sent photos for her reading1 but derived a good living from it4 ,she advertised in the 8personal0 columns of several widely circulated newspapers that she would describe the character of any one whose photograph was sent to her1 detailing the habits1 vices1 virtues and other characteristics and traits of the individual1 the strong and weak points in his or her make-up1 whom the person should marry1 the line of business to which he or she was best adapted--in short a clear and complete delineation of that person's character1 yet not through fortune-telling or anything of that kind4 ,she announced that1 while the regular charge for such a reading was #a1 she would make the price #ej cents for a limited time1 and guarantee satisfaction4 ,hundreds of photos1 with the requested enclosures1 were received as a result of her first ad4 and she was soon in receipt of a steady income of #aej to #bjj a month4 ,the secret of it was that she could do just what she said she could1 and by honestly performing what she promised1 she gained the confidence and the patronage of those who answered her ads4 ,,plan ,no4 #cbh4 ,,selling ,,ice ,,cream1 ,,bananas1 ,,etc41 ,,in ,,the ,,country ,a city man1 who had formerly lived in the country realized how welcome would be the sight of a covered express wagon1 containing a sign1 8,ice ,cream1 ,pop ,corn and ,bananas10 coming up the road toward a farm house on a long lonesome ,sunday afternoon4 ,why1 everybody would be customers1 and that gave him an idea4 ,he owned just the kind of rig that would serve this purpose1 and all he needed was a neatly printed canvas sign tacked on each side of the frame that supported the cover4 ,a sign painter soon turned these out at a small cost1 and he next visited the headquarters of a large dairy company noted for the excellence of its products4 ,here he made arrangements to be supplied with from ten to twenty gallons of their best ice cream1 of different flavors1 each ,sunday1 at wholesale rates4 ,a corn-popper1 operated by a kerosene lamp that kept the pop-corn warm as well as fresh1 was his next purchase1 then a few bushels of popcorn1 while a wholesale fruit house was glad to supply several hundred nice ripe bananas at the regular prices to dealers4 ,the next ,sunday was a beautiful day--just warm enough to make one wish for ice cream--and he started out in his rig for a long drive into the country4 ,his coming created a sensation and the further he drove the more he sold of his goods1 until1 just before sundown1 the very last of the ice cream1 popcorn and bananas were sold4 ,that night after supper he figured up the results1 and found his net profits amounted to just #ah4ge for that one day's work4 ,but that was only the beginning of a profitable business4 ,,home-,,made ,,candy ,,making ,,that ,,paid ,a man in ,seattle1 who had never made an ounce of candy in his life1 bought a book on candy making at a stationer's1 then worked in a candy factory for almost nothing for two months1 and came out a skilled confectioner4 ,the following are some of the candies that proved to be the best sellers and biggest money-makers1 and he gives the formulas below1 with the statement that the making of any one of them will provide a good living for any person who will work and stick to it4 ,each is therefore submitted as a separate plan for making a living4 ,,plan ,no4 #cbi4 ,,molasses ,,candy ,white sugar1 #b pounds2 sugarhouse syrup1 #a pint2 best molasses1 #a pint4 ,boil until a little of it hardens when dropped into cold water1 then work in the usual manner4 ,this enjoyed a tremendous popularity1 and yielded an immense profit4 ,,plan ,no4 #ccj4 ,,peppermint ,,creams ,white sugar1 #a pound2 essence of peppermint1 #a teaspoonful2 add sufficient water to work into a stiff paste1 roll into thick sheets1 and cut out with a round stamp of the required size4 ,profit enough in this to support an entire family4 ,,plan ,no4 #cca4 ,,chocolate ,,caramels ,boil a quart of best molasses until it darkens1 then put in water4 ,before removing from the fire1 add #d ounces of fine chocolate4 ,pour a thin layer into tin trays slightly greased1 and when it hardens a little cut into small squares4 ,his customers never seemed to get enough of these4 ,,plan ,no4 #ccb4 ,a ,,fine ,,nut ,,candy ,nut candies are always in demand1 and those he made as follows were particularly delicious3 ,put the meats of walnuts1 hickory nuts1 peanuts1 or any other kind desired1 to the depth of half an inch1 on the bottom of tins previously greased4 ,boil together #b pounds of brown sugar1 #a pint of water1 and #a gill of molasses1 until a portion of it hardens when cool4 ,pour the hot syrup on the meats1 and allow it to remain until hard1 then break it into small chunks4 ,this was one of his biggest money-makers4 ,,plan ,no4 #ccc4 ,,fig ,,paste ,chop a pound of figs fine1 and boil in a pint of water until reduced to a soft pulp4 ,strain through a fine sieve1 add #h pounds of sugar1 and evaporate over boiling water until the paste becomes quite stiff4 ,form the paste into thick sheets1 and divide into small pieces with a thin-bladed knife4 ,roll the pieces in powdered sugar1 and pack in wooden boxes4 ,a delicious and healthful confection that proved its popularity all the year round4 ,,plan ,no4 #ccd4 ,,superb ,,chewing ,,gum ,no matter how great the supply of chewing gum becomes1 the demand for it always exceeds the supply4 ,there is none better than the following1 which was one of his biggest sellers3 ,chicle1 #g pounds2 paraffin wax1 #b pounds1 ,tolu balsam1 #d ounces2 ,peru balsam1 #b ounces4 ,dissolve the gum in as much water as it will take up1 melt the paraffine and mix all together4 ,now take finely granulated sugar1 #bj pounds2 glucose1 #h pounds2 water #f pints4 ,put the sugar and glucose into the water1 dissolve and boil them to a 8crack0 degree 7confectioners' term71 pour the syrup over an oiled slab and turn into it sufficient of the gum mixture to make it tough and plastic1 adding any of the following flavors1 if desired3 ,cinnamon1 chocolate1 sandalwood1 wintergreen1 myrrh1 galangal1 ginger and cardamon4 ,when completely mixed1 remove to a cold slab previously dusted with powdered sugar1 roll out into sheets and cut into sticks4 ,,plan ,no4 #cce4 ,,spruce ,,chewing ,,gum ,spruce gum1 #bj parts2 chicle1 #bj parts2 powdered sugar1 #bj parts4 ,melt the gum separately1 mix while hot1 and immediately add the sugar1 a small portion at a time1 kneading it thoroughly on a hot slab4 ,when thoroughly mixed1 roll and cut into sticks4 ,one of the most popular and profitable chewing gums made4 ,,plan ,no4 #ccf4 ,,clerks ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,government4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #ccg4 ,,distributing ,,circulars ,even in a large city1 where bill-board and distributing agencies are already operating1 there is still room for an energetic man to make a good living by working independently4 ,a man in a western city did this3 ,by giving honest service at reasonable prices1 he worked up a nice1 paying business1 all his own1 inside of a year's time4 ,he not only obtained work by personal solicitation among the home merchants1 but mailed neat circular letters to large advertisers in other towns1 and advertised occasionally in the local papers1 guaranteeing the prompt delivery of printed matter anywhere at any time2 and1 as those who employed him once found the service satisfactory1 he was able to enroll many of the large advertisers among his regular customers4 ,,plan ,no4 #cch4 ,,general ,,house-,,repairing ,when an ,omaha man had lost all his property1 and began to think he was 8down and out10 he suddenly remembered that he was a regular 8jack of all trades02 that he could do almost anything around a house1 and that there was a good living for him in making use of his talents4 ,with a few dollars he had left after the collapse of his business1 he rented a small shop in a central location1 and had some circulars printed stating that he would do all sorts of repair work needed around residences1 such as fall to the lot of a bell-hanger1 locksmith1 carpenter1 plumber1 gas-fitter1 painter1 paper-hanger1 glazier1 carpet cleaner and layer1 etc41 on short notice and at reasonable rates4 ,he received many calls to do work in these various lines1 and did it so skillfully1 quickly and reasonably that many housewives engaged him permanently1 at a stated sum per month1 to look after such repairs as became necessary to make around their homes4 ,his earnings the first year were nearly #a1ejj and his income increased4 ,,plan ,no4 #cci4 ,,buying ,,old ,,barrels ,an old man in a western city makes a profit of #be or more a week by buying used barrels from grocers and others and selling them to manufacturers for about twice what he pays for them4 ,there are several firms in his city that buy all the barrels they can get1 and those that have been used answer the purpose just as well as new ones4 ,he first makes contracts with these firms to deliver so many barrels per week at a certain price4 ,then he drives around in a little wagon to all the groceries and other places where there are empty barrels1 and buys them cheaply1 as most people are glad to get them out of the way4 ,with these he fills his contracts and makes a good living from it4 ,,plan ,no4 #cdj4 ,,selling ,,popped ,,wild ,,rice ,selling popped corn is an old story1 but selling popped wild rice is decidedly new4 ,a man in ,san ,francisco has done this for some time1 and made good money out of it4 ,wild rice is a complete food in itself1 is used largely by ,northwestern ,indians1 and costs about #bj cents a pound1 in #ajj-pound lots1 while it retails readily at #fj to #ge cents a pound1 as it is put in smaller packages than popcorn4 ,when popped1 it swells and breaks open1 and is very brittle and delicious4 ,he also sells the whole rice at a very good profit4 ,,plan ,no4 #cda4 ,,renewing ,,typewriter ,,ribbons ,a ,chicago man paid #f4ej for a machine for making1 renewing and re-inking typewriter ribbons1 and built up a good1 paying business in a very few months4 ,with this machine new ribbons can be made for about one-fourth the present prices1 and it renews worn ones at a cost of one cent each4 ,it is very simple and easily operated4 ,he had #a1jjj cards printed1 saying3 8,don't throw away your worn typewriter ribbons4 ,i will pay you #b cents each for them40 ,these cards he distributed in business offices1 and soon had so many calls that he was obliged to hire a man to collect the old ribbons for him4 ,most of the ribbons were as good as new1 needing only to be re-inked1 and when he had done this he sold them at #be cents each1 as the demand exceeded the supply4 ,he also advertised to re-ink ribbons for #be cents each1 and got enough of these to keep him busy his extra time4 ,he soon discovered that he had a business of his own that paid him better than any salaried position he could hope to obtain4 ,,plan ,no4 #cdb4 ,,ran ,a ,,paddle-,,wheel ,two boys at a popular eastern resort made a living by operating a paddle-wheel--one of the simplest yet most profitable enterprises one could find4 ,the wheel was a small wooden affair1 something like the wheel of an old-style baby carriage1 and in the front side of the rim were driven twelve wire nails1 an equal distance apart1 which stuck out about an inch and a half1 and the spaces between the nails were numbered from one to twelve1 with about #a-;inch figures 7clipped from a calendar1 pasted on cardboard and tacked on the wheel74 ,the hub of the wheel was set on a round peg fastened in a wooden pole about two inches thick and about seven feet high2 the bottom of the pole being propped in a foot-stand like those that are used to hold up ,christmas trees1 and the rim of the wheel was brought up to within about two inches of the top of the pole4 ,to the top of the pole was fastened an extension finger that came out about two inches beyond the front of the wheel1 and to this finger was fastened a strip of thick leather about three and a half inches long4 ,this strip of leather was set so as to drop into the space between two of the nails1 so that when the wheel was spun around the leather was struck by each nail every time the wheel went round4 ,twelve paddles were used in connection with the wheel4 ,these paddles were merely flat pieces of wood in the shape of a broom with a small handle1 or1 to be more exact1 shaped like the back of a hair brush and of about the same size4 ,the paddles were numbered from one to twelve1 to correspond with the numbers on the wheel4 ,chewing gum was sold at #e cents a package1 and a half pound of chocolates was given away each time the wheel was twirled1 each purchaser of the gum being given a paddle to hold1 with a number1 and when twelve sales were made1 the wheel was spun around4 ,whoever held the paddle with the number corresponding to that of the space between the nails designated by the leather finger1 when the wheel stopped1 got the chocolates4 ,sales were many and the profits large--the cost of the gum and candy being #bg cents1 while the receipts from every turn of the wheel were #fj cents1 a profit of #cc cents4 ,and that wheel turned several hundred times a day4 ,,plan ,no4 #cdc4 ,,money ,,in ,,potato ,,chips ,an ,illinois woman who wanted to help out in meeting the insurance premium on her husband's life policy1 realized a good profit from making and selling potato chips1 which in nine weeks netted her #hj1 besides selling #ajj worth of home-baked doughnuts at a good profit4 ,make the chips slice very thin1 with a slicer4 ,have ready a pot or two of real boiling hot grease4 ,after the slices have soaked about two hours in real cold water1 fill a wire basket full of sliced potato and let drain a short time and put them into the hot grease4 ,you can purchase a wire basket for this purpose for a very small sum4 ,one peck of potatoes with sufficient grease usually makes about six gallons of chips4 ,she sells a measure1 one-half gallon scant1 for #be cents4 ,this was easily handled in her home and it was possible to make a good living and not neglect the family4 ,,plan ,no4 #cdd4 ,,blind ,,man ,,makes ,,money ,a blind soldier1 at a soldiers' home in ,illinois1 earns money by making fancy articles and ornaments of different colored beads4 ,the number of notches on each box designated the color of the beads therein1 and he very seldom makes a mistake4 ,these ornaments are very pretty1 and visitors1 as well as people in the town1 buy many of them at good prices4 ,that poor old blind soldier is not complaining of hard times1 no matter how many younger people with good eyesight complain4 ,,plan ,no4 #cde4 ,,assayer-,,assistant4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #cdf4 ,,supplying ,,house ,,numbers ,making and placing house numbers is the kind of work a ,washington man follows with profit4 ,his method is to first determine on the height of the figure--#c inches high being about right4 ,then cut a set of plain block figure stencils1 from #j to #i1 and mark the outline of the figure on a plate of zinc of suitable size4 ,then trace the figure with white enamel and1 when dry1 scrape off any enamel that overlaps the outline of the figures4 ,the background is then painted with bicycle enamel4 ,when dry1 punch a small hole in each of the four corners and put up with round-headed nails4 ,the prices charged for the numbers put up1 is usually #be cents for a #c-;figure number1 #bj cents for a #b-;figure number and #ae cents for a #a-;figure number4 ,the making of the stencils is about the only difficulty connected with the work1 for after they are made the printing of the figures is purely mechanical4 ,,plan ,no4 #cdg4 ,,post ,,card ,,series ,a ,new ,york lady who had accompanied her husband on his vacation in the mountains became1 by accident1 the originator of a pleasing and profitable idea4 ,she had promised several friends to write them often concerning the many experiences of the trip1 but found her time so taken up that all she could find time to write was a few post cards4 ,even then1 she was interrupted while writing the first one by her husband calling her to hurry up1 as they were to go to a certain lake at a certain hour1 so she added to what she had already written the words1 8,to be continued10 and mailed the card4 ,the next day she wrote another1 with the same ending1 and before long had made of them a regular series1 which delighted her friends1 while they anxiously waited for the next installment4 ,when she returned and they showed her the cards1 all fastened together in book form1 making a complete story of the series1 she decided upon a plan3 ,selecting a good1 short love story from a popular magazine1 she first obtained the consent of the publishers to use it as she wished2 then she divided it into ten chapters1 and had each chapter illustrated with an appropriate cut1 printed on a post card1 and fastening them all together1 took them to the stores making a specialty of post cards1 and offered them for sale4 ,she received many orders for the series1 and they sold well1 so that she made an excellent profit on them1 while engaging in a delightfully agreeable work4 ,,plan ,no4 #cdh4 ,,getting ,,magazine ,,subscriptions ,,by ,,mail ,an eastern lady of considerable literary talent and business ability1 who could not canvass figured out the following plan3 ,securing the agency for several of the most popular magazines1 she made a list of her friends1 and at odd hours she wrote them1 mentioning the fact that she was agent for certain magazines1 and calling particular attention to some special feature in which she knew each lady to be interested4 ,she concluded by assuring them that she should regard it as a personal favor if they would subscribe2 and1 to make sure of a reply1 she enclosed a stamped1 self-addressed envelope in each letter4 ,the number of those who sent their subscriptions in answer to these personal letters was surprisingly large1 and in acknowledging the receipt of remittances she would ask if they would not favor her with the names of some of their friends4 ,this they did in most cases1 and by writing these friends' friends1 and referring to the former1 by permission1 as having already subscribed1 she built up a list of regular patrons that paid her very well4 ,,plan ,no4 #cdi4 ,,making ,,rubber ,,stamps ,that there is good money in the making of rubber stamps1 is proven by the experience of a #bj-year-old youngster who started in business for himself in a western town of #h1jjj inhabitants4 ,he bought a complete outfit1 consisting of a vulcanizer1 screw-press1 assorted type1 etc41 for #be1 and as he had learned to set type in the office of the local weekly paper1 the business was easily learned4 ,here is the way he started3 ,set up the desired name and address in common type1 oil the type and place a paper guard about half an inch high around the form2 now mix plaster of paris to the proper consistency1 pour on the type and allow it to set4 ,have your vulcanized rubber all ready prepared in long strips the proper width1 and about of an inch thick1 and cut off the size of the intended stamp4 ,remove the plaster cast from the type1 and place both the cast and the rubber in a screw-press2 apply sufficient heat to thoroughly soften the rubber1 then turn down the screw hard and let it remain until the rubber receives the exact impression of the cast and becomes cold1 when it is removed1 neatly trimmed with a sharp knife1 and cemented to the handle ready for use4 ,the inks to be used with rubber stamps1 he made as follows3 ,aniline blue1 water sol41 #a ,b4 #c parts2 distilled water1 #aj parts2 pyroligneous acid1 #aj parts2 alcohol1 #aj parts2 glycerine1 #gj parts4 ,the blue should be well rubbed with the water1 and the glycerine gradually added2 when the blue is dissolved1 the other ingredients are added4 ,this makes a fine blue ink4 ,other colors may be produced by substituting for the blue any one of the following3 ,methyl violet1 #c ,b4 #c parts4 ,nigrosin ,w 7for blue black71 #d parts4 ,vesuvius ,b 7for brown71 #e parts4 ,to make a superior red ink1 dissolve oz4 of carmine in #b ozs4 of strong water of ammonia1 and add #a dram of glycerine and oz4 of dextrin4 ,he not only supplied rubber stamps to his home town but a little ad4 in the local paper brought orders from other towns1 and he soon had all the business he could handle4 ,,plan ,no4 #cej4 ,,picture ,,framing ,in a small ,illinois town1 where there was no competition from the big city concerns that claim to do this work for practically nothing1 an elderly gentleman who had formerly been employed by a big picture-framing house in ,chicago built up a nice little business by framing pictures and doing his work reasonably4 ,he rented space in the rear of a news depot1 and bought a well selected assortment of mouldings from his old firm at wholesale prices4 ,he purchased a mitre box1 saw1 hammer1 glue-pot and some small brads1 in the use of which he was very skillful1 and arranged with a dealer to have glass cut any desired size at a reasonable rate4 ,having done a little quiet soliciting among the people of the town and surrounding country1 aided by a modest but tasty display of mouldings and finished frames in the show window of the place1 he secured a large number of orders4 ,his work was skillfully done and his charges were reasonable1 which brought him a steady business4 ,it made him an excellent living1 and he had no fears of losing his position1 a fate which often falls to a man as soon as his hair begins to turn grey4 ,he had a business of his own4 ,,plan ,no4 #cea4 ,,selling ,,popcorn ,while some people1 who do not know any better1 may smile at the man engaged in so small a business as selling popcorn and peanuts1 the persons who do the selling know there is money in it if properly conducted4 ,a man in an eastern city spent his last few dollars in buying a two-wheeled cart1 fitted with a glass case on top1 bought a gasoline lamp1 a popper and a few pounds of popcorn and started out to make a living4 ,his profits the first day were #b4be1 but that was the smallest day's business he ever did1 for his sales increased rapidly and in two years he was the owner of a large bakery1 running several delivery wagons to supply his trade4 ,his success was partly due to his methods of preparing his popcorn for sale which was as follows3 ,popcorn ,balls4 ,to #d quarts of the popcorn1 take cup of molasses and cup of sugar4 ,do not add water4 ,boil the syrup until it will harden in water 7not brittle72 then add teaspoon of soda to improve the color4 ,pour over the corn1 mix well1 and make into balls4 ,wet your hands in cold water when molding the balls1 so the corn will not stick to them4 ,to make the popcorn bricks1 use the same process1 but have molds made the size required1 but without a bottom4 ,set the molds on a smooth surface and fill with the prepared corn2 then have a block the size of the inside of the mold1 and about #a inch thick2 place on top of the corn in mold and hammer down until the top surface of the block is level with the edge of the mold1 then lift up the mold1 leaving the corn and block on the table4 ,remove the block from the corn1 and your popcorn brick is ready to wrap in wax paper4 ,sugared ,corn in ,bulk4 ,take #a cup of best white sugar1 three tablespoonfuls of water1 and one teaspoonful of butter4 ,pour all into an iron kettle1 and boil until ready to candy2 then throw into the mass #c quarts of freshly popped corn4 ,stir continually until the sugar is evenly distributed over the corn2 then remove from the fire1 and stir until it cools a little4 ,you then have each kernel separate1 and all nicely coated with sugar4 ,it should be watched closely while on the fire to prevent scorching4 ,,plan ,no4 #ceb4 ,,dressing ,,for ,,carriage ,,or ,,automobile ,,tops ,an automobile salesman in an eastern city experimented with various kinds of dressings for leather tops on carriages or automobiles1 until he finally struck the right combination1 and found such a demand for it that he resigned his position in order to manufacture it4 ,here are the ingredients used and their various proportions3 ,orange shellac1 #cj ounces2 ,venice turpentine1 #a ounce2 castor oil1 #a ounce2 gum sandrac1 #a ounce2 nigrosin1 #a ounce2 wood alcohol1 #i pints and #f ounces4 ,mix all together and shake until dissolved4 ,directions for use3 ,carefully remove all dirt and dust from the leather with a damp cloth1 after which apply the dressing with a soft camel hair brush4 ,this preserves the leather1 renders it waterproof1 prevents all cracking1 and imparts a beautiful glossy finish1 making old1 faded leather look like new4 ,he put this up in pint tin cans with screw tops1 and retailed it at #a4jj per can4 ,he also took orders for dressing carriages and automobiles1 one can being enough to use on the top1 side curtains and rain apron4 ,this could all be done in half an hour1 and he charged #b to #c for each job4 ,livery stables and auto garages bought a dozen or more cans at a time1 as it is the best dressing on the market4 ,it can also be used for rubber and cloth tops1 and will last for years4 ,water and mud do not affect its luster4 ,,plan ,no4 #cec4 ,,opened ,a ,,news ,,depot ,on a capital of #be1 a #ai-year-old boy in a western town of #a1jjj people opened a news depot in a small way1 yet made it pay him a profit of #ijj the first year1 and it now pays several times that amount4 ,an eastern news bureau supplies him1 through its agency in the nearest city1 with all the paper-bound books1 magazines1 weekly and monthly periodicals for which there is a demand1 and takes back the copies unsold4 ,he also added a small line of cigars and tobacco1 secured the agency for a steam laundry in the city and has built up a very thriving little business of his own4 ,,plan ,no4 #ced4 ,,attorney ,,for ,,interstate ,,commerce4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #cee4 ,,he ,,sold ,,buttermilk ,a young farmer lad who wanted to live in the city1 found a way in which that could be done1 without any danger of his going hungry1 or of being obliged to look for a job4 ,knowing the value of buttermilk as a food and a drink1 he decided to go into the business of selling it4 ,there was a large creamery near the city in which he had chosen to cast his fortune and he visited the manager to learn the lowest price at which he could be supplied with fresh buttermilk every day in quantities of not less than #ajj gallons1 and was surprised at the low price quoted4 ,he then visited a large number of restaurants1 hotels1 saloons1 etc41 and offered to deliver to them the quantity required by each every day1 for #ab cents per gallon1 which was three times what it cost him4 ,having a few hundred dollars1 he purchased a rig especially adapted to this purpose1 and began his deliveries at once4 ,he had attractive showcards printed1 8,fresh ,buttermilk ,sold ,here10 and put up one of these in a conspicuous place wherever he was making deliveries4 ,he also had the hotel keepers mention buttermilk on their menus1 which they were glad to do1 as it cost only about half the price of sweet milk4 ,he had a publicity man prepare for him a number of articles dealing with the healthfulness of buttermilk1 and thus created an increased demand for it by publishing one of these in the city papers once a week4 ,,plan ,no4 #cef4 ,,newspaper ,,obtained ,,business ,,by ,,long ,,distance ,,phone ,the owner of one of the leading papers in ,cheyenne1 ,wyoming1 during the oil boom found that the ,denver papers were obtaining all the advertising while his paper1 which was in the oil district1 was not receiving any business4 ,he knew it would be difficult1 if not impossible1 to send a salesman to ,denver and obtain this business4 ,the matter was discussed pro and con in his office as to how this business could be obtained4 ,he told his advertising man about a plan of getting business by day-letter--upon which this man proposed they secure this business by long distance telephone4 ,this the owner thought impossible but decided to try it4 ,all ,denver papers running ads4 were gone over carefully and his #ce-;a-week advertising man began work4 ,the business of that paper increased #d1ejj a month for over three months and the #ce-;a-week man became worth #aej a week4 ,the plan provided a new and very direct method of reaching the man who had the giving of the business4 ,the salesman in this way had the right of way4 ,he got a quick decision4 ,in talking to the prospective advertiser he stated his name and the newspaper he was representing1 then complimented the advertiser on the excellent copy he was running in the ,denver paper and suggested that this ad4 should be run in the ,cheyenne paper1 stating his reason why it would be an advantage4 ,he was tenacious and intelligent and got the business before he hung up the phone receiver4 ,this plan brought more than #aj1jjj worth of business to the paper in four months4 ,many claim that it is impossible1 but it has been successfully handled4 ,it cost something like #cjj a month for phone charge1 but that expense was made up by adding to the cost of the advertising space4 ,he did not lose #e per cent in his collections4 ,,plan ,no4 #ceg4 ,,club ,,plan ,,for ,,household ,,goods ,a man who had been in several suit clubs1 where each member pays in #a a week for a certain number of weeks1 and a suit is drawn every week1 thus getting it for whatever he had paid in1 be it #a1 #aj1 or #dj1 wondered why the same plan wouldn't work just as well with sewing machines1 stoves1 ranges1 carpets1 rugs1 etc41 as with suits4 ,after thinking it over he concluded it would4 ,then he started to work out a plan4 ,having about #ejj of his own1 he rented a small store on a side street1 fitted it up with a desk1 and a few chairs1 and then going to a wholesale furnishing house1 he bought one of each of the articles above mentioned1 the retail price of which was #ej4 ,he paid #ajj down1 and the balance he agreed to pay in installments of #ej per month4 ,his discount on the articles was #be4 ,these he had taken to his store room and displayed to the best possible advantage4 ,then he proceeded to secure #ajj members of the club1 each to pay #a per week for #eb weeks1 one member to drop out each week4 ,these payments met the installments on the goods as they became due1 and left a comfortable balance besides1 which was duly deposited in a bank4 ,each month one member was awarded his or her choice of the articles bought1 and another was bought to replace it on the floor of the club room4 ,many states now have statutes against drawing of any kind so the statutes of your state should be first considered4 ,,plan ,no4 #ceh4 ,,street ,,car ,,time ,,card ,,on ,,clock ,a wide-awake advertising man in the ,middle ,west worked out a plan that was good1 inasmuch as it gave accurate information every hour of the day or night as to the exact leaving time of all the street cars4 ,he obtained a dozen good sized clocks1 set up in different parts of the city1 and the ,clock ,co4 kept them in perfect time for #ej cents per week each4 ,a large board1 neatly painted1 and lettered1 was made the background of the clock1 and on this was shown the exact time at which all street cars left that corner1 while generous spaces were left on the board for advertising purposes4 ,as everybody looked at that clock several times per day1 it was regarded as good advertising and the merchants in each locality purchased the available space4 ,,plan ,no4 #cei4 ,,making ,,hair ,,chains ,a lady in ,illinois1 has for years earned considerable money by making chains from human hair1 and selling them to both men and women4 ,chains for men are from #i to #aj inches long1 and sell for #a to #e each4 ,those for women are about #bb inches in length and the charge for making these ranges from #c to #aj each4 ,she has been at this work so long that she has developed great speed in making the chains1 and she has no difficulty in finding a market for her products4 ,she has a comfortable and steady income from her work4 ,,plan ,no4 #cfj4 ,,newspaper ,,man ,,obtained ,,business ,,when ,,sick ,he was the owner of a daily paper in a town1 which had secured a stock convention4 ,this convention was to take place in a week and here he was sick in bed and unable to secure business from his advertisers4 ,thinking the situation over one day the idea came to him1 why not prepare their advertisements from the copy they had previously used and then send a day letter and make a bid for their business4 ,this idea he acted on at once4 ,he fortunately found a copy of a paper carrying advertisements for the desired companies--where the convention met the year before4 ,his day letter ran something like this3 8,stock convention to open here on ---- 7date74 ,a large attendance certain4 ,your copy amounting to page run in ------------ paper is before me and suggest this be run in my ,sunday1 ,monday and ,tuesday editions of ----4 ,cost for #c times page ------4 ,wire answer at my expense40 ,out of #ae day letters sent he received answers from #ab to run ads4 as suggested4 ,he immediately put out the day letters to the remaining prospective advertisers with the result he obtained better than #a1bjj worth of business4 ,some did not answer so he forwarded another wire for immediate reply at his expense4 ,this is an illustration that a proper plan is effective under adverse conditions4 ,,plan ,no4 #cfa4 ,,eye ,,specialist ,perhaps one of the neatest and best conducted businesses ,i ever visited was run by an eye specialist in a city of the ,northwest4 ,i have known personally many specialists but few could compare with this man4 ,no matter how full the office was one received prompt attention when he entered4 ,as soon as ,i entered his office ,i was met by a good1 wholesome looking girl1 card in hand1 asking my name1 address1 phone and business2 stated the doctor was very busy but that she would make a preliminary inquiry1 on which ,i said my eye was affected and gave her a brief statement as to what ,i thought was the cause of it and a few of its symptoms4 ,she asked me to be seated1 saying she would prepare me for the doctor's examination which ,i had called to get1 and that it would take about an hour and thirty minutes for the atropin to take effect1 at which time the doctor would promptly make the examination1 and thereupon she put the atropin in my eye4 ,this girl was a real saleswoman--no one escaped her4 ,after ,i was located the doctor appeared in person with the card1 shook my hand and made me welcome1 and showed real sympathy for my condition4 ,after my hour and a half had passed ,i was ushered into a neat little dark-room1 and finally taken to a third room where the doctor made a very careful examination4 ,he told me briefly the trouble1 asked me a few questions and listened attentively to my statement and later informed me what my trouble was4 ,he accompanied me to the desk1 handed the card with my name on it to the girl1 again showing real concern for my unfortunate condition1 dictated to the girl a good statement of my trouble and had her make a record of it1 not omitting to give her all the medical phraseology4 ,he requested the name of my doctor and dictated a letter to him4 ,when ,i left that doctor's office ,i was impressed with the thoroughness of his service1 and the prompt and business-like method in which he carried it out gave me confidence in him4 ,if other specialists would handle their business on as efficient and business-like a basis as he did they would have very few bills that would be lost4 ,the above plan1 ,i can safely say1 would double the business of the average eye specialist2 no one who entered the office would leave it without receiving service and would be satisfied with it4 ,through the card plan the doctor knows who you are1 the business in which you are engaged1 and your general trouble1 before meeting you4 ,,plan ,no4 #cfb4 ,,outside ,,house-,,cleaning ,everybody1 of course1 is more or less familiar with the ordinary kind of house-cleaning1 but it remained for an enterprising young fellow in ,nevada1 to introduce an entirely new style of the industry4 ,his work was the cleaning1 not of the inside but of the outside of houses4 ,there is plenty of it left for other men to do1 in thousands of towns in this country4 ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #cfb4 ,diligence is the ,mother of ,good ,luck ,in his town many of the houses are frame1 and he had noticed many of the more pretentious ones showed coatings of soot and dirt that marred their beauty4 ,arming himself with a bucket of hot soapy water containing some laundry soap and washing powder1 a ladder1 a soft scrubbing brush and a sponge1 he went to one of the houses1 owned by a man he knew1 and asked permission to try an experiment on a small section of the siding at the rear of the house4 ,it was granted and he proceeded to scrub it well with the soapy solution1 until the dirt was well removed and then he washed it with a sponge dipped in clear1 cold water4 ,calling the owner of the house1 that gentleman was so amazed at the improved appearance of the cleaned spot that he asked our friend if he hadn't given it a new coat of paint4 ,being answered in the negative1 the house owner asked what he would charge to go over the entire exterior and treat it in the same manner4 ,he named a sum that would amount to about #aj a day and was at once engaged to perform the work4 ,the result was so surprising that a dozen other property owners in the same neighborhood gave him orders4 ,his earnings from this method of house cleaning averaged #ej a week4 ,if the paint is in good condition1 washing is as good as re-painting1 and much cheaper4 ,,plan ,no4 #cfc4 ,,advertising ,,on ,,fly ,,paper ,most advertising men think they have brought out all possible forms of publicity1 but one of them in ,san ,francisco thought of an entirely new idea1 and worked it to perfection4 ,his plan was to make and distribute fly paper free1 containing advertisements which were also printed upon it free of charge4 ,you can't see how he could make anything out of that8 ,well1 he saw a way4 ,he cut thin manilla paper into sheets #ajx#af inches1 upon which he had printed six ads41 each #dx#d inches1 and covered these over with a sticky preparation made by melting two pounds of white rosin in a pot and stirring in a gallon of boiled linseed oil until it is of the proper sticky consistency4 ,this he applied with a wide1 stiff brush1 leaving a margin of one inch all around the edge for handling4 ,the ads4 showed plainly through this4 ,in order to secure the necessary ads4 he agreed to print them on #ajj1jjj sheets of the fly paper free1 and to distribute the fly paper to all the residences in the city1 also free1 but to charge each advertiser the regular price of distributing circulars1 #c per #a1jjj1 so that for each #a1jjj sheets distributed1 the six advertisers paid him #ah1 and for every #ajj1jjj sheets he collected #a1hjj for distribution4 ,the printing was but a small item1 and the cost of hiring boys to do the distributing was not very heavy1 so he received over #a1djj net profit for a few weeks' work4 ,he presented an affidavit that the sheets had all been distributed before presenting his bill to the advertisers1 so he had no difficulty in collecting the money due under the contracts4 ,,plan ,no4 #cfd4 ,,the ,,apples ,,and ,,the ,,parcel ,,post ,a woman who lived in a section where there were but few good orchards1 one of which was on the farm she and her husband owned1 several miles from a city1 made money from carefully selected apples1 three dozen in a box1 which she sent to the city by parcel post1 and sold for #ej cents a box4 ,the apples1 of a choice variety1 were so plentiful in this particular orchard1 that many of them would have gone to waste but for her foresight in advertising them to be delivered at that rate by parcel post1 and orders came so fast it kept her busy filling them4 ,the apples were good1 and reached her city patrons in such excellent condition that repeat orders were a common occurrence and during the late summer and fall she realized a profit of several hundred dollars through utilizing a product that in many cases would have been just so much waste4 ,her motto was3 8,give a good article1 and get a good price for it40 ,,plan ,no4 #cfe4 ,,from ,,china ,,painting ,,to ,,sausage ,,making ,making sausage--even the very best of sausage--may not seem quite so romantic and 8genteel0 as china painting1 but a very sensible and talented woman1 who had tried both1 concluded to stick to the sausage making1 mainly for the greater revenues it produced4 ,to begin with1 she had always been noted for the extra fine quality of her home-made sausage1 so she was not obliged to learn the business4 ,she informed her friends and neighbors that she was prepared to fill all orders1 and the orders came quickly and permanently4 ,then she placed a small ad4 in the local paper1 which brought still more orders1 and in a short time she had all she could possibly do to fill them4 ,the children helped her in grinding and in delivering the sausage to her customers1 and as she used only the best meats1 and utilized every particle of the material1 there was no waste1 but a large and ever-increasing profit4 ,,plan ,no4 #cff4 ,,what ,a ,,teacher ,,did 8,,on ,,the ,,side0 ,a teacher in ,iowa improved her vacation by stenciling various designs1 such as coats of arms1 family crests1 etc41 on sofa pillows and various other articles of household and personal adornment4 ,this occupation1 while very fascinating1 was so novel as to attract wide attention and create an unusual demand for that class of work1 and the teacher who introduced it into society circles in her home town was soon in receipt of many orders4 ,she later gave up her school work1 to take up stenciling1 as it paid her much better than teaching4 ,,plan ,no4 #cfg4 ,,made ,,money ,,in ,,salted ,,peanuts ,preparing salted peanuts is an art1 yet one that is easily learned1 and yields large profits4 ,a young man in a western city of #ab1jjj to #ae1jjj inhabitants learned how to do it1 and made it a profitable business on a small capital4 ,the new method he employed was as follows3 ,take a suitable amount of the shelled peanuts and boil in oil until well done1 after which remove them from the oil and spread thinly over a tin-covered table2 then sprinkle the desired quantity of fine salt over them immediately4 ,let them dry and put up in neat packages4 ,peanut oil1 beef suet1 or unsalted butter may be used4 ,a substance known as 8,konut10 which may be had of the leading grocers1 is in many respects more satisfactory than any of the oils mentioned4 ,use an iron kettle1 and place the nuts in a basket made of iron wire netting1 so they may be easily lifted from the oil when cooked4 ,never1 under any circumstances1 use brass1 copper1 or zinc for either the kettle or the basket4 ,the nuts should be stirred frequently1 while cooking1 with a wooden paddle4 ,the best shelled peanuts cost #d to #e cents a pound in small quantities1 and this process of salting costs about one cent a pound1 so that #e or #f cents a pound is the total cost4 ,they easily bring #aj to #ab cents a pound or more so that the young man made at least #ajj per cent profit4 ,as peanut money is 8turned over0 very quickly1 and doubled each time1 he soon realized he had a very profitable undertaking--a good money-maker4 ,,plan ,no4 #cfh4 ,,selling ,,powder ,,with ,a ,,premium ,to offer a premium as a means of inducing people to buy even an inferior article sometimes succeeds1 but here is the case of a ,denver man who not only offered an article of superior merit1 but also gave a useful premium with each sale1 and it won him a patronage that was permanent and profitable4 ,the article he had for sale was a lustre powder for cleaning any kind of metal1 paint or woodwork1 and1 although it consisted only of pure common whiting1 with a little oil of lavender to perfume it1 it produced excellent results as a cleaner1 when used with a piece of clean flannel dipped in warm water1 squeezed nearly dry1 and then dipped into the powder1 and briskly rubbed4 ,to induce sales1 he put on a card three enameled knobs of various sizes1 for coffee pots1 teapots1 teakettles1 pot covers1 stewpans1 drawer or door pulls1 which he bought for #fj cents per gross1 and offered the three for a premium with each #aj-;cent package of the powder sold4 ,the sales under this system were excellent1 and when he figured that the powder1 printing1 boxes1 knobs1 and all complete1 cost him less than #b cents1 and he sold them for #aj cents thus getting back #d for #a1 he was well satisfied1 as he knew it would not only produce him a livelihood but a saving as well4 ,,plan ,no4 #cfi4 ,,lawyer ,,who ,,attends ,,to ,,business ,the average lawyer admittedly is a poor business man1 because of his neglect to study the ordinary methods of business4 ,when he takes your case he often proceeds to handle many details you know nothing about which takes up his time and often much skill on his part4 ,all these steps1 as a matter of fact1 should be known to you so that you may give him credit for his time and energy he has put in on your behalf4 ,his failure to call such matter to your attention means if he charges you for the time he actually spent you think you have been overcharged and he loses you as a client4 ,for example1 after the lawyer appears for you a motion is made by the lawyer on the other side2 this means he must appear at least once before the court and argue the matter which might take one-half to a whole day4 ,then a demurrer is filed which will take as much more time1 and finally the case is set down for trial4 ,as a rule you will see him only a few times before the trial and naturally think that he has put in but little work4 ,the lawyer ,i have in mind handled his work on a business basis4 ,as soon as a case was placed in his hands he would immediately inform his client of every step1 and the nature of it1 taken in the case4 ,if a motion was filed1 he immediately on receipt of it dictated a letter to his client telling him of the motion and the nature of it4 ,when he attended court to have the motion set down he informed his client of it4 ,when the court heard the motion he wrote his client when it would come up and that it was not necessary for him to be present4 ,if he was successful he immediately informed his client of that4 ,in this way he kept his clients constantly informed of every detail4 ,his stenographer was busy and he could charge a much larger fee for his service and his client felt everything possible had been done for his case4 ,in the event that it was necessary to show the court the amount of service rendered by him1 he could produce the correspondence which showed the amount of work and the time expended by him4 ,ninety per cent of the lawyers could double their incomes by giving attention to the details of their business as herein suggested4 ,,plan ,no4 #cgj4 ,,washington ,,man ,,goes ,,through ,,eastern ,,university ,he knew he must have the same opportunity to make good as other men and he also knew if he was to be a lawyer he must study law4 ,he worked for one year but did not obtain one cent for his labor and during the summer of that year he decided to enter an eastern university4 ,he felt somehow that he must go1 and he decided that1 money or no money1 he would4 ,for #ae he had a tailor friend of his fix up two old suits and a light top-coat of his brother's1 and with these clothes which would last him for a year he felt that he had accomplished something4 ,a friend of his who was going to enter the university at that time wanted him to go also and offered to lend him #ajj4 ,he had #gj saved1 so he accepted his friend's offer and made the attempt4 ,after arriving at the university1 with entrance fee and books paid for1 he had very little money but by doing some extra work he managed to get through the first year4 ,but how about the second year--what could he do now8 ,another friend pointed out how the summer before he had sold a book and had cleared about #cjj in this way4 ,there was hope1 for if his friend could do it1 why couldn't he8 ,his friend borrowed #be and divided with him1 and down into the country1 armed with a prospectus they started in4 ,that summer he cleared more than #djj4 ,he went to the ,world's ,fair1 and found himself back in his class at college financed for another year4 ,after that he had no worry about defraying expenses at the ,university4 ,if he was short about ,christmas vacation time he went out and made a vigorous sales campaign and came back with the money4 ,this man was nothing out of the ordinary2 as a matter of fact he was only a medium salesman1 but he must have his education and he did not hesitate to sacrifice a little of his energy4 ,any man who thinks he can and will back up this desire by real work can do as well1 if not better4 ,,plan ,no4 #cga4 ,,the ,,way ,a ,,boy ,,from ,,indiana ,,went ,,through ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,michigan ,he was full of energy and not afraid to use it4 ,he had no money1 but he felt it was necessary for him to take an engineering course4 ,how could this be done without money8 ,he was half convinced that there was a way1 and one day there were two men from the ,university of ,michigan selling books in his home town4 ,he became acquainted with them and found that they had no money and were spending their vacation in his town raising money to complete their courses4 ,it was too late for him to go to work with them that season1 so he asked their advice4 ,he was told there was no record of a young man starving to death at ,ann ,arbor while working his way through but that there were many thousands from all parts of the ,united ,states who had worked their way through4 ,they told him to go up to ,ann ,arbor about two weeks before the college opened and get a job waiting on table4 ,this would take care of his board1 and it was not considered a disgrace to wait on table at the university4 ,at the same time they advised him to call at some houses and get a room where he could arrange to do odd jobs for the landlady in payment4 ,this advice he followed1 obtained the jobs1 entered the ,engineering ,department1 and got into the band1 as he played a horn1 which gave him admittance to all games and affairs of the university4 ,he finished his first year ,o4 ,k41 and the next summer he sold books and saved more than #cjj for his next year's schooling4 ,each summer he sold--sold--sold1 and put out other agents1 who sold for him until he had completed his college course with credit to himself and no debts and a cash reserve4 ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #cga4 ,a ,word to the ,wise is ,sufficient ,any young man can to-day do as well as he did a few years ago4 ,don't let anyone tell you the high cost of living makes it impossible4 ,,plan ,no4 #cgb4 ,a ,,student',s ,,way ,,through ,,college ,he was a quiet going young fellow and always had a smile but had very little to say--as a matter of fact he had no gift as a talker4 ,i remember he had a very pretty girl at school and she had one wish and that was1 for ,charlie to talk more4 ,but when it came to class work1 ,charlie always hit the 8bull's eye40 ,he knew bluff and enthusiasm did not count there but the right answer went a long way4 ,charlie was without funds and could not sell1 so his case seemed hopeless1 but he found work which just suited him and there were few who could do it so well as he4 ,professors at college and universities are always writing books1 so ,charlie1 who could brief cases and write on law subjects almost as well as the professors1 worked for a couple of these professors and made his home with them4 ,his board was unsurpassed at the college and his home accommodations far excelled those of the best student's1 and he had their intimate companionship1 which meant a great deal to him at college as well as to his subsequent career4 ,students with qualifications such as his will find their college expenses an easy matter4 ,,plan ,no4 #cgc4 ,,he ,,went ,,through ,,the ,,law ,,college ,,at ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,his father was always active in politics and raised his son on the plan to depend on himself4 ,when his son finished high school1 the question was1 how to finance his college course4 ,he wanted to be a lawyer and he desired as broad a training as possible4 ,his father's answer to his inquiry about the college expense was1 8,i know my son has ability sufficient to finance himself through college40 ,the father was right but1 nevertheless1 he helped the boy to an appointment in one of the departments at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 where he served during his entire course4 ,the young man had plenty of funds during his entire course and had a wonderful opportunity to study our national government and its workings at first hand1 which opportunity comes to but few men in a life time4 ,there are many postmasters or men in our government service who would be pleased to help you get a position in some government department at ,washington when they know that by such assistance they are helping a young man to realize a high ambition4 ,,plan ,no4 #cgd4 ,,farmer ,,in ,a ,,mining ,,district ,he was a good natured bachelor of good habits who felt he might as well live in the country with plenty as to work hard to live in the city and submit to the inconvenience of having ordinary food and poor neighbors4 ,so in #aijg he went to ,grand ,forks1 ,b4 ,c41 and there took up a homestead on the ,washington side1 which cost but a few dollars4 ,this was a simple thing to do1 as many men do the same in the northwest1 but he immediately cultivated thirty-two acres1 built a log house and out buildings4 ,then he made an investment of #fge in fourteen cows1 one bull1 twenty calves1 twelve heifers and eight steers4 ,he had plenty of spare time so he worked in the mines near his homestead and in this way earned more than #a1hjj a year4 ,here is what he accomplished in four years--#aijg to #aiaa3 ,the sale of his stock amounted to more than #e1jjj4 ,he earned in the mines more than #a1hjj a year4 ,his farm sold for #c1jjj1 which did not cost him over #bjj4 ,he raised enough to feed himself1 which means the money he earned was clear profit4 ,figure out for yourself what he made1 and anyway you figure it he made a big success4 ,,plan ,no4 #cge4 ,,an ,,ink ,,that ,,stands ,,all ,,tests ,an eastern state recently adopted the following formula for its official black ink1 after learning through the severest tests that it stands exposure to the sun for three months2 exposure to all sorts of out door weather for six months2 exposure to water1 and soaking in water and alcohol4 ,a man who knew what the formula was1 desiring to make a business of selling an ink so reliable1 made it up in large quantities1 and found it to be just as good as claimed4 ,this is the formula3 ,tannic acid1 ounce2 crystal gallic acid1 #gg grains2 sulphate of iron1 #e drams2 gum arabic1 #ajj grains2 dilute muriatic acid1 ounce2 carbolic acid1 #aj grains2 clear rain water enough to make #a pints4 ,mix the muriatic acid and water1 and dissolve all the other ingredients in the mixture4 ,he sold large quantities of this ink to professional and business men1 city1 county and state officials1 etc41 and inside of a year was in receipt of a steady income4 ,,plan ,no4 #cgf4 ,,baker--,,indian ,,service ,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #cgg4 ,a ,,cement ,,stick ,,that ,,sticks ,a ,virginia man found that by investing #he cents in the materials required for making cement sticks he could get back #be1 when sold at retail4 ,this is the way he makes it4 ,common glue1 and from to as much cheap sugar2 melt them together in a glue pot1 then pour in pans an inch deep4 ,as it cools cut in strips #a inch wide and #d inches long1 pointing one end in the shape of a chisel4 ,have a label printed to cover about one-half the stick1 giving the name and uses of the stick1 with directions as follows3 8,to use as a mucilage1 wet slightly and apply4 ,to use as cement1 dip in boiling water1 coat the parts heavily and press firmly together40 ,making up a good supply of these sticks1 he placed them on sale with dealers1 delivering as sales were made4 ,he then employed agents to canvass from house to house1 and sold a great many in that way4 ,later he made it a mail-order proposition1 and through a series of ads4 in local papers published within a radius of #ejj miles1 he built up a good sale4 ,,plan ,no4 #cgh4 ,,iceless ,,refrigerator ,especially during the hot summer months does the refrigerator become an imperative necessity1 yet there are thousands of homes to which the prices of the ordinary kinds are beyond their means1 and thousands more1 especially in the country1 where ice is unobtainable4 ,a man living in a western city1 who had learned the secret as well as the value of the water bag1 while traveling across the desert1 applied his knowledge of evaporation to the construction of an iceless refrigerator in his own home1 with such good results that he began manufacturing them and found a ready sale for all he could make4 ,and the making was a very simple and inexpensive matter4 ,procuring some mill ends1 or short pieces of boards1 #a inch thick and #c inches wide1 he made a frame #c feet high1 #ah inches deep and #ae inches wide1 letting the long1 upright pieces extend about #c inches below the lower part1 to form legs for it to stand upon4 ,next he covered the frame with a strip of wire screen1 and upon the wire he placed a piece of outing flannel to fit well over it1 tacking it at the corners to hold it in place1 but letting the cloth extend several inches above the top of the frame1 and cutting it at the upper corners so that it would fold over on the top and lie in a pan or jar which was to be placed there and kept constantly supplied with water4 ,inside the frame he nailed cleats to hold shelves made of strips or lath1 strong enough to bear the weight of milk bottles1 butter dishes1 meats1 etc4 ,the door he made of a frame covered with the wire screen1 using light hinges and a catch to hold it in place1 and letting part of the outing flannel form the covering for the door4 ,the refrigerator was then complete1 except the placing of a large pan or jar on top of it filled with water4 ,the top parts of the outing-flannel cover which had been laid in the pan1 quickly absorbed the water which was carried down all sides1 and it was the evaporation which then took place that kept the contents of the refrigerator as cool and fresh as though they were in one of the high-priced ice refrigerators4 ,the entire cost of the material for making one of these refrigerators at the beginning did not exceed #ge cents1 but later1 when he bought in regular quantities1 the cost was very materially lessened1 and they sold as fast as he could make them for #c each4 ,he could easily make seven or eight a day1 and at a profit of #b4be each he did very well4 ,a few ads4 in the papers circulating through the country1 as well as the smaller towns1 were all he needed to create a demand1 for when farmers found they could buy a refrigerator at that price1 which would do the work without a pound of ice1 they sent in their orders by the scores4 ,besides1 hundreds of city people bought them as well1 because they saved ice bills1 and kept foods in good condition4 ,,plan ,no4 #cgi4 ,,raising ,,belgian ,,hares ,few people realize the profits to be derived from raising ,belgian hares1 when the small amount of capital and labor involved is considered4 ,but a #af year-old boy in the northwestern part of the state of ,washington had a very good idea as to what could be made in this small industry1 and he went to work in a systematic way that his seniors might well imitate4 ,starting with one male and three does1 he was surprised to learn that under ordinary circumstances a doe will produce six litters in a year1 with an average of six young in each litter1 and that usually one-half of them are does1 or eighteen does a year from one animal4 ,it was still more surprising when he found that the three does of the first litter had three litters the first year1 while two litters may be expected from the second litter4 ,at this rate1 there were sixty-three does at the end of the first year1 as well as sixty-three bucks all from one hare2 and multiplying this by the three does he started with1 it gave him a total of #hgh hares from the four he began with4 ,his #ahi bucks averaged eight pounds of meat each1 or #a1eab pounds1 which he sold at #aj cents per pound1 or #aea4bj1 and he still had the #ahi young does1 the three old ones and the original buck4 ,he had selected the ,golden ,bay strain in purchasing his original stock1 as that is generally recognized as the best of all strains1 and his judgment proved correct1 for1 no matter how many of these hares he raised1 he had calls for more than he could supply4 ,,plan ,no4 #chj4 ,,liquid ,,glass--,,three ,,in ,,one ,of course you've heard of liquid glass as an egg preservative2 but did you ever know it has no equal as a paste for making labels stick to tin cans1 or that it is the principal ingredient in the best glue on the market for mending china1 crockery1 glassware1 etc48 ,a bright young fellow1 who had a small drug store in a western town1 knew all these things1 and also knew where liquid glass could be bought1 in quantities1 as low as #bj cents per gallon4 ,he bought five barrels of it1 just as a starter1 for he had large plans4 ,the liquid glass solution for preserving eggs is made by mixing one gallon of it with nine gallons of cold water1 placing the eggs in a barrel1 bucket or stone jar1 and completely covering them with the solution4 ,place a cover over the receptacle containing the eggs1 and set it in a cool place4 ,at the end of six months or a year the eggs are as fresh as when newly-laid1 and at the rate of #a a gallon for the liquid glass the cost is about one-half cent per dozen eggs4 ,as eggs were plentiful in that locality1 the young druggist bought #a1jjj dozens1 strictly fresh1 direct from the neighboring ranchers1 at #ae cents a dozen1 and put them away in the liquid glass solution1 so as to be able to supply the demand during the winter months1 when they would go up to #fj cents a dozen4 ,these he packed in barrels and set them in the basement of his store4 ,then in ,december he advertised in the city papers offering strictly fresh eggs1 prepaid by parcel post1 at the price named4 ,he received so many orders that he was obliged to employ a reliable boy to pack and ship the eggs to his city customers4 ,then he figured up the results4 ,the #a1jjj dozen eggs cost him #aej2 the liquid glass for preserving them cost him #a for the five gallons2 the wages of the boy who did the packing were #be2 the parcel post charges were #aj1 a total of #ahf4 ,he received #fjj for the eggs1 making his profits #dad4 ,that was a good start1 and the next year he did four or five times that amount of business1 increasing his profits proportionately4 ,but by this time the farmers and poultry raisers of the community had learned of his success and began preserving large quantities of eggs themselves4 ,in order to preserve them1 however1 they had to have liquid glass and gladly paid him a #a a gallon for that which cost him but #bj cents a gallon4 ,there were several canneries in the city1 to which the druggist shipped his eggs1 and all of them were experiencing great difficulty in getting their labels to stick to the tin cans4 ,the druggist promptly came to the rescue by offering them a paste fully guaranteed to stick1 and readily sold considerable quantities of the liquid glass to them for #c a gallon1 being careful not to tell them what it was4 ,a little later he procured #b1jjj #b-ounce bottles1 adorned with fancy labels proclaiming the merits of a superior glue1 guaranteed to mend broken articles1 and this he sold at #be cents a bottle1 or several thousand per cent profit on this remarkable three-in-one commodity4 ,,plan ,no4 #cha4 ,,sharpening ,,razor ,,blades ,it isn't every machine made for sharpening safety razor blades1 or every person operating even a good machine1 that can do this work as it should be done4 ,in fact1 most of the blade sharpening now being done is very poor1 and only a few really know how to do it4 ,a ,seattle woman1 who had merely a little room between two buildings on a prominent street1 not only knew exactly how to perform this delicate task1 but also had procured one of the very best makes of machines for that purpose4 ,the regular charge for sharpening single-edge blades is usually #be cents1 and #ce cents for those with double edges1 but she made arrangements with a number of cigar stores in different parts of the city to keep one of her showcards in the window1 and take orders as they came in1 on a commission of #g cents per dozen on all blades so received4 ,through small ads4 in the classified columns of the daily papers1 asking people to mail their blades to her1 she found1 inside of three months1 that she must remove to larger quarters and employ an assistant1 in addition to the boy who made daily collections of dull blades1 and deliveries of sharpened ones1 at the various cigar stores4 ,this business1 small as it may seem1 brought in a net profit of #ej to #fj a week4 ,it is often the case that the good profit is in the small articles4 ,,plan ,no4 #chb4 ,,fumigating ,,hen-,,house ,,strips ,a chicken fancier in a small western town1 who had used fumigating nest eggs to good purpose1 was aware that the roost was fully as favorable to the propagation of chicken-lice as is the nest1 and concluded that a fumigating strip along the top of each roost would destroy or rout the vermin from there also4 ,the composition of which these fumigating strips are made is much more lasting and effective than either liquid or powder preparations1 and therefore less expensive4 ,the formula is as follows3 ,naphthalin or tar camphor1 #a pound2 standard oil of tar1 pint2 fine pine sawdust1 #c pounds2 plaster of paris1 #ad pounds4 ,mix the first three well together1 then put in the plaster4 ,take about #b pounds of the mixture at a time1 add enough water to make it a stiff paste1 and1 working rapidly before it sets1 roll or mold it into egg-size balls or pour into a mold several feet long to make the strips4 ,drive nails into the bottom of the mold about one foot apart1 so as to leave nail holes in the strip and prevent it from breaking when nailed on4 ,when well hardened nail the strips to the tops of the roosts and they can also be used in lining the nest boxes1 the sides of the chicken house1 etc4 ,through a little advertising in country weeklies and farm and poultry journals he received many orders for both fumigating eggs and strips1 the eggs selling for #aj cents each singly1 or #a per dozen1 and the strips at #aj cents per foot1 or ten feet for #hj cents4 ,they did the work of ridding the hen-houses of vermin4 ,he found it paid him to make it a regular business during the spring months1 for it was nearly all profit1 and he averaged #ajj a month net from this very simple but very effective plan4 ,,plan ,no4 #chc4 ,,selling ,,limes ,,by ,,mail ,fully as delicious and healthful as lemons1 if not more so1 limes are not nearly so well known or in such general use as they should be4 ,dispensers of fancy drinks1 however1 know their value1 and will pay good prices for them4 ,a ,seattle man who knew considerably about the prices charged by wholesale and commission houses for limes1 and the dilatory manner in which they filled small orders1 wrote to a ,new ,york importer of limes asking their lowest quotation on limes in barrel lots1 and was surprised to learn that they could be bought for #hj cents per hundred1 prepaid1 whereas the wholesale houses charged #a4be per #ajj1 and the buyer paid transportation charges4 ,he bought fifteen barrels of the limes at that price1 and then wrote to several soft-drink dispensers whose names he had obtained1 offering them fresh limes at #a4be per hundred1 prepaid1 and agreed to fill the order the day it was received4 ,a large number of orders came as a result of this letter1 as the saving of transportation costs was quite an item1 and he filled the orders so promptly and satisfactorily that he soon had #bjj regular customers4 ,his net profits amounted to #be cents per hundred1 after buying his limes1 packing1 and prepaying parcel-post charges to his patrons4 ,although he still retains his position with a railroad company1 and draws a good salary1 this little side plan of selling limes by parcel post is netting him a good weekly income4 ,,plan ,no4 #chd4 ,,training ,,school ,,for ,,office ,,boys ,not that office boys are scarce1 by any means4 ,it is only the good ones who are scarce1 and it was for the purpose of making all office boys good ones1 that a former professor in a prominent ,chicago business college took up the idea of an office boys' training school4 ,a year or two ago he interviewed a number of leading business men in ,chicago on the subject1 and found them enthusiastic in their support of the plan1 as they had suffered many inconveniences through the tendency of office boys in general to quit just about the time they were broken in to their special duties4 ,the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 also appreciated the seriousness of the situation1 and hailed the proposition as the only remedy4 ,he asked the business men to outline the requirements of the position1 the special qualifications necessary1 the routine of their work1 and the means through which the interest of the boy could best be obtained4 ,through newspaper advertising1 the distribution of circulars and the employment of canvassers to call upon and interest the parents of the boys1 he soon had a sufficient number of enrollments to open the school1 where each was trained in the special line of work to which he was best adapted4 ,boys were selected for real estate offices1 law offices1 brokers' offices1 and all other lines where their services were required1 and shorthand1 typewriting and book-keeping courses were given to those who desired them in order to win promotion to better positions4 ,the average tuition required in each case was from #aj to #be1 with more for special cases1 and this was paid partly by the boys themselves and partly by the business men who were either sending their own office boys to the school1 or making selections from the graduates4 ,where a boy was already employed in an office1 his employer would allow him to spend two or three hours each day in taking the training given at the school1 and the progress most of the boys made under this course more than made up in efficiency for the loss of time and whatever expense it involved4 ,while one man looked after the classes1 another was busy on the outside1 interesting both business men and boys in the enterprise1 and approximately #ejj boys were thus taken care of by the school each month4 ,the school netted a good profit1 besides giving a great number of boys a good start on the road to success4 ,,plan ,no4 #che4 ,,gave ,,talking ,,machines ,,away ,it isn't every one who believes he could make a very large sum on an investment of #ajj1 but here is the story of a man in ,los ,angeles who thought he knew of a way in which it could be done4 ,from a ,new ,york firm1 he purchased twenty small but good talking-machines1 including disc records1 for #b4ej each4 ,he prepared a very fine silver polish1 put up in one-ounce envelopes1 to be sold at #aj cents each4 ,he next had printed a number of attractive showcards for windows1 and several thousand merchandise coupons1 good for #e cents each in trade4 ,he was then ready for business4 ,he called upon one of the most enterprising merchants in each school district in the city1 and made the following offer3 ,to place one of the talking-machines in his window1 with a showcard beside it announcing that the machine would be given free to the boy or girl selling the largest number of packages of the silver polish1 #ejj of the #aj-;cent packages to be left with the merchant for that purpose1 together with #be cents' worth of the coupons1 and the contest to close when the last of the #ejj packages were sold4 ,to every boy or girl selling two of the packages1 one of the #e-;cent coupons would be given1 and the merchant agreed to redeem these by taking them in trade at their face value4 ,the merchant was to collect the #ej from the boys and girls who sold the #ejj packages of polish1 award the talking-machine to the one selling the highest number1 pay the promoter of the plan #be1 and keep the balance which would be #ag4ej net1 after redeeming the #bej coupons1 #g4ej1 upon which he also realized a profit equal to the difference between the wholesale cost and the retail price1 and had received the benefit of a lot of free advertising1 which brought him many new customers as a result4 ,,plan ,no4 #chf4 ,,circulating ,,music ,,library ,we will call him ,john ,smith--partly because that was not his name1 but mainly because it is short and easy to remember4 ,john's father had been a piano tuner1 and also sold phonographs1 records and small musical accessories1 but he didn't advertise1 and his business fell off so that at his death there was nothing left except his little music store and the humble home--both of which1 however1 were paid for4 ,the son tried to revive the business through the mail-order route1 but failed1 and was trying to sell out1 when an idea came to him through the remark of a casual acquaintance4 ,the idea was3 ,a circulating music library6 ,as practically every family in his town and the surrounding country owned a phonograph1 and most of them were growing tired of the records they had used so long1 they were all anxious to get hold of new ones1 but most of them felt they could not stand the extra expense4 ,to these people ,john's plan to organize a circulating music library1 with a membership fee of #a a month1 and supply the members with new records for their phonographs1 as well as new sheet music for those who had pianos1 came as an agreeable surprise1 and it was almost no time until #ejj members were secured4 ,the twelve records or six music rolls1 which each member received every month1 aroused a new interest in that music-loving community1 and ,john was entrusted with many extra commissions1 which added considerably to his income4 ,he paid the postage when sending out the new records or rolls1 while the members prepaid the return charges1 and as most of the members had old records of which they were tired1 he took these in and sent them to other members to whom they were new1 thus keeping them in constant use4 ,the monthly receipts from #ejj members were #ejj4 ,the expenses1 including the purchase of new records and rolls1 were usually about #bej1 so that his net profits from the plan were #bej a month4 ,,plan ,no4 #chg4 8,,knock-,,down0 ,,picture ,,frames ,in every home in the land are many valuable pictures that are lying around loose1 with excellent prospects of being soiled1 torn or lost1 simply because the owners of them to do not feel able to pay the high prices asked for frames already made1 or made to order4 ,a ,kansas ,city man1 who thoroughly understood this condition1 decided upon a plan by which thousands of these pictures could be enclosed in handsome and appropriate frames at comparatively little cost4 ,being handy with tools1 and having but little available capital1 he bought a modest stock of picture-frame mouldings of various styles1 sizes and grades1 a mitre-box1 a saw1 a small mortiser1 some tacks1 etc4 ,he also provided himself with stationery and an illustrated circular concerning picture frames1 showing the difference in prices between frames already made and those ready to put together1 besides cuts showing the different styles and prices of 8knock-down0 frames1 and the manner of putting them together1 particularly emphasizing the saving in cost by using those he advertised4 ,through a local agency he placed ads4 in a large number of newspapers circulating mainly in the country1 and from these he received several hundred inquiries4 ,in answer to these he sent his illustrated circular--which must have been a good one for it brought orders by the score--and these he filled with such satisfaction that he was soon busy enough to hire a boy to make the frames1 while he put up the orders4 ,the complete outfit1 packed neatly in a box1 contained the four sides of the frame1 the corners grooved so as to be put together with glue1 four small tacks for the corners1 two screw eyelets and three or four feet of picture wire2 in fact1 everything except the glass1 which could be obtained at any crossroads store4 ,and the business grew until its profits were several thousand dollars a year4 ,,plan ,no4 #chh4 ,,sanitary ,,handkerchiefs ,an observing young woman who had noticed how often many people find themselves without a clean1 dry handkerchief1 under certain critical conditions1 and how greatly they would appreciate an opportunity to secure one1 evolved a plan by which they could be conveniently and economically supplied4 ,this is how she did it6 ,visiting a wholesale house1 she learned that she could purchase a soft laundered handkerchief of fairly good quality1 in lots of #a1jjj or more1 for #c cents each4 ,she also arranged for several thousand sanitary1 transparent envelopes1 at #bj cents per hundred1 to be taken in lots of #a1jjj1 as needed1 and got #bjj showcards on which was printed1 8,sanitary ,handkerchiefs1 #aj cents40 ,placing one of the handkerchiefs in each envelope1 she left them on sale at drug stores1 cigar stores1 newsdealers1 restaurants1 department stores1 and elsewhere1 to be sold on a commission of #b cents each1 and kept a list of the places where they had been placed on sale4 ,all that remained for her to do was to visit the various places where she had left the handkerchiefs1 make collections on sales1 and replenish depleted stocks4 ,she derived a net profit of a little over #d cents on each handkerchief sold1 and as the sales averaged considerably over #bjj a day1 they brought her a good income the year round4 ,,plan ,no4 #chi4 ,a ,,parcel-,,post ,,exchange ,a young farmer in ,illinois1 who knew only too well that the city dealer always sets the price upon the farmers' products1 as well as upon his own goods1 thought he saw an opportunity to help the producer get more for what he had to sell1 pay less for what he had to buy1 and make some money for himself besides4 ,he had about #a1jjj in cash1 and1 removing to the city1 he rented a small store and got in touch with a large mail-order house that agreed to sell him certain articles1 especially for the use of farmers1 at considerably less than catalog rates1 provided he ordered a certain quantity4 ,he then prepared a circular letter1 requesting those farmers who wanted higher prices for their butter1 eggs1 chickens1 fruit and vegetables1 to send them to him in exchange1 by parcel post1 for any of the articles on the list he enclosed therewith1 assuring them of from #aj to #bj per cent higher prices than they could obtain from the regular commission houses1 while the prices he quoted on the merchandise he would exchange for these were considerably lower than those of the mail-order houses from which he bought them1 and yet left him a fair margin of profit4 ,at the same time he addressed a circular letter to one thousand or more families in the city1 offering to supply them with strictly fresh farm produce for much less than they had been paying in the city markets for articles of uncertain age and quality4 ,the farmers and the city people were only too glad of such an opportunity to save money on their purchases1 and the young farmer with an idea soon had established a business that yielded a good living every year4 ,,plan ,no4 #cij4 ,,group-,,circularizing ,a wide-awake advertising man in a western city employed a plan for sending out circulars that not only reached every farmer in his county1 and brought a large volume of trade to certain merchants in his own city and surrounding towns1 but netted him a regular income of over #b1jjj a year4 ,and it cost him less than #bej to get the business started4 ,he traveled by automobile to each township in the county1 and calling upon the various township clerks he secured the name of every farmer1 with his correct post office address1 paying the clerk a small amount for his assistance in preparing the list4 ,with these lists all properly prepared1 he called upon several enterprising merchants in his home city1 showed them what he had1 and offered to mail out their circulars for just half of what it would cost them for postage alone1 even if they had the names1 and thus save them the time and trouble of mailing the circulars themselves4 ,to mail out #ejj circulars would cost each merchant #e1 besides the envelopes1 #ge cents1 and to have them mailed to a reliable list for #b4ej was a 8snap0 but few would turn down1 and it was no trouble at all to find ten merchants who were only too glad to supply him with the circulars1 already printed and ready for mailing4 ,placing these ten circulars in one envelope1 he sent them to #ejj farmers on his list1 at a cost of one cent for the ten envelopes1 and received #be for doing so4 ,this cost him #e1 and he was #bj ahead on each batch sent out1 so that the merchants were pleased and he was profited4 ,as he managed to send out an average of two sets a week1 he made #dj a week clear1 and saved his patrons considerable in postage4 ,,plan ,no4 #cia4 ,,made ,,common ,,pictures ,,look ,,like ,,oil ,,paintings ,here is the way a man1 who knew very little about drawing or painting1 made any ordinary picture look like an expensive oil painting1 and made a living by doing this work4 ,he did it according to the following instructions3 8,take common window-glass the size of your picture and clean it well2 take #f ounces balsam of fir and #c ounces turpentine2 put them in a bottle and shake well together until thoroughly mixed4 ,now give one side of the glass a heavy coat of the mixture1 then place the picture on with face side down2 press the picture firmly and evenly on the glass1 then give the back of the picture a heavy coat of the balsam mixture and rub with the fingers until it adheres firmly to the glass and the face of the picture is free from spots4 ,after you have done this1 put the picture where it will be free from dust until it dries2 it is then ready for the paint4 8,brushes for painting the pictures should be artists' round sable brushes with long handles1 ,nos4 #a and #g4 ,paint the dark part of the eyes first1 dark or blue1 as you may fancy2 then color the cheeks and lips2 after the dark part of the eyes is dry1 paint the white part4 ,color the dress to suit your taste1 but whatever part of the dress you want to be white you must paint first4 ,paint gold ornaments with yellow paint4 ,give the picture three coats of every color you use1 letting each coat dry separately1 leaving the flesh color until the last1 letting the rest of the picture dry well before applying it1 then give it three separate coats4 8,for making lighter shade or color1 add the light paint to the color drop by drop until you have the color you want4 ,paint on the back of the pictures4 ,use small pictures to practice on until you get the knack of it40 ,,plan ,no4 #cib4 ,,sold ,,another ,,man',s ,,soap ,an agent who had been very successful as a house-to-house canvasser1 but was temporarily without a line of goods to handle1 decided to try a new plan with soap1 and found it so profitable that he adopted it permanently4 ,visiting a large factory in his city1 where special brands of soap were made to order1 he arranged to have made for him a first-class toilet soap of the usual size1 each cake to be neatly wrapped in a fancy printed wrapper bearing the name of the soap and a company name he had adopted for his own use4 ,three of these cakes he had packed in a neat pasteboard box1 upon which his own label also appeared4 ,the price to him of this soap1 thus wrapped and packed1 was #g4bj per gross1 or #e cents per cake1 and this price also included one gross of 8sample0 cakes of one ounce each1 but unwrapped1 for free distribution4 ,placing the #add sample cakes in a handbag1 with circulars detailing the merits of the soap1 he started to canvass the residence districts4 ,at each house he left a sample cake of the soap and one of the circulars1 with a request for the housekeeper to use it1 and he would call the next day with a supply of the full-sized cakes in boxes4 ,when he called the next day and showed the lady the beautifully wrapped cakes1 which he assured her sold regularly for #ae cents each1 but upon which he had placed an introductory price of #be cents for a box containing three cakes1 he made a sale at almost every house he visited4 ,he usually sold seventy-two boxes in a day's canvass1 and his profit of #aj cents a box netted him #g4bj for one day's work4 ,he often did better than this1 so that his first year's business showed a clear profit of #c1ejj1 as he also sold through agents and to dealers4 ,,plan ,no4 #cic4 ,,making ,,raised-,,letter ,,signs ,a young man in ,detroit1 with an invalid mother and two small sisters to support1 found it difficult to earn sufficient to meet necessary expenses1 until a friend of the family told him of the opportunity afforded for good returns through the making of raised-letter signs by means of an air-pencil outfit4 ,he even loaned the young man #b4ej with which to purchase one of the outfits1 and assured him he needed no experience1 as a little practice would enable him to become proficient in the work4 ,these raised letter signs are easy to make1 can be produced in any color1 in gold1 silver1 bronze and metallics1 are more attractive than embossed work1 and can be made and sold at a profit for considerably less than painted signs1 as they cost only #a to #c cents and sell readily at #aj to #be cents each1 made on cardboard of any color4 ,with a little practice anyone can easily make #ej to #bjj of these signs in a day4 ,the young man took the advice of his friend1 bought an air-pencil outfit1 and practiced until he had acquired considerable skill in the making of signs4 ,then he went among the merchants of the city and soon had orders for all the work he could do1 at prices that brought him a good income4 ,he closely followed these instructions which come with the outfit3 ,mix in a cup or saucer the dry powder and liquid medium which comes with each outfit1 to the consistency of thick paste4 ,use a knife or flat tool in mixing1 to crush any lumps that may be in the powder4 ,unscrew the tube from the bulb--holding the bulb in a vertical position--placing over the opening the funnel1 compress the bulb1 and while compressed fill the funnel to any desired extent with the paste1 then allow the bulb gradually to expand to its natural shape until the paste is drawn in4 ,remove the funnel and replace the tube and the air-pencil is ready for use4 ,to insure good work1 the pencil should not be allowed to touch the article to be decorated4 ,after using the instrument the tube should be unscrewed and thoroughly cleaned4 ,the bulb should be cleaned by placing it in a basin of water and allowing it to soak until the compound is dissolved4 ,the tube can be cleaned with a small wire4 ,,plan ,no4 #cid4 ,,money ,,in ,,cereal ,,coffee ,through making a cereal coffee from pure ingredients1 which proved an excellent substitute for ordinary coffee1 and was free from the injurious alkaloid of the coffee of commerce1 a young married woman in ,st4 ,louis built up a modest yet ample business for herself1 and earned the praise of thousands of customers besides4 ,the cereal coffee she made was prepared as follows3 ,rye1 #ab pounds2 horse beans1 #a pound4 ,roast in a big oven pan over a quick fire1 greasing the pan with a little butter4 ,when roasted as you would ordinary coffee1 grind in a coffee mill together with pound cassia buds4 ,mix #a pound ground chicory with the ground cereals1 and it is ready for use in the same manner as ordinary coffee4 ,she introduced this at first by asking her friends and acquaintances to try it1 and they were so well pleased with both its taste and its effects that they recommended it to others1 so that orders began to come in rapidly4 ,many dealers began to receive inquiries for it1 and to supply these she went among the retail stores of the city and took orders for it in large quantities4 ,the product soon had a large sale and she established a small factory where she could turn it out as rapidly as occasion required4 ,,plan ,no4 #cie4 ,,girl ,,earned ,a ,,college ,,education ,how a young lady entered ,oberlin ,college with #fj1 and came out at the end of three years with a good education and #ej besides4 ,she earned her board1 tuition and incidental expenses by canvassing1 working in a dining-room1 clerking in a store1 assisting at class receptions1 doing housework1 tutoring1 and working in the college library4 ,,plan ,no4 #cif4 ,,woman ,,obtains ,,musical ,,education ,,on #de ,a young lady who wished to become a music teacher went through ,college nicely on #de cash--and a lot of hard work to make up the deficit4 ,registering at a well known conservatory of music in an eastern city1 she secured work in the dining hall connected with the home department4 ,this paid for her room and board1 piano rent1 medical attention and #ae tuition in any study she might select4 ,she added to this by accompanying voice pupils while practicing1 and by playing accompaniments at receptions1 assisted in physical culture exercises in the gymnasium1 also gave lessons to boys and girls4 ,then she addressed envelopes1 sewed bindings on skirts1 shampooed hair1 wrote college letters to newspapers1 played light classics at a mountain resort1 won a scholarship by taking subscriptions for a woman's publication4 ,through the above services rendered by her she defrayed all college expenses4 ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #cif4 ,her ,first ,music ,lesson ,,plan ,no4 #cig4 ,a ,,woman ,,gets ,,an ,,education ,,and #ejj ,very few girls can expect to go to a university with #ej in their pockets and come out not only with the education they were seeking and #ejj in cash besides4 ,but there was one girl who did this4 ,being a good stenographer and typist1 she soon had plenty of work4 ,she took up mimeographing1 which paid well1 and later was engaged to help one of the professors prepare the matter for a book he was writing4 ,this gave her a desk of her own in the economics department1 where she helped to complete the book1 read the proofs1 and kept well up with her studies at the same time4 ,when she graduated1 all her expenses were paid and she had an even #ejj left over4 ,,plan ,no4 #cih4 ,,raising ,,gold ,,fish ,two women1 living together1 built in their yard a shallow pond of rocks1 cemented together so as to hold water1 surrounding this with a second row of rocks1 not cemented1 and filled the space between with earth1 in which were set mosses and delicate plants1 thus giving the pond a broad rim of dainty growing things4 ,then they bought six goldfish--the pretty1 dumpy sort1 with long flowing tails--and placed them in the pond which was about two feet deep in the center4 ,this was in the spring1 and in the following ,august they noticed dozens of tiny young fish in the water4 ,the next spring they sold one hundred of these for #be cents each1 keeping the rest for breeding purposes4 ,in the five years since starting the fishpond they have realized a neat sum from their aquarium4 ,the fish require almost no care whatever1 as the little fellows live on insects in the water1 while the larger ones are given regular fish food1 which can be bought cheaply at any bird or drug store4 ,at spawning time1 anywhere from ,may to ,august1 the water in the pond is not changed for fear of losing the young fish1 but is replenished and aerated by spraying the surface frequently with the hose until the pond is full4 ,growing plants or a few tree branches placed in the pond afford a place upon which the fish may deposit their spawn1 and the water should be kept as near the same level as possible1 so the eggs will not be exposed and dry out1 thus preventing them from hatching4 ,,plan ,no4 #cii4 ,,woman ,,graduated ,,with #djj ,,debts ,,paid ,a girl who entered an eastern university on #djj1 borrowed money1 made #abj the first year as an accompanist in an orchestra2 #afj by giving piano lessons2 #de by reading aloud in ,french to two old ladies2 #djj by tutoring2 earning #gce in all during her sophomore year4 ,she easily paid back the #djj she had borrowed1 paid all her expenses1 including tuition1 and was just even with the world when she graduated at the end of the third year4 ,,plan ,no4 #djj4 ,,taught ,,dancing ,,in ,,spare ,,time ,a young man in a ,new ,york town1 who had become an expert dancer1 while attending college was asked to take the place of the local dancing master in his town during a temporary illness4 ,not feeling quite equal to the task1 he went to the city1 attended a first-class dancing school1 learned all the intricate details1 the system1 etc41 and came back to his home town ready to accept the position tendered4 ,when he showed his pupils the superiority of his methods over those of the local teacher1 they organized a large class and placed themselves under his charge4 ,the pupils made remarkable progress1 and the hall he had rented for the purpose was occupied by classes nearly every evening during the week1 while he gave a number of private lessons at #ge cents each4 ,his earnings from the few spare hours he was able to give to dancing lessons netted him about #bj a week1 in addition to a good salary he was earning during business hours4 ,,plan ,no4 #dja4 ,,money ,,in ,,toy ,,balloons ,a man who had for years been a clown in a circus1 but desired to change to something more dignified and more profitable1 chose toy balloons as his source of revenue1 and the results proved he had made a wise choice4 ,being fully aware of the passion children have for toy balloons1 he decided to follow along with the same old circus1 for a while1 and laid in a stock of non-inflated toy balloons1 which cost him #bj per thousand1 or #b cents apiece4 ,with the air out of them1 they took up but little room1 and when he arrived at a place where the circus was to stop for a day1 it required only half an hour to inflate a few hundred1 enough for one day's business4 ,starting out early in the morning1 before the parade1 he traversed the streets that were already beginning to be lined on each side with people waiting for the great event1 and made scores of sales in that way4 ,after the parade was over1 he made still more1 and at the conclusion of the afternoon and evening performances he reaped a harvest of dimes from those coming out to see the show4 ,later he attached himself to a carnival company1 that stayed two or three days1 or a week1 in one town1 and literally filled the places with his toy balloons1 clearing #h cents on every one sold4 ,a sale of #hjj balloons meant a net profit of #bd a day1 which was almost as much as he had formerly earned in a week while acting as a clown4 ,in the fall of the year he visited county fairs all over the country1 and cleared up enough money to keep him in comfort all winter4 ,,plan ,no4 #djb4 ,,motion ,,pictures ,,in ,,small ,,town ,,churches ,a former motion-picture operator1 who had moved to a small ,iowa town for the benefit of his wife's health1 believed the churches of the place would be glad to have films of religious subjects shown in their church buildings on weekday evenings and1 having secured the consent of the trustees of one of the leading denominations1 he put up his outfit1 which he had brought with him1 and gave movie shows three evenings a week1 paying a small sum for the use of the church on these occasions4 ,the other churches1 seeing the crowds that attended these entertainments1 also asked that the films be shown in their buildings1 and in a short time there was to be found a motion-picture show in one or the other of those churches every evening of the week except ,sundays4 ,scenes in ,palestine1 the ,passion ,play1 and similar subjects1 were the main part of the entertainment1 and the movie man made a nice living from the business1 while providing amusement and instruction for the people of the town1 who were not often able to attend the movies in the city4 ,,plan ,no4 #djc4 ,a ,,chafing ,,dish ,,annex ,a young lady who had graduated from college was compelled to find a way to support herself and sister4 ,she was a good cook1 and finally decided to open up a chafing-dish annex in her own home4 ,in her front room she displayed angel food1 raisin tarts1 fudge1 cake1 warm sugared crullers1 and puddings4 ,she put out posters informing the public that warm biscuits1 muffins1 roast chicken1 meat loaf and salads would be prepared to order4 ,she was successful in establishing a first-class1 paying bakeshop around the original idea of a chafing dish4 ,,plan ,no4 #djd4 ,,crystallized ,,fruits ,,and ,,nuts ,nothing is more delicious or more profitable to put up for sale than crystallized fruits and nuts1 and a young woman in ,california1 who went into the business on an extensive scale1 had that discovery fully confirmed4 ,her recipe for the crystallization of dainties was as follows3 ,put in an iron kettle #a teacupful of granulated sugar1 #a tablespoonful or less of butter1 #c tablespoonfuls of water4 ,boil until it syrups and becomes brittle4 ,the fruits and nuts treated with this were put into the shells of the same1 or into boxes containing the name of the delicacy and her own name as originator4 ,making up a quantity she placed them on sale at the woman's exchange where they sold rapidly at a good profit4 ,she also had many calls for them to be used on special occasions1 such as ,st4 ,valentine's ,day1 ,easter1 ,thanksgiving1 ,christmas1 birthdays1 weddings1 etc41 and for these purposes she charged very high prices1 for she knew they were well worth all she asked for them1 and were all the more appreciated4 ,in a short time she received many orders and found it was necessary to employ a number of young ladies as skilful assistants4 ,her profits the first year were sufficient to pay for a neat little bungalow she had always admired1 and which is now her home4 ,,plan ,no4 #dje4 ,,shelling ,,and ,,selling ,,nuts ,a ,texas man makes an excellent living by gathering pecans and nuts of all kinds that grow in immense quantities in his neighborhood1 and shelling them with a machine invented for that purpose4 ,a bushel of the nuts1 when shelled1 make fourteen or fifteen pounds of the meats or kernels1 and he sells them to people in the city at prices that net him between #e and #f per bushel4 ,and considering that he handles several hundred bushels of the nuts in a single season1 one may judge as to the amount of his net profits4 ,,plan ,no4 #djf4 ,,spit-,,fire ,,bottle ,a young man who thought he could afford amusement for many people at a good profit to himself1 went to a wholesale drug store and bought a pound of metallic sodium4 ,this he removed from the can and soaked it in lamp oil until soft1 then dried it on a glass surface1 and with a piece of lead pipe rolled it out into sheets about of an inch thick4 ,these he cut into sticks #c inches long1 and #c inches wide1 and put two sticks into a dram glass vial1 labeled 8,spit-,fire40 ,moistening causes it to burn4 ,taking one of these vials into a barber shop1 a hotel lobby1 a cigar stand or a crowd of people at a park1 or a picnic1 he would take a small piece of it and lay it on top of a pipeful of tobacco1 then spit on it and the tobacco would light4 ,a small particle of it dropped into a glass of water or into acid will burn4 ,he offered this at #ae cents per bottle and sold them by hundreds to people who liked novel means of amusement4 ,he also mounted the vials on cards containing a dozen each1 and sold them to dealers for #ge cents per card4 ,one pound of metallic sodium is enough for #a1jjj bottles1 and the cost for vials1 labels and corks is about #c4ge1 while the metallic sodium is not expensive4 ,for #a1jjj bottles1 at #ae cents each1 he received #aej1 so you can see the amount of profit in this plan4 ,,plan ,no4 #djg4 ,,home ,,scenes ,,for ,,calendars ,a ,spokane young man1 who owned a good #ex#g camera1 and knew how to use it1 got the lowest quotations from publishing houses1 on medium-size calendars of artistic designs1 and from the samples sent him selected a line well adapted to the purpose for which he intended to use them4 ,next1 he took pictures of all the prominent business houses in the city1 showing the names of the merchants occupying the ground floors1 as well as the signs on some of the upper windows1 with names and business of the occupants4 ,then pasting one of these photos on one of the calendars1 he called upon the merchant1 as well as all the other tenants of the building1 and took orders for any number they required4 ,these made an excellent advertising medium1 and he received orders for many thousands of the calendars4 ,later he went into the best residence districts and took pictures of all the homes1 and1 pasting a picture of each house on a calendar he called at the various places and sold them by the hundreds4 ,often he was called upon to take special pictures showing home scenes1 such as children at play1 on the lawns1 family groups on the front veranda1 interiors of homes1 etc41 and within a very few months his net income was over #ej a week4 ,,plan ,no4 #djh4 ,,brickmaker ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #dji4 ,a ,,medical ,,garden ,garden vegetable products having medical properties made a large income for a widow with several small children1 and though it required considerable care1 the returns were more than satisfactory1 for the druggists bought all she could raise1 at high prices4 ,larkspur1 for instance1 the seed of which brings #a4ej to #b per pound1 was one of her successes4 ,this she planted in rows about #ah inches apart1 and1 when #d to #e inches high1 she thinned it to #e inches apart in the rows1 and harvested it like buckwheat4 ,she also grew parsley1 as the seeds and roots find a good market as drugs1 and the roots bring #ij cents per pound4 ,an oil is obtained from the seed4 ,ginsing is another profitable product of a medical garden1 and brings approximately #e4dj per pound4 ,she obtained reliable information regarding these plants1 without cost1 by writing to the bureau of plant industry1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,plan ,no4 #daj4 ,,auto-,,builder ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #daa4 ,,silver ,,fox ,,skins ,when it is known that a silver fox skin is worth #b1ejj in ,london1 it will be seen that some capital is required to begin the raising of the animals4 ,a western man1 who knew something of the business1 organized a small company with which to purchase two or three female foxes and one male4 ,the bureau of animal industry1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 sent full information1 free1 on request1 concerning this particular industry1 and following the instructions received from that source the company made a remarkable success4 ,one mother silver fox frequently rears eighteen young animals in three years1 so the profit can be figured from this4 ,of course1 the first cost was considerable1 but this was amply justified by the returns4 ,,plan ,no4 #dab4 ,,percentage ,,collections ,a couple of young fellows in ,salt ,lake ,city started a collection agency by first opening a small office and calling upon all the merchants for their old1 outlawed or hopeless accounts1 on a commission basis ranging from #be to #ej per cent of the amounts collected4 ,by arranging with a good local reporting company1 so as to learn the standing and financial condition of debtors1 and associating an active attorney with them1 they were able to write a form of letter that brought good returns4 ,the reporting company saved them much time4 ,these old accounts brought them in touch with good claims from time to time until in a few months the business was of sufficient size to give them a good living4 ,,plan ,no4 #dac4 ,,collecting ,,on ,a ,,salary ,a young man in ,ogden1 ,utah1 who had a particularly winning way in approaching people1 employed this talent to excellent advantage by doing the collecting for a number of firms at so much per month from each4 ,his tact and agreeable manner won in countless cases where bluffing or threats would have been unavailing4 ,he had made the discovery that 8politeness pays0 to the extent of #bjj a month1 or more4 ,,plan ,no4 #dad4 ,,raising ,,pansies ,,for ,,the ,,market ,that pansies can be raised with profit1 and made a regular business during a certain part of the year1 was proven by a young woman in a middle-west city1 who possessed a great love for flowers1 and had more time than money4 ,she started her seed bed in the latter part of ,july1 and in ,september she set the plants in rows five inches apart4 ,these plants she protected with coarse straw until almost the first of ,april1 when she uncovered the bed4 ,then she replanted in #b-quart wooden baskets1 eight to each basket4 ,the retail price of these baskets was #ae cents each1 or #a4be per dozen baskets wholesale4 ,she sold to both wholesale and retail dealers in plants and flowers1 and realized a neat sum from their sale4 ,,plan ,no4 #dae4 ,,membership ,,collection ,,agency ,a number of merchants in a western city were induced by a young man of that city to organize themselves into a mercantile collection agency1 the membership fee to be #cj a year and to entitle them to have all their accounts collected free1 even though litigation should become necessary to enforce the collections4 ,when collections were made for those not members1 the charges were #bj per cent on all amounts under #dj2 #ae per cent on all accounts from #dj to #ajj2 and #aj per cent on accounts over #ajj4 ,the young man engaged a live-wire attorney to look after the legal end of the business1 and drew a good salary as manager of the agency1 besides sharing in the profits of the business after all expenses were paid4 ,it proved a good thing for the merchants as well as the originator of the plan1 and made collections much easier than under the ordinary methods1 besides being more economical for the members4 ,,plan ,no4 #daf4 ,,raised ,,rhubarb ,,in ,,her ,,cellar ,a ,chicago woman raised rhubarb in boxes of rich dirt in her cellar during the winter months4 ,it required but little attention1 aside from irrigating it frequently with luke-warm water4 ,in ,january1 when everybody was longing for fresh green garden sauce1 she sold it for #be cents per pound1 and made many dollars in that way4 ,and rhubarb1 besides being exceedingly healthful1 is practically all profit4 ,,plan ,no4 #dag4 ,,cabbage ,,and ,,tomato ,,plants ,raising cabbage and tomato plants in boxes indoors during the late winter and very early spring1 and later transplanting to beds out of doors1 covering them from frost1 and using good1 rich soil1 enabled a ,kansas ,city woman to sell thousands of these plants for #aj cents per dozen1 at a time when others were just beginning to sow the seed4 ,her receipts from this source alone amounted to #aej or #bjj every spring4 ,,plan ,no4 #dah4 ,,sweet ,,potato ,,plants ,the raising and selling of sweet potato plants alone1 in boxes of highly fertilized dirt1 enabled an ,ohio woman to send her daughter to business college from the proceeds1 even though she received but #be cents per hundred4 ,but the thousands of plants she raised brought a very handsome sum in the aggregate4 ,,plan ,no4 #dai4 ,,made ,,apple ,,butter ,a ,missouri woman1 in whose orchard hundreds of bushels of fine apples were going to waste1 made several hundred dollars each fall by converting them into apple butter1 of which the storekeepers never could get enough to supply the demand1 for she had apple butter reduced to the finest kind of a domestic science1 and her product brought the highest prices4 ,this is how she made it3 ,cider1 #cj gallons2 apples1 #aj bucketfuls2 sugar1 #bj pounds2 ground cinnamon1 #aj cents' worth4 ,add sugar about an hour before taking off the stove4 ,,plan ,no4 #dbj4 ,,attorney ,,took ,,equities ,,for #djj ,,fee ,,and ,,made #g1hge ,a young lawyer in a northwestern city had a client who owed him a fee of #djj for legal services4 ,the client had no cash1 but held equities in certain properties which he turned over as full payment for the fee4 ,these included a #e-room house with a #fjj encumbrance2 an #h-room house1 with #b1bej encumbrance2 a clear lot in ,british ,columbia and three clear lots in a small ,montana town1 which he was glad to throw in for good measure1 as the equities in the other properties were of no value to him1 since he could not pay off the indebtedness4 ,with all this property on his hands1 the lawyer got busy4 ,over the long-distance phone he called up a bank in the ,british ,columbian town where the clear lot was located1 offered it at #bej1 and the offer was at once accepted4 ,that left the two city houses and the three ,montana lots out of which to realize the remaining #aej of his fee4 ,the #e-room house was in fairly good condition1 so he moved into it with his family1 and improved its general appearance by making a few needed repairs himself1 and adopting the theory that a man's property is dignified by his occupancy1 and its selling possibilities increased4 ,he then looked for a buyer or a trade4 ,a southern family1 living across the street1 greatly admired the little cottage1 and offered in exchange for it a #afj-;acre farm1 not far from the city1 valued at #c1jjj1 but encumbered for #ccj1 provided he would pay cash #cjj in addition4 ,the lawyer made the trade on this basis1 though in making this deal1 as in all others1 he adhered to his established rule never to assume an encumbrance upon a piece of property1 but to take it subject to the mortgage1 the purpose being not to be made personally responsible for the mortgage obligations4 ,immediately upon securing title to the farm1 he obtained a loan of #a1bej1 out of which he paid off the encumbrance of #fcj1 and still had #fbj in cash from the proceeds of the loan4 ,therefore1 as a result of this deal1 he had paid out #fhj1 and had #fbj in cash1 and an equity in the farm which he sold for #b1gjj4 ,then he moved into the #h-room house1 which was in need of cleaning and painting1 and at a total expense of #ajj he made it look like a new house4 ,and it was close to the business section besides4 ,not long after moving into this place1 he was offered another farm of #hj acres1 valued at #f1jjj1 which was later sold for #e1jjj1 but encumbered for #a1ejj1 for the #h-room residence1 and he accepted that offer also1 taking the farm subject to the #a1ejj mortgage4 ,the paying off of the mortgage on this house1 added to the #ajj spent for painting1 etc41 required an outlay of #ege1 and by giving a mortgage for #b1jjj on the farm1 he cleared off the first mortgage1 and had #ejj in cash left to pay the #ege4 ,when he figured up the totals he found that for a #djj attorney's fee he received more than #c1ejj inside of eight months4 ,this attorney adopted the plan of accepting equities considered of no value in other people's hands1 in lieu of small cash fees and found a use for the property which enabled him to deal4 ,,plan ,no4 #dba4 ,,ads4 ,,in ,,country ,,weeklies ,an advertising man in a western city made #a1jjj within a few months by purchasing a certain amount of space in the 8patent insides0 of a number of weekly papers supplied by a newspaper union1 at #c cents per inch1 and selling it to city merchants and other advertisers at #e cents per line4 ,by signing up contracts for three or six months or a year1 and filling the space with the ads4 so contracted for1 he derived a regular income from this source that enabled him to live well4 ,this plan required sales ability plus hard work to make it a success4 ,,plan ,no4 #dbb4 ,,special ,,directories ,,in 8,,patent ,,insides0 ,a ,middle-,western man1 with some newspaper experience1 arranged with a newspaper union supplying 8patent insides0 to handle a certain amount of space in a stated number of weekly papers using their ready-print sheets1 at a rate of #c cents per inch4 ,then he had illustrated two-column heads made for several lines of business1 such as3 8,where to ,eat ,when in ,town10 followed by a list of restaurants1 cafes1 etc41 each occupying two inches of space2 8,where to ,stop ,when in ,town10 for hotels1 rooming-houses1 etc42 8,where to ,buy ,when in ,town10 for merchants in all lines4 ,he had but little trouble in filling these spaces with ads4 that paid good prices1 and made a handsome profit on the plan4 ,,plan ,no4 #dbc4 ,,boosting ,,home ,,industries ,a special writer in a northwestern daily introduced a novel feature for the paper1 upon which he was working on a commission basis1 by conducting a manufacturers' page1 to appear on a certain day each week4 ,he had a zinc etching made1 showing a large manufacturing plant1 with heavy1 black smoke pouring from several tall chimneys1 and with every indication of great activity about the place4 ,under this cut1 in heavy1 black type1 were the words3 8,buy ,home ,manufactured ,goods40 ,below this appeared write-ups and small display ads4 of the various manufacturing enterprises in the city1 and in the center a strong argument favoring the patronizing of home industries1 in order to encourage the growth of those already established1 induce others to come1 and thus keep the money of the home people at home1 where everyone would have a chance to get some of it back through the increased prosperity that would ensue as a result of this commendable course4 ,each manufacturer was asked1 and generally consented1 to run a certain number of lines or inches of space in this department1 and it was not long before the manufacturers' page was one of the most prominent features of the paper4 ,not only that1 but the commissions of the young man who started and conducted this department amounted to more than the salary of the highest-paid man on the paper4 ,,plan ,no4 #dbd4 ,,copying ,,addresses ,in the offices of the leading public stenographers in almost every city are thousands of names and addresses to be copied for the use of advertisers or other patrons and a ,seattle young lady who was an expert typist1 besides owning a first-class typewriter1 secured all the work in this line she could do1 by keeping in close touch with the public stenographers1 directory publishers1 and others4 ,this work paid her well1 and there was always plenty of it for her to do4 ,,plan ,no4 #dbe4 ,,ads4 ,,on ,,barbers' ,,mirrors ,a regular patron of a barber shop1 while having his hair cut one day1 conceived an idea4 ,he proposed to the boss barber to install a row of mirrors1 #b feet wide1 along the wall of the shop1 about four feet above the floor4 ,these mirrors he would put in free1 with the understanding that he was to reserve the lower left-hand corner of each for advertising purposes4 ,as the mirrors then in the shop were rather dingy and old-fashioned1 the barber was glad to make this arrangement1 and the new mirrors were duly installed4 ,then the man who had thought of the idea went out and got enough advertising in one day to fill the reserved spaces1 at prices that seemed extravagant1 yet they were well worth the money4 ,ads4 that were of special interest to men who frequent barber shops were taken for the most part1 and these advertisers must have been pleased with the results1 because they renewed their contracts each year4 ,the first month's receipts more than paid the cost of the mirrors1 and after that it was most all clear profit4 ,,plan ,no4 #dbf4 ,,made ,,stove ,,polish ,making a self-shining stove polish of finely powdered graphite1 at a cost of #b cents for a #b-ounce box1 and selling it for #e cents a box1 was the way a hustling youngster at ,bellingham1 ,washington1 8got his start40 ,this polish he called 8,lusterine10 and put on each box a label saying it was 8,best and cheapest4 ,no mussy mixing4 ,makes old stoves look like new in two minutes4 ,produces an instantaneous polish that will not burn off4 ,apply with a damp woolen rag1 then go over the stove with a dry cloth40 ,he sold immense quantities of this polish to the hardware stores all along the coast1 at #h cents per box1 thus clearing #a cents on each1 and also sold a great deal of it himself for #e cents per box1 or a profit of #c cents4 ,it gave him a good living4 ,,plan ,no4 #dbg4 ,,peanut ,,vending ,,machine ,a ,baker ,city1 ,oregon1 young man made a nice living and a surplus by buying several peanut-vending machines and placing them on prominent corners of his town1 as near the moving-picture shows as possible4 ,the machines were of the penny-in-the-slot order1 and yielded a small handful of peanuts when a cent was inserted and a button pressed4 ,of course1 others in his town also sold peanuts1 but he had a novel way of treating his1 and soon secured the peanut trade4 ,he bought his peanuts in considerable quantities from wholesale grocers in a large city1 and prepared them by placing a small amount of butter in a large dish1 then put the peanuts in4 ,the butter would boil up and cover the peanuts1 and roast them to perfection4 ,this butter could be used repeatedly4 ,then he would stir a teaspoonful of glucose in a bushel of peanuts1 and throw on the necessary amount of salt1 the glucose causing the salt to stick4 ,a neat card calling attention to the superiority of his special brand of peanuts did the business1 and he was kept busy roasting the peanuts and filling the vending machines4 ,these machines paid him a net profit from #ce to #ej a week4 ,,plan ,no4 #dbh4 ,,making ,,holiday ,,and ,,birthday ,,presents ,an old lady in an ,illinois town1 who had always been very skilful in the use of the needle1 was able to earn a very comfortable living by making sofa pillows1 pin cushions1 jewel trays1 lamp shades1 book-marks1 waste and work baskets1 catch-bags1 etc41 and selling them to people who wanted to make ,christmas or birthday presents of them1 yet could not do the work4 ,after the holiday season was over1 she would insert a small ad4 in the local paper1 saying she was prepared to make appropriate presents for birthdays and other occasions1 and her excellent work soon became so well known that she had all she could do4 ,her prices were rather high1 but were justified by the character of the work she did1 and people cheerfully paid them1 as they realized the worth of her work4 ,,plan ,no4 #dbi4 ,,keeping ,a ,,flower ,,bed ,for several months in the year1 an energetic woman in a northern city paid the family grocery bills from the proceeds of a small flower bed in the back yard of her home4 ,she took especial care of this flower bed1 as she realized that most of her neighbors were negligent in such matters1 and would be glad of an opportunity to buy flowers from her later in the season4 ,and she guessed right1 for they were soon coming from all directions to buy her flowers4 ,she had all varieties1 which showed the effects of careful culture1 and she charged good prices for them4 ,for weddings1 funerals1 etc41 she made up special designs1 and sold them for several dollars each4 ,among the rare flowers she raised were orchids1 which brought very high prices in the winter1 and she felt well paid for the labor and care she had bestowed upon her small flower bed4 ,,plan ,no4 #dcj4 ,,representing ,,country ,,weeklies ,an advertising man in the ,pacific ,northwest recently called upon the publishers of forty weekly newspapers1 within a radius of #bjj miles of the city in which he lived1 and entered into contracts with each of them whereby he was to solicit advertising for them in the city and elsewhere1 on a basis of #be per cent1 after receiving #ajj worth of advertising space in each paper as a bonus4 ,this #d1jjj worth of space he sold at regular advertising rates1 and in addition was paid #be per cent on the business he secured and forwarded to the papers4 ,in this way the local weeklies furnished him the capital to make his start and they gave him a good profit on future business4 ,,plan ,no4 #dca4 ,,band ,,leader ,m4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #dcb4 ,,gathering ,,old ,,magazines ,,for ,,sale ,living in a city where a great many magazines were taken1 an old gentleman1 who had no regular means of making a living1 made a business of his own by gathering up old magazines from a large number of homes1 and selling them at good prices to dealers4 ,by calling regularly at the homes1 he was given many of these magazines1 mostly in good condition1 and carried them to his home in a little cart4 ,when he had accumulated enough for a good load1 he got a friend of his with an express wagon to haul them to the dealers for a small charge1 and received enough income in this way to supply him a living4 ,,plan ,no4 #dcc4 ,a ,,hot-,,bed ,,for ,,plants ,a country woman who had constructed a hot-bed out of some second-hand material she had gathered from time to time1 made quite a neat profit by raising plants and selling them to her neighbors1 as well as sending them to a market in the city1 when it was too early in the season to obtain these in the regular way4 ,tomato1 pepper1 cauliflower1 cabbage1 egg plant1 celery1 and all sorts of flowers1 were given a good start in the hot-bed1 and brought good prices for all she could raise4 ,,plan ,no4 #dcd4 ,,marketing ,,eggs1 ,,butter ,,and ,,milk ,of all the numerous opportunities afforded the country woman for making money1 none present so many possibilities as do the supplying of many real luxuries to people who need and want fresh eggs1 butter and milk4 ,a farmer's wife1 who lived near a large city in ,illinois1 saw in these unsatisfied wants her opportunity for mutual benefits1 and having a large number of chickens and milk cows on the farm1 she set about utilizing these products in a way that meant a great deal for scores of city people1 and for herself as well4 ,through the insertion of just a little ad4 in the classified columns of a city paper1 she received replies from over one hundred city people who were interested in the prospect of buying these products1 and she thereupon hired a good woman to help with her housework and marketing4 ,through the parcel post1 she sent to the city every day the freshest of eggs1 butter1 milk and cream1 and was soon in receipt of an income that paid all her own personal expenses1 the wages of her assistant and the tuition for one year of her daughter who wanted to enter college4 ,,plan ,no4 #dce4 ,a ,,farmer',s ,,wife ,,and ,,her ,,chickens ,the wife of a ,nebraska farmer1 who knew how to raise chickens with profit1 made this industry pay by adhering to a few simple rules4 ,first1 she weeded out all the 8scrub0 poultry on the place1 and kept only the best specimens of the best breeds1 as they eat no more than common stock1 and bring much better returns4 ,then she insisted on keeping her poultry yard absolutely clean1 free from vermin and rats1 and giving the fowls proper food in sufficient quantity to keep them in good condition4 ,she raised chickens1 ducks1 geese and turkeys1 and1 owing to her excellent methods of caring for them1 had very little bad luck with them4 ,she made one or two trips to the city1 secured enough permanent patrons to take all her surplus products off her hands the year round1 at prices considerably in advance of regular market quotations1 and sent her eggs1 butter1 young chickens and other fowls by parcel post1 and cleared over #bjj every season1 with but little extra labor or expense4 ,and #bjj is quite a sum to a country woman1 especially if she earns it herself and saves it all4 ,,plan ,no4 #dcf4 ,,jams ,,and ,,jellies ,a farmer's wife1 who lived more than ten miles from the city1 and realizing that it was not possible for her to market her strawberries1 and other garden products by driving that distance1 only to find the market over supplied for that day1 resolved upon another plan for handling these berries profitably4 ,she knew that by putting them up in the form of delicious jellies and jams1 home-made she could get good prices for them long after the fresh berry season was over1 so she obtained a large number of jars1 glasses1 etc41 and made vast quantities of all kinds of jams and jellies4 ,her judgment was confirmed the following winter1 for when the city people learned of these home-made delicacies1 through a little want ad4 in the city papers1 she sold the entire lot in less than two days1 at prices she considered very high4 ,the next year she doubled the quantity of jams and jellies put up1 which doubled her profits as well4 ,,plan ,no4 #dcg4 ,,bee ,,handler--,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #dch4 ,,keeping ,,piano ,,keys ,,white ,this is a woman's discovery1 and a valuable one1 too1 for it not only kept the keys of the piano white1 but made her a good profit4 ,she introduced it by asking her friends to try it on their piano4 ,she made it of the following ingredients1 the proportions given being enough to make #if #d-ounce bottles of the preparation1 and as a cleaner and whitener of piano keys it has no equal4 ,the entire cost of making it1 bottle1 label and all1 is only about #e cents per bottle1 and it sells rapidly at #ej cents for a #d-ounce bottle4 ,this is the formula3 ,grain alcohol1 #a gallon2 water1 #b gallons4 ,mix4 ,she learned by experience that this preparation prevents discoloration of ivory piano keys1 and restores faded1 yellow keys to their natural whiteness and gloss4 ,with each bottle1 properly labeled1 she gave the following directions3 ,dampen a piece of chamois with the preparation1 apply to the keys1 and after fifteen minutes rub over with a dry piece of chamois4 ,repeat the treatment weekly1 always using the same pieces of chamois1 and you will always have white1 glossy1 beautiful piano keys4 ,she first sold this through agents1 then to music houses1 and later made it a mail-order proposition by advertising1 and sold so much of it that she finally devoted her entire time to making and selling it4 ,,plan ,no4 #dci4 ,,mending ,,broken ,,china ,a young lady in a western town of #be1jjj people1 where there were several studios for decorating china1 was surprised to learn of the large number of beautiful and expensive pieces that were broken1 through carelessness or accident1 and decided to try her hand as a mender of this broken ware4 ,having the formula for making a mending glue to be found in this book1 she called at one of the studios and asked for permission to take one or two of the cheaper broken pieces home with her1 to see what she could do with them4 ,she at once prepared the glue very carefully and1 with infinite patience and skill1 devoted one hour to the permanent putting together of a broken vase she had brought with her from the studio4 ,when it was completed1 she was greatly surprised to find that only by the closest scrutiny could she herself detect where the break had been1 and letting it dry until the next day1 she took it back to the studio4 ,the proprietor was amazed to see how perfectly the broken parts had been put together1 and at once gave her a number of the more expensive vases1 pitchers1 etc41 to mend1 naming a price for the work that surprised her4 ,she mended these with the same skill and success that attended her first efforts1 and now she is making a living doing this work for studios1 as well as for many wealthy families in the town4 ,,plan ,no4 #ddj4 ,,biochemical--,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #dda4 ,,pure ,,country ,,tomato ,,sauce ,to make a small quantity of real country tomato sauce1 to be used as a sample1 a farmer's wife in a section of country noted for its highly flavored fruits and vegetables1 used the following ingredients3 ,four pounds of ripe tomatoes2 #b pounds of peeled onions2 #e ounces light brown sugar2 #d ounces of salt2 #b pints cider vinegar2 #a teaspoonful black ground pepper2 and #c teaspoonfuls red pepper4 ,she ground the tomatoes through a grinder1 and then added the onions by running them through the grinder also4 ,she then added the other articles1 and boiled in a porcelain kettle for about two hours1 stirring it quite often to prevent it from sticking to the bottom4 ,she then put it up in #f-ounce bottles1 that would sell for #bj cents each1 and submitted samples of her product to a wholesale grocery house4 ,the president of the company was so impressed with its excellence that he offered to incorporate a company and erect a manufactory for the purpose of producing the sauce in quantities1 under the direct personal supervision of this woman4 ,she accepted the offer1 was elected treasurer of the company1 and is to-day drawing a salary of #d1jjj a year1 besides receiving dividends that amount to as much more4 ,,plan ,no4 #ddb4 ,,biologist--,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #ddc4 ,,blacksmith ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #ddd4 ,,boilermaker ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #dde4 ,,bookbinder ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #ddf4 ,,bookkeeper ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #ddg4 ,a ,,simple ,,dandelion ,,destroyer ,having discovered a simple yet effective method of destroying dandelions without digging up the roots1 injuring the grass or otherwise disfiguring the lawns1 a middle-aged landscape gardener in an eastern city made a great deal of money by taking contracts to destroy these perennial pests in hundreds of lawns1 being frequently offered #ajj by a wealthy householder if he would successfully eradicate them from the premises4 ,all he used for this purpose was sulphate of copper1 which he bought by the barrel at less than #e cents per pound1 but which he sold at #be cents per pound to those who wished to apply it themselves1 though in most cases property owners preferred to have him do the work himself1 and while there was no great labor involved1 it usually paid him at the rate of #b4ej an hour1 the material used costing about #bj cents1 as one pound of the sulphate will make about four gallons of the solution1 which is applied with a sprayer1 sprinkling the tops of the plants liberally4 ,this effectually destroys the dandelion1 while the blue grass or clover of the lawn is not injured in the slightest degree by its application4 ,,plan ,no4 #ddh4 ,,made ,,feather ,,comforters ,the wife of a ,norwegian farmer1 living in northern ,minnesota1 where the winters are very cold1 had brought with her from the old country many excellent ideas of real comfort1 and among these was the idea of feather comforters4 ,they had a large flock of geese and ducks1 and thus the raw material for making these wonderfully comfortable comforters was easily available and plentiful4 ,but she did not make them bunchy and unwieldy1 but light in weight1 neat1 pretty--and extremely comfortable4 ,the following is her method of making them3 ,the feathers are held in small sacks1 made like long1 narrow pillowslips1 of cheese cloth or regular ticking4 ,for each sack a strip of ticking about #bj inches wide and as long as the desired width of the comforter is used4 ,this strip is stitched together up the side and across the end just as a pillowslip is made2 then turned and filled with feathers and the opening is hand sewed4 ,the thickness of the comforter will1 of course1 depend upon the amount of feathers put into each sack4 ,an exactly equal weight must be used in each to insure a uniform thickness of the comforter4 ,about twelve of these sacks1 each measuring about eight inches across when filled1 will be required for a comforter of ordinary length4 ,the covering for the comforter may be of calico1 sateen1 flannel1 or even of silk4 ,the top and bottom covers are held together by basting1 then lines of stitching are run across the width far enough apart to admit of the long feather sacks being drawn through from side to side like tape through a hem2 then the edges of the comforter are bound and the comforter is complete4 ,it is warm and elastic1 there is no bunching up of the feathers1 and the whole is easily cleaned by opening the two sides of the covers and pulling out the sacks of feathers to be dry-cleaned or hung on the line to sun and air while the covers are being washed or new ones provided4 ,when these feather comforters were made in the manner above described1 they sold readily for #bj to #cj each1 and1 inasmuch as she made as high as twenty to twenty-five of them in a single season1 her income from goose and duck feathers may easily be estimated4 ,a comforter made from the breast feathers of ducks alone often brought #dj4 ,,plan ,no4 #ddi4 ,,botanist ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #dej4 ,,making ,,gas ,,mantles ,,pay ,in an eastern town1 where gas is still used for lighting stores1 a little lame old man is said to make from #fj to #ge a week by taking contracts to keep gaslights in stores and offices supplied with mantles1 which he makes himself1 and by cleaning and polishing the fixtures4 ,his charge is #ej cents a month per light1 and he has many hundreds of these to look after1 sometimes having as high as forty or fifty in a single store4 ,,plan ,no4 #dea4 ,,business ,,mgr4 ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #deb4 ,,one ,,good ,,selling ,,plan ,mail-order people have many different selling plans1 most of which bring good returns1 but an agent in ,ohio made quite a success of the plan briefly outlined as follows3 ,selecting from the articles offered by a mail-order supply house one that usually retailed at #ae cents1 but which cost him #h cents1 including postage1 etc41 he had a neat circular letter printed describing the article in detail1 its uses and advantages1 and offering it at #i cents1 if ordered within a certain time4 ,these letters he sent to all those names he had secured in former mail-order transactions1 explaining that every once in a while he offered special bargains in some article or other1 and that this was one of those occasions4 ,as most people already knew it was really a #ae cent article1 he received a large number of orders1 and when sending the article he enclosed another circular letter1 quoting the prices on the other lines of articles1 on most of which there was a fair but not extravagant profit4 ,these also brought many orders from new customers1 and by continually enlarging his list1 and quoting his articles as close to cost as possible1 he gradually built up a permanent and profitable business4 ,,plan ,no4 #dec4 ,,earned ,,his ,,way ,,through ,,college ,two young men in a northwestern city wanted to be lawyers1 and both wanted to go to ,ann ,arbor1 ,michigan4 ,one had some money1 the other had not4 ,the one with money loaned his friend #ajj and with #ej saved he had a total capital of #aej4 ,by the time ,ann ,arbor was reached and the preliminary expenses defrayed1 there was just #ae left of the #aej1 and the young man who had it realized the importance of adding to that as speedily as possible4 ,therefore1 during his vacation1 he devoted his time to selling books4 ,arriving in a city in central ,illinois with a bicycle1 a prospectus1 and just enough money to stay over night at a cheap hotel1 he struck out into the country the next morning1 pushing his bicycle through the black1 heavy and sticky mud of that rich agricultural section1 until he came to a farmhouse4 ,calling there1 he showed the prospectus of the book1 explained its merits in a carefully prepared talk1 and when the farmer's wife wavered between yes and no1 he clinched a sale by offering to deduct #be cents from the price if they would let him take dinner4 ,they did1 and he sold4 ,that afternoon he sold another book by offering #ej cents off the price for supper1 bed and breakfast1 and from that time on he needed no expense money1 because he paid for his meals and lodgings by selling books to farmers and deducting the charges for them from the price of the book4 ,and that made many a sale which he would not otherwise have made4 ,at the end of ten weeks' work he had made #cej as net commissions on his sales4 ,the next summer he took the agency for another book1 which he sold in the towns and cities1 thereby avoiding the strenuous work of wading through mud1 and that season he earned #djj net in commissions on his sales1 so that he had repaid the #ajj loan1 paid all his tuition and other expenses in college and had some money left4 ,the third summer1 still sticking to the book business1 he employed agents and assistants to make sales under his supervision1 and made #ejj through this work4 ,,plan ,no4 #ded4 ,a ,,commercial ,,art ,,bureau ,a young artist and a salesman joined forces and established an art bureau1 along commercial lines1 and made it a success4 ,the artist could not have secured business by personal solicitation had his life depended upon it1 but he could draw--anything--anywhere4 ,the hustler made no pretensions of being an artist1 but he could get business whenever there was any1 and very often where there wasn't any1 to a casual observer4 ,therefore1 they made a strong team4 ,their first specialty was the drawing of designs for doctors1 lawyers and other professional men1 the drawing containing the name of the person1 some special emblem or symbol of his calling1 or any other distinguishing feature he might select4 ,from these drawings he could have an engraving made and as many copies printed as he required for bookmarks or other purposes4 ,for these designs they charged from #aj up and did a good business4 ,then they began a systematic course of commercial art work1 embracing illustrations for advertisements1 thus adding greatly to the attractiveness of advertisements4 ,this feature they extended to all lines of business1 and before long the advertising columns of the local newspapers looked very much like a picture gallery1 while the ads4 were eagerly looked for and carefully studied4 ,they also made illustrations for the works of young authors4 ,within a year or two they had all the work they could do4 ,,plan ,no4 #dee4 ,a ,,good ,,collection ,,system ,there have been many forms of collection agencies designed1 some being good1 some bad and some indifferent1 but the system planned and worked by a man in a northwestern city is certainly novel in its every detail4 ,it 8gets the money10 and nets its promoter from #ab1jjj to #ae1jjj a year4 ,so the idea must be good4 ,this agency1 incorporated1 has the creditors sign a contract assigning to it all the accounts1 judgments and notes listed underneath1 in consideration of the services to be performed by the agency1 and authorizes the agency to use its discretion in settlements1 to collect1 receive1 adjust and discharge the same4 ,the names1 last-known addresses and occupations of the debtors are given1 with the date of the last item1 the amount due1 name of employer1 etc41 and on all of these accounts collected the agency is to receive a commission of #ej per cent for the first #ajj1 and #ae per cent on all amounts in excess of that sum1 except on notes1 judgments and accounts over three years old1 all of which shall pay a #ej-per-cent commission1 the commission to be due and payable to the agency whether the debtor makes payment to it or to the creditor4 ,on any account withdrawn from the agency by the creditor1 the commission to be considered as earned in full1 and be due and payable to the agency at once4 ,the creditor is to report promptly to the agency any payments made on the accounts after being listed1 and the refusal of the creditor to report shall be held as a payment1 the other accounts listed being considered as security for the payment of commissions on claims withdrawn or paid1 or refusal to report4 ,the contract to be enforced for six months1 except as to judgments1 notes or accounts upon which payments have been made1 suit commenced in process of settlement1 or secured in any manner4 ,creditor not required to pay any advanced fees or retainer1 except #aj cents on each claim for address verification4 ,in case the services of an attorney are advisable1 creditor agrees to employment of one and to pay #ej per cent commission on amounts collected1 where agency assumes responsibility for costs and attorney's fees4 ,the creditor signs his name1 with his business1 the date and his address1 and lists below the names1 etc41 of those debtors he desires to turn over to the agency1 and for each name or account so listed he pays #aj cents to the solicitor who retains the entire amount as part of his commission4 ,the solicitor then forwards or brings to the office of the agency the lists thus secured1 and the agency thereupon pays him #bj cents more for each account so listed1 making #hj cents in all4 ,therefore1 a solicitor securing #ajj accounts in a day makes #cj a day4 ,this seems like pretty good pay for the man who solicits the accounts1 and it is1 but when it is considered that the head of the agency1 who perfected this plan1 collects practically #ie per cent of these accounts1 and retains one-half of most of these collected1 it will be very apparent that he can well afford to be liberal with the man or woman who goes out and picks up this business for him4 ,as an indication of the magnitude of the business1 he performs services for #d1jjj to #f1jjj clients in a year1 employs five girls as stenographers and multigraph operators1 and sends out thousands of letters every month1 most of which1 bring tangible results4 ,it's a big business1 and there is a big field in which to work it4 ,the success of his plan lies in the rapidity with which he handles a voluminous correspondence1 and in this he is materially assisted by the use of an electrically-propelled multigraph1 rubber stamps1 etc4 ,his business is conducted almost entirely through letter-writing and he has hundreds of forms of original letters and follow-ups suited to all classes of debtors1 enabling him to make attacks from every angle4 ,,plan ,no4 #def4 ,,made ,,and ,,sold ,,shoes ,a ,boston young man1 some years ago1 was traveling salesman for his father1 a wholesale dealer in shoes4 ,his experience on the road proved how hard it was to get dealers to push the sales of shoes of any make1 and he decided to go into the business of making shoes on an extensive scale and selling them in his own stores4 ,at that time he had no stores1 and all the large manufacturers ridiculed his idea1 but he went ahead1 just the same1 secured models of the most expensive shoes made1 opened a little store in ,boston1 began making shoes of excellent value1 yet which he could sell in his own store for #c a pair--that was before the war1 of course4 ,he advertised these #c shoes1 first locally then nationally1 and the ads4 brought a steady demand for the shoes1 to which he had given a dignified yet easily-remembered name1 and it was not long until he had more shoe stores1 and still more4 ,now he has nearly #djj of them1 scattered over most of the civilized world4 ,,plan ,no4 #deg4 ,,selling ,,hair ,,tonic ,never mind what kind of hair tonic it was4 ,there are many ways of making various kinds1 and those who wish to go into the business of selling hair tonic can select the one that suits him best4 ,but it's the selling idea you are after1 and here is how one young man did it3 ,to avoid the necessity of sending a #ab-ounce bottle by express1 at a cost to the buyer of #dj to #ej cents1 he got a hair specialist to condense it into one ounce1 so he could send it in a common mailing case for less than #e cents postage1 and pay that himself4 ,all the buyer had to do was to add enough water to the condensed preparation to make #ab ounces of good hair tonic1 and to a list of names of people who had sent letters to other hair-tonic advertisers he mailed a neat little booklet telling all about his condensed hair tonic1 and offering to send a #a-ounce bottle for #ej cents1 also enclosing a fancy label for a #ab-ounce bottle4 ,out of #d1jjj such names1 he sold #ijj of the #ej-;cent bottles2 then he advertised and got more names1 sent more booklets and got more orders4 ,however1 in order to encourage sales of two bottles at a time1 he offered a neat1 small purse1 that cost him #aj cents in gross lots1 and offered this as a premium with each sale of two bottles for #a1 and1 as most of those who wrote him were women1 the purse brought the orders4 ,,plan ,no4 #deh4 ,,bought ,,his ,,bride ,a ,,bungalow ,an ,indiana man and his bride were returning in their automobile from a trip to the country1 and passed a beautiful rural bungalow on a small farm1 which the bride greatly admired4 ,she told her husband she would like to own that place4 ,arriving in the city1 he left his wife at her mother's and drove to his office4 ,hastily glancing over the letters on his desk1 he turned to the want ads4 of the daily paper1 and scanned them carefully until he found one which announced that a man about to establish a dairy wanted to buy any number of milch cows1 up to fifty4 ,suddenly he remembered that in a country paper1 a few days before1 he had read an ad4 of an auction sale of milch cows1 to be sold at a place about thirty miles from the city4 ,he found the paper in his auto-coat pocket and saw that the auction sale was to take place the next day1 so in the morning he kissed his bride good by1 told her he would be back that evening1 jumped into his machine and drove away4 ,arriving at the place where the cows were1 he looked them over carefully1 saw they were of a good grade1 looked at the sale announcement again1 and noticed it stated that any purchaser of one cow could take the lot at the same price per head4 ,then he waited until a poor1 scrawny heifer was put up for sale1 bid her in for #ce1 and announced that he would take them all at that price4 ,the owner and several bidders objected1 but the auctioneer pointed to the terms of the sale1 and1 having the cash with him1 our friend paid for the herd1 hired two men to drive them to the address of the man who wanted cows1 sold them at a profit of #a1jjj1 and drove home that evening with the deed made out to his bride for the bungalow and little ranch she wanted4 ,this is illustrative of the opportunity that appears when one knows both the sellers' and buyers' wants4 ,,plan ,no4 #dei4 ,,selling ,,watches ,,on ,,installments ,an experienced salesman in an eastern city1 having an idea that if other kinds of goods could be sold on the installment plan watches could also be sold that way1 decided to try it out and see4 ,beginning with a capital of less than #ajj1 he first arranged with a watch factory that turns out a fairly good timekeeper at a low price1 to supply him with a certain number of watches at from #c to #ab each1 to be delivered to him in small lots at first1 as he could pay for them2 and having expended the greater part of his #ajj for these1 he worked it at first simply as a local proposition1 doing the canvassing himself4 ,as the watches all contained an ,american movement1 the cheapest of them having a five-year guaranteed case1 they gave good satisfaction1 and the monthly payments were promptly made1 almost without exception4 ,it was not long until the business was paying him from #bej to #cjj a month1 and at that time he began to make it a mail-order business1 advertising in a list of papers recommended by a reliable agency4 ,he aimed to sell every watch for at least three times what it cost him1 and as he required from #be to #cc per cent as a cash payment1 this usually paid the wholesale cost of the watch1 while subsequent payments were practically clear profit4 ,to those replying to his ads4 he sent a neat circular1 with illustrations of the various watches he had for sale1 with prices1 terms1 etc41 and these brought a very large percentage of sales4 ,he is now averaging #ejj a month net profit4 ,,plan ,no4 #dfj4 ,,did ,,distributing ,an ,illinois man1 living in a city of #be1jjj people1 had noticed that much of the distributing done in his town was very poorly executed4 ,he had seen boys entrusted with expensive and valuable literature1 chuck great masses of it under culverts1 into sewers and other out-of-the-way places1 and then collect as though having done honest work4 ,he knew of several druggists1 and retailers in various lines1 who let tons of advertising matter1 sent them by manufacturers and wholesalers for distribution1 lie in the stores and go to waste because the retailers were too busy or too negligent to have it properly distributed where it would do the most good4 ,he therefore called upon these people and offered to do their distributing in an honest and capable manner1 at a very reasonable price1 assuring them that it was to their own interest to have this advertising matter get before the public as early and as thoroughly as possible4 ,most of the firms1 knowing him to be reliable1 gave him their work1 and almost immediately noticed a marked increase in the calls for the particular goods mentioned in the literature4 ,improvement came from proper distribution1 and they were glad to contract with him by the year to do all that class of work for them1 at a stipulated price per month4 ,altogether1 these contracts netted him nearly #ajj a month1 and left him spare time for other kinds of work4 ,,plan ,no4 #dfa4 ,a ,,successful ,,selling ,,plan ,many of the readers of this book will select one or more of the plans herein set forth1 and no doubt some of them will require local canvassing to make a success4 ,but a great many people1 after having an article ready for sale1 will not know just how to start selling4 ,in order to aid these people in disposing of what they have for sale1 we give herewith the selling plan employed by a very successful salesman in ,buffalo3 ,he was selling a fine massage cream1 nicely put up in a dainty jar1 and bearing a very fancy label4 ,the jars held one ounce1 and sold for #ej cents each4 ,instead of rushing up to a house and asking the lady who answered the bell if she wanted to buy some good massage cream1 he provided himself with a nice premium1 such as an ornamental clock1 a set of knives and forks1 a silver spoon or bon-bon dish--something really valuable1 yet which at wholesale cost him only #fj or #ge cents1 but would retail at #a4ej to #b4 ,he also carried a number of self-addressed postal cards1 with room on the back for ten names and addresses1 under a request from ten ladies to call upon each with a jar of the cream4 ,he also had several jars of the cream along with him4 ,when a lady came to the door1 he would show her the premium first1 and inform her that he was giving it away4 ,this1 of course1 interested her4 ,then he would show her the jar of massage cream1 give her one of the postal cards1 and tell her that if she would buy one of the jars of cream1 and have ten of her lady friends write their names and addresses on the self-addressed postal1 and mail it to him1 he would give her the premium4 ,this caught nearly all of them1 for the lady got the #ej-;cent jar of cream and a #a4ej to #b premium for #ej cents1 and for getting ten other ladies to sign an order for one jar each4 ,then when the ten orders came in on the card1 he called with the premium and another card for each and made it a sort of endless chain4 ,this isn't canvassing1 it's planning4 ,,plan ,no4 #dfb4 ,,collection ,,agency ,,soliciting ,elsewhere in this book is an account of a party in a northwestern city who made from #ab1jjj to #ae1jjj a year through establishing a successful plan of collecting old accounts1 mainly by means of letters4 ,practically every merchant doing business anywhere has a large number of accounts which he has been unable to collect1 and it is from these accounts that the solicitor can earn a good living4 ,calling upon the merchants of his home-city first1 he asked to be allowed to take over these accounts1 the merchant to pay him #aj cents for each account so assigned1 and1 as he frequently listed as high as #bjj accounts in a day1 he derived #bj from this source alone as he was allowed to retain the entire amount4 ,then1 on receipt of the accounts at the agency1 he would be paid #bj cents more for each account1 thus making his income #fj for one day's work4 ,this was unusual1 however1 but any good hustler can make a good living from this work4 ,,plan ,no4 #dfc4 ,,opened ,a 8,,surplus0 ,,market ,a man and his wife1 who lived in a city surrounded by a good fruit and agricultural country1 and whose only possession was a horse and light wagon1 and less than #ajj in cash1 concluded to open what they called a 8surplus0 market1 where they disposed of a great deal of farm and orchard products that would otherwise have gone to waste4 ,they rented a small stall in one of the city markets1 and the wife took charge of that1 while the husband drove several miles into the country each day looking for surplus products that could be had for little or nothing1 simply to get them out of the way4 ,he was thus able to pick up in a day a wagon-load of good1 sound apples1 peaches1 pears1 vegetables1 berries1 small fruits1 etc41 at a total cost of #a or even less--often for nothing--and these he brought to the market stall and offered for sale at just about one-half the prices asked by other dealers4 ,to be sure1 the fruits were not wrapped and labeled1 or the berries placed in boxes1 but their quality was fully equal to those that were4 ,small as was this beginning1 it gradually led to something larger and better1 and they now own one of the most profitable little fruit stores in their city4 ,,plan ,no4 #dfd4 ,,boosted ,,his ,,home ,,town ,,by ,,booklet ,a northwestern young man1 who believed that more factories and other valuable enterprises could be brought to his home city through stronger literature than was being sent out by the local chamber of commerce1 prepared a brief summary of resources1 supplies of raw materials of all kinds1 marketing conditions1 power costs1 and everything that could possibly interest a manufacturer looking for a new location4 ,this matter was contained in an attractive booklet1 concise and forcible in style1 and dealt only with established facts and figures1 with data that could not be questioned4 ,then he advertised throughout the eastern cities and stated that he would send this reliable publication on receipt of #ej cents per copy1 and received many answers containing enclosures4 ,later he prepared another booklet of special interest to farmers and as the matter it contained was so different from the ordinary literature so widely scattered over the country by various corporations1 it met with great success1 and brought a great many farmers to the surrounding country4 ,,plan ,no4 #dfe4 ,a ,,home-,,industry ,,page ,when a new daily paper was established in a northwestern city a few years ago1 a young man who was an untiring hustler for business1 and who had had a great deal of experience in soliciting ads41 proposed to the publisher to conduct a page devoted to home manufactures1 and make it an important feature of the paper1 on a commission basis of #dj per cent4 ,the publisher agreed to this1 as he was confronted with very strong competition1 and every new feature he could add to his paper was just that much more in his favor4 ,the young man therefore had a #c-;column cut made1 showing a large factory in full operation and below was a prominent display line1 8,patronize ,home ,industries and ,buy ,goods ,made in ------10 the name of his town4 ,following this were the names of all products made in the home city1 alphabetically arranged1 the name of the article coming first1 with the name of its manufacturer immediately following1 so that anyone wishing to buy a certain article had only to turn to this alphabetical list to find the name of the article wanted1 the firm or concern that made it1 and either phone for it or call in person to obtain it4 ,the page became so popular that the name of every manufacturer in the city1 with the name of his product1 was listed in it1 and exactly #e1jjj was the revenue derived from it the first year4 ,the manufacturers were greatly benefited by it1 the paper got #c1jjj1 and the young man who originated the plan drew #b1jjj as his commission4 ,,plan ,no4 #dff4 ,,refreshments ,,for ,,shoppers ,a woman in ,denver1 who had often felt the need of some refreshments while out for an afternoon's shopping1 and yet did not care to pay the fancy prices asked at most of the swell cafs where it was 8all style and nothing to eat10 evolved a plan that she believed would be gladly welcomed by the women1 and at the same time yield her a good income4 ,not having sufficient means to rent a choice store on the leading street1 or convenient to the shopping district1 she went to the proprietor of one of the leading department stores and made arrangements to establish a little refreshment counter in his store1 where she could serve hot coffee1 sandwiches1 etc41 to women during the day4 ,the merchant was glad to add this feature to his establishment1 as it would be a benefit to him in attracting trade1 and to the women shoppers as well as to the clerks in the store who would appreciate refreshments of this kind1 at a very moderate cost4 ,she made her own coffee1 prepared her own sandwiches and the few delicacies she served1 and they were exceptionally good4 ,she made a reasonable charge for what she served1 and1 although the profit was not large on any one article1 it was a steady income and paid her well each year1 for her refreshment counter became a permanent and popular feature of the store1 drawing a large volume of trade1 and no charge was made for the space she occupied4 ,in fact1 the merchant would have been glad to pay her to stay1 if he could not have induced her to remain otherwise4 ,,plan ,no4 #dfg4 ,,law ,,and ,,farming ,,in ,,the ,,northwest ,a young law graduate was without funds so decided to go back to his early work1 teaching school4 ,his work was not very profitable and1 besides1 he wanted to marry1 so he borrowed #aej to wed the girl he loved and took her to ,northwestern ,canada4 ,there he went into the real estate business and formed a partnership with a man who thought playing pool was his business4 ,in ,february he decided to go by himself4 ,in ,canada a book is issued giving the legal description of land for sale1 price asked and the commission to the agent4 ,the only asset he had was this book and a knowledge of the farm country4 ,all through the cold month of ,february his office paid him but #ej cents1 but ,march was better and in ,april he did a good business4 ,that year his commissions alone netted him more than #h1jjj4 ,he could not practice law in ,canada but he could make out deeds and give advice which netted him a sufficient income to save the #h1jjj4 ,he purchased at a low price #a1jjj acres of wheat land4 ,at the end of three years this poor lawyer-school-teacher had #ejj acres in good wheat1 his land almost paid for1 with his third year paying him more than #aj1jjj in commissions4 ,when ,i knew him at college he was a fine fellow1 but felt somehow that the other fellows had a corner on success4 ,of recent years he has changed--his dress1 manner and his enthusiasm impress you at once on meeting him4 ,what he has done many will again do in the coming years with as great results4 ,,plan ,no4 #dfh4 ,,collecting ,,brass ,,teakettles ,a woman made a comfortable living by collecting old brass teakettles and old furniture from the homes of well-to-do people1 second-hand dealers1 etc41 and advertising them as antique wares4 ,one room in her home was used for displaying these articles1 and many persons called to see them1 with the result that they were rapidly disposed of at a good profit4 ,,plan ,no4 #dfi4 ,,taking ,,orders ,,for ,,wall ,,paper ,one woman1 who has good taste in the matter of decorations1 derives a good income from taking orders for wall paper from the home-owners of her community4 ,she visits a home1 notes the furniture1 finishings1 etc41 and shows samples harmonizing with the same4 ,the effect is usually so pleasing that she is generally given an order for wall paper or wall stains1 of which she also carries samples supplied by a reliable company1 and every order means a handsome profit to her4 ,she often visits neighboring towns and takes many orders1 as her good taste is recognized and her samples are greatly admired4 ,,plan ,no4 #dgj4 ,,cabinet ,,maker ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag4 ,,plan ,no4 #dga4 ,,tinselling ,,post ,,cards ,it was a mere boy who worked out this little plan of making money during his spare time1 and found it paid exceptionally well for the small amount of time1 labor and capital involved4 ,possessing some artistic talent1 he sent for a tinselling outfit1 that was advertised1 and inserted a few small ads4 in the local papers1 to the effect that he would tinsel post cards for #c cents each1 or ten for #be cents1 and do better work than could be obtained in the stores selling the cards4 ,many orders were received1 and the work he did was so satisfactory that orders were repeated in most cases1 and it was not long until he had cleared #hg on the work that required but a few hours of his spare time4 ,he has now decided to give his entire time to this line of work1 as he can easily make from #ajj to #abe a month1 which was good for a boy4 ,the best tinselling outfits can be purchased for about #a4ej each1 and very quickly pay for themselves1 after which the returns are practically all profit1 although he tinsels up to five words on each card1 all for #c cents per card1 while the stores charge #e cents each1 and then only put on the name of the town desired4 ,,plan ,no4 #dgb4 ,,getting ,a ,,start ,,with ,,ink ,,powders ,a young man whose ambition was to build up a permanent business from a small beginning1 as he was practically without capital1 concluded to start on one item at first1 and gradually add others as he could afford it1 so he chose inks--not one1 but several kinds of inks4 ,these inks he purposed to put up in the form of powders1 leaving only the hot water to be added by the customer4 ,but the different formulas were all so good that from anyone of them an enterprising man could work into a good-paying business1 and they are therefore submitted herewith as separate plans4 ,here is the formula he used for producing a powder for a writing fluid that is equal to the best inks on the market and better than most of them4 ,and the beauty of it was that he could sell enough of the powder for #aj cents to make a full pint of the very best ink1 and realize a very good profit on it over that price3 ,nigrosin1 #a ounce2 soluble blue or water blue anilin1 #b ounces2 salicylic acid1 #ae grains2 dextrin1 #a ounces4 ,this will make from one to two gallons of ink1 when dissolved in hot water1 according to the shade desired--the more powder the darker the ink4 ,fine for either ordinary or fountain pen1 and sold well4 ,,plan ,no4 #dgc4 ,,blue ,,ink ,,powder ,many people prefer blue ink1 and for them he made powders of an excellent quality as follows3 ,water-blue anilin1 #a dram2 dextrin1 #e drams2 or according to the following formula3 ,soluble ,prussian blue1 #a dram2 dextrin1 #b drams4 ,dissolve the powder in hot water1 varying the intensity of the blue shade as desired1 by using more or less powder4 ,this was a popular and profitable seller4 ,,plan ,no4 #dgd4 ,,green ,,ink ,,powder ,green ink is a novelty1 and for that reason many people like to use it4 ,he made the powders for green ink as follows3 ,green anilin1 #a dram2 dextrin1 #d drams4 ,to use1 dissolve in hot water1 using more or less of the powder as darker or lighter shades of the green are desired4 ,very easy and cheap to make2 very easy and profitable to sell4 ,,plan ,no4 #dge4 ,,red ,,ink ,,powder ,red ink is always in demand1 but many of the red inks on sale at stationery and other stores are of a very inferior quality4 ,red ink made from the following formula1 as this man made it1 gives universal satisfaction in all cases where red ink is required3 ,red anilin1 #a dram2 dextrin1 #a dram4 ,to use1 dissolve the powder in hot water4 ,these various ink powders are usually put up in packages of a sufficient quantity to make a pint of ink1 and this requires from a teaspoonful to a tablespoonful of the powder4 ,having no capital1 the young man began with the direct selling plan1 canvassing from house to house and from store to store1 and selling to his acquaintances whenever possible4 ,from the profits these sales brought him1 he was soon able to take up the trust scheme1 sending twenty-four packages of the powder1 put up in small envelopes1 to boys and girls whose names he obtained in various ways1 offering them a premium of a watch1 a camera1 roller skates1 silver spoons1 or other articles he could buy cheap in quantities1 when each one had sold and remitted for the twenty-four packages4 ,later he inserted #be-word ads4 in various papers1 and made a large number of sales direct by mail from that source4 ,today he owns the largest and best patronized stationery store in his town4 ,,how ,,seven ,,boys ,,earned ,,money ,seven boys1 from #ab to #ae years of age1 all pupils at the same city school1 and all close chums1 adopted seven different ways of earning a little money during vacation1 and it is pleasing to know that all seven succeeded4 ,here are the plans they followed1 one boy to each plan3 ,,plan ,no4 #dgf4 ,,canceled ,,postage ,,stamps ,one boy went to the large business houses and collected all the canceled stamps he could find on envelopes received through the mails4 ,many of these were from foreign countries and brought good prices when offered to dealers or boys making stamp collections1 while the domestic stamps he sold for #be cents per thousand4 ,during the vacation period that year he made over #ej4 ,,plan ,no4 #dgg4 ,,bought ,a ,,printing ,,press ,another boy induced his father to help him buy a small printing press1 and cards of various sizes4 ,he then took orders for the printing of these cards for other boys and for men needing the cheaper grade1 charging #ge cents per hundred and cleared up nearly #dj above expenses1 besides paying for his printing press4 ,,plan ,no4 #dgh4 ,,parlor ,,magic ,the next boy with a taste for entertaining1 and being clever at sleight-of-hand tricks1 bought a book on parlor magic1 and gave entertainments at his own home and the homes of other boys1 charging #aj cents admission4 ,he performed these tricks so well that everyone felt that he or she had received full value for the dime paid at the door1 and the youthful entertainer realized a net profit of almost #fj during the three months of his summer vacation4 ,,plan ,no4 #dgi4 ,,did ,,scroll-,,saw ,,work ,the fourth boy1 being of a mechanical turn of mind1 bought a scroll-saw1 with which he made a great variety of very pretty things1 and for these the neighbors were glad to pay good prices1 especially where he made any special design to order4 ,he was very skilful in his work1 and was kept busy most of the time1 so that his net earnings during vacation were #cg4 ,,plan ,no4 #dhj4 ,a ,,lemonade ,,stand ,the fifth boy had a taste for merchandising1 and set up a lemonade stand in the front yard of his home1 where many people passed every day4 ,he had various-sized glasses in which he put his lemonade1 properly made and tastefully displayed1 and sold his product at #a to #e cents a glass1 according to size4 ,he also had some very good ice cream which he sold in small dishes at #b to #e cents a dish4 ,children were his principal customers1 but even at these low prices1 he made a good profit on his sales1 and the business netted him a little more than #cj altogether4 ,,plan ,no4 #dha4 ,,doing ,,odd ,,jobs ,the sixth boy did odd jobs wherever he could find them1 such as carrying satchels or parcels from stores1 or to and from trains1 pushing baby carriages in the parks1 running errands for neighbors1 and anything else that came handy4 ,he was always on the lookout for work and was very seldom idle4 ,his earnings were #bc4ge1 and he was very well satisfied with that4 ,,plan ,no4 #dhb4 ,,collecting ,,old ,,magazines ,,for ,,sale ,the seventh boy went from house to house1 collecting all the old magazines that people were willing to give away1 and sold these to dealers at a good price per pound1 as anything made of paper was in good demand4 ,this boy was more successful and his earnings were #gj during that three months of vacation4 ,,suggestions ,,for ,,the ,,following ,,plans ,a few of the following plans1 are mere outlines containing suggestions which may be worked out in more detail by those who wish to make use of them4 ,new features may be added as they suggest themselves to each person adopting one or more of the plans as a means of making a living4 ,in giving so many under one heading1 space will not permit a separate method for handling each plan4 ,in order to determine the best selling plan1 or the best method of profitably handling any of the ways outlined1 it would be well for a person to read as many of the plans set forth as possible1 and become familiar with the various means employed by others to obtain the best possible results4 ,selling plans for produce named in this book are of various kinds1 and include personal solicitation by a house-to-house canvass1 the employment of agents to sell on a commission basis1 placing the article on sale with druggists and dealers1 mail order1 advertising in suitable mediums1 giving away of coupons to dealers1 who in turn give them to their customers2 the trust plan1 or sending a certain number of articles or packages to children1 to be sold by them at a certain low price1 and paying a premium either in merchandise or cash2 filling orders by parcel post2 placing of general advertising through a reputable advertising agency1 that will not only help to prepare the proper kind of advertising1 but also be able to select the best mediums for that particular product2 selling of certain items of information direct to the customer1 telling him how to make practical use of certain ideas of which he had no previous knowledge4 ,all the above selling plans are set forth in various parts of this book1 in connection with the statement of how certain plans were successfully worked by individuals who adopted them as a livelihood1 and the testimony of these persons should prove a valuable guide to others seeking similar results4 ,,plan ,no4 #dhc4 ,,cadet ,,officer ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #dhd4 ,,little 8,,tinkering0 ,,jobs ,replenishing and replacing batteries for doorbells1 mending kitchen-ware1 and replacing various articles about the house will often give a very good income in a small place where experts from large establishments are not within reach4 ,many an elderly man1 who could not do anything else1 has made a comfortable living by doing these little 8odd jobs40 ,,plan ,no4 #dhe4 ,,carpenter ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #dhf4 ,,designer-,,landscape4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #dhg4 ,,the 8,,hokey-,,pokey0 ,,summer ,,seller ,one of the most delicious confections1 and one that scores the largest number of sales during the summer season1 is made as follows3 ,one can condensed milk2 #b tablespoonfuls cornstarch2 a little cold milk4 ,put the remainder of the milk in a double boiler1 and when hot add the cornstarch4 ,cook five minutes1 then add the condensed milk1 and set aside to cool2 then add the vanilla1 and freeze4 ,cut into squares or sticks and pack closely in a wooden pail1 and it will sell readily for #e or #aj cents a stick4 ,a splendid seller at fairs1 picnics1 parties1 etc41 and a popular delicacy in the city at soft-drink stands and confectionery stores4 ,yields an unusually large profit4 ,,plan ,no4 #dhh4 ,a ,,shoe ,,polish ,,in ,,powder ,,form ,shoe polishes always sell1 and it is only a question as to which is the best one4 ,the following is not excelled3 ,take powdered gum arabic1 #e pounds2 sugar1 #a pounds2 analine black1 #c ounces4 ,powder these and mix well4 ,then divide into ten packets1 each of which will produce a pint of polish1 or into twenty packets that will make a half-pint each1 though more may be made from1 a packet1 as it is rather thick1 especially for kid or glaze leathers4 ,it can be used with either water or vinegar1 or these combined1 in which to dissolve the powder4 ,apply with a brush1 and continue the friction until the superfluous fluid dries and the polish appears4 ,to make this a tan polish1 use #a ounce of chrysodine1 instead of the analine black4 ,a fine polish and a good profit in this preparation4 ,,plan ,no4 #dhi4 ,,letter ,,carriers ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #dij4 ,,metal ,,polishing ,,blocks ,these are made of precipitated chalk1 #b pounds2 powdered tripoli1 pound2 jewelers' rouge1 #a ounce4 ,mix into a stiff paste1 with #a ounce of glycerine and a pint of water1 previously mixed1 and pour on just enough of the liquid to work the powders to the consistency of fresh dough4 ,then place in little wooden butter molds to shape them and set aside to dry1 then force out and fill again4 ,the blocks are used with a soft cloth and a few drops of water1 which will give metal articles a fine polish4 ,you can sell all you can make of these1 and realize a profit on them that will surprise you4 ,,plan ,no4 #dia4 ,,cement ,,worker ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #dib4 ,,ceramics ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #dic4 ,,soap ,,leaves ,,for ,,travelers' ,,use ,these are made by passing sheets of paper over rollers and through a hot solution of liquid soap1 then passing it over drying cylinders1 and cutting it into sheets of the desired size4 ,they are so convenient and cheap that travelers will buy them and there is a good profit in making and selling them4 ,,plan ,no4 #did4 ,,having ,,the ,,butter ,,yellow ,,in ,,winter ,just a little secret1 but it is worth a good deal to buttermakers and housewives who pride themselves upon the color of their butter1 and will pay something to know just how to obtain it3 ,just before you finish churning1 put the yolk of one or more eggs into the churn1 and you'll have just the color you desire--a rich yellow4 ,,plan ,no4 #die4 ,,removing ,,foul ,,air ,,from ,,wells ,to determine whether or not the air at the bottom of the well is foul1 place a lighted torch or lamp in a bucket and lower it into the well4 ,if it continues to burn when the bucket rests on the water1 it is safe to descend4 ,if it is extinguished1 the air is foul4 ,to remove this1 lower a pail filled with burning straw1 or by dropping two or three quarts of freshly slaked lime down the well4 ,but test with the light again before descending4 ,plenty of people who have wells would gladly pay a small sum to have this information mailed to them4 ,,plan ,no4 #dif4 ,a ,,quick ,,fattening ,,for ,,fowls ,fowls will quickly fatten if given a mixture of ground rice1 well scalded with milk1 to which some coarse sugar has been added1 making it rather thick4 ,feed several times a day1 but not too much at a time4 ,an ad4 in poultry journals1 offering to tell how this is done1 for #be cents1 should bring excellent results4 ,,plan ,no4 #dig4 ,,arm ,,and ,,bust ,,developer ,regarding it as every woman's duty to look her best at all times1 a young lady in ,denver prepared a most effective arm and bust developer from the following formula3 ,lanolin1 #b ounces2 cocoa butter1 #b ounces2 olive oil1 #b ounces4 ,these she melted in a double boiler1 and heat until cold1 when it was ready to put up in #b-ounce jars that sold for #dj cents each1 and proved so satisfactory that she received hundreds of orders each month1 through a few ads4 judiciously placed1 besides having a good sale through drug stores4 ,the directions she gave were to first bathe the parts with hot water1 to open the pores1 and then rub in the cream very thoroughly at bedtime for a number of nights4 ,,plan ,no4 #dih4 ,,remedy ,,for ,,brittle ,,nails ,women who are annoyed by having brittle nails are always glad to learn of some effective way to make and keep them soft4 ,this prompted a young lady in ,st4 ,paul to utilize the following formula3 ,white petroleum1 #a ounce2 powdered castile soap1 #a dram2 oil of bergamot1 a few drops4 ,this softens the nails1 cures hang-nails and renders the cuticle around the nails soft and pliable1 so that it can be easily removed with a towel or orange stick4 ,one small ad4 in a leading magazine brought a great many orders1 and by repeating the ad4 in other periodicals1 the young lady earned #a1ejj clear profit the first year4 ,,plan ,no4 #dii4 ,,bath ,,powder ,the delights of the bath are greatly multiplied by adding a well prepared bath powder1 and one of the very best of these was put up by this lady1 as follows3 ,borax1 #aj ounces2 tartaric acid1 #aj ounces2 starch1 #e ounces4 ,mix the ingredients together1 and perfume with lavender water4 ,two teaspoonfuls of the powder to a tub of water will soften and perfume the same making it at the same time more cleansing and delightful4 ,she put this powder up in #h-ounce paper boxes1 and sold it for #be cents a box4 ,it proved a good seller all the year round and the profits were exceptionally large4 ,the drug stores carried it in stock1 as it assisted greatly in making other sales1 owing to the demand for it4 ,,plan ,no4 #ejj4 ,,sachet ,,powder ,there are many kinds of sachet powder1 but none are superior to the following1 which this lady prepared and sold in immense quantities3 ,orris root1 #aj pounds2 lavender water1 #af ounces4 ,spread out the orris root in thin portions on a table1 and sprinkle the lavender water over it4 ,when dry1 after the two have been well mixed1 it is ready for packing4 ,she put it up in envelopes containing one ounce each1 and these she sold in large quantities for #aj cents each4 ,occasionally she would offer a package of the sachet powder as a premium with other preparations that were not selling as rapidly as they should1 and thereby greatly increased her sales of other articles in this way4 ,besides1 one package of the sachet powder usually brought repeat orders4 ,,plan ,no4 #eja4 ,,simple ,,method ,,of ,,silver ,,plating ,a ,dallas1 ,texas1 man made a very good living by coating small metal articles with silver1 without the use of a battery1 as follows3 ,first1 he dipped the article to be silver-plated in a solution of common salt1 then rubbed it with a mixture composed of one part of precipitated chloride of silver1 two parts potassa alum1 eight parts common salt1 and eight parts cream of tartar4 ,the article was then washed and dried with a soft rag1 when it had all the appearance of silver4 ,by calling at houses and explaining what this would do1 as well as by a few ads4 in the local newspapers1 he was soon getting all the work he could do1 and as people were willing to pay good prices for having their ordinary ware look like silver1 he made good wages at this business4 ,,plan ,no4 #ejb4 ,,stove ,,polish ,,that ,,enamels ,to make an excellent stove polish that was really an enamel1 a ,colorado man prepared the following3 ,mix two parts of black lead1 #d parts of copperas1 and #b parts of bone-black with water sufficient to form a creamy paste4 ,the copperas produces a jet-black enamel1 causing the black lead to adhere to the iron4 ,the cost of making this was very slight1 and when people saw what a fine polish it made it was easily sold4 ,,plan ,no4 #ejc4 ,,banishing ,,flies ,,by ,,fumigation ,a western man who was interested in the swatting-the-flies idea1 yet wished to do so without using the messy1 sticky stuff you put on fly papers generally1 or running the risk of poisons1 invented a fumigating flypaper that is easy and clean to use1 and gets rid of the flies in a hurry4 ,he makes it as follows3 ,powdered quassia1 #d-ounces2 powdered chlorate of potash1 #a ounces2 ,french oil of pennyroyal1 ounce4 ,mix these well1 then add pint of clear water and mix all together thoroughly4 ,soak sheets of blotting paper about #dx#i inches in size in this solution1 stirring it up frequently4 ,dry the sheets in the sun or by gentle heat4 ,a sheet thus prepared1 if burned in a room1 will clear it of flies4 ,the man put these up in packages of ten sheets each1 and retailed it at #aj cents per package4 ,the druggists and grocery stores bought large quantities1 and when he advertised it in a list of good papers1 he received a great many orders4 ,his first year's operations netted him a very good livelihood4 ,,plan ,no4 #ejd4 ,,cereal ,,disease--,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #eje4 ,,sale ,,plan ,,for ,,almond ,,cream ,few of the accessories of women's toilets are more highly esteemed than is a preparation known as almond cream1 and a lady who was especially partial to this1 put it up in the following manner3 ,distilled water1 #ij fluid ounces2 quince mucilage1 #e ounces2 solution of soda1 #a ounces2 boric acid1 #a ounce2 cold cream1 ounce2 sweet almond oil1 ounce2 glycerine1 ounce4 ,stir cold cream1 almond oil and solution of soda together until a uniform soapy cream is obtained4 ,dissolve the boric acid in #fj ounces of water1 warmed1 and to this add the glycerine and quince mucilage1 then add this composition slowly and with regular stirring to the former4 ,add sufficient perfume and the rest of the water1 stirring until uniform4 ,the drug stores sold a large quantity1 and she added to her receipts by making it a mail order proposition4 ,,plan ,no4 #ejf4 ,,sold ,,preparation ,,to ,,eradicate ,,perspiration ,,odor ,a physician in ,new ,york1 who had made a specialty of preparing various toilet accessories for women1 gave one of his patients the following formula for destroying the odor of perspiration1 and she was so well pleased with its effects that she put it up for sale4 ,she made a success of it1 first through agents1 then through the drug stores1 and later through advertising it in a number of ladies' magazines4 ,to-day it is one of the standard preparations for women's use1 and is enjoying a large sale4 ,it does the work1 and the following are the ingredients3 ,borax1 #aj grams2 starch1 #aj grams2 salicylic acid1 #c grams2 powdered alum1 #e grams2 talcum powder1 #ej grams2 napthol1 #e grams4 ,however1 if the odor is not excessive1 ordinary cooking soda1 applied under the arms with a powder puff1 is often efficacious4 ,,plan ,no4 #ejg4 ,,sold ,,preparation ,,to ,,prevent ,,or ,,remove ,,sunburn ,an eastern woman1 who was particularly susceptible to sunburn1 prepared the following1 which proved both a preventive and a cure3 ,orange flower water1 #b ounces2 rosewater1 #b ounces2 tincture of benzoin1 ounce2 borax1 #a drams4 ,by applying this before going out1 it prevented the skin from becoming sunburned1 while in those cases where the mischief had already been done1 she bathed her face with it several times a day1 until the sunburn was removed4 ,this was so easy and inexpensive to make1 and met with such a ready sale1 that she found it extremely profitable to put it up in large quantities4 ,every lady who tried it gladly recommended it to her friends1 and soon the drug stores were calling for all she could put up4 ,a little advertising greatly increased the sales1 and she is today enjoying a good income from it4 ,,plan ,no4 #ejh4 ,,chauffeur--,p4 ,o4--,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #eji4 ,,chauffeur--,,mechanic--,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #eaj4 ,,cheesemaker ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #eaa4 ,,chemist ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #eab4 ,,clerk ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #eac4 8,,telling ,,them ,,how0 ,a middle-aged man who had made a practice for many years of accumulating trade secrets1 valuable formulas and various plans for making money out of little specialties not known to the public in general1 was impressed with the belief that out of the itemized knowledge thus secured1 he could render assistance to many people who were looking for something to do1 and at the same time profit by largely himself4 ,he therefore had #a1jjj copies of each of these money-making ideas printed in separate form1 and advertised that for #aj cents he would send any one of them that might be selected from his list or any fifteen of them for #a4jj4 ,his expenses were confined to the cost of advertising1 printing and mailing1 and his receipts ran into hundreds of dollars the first year4 ,,plan ,no4 #ead4 ,,assayer ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #eae4 ,,collector ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #eaf4 ,,roasting ,,ears ,,in ,,winter ,green corn in the form of roasting ears is considered a delicacy even in its season1 but to have the same thing in the winter time seems almost too good to be true4 ,yet a young farmer in ,illinois did it1 this way3 ,he gathered his sweet corn with the husks on1 and putting a layer of salt in the bottom of a clean barrel that would not leak1 he proceeded to fill the barrel1 first with a layer of salt1 then a layer of the corn1 and so on until the barrel was completely filled4 ,then he put on top a large stone for pressure1 and added a little pickle of salt and water4 ,he set the barrel in the cellar1 where it would be cool and yet not freeze1 and found that it would keep perfectly for a year or more1 if allowed to stay there4 ,that gave him an idea1 and the next fall he put up nearly forty barrels of those pickled roasting ears1 safely put away in his cellar1 to be sold at high prices when the snow was flying4 ,,plan ,no4 #eag4 ,a ,,quick ,,fire ,,kindler ,a householder who had had much experience in building fires in the morning1 and realized the difficulties and discomforts so often encountered in that necessary duty1 experimented until he had perfected a kindling compound that could be relied upon4 ,he melted one quart of tar and three pounds of rosin together1 brought it to a cooling temperature1 and mixed it with as much coarse sawdust as could be worked in1 with a little charcoal added4 ,this he spread upon a board1 and when cold he broke it up into lumps about the size of walnuts4 ,these ignited easily and burned with a strong blaze long enough to light any fire4 ,being anxious to confer this advantage upon other households1 he made up a large quantity and sold it to the fuel dealers in his city1 at such a rapid rate and such a big profit that he commenced to make it on an extensive scale1 and thereafter he looked upon the winter as his harvest time4 ,,plan ,no4 #eah4 ,,community ,,organizer ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #eai4 ,,copying ,,patterns ,,on ,,cloth ,an invalid woman1 who liked working pretty designs on cloth goods1 yet found difficulty in obtaining patterns to her liking1 discovered a way of copying her own drawings on cloth1 so that they could be worked as though they were stamped4 ,she mixed a quantity of finely powdered sealing wax with alcohol1 until it was thoroughly dissolved4 ,then she dipped a clean pen in this liquid1 and traced the desired pattern on tracing paper1 and let it dry4 ,she put this paper1 marked side down1 on the cloth on which she wished to copy the pattern1 and pressed with a hot iron4 ,the scaling wax in the liquid melted from the heat and stuck to the cloth1 and formed a duplicate of the design she had drawn4 ,she was so well pleased with the results of the experience that she decided to make a profit out of the information1 so she advertised in the classified columns of the daily papers that on receipt of #be cents she would instruct anyone how to do this work4 ,remittances came in1 and the printed instructions were duly mailed1 to the satisfaction of hundreds of women who sent for them4 ,,plan ,no4 #ebj4 ,,making ,,furniture ,,polish ,if you knew that furniture polish was largely all profit1 the selling of it would look like a good business to engage in4 ,a young ,tacoma man thought so well of the plan that he adopted it1 and made a good income from it4 ,he compounded it from the following ingredients1 and it did the work3 ,he mixed equal parts of linseed oil1 turpentine1 vinegar and spirits of wine1 shook them well1 and applied to the furniture with a piece of linen cloth1 afterwards polishing with a dry flannel cloth4 ,it made old1 dingy1 scratched furniture look like new1 and he sold large quantities of it1 not only to families1 but to furniture stores1 second-hand dealers1 and others4 ,then he employed boys to go from house to house1 leaving a small sample1 with directions for use1 with each housewife1 asking her to give it a trial4 ,a circular was also left with each sample1 stating that in a short time an agent would call and sell the recipe for making it for #be cents1 and that enough of the ingredients to make a gallon of it could be purchased at any drug store for less than #ej cents4 ,as this looked so much more economical than to buy furniture polish at #be to #dj cents for a small bottle1 the originator of the plan found that1 after paying the agent a commission of #dj per cent1 he was still deriving a net income from it that averaged close to #aj a day4 ,,plan ,no4 #eba4 ,,from ,,shipping ,,clerk ,,to ,,employer ,a ,texas woman tells how she helped her husband rise from a poorly-paid shipping clerk to a business of his own where he became an employer instead of an employe4 ,discouraged with the small salary he received1 and noticing that the agents of the same company from outside towns appeared well dressed and prosperous1 she induced her husband to ask the manager to allow him a commission on such sales as he might be able to bring in4 ,the company agreed to give him #e per cent commission on all orders he might secure1 and the wife began writing letters to those she judged1 from reading the papers1 were prospective customers4 ,receiving no answers to these letters she looked for the names of contractors and architects1 and was soon in communication with a construction company that was erecting a large building4 ,she interested the manager in brick1 which the company employing her husband was making4 ,her husband informed his company of this prospect1 and saw the construction company personally4 ,the manager secured a large order as a result of this visit1 and sent a check for #bbf to the shipping clerk and his wife as commission4 ,the wife bought a typewriter and some letter heads1 and carried on a correspondence with other contractors with the result that many more sales were made through her efforts1 many more commissions were paid them1 and shortly afterwards the husband resigned his position and gave all his time to the sales end of the business4 ,to-day they own a good office where others are employed to help them1 live in their own home1 and are surrounded by many comforts they never dreamed of before4 ,just because the wife had the wisdom to see ahead1 and the courage and ability to carry out her plans to a successful conclusion4 ,,plan ,no4 #ebb4 ,,computer ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #ebc4 ,,refinishing ,,method ,,for ,,furniture ,,repairers ,a furniture repair man in ,seattle discovered the following method of refinishing ,american or printed oak1 a clever imitation of genuine quartered oak3 ,clean up the piece1 whatever it may be2 if it needs washing1 give it a good scrubbing1 and then an equally good opportunity to dry4 ,if you want to replace the figure1 and it is not generally worn off1 mix some dry ,van ,dyke brown with stale beer or cider1 and pencil in the flakes4 ,this can be done with a long camel hair 8striper10 or even with an artist's brush about one-eighth inch in diameter4 ,with a little practice1 the grain of the wood can be followed so that each piece can have its general design carried out4 ,when this graining process has dried1 coat with shellac1 then varnish4 ,the effect produced by this method was so artistic that he was offered a good salary to take charge of all such work in a large furniture store in the city1 but there are hundreds of other places in this country where the same method can be employed with equally good results4 ,,plan ,no4 #ebd4 ,,he ,,just ,,trimmed ,,trees ,there was one man in ,portland1 ,oregon1 who was a competent and skilled tree trimmer4 ,he knew all about shade trees1 fruit trees1 grape vines1 shrubs1 plants--everything that is worth saving and caring for in that line4 ,he knew how and when they should be trimmed1 and he obtained so much work that he was obliged to hire men to help him4 ,but they had to be men who knew what they were about1 or were willing to learn from him what they didn't know1 so that he soon had them trained to do the work as it should be done4 ,there are plenty of openings everywhere for real tree-trimmers4 ,,plan ,no4 #ebe4 ,,geese ,,on ,,the ,,farm ,if farmers more generally realized the profits to be derived from the raising of geese1 there would be many more in the country1 and thousands of dollars more in the farmers' pockets4 ,the wife of an ,illinois farmer1 who did realize how easy and economical it is to raise geese1 and the profits they pay1 in both flesh and feathers1 made a specialty of them1 and as a result of her foresight and enterprise always had money1 while the other farmers' wives were continually complaining of the lack of pin-money4 ,at last a number of them followed her example1 and raised geese in great numbers4 ,the care and cost of geese are small1 compared with the expense of raising other fowls4 ,they rustle their own living off of land that is good for nothing else1 though in the breeding and laying season this lady gave them shorts and ,indian meal twice a day4 ,from #ajj geese1 this woman generally realized from #bej to #cjj a year1 which was nearly all profit4 ,she made the profits increase her flocks1 until she had several hundred1 which brought her an excellent income every year4 ,,plan ,no4 #ebf4 ,,conductor--,,elevator ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #ebg4 ,,cash ,,rebate ,,cards ,a young man in ,oakland1 ,california1 who was a good salesman worked out a little plan that brought him a good income4 ,he secured a first-class printer to make him up #a1jjj very rich looking cards in colors4 ,then he called upon five prominent merchants1 in different lines1 showing them the cards1 stated he was about to place these in the hands of the ladies at the heads of families in the city2 that these cards entitled the holders to trade at any one of the five different stores named1 and receive a discount of #aj per cent in cash at the time of the purchase2 that he would call at these stores every month and collect a commission on all business each merchant had received through the cards1 and that the use of these cards would greatly increase the merchant's trade4 ,most of those approached agreed to the plan4 ,having secured the five merchants1 our young man called at the residences1 presented the card to the lady of the house1 and assured her she incurred no expense or obligation in accepting it4 ,in this way he distributed #bjj of the cards4 ,now1 as it turned out that each holder of these cards spent at least #aj a week with each of these five merchants1 his commission on the sales thus made amounted to #bjj a month4 ,,plan ,no4 #ebh4 ,,construction ,,supt4 ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #ebi4 ,,looking ,,up ,,old ,,judgments ,here is a plan that was very successfully operated by a young lawyer in a western city1 and can be worked out just as well in every county-seat town in the ,united ,states3 ,he employed a young lady to go carefully over the dockets of both the superior and justice courts1 and make a complete list of all unsatisfied judgments rendered during the six years preceding1 so that they were not barred by the statute of limitations4 ,she made a careful note on a blank prepared for that purpose1 of the number of the book in which the judgment was recorded2 the case number2 the name of the court2 names of plaintiff and attorney2 of defendant and attorney2 of garnishee defendant1 if any2 amount of judgment2 amount of costs2 amount of attorney's fees1 if stated2 time judgment was taken1 etc4 ,when she brought these reports to the lawyer's office he would consult a city directory or state gazeteer1 to learn the present address of both plaintiff and defendant1 then obtain from a reporting company the financial standing of the defendant4 ,he would then write the plaintiff1 asking him to call in reference to the judgment1 but not stating his knowledge as to the defendant's condition4 ,when the plaintiff came in he would state he had a report on the defendant1 which he could have upon the payment of #b1 the cost of obtaining this data1 but if the defendant was in such shape that the judgment could be collected1 he would offer to collect it for #ej per cent1 and have it assigned to him for that purpose4 ,then he would see the judgment debtor1 and in many cases he was able to secure the entire amount4 ,he would then enter satisfaction of the judgment on the court records1 remit one-half to the plaintiff1 and the balance was his4 ,this plan made him #e1jjj the first year4 ,,plan ,no4 #ecj4 ,a ,,catch ,,phrase ,,contest ,a well known firm manufacturing bookcases in an eastern city wanted a new catch-phrase for their advertisements1 and offered a cash prize of #ej for the best one submitted4 ,a man submitted a phrase and won the #ej4 ,the firm1 in sending him a check for the amount1 announced that they would pay him a cash commission on all sales of their bookcases he might secure for them in his community1 and being in that line himself1 he was able to come in contact with many persons who wanted bookcases4 ,as the merits of this particular one had been brought favorably to their attention through the effective advertising the firm was doing1 sales were not difficult to make4 ,the catch-phrase contest put them in contact with many hundreds of prospective purchasers for bookcases which were later turned into business4 ,,plan ,no4 #eca4 ,,canvassing ,,plan ,to the canvasser or agent who has spent his life selling little #aj and #be-;cent articles1 shunning the homes of the wealthy through fear of being refused admittance1 and wishes for something better1 the following plan should appeal3 ,a ,new ,york man got in close touch with several of the large importing and jobbing houses in eastern cities1 and had become familiar with the better grades of imported laces1 sold only by the best stores4 ,he had acquired an intimate technical knowledge of these expensive goods1 and was equipped with a complete outfit of samples mounted on cards that folded in four sections1 covered with bookbinders' cloth and mercerized silk4 ,he also had very rich business cards1 containing his name as the representative of a big importing house4 ,stopping in a town of considerable size1 he would go to the best hotel1 and soon would be in possession of the names of many society leaders4 ,these he would call upon1 send up his card1 and1 when admitted1 state that he recognized the difficulty ladies have in obtaining fine laces outside the large cities1 and that his house had therefore adopted the plan of offering its line of high-grade laces direct to the purchaser4 ,in a most skillful manner he would lead the lady to the point of stating when he might present his samples for her inspection and practically every such inspection meant a large order1 amounting to hundreds or even thousands of dollars4 ,he would then ask the lady for an introduction to her friends upon one of her own cards1 and this meant more sales--big sales--without number1 for he used the card plan for introductions until he had supplied all the women in that town financially able to buy large amounts of fine lace4 ,this required high-grade salesmanship1 and his profits ran into many thousands each year4 ,,plan ,no4 #ecb4 ,,furniture ,,upholstering ,,and ,,repairing ,an ,indianapolis man made a profitable and permanent business of repairing and upholstering furniture1 and by doing first-class work1 at prices considerably below those charged by furniture houses1 he secured the regular work of a large number of householders and some of the stores in that city4 ,the various materials used1 and the voluminous instructions given for performing the work in all its details1 are entirely too long to be given in this book1 but any one with a taste for this work will have no difficulty in familiarizing himself with the most approved methods1 and can rest assured he can make a good living at it by diligent application4 ,,plan ,no4 #ecc4 ,,cook ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,how ,,six ,,high ,,school ,,girls ,,made ,,money ,six high-school girl-graduates1 who had just finished a course in domestic science1 and were wondering what they could do to make a little money1 were told by their instructress that she would give each of them a valuable household formula to work with1 and that she would give a cash prize of #be to the girl who made the most profit out of her formula in six months4 ,the girls promptly accepted the offer1 and went diligently to work with the following results3 ,,plan ,no4 #ecd4 ,,good ,,white ,,polishing ,,pomade ,girl ,no4 #a selected the following as the basis of her activity3 ,tripoli powder1 #a pound2 whiting1 #a pound2 pumice flour1 pound2 crude oleic acid1 pound2 kerosene1 #c fluid ounces4 ,mix together with sufficient petroleum jelly to form a paste1 and add perfume1 such as oil of lemon1 cassia1 or nitrobenzol 7mirbane7 which gives the usual almond odor4 ,making up a considerable quantity1 in the above proportions1 she canvassed a large part of the residence district in the city and took trips to outside towns1 demonstrating and selling it1 and received valuable aid from one of the drug companies when she put it on sale4 ,her profits for the six months were #bdh4 ,,plan ,no4 #ece4 ,a ,,first-,,class ,,foot ,,powder ,the third girl chose a foot powder to work upon1 the formula being as follows3 ,finely powdered talc1 #fj ounces2 boric acid1 #cj ounces2 salicylic acid1 #a ounce2 powdered alum1 #a ounce4 ,mix well1 and scent as desired4 ,the drug stores of the city told her they would take all of this she could make1 as it was better and cheaper than powder widely advertised1 and in the following six months her profits amounted to #bhg4 ,,plan ,no4 #ecf4 ,a ,,good ,,and ,,cheap ,,hair ,,dye ,girl ,no4 #d thought she saw in a formula for a hair dye the foundation of at least a small income1 so she chose that3 ,she gave samples to several elderly ladies of her acquaintance1 and they were delighted with it4 ,from these samples1 indirectly1 she sold several hundred bottles1 and then a young lady friend of hers1 a very successful canvasser1 offered to sell all she could make of it1 on a commission of #dj per cent4 ,she accepted the offer and1 began making it in large quantities1 while the other girl sold it1 and at the end of six months found that her profits were #cig4 ,,plan ,no4 #ecg4 ,,insect ,,powder ,girl ,no4 #e was rooming at a house where cockroaches were driving the landlady almost frantic1 and gladly chose the following formula as her field of operations3 ,persian insect powder1 #d ounces2 borax #cj ounces2 starch1 #d ounces2 sugar1 #c ounces2 cocoa1 #d ounces2 tartar emetic1 #d ounces4 ,reduce all to a fine powder and mix thoroughly4 ,the landlady was her first customer1 and soon dispelled the roaches4 ,then the girl visited all the rooming houses1 hotels1 bakeries1 cafes1 etc41 in the city1 and made good sales4 ,the drug stores sold considerable of it also1 while women canvassers sold some1 and the profits of her plan in the six months were #bge4 ,,plan ,no4 #ech4 ,,starch ,,enamel ,there was but one of the formulas left1 and the sixth girl took that one1 determined to make it a success4 ,the formula was as follows3 ,stearine1 one powder2 paraffin1 #d ounces2 powdered ultramarine blue1 dram4 ,fortunately1 this girl's uncle was the owner of a large laundry in the city1 and he offered to make a thorough test of her product in his own establishment4 ,the result of that test was that he offered to furnish the money for making this starch enamel on a very extensive scale1 and the sales were so large that by the end of the six months her share of the profits were over #gjj1 and she not only took the prize offered by her domestic science teacher1 but found herself a half-owner of a business that later made large profits each year4 ,,plan ,no4 #eci4 ,a ,,diabetic ,,garden ,a man who owned a small tract of fine garden and fruitland adjoining a western city1 had suffered for years from diabetes1 and all the ordinary forms of treatment had failed to improve his condition4 ,at last he purchased a book written by a celebrated eastern physician who had long been a professor of medicine in a leading university1 as well as being associated with hospitals in large cities1 and was an authority on diabetes4 ,this book outlined a course of treatment which this man followed4 ,the source from which he received the most benefit and to which he mainly attributed his successful treatment1 was that portion of the book relating to the proper vegetable diet for diabetic patients1 advising the use of those containing the least amount of sugar and starch1 and he raised most of these vegetables himself4 ,acting upon the experience thus gained1 he decided to extend this valuable aid and information to the thousands of other diabetics to be found in every community1 and he thereupon inserted an ad4 in a large number of newspapers1 asking those so afflicted to write to him if they wished a certain and inexpensive treatment4 ,to the hundreds who answered this ad4 he wrote that he would supply the vegetables especially required for the diabetics1 at very reasonable prices1 either summer or winter1 as he had them canned for that purpose4 ,or1 if preferred1 he would mail the names of all the vegetables necessary1 with complete instructions for their culture and use1 for a certain amount4 ,these ads4 and letters brought him a good revenue4 ,,plan ,no4 #edj4 ,a ,,novel ,,collection ,,idea ,an eastern man1 who had made a special study of human nature and of business morals1 evolved a novel plan which enabled him to establish a small collection agency1 and expand the business so rapidly by means of his idea that in the course of six years he was the head of four large collection agencies in as many prominent cities1 and was deriving a large income from it4 ,his letter heads and stationery all bore his name as 8attorney and counsellor at law40 ,his plan1 though effective1 was very simple3 ,securing accounts for collection1 he would send to a bank in the debtor's city a sight draft on the man owing the account1 with instructions to the bank to return it to him promptly if not paid when due4 ,he also had printed on the margin of the draft a detachable slip1 saying3 8,no protest4 ,take this off before presenting40 ,he knew that every man wants to stand well in the estimation of his banker1 as the man who keeps his credit good can obtain bank accommodations which would otherwise be denied him1 and he knew that if the account was correct1 the debtor would pay it to the bank sooner than to anyone else4 ,therefore he was very successful in making prompt collections4 ,in the few cases where his method failed to bring the money he was not out anything as he charged the creditor #aj cents for every draft so sent out4 ,,plan ,no4 #eda4 ,,compiled ,,index ,,of ,,legal ,,forms ,a young lawyer in a western city added considerably to his professional fees1 and at the same time aided many other lawyers to install method and system in their offices by originating an alphabetical index of court papers and other legal forms1 having the name of each paper duly set out opposite a certain number following1 and keeping the forms in files for that purpose1 each bearing a corresponding number4 ,by this means it was but the work of a moment to find in the index the name and number of the paper desired1 and then turn to the file containing the number4 ,it saved a great deal of time and space4 ,so convenient and time-saving did this method prove to be1 that he secured a copyright on it1 and had a large number of the indexes printed1 which he sold readily to other lawyers in his own and adjoining states for #ae4jj a set4 ,this was a great help to a young lawyer just beginning practice4 ,his service was nearly all profit1 and he was able to give time to the lawyer to pay1 but he usually obtained all the payment on delivery4 ,this will afford more than a living to any salesman4 ,,plan ,no4 #edb4 ,,wrote ,a ,,book ,,on ,,showcard ,,making ,a successful writer of showcards1 employed by a large eastern retail house1 felt that in helping others to become as proficient in that line as he was himself1 he could make money thereby1 and he decided to write a book explaining every detail of the work in so thorough a manner that even those of only medium ability could understand and apply the principles as taught by himself4 ,he therefore prepared a book of seventeen chapters1 treating exhaustively of every phase of showcard writing1 including free-hand work1 equipment1 practice and principles1 strokes1 geometry of letters1 round-writing pen practice1 forms of lettering1 outline1 single-stroke letters1 layout and spacing1 ink and paints1 primary and secondary colors1 bronze1 flitter1 etc41 catch-phrases1 hints to card-writers1 and much other valuable information4 ,he placed the price of his book at #a per copy1 and by advertising in trade papers all over the country he sold several thousand of them the first year4 ,,plan ,no4 #edc4 ,,lawyer ,,trades ,,for #hj-;,,acre ,,farm ,a young lawyer1 just out of college1 located in a northwestern city of about #ge1jjj people1 and1 though his practice was not large during the first few years1 he made a fair living4 ,an old1 dilapidated frame house1 within a mile and a half of the business center1 was offered at a low price1 there being a mortgage on the place for #a1hjj4 ,the owner being anxious to get rid of the mortgage1 offered to sell his equity for #ej1 and the lawyer bought it4 ,then he mastered his pride1 went to work and cleaned up the premises thoroughly1 and spent #aej for painting and other improvements1 and moved into it with his family4 ,it then looked like a new place1 and a number of trees with a good lawn gave it a very attractive and home-like appearance4 ,after he had lived in the house a few months1 the owner of a farm within a few miles of the city1 who wanted a home in town1 and greatly admired this particular place1 offered to trade the farm for the lawyer's equity in the city residence4 ,the farm was worth #e1jjj1 but had a #a1ejj mortgage on it1 and the lawyer made the trade1 taking the farm1 subject to the mortgage4 ,the city house had cost him #bjj1 while his equity in the farm was #c1ejj or #c1cjj ahead of his cash outlay4 ,forty acres of the farm thus acquired were covered with a good growth of timber1 which not only provided the new owner with all the fuel he would need during the rest of his life1 but also enabled him to pay the interest on the mortgage every year through the sale of extra wood from fallen trees1 etc4 ,there was an excellent #e-room house on the farm1 surrounded by about six acres of orchard and garden1 all in exceptionally good soil4 ,he spent about #ajj in fixing up the house and grounds and used the place as a summer home1 going to and from his office in the city each week in his automobile4 ,he hired a young fellow in the country to plow1 plant and cultivate the orchard and garden1 and to sow the thirty-two acres in wheat1 which brought him about #a1jjj1 while the cost of having all this work done did not exceed #bej4 ,part of the garden he planted in sugar beets and potatoes1 and having bought a small grinder and cider press1 he proceeded to make his own sugar1 vinegar1 cider1 etc41 while with the grinder he ground up sufficient of his own wheat to supply his family with the highest quality of whole-wheat bread1 breakfast food1 etc4 ,as for his meats1 he raised a few dozen chickens during the summer season1 and had spring frys in abundance1 besides plenty of eggs4 ,he also bought a couple of shoats at a low price1 which cost nothing to raise1 but which produced enough hams1 bacon1 pork and lard1 when killed in the fall1 to supply himself and family for almost a year4 ,his milk1 butter1 tea1 coffee1 and other groceries did not cost over #ajj a year1 so that on his wheat crop alone he realized a net profit of #fej1 in addition to something like #bjj worth of canned fruits and vegetables4 ,besides1 the health of the family was greatly improved through a residence of a few months in the country4 ,,plan ,no4 #edd4 ,,cotton ,,service--,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #ede4 ,,keeping ,,eggs ,,fresh ,,for ,a ,,year ,methods which are claimed to be infallible for keeping eggs fresh indefinitely are almost as numerous as the eggs themselves1 yet many of these methods1 while more or less expensive are far from reliable4 ,however1 a ,denver poultry man1 who had tried all the various ways of preserving eggs1 finally adopted a method of his own1 which has proved very successful4 ,placing a dozen or more strictly fresh eggs in a wire basket1 he dipped them in boiling water1 deep enough to cover every egg1 and held them there while he counted six4 ,he then let them dry and cool1 and packed them in oats1 in a keg or barrel with oats on the bottom and between the eggs4 ,then he added a layer of oats and a layer of eggs1 alternately1 placing the small end of the eggs down1 until the barrel was full1 then shaking it slightly so that the oats would settle all about the eggs4 ,some of these eggs were not used until a year afterwards1 when they were found to be as fresh as the day they were packed4 ,having proved his method a success1 he at once advertised to sell the method for #ej cents1 and derived an income of #a1bjj a year1 in direct returns1 while the profits on his own supply of eggs1 thus treated1 were increased almost #dj per cent1 as he could keep them until prices were high4 ,,plan ,no4 #edf4 ,,crop ,,work ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #edg4 ,,increasing ,,the ,,size ,,of ,,fruits ,,and ,,vegetables ,if orchardists and gardeners were assured that they could almost double the size and greatly improve the flavor of fruits and vegetables1 by a very simple and inexpensive plan1 they would willingly pay almost any price for the information4 ,a fruit grower in ,california discovered this method1 used it with good results in promoting the growth of his own products1 and made a large amount of money by selling the secret to thousands of others engaged in the same line4 ,his method was to water his fruit trees and vegetables with a solution of sulphate of iron1 and the effect was amazing4 ,the size and flavor of those thus treated were vastly increased and yielded almost twice the revenue formerly derived from the same products4 ,he also treated flowers in the same way1 and was surprised to learn that it gave them a peculiar brilliancy of coloring1 as well as an exceptionally healthy aspect4 ,having fully demonstrated the efficacy of this method1 he advertised in a number of agricultural and horticultural journals1 announcing his discovery1 and offering to send the method to any one for #ej cents4 ,the returns were surprising1 and his receipts from this source amounted to more than #b1jjj during the first twelve months4 ,,plan ,no4 #edh4 ,,making ,a ,,substitute ,,for ,,eggs ,when eggs are selling at #ej to #fj cents a dozen most people are glad to use a substitute1 especially when the substitute1 for many purposes1 is superior to real eggs4 ,a gardener in ,los ,angeles1 who had experimented in many ways with vegetables of all kinds1 discovered that carrots can be made a very satisfactory substitute for eggs4 ,he boils1 mashes and presses them through a coarse cloth or hair strainer1 and uses them in making a pudding by introducing the pulp among the other ingredients of the pudding1 using no eggs whatever4 ,a pudding thus made is not only much lighter1 but much more palatable than one in which eggs are used4 ,the results were so satisfactory1 when used in his own home1 that he at once wrote out full instructions for preparing the carrots1 had #a1jjj copies printed1 and advertised to mail the information for #ej cents4 ,he received so many remittances that his #a1jjj copies were soon all used up1 and several thousand more were printed4 ,to-day he is in receipt of an income that makes him a good living1 simply through letting other people know about his discovery1 and having them pay for it4 ,but it is well worth the price4 ,,plan ,no4 #edi4 ,,fattening ,,hogs ,,on ,,hay ,how many farmers know that hogs can be fattened on hay8 ,one farmer in eastern ,washington knew it1 and made profitable use of his knowledge1 not only in fattening his own porkers at a small expense1 but in supplying the information to other farmers4 ,this is the secret of it3 ,providing himself with a cutting-box1 he cut very green hay short1 mixed it with bran1 shorts or middlings1 and fed it the same as other feed4 ,hogs soon become fond of this1 especially when soaked in swill or other slops4 ,in the winter he fed his hogs the same kind of hay that he fed his horses1 and they fattened on that as rapidly as on anything that could be given them1 even corn or shorts4 ,convinced that he had made an important discovery1 he advertised in a number of farm and stock journals that for #ej cents he would send full information regarding the fattening of hogs by a new method1 and received hundreds of replies containing enclosures4 ,so many of these came in that they afforded him a steady and comfortable income1 besides the greatly increased profits derived from fattening his hogs at a comparatively trifling cost4 ,,plan ,no4 #eej4 ,,made ,,money ,,with ,,vacuum ,,cleaner ,while everyone recognizes the value of a vacuum cleaner in the removal of dust and dirt from house furnishings1 comparatively few people own them1 as it requires considerable of an outlay to buy one1 and more or less exertion to operate it4 ,a young woman in a western city1 who was in the habit of thinking matters over for herself1 thought she saw an opportunity in this fact to make a little money for herself by relieving people of these expenditures1 and she therefore bought one of the best makes of vacuum cleaners1 on the installment plan1 and started out to build up a little business of her own4 ,calling at a number of homes where she had reason to believe there was not one of these conveniences1 she secured several contracts1 on her first day's canvass1 to come once a week and give the house a thorough going over with her machine1 at a stipulated price per hour4 ,figuring that she could perform this service satisfactorily in two average homes each day1 she continued soliciting until she had twelve permanent patrons1 and then began her work4 ,from the very beginning1 her receipts averaged #e a day4 ,she has not only paid all the installments on her vacuum cleaner1 but has made a good-sized payment on a little bungalow1 which is now her home4 ,,plan ,no4 #eea4 ,,made ,,ad4 ,,soliciting ,,pay ,a young man from ,chicago1 who had been connected for several years with the advertising department of one of the city's big dailies1 was obliged to go west on account of failing health1 and decided to locate in a northwestern city of about #ajj1jjj population4 ,here he found a number of weekly publications1 all more or less lacking in advertising patronage1 and1 being an expert in that line1 he saw an opportunity to build up a good business for himself1 while adding greatly to the revenues of those struggling periodicals4 ,he therefore interviewed the publishers1 and made them the following proposition3 ,that he would secure advertisements for them1 up to a certain amount1 at the regular rate of commission1 and all in excess of that amount of advertising should belong to him4 ,the publishers were glad to make this arrangement1 as it meant at least twice as much business as they ever had before1 so he went to work and soon had doubled the advertising in each of the papers4 ,it was then an easy matter to obtain still more1 for his own exclusive benefit1 and his net earnings the first year were over #e1jjj4 ,he also secured ads4 for special publications1 with the understanding that after enough had been obtained to pay the cost of the ads4 the balance should all be his4 ,,plan ,no4 #eeb4 ,,teaching ,,scenario ,,writing ,a ,new ,york man1 who had written many scenarios for motion picture companies1 finally concluded to start a paper devoted to that industry1 and adopted a novel means of securing subscriptions for it4 ,he advertised in a number of magazines that for #be cents he would send his paper for an entire year1 and at the same time would mail each subscriber a sample scenario1 showing how to construct the plot1 together with a list of film manufacturers in the market for motion-picture plays1 etc4 ,by this means he not only obtained several thousand subscribers1 but enabled many aspiring scenario writers to construct plays that found a ready demand when submitted to the various companies making use of them4 ,to be sure1 he sent the same sample scenario to all his subscribers1 and the cost of it was only the expense of having it printed in large lots4 ,but this plan built up a good subscription list1 which made his advertising space very valuable and brought excellent returns4 ,,plan ,no4 #eec4 ,,children',s ,,photograph ,,specialist ,a young photographer in a northwestern city1 who was very fond of children1 and was unusually successful in making good photographs of the little ones1 opened a studio in an exclusive residence section of the city1 and fitted up the lawn in front as an attractive playground4 ,there were many trees all around the place1 and these greatly heightened the park-like effect he wished to produce4 ,rustic seats1 swings1 etc41 were arranged among the trees in front of the house1 and the children of the city were invited to make it their common playground1 under certain restrictions1 of course1 requiring them to be quiet and orderly4 ,then he began the work of making photographs of children exclusively1 arranging them singly or in groups and in various posings1 on the lawn when the weather was good1 or in the artistically-arranged studio at times unfavorable for outdoor work4 ,these pictures soon created so great a demand that mothers brought their children from all over the city1 as well as from outside points1 to have them photographed4 ,within a year from the time he established his studio for children's photographs1 he was enjoying an income that averaged #ejj a month4 ,,plan ,no4 #eed4 ,,condensing ,,government ,,publications ,a former newspaper man who was incapacitated for active service on the city dailies1 concluded that he could still make a comfortable living by turning his talents toward condensing the numerous publications issued by the department of agriculture1 compiling their salient features into one volume1 and selling the work to farmers1 stock-raisers1 gardeners and others who had either neglected to send for the government pamphlets1 or did not know they could be secured free1 or did not read them4 ,he therefore wrote to ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 secured copies of all the various publications obtainable1 and made a brief1 concise synopsis of their contents1 in attractive form4 ,he bound them in one book with paper covers1 and advertised in farm and other papers at #ej cents a volume4 ,,plan ,no4 #eee4 ,,business ,,adviser ,a ,new ,york lawyer who had had a large experience in business matters1 decided to remove to ,san ,francisco1 mainly for climatic reasons1 and concluded to enlarge upon the scope of his former activities in the eastern metropolis4 ,he therefore opened an office and announced that he would act as business adviser to all1 and would superintend the organization of large corporations1 keeping them advised as to all business as well as legal aspects of their undertakings1 look after the intricate affairs of established concerns that desired to improve their business methods1 and give advice in all matters requiring careful supervision or reconstruction4 ,being a man of unusual ability1 he charged reasonable fees for his services1 and in the course of a few years was held in such esteem that his advice was much in demand4 ,this work put him in touch with propositions in which he was able to make big profits4 ,,plan ,no4 #eef4 ,,men',s ,,apparel ,,adviser ,if we are to consult a doctor when we are sick1 a dentist when we have a toothache1 a carpenter when we want a house built1 then why not consult a specialist in apparel when we want to be properly clothed8 ,that's what a ,denver dealer in men's clothing and furnishings asked himself1 and forthwith proceeded to find the answer4 ,carrying an exceptionally fine and very complete line of the 8best in men's wear10 and possessing a taste in matters of dress that won the confidence of his patrons and the envy of his competitors1 he decided upon a novel mode of procedure1 and carried it out with success4 ,with tact that conveyed a compliment rather than a criticism1 and gave pleasure instead of offense1 he skilfully and diplomatically suggested to each of one hundred of his closely intimate male friends that he would appreciate the favor of engaging as their adviser for a year in all matters of dress2 in the selection of suits1 overcoats1 hats1 shoes1 gloves1 and furnishings complete--not so much for the small profit there would be in it1 but in order that each man so appareled could be pointed out as a model of perfect taste in dress1 when fitted out from the dealer's stock of men's accessories1 and in accordance with his well-known judgment in matters of that sort4 ,he suggested that his patrons need not spend over #bjj to #bej to be well dressed for that entire period4 ,to every one of these the dealer gave his careful personal attention1 devoting hours1 if necessary1 to the smallest detail of his patrons' needs1 and every man was a living advertisement of this clothing man's good taste in dress4 ,,plan ,no4 #eeg4 ,,one-,,man ,,sales ,,company ,a ,seattle man who had had considerable experience in selling goods of various kinds1 and had formerly been head buyer for a large department store1 which gave him special knowledge of all classes of merchandise1 as well as the retail prices of goods1 decided to make use of his knowledge1 so went into business for himself4 ,he had a full line of good stationery printed1 calling himself the 8,blank ,sales ,company10 and used this in writing to manufacturers all over the country1 asking to be quoted the very lowest prices on their products4 ,at the same time he advertised that he would supply any article of merchandise1 at prices below those asked by local retail dealers1 and1 in answer to inquiries for certain articles1 quoted figures that were low1 but the patron was in all cases required to pay the freight on the articles purchased4 ,shipments were made direct from the manufacturer to the customer1 he was not required to handle the goods1 but collect and remit the net every thirty days1 which left him a good margin of profit4 ,his earnings the first year were very large4 ,this business has no limitations4 ,,plan ,no4 #eeh4 ,,canning ,,the ,,surplus ,a widow and her daughter1 who lived in a rickety old house on a run-down farm in the ,middle ,west1 were greatly distressed by the lack of funds with which to improve the appearance and comfort of the old dwelling1 but had never been able to accumulate the necessary funds to have it done4 ,the farm was every year yielding a greater quantity of fruit1 berries1 and vegetables than they could possibly use1 and this surplus was all going to waste for the want of care4 ,finally the widow said to her daughter3 8,let's can this surplus1 and we will get good prices for it later in the season40 ,so they began4 ,they had a few fruit jars and jelly glasses1 all of which they filled with good grades of fruit1 vegetables and berries1 and then bought as many more as they could afford1 besides what sugar they needed for canning4 ,a few cans of their fruits1 as well as some of their jellies and preserves1 they sold to well-to-do neighbors and city people1 at good prices1 and so well pleased were the purchasers of their products that they never found it necessary to advertise or peddle their goods1 for people came for them and bought until the supply was exhausted4 ,and the buyers were always willing to return their jars and glasses1 when empty1 so their outlay thereafter was small4 ,they cleared nearly #ajj that first season1 #bbj the second year1 and at the end of the third year they had enough money to fix up the old house and make it an attractive1 homelike1 country residence4 ,but they still can and preserve the surplus from their orchard and garden1 and are making a good living from it4 ,,plan ,no4 #eei4 ,,specialized ,,in ,,fitting ,,children',s ,,shoes ,a young shoe clerk in ,chicago developed so great a 8knack0 for correctly fitting children's shoes1 with special study of the habits as well as the feet of the children1 that scores of mothers who brought their little ones into the store would allow no one else to wait upon them4 ,no matter how busy he was--they would patiently wait their turn until he could attend to the delicate matter of fitting each child1 regardless of its age or disposition4 ,this is his method3 ,for the active1 outdoor boy he selects a heavier1 more substantial shoe than for the studious1 indoor child4 ,he takes off the old shoe1 notes its size and shape1 measures the foot1 feels of the arch1 to see whether high or low1 and chooses for the new shoe one that is one and one-half sizes larger than the actual measurement1 to allow room for spreading4 ,if the child is very heavy1 he allows two sizes larger4 ,he runs his fingers along the three small toes of the foot1 when the shoe is on2 if the toes are curled up1 the shoe is too narrow4 ,then he notes the position of the big-toe joint1 to be sure the shoe is the proper length4 ,for the child with weak ankles1 or just learning to walk1 he supplies shoes with whalebone supports in the back1 and for the child with normal feet he advises the soft leather shoe with flexible soles4 ,he disagrees with doctors who urge arch supports1 as he says the shoe that keeps the foot in the best position is the proper one4 ,the reputation of his skill for fitting children's shoes spread throughout the entire shoe trade of ,chicago1 and one day the head of a large retail shoe house in that city came in and offered him a one-fourth interest in his business if he would take charge of the children's shoe department1 and teach his art to the other clerks4 ,it makes little difference what calling one is in if he likes his work and puts himself into it his opportunity is sure to come4 ,,plan ,no4 #efj4 ,,knew ,,the ,,secret ,,of ,,home ,,canning ,most of the housewives in ,america believe that home-canned vegetables nearly always spoil4 ,that is because they do not understand the important part played by bacteria in the canning process4 ,vegetables contain a large amount of proteid1 the favorite food of bacteria1 and unless these bacteria are destroyed1 vegetables canned in summer are almost certain to spoil4 ,on the other hand1 fruits--and these include tomatoes--contain but little proteid1 but a great amount of acid1 7which bacteria especially dislike7 and are therefore much easier to can1 as well as to keep4 ,a young farmer's wife in ,illinois1 who had made a close study of bacteria1 knew exactly what to do in the matter of canning vegetables4 ,she knew that bacteria1 in order to protect themselves even against the heat of boiling water1 form thick-walled bodies or spores1 and that the first boiling simply causes the spores to grow1 while a second or a third boiling effectually destroys them4 ,she has tried this method often enough to be sure of it4 ,she therefore wrote a little booklet on 8,how to ,can ,summer ,vegetables10 placed the price at #ej cents per copy1 and advertised it in a number of women's magazines and other periodicals4 ,many answers came in1 enclosing #ej cents1 and she sent out thousands of copies during the first three months4 ,often people make special study on certain subjects and have special experience along that line which if put in pamphlet form would be valuable to other people who would be willing to pay #be to #ej cents for it4 ,,plan ,no4 #efa4 ,,raising ,,homing ,,pigeons ,both patriotism and profit are what prompted an ,ohio man to raise homing pigeons for war purposes1 and the business has proven a great success1 from every point of view4 ,from early boyhood pigeons have interested him more than anything else in the world1 and he understood these remarkable birds very well4 ,these pigeons are not the soft1 cooing dove of fiction1 but are beautiful in color and line1 alert1 strong1 tight-feathered1 athletic1 gamebirds with bright1 farseeing eyes and marvelous courage4 ,they are used in war for carrying messages from the front trenches to the bases back of the lines1 and #ig per cent of these messages1 upon which either victory or defeat may hang1 reach their destination4 ,a section of this man's pigeon loft shows separate apartments for each pair of birds1 painted alternately black and white4 ,the birds manifest the most intense loyalty to their mates1 and he has raised thousands of them for the cause of the ,government1 and1 as they can be utilized with equal advantage in peaceful pursuits1 a certain means of revenue is thus opened to thousands of other breeders of these wonderful birds4 ,,plan ,no4 #efb4 ,,raising ,,squabs ,,for ,,profit ,a young married couple1 who lived near a car line in the suburb of a western city1 decided to engage in the raising of squabs1 as the hotels and restaurants of the city afforded a permanent and profitable market for them4 ,having secured a few birds1 together with a book giving complete instructions as to their care1 feeding1 marketing1 etc41 they constructed suitable quarters for them1 and determined that1 above all things1 they would keep their nests and grounds absolutely clean2 which is a very important part of successful squab raising4 ,they had ample space for their birds1 gave them the best of care1 and constantly watched every phase of their growth and breeding1 so that1 from less than a dozen birds1 with which they started in the spring1 they had more than #aej by fall1 all strong1 vigorous1 healthy specimens4 ,they felt that they could spare a certain number for the market during the early winter1 and these they prepared with the greatest care and cleanliness1 so that they brought top prices1 and resulted in a standing order from several of the leading hotels and cafes for all the squabs they could supply4 ,while their receipts from this source were only a little over #ajj the first year1 the second year brought them #cej1 the third year #fjj1 and after that they could count on at least #a1jjj a year net profit from their squabs1 while the husband was earning a good salary as a salesman in the city4 ,,plan ,no4 #efc4 ,,revising ,,manuscripts ,a former newspaper man and publicity writer in a western city1 who had written and revised many books1 pamphlets1 prospectuses1 etc41 became impressed with the fact that many persons who wished to become authors of short stories1 serials1 poetry and miscellaneous articles1 were sadly lacking in the knowledge of how to prepare their manuscripts in such a way as to make them acceptable to publishers4 ,he also realized that1 even if they knew how to properly arrange their manuscripts1 few1 if any of them1 knew the names1 addresses and needs of the various magazines and other publications that accept certain classes of stories or articles4 ,having a complete list of such periodicals and possessing both the ability and experience which qualify him to render valuable and timely aid to aspiring authors1 he advertised1 asking authors to send him their manuscripts for review1 adding that he might assist them in finding a market for their productions4 ,many answers were received1 to the writers of which he sent a well-written letter1 showing the necessity for competent assistance in such matters1 and quoting a reasonable graduated scale of charges for the work of revision1 according to the number of words in a manuscript4 ,in a short time he developed a good paying business4 ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #efc4 ,the ,eye of the ,master will do ,more ,work than ,both his ,hands ,,plan ,no4 #efd4 ,,public ,,school ,,directory ,an experienced ad4 solicitor in a ,california city1 who wished to go into business for himself1 conceived the idea of publishing a complete school directory1 which would be without cost to the school board1 and would net him a good profit4 ,he therefore interviewed the members of the board1 and said to them3 8,if you will furnish me with the school calendar for the coming year1 the names and addresses1 with telephone numbers1 of the board of directors1 the standing committees of the same1 dates of regular meetings1 personnel and location of the superintendent's office1 supervisors1 attendance officer1 health supervision1 superintendent of buildings and journals1 manual training department1 department of household arts1 high schools1 evening schools1 and graded schools1 with names1 addresses and telephone numbers of principals1 assistants and teachers1 and an alphabetical list of all the latter1 ,i will print it in the best directory form1 absolutely at my own expense1 provided ,i shall receive all the proceeds of whatever advertising of an approved nature ,i can secure for the same40 ,the board accepted the offer1 placed all the required data at his disposal1 and he then began to secure ads4 for the directory4 ,advertisers were so favorably impressed with the value of his directory as a medium of publicity1 that he contracted for enough to bring him in over #a1hjj4 ,the directory1 when printed1 cost him less than #djj4 ,,plan ,no4 #efe4 ,,an ,,advertising ,,school ,an advertisement writer in a western city1 who had made a good success in that work1 having enrolled practically all the leading merchants of his city in his list of patrons1 decided to establish an advertising school1 in order to teach others the art or profession in which he had become so proficient4 ,he therefore advertised in the papers of his own and surrounding cities1 offering a thorough course of instruction in the designing and writing of advertisements1 which instructions would be sent by mail upon receipt of #aj1 and many replies were received4 ,he accordingly prepared and had printed in attractive and comprehensive form a series of five brief lectures1 as follows3 8,general ,instructions02 8,the ,study of ,type02 8,measurements and ,lay-,out02 8,building the ,ad02 8,proof-,reading02 with instructions and examples relating to each1 which made it easy to understand and apply1 and proved a great aid to those who wished to make ad4 writing a life business4 ,he received many letters expressing deep gratitude for the assistance thus afforded aspiring publicity specialists4 ,this work yielded him a revenue of over #b1jjj a year4 ,,plan ,no4 #eff4 ,,an ,,alumni ,,directory ,the former president of the alumni association of a high school in a prominent western city figured out a plan which brought a great deal of pleasure to all its members1 and incidentally netted him a profit of #b1jjj for about two months' work4 ,he accomplished this by interviewing the principal of the high school1 who was able to supply him with the names and addresses of nearly #hj per cent of the alumni members1 and the balance he secured by calling upon those in close touch with such as had located elsewhere4 ,when his list was completed1 he secured advertisements sufficient to fill several pages1 charged a good price for his space1 and had the entire collection printed in attractive directory form4 ,then he sent letters to all the members whose names were to appear in the book1 announced the publication thereof1 and placed the price at #a per copy4 ,the dollars came in until he had received over five hundred of them1 and1 having collected for the advertising and paid for the printing1 he found he had #b1jjj left4 ,then he went to other cities and did the same thing4 ,,plan ,no4 #efg4 ,,bird-,,baths ,,for ,,orchardists ,a successful orchardist and gardener of ,spokane1 ,washington1 attributes a part of the profits he has derived from his fruit and vegetable culture to the encouragement he has given birds to come to his place4 ,knowing a great deal about the habits and the needs of birds1 he realized that ample bathing facilities for them are greatly appreciated and he at once proceeded to supply them with this luxury1 for if there is anything a bird likes it is his daily bath4 ,to encourage them to make his place their permanent home1 he built a wooden frame1 about #abx#bj inches in size and #f inches deep1 and into this frame he poured concrete1 which he mixed1 leaving a shallow depression in the center1 which would hold about a quart of water4 ,these concrete baths he placed on top of an upright piece of #dx#d scantling sunk into the ground4 ,he put the bath on this post and filled the bath with water1 and awaited results4 ,inside of ten minutes a dozen birds had gathered at the outdoor bathing place thus provided and were enjoying their bath as though it were the greatest luxury of their lives4 ,he then put up eight or ten more throughout the orchard1 garden1 and yard1 and in a short time the place was literally alive with birds4 ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #efg4 ,the ,bird ,bath ,before long insects of all kinds had been reduced and his fruits and vegetables gave him better yields4 ,he thereupon began to manufacture the bird-baths by the hundreds1 at a cost of about #e cents each1 and through a little advertising was enabled to sell them for #a apiece4 ,,plan ,no4 #efh4 ,,became ,a ,,nurse ,,for ,,diabetics ,a ,new ,york young woman wanted to become a nurse1 so she consulted a physician who was a specialist and recognized authority on diabetes1 and asked him what he would advise as a distinctive specialty for her to follow4 ,his answer was3 8,become a nurse for diabetics4 ,they are clean and easy cases to handle1 involving no disagreeable duties1 and as most of them are able to attend to their regular business every day1 the nurse has an abundance of time for her own improvement4 ,but she must know her business thoroughly1 be an expert in every detail1 and possess a personality that instantly wins confidence4 ,if you have that personality and are well informed as to the nature and treatment of diabetes1 you will succeed40 ,she was so greatly impressed with the soundness of this advice that she at once began to perfect herself in her chosen calling1 and in order to do this effectually1 she arranged to take care of several diabetic patients under treatment by this physician4 ,this gave her a practical insight into the malady itself and the treatment it required1 and after a course of study and experience with this specialist she made this work her specialty4 ,the first one came in the person of a wealthy business man who was just beginning to take treatment from the diabetes specialist1 and had progressed so rapidly that he was in proper shape to be sent to his home1 but was told that he would require the constant attendance of a thoroughly competent nurse for several months2 that she must remain at his home during all that time1 and that he must regulate his diet1 activities and conduct strictly according to her instructions1 to all of which he readily agreed1 as he did not want to go to a hospital for so long a time4 ,the nurse had thoroughly familiarized herself with all the books and treatises relating to diabetes1 especially the works of the specialist from whom she had received such valuable training4 ,she therefore had a complete understanding of what was required of herself and her patient1 both while taking the treatment and afterwards4 ,she was bright1 companionable1 a good reader1 and frequently entertained him by reading aloud4 ,she prescribed every article in his diet1 explaining to him the virtues and harmfulness of various articles of food1 the values of carbohydrates1 proteins1 and fats and the care with which sugar and starches must be used1 if permitted at all4 ,she made daily tests of his urine1 voided at #g o'clock every morning1 after which she weighed him carefully and recorded the gain or loss from day to day4 ,she instructed her patient that it was better for him to eat too little than too much1 and thus avoid the danger of becoming upset4 ,she planned the daily diet in advance1 so that he should receive the proper amount of each necessary element1 and cautioned the patient to eat slowly4 ,she recorded the character and quantity of food taken daily by the patient4 ,she saw to it that all vegetables were properly cleaned and prepared before cooking1 and served the given portions raw4 ,for breakfast she gave him coffee1 cream1 bacon and one egg2 for luncheon1 clear soup1 meat or fish1 and vegetables2 for dinner1 tea1 or cracked cocoa1 and a small portion of a cooked vegetable1 salad1 meat or fish4 ,she insisted that his bowels move freely1 but gave no cathartic for that purpose1 as she knew of much better ways to produce this result4 ,she saw that he took moderate exercise1 played games and indulged in other forms of entertainment1 but all reference to his disease was positively forbidden1 so that his mind did not dwell upon his condition1 while his surroundings were made as cheerful as possible4 ,when giving an occasional massage1 she used cocoa butter or other preparation containing fat1 but no alcohol1 owing to its drying effect1 and was instructed to report promptly to the doctor any symptoms signifying coma1 but fortunately nothing of this kind occurred4 ,she remained a member of the patient's household for six months1 during the latter part of which he was able to go to his office and attend to business1 but she limited his working hours to four each day1 with positive instructions to come home at once upon the least signs of fatigue4 ,from that time on1 she was never without a patient1 and though her work was not hard1 it required all her resources1 so that she was warranted in charging well for her services4 ,,plan ,no4 #efi4 ,,motion-,,picture ,,advertising ,an advertising man in a western city successfully carried out a plan of advertising in the motion picture theaters of his own and thirty of the surrounding towns1 and found it a profitable business4 ,he arranged with the managers of all these houses for a certain amount of advertising matter to be thrown upon their screens once each week for a year1 at a figure which was very low4 ,they were also to show motion pictures of the various departments of the manufacturers who were his regular advertisers1 with attractive mottoes designed to encourage the patronizing of home industries4 ,these were highly educational to each community4 ,he then made advertising contracts with a large number of merchants1 manufacturers and others in the various towns for space on the screens1 at rates that netted him a profit of #cjj or #djj per cent1 and in addition agreed to supply his advertisers free1 with all items of a local character which might aid them in securing more business4 ,he subscribed for one paper published in each of these towns1 and his free information bureau he conducted with the aid of a girl to cut out and mail these items to such advertisers as might be interested in or benefited by them4 ,his business proved profitable for all concerned4 ,the theatre managers received good prices for the use of their screens1 the advertisers obtained good results and the manager of the business made a profit of better than #d1ejj a year4 ,,plan ,no4 #egj4 ,,raising ,,blooded ,,dogs ,a man who was employed in a large stationery house in a northwestern city made extra money during his spare time by raising blooded dogs and selling them at good prices4 ,no matter for what purpose a dog was desired1 whether for a child's companion1 a watch dog or hunting dog1 he knew exactly the sort of dog to supply1 and had the very finest specimens of all breeds constantly on hand to meet the demand4 ,his prices ranged from #e and #aj for a young puppy to #be1 and even #ej1 for one grown and well trained4 ,he had read everything published relating to dogs1 had the pedigrees of all the best ones1 and bred only the best grade of animals4 ,in the five years he was engaged in this as a side line1 he cleared several thousand dollars4 ,,plan ,no4 #ega4 ,a 8,,trade-,,tip0 ,,bureau ,a ,minneapolis man made money by organizing what he called a 8trade-tip bureau10 which consisted entirely of himself4 ,he contracted with #ajj manufacturers1 merchants and others to keep them fully informed with reference to all matters arising within a radius of #bjj miles of his home city1 and information which might prove beneficial to them1 at so much from each firm per year4 ,he then subscribed for all the newspapers in the territory named1 and read them carefully4 ,whenever he found an item that would be of interest to any of his clients1 he would promptly inform that particular person of the fact1 and in most cases the information thus supplied led to an opportunity for making a good profit4 ,he usually sent a little note with each bunch of information1 commenting on its possible use in their business4 ,when a threshing machine was destroyed1 he informed the manufacturer of threshing machines4 ,if a firm in an outside town failed1 he reported it to the local firm that bought bankrupt stocks4 ,if a mining operator visited the city1 he tipped off the hardware dealer who had powder to sell4 ,these are examples of the various services he rendered his patrons1 and they were so highly pleased with the results that they continued to renew their contracts with him from year to year4 ,his present income is more than #d1jjj per annum4 ,,plan ,no4 #egb4 ,,booklet ,,on ,,mail-,,order ,,buying ,a ,chicago man who had been engaged in the mail-order business for many years1 and had become familiar with this work in all its phases1 published a booklet of eighty pages1 containing valuable information and suggestions to other mail-order agents in regard to buying goods to be used for that purpose4 ,following a brief introductory1 relating the changes that have taken place in the mail-order business of late years1 owing to the changing methods of both factories and stores1 the work touched upon securing introductions to the trade2 contracts2 letters vs4 trips2 points to be considered before deciding2 will cheap goods stay low8 buying staple lines2 factory trips2 depending upon salesmen2 trade tips2 when to load up2 cash and trade discounts2 new contracts2 the purchasing of novelties2 market tours2 keen observation2 test sales2 large profits for all concerned2 danger signals2 purchasing agency goods2 thorough tests2 giving out duplicate orders2 keeping costs down2 your own trade-mark2 watch territorial requirements2 saving in packaging1 etc4 ,it was just such a booklet as the thousands of mail-order agents in this country will buy and read with profit1 and he sold thousands of them for #ej cents a copy4 ,any other good mail order agents might record their experience in a similar manner with equally satisfactory results4 ,,plan ,no4 #egc4 ,,memory ,,cultivation ,the following is the method employed with profit by a well known eastern man who teaches the cultivation and improvement of the memory4 ,he inserts ads4 in all the papers as follows3 8,stop forgetting4 ,it may cost you money4 ,memory can be perfected by my simple ,home ,method4 ,education not necessary4 ,easy to master4 ,sent prepaid for #ej cents4 ,,send ,,now ,,to ------------0 8,a good memory worth gold4 ,helps you succeed--is better than education4 ,,my ,,home ,,method easily and quickly applied2 easy as reading a book4 ,send #ej cents for it1 prepaid1 ,,now4 ,address --------------0 8,how is your memory8 ,if it is bad1 better it2 if it is good1 perfect it4 ,,my ,,home ,,method gets results4 ,easiest thing in the world4 ,send #ej cents ,,now2 get it prepaid4 ,address --------------0 ,the copy for the course1 or folder1 is substantially as follows3 ,,how ,,to ,,cultivate ,,your ,,memory ,forgetfulness is not a disease--it is a habit--and a bad and costly habit4 ,perfect memory is necessary in all kinds of business4 ,why have to make notes of everything you wish to recall8 ,why 8have a name or fact on the tip of your tongue10 unless you can speak it8 ,your mind is just like your muscles1 so far as training goes4 ,if you wanted to become physically strong1 you would not overdo your exercise the first day4 ,you would start with simple things1 and then do the more difficult feats4 ,it is the same way with your mind1 follow these directions carefully4 ,how to ,concentrate ,your ,mind ,memory depends entirely upon concentration4 ,if you have riveted your mind on what you hear or see or read1 the impression is deep4 ,it is like talking into a phonograph4 ,if you whisper1 the record on the wax is shallow1 and difficult to reproduce4 ,if you speak in a clear voice1 then the record of what you say is cut deep1 and can always be reproduced clearly4 ,to learn how to concentrate1 you must start with simple things4 ,but the first lessons must be useful4 ,the best way to concentrate is to begin with things that denote action4 ,for example1 go into a room once a day1 with nobody around to disturb you4 ,take a sheet of plain paper1 and with a heavy1 black pencil write something on it like this3 8,i can make my mind travel into any fact or study40 ,place this before you on the table1 and have nothing else on the table that will interfere4 ,set this paper on the edge1 so that it is plainly visible when you sit in a chair about two feet away from the table4 ,now1 first of all1 relax4 ,get your muscles eased4 ,sit back in the chair1 breathe slowly1 take a few long breaths1 and close your eyes4 ,sit in a comfortable position4 ,avoid all muscular strain4 ,then open your eyes and look at that paper4 ,look at it and ask yourself what it means4 ,what is your mind supposed to do if it travels into any subject8 ,if you are going to run a race1 you wear as little as possible4 ,you must feel like racing4 ,and so1 your mind must not be weighed down with other thoughts4 ,close your eyes and think about your mind's ability to travel back into the past4 ,what did you do a year ago today8 ,what did you do a year ago yesterday8 ,what did you do five years ago8 ,keep the idea before you of making your mind travel back into anything you wish to remember4 ,keep the ,mind in a ,definite ,thought ,channel4 ,now1 after a few minutes of this practice1 take another sheet of paper and write on it3 8,i can dig up any fact in my mind40 ,again relax and close your eyes1 and then study these words4 ,if your mind is going to dig facts out of your memory1 it must not have other things to do at the same time4 ,try to dig up the name of somebody you have forgotten1 or something you have read4 ,now1 as you proceed from day to day1 get relaxed and take some book or paper and read some useful thing4 ,try to shut out every other thought1 so that your mind can wade into the facts4 ,then sit back in your chair1 with your eyes closed1 and analyze what you have read4 ,ask yourself questions about it4 ,the more interesting the subject1 the more readily you will go into it4 ,after a few weeks you will begin to look into things more carefully1 and make your mind impressions deep4 ,get into the habit of concentrating on what people tell you1 on what you read1 or see1 or hear4 ,then you will soon learn how to shut out everything that does not pertain to the subject1 and you will make your impressions stronger4 ,also1 you will begin to bring out truths that you have almost forgotten4 ,remember that the subjective part of your mind never forgets4 ,the more you get into the habit of permitting your mind to flit1 the less you will be able to remember4 ,the best students are those who make their studies interesting4 ,the best business men are the persons who take interest in their business4 ,tie yourself down to everything you do4 ,and then1 every once in a while1 hold a mind review4 ,think of the different places you have lived1 what you did1 the people you knew1 what became of them4 ,exercise your memory regularly4 ,unless it is exercised1 it falls into disuse--like an unused muscle--and becomes weaker4 ,within a few weeks1 you will be able to concentrate your mind on anything you do or read or say4 ,that is practice of the right kind4 ,it is scientific practice that considers your memory as a necessary part of your entire being4 ,and remember1 that you should so concentrate on these lessons that you can repeat the thought1 the ideas contained in them4 ,with this kind of practice1 memory will become a strong asset with you--and it is a valuable asset1 too4 ,,plan ,no4 #egd4 ,,custodian ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #ege4 ,,pictorial ,,business ,,magazine ,a western advertising man induced a talented local cartoonist to join him in the publication of a pictorial magazine of purely local events of interest1 and together they soon made it the most talked-of publication in the city which had a population of about #ajj1jjj4 ,the magazine was well printed1 on good paper1 and contained items of interest to and concerning prominent people in all lines of business--merchants1 lawyers1 doctors1 dentists1 judges1 politicians1 and other well known people4 ,the artist was quite gifted in reproducing the features of people1 and the faces thus drawn were often attached to bodies of supposedly the same people in more or less grotesque positions there being an element of humor in most of the drawings4 ,the humor1 however1 was of the clean1 inoffensive kind1 and was greatly enjoyed by the victim as well as by his acquaintances4 ,in a short time they had over #b1jjj regular subscribers to the magazine1 which was published weekly1 and with the growth of the circulation the advertising space became more and more valuable1 so that inside of three years their annual income was considerably in excess of #d1jjj4 ,,plan ,no4 #egf4 ,,george ,,made ,,some ,,tents ,a young man and his girl were strolling on the beach1 when a violent storm arose4 ,he opened his umbrella1 and spread his raincoat over it4 ,then he fastened a #e-;foot stick into the umbrella frame1 inserted the other end into the ground1 and the raincoat provided the walls of a hastily-constructed tent which kept them dry as they sat on a log while the storm raged4 ,this evidently gave the young man an idea1 for he had a tentmaker construct #bjj little tents for use on the beach1 which he sold the people at the resort for #e each4 ,the tents were made of light duck1 fifteen yards in each1 with fourteen strong sticks made to fit into each other at the ends4 ,eight of them1 fitted together1 made an #h-;foot pole to hold up the tent1 while the other six1 three on each side1 held up the sides1 and made a rain- and sun-proof tent six feet square1 which served not only as a protection from the sun and storm1 but made an excellent place in which to put on a bathing suit1 as well4 ,this plan gave the inventor an income of more than #a1jjj a year4 ,,plan ,no4 #egg4 ,,bathhouse ,,curtains ,,for ,,autos ,a lawyer living in a northern city1 near which were a number of lakes1 health resorts and bathing beaches1 frequently took his family in an automobile to some of these places1 and together they spent the day in bathing1 playing golf1 etc4 ,as the charges for the use of the bathhouses were rather exorbitant1 and the bathhouses inconvenient1 the attorney rigged up a set of water-proof curtains1 enclosing the back portion of the machine1 and attached to the frame above by means of hooks1 thus giving all the privacy and protection of a regular bathhouse1 which all the members of the family could use in turn1 at no expense whatever4 ,many other persons at the various bathing places noted the utility of the plan and asked the lawyer to make sets for their machines4 ,so numerous were these requests that he at last decided to make the curtains in large quantities1 and sell them at a profit of #b4ej per set4 ,he sold #bjj sets that season1 and #ejj the following season4 ,this was done with no advertising at all4 ,,plan ,no4 #egh4 ,,photographed ,,mines ,this photographer made himself familiar with photographing mines4 ,for those who were operating mines and desired to sell stock and wanted pictures of the mines to interest investors1 he had made a study of what kind of pictures would most interest prospective investors1 and to those compiling prospectuses he made many valuable suggestions4 ,he would make a fixed charge for the trip to the mine1 and would spend several days at the property and do his work right or would not go at all4 ,after he finished his work the pictures were a real asset to the mine owners4 ,,plan ,no4 #egi4 ,,dentist--,,indian ,,service--,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #ehj4 ,,the ,,farmer ,,who ,,used ,,the ,,parcel ,,post ,in many portions of the country not one farmer in a thousand realizes the importance of the parcel post in the marketing of his products at a profit1 but allows untold quantities of the very choicest grades to go to waste4 ,some of these farmers don't know1 while thousands of others don't care4 ,there was one ,wisconsin farmer1 however1 who did know and did care1 and he made himself wealthy by utilizing the products that others wasted1 and for which city people gladly paid good prices4 ,he began by making a sausage that was so good and clean and of such fine flavor that people all over the ,united ,states began to ask for it4 ,he used the parcel post in delivering this to his customers4 ,he put up smoked meats that were really smoked1 with scented woods that imparted the most delicious flavor4 ,he put up preserves1 pickles1 canned goods in glass jars1 apple and peach butter1 dried fruits and many other things1 all of which he sent to the city by parcel post1 where they commanded prices from #be to #dj per cent higher than the products of canneries1 packing houses1 etc4 ,really fresh eggs1 and pure1 sweet farm-made butter1 also formed a large item in his parcel post sales1 while his fruits1 all of the better grades1 were always in demand4 ,everything he sold was recognized as honest goods1 and these the public will always be glad to pay well for4 ,and just one little classified ad4 in the ,sunday edition of the city paper started the demand for his products1 but it was an ad4 that bore the imprint of honesty and real value1 and by more than fulfilling his promises to supply the very choicest of nature's products for what they were worth4 ,,plan ,no4 #eha4 ,,pure ,,fruit ,,preserves ,,and ,,jellies ,the following ad4 inserted just once in a ,sunday paper published in a ,michigan city1 brought a near-by farmer's wife so many orders that she was kept busy for months in filling them by parcel post1 and brought her a profit of nearly #a1jjj4 ,encouraged by her success1 she enlarged her scope of operations the next season1 and every season since then1 until she is now in good circumstances4 ,here are the ads4 which brought the business3 8,pure ,fruit ,preserves-- 8,guaranteed made from fresh picked fruit ripened on the branch and pure cane sugar in clean utensils made by clean people1 in a clean kitchen1 and free from adulterations and preservatives of any kind4 8,all the delicious flavor of fresh fruit preserved by home recipes40 8,pure ,fruit ,jellies-- 8,put up on the farm1 by a farmer's wife1 from the best old-fashioned recipes1 from fresh picked fruit and pure cane sugar1 and free of all adulterations1 artificial coloring matter or artificial preservatives4 ,absolutely delicious and wholesome jellies cheaper than you can buy them in town and better than you can put them up yourself because you can't get fresh fruit in town like ,i can just off the branch4 ,made in clean utensils1 in a clean kitchen1 by clean1 healthy people4 ,don't poison yourself with factory-made jellies1 compounded of chemicals and dyes and sold as fruit jellies4 ,my jellies taste of the fresh fruit1 because they are made of fresh1 ripe and wholesome fruit4 ,write to me for my special offer and try these delicious jellies for yourself4 ,sent in small and large quantities to suit you40 ,while most of her neighbors were allowing their fruit to rot on the ground1 because they couldn't find a market for them1 this woman always had a good market for her products4 ,,plan ,no4 #ehb4 ,,how ,,to ,,obtain ,,full ,,information ,,of ,,property ,,from ,,address ,the following plan netted better than #a1ejj in #b hours4 ,this would seem to be impossible but1 like anything else when explained1 is simple4 ,this man had moved from the country to live in the city1 and having a large family it was important for him to obtain a house4 ,he tried to find a place to rent but found that property was being purchased rapidly4 ,somewhat discouraged1 he called upon his brother4 ,one house in the most exclusive end of the city1 appealed to him but this house the real estate man would not lease for less than #cj a month for a period of twelve months4 ,the address of the property was #hbj1 #beth st4 ,they called the city engineer's office by phone and requested the lot number1 block and addition of the property4 ,in possession of the legal description1 they called the county assessor's office where the following information was obtained3 ,assessed ,real ,value ,value of lot #bej #ejj ,value of improvement #adjj #bhjj ----- ----- #afej #ccjj ,house built in #aiji4 ,to build the house now would cost #ccjj4 ,house consisted of #e rooms #ast floor1 #c rooms #bnd floor4 ,fir finish4 ,plumbing4 ,stone foundation4 basement4 ,furnace4 ,brick fireplace4 ,oak floor1 #e rooms4 ,they next called on the county treasurer1 who from the legal description gave the following information3 ,taxes1 #aiag #gj4cd ,taxes1 #aiah #gg4ee ------- #adg4hi ,address given in #aiaf of owner of property1 ,mary ,jones1 #bgbh1 #afth ,ave41 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 ,next they called the abstract office and found the incumbrances against the property outside of the taxes and the following information was given3 ,owner--,mary ,jones2 husband1 ,john ,jones4 ,no judgments against owner4 ,one first mortgage of #a1jjj against property4 ,second mortgage paid in #aiah4 ,first mortgage made ,jan4 #aiae1 runs for #c years to #aiah1 bears int4 at #h1 payable semi-annually and held by ,n4 ,w4 ,h4 ,bank4 ,property purchased by ,mr4 ,smith1 #aiag1 on contract4 ,the next step taken was to call up the ,n4 ,w4 ,h4 ,bank and here the most recent address of the owner was given as 8,jones ,apt41 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 ,interest on money paid4 ,company stated that even though principal is due1 company is willing to continue the loan40 ,the company also stated that ,mr4 ,smith1 holder of the contract1 had given up his contract which had been paid down to #b1ijj4 ,now we have the following situation3 ,two years taxes back2 house empty and run down2 mortgage due but can be extended if property is taken care of1 and owner living in ,san ,francisco1 ,california1 and a party ready to move in4 ,the next step to be taken was to talk with the owner by long-distance phone at ,san ,francisco1 ,california4 ,all the preceding information was obtained in thirty minutes4 ,in less than two hours a messenger had brought the owner and purchaser together4 ,the purchaser was willing to continue the contract of #b1ijj and pay #aiag taxes of #gj4cd4 and pay #cj per month1 #g per cent interest on deferred payments1 and must act at once4 ,owner told purchaser to move in at once1 that contract would be signed immediately and forwarded for purchaser's signature4 ,all this was done in two and one-half hours4 ,the purchaser was able to buy a house on a rent basis and made on the transaction more than #a1ejj1 as the place1 with an expenditure of #aej in paint and repair work1 will easily bring #e1jjj4 ,few people realize what information is open to them4 ,if you are in possession of the legal description of city property or farm land anywhere in the ,united ,states all you have to do is to call or write the county assessor's office and they will gladly tell you all about it1 thus saving you many dollars4 ,the city engineer's office can usually give you from a given address the legal description of the property4 ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #ehc4 ,think of ,saving as well as of ,getting ,,plan ,no4 #ehc4 ,,city ,,gardens ,very few people realize what can be done with their back yards4 ,many people who live in the city could solve the much-vexed question of the high cost of living if they would put their own lot of land to work4 ,a high school teacher living in ,spokane used the vacant lot next to him and put it in potatoes4 ,the soil was gravel formation4 ,most people in ,spokane believed it necessary to water their potatoes daily1 but he put some nitrogen in the soil and kept the potatoes carefully cultivated and irrigated them two or three times during the season4 ,he obtained an excellent yield4 ,the back lot of his house was #cjx#cj1 and that was where he put in most of his time4 ,the space used for his tomatoes was #abx#ab4 ,he made the soil in this place a sandy loam and mixed in ground limestone and some stable manure4 ,he used a seed from ,damascus1 ,syria1 and treated the soil with nitrogen4 ,he kept careful account of what he raised and it ran over fifty tons of tomatoes to the acre4 ,he built a grape arbor #h feet high1 #fx#f which took up but little room in his back yard4 ,he used the ,worden grape as it is a little earlier than the ,concord4 ,this furnished all the grapes that his family of four could consume1 and gave him sufficient grape juice for the balance of the year4 ,he had a good cider press with which he used to produce grape juice4 ,in his side yard he had eight or ten fruit trees4 ,these produced all the pears and crab apples he could use the year round4 ,when the apple crop came on he took his automobile and bought many boxes for #ge cents per box1 and in this way he had all the apples and cider he wished for the year4 ,he also made a drier1 which is but an hour's work1 and dried considerable fruit for winter use4 ,he raised in a space #ajx#ab a 8,progress0 everbearing strawberry which gave his family all they could use from ,june to ,november and all they wanted to can for winter4 ,he was especially proud of his bean patch1 #ajx#ae--variety used was the ,kentucky ,wonder4 ,beet patch1 #bx#h1 variety planted--,egyptian4 ,onions1 #dx#h1 variety planted--,yellow ,globe4 ,carrots1 #bx#h1 --,chantenary4 ,lettuce1 #bx#h4 ,radishes1 he covered with a muslin cloth to keep them free from maggots--caused by the fly laying its eggs about the radish4 ,there were many berry bushes which formed a pretty fence for his back yard which produced all the berries the family could use4 ,in addition to the above he had one hill of rhubarb1 two hills of melons 7cantaloupe7 and two hills of cucumbers1 which furnished all they could use4 ,in addition to the above space he made at the back end of the house a hotbed #ex#aj which produced vegetables for him until winter and early in the spring4 ,he made the soil in this as follows3 ,sod for the bottom1 which is rich in nitrogen and on top of this put in about six inches of sand and leaf mould4 ,this made a most excellent soil4 ,the above plan carried out by a man who is far more busy than the average during his spare time1 not only made a living for one year for his family but increased his knowledge of out-door life and enjoyed the best of healthful exercise4 ,,plan ,no4 #ehd4 ,,lectures ,,prepared ,,and ,,sold ,,earned ,,way ,,through ,,college ,he was an excellent stenographer and owned a mimeograph outfit4 ,he heard all the lectures in his course1 and all other lectures he fancied in the college1 and had many copies of these made up and sold to the students at a very low price4 ,you will find many students in departments who are interested in lectures that take place in other departments1 and when unable to attend such lectures1 are very glad to buy them from one who has attended4 ,this student also prepared questions that had been asked for a number of years in examinations1 so that the students could get an idea of the kind of questions they would be asked to answer4 ,he also took any kind of special work submitted to him and was able each year to easily defray all the expenses of his college course4 ,a large school offers the best field for this class of work4 ,,plan ,no4 #ehe4 ,,runs ,,boarding ,,house--,,pays ,,way ,,through ,,college ,many young men who have had some experience in running a boarding house1 put themselves through college1 and often have a saving above their expenses at the end of their work4 ,i remember particularly two young men who did this4 ,one ran his house on a cheap plan4 ,he furnished board at a very low price1 with no style1 while the other gave more service1 a little more dessert and charged a higher price4 ,these men employed students only who wished to earn their board in exchange for their services4 ,,plan ,no4 #ehf4 ,,shaved ,,his ,,way ,,through ,,college ,there is no reason why a man who understands the barber trade should not have a university training4 ,there is always a great demand for his services at the university4 ,six hours out of the twenty-four will enable him to pay his expenses4 ,if he cannot get employment in a shop1 he can run a student-shop of his own and employ only student barbers--each putting in a certain amount of time in the shop each day4 ,the student body will patronize him in preference to anyone else4 ,,plan ,no4 #ehg4 ,,oregon ,,man ,,earns ,,way ,,through ,,college ,he was known by all as 8,bill0 and he was from the ,west4 ,bill1 from the very first was a politician and would not take a back seat4 ,he was an excellent talker and possessed lots of courage and self confidence4 ,he had a few dollars to run on the first year1 but after that it was up to him4 ,he made himself well known to all in the university4 ,anything that required talk or scheming--he was there4 ,there was a big fair going on at ,st4 ,louis and ,bill arranged to show the ,oregon exhibit4 ,he obtained this through letter-writing and friends4 ,when ,bill planned on going home he made arrangements with the railroad company to represent them and sell tickets to the other students4 ,he showed them how cheap it was to see the ,west1 and made it so attractive he was able to sell a large number of tickets in that way4 ,each year ,bill was the popular man and got the orders for railroad tickets from the students4 ,if there was any place where his state should be represented in the ,east ,bill was the one who obtained the appointment4 ,he was wide awake at all times and never missed a chance to make money4 ,in this way he more than paid all his university expenses4 ,,plan ,no4 #ehh4 ,,assistant ,,to ,,teacher ,,of ,,elocution ,this young man was particularly interested in becoming a political speaker1 so the first year of his university work he applied himself to the elocution course4 ,he was studying law and saw its importance to the practicing lawyer4 ,his interest was so marked that the professor became interested in him4 ,the young man's means were limited1 so the professor made him a member of his own household1 which settled the board and room question4 ,he secured a small salary for his services1 and soon the classes in elocution became more popular and he was made an assistant and a good salary was advanced by the university4 ,in this way he not only earned his way through the university but won an excellent reputation in elocution1 and the fact that he was one of the faculty in a large university meant much to him in later years4 ,one must bear in mind that a young man in this way wins the respect of the faculty1 and their friendship means a great deal when he starts out for himself4 ,a letter or good word from one of the faculty of a large university will establish anywhere the ability of a man4 ,,plan ,no4 #ehi4 ,,studious ,,man',s ,,way ,,of ,,earning ,,his ,,way ,,through ,,college ,he was a young man of few words1 but always hit the mark when called upon in class4 ,his strength lay in his scholarship4 ,he was not a success as a salesman and had no ability as a speaker4 ,so the ordinary methods for earning his way through college were closed4 ,however1 he followed his natural bent as a student1 securing work as a briefer for one of the college professors who was working on a book on corporations4 ,his first year's work was so satisfactory that his whole college course was spent on briefing for this professor4 ,this gave him the best kind of board and room1 besides giving him a wonderful knowledge of corporation law4 ,he received also sufficient cash to defray all his college expenses and had his summer vacations to himself4 ,many young men enjoy a wonderful companionship with the college professors in this manner1 as well as earn their way through college4 ,in a large college or university there is opportunity for young men to apply almost any talent they may possess and thereby pay for their living and education4 ,,plan ,no4 #eij4 ,,how ,a ,,western ,,man ,,earned ,,his ,,way ,,through ,a ,,university ,i well remember a young man from ,salt ,lake ,city1 ,utah1 who arrived at the university filled with high hope for the future1 but who possessed little money to accomplish it with4 ,he was able by waiting on table to get through the first year1 but was without money at the beginning of the first summer4 ,he had a taste of one year's life at the university and nothing could prevent his return the next year4 ,he had never sold anything but he had precedent before him of what other men had done the year before1 and found that hundreds of these men made enough to put them through their year's course from one summer's work4 ,possessing a somewhat philosophical vein he selected a ,topical ,bible to sell4 ,i met him many times that summer4 ,his troubles were many--trudging through the dust and mud of ,illinois--but at the end of the summer he was back in his old place at class with a net profit of #bej saved as the result of his summer's work4 ,the second year he did not wait on table1 but with a friend of his opened up a little office2 sold stationery and did some typewriting work and turned many dollars of profit to himself and friend4 ,his stationery store provided a very good income and he continued the business to the end of his course4 ,what he did1 you can do4 ,,plan ,no4 #eia4 ,,painted ,,automobiles ,,in ,,winter ,he was a good painter1 but during the winter he had very little work2 yet by the following plan it became the most profitable and busy season of the year4 ,during the early fall he saw some of the auto owners and made an arrangement to re-paint their cars during the winter4 ,he made a study of auto painting and was able to furnish as high class a job as the auto owner desired4 ,if the upholstering of the car was worn or of poor taste he made suggestions for adding greatly to the beauty of the car4 ,his wife did the upholstering and acquired great skill in that work and the profit from it went to her4 ,cars painted and upholstered by him soon brought to him an excellent reputation which brought him a very profitable business from year to year4 ,,plan ,no4 #eib4 ,,suit ,,orders ,,put ,,man ,,through ,,university ,he was one of the best dressed men in the university and knew what kind of clothes a man could wear4 ,there is no time in a man's life when he more desires to be well dressed than when he is in college4 ,this young man was popular in the school1 and a very good mixer4 ,he took measurements for suits1 and let every one know it4 ,he not only put a good suit on one but gave good style4 ,if the hat1 shirt and shoes did not go with the suit1 he did everything he could in a tactful way to show what should be worn4 ,he worked for the business and secured it4 ,his friends were very loyal to him as through his advice their appearance was improved greatly4 ,many young men represent laundries from near-by cities and earn their way in that manner4 ,others make it a side line4 ,a good side line which will net many dollars during the school year is making up posters or post cards4 ,,plan ,no4 #eic4 ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4--,y4 ,w4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,put ,,them ,,through ,,university ,i knew a young fellow who worked at the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 at the university4 ,he was taking law4 ,for his work in the association he was furnished with a good room and board and his work there did not conflict with his classes4 ,he was an able assistant to the secretary and proved a very valuable man4 ,this work qualified him to become a first-class secretary1 after he completed his course1 which work enabled him to make a saving before going into the practice and also made a host of friends1 which is essential to any man who would achieve success in the practice of the law4 ,the ,y4 ,w4 ,c4 ,a4 is represented in every large university1 and there is work for a few women who may in exchange for their services receive room and board4 ,the above plans are a great advantage1 as they not only qualify one to earn an education but also prepare for a profession after their college course is finished4 ,,plan ,no4 #eid4 ,,went ,,through ,,university ,,by ,,appointing ,,agents ,before his arrival ,john had married and was the head of a nice family of three4 ,he possessed a bright mind but had his own way to earn as well as that of his family4 ,this to most people is a barrier1 but to ,john it was not1 and here is the way he did it3 ,previous to entering the university he had sold books for a ,chicago book company4 ,he requested the company to finance him for one year by advancing #ajj a month1 for which he would secure and train agents during this period4 ,the offer was accepted and ,john went to work4 ,he soon developed into one of the most active men there4 ,he was the political head of the law department and had a voice in all of the student activities4 ,if anyone wanted anything he always saw ,john4 ,in the debating society he was also active4 ,the lively interest he took in important matters enabled him to secure the services of many agents for summer work4 ,he put out something like #ajj men selling books during the summer4 ,they all made sales1 but fifty of the number came back successful4 ,john watched them all summer--was out in the field with the men--encouraging them4 ,when he found a man failing he changed his territory and put him on his feet4 ,he rendered a great service to those fifty by enabling them to go through the university as well as rolling up a nice profit for himself and the company4 ,this man to-day is the head of that ,chicago book company and has won for himself a good success4 ,,plan ,no4 #eie4 ,,western ,,man',s ,,way ,,of ,,going ,,through ,,university ,this man was about thirty-two before any opportunity presented itself for him to have a university education4 ,he had finished high school1 and from that time became a worker4 ,his hobby was speaking and writing1 and he had soon become the spokesman for the men he worked with4 ,he was sincere and earnest and won a good reputation among his fellow-workmen4 ,several occasions presented themselves for him to champion their cause4 ,the members of his association1 knowing his desire to go through the law school1 managed to finance him and he repaid them by assisting them in whatever way he could4 ,he finished his law course and began practice with a large number of clients which guaranteed his future4 ,many young men1 while ,i was at the university1 made it a point during the summer to give addresses on temperance or some political subject1 or by public speaking assisted men who were either preparing or running for public office4 ,,plan ,no4 #eif4 ,,bibles ,,put ,,him ,,through ,,university ,he was a man past middle age1 had never had any special advantages1 but had a remarkable will and was open and above board in his religious faith4 ,he believed the ,bible was one of the best books ever printed and he had a good understanding of it4 ,so he met all students who were inclined toward religion and obtained as many agents as possible to go out with him to sell ,topical ,bibles4 ,he put out a considerable number of agents1 worked with them1 and encouraged them1 and at the end of each summer he put away #djj or #ejj net4 ,as a salesman he was not above the ordinary1 but believed in his book and worked with it from summer to summer4 ,the ,topical ,bible1 he claimed1 not only put him through the university but in placing it among the people he felt that he was doing a work worth while4 ,,plan ,no4 #eig4 ,,insurance ,,puts ,,man ,,through ,,university ,the second year of my course at the university ,i almost decided to sell insurance4 ,several of the boys1 the summer before1 had piled up profits as high as #hjj net in that work4 ,some of my friends went out and received training for two months before the summer vacation4 ,they sold insurance in communities where they were well known4 ,one of the boys1 for his summer's work1 netted more than #ejj4 ,he sold exclusively to the farmers of ,illinois4 ,a man who goes out during the summer from the university and makes a good record1 brings himself to the attention of the insurance company and oftentimes secures some excellent opportunities after his college course is finished4 ,,plan ,no4 #eih4 ,,sang ,,their ,,way ,,through ,,university ,four young men made their way through the university in about as pleasant a way as possible--by singing their way through4 ,this quartet was excellent4 ,on ,sundays they sang for the church1 and at any college meeting they were always called upon4 ,they put on several concerts during the year and on several occasions they organized entertainments in the near-by towns and were well rewarded by the receipts4 ,during their third year they organized a number of singers and arranged for a trip to occupy several weeks and to cover many large cities4 ,this effort was very successful1 and not only profitable to them but a very good advertisement for the university4 ,these four singers not only defrayed all university expenses1 but secured an excellent opportunity to see different parts of the country and had a saving to start with when their course was completed4 ,,plan ,no4 #eii4 ,,entertainer ,,pays ,,way ,,through ,,university ,he could do sleight-of-hand tricks and was able to do some good hypnotic work4 ,he understood how to arrange for and advertise his plays4 ,he made it a point to give several entertainments each year in the near-by cities4 ,during ,christmas time1 spring vacation and summer he was busy4 ,the entertainments given at the university and the ,saturday-night performances in some of the adjacent towns were sufficient to defray all his expenses4 ,,plan ,no4 #fjj4 ,,sold ,,aluminum ,,ware ,,summers ,,and ,,paid ,,university ,,expenses ,a tall1 slender chap1 whom ,i at first thought to be a rich man's son1 told me that he had that summer made #eej4 ,on inquiring ,i found he sold aluminum ware during the summer in ,illinois4 ,he not only worked in the cities but in the country as well4 ,he would find some housewife in the city who would permit him to give a demonstration of his aluminum ware cooking utensils4 ,he would then get this lady to invite in a number of her friends to see the demonstration4 ,for this he would make a gift of some one of his wares to the one who had favored him4 ,he was enabled to show the value of his wares and made many sales4 ,a series of such demonstrations in the various homes soon established the reputation of his goods and created a good demand for them4 ,through this plan he paid all college expenses1 and had a small sum to start in business with at the close of his college course4 ,,plan ,no4 #fja4 ,,championing ,,religious ,,doctrine ,,put ,,him ,,through ,,the ,,university ,there are a great many different religious sects in our country1 and from our colleges and universities these sects obtain material that will assist their causes4 ,two of my friends at the university took a law and literary course covering a period of six years4 ,they were good speakers and had very strong leaning toward certain religious beliefs4 ,they made a very close study of same until they became very valuable exponents for their denominations4 ,they were sent out on special lecturing trips and all the time they could spare was put in at active work along that line4 ,the compensation they received from this work more than financed their university course4 ,they obtained unusual experience in public speaking1 which was later to prove a great asset to them in legal work4 ,a man who is an able speaker on matters concerning the law1 and who is a champion of certain religious ideals can go into any community and in a few weeks will be better known and more highly regarded than men who have passed a life time there4 ,,plan ,no4 #fjb4 ,,college ,,on ,,stereoscopic ,,views ,stereoscopic views are simple1 but very important when one considers that by their aid a student may defray the expenses to his coveted goal the completing of his college course4 ,jim was a big raw-boned fellow from ,indiana4 ,he was a man of wonderful energy and enthusiasm4 ,life was new to him every minute4 ,it seemed his difficulty was lack of new opportunities for him to show what he could do4 ,he had no money after paying for his books1 but by waiting on table and making himself generally useful he managed the first four or five months1 and then he became associated with a fellow-student who sold views and thus made his way4 ,jim liked pictures of travel and felt that he could easily sell such views1 so he immediately obtained an outfit and started after orders--and he got them4 ,if anyone was a friend of his they would soon hear about the views4 ,the following summer he went out into the farm country in ,indiana4 ,lots of views had been sold years before in that country but that was no obstacle to him2 people1 he thought1 must have more4 ,his views were lit up with his own imagination4 ,he showed the religious people views of the holy lands4 ,anyone who had any religion at all would yield him an order4 ,he came back that year having cleared more than #fjj4 ,,plan ,no4 #fjc4 ,,small ,,town ,,weekly ,,and ,,real ,,estate ,he left his home in ,iowa and dropped into a little western town of some #a1hjj inhabitants4 ,he had about #ejj but that would not go very far4 ,he liked newspaper work as a profession1 so he started a weekly publication at which he worked hard and soon made it pay enough to provide himself and family with a living4 ,but that did not give him a future1 so he decided he would specialize in farm sales4 ,he knew what a good farm was for he had made a study of farming4 ,he obtained everything the government had to give on this subject1 and advertised in his own paper4 ,in that way he soon became very well known by all the farmers in his district and also had good connections with the farm banks4 ,he finally found a farm at a very low figure on which he obtained an option for two years to purchase1 and then decided what kind of a crop should be put in4 ,he did not have the capital himself so he went to some people with money and explained to them the deal he had and how he was to work it and told them that he needed capital and was willing to give one-half the profits for the cash advanced on the crops1 or1 in case of sale1 one-half the amount made on the deal4 ,his proposition was so good he had no trouble getting the cash and said he never had any trouble in financing his farm deals in that way4 ,after obtaining the money1 he boosted the farm in his paper4 ,he claims he makes his sale when he buys the farm4 ,if he is to sell the farm on commission1 he refuses to sell unless he is paid #e per cent1 and the land must be priced right or he will not try to sell it4 ,but he claims the money is made when he buys4 ,after the farm is bought he hires all the work done and pays liberal wages and expects results4 ,he secures men who are trustworthy4 ,the farm is cleaned up and put in order before it is offered for sale4 ,last year1 for example1 land that was being summer-fallowed he put in peas which brought #fj cents a pound and produced #ae pounds per acre which was a low yield yet it paid the following amount per acre3 4#ej to drill #c4jj seed 4#ej cut peas #i4jj 4#je thrash #d4je ---- ----- #d4je #d4ie net profit per acre4 ,he has two salesmen who average the year round nearly #djj a month1 and they find it easy to sell where they are the owners and operating their own farms4 ,this year they have three farms totaling #gjj acres which will net them more than #bj1jjj4 ,here is a man who started out with #ejj in cash and now has an income of not less than #ae1jjj a year4 ,he says if he was without money to-morrow he would work the local weekly and real estate business together4 ,,plan ,no4 #fjd4 ,,this ,,lawyer ,,made ,,money ,,by ,,keeping ,a ,,daily ,,record ,it is safe to say that nine-tenths of the members of the bar do not keep daily records4 ,this often determines whether or not the lawyer is a success or failure4 ,when an estate is put into an attorney's hands he should in these matters have a daily record1 and his charge should be based on this record4 ,but most attorneys go before the court1 state generally how much time has been consumed1 and ask for say1 #ejj2 but instead of such an allowance they usually get #ajj4 ,the attorney might be entitled to the #ejj but he has nothing definite to show4 ,in all probability the heir and executor of the estate consumed much of his time1 and had an account of his time been kept and even a plumber scale of wages applied1 he might be entitled to #a1jjj4 ,the following is the kind of record one attorney used with profit to himself4 ,he had a loose leaf #hx#aa1 punched for filing away4 ,,attorney ,daily ,record ,month44444444444444 ,year1 #aia44 ,posted444444444444 ,hours ,name of person or ,subject matter ,who charge work done #h4cj ,a4,m4 to #f4jj ,p4,m4 ,memorandum4 ,if attorneys would keep records of this kind it would do away with loafers1 etc4 in his office4 ,at the end of each month do as the doctor does--render a bill for services4 ,in no event should a charge be made for less than #e4jj ,if the bar of your community has no minimum fee get busy and have one established and after this understanding is reached tell your clients what the bar association requires and see that the newspapers give proper publicity to your minimum fees4 ,this kind of work will bring about a better and more intelligent bar in your community as it makes their work more profitable and they would put more time on reading law and less on thinking about where the next dollar is coming from4 ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #fje4 ,she is ,busy ,every ,moment ,,plan ,no4 #fje4 ,,lawyer',s ,,plan ,,to ,,save ,,on ,,typewriting ,a lawyer must have an office and a stenographer4 ,usually he can afford his office1 and as far as books are concerned he can obtain them on time4 ,but his stenographic help is always a problem as most of the time he cannot afford to have a stenographer4 ,he may find that a large part of the time his stenographer is more of a nuisance than a help4 ,he is compelled to pay her #hj a month when over half of the time she is without work4 ,this attorney obtained a dictaphone and experimented with it for about a month4 ,he accustomed himself to the use of it4 ,when he kept the receiver of the dictaphone against his upper lip his voice took very clearly1 but the stenographer who did his writing was not very familiar with the dictaphone1 so he found the names of offices that had dictaphones1 which information the companies selling dictaphones were glad to furnish4 ,he then got in touch with their stenographers to ascertain if they had time to do extra work and found several willing to work for him4 ,in this way he was able to get a price of #ab cents per roll--which contains #hjj to #ijj words4 ,the stenographer figured she could do about four rolls an hour1 which would give her about #d a day4 ,the attorney dictated his work in his spare time4 ,she called for the records1 did the work and returned the rolls1 shaven and ready for new dictation4 ,it was a great advantage to the lawyer as he was only charged for the time she was actually writing his work4 ,as a matter of fact1 in using her extra time he could do twice as much as any other lawyer and stenographer could do under the ordinary method of dictation at one-third the cost4 ,in that way all his work was done1 when he had business to pay for1 and there was no overhead expense when he did not have the business4 ,this easily saved him #fj a month4 ,,plan ,no4 #fjf4 ,,lawyer ,,sells ,,law ,,books ,this lawyer found that while our country was at war with ,germany his practice dwindled down to almost nothing4 ,he loved his profession and he had a professional pride that riveted him to his chair in the office4 ,he loved his wife and family too1 and when they had to do without any of the necessaries he felt it was up to him to move and move fast4 ,he shook himself until he had a real circulation and determined he would take a trip into the northwest 8for his health0--the real purpose being to sell law books4 ,he started the first of the year and by ,may #ast had sold over #ej1jjj worth of law books4 ,he was a man not afraid of a jury1 and he was one lawyer who knew business4 ,of the #ej1jjj worth of books he sold at least #aj1jjj was his--all made within four months4 ,this young lawyer was allowed a trading privilege of #cj1 in the event that it was necessary to make a sale4 ,the point was that1 so far as the old books were concerned1 it made little difference1 but in this manner he was sure to make a sale4 ,this plan was good and it took4 ,there are many lawyers to-day out of business and do not know it4 ,a little adventure into the selling game outside of their community would not only prove very profitable but would act as a tonic and would enable them to find their real selves1 and they could come back to their practice with renewed energy and perhaps a new viewpoint which would put them where they belong4 ,,plan ,no4 #fjg4 ,,sheep ,,on ,,summer ,,fallow ,here is what one farmer accomplished3 8,on ,september #a1 #aiac1 ,i owned #abc head of sheep worth approximately #fac4 ,during the following year ,i fed them #ej worth of feed and pastured them on summer fallow4 ,i figure they saved me #aej worth of labor in eating off the weeds4 ,during the year ,i sold #cge worth of sheep and #abe4hj worth of wool1 and at the end of the year ,i still had #ace head worth #fge4 ,i therefore figure my net profit1 exclusive of labor1 #ffj4hj4 ,i cannot understand why more farmers do not run sheep on their summer fallow40 ,,plan ,no4 #fjh4 ,,likes ,,hogs ,,and ,,sheep ,he made a living from stock1 and here is his statement of what he did3 8,recognizing the necessity for more modern methods in farming1 ,i started in four years ago by fencing my #ejj-;acre ranch with hog-tight woven-wire fence4 ,i also purchased a bunch of hogs and went in debt for both the hogs and the fence4 ,the first year ,i sold #a1djj worth of hogs and have averaged #b1jjj per year since4 ,i also purchased some sheep and found that by running them between harvest and summer fallow ,i was able to keep down the mustard and weeds4 ,in this way ,i made a profit on my sheep from both wool and mutton4 ,i am now out of debt and am satisfied that stock farming pays4 ,i believe that if diversified farming methods are followed1 sixty to eighty acres is enough for one family40 ,,plan ,no4 #fji4 ,,good ,,money ,,in ,,cows ,here is what a farmer did with a few head of stock in ,western ,wisconsin1 and he gives an account of his work as follows3 8,on ,october #ast1 #aiac1 ,i owned eighteen cows1 eight heifers1 four calves and one bull4 ,the following year ,i fed #cab worth of pasture and #dae worth of feed1 all of which1 with the exception of #afj worth1 was produced on my farm4 ,during the year my sales of cattle and dairy products amounted to #a1bjj4 ,at the end of the year ,i had remaining twenty-two cows1 eight heifers1 three calves1 one steer and one bull1 worth #b1jdj4 ,i figured that ,i cleared #gec1 exclusive of labor40 ,,plan ,no4 #faj4 ,,hogs ,,are ,,money ,,makers ,you will note that the following profit was made before we were thinking of war4 ,hogs are always profitable4 ,here is ,mr4 ,farmer's statement of what he did with a few hogs in ,washington state4 8,on ,september #cjth1 #aiac1 ,i owned twenty cows1 thirty barrows and gilts1 and one boar1 worth approximately #faj4 ,during the following year ,i fed #gjd worth of pasture and grain1 all of which were produced on my farm4 ,on ,september #cjth1 #aiad1 ,i owned twenty cows1 eighty gilts and barrows1 two boars and #abj pigs1 which ,i figure worth #b1jij1 making a net profit of #gej1 exclusive of labor40 ,why will people insist on living in the heart of the city1 with poor living conditions for their families1 and work like slaves without a ray of hope for their future1 when the country is only a few miles outside with good schools1 plenty of fresh air1 sunshine1 hills1 pastures1 woods and streams and always a good environment for the family1 and the best kind of a living and an easy possibility of plenty8 ,answer the question if you can4 ,,plan ,no4 #faa4 ,,interesting ,,poultry ,,figures ,to show what a hen paid before the war1 here are a few figures which show the possibilities of the hen in the city4 8,according to your request1 you will find below data on my poultry business3 ,from ,nov4 #a1 #aiab to ,nov4 #a1 #aiac3 ,cost of eggs per dozen #af;c ,cost of feed per head for the year #a4di ,net earnings per hen for the year #a4di ,number of eggs laid per hen for the year #aaa ,average price #cg;c ,from ,nov4 #a1 #aiac to ,nov4 #a1 #aiad3 ,cost of eggs per dozen 7includes interest on coops7 #ab;c ,cost of feed per head for the year #gj;c ,net earnings per hen for the year #b4ej ,number of eggs laid per hen for the year #ajg ,average price #cg;c 8,one-half the hens for #aiad were the pullets of #aiac and were supposed to fall off in production #bj per cent4 ,the balance were pullets40 ,the ,department of ,agriculture is back of you in any endeavor you may wish to make in farming4 ,if you want information on any problem1 write to the department and they will forward you an up-to-date book on the subject4 ,they have pamphlets prepared treating of the way to handle chickens in the city1 raising of fancy birds1 and many other subjects relative to the chicken4 ,,plan ,no4 #fab4 ,,believes ,,in ,,sheep ,many town people have an idea that before the war farming was not a very profitable business1 but that is not the case4 ,here is what one farmer has to say3 8,in #aiac ,i purchased #a1ahh sheep1 mostly lambs4 ,in #aiad ,i clipped about one dollar's worth of wool per head and then sold #cjj head at #d4ge to #e4be per hundred pounds4 ,they were out nearly all winter at strawstacks and grazing1 my only expense being thirty-five tons of alfalfa at #aj per ton4 ,you can easily see that ,i have made a very nice profit4 ,i believe that nearly all farmers should keep a flock of sheep40 ,it is easy to understand why our great men and women of high talent in all walks of life come from the farm4 ,the business of farming enables them to make the best kind of a living with much less wear and tear than attends work in the city4 ,he has time to think2 nature is about him2 he is not worrying about his grocery bill and how he will get enough to eat next week4 ,his living is assured for a year4 ,the sun1 rain and land look out for that4 ,his wife is not worrying him about the latest style of clothes for herself and children4 ,try it out for yourself--get a few sheep and be independent4 ,,plan ,no4 #fac4 ,,remarkable ,,yield ,,from ,,twenty-,,three ,,acres ,the following figures taken from a #bc-;acre tract1 near ,north ,yakima1 ,washington1 illustrates what can be accomplished in the irrigated valleys of the ,inland ,empire1 when intensified farming methods are followed3 ,six thousand boxes of apples1 #aj tons of cherries1 #djj boxes of peaches1 #gjj boxes of pears1 #ajj crates of small fruit1 #a1hjj boxes tomatoes1 #dj tons of wheat and alfalfa hay1 #ae tons carrots and mangel-wurzels1 #b tons grain and vegetables1 #ej bushels corn1 #djj pounds butter1 #ad pure bred ,duroc hogs1 #bbj dozen eggs1 one ,holstein heifer and one colt4 ,,plan ,no4 #fad4 ,,fourteen ,,hens ,,make #c4cc ,,each ,here is what a city man did1 given in his own language3 8,january #a1 #aiad1 ,i had on hand fourteen pullets1 worth #h4dj4 ,during nine months ,i sold #ab dozens of eggs at #ce;c per dozen1 a total of #di4hg4 ,i also sold #bf4ae worth of chickens1 and at the end of #i months ,i had remaining a flock of #dh pullets1 #f cockerels and #h hens--#fb in all--worth #fj cents each or a total of #cg4bj4 ,during the nine months ,i spent #g4ej for eggs for hatching and also #hi4hj for feed4 ,this makes me a profit of #eg4ej from the original #ad fowls1 or #c4cc each4 ,it should be stated that1 in addition to the feed paid for1 the stock was supplied with table scraps1 which cost nothing under the circumstances and would have added largely to the feed bill had its equal in feed value been paid for at market prices4 ,however1 ,i feel that my experience illustrates a great saving in poultry feeding if table scraps are utilized40 ,,plan ,no4 #fae4 ,,sheep ,,make ,,money ,,for ,,this ,,man ,here is what this farmer has to say3 8,in ,january1 #aiac1 ,i owned a flock of ninety sheep worth approximately #ijj4 ,during the following year ,i purchased a buck for #cb and fed #ej worth of pasture and #hj worth of salable feed4 ,i sold #bbe worth of sheep and #baj worth of wool and on ,october #a1 #aiad1 ,i had #abe head of sheep remaining1 worth #a1bej4 ,i therefore figure my net profit1 exclusive of labor1 #fbc4 ,however1 the sheep made me more money than this1 as ,i let them run on summer fallow and they saved me the expense of cutting the weeds4 ,it seems to me every wheat farmer should have some sheep40 ,,plan ,no4 #faf4 ,,likes ,,dairying ,this farmer makes the following statement3 8,january1 #aiac1 ,i owned #ab cows1 #a heifer1 #b calves and #a bull1 worth approximately #iaf4 ,during the following year ,i fed #ace worth of pasture and #cfe worth of feed1 all of which1 with the exception of #abj worth1 was produced on my farm4 ,during the year ,i sold #a1ajj worth of cattle and dairy products and on ,january #a1 #aiad1 ,i had remaining #i head of cows1 #c heifers1 #e calves and #a bull1 worth #hgj4 ,my profits therefore1 were #eed1 exclusive of labor1 manure1 etc4 ,i have conducted my dairy business as a side issue to my general farming and feel very well repaid for the attention ,i have given to it40 ,in many articles of this book ,i have given illustrations of profit in farming before the war to show that regardless of the times there is always money in farming4 ,,plan ,no4 #fag4 ,,beef ,,cattle ,,in ,,ferry ,,county1 ,,washington ,this farmer gives his experience as follows3 8,according to my experience here in ,ferry ,county1 a herd of cattle doubles in three years1 aside from keeping themselves4 ,there is always a cash market at your door for anything you have to sell4 ,i have #a1ajj acres of land and keep about #ajj head of stock through the winter2 raise considerable small grain and feed up all my straw as well as what hay is necessary4 ,i now have a nice start in pure bred ,short ,horn ,durhams of milk strain1 which gives me good milkers as well as big steers40 ,,plan ,no4 #fah4 ,,good ,,yields ,,of ,,wheat ,,and ,,oats ,he made money before the war2 what do you think he made during the war8 ,he tells what his farm did in the following account3 8,i harvested #ace acres of wheat this year which furnished thirty-two bushels per acre1 a total of #d1cbj bushels4 ,it cost me #dei to grow it1 #bjj for cutting and shocking1 #cde for threshing4 ,the interest on my investment in land at #hj per acre1 and on horses and machinery for two years is #a1ecf4 ,this leaves a net profit of #hbi at #hj;c per bushel4 ,my oats made a yield of #ej bushels per acre40 ,,plan ,no4 #fai4 #a1jjj ,a ,,year ,,from ,,poultry ,here is what a small farmer accomplished in ,washington state with poultry in #aiaj1 #aiaa and #aiab1 when prices were much lower than now4 ,he gives his experience as follows3 8,i will be glad to tell you the result from my poultry business4 ,i began ,january #a1 #aiaj1 with #bej hens1 #ai roosters1 #ab ducks and #bj bantams1 which ,i invoiced at #cdj4 ,during the year #aiaj ,i sold as follows3 ,market eggs1 #edb4ej2 hatching eggs1 #dcg4ae2 market poultry1 #baj4cj2 breeding stock1 #cej4ge2 or a total of #a1eda4 ,the cost of maintenance during this time1 which includes feed1 stock purchased1 etc41 was #hdj4ej1 leaving a profit of #gjj4ej4 8,during #aiaa my sales of market eggs were #fca4fe2 hatching eggs1 #fbg4dj2 day-old chicks1 #he2 market poultry1 #bec4ce2 breeding stock1 #djc4ij2 total1 #b1jja4cj4 ,maintenance during the same time was #iaj4gj1 leaving a profit of #a1jij4fj4 8,up to ,november #bj1 #aiab1 my sales for that year were3 ,market eggs1 #gje4bj2 hatching eggs1 #dbb4ej2 day-old chicks1 #aed4fj2 market poultry1 #bce4hj2 breeding stock1 #cib4dj2 total1 #a1iaj4ej4 ,my maintenance was #hie4ge1 leaving a profit of #ajad4ge4 ,on ,november #bj1 ,i sold my entire stock1 which brought me #fie4jj1 or a gain from my original investment of #cee4 8,my total profit for the three years was #b1hje4he1 which1 added to the gain on investment of #cee1 makes a grand total profit of #c1afj4he or better than #a1jjj a year4 ,i might also add that1 aside from caring for the poultry1 ,i cultivated #aa acres of ground4 ,the income from this and from two ,jersey cows was #ejj a year40 ,when a man takes a real interest in his work it is remarkable what he can accomplish4 ,,plan ,no4 #fbj4 ,,big ,,profits ,,in ,,truck ,,gardening ,this man operates a truck garden with the following success4 ,the figures given are before the war prices4 ,the soil resembles gravel and is watered by pumps4 ,here is his account3 8,i have been truck gardening in the vicinity of ,spokane for twenty-six years1 and now have a small tract in the ,spokane ,valley and inside the city limits4 ,here ,i find ,i can produce all of the crops that will grow in this climate1 but at present ,i am making a specialty of celery1 cauliflower and asparagus4 8,celery gives me a gross return of #fjj to #a1bjj per acre1 and it costs me from #cjj to #ejj to grow and market it4 8,cauliflower gives returns of #djj to #hjj per acre1 and it costs me from #ajj to #cjj to grow and market4 8,asparagus yields #c1jjj to #c1ejj pounds per acre on an #h-year-old bed which ,i sell at #i cents per pound4 ,it costs about #a cents per pound to grow1 cut and market1 so that my profits vary from #bbe to #bfe per acre4 ,i figure the land on which ,i grow these crops worth #a1jjj per acre1 making an investment charge of #fj per acre4 ,i believe there will always be a good market in the ,inland ,empire for garden products40 ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #fbj4 ,the ,early ,tomato ,,plan ,no4 #fba4 ,,profit ,,on #acj ,,acres ,,of ,,wheat ,this man was farming in the ,palouse country1 south of ,spokane1 ,washington4 ,you can see what he was doing before the war1 and you can figure out for yourself what he made after the war began4 ,here are his figures3 8,i raised #d1jcj bushels of wheat this year from #acj acres1 an average of thirty-one bushels per acre4 ,it cost me #cca4ej to raise the crop2 #ccd to harvest it1 and #ccb4fd to thresh it4 ,sacks cost me an additional #age4 ,i figure the interest on my investment in horses1 machinery1 and land at #hj per acre would be #a1djd for two years4 ,i have not sold my crop yet1 but at #hj cents a bushel it would net me #fdg4 ,i expect to get #a per bushel and this would make a profit of #a1dec40 ,,plan ,no4 #fbb4 ,,three ,,crops ,,in ,,one ,,season ,he made a living on a small piece of land in the following manner3 8,i have six acres of ground on which ,i am making a specialty of growing cauliflower1 celery and cabbage4 ,i figure that ,i have cleared over #a1ejj this year1 above all expenses4 ,from one little plot1 about #adx#bj feet1 ,i have sold a crop of radishes1 spinach and endive1 bringing me a gross return of over #ce40 ,,plan ,no4 #fbc4 ,,beef ,,cattle ,,money ,,velvet ,the following is a little side money for the farmer4 ,his statement is as follows3 8,on ,january #a1 #aiab1 ,i owned ten head of beef cattle worth #ejj4 ,during the year ,i fed #fj worth of pasture and #aej worth of feed1 all of which was produced on my farm4 ,during the year ,i sold #abj worth of cream and traded #ij worth of cattle for hogs4 ,on ,december #ca1 #aiab1 ,i had nineteen head remaining worth #hfj4 ,my profit for the year1 exclusive of labor1 was #cfj4 ,while this is not a very large amount1 yet at the same time ,i consider it velvet1 and ,i gave but very little attention and time to that part of my farming40 ,,plan ,no4 #fbd4 ,,pastures ,,alfalfa ,this farmer makes a good living on his small farm4 ,profit based on prices before the war4 8,i have thirty-five acres of alfalfa from one to five years old4 ,i cut two crops of hay each year1 yielding from #b to #c tons per acre1 and in addition pasture the third crop4 ,i can sell all the hay ,i can raise at from #i to #aj a ton unbaled4 ,at this rate it is bringing big returns on #ge to #ajj per acre land40 ,,plan ,no4 #fbe4 ,,alfalfa ,,brings ,,good ,,returns ,this farmer does well with twenty-five acres based on prices before the war4 8,i have twenty-five acres of #d-year-old alfalfa on sub-irrigated land4 ,i cut two crops a year1 averaging three tons per acre1 and use the third crop for pasture4 ,i can sell my hay for from #aj to #ad per ton unbaled4 ,while there is not a great deal of alfalfa raised here ,i am sure that it will do well and bring very good returns on the investment40 ,,plan ,no4 #fbf4 ,,alfalfa ,,better ,,than ,,wheat ,farmers in the ,northwest country usually summer fallow1 and many put in alfalfa1 which is a good crop for summer fallow and is profitable4 ,here is what one man's experience was whose profit is based on #aiad prices for alfalfa3 8,in #aiac ,i sowed sixty acres of non-irrigated land to alfalfa4 ,i cut off of it the first year #a tons per acre which ,i sold at #aj per ton1 making #ijj gross returns4 ,besides my hay crop ,i sowed a field for pasture during the fall1 but cannot tell just what it was worth40 ,,plan ,no4 #fbg4 ,,farms ,,too ,,large ,here is what a woman did in the ,state of ,washington1 and the following statement is in her own language4 ,she must have made money on #b wheat4 8,twelve years ago ,i started in owing #b1ejj on #cbj acres4 ,since then ,i have purchased two more sections in ,lincoln county1 ,washington1 and two sections in ,canada and have never had a mortgage on my home place4 ,the money has all come from the ranch in ,lincoln ,county4 8,this year ,i had #he acres of barley1 which yielded #ej bushels per acre1 and #fdj acres of wheat1 which yielded #bi bushels per acre4 ,i sold my barley at #a4bj per hundred and my wheat at #a per bushel4 ,my #aiac crop was still better1 as part of my wheat made #eb bushels40 ,,plan ,no4 #fbh4 ,,likes ,,the ,,west ,here is what he did with #c1jjj3 8,i came to the ,state of ,washington twelve years ago from ,central ,illinois with about #d1ejj4 ,i purchased #afj acres at #ej per acre1 paying #c1jjj down4 ,i bought fourteen head of cows at a cost of #gjj1 sowed most of my land to grass1 alfalfa1 timothy and clover4 8,the first five years ,i practiced dairying and mixed farming1 selling the whole milk1 hay1 small grain and potatoes4 ,i also have a one-acre orchard1 which has produced an average of #bjj boxes of apples per year1 besides what we used4 ,four years ago ,i bought #abj acres more1 paying #ajj an acre4 ,i now have a farm that is worth #cj1jjj and feel that ,i have done very well1 but no better than any one else can do who will follow mixed farming and give it careful attention4 ,i believe mixed farming will pay anywhere40 ,,plan ,no4 #fbi4 ,,finds ,,hogs ,,profitable ,he handled hogs as a side line1 and his results run as follows3 8,on ,october #a1 #aiac1 ,i owned #aa sows1 #ij gilts and barrows1 #b boars and #fj pigs1 worth approximately #a1bgj4 ,during the year following ,i purchased #fj worth of hogs and fed #a1caj4ba of feed1 all of which1 with the exception of #caj4ij was produced on my farm4 ,during the same year my sale of hogs amounted to #b1caf4cc1 and on ,october #a1 #aiad1 ,i had #h sows1 #ajj gilts and barrows1 #b boars and #h pigs remaining1 worth #hef4 ,i figure my net profit1 exclusive of labor #ecb4cc--not very bad for a side line40 ,,plan ,no4 #fcj4 ,,beef ,,cattle ,,pay ,,well ,here is a man that made money during the war4 ,this is what he says3 8,in ,october1 #aiab1 ,i owned three head of beef cows1 worth #bbe4 ,during the next two years ,i purchased #gba worth of cattle4 ,i do not have a record of my feeding costs1 but it would not be very much1 as ,i pastured them on cheap pasture most of the year and fed only a small amount of hay for three months in the winter4 ,during the same two years ,i sold #hbg worth of butter and cattle1 and on ,october #a1 #aiad1 ,i had sixteen head remaining1 worth #a1cfj4 ,i figure my net profit1 exclusive of labor and feed1 #a1bda4 ,i am now satisfied that ,i can make the beef cattle business pay me a nice profit1 and will go into it on a larger scale40 ,,plan ,no4 #fca4 ,,he ,,wanted ,,to ,,be ,,secretary ,,to ,,the ,,mayor ,every mayor's office needs a secretary to look after the office and make his dates and appointments for him1 as this saves a great deal of time4 ,this kind of work calls for a man who has a neat appearance and is genteel and makes a good impression2 a man who understands all methods of putting off callers whom the mayor does not care to see2 who knows how to find out whether the people calling on the mayor have come to raise money1 etc41 ascertain the full nature of their business and make proper arrangements for the mayor's time4 ,such a person is a valuable asset to the mayor and can save him a great deal of time4 ,this young man knew that there would be few men who were capable of holding this position4 ,he was a college graduate and stood well socially1 had a great deal of natural ability1 and supported the mayor in his election4 ,he felt that if he was appointed secretary he could not only help the mayor1 but would give him a distinct political advantage4 ,he finally received the appointment and made good4 ,,plan ,no4 #fcb4 ,,became ,,county ,,commissioner ,i knew two men1 one a secretary to the ,county ,commissioner1 and the other in the auditor's office4 ,they each desired some day to be commissioners for their county4 ,they served in their respective capacities for five to six years4 ,this gave them a good income1 a chance to establish their homes1 properly educate their family1 and finally they came to the conclusion that they were sufficiently well acquainted1 and capable of handling the office of county commissioner1 and proceeded to announce themselves as candidates for this office4 ,they worked jointly1 each supporting the other1 and in this way they had all their friends in their joint support4 ,they were not good speakers1 but they were well liked in the community and the years that they had served the people1 had proven of great value to them4 ,everybody knew them as deserving4 ,they had served the county for years1 and why could they not serve as commissioners in as good a manner as they had served in their other positions8 ,the men who were contestants for the office had had no prior experience1 and they used to good advantage the argument that being trained in the line of work which they had done1 that they were better qualified than the other parties to serve the country's needs1 and they succeeded on that program4 ,,plan ,no4 #fcc4 ,a ,,lawyer ,,becomes ,a ,,judge ,to build up a political success one is invariably dependent upon his friends1 and an aspirant for office will be very much surprised when he enters the race and finds how very few working friends he actually possesses4 ,he may be well known in the community1 and have a good reputation1 but when he makes an attempt for public office1 he will be fortunate if he finds ten men of the thousands of his friends who will come out and work conscientiously for him4 ,this is especially true of the man who lives in a large city4 ,this young lawyer was fortunate in respect that he had a father who had won an enviable reputation before him1 and with five or six friends who would put their entire time at his disposal1 concluded to make the race for the judgeship4 ,he put out the regular cards and allowed his friends to deliver them1 and put out the necessary literature4 ,he then obtained all the newspaper comments he could get1 and he was fortunate in having one friend who was a reporter1 who assisted him4 ,he was not regarded as a public speaker1 but his friends came to his rescue on this point1 and did everything they could to make up this deficiency4 ,two of his friends knew politics2 knew who controlled votes and who did not4 ,these two men worked unceasingly for his interests4 ,what ,i have stated is the general procedure of the man who intended to make a political career a success1 but his main dependence rested upon his following the advice of his friends1 who said3 8,now judge make good on the bench40 ,he started in with a very ordinary experience1 but he was courteous to all4 ,he made it a special point not to make a statement from the bench that would be injurious to the attorney or would prejudice him with his clients4 ,he realized that when two attorneys stood before him arguing for their respective sides1 that one was sure to be mistaken4 ,but1 too1 he further realized that both sides of the question were serving to bring about a right and proper decision in the matter1 which was to assist him in giving a right judgment4 ,no matter how tired he might be1 or how put out with the arguing of cases1 he made it a point to be patient4 ,especially was this true of young men who appeared before him1 and in this manner he won high appreciation of all members of the bar4 ,any time he was criticised1 he had hundreds of supporters of the bar to defend him4 ,each time he comes up for election his success is assured4 ,they know him to be patient and courteous and a gentleman on the bench and thoughtful of other people's rights and interests1 and also they know of his sincere desire to bring about justice between the litigants4 ,there is no doubt about the integrity of the court1 but often times a word from the bench may be said in anger or impatience1 which will greatly prejudice the attorney who stands before him with his client4 ,and many times it is the cause of a loss of hundreds of dollars worth of business to the attorney4 ,,plan ,no4 #fcd4 ,,an ,,attorney ,,became ,,mayor ,,of ,a ,,city ,when he first started to practice it was very discouraging1 as he was limited in funds and had a family1 and for that reason he took up work in the city clerk's office4 ,in that capacity he could serve1 and soon he became the adviser of the city council4 ,he was familiar with all of the details of the clerk's office and the doings of the council1 and could also advise them as well as the city attorney's office4 ,often his suggestions to the corporation council's office1 were gratefully received4 ,for seven or eight years1 he met the public daily4 ,he determined to make the race for the office of commissioner1 which paid #e1jjj a year4 ,his friends were loyal to him4 ,he was familiar with politics from start to finish1 and knew that he had thousands of votes2 he also knew that he had the kind of friends who would support him4 ,assured of his friends' support1 he went about the city himself1 making a direct canvass for votes4 ,he realized that every effort meant that much more in his favor1 even though he was quite sure of a certain percentage4 ,he felt that if he was once elected he could make a showing that would keep him in office from year to year4 ,he knew that he was far more familiar with the work than any other candidate4 ,most of the candidates were business men1 who had had no prior experience with the city government1 and he argued that if he had served the city well for ten years1 that he would be better qualified to serve the city than those who had had no prior experience4 ,to the surprise of a great many he was elected1 and after receiving his office1 he was given one of the most difficult tasks1 which he handled with credit to himself4 ,,plan ,no4 #fce4 ,a ,,living ,,out ,,of ,,politics ,a great number of men and women in your community and state are making their living entirely on politics4 ,if you are to choose this work for a living1 it is necessary to bear in mind that you must be an adherent of some particular party and you must be enthusiastic for it from beginning to end1 as leaving this party will be considered a breach of good faith on your part1 and you will lose much of your friendship1 which is essential to keep you in your position4 ,also bear in mind1 you who hold positions in political work1 that your previous work has a great deal to do with it4 ,that is1 you must serve as an assistant1 say1 in the clerk's office1 the treasurer's office1 the assessor's office1 and in this way you will acquire thousands of friends4 ,and then1 the newspaper must not be lost sight of1 as a person may have thousands of friends in his community1 and if for some reason or other he has awakened the antagonism of the newspaper men1 he will find that it is one of his greatest difficulties1 and may even lose to him victory which should be rightfully his4 ,another factor one must consider2 he must have friends of the right sort4 ,you may think you have hundreds of friends who will get out and put in much time in your behalf1 but when once you depend upon them you will be surprised how few there are4 ,if you are fortunate enough to have ten men who will get out and put in their time and really give you their support1 you are very fortunate indeed4 ,then there is the following to be considered2 you must take yourself seriously--believe that you can be of real benefit to the community by serving in that capacity4 ,you must not leave your friends to do it all2 you must do everything you can to assist your friends4 ,get a car and drive out into the country and get acquainted with the farmers4 ,if you have it in mind to win success you must not figure in days1 but you must figure in years1 and build up slowly for the future4 ,also have clear in mind that1 once you are elected1 the kind of service you desire to give4 ,you will find if you are fortunate enough to be nominated and elected that the opportunities for real service in your city1 county or state1 are very great4 ,you will find that the usual method followed by politicians is to work for the future1 letting the mistakes of the past take care of themselves4 ,you will find in public service that there is great opportunity to build a reputation for doing things1 and if you are in continual fear of injuring somebody's feelings while rendering a real public service1 you will not make a success4 ,,plan ,no4 #fcf4 ,,an ,,attorney ,,becomes ,,special ,,counsel ,,for ,,the ,,city ,he had no political standing but he knew the employes of the different departments of the city1 and thus he became aware of what could be done for the city in the way of collecting back assessments1 supposedly-outlawed claims etc4 ,he made a memorandum of these as best he could from a superficial examination1 and took the matter up with the councilmen of the city4 ,he had the support of the councilman of his district who furnished him a great deal of information4 ,he then set about to become acquainted with the councilmen of other districts1 and was successful in winning some of them to his support4 ,no sooner had he stirred up interest in this subject and got the matter squarely before the council1 than he was advised that there were other attorneys who were seeking this appointment for the work to which he had called the council's attention1 and was advised not only to submit a commission proposition to the city council1 but a salary proposition as well4 ,finally1 through the activity of his friends in the council1 he was named as special counsel for the city for a period of six months4 ,it was up to the attorney to make good4 ,he made his own investigations1 obtained his own material1 and brought actions4 ,he immediately got into contact with some of the newspaper reporters1 and showed them the work he was accomplishing1 and had proper attention directed to it4 ,at the end of six months he was able to make an excellent record1 which continued his work another six months1 and in that way he continued without any political standing1 until he was appointed a regular assistant in corporation counsel's office at a salary of #bjj a month4 ,this employment continued until new political lines were drawn and a new corporation counsel put into office1 after which he was continued as special counsel4 ,each six months he made a showing1 with the result that he stayed in the office for two years1 based entirely upon the showing he was able to make at the end of each six-months' period4 ,from this work he derived #age to #bjj a month1 and won a good acquaintanceship in his work and an invaluable experience4 ,he not only handled cases which brought him in contact with thousands of people in the community1 but he also received experience in the police court1 and in that way obtained an experience similar to that of an assistant in a prosecuting attorney's office4 ,this plan could be followed in many of the cities in our country1 as there is always an opportunity to find something wrong in the average city government1 in remedying which an attorney can render a good service4 ,as a matter of fact1 you can always depend upon it that the mistakes of former administrations are left alone1 and to attempt to stir them up politicians of the city believe will make unnecessary enemies1 besides the reformatory work can be done by a special counsel without injuring the future of the parties in office4 ,,plan ,no4 #fcg4 ,,an ,,attorney ,,becomes ,,chief ,,justice ,,in ,,the ,,philippine ,,islands ,to win this position in twelve years would seem impossible but if you knew the man and the plan he pursued it would appear to you quite possible4 ,in the university he developed himself in public speaking4 ,he became a good speaker1 and before his term had expired had won a reputation as an excellent debater4 ,he was not of the argumentative type1 but more of the persuasive turn of mind4 ,he endeavored to win people to his convictions rather than to compel them to follow his ideas4 ,he took an extra year at the university and obtained a special degree4 ,before his school was over he concluded that the ,philippine ,islands offered the best opportunity for a young man in the law work1 so he secured1 through his connection at the university1 a position to instruct in a law school in the islands1 as the ,american law was to be followed there4 ,from instructor he was soon advanced to the head of one of the law schools1 and within twelve years after leaving the university he was appointed to the position of associate justice of the supreme court in the ,philippine ,islands4 ,being an ,american and familiar with the ,american laws1 and having specially qualified himself while at the university for this work1 he won1 with little difficulty1 the position which he now occupies4 ,,plan ,no4 #fch4 ,a ,,physician ,,becomes ,,coroner ,while at the university this young doctor learned something about politics4 ,as soon as he got settled in the community he made investigations of the coroner's office4 ,when politics opened up he became a candidate and made an original campaign for the office4 ,he could speak and tell stories far better than the average man1 and he made a good impression in his addresses4 ,the political party arranged dates for speakers1 and being one of the best speakers he was called upon in a great many cases4 ,he made a clean campaign1 not calling attention to any weaknesses in the former holder of office and won the support of his fellow doctors4 ,he had an automobile and made it a point to reach many of the farmers in his county4 ,his campaign was successful4 ,in this way he won a good acquaintanceship in the country and obtained an excellent experience4 ,usually the county records show that either the ,republican or ,democratic parties1 for years1 have dominated the situation1 and it is a matter of getting the nomination on one of these tickets4 ,nomination in these cases means1 virtually1 an election4 ,when he first came to the town he made it known he could speak and would be an aggressive man in any campaign1 and showed his strength by addressing the various meetings that he attended1 and in this way1 got recognition from the organization and everything was done to give him an opportunity to have the nomination with as little competition as possible4 ,,plan ,no4 #fci4 ,a ,,deacon ,,makes ,,money ,,on ,,tax ,,deeds ,i met this gentleman in connection with some old back taxes which the city claimed were against certain properties4 ,he showed willingness to pay the back taxes at once without any argument1 and after making his payment entered into a conversation with me relating how he had acquired this property and how much he had made4 ,one rainy day1 he said1 he attended a sale at the courthouse1 and there being no bidders present1 for the property there offered for sale1 except himself1 that he acquired this piece of land for a #aej1 and two years later sold the same piece of land for #c1jjj4 ,he said that for the last six years he had made his living by punctually attending these tax sales and1 from time to time1 making good purchases4 ,he took a great deal of the property that1 at the time of the purchase1 he did not know what to do with1 but later used it for trading purposes and profited on it very handsomely4 ,he made more than #c1jjj a year in that work alone4 ,he found1 in attending tax sales1 that about the same crowd were always present1 and soon he made arrangements with them for the purchases of different properties that each wanted to secure4 ,in other words1 he would not bid when another party wanted a piece of property1 and the other party would not bid when he wanted a piece of property1 and in this way1 they obtained their property at a low price4 ,there is a ,chicago corporation that follows this business entirely1 however in the connection with it1 they purchase tax certificates4 ,they say that about #be per cent of the property on which they purchase tax certificates1 come to them1 and out of this they make very good money4 ,,plan ,no4 #fdj4 ,,the ,,doctor ,,made ,,money ,when ,i was a boy about ten years of age1 ,i well remember the new doctor coming to the city4 ,he received his furniture and appliances for office use1 and showed them to us with great pride4 ,he started in and worked very hard4 ,his office was in a very unpretentious building in a small ,iowa town1 and1 naturally1 the first year his practice was limited1 but everything he did he kept strict account1 made his charges1 and rendered his bills4 ,he was not very insistent on pay at once1 but he was anxious to render anyone service4 ,no matter how far out in the country the patient lived1 he would make every effort to reach them4 ,as a matter of fact everybody knew that when they called him1 he was always available and would be there at the earliest moment possible4 ,he followed this practice for years1 and saw to it that none of his bills outlawed1 and while he had to wait for his money1 he made a charge sufficiently large so that he could very well wait until they were able to pay him4 ,five years passed and he had the reputation of being one of the busiest doctors in the community4 ,at a certain time each year he made it known he was going away to take further instructions in medical work1 and gradually he became quite proficient in operating and started a small hospital of his own where he could give the rural people the proper treatment4 ,the farms in that vicinity began to increase in value4 ,the people whom he served a few years before1 whom most doctors thought would be unable to pay1 became prosperous1 and most all of the bills that this man had rendered became an asset4 ,he not only obtained the experience and pleasure of rendering his patients assistance1 but he believed in the country as well1 and to-day he is one of the wealthiest men in that part of the country4 ,he put his fees into farm land which has increased in value from fifty dollars per acre to three hundred dollars per acre4 ,any doctor can succeed in following this plan in the community where he may be practicing4 ,,plans ,no4 #fda to #fdi ,,see ,,government ,,service--,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #fej4 ,,how ,a ,,drugless ,,doctor ,,built ,,up ,a ,,practice ,he and ,i were working together on a city newspaper as advertising solicitors when one day he told me that he was studying nights to become a chiropractic doctor4 ,he said very little about it1 because his wife did not favor it4 ,however1 he had put his time to this study4 ,he continued his studies for six or seven months until he felt that he was able to launch out for himself4 ,the question then was1 where should he start4 ,he had only a little cash and to stay in the city where he was once an advertising solicitor1 he felt it would be difficult for him to build up a reputation as a drugless doctor4 ,of course1 he resigned his position as advertising solicitor and opened an office in conjunction with a dentist in his own city4 ,he secured his equipment and started after the business4 ,he made it a point first to see all of his friends and let them know that he was in the drugless practice4 ,he kept at this work and got in touch with hundreds of people4 ,he worked diligently with his patients1 and they told others1 and after six months of hard work holding the creditors back his business began to pay4 ,before the year was over he had a practice that was paying from #ejj to #hjj a month4 ,after a couple of years of practice1 he let it be known he was going east to take advance work as a chiropractic doctor4 ,he wrote letters to all the people he had treated on his return4 ,he was always enthusiastic about his work and made a very careful study on the subject of anatomy1 and could talk creditably with any doctor4 ,he was very active in the welfare of the drugless doctor and did any and everything he could to assist their mutual cause4 ,he started without any capital1 the money for furniture was borrowed4 ,he made up a card1 giving a certain number of treatments for a certain amount of money1 sold these to all of his patients1 which gave him ready money4 ,this was all done without a line of newspaper advertising and with the opposition of the medical fraternity4 ,,plan ,no4 #fea4 ,a ,,lawyer ,,specializes ,,on ,,insurance ,,law ,as soon as he had graduated he went into one of the leading law offices of an insurance company and there made a two years' study of insurance law from the insurance company's standpoint4 ,he was given little opportunity to progress in the business1 and found himself at the end of three years without any business of his own to depend on1 so to get recognition from the company seemed hopeless4 ,he did know 8insurance law10 so he opened his law office4 ,he saw the other attorneys and made it known that insurance law was his specialty1 and that he would not infringe on any of their business1 if they would give him an opportunity to work with them on that law4 ,of course1 it is very difficult to get a lawyer to agree on any matter concerning business that may interfere with his own1 but they soon realized when they received a case involving insurance they needed his services4 ,in a very short time the insurance companies became aware of this young man's ability and finally1 one by one1 he obtained their business4 ,as a matter of fact1 you will find but a few lawyers who know anything about insurance law4 ,they cannot know much about it unless they make several years' study of the subject4 ,however1 when you once secure this business it is permanent and will guarantee you a very good income1 and it is well worth a lawyer's time and attention put to it to make himself competent in this work4 ,it will pay any lawyer to look around him and see if there are any others in his community who are making a specialty of this law2 and if they are not1 prepare for this work4 ,,plan ,no4 #feb4 ,,he ,,became ,a 8,,trial ,,lawyer0 ,no sooner had he graduated from law school1 than he determined to become a 8trial lawyer40 ,he studied law for two years with one of the leading ,law firms in the city4 ,his income was small1 but he was patient4 ,he realized that he must know a great deal about briefing1 and this was a good way to obtain the knowledge4 ,after this he went into business for himself4 ,he had been in the practice only six months when an opportunity came to him to become an assistant to the corporation counsel4 ,this he promptly availed himself of1 and in a short time he was in receipt of an income of #aej a month1 with his office paid for and a chance to do work on the side4 ,he retained this position for a year1 and became acquainted with hundreds of people of the right sort4 ,he practiced in the police court1 and handled many matters before the council which required1 on his part1 good ability as a speaker4 ,he was from the ,south and loved anything that had talk to it4 ,after his experience with the city he went in for himself and worked patiently for a year with little results4 ,a case came to him from the ,italian section and he obtained such a favorable decision that this case brought him much business1 and soon he was in receipt of a net income of #djj to #ejj a month4 ,he made a specialty of evidence and mastered it so well that it required little thought on his part to conform with the ordinary rules4 ,he understood cross-questioning1 of which he made a very careful study4 ,he worked for years with his speech until he was able to present a matter before the jury in a clear1 concise and convincing manner4 ,this young man to-day1 with the experience of twelve years1 has made an unusual success as a 8trial lawyer10 and is getting his share of the important cases4 ,coupled with this ability he understands well the value of his services and renders his charges on the amount of time devoted to his clients4 ,he keeps strict account in much the same manner as is set forth in another article in this book1 and he sees to it that for all services he renders his clients are duly notified so they feel all along that their interests are properly taken care of4 ,and when the client knows the amount of time the attorney has devoted to their interests they are willing to pay a reasonable charge4 ,,plan ,no4 #fec4 ,,an ,,attorney ,,becomes ,a ,,court ,,clerk ,this attorney thought it was important to first serve as clerk for the court1 so he worked in this capacity for a year4 ,in that manner he became familiar with all the abilities of the men at the bar in that community4 ,he watched and observed how they conducted cases1 and discerned what abilities each possessed4 ,he also became familiar with their standing before the judges of the court1 as well as their standing before the bar4 ,in other words1 he learned many tricks of the trade1 and also became familiar with all the records of the court house1 which in after years was to be of advantage to him4 ,he also enjoyed the association of a judge who afterwards turned out to be a real leader in national affairs4 ,with this training he went in business for himself4 ,he possessed high qualities as a business man1 as well as those of a good lawyer4 ,he was not anxious for the trial work1 and settled his cases as best he could out of court if possible4 ,he realized that being in court continually would net but little money for him and his client4 ,he was not a trial lawyer1 and did not care to make a reputation in that direction1 but he was well liked by all of his friends and close acquaintances3 in fact1 they would do almost anything for him4 ,he was a member of a church of his neighborhood1 and when it was necessary to have a certain man from their district1 he was selected by his friends to run for the office of state representative and won by a large majority1 and each time the election came along he was re-elected representative1 and finally state senator4 ,he has built up a good1 substantial law practice1 and he has succeeded financially in a way that is a surprise to all1 however his fees were not invested until after he had made a careful study of the business into which he launched4 ,many lawyers believe that when they are in the practice that it is not credible to them to know about the rules of business1 but this is a serious mistake4 ,they should study those as well as the law and know what their business opportunities are4 ,if a man is good enough to reach a right course in a lawsuit1 there is no reason why that man should not be as successful in reaching out and securing for himself the right course in business4 ,,plan ,no4 #fed4 ,,he ,,became ,a ,,lawyer',s ,,lawyer ,for years he had been a very successful trial lawyer1 and because of that success he had been approached by many lawyers to take up their cases and put it through to a final success4 ,he finally put his entire time at the disposal of the lawyers of his city4 ,he found in the city in which he was practicing1 had a population of about #djj1jjj1 that young lawyers who have been in the practice for years have but little experience in the trial court1 and often have had but few cases and for that reason make many mistakes4 ,he was loyal to the attorney who employed him and saw to it that they were not placed in an embarrassing position4 ,this brought him large and lucrative business4 ,i well remember his advice when in the university1 how to prepare a statement of facts4 ,he first had the client make his statement1 and after it was made would ask the client to go home and prepare it in his own hand-writing and submit it to him4 ,he would have this typewritten and later examine and question the client concerning it1 and then he would have him wait a few days and re-state the entire case again to him4 ,after this he would go over and make a statement of facts of the case himself1 and would repeat this from three to four times and have it typewritten until he had an accurate statement of the facts1 upon which he built his theory of the law4 ,he felt that no attorney had done his duty until he had gone over the statement of facts in this manner4 ,from this plan alone1 he realized more than #ejj1jjj4 ,there is an opportunity in many communities for attorneys of good standing to render this kind of service to his fellow attorneys1 and there are always young men in the community who will avail themselves of such services if you render this to them in a way that will not discredit them before the bar and the court4 ,,plan ,no4 #fee4 ,a ,,doctor ,,in ,a ,,small ,,town ,,makes ,a ,,specialty ,,of ,,surgery ,soon after his college course was completed he settled in a little town of about #b1ejj population in the state of ,iowa1 in the midst of a great farming district4 ,he liked the practice of medicine4 ,at first he took up general practice in the town and made it a point to respond to all calls given him4 ,he was business-like and gave people to understand that he was to receive pay for his calls and rendered bills accordingly4 ,his genial manner won people's confidence in his sincerity4 ,each year he devoted about two months to preparing himself for surgery work1 which he intended later to make his specialty4 ,securing a dwelling house in a town he started a small hospital4 ,this gave him an opportunity to render the proper service to the people of that community4 ,soon people found that1 instead of going to the large city1 they could get as good if not better service in their own home town from the local surgeon4 ,throughout that part of the country he won a very high reputation1 with the result that he had more work than he could perform in his small hospital1 and later he bought an old business-college site and converted it into an up-to-date hospital4 ,after the establishment of this hospital it occupied all of his time4 ,this was not done in a day1 but by slow and careful building he attained enviable success in his practice4 ,his brother1 who settled in the same community1 possessed greater ability as a surgeon1 but because of his lack of knowledge of business methods and the following out of a good plan was not able to acquire the same degree of success4 ,,plan ,no4 #fef4 ,,he ,,becomes ,,an ,,attorney ,,in ,a ,,small ,,town ,he came from the ,west to the university and as soon as his course there was completed he at once returned1 to one of the small towns1 having a population not exceeding #a1jjj4 ,in this town there was one attorney1 and for that reason many men would not consider the place sufficiently large for two lawyers4 ,however1 he made up his mind that this was his opportunity4 ,the town had a farming community around it which later proved to be good4 ,the people of that community were very glad to have another attorney and gave him a chance4 ,the first year he netted more than #b1ejj2 the second year #c1ejj1 and in the third year he sold out his business and went to the county seat4 ,he favored prohibition1 and went into the campaign as a prohibition candidate for the office of prosecuting attorney1 and won4 ,that office he held for two years1 and enjoyed a good private practice at the same time4 ,later he devoted his entire time to private practice1 at which time ,i visited with him4 ,he averaged then #f1jjj a year4 ,the opportunities to the lawyer are far greater in the small town than in the larger cities4 ,out of my class of about #ejj students1 all of the men who went into the small towns in the ,northwest met with success4 ,usually their incomes ran from #b1ejj to #c1jjj the first year4 ,the young attorney who bought my friend's law business saw a possibility of organizing a little trust company and formed a corporation1 interested parties in the town in the project and some outside capital4 ,after three or four years he is rated as worth not less than #ge1jjj4 ,he was not only a good lawyer1 but a good business man as well4 ,these facts are not exaggerated1 but are plain truths1 and there are many opportunities for men to make the same success in many small communities throughout the country4 ,a lawyer who has back of him a farmer's bank or trust company is very fortunate1 as this is a leader to a large business4 ,,plan ,no4 #feg4 ,,this ,,lawyer ,,made ,,municipal ,,law ,a ,,specialty ,he had been in the private practice of law for about five years and was not doing well4 ,he concluded to get into the corporation counsel's office and make municipal law his specialty4 ,he was fortunate to get an appointment and soon developed into a first class lawyer for the city1 and won a good reputation from his work done4 ,the community in which he resided had a population of #cej1jjj to #djj1jjj1 and after about two years' work for the city he went in practice for himself4 ,he made a specialty of the municipal law4 ,any matter that was to come before the council1 or any service that he might render people with reference to city affairs1 was the kind of business he was after4 ,he used none but creditable methods and he left no stone unturned which would bring him in touch with business of the best character4 ,there are many ways an attorney1 who understands municipal law1 can render service to the people in large cities4 ,after five or six years of private practice all the attorneys in his community would not take a case involving city affairs unless they had his advice or he was put in on the case4 ,in return he sent cases to his fellow attorneys and did not engage in any but municipal law practice4 ,municipal law practice is very profitable1 as the clients are invariably able to pay for the service rendered4 ,the medical men have their specialties1 other kinds of work has its specialties and the lawyer is behind the times who does not consider this when he enters the practice of law4 ,,plan ,no4 #feh4 ,a ,,lawyer ,,makes ,a ,,success ,,in ,a ,,large ,,city ,this young attorney located in a small town in ,oregon and there1 with the co-operation of one of the leading politicians of the state1 was able to build up a good practice4 ,his acquaintanceship and connection established him in the community of #ae1jjj1 in which he made his initial step1 and soon he had a small1 but substantial practice4 ,his plan was eventually to go into the city of ,portland4 ,he possessed one excellent ability1 and that was to make friends4 ,he was quiet in manner1 a fair speaker and a good student4 ,his friends were people of the best class and meant much to his ultimate success4 ,in business he had good judgment4 ,after three years' practice in the little town he went to the large city and made his beginning4 ,he was able to keep some of his clients from the small town4 ,he met people in the large city with whom his political friends were on very good terms1 and was able to get into connection with a good law firm4 ,he was not admitted in the partnership1 but was allowed an office in the same suite1 and used their library and had the privilege of their stenographer's services4 ,this association meant much to him4 ,after twelve years of building1 he now enjoys a big practice and is permanently established in the community1 and counts many of the best people of the city as his friends4 ,no1 he did not take up politics and has taken no part in it4 ,he has aspirations in that direction1 but he feels it is essential first to have a strong financial standing before he enters into any political campaign4 8,the average young lawyer does not realize how important it is10 he says1 8to establish1 cultivate and make the best kind of people their friends4 ,they not only shape and mould the lawyer's own life1 but are1 by reason of their standing1 able to determine what his success shall be40 ,he believes that people are known by the friends4 ,he says this is particularly true in a large city4 ,fifty friends of the right kind are worth a thousand that are not4 ,,plan ,no4 #fei4 ,,this ,,lawyer ,,writes ,,for ,,newspapers ,this lawyer says that one of the best ways of developing your abilities is to write1 and he found time in the establishment of his early practice to write for the newspapers of his community4 ,he lived in a large city1 and certain columns of the newspapers were usually open for the discussion of public questions1 and he took that opportunity to get acquainted with the community4 ,however1 he was very careful to see to it that he wrote only his own true convictions1 and1 when matters were thrown open for public discussion he endeavored to suggest through the columns some topic of general interest4 ,he did not hesitate to write on this subject1 and made it a point to put forth an article of sufficient strength and value which he could later support if it were attacked1 and in this way he engaged in many controversies in the community which brought to him an increase of business4 ,he also made arrangements with a farm paper to answer legal questions in its columns1 such as queries on line fences1 and the like1 and made a nominal charge for the answers4 ,he answered a column to a column and a half of questions each month1 and made a certain charge for his opinion on other subjects which he could not answer in the paper4 ,this was all done under the auspices of the farm paper4 ,they were very glad to give him a certain amount per month for this service4 ,this brought him during the year considerable business4 ,he states that the income he can directly trace to this kind of writing1 netted him not less than #a1ejj to #a1hjj per annum4 ,also from time to time1 on certain matters of general interest1 he would put out a little pamphlet under his own signature and sell for a small figure--#aj or #ae cents4 ,from this source he derived several hundred dollars a year1 as well as bringing his name before the community in a novel and interesting manner4 ,during the first four or five years' practice of any attorney1 he can very well afford to do this kind of work and it will help establish him in his community4 ,it will not only make him acquainted1 but will at the same time develop his ability as a writer and a thinker4 ,,plan ,no4 #ffj4 ,,his ,,interest ,,in ,,politics ,,made ,,him ,,money ,he was a young fellow full of ambition and energy and was interested in all subjects which came up for political discussion4 ,he was especially interested in matters in which the temperance issue was involved4 ,he was a 8,progressive0 and did not hesitate to tell people of his political convictions4 ,he was a good speaker and had trained himself in this work4 ,he could talk before any meeting or gathering and make a creditable impression4 ,when ,i first saw him he was introduced as the 8,boy ,speaker0 of that community1 and the speech he delivered was very good4 ,he could excel most of his seniors4 ,soon his services became much sought after by all aspirants for office in his political party1 and this won for him recognition4 ,coupled with this ability he worked hard for his friends4 ,if a man has friends1 and they believe and have confidence in him1 they will let everybody know it1 and they let everybody know that this man was the right kind of fellow for public office4 ,the result was that when his friends were successful he had a selection of some of the employment they had to offer1 and as a result got an appointment as clerk to one of the courts which gave him an opportunity to study first hand--the law4 ,he now enjoys an income of #ajj a month1 as well as the privilege of studying and observing the way lawyers conduct their cases4 ,he is planning to later take up the law4 ,he is associated with the various judges of the superior court1 and his friends are among the best people of the city4 ,what he has done1 many young men can do if they only have the initiative to follow out the general plan which he has adopted4 ,,plan ,no4 #ffa4 ,,reporter ,,lives ,,four ,,years ,,in ,,washington ,this is undoubtedly a wonderful experience for any man4 ,he was a reporter on one of the daily papers1 and was acknowledged as one of the very best men in his profession4 ,his income was small1 but he counted among his friends many of the best men in the community4 ,some of these1 of course1 had ambition for public office4 ,one in particular engaged his services1 and to give him as much favorable publicity as he possibly could during his campaign for ,united ,states ,congress4 ,this is an opportunity that is presented to many men who are on the staff of large daily newspapers4 ,he proceeded at once to do everything he could4 ,he advised the man running for office what things would make good news matter and what steps he should take to enable him to get the proper publicity in the paper4 ,his advice was very good1 as he was experienced in newspaper work4 ,this service had much to do with the final success of the man winning the race for ,united ,states ,congress4 ,with his success the reporter was appointed secretary to the congressman and went to ,washington and lived there for four years4 ,,plan ,no4 #ffb4 ,,chemist ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,gov4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #ffc4 ,,through ,,college ,,on ,,class ,,history ,it is often supposed that a man who is not a good speaker and does not show much enthusiasm will find it almost impossible to earn his way through college but such is not the case4 ,this man was a good writer and a clear thinker4 ,for each class that was about to graduate he prepared a class history4 ,this volume became more valuable as the years went by1 and he had no difficulty in placing it with each member at a reasonable profit4 ,there are many classes graduating at a university and he derived sufficient income in this manner to pay all university expenses4 ,,plan ,no4 #ffd4 ,,booster ,,for ,,boarding ,,house ,,paid ,,board ,he always managed to have fifteen or twenty boys who wanted to eat where he ate4 ,with this following alone any boarding-house was glad to give him his board free4 ,his board was two-thirds of his college expense1 so he arranged with a boarding-house each year to bring at least twenty boarders to the house and keep up that average4 ,this was a valuable help to the man running the boarding-house4 ,every business must have its booster or business-getter1 so why not a college boarding-house8 ,,plan ,no4 #ffe4 ,,athletic ,,assistant ,,paid ,,university ,,expenses ,a man who takes an active interest in athletics can become a great help by assisting the coach or manager4 ,two men defrayed all their expenses at the university by acting as assistants in athletics4 ,they enjoyed the opportunity of many side-trips1 and after their course was completed received good offers through the coach and general manager4 ,often this field of service is overlooked by those who must earn their way through college4 ,the opportunities for a good man to assist the coach are numerous in baseball1 on the track and in football1 and there is an opportunity to assist in the gymnasium4 ,,plan ,no4 #fff4 ,,he ,,ran ,a ,,sales ,,company ,about ten years ago ,i met a young man who was possessed of exceptional energy and push4 ,with him something must be done and the time to do it was to-day4 ,he ran a little collection company1 and if he couldn't get prompt results he lost no time in bringing suit4 ,the profits of the business did not develop fast enough for him1 so one day he quit this work4 ,he felt that selling was his life-work4 ,he had experience as an auctioneer1 but now he determined to become a real business doctor and give people such treatment that they would know of his company throughout the state4 ,he made good1 and last fall when ,i met him he was making #h1jjj a year1 owned a house in the most exclusive part of the city1 had a fine car1 and this is how he accomplished it3 ,he opened a cheap office1 then had printed a post card with the picture of an old doctor on a hurry call1 printed in red1 with wording as follows 8,let us head ,old ,doctor444 your way4 ,he is the original business ,doctor444 ,sales ,company1 ,phone and address40 ,he obtained from ,dun ,company the names of the merchants in his city4 ,with this card he got in touch with the business4 ,most merchants know little about advertising1 and know little about putting on a sale4 ,many merchants want to operate with less stock1 others wish to sell but can not4 ,the young man makes a contract with the merchant for twenty days if possible4 ,he receives #aj per cent of the gross sales4 ,all advertising is to be arranged and paid for by the merchant1 and the agent's entire sales force is placed at his disposal4 ,a large sheet--#bdx#cf--;is prepared and circulated by the local merchant4 ,he prints about twenty-five of these circulars on muslin cloth so that the advertisement will remain in place on telephone poles1 fences1 etc41 and the surrounding territory is circularized in this manner4 ,a page is bought in the local newspaper1 and large cuts and vigorous copy is put in the ads4 ,it is essential that a large crowd be present the first four or five days1 and here are a few of the many plans that bring them3 ,a prize of #aj to be given away1 and those present ,monday morning at #i to #i3ae will receive tickets for the prize4 ,then he delivers the tickets4 ,the free ticket requires holder1 who has signed it1 to return to the store at #b o'clock ,monday afternoon1 when three judges1 selected from the people1 are to conduct the drawing and award the prize4 ,the ticket holder must be there in person or the prize goes to someone else4 ,just before the prize is awarded the agent makes the announcement that the person who makes the closest guess on his weight will receive #aj in gold4 ,the people must call at the store and put their estimates in at #i o'clock the next morning4 ,at #b o'clock the same day they must be present if they wish to win the prize4 ,before this second prize is awarded1 he announces that #aj will be given to the person who would make the best guess on the number of grains of wheat a rooster will eat in three minutes4 ,next morning at #i o'clock the amount must be given at the store1 and at #b the prize is given out4 ,this insures a large crowd at the store for three days4 ,if it is near ,christmas he lets everyone know there will be a turkey chase in front of the store at ----4 ,six turkeys are placed on top of the store and he is perched up on a box in front4 ,he announces that the first turkey that falls among them is anyone's turkey that gets it4 ,the second is for boys up to #ah and the third is for women1 the fourth for the men1 fifth for the girls1 and the last for the old maids2 he then changes it to everybody4 ,but before the sixth is dropped down he makes the announcement that in on the cashier's desk is a jar of beans and the one who makes the best guess on the correct number of beans will get a first-class rocking chair4 ,this is important as it brings them into the store after the turkeys are all gone4 ,he was not a card-writer but soon developed some skill which was of great assistance in his work4 ,he always arranges the stock so that it shows to the best advantage4 ,this work is very important and usually takes three or four days4 ,for this service he is paid #aj per cent of the gross receipts and this amount is paid at the end of each day4 ,his busy season is from ,september to ,april #a4 ,in many cases after five days have passed1 and he has made #ejj1 the owner of the store makes him a proposition to allow him to finish the sale for the remaining fifteen days1 which he usually settles for #cjj4 ,he not only handles merchandise1 as above related1 but auctions stock for farmers at #c per cent commission4 ,he makes a specialty of auctioneering hardware stores1 and his success is extraordinary4 ,he will take up a knife1 make a sale at a certain figure1 and at once1 and at the same price1 offers for sale all knives of the same kind4 ,he sells a tub at a certain figure and the balance go at the same price4 ,he is now going into the business of auctioneering real estate4 ,he has sold large tracts of land4 ,he has on his staff six high-class salesmen and he devotes his entire time to directing the sales work4 ,he is doing all in his power to educate those who think 8sale0 to connect that thought with the name of his company4 ,three of his seven years were hard1 but the last four he has been able to develop a net income of #h1jjj per annum4 ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #ffg4 ,the ,widow's ,idea ,,plan ,no4 #ffg4 ,,entertains ,,children4 ,a mother with a little #h-year-old girl was compelled to earn her own way4 ,she had one asset--a home in a good neighborhood close to a school4 ,she was a good entertainer and the idea came to her3 8,why not give children's parties four afternoons of the week80 ,she acted upon this idea and gave parties for children from #a to #e o'clock ,tuesday1 ,wednesday1 ,thursday and ,friday1 when school was closed1 and when school was in session she arranged for parties on ,saturdays from #a to #e ,p4 ,m4 ,she would entertain fifteen to twenty youngsters and give them a real wholesome time4 ,she charged #ej cents for each child4 ,this gave the mothers their ,saturdays1 and the way this lady conducted her parties was instructive to the children4 ,she taught them how to play games and specialized in teaching good manners4 ,the mothers were very glad to take advantage of her parties4 ,she arranged to have a different lot of children each day4 ,while school was in progress and a mother found it necessary to be gone all the afternoon1 she arranged with her to have the child call at her house after school and she would look after it until the mother called4 ,for this service she charged #be cents4 ,when the mother was to be gone all day she would tell the child to call at the hostess' home at noon and eat her lunch1 which her mother had prepared for her1 and to stay there after school until the mother called for her4 ,for this service our hostess charged #ej cents4 ,during the summer months her parties made her #cj a week1 and while school was in progress she made about #bj a week4 ,,plan ,no4 #ffh4 ,,raised ,,chickens ,he resolved that chickens could be raised on a large scale4 ,he devoted #hj acres to them in the following manner4 ,he planted wheat1 and immediately after doing so he put hundreds of young chickens on the eighty acres to make their own way4 ,he arranged for water and made a large number of little houses on wheels wherein the chickens could roost and lay4 ,each day he collected his eggs4 ,when it was necessary1 he would move the houses about their length4 ,when fall came he sold all chickens that were over two years old and saved this money to buy pullets with the following spring4 ,the chickens obtained plenty of food and the results were very profitable4 ,when winter came he had accommodations for their keep similar to that of other chicken raisers4 ,the eggs he gathered he put in storage until the prices raised1 at which time he sold4 ,during the winter months he did not make any special effort to have the hens lay4 ,,plan ,no4 #ffi4 ,,advertising ,,plan ,,to ,,get ,,acquainted ,i met a young man in the ,middle west who made a specialty of introducing the men at the heads of business concerns to their customers4 ,one at first thought1 believes that the heads of a great store1 lumber company or other business is known to all1 but he is not known outside of fifty or sixty families4 ,this young man has a contract with all the local weeklies in a district that supplied purchases to the city he was working in4 ,he showed to merchants that he represented thirty or forty papers in the territory that he sold to1 which papers had a combined circulation of #cj1jjj homes1 and that but few persons in these #cj1jjj homes knew what he looked like or what his signature was like4 ,so he suggested to ,mr4 ,merchant that he run a picture of himself with an invitation to the people when they were in the city1 to call at his store4 ,this plan netted our advertising salesman more than #aej a week4 ,it not only embraced the merchants1 but included the professional class as well4 ,,plan ,no4 #fgj4 ,,information ,,bureau ,this man realized that the average merchant spends money in advertising to get customers1 so he organized an information bureau to do all in his power to find customers for various merchants4 ,he employed girls to read several hundred newspapers1 as the daily and weekly papers contain much information which leads directly to business advantages4 ,he obtained from the county auditors a list of farmers in each county1 their names and addresses1 the kind of farming they were engaged in4 ,in fact1 anything from any source that could be put to the advertisers' use was obtained4 ,in two years this service paid him more than #ejj a month4 ,a service of this character1 intelligently used1 is valuable1 and almost any city is a great field for it4 ,along with it one should run some kind of a weekly publication in which he could carry advertisements and give his information free to his advertisers1 and in this way would realize a higher rate for his information4 ,,plan ,no4 #fga4 ,,attorneys ,,build ,,law ,,practice ,,on ,,collection ,these two attorneys realized that in starting in the law practice in a city of #ajj1jjj was a very difficult matter1 and this is the way they did it3 ,they opened offices and started in the collection business4 ,they did not make it on a commission basis1 but on a certain amount per week1 which would enable them to know just what their income would be4 ,they went among the cheaper stores of the community and secured their collections at very low rates4 ,one took one side of the city in the morning and in the afternoon1 the second took the other side of the city1 thereby leaving one man in the office all the time4 ,their law office was a desk in a real estate man's office4 ,in this manner they finally built up a large collection business from which came a good many cases4 ,in about a year they were able to have an office of their own4 ,with reference to the other expenses1 they were both single men1 and so built a house outside of the city1 somewhat removed from the business section4 ,they lived over a year and a half in this manner2 did their own cooking and so their living expenses were reduced to a minimum4 ,they took more collections1 and continued to work4 ,a few cases began to come in2 and they finally built a very good law practice4 ,this took two or three years1 but when once acquired the business was permanent4 ,during the war1 when business was slack1 they resorted to the same method of getting in touch with the public1 and keeping a permanent income flowing into the firm4 ,while this plan is not strewn with roses1 yet if pursued with the same determination it will result in establishing a practice in the large city4 ,,plan ,no4 #fgb4 ,,woman ,,becomes ,,isolation ,,hospital ,,nurse ,this woman was thrown on her own resources and had to devise ways and means of making a living4 ,the only field open to her at the time was to take care of 8,flu0 patients4 ,she was not a trained nurse1 but found that she could do this work very well4 ,she worked hard for a few months1 and word was brought to the health officer of the city concerning her work4 ,they finally called upon her1 and offered her a position in the ,isolation ,hospital1 to take care of smallpox patients4 ,she went into this work1 not caring whether she got the small pox or not1 and fortunately1 even though she had never been vaccinated1 she seemed to be immune1 and for almost a year took care of the worst cases1 and never contracted the disease4 ,for these services she received #ge4jj a month1 including room and board1 and had a day off each week for herself4 ,there was no night work in her service1 because the people who came to the hospital did not pay any fee4 ,her salary was paid by the city4 ,in this hospital six or seven nurses are employed1 so there is quite a field available for women in this work4 ,grateful patients gave her tips which ran as high as #be4jj to #cj4jj a month4 ,,plan ,no4 #fgc4 ,,an ,,attorney ,,represents ,,an ,,extreme ,,political ,,party ,this man naturally was not content to follow the ordinary conservative lines of winning success4 ,he thought it was for him to represent the extremest in politics1 so immediately after graduation he associated with people of that kind4 ,he was always present at their meetings and gave addresses4 ,he championed their cause2 and finally1 when trouble arose1 he was named as their attorney4 ,he entered heart and soul into the fight1 and made a reputation in this work4 ,his ambition was to make his office the headquarters of all labor organizations4 ,in several of his actions he was very successful4 ,he was especially good at gathering evidence1 and was a good fighter when it came to court4 ,in a period of five to six years1 he won a national reputation1 where attorneys in the class he graduated were scarcely known outside of their own community4 ,he was a man who could not sit still in his office--he had to have something doing all the time1 and in his line of work he found opportunity for the true expression of his nature4 ,as a matter of fact1 the extreme element found it very hard to obtain the services of an attorney1 and especially one who had his views4 ,,plan ,no4 #fgd4 ,,attorney ,,runs ,,farm ,this attorney was practicing in a city1 but felt that1 in order to be assured of a permanent success in that community1 it was best for him to have a farm close to the city4 ,he secured a farm and made it his home4 ,it was on an electric line1 and this made it easy for him to go to and from the city1 to attend to his business4 ,his farm guaranteed him a living each year1 and during the time when wheat was up1 he made big profits from the sale of it4 ,his living expenses were defrayed by the farm1 and1 besides he was enabled to save some money each year1 and everything that he made from the practice of law was clear profit4 ,this enabled him to champion various causes that otherwise he could not have afforded to do4 ,it placed him in the position of an attorney with a fixed income1 and enlarged his field of activities1 so that he could build for years along certain lines1 which is essential to any professional man's success4 ,he did not have much capital in the beginning1 but he secured the farm on easy terms and was able to pay for it in about five years1 and had the farm clear of all debt4 ,he understood well the science of farming1 took all the government reports on farming and made himself proficient in that line4 ,he secured many clients in the community where he was farming4 ,this gave him a great advantage over his fellow-members at the bar4 ,the great trouble with the average lawyer is inactivity1 and if he is not active1 he is like any other dead man--nobody knows of his whereabouts and cares less1 but if he is engaged in doing some collection work1 coming in contact some way or other with the public generally1 he will have business and it will continue to grow from year to year4 ,,plan ,no4 #fge4 ,,manufacturing1 ,,advertising ,,plan ,in a city of about #abe1jjj inhabitants1 a complete list of the names of the manufacturers1 their addresses and the names of business managers and the telephone numbers was made1 each on a card4 ,these cards were arranged alphabetically and a man was put on the 'phone for about ten days inquiring of each firm what articles they manufactured1 the trade name of the article being put on the back of the card4 ,the result was that over #a1bjj different kinds of articles were made by some #cjj manufacturers4 ,then a dummy1 made up1 giving a page to the matter1 the size of a newspaper1 and in the center was placed a cartoon favorable to the manufacturer4 ,this was to be sent to the people in the surrounding towns4 ,each article made1 was listed alphabetically with the name of the article appearing first and after this the name of the company4 ,these #a1ejj articles made about two pages of matter4 ,after #b1jjj of these were prepared by the printers the salesmen started calling on all manufacturers in the community1 at the rate of eight to twelve a day1 and presented his proposition to them1 which was as follows3 ,to run in forty papers surrounding the town in which they were located1 going to something like #de1jjj homes of farmers and people living in small towns4 ,for this they were to pay #aj4jj a thousand4 ,most of the manufacturers1 rather than run a line or two1 desired to run display1 putting in the picture of the article they made and a little statement concerning its virtue of same and giving their addresses4 ,five weeks of this kind of soliciting resulted in more than #a1jjj worth of contracts being signed up1 and many thousands of dollars worth of business prospects for in the future4 ,the salesmen were taken off and the general salesmen of the company followed up the prospects1 with the result that over six thousand dollars was made from the plan4 ,this meant a net saving on the part of the company of #c1ejj to #d1jjj4 ,this is a good plan and a fair way to cover the people in the farm community for the manufacturer4 ,he then covered other classes of advertising in the same way4 ,,plan ,no4 #fgf4 ,,high-,,school ,,boy ,,earns ,,way ,he was a hard working young fellow1 and he called upon the neighborhoods in different parts of the city after his high school was out1 and sold brushes of different kinds to be used in the homes4 ,he had a fair introduction1 and showed up the advantages of his brushes in a fair way4 ,night after night1 week after week1 he continued this work4 ,saturday was his best day1 as he usually made three or four dollars on that day alone4 ,he netted from this work something like #aj to #ab a week4 ,it was hard work carrying a suitcase filled with brushes1 from which he showed his wares1 but it paid his expenses through his high school and enabled him to get his education4 ,he stuck to his work and won out4 ,this is a plan that any young man of energy and push can follow at odd intervals to make his way through high school4 ,,plan ,no4 #fgg4 ,,lawyer ,,gets ,,on ,,school ,,board ,after getting out of the law school he did not have sufficient funds to open an office1 so he became a teacher in one of the high schools in the city in which he desired to make his home4 ,after teaching for about two years1 he determined that he would go into practice for himself4 ,this he did4 ,he felt that it would be an advantage to him to hold some kind of public office1 and so he ran for and secured a membership on the school board4 ,this position he was well qualified to fill1 having taught for several years preceding his study of the law4 ,after that he joined an athletic association and ran for office in the association and was made one of its directors4 ,in these two positions he enjoyed a good opportunity for coming in contact with the best people of the city1 and when politics was alive1 he was one of the main members of the political organization1 and had much to say about who should be elected to office4 ,he served as assistant prosecuting attorney for some time1 got the experience that he desired1 and then continued with his practice4 ,from these offices1 which have been a great advantage to him1 he has won an excellent reputation in the community4 ,,plan ,no4 #fgh4 ,,he ,,wanted ,,to ,,be ,a ,,lawyer ,he went into a railway office as stenographer and studied law as he worked4 ,he was a man of excellent appearance and untiring energy1 and he worked until he had passed the bar examination for his state4 ,he prepared to make himself a specialist on railway law1 and continued study for three or four years4 ,during that time he acted as assistant to the railway attorney1 but instead of staying with the railway company for years1 as most attorneys do1 he identified himself with one of the best trial lawyers in his part of the state1 who made a specialty of damage suits4 ,he was a valuable adjunct to this firm as he was familiar with railway law4 ,by reason of the fact that he had a knowledge of railway law1 from the railway standpoint1 he was very successful in his work4 ,,plan ,no4 #fgi4 ,,lawyer ,,becomes ,,railway ,,counsel ,after finishing at a law school1 he obtained an appointment as assistant to the counsel for a railway4 ,he studied for two or three years1 in this capacity1 and worked with the counsel of the railway until finally he won recognition for his services from the company4 ,the railway counsel was changed1 or left the service1 and he became counsel for the railway at that point4 ,this kind of work pays well1 and he has an assistant or two under him1 and enjoys a good reputation in his community4 ,,plan ,no4 #fhj4 ,,newspaper ,,man ,,makes ,,extra ,,money ,reporters on newspapers make extra money by following the career of men who are public spirited4 ,they become familiar with their aspirations and try to help them make good1 by giving them all the newspaper support they possibly can4 ,of course1 this cannot be done without compensation1 and the reporter is paid extra for this work4 ,it is valuable aid1 for the man who desires to attain political prominence4 ,the reporter1 as a rule1 is under-paid1 and this enables him to increase his income considerably4 ,the reporter's advice alone is worth a great deal1 as the average aspirant for office does not understand what is1 and what is not1 a good news article4 ,the reporter can be absolutely fair with the paper and render this service4 ,,plan ,no4 #fha4 ,,he ,,becomes ,,chamber ,,of ,,commerce ,,secretary ,there is a large field for any man who has ambition for public work1 in the chambers of commerce of the various cities of our country4 ,he can identify himself as an assistant1 or in some other capacity and win a good reputation as a man of value in this work4 ,from time to time there are inquiries from this source for the right kind of men for the work4 ,the salaries are good1 ranging from #e1jjj to #aj1jjj a year1 and the work1 itself1 is extremely interesting4 ,this really is a first-class advertising man's job4 ,if a man understands advertising1 and understands the advertising of communities1 there is no reason why he should not be a capable man for this position1 and such a man usually knows what is good news value1 and what articles can be put in the paper1 and what effect these various articles will have for the benefit of his community4 ,it is usually a business proposition and supported by business men1 exclusively2 professional men and politicians having little to do with this work and the young man who can make good will soon find a position awaiting him4 ,i know a few men who have made excellent records in this direction and are now the recipients of #h1jjj to #aj1jjj a year4 ,it took them at least five to six years before they were qualified to hold a large position4 ,one started in as a newspaper reporter1 and the other started in as an editor of a paper1 and finally developed into an advertising man4 ,,plan ,no4 #fhb4 ,,lawyer ,,became ,,state ,,representative ,he was always the champion of the issues that arose in his particular neighborhood club1 and he finally decided that if he were a state representative1 it would be a beneficial experience for him1 as well as an avenue through which to become known in the state generally4 ,so he went about increasing his friendship1 becoming acquainted with everybody in his district1 and finally announced himself as candidate for the state legislature1 and he was very much surprised at the ease with which he won the election4 ,he was repeatedly returned to the legislature and has almost become a permanent fixture in this capacity4 ,he has always seen to it that the newspapers give him proper mention1 on any matter in which he is engaged4 ,he makes it a point to call the attention of the reporters to it if it has any news value at all4 ,by this studied effort and work on his part he has made himself good timber for the ,united ,states ,congress4 ,not only that1 but he has won a large friendship among the people of the various states1 which has brought him a good deal of valuable practice1 and has given him business opportunities4 ,a young lawyer makes a very serious mistake when he does not pay attention to his opportunities in this direction4 ,,plan ,no4 #fhc4 ,,he ,,became ,,police ,,judge ,after winning an election as justice of the peace1 it is always the ambition of the justice to become police judge of the city4 ,to win this position does not only mean the increase of one hundred or more dollars a month in salary1 but also gives a good opportunity for a lawyer to build up a reputation1 which may lead to a judgeship in the superior court4 ,of course1 the mayor and city council of a city determine which justice will be the police court judge1 and a friendly standing with them will aid in determining whether or not a candidate will be police judge4 ,most of the people of a city and the county know more about the police judge than they do about the superior court judge4 ,as a matter of fact1 the newspapers of the community give far more publicity to the doings of the police court than do those of the superior court4 ,every little matter that comes up before the police court1 serious or otherwise1 is printed in the local daily1 and all questions of any consequence that are to come up will first take place before the police court4 ,so a lawyer1 who occupies this position1 and has good judgment1 and takes his cases seriously1 has an opportunity to make a good record for himself1 and if he handles his opportunities in this position properly1 he can become judge of the superior court4 ,this work brings him in touch with all the police branches and their work1 and the county prosecutor's office as well4 ,as a matter of fact1 many persons in the profession believe that it is best for a man who desires to become a superior court judge1 to first become justice of peace4 ,,plan ,no4 #fhd4 ,,illustrator ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,gov4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #fhe4 ,,he ,,wanted ,,to ,,become ,,city ,,commissioner ,there were at least thirty persons aspiring for the #e1jjj-;a-year job and he was but little known4 ,although he felt that he was strong enough to get the nomination1 yet most of his friends advised him that they did not think that he could succeed1 but they would do their best for him4 ,he went in for all there was in it2 he worked both night and day2 he obtained the support of many young men in the city4 ,he had stalwart friends in the police department and with their support and the support of their friends he gained the nomination4 ,with the nomination secured1 he felt sure of election4 ,however1 he did not give up his personal efforts but worked both night and day until the night of the election1 and then he did not give up until all of the votes were cast4 ,the way he had worked for himself was an inspiration to his friends4 ,however1 it might be said that he had three or four friends who were especially valuable to him1 and knew the political situation far better than he1 and they did not hesitate to support him to the limit1 as they believed in him and felt sure that if once elected he would make a good record4 ,when the votes were counted1 he had won by a large majority4 ,many men believe that it is unbecoming for them to work for themselves1 but this man did not think so4 ,he felt that the enthusiasm of his friends would lag if the man who was running for the office did not believe enough in himself to work with them4 ,,plan ,no4 #fhf4 ,,he ,,ran ,,for ,,justice ,,of ,,the ,,peace ,when he came into the community he was little known2 in fact1 up to the time he ran for the nomination on the ,republican ticket1 he was scarcely heard of1 but prior to his nomination he billed the entire town4 ,he had small boards placed at the various bridges and public places in the community with a large picture of himself1 naming the office he desired to secure4 ,he also had the telegraph poles tacked with large posters1 bearing the same announcement4 ,this publicity was so striking that it caused a great deal of comment all over the city1 and when the nomination came up he secured it easily1 and nomination in that county meant--the election6 ,,plan ,no4 #fhg4 ,,he ,,first ,,became ,,county ,,assessor ,this attorney1 from a financial standpoint1 was not prepared to go into the practice of law1 so he became an aspirant for the office of county assessor4 ,he was not a good speaker1 but he made up his mind to work strenuously for this office1 and so he obtained the support of ten or twelve of his friends who worked for him1 and1 finally1 he secured the office4 ,many of his friends could not understand why he wanted such an office1 but when once nominated and elected he had many people to appoint who make the assessment of the property in the county4 ,these men were naturally people who supported him1 and this enabled him to build up very strong political support throughout the county with this support as a nucleus which re-elected him many times4 ,,plan ,no4 #fhh4 ,a ,,middle-,,aged ,,lady',s ,,way ,,of ,,making ,a ,,living ,the following is a plan that represents lots of hard work4 ,this woman believed she could sell goods direct and obtain higher-class and better-grade goods by directly representing the factory4 ,she made arrangements with a certain factory1 and started in to sell4 ,she made a specialty of women's and children's underwear1 stockings1 etc41 and sold large quantities4 ,in this house-to-house selling of these goods1 she netted more than #gj4jj a month4 ,in her travels she also found opportunity to sell other products1 such as honey and other household articles which she carried as side lines4 ,if there was a demand by her customers for goods she did not carry she made it a point to get the desired articles for them4 ,,plan ,no4 #fhi4 ,a ,,laundry ,,plan ,,that ,,paid ,this man ran a laundry in a city of upwards of #aej1jjj inhabitants1 and the population was increasing daily4 ,he figured that if he could see the newcomers before the other laundries did that they would just as soon patronize him as the others1 and yet he would like to know something about their reputations as to payment before obtaining their business4 ,therefore he got in touch with a first-class information bureau in his city and secured all the names of people who came from the smaller towns into the city1 and as soon as he got their names and the town they left he directed a letter to the editor of the paper in the town from which they had come inquiring as to their present address and their reputation for paying4 ,after securing their address and statement as to their reputation for payment of their bills1 and if he ascertained that they were good1 he immediately called upon them at their new address in the city1 and obtained their business4 ,he had no competition in his work and this plan alone made his laundry a prosperous business4 ,it might be stated that if there is no information or clipping bureau in your community1 it would be well for you to take all of the newspapers of the surrounding towns1 which could be secured by direct subscription or by going to the local newspaper where1 undoubtedly1 all of these papers are sent in as exchanges1 and by an arrangement with your local newspaper1 they would be glad to allow you to read and go over these papers4 ,the items in these papers will show the names of people who are leaving the small towns and the communities to which they go2 then find out through the transfer men and companies where they are4 ,,plan ,no4 #fij4 ,,how ,,he ,,became ,a ,,banker ,when ,i knew him at college he was a man of wonderful and unusual strength and good nature4 ,he was as democratic as a person could be1 and was liked by all who knew him4 ,if you were to pick out a banker in the crowd at school1 he would be the last man1 perhaps1 that you would think would follow the banking business4 ,after his college course he went into the stock business4 ,he was well liked by all of the stockmen in the district in which he lived1 and he had an acquaintance extending through the entire ,northwest4 ,but the stock business did not particularly appeal to him4 ,he then entered into other lines of work and finally became closely associated with a man engaged in the banking business4 ,this man had taken over a bank in one of the farming communities and asked this party whether he would like to spend a part of his time in this little bank and see what he could do in the way of assisting it4 ,this work interested him from the beginning4 ,he immediately took possession of the bank as though it were his own and began to build it up4 ,in a short time he had doubled its deposits4 ,his record was so unusual that the head of the bank in the city became interested1 and as his showing continued the president of the bank became convinced that he should be in the city bank1 so he made arrangements for him to come4 ,he went at things with the same untiring energy in the city bank1 as he had in the country bank1 with the results that the deposits were greatly increased4 ,i remember one day going into this large bank and ,i was somewhat surprised at seeing him as one of the managing officers of the bank4 ,i asked him how it came that he was there1 and he told me that he had been associated in the banking business for a number of years4 ,the position which he had obtained did not in the least effect his pride and he possessed the same spirit1 which manifested itself so agreeably in his school days4 ,he said he had been helped1 and that it was his desire to help others as he had been helped--that was his attitude in the banking business4 ,instead of possessing the ordinary cold and distant attitude of the average banker1 he was the opposite4 ,in his former work among the stockmen of the ,northwest he acquired a large acquaintance1 and they all thought a great deal of him1 and had confidence in the institution with which he was connected4 ,they rather preferred to deal with a bank with which he was connected4 ,your friends often determine whether you are to be a success or a failure4 ,,plan ,no4 #fia4 ,,wonder ,,covers 8,wonder covers0 for rolling-pin and bread-board are the invention of a ,maine woman1 but anybody can make them4 ,for the rolling-pin1 the cover is of stockinette or any elastic knitted textile fabric1 made to pull over the pin in a stretched-tight way1 like a jersey sleeve1 and tied at the open end4 ,the other part of the equipment is a mere square of canvas 7sailcloth71 to lay upon the bread-board4 ,provided with these covers the housewife can manipulate the softest dough without any danger of its sticking to pin or board4 ,but before using nearly a quart of flour must be rubbed into the pin-cover the first time it is slipped over the rolling-pin1 and a little flour must be rubbed into it the same way each time it is used4 ,with careful use the covers will stay clean a long time4 ,when necessary to wash them1 it should be done with cool water and a small scrubbing brush4 ,then they may be ironed4 ,but the flour should be thoroughly washed out of them before they are ironed4 ,,plan ,no4 #fib4 ,,chicken ,,canned ,down in ,alabama a woman makes a living by taking orders for canned chicken and chicken by-products4 ,she puts one pound of meat in a number #b can1 and the gravy adds from #d to #h ounces1 and she receives #hj cents a can for it4 ,she claims that at this price she makes good money and she does so by using the best of soup meat in soups and gumbo4 ,one rooster by this method brought her #c4ej4 ,the above price might be increased1 and a little advertising and personal sales work would develop a good business in any town4 ,,plan ,no4 #fic4 ,a ,,good ,,farmer ,,uses ,,other ,,people',s ,,farms ,a young farmer was limited in capital and could not buy a good farm1 so he purchased a few acres in a good district and went to work4 ,he soon found that the farmers in his neighborhood did not understand their business4 ,he took over a large neglected orchard for a crop arrangement and in a short time had contracted for land for two to three years that the farmers were neglecting1 which gave him a large farm4 ,he went to work and in several years not only made a good saving but was able to finance himself for a farm of his own4 ,,plan ,no4 #fid4 ,,started ,a ,,clothing ,,store ,this young fellow was1 from a business standpoint1 about helpless4 ,he was born and raised in the ,old ,country4 ,when he made application to relatives who ran a department store for employment1 he did not possess any qualities that they could use4 ,they gave him work for two weeks1 during which time he must find a position elsewhere4 ,at the end of two weeks he managed to stay another four weeks4 ,he realized he must do something4 ,he had no capital1 but he decided to rent a store building in the poor end of town4 ,after hours he went about getting all the old clothes he could collect from door to door4 ,he cleaned the old suits as best he could and offered them for sale at a low price4 ,he worked night and day1 taking but little time for sleep1 and he soon began to make sales from his stock of old suits4 ,he obtained the assistance of another poor fellow who wanted to help him4 ,in a few months he was able to pay his help a regular salary4 ,twelve months from the time started in business he had a fine stock of clothing on hand and was employing four salesmen and making a good profit4 ,thrift coupled1 with a good plan1 will make a success every time4 ,the young man ,i have mentioned above had a very poor appearance1 was not educated1 and had much to overcome1 but his willingness to sacrifice clothes1 amusements and even food and sleep for a good plan brought him permanent business in a remarkably short time4 ,,plan ,no4 #fie4 ,,clothes ,,clinic ,she had a family of six and she was the sole support of the home4 ,all six children were too young to work4 ,the mother was ambitious for their education and determined to do all that was possible to give them all the educational advantages of other children4 ,to begin with1 she had some old clothes on hand1 and she soon became very skilful in making them over into handsome suits for the boy and pretty dresses for the girls4 ,in fact1 her children were the best dressed of any in their school4 ,their clothes all had the appearance of being made by a tailor4 ,she dyed their shoes and made hats1 coats1 dresses1 underwear1 neckwear and stockings4 ,she became familiar with dying and learned to remove stains from clothing4 ,people soon learned of her skill in this work4 ,she arranged to teach other mothers her art and received a good income every year from this source4 ,she would also1 for a certain sum1 take an old suit or dress and help the mothers plan and cut out the kind of dress or suit it could be made into4 ,during the war-time her work became very popular1 as lots of good material was found in old garments4 ,her specialty enabled her to assist others to make a great saving in the home every year4 ,the government offered good assistance in this work during the war4 ,the ,board of ,vocational ,education1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 puts out a pamphlet on 8,clothes for the ,family0 that would be an asset in any home4 ,during the war1 in different parts of the country1 there have been fashion shows of clothes which were made from old garments4 ,in one instance a pretty little dress was made from a pink woolen nightgown4 ,this should be an excellent specialty for any ambitious woman4 ,clothes should not be wasted when there is so much poverty4 ,a man and wife could base substantial and profitable business on the above lines4 ,among the well-to-do1 old clothing consisting of excellent cloth can be purchased for a song4 ,these garments can be made into first-class outfits1 by proper cleaning and tailoring1 and sold at a good profit4 ,,plan ,no4 #fif4 ,,profit ,,from ,,one ,,pig1 #ehg ,a ,tennessee boy in ,may1 #aiah1 invested #ej in a pure-bred gilt1 and now figures his profits at #ehg4ce4 ,she farrowed seven pigs1 part of which the boy sold for #acc4 ,with this money he purchased a boar of excellent breeding1 which he exhibited at the ,east ,tennessee ,division ,fair1 winning the grand championship of the breed over all exhibits4 ,he won #hg in prizes1 #de of it in competition with experienced farmers4 ,his animals are now valued at #ebe4 ,this1 with the money from sales and prizes-winnings1 amounts to #gde1 from which he deducts #aeg4fe for feed and care1 leaving a profit of #ehg4ce4 ,this plan would certainly pay a boy's way through high school1 besides giving him a knowledge of stock raising that would be invaluable4 ,,plan ,no4 #fig4 ,,girl ,,makes #c1jjj ,,gallons ,,of ,,syrup ,a home demonstrator1 who a few years ago was a member of one of the canning clubs under the direction of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 in connection with the state college1 now owns and operates an evaporator for the benefit of the farmers of ,new ,kent ,county1 ,va4 ,in the past season #c1jjj gallons of canned syrup or sorghum have gone from her little plant4 ,she says the turning out of thirty to forty gallons a day has been easy and pleasant work4 ,why not start this business in your community8 ,,plan ,no4 #fih4 ,,the ,,best ,,bedbug ,,preparation ,the effectiveness of various exterminators of bedbugs is described in ,bulletin #gjg1 issued by the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 embodying the results of experiments by the ,bureau of ,entomology4 ,hydrocarbon oil sprays 7kerosene1 gasoline1 etc47 were found to be effective against bedbugs1 killing1 in most cases1 #ajj per cent within forty-eight hours2 coal-tar creosote emulsions were effective1 when used undiluted1 but their effectiveness fell very rapidly when they were diluted2 mercuric chlorid1 as a dust and a #f-per-cent-water solution1 was found to kill #ajj per cent2 pyrethrum was found to be very effective1 while pyrethrum stems were of little or no practical value2 tobacco powders were to be found of little or no value1 and hellebore to be absolutely ineffective4 ,why not put this up and give it a name and create a demand for it8 ,,plan ,no4 #fii4 ,,built ,,her ,,home ,,on #dj ,,salary 8,how ,i paid for my home3 ,as a girl1 seven years ago1 ,i built a seven-room modern house costing #c1ejj4 ,my income at that time was #dj a month1 as ,i worked as a maid in one of the best families4 ,i built the house as a home for myself4 ,when ,i started to build ,i had the lot paid for and #gjj cash as first payment4 ,the rest of the debt was paid at #ce or more per month4 ,it never involved any hardships1 and ,i was quite often praised for owning such a fine house4 8,when the house was finished ,i rented it for #cf a month1 so as to make better payments1 and it did not take long before the house was paid for and was mine4 8,the foundation is #cfx#dd feet2 there are seven large rooms on the first floor1 four closets1 a linen closet1 bath1 large front and back porches1 a half basement with hot-air furnace1 laundry with stationary tubs1 storeroom1 coal bin with air-tight chute4 ,the attic is finished and the walls of the house are built strong enough to add another story if desired4 8,owning a home not only proved a good investment but gave me real satisfaction4 ,i was highly respected and well esteemed by my neighbors and people in general4 8,my experience may show that any man or woman can own a home1 even with a small income1 with a little saving and a plan40 ,,plan ,no4 #gjj4 ,,received #ajj ,,per ,,month ,,for #dj ,,years ,an income of #ajj a month is not out of the ordinary1 but when that income has been steady and all saved for forty years1 it means a great deal4 ,he was a farmer1 and never had the opportunity of a high school or college1 but in spite of this handicap he made a success4 ,he stayed with his father until he was #bc1 at which time he decided to go in for himself4 ,so he took up a homestead in ,minnesota4 ,the first year he put up his shack1 #abx#af feet1 and broke forty acres of land4 ,his brother took up an adjoining farm4 ,it was discouraging in those days1 he said4 ,it was a long way from the railroad and people4 ,one ox1 an old cow and a plow were all they had to work with1 all other farm implements they made themselves4 ,wheat and oats were the crops1 and #be bushels per acre was the first yield1 and #gj cents was the price they received4 ,the first year they saved about #cjj4 ,the second year they broke and planted forty more acres and saved #hjj4 ,in ten years' time the railroad was built1 the farm was all under cultivation and a saving of #f1jjj was made4 ,then along came a man with #ab1jjj and paid this amount for the farm4 ,with the #f1jjj he had saved1 he now was worth #ah1jjj4 ,this man has always followed the plan of pioneering4 ,not only has he and his brother done so but his son also1 and he is now up in the ,alberta country farming a large piece of land4 ,a plan like the above1 coupled with thrift1 will never fail4 ,he stated to me that he has lost but little during the forty years1 and has saved more than #ajj a month during his forty years of farming4 ,if you want to homestead go to the ,united ,states land office and they will tell you how much land is subject to be homesteaded4 ,,plan ,no4 #gja4 ,,do ,,you ,,want ,,to ,,become ,a ,,plumber ,my conception of a plumber has always been a husky1 dirty-faced fellow who is full of independence and presenting an exorbitant bill for his services4 ,but my impressions were changed when ,i met ,bert4 ,before going into the plumbing and heating business he sold pumps and windmills4 ,he came to the city1 and this is the way he became a first-class plumber in one year without previous experience3 ,he started a repair shop of his own1 went out with a soldering iron and got the business4 ,when he took a repair job he took his time and carefully figured out how the plumber put his work together1 and after a year of careful study and some experiments of his own he took contracts for plumbing4 ,he made a special effort to do the work right so there could be no complaint about it afterward4 ,he spared no pains and never allowed himself to hurry or slight his work4 ,if he used more time than the job justified1 he made an allowance for that4 ,when he heard of a person 8knocking0 his work1 he called on him at once and tried to satisfy him and make him a booster instead4 ,he also put in heating plants which work was very profitable4 ,his profits were #aj a day the year round1 and he plans to make it run #bj a day the coming year4 ,his business is only an ordinary and modest little plumbing and heating concern in the outskirts of a city of #ajj1jjj4 ,there is nothing impossible in his plan4 ,he works regularly eight hours every day and likes his work4 ,,plan ,no4 #gjb4 ,,represent ,,local ,,weeklies ,he represented a list of local weeklies1 running from forty to sixty in number4 ,through the ,type ,foundry ,association this space can be secured very cheap1 something like #c cents an inch per paper1 costing to our man to run and advertisement in forty papers the sum of #a4bj4 ,he went over all the newspapers and publications that covered his immediate territory and clipped from them all the classified advertisements or display ads4 that looked to have a prospect for business4 ,this clipping was pasted to a form letter1 which he had prepared1 calling attention to the advantages of these forty papers to his proposition4 ,his price to them was #g4jj for the entire list1 one time4 ,an order of one inch meant a profit to him of #e4hj4 ,his net profits for orders--and this is always cash business--nets him more than #ajj a month4 ,there is room for this business in every city of over #ej1jjj population in the ,united ,states4 ,the letter-writing does not take over one hour a day1 and he mails about eight letters per day4 ,this is a good business for a woman at home or a man could use it to great advantage during his spare time4 ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #gjb4 ,he ,washes so ,others ,may ,see ,,plan ,no4 #gjb;,b4 ,,window-,,washing ,,and ,,house-,,cleaning ,when he came to city he 8was down and out40 ,he was a capable fellow1 but owing to domestic trouble he worried and drank a good deal4 ,he was in this shape when ,i first met him4 ,he got a job washing windows and kept at it4 ,his employer knew nothing about window-washing or house-cleaning--he was a business-getter instead--and finally as he was unable to pay this man for his labor1 he turned the business over to him in payment for his services4 ,he quit drinking when the state went dry4 ,he then saw great possibilities in the window-washing and house-cleaning business4 ,he could do the work himself1 and if those he hired did not do their work properly he was quick to see it and let them go4 ,he would contract for the year to wash windows for an entire building at something like #ae to #bj cents a window4 ,he would go over all the windows once every month4 ,his arrangement was cheaper than having the janitor do it4 ,he also contracted to wash the halls and elevator shaft4 ,he got business where others could not4 ,he and the men he hired knew how to work4 ,when he had an unusually dirty job he used the following combinations with great success3 ,citrus powder1 three-fourths part2 ,wyandott powder1 one-fourth part2 softsoap about the size of a hen's egg in a bucket of water4 ,this solution was allowed to stand over night4 ,when a place was real dirty he went over it at least three times1 washing with the grain of the wood4 ,he was especially careful to see that no streaky work was done in the washing of walls1 etc4 ,he washed a square place at a time and was particular to see that the sides and corners were as clean as the center1 then when the next square was done there was no overlapping of several inches4 ,he was also careful to see that the base-boards of the room were clean1 especially the corners and bottom1 which if neglected always remain unclean in appearance4 ,it is true that his work is not regarded as a high calling1 but he believed that if his work did not reflect credit on him1 he would reflect credit on it by performing his services well4 ,he also cleaned houses1 using a vacuum cleaner4 ,his business is very profitable and produces for him a very good living4 ,,plan ,no4 #gjc4 ,,what ,,one ,,garden ,,paid ,records of the boys' and girls' club work of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture are full of instances of boys and girls who grew more than enough vegetables for their home tables and who either canned the surplus or sold the remainder at a profit not to be sneezed at4 ,for instance1 ,thomas ,bresnan1 of ,springfield1 ,illinois1 a lad of #ae1 made a net profit of #bhc on a garden that was #cajx#daj feet4 ,thomas had a hard time with worms1 but he learned how to fight them4 ,his garden was so far away that when he needed lime he carried a heavy sack of it three and one-half miles from ,springfield4 ,some of the lime spilled out and got into his eyes1 and ,thomas got mad and quit1 but only until he talked with his club leader1 then he went in again and won1 as above mentioned4 ,,plan ,no4 #gjd4 ,,father ,,learns ,a ,,new ,,trick ,early frosts are the bane of the tomato grower4 ,when a severe one seemed due one ,february night in ,florida1 both a little girl1 who had one-tenth of an acre planted1 and her father1 who had three1 got busy covering up their plants4 8,father0 put tomato baskets over the plants to protect them1 and so did ,anna1 but she did not stop at that2 she placed a handful of soil on top of each of her baskets4 ,it required some time1 but it was time well spent1 for when the baskets were removed ,anna's plants were just as fresh as before the freeze1 while 8,father's0 had suffered considerably4 ,when the first picking was made in the latter part of ,march1 her father gathered thirteen crates from his three acres1 while the girl gathered eleven from one-tenth acre1 from which a net profit of #age was made4 ,,plan ,no4 #gje4 ,,grows ,,thirty-,,one ,,vegetables ,,in ,,his ,,home ,,garden ,among the striking examples of individual achievement in home gardening that have been reported to the ,united ,state ,department of ,agriculture1 is that of ,george ,a4 ,williams1 an employe of the ,government ,pension ,office in ,washington4 ,despite the handicap caused by the loss of an arm1 ,mr4 ,williams last season grew thirty-one varieties of vegetables in his home garden of slightly less than one-fifth of an acre4 ,he sold in his neighborhood vegetables worth #cbf1 in addition to those used by his family of four persons4 ,despite the success in this instance1 the ,department of ,agriculture does not advise home-gardeners to strive for a great variety of crops1 but to concentrate their efforts on a few4 ,did you find it hard to get ahead last year8 ,if so1 perhaps your back yard will put your effort on the profit side4 ,,plan ,no4 #gjf4 ,,what ,a ,,girl ,,nearly ,,blind ,,did ,of all the stories of girls' efforts that have come to the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 none tells of more devoted work than that of a ,berkshire ,county1 ,massachusetts1 girl1 who is blind in one eye and losing the sight of the other4 ,she raised a pig when the government called for more meat1 and when the army called for fruit pits to make gas-masks1 the number of stones she gathered was the second largest individual number in the country4 ,and she cultivated a garden successfully when the government told the necessity for more food production4 8,i was very much interested in club work this year1 and ,i was very happy while working in my garden10 wrote this girl in her story4 8,i knew that all the time ,i was working in my garden ,i was helping ,uncle ,sam40 ,except a few furrows turned by her father1 where the land was particularly rough1 all the work in her garden was done by the girl1 and in addition she helped her father in his food plot4 ,between the lines in her report may be read some of her difficulties4 8,the greatest delight my pig had10 she wrote1 8was jumping the fence and rooting in my garden40 ,but nothing daunted her1 and the surplus products of her work1 stored for the family's winter use1 made a fine showing4 ,when the father is having a hard time to make both ends meet the children can do a great deal to put the home on a successful basis and receive an education while doing so4 ,,plan ,no4 #gjg4 ,,saving ,,eggs ,,is ,,public ,,service ,the storing of eggs during the season of greatest production1 when they are the cheapest in price1 becomes a public service by making them available during the season of scarcity of fresh eggs4 ,there are two approved processes for storage2 the first is the water-glass method1 and the second is the lime-water method4 ,water-glass ,method3 ,for #cj dozen eggs1 use two #e-;gallon crocks 7capacity1 #ae dozen eggs each47 ,take #ah quarts of water that has been boiled and cooled4 ,mix it with #b quarts of sodium silicate4 ,place eggs as collected1 fresh and clean1 in crocks1 keeping covered to a depth of at least #b inches with water glass solution4 ,keep in a cool1 dry place4 ,eggs preserved in this way remain perfectly wholesome1 maintain full food value and are perfectly edible for from six to nine months4 ,lime-water ,method3 ,place #c pounds of unslacked lime in #e gallons of water and let it stand until the lime settles and the liquid is clear4 ,use same as water-glass4 ,this method is recommended when water-glass cannot be obtained2 it is good1 though not quite as reliable as the other4 ,the above was published in the ,extension ,news ,service by ,state ,college of ,washington4 ,every egg raiser should know when is the time eggs will bring the best price and save them until that time4 ,following the above simple suggestion alone would make the egg a profit-maker4 ,,plan ,no4 #gjh4 ,,money ,,in ,,poultry ,it is strange that the people generally do not avail themselves of the great opportunity the ,united ,states ,government gives them in poultry4 ,write the ,department of ,agriculture at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 and tell them you want a catalog of all publications they have which will help you to raise chickens in town1 city or country and you will be surprised at the great amount of information at once available to you4 ,this information will save you several years' unsuccessful experimenting and bring you to your goal--a successful chicken-raiser--at a much earlier date4 ,the following are samples of what can be done by those who make poultry raising a study4 ,,plan ,no4 #gji4 ,,what ,,one ,,woman ,,does ,to prove that there is profit in poultry raising1 let me cite the case of ,mrs4 ,george ,l4 ,russell1 of ,missouri1 whose husband had maintained all along that her hens were an expense instead of a profit4 ,he was giving all his attention to some brood-mares in which he had invested #b1jjj4 ,in defense of her hens ,mrs4 ,russell kept a set of books for a year and proved by the actual figures that the money she had invested in poultry was paying a better dividend than the money her husband had invested in brood mares4 ,last year she had a flock of #cfe ,brown ,leghorn hens and cleared #a1ghb4ia1 besides adding #bjj worth of extra stock to her flock4 ,her husband isn't complaining anymore4 ,to his wife ,mr4 ,russell gives all credit for the success of their poultry business4 8,it has been a life-saver for me10 he said4 ,,plan ,no4 #gaj4 ,,another ,,chicken ,,raiser ,mrs4 ,h4 ,a4 ,hume1 of ,tecumseh1 ,kansas1 turned #aej worth of feed into #dbg4af worth of chickens1 at market prices1 this year1 besides the eggs she produced from #adj hens4 ,she has demonstrated what can be done on a general farm with poultry as a side line4 ,she breeds a good laying strain of ,white ,leghorns4 ,,plan ,no4 #gaa4 ,,makes ,,good ,,profit ,a ,california woman states in a letter the following3 8,last month ,i turned #bge worth of feed into #ffg worth of eggs40 ,if it is possible for these people to do this1 it is possible for you1 or any other poultryman1 to make good money out of your poultry if they are properly handled4 ,,plan ,no4 #gab4 ,,articles ,,you ,,can ,,make ,,and ,,sell ,the following articles could be made by you and sold4 ,they are necessary to the household and will appeal to the housewife4 ,each article is easily made up4 ,give a name to your article so that you may have the advantage of repeat orders4 ,to commence with you will have to solicit your work4 ,you will find that a neat pamphlet telling of the value of your article distributed two or three days before you call will be a great assistance to you4 ,,plan ,no4 #gac4 ,,shower ,,bath ,a very simple1 convenient and cheap arrangement for a home-made shower bath has been built by a woman4 ,take a #b-;gallon tin bucket1 punch a hole in the bottom of it1 and solder in the opening a piece of metal piping #b inches long4 ,attach to the pipe a #d-;foot length of rubber tube1 with a sprayer from a garden watering-pot on the end4 ,tie to the handle of the bucket a piece of rope and run the latter through a staple driven into a wall at a suitable height1 thus making a pulley by which the bucket can be raised or lowered to meet the convenience of the person using the shower4 ,drive a hook below the staple so that the rope can be fastened to it to hold the bucket in place4 ,a good-size wash tub placed beneath the bucket will serve for the person to stand in4 ,to cut off the water a clothespin pinched on to the rubber tube will do4 ,the cost of the shower bath will be as follows3 #b-;gallon tin bucket 4#ej #ab feet of rope 4#jg ,rubber tube and connections #a4ej ,piping 4#aj ,stock 4#aj ,staple 4#aj ---- #a4hg ,,plan ,no4 #gad4 ,,dustless ,,mop ,another of the conveniences showing a woman's ingenuity is a dustless mop for painted or polished floors4 ,the mop is made from old stocking legs cut into #ab-;inch lengths and slashed into strips an inch wide up to within #d inches of the tops4 ,for a handle cut the straw from a worn out broom4 ,take a large wooden button and cover it with several thicknesses of stocking1 then fold the tops of the stockings so that they radiate from a common center and screw them to the end of the broom handle through the button4 ,tie twine several times around it just below the button4 ,the mop is then dipped into a solution of one-half cup of paraffin and one cup of coal oil 7kerosene7 and allowed to dry4 ,keep moist by rolling tightly and pressing into a paper bag4 ,,plan ,no4 #gae4 ,,scrubbing ,,chariot ,another woman's invention is the scrubbing chariot1 and it is one of the cleverest of labor-savers4 ,this consists of a comfortable1 padded frame on rollers1 which enables the housewife1 in wiping floors1 to roll herself about and do her scrubbing with ease and comfort and save a great many steps4 ,an ordinary soap box can be used for this by cutting down the sides to about five inches high and knocking out one side4 ,padding made of burlap will make it comfortable when kneeling1 and the whole thing is placed on four rollers and stands just the height of the rollers off the floor4 ,on one side of it should be screwed a dish for soap and on the other a rack for the scrubbing brush4 ,,plan ,no4 #gaf4 ,,iceless ,,refrigerator ,this iceless refrigerator was made by a woman1 and its cost was practically nothing4 ,it stands in a tub of water and on the top shelf is a pan of water4 ,a canton flannel covering should be made and hung smooth side outward1 tied closely at the bottom1 buttoned securely down one side1 and the top laid in the pan of water with a weight to hold it4 ,of course1 with this arrangement the cloth keeps itself continually wet with water supplied from the pan on top and from the tub in which it stands4 ,the central post should be substantial1 with a large heavy base so that it will not tip4 ,two shelves #ab inches apart will hold the milk1 butter1 etc41 and a third shelf at the top is necessary to hold the can of water4 ,keep the refrigerator in a shady place where air will circulate around it freely4 ,on dry1 hot days a temperature of #ej degrees can be obtained in this refrigerator if plenty of water is kept in the pan and in the tub4 ,,plan ,no4 #gag4 ,,folding ,,ironing-,,board ,this ironing-board is a step-saver4 ,being hinged to the wall1 it is always ready and in place4 ,it may be hooked up against the wall when not in use4 ,the leg 7braced7 is hinged to the board and falls flat when the board is lifted4 ,with it down and in use the leg is not in the way and skirts may be ironed without lifting or changing4 ,the directions for making are as follows3 ,the ironing-board is #eg inches long and rounded at the free end and should be made of thoroughly seasoned wood1 #a inches in thickness4 ,its width at its attached end is #ae inches1 at the free end #aj inches4 ,the leg 7brace7 is #ef inches if the board is attached to the wall at #cc inches from the floor4 ,if the board is higher the leg is longer4 ,attach the leg to the board #aa inches from its free end1 by hinges4 ,the board should be padded with any heavy material such as cotton flannel or a blanket1 and brought to the under side of the board and tacked smoothly in place4 ,the ironing-sheet should be #d inches wider than the board with tapes on opposite sides about #aj inches apart to tie it in place4 ,,plan ,no4 #gah4 ,,soldering ,,kit ,an outfit for repair work by women in their homes is useful and will save considerable time and expense4 ,the equipment includes a soldering iron1 a small brush1 a file1 sandpaper or a brick to rub the iron clean and to clean the surfaces to be repaired1 a porcelain or stoneware cup1 and from the hardware store get #aj cents worth of muriatic acid1 some zinc points1 such as glaziers use1 and some solder4 ,soldering flux is a solution of zinc in crude muriatic acid4 ,to make it put half a teaspoonful of muriatic acid in the cup and add one zinc point4 ,be sure not to spill any on your clothes4 ,it is used to tin the soldering iron and also for brushing the tin and soldering surfaces so that the solder will adhere to the tin4 ,while iron is heating1 thoroughly clean the vessel to be mended1 by scraping down to the bare metal1 then brush over it with the flux4 ,when your iron is heated1 clean it free from soot or dirt with sandpaper or other means1 then dip it into the flux in the cup and at the same time hold the solder to it1 and the end of the iron will become covered with the solder1 which is called 8tinning0 it4 ,for small holes this is all the solder needed4 ,just touch the tinned iron to the hole and it is filled4 ,for larger holes more solder is needed4 ,for a still larger hole a zinc point can be laid on the hole and fluxed1 then solder applied4 ,a hot iron and clean surface will insure good work4 ,,plan ,no4 #gai4 ,,women ,,make ,,good ,,cow-,,testers ,the twenty-seven women now employed as cow-testers by some of the #cec cow-testing associations in this country have not only done satisfactory work1 but have achieved results above the average1 according to dairy specialists of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture4 ,the main reason why women have begun to do this work is the scarcity of cow-testers4 ,most of the testers at work when the war began were young men1 and many of them are now in military service4 ,because of the shortage of workers the past year has seen the number of cow-testing associations 7organizations of farmers who want to keep records of their herds7 decrease for #dgb to #cec1 although there has been an increased demand for such associations1 and it is believed the number could easily be doubled if enough testers were available4 ,the work does not require great physical strength4 ,it does demand some training1 but this is easily acquired by women4 ,the first woman cow-tester in the ,united ,states1 ,miss ,bessie ,lipsitz1 began work less than three years ago1 with a cow-testing association in ,grant ,county1 ,wisconsin4 ,wisconsin now has eighteen women cow-testers1 ,iowa six and three other states have one each4 ,considering that the testers get free board and lodging1 the pay is thought to be satisfactory4 ,the women cow-testers are paid the same as men and receive from #ej to #ge a month1 besides board and lodging4 ,conveyance to the next farm is furnished in some associations1 while in others the tester provides her own conveyance and the farmers furnish free stable room and feed for her horse4 ,the employment of women as cow-testers came as a war measure4 ,to keep the work on a satisfactory basis1 women must continue to receive the same pay as the men for the same work4 ,occasionally there may be an association in which it would not be advisable for a woman to work1 but if such is the case1 the fault is with the association and not with the woman cow-tester4 ,how to obtain more testers is a serious problem4 ,partially disabled soldiers1 in some cases1 may be induced to take the necessary training and enlist for the work4 ,in some sections young men below the draft age have been employed1 and the results have been satisfactory4 ,the most radical step1 however1 and the one that promises the most far-reaching and immediate results1 is the employment of women as cow-testers4 ,,plan ,no4 #gbj4 ,,supports ,,family ,,by ,,home ,,canning ,the sale of her canned fruits and vegetables has enabled a woman in ,albemarle ,county1 ,virginia1 to feed and clothe her eight children the last two years4 ,when war was declared her eldest son enlisted in the navy4 ,in a few months the second son went into the army1 and the mother was left to wrestle with the problem of providing three meals a day for the eight younger brothers and sisters4 ,about this time the home-demonstration agent of the ,united ,states ,agricultural ,college was teaching the women in that locality how to can4 ,with a garden that could raise plenty of fruit and vegetables1 and with wild fruit to be had for the picking1 the mother of ten decided that therein lay the solution of her problem4 ,results have proved that her judgment was right4 ,thousands of cans of fruit and vegetables have been put up and sold from this country home4 ,one lot1 which the home demonstration agent helped her sell1 brought #abe4 ,this plan made a living for a mother and eight children4 ,,plan ,no4 #gba4 ,,girl ,,makes #ih ,,from ,,nine ,,hatches ,little girls who have to help themselves to go through high school can often accomplish it by raising chickens4 ,a little girl in ,orange ,county1 ,virginia1 borrowed money to buy nine settings of eggs4 ,on this venture her first year's work netted a profit of #ih1 and she has three roosters left4 ,there is no reason why your little girl should not have a few chickens and help swell the family income4 ,,plan ,no4 #gbb4 ,,mountaineer ,,woman ,,cans ,,to ,,keep ,,ten ,,children ,,in ,,school ,knowledge of how to can products that will command a ready sale is enabling a mother in the hills of ,virginia1 to keep her ten children in school4 ,schoolbooks and clothes cost money1 but this ambitious mother was determined that her children were to have schooling if it were possible4 ,late in the fall1 with a #b-;horse wagon loaded with her canned fruit and vegetables1 this woman of the hills drove #bj miles to the home-demonstration agent's headquarters4 ,she brought #cj gallons of apple butter1 #cgf quarts canned tomatoes1 #h quarts ripe tomato catsup1 #h quarts green tomato catsup1 #ab quarts succotash1 #cf quarts soup mixture1 #ab quarts okra1 #ab quarts fox grape preserves1 #dh ,no4 #b cans string beans1 #cf cans 7,no4 #b7 corn1 #dh quarts peaches1 #dh quarts blackberries1 #ab quarts butterbeans1 #ab quarts squash1 #b quarts damson preserves1 and #h quarts green tomato and mince meat to be sold4 ,through the co-operation of the home-demonstration agent1 the wagon was emptied in a short time in the university town1 and the little boys and girls up in the hills will have shoes and schoolbooks this winter as a result4 ,,plan ,no4 #gbc4 ,,success ,,in ,,poultry ,,work ,all poultry raisers1 especially girls should receive encouragement and inspiration from the record made by this girl4 ,her experience demonstrates the wide possibilities for poultry paying a girl's way through school1 making worth-while trips1 purchasing their clothes1 and having spending money for other purposes4 ,with an original investment of #ag4ej for a pen of ,barred ,plymouth ,rocks1 this girl in one season--her first year in poultry work--made a net profit of #cgj4ej4 ,according to her own story1 she bought her original stock just a few days before ,christmas1 in #aiag1 giving the local bank a note for #ag4ej4 ,her birds began to lay a month later4 ,from ,january #be to ,october #ag the original pen of pullets laid #fej eggs4 ,the first nine eggs she received from the flock were used as a setting1 from which were hatched and raised seven chicks4 ,from these she selected her chickens1 which later took prizes at the tri-state and county fairs4 ,from her first #ajj eggs set she hatched #ib chickens4 ,from the next #abe eggs set1 #aaj chickens were hatched4 ,during the season she raised #agj chickens4 ,according to her account these results were not obtained without work and some hard luck4 ,for example1 a mink visited the flock on the night of the #dth of ,july and killed twelve of the biggest chickens4 ,hawks in the neighborhood seemed to have a fondness for her chicks1 and carried off their share4 ,last ,september she sent two pens of her chickens to the tri-state fair1 where they won first and second prizes4 ,the following month she exhibited them at the county fair1 and won first prize1 which was #bj4 ,she now has a flock of fifty selected pullets and eight cockerels1 in addition to her original pen4 ,in spite of the losses from the mink and all charges1 she made a good profit4 ,all the grain fed came from her father's farm1 but was charged at market prices1 the total cost of feed amounting to #dj4 ,the cost of the original chickens1 interest and express1 brought the expenses of the season to #ei4ej4 ,from the sale of settings of eggs1 chickens sold1 prizes1 and value of stock on hand1 a total of #dcj is credited to her work4 ,when expenses are deducted1 there is a total net profit for one year of #cgj4ej4 ,,plan ,no4 #gbd4 ,,busy ,,bees ,,with ,,busy ,,boys ,,or ,,girls ,,mean ,,much ,,honey ,bee raising by boys or girls received special encouragement during the past year from the ,department of ,agriculture and the state agricultural colleges because the honey produced aided materially in relieving the sugar shortage4 ,plenty of cane sugar is now in sight1 but the young people seem to have no intention of ceasing in their efforts to produce honey4 ,they and their families have acquired a taste for the delicacy1 and hot biscuits minus honey don't taste the same any more4 ,then1 too1 there is a ready sale at a good price for all the surplus honey one can produce4 ,the parents co-operated with the young people in the study of modern methods and plans for bee raising4 ,comb-honey only had been produced heretofore1 as little had been known of extracted honey or how to manage colonies producing it4 ,the parents were willing to secure modern equipment for the children1 and to move the bees from old crooked combs in poor boxes and hives to modern #aj-;frame hives4 ,when the colonies began to produce well1 the children united in the purchase of a complete extracting outfit4 ,with honey selling #bj to #cj cents a pound in some markets1 keeping bees is a business by which boys or girls can make fair incomes without the expenditure of much work or time4 ,two of the largest producers in ,lyon ,county were boys of #ag4 ,one boy with seven colonies produced over #ejj pounds in the #aiah season4 ,the other1 with fifteen colonies1 took from his hives #heh pounds4 ,with an initial investment of #ae1 one of the smallest boys in the club1 working in the country at extracting time1 found #ajj pounds in his contest hive and sixty pounds in the other4 ,a third member cleared #dj from the season's work1 besides supplying the family table4 ,,plan ,no4 #gbe4 ,,lost--,a ,,common ,,factory-,,hand2 ,,found--,a ,,good ,,food ,,producer ,four years ago a boy in ,massachusetts faced what would have seemed even to an adult a hard problem4 ,born in ,italy1 but thoroughly inoculated with ,american ideas of the necessity of education1 ,james was told by his father while in the #hth grade that he could no longer be kept in school4 ,his future path was to lie toward the near-by factory4 ,believing1 because of his garden-club experience under the auspices of the local leader of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 that he could earn as much by potato raising outside of school hours as he could in a factory by devoting his whole time1 he finally obtained permission from his father to try it4 ,so successful was he that summer that his father was willing that he should enter the #ith grade in the fall4 ,the next spring the superintendent let him have land to use for a large garden4 ,to ten boys he had selected from the upper grammar grades he made the proposition to pay so much an hour and to give each a garden plot4 ,the following excellent advice he offered to them in addition3 8,if you are going to quit1 quit now while it is cool and not when it is hot next ,august40 ,by fall he had decided that enough could be earned in the summer to enable him to attend high school and the agricultural college later4 ,now a junior in high school1 he has a good-size hot-house under lease1 where he raises cabbages1 cauliflower1 and tomato plants2 he owns an auto truck to handle his produce1 and he has a bank account and pays his bills by check4 ,with all the school and business cares1 he still has time to look after the school welfare of his younger brothers and sisters1 visiting their teachers and watching their progress4 ,a factory hand1 probably only a mediocre one1 has been lost1 but a good food producer has been gained through the vision given ,james by his experience in raising a garden4 ,if you are in a factory this example will give you hope4 ,,plan ,no4 #gbf4 ,a ,,boy',s ,,big ,,profit ,,on ,,one ,,pig ,from ,blackwell1 ,texas1 comes the report of the worth-while achievement of a #ae-year-old boy1 ,kenneth ,campbell4 ,this little live-wire pig-raiser sent his pig to the ,fort ,worth ,fat ,stock ,show4 ,it turned out to be the grand champion barrow of the whole exhibit4 ,it won #aje in prizes and sold for #aae4 ,the initial cost of this prize-winner was #e and #cd4fj was spent for feed2 leaving a net profit of #ahj4dj4 ,it is a fine thing to teach your boy to-day1 while you are with him1 how to support himself in an independent way4 ,would your boy know how to do something himself1 if you were gone8 ,a knowledge of how to make his way is worth more to him than your money when you are gone4 ,,plan ,no4 #gbg4 ,,what ,a ,,utah ,,girl ,,did 8,i am going to take the first prize in gardening away from the boys at the ,utah ,state ,fair in #aiai10 is the challenge of a #ae-year-old girl member of a boys' and girls' club in ,salt ,lake ,county1 ,utah1 conducted under the direction of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture and the state agricultural college4 ,it looks as if her prediction may come true1 for already this industrious girl has made a rather remarkable record4 ,she began at the age of #aa1 and in the first year her exhibits took first prize at the grade school1 first prize at the high school1 and second prize at the state fair4 ,when she finishes her course at the high school she is going to enter the ,utah agricultural college4 ,in addition to plowing1 harrowing1 and leveling sixty acres of land and helping her father with other farm operations--doing for him all that a boy of her age could do and much more than many boys would be willing to do--this young food producer this year raised and sold an abundance of garden produce2 put up #fjj quarts of fruit and vegetables1 besides drying a quantity of them2 raised #ajj chickens1 knitted socks for soldier relatives overseas1 and bought ,liberty ,bonds to back them up4 ,but let her tell her own story3 ,,helped ,,plant #a1ejj ,,fruit ,,trees 8,i was born and raised in ,salt ,lake ,city4 ,when ,i was eight years old my father moved to his farm in ,pleasant ,green near ,utah ,copper ,mills and ,garfield ,smelter1 ,salt ,lake ,county1 ,utah4 ,it was covered with sage brush and rock1 which had to me removed4 8,the following spring we cleared a part of the land and planted #a1ejj fruit trees4 ,we also engaged in truck farming that season4 ,i1 the oldest girl of a very large family1 assisted my father in every way ,i could4 ,he always enjoyed instructing me1 and he explained every little question ,i asked him4 ,he taught me how to plant small seeds by mixing them with sand1 scattering it along the trench and covering with a hoe4 ,also he taught me how to plant vegetables and how to cultivate4 ,we raised an abundance of tomatoes1 cabbages1 cauliflower1 peppers1 egg plant1 and also #a1fjj bushels of carrots and #bjj bushels of potatoes4 8,the next year ,i assisted again1 and the following year--,i was then eleven years old--he gave me a small space of my own1 which he plowed for me4 ,he made me plant everything myself1 also do the weeding and hoeing4 ,i raised an amount of garden truck and took it to town and sold it4 ,the next year--at the age of twelve--,i was attending school in ,hunter when they started a boys' and girls' club4 ,when ,i joined1 my father said ,i would have to learn to plow1 so he bought me an #h-;inch plow4 ,i plowed about half an acre2 then he allowed me to drive three horses with a sulky plow4 ,i plowed twenty acres for him that year and mowed thirty-three acres of alfalfa hay4 ,my sister raked it1 and we all bunched it and ,i helped stack it4 ,i raised nine different kinds of tomatoes1 six different kinds of peppers1 cauliflower1 cabbages1 and peanuts1 and seventy-two different kinds of flowers4 ,i took first prize at the grade school and first prize at the high school and second prize at the state fair40 ,,plowed ,,sixty ,,acres ,,herself 8,last year ,i plowed1 leveled and harrowed thirty acres and cut all father's hay1 put up #cjj quarts of fruit and vegetables and had a war garden4 ,this year ,i plowed sixty acres all myself1 harrowed and leveled it--wheat1 alfalfa and beets--and helped father plant and cut and irrigate4 ,i have put up fruit and vegetables--#fjj quarts--besides drying fruit and vegetables1 and have baked the bread1 and on ,saturday and after school ,i have to plow until the ground freezes up1 and finish in the spring1 #aiai4 ,i am going to take the first prize away from the boys in gardening1 in the ,utah state fair4 8,i attend the ,cypress ,high ,school4 ,when ,i finish there ,i am going to go to the ,utah ,agricultural ,college40 ,,raised ,,one ,,hundred ,,chickens 8,i also raised #ajj chickens this year4 ,i joined the ,soldiers of the ,soil1 and with #ae ,i borrowed in ,june ,i bought #aje baby chickens and raised #ajj of them4 ,in ,june1 #aiai1 ,i will pay off my note4 ,i am going to market all my roosters and keep the pullets4 ,i could pay the note now1 but ,i am going to lend it to ,uncle ,sam on the ,fourth ,liberty ,bond for our boys over there4 ,i have found time to knit socks for some of my cousins over on the firing line40 ,,plan ,no4 #gbh4 #cc ,,acres1 #bc ,,pigs1 ,,give ,,boys #b1bee4fd ,twenty-three boys under #af years of age1 in a ,haywood ,county1 ,tennessee1 pig club1 each bought a pig4 ,the average weight of the pigs was #gh pounds4 ,most of them were registered4 ,in #ahj days they attained a weight of #bff pounds each1 at a cost for feed of #aj cents a pound4 ,these pigs at the time of the local pig club show were worth #ae cents a pound1 at market prices1 making a profit of #d cents a pound1 averaging a net return to each boy of #aa4ig over cost of all feed--a total gain for the club of #bge4ca4 ,now see what the corn club in the same community has done3 ,thirty-three boys1 #af and under1 each cultivated one acre in corn1 according to instructions furnished by the county agent1 produced an average of #ec4a bushels to the acre at #a4dj a bushel selling price--#gd4dh--making a total production for all of #b1deg4 ,cost of raising the corn was #bg cents a bushel1 or a total cost of #dgg4ea1 leaving a clear profit of #a1ihj4cc ,now add to this the pig club profits of #bge4ca and you have a grand profit for the boys of #b1bee4fd from thirty-three acres of land and twenty-three small pigs4 ,if boys can do this well what can a man thoroughly trained in farming do8 ,the government will supply you with unlimited literature on farming if you write to them1 and will give you much other assistance if you call on them4 ,,plan ,no4 #gbi4 ,,texas ,,boys ,,make ,,money ,,from ,,calves 8,i have bought a #ej ,liberty ,bond and intend to use the balance to help in paying my expenses at the ,a4 and ,m4 ,college the coming term10 was the answer of a boy in ,nolan ,county1 ,texas1 when asked what he would do with the profit from the sale of his two prize-winning calves4 ,this boy1 a member of an agriculture club conducted by the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture and the ,texas ,a4 and ,m4 ,college1 exhibited two calves at the ,fort ,worth ,fat ,stock ,show4 ,his steer calf1 a little over a year old1 and weighing #iej pounds1 brought #adi4fb1 besides winning #be in prizes4 ,the cost of feed and other expenses was #he for each calf1 leaving a profit of #ajc4ad on the two1 besides the #ej in prize money4 ,another entry at the ,fort ,worth show was that of a #ae-year-old club member from ,sweetwater1 whose calf1 fourteen months old and weighing1 after shrinkage1 #a1jfj pounds1 sold for #afi1 after winning #bj in prizes4 ,this young exhibitor believes in good stock1 and has bought a registered ,hereford calf with the proceeds4 ,,plan ,no4 #gcj4 ,,cow ,,provides ,,music ,,lessons ,in ,pottawatomie ,county1 ,oklahoma1 lives a little girl who won in #aiaf many prizes for farm club-work2 enough in fact1 to buy a calf4 ,she sold the calf1 which had grown into a cow1 for #hj4 ,she plans to use the money for music lessons this winter while she is attending high school4 ,she is proud that she is able to pay for the lessons by her own work4 ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #gcj4 ,the ,country ,girl's ,friend ,,plan ,no4 #gca4 ,,real ,,estate ,,man ,,buys ,,snap ,this man was engaged in real estate for years and stated that his best profit was made from special propositions that he discovered during the year4 ,probably during the year he would find five or six different places that were exceptional purchases4 ,he put but very little money in these investments as a rule1 and would prepare them for early sale4 ,he would paint the dwellings1 arrange the yards1 and put in trees1 if needed1 and if it was a farm he would wholly renovate the farm from one end to the other1 painting the buildings and re-arranging the entire place4 ,some times it would take a year to get the farm into shape4 ,he states that by this method1 he earned as high as #b1jjj to #c1jjj a year4 ,his wife has been a very valuable assistant to him in this work1 as she arranges the shrubbery and the general decoration of the house and yard for him4 ,,plan ,no4 #gcb4 ,,he ,,bought ,,and ,,sold ,,merchandise ,,stores ,,in ,,the ,,country ,,towns ,when this man was in the university he took a literary course1 but after finishing his college work1 he took to business and enjoyed it thoroughly4 ,he found quite an opportunity in the small country towns surrounding a northwestern city4 ,he said the electric railway and railroads and automobile highways were becoming such a factor within a hundred miles of this city1 and the advertising in the daily paper was practically putting out of existence the small town merchants4 ,he said this was so manifest that many merchants were compelled to go out of business4 ,where he made his profits1 was to buy the merchandise of these local merchants4 ,he knew the value of their stock without making an inventory of the goods4 ,he told them he would buy on his own judgment4 ,oftentimes on the purchase of the stock itself he would make more than #b1jjj4 ,he would then start in1 fixing up the store1 rearranging everything about the place1 putting in more new stock1 and1 as a result he made a few sales4 ,he conducts the business for about a year and having obtained all the advantages and profits that a new store would enjoy1 he gradually sells out and closes up the business4 ,often while holding these stores he is enabled to make an exchange and thereby realize a nice profit4 ,he has secured three or four stores1 far removed from the paved road1 railroads and electric lines1 and these pay well4 ,one plan he has adopted is when he goes into a new community to start a weekly newspaper4 ,through this he carries all of his advertising and the news of the community4 ,i saw him about six months ago1 and he has made in six years more than #cj1jjj in this work4 ,his farm lands and four stores insure him a good income4 ,this is a good business in the surroundings of any large city4 ,,plan ,no4 #gcc4 ,,girl ,,from ,,small ,,country ,,town ,,earns ,,her ,,way ,,through ,,high ,,school ,she earned her way through high school by placing an ad4 in the ,sunday ,newspaper1 stating that she would be glad to exchange1 for her work1 room and board1 as she desired to attend school and wanted to be with a respectable family4 ,this method is followed by hundreds of girls from the country and when the summer vacation comes1 she does certain farm work1 whereby she is enabled to make some extra money1 and in this way1 makes enough money to pay her expenses while she is at high school4 ,families that have a couple of small children are glad to avail themselves of such an opportunity1 and often a girl finds a good home4 ,,plan ,no4 #gcd4 ,,grain ,,supervisor4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #gce4 ,,attorney ,,uses ,,information ,,bureau ,,in ,,his ,,city ,this attorney made up his mind when entering practice that he would use as much care as possible in bringing his suits1 so when a case was brought to him1 he always had a complete report concerning the party against whom the suit was brought4 ,he made it a point to know the party's standing in the community1 whether he was good or poor pay1 what property he had1 if he had property1 what incumbrances were against it1--in fact1 he knew everything about his man before he started his suit and knew very well what per cent of the judgment he would receive if he obtained same4 ,this was business-like and it made him much money and saved him a great deal of time in useless litigation4 ,at the court house usually there is an information bureau1 conducted by some member of the reporting company of the city which can give him a complete statement of the people's credit4 ,a ,clipping ,bureau in the city can also give additional information4 ,the information bureau of the abstract office can tell all about the property that the party concerned owns1 the obligations against it and so forth4 ,the assessor's office1 county treasurer's office and the clerk's office are all able to give information4 ,he claimed that these various avenues of information which he uses1 have made him more than #a1jjj to #a1bjj a year4 ,he also runs in a few lawyer's-directory services1 holding himself ready to give reports concerning people who live in the community4 ,for these reports he charges #b4jj or more and if the report is very long1 he makes a charge of #e4jj4 ,these reports1 he says1 run into a considerable sum each week1 which1 alone1 would defray all of his office expenses4 ,,plan ,no4 #gcf4 ,,divorced ,,woman ,,farms ,this woman was left alone by the desertion of her husband and had two small children to take care of4 ,she endeavored to secure a position in the city1 but was unsuccessful1 so she made arrangements to rent a farm two or three miles from the city1 and near the electric line4 ,it was an irrigated tract1 and she went on the farm in the early spring and remained there until late in the fall4 ,she had had very little farming experience prior to this time1 but found that she could not only make a living1 but put up many preserves besides1 and soon she had four or five hundred dollars to carry her through the winter4 ,,plan ,no4 #gcg4 ,,young ,,lady ,,on ,,the ,,farm ,,became ,,ambitious ,she became convinced that by making good cottage cheese there would be a ready sale for it1 so she prepared to learn all that she could about cottage cheese making4 ,she asked questions of all of those who made it1 and she attended every meeting where she could make inquiries about making the cheese4 ,she wrote to the ,department of ,agriculture for a bulletin of how to make cottage cheese on the farm4 ,from these sources she gained much information and started making the cheese4 ,she put it up in very pretty packages and labeled them1 8,cottage ,cheese from the ,farm ,direct to ,you40 ,those who ate her cottage cheese wanted more4 ,she made a price high enough to net her a very good profit4 ,she placed an ad4 in one of the daily papers of the city and secured a good deal of business through it4 ,she delivered her sales by parcel post4 ,in the beginning prior to advertising1 she solicited among her friends by telephone1 selecting in this manner people with whom she could get in direct touch from the farm4 ,she secured regular customers through her friends who lived in the city in this manner1 and in five or six months she had a steady demand for all the cottage cheese she could manufacture4 ,she claims to make seven or eight hundred dollars a year in this way4 ,,plan ,no4 #gch4 ,,blue ,,prints ,,of ,,furniture ,,became ,,very ,,popular ,this man made a specialty of making blue prints of different kinds of furniture that could be made at home4 ,he exploited the fact that the ordinary farm conveniences could be made by the man on the farm and much money saved4 ,if it was a kitchen cabinet1 he drew the plan and made a blue print of it1 which showed how to put it together4 ,he also wrote a letter of instructions on 8,what to ,do and ,how to ,do ,it10 and approximately the cost of making the article4 ,he had these blue prints and letters prepared and when inquiry was made for these plans1 for which he charged #a4jj each1 he forwarded them at once4 ,there was scarcely an article of utility in the house that he did not have a blue print of1 and instructions for making it1 and the exact cost of materials and tools necessary to do the work4 ,these grew very popular1 and in a year's time1 by running an ad4 in several of the local1 country1 weekly and farm papers1 he was enabled to make a net profit of approximately #b1jjj4 ,in the beginning he did this work on the side1 but later it took up his entire time4 ,,plan ,no4 #gci4 ,,retired ,,man ,,goes ,,into ,,politics ,this man had sold his farm and had been residing in the city for about two years without anything special to do4 ,he became possessed of the idea that he could serve his country1 city or state in some manner1 so he saw one of the leading politicians of the town who gave him the following advice3 ,that he go to one of the local attorneys and pay him a fee of1 say1 #be4jj and get a complete list of all of the various offices that were open to people in that county seat1 giving the names of the township offices that he might be able to fill1 the requirements of each office and the salary to be derived therefrom1 and the time that these offices would come up for appointment or election1 also the same information relative to the county1 the city1 and the other towns in the county2 also what offices were open in the state1 with their respective salaries and the requirements of each1 and a further statement from the attorney as to what appointments were open1 or were available from the various congressmen and other governmental agencies4 ,this report was submitted to him and he went over the entire field and ascertained which one aroused his interest4 ,after making his selection1 he went to the office of the county auditor and obtained leave to look over the votes that had been cast for the last few years and found that the ,republicans had dominated the county for years back2 so from this he determined that it was a question of getting the nomination on the ,republican ticket1 and this he set about to do4 ,first1 he became familiar with the strong men of his party and also found out in what way he could be of real service to the party4 ,in this way he ascertained what offices were short and what kind of competition he could expect4 ,while he did not get the office that he thought he was best qualified to fill1 yet there was another in which he did not encounter any competition and was nominated and elected4 ,the #be4jj he paid the attorney for this outline was money well invested1 and he made the suggestion that any young man who desires to follow public work for a livelihood would do well to follow the advice which was so profitable to him4 ,politics is like any business--one must build slowly and carefully4 ,after he has rendered his party service for a period of years1 and even though unsuccessful at the polls1 there are always opportunities for him to secure appointments on certain commissions or obtain good positions through the influence of friends in the party4 ,and receiving the above report1 which has been given as a suggestion1 you will be very much surprised to know how many political offices there are in your city1 county1 state1 and nation4 ,,plan ,no4 #gdj4 ,,doughnuts ,,earn ,,her ,a ,,home ,she lived in a city of about #ej1jjj population and was absolutely dependent upon her own efforts4 ,she chose1 rather than go out to work1 to earn her money from her own kitchen1 if possible4 ,she had always been complimented on the kind of doughnuts she made1 and she thought that if people were as appreciative as those who had eaten her doughnuts1 she would be able to make a very good income from making them4 ,so she started making 8,home-made ,doughnuts20 real home-made doughnuts--no make-believe about them4 ,she labeled them1 8,mrs4 ,blanche's ,doughnuts40 ,soon she established a reputation for them1 as people began to talk about the quality of her doughnuts4 ,they called for them at the store1 and the store people wanted to buy from her1 so they could fill her orders4 ,the result was that in a few years she had bought and paid for a home in one of the best districts of the city1 as well as making a good living besides4 ,to a woman who has a home and children1 one wonders why she should prefer to go out to work when there are so many plans that she can execute in her own kitchen1 and be with her family and be her own boss4 ,,plan ,no4 #gda4 ,,hidden ,,coin ,,in ,,window ,this is an old plan1 but to those who have never seen it worked it might be suggestive of some idea4 ,the merchant increased the value of his store windows by means of concealing a coin or some other object and awarding the person who finds the article1 a certain prize4 ,you would be surprised at the amount of interest this attracts to a display window1 and it often brings many sales4 ,at least1 it has the effect of making the windows far better advertising mediums4 ,,plan ,no4 #gdb4 ,,he ,,drew ,,pictures ,if you wanted to illustrate certain subject matter in your book1 this man would with his camera take an exact picture1 so as to give you an idea of what his art work would be like4 ,after taking these pictures1 he would send them to a ,chicago company which would put them through a process of enlarging to the desired size1 leaving only the dim lines on the print1 so from these he could make his drawing4 ,this man understood art work and could lay in the lines with pen and ink in an excellent manner and was sure to meet with the satisfaction of the man with whom he was dealing4 ,from this plan alone he was able to make a living4 ,,plan ,no4 #gdc4 ,,the ,,way ,a ,,young ,,boy ,,paid ,,his ,,expenses ,,while ,,going ,,through ,,the ,,grade ,,and ,,high ,,school ,this young man lived in the ,northwest country about twenty miles from a large city4 ,at a very early age his mother died1 leaving his father with seven or eight children4 ,his father was very cruel1 and he can remember how each child1 when they became old enough to think for themselves1 ran away4 ,he had three sisters1 and because of the cruel treatment they had to leave4 ,his father refused to use any farm implements other than was made by his own hands4 ,when it came to putting the wood up in the winter1 he would make all of the children go out and work with large saws until they almost dropped from exhaustion4 ,he made a wagon to which he hitched these children and compelled them to draw the wood to the house4 ,this kind of work continued until he was unable to stand it any longer1 and he left for the city1 not knowing where he was going to make his home4 ,he got a job working in a home1 doing odd chores4 ,he had a desire to go to school1 and this privilege was allowed him1 and for his keep he rendered service to the family4 ,he was an exceptionally good boy and did his best to please the people for whom he was working1 with the result that this was spoken of to others in the neighborhood4 ,finally a doctor's wife became interested in him and made it possible for him to continue and devote his spare time to his school work4 ,he realized this advantage and worked hard and made a good showing in his grade school work4 ,when it came to the high school1 he was doubtful as to whether or not he could continue1 but the good woman encouraged him further1 and believing in his fidelity to his work and the great interest he manifested in his education1 she decided to assist him through a high school course1 in which he won an enviable reputation4 ,he was made the president of his class and won unusual honors through his ability as a debater4 ,this is a good illustration of what a boy1 alone in the world1 can do for himself4 ,this young man made it a point to please the persons for whom he was working1 and always had in mind the giving of more service than was asked of him1 and in this way he won their appreciation and their good will1 and naturally made them ambitious for his future welfare4 ,,plan ,no4 #gdd4 ,,elevator ,,boy ,,becomes ,,engineer ,when ,i was in high school ,i knew a boy there who was engaged in the elevator work4 ,his dress was very ordinary2 he had no parents and had to look out for himself4 ,one day he had a conversation with one boy in the class who was planning on becoming an engineer4 ,this boy made it clear to him how important it was to know all about algebra1 geometry1 etc41 and do his daily work in the best possible manner4 ,he was much impressed with this conversation and made up his mind that he would become an engineer4 ,he continued his work at the elevator1 and in this way defrayed his entire high school expenses4 ,he was allowed the privilege of sleeping in one of the rooms in the large building1 which was his only home1 and his elevator work paid for his board and gave him a little extra money4 ,high school was not enough4 ,he must go to college1 and he felt that he must go to one of the best engineering schools1 which he did4 ,he found employment during the summer1 worked in the various mines1 where he followed the mining engineer's work and in this way not only made a good salary but gained beneficial experience as well4 ,not many years ago ,i met him and learned he was engaged in railroad work in ,alaska1 held a very responsible position4 ,,plan ,no4 #gde4 ,,he ,,developed ,,an ,,amusement ,,place ,,at ,,the ,,lake ,this lake lay about seventeen miles outside of a city of some #abe1jjj population4 ,about three years prior to the time to which ,i refer1 a real estate campaign was put on and a car line was built to this place1 and advertisements were displayed showing the advantage of this lake as a future summer resort4 ,after the real estate boom subsided the place did not materialize as a summer resort4 ,one day a young fellow from an eastern city came to this place and noticed the great opportunity for an amusement resort during the summer months4 ,he made a lease for a number of years and began to build up a summer resort4 ,he took the old restaurant building and turned it into an up-to-date place4 ,all people who took lunches at this restaurant1 paid a good price1 but those who brought their lunches and desired to use the hall1 paid #be cents for the privilege4 ,he opened bathing houses and made the usual charges1 and pointed out to the people of the city the great opportunity of visiting this lake ,friday afternoon or ,saturday night and remaining until ,monday4 ,he made arrangements to supply them with tents4 ,he arranged with large stores to have picnics at this lake1 and he offered special inducements to the people to visit his resort4 ,he was very successful1 and after a couple of years of this kind of work he had made this one of the most popular places of amusement4 ,,plan ,no4 #gdf4 ,,riding ,,to ,,college ,,on ,,brooms--,,home ,,workers ,,in ,,south ,,doing ,,it ,broom-making in some of the southern states is being encouraged by home demonstration agents of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture and the state colleges4 ,the home clubs in ,alabama rank first in this work1 and the past year some especially good records have been made in the state4 ,the crowd which attends one of these broom-making demonstrations is such as to make the passer-by think an auction is being held4 ,tuscaloosa ,county1 ,alabama1 grows broomcorn1 and brush and broom-making has become so popular in that section that all the members of clubs who didn't grow a patch last year are planning to do so the coming season4 ,a broom-making machine has been bought by one community in the county1 and other localities have ordered machines for use next summer4 ,with a machine1 twenty-five brooms can be made in one day4 ,each member makes her own brooms and gives one-fourth of her output for use of the machine4 ,the cost of making a broom in that part of the state is estimated to be #bj cents1 with the wire1 thread1 tacks1 and handle costing about #ab cents4 ,good hickory handles cost #h cents apiece1 while those of other woods cost #f cents4 ,tuscaloosa ,county plans soon to manufacture the broom handles instead of buying them4 ,the community that possesses a broom-making machine has a source of steady income4 ,while the broom work is planned primarily for the young people1 the older members of the family1 on cold rainy days and in winter1 find making these necessary household articles an easy way to add to the family income4 ,at the present price of brooms1 fair wages can be made4 ,when a pupil learns to make perfect brooms1 if she wishes to put them on the market1 she is permitted to label them as 8,tuscaloosa ,grown0 and 8,home-,demonstration-,club ,brooms40 ,some of the girls in the clubs are planning to earn money for normal school and college by broom work4 ,will they be termed witches if they ride to school on a broom8 ,the boys as well as the girls in the broom-corn sections are interested in the industry4 ,one boy in ,cherokee ,county1 ,alabama1 has been enabled to enter high school by the money he earned in making brooms4 ,he has sold sixty at #a each and has #bjj more to make4 ,,plan ,no4 #gdg4 ,,girls ,,raising ,,more ,,chickens ,,than ,,boys ,,in ,,florida ,,clubs ,thousands of chickens were added to ,florida's supply of fowls last year by the efforts of the boys and girls under the supervision of the home-demonstration agents of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture and the state colleges4 ,the bronze medal for the best individual record made by a girl went to one in ,st4 ,johns ,county4 ,she set #agi eggs and raised #aeb chickens1 valued at #bfd4bd4 ,the expenses for raising the flock were #ef4ie1 leaving a net profit of #bjg4bi4 ,a boy in ,baker ,county1 won the state bronze medal given for the boy who made the best individual report in the state4 ,he raised eighty-three chickens1 valued at #aaf4ae1 at a cost of #dg4fd4 ,his net profit was #fh4ea4 ,the girls in ,florida apparently are outstripping the boys in the poultry-club work4 ,,plan ,no4 #gdh4 ,,poultry ,,yields #a4ad ,,an ,,hour ,a side line for the farmer's wife which yields #a4ad for every hour she puts into it is worth the consideration of every farm woman4 ,a ,wabash ,county1 ,indiana1 woman has demonstrated that this amount can be made by keeping chickens4 ,last year the local county agent interested this woman in keeping a farm poultry flock1 and as a result she produced a net profit of #agb4bd4 ,she kept an accurate account of her work and found at the end of the season that she had received #a4ad an hour for the time she actually devoted to caring for her flock4 ,,plan ,no4 #gdi4 ,,girls ,,herd ,,their ,,own ,,sheep 8,after paying all expenses1 ,i cleared #a1bdj from my sheep last year10 reports a girl member of a sheep club organized in ,fremont ,county1 ,wyoming4 ,several years ago she bought the first of a flock and she has handled her sheep so successfully that they number #ajh ewes4 ,in #aiah her flock produced seventy-nine lambs1 seventy-six of which she raised4 ,these1 with seven orphan lambs abandoned by sheep herders1 constituted the year's increase4 ,all the care the sheep require is given them by their girl owner4 ,she next plans with part of her profits to buy twenty-five pure-bred ,cotswold ewes in ,nebraska and to use them to start a pure-bred flock4 ,a girl in ,sheridan ,county1 ,wyoming1 in #aiah cleared #ibh with a flock of forty-eight ewes4 ,during the coming season these two girls plan to throw their sheep together and to herd them themselves over the ,big ,horn ,mountains4 ,orphan lambs discarded by other camps are also to be collected and cared for by the youthful herders4 ,members of the boys' and girls' sheep clubs in some of the western states find the salvaging of 8bum0 or stray lambs an economical way of obtaining a start in the sheep-club work4 ,,plan ,no4 #gej4 ,,champion ,,draws #hj ,,cents ,,an ,,hour ,,for ,,garden ,,work ,eighty cents an hour for working in his garden is what a man of ,fillmore ,county1 ,minnesota1 earned in his one-tenth-acre plot4 ,he was awarded the state championship in garden work in ,minnesota last year1 and in his report to the state club leader of the boys' and girls' club work1 he says3 8,for several seasons ,i had grown a garden with some success1 and in #aiai ,i determined to secure even better results4 ,i started my garden on three plots 7all together comprising one-tenth-acre7 differing widely in soil1 slope and surroundings4 ,two had been1 until the year before1 waste land1 and sprouted a healthy crop of bones and rusty cans in the wake of the plow4 ,i made my plans according to conditions and adhered to them throughout the season to save time and confusion when there was real work to do4 ,desk-farming is one of the most interesting features of the work4 8,tomatoes1 cabbages1 eggplant1 and everything that needed an early start were planted about the first of ,april in four hotbeds of ordinary size4 ,all surplus plants were easily sold4 8,in ,may1 twelve dozen tomato plants were transplanted1 and were coming along splendidly until one day ,i found a thrifty plant nearly cut off4 ,this rather pleased me1 as ,i had never seen a cutworm outside of a picture1 and ,i was glad to make his acquaintance4 ,when the seedlings fell1 one by one1 however1 ,i decided ,i had seen enough of the pest4 ,happily1 their depredations were stopped in time and there were plenty of plants to fill in4 8,i raised about two-dozen kinds of vegetables to provide a variety for the table1 and for marketing1 large crops of tomatoes1 peas1 cucumbers and celery were planted4 8,canning was a big factor in making the garden a success4 ,what we couldn't eat ,i sold1 what ,i couldn't sell we canned2 and what we couldn't can1 ,i fed to the chickens1 so none were wasted4 ,our summer kitchen was our cannery and the wash boiler our canner4 ,for nearly everything we used the one-period1 cold-pack method and followed the directions sent out by the government1 with excellent results4 ,we put up #bba quarts of tomatoes1 beans1 peas1 carrots1 beets1 chard1 sweet pickles1 kohlrabi1 tomato jelly and sauce1 carrot conserve1 dill pickles1 limes1 cabbages1 tomato jam1 mincemeat1 eggplant1 celery and others4 ,since we desired a pleasing variety we canned thirty-seven kinds from our garden and purchased some others4 8,in all my work with the plants ,i kept this in mind--that the earliness1 quality and quantity of the product is dependent on the seed1 environment 7including weather1 fertility1 and shade7 and the care given them4 ,so ,i purchased the best seed obtainable1 planted it when natural conditions were best1 and cared for each kind as its peculiarity required4 ,where there is a deficiency in any of these requirements1 it can in part be made up in the others4 8,the total receipts from the one-tenth acre were #aej4dh2 subtracting #ce4db for expenses1 a profit of #aae4jf was left1 or the equivalent of #hj cents per hour net for every hour spent working in the garden4 ,home-gardeners will not have to strike for higher wages for some time yet4 ,in addition1 ,i had the good fortune to win a #de prize for an exhibit of canned goods at the state fair4 ,so ,i feel well repaid financially for my efforts40 ,,plan ,no4 #gea4 ,,boy ,,believes ,,it',s ,,wise ,,to ,,learn ,,by ,,experience ,experience pays--that's the belief of a boy of ,montgomery ,county1 ,indiana1 state champion in the sow-and-litter project in #aiah4 ,and because he wished to learn by doing from the start1 this club member himself selected and bought the sow he entered in the contest4 ,the hog was an immune1 registered1 big-type ,poland ,china gilt1 and at the time of purchase1 in ,january1 she weighed #bgi pounds4 ,in ,april1 nine pigs were farrowed1 all of which lived4 ,the litter averaged forty-four pounds apiece at nine weeks1 when the leader in the boys' and girls' club work weighed them4 ,four were sold in the fall for #ej apiece1 one was fattened1 killed and sold for #cd1 and four sow pigs which are being kept are worth at least #bjj4 ,all the care of the pigs has been taken by their boy-owner4 ,his father1 in the meantime1 has become interested and from now on father and son plan to make the raising of the big type ,poland ,china pigs a main line in their farming4 ,,plan ,no4 #geb4 ,,success ,,inspires ,here are the achievements of a ,tennessee boy3 ,fifteen months ago he purchased a ,duroc ,jersey gilt1 giving his note for twelve months to the local bank4 ,this pig has farrowed twenty-seven pigs and has raised twenty-one of them4 ,the boy sold three of the first litter at #be each4 ,four of them now weigh #dbj pounds and are worth #cbj4 ,the seven pigs of the second litter are worth #age1 and the seven of the third are worth #aje1 while the mother--the pig purchased when the boy entered the club--is valued at #ge4 ,this means a profit of #gej in fifteen months4 ,,plan ,no4 #gec4 ,,girl ,,wins ,,poultry ,,record ,the poultry record for the past year for ,west ,virginia was made by a girl of the ,harrison ,county ,poultry ,club4 ,her record for the year shows a profit of #aaa4 ,she now has thirty-three year-old hens and twenty-seven pullets in her flock1 and has been getting a dozen eggs a day1 for which she has received #fj cents and more4 ,,plan ,no4 #ged4 ,,club ,,starts ,,boy ,,on ,,road ,,to ,,success ,,as ,,poultryman ,that organized agricultural club-work among boys and girls is something more than a contest which ends with the season1 but a continuous1 constructive piece of work that eventually leads the club members into the business of farming and home making is illustrated by the accomplishments of a poultry club member in ,vermont4 ,in #aiab a boy joined the ,vermont ,poultry ,club1 in spite of the opposition of the members of his own family1 and1 in a number of instances1 discouraging words from friends and neighbors who did not understand what club-work meant to the ,american boy4 ,he started with only a few settings of eggs1 but two years later he was well on the road to success1 for he had become the champion in his county in poultry club-work1 having produced the best grade of birds and the most profit from his investment4 ,in #aiad he exhibited some of his birds at the county fair1 the poultry show1 and the state fair1 and succeeded in winning a number of ribbons and first prizes4 ,the following year he became the champion poultry-club member of his state and was sent to ,new ,york ,city to the ,national ,education ,association to tell how he did his work and what he thought of it4 ,the following year he again won the state championship4 ,by that time his reputation in the poultry industry had spread to other states and he was selling settings of eggs throughout ,new ,england direct to consumers1 and had built up a trade in the sale of birds for breeding purposes4 ,one year later1 in #aiag1 he started out with a business of his own1 using his own business cards1 his own business stationery1 and expanding his poultry plant two-fold4 ,he became manager not only of his own poultry plant1 which he developed rapidly1 but found time to take a position as superintendent of the poultry farm at one of the ,state institutions4 ,,plan ,no4 #gee4 ,,club ,,calf ,,brings #a ,a ,,pound ,,at ,,minnesota ,,baby ,,beef ,,show ,sixteen counties in ,minnesota were entitled to send forty-eight boy and girl club members1 with their calves which had won prizes in their county1 to the first baby-beef show held in that state4 ,owing to the influenza epidemic only twenty-nine were able to go to ,st4 ,paul in ,december and exhibit the baby beeves they had raised2 but the crowd made up in enthusiasm what it lacked in numbers4 ,the calves were sold at auction and brought an average of #bj cents a pound4 ,the champion1 owned by ,irwin ,mc,kay1 was sold for #ce cents a pound1 and with the prizes won1 netted his young owner #ddg4 ,later the calf was resold for #icj1 or for a little more than #a a pound4 ,a boy on the farm can easily pay for his education by raising stock as did the boys above4 ,,plan ,no4 #gef4 ,,one ,,ewe ,,gives ,,boy ,,profit ,,of ,,almost ,,fifty ,,dollars ,late in the fall of #aiag1 a boy of ,henry ,county1 ,indiana1 and nine other boys in his neighborhood1 organized a sheep club4 ,a few interested stockmen and the local bank made it possible for each club boy to secure one breed ewe4 ,each boy gave his note to the bank for the purchase price of his sheep4 ,in the summer of #aiah1 a boy presented the following statement of his work and investments3 ,disbursements ,cost of one ewe #ah4jj ,feed #f4be ,interest on note 4#gb ------ ,total cost #bd4ig ,receipts #a ewe 7inventory7 #ah4jj #a lamb 7sold7 #be4jj #a lamb 7sold7 #bb4ej ,wool 7sold7 #f4ej ------ ,total receipts #gb4jj ,total cost #bd4ig ------ ,profit #di4jc ,investments paying #bjj per cent were worth looking into1 the farmers who lived in the locality of this club thought and interest in sheep raising increased4 ,another boy in the ,henry ,county club has developed a flock of thirty ewes1 and plans to have more4 ,his father has become so interested in his work that1 although the boy is rather young1 he is allowed to go to sales and do his own bidding on prospects for his flock4 ,practically all the boys engaged in the sheep-club work are keeping their foundation animals and at the same time are adding to their stock4 ,previous to #aiah1 there were but few boys and girls organized into sheep clubs under the supervision of the ,department of ,agriculture and the state agricultural colleges4 ,with the high price of wool and mutton1 the sheep project1 however1 has become increasingly popular4 ,last year #beg such clubs were organized1 with an enrollment of #c1fac members4 ,during the year #h1jje lambs were raised by these young people1 and #b1jjf pounds of wool were marketed4 ,the total value of the flocks at the end of the year was #aca1agc4dj2 the initial cost of the sheep1 together with the expense of feeding them1 was #cg1jhb4hb2 the total profit made by the boys and girls who were members of the sheep clubs1 and who continued the work throughout the year1 was #id1jij4eh4 ,the results the boys have been getting have opened the eyes of their fathers4 ,the boys and girls in the sheep clubs are demonstrating in every state that sheep are profitable if well handled4 ,,plan ,no4 #geg4 ,,boys' ,,young ,,sow ,,makes ,,net ,,profit ,,of #che ,,in ,,less ,,than #ab ,,months ,three hundred and eighty-five dollars in less than a year--that's the clear profit a young sow gave two boys who live in ,harris ,county1 ,texas4 ,theorists in farm management and the like might figure up a pretty big bill of costs against the sow1 to be deducted from the profit she has made1 but the boys know that such figures would not tell the truth1 because they've got the money in their pockets--or they did have it4 ,the sow and her progeny did eat sixteen bushels of corn1 worth #bd1 and they did range over five acres of pasture1 considered worth #be4 ,these two items--a total of #di--;have already been charged to the sow1 and deducted from her gross revenue of #dcd4 ,the remaining #che is clear profit1 because the rest of the feed consisted of slop and surplus milk that would have been thrown away had there been no pigs1 and peanuts and sweet potatoes gleaned by rooting the patches after the crops had been harvested as carefully as possible4 ,she farrowed her first litter of pigs ,april #d1 #aiah4 ,one died and two were given in payment for the sow4 ,the other four were grown1 fattened1 and killed to furnish the family supply of lard and pork4 ,another litter of six pigs came later in the year and are now on the farm--good-sized shotes in first-class condition4 ,the sow will farrow a third litter of pigs before long4 ,the account now stands this way3 ,the original sow1 #fj2 six shotes1 #fj2 #hjj pounds of pork1 #bbd2 twenty five gallons of lard1 #ij4 ,these four items make a total of #dcd from which a deduction of #di is to be made for corn and pasture4 ,those figures prove that hog raising on the farms of ,harris ,county1 ,texas1 is profitable4 ,but the caution to be written at the bottom of this story is3 do not carry figures too far4 ,making figures in arithmetic fashion1 you would have this3 ,if one sow makes a profit of #che1 #ajj sows would make a profit of #ch1ejj4 ,that is perfectly good arithmetic but it is not good farming4 ,the big profit in hog raising on southern farms1 the specialists of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture point out1 is made where the farm family keeps enough hogs to consume all the waste products1 to convert into money the things that would otherwise be lost1 and that can be kept on a minimum of bought or stored feed4 ,every dollar got out of that number of hogs is practically clear profit4 ,beyond that point the profit dwindles4 ,the number of hogs that can be profitably kept is1 of course1 a matter that each farm family must determine for itself4 ,in some cases it may be one sow4 ,in others it may be six or a dozen or any number of sows4 ,on every farm there is some waste that pigs could convert into money4 ,on most farms it probably amounts to at least as much as on one farm1 where1 in one year1 a boy made one sow produce enough revenue to buy a whole set of new furniture for mother or to keep sister in college for a year4 ,,plan ,no4 #geh4 ,,money ,,made ,,in ,,preserving ,,eggs ,two methods of preserving eggs are recommended by specialists of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 they follow3 ,water-,glass ,method3--,use #a quart of sodium silicate to #i quarts of water that has been boiled and cooled4 ,place the mixture in a #e-;gallon crock or jar4 ,this will be sufficient to preserve #ae dozen eggs2 and the quantity needed to preserve a larger number of eggs will be in proportion4 ,first1 select a #e-;gallon crock or jar1 and clean it thoroughly1 after which it should be scalded and allowed to dry4 ,second1 heat a quantity of water to the boiling point and allow it to cool4 ,third1 when cool1 measure out #i quarts of water1 place it in the crock1 and add #a quart of sodium silicate1 stirring the mixture thoroughly4 ,fourth1 place the eggs in the solution4 ,be very careful to allow at least two inches of the solution to cover the eggs4 ,fifth1 place the crock containing the preserved eggs in a cool1 dry place1 well covered to prevent evaporation4 ,waxed paper covered over and tied around the top of the crock will answer this purpose4 ,lime method3--,when water glass cannot be obtained the following method may be used in its stead4 ,many consider this method entirely satisfactory1 though instances are known in which eggs so preserved have tasted slightly of lime4 ,dissolve #b or #c pounds of unslaked lime in #e gallons of water1 that has previously been boiled and allowed to cool1 and allow the mixture to stand until the lime settles and the liquid is clear4 ,place clean1 fresh eggs in a clean earthenware jug or keg and pour the clear limewater into the vessel until the eggs are covered4 ,at least #b inches of the solution should cover the top layer of eggs4 ,sometimes a pound of salt is used with the lime1 but experience has shown that in general the lime without the salt is more satisfactory4 ,hold your eggs when the price is low by the above methods and sell when the price is good4 ,,plan ,no4 #gei4 ,,protection ,,against ,,fraudulent ,,court ,,actions ,how often it happens after one has applied years of honest endeavor that worthless persons will compel him to go to court to defend his character and property against a charge of fraud4 ,after the case has gone to the jury he still believes that it is impossible for such efforts against you to succeed--that the charges and statements cannot be believed4 ,the jury goes to its room and decides the case4 ,the members are tired and want to get home1 so they compromise1 which means that the defendant loses perhaps #e1jjj4 ,he thought it impossible to be robbed in daylight before a court and jury1 by perjuries1 but this is what has happened4 ,the lying combination has been successful4 ,the court is not to blame and sometimes the jury is not at fault4 ,doubtless the next few years actions of this kind will be very numerous1 as the people who traded property during the war will hatch up all kinds of schemes to regain it4 ,i have listened for days at a time to men in fraud actions lie before court and jury1 and they knew they were perjurying themselves and knew its penalty1 but that did not deter them4 ,they were wolves in sheeps clothing1 and possibility of money meant more to them1 than honesty4 ,the most effective protection against men of this character is as follows3 ,when one has business transactions he should be sure to obtain a signed letter similar to the following4 ,if the parties to the transaction are honest1 they will not take exception to it4 ,if it is a trade give them the same kind of a letter3 444444444444444 #ai4444 ,to444444444444444444444444 ,name 444444444444444444444444 ,address ,dear ,sir3-- ,i have directed this letter to you for the purpose of stating our transaction of 4444444444444444 #ai4444 with reference to 444444444444444444 which is as follows3 7,here give legal description of property and a short and condensed statement of transaction47 ,i wish you to understand that ,i have in no way depended or relied on any statement made by you or your agent in above referred to transaction but have made careful investigation for myself upon which ,i have relied4 ,i have had this letter prepared for the purpose of assuring you on behalf of myself and representatives that ,i am forever barred from complaining in any manner about the above deal4 ,i remain1 ,very truly1 4444444444444444444444444444 ,name ,especially is such letter of value to a lawyer1 as without it he may some day be confronted with a former client who is willing to lie about some transactions they have had4 ,this plan alone may save one his all some day1 if he will follow it4 ,as a matter of fact1 an attorney should insist on such a letter to protect his client4 ,if a person refuses to sign a letter similar to above it is better to lose a deal1 as such refusal warrants suspicions4 ,,plan ,no4 #gfj4 ,,improved ,,milking ,,stool ,it does not seem that a milking stool could need any improvements4 ,nevertheless1 a party recently designed and made a very handy one for the farmer4 ,the stool is strapped to the body of the milker1 and when he rises from the task of milking one cow to go to the next1 the stool1 of course1 goes with him1 leaving his hands free4 ,when the weight of the person is placed on the seat1 the spring in the rod supporting the seat is compressed1 and the rising of the occupant releases the weight1 which assists in lifting the stool from the ground4 ,when many cows have to be milked the work of carrying the stool becomes labor which adds to the worker's fatigue4 ,you can manufacture these yourself and market them4 ,the farmer owning stock can obtain a list of large and small stock farmers from clipping bureaus in any large city4 ,when advertising1 begin with a well-written classified ad4 in a reputable farm paper4 ,,plan ,no4 #gfa4 ,,try ,,to ,,feed ,,all ,,they ,,grow ,a farmer who lives in northern ,idaho1 says3 8,i came here five years ago from ,montana1 buying an #hj-;acre stump farm1 with a small house and barn on it1 and with a few acres of it cleaned up along ,sand ,creek4 ,i paid #b1fjj for this place1 and it took all the money ,i had1 except a little to buy a couple of cows and a team of horses4 ,for the last five years my wife and ,i have made a living on this ranch1 supporting five children1 and have cleaned up the land1 so that to-day we have thirty-five acres under cultivation4 ,we made it a point to try to feed everything we grow on the place and selling it as a manufactured product4 8,last year we produced seventy-five tons of choice clover and timothy hay4 ,the surplus timothy we sold at our barn door at about #af4jj per ton4 ,we raised some #aej sacks of potatoes on an acre of newly cleared land and we have sold them at an average of about #a4ej per #ajj4 ,we have raised about one ton of carrots1 three tons of rutabagas1 and about one ton of mangels1 and red garden beets4 ,the root crops we find very profitable here1 and they give us a fairly well balanced ration for our milk cows1 with clover hay4 ,our books show that our cows have averaged1 summer and winter1 about #ah per month each4 ,we have milked six cows the past year4 ,during that time we raised seventeen hogs1 marketed them at a fair price1 and have fed our one team of horses4 8,we have a nice trout stream running through our yard1 as well as a railway station a quarter of a mile away4 ,we have refused an offer of #h1jjj for our place1 stock and improvements1 so that we feel justified in feeling that we have done fairly well in the five years that we have lived on the stump ranch40 ,,plan ,no4 #gfb4 ,,farmer ,,in ,,the ,,west ,this farmer tells of his success and satisfaction in ,idaho1 as follows3 8,i got very tired of the long severe winters of ,north ,dakota and ,minnesota1 so ,i sold my stock and started west hunting for a better climate4 ,my wife liked it in northern ,idaho1 and her health was a great deal better4 ,so we purchased #afj acres of land4 ,this land had been cut-over about fifteen years ago and the stock from the adjoining town had grazed over it and scattered clover and timothy seed so that the stumps were almost covered up with hay4 8,i made my first payment about the #ajth of ,july1 and in the next thirty days ,i got in and with scythes and hand rakes put up some twenty-five tons of fine clover and timothy hay4 ,i bought five ,holstein cows that the ,commercial ,club had shipped in1 paying #dgj for the five cows4 ,i bought a cream separator and began work within thirty days after making my initial payment4 ,i found that #afj acres of stump land was too much for one man to undertake with my limited capital1 so ,i had a chance of selling off ninety acres of it at an advance of #aj4jj over the purchase price1 so that ,i sold that much and have about sixty acres left4 ,we had a lot of snow here the past winter1 but the cold was not severe1 there only being six nights of zero weather during the entire winter4 8,i now have a good barn1 a small house1 seventeen head of cattle1 three good horses1 and have cleaned up fifteen acres of land4 ,i expect to cut fifty tons of good hay this coming season1 and ,i do all the work myself1 with the exception of one boy4 ,our five cows have averaged us about #aj per month in cream checks40 ,if a man wants to make a success of his life and has the will to do it nothing can stop him4 ,,plan ,no4 #gfc4 ,a ,,good ,,country ,,to ,,live ,,in ,this man came to northern ,idaho1 from ,minnesota1 regarding which he says3 8,because we decided this was a good country to live in1 ,i bought #abj acres of land from one of the lumber companies1 cut-over land1 and began preparations in ,october1 #aiad4 ,by hard work ,i was able to get in a few acres for the crop the first spring1 which cut me enough clover and wheat1 hay and grain to feed a team of horses1 two cows1 some pigs and chickens4 ,i have contracted clearing here at about #ae per acre4 ,off of the three and a half acres of clover that ,i sowed down the first ,october and ,november that ,i was here1 ,i cut ten tons last season4 ,this spring ,i have sown down one-half acre of alfalfa1 three acres of wheat1 twenty-five acres of extra fine clover1 one acre in my garden and orchard1 and about five acres of new clover4 ,i have twenty-one hogs that ,i have raised on the clover stubble1 two cows and two horses4 ,clover makes a wonderful crop here1 producing from two to three tons in two cuttings every year4 ,my wife and children are very much pleased and we expect to pass our remaining days in this valley40 ,,plan ,no4 #gfd4 ,,irrigated ,,fruit ,,land ,,near ,,spokane1 ,,washington ,he bought his land at ,opportunity nine years ago at a cost of #cej an acre4 ,he now has five and a half acres in bearing orchard1 with #dej trees eight and nine years old4 ,in #aiac they yielded an average of four packed boxes of apples to the tree1 for which he received an average price of #a4ca a box1 or a total return of #b1hef4 ,the story of the production of these trees from the beginning is interesting4 ,the first year they yielded nothing2 the second year1 one box2 the third year1 #abe boxes2 the fourth year1 #ejj boxes2 the fifth year1 #a1bjj boxes2 the sixth year1 #a1hjj boxes2 the seventh year1 #b1cjj boxes and the eighth year1 #b1cjj boxes that he sold at #a4bj per box4 ,the lowest price that he received during this time has approximately been #a per box and he says that the farmer can make money marketing fancy apples at #ge cents a box4 ,but more can be done on a #aj-;acre tract than grow apples4 ,for the first five or six years most of the land can be utilized by planting tomatoes1 cucumbers1 cantaloupes1 potatoes1 squash1 pumpkins and all sorts of garden truck between the rows of trees4 ,most of the tracts are farmed this way1 in addition to setting aside a part of the land to be permanently used for these crops1 berry patches1 etc4 ,this inter-planting makes the land pay operating expenses and a profit while the trees are coming into bearing4 ,after the trees attain size1 the only other crop that can be raised is clover or some legume that will put nitrogen into the soil4 #cjj ,,an ,,acre ,,from ,,dewberries ,the following figures are quoted from this ,opportunity farmer and is from his own experience with these crops3 8,tomatoes will yield from ten to twenty-five tons to the acre4 ,grapes do well and sold for the table market4 ,have paid at the rate of #gjj to the acre4 ,green corn for the market pays well40 ,he has taken from #aej to #bjj worth of hubbard squashes off an acre4 ,one acre of dewberries after the third year brought in an average of #cjj a year4 ,he has realized about the same from strawberries4 ,the first year he was on the land he took #ebe worth of tomatoes off an acre2 #bce worth of cantaloupes off two-thirds of an acre2 #age worth of watermelons from an acre4 ,he has half an acre of cherry trees that are paying him well4 ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #gfd4 ,when the ,well is ,dry ,they ,know the ,worth of ,water ,in his poultry yard he raises ,rhode ,island ,reds1 because he says they do best in the winter when he has more time to give them and the price of eggs is higher4 ,during ,december1 ,january and ,february1 his #age hens laid enough eggs to bring in an average of #ef a month at a total expense for feed1 etc41 of about #aj4jj a month4 ,discussing the cost of living and maintenance he says3 8,it cost me #bd a year for domestic water and electric lights--a cheaper rate than almost any city4 ,the water for irrigation is #g a year per acre4 ,my net income from my land last year averaged over #cjj per acre4 ,my land nine years ago cost me #cej an acre2 it is now worth #a1ejj an acre40 ,the above is a remarkable record4 ,facts are more wonderful than exaggerated statements4 ,the above district is perhaps one of the most beautiful home districts in the world4 ,,plan ,no4 #gfe4 ,,wealth ,,prom ,a ,,garden ,,patch ,strawberries1 raspberries1 cabbage1 cucumbers1 currants1 rhubarb1 beans1 cantaloupes1 gooseberries1 grapes1 hubbard squash1 summer squash1 corn1 green peppers1 hot peppers1 ground-cherries1 watermelons1 citron1 egg plant1 tomatoes1 are some of the things grown on the irrigated farm of this man living near ,spokane1 ,washington4 ,and these are the side lines3 ,the entire place of twenty-five acres is planted to fruit trees--apples and pears--now five and six years old4 ,their #aiae gross returns were above #e1ejj1 practically all from garden produce4 ,in #aiad their sales were #e1djj4 ,this farm is an inspiration and an education4 ,every available square foot seems to be growing something4 ,grapes are growing along the low stone wall that separates him from his neighbor4 ,between trees are long rows of vegetables and in the tree rows themselves are cucumbers1 squash and similar products4 ,one of the #aiae yields was #a1fjj from three acres of strawberries4 ,six rows of raspberries #afj feet long brought a return of #ge4 ,five acres of cantaloupes sold at an average price of #a4be a crate and brought a gross return that averaged #bej per acre4 ,sales of green corn ran #fj an acre1 and some of the corn and all of the fodder was left4 ,an acre of peppers brought in about #djj4 ,currants proved very profitable1 yielding #dj to #ej cents a bush1 with about #a1jjj bushes to the acre4 ,eggplant has been made to pay over #cjj per acre4 ,from about an acre of tomatoes he sold #a1bjj crates at an average price of #ce cents a crate4 ,this produce was not peddled or even hauled to ,spokane for sale among the grocers4 ,it was sold at wholesale and loaded on the cars at the nearby stations4 ,much of it went to ,spokane1 but the greater part went to outside markets4 ,,plan ,no4 #gff4 ,,profit ,,from ,,irrigated ,,lands ,it is just a little difficult to tell the story of irrigated lands and not seem to be painting the picture too bright4 ,the enormous crops that can be produced by intelligent use of the water are so large that it is hard to believe that so much value can be taken off an acre of ground4 ,alfalfa is perhaps the lowest in value per acre per year1 and yet this same hay fed to cows and pigs and marketed as milk and hogs can be made to pay an annual return of from #abe to #bej4 ,the well-conducted apple orchards produce from #bej to #ejj boxes of apples per acre per year4 ,the average of the good orchards is somewhere in between4 ,these will run from #fj to #hj or #he per cent fancy and extra fancy and that means a sale price at the orchard around #a a box4 ,,plan ,no4 #gfg4 ,,what ,,ten ,,acres ,,did ,this farmer and his wife1 living near ,spokane1 ,washington1 tell of the comfort and profit they get from their ten acres as follows3 8,from ,november #a1 #aiad1 to ,november #a1 #aiae1 we sold #cjj4jj worth of eggs and #fj worth of old hens1 besides raising #cej chickens4 ,we think that what we eat of eggs and chickens pays for their keep4 ,from ,january #a to ,september #a1 #aiae1 ,i sold #ij worth of butter and sold a calf for #ae1 besides what butter1 cream and milk we used4 ,we raised a thoroughbred ,jersey cow that began giving milk ,september #a1 #aiae1 and she made forty pounds of butter before she was two years old4 ,we raised two hogs and sold them for #cb4ej and raised one for our own use4 ,we raised beans1 sweet corn1 carrots1 and vegetables between our young apple trees1 and sold from our ten acres #fjj worth of produce1 besides the eggs1 poultry1 butter and pork40 ,,plan ,no4 #gfh4 ,,beef ,,cattle ,,profitable ,a farmer of ,davenport1 ,washington1 says3 8,i am satisfied that ,i can make the beef cattle business pay me a nice profit4 ,starting with three head of beef cows worth #bbe and buying #gba worth of cattle in two years1 which ,i kept on cheap pasture most of the year and fed only a small amount of hay for three months in the winter1 ,i sold #hbg worth of butter and cattle in the two years and had stock remaining worth #a1cfj4 ,my net profit in the two years1 exclusive of labor and feed1 was #a1bda40 ,in the ,west everything is being done to encourage diversified farming4 ,many farmers buy their own butter1 etc41 which to ,eastern farmers seems strange1 but wheat has been so profitable in the ,west that these farmers were content4 ,,plan ,no4 #gfi4 ,,hogs ,,as ,,side ,,line ,this farmer living near ,ritzville1 ,washington1 says3 8,my net profit1 exclusive of labor1 for handling hogs as a side line one year was #ecb4cc40 ,this is a good illustration of what opportunities the average farmer has of developing more profit on his farm4 ,it would take a pretty good business in the city to handle side lines that would produce such a profit on the first trial4 ,,plan ,no4 #ggj4 ,,northwest ,,farmer ,,believes ,,in ,,diversified ,,farming ,in the ,northwest much of the land is summer-fallowed every other year1 and when the land can be put to profitable use those years it means much to the profit end of farming4 ,here is what a man did near ,colfax1 ,washington4 ,his statement is as follows3 8,four years ago ,i fenced my ranch with hog-tight woven wire fence and purchased a bunch of hogs4 ,the first year ,i sold #a1djj worth of hogs and have averaged #b1jjj per year ever since4 ,i also purchased some sheep and found that by running them between harvest and summer-fallow ,i was able to keep down the weeds4 ,i made a profit on my sheep in both wool and mutton4 ,i believe that if diversified farming is followed1 sixty to eighty acres is enough for one family in this locality40 ,,plan ,no4 #gga4 ,,what ,a ,,farmer ,,did ,,for ,,his ,,land ,here is his statement3 8,it is my intention to abandon the practice of summer-fallow altogether here by growing peas and other crops that can be grown to advantage on the land4 ,to-day1 ,may #bcrd1 we are cultivating our peas1 and after one more cultivation they will be ready to lay by until harvesting4 ,a piece of wheat planted on ground cultivated to peas and hogged-off last fall1 stands four inches higher than any other wheat on the place4 ,i believe in alfalfa1 clover and peas and the stock to consume them1 in order to return the manure to the soil40 ,thousands of acres of land in the past few years have been put to peas and a good profit has been obtained4 ,,plan ,no4 #ggb4 ,,western ,,farmer',s ,,experience ,he lives in the ,palouse farming district in the ,state of ,washington and makes the following statement3 8,in #aiae1 fifty acres of wheat planted on corn land gave me #a1jjj after all expenses were paid4 ,this was more than double the returns from fifty acres of land that had grown wheat continuously or been summer-fallowed4 ,the same year fifty acres of corn brought me #fjj2 that is1 from corn1 potatoes1 beans1 etc4 ,i sold seed corn to neighbors1 to poultry raisers and sold corn-fat hogs1 and had left all my feed for two cows and five horses for a year4 ,my fifty acres of wheat on stalk land1 the neighbors will tell you1 is the finest field to be found in this section of the country40 ,,plan ,no4 #ggc4 ,,cows ,,return #bjj ,a ,,year ,one of the best examples of what can be done with dairy cows in the ,palouse country1 ,state of ,washington1 is this farmer who started with #cjj3 ,he built up a herd of ,jerseys and mixed ,holsteins and ,jerseys1 after paying for his land1 a few years ago4 ,after three years1 an inventory of the stock1 equipment and improvements showed a total gain of #ac1dbe1 which has accrued to him over and above his living expenses4 ,one year's crops from #adj acres of ,palouse land were #bjj tons of hay1 #eej sacks of oats and barley1 #ajj tons of ensilage1 #djj sacks of potatoes1 and about #bej worth of fruit4 ,most of the crops were turned into milk1 of which #dd1gjj gallons were shipped1 and brought back a return of #h1idj1 an average of over #bjj for each cow milked4 ,,plan ,no4 #ggd4 ,,cows ,,helped ,,him ,this farmer left ,north ,dakota and located in the ,state of ,washington4 ,he states3 8,i bought sixty acres of white pine and cedar stump land adjoining the station of ,matchwood1 about six miles from ,sandpoint1 on a #aj-year payment plan1 and in ,february1 #aiae1 we moved up and began work on our place4 ,we bought two ,jersey cows4 ,the first year1 with a few days work on the outside1 we were able to make a living from our two cows and about #ce laying hens4 ,we were able to put up about twelve tons of good clover and timothy hay that we got with a hand scythe around the old logging roads1 where it was growing wild4 8,the year #aiaf will be my first year with any crop to amount to anything4 ,i have cleaned up in the past year about twenty acres1 have thirteen acres sown in grain and clover1 about seven acres to grain and root crops1 and have thirty acres seeded among the waste timber and stumps for pasturage4 ,my place is fenced and cross fenced1 and ,i have running water on the place4 ,in the past year we have sold over #ejj pounds of butter1 at an average of #cj cents per pound40 ,,plan ,no4 #gge4 ,,wool ,,clip #a4jj ,,per ,,head ,this man1 living at ,odessa1 ,washington1 kept #a1bjj sheep out nearly all winter at strawstacks and grazing1 the only expense for feeding being thirty-five tons of alfalfa at #aj4jj per ton4 ,he clipped about a dollar's worth of wool per head and sold #cjj head at #d4ge to #e4be per hundred weight4 ,he says3 8,i made a very nice profit and believe that nearly all farmers should keep a band of sheep40 ,the dry atmosphere1 combined with the absence of heavy dews1 and the generally favorable climate1 make the ,big ,bend a natural poultry country4 ,disease is kept down to a minimum and the fowls themselves thrive4 ,the high price for eggs in this market makes the returns unusually attractive4 ,turkeys1 always difficult of successful raising1 seem to be in their natural climate in the ,big ,bend1 and those who are now in the business claim that the country will become famous for its annual shipments of the great ,american bird4 ,figure out the amount for yourself1 and1 if you live in the city1 figure what net profits your business paid last year1 then deduct from that the cost of food and clothes1 rents1 pleasure trips1 amusements1 etc41 and you will be surprised at what you have left4 ,but remember ,mr4 ,farmer's net profit is above his living1 which is the very best4 ,,plan ,no4 #ggf4 ,,farmer ,,lives ,,near ,,college ,many farmers in the ,west will not trouble themselves with stock1 but this man shows how expensive an idea this is4 ,this farmer living near ,pullman1 ,washington1 has demonstrated that dairying pays in the ,palouse country4 ,he owns #bdj acres of land two and one half miles from town that he values1 with improvements1 at #ajj an acre4 ,because of the size of his farm he raises quantities of wheat and other products for the market1 but his main income is from butter4 ,he makes this on the farm and sells it to the consumers at an average price the year around between #ce and #dj cents a pound4 8,much of my land is in grass and alfalfa10 he says4 8,we market two nice bunches of hogs each year1 raised on the skimmed milk from the dairy4 ,half as many heifers as we have cows are matured every year and added to the herd to take the place of the cows sold4 ,veal and poultry and eggs all bring in money4 ,i raise thirty acres of corn a year for the silos4 ,this land is then sown to fall wheat4 ,rearing the family1 near the splendid schools of ,pullman1 and with the state college in sight1 has a lot to do with the satisfaction we get out of life40 ,,plan ,no4 #ggg4 ,,cut-,,over ,,land ,,farmer ,this farmer purchased a farm ten years ago near ,newport1 the county seat of ,pend ,oreille ,county1 ,washington4 ,he bought #bfh acres at #bc an acre4 ,the farm is on the bench land where the soil is a sandy loam1 particularly suited for growing vegetables and grass crops4 ,here is what he says3 8,after the cordwood has been removed1 the slashing and burning of the rubbish and brush1 leaving the ground free of everything except standing stumps1 should not cost over #aj4jj an acre4 ,it is my own experience that it has not cost that much4 ,most of it ,i contracted at #g4ej an acre and on two different tracts the contractor made over #c a day4 ,the slashing should be burned in the fall whenever possible and a mixed pasture grass sown in the ashes before the heavy fall rains4 ,no cultivation is necessary1 as the light ashes make an ideal seed-bed and a heavy1 rich pasture is assured the following season40 ,,plan ,no4 #ggh4 ,,taught ,,his ,,way ,,through ,,college ,this young man was a school teacher1 but became convinced that he would study law and wished to make it his profession4 ,he had no money1 was an excellent speaker1 and enrolled in the university for one year to complete this course4 ,at the end of the year his money was gone1 and the next year he taught1 and he continued in this way until he finished his university course4 ,while this is a hard method1 every other year leaving the college and spending it teaching1 yet he made his goal1 and many a teacher can do the same4 ,,plan ,no4 #ggi4 ,,sold ,,law ,,books ,,and ,,thus ,,paid ,,his ,,university ,,expenses ,in every large university there is a good opportunity of purchasing books at a small price from the out-going classes1 or the class at the end of each semester1 and selling the books again to new students entering for the following semester4 ,this young man started to make his expenses in that manner4 ,he bought books at a very small price and sold them at a very large price1 and thus was able to build up a large book business at the university4 ,he now has several rooms filled with books for incoming classes1 and is in a position to give good advice as to the class of questions that may be asked from the various examinations in the different departments1 as he keeps a carefully collected list of questions when the term starts4 ,he has some of these typewritten and made into pamphlet form for sale4 ,he also has a stenographer1 who takes the lectures in the different classes so has them for sale to the students who are unable to take them down during their class work1 or for those who have been inattentive4 ,,plan ,no4 #ghj4 ,,the ,,way ,,he ,,made ,,good ,,in ,,the ,,assessor',s ,,office ,it is generally conceded that one of the hardest offices to fill1 is the office of county assessor4 ,no matter how hard you may try to please the public generally1 on assessment of their property1 you will find delegation after delegation appealing to you to make change in their assessment1 and you will find many of your dear friends who really insist on being treated in a special manner and different than the rest of the other people1 they want you to discriminate as to them4 ,this young man had trained himself for the law and had practiced a few years4 ,he decided before going into politics to try-out serving in this office for a time4 ,after rendering his service for a number of years he was announced by his friends for this office and won4 ,he made up his mind that when elected he would handle this office in a way that it would reflect credit in after years4 ,he had noticed many people1 when directing these offices1 had failed1 largely on account of their lack of will power to stand by what they absolutely knew was right4 ,if an assessment was made on property and a delegation appeared before him1 he would take all the blame1 if there was any1 and would go into the matter and have it settled once-for-all4 ,after a short time people began to find out that the assessor had a mind of his own2 that he knew what was right1 and when any matter was taken before him they understood clearly if their contention was right he would do all he could to assist them4 ,he followed this policy throughout his term of office4 ,another thing he did after election was to call together all his assistants and made it clear to them that they were to serve the public in the best possible manner1 and to be courteous at all times2 and that the public was a final judge as to their ability to serve them and that he was only an instrument through which the public could give its approval or disapproval4 ,after a service along the lines which has just been suggested1 he was re-elected to several other offices in the county1 which is a remarkable record4 ,as to building up any political machine1 he did not do this1 but of course his friends and those who supported him were given preference in his appointments1 and they were loyal to him4 ,,plan ,no4 #gha4 ,,this ,,man ,,became ,,county ,,clerk ,he was a very likable man and had served in public office for a number of years at the court house1 and he in this way became generally acquainted throughout the county4 ,he decided to run for the office of county clerk1 and was successful4 ,as soon as he was elected he called together his assistants and made it clear to them that in this office application was one of the important parts of the service2 that he wanted them to serve full time2 that they were serving the public1 and that nobody should be impertinent or short in their answers and should be most courteous in every way4 ,in fact1 he made it clear to them that if they were unable to render service in this way that they had better leave and1 that they would be removed at any time when the time came they could not treat the public right1 because1 he stated1 the public was their final judge4 ,the clerk himself was not a man given to very much talk1 but he made it a point1 when the attorneys called to speak to them kindly and give the greatest consideration regarding any matter they desired information4 ,this was granted to all attorneys1 irrespective of age or qualifications4 ,the attorney handling the smallest business would receive the same consideration that the most wealthy among them--they were all equal in his office4 ,he also knew that if he was to be re-elected1 or desired to win further political preference1 that he must start his campaign when he first opened up the office1 and this was his campaign3 rendering the best kind of service that lay within his power4 ,,plan ,no4 #ghb4 ,,attorney ,,visits ,,brother-,,attorneys ,after graduating from his college he called on attorneys1 in the town where he was reared1 and obtained the best possible advice from them4 ,he inquired as far as he dared into what they did to make their practice a success4 ,oftentimes attorneys do not know the plan they have followed1 but upon visiting with them you will soon discover that they have followed some general plan of action4 ,if the plan is productive of good profits put it down as a lesson for yourself4 ,this attorney continued this practice for years4 ,he always made it a point to know all of his fellow attorneys and keep in touch with their advancement from time to time4 ,at least once a year he would lay aside a certain amount of time to call on all the attorneys1 and especially find out1 if possible1 what kind of business they were doing and what new ideas they had in that particular community for the advancement of their profession4 ,he states that each year he obtained points which meant a great deal to his practice1 as well as winning the friendship and good will of his fellow attorneys4 ,he states that there was hardly a year that he did not receive something which meant five or six hundred dollars to his practice4 ,some suggestions as to keeping up the business that came into his office1 or that his charges were not sufficient1 or he failed to use business methods in this or that4 ,,plan ,no4 #ghc4 ,,girl ,,makes ,,living ,,by ,,making ,,table ,,favors ,,and ,,decorations ,,of ,,paper ,she purchased several rolls of crpe paper of different colors at #ae or #bj cents per roll1 and this she experimented with until she became very proficient in the making of various table favors4 ,and1 as a matter of fact1 she became expert in making all kinds of decorations for tables4 ,the next thing for her to do was to get the business which would enable her to make profits and keep her busy week in and week out4 ,she watched the papers very carefully1 noting all of those who were giving parties at their homes2 she made a catalog of all the socially-inclined people1 and then made it a point to call upon them personally and arrange to make them decorations for their next party4 ,she also called upon the restaurants and stood ready to make any special design they desired on certain occasions4 ,she solicited this work a month ahead so that it would not all come at one time and make it impossible for her to give them what they desired4 ,for example1 ,halloween1 ,saint ,valentine's ,day and other days when the restaurants desired many of such decorations1 she took these orders in advance and was prepared to deliver them when the occasion came4 ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #ghc4 ,she is ,content ,because ,her ,work is ,well ,done ,from this work she averaged more than #be a week4 ,this is a good business for any girl in any city of #ej1jjj and over1 and much money can be made in this work in towns of smaller size4 ,,plan ,no4 #ghd4 ,,are ,,you ,,competent ,,to ,,be ,a ,,patent ,,engineer1 ,,draftsman1 ,,etc8 ,at the present time1 in the city in which ,i reside1 there is a great opportunity for men skilled in this profession of patent engineering and drafting4 ,they obtain all the way from 4#ge to #a4jj an hour for their services4 ,men capable in this work should get in touch with patent attorneys4 ,,plan ,no4 #ghe4 ,a ,,good ,,way ,,to ,,start ,,the ,,practice ,,of ,,law ,this attorney was educated in an eastern university1 and after completing his course decided to start in a small town in the ,state of ,vermont4 ,this town was a county seat and had some #b1ejj inhabitants4 ,the first year he netted more than #b1jjj4 ,he started in with a partner1 and during his twenty-five years of practice always had a partner4 ,he believes this is the best way1 as a great deal of law is learned by such association4 ,he says an attorney can obtain a start in a small town much earlier than in a large city4 ,he has an opportunity from the very beginning to show his ability4 ,it is up to the attorney who goes to a small town to make sure that he knows as much about the law as possible1 and should devote himself to careful study4 ,his efforts will be noted by the ,court and if the ,court and the ,bar generally of a small community1 see that he is in earnest and has the material in him1 he will find that he will get good support from all1 especially by the judges in his community1 as they like to help the young lawyer make a success4 ,in the large city1 he says it is different4 ,if he cannot stand he must fall2 nobody takes any particular interest in him4 ,he has no opportunity of displaying the qualifications he possesses4 ,he may live and die in a large city and be a ,daniel ,webster and nobody know it4 ,he found after this association with the court of this county seat and the supreme court of the state that he obtained a class of business that was the very best1 and he found that he knew the law better than his brothers in the city as every lawyer realizes that all the law is not in books1 and the association with lawyers of high ability is the best instruction a lawyer can have4 ,in this little town1 all of his cases were in the superior court and he had many cases that were heard in the federal court1 and from this practice he derived a good income4 ,he found in the city that most of his fellow attorneys of the same age never had the opportunity of going to the federal court4 ,most of their practice was in the justice court or police court4 ,,plan ,no4 #ghf4 ,,why ,,not ,,become ,a ,,patent ,,attorney ,i have known this attorney for years1 and my acquaintance and conversation with him has enabled me to learn much from the experience that he enjoyed as a patent attorney4 ,it is a profitable field as well as an extremely interesting one4 ,people generally realize that it is very difficult to get a patent through in the ,department of ,patents1 but usually the examiner has many departments under him1 and the various departmental heads go into all kinds of matters which would seem to the average person as unnecessary1 and1 in some cases1 that is really the case4 ,it is here that the patent attorney comes in4 ,there are people who are patent assistants1 which is different from patent attorneys4 ,they advertise and obtain much business4 ,they are not lawyers1 are not educated as lawyers and have clerks who work under them who are less qualified than they1 but the attorney has a great advantage over these people1 for he himself has been trained as an attorney and is familiar with the rulings of the court and has many advantages when it comes to drawing up the petition for the person desiring the patent4 ,oftentimes before patent papers reach the examiner the owner becomes discouraged and withdraws1 and the examiner is not troubled further4 ,another thing is the drawing-up of the petition1 which contains a drawing and specifications1 claim1 etc4 ,the drawing of a patent claim is a science1 and is entirely governed by court rules4 ,it is probably the most difficult legal paper to draw that is known4 ,a great deal is required of a patent attorney4 ,he should know something about mechanics and chemistry and even electricity4 ,a very important thing to a person desiring a patent is1 that the inventor must by all means understand the device upon which he is trying to obtain a patent4 ,his information must be sufficient to assist the attorney4 ,the attorney who desires to be a patent attorney realizes that the universities and colleges of our country do not give much which would be of assistance to one in that field1 so the attorney mentioned in the foregoing account found that there were certain correspondence schools' lectures put out which went into detail and were effective4 ,these lectures will cost in the neighborhood of #cj4jj1 and are entitled ,correspondence ,schools for ,patent ,law and ,practice1 put out by a ,company at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,every examiner1 you will find1 has on his desk a book which contains #ejg mechanic movements4 ,the knowledge of this go to test whether or not your patent will be accepted4 ,it will be further necessary for you to have a ,correspondent at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 and this you can secure by writing4 ,this man will make a search for you and obtain the classification number of the patent and will forward you a half-dozen or more printed copies along the same line as your patent covers1 and this will be an index to you as how to proceed in your own particular case1 and will serve a great opportunity for you to give real assistance to your client by showing him how far other men have progressed in the same field as his invention and often he will be able to see the various mistakes they made and where he has improved it4 ,he sometimes may also obtain a new idea which will determine the success of his own proposition4 ,now to get the business it is not understood as very good practice to advertise for this work4 ,however1 if you give that work your earnest attention in a city you will find your fellow-lawyers will send business to you1 and soon1 with the service you are able to render1 you will develop a business4 ,,plan ,no4 #ghg4 ,,real ,,estate ,,put ,,them ,,through ,,college ,the university was close to a large city and these boys determined to get a legal education1 so they went into the real estate business and developed a small business which would pay their expenses4 ,one was in the office1 while the other did the outside work4 ,they finally made arrangements for a stenographer4 ,their business continued to grow until in a short time they both enrolled in the university and took up the study of law4 ,they did not miss a class1 and maintained a high standing throughout their college course4 ,during their university course1 their real estate business grew to great proportions1 and before they had graduated they were very well to do4 ,,plan ,no4 #ghh4 ,,farmer ,,wins ,,success ,this farmer1 who lives in eastern ,washington1 tells an interesting story of making a profitable place of his twenty acres of logged-off land3 8,when ,i bought my land six years ago1 ,i only had #ae to pay down1 no team or anything to commence with1 but ,i had faith in the land and ,i commenced to work4 8,the first year ,i did not do anything on the land except to build a house1 and ,i had to work out to support my family4 ,the next winter ,i slashed and cleared some land in addition to cutting wood for a neighbor4 ,the next year ,i broke up #h acres with one horse and set out #cge apple and other trees1 raised potatoes and other garden truck and bought a cow4 ,the next year ,i raised garden truck and my wife and ,i ran a restaurant in the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 in ,spokane4 ,the next year ,i broke up three acres more and planted this with the other land to potatoes1 turnips1 grain etc41 working out as much as possible4 ,last year ,i sold #ajj worth of crops from my eleven to twelve acres1 raised grain enough for my two horses and two cows1 and vegetables enough for my family2 sold butter amounting to #ajj1 and broke three acres more and sowed it to winter wheat4 8,i have my land about paid for and have a good frame house of four rooms1 a shed1 barn1 plenty of farm machinery1 and about fourteen acres under cultivation4 ,the stumps are not all out yet1 but ,i hope to burn them this year1 and get a few more acres cleared up sufficiently to break4 ,i find1 after burning the brush1 that timothy and clover will do well by sowing in the fall in the ashes in time for them to get a start1 and the following year the same grows sufficiently for good pasture4 ,in a year or two the stumps are rotted1 so that the cost of clearing is very much reduced and at the same time the pasture is making good food for my cows2 and if a small patch is cleared to furnish feed for the winter months1 two or more cows will help very much in solving the problem4 ,of course1 chickens have helped us1 my wife doing the work with the chickens and milking the cows when ,i was away earning money4 ,with the large amount of work to be obtained in this country1 a man need not be idle any part of the year40 ,this is a good illustration of what a man with practically no money can accomplish4 ,,plan ,no4 #ghi4 ,,curing ,a ,,farm ,,of ,,the ,,cramps ,it seems a hopeless piece of work to try to bring back a farm when from over use its ability to produce is gone4 ,the party in this article lived for years in the city and knew but little concerning soil until a real estate man sold him a farm of #db acres4 ,after his house was up and about one-half of his farm implements purchased he found that his land would not produce very much4 ,his #bj acres of corn made about #h bushel to the acre4 ,his peas did fairly well4 ,he had just enough to winter his stock4 ,however he made up his mind to stick4 ,government bulletins were secured1 farmers institutes were attended1 he asked the neighbors questions4 ,he made his land his special study4 ,that year his wife taught school and he put in the winter hauling4 ,after the cowpeas he put in wheat which #aj acres produced #ajj bushels for which he received #ajj4 ,he started in to enrich his land4 ,catch crops were raised and turned under to put humus into the soil and fertilizer was freely used4 ,he had sandy loam which he claimed needed a great deal of petting4 ,for six years he sowed rye and crimson clover in every acre of corn planted and plows this under in the spring for late potatoes1 and follows that with wheat4 ,after the wheat was harvested he sowed cowpeas or soy beans and plowed them under in early winter4 ,he uses some of his wheat straw for bedding which he mixes with manure and later is used as fertilizer4 ,the balance of the straw is scattered in the wheat field during the winter4 ,here is what the over used soil now produces3 #ej to #fj bushels of corn to the acre4 #bj to #be bushels of wheat to the acre4 #aej to #bjj bushels of potatoes to the acre4 ,this farmer now owns #ajj acres and rents another #ajj on which he has an option to purchase4 ,he summarizes his success as follows3 ,hard study ,some hard work ,vegetable matter put in soil ,potato crop ,other products made to pay farm expenses4 ,,plan ,no4 #gij4 ,,back ,,lot ,,money ,millions of dollars are lost by people in cities not using their back yards for poultry4 ,there are thousands of acres of idle land that could be made to return a dividend4 ,the thrifty ,japs make every foot of soil produce4 ,they farm mountains and hills that ,americans would not touch4 ,the ,americans are wasteful1 but since food has become so high they see that the land is the source of the bread of life1 and we find many using their back yards for gardens or poultry4 ,many raise a garden1 and when fall comes buy pullets and keep them for winter eggs1 selling the pullets in the spring1 thus raising two crops off the same ground4 ,by right methods1 poultry and eggs are easily produced in back yards at a good profit4 ,the day is coming when not only vacant town lots1 but all back yards will be producing something of value4 ,in some cities many have a few chickens on the roof4 ,,candy ,,and ,,chickens ,a man who conducts a candy kitchen in a large city has #djj hens in a building back of his store4 ,these hens are kept in this building on both the first and second floors4 ,he devotes two hours daily to this flock and they bring him in an income of #a1jjj a year4 ,the egg yield is due to comfortable quarters and a special system of feeding4 ,he gets much feed at a low cost in this large city4 ,he buys stale bread and skim-milk from creameries at reduced prices4 ,he buys lawn clippings from the town boys at #e cents per bushel4 ,when the days are short he turns the electric lights on4 ,he says the hens have to have a long day in which to work to turn out a good egg yield4 ,he gets his highest prices for eggs during the winter1 and it is at this time that he makes the most money from his hens4 ,he has the ,white ,leghorns4 ,no roosters are kept among the flock to annoy the people by their early crowing4 ,opportunity knocked at this man's door and he heard4 ,opportunity is where you find it4 ,axiom has it that once1 at least1 opportunity knocks at every door1 but for every time it knocks to make itself known1 a hundred times it lies unobserved1 while you pass unknowing4 ,i wonder if any of you have heard ,russel ,conwell's great lecture1 8,acres of ,diamonds40 ,if you have1 you will always be the better for it1 for therein he shows how we overlook our present opportunities for the things just a little farther off4 ,,get ,a ,,hobby ,we need to open our ears for the jingle of coin which is in our back yards4 ,every man and every woman should have a hobby as a kind of recreation1 occupation1 something to enthuse over4 ,anyone with time hanging heavy on his hands is a misery to himself and a nuisance to other folks1 and the best medicine for the disorder is a hobby4 ,a hobby lends itself to the means of all1 for just a few dollars invested by the humble amateur or as many hundreds by the wealthy man4 ,you may not have an 8acre of diamonds0 as per ,russel ,conwell1 but you have a small gold mine which you may work1 right in your own back yards1 if you want to4 ,,plan ,no4 #gia4 ,,become ,,wireman ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #gib4 ,,become ,,veterinarian ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #gic4 ,,become ,,weight ,,and ,,measure ,,ass',t4 ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #gid4 ,,one ,,dollar ,a ,,day ,during a recent vacation ,i saw a little girl seven years old sitting on a bench at the farthermost end of a golf course4 ,by her side was a pail of water and a basket of red-cheeked apples4 ,as the men playing golf passed this child1 nearly all of them took an apple and a drink of water and placed upon the bench a nickel or sometimes a dime4 ,i was told that the child often takes in a dollar a day for this service4 ,how many families there are situated like this little girl who have not thought of making money through their proximity to a golf course or some other park or playground4 ,how would a basket of ripe peaches1 grapes1 apricots1 pears or plums be to a thirsty or hungry person1 with even a few cookies tucked into a corner of the basket8 ,these purchasers would not be likely to haggle about the prices they paid4 ,if there are no particular gatherings of people near your farm1 as was the case of the golf club1 you have overlooked the opportunity of putting up a placard or sign near your house1 stating that you have ripe peaches1 apples1 pears1 plums1 fresh eggs1 or other farm products for sale in small or large amounts1 and letting one of the children take charge of this place4 ,,plan ,no4 #gie4 ,,how ,,to ,,get ,,customers ,this is a question that is most important to the farmer4 ,all his profits depend on his ability to secure customers4 ,the following experience will save much time as well as money to the farmer4 ,here is a successful method which has been followed by a group of farmers who joined forces to market their crops4 ,the same plan can be used by the individual farmer as well4 ,this group of farmers named one of their members to act as the ,secretary ,treasurer4 ,this man attended to all soliciting by mail and distributed the first orders and all following orders were filled by the member who shipped the first order4 ,the first question was how to get the names of prospective customers4 ,a rate and telephone book were secured4 ,the classes they thought would be most easily interested were written to4 ,their reason for using the phone book was that a person should be so connected in a business and social way with the city as to have a phone before they be given consideration4 ,this list others trusted and such people they too could afford to trust4 ,with this list there was practically no loss4 ,to such1 a general letter was sent outlining their service--what they had to sell and what they would have for future delivery each month in the year4 ,these letters in about #aj days were followed up with other letters giving a special group of products4 ,the different seasons of the year are considered4 ,it may be canning time or near ,thanksgiving or ,xmas4 ,if it is near ,thanksgiving1 then a list of dressed turkey1 an assortment of fancy vegetables1 hams1 honey1 nuts and pecans4 ,and the prices are such as to interest the consumer4 ,the farmer has not the overhead expense of the middle man--hence they can give a much better price4 ,a card file was kept which gave complete information as well as prospects and customers4 ,card gave names1 address1 business connection1 salary and rating of each person4 ,when a customer is made out of the prospect a red slip is attached to the top of the card1 and a number is given1 it corresponding to a page in order book where shipment record is kept4 ,this office is conducted by the ,secretary ,treasurer4 ,when orders come in for which they cannot themselves fill1 they hustle out to other farmers and purchase the product and thus fill their customers orders4 ,in connection with this article read over the parcel post service and apply same to your shipments4 ,,plan ,no4 #gif4 ,,sheep ,,profitable ,a ,kansas farmer made money in #aiag when the corn crop was unprofitable and here is how he succeeded4 ,four years before he visited a fair where there were sheep and these were the first sheep he had ever seen so he bought three4 ,a few days later he traded one shote for another sheep and in a few more days he gave up his ,jersey cow for seven five-year old ewes and eight lambs4 ,soon he had gathered a flock of #ei sheep1 including ewes and lambs of all ages1 sizes and shapes4 ,his interest grew until he had collected about #ajjj head of sheep which averaged #cj lbs4 to the head4 ,he allowed them to graze in a pasture of alfalfa and when this was gone he fed them at the rate of #b lbs4 of feed per head4 ,in #ajj days he nearly doubled his money4 ,he took out the scrub ewes and wether lambs and fed them #ee days4 ,those he fed on corn weighed #gb lbs4 per head and brought seven cents per lb4 ,the spring of #aiag he purchased #ejj head4 ,when the grass became too short he turned them into the corn to take care of themselves until ,november4 ,his investment of #h1jjj through these sheep grew to #ag1fjj4 ,he has about #a1jjj sheep and when the ewes have a good milk flow and do well he does not feed1 otherwise he gives them oats4 ,he says3 8,i believe it is best to use self-feeders1 feeding alfalfa-meal1 corn chop1 corn and kafir1 or corn and barley mixed4 ,i tried such a mixture with #ajj head and for two days fed alfalfa-meal and corn mixture in the proportion of #b lbs4 of alfalfa for one pound of mixture4 ,the next three or four days ,i fed half and half4 ,the fifth day there was less meal1 and on the sixth day ,i was feeding two-thirds corn chops and one-third alfalfa-meal4 ,it took fifty-five days to feed them out4 ,i did not keep track of the gains they made1 but they did exceedingly well40 ,this ,kansas man is of the opinion that #a1jjj head is all one man should handle since the lambing season takes all his time4 ,,plan ,no4 #gig4 ,,become ,,weight ,,clerk ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #gih4 ,,warehouse ,,investigators ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #gii4 ,,become ,,watchman ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #hjj4 ,,what ,,she ,,did ,,with ,,chickens ,this lady in ,spokane1 ,washington1 kept an accurate account of the cost of her poultry and reports the following average results per year3 ,number of eggs per hen #aje ,price received for eggs #j4cg ,cost of feed per hen #a4gd ,profit per hen from eggs #a4fj ,total profit per hen1 including eggs1 fries and poultry sold #b4ac ,this is what you can do if out of employment or want to make your back yard and shed produce profit4 ,the above figures are reliable4 ,the example of what other people have done is the best argument in the world that you can do as well4 ,these people do not bear charmed lives1 but they are people who do not take a little discouragement as a barrier4 ,the government stands ready to help you with excellent literature on this subject4 ,write to the ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #hja4 ,profitable ,birds ,,plan ,no4 #hja4 ,,squabs ,do you wish to raise squabs for a living8 ,if so the first thing to do before you waste a cent is to gather all the information possible about this4 ,drop a letter to the ,united ,states ,government and they will give all the information they possess about squabs4 ,read all you can find on this subject2 also visit someone already in the business4 ,when you begin it is best to start small1 say #e1 #aj1 or #bj pair which you should purchase from a reliable brooder who will guarantee that the pigeons are perfectly mated1 and that he will take them back in #c months if not satisfactory4 ,the age of your pigeons should be #b to #c years old4 ,if you have #aj pair of brooding pigeons you should give them a rat-proof room1 #f to #g ft4 by #e ft4 and about #f ft4 high4 ,if larger it would be better4 ,breeding quarters should have access to a wired flying cage the same width and #af ft4 long by #h ft4 high4 ,cover cage with one inch mesh galvanized wire netting so that the sparrows will not give trouble4 ,the breeding quarters should have at least #bj nesting boxes for #aj pair of pigeons4 ,store boxes will do--not less than #aj to #ab inches square1 with a #d to #f inch strip fastened on front to keep the little ones from falling out also to give privacy during incubation4 ,or if you wish1 earthenware or wood fiber nest-bowls may be used1 with partitions one ft4 square4 ,the outside cage or flight should have a shelf running the length of the cage where the birds may exercise and parade4 ,put in bottom of flight about #b inches of ashes or gravel so it will be dry4 ,feed the birds in the breeding place and keep the grain dry4 ,also provide water in the breeding house so that birds will not soil the water4 ,bath pans must be outside in the flight4 ,have pigeon loft face south1 with plenty of light and air but free from drafts4 ,windows should all be on the south side4 ,pigeon house should be one ft4 to #ah inches above ground to avoid trouble from rats4 ,to protect against cold in the winter have floor made double1 bottom of rough board and top of matched flooring4 ,this is much warmer than concrete4 ,ten pair of pigeons in #f months will produce about #cj to #dj squabs4 ,if you wish squabs for breeders remove them from parents when #f weeks old4 ,put in pen #a ft4 square and twice as much space outside4 ,it will cost about #b4be to feed a pair of pigeons and #f pair of squabs until they are #d weeks old--which is the age to market them4 ,if the sale price of the #f pair is #c4jj you would realize a profit of #ge cents per breeding pair4 ,,plan ,no4 #hjb4 #eb-;,,acre ,,michigan ,,orchard ,fourteen years ago the first of ,march1 ,i purchased twenty-five acres one-half mile south of ,bangor1 ,michigan1 and two weeks later moved onto it from ,illinois4 ,two years after moving onto this farm ,i set out an orchard of #ejj trees1 planting them twenty feet each way4 ,this orchard was set to ,duchess1 ,yellow ,transparent1 ,wealthy1 ,grimes ,golden1 ,snow and ,jonathan4 ,this orchard was cultivated each year until the first of ,august1 then a cover crop was planted and turned under the following spring1 until it was six years old4 ,then it was left to go into a natural seed1 which is blue grass and red top4 ,these trees had made such a wonderful growth that they were large enough to bear a good crop at six years old4 ,this orchard has been mowed each year since going into sod1 and at harvesting time when the trees were six years old we took #cdj worth of apples from the orchard1 or #fh per acre4 ,from that time on this orchard has been doing better each year1 and when nine years old we made #ij per acre from it2 at ten years #ajj per acre1 and the past season1 at eleven years old1 we sold #a1bjj worth of apples1 a return of #bdj per acre4 ,this orchard is protected by timber on the west and north sides4 ,it is sandy loam soil4 ,the first trimming these trees received was when they were six years old1 and from that time on they got an annual moderate trimming and received thorough spraying4 ,our spray has been lime sulphur and arsenate of lead4 ,we found that we could not grow wood and fruit spurs at the same time1 hence no trimming was done until the trees were large enough to bear4 ,,plan ,no4 #hjc4 ,,become ,,warehouseman ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #hjd4 ,,become ,,transportation ,,assistant ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #hje4 ,climbing with the ,goats ,,plan ,no4 #hje4 ,,climbing ,,with ,,the ,,goats ,two men1 both traders of rare ability1 one had land located in the ,ozark ,mountains1 ,douglas ,county1 ,missouri1 and the other owned level but dry land in the ,west4 ,each thought his land so poor that he could not lose in the trade4 ,the party whom we are most interested in took the ,missouri land4 ,when his taxes were due he visited his land and found he had received in this trade some very beautiful scenery4 ,in places it was so rough that he had to hold on to the trees to keep on his land4 ,the party showing him the land told him that this was good land for goat raising4 ,this gave him an idea--goats would clean the land1 build the soil and they required but little attention4 ,and the goats would thrive in such a country4 ,one advantage the land possessed was a good supply of water4 ,thirty days after receiving this idea he put over fifty goats on the land and fenced his several hundred acres4 ,in five years his herd of fifty goats had grown to four hundred1 he now owns #acjj acres4 ,the goats cleaned all under brush and kept all sprouts down and deadened the timber4 ,the goats had prepared this land so that orchard grass1 native blue grass and clover was planted and grew in such abundance that the owner was able to take care of #ajj head of cattle in addition to the goats4 ,the owner went into partnership with a party who receives one-half of the increase of the goats and cattle4 ,he states that no man will find land that flows with milk and honey now1 but that cheap land with a good supply of water offers a great opportunity to a young man with a herd of goats and a little money to run him for a couple of years4 ,in his #acjj acres he had some good land in the valleys where he raises alfalfa and clover4 ,,plan ,no4 #hjf4 ,,neglected ,,orchard ,,pays ,,profit ,c4 ,f4 ,mason1 of ,hickman ,mills1 ,missouri1 has made a fortune from a forty acre apple orchard that the neighbors swore could not be made to pay4 ,up until the time ,mr4 ,mason took hold of its management1 this forty acres had never been known to pay more than #bjj per year4 ,his profits the first season totaled #b1jjj2 the next year1 #b1ejj2 the third season1 #h1ajj1 and in the eight seasons he has rented this tract he has banked more than #dj1jjj1 in spite of the fact that he had gone up against two pretty disappointing seasons4 ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #hjf4 ,plow ,deep ,while ,sluggards ,sleep ,it was #aiaj that ,mr4 ,mason quit the trail of the grip to rent this forty-acre orchard4 ,when he went to the owner and asked if he could rent it1 they were delighted1 for they thought they had discovered a new brand of fool who was willing to part with his time and money4 ,mr4 ,mason made his own terms the first year2 since then he has made so much profit with the orchard that the owners have been very fair in their terms1 since he had converted a millstone into a bank4 ,the second day after the contract was signed the renter with a force of men went into the orchard1 consisting of fifteen-year-old trees1 and the battle for a crop started4 ,the trees were then in bloom and the work had to be done in quick order4 ,it was4 ,the first year the profit of #b1jjj permitted the back-to-the-lander to purchase equipment needed to handle the orchard along practical lines4 ,the topnotch production was reached in #aiab1 when more than #ae1jjj bushels were harvested1 selling for #h1ajj4 ,more apples were sold from the orchard in #aiah4 ,in #aiad1 due to drought1 the crop was reduced to about #i1ejj bushels1 which sold for #f1jjj4 ,,record ,,of ,,sprays ,mr4 ,mason says that #aj per cent of the orchards in ,missouri and ,kansas produce #ij per cent of the apples of a marketable type4 ,his aim from the start was to have as near a #ajj per cent producing orchard as possible4 8,i sprayed first in the spring at cluster bud time10 he says1 8when the first leaves were about the size of a mouse's ear4 ,that was primarily for scab4 ,i used one-gallon of lime-sulphur solution to twenty-five gallons of water4 8,i sprayed the second time just as the blossoms were dropping4 ,that was for the codling moth4 ,i used one gallon of lime-sulphur to forty gallons of water1 with two pounds of paste arsenate of lead1 or one pound of dry arsenate4 ,the third spraying was the same as the second1 and was applied two weeks later to control the curculio4 ,the fourth spraying was done about the first week of ,july1 using the same formula as in the second and third applications1 to control the second brood of codling moths and side worms4 ,if cankerworms are prevalent ,i use three pounds of paste arsenate of lead1 or half in dry form1 to fifty gallons of water4 8,that is the spring spraying4 ,if the ,san ,jos scale is present1 the trees must be treated in winter1 after the leaves drop and before they make their appearance in the spring1 spraying once with a strong solution of lime-sulphur in proportion of one part of lime to ten parts water4 ,this application is very good40 ,,cultivation ,,and ,,pruning ,mr4 ,mason believes in cultivation for apple profits1 since he has demonstrated that his section of the country demands this treatment4 8,cultivation of an orchard is just as necessary as cultivating corn and other crops10 he says4 8,moisture must be present in the ground and the weeds must be kept down to prevent drinking up the moisture and fertility the trees need4 ,the surface must be thoroughly tilled1 too1 to permit the moisture to enter the ground4 ,fall plowing of orchards has many great advantages4 8,another very important thing is the pruning4 ,remove the surplus wood and clear the tree out so that the sunlight and air strike it4 ,never cut out so much the sun will strike the big limbs4 ,don't do all the pruning at once4 ,pruning should extend over a period of years4 ,all cross limbs and limbs that are in the tree's way should be removed1 not all that are in your way4 8,pruning is an art4 ,i advise all orchardists who want to engage in the business1 as a business1 to take a course in horticulture1 either in some recognized agricultural school1 or take a broad course at home4 ,watch the trees and their needs--study them closely4 ,each tree might require different treatment4 ,in one tree we pruned properly in our orchard1 the size of the apples was doubled over former years4 ,the value of the apples was increased1 as was the color and flavor40 ,mr4 ,mason starts spraying young orchards early1 especially the first year4 ,he says to do so prevents fungus from getting a start4 ,he sprays the young trees in the winter also4 8,it is not advisable to set young trees out in an old orchard10 continued ,mr4 ,mason4 8,we tried it and failed4 ,the trees either died or just simply refused to live4 ,i put new trees on fresh soil that has been rotated in various crops for at least five years40 ,,plan ,no4 #hjg4 ,,become ,,testing ,,engineer ,,for ,u4 ,s4 ,,see ,,plan ,no4 #bag ,,plan ,no4 #hjh4 ,a ,,system ,,of ,,farm ,,rental ,many farms are ruined because their owners have not understood the drawing up of a proper agreement and thereby including proper safeguards4 ,many retired farm owners are located in the various small towns and cities with nothing to do who have rented their farms for cash and they have nothing to do but worry about the way the farm is going back4 ,many tenants follow a soil mining plan--get out of the farm all that is possible today and let tomorrow take care of itself as tomorrow the owner will have it back4 ,the following kind of a rental system has been followed with good results3 ,this owner rented his #djj acre dairy and stock farm and it paid him in #aiag--g4hi on a #be1jjj investment1 after all expenses had been deducted4 ,at the same time his land has improved in production and value4 ,under this plan the tenant's share amounted to #b1hch4fj while the net earnings of the owner was #a1igd4ab which was exclusive of his personal1 managerial labor4 ,the lease contained the following conditions as to owner3 ,active management of farm rests with the owner4 ,financial and business operations are handled by owner4 ,owner furnishes all seed and one-half of fertilizer4 ,all horse power1 machinery and equipment4 ,all feed except one-half ensilage which tenant furnishes4 ,twenty-five to thirty dairy cows and one registered bull4 ,tenant receives one-third of gross income and owner two-thirds of gross income4 ,which includes one-third share in all young stock4 ,,tenant ,provides all labor which consists of own service and two hired men by the year and labor necessary for harvesting and housing crop4 ,bears one-third of stock loss4 ,pays #f interest on one-third of value of cows4 ,keeps machinery and equipment in good condition and pays for necessary repairs4 ,all buildings to be kept in good repair4 ,holds in check all weeds and filth along fence rows and in field4 ,pays one-third of cost of delivery of milk to city distributers4 ,furnishes one-third of fertilizer4 ,furnishes one-third of thrashing and silo filling bills4 ,,lease ,,covers ,apportionment of undivided property or improvement if at any time contract should be terminated4 ,runs for #aj years but may be terminated at the end of the year4 ,if tenant does not live up to agreement1 farm automatically returns to owners complete control4 ,owner can then hire such labor as is necessary to carry on business to end of year at which time lease will expire and tenant's heirs or assignees would be paid their net share of the income due after expenses are paid4 ,the renter likes the plan for the following reasons3 ,it gives tenant residence for #aj years4 ,no expense for frequent moves4 ,live stock as dairy cows gives tenant income each month4 ,tenant capitalizes his labor4 ,tenant on farm long enough to gain the advantage of added benefits from live stock farming and the application of stable manure to fields4 ,the owner likes it for the following reasons3 ,the land is improved constantly4 ,allows him to engage in other business and follow farming evenings and ,saturdays4 ,plan urges tenant to do his best to make grain and milk crops as large as possible4 ,plan assures the owner that the live stock and farm equipment is well cared for4 ,the best tenant is a young married man experienced1 competent and who likes the farm and wants to own a farm himself some day4 ,,plan ,no4 #haj4 ,,build ,,and ,,sell ,,farm ,,home ,,conveniences ,the ,agricultural ,department of the ,united ,states put out a booklet in which are given the following ways of making ,farm ,home ,conveniences4 ,the farmer can by building these home articles save much money1 but city people can also profit by doing the same4 ,there is no reason why men who are handy at making such articles cannot follow these plans set forth and manufacture one or several of same and thereby derive a comfortable living by selling them4 ,large fortunes have been made from most of the articles herein set forth by individuals or companies in the country4 ,along with each article a form letter should be prepared concerning the article made4 ,,plan ,no4 #haa4 ,,the ,,kitchen ,,cabinet ,for plans #haa to #hbh inclusive we are indebted to the ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture ,contribution from the ,states ,relations ,service ,a4 ,c4 ,,true1 ,director ,a carpenter without his bench loses much time in getting the right tools and in putting them away4 ,a chemist cannot do systematic laboratory work without a well-arranged desk4 ,a kitchen cabinet is just as important to the housekeeper as the bench to the workman or the laboratory desk to the chemist4 ,with it the housekeeper can sit comfortably down with her whole kitchen workshop within easy reach4 ,it saves walking to and fro to gather up this thing and that1 to prepare the food4 ,every kitchen should have a stool of the right height to enable the worker to sit at her work at the cabinet4 ,the cabinet must be made of good wood1 well seasoned4 ,this is the most important consideration4 ,poorly seasoned wood warps and swells and is a constant annoyance in opening and closing drawers and doors4 ,a convenient sized cabinet is #f feet #c inches high to the top of the closet1 #ca inches high to the top of the table4 ,it is #ba inches deep and #dh inches wide4 ,the part of the cabinet below the table should contain flour bin1 large drawer1 rack1 and dough or pastry board4 ,the bin is fastened to the frame with loose-pin hinges4 ,by removing the pins the entire bin can be removed1 cleaned1 and replaced4 ,the bin can be lined with tin to make it moist1 insect1 and mouse proof4 ,the dough board should be made of wood that is tasteless and odorless and should be fitted well in the opening just below the table4 ,a batten is tongued and grooved on each side of the board to prevent it from warping4 ,the roomy board can be used for small utensils4 ,the open space below the drawer can be occupied by the kitchen stool or the home-made fireless cooker when they are not in use4 ,illustration3 ,a time and labor saver4 ,pie pans1 lids1 and covers have a most convenient place in the rack below the drawer4 ,a drop table #ba inches wide and #ai inches long increases the table surface4 ,this table is supported by inexpensive folding brackets4 ,the upper part of the cabinet consists of a closed compartment1 three drawers1 three open shelves1 knife rack1 and a row of screw hooks for hanging utensils4 ,the closed compartment is for package goods and large utensils4 ,the drawers are for kitchen linen and other things needed in daily use4 ,the lower shelf is #e inches in depth1 while the upper shelves are #g inches4 ,on these shelves are kept coffee1 tea1 sugar1 and spice jars4 ,three inches below the lower shelf there is a strip #a inches wide which holds the screw hooks4 ,the knife rack is made by sawing slashes #a inch deep in a piece of material #b inches wide4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4--,kitchen cabinet4 ,,plan ,no4 #hab4 ,,the ,,fireless ,,cooker ,fireless cookers are now being made and used in hundreds of country homes4 ,what is more pleasing to the farm woman than to put her dinner in the fireless cooker before she drives to town to market her products1 and upon returning find it ready for serving8 ,the fireless cooker offers several advantages4 ,the first economy of time1 as the housekeeper may leave the food cooking without worrying about the results while she is engaged in other household duties or visiting her friends4 ,some foods are improved by long cooking at relatively low temperature4 ,the texture and flavor of tougher cuts of meat1 old1 tough fowl1 and ham are improved by slow cooking4 ,cereals1 dried legumes1 and dried fruits are more palatable and wholesome when cooked for a long time4 ,soups and stews are delicious when cooked in the cooker4 ,baking1 however1 can not be done very conveniently nor satisfactorily in the ordinary homemade fireless cooker4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4--,materials assembled for making a fireless cooker4 ,in some sections of the country economy of fuel must be an important consideration4 ,the food for the cooker may be started on the wood or coal range when the morning meal is being prepared4 ,in warm weather the use of the fireless cooker and a kerosene stove means not only economy of fuel1 but also comfort4 ,the food to be cooked is first heated to boiling point on the stove in the cooking vessel and then this vessel1 covered with a tight lid1 is quickly placed in the cooker1 where the cooking continues4 ,the cooker is so constructed that the heat does not escape4 ,for long cooking it is necessary to place in the cooker under the vessel a hot radiator4 ,a soapstone is the best radiator and can be purchased at most hardware stores for #ej cents4 ,a stove lid1 a brick or disc made of concrete1 heated and placed in the cooker1 may serve as the radiator4 ,directions3 ,a tightly built box1 an old trunk1 a galvanized-iron ash can1 a candy bucket1 a tin lard can1 and a butter firkin are among the containers that have been successfully used in the construction of fireless cookers4 ,the inside container or nest which holds the vessel of hot food may be a bucket of agate1 galvanized iron1 or tin4 ,this nest must be deep enough to hold the radiator and the vessel of food but not large enough to leave much space1 as the air space will cool the food4 ,the inside container must have a tight-fitting cover1 and straight sides are desirable4 ,the packing or insulation must be of some material which is a poor conductor of heat4 ,the following materials may be used and they should be dry3 ,lint cotton1 cotton-seed hulls1 wool1 shredded newspaper1 ,spanish moss1 ground cork1 hay1 straw and excelsior4 ,sheet asbestos inch thick and heavy cardboard have proved to be the best lining for the outer container and the wrapping for the nest4 ,heavy wrapping paper or several sheets of newspaper may be used for the lining of the outer container1 but the nest should be wrapped with asbestos or heavy cardboard to prevent the hot stone from scorching or burning the packing4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4--,the completed fireless cooker4 #a4 ,it is well to have the outside container large enough to permit four inches of packing below and around the sides of the nest4 ,if a cooker is being made with two nests1 six inches of packing should be allowed between the nests4 ,pack into the bottom of the lined outer container four inches of the packing4 ,place the nest or inside container wrapped with asbestos or heavy cardboard and hold steady while the packing is put around tightly and firmly until it reaches the top of the nest4 #b4 ,make a collar1 as shown in the illustration1 of cardboard1 sheet asbestos1 or wood to cover the exposed surface of the insulating material4 ,this collar should fit tightly4 #c4 ,make a cushion which when filled with packing will be at least four inches thick and will completely fill the space between the top of the nest and the lid of the outside container4 ,it should fit against the top tightly enough to cause pressure when the lid is closed4 #d4 ,the outside of the fireless cooker can be made more attractive by staining or painting it4 ,the lid may be held in place by screen-door hooks and eyes4 ,the cooker may be placed on castors so that it can be easily moved4 ,selected recipes for preparing food to be cooked in the fireless cooker may be found in ,farmer's ,bulletin #gga1 ,homemade ,fireless ,cookers and ,their ,use4 ,write the ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,plan ,no4 #hac4 ,,sponge ,,box ,,or ,,bread ,,raiser ,in making bread the housekeeper often finds it difficult to hold her sponge or dough at the right temperature so that it will rise in a shorter period of time4 ,she will find a sponge box or bread raiser a great help in keeping the right temperature4 ,such a box can be made from an ordinary dry-goods packing box4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4--,sponge box4 ,a box #bjx#bj inches is a convenient size4 ,about ten inches from the bottom of the box a shelf made of slats or strips of wood rests on cleats fastened to the sides of the box4 ,a second shelf is placed four inches above the lower one4 ,the shelves can be removed when cleaning the box4 ,below the lower shelf a sheet of galvanized iron slightly wider than the shelf is inserted4 ,it is curved in order to make it slip in and stay in place securely4 ,this prevents scorching the lower shelf when a lamp is placed below and also helps to distribute the heat more evenly4 ,the door is hinged and fastened with a thumb-latch or hook and staple4 ,several small holes are bored in the lower and upper parts of the sides and in the top of the box to promote circulation of air4 ,a cork which has been bored through the center to admit a straight thermometer is inserted in one of the holes in the top of the box4 ,a ,fahrenheit chemical thermometer that registers as high as #ajj degrees can be used4 ,such a thermometer may be ordered through a hardware dealer or directly from an instrument dealer4 ,to avoid all danger of fire1 the box should be lined with asbestos or tin when a kerosene lamp is used for heating the box4 ,if an electric light is used1 the lining is not needed4 ,a #af-;candlepower light will heat the box nicely4 ,a small and inexpensive night lamp is placed in the bottom of the box and a shallow pan of water is placed on the lower shelf so that the air in the box will be kept moist4 ,the bowl of sponge or pans of dough are placed on the upper shelf4 ,the temperature of the box should be kept as near #hf ,f4 as possible 7#hj to #hh ,f47 when bread is being made in the quick way4 ,if a sponge is set overnight #fe to #gj ,f4 is the better temperature until the dough is made in the morning1 after which the temperature may be increased to #hf ,f4 ,the temperature in the box may be varied by raising or lowering the flame of the lamp or by using warm or cold water in the shallow pan4 ,,plan ,no4 #had4 ,,dish ,,drainer ,perhaps no time spent in housework is more begrudged by the housekeeper than that spent in washing and wiping dishes4 ,a dish drainer not only saves time and labor but it does away with the too often insanitary dish towel4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,dish drainer4 ,a most satisfactory dish drainer can be made by using an ordinary bread or biscuit pan and racks made of soft ,no4 #ab or #ad wire4 ,by using a pair of pliers the wire can be bent into the proper shape for forming the racks4 ,the racks fit into the pan and hold the dishes out of the water4 ,the compartment for silver is made of poultry netting4 ,this compartment could be made of screen wire or a tin can with holes in the bottom might be used4 ,after the dishes are washed they are stacked in the racks and scalded with hot rinsing water4 ,the pan catches the drip1 and the dishes upon standing dry clean and lintless4 ,if the drainer be used on the drain board of a sink a small hole can be made in the pan and the drip drained immediately into the sink4 ,the wire racks can easily be removed so that the pan can be used for other purposes4 ,,plan ,no4 #hae4 ,,heights ,,of ,,working ,,surfaces ,kitchen tables and the bottom of sinks are usually too low for working surfaces when the housekeeper is standing4 ,low working surfaces are often responsible for tired backs and rounded shoulders because of the undue stooping and the strain on the arms and shoulders4 ,the following figures show the proper level of working surfaces for the height of the housekeeper3 ,proper height ,height of woman4 of working surface4 ,inches4 #d feet #aj inches #bg #e feet #bh #e feet #b inches #bi #e feet #d inches #cj #e feet #f inches #ca ,the kitchen table should be raised to the proper height by the use of blocks of wood4 ,different types of blocks for raising the height of tables can easily be made by you and sold3 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4--;,blocks for raising tables4 7a7 ,a block of wood with a socket in which the table fits securely4 7b7 ,a block of wood with metal strips and screws or nails for fastening the table legs1 or the cabinet table4 ,,plan ,no4 #haf4 ,,serving ,,tray ,the serving tray is a strength and time saver4 ,the tray saves many trips between the dining room and kitchen1 both in serving and clearing away meals1 especially in a large household where many dishes must be handled4 ,the top and shelf spaces are sufficient to remove all dishes to or from the table in one trip4 ,it saves steps in serving refreshments at social occasions4 ,it is invaluable to use as a bedside tray in the sick room4 ,the tray when well made is attractive as well as useful and may serve as a reading table or flower stand4 ,the upper part of the serving tray is box shaped1 #af inches wide and #bf inches long4 ,this is supported by four legs #a by #a inches which measure #ca inches from the floor to the top of the tray4 ,the top of the tray or the lid of the china compartment is edged by a #a inch molding4 ,the china compartment is #d inches deep and is painted white within4 ,on the sides of this compartment are little screw hooks on which cups may be hung4 ,there is a space in the compartment for serving dishes for six4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4--,serving tray1 opened4 ,below this serving compartment is a drawer #b inches deep1 which is divided in two parts4 ,one side is used for linen and one side for silver4 ,the side used for silver is lined with dark-colored felt or outing flannel4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4--,serving tray1 closed4 ,in the space below the drawer a large undershelf is placed4 ,the serving tray is put on noiseless swivel castors1 thus allowing the table to turn completely around1 which is a great convenience4 ,instead of castors1 small swivel wheels or the small wheels of a baby carriage or toy wagon may be used4 ,a tray made by the dimensions given above is a convenient size and one that will go through doorways without danger of bumping4 ,,plan ,no4 #hag4 ,,folding ,,ironing ,,board ,the ironing board can be fastened up against the wall and be put out of the way when not in use4 ,it should be made of well-seasoned #a or #a inch material4 ,a board of convenient size can be made by the following dimensions3 #d feet #h inches long1 #ae inches wide at the attached end1 and #h inches at the free end4 ,about two inches from the attached end the board begins to taper gradually4 ,the free end is rounded4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4--;,folding ironing board4 ,a strip #a by #d inches by #ae inches is securely fastened by screws to the wall at a convenient height4 ,the height at which the board is placed varies with the height of the user4 ,for a woman of average height it should be about #ca or #cb inches4 ,the board is hinged to the wall strip with two ,no4 #b butt hinges4 ,the leg or brace1 made of material #a inch thick and #d inches wide1 is fastened with a ,no4 #c butt hinge to a strip of board #a by #d by #h inches4 ,the board strip is screwed to the underside of the board eleven inches from the free end4 ,the length of the brace depends upon the height of the board1 and when the board is in position the brace rests against the baseboard of the wall4 ,skirts may be easily ironed without changing the position of the brace4 ,a piece of galvanized iron may be tacked to the board1 on which the hot iron may rest when not being used4 ,the board is folded up against the wall and may be held in place by using the upper part of the rack for holding the portable ironing board4 ,,plan ,no4 #hah4 ,,rack ,,for ,,the ,,portable ,,ironing ,,board ,the ironing-board rack or holder may be attached to the wall or to the inside of a closet door to hold a portable ironing board when not in use4 ,the upper part of the holder is made of #b inch material and is #e inches in depth4 ,it is #ab inches across the top and is shaped to fit the contour of the smaller end of the ironing board4 ,in the center is a button which holds the top of the board in place4 ,the button is made of metal and so shaped as to give it a spring and to provide a finger hold for easy movement4 ,the upper part of the rack or holder is screwed to the wall or door4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,rack for holding ironing board4 ,the bottom or lower part of the rack is #e inches wide and #c inches in depth1 and is made of #b-;inch material4 ,it is rabbeted on the side next to the wall4 ,an inch rabbet is cut into for a rest for the ironing board4 ,this part of the rack is fastened with two screws to the wall or door4 ,,plan ,no4 #hai4 ,,iceless ,,refrigerator ,a very useful convenience for the farmhouse1 where ice is not obtainable1 is the iceless refrigerator4 ,it will keep meats1 fruits1 and vegetables cool1 and will extend the period for keeping milk and butter4 ,it can also serve as a cooler for drinking water4 ,in homes where large quantities of milk and butter are to be kept1 it would be well to have one refrigerator for milk and butter and another for other foods1 as milk and butter readily absorb odors from other foods4 ,it costs very little to build the refrigerator and nothing to operate it4 ,construction3 ,a wooden frame is made with dimensions #db by #ad inches and covered with screen wire1 preferably the rustless kind1 which costs little more than the ordinary kind4 ,the door is made to fit closely and is mounted on brass hinges1 and can be fastened with a wooden latch4 ,the bottom is fitted solid1 but the top should be covered with screen wire4 ,adjustable shelves can be made of solid wood or strips1 or sheets of galvanized metal4 ,shelves made of poultry netting on light wooden frames1 are probably the most desirable4 ,these shelves rest on side braces placed at desired intervals4 ,a bread baking pan1 #ad by #af inches1 is placed on the top and the frame rests in a #ag by #ah inch pan4 ,all the woodwork1 the shelves1 and the pans should receive two coats of white paint and two coats of white enamel4 ,this makes a very attractive surface and one that can be easily kept clean4 ,the screen wire may also receive the coats of enamel1 which will prevent it from rusting4 ,a cover of canton flannel1 burlap1 or duck is made to fit the frame4 ,put the smooth side out if canton flannel is used4 ,it will require about three yards of the material4 ,this material is buttoned around the top of the frame and down the side on which the door is not hinged1 using buggy hooks and eyes or large-headed tacks and eyelets worked in the material4 ,on the front side arrange the hooks on the top of the door instead of on the frame and also fasten the cover down the latch side of the door1 allowing a wide hem of the material to overlap the place where the door closes4 ,the door can then be opened without unbuttoning the cover4 ,the bottom of the cover should extend down into the lower pan4 ,four double strips1 which taper to #h or #aj inches in width1 are sewed to the upper part of the cover4 ,these strips form wicks that dip over into the upper pan4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4--;,framework of the iceless refrigerator4 ,the dimensions given make a refrigerator of very convenient size for household use and one with sufficient evaporating surface1 but it is not necessary to follow strictly these dimensions4 ,if a larger capacity is desired1 the height of the refrigerator can be increased4 ,operation3 ,the lowering of the temperature of the inside of the refrigerator depends upon the evaporation of water4 ,to change water from liquid to a vapor1 or to bring about evaporation1 requires heat4 ,as evaporation takes place heat is taken from the inside of the refrigerator1 thereby lowering the temperature of the inside and the contents4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4--,the completed iceless refrigerator4 ,keep the upper pan filled with water4 ,the water is drawn by the capillary attraction through the wicks and saturates the cover4 ,capillary action starts more readily if the cover is first dampened by dipping it into water or throwing water upon it with the hand4 ,the greater the rate of evaporation the lower the temperature which can be secured2 therefore the refrigerator works better when rapid evaporation takes place4 ,when the refrigerator is placed in a shady place in a strong breeze and the air is warm and dry1 evaporation takes place continuously and rapidly and the temperature has been known to be reduced to #ej ,f4 ,when it is damp1 and the air is full of moisture1 the refrigerator will not work as well1 since there is not enough evaporation4 ,more water will find its way to the lower pan1 but it will be drawn up into the covering by capillary attraction when the air again becomes drier4 ,care of ,refrigerator3 ,the refrigerator should be regularly cleaned and sunned4 ,if the framework1 shelves1 and pans are white enameled they can more easily be kept in a sanitary condition4 ,it is well to have two covers1 so that a fresh one can be used each week and the soiled one washed and sunned4 ,,plan ,no4 #hbj4 ,,the ,,cold ,,box ,for keeping food during cool weather1 a cold box will be found very satisfactory4 ,an ordinary light box can be used or one can be easily and cheaply made for this purpose4 ,the box is fitted to the outside of the kitchen or pantry window4 ,the north exposure is the coolest location4 ,raising the window gives access to the cold box4 ,by this arrangement the light from the upper half of the window is still available4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4--;,cold box4 ,the window sill is extended by a shelf which is supported by wooden brackets4 ,the cold box rests on the window sill and the extended shelf1 and is fastened to the window casing by screws or nails near the top and bottom of each end of the box4 ,during warm weather1 when the box is not in use1 it may be removed if desired4 ,the box should have a sloping roof to shed the rain4 ,holes for ventilation are made in the ends of the box and screened4 ,shelves in the box may be made of heavy screening or poultry netting or of wood4 ,they rest on cleats fastened to the sides of the box4 ,food placed in this box should be covered so as to protect it from dust4 ,,plan ,no4 #hba4 ,,equipment ,,for ,,home ,,butter-,,making ,there is no secret in making good butter4 ,with proper care and attention to details good butter can be made in any farm home4 ,the quality of the butter is dependent upon the intelligent use of equipment rather than the kind1 although suitable equipment is time-saving and labor-saving and can be purchased and made at a nominal cost4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4--;,equipment for home butter making4 ,milk vessels should be of high-grade tin with all joints and seams smoothly soldered so that there will be no crevices in which dirt may accumulate4 ,a convenient milking can to use is the three-gallon shotgun can4 ,it should have a smooth1 heavily tinned interior1 to prevent rusting and difficulty in cleaning4 ,all butter-making equipment should be thoroughly scrubbed with a brush in hot water containing sal-soda or washing powder4 ,never use a dish cloth or soap4 ,inexpensive stiff fiber scrub brushes or vegetable brushes can be purchased at any grocery or hardware store4 ,after equipment is washed it should be scalded or steamed4 ,a home made sterilizer will be found most convenient and helpful4 7,write for ,farmer's ,bulletin ,no4 #gdh1 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c47 ,a medium sized dipper strainer with a fine-meshed gauze has been found to be very satisfactory4 ,it should be smooth and free from seams4 ,butter should not be touched or handled with the bare hands4 ,it injures the quality of the butter and is very insanitary4 ,wooden ladles can be easily whittled from maple1 ash1 or poplar or bought at a small cost4 ,a thermometer is absolutely essential to successful butter-making4 ,controlling temperatures is second only to keeping equipment clean4 ,a floating dairy thermometer can be ordered from any dairy supply company4 ,in making butter the salt should be uniformly distributed and the granules pressed together into a close-grained mass and the surplus water worked out4 ,this can most easily be accomplished by use of a ,v-shaped lever butter worker made of one-inch material4 ,this worker is made of maple1 ash or poplar1 the material of which all wooden butter equipment is made4 ,any woods from which odors or flavors might be absorbed by the butter should not be used4 ,for the amount of butter made in most farm homes a butter worker #ah inches long1 #af inches at the wide end and #b inches at the narrow end is a convenient size4 ,the sides are #c inches wide and are screwed to the bottom4 ,the corrugated roller having six or eight sides is #bd inches long4 ,one end of the roller is shaped to fit a small hole made in the pieces across the narrow end of the worker4 ,this end piece is of a width that leaves a slot just above the bottom of the worker which allows the water to drain off into a pan as the roller is pressed firmly backward and forward over the butter4 ,the worker rests on three knobs or supports4 ,the two knobs at the wider end are #c inches high1 while the knob at the narrow end is #b inches4 ,the most popular1 convenient1 and attractive butter mold is the brick-shaped or square-cornered shape4 ,this mold can be made of -inch material4 ,the mold most commonly used is #d by #b by #b inches4 ,an inch hole is bored through the center of the top and through the center of a plunger which fits closely into the mold4 ,through the hole in the top of the mold is inserted the round handle which screws into the hole in the plunger4 ,most satisfactory molds of this type can be found on the market4 ,when butter is to be sold1 parchment papers #h by #aa inches should be used to wrap the pound print4 ,also neat and attractive paper butter cartons should be used when butter is put on the market4 ,it will bring a better price if packed well4 ,to make the butter-making equipment complete1 a barrel churn should be added4 ,the barrel churn is generally recognized as the most convenient and efficient kind of churn in use4 ,when an extra large quantity of milk is handled it pays to use a cream separator4 ,a separator insures more and better butter4 ,,plan ,no4 #hbb4 ,,cheese-,,making ,,equipment ,cottage1 ,neufchatel1 plain cream1 and pimento cream cheese can be made in the farm home where a surplus supply of milk is available4 ,cheese is not only a very valuable food but if a first-class product is produced a good market can easily be found for it4 ,the equipment for making cheese is very simple and most of it could be made at home4 ,the rack for draining the cheese is #af inches deep1 #ab inches wide1 and #bd inches long1 and is made of pine4 ,the bottom slats which hold the pan under the draining cloth fit into notches made in the lower side strips and can easily be removed when the rack is washed4 ,the corner posts extend inch above the strips at the top and the corner loops of muslin or cheesecloth drain cloth are looped over the posts4 ,a similar rack1 as described1 could be made out of an orange or vegetable crate4 ,the press is made of two poplar or maple boards #a inches thick and #ad inches square4 ,strips of wood #a inches wide are nailed or screwed on the back of each board to prevent them from warping4 ,the boards are planed and sandpapered until perfectly smooth4 ,the lower board has a circular groove which has an outlet through which the whey drains as it is pressed out of the curd4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4--;,cheese-making equipment4 ,a wooden paddle1 a dairy thermometer1 and a food chopper or sausage grinder with molding tube complete the necessary equipment4 ,the molding tube or cylinder could be made by a tinsmith or can be ordered through a hardware dealer4 ,the paddle can easily be made4 ,the molding tube or stuffing attachment which is attached to the food chopper molds the ,neufchatel and cream cheese into attractive and convenient molds for the market4 ,the cheese can also be packed into small glass jars by placing the opening of the jar over the end of the tube through which the cheese is forced4 ,the pimento cream cheese is always put on the market in small glass jars4 ,,plan ,no4 #hbc4 ,,the ,,shower ,,bath ,better bathing facilities are often needed in homes where bathrooms are not found4 ,a cheap and convenient shower bath can be easily made and used in the kitchen or on the back porch4 ,the shower bath is especially useful in homes where there are children4 ,a hole is cut in the bottom of a four gallon bucket and a piece of pipe #b inches long soldered in the opening4 ,rubber tubing #d to #f feet long is attached to the pipe and a nozzle is fitted on the end of the rubber tubing4 ,a sprinkler from a water can may be used instead of the nozzle4 ,the bucket can be raised or lowered to suit the convenience of the person taking the bath by a rope fastened to the handle of the bucket and run through a pulley which is fastened with a staple to a joist in the ceiling4 ,the end of the rope is looped over a hook1 which is driven securely into the window or door facing1 or into the studding in the wall4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4--,the shower bath4 ,a clothespin closed over the rubber tubing serves as a stopcock to cut off the water if desired4 ,the shower can be better regulated by using a device such as is shown in the illustration4 ,the end of a piece of ,no4 #ab or #ad wire is fastened to a disk of leather or tin1 or a cap of a tin can1 by making a hole in the material used1 running the wire through and looping the end4 ,this disk is placed over the hole in the bottom of the bucket and the attached wire extends through the rubber tubing and the nozzle4 ,the shower can be regulated by the disk being raised and lowered by means of the wire4 ,the weight of the water in the bucket on the disk will form a sufficient seal when no flow is desired4 ,a large tub is placed under the shower1 in which the bather stands4 ,the tub and bucket are more attractive when given two coats of white paint and one coat of white enamel4 ,,plan ,no4 #hbd4 ,,well ,,protection ,,and ,,inexpensive ,,waterworks ,,for ,a ,,farm ,,kitchen ,the three important principles to consider in the subject of water supply for the farm home are3 7#a7 ,it is necessary to have clean water1 7#b7 there should be convenient and serviceable equipment to furnish running water in the house1 and 7#c7 this convenient supply of safe water should be secured with economy4 ,the first and most important consideration is to get a supply of clean water4 ,by clean water is meant water which is both clear and pure4 ,good farm water supplies are usually obtained from wells1 springs and cisterns4 ,water from wells on farms is frequently contaminated and contains the source of disease4 ,contaminated water may be the cause of outbreaks of typhoid fever1 dysentery1 and other intestinal disorders among the members of the family4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4--;,dug well1 concrete or cemented-brick lining4 ,both shallow-dug wells and deep-bored wells may be polluted by the entrance of filth1 vermin1 unclean water at the top and also by seepage of contaminated soil water4 ,these are the results of poor location of wells1 generally unclean surroundings1 open or loose well curbs1 the absence of a well lining1 or the presence of a poor well lining4 ,the first step in securing a clean water supply is to remove all sources of possible contamination4 ,among the worst of these is the open privy vault1 the leaching cesspool1 and barnyard filth4 ,a well in ordinary pervious soil1 located lower than and within #ajj feet of any of these1 is almost certain to be contaminated4 ,the well itself should be located as high as possible with regard to buildings1 stock pens1 and chicken yards1 and as far away from all sources of contamination as convenience and local surroundings will permit4 ,the final safeguards to a well-water supply are to provide an impervious lining of concrete1 cemented bricks1 cemented tile1 or iron casing1 and to provide a water-tight curb1 not only to keep out surface wash1 animals1 and vermin1 but to prevent the pump drip and dirt from shoes and bucket from entering the well4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4--;,dug well1 vitrified tile lining4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4--;,bored well4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj4--;,driven well4 ,the same precaution with reference to the entrance of filth and polluted water from the surface apply to underground cisterns4 ,springs are subject to contamination by surface wash and because animals have access to them4 ,they can be protected by fencing in from animals1 walling in the spring to form a covered and water-tight reservoir1 and by keeping the surroundings clean4 ,spring water should be kept under close observation for any signs of surface pollution1 especially those springs occurring in limestone regions4 ,having secured a clean water supply1 the next step is to provide equipment to furnish running water in the kitchen at the turning of a faucet or by merely pumping4 ,if the well or cistern is located close to the house1 one of the simplest and cheapest methods of obtaining running water for the kitchen in the warmer climates is to place a covered barrel or other supply tank on a shelf outside the kitchen wall in such a position that it can be filled from the pump through a hose1 as desired4 ,a pipe attached to the bottom of the barrel or tank and passing through the wall has attached to it a faucet over a sink in the kitchen4 ,the hose is detachable and can be removed from the pump when not in use4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba4--,simple water-supply system for farm kitchen4 ,the sink is connected by lead pipe through a trap to a drain1 which should consist of cast iron soil pipe when it is used anywhere in the immediate neighborhood of the well or cistern4 ,do not under any consideration use cemented tile for the purpose within #cj feet of any source of water supply4 ,when far enough away from the house or well this drain can empty into an open jointed drain tile which may be placed in the garden soil or any other pervious soil1 thus disposing of the waste water by absorption4 ,the disposal tile should have a fall not to exceed #a inch in #ej feet1 else the water will rush to the lower end and water-log the soil4 ,in very porous or sand soils #a foot of #c or #d inch tile per gallon of discharge per day is sufficient4 ,in heavier loam or clay soils #b feet of tile are necessary and sometimes more for every gallon4 ,aeration of heavy soil can be brought about by the use of coarse cinders or gravel laid in the bottom of the tile ditch4 ,where there is danger of freezing or where the well is very close to the house1 about the simplest and cheapest method is to place a pitcher pump or force pump over a sink in the kitchen4 ,the suction pipe of the pump may be attached to the well or cistern and water obtained when desired merely by pumping4 ,this is provided the vertical distance from the pump to the water in the well does not exceed #bj feet1 as under ordinary circumstances a pump will lift water satisfactorily by suction only to about that height4 ,the allowable distance from the well to the pump for this arrangement will vary with local conditions1 cases having been noted where the distance was as far as #bjj feet4 ,as water meets with resistance in pipes1 due to friction1 elbows1 and bends1 it is well to take off about #b feet from the allowable vertical pumping lift for every #ajj feet the water is drawn horizontally4 ,from the standpoint of economy1 which is the third consideration1 all local conditions which would have a bearing on obtaining clean water and putting it into the house with convenient and serviceable equipment should be determined4 ,no matter how cheap this system1 if the water is not clean or the equipment is not serviceable or convenient1 the investment is a poor one4 ,plan first of all to do the necessary work to give absolutely clean surroundings2 next secure the proper material to protect the well4 ,by inquiry as to local prices of material and labor the cash outlay needed can be easily determined4 ,in the majority of cases it will be found that the well or spring can be protected by the use of the material available on the farm1 such as old bricks1 stones1 etc41 with a cash outlay for little except cement1 or in case of a bored well1 iron casing4 ,the same principle should be applied in planning the water equipment4 ,all material available on the farm or in the locality should first be used and only such cash expenditure should be made as is necessary to make the system complete1 serviceable1 and convenient4 ,it will be found on a great many farms that the two systems briefly outlined can be obtained for a moderate outlay of cash for the pump1 sink1 pipe1 and fittings4 ,in many cases the pump is already installed4 ,thus by the proper utilization of material and labor available on the farm and by a small cash outlay1 cleanliness1 convenience1 comfort1 and economy in the water supply can be obtained1 the value of which can not be estimated4 ,,plan ,no4 #hbe4 ,,fly ,,trap ,fly control should begin at the breeding places4 ,all refuse and other substances in which flies may breed should be disposed of immediately4 ,fly traps should be placed around the house and stable and in places frequented by flies1 so as to catch them whenever they appear4 ,it is necessary to use bait to attract the flies4 ,after they are caught they may be destroyed by pouring hot water over the trap and then burning the flies4 ,any woman1 without hammer or saw1 can easily make a fly trap4 ,the dimensions will depend upon the size of trap desired4 ,non-rustable screen wire should be used4 ,a straight rectangular piece of screen wire is used for the cylinder of body of the trap4 ,this blanket is stitched with heavy thread to prevent the wire from raveling4 ,the cone is made of a circular piece of screen wire from which a sector or ,v-shaped piece has been cut1 and a small hole is cut at the center which permits the entrance of the flies4 ,a binding of heavy muslin or denim is sewed around the edge of the cone4 ,the cone is slipped up into the cylinder4 ,it must be large enough to fit tightly4 ,it is made secure by the bound edge being sewed to the cylinder4 ,the top of the trap is made of a circular piece of wire which exactly fits the top of the cylinder4 ,on the edge of this piece is sewed a piece of binding4 ,on this edge is sewed a piece of wire #b inches wide which forms the rim of the top of the trap4 ,this top fits on the cylinder snugly and is held in place by pieces of tape4 ,the legs of the trap are made of bent wire4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4--;,fly trap4 ,the trap should be thoroughly scalded every few days4 ,the following may be used for baits--sour or skim milk to which a little sugar has been added2 meat or fish scraps2 bread and milk to which sugar has been added2 and sugar1 vinegar1 and water4 ,,plan ,no4 #hbf4 ,,window ,,screens ,all outside doors and windows should be screened4 ,it will be an economy to buy the screen doors4 ,for both doors and windows use non-rustable screen wire4 ,a very cheap1 convenient and easily made window screen is shown in ,fig4 #bc4 ,any woman can make this screen fit any window4 ,often in old houses window frames have warped and it is hard to make screen frames fit the windows4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4--,window screen4 ,heavy denim or jeans or any other heavy material1 of dark color1 is cut into strips #d inches wide4 ,this is sewed around the edge of the screen1 leaving about #b inches of the doubled material as strips for eyelets4 ,eyelets are worked across the top and down the side strips4 ,small tacks are driven in the lower casing of the top window and down the sides of the window frames4 ,the eyelets in the window screen are fastened over the heads of the tacks and thus the screen is held in place4 ,this screen can only be used when the upper window cannot be lowered and it can be removed easily when not needed4 ,,plan ,no4 #hbg4 ,,cookstove ,,drier ,,or ,,evaporator ,vegetables and fruits can be dried in an oven1 in trays or racks over the kitchen stove1 or in a specially constructed drier4 ,there are small driers on the market which give satisfactory results4 ,the small cookstove driers or evaporators are small oven-like structures1 usually made of galvanized sheet iron1 or of wood and galvanized iron4 ,they are of such a size that they can be placed on the top of an ordinary wood or coal range1 or a kerosene stove4 ,these driers hold a series of small trays on which fruit or vegetables are placed after being prepared for drying4 ,portable outdoor evaporators are especially convenient when it is desirable to dry as much as ten bushels of fruit or vegetables a day4 ,they are usually constructed of wood except the parts in direct contact with the heater4 ,the homemade dry kiln used in some sections of the country can be cheaply and easily made of brick and stone4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd4--;,cookstove drier or evaporator4 ,a drier that can be used on a wood or coal range or a kerosene stove can be easily and cheaply made4 ,dimensions3 ,base1 #bd by #af inches2 height1 #cf inches 7including the height of the base74 ,the drier can be made smaller if desired4 ,a base six inches high is made of galvanized sheet iron4 ,this base flares slightly toward the bottom and has two small openings for ventilation in each of the four sides4 ,on the base rests a box-like frame made of #a or #a inch strips of wood4 ,the two sides are braced with #a-;inch strips which serve as cleats on which the trays in the drier rest4 ,these are placed at intervals of #c inches4 ,the frame is covered with tin or galvanized sheet iron1 which is tacked to the wooden strips of the frame4 ,thin strips of wood may be used instead of tin or sheet iron4 ,the door is fitted on small hinges and fastened with a thumb latch4 ,it opens wide so that the trays can be easily removed4 ,the bottom in the drier is made of a piece of perforated galvanized sheet iron4 ,two inches above the bottom is placed a solid sheet of galvanized iron1 three inches less in length and width than the bottom4 ,this sheet rests on two wires fastened to the sides of the drier4 ,this prevents the direct heat from coming in contact with the product and serves as a radiator to spread the heat more evenly4 ,the first tray is placed three inches above the radiator4 ,the trays rest on cleats three inches apart4 ,a drier of the given dimensions will hold eight trays4 ,the frame of the tray is made of #a-;inch strips on which is tacked galvanized screen wire1 which forms the bottom of the tray4 ,the tray is #ba by #ae inches1 making it three inches less in depth than the drier4 ,the lowest tray when placed in the drier is pushed to the back1 leaving the #c-;inch space in front4 ,the next tray is placed even with the front1 leaving a #c-;inch space in the back4 ,the other trays alternate in the same way4 ,a ventilator opening is left in the top of the drier through which the moist air may pass away4 ,the principle of construction is that currents of heated air pass over the product as well as up through it1 gathering the moisture and passing away4 ,the current of air produces a more rapid and uniform drying4 ,the upper trays can be shifted to the lower part of the drier and the lower trays to the upper part as the drying proceeds1 so as to dry products uniformly throughout4 ,,plan ,no4 #hbh4 ,,the ,,cleaning ,,closet ,entrance of dust and dirt into a house is unavoidable1 and the housekeeper is compelled to spend some of her time and energy in the daily cleaning4 ,through the use of better equipment and more systematic planning she is able to do the cleaning more easily and quickly4 ,it is well to have a special place where cleaning utensils may be kept in the best condition and ready for instant use4 ,much time and energy is spent in collecting the utensils needed for cleaning4 ,a closet1 cupboard1 or wardrobe1 in the kitchen is the best place for keeping the cleaning utensils4 ,a back-stair closet is also a good place4 ,one end of a back porch may be inclosed and used for such a purpose4 ,the closet should have plenty of hooks and racks for utensils and a shelf for cleaning materials4 ,the housekeeper should choose utensils according to her own needs and according to the requirements of her house4 ,those suggested below are inexpensive and will help to lighten the work of cleaning3 ,bucket with wringer for mopping4 ,a piece of inch board #ae inches square with rollers makes a convenient platform on which to set the mop bucket1 and permits it to be moved easily without lifting4 ,wall mop made by tying a bag made of wool or cotton cloth over an ordinary broom4 ,a broom1 with a hook screw in the end of the handle by which it can be hung up4 ,a long-handled dustpan4 ,several brushes for cleaning purposes4 ,cheesecloth1 worn silk1 and flannelette for dusters4 ,dusters may be made by dipping pieces of cheesecloth in two quarts of warm water to which one-half cup of kerosene has been added4 ,these cloths should be kept away from the stove and lighted lamps1 as they are inflammable4 ,a blackboard eraser covered with flannelette for stove polishing4 ,an oiled floor mop to use on oiled or polished floors4 ,several makes can be found on the market1 or one may be made of old stockings or any discarded woolen of flannelette material4 ,the material is cut into one-inch strips and sewed across the middle to a foundation of heavy cloth4 ,this is fastened to an old broom handle or used in a clamp mop handle4 ,the mop is dipped into a solution made of one-half cup of melted paraffin and one cup kerosene and allowed to dry4 ,to keep it moist1 it is rolled tight and kept in a paper bag1 away from stove or lamp4 ,a carpet sweeper or a vacuum cleaner should be used in the daily cleaning of carpets and rugs4 ,a vacuum cleaner operated by hand or electric power removes practically all the dust and dirt from carpets and rugs in a dustless manner4 ,,plan ,no4 #hbi4 ,,basket ,,boarders ,during the war people have been thrown upon their own resources and many methods of making a living have been attempted4 ,many suggestions have been given by the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture as to plans which would be feasible for making a living4 ,one suggestion is a plan followed by a ,new ,york woman4 ,she had a small income but it was not sufficient to care for herself and small child4 ,she arranged to board and room #ae girls and boys from the farm4 ,and this board and room was paid with baskets of provisions from the farm from each of the children's parents4 ,she conducted her home on a dormitory plan of a college4 ,each of the students took care of their own rooms and spent their week ends with their parents at which time their washing was taken along or sent to the city laundry at the expense of the student4 ,this idea has wonderful possibilities4 ,there are thousands of boys and girls from the farms that cannot go to ,high ,school because of the lack of ready cash4 ,but if a woman who can furnish the best of references will charge them #aj a month and a weekly basket of provisions from their farms it would be possible for them to have a ,high ,school or ,college education4 ,with fifteen children this would mean an income of #aej a month and the lady could figure out what kind of provisions from week to week she needed and have the boys and girls regulate their baskets accordingly4 ,if it was not practical for the boys and girls to return to the farms to bring baskets in person the baskets could easily be sent in by parcel post4 ,any woman who has a family and is unable to go out to work can make a good income in this way as well as do a great favor to the boy and girl on the farm4 ,this is a good way for thousands of town and city families to escape the high cost of living and take from the farmer what he has to pay with--i4 e41 food for the education of his children4 ,,opportunities ,,in ,,public ,,office ,there are many opportunities in public office in every city1 and county in the ,united ,states4 ,many a man with a dark outlook1 if familiar with the many opportunities in public service1 might find awaiting him just the kind of work he likes best4 ,in this field there is work from the most ordinary labor to the professions4 ,activities of the city1 county1 state and national government each year create opportunities which should not be overlooked by those who desire employment or who already have employment and desire work more in accord with their tastes4 ,there is1 perhaps1 no more ideal work one can be engaged in4 ,in public service you work under the best conditions and the workers do not sacrifice their liberties1 and the hours and pay are good4 ,civil ,service is now used by many city governments1 which insures permanency4 ,the ,government every year offers great opportunities to workers through ,civil ,service which is set forth in ,plan ,no4 #bag4 ,as space in this book will not permit me to enumerate the many opportunities given by governments in all cities1 counties and states1 ,i have taken the ,city of ,spokane1 ,county of ,spokane1 ,state of ,washington1 as an illustration and from this it will be easy for you to check up the opportunities in your own locality4 ,this brief of public affairs will be suggestive to those people who desire to enter public service as a career1 as from this they can determine what work best suits their abilities4 ,the ,city of ,spokane has been for a number of years under the commission form of government4 ,the people elect five men at #c1ejj each to run the affairs of the city4 ,these men direct the affairs of the city much like the manager of a business4 ,the salaries encourages good business ability to contest for these offices4 ,each commissioner is given a department and each department has a certain number of divisions1 which are as follows3 ,those with a star before the name are either named by the commissioner at the head of the department or by the five commissioners together4 ,those names before which no star appears are covered by the ,civil ,service ,board4 ,if the office is appointive the thing for you to do is to get in touch with the party who gives appointments4 ,each division in the city departments offer opportunity for various kinds of service1 the nature of which is shown4 ,your city offers like opportunities4 ,,department ,,of ,,public ,,affairs ,,plan ,no4 #hcj4 ,,health ,,divisions 99 ,health ,officer1 named by ,health ,board #cjj4jj per month4 99 ,assistant ,health ,officer #baj4jj ,clerk #abj4jj ,associated ,clerk #ajj4jj ,office ,attendant #gj4jj ,public ,health ,nurse #ij4jj ,,sanitary ,,inspection ,sanitary ,inspector 7collects milk samples7 #ajj4jj per month4 ,sanitary ,inspector #ajj4jj ,intelligence ,officer #ajj4jj ,emergency ,inspectors1 as needed #d4jj day4 ,,quarantine ,quarantine ,officer #abj4jj per month4 ,,food ,,regulation ,milk ,inspector #acb4ej per month4 ,bacteriologist #aej4jj ,food ,inspector 7meat7 #aae4jj ,restaurant and ,bakery ,inspector #aje4jj ,food ,inspector #aae4jj ,,isolation ,,hospital--,,rivercrest ,superintendent #ij4jj per month4 ,g4 ,u4 ,nurse #gj4jj ,nurses1 as needed #fe4jj ,utility ,man #hj4jj per month4 ,housekeeper #gj4jj ,assistant ,housekeeper #ej4jj #aj,steward and ,assistant #ace4jj ,extra labor as needed #d4jj day4 ,,emergency ,,hospital ,chief ,steward #abe4jj per month4 ,first ,assistant ,steward #aae4jj ,second ,assistant ,steward #aje4jj #aj ,it is provided that the ,health ,officer may1 in his discretion1 apportion this monthly salary between the steward and assistant1 provided the aggregate salaries of both shall not exceed #ace per month4 ,,plan ,no4 #hca4 ,,city ,,hall ,,division ,elevator ,operators #he4jj per month4 ,utility ,man1 additional #be4jj ,janitors #ij4jj ,telephone ,operators #ie4jj ,substitutes at above rates4 ,,plan ,no4 #hcb4 ,,weights ,,and ,,measures ,,division 99 ,inspector #acb4ej per month4 ,,plan ,no4 #hcc4 ,,labor ,,agent',s ,,division 99 ,labor ,agent #afe4jj per month4 ,assistant1 male #aae4jj ,assistant1 female #he4jj ,,public ,,market ,market ,master as needed #he4jj per month4 ,,dental ,,clinic ,school ,dentist1 nine and one-half months #he4jj per month4 ,,municipal ,,fish ,,market ,salesman #ajj4jj per month4 ,salesman #ij4jj ,,plan ,no4 #hcd4 ,,crematory ,,division 99 ,superintendent #bjj4jj per month4 ,assistant ,superintendent #abj4jj ,night ,foreman #aaj4jj ,bookkeeper #aaj4jj ,collector #ie4jj ,,household ,,and ,,trade ,,refuse ,,collection ,barnman #ajj4jj per month4 ,blacksmith #aae4jj ,utility ,man #aae4jj ,night ,laborers #e4jj day4 ,day ,laborers #e4jj ,,refuse ,,disposal ,engineer #aje4jj per month4 ,fireman #ajj4jj ,mechanics1 as needed ,going wage4 ,,department ,,of ,,public ,,safety ,,plan ,no4 #hce4 ,,commissioner',s ,,division 99 ,secretary #adj4jj per month4 ,stenographer-,permit ,clerk #abj4jj ,,plan ,no4 #hcf4 ,,fire ,,division 99 ,chief #bbe4jj per month4 ,assistant ,chiefs #age4jj ,electrician #age4jj ,secretary #adj4jj ,master ,mechanic #afj4jj ,linemen #abe4jj ,telephone ,operators #he4jj ,captains #ace4jj ,lieutenants #abe4jj ,engineers #acj4jj ,truckmen1 ,drivers and ,pipemen3 ,first year service #ajj4jj ,second year service #aaj4jj ,third year service #abj4jj ,firemen assigned to shop work1 additional #e4jj per month4 ,officers as fire inspectors downtown1 additional #e4jj ,,plan ,no4 #hcg4 ,,police ,,division 99 ,chief #bbe4jj per month4 ,secretary #adj4jj ,clerk #aaj4jj ,stenographer #ajj4jj ,captain of ,detectives #afj4jj ,captains of ,police #aej4jj ,sergeants #acj4jj ,plain ,clothes ,men #acj4jj ,bailiff #abj4jj ,bertillon ,officer #adj4jj ,license ,officer 7,inspector7 #abj4jj ,patrol ,chauffeurs #abj4jj ,emergency ,chauffeurs #aaj4jj ,alarm ,operators #he4jj ,police ,woman #ej4jj ,patrolmen3 ,first year service #ajj4jj ,second year service #aaj4jj ,third year service #abj4jj ,special ,police1 as needed #d4jj day4 ,jailers #abj4jj per month4 ,matrons #ie4jj ,,building ,,inspection 99 ,building ,inspector #age4jj per month4 ,,electrical ,,inspection 99 ,electrical ,inspector #afj4jj per month4 99 ,assistant ,electrical ,inspector #adj4jj ,,plumbing ,,inspection 99 ,plumbing ,inspector #afj4jj per month4 ,,boiler ,,and ,,elevator ,,inspection 99 ,boiler and ,elevator ,inspector #afj4jj per month4 ,,department ,,of ,,public ,,utilities ,,plan ,no4 #hch4 ,,commissioner',s ,,division4 99 ,superintendent and ,assistant to the ,commissioner #bjj4jj per month4 ,,city ,,laboratory ,city ,chemist #afj4jj per month4 ,assistant ,chemist #abe4jj ,,water ,,division 99 ,superintendent #cjj4jj per month4 ,chief ,accountant #ace4jj ,bookkeeper 7,class ,a7 #ace4jj ,clerk to ,superintendent #abj4jj ,bookkeeper 7,class ,b7 #abj4jj ,storekeeper #abj4jj ,civil ,engineer #adj4jj ,draftsman and ,estimator #acj4jj ,chief ,rate ,clerk #adj4jj ,assistant ,cashier #acj4jj ,bookkeeper1 consumers accounts #ace4jj ,ledger ,clerks #abj4jj ,permit ,clerk #abj4jj ,counter ,clerk #aaj4jj ,bill ,clerk #ij4jj ,addressograph ,clerk #hj4jj ,stenographer #hj4jj ,chief of ,meter ,bureau #aej4jj ,meter ,bureau ,clerk #ajj4jj ,meter ,shop ,foreman #abj4jj ,meter ,inspectors #aaj4jj ,meter ,readers #ajj4jj ,meter ,repair ,men #ajj4jj ,chief ,inspector #ace4jj ,assistant inspector #abj4jj ,inspectors #aje4jj ,repair and ,yard ,foreman #acj4jj ,tapping ,foreman #abe4jj ,clerk at ,meter ,building #aje4jj ,chief ,engineer #aej4jj ,assistant ,engineers #acj4jj ,chief ,electrical ,engineer #aej4jj ,assistant ,electrical ,engineers #acj4jj ,engineer1 ,lincoln ,heights ,station #aae4jj ,pump ,tenders #aaj4jj ,the ,superintendent of ,water ,division may employ the following when needed3 ,foreman #f4jj per day4 ,assistant ,foreman #e4ej ,caulkers and ,tappers #d4fj ,powdermen #d4fj ,blacksmith ,helpers #d4ej ,truck ,drivers #d4ej ,inspectors #d4be ,laborers #d4jj ,mechanics ,going wage4 ,,department ,,of ,,public ,,works ,,plan ,no4 #hci4 ,,commissioner',s ,,division 99 ,superintendent #agj4jj per month4 ,improvement ,clerk-,stenographer #acb4ej ,bookkeeper #acg4ej ,cost and ,distribution ,clerk #acb4ej ,,plan ,no4 #hdj4 ,,engineering ,,division 99 ,city ,engineer #cjj4jj per month4 ,chief ,field ,engineer #afg4ej ,chief ,office ,engineer #afg4ej ,sewer ,engineer #adj4jj ,instrument ,man #abg4ej ,draftsman #acg4ej ,chief ,clerk #adj4jj ,counter ,clerk #abj4jj ,abstract ,clerk #abj4jj ,chainmen1 as needed #ajj4jj ,improvement ,inspectors1 as needed #d4ej day4 ,bridge ,foreman1 as needed #f4jj ,bridgemen1 as needed ,going ,wage4 ,,plan ,no4 #hda4 ,,sewer ,,division ,superintendent #acb4ej per month4 ,inspector #aaj4jj ,sewer ,men1 as needed #d4be day4 ,,asphalt ,,plant 99 ,superintendent #age4jj per month4 ,plant ,foreman1 as needed #e4ej day4 ,plant ,engineer1 as needed ,going wage4 ,blacksmiths1 as needed #e4jj per day4 ,watchmen1 as needed #d4jj ,roller ,engineer1 as needed ,going wage4 ,surface ,heater ,engineer1 as needed ,rakers1 as needed #e4jj per day4 ,tampers1 as needed #d4ej ,smoothers1 as needed #d4ej ,utility ,man1 as needed #d4ej ,teamsters1 as needed #g4jj ,laborers1 as needed #d4jj ,auto ,truck ,drivers1 as needed #d4ej ,mechanics1 as needed ,going wage4 ,,plan ,no4 #hdb4 ,,garage ,,division ,foreman #aej4jj per month4 ,mechanics1 as needed ,going wage4 ,apprentices1 as needed ,blacksmith1 as needed #e4jj per day4 ,,plan ,no4 #hdc4 ,,street ,,division 99 ,superintendent #afj4jj per month4 ,street ,foreman #aae4jj ,utility ,men1 as needed #d4jj day4 ,tractor ,drivers1 as needed #e4ej ,roller ,engineer1 as needed ,going wage4 ,auto ,truck ,drivers1 as needed #d4ej per day4 ,teamsters1 as needed #g4jj ,team ,drivers1 as needed #d4jj ,laborers1 as needed #d4jj ,mechanics1 as needed ,going wages4 ,,department ,,of ,,finance ,,plan ,no4 #hdd4 ,,city ,,treasurer',s ,,division 99 ,city ,treasurer #bbj4jj per month4 ,cashier #afe4jj ,tax ,clerk 7,class ,a7 #acj4jj ,tax ,clerks 7,class ,b7 #abj4jj ,assistant ,bookkeeper #abe4jj ,bond and ,warrant ,clerk #abe4jj ,,plan ,no4 #hde4 ,,city ,,auditor',s ,,division 99 ,city ,auditor #bbj4jj per month4 ,deputy ,city ,auditor #aee4jj ,deputy and ,counter ,clerk #acb4ej ,local ,improvement ,deputy #abj4jj ,assistant ,bookkeeper #ace4jj ,general ,checker #afe4jj ,local ,improvement ,checker #ace4jj ,cage ,checker #abj4jj ,,plan ,no4 #hdf4 ,,purchasing ,,agent',s ,,division 99 ,purchasing ,agent #bbj4jj per month4 ,stenographer-,clerk #ajj4jj ,storekeeper #abj4jj ,,departments ,,not ,,under ,,individual ,,commissioner ,,plan ,no4 #hdg4 ,,legal ,,division 99 ,corporation ,counsel #e1jjj4jj per annum4 99 ,first ,assistant #bej4jj month4 99 ,second ,assistant #age4jj ,clerk #abj4jj 99 ,claim ,agent #acj4jj ,,plan ,no4 #hdh4 ,,city ,,clerk',s ,,division 99 ,city ,clerk #bbj4jj per month4 ,deputy #acj4jj ,deputy #abj4jj ,,plan ,no4 #hdi4 ,,civil ,,service ,,division 99 ,secretary #acj4jj per month4 ,,plan ,no4 #hej4 ,,judiciary ,,division--,,under ,,the ,,mayor 99 ,police ,judge #abe4jj per month4 ,police ,court ,clerk #ij4jj ,probation ,officer #ge4jj ,,county ,,government ,in the ,county1 ,civil ,service does not apply1 but your selection is largely dependent upon your political standing4 ,become an active man in your party and if you are fortunate in supporting a winner you will have employment4 ,the county officers run as follows3 ,,plan ,no4 #hea4 ,,county ,,commissioners--,,elective 7,three in number at #c1jjj per year47 ,,plan ,no4 #heb4 ,,judges ,,of ,,superior ,,court 7,five in number at #d1jjj per year47 ,,plan ,no4 #hec4 ,,justices ,,of ,,the ,,peace 7,three in number at #a1hjj each1 per year1 one of which is to be police judge1 named by city and receives additional salary from city4 ,each justice names his own clerk47 ,,plan ,no4 #hed4 ,,constables--,,elective 7,three in number at #ifj each per year47 ,,plan ,no4 #hee4 ,,county ,,agriculturist 7,named by ,county ,commissioner47 ,part ,pay by ,government #abe4jj per month4 ,part ,pay by ,county #abe4jj ,counter #fj4jj ,,plan ,no4 #hef ,purchasing ,agent 7named by ,commissioners7 #afj4jj per month4 ,assistant ,purchasing ,agent #aaj4jj ,,plan ,no4 #heg4 ,,heating ,,and ,,lighting ,custodian of ,court ,house 7,named by ,commissioners7 #aaj4jj per month ,three ,engineers 7work eight hours7 #aaj4jj ,four ,janitors #ie4jj ,one ,watchman #ij4jj ,telephone ,operator #he4jj ,relief ,operator #bj4jj ,,plan ,no4 #heh ,steward--,jail 7named by ,county ,commissioners7 and board #aaj4jj per month4 ,,plan ,no4 #hei4 ,,tubercular ,,hospital ,edgecliff ,lady ,head ,nurse #aae4jj per month4 ,bookkeeper #fj4jj ,x-,ray 7doctor7 #ge4jj ,twelve ,nurses #fj4jj ,four ,cooks #dj4jj ,head ,cook #he4jj ,two ,waitresses #de4jj ,dishwasher #ce4jj ,waitress and ,pantry ,girl #af4jj ,three ,ward ,maids #ce4jj ,three ,hairdressers #ce4jj ,two ,engineers #ace4jj ,one ,gardener #dj4jj ,two ,janitors #dj4jj ,two ,orderlies #dj4jj ,county ,carpenter #aej4jj ,,plan ,no4 #hfj ,county ,auditor #c1jjj4jj per year4 ,twenty ,employees #abe4jj month4 ,,plan ,no4 #hfa ,county ,treasurer #c1jjj4jj per year4 ,twenty ,employees #abe4jj month4 ,,plan ,no4 #hfb ,county ,assessor #c1jjj4jj per year4 ,twenty ,employees #abe4jj month4 ,,plan ,no4 #hfc ,county ,clerk #c1jjj4jj per year4 ,fifteen ,employees #abe4jj month4 ,,plan ,no4 #hfd ,county ,sheriff #c1jjj4jj per year4 ,fifteen ,employees #abe4jj month4 ,,plan ,no4 #hfe ,county ,prosecuting ,attorney #c1jjj4jj per year4 ,eight ,employees #aej4jj month4 ,county ,prosecuting ,attorney's ,stenographer #ge4jj ,,plan ,no4 #hff ,county ,superintendent of ,schools #aff4fe per month4 ,two ,employees #aae4jj ,department ,superintendent #aej4jj ,,plan ,no4 #hfg ,juvenile ,court 7named by ,presiding ,judge7 ,eight ,employees #ajj4jj per month4 ,,plan ,no4 #hfh ,chief ,probation ,officer #aej4jj per month4 ,chief ,probation ,officer ,assistant #abe4jj ,stenographer #ajj4jj ,,plan ,no4 #hfi ,county ,commissioner #aff4fe per month4 ,clerk #aej4jj ,,plan ,no4 #hgj4 ,,spokane ,,county ,,infirmary ,,employees ,,or ,,poor ,,farm 7,named by ,county ,commissioners7 ,superintendent #afj4jj per month4 ,physician #ajj4jj ,steward #ij4jj ,nurse #ej4jj ,cook #ajj4jj ,engineer #ij4jj ,assistant ,engineer and ,laundry #fj4jj ,farmer #ge4jj ,milker #fj4jj ,,plan ,no4 #hga ,county ,coroner #ajj4jj per month4 ,,plan ,no4 #hgb ,county ,engineer #bjj4jj per month4 ,fifteen ,employees ,engineers #aej4jj per month4 ,draftsmen #adj4jj ,roadman #adj4jj ,each of the five ,superior ,court judges elected names his clerk1 bailiff and court stenographers4 ,,state ,,government ,people generally are not aware of the great number of men and women employed by the ,state ,government4 ,the ,state of ,washington is comparatively a young state and yet it employs at least two thousand people in its different departments4 ,abilities of every description are required4 ,the ,governor has great power1 as most of the different department heads are appointed by him4 ,in some cases the state law limits him as to a certain number of appointments1 but as a rule1 the ,governor is allowed to make all appointments4 ,if you desire to learn the nature of work you can apply to the secretary of the various departments4 ,the following offices not marked elective are filled by appointment4 ,,plan ,no4 #hgc4 ,,congressional ,,office 7,,elective7 ,u4 ,s4 ,senators 7#b7 #h1jjj4jj per year4 ,u4 ,s4 ,representatives 7#e7 #g1ejj4jj ,,plan ,no4 #hgd ,governor 7elective7 #f1jjj4jj per year4 ,secretary to the ,governor ,,plan ,no4 #hge ,lieutenant ,governor 7elective7 #a1bjj4jj per year4 ,,plan ,no4 #hgf ,secretary of ,state 7elective7 #c1jjj4jj per year4 ,assistant ,secretary of ,state ,,plan ,no4 #hgg ,auditor 7elective7 #c1jjj4jj per year4 ,assistant ,state ,auditor ,deputy ,state ,auditor ,,plan ,no4 #hgh ,treasurer 7elective7 #c1jjj4jj per year4 ,deputy ,state ,treasurer ,,plan ,no4 #hgi ,attorney ,general 7elective7 #c1jjj4jj per year4 ,assistant ,attorney ,general ,assistant ,attorney ,general ,assistant ,attorney ,general ,assistant ,attorney ,general ,assistant ,attorney ,general ,,plan ,no4 #hhj ,commissioner of ,public ,lands 7elective7 #c1jjj4jj per year4 ,,plan ,no4 #hha ,insurance ,commissioner 7elective7 #c1jjj4jj per year4 ,deputy ,insurance ,commissioner ,actuary ,insurance ,department ,,plan ,no4 #hhb ,superintendent ,public ,instruction 7elective7 #c1jjj4jj per year4 ,assistant ,superintendent ,public ,instruction ,deputy ,superintendent ,public ,instruction4 ,,plan ,no4 #hhc ,adjutant ,general #c1jjj4jj per year4 ,assistant ,adjutant ,general ,,plan ,no4 #hhd4 ,,governor',s ,,appointments ,the following offices are filled by the ,governor and the boards and commissions are partly1 if not all1 determined by him4 ,these different department ,boards and ,commissions employ many people in the state4 ,there is hardly a type of work that is not to be found from the most ordinary labor to the professions4 ,the number of people employed are more than #b1jjj4 ,,state ,,boards ,,and ,,commissions ,agricultural ,commissioner ,secretary ,agricultural ,dept ,assistant ,commissioner ,division of ,dairy and ,live ,stock ,assistant ,commissioner ,division of ,foods1 ,feeds1 ,fertilizers1 ,drugs and ,oils 7including inspection of bakeries7 ,chief ,deputy ,oil ,inspector ,assistant ,commissioner of ,horticulture ,state ,fair ,secretary ,director of ,farm ,markets ,state ,labor ,commissioner ,state ,librarian ,assistant ,state ,librarian ,superintendent ,traveling ,library ,state ,fish ,commissioner and ,chief ,state ,game ,warden ,deputy ,state ,game ,warden ,coal ,mine ,inspector ,public ,printer ,bank ,examiner ,deputy ,examiners ,hotel ,inspectors ,fire ,warden ,highway ,commissioner ,assistant ,highway ,commissioner ,state ,geologist ,state ,chemists ,state ,commissioner of ,health ,state ,fiscal ,agency ,state ,superintendent of ,weights and ,measures ,deputy ,superintendent of ,weights and ,measures ,inspector of ,weights and ,measures ,commissioner of ,statistics ,deputy ,commissioner of ,statistics ,clerk of ,supreme ,court ,superintendent of ,election ,division ,state ,printing ,expert ,hydraulic ,engineer ,assistant ,hydraulic ,engineer ,agricultural ,advisory ,board ,board of ,accountancy ,secretary ,board of ,barber ,examiners ,secretary ,board of ,control ,secretary ,board of ,dental ,examiners ,secretary ,board of ,education ,secretary ,board of ,embalmers ,ex-officio ,secretary ,board of ,medical ,examiners ,secretary ,board of ,health and ,vital ,statistics ,secretary ,board of ,optometry ,secretary ,board of ,pharmacy ,secretary ,board of ,chiropody ,bureau of ,inspection and ,supervision of ,public ,affairs ,secretary ,state ,labor ,commissioner ,assistant ,state ,labor ,commissioner ,secretary ,forest ,commission ,secretary ,industrial ,insurance ,commission ,secretary ,library ,advisory ,board ,state ,medical ,aid ,board ,state ,nautical ,board ,nurses' ,examining ,board ,state ,board of ,park ,commissioners ,state ,capitol ,commission ,bar ,examiners ,public ,service ,commission ,chief ,grain ,inspector ,industrial ,welfare ,commission ,tax ,commissioner ,assistant ,tax ,commissioner ,uniform ,legislation ,commission ,veterinary ,examining ,board ,state ,humane ,bureau ,board of ,regents ,university of ,washington ,board of ,regents ,state ,college of ,washington ,trustees ,state ,normal ,school1 ,cheney ,trustees ,state ,normal ,schools1 ,bellingham ,trustees ,state ,normal ,school1 ,ellensburg ,state ,school for ,deaf ,state ,school for ,blind ,state ,training ,school ,state ,school for ,girls ,state ,soldiers' ,home ,washington's ,veteran's ,home ,western ,hospital for ,insane ,eastern ,hospital for ,insane ,northern ,hospital for ,insane ,state ,penitentiary ,state ,institution for ,feeble ,minded ,state ,reformatory ,superintendent ,u4 ,s4 ,,government ,if you are out of employment it is well for you to examine carefully the activities of the ,government in your city or county1 or any place in the state where it may have general offices4 ,any man who is out of work cannot say he has done his best to obtain employment when he has neglected looking up ,government work4 ,because the ,civil ,service applies to certain positions1 do not let this stand in the way4 ,go to the head of the department in whatever locality it is and ascertain whether there are any possibilities of taking a ,civil ,service examination in the different departments2 or find out whether there is not a temporary position that you can fill4 ,this condition often exists and many times employment is obtained in this way and ,civil ,service ,examination is given later4 ,,read ,,our ,,plan ,,no4 #bag ,,in ,,connection ,,with ,,the ,,following ,,plans ,in ,spokane1 ,spokane ,county1 ,state of ,washington1 a town of about #abe1jjj population1 the ,government employs more than #fjj men4 ,i will take up the various departments of the ,government in ,spokane ,county and give you a statement concerning these different departments1 which might assist you if you are desirous of obtaining employment which are also represented in your ,state4 ,,plan ,no4 #hhe4 ,,postal ,,department ,this department is headed by the postmaster1 who receives a salary of #f1jjj per year1 and an assistant postmaster who receives #c1aej4 ,about two hundred employees work in this department4 ,the rural route employs about ten men4 ,the mail men in the city receive from #a1cej to #a1ffh per annum4 ,the ,civil ,service governs this department4 ,the rural mail carriers receive from #a1ajj to #a1fjj per annum4 ,they are also under ,civil ,service4 ,,plan ,no4 #hhf4 ,,secret ,,service ,,department ,there are two employed in this department4 ,their salaries range from #a1ejj to #b1bjj per year4 ,these employees are appointed by the chief of the ,secret ,service1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 and confirmed by the ,secretary of the ,treasury4 ,the title of this department is self-explanatory4 ,,plan ,no4 #hhg4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,marshal ,,is ,,appointed ,,by ,,the ,,president ,,and ,,confirmed ,,by ,,the ,,senate ,this officer has four deputies4 ,u4 ,s4 ,marshal receives a salary of #d1jjj per annum1 while the deputies receive from #abj to #agj per month4 ,this department names bailiffs for the ,federal ,judge4 ,,plan ,no4 #hhh4 ,,federal ,,attorney',s ,,office ,the attorney in charge is appointed by the ,president and confirmed by the senate and holds office for four years4 ,he receives #d1ejj per annum4 ,he has one assistant1 appointed by the ,attorney ,general under advice of the ,district ,court1 who receives #a1hjj per year4 ,,plan ,no4 #hhi4 ,,custom ,,house ,,inspector ,there are two employed in this department--the man in charge and his assistant4 ,the appointment is made by the ,secretary of the ,treasury at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,the salary received is #hjj4jj per annum4 ,the office is subject to the ,civil ,service4 ,,plan ,no4 #hij4 ,,immigration ,,officer ,this department is subject to the ,civil ,service1 the salary received being #a1chj4 ,the man in charge attends to all immigration matters and also co-operates at different times with the ,secret ,service office4 ,,plan ,no4 #hia4 ,,internal ,,revenue ,,agent ,this department has four in its employ1 who receive about #a1hjj to #c1fjj per year1 and are called inspectors4 ,the business of this department is to investigate all income tax return4 ,civil ,service applies4 ,,plan ,no4 #hib4 ,,internal ,,revenue ,,collector ,there are four employed in this office4 ,the ,civil ,service does not apply4 ,the duties of the employees of this office are to collect about six-sevenths of all government tax in a certain territory4 ,a pamphlet put out by this department deals with the law governing collection by the government4 ,salaries1 #a1bjj to #c1jjj4 ,,plan ,no4 #hic4 ,,the ,,weather ,,bureau ,this department is under ,civil ,service1 there being three employed4 ,people who know of the activities of this office and the information it furnishes concerning weather conditions realize its value to the farmers4 ,,plan ,no4 #hid4 ,,custodian ,,of ,,the ,,federal ,,building ,this department is under ,civil ,service4 ,the number of employees engaged is fifteen4 ,their duty is to look after the ,federal ,building in the city4 ,there are six laborers who receive a salary of #hjj or #hdj per year4 ,charwomen1 who work five hours a day1 are paid at the same rate as the laborers4 ,there are two watchmen at #hdj per annum2 one elevator conductor1 salary approximately #hdj2 one engineer at #a1cbj1 and one assistant at #a1cbj4 ,,plan ,no4 #hie4 ,,inspector ,,of ,,locomotives ,there are two inspectors in this department of the same rank2 they receive #c1jjj per year each4 ,the appointment is made by the ,interstate ,commerce ,commission at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,they employ together one office woman1 who does all the clerical work1 and their duties call them out of the office a great deal of the time4 ,their purpose is to see that all of the rules of the ,interstate ,commerce ,commission are lived up to4 ,a pamphlet or booklet is put out by this department giving all of the rules and regulations of the ,interstate ,commerce ,commission as to locomotives4 ,these inspectors investigate all accidents and keep in close touch with all of the locomotives1 safety appliances1 etc41 and in case of defects in locomotives1 the matter is taken up at once with this department4 ,,plan ,no4 #hif4 ,,bureau ,,of ,,animal ,,industry ,this is governed by the ,civil ,service ,department4 ,the salaries in this department run from #ajj to #abe per month4 ,there is one veterinary in charge1 and three who act as inspectors4 ,there are also five lay inspectors1 grade number two1 and four lay inspectors1 grade number one4 ,it is the business of this department to examine all stock and meat4 ,they make certain examinations prior to the death of the animal and post mortem subsequent to the death4 ,the five lay inspectors1 grade number two1 look after and inspect the curing and shipping of all meats4 ,the four lay inspectors1 grade number one1 assist veterinaries4 ,one clerk is employed4 ,,plan ,no4 #hig4 ,,bureau ,,of ,,crop ,,estimates ,there are two persons employed in this department under the ,civil ,service1 one being the field agent and the other the stenographer and clerk4 ,all information concerning crops in a certain territory is gathered together by the field agent and stenographer and forwarded to the ,government to supply information for the ,crop ,reporter1 which is sent out from ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,the salaries in this department range from #ajj to #abe per month4 ,,plan ,no4 #hih4 ,,bureau ,,of ,,markets ,this is a very interesting department4 ,it has in its employ two telegraphers1 receiving #a1djj per annum2 three stencil cutters and persons who can run the mimeograph1 who receive about #a1bjj per year each4 ,the person in charge must be able to decipher codes4 ,one stenographer1 one office boy and two general office workers are also employed4 ,the ,general ,chief ,clerk1 and his immediate subordinate receive #b1bjj and #a1hjj per annum respectively4 ,there is also a special man sent out from ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 who is on the road most of the time4 ,this department issues a market report giving the price for farm produce at certain points where the farmer sells4 ,it also gives the cost of handling the produce at other points and the price retailers ask4 ,this shows the farmer the difference between his selling price and that of the retailer4 ,a pamphlet called the ,confidential ,apple is also published and sent to all apple growers twice a week4 ,this shows the price that apples are being sold for2 also what the various farmers receive for the apples they dispose of4 ,since the ,confidential ,apple has been established1 there has been only a few cents difference in the sale price of apples4 ,prior to that time there was frequently a difference as high as #ej or #fj cents which shows the great advantage of this service to the farmer4 ,this department also sends out a ,post ,card ,reporting ,service for ,washington1 ,oregon and ,montana4 ,all carload shipments are recorded1 showing the point from which cars are shipped4 ,if a carload of apples was shipped last week from a certain town1 it is indicated by a certain red pin on a map1 and one can from this pin1 find the entire history concerning that shipment of apples4 ,or if it is potatoes that have been shipped from a certain district1 the clerk has that information at hand4 ,all of this information is furnished to the farmer by the department and is of great assistance to him4 ,it is also helpful to those buyers to whom it is important to know just where the crops are produced4 ,the man in charge of this department must make inspections when any question occurs as to the produce received by the wholesale houses or other persons who purchase from the farmer4 ,this service is of great value to the farmer1 because if he has sent in a load of good potatoes and the market has changed in the meantime1 the inspector has to examine the potatoes1 and if they are as good as represented by the farmer when they arrive1 he will recover for any loss4 ,or1 if a bad quantity of apples or other farm produce is shipped to the wholesale houses1 they can call upon the government inspector and show what was forwarded to them1 and this inspector's opinion is a basis for settlement4 ,,plan ,no4 #hii4 ,,hay ,,and ,,grain ,,inspectors ,there are two employees in this department--one clerk and one manager1 both being subject to the ,civil ,service and receiving from #ajj to #aej per month4 ,a letter1 called a ,market ,letter1 is issued4 ,the inspectors see to it that the rules governing hay and grain are lived up to by the farmer4 ,,plan ,no4 #ijj4 ,,seed ,,inspector ,there are two employees in this department--the man in charge and the clerk or stenographer4 ,a letter is also issued by this department1 which will also furnish all desired information as to seeds and their value4 ,,plan ,no4 #ija4 ,,clerk ,,of ,,district ,,court ,this appointment is made by the ,federal ,judge4 ,four officials are also employed besides the clerk1 serving out of the city4 ,salaries run from #b1ejj to #e1jjj per annum fixed by the ,united ,states ,attorney ,general4 ,,plan ,no4 #ijb4 ,,federal ,,employment ,,office ,this department employs one person4 ,it has not existed long enough to come under the ,civil ,service1 so work in the office may be obtained by appointment from ,federal ,director and confirmed by the ,department of ,labor4 ,in #aiah this office filled more than #aig1jjj positions in the ,state of ,washington4 ,the salary is #acj per month4 ,,plan ,no4 #ijc4 ,,federal ,,land ,,office ,there are four employees in this office3 one registrar and one receiver1 who receive their appointment by the ,president and are confirmed by the senate4 ,each has an appointment of one clerk4 ,the department is established on the fee basis1 the registrar and the receiver getting not more than #c1jjj in fees per annum and not less than #ejj4 ,this department issues a circular relative to the law covering government lands4 ,it will furnish you information about the area of the government land in various counties of the ,united ,states and will give you such information as the department has on file4 ,to this department come matters relative to homesteads1 minerals1 desert claims1 timber claims and oil matters4 ,final proof to the land you locate is made in this office4 ,salaries received by the clerks range from #abe to #ace per month4 ,,plan ,no4 #ijd4 ,,clerks ,,of ,,the ,,railway ,,mail ,,service ,this department is under the ,civil ,service4 ,seven persons are employed in the city and more than #agj men report to the office in the city of ,spokane1 ,washington4 ,,civil ,,service ,it often happens that a man who has occupied a position for years finds the work in which he is engaged is injuring his health1 for example1 the labor he is performing has an effect on his lungs1 like marble working1 or some similar trade1 and he desires a change4 ,or perhaps he is in some service that is not suitable to him and he is unable to progress4 ,for such a man it is well to run over the preceding list very carefully and ascertain what field of work appeals to him4 ,he should also read carefully plan ,no4 #bag4 ,i have in mind at the present time a man of good legal ability1 but who did not possess business-getting qualities4 ,he was somewhat discouraged1 being unable to make his profession yield him a proper income4 ,he was urged by one of his friends to take a ,civil ,service ,examination in one of the departments4 ,he took the examination and after a few months1 his position was available1 and he has occupied it for a number of years4 ,work with the ,government is always pleasant and the income steady and permanent4 ,,plan ,no4 #ije4 ,,federal ,,judge ,a ,federal ,judge of the ,united ,states ,district ,court is appointed by the ,president and confirmed by the ,senate1 his salary is #g1ejj per annum4 ,he has one clerk1 one assistant and one stenographer4 ,the stenographer is appointed by himself4 ,then there are the various departments such as the ,united ,states ,marines ,recruiting ,office1 which employs three men2 the ,united ,states ,navy ,recruiting ,office1 which employs three men2 the ,united ,states ,army ,recruiting ,office1 which employs three men1 and is under the ,civil ,service4 ,these departments employ many emergency men at times4 ,,plan ,no4 #ijf4 ,,bureau ,,of ,,farm ,,management ,this department is governed by the ,civil ,service and employs three persons1 the salary being----4 ,,plan ,no4 #ijg4 ,,home ,,demonstration ,,agent ,the ,government and ,agricultural ,school usually name a woman for this position4 ,she must be trained in her work and have an ,agricultural ,college course to her credit4 ,here is a field where women can do as good work as men1 and it offers an excellent opportunity for them4 ,,plan ,no4 #ijg;,b4 ,,forestry ,,department ,six persons are employed4 ,at the present time the headquarters of this office is at ,missoula1 ,mont4 ,it is under the ,civil ,service1 but from time to time emergency men are employed4 ,,plan ,no4 #ijh4 ,,he ,,netted ,,better ,,than #e1jjj ,a ,,year ,,taking ,,pictures ,this man1 for years1 was unable to make much of a saving in his photographic work4 ,his wife and he possessed ability in preparing photographs4 ,he finally hit upon the following plan3 ,he hired two men called spotters1 who took the pictures and went into different communities picturing men in the offices and at work at their desks4 ,these two spotters were able to take at least fifty pictures a day each1 making better than one hundred pictures per day4 ,these men he paid #be4jj to #cj4jj per week and traveling expenses4 ,he saw to it that they had their supplies and everything ready when they arrived in town for work4 ,immediately following these men were salesmen who1 after the pictures were printed1 called and gave the price per dozen1 which was #d4ej mounted size #ix#g4 ,unmounted his charge was three pictures for a dollar4 ,the salesmen were able to make the number of pictures actually taken average about #j4hj per picture4 ,the two salesmen were then followed by two delivery women4 ,the photographer and his wife did all of the developing and finishing4 ,a city of #abe1jjj would take about six weeks4 ,great care must be taken by the man who is directing this work to see that his men are all kept busy and working4 ,this man succeeded in keeping the spotters going fast enough1 and everything was worked out in a systematic manner4 ,he also gave the workers an opportunity of receiving a commission in addition to their salary4 ,i remember clearly the way the spotter approached me4 8,i would like to take a picture of yourself and office10 he said1 but ,i protested that ,i did not care to have the picture4 8,that is all right1 ,i would like to have the negative and ,i am paid just the same and it is no obligation to you40 ,he then took the picture relying entirely upon selling me the picture when ,i saw the finished product4 ,in this he took very little chance1 as he well knew that #hj per cent of the people who saw a picture of their office and themselves at work would be glad to pay the price for it4 ,there is a great field in this work and there is no reason why there should not be work in many different parts of the ,united ,states affording a good livelihood and a big saving for many photographers who are not now making a good living4 ,,important ,,notice6 ,the following plans were compiled by the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,we gratefully acknowledge with thanks the ,board's permission to publish them4 ,,plan ,no4 #iji4 ,,journalism ,,as ,a ,,vocation ,,acknowledgment ,for the material of this monograph the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education is indebted to the ,j4 ,lippincott ,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 through its publication1 8,training for the ,newspaper ,trade10 and the ,collins ,publicity ,service1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 through its publication1 8,journalism10 ,school ,edition1 ,teachers' ,auxiliary1 of which this article is largely an abstract4 ,this article was prepared by ,dr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,smith under the direction of ,charles ,h4 ,winslow1 ,chief of the ,research ,division of the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education4 ,acknowledgment is due to ,dr4 ,john ,cummings1 of the ,research ,division for ,editorial assistance4 ,it is very important that the right decision be made1 for one's future success and happiness is largely dependent upon this choice4 ,no two individuals have the same desires or the same ability or experience4 ,some like and are by nature and experience fitted to prepare for one line of work and unfitted for another1 even for one in some instances which close acquaintances may urge them to take up4 ,it is one's duty therefore1 to consider carefully the line of work one wishes to train for4 ,some may choose wisely to enter the field of journalism4 ,it is hoped that this pamphlet may assist such to make the proper choice and may prevent those who are unfitted for this profession from undertaking it4 ,,what ,,is ,,the ,,nature ,,of ,,the ,,work ,,in ,,journalism8 ,the main purpose of a newspaper is to give the day's news4 ,another purpose is that of making the meaning of this news clear to the readers4 ,moreover1 newspapers often furnish their readers with advice and with useful information as well as with entertaining reading4 ,there was a time when the purpose of a paper was thought to be that of simply stating conditions as they are4 ,at the present there is a rapidly growing tendency to use the newspaper to state conditions as they should be4 ,a newspaper that tells what to do to make things better plays a great part in making democracy safe4 ,in any large newspaper plant there are three main divisions--the business office1 whose duty it is to make the paper pay2 the plant that must see to the actual printing of the paper2 and the editorial department1 which prepares all of the reading matter except the advertisements4 ,it is with the editorial department that the term 8journalism0 is connected1 and it is with the work of that department that this pamphlet deals4 ,there are two classes of reading matter in a newspaper1 the news and the editorial comment1 each class of material being prepared by a different force of writers4 ,the editor in chief is at the head of the editorial staff1 and since editorials consist of opinions rather than of bare statements of new facts1 he holds the most important position on the paper4 ,he is helped by men who are very well informed about all matters that are of interest to the public4 ,the number of these helpers is from one to a dozen1 according to the size of the city paper4 ,the managing editor looks after gathering and reporting news4 ,his department is made up of several parts1 each one in charge of an editor4 ,the news editor looks after all out-of-town news1 that is1 all news from other countries or from this country outside of a distance #ge miles from the city of the newspaper4 ,the telegraph editor looks over 8copy0 sent in by outside reporters and decides what is good and what is poor4 ,the ,sunday editor gets up the pictures and other 8features0 and special articles outside of strictly news articles4 ,the art editor decides upon the pictures to be used and the method of making those pictures4 ,the cable editor prepares the foreign news by filling in cable messages and making long articles out of them4 ,the city editor hires and directs reporters on city work and on work outside the city but within a distance of seventy-five miles1 having sometimes as many as seventy-five helpers within the city1 and as many as that outside called local correspondents4 ,the sporting editor looks after news of sports and has an assistant for each kind of sport4 ,the night city editor covers late news1 being in charge after #f p4 m4 to receive copy brought in by reporters previously assigned to their duty by the city editor4 ,the night editor is in charge of the 8make up0 of the paper and the getting of the paper to press4 ,most newspapers also have other editors called department editors for such departments as music1 drama1 society1 finance1 literary criticism1 railroads1 real estate1 and stock markets4 ,the department editors gather as much of their news as possible by themselves4 ,their work differs from that of other editors in that their copy goes directly to the printer and is not first looked over and corrected by the city editor4 ,the life of a newspaper man is not an easy life4 ,a study#aa of newspaper work in ,boston sums up the hardships and difficulties in the life of a reporter in the following way3 #aa ,vocational ,studies1 ,journalism1 ,p4 #aa4 ,school ,ed41 ,teachers' ,auxiliary1 ,no4 #af1 ,collins ,publicity ,service1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 8,the hours are long and irregular4 ,on a morning paper they run from #a in the afternoon until midnight1 usually with an occasional evening off4 ,but the free evenings can never be counted on in advance2 they come only when the news happens to be slack4 ,on the afternoon papers the hours are almost as bad1 for1 while they are only supposed to be from half-past #h or #i to #e1 an assignment will very often come in at the last minute that will keep the reporter out until midnight4 ,this means little or no freedom4 8,the irregular hours also affect the meals4 ,an assignment often takes the reporter out into the suburbs for hours at a stretch1 where there are no restaurants1 and where one can only work as fast as possible in order to get back to town4 ,it means all kinds of weather1 too1 for suicides and elopements will occur1 be it fair day or foul1 in houses several miles from the nearest car track1 and they have to be looked up at once4 ,a long1 hard trip1 like this1 is not only an every day matter1 but it means no extra pay40 ,the desk man or editor1 while freed from the hardships of travel1 has other difficulties to overcome4 ,these difficulties are set forth in the following further quotation from the same report3 8,as the time for going to press approaches1 the copy pours in faster and faster1 the composing room signals that the paper is already overset and yet perhaps1 now1 at the last minute1 an item of first importance in the whole day's events comes in1 and room must be made for it4 ,in the midst of all this clamor the desk man must keep his head1 racing through the piles of copy1 weighing its merits discriminately and giving as cool and careful decision as though he had all the leisure and quiet in the world40 ,,what ,,physical ,,and ,,personal ,,characteristics ,,are ,,necessary ,,for ,,success ,,in ,,journalism8 ,one must have good health to stand the hardships of long and irregular hours of work1 under bad conditions1 often long distances from the office and in all kinds of weather4 ,there are also certain personal qualifications that one must have to succeed in the field of journalism4 ,chief among these personal qualifications is the ability to adapt one's self to many different subjects and feel at home in each4 ,unlike writers in other fields1 the reporter is a writer of matter which lives today and is dead tomorrow4 ,he is not so much in need1 therefore1 of the artistic quality in his writings as he is in need of the ability to pass quickly from subject to subject writing briefly but to the point on each4 ,another thing one must have for success in journalism is what may be termed 8the news instinct02 this is the ability to recognize news in any form1 even in the most commonplace events1 and to write these commonplace things up in such a way as to interest the reader4 ,this ability is not found in the person who does not observe carefully4 ,a clear1 easy style full of dash is necessary for the reporter4 ,this style can usually be gained with a little practice by the man or woman with a sense for news4 ,the reporter's main aim is to catch the public eye1 after that he needs most to produce copy at great speed1 remembering all the while that his work is not likely to be read more than once4 ,other qualifications a reporter should have are intelligence1 and an understanding of people4 ,he must have tact1 and be a 8good mixer10 capable of easily gaining the confidence of people in order to draw them out in his search for news4 ,,what ,,training ,,is ,,necessary ,,for ,,success ,,in ,,journalism8 ,a college education is a help1 of course1 but it is not absolutely necessary in the journalistic profession4 ,one who wishes to become a journalist may enter the newspaper field as a reporter at almost any time after he has had enough experience and general knowledge to make him well acquainted with a number of subjects and when1 in addition to this1 he has learned to write his thoughts in clear1 forceful language4 ,certainly a grade education is necessary and some high school education is advisable for the beginner4 ,more and more as the field of newspaper work enlarges and broadens a full four-year high school course is becoming essential4 ,the best opportunities will more and more open up only to those of wide experience and knowledge4 ,toward this experience and knowledge a college education adds very much1 particularly if the college education deals with the theory and methods of newspaper organization1 as well as with practical training in reporting and in editing work4 ,whether the foundation education is gotten in the grade school1 in the high school1 or in college1 one must have acquired somewhere along the line the ability to write correctly and briefly in language that can not be misunderstood4 ,much of the ability to do this comes from the practical school of experience4 ,much of it1 however1 can be given in schools4 ,more and more the emphasis is being placed upon thorough preparation before entering the profession of journalism4 ,once the college man in a newspaper office was thought of as a joke by others in the office4 ,they sneered at his style4 ,two things have happened to change that feeling4 ,in the first place college men are now trained in a simpler style of writing than they once were4 ,in addition to that they now get more practical training than they once did4 ,besides this1 so many college trained men have done well in journalism that newspaper men are beginning to see that their success is due largely to the college training4 ,on many papers today one will find the staff made up very largely of college men4 ,on many papers now when they are looking for a new man for the writing force they often look for a man with a college degree4 ,the first school of journalism in the world was started by ,joseph ,pulitzer in #aijd at ,columbia ,university4 ,in the words of its founder the purpose of this school was to raise the standard of newspaper work through better education of those who enter the profession4 8,i am deeply interested in the progress and elevation of journalism10 he wrote1 8having spent my life in that profession1 regarding it as a noble profession and one of unequaled importance for its influence upon the minds and morals of people 99 99 994 ,it will be the object of the college to make better journalists1 who will make better newspapers1 which will better serve the public4 ,it will impart knowledge1 not for its own sake1 but to be used for the public service4 ,it will try to develop character1 but even that will be only a means to the one supreme end--the public good40#ab #ab ,vocational ,studies1 ,school ,ed41 ,teachers' ,auxiliary1 ,no4 #af1 ,collins ,publicity ,service1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,since the beginning of the ,pulitzer ,school of ,journalism at ,columbia ,university1 about #bj colleges and universities have put in courses in journalism4 ,one of the requirements for entering these courses is the full four years of high school work4 ,the course1 itself1 ranges from courses of lectures by newspaper men to a complete course1 four years in length1 which usually leads to a bachelor of arts degree1 or its equivalent4 ,instruction in journalism includes a study of the ,english language1 literature1 and composition1 the work of the reporter and editorial writer1 the methods of gathering news1 the technique of newspaper making1 the general management of papers1 the history of journalism1 together with general history1 economics1 sociology1 psychology4 ,typewriting and often stenography are also required for graduation4 ,the college work in journalism is accompanied by actual experience on papers1 either college publications or papers published in the city or town in which the college is located4 ,students trained in such courses know how to write a story1 how to get up a headline1 and how to write editorials1 and because of this fact men so trained get promotions in shorter periods of time than others4 ,for the benefit of those journalists who have not the chance to take the full college course1 several phases of journalism are given in the summer schools of many colleges1 and special courses in newspaper and magazine writing are given in evening schools4 ,such courses can be taken at the same time that one is employed on a newspaper4 ,it is clear1 therefore1 from the above1 that more and more journalism calls for education and training before one begins actual work as a regular reporter on a paper4 ,,how ,,much ,,income ,,may ,,one ,,reasonably ,,look ,,forward ,,to1 ,,if ,,successful ,,in ,,the ,,field ,,of ,,journalism8 ,in few vocations is there greater difference in salaries than in the field of journalism4 ,so far there does not seem to be any general standard that all the papers of the country attempt to live up to4 ,the managers of certain newspapers follow the practice of employing only experienced men1 taking them wherever they can be found from the staffs of other newspapers4 ,such papers1 of course1 pay good salaries4 ,other publications are willing to take on a few1 or even a large number of beginners4 ,such papers naturally pay smaller salaries4 ,seldom1 however1 is the beginner in journalism paid less than #ab or #ae per week on the daily papers1 though some receive as low as #aj a week4 ,often a paper works1 not only on a basis of straight pay1 but on the basis of the space the articles contributed occupy4 8,space rates0 range from #b to #aj per column1 the amount varying with the standing of the newspaper1 and with the character of the news itself4 ,promotions are very rapid and anyone with promise can hope to get a raise in salary from time to time until it reaches from #ai to #be a week1 which is the salary of regular reporters4 ,reporters who do special work are generally paid more4 ,their salaries range from #be to #ce per week4 ,on the very best papers there are very few reporters who draw salaries ranging from #ce to #ej per week4 ,such men are as well paid as men in the editorial department4 ,the chiefs of the different editorial departments draw from #cj to #ej a week4 ,managing editors and editors-in-chief get salaries ranging all the way from #b1ejj to #aj1jjj per year4 ,from the mere money point of view there are other lines of work far easier to master1 and more certain to bring large money rewards than journalism4 ,the tendency now1 however1 is to pay bigger salaries to newspaper men4 ,as it is1 the income is greater than that of the minister and equal to that of a lawyer4 ,,what ,,are ,,the ,,other ,,rewards ,,to ,a ,,journalist1 ,,aside ,,from ,,the ,,financial ,,rewards8 ,with many men in journalistic work1 however1 ideals mean more than money4 ,the public good with such men means more than private gain4 ,another reward to the young man in this profession is that he comes in contact with mature people4 ,he learns to know even personally many of the great men in business1 in politics1 in law4 ,the newspaper is one of the very greatest educational agencies4 ,what it does for the adult in an educational way is like what the public schools do for children in an educational way4 ,among the mature there are masses of ignorant people1 ignorant in letters and ignorant in citizenship4 ,the journalist1 through the newspaper1 has all the people as his audience4 ,through his opportunity for instruction the journalist may exercise great influence in politics in connection with work for municipal reform1 clean streets1 better schools1 etc41 and against machine control in politics1 with its bribery and election frauds4 ,some people have objected to newspaper work because they thought such work corrupted beginners4 ,the truth is that journalism is to each man in it what he makes it4 ,there is more freedom of action in journalism than in the ministry or even than in law or medicine1 but a code of ethics is rapidly being developed in the newspaper world that compels each one to do more nearly the right thing4 ,certainly the reporter does not know the full significance of his stories1 headlines1 and editorials until he realizes the probable effect of his writings on the ideas and ideals of his readers4 ,especially is the opportunity for such influence by the journalist good in ,america1 where there are twice as many papers published as in any other country1 and far more than twice as many copies issued4 ,it is estimated that more than #e1jjj1jjj1jjj copies of newspapers of all kinds are printed in the ,united ,states yearly4 ,,how ,,many ,,years ,,will ,,it ,,take ,,to ,,establish ,,myself ,,in ,,journalistic ,,work8 ,the newspaper reporter does not have the experience of a young lawyer or doctor1 who must pick up business slowly and wait sometimes for years before he is satisfactorily established4 ,the reporter succeeds or fails from the outset4 ,in fact reporting is the work of comparatively young men1 and is especially liked by those of from #bj to #cj years of age4 ,those who have been successful in this period of life are generally picked for promotions1 and less uncertain assignments in the later periods of life4 ,very often men who have been successful in early life as newspaper reporters take up magazine writing later4 ,it is often stated that magazine writing is post-graduate newspaper work4 ,the monthly magazine has become an important influence in the modern world1 many of the more popular magazines having a larger circulation than any newspaper4 ,on the staff of each periodical there are usually several special editors in charge of separate departments4 ,these editors are often assisted by a regular staff of writers4 ,frequently1 however1 those who write for magazines are not connected with the regular staff1 but are 8free lances0 contributing articles from time to time on subjects which they are especially fitted to write about4 ,the question often arises1 ,where shall the start be made8 ,is it best to begin in the country or in the city8 ,the editor of one of the ,new ,york dailies says that there are many changes in the staff on a city paper1 so a man who is capable has a chance to get a pretty good position1 in fact a very good newspaper position1 within a half dozen years' time4 ,this editor also says that it takes about as long to get a good position on a country paper1 and after that if one goes to the city he must begin at the bottom and work up1 so that much time is wasted4 ,the advantage in beginning on a paper in a small city rather than a large one is that one is more likely there to gain an all around knowledge of everything that must be done in a newspaper office4 ,,how ,,great ,,is ,,the ,,demand ,,for ,,men ,,in ,,the ,,journalistic ,,field8 ,there are in the ,united ,states and ,canada at the present time approximately #be1jjj newspapers and periodicals being published4 ,nearly #dj per cent of all such publications in the world are published in the ,united ,states and its outlying territories4 ,in #aiae these publications in the ,united ,states gave employment to over #ajj1jjj people1 approximately #ce1jjj of whom were editors and reporters4 ,the total circulation at that time aggregated #afd1dfh1jdj4 ,moreover1 newspapers are being circulated in larger numbers every day and are being read by an increasing number of people every day4 ,the whole field of journalism is constantly enlarging and the claim is made by those who are expert in the field that the profession is not overcrowded with good workers4 ,,how ,,much ,,will ,,it ,,cost ,,to ,,prepare ,,for ,,newspaper ,,work8 ,if you are a soldier or a sailor discharged from the service since ,october #f1 #aiag1 with a disability for which the ,bureau of ,war ,risk ,insurance will grant you compensation1 your education will be furnished free by the ,government4 ,the ,bureau of ,war-,risk ,insurance1 through its compensation1 will meet a part of the expenses and the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education will supplement that amount to a minimum of #fe a month with the purpose of meeting all of your expenses for living1 clothing1 transportation1 tuition1 and incidentals4 ,,the ,,lumber ,,industry ,lumbering is the felling and conversion of trees into lumber4 ,the extraction of the timber from the forest is known as logging1 and the manufacture of the logs into lumber is known as sawmilling4 ,,plan ,no4 #iaj4 ,,logging ,,regions ,the chief centers of the logging industry are in ,new ,england1 the ,lake ,states1 the ,southern ,appalachians1 the ,southern pine region1 the cypress swamps of the ,atlantic and ,gulf coasts1 the ,inland ,empire 7,montana1 ,idaho1 and ,eastern ,washington and ,oregon71 and the ,pacific coast4 ,,methods ,,and ,,labor ,,conditions ,the methods of logging and the opportunity for employment in this work present many different aspects in these regions4 ,animal logging prevails in the ,northeast1 the ,lake ,states1 and the ,inland ,empire1 and power logging in the other sections1 although no one method is universally used in any of these regions4 ,the demand for labor1 both skilled and unskilled1 in every section is now greater than the supply1 and competent men can readily find some form of employment to which they are adapted4 ,conditions surrounding work in the forest vary greatly in the different regions1 and one who is not familiar with local conditions should weigh carefully his own ability and the opportunities which each section may offer to him4 ,,who ,,should ,,undertake ,,the ,,work8 ,logging work will appeal most strongly to one who has been accustomed since his early years to an outdoor life1 and who is familiar in a general way either with outdoor manual labor or with some mechanical trade4 ,the best opportunities for men who wish to make lumbering a life work are with the larger companies1 since they have organizations in which employment is more continuous1 and in which there is the greatest possibility of advancement4 ,small lumbering concerns offer but little inducement1 unless a way is open to secure an interest in the business4 ,advancement to the beginner in the lumber industry is not rapid and1 therefore1 it holds more promise to the young1 single man who can afford to serve an apprenticeship1 than to the older man who has a family to support and whose financial requirements are greater at the beginning4 ,felling timber is hard work1 but appeals to strong1 robust men1 because the wages paid for it are among the highest paid in a logging camp4 ,the work is too heavy for one past the prime of life1 or for a young man who may be physically incapacitated4 ,where logging is done by animals1 the position of teamster may be filled by older men as well as that of swamper1 grab setter1 tong hooker1 scaler1 and like positions which do not call for heavy manual labor4 ,power logging1 which is common in the ,south and in the far ,west1 affords an excellent opportunity for active young men with mechanical ability1 since skilled operators are required to run the skidding machinery and to keep it in repair4 ,a northern logger should not consider employment in the cypress swamp forests1 because it is work which appeals chiefly to those who have grown up in the cypress 8brake0 region4 ,,plan ,no4 #iaa4 ,,railroad ,,construction ,,and ,,operation ,men who have had experience with railroad construction or operation will find a promising field in the lumber industry1 since on most large operations the logs are hauled from the forest to the mill over logging railroads4 ,locomotive engineers and firemen are in demand and command a fairly high wage4 ,the hours are long because it is necessary to deliver a certain quantity of logs to the mill daily1 and in case of delays in schedule1 the crews must work until the necessary quantity of logs has been delivered4 ,on large operations new railroad lines are continually under construction1 and opportunity is afforded for employment to those who are familiar with railroad construction4 ,,log ,,driving ,where logs are transported down streams to the mill1 log drivers are required during the spring and summer months4 ,on 8rough water0 this work requires experience and skill1 and is hard work which must be done often in inclement weather4 ,it is not a class of work to which an inexperienced man would be adapted4 ,,social ,,conditions ,social conditions in the different regions have played a prominent part in the distribution of labor in the lumber industry4 ,the trend of labor migration has been from the ,east to the ,west1 and not from the ,north to the ,south1 because woods workers from the ,north and ,east have found both climatic and social conditions more to their liking in the ,west than in the ,south4 ,northern and eastern loggers have gone ,south in small numbers to fill positions of responsibility1 but in general1 the unskilled laborer has not found living and working conditions to his liking in the lowlands and southern pineries4 ,an important factor to be considered in this connection is the color line1 which is more or less sharply drawn in the ,south4 ,in some sections both whites and negroes work together on the same operations4 ,the standard of work and the social conditions which prevail in southern logging camps1 however1 do not appeal to the northern man1 and but few are content to remain for any length of time4 ,in the ,west the northern logger meets with conditions similar to those existing at home and1 therefore1 he is satisfied to become a permanent resident in the region4 ,logging work in most sections is more or less removed from settlements and1 in general1 it is not possible for the logger to enjoy family life4 ,the exception to this case is the logging camp of the southern pineries1 which is a community comprising the loggers and their families4 ,the buildings are small1 portable houses1 two or more constituting the home of a single family4 ,medical facilities are provided by the company1 along with a school and a church and each community comprises a settlement in itself4 ,although both white and colored laborers may live in the same camp1 the quarters are separated and the two races do not intermingle4 ,the social advantages for an ambitious man with a family are not great and many northern and eastern men would not find conditions to their liking4 ,only men familiar with local conditions should seek employment in southern logging camps4 ,the mountain region of the ,southern ,appalachians appeals to many northern loggers1 because the conditions in this region are not dissimilar to those with which they are familiar4 ,it is not practicable to point out any particular branch of logging work which might appeal to individuals4 ,each man after choosing the region in which he desires to work should try out the various classes of employment to which he may find himself adapted1 expecting ultimately to find that class of work for which he is best fitted4 ,in general1 one who desires to enter the field of logging should be young1 have a robust constitution1 possess a liking for outdoor work1 and should seek employment in some region with which he is familiar1 or in some section which is similar in climatic and social conditions to his home region4 ,,plan ,no4 #iab4 ,,sawmilling ,the sawmill industry is scattered over a wide area in this country1 but the chief centers of lumber manufacture are in or adjacent to the great forest areas of the country1 in the southern pine region1 which produces nearly one-third of all of our lumber cut1 and in the ,pacific ,northwest1 which produces about one-eighth of our total cut4 ,the sawmill business includes plants ranging from the small mill1 cutting a few thousand feet daily1 up to the plant which turns out nearly one million feet of lumber in twenty hours4 ,,lumber ,,settlements ,lumber manufacture is centered in permanent settlements1 a new plant usually having a normal life of at least #bj years4 ,some of these communities comprise only the lumber companies' employees 7a 8one-man town07 while others are located at or near cities or towns4 ,merits are claimed for both systems1 but it is true that some of the cleanest and most enlightened communities are those in which the control of affairs rests largely in the hands of the lumber company4 ,in this way undesirables may be kept away from the settlement1 better schools are usually maintained1 and the entire tone of the community placed on a higher standard than exists in the 8open0 towns4 ,,character ,,of ,,work ,the work at a sawmill plant is extremely varied in character1 and ranges from that requiring high technical and mechanical ability down through every degree of skill to work which can be performed by a low grade of common labor4 ,the wage scale likewise shows a wide range4 ,the highest technical positions1 such as saw filer in a large mill1 may command #ab per day and up1 while the lowest wage is the minimum for common labor in the region4 ,sawmilling proceeds in all kinds of weather1 except during the winter season in the northern regions4 ,at all plants1 however1 some forms of work1 such as lumber piling1 trucking dry lumber to the planing mill1 and loading cars1 may be discontinued during short spells of inclement weather4 ,the actual sawing of lumber1 in most regions1 seldom ceases except when the entire plant closes down1 since this work is largely done under cover and the men therefore are sheltered4 ,sawmill work should appeal to one who is interested in factory work2 who desires employment which keeps him more or less in the open2 and who prefers to live in a settled community4 ,it offers a clean1 healthful occupation for all degrees of skill1 hence it affords opportunity for every industrious man4 ,,wages ,the wages paid in the lumber industry vary with the region in which the work is performed and local wage scales1 but the compensation is as great as in other industries requiring an equal amount of skill4 ,,plan ,no4 #iac4 ,,classification ,,of ,,labor ,,in ,,the ,,lumber ,,industry #bbe ,,jobs ,,listed ,logging work as a rule requires a man of robust constitution who can stand up under hard physical labor performed in the open in all kinds of weather4 ,loggers must as a rule be skilled in the use of ax1 crosscut saw1 and like tools1 or to be competent teamsters1 although considerable unskilled labor is employed in each camp4 ,sawmill employees should in most instances be robust4 ,they are not as a rule exposed to inclement weather to the same degree as loggers4 ,a high degree of mechanical skill is required of saw filers1 sawyers1 mechanics1 and persons filling like places1 but the greater part of the sawmill work does not demand mechanical skill of even average degree and consequently the work can be satisfactorily performed by labor which has had but little previous experience4 ,in most positions a man who is of average intelligence and has the ability to quickly adapt himself to new lines of work will prove successful4 ,woods work as a rule does not appeal to the city born and bred man1 because it takes him from settled communities4 ,on the other hand1 both logging and sawmill work often appeal to the country-reared man because it keeps him out in the open4 ,the scarcity of labor during the last year has necessitated the employment of many laborers who would not have been acceptable in former times4 ,women are now filling many places in the industry to which they were not formerly considered eligible4 ,they are now driving teams on logging jobs1 felling timber1 laying railroad steel1 surfacing railroad track1 and doing other work in the woods1 as well as filling very satisfactorily a large number of places in sawmills1 box factories1 and other woodworking establishments which were formerly filled exclusively by men4 ,there is promise of a readjustment of labor conditions in the industry1 and it is certain that the discovery of the worth of female labor in the industry will have a marked effect on labor conditions4 ,the entrance of female workers will mean that many forms of the lighter labor formerly performed by physically deficient males will be given over to women1 and it is possible that this may have a marked bearing on the possibility of employing wounded soldiers for this purpose4 ,few soldiers will be advised to enter the lumber industry unless they were formerly engaged in a similar line of work4 ,the following tabulation shows in a very general way the minimum range of the technical and mechanical qualifications required for certain lines of logging and sawmill work4 ,experienced men with greater disabilities than those mentioned may prove efficient1 but it is not believed that inexperienced men who can not meet the requirements would prove satisfactory in the industry4 ,better ,than #bbe ,jobs ,labor ,classification--,lumber ,industry ,physical and ,technical ,qualifications ,physical requirements4 --------------------------------- ,eye- ,physique4,arms4,legs4sight4,hearing4 --------------------------------- ,a4 ,logging engineering3 7#a7 ,land surveys-- a4 ,instrument man4 ,robust4 #b #acb;,good4 ,fair4 b4 ,rodman4 do4 #b #acb;,fair4 do4 c4 ,chainman4 do4 #b #acb do4 do4 d4 ,axeman4 do4 #b #acb do4 do4 7#b7 ,timber cruising-- a4 ,cruiser4 do4 #a #acb;,good4 do4 b4 ,compassman4 do4 #b #acb;,fair4 do4 c4 ,cook4 do4 #b #acba eye1 do4 fair4 7#c7 ,topographic do4 #b #acb;,good4 do4 mapping and map making4 7#d7 ,railroad location-- a4 ,instrument man4 do4 #b #acb do4 do4 b4 ,rodman4 do4 #b #acb;,fair4 do4 c4 ,chainman4 do4 #b #acb do4 do4 d4 ,axeman4 do4 #b #acb do4 do4 7#e7 ,planning logging operations-- a4 ,forester or do4 #b #acb do4 do4 logging engineer4 ,b4 ,logging3 7#a7 ,felling and bucking 7including saw fitting7-- a4 ,head faller4 ,robust4 #b #b ,fair4 ,fair4 b4 ,second faller4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 c4 ,saw filer4 ,fairly #b #a ,good4 ,fair to robust4 poor4 d4 ,saw boss4 do4 #a #b #a eye1,fair4 fair4 7#b7 ,skidding and yarding 7animal7-- a4 ,teamster4 ,robust4 #b #b ,fair4 do4 b4 ,swamper4 do4 #b #b do4 c4 ,grab setter4 do4 #b #b #a eye4 do4 d4 ,tong hooker4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 e4 ,tong unhooker4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 f4 ,cant hookman4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 g4 ,skidway man4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 7,power--,pacific coast73 a4 ,hook tender4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 b4 ,rigging shingle4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 c4 ,choker man4 do4 #b #b do4 ,good4 d4 ,sniper4 do4 #b #b do4 ,fair to poor4 e4 ,signalman4 ,average4 #a #b #a eye1,good4 fair4 f4 ,yarding and road do4 #b #b ,good4 do4 engineer4 g4 ,yarding and do4 #b #b ,fair4 ,fair4 road-engine fireman4 h4 ,wood buck4 ,robust4 #b #b do4 ,fair to poor4 i4 ,head loader4 do4 #b #b do4 ,fair4 j4 ,second loader4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 k4 ,loading engine ,average4 #b #b do4 ,good4 engineer4 l4 ,loading engine do4 #b #b do4 do4 fireman4 m4 ,pump man4 do4 #b #a do4 ,fair4 o4 ,master mechanic4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 n4 ,blacksmith4 ,robust4 #b #a ,good4 do4 p4 ,carpenter4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 q4 ,car repairer4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 r4 ,pole road do4 #b #b ,fair4 do4 construction 7foreman74 s4 ,pole road do4 #b #b do4 do4 construction 7laborers74 t4 ,landing do4 #b #b do4 do4 construction 7foreman74 u4 ,landing do4 #b #b do4 do4 construction 7men74 7#c7 ,transportation-- a4 ,locomotive do4 #b #b ,good4 ,good4 engineer4 b4 ,locomotive do4 #b #b do4 do4 fireman4 c4 ,conductor1 log ,average4 #a #b do4 do4 train4 d4 ,brakeman1 log ,robust4 #b #b do4 do4 train4 e4 ,section foreman4,average4 #a #b do4 ,fair4 f4 ,section man4 ,robust4 #b #b ,fair4 ,fair to poor4 g4 ,railroad do4 #b #b do4 ,fair4 construction 7foreman74 h4 ,railroad do4 #b #b do4 ,fair to construction 7men74 poor4 i4 ,rafting or boom do4 #b #b do4 ,fair4 foreman4 j4 ,rafting or boom do4 #b #b do4 do4 men4 k4 ,driver foreman4 do4 #b #b ,good4 do4 l4 ,river driver do4 #b #b ,fair4 do4 7#d7 ,timber measurement-- a4 ,scaler4 ,average4 #a or #b ,good4 do4 #b b4 ,scaler's helper4 do4 #b #b ,fair4 ,fair to poor4 7#e7 ,general camp crew-- a4 ,foreman4 ,robust4 #b #b do4 do4 b4 ,barn man4 ,average4 #b #a do4 do4 c4 ,cook4 ,robust4 #b #a #a do4 d4 ,flunkey4 ,average4 #b #a #a eye1 do4 fair4 e4 ,chore boy4 do4 #b #a ,fair4 do4 f4 ,camp clerk4 do4 #a #a do4 do4 ,lumber manufacture3 ,c4 7#a7 ,log storage-- a4 ,log car ,robust4 #b #b do4 ,fair4 unloaders4 b4 ,pond foreman4 ,average4 #b #b #a eye1 do4 fair4 c4 ,sinker raiser4 ,robust4 #b #b do4 do4 d4 ,boom men and do4 #b #b do4 do4 jacker feeder4 7#b7 ,sawmill proper-- a4 ,dock man and ,average4 #b #b ,good4 ,fair4 scaler4 b4 ,sawyer4 ,robust4 #b #b do4 do4 c4 ,setter4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 d4 ,carriage rider4 do4 #b #b ,fair4 do4 e4 ,swamper or off- do4 #b #b do4 do4 bearer4 f4 ,tripper4 ,average4 #b #b do4 do4 g4 ,edgerman4 ,robust4 #b #b ,good4 do4 h4 ,tail edger4 do4 #b #b ,fair4 do4 i4 ,slasherman4 ,average4 #b #b do4 do4 j4 ,gang sawyer4 do4 #b #b ,good4 do4 k4 ,gang feeder4 ,robust4 #b #b ,fair4 do4 l4 ,gang tailer4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 m4 ,trimmer loader4 do4 #b #a do4 do4 n4 ,trimmer ,average4 #b #a ,good4 do4 leverman4 o4 ,clean-up man4 do4 #b #a ,fair4 do4 p4 ,oiler4 do4 #b #b ,good4 do4 q4 ,foreman4 do4 #a #a do4 do4 r4 ,saw filer4 do4 #b #a do4 do4 s4 ,saw filer do4 #b #a do4 do4 helper4 t4 ,jump saw do4 #b #a ,fair4 do4 operator4 u4 ,millwright4 ,robust4 #b #b ,good4 do4 v4 ,watchman4 ,average4 #a #b do4 do4 7#c7 ,sorting and grading-- a4 ,inspector1 do4 #b #b do4 do4 lumber4 b4 ,graders4 ,robust4 #b #b do4 do4 c4 ,sorting table do4 #b #ada;,fair4 do4 man4 7#d7 ,yard and kiln work-- a4 ,foreman4 ,average4 #a #b do4 do4 b4 ,teamsters4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 c4 ,stackers4 ,robust4 #b #b do4 do4 d4 ,send-in men4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 7#e7 ,planing mill-- a4 ,foreman4 ,average4 #a #b do4 do4 b4 ,machinist4 do4 #b #b ,good4 do4 c4 ,shipping clerk4 do4 #a #a ,fair4 do4 d4 ,machine feeders4,robust4 #b #b do4 do4 e4 ,grades behind ,average4 #b #b ,good4 do4 ,machines4 f4 ,machine tailers4 do4 #b #b ,fair4 do4 g4 ,tyers4 do4 #b #a do4 do4 7#f7 ,loading and shipping-- a4 ,truckers4 ,robust4 #b #b do4 do4 b4 ,car loaders4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 c4 ,checkers4 ,average4 #b #b ,good4 do4 7#g7 ,office and ,sales-- a4 ,clerk4 do4 #b #a ,fair4 do4 b4 ,salesman4 do4 #a #b do4 do4 7#h7 ,commissary do4 #b #a #a eye1 do4 employees4 fair4 7#i7 ,power house-- a4 ,engineer4 do4 #b #b ,fair4 do4 b4 ,fireman4 do4 #b #a do4 do4 c4 ,common labor4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 7#aj7 ,machine shop-- a4 ,foreman4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 b4 ,blacksmith4 ,robust4 #b #b ,good4 do4 c4 ,machinist4 do4 #b #a do4 do4 d4 ,boiler maker4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 e4 ,pattern maker4 do4 #b #a do4 do4 f4 ,welders4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 g4 ,electrician4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 h4 ,helpers4 do4 #b #b ,fair4 do4 i4 ,common labor4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 7#aa7 ,miscellaneous-- a4 ,timekeeper4 ,average4 #b #a do4 do4 b4 ,common labor4 ,robust4 #b #b do4 do4 ,d4 ,lath ,manufacture3 a4 ,foreman4 ,average4 #b #a ,fair4 ,fair4 b4 ,slab picker4 ,robust4 #b #a do4 do4 c4 ,machine feeders4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 d4 ,machine tailers4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 e4 ,lath bundlers ,average4 #b #b do4 do4 and ,graders4 ,e4 ,shingle manufacture3 a4 ,foreman4 do4 #b #a do4 do4 b4 ,bolter4 ,robust4 #b #b do4 do4 c4 ,shingle sawyer4 do4 #b #a do4 do4 d4 ,knob sawyer4 do4 #b #a do4 do4 e4 ,grader and ,average4 #b #a do4 do4 bundler4 ,f4 ,paper industry3 7#a7 ,millwork-- a4 ,head piler do4 #a #b do4 do4 7wood74 b4 ,wood handlers4 ,robust4 #b #b do4 do4 c4 ,conveyor man4 do4 #b #a do4 do4 d4 ,river man4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 e4 ,head wood ,average4 #a #b do4 do4 handler4 f4 ,slip man4 ,robust4 #b #b do4 do4 g4 ,head preparer4 ,average4 #a #a do4 do4 h4 ,swing sawyer4 ,robust4 #b #a do4 do4 i4 ,barker4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 j4 ,splitter4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 k4 ,waste handler4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 l4 ,chipper4 ,average4 #b #b do4 do4 m4 ,head grinder do4 #a #b do4 do4 man4 n4 ,stone ,robust4 #b #b do4 do4 sharpener4 o4 ,grinder man4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 p4 ,block handler4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 q4 ,screenman4 ,average4 #b #b do4 do4 r4 ,sliver man4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 s4 ,head pressman4 do4 #a #b do4 do4 t4 ,pressman4 ,robust4 #b #b do4 do4 u4 ,decker man4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 v4 ,sulphur burner4 ,average4 #a #b do4 do4 w4 ,acid maker4 do4 #a #b do4 do4 x4 ,lime slacker4 do4 #a #b do4 do4 y4 ,lime handler4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 z4 ,towerman4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 aa4 ,cook do4 #a #a do4 do4 7digesters74 bb4 ,cook1 first do4 #b #b do4 do4 helper4 cc4 ,cook1 second do4 #b #b do4 do4 helper4 dd4 ,blow pitman4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 ee4 ,screenman4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 ff4 ,waste handler4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 gg4 ,head pressman4 ,robust4 #b #b do4 do4 hh4 ,pressman4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 ii4 ,head beater ,average4 #a #a do4 do4 man4 jj4 ,beater man4 ,robust4 #b #b do4 do4 kk4 ,clay and size ,average4 #b #b do4 do4 man4 ll4 ,machine tender4,robust4 #b #b do4 do4 mm4 ,machine man do4 #b #b do4 do4 7others74 nn4 ,head finisher4 ,average4 #a #a do4 do4 oo4 ,cutter man4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 pp4 ,rewinder4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 qq4 ,weigher4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 rr4 ,marker4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 ss4 ,balers4 ,robust4 #b #b do4 do4 tt4 ,oilers4 ,average4 #b #b ,good4 do4 uu4 ,cleaner4 do4 #b #b ,fair4 do4 vv4 ,filter man4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 ww4 ,first core do4 #b #b do4 do4 cleaner4 xx4 ,core cleaner4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 yy4 ,stock saver4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 zz4 ,engineer4 do4 #b #a or do4 ,good4 #b aaa4 ,fireman4 do4 #b #a do4 ,fair4 bbb4 ,dynamo man4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 ccc4 ,coal and wood ,robust4 #b #b do4 do4 handlers4 ddd4 ,boiler do4 #b #b do4 do4 cleaner4 eee4 ,head repair ,average4 #a #b do4 do4 man4 fff4 ,repair man4 ,robust4 #b #b ,fair4 do4 ggg4 ,repair man do4 #b #b do4 do4 helpers4 hhh4 ,core maker4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 ,g4 ,cooperage industry3 7#a7 ,woods work 7same qualifications as for ,average4 #b #b do4 do4 regular logging74 ,robust4 #b #b do4 do4 7#b7 ,manufacture-- do4 #b #b do4 do4 a4 ,drag saw do4 #b #b do4 do4 operator4 b4 ,bolter4 c4 ,peeler4 d4 ,sawyer4 e4 ,knife grinder ,average4 #b #a ,good4 ,fair4 and filer4 f4 ,jointers4 ,robust4 #b #b ,fair4 do4 g4 ,matchers4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 h4 ,turners4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 i4 ,packers4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 j4 ,truckers4 ,average4 #b #b do4 do4 k4 ,clean-up men4 do4 ,h4 ,veneer mill3 a4 ,foreman4 do4 #a #a do4 do4 b4 ,drag saw man4 ,robust4 #b #a do4 do4 c4 ,hot box man4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 d4 ,deck labor4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 e4 ,machine do4 #b #b do4 do4 operator4 f4 ,sawyer4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 g4 ,grader4 ,average4 #b #a do4 do4 h4 ,stock handler4 ,robust4 #b #a do4 do4 i4 ,trucker4 do4 #b #a do4 do4 j4 ,kiln operator4 ,average4 #b #a do4 do4 k4 ,packer and ,robust4 #b #b do4 do4 loader4 l4 ,engineer4 ,average4 #b #a do4 do4 m4 ,fireman4 ,robust4 #b #b do4 do4 n4 ,common labor4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 ,i4 ,wood preservation3 a4 ,superintendent4 ,average4 #a #a do4 do4 b4 ,foreman4 do4 #b #b do4 do4 c4 ,common labor4 ,robust4 #b #b do4 do4 d4 ,engineer4 ,average4 #b #a do4 do4 e4 ,fireman4 ,robust4 #b #b do4 do4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,training and experience4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,technical ,mechanical knowledge4 skill4 -------------------------------------- ,aver- ,low4,average4 ,high4 ,low4 age4,high4 -------------------------------------- ,a4 ,logging engineering3 7#a7 ,land surveys-- a4 ,instrument man4 ,yes2 mathe- matical4 b4 ,rodman4 ,yes2 general knowledge of sur- veying4 c4 ,chainman4 do4 d4 ,axeman4 ,yes4 7#b7 ,timber cruising-- a4 ,cruiser4 ,yes2 timber estimating4 b4 ,compassman4 ,compass work4 c4 ,cook4 7#c7 ,topographic ,compass mapping and map work4 making4 7#d7 ,railroad location-- a4 ,instrument man4 ,yes2 ,mathe- matical4 b4 ,rodman4 ,yes2 general knowledge of sur- veying4 c4 ,chainman4 do4 d4 ,axeman4 ,yes4 7#e7 ,planning logging operations-- a4 ,forester or ,knowledge logging engineer4 of logging methods4 ,b4 ,logging3 7#a7 ,felling and bucking 7including saw fitting7-- a4 ,head faller4 ,yes4 b4 ,second faller4 ,yes4 c4 ,saw filer4 ,knowledge of saw fitting4 d4 ,saw boss4 do4 7#b7 ,skidding and yarding 7animal7-- a4 ,teamster4 ,yes4 b4 ,swamper4 ,yes4 c4 ,grab setter4 ,yes4 d4 ,tong hooker4 ,yes4 e4 ,tong unhooker4 ,yes4 f4 ,cant hookman4 ,yes4 g4 ,skidway man4 ,yes4 7,power--,pacific coast73 a4 ,hook tender4 ,yes4 ,yes4 b4 ,rigging shingle4 ,yes4 c4 ,choker man4 ,yes4 d4 ,sniper4 ,yes4 e4 ,signalman4 ,yes4 f4 ,yarding and road ,yes4 engineer4 g4 ,yarding and ,yes4 road-engine fireman4 h4 ,wood buck4 ,yes4 i4 ,head loader4 ,yes4 j4 ,second loader4 ,yes4 k4 ,loading engine ,yes4 engineer4 l4 ,loading engine ,yes4 fireman4 m4 ,pump man4 ,yes4 o4 ,master mechanic4 ,yes4 n4 ,blacksmith4 ,yes4 p4 ,carpenter4 ,yes4 q4 ,car repairer4 ,yes4 r4 ,pole road ,yes4 construction 7foreman74 s4 ,pole road ,yes4 construction 7laborers74 t4 ,landing ,yes4 construction 7foreman74 u4 ,landing ,yes4 construction 7men74 7#c7 ,transportation-- a4 ,locomotive ,yes4 engineer4 b4 ,locomotive ,yes4 fireman4 c4 ,conductor1 log ,yes4 train4 d4 ,brakeman1 log ,yes4 train4 e4 ,section foreman4 ,yes4 f4 ,section man4 ,yes4 g4 ,railroad ,yes4 construction 7foreman74 h4 ,railroad ,yes4 construction 7men74 i4 ,rafting or boom ,yes4 foreman4 j4 ,rafting or boom ,yes4 men4 k4 ,driver foreman4 ,yes4 l4 ,river driver ,yes4 7#d7 ,timber measurement-- a4 ,scaler4 ,yes4 b4 ,scaler's helper4 ,yes4 7#e7 ,general camp crew-- a4 ,foreman4 ,yes4 b4 ,barn man4 ,yes4 c4 ,cook4 d4 ,flunkey4 e4 ,chore boy4 f4 ,camp clerk4 ,lumber manufacture3 ,c4 7#a7 ,log storage-- a4 ,log car ,yes4 unloaders4 b4 ,pond foreman4 ,yes4 c4 ,sinker raiser4 ,yes4 d4 ,boom men and ,yes4 jacker feeder4 7#b7 ,sawmill proper-- a4 ,dock man and ,yes4 ,yes4 scaler4 b4 ,sawyer4 ,yes4 ,yes4 c4 ,setter4 ,yes4 ,yes4 d4 ,carriage rider4 ,yes4 e4 ,swamper or off- ,yes4 bearer4 f4 ,tripper4 ,yes4 g4 ,edgerman4 ,yes4 h4 ,tail edger4 i4 ,slasherman4 j4 ,gang sawyer4 ,yes4 k4 ,gang feeder4 l4 ,gang tailer4 m4 ,trimmer loader4 n4 ,trimmer ,yes4 leverman4 o4 ,clean-up man4 p4 ,oiler4 ,yes4 q4 ,foreman4 ,yes4 r4 ,saw filer4 ,yes4 ,yes4 s4 ,saw filer ,yes4 ,yes4 helper4 t4 ,jump saw ,yes4 operator4 u4 ,millwright4 ,yes4 v4 ,watchman4 7#c7 ,sorting and grading-- a4 ,inspector1 ,yes4 lumber4 b4 ,graders4 ,yes4 c4 ,sorting table man4 7#d7 ,yard and kiln work-- a4 ,foreman4 ,yes4 ,yes4 b4 ,teamsters4 ,yes4 c4 ,stackers4 ,yes4 d4 ,send-in men4 ,yes4 7#e7 ,planing mill-- a4 ,foreman4 ,yes4 b4 ,machinist4 ,yes4 c4 ,shipping clerk4 d4 ,machine feeders4 ,yes4 e4 ,grades behind ,yes4 ,machines4 f4 ,machine tailers4 g4 ,tyers4 7#f7 ,loading and shipping-- a4 ,truckers4 b4 ,car loaders4 c4 ,checkers4 ,yes4 7#g7 ,office and ,sales-- a4 ,clerk4 b4 ,salesman4 7#h7 ,commissary employees4 7#i7 ,power house-- a4 ,engineer4 ,yes4 b4 ,fireman4 ,yes4 c4 ,common labor4 7#aj7 ,machine shop-- a4 ,foreman4 ,yes4 b4 ,blacksmith4 ,yes4 c4 ,machinist4 ,yes4 d4 ,boiler maker4 ,yes4 e4 ,pattern maker4 ,yes4 f4 ,welders4 ,yes4 g4 ,electrician4 ,yes4 h4 ,helpers4 ,yes4 i4 ,common labor4 7#aa7 ,miscellaneous-- a4 ,timekeeper4 b4 ,common labor4 ,d4 ,lath ,manufacture3 a4 ,foreman4 ,yes4 b4 ,slab picker4 c4 ,machine feeders4 d4 ,machine tailers4 e4 ,lath bundlers and ,graders4 ,e4 ,shingle manufacture3 a4 ,foreman4 ,yes4 b4 ,bolter4 ,yes4 c4 ,shingle sawyer4 ,yes4 d4 ,knob sawyer4 e4 ,grader and bundler4 ,f4 ,paper industry3 7#a7 ,millwork-- a4 ,head piler ,yes4 7wood74 b4 ,wood handlers4 c4 ,conveyor man4 d4 ,river man4 ,yes4 e4 ,head wood ,yes4 handler4 f4 ,slip man4 g4 ,head preparer4 ,yes4 h4 ,swing sawyer4 ,yes4 i4 ,barker4 ,yes4 j4 ,splitter4 ,yes4 k4 ,waste handler4 l4 ,chipper4 ,yes4 m4 ,head grinder ,yes4 man4 n4 ,stone ,yes4 sharpener4 o4 ,grinder man4 ,yes4 p4 ,block handler4 q4 ,screenman4 ,yes4 r4 ,sliver man4 ,yes4 s4 ,head pressman4 ,yes4 ,yes4 t4 ,pressman4 ,yes4 ,yes4 u4 ,decker man4 ,yes4 v4 ,sulphur burner4 ,yes4 w4 ,acid maker4 ,yes4 x4 ,lime slacker4 ,yes4 y4 ,lime handler4 z4 ,towerman4 aa4 ,cook ,yes4 7digesters74 bb4 ,cook1 first helper4 cc4 ,cook1 second helper4 dd4 ,blow pitman4 ee4 ,screenman4 ,yes4 ff4 ,waste handler4 gg4 ,head pressman4 ,yes4 ,yes4 hh4 ,pressman4 ,yes4 ,yes4 ii4 ,head beater ,yes4 ,yes4 man4 jj4 ,beater man4 kk4 ,clay and size ,yes4 man4 ll4 ,machine tender4 ,yes4 ,yes4 mm4 ,machine man ,yes4 7others74 nn4 ,head finisher4 ,yes4 oo4 ,cutter man4 ,yes4 pp4 ,rewinder4 ,yes4 qq4 ,weigher4 rr4 ,marker4 ss4 ,balers4 tt4 ,oilers4 ,yes4 uu4 ,cleaner4 ,yes4 vv4 ,filter man4 ,yes4 ww4 ,first core ,yes4 cleaner4 xx4 ,core cleaner4 ,yes4 yy4 ,stock saver4 ,yes4 zz4 ,engineer4 ,yes4 aaa4 ,fireman4 ,yes4 bbb4 ,dynamo man4 ,yes4 ccc4 ,coal and wood handlers4 ddd4 ,boiler ,yes4 cleaner4 eee4 ,head repair ,yes4 man4 fff4 ,repair man4 ,yes4 ggg4 ,repair man ,yes4 helpers4 hhh4 ,core maker4 ,yes4 ,g4 ,cooperage industry3 7#a7 ,woods work 7same qualifications as for ,yes4 regular logging74 ,yes4 7#b7 ,manufacture-- ,yes4 a4 ,drag saw ,yes4 operator4 b4 ,bolter4 c4 ,peeler4 d4 ,sawyer4 e4 ,knife grinder ,yes4 and filer4 f4 ,jointers4 ,yes4 g4 ,matchers4 ,yes4 h4 ,turners4 ,yes4 i4 ,packers4 j4 ,truckers4 k4 ,clean-up men4 ,h4 ,veneer mill3 a4 ,foreman4 ,yes4 b4 ,drag saw man4 ,yes4 c4 ,hot box man4 ,yes4 d4 ,deck labor4 e4 ,machine ,yes4 operator4 f4 ,sawyer4 ,yes4 ,yes4 g4 ,grader4 ,yes4 h4 ,stock handler4 i4 ,trucker4 j4 ,kiln operator4 ,yes4 ,yes4 k4 ,packer and loader4 l4 ,engineer4 ,yes4 m4 ,fireman4 ,yes4 n4 ,common labor4 ,i4 ,wood preservation3 a4 ,superintendent4 ,yes4 ,yes4 b4 ,foreman4 ,yes4 c4 ,common labor4 d4 ,engineer4 ,yes4 e4 ,fireman4 ,yes4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,remarks4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,a4 ,logging engineering3 7#a7 ,land surveys-- a4 ,instrument man4 ,must be able to travel on foot for long distances4 b4 ,rodman4 ,do4 c4 ,chainman4 ,do4 d4 ,axeman4 ,do4 7#b7 ,timber cruising-- a4 ,cruiser4 ,do4 b4 ,compassman4 ,do4 c4 ,cook4 ,general qualification for cook4 7#c7 ,topographic ,must be able to travel on foot for long mapping and map distances4 making4 7#d7 ,railroad location-- a4 ,instrument man4 ,do4 b4 ,rodman4 ,do4 c4 ,chainman4 ,do4 d4 ,axeman4 ,do4 7#e7 ,planning logging operations-- a4 ,forester or ,do4 logging engineer4 ,b4 ,logging3 7#a7 ,felling and bucking 7including saw fitting7-- a4 ,head faller4 b4 ,second faller4 c4 ,saw filer4 d4 ,saw boss4 7#b7 ,skidding and yarding 7animal7-- a4 ,teamster4 ,must be a skilled teamster4 b4 ,swamper4 ,must be able to handle an ax4 c4 ,grab setter4 d4 ,tong hooker4 e4 ,tong unhooker4 f4 ,cant hookman4 g4 ,skidway man4 7,power--,pacific coast73 a4 ,hook tender4 b4 ,rigging shingle4 c4 ,choker man4 d4 ,sniper4 e4 ,signalman4 f4 ,yarding and road engineer4 g4 ,yarding and road-engine fireman4 h4 ,wood buck4 i4 ,head loader4 j4 ,second loader4 k4 ,loading engine engineer4 l4 ,loading engine fireman4 m4 ,pump man4 o4 ,master mechanic4 n4 ,blacksmith4 p4 ,carpenter4 q4 ,car repairer4 r4 ,pole road construction 7foreman74 s4 ,pole road construction 7laborers74 t4 ,landing construction 7foreman74 u4 ,landing construction 7men74 7#c7 ,transportation-- a4 ,locomotive engineer4 b4 ,locomotive fireman4 c4 ,conductor1 log train4 d4 ,brakeman1 log train4 e4 ,section foreman4 f4 ,section man4 g4 ,railroad construction 7foreman74 h4 ,railroad construction 7men74 i4 ,rafting or boom foreman4 j4 ,rafting or boom men4 k4 ,driver foreman4 l4 ,river driver 7#d7 ,timber measurement-- a4 ,scaler4 b4 ,scaler's helper4 7#e7 ,general camp crew-- a4 ,foreman4 ,wide experience4 b4 ,barn man4 c4 ,cook4 ,general qualifications for industrial camp cook4 d4 ,flunkey4 e4 ,chore boy4 f4 ,camp clerk4 ,ordinary clerical ability4 ,lumber manufacture3 ,c4 7#a7 ,log storage-- a4 ,log car ,loss of #a or #b fingers no detriment4 unloaders4 b4 ,pond foreman4 ,do4 c4 ,sinker raiser4 ,do4 d4 ,boom men and jacker feeder4 7#b7 ,sawmill proper-- a4 ,dock man and ,loss of #a or #b fingers no detriment4 scaler4 b4 ,sawyer4 c4 ,setter4 ,loss of #a finger no detriment4 d4 ,carriage rider4 ,loss of #a or #b fingers no detriment4 e4 ,swamper or off- ,do4 bearer4 f4 ,tripper4 ,do4 g4 ,edgerman4 h4 ,tail edger4 ,loss of #a finger no detriment4 i4 ,slasherman4 ,loss of #a or #b fingers no detriment4 j4 ,gang sawyer4 ,loss of #a finger no detriment4 k4 ,gang feeder4 ,do4 l4 ,gang tailer4 ,do4 m4 ,trimmer loader4 n4 ,trimmer leverman4 o4 ,clean-up man4 ,loss of #a finger no detriment4 p4 ,oiler4 ,do4 q4 ,foreman4 r4 ,saw filer4 s4 ,saw filer helper4 t4 ,jump saw ,loss of #a or #b fingers no detriment4 operator4 u4 ,millwright4 v4 ,watchman4 ,loss of #a finger no detriment4 7#c7 ,sorting and grading-- a4 ,inspector1 ,do4 lumber4 b4 ,graders4 c4 ,sorting table man4 7#d7 ,yard and kiln work-- a4 ,foreman4 b4 ,teamsters4 c4 ,stackers4 d4 ,send-in men4 7#e7 ,planing mill-- a4 ,foreman4 b4 ,machinist4 c4 ,shipping clerk4 ,ability to handle men and handle office work4 d4 ,machine feeders4 e4 ,grades behind ,machines4 f4 ,machine tailers4 g4 ,tyers4 7#f7 ,loading and shipping-- a4 ,truckers4 ,loss of #a or #b fingers no detriment4 b4 ,car loaders4 c4 ,checkers4 7#g7 ,office and ,sales-- a4 ,clerk4 ,general clerical ability4 b4 ,salesman4 ,sales ability4 7#h7 ,commissary ,general store clerk ability4 employees4 7#i7 ,power house-- a4 ,engineer4 b4 ,fireman4 c4 ,common labor4 7#aj7 ,machine shop-- a4 ,foreman4 b4 ,blacksmith4 c4 ,machinist4 d4 ,boiler maker4 e4 ,pattern maker4 f4 ,welders4 g4 ,electrician4 h4 ,helpers4 i4 ,common labor4 7#aa7 ,miscellaneous-- a4 ,timekeeper4 ,average clerical ability4 b4 ,common labor4 ,d4 ,lath ,manufacture3 a4 ,foreman4 b4 ,slab picker4 c4 ,machine feeders4 d4 ,machine tailers4 e4 ,lath bundlers and ,graders4 ,e4 ,shingle manufacture3 a4 ,foreman4 b4 ,bolter4 c4 ,shingle sawyer4 d4 ,knob sawyer4 e4 ,grader and bundler4 ,f4 ,paper industry3 7#a7 ,millwork-- a4 ,head piler 7wood74 b4 ,wood handlers4 c4 ,conveyor man4 d4 ,river man4 e4 ,head wood handler4 f4 ,slip man4 g4 ,head preparer4 h4 ,swing sawyer4 i4 ,barker4 j4 ,splitter4 k4 ,waste handler4 l4 ,chipper4 m4 ,head grinder man4 n4 ,stone sharpener4 o4 ,grinder man4 p4 ,block handler4 q4 ,screenman4 r4 ,sliver man4 s4 ,head pressman4 t4 ,pressman4 u4 ,decker man4 v4 ,sulphur burner4 w4 ,acid maker4 x4 ,lime slacker4 y4 ,lime handler4 z4 ,towerman4 aa4 ,cook 7digesters74 bb4 ,cook1 first helper4 cc4 ,cook1 second helper4 dd4 ,blow pitman4 ee4 ,screenman4 ff4 ,waste handler4 gg4 ,head pressman4 hh4 ,pressman4 ii4 ,head beater man4 jj4 ,beater man4 kk4 ,clay and size man4 ll4 ,machine tender4 mm4 ,machine man 7others74 nn4 ,head finisher4 oo4 ,cutter man4 pp4 ,rewinder4 qq4 ,weigher4 rr4 ,marker4 ss4 ,balers4 tt4 ,oilers4 uu4 ,cleaner4 vv4 ,filter man4 ww4 ,first core cleaner4 xx4 ,core cleaner4 yy4 ,stock saver4 zz4 ,engineer4 aaa4 ,fireman4 bbb4 ,dynamo man4 ccc4 ,coal and wood handlers4 ddd4 ,boiler cleaner4 eee4 ,head repair man4 fff4 ,repair man4 ggg4 ,repair man helpers4 hhh4 ,core maker4 ,g4 ,cooperage industry3 7#a7 ,woods work 7same qualifications as for regular logging74 7#b7 ,manufacture-- a4 ,drag saw operator4 b4 ,bolter4 c4 ,peeler4 d4 ,sawyer4 e4 ,knife grinder and filer4 f4 ,jointers4 g4 ,matchers4 h4 ,turners4 i4 ,packers4 j4 ,truckers4 k4 ,clean-up men4 ,h4 ,veneer mill3 a4 ,foreman4 b4 ,drag saw man4 c4 ,hot box man4 d4 ,deck labor4 e4 ,machine operator4 f4 ,sawyer4 g4 ,grader4 h4 ,stock handler4 i4 ,trucker4 j4 ,kiln operator4 k4 ,packer and loader4 l4 ,engineer4 m4 ,fireman4 n4 ,common labor4 ,i4 ,wood preservation3 a4 ,superintendent4 b4 ,foreman4 c4 ,common labor4 d4 ,engineer4 e4 ,fireman4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #ac ,ability to travel on foot4 #ad ,preferably #b4 ,,plan ,no4 #iad4 ,,employment ,,management ,,acknowledgment ,this article was prepared by ,edward ,d4 ,jones1 ,director of ,course ,materials1 ,employment ,management ,section of the ,war ,industries ,board1 under direction of ,charles ,h4 ,winslow1 ,chief of the ,research ,division of the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education4 ,acknowledgment is due to ,dr4 ,john ,cummings of the ,research ,division for editorial assistance4 ,,the ,,new ,,labor ,,problem ,a great deal of thought is now being given1 by ,american business men1 to the subject of employment management4 ,at one time the labor problem seemed to be solely a matter of the policies of organized labor and the methods of industrial warfare4 ,it now shows itself to be chiefly a question of the intelligent handling of the human relations which result from the normal course of business1 day by day4 ,it has to do with a study of the requirements of each occupation1 the careful selection of men for their work1 their adequate training1 the fixing of just wages1 the maintenance of proper working conditions1 and the protection of man against undue fatigue1 accidents1 disease1 and the demoralizing influences of a narrow and inadequate life1 and the opening of a channel through which employees may reach the ear of the management for the expression of any dissatisfaction with its labor policies4 ,a ,,departure ,,in ,,business ,,practice ,hitherto1 executive control in business has been exercised through three main divisions of administration3 7#a7 ,finance--in charge of a treasurer or president4 7#b7 ,manufacturing--in charge of a general manager or general superintendent4 7#c7 ,sales--in charge of a sales manager4 ,to these general divisions industrial enterprise is now adding a fourth1 i4 e41 employment management or1 as it is sometimes called1 supervision of personnel4 ,in the employment department of a business are gathered all those activities which have to do with the human relations--hiring1 education1 promotion1 discipline1 discharge1 wage setting1 pensions1 sick benefits1 housing1 etc4 ,to bring all these matters together under one head1 and provide each subsection with specialists1 is a great step toward scientific industrialism4 ,industrial experience has proved the advantage of a separate department equipped to deal with questions of personnel by themselves4 ,the prompt discovery and analysis of unfavorable working conditions can be made only by a central bureau4 ,most of the approved methods of dealing equitably with the working force have been devised or brought to notice by the new type of industrial specialist4 ,where employment departments have been established under competent executives1 the waste of turnover has been uniformly reduced1 and employees have been rendered more efficient through proper selection1 assignment1 training1 and supervision4 ,in no case of which there is record has an establishment which once tested the benefits of employment work of this character ever returned to the old methods of permitting employment functions to be handled by a variety of minor executives4 ,,functions ,,of ,,the ,,employment ,,manager ,the primary functions of an employment manager are to hire shop employees 7and often office employees also71 to superintend transfers and discharges1 to assist in determining rates of pay1 to study the causes of labor turnover and absenteeism and strive to reduce them1 to adjust grievances1 and to recommend changes in working conditions which will eliminate fatigue and accidents1 or will improve the health and spirit of the force4 ,in performing these functions the employment manager will need to organize a staff and provide himself with proper office aids4 ,he will require a set of labor records1 which will reveal for each department of the business the degree of efficiency being attained in the utilization of labor4 ,he will analyze the sources of labor supply and make studies upon which job specifications1 which set forth the qualifications required for each task1 can be based4 ,he will install such methods of physical and mental examination as will safeguard the force against the hazards of the occupation and the hazard of co-employment with men unfitted for their work4 ,to the employment manager often falls the function of supervising the training of employees by apprenticeship1 in vestibule or shop schools1 or by ,americanization programs4 ,the employment manager should be the chief agency of his corporation in forming and executing the policies which may be adopted for keeping the worker up to the standard4 ,these efforts may take any one of a variety of forms4 ,in one case a restaurant may be opened2 in another housing may be provided4 ,in one plant a mutual benefit organization may be a success2 elsewhere local transportation may be a serious problem1 or a recreational or thrift campaign may occupy the most attention4 ,each industrial situation requires particular study4 ,the prescription of economic and social remedies should rest as strictly upon diagnosis as does prescription in medical practice4 ,this means that the employment manager should know how to make industrial and labor surveys4 ,finally1 in connection with the government of the shop1 the employment manager will have a hand in drawing up shop rules1 and will1 by means of suggestion systems and control sheets1 deduce the significance of complaints and the causes of discharge4 ,he will be in contact with shop committees1 should such be formed4 ,and he will be a harmonizer and mutual interpreter in all collective bargaining negotiations with organizations of employees1 striving ever sincerely to reach a fair and permanent basis for loyal co-operation4 ,it will be observed that most of these functions are not new in industry4 ,they are now being gathered together under one authority so that they may be handled in a more expert manner1 that they may be harmonized into a consistent policy1 and that they may be made the definite responsibility of competent officers4 ,in such a summary of possible activities as the foregoing1 the range of duties indicated is wider than would be actually undertaken in most individual cases4 ,nevertheless1 the employment manager has need of a firm grasp on the technique of his art1 and an acquaintance with the successful policies of other employers4 ,he is called upon to practice human engineering1 and he has a leading part in transforming the relation of employer and employee from a mere 8cash nexus0 into a satisfying human relationship4 ,before the employment manager there opens one of the finest opportunities ,american business life has to offer4 ,in proper ratio to these opportunities should be the dominating purpose and the training of the candidate4 ,,the ,,employment ,,manager ,,and ,,the ,,general ,,officers ,the employment officer comes into a business organization as a staff man1 to relieve the general executives4 ,the general executive is a correlator4 ,he is a balancer of claim against claim4 ,his business is to define the general aims and to harmonize all lesser activities with them4 ,to do this work well1 he must be supplemented by specialists who do not have a wide range of functions1 and so can concentrate upon some special phase and1 upon demand1 can furnish him with detailed knowledge and standardized special agencies4 ,the line executive in war determines where a battery shall go and what it shall do1 but he depends upon staff men to breed a reliable artillery horse1 to design convenient gun carriages1 and to prepare service tables for sighting guns4 ,in industry1 the function of staff departments is already understood with reference to mechanical equipments4 ,the general executive decides to construct a factory or a warehouse2 but he depends upon an architect to design a building which will resist the probable stresses4 ,he desires a product2 but he organizes a designing department and an inspection department to control the dimensions of parts4 ,he would not pretend to a mastery of all the sciences involved4 ,the analogy between the function of the purchasing agent in a modern organization and that of the employment manager is close4 ,formerly1 factory foremen thought they knew best how to purchase raw materials4 ,the development of the purchasing agent proved the fallacy of this1 since his testing laboratory and specialized knowledge made the results far superior to those obtained by the individual foremen4 ,this principle of staff service is now being carried over into the field of human administration4 ,general executives demand well-chosen men1 men who are physically examined and pronounced safe for the work they are to do1 men who are properly paid1 and men who are so handled that they become permanent1 contented1 and loyal co-operators in the general plans of the enterprise4 ,of all the standardized agencies which a service department can put at the disposal of a general executive1 the supreme one is a first-class man4 ,when it is recalled that the general superintendent of a modern factory is responsible for general supervision of the purchase1 repair1 and use of equipment2 for the purchase1 testing1 storage1 and accounting of materials2 for shop schedules1 promises of delivery1 and measurement of output2 for cost estimates1 inspection of product1 tool accounting1 and all production orders1 it can readily be seen that he has little time or energy to consider the interests of the workers in other than a very general way4 ,there is some excuse for his looking upon men as merely the tools of production4 ,with such an administrative blockade already existing1 even in small businesses1 there has intervened in recent decades the enormous growth of ,american corporations4 ,this growth has so overwhelmed executives with functions1 and so regimented each class in industry by itself1 that officers and wage earners have been swept apart1 and the friendly elbow-touch of the earlier day of small shops entirely destroyed4 ,the effort is now being made to build a bridge between employer and employed--the chief span in this bridge is the employment department4 ,,the ,,employment ,,manager ,,and ,,the ,,foreman ,from the shoulders of the overloaded superintendent there have slipped down upon the foreman of the shops a mass of heterogenous functions4 ,in establishments where the modern plan of functionalizing the foreman is unknown1 each foreman is for his own shop a ,jack-of-all-trades1 endeavoring to deal directly with the details of a great variety of duties4 ,the inefficiency of such methods has been amply revealed by the analyses of the exponents of scientific management4 ,the remedy is specialization4 ,this means that groups of related duties are put in the charge of special foremen or service departments1 such as the stock clerk1 the engineer in charge of repairs1 the planning room1 and the tool room4 ,from the foreman's point of view the employment manager is such another functionalized foreman4 ,in this way the general shop foreman is relieved of hiring friends of employees in his own department who importune him for selected jobs merely on the basis of friendship and not fitness4 ,he is no longer a 8bouncer40 ,he no longer can sell jobs1 or hold his pets in soft assignments4 ,he has not the easy device of covering his own incompetence by firing a man4 ,he can ask for the transfer of unsatisfactory employees1 but if enough of these transfers show that discarded persons are able to make good in another shop where the foremanizing is different1 he prepares a prima facie case against himself4 ,the foreman gets a more even and dependable run of workmen from the employment department than he can provide for himself4 ,and he is freed from many distractions to become an expert in shop manufacturing processes4 ,the employment manager must find a way to secure the enthusiastic co-operation of the foremen with whom he works1 and to enlist their sympathy with the policies of the management1 and of his own department1 as if those policies were their own4 ,,will ,,employment ,,managers ,,be ,,needed ,,after ,,the ,,war8 ,the movement which is developing human engineering is not a temporary nor sporadic demand1 but is in response to an underlying trend of our economic life4 ,it has not been dominantly1 nor even largely1 a product of war conditions1 except as the war has made men everywhere appreciate more keenly the social virtues1 and has made them long more earnestly for a new justice and comradeship4 ,after the war1 the underlying economic forces1 which are all based upon the urgency of human wants1 will steadily drive forward those economic reforms for which human knowledge has prepared the way4 ,the distinction between the economics of the war period and of the post-war period lies in this3 during the war the competitive struggle was chiefly to save time1 after the war it will be to reduce costs4 ,during the war speed outweighed economy4 ,the employment manager was demanded because time was lost by absenteeism and turnover and the training of new men4 ,time was lost when workers were put at jobs for which they were unfitted2 and time was lost by sickness1 accidents1 and strikes4 ,after the war efficiency will appear to be more a matter of cost4 ,if the losses of this war are not recouped by the efficiency of superior organization1 and the only means of making them good is a curtailment of consumption1 we may look for the struggle to lessen costs and lower prices to be more intense than has ever been known in modern times4 ,in such an event the employment manager will be demanded by intelligent employers1 because sickness and voluntary absenteeism mean idle equipment2 because labor turnover means the cost of breaking in new workers2 because an antagonistic attitude means waste of materials and tools1 spoiled work and soldiering2 while strikes mean the entire loss of overhead charges4 ,,relations ,,to ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,employment ,,service ,the ,united ,states ,employment ,service is a national system of recruiting bureaus operated by the ,department of ,labor of the ,united ,states ,government1 for the purpose of organizing the general relations of supply and demand on the labor market1 and of distributing the available supply of wage earners as efficiently as possible to those localities and to those employers where they are in greatest demand4 ,the employment manager is the representative of private business1 which has the task of selecting such labor as it needs and of utilizing it to the best possible advantage in the actual work of production4 ,if1 therefore1 the ,government assists in finding men for industry1 it is the function of the employment manager to use those men with intelligence1 to take such steps as are appropriate for private industry to maintain their productive efficiency unimpaired1 and to see that no condition which can be remedied throws them upon the labor market to be placed again4 ,by the new system the employer is brought into contact with public officers1 who seek a justification of his demands4 ,it is necessary for employers to state accurately what types of skill they require--a thing which requires job analysis4 ,it is necessary to give advance notice of wants2 for this a labor schedule is needed4 ,it is certainly no recommendation for an employer1 in the eyes of his community labor board1 if he must admit that he still continues the antiquated hiring-and-firing process1 or that he has a high labor turnover1 or that he has no department charged with responsibility for maintaining proper working conditions4 ,a ,,permanent ,,demand ,we have spoken of the underlying forces which are creating a demand for specialists to deal with the human factor in industry4 ,it would be difficult to point to an industrial reform which is more clearly the converging point of a number of progressive movements4 ,employment management is a result of the evolution of cost accounting1 of the idea of supplementing line executives by competent staff departments1 and of the movement to specialize the work of foremen4 ,it is an opportunity to apply vocational guidance and industrial training4 ,it provides the expert required for setting wages by investigation rather than by dispute4 ,it gives the needed supervisory agency for safety first1 industrial hygiene1 and medical aid4 ,and it provides an officer able to deal intelligently with shop committees and collective bargaining4 ,the personnel officer1 as an accountant1 applies the methods of cost analysis to the factors which influence labor efficiency4 ,as a hiring officer he has an opportunity to make vocational guidance more definite than it has yet been1 because he can supplement the analysis of the individual with a parallel analysis of jobs4 ,he has a powerful motive for competence in industrial training work1 for he graduates his pupils in rather than out4 ,his students benefit from the psychology of doing real work for pay in a real shop4 ,the employment manager is related to recent movements in psychology4 ,he has an opportunity to apply appropriate performance tests and general intelligence tests1 for the purpose of sorting out those persons who1 although adult in physical development1 have still the minds of children4 ,these classes he identifies1 not to reject from employment but to place at appropriate work2 not to browbeat and terrorize1 but to protect and guide by patient and educative foremanizing to insure their becoming happy and permanent members of the productive community4 ,the evolution of wage systems demands a specialist4 ,the ideal form of reward is that of the man who is in business for himself1 whose remuneration rises or falls according to his talent and effort4 ,in the complexity of the modern corporation it is difficult to devise such a wage4 ,in general1 it may be said that to take a step toward greater fairness in wage setting1 it is necessary to achieve greatness in measuring the basic factors involved in wages4 ,such are the worker's talent1 the nature of the task1 the character of the working conditions2 the chances of permanency and promotion1 and the local cost of living4 ,there is need of some agency to supervise the prolonged process by which each craft or skill in an establishment is placed at its proper point in the wage scale1 with reference to the others4 8,safety first0 has exerted a great influence toward personal supervision4 ,workmen's compensation laws have enforced responsibility upon employers4 ,students of accidents maintain that a greater number of disabilities result from the carelessness or ignorance of the working force than from faults of equipment and processes4 ,this puts the matter as much in the domain of the personnel officer as of the engineer4 ,a great advance has been made in medical science in recent decades4 ,this advance has laid bare the intimate relation between good water1 ventilation1 digestible food1 a reasonable work schedule1 and home conditions1 on the one side1 and accident rates1 fatigue1 absenteeism1 antagonism of mind1 and strikes1 on the other4 ,the interlacing of these factors accounts for the profitableness of the health work which has been undertaken by progressive employers4 ,employment supervision represents a movement in the direction of the democratic shop1 in which a voice is given to labor in determining working conditions4 ,it may be said to be a method of applying to the relations of employer and employed those conceptions of 8,truth0 and 8,service0 which have revolutionized salesmanship and advertising4 ,as the customer is 8sold0 a finished product--that is to say1 is convinced and satisfied by square and generous dealing--so the workman is to be 8sold0 his job4 ,the latter must be satisfied as to the task1 the working conditions1 the wages1 the foremanizing1 and the general policies1 before he becomes a genuine employee4 ,all of these movements1 which have so rapidly shaped the new art of employment management1 are functions of a rising level of intelligence1 of an increasing power to produce wealth1 and of growing interest in ideals of social welfare1 as contrasted with ideals of personal luxury or arbitrary power4 ,we may look upon them1 therefore1 as enduring forces and destined to work a progressive change in business management4 ,upon them the future of employment management rests4 ,that future is secure4 ,,necessary ,,qualifications ,the employment manager1 who measures up to the new standards now being set1 is a first-class executive1 standing on a parity with the sales manager or the production engineer4 ,he has the more need of talent because of the newness of his position2 a circumference which emphasizes flexibility of ideas1 the ability to conduct investigations1 the courage to be a pioneer1 and the power of commanding the confidence of others in his pioneering4 ,again1 his position is difficult1 because he stands between parties which have been traditionally opposed to each other1 namely1 capital and management on the one side1 and labor and craftsmanship on the other4 ,he must always perform the functions of a mutual interpreter and often those of a peacemaker4 ,in considering a proposed occupation it is wise to present a sober view of its conditions1 so that persons who lack a sufficient persistency and depth of conviction for success may be early dissuaded4 ,wherever there is authority there is responsibility2 wherever there is reward there is struggle4 ,if the general significance of employment management lies in its accord with the progressive tendencies of the age1 the greater part of the energies of the individual employment manager is absorbed by the practical problems of finding enough workmen1 of supervising records1 and of hearing and adjusting complaints4 ,it may be the lot of an employment officer to deal with a hard-headed proprietor1 who is habituated to take the defensive against new plans4 ,he may encounter the open or concealed opposition of foremen who1 for the sake of prestige1 cling to functions they can not properly perform4 ,he may find organized labor cold to benefits which the unions have not won1 and which look toward the substitution of a vertical bond1 uniting employer and employed1 for the horizontal union of employees of different establishments4 ,all of this means that the successful employment manager must be a person exceptionally fitted for leadership4 ,he needs good native ability1 made serviceable by adequate general and special training4 ,he should possess a well-balanced and absolutely impartial judgment4 ,it is a powerful aid if he possess humanitarian instincts and a sympathetic disposition4 ,these must1 however1 be real attributes1 and not a mere pose or policy1 for no deception will long blind those with whom he is associated4 ,the person who measures himself for this profession should be able to find indubitable testimony as to the strength of his own character1 in the quality and amount of his achievements1 and in the regard he has been able to earn from responsible persons with whom he has been associated4 ,he should find in himself1 also1 the ability to understand human nature1 not through the absurd practice of some quackery of phrenology and physiognomy1 but by having analyzed his own nature1 and having found therein the instincts and emotions which illuminate for him the motives and passion of others4 ,with these endowments the employment manager should couple sufficient education to avoid embarrassment in the oral or written use of his mother tongue4 ,his education should enable him to understand the use of general principles1 avoiding the pitfalls into which the so-called 8practical0 man has usually fallen when he complains of 8theories40 ,and this education should have had a wide enough scope to enable him to meet the minds of others1 and cement friendships1 in a world of ideas larger than the details of his work4 ,finally1 the employment manager is perfected for the practice of his art by general industrial experience and 7if the position in view be in a manufacturing establishment7 by actual contact with shop problems4 ,this shop experience is useful to make the candidate familiar with factory tools1 machinery1 equipment1 materials1 and processes4 ,it will instruct him1 as no form of systematic training can do1 in the meaning of factory life1 the significance of its discipline1 the meaning of its schedule of hours in terms of fatigue1 and in the attitude of the worker to his job1 his boss1 his fellow worker1 and to life in general4 ,any general social experience which the candidate may have had1 which has taught him how to deal with people1 not as individuals only but in the various forms of voluntary organization1 will have value4 ,it is not to be expected that every candidate will be ideal in all particulars4 ,special merits may offset deficiencies1 within reasonable limits1 bearing in mind always that defects of native endowment are less remediable than those of education and experience4 ,if the employment clerk and the labor scout of the past are to give way and personnel relations in industry be placed upon a new footing by an executive officer who is able to formulate adequate policies and bear large responsibilities a high standard of ability must be maintained for the new profession4 ,to summarize the matter of qualifications we give the relative weights which a number of successful employment managers have agreed upon for five principal factors3 ,per cent4 ,personality #ce ,general industrial experience #be ,executive experience #bj ,shop experience 7for employment managers in manufacturing establishments7 #ae ,experience with organized social movements #e --- ,total #ajj ,,what ,a ,,maimed ,,man ,,can ,,do ,employment management is a thinking job--a matter of judgment1 and organizing ability1 and tact1 and personality4 ,if a man has lost an arm or leg1 but still has a good head and a noble heart1 he may become a success in this field4 ,without a leg1 or even both legs1 a man may still get about enough within a plant to keep in touch with his shops1 and be known by the rank and file as something more than an armchair officer4 ,if he has lost an arm1 or even both arms1 he may be able to work out1 with his stenographers and secretarial aids1 such a detailed and searching division of labor between hand and brain as to make a success4 ,robustness and dependable health may play the same role in this work as in other administrative positions4 ,nervous poise and stability of temperament are highly essential4 ,,remuneration ,the employment manager's remuneration is salary and not wages4 ,this signifies that its amount is fixed rather by an estimate of the standard of living of the class of persons with whom the employment manager should associate on terms of equality in the business world than by an effort to measure his exact contribution to the income of the company4 ,at present the salaries of employment managers--the great majority of which probably fall between #b1jjj and #e1jjj--;are not equal to those commanded by sales managers and production engineers of equal ability4 ,this discrepancy is due partly to the recentness of the function and to its more subtle and indirect relations to the profit-making process4 ,it is due further to the fact that the work of the employment manager is a form of social service which is deeply satisfying to many natures1 and which in itself provides a reward able to compensate for some inadequacy of salary4 ,,educational ,,agencies1 ,,literature1 ,,etc4 ,it may be remarked concerning untrained candidates for an important position that those who are best qualified by nature and general education will usually possess a certain insight which gives them warning of future difficulties1 and makes them willing to take preliminary training1 and to work at first in subordinate positions4 ,those without this insight are likely to argue that training is unnecessary and that they are qualified to take at once responsible posts4 ,thus the line is illustrated1 8,fools rush in where angels fear to tread40 ,to indicate the scope of any vocational course of training dealing with the art of employment management a brief analysis of the subject into its major and minor component parts is given herewith4 ,organization and equipment of an employment department3 ,causes which have produced the need of employment management4 ,functions of employment departments4 ,the administrative organization of a department4 ,relations to other departments of a business4 ,types of records and reports used in labor accounting--,forms--,office management4 ,layout of an employment department4 ,the employing of the worker3 ,job specification4 ,analysis of the labor market and its sources of supply4 ,problems of dilution4 ,the selection of employees--,physical examinations--,mental tests4 ,discharging1 paying off1 and the collection of control statistics4 ,definition of labor turnover and its calculation4 ,the law of the labor contract4 ,the training of the worker3 ,apprenticeship indentures and schools--,vestibule schools--,americanization4 ,the psychology of the presentation of the task to the worker4 ,the payment of the worker3 ,wage setting--,minimum wages and the cost of living--,wage scale formation--,technique of wage paying4 ,promotions and deferred benefits4 ,the control of working conditions3 ,health1 hygiene1 sanitation1 medical aid1 fatigue1 mental strain1 motion study4 ,working hours and rest periods4 ,problems connected with the introduction of women into industry4 ,efforts to keep the worker up to standard3 ,accidents1 accident prevention1 insurance1 and workmen's compensation4 ,canteen economics4 ,local transportation--,home conditions4 ,housing--,community efficiency4 ,recreation and its effect upon productive energy4 ,thrift1 loans1 relief and legal aid4 ,pensions and the problem of the aged worker4 ,the relation of the employment manager to local and ,state agencies4 ,the government of the shop3 ,shop rules1 rule books1 foremanizing1 absenteeism4 ,suggestion systems and the treatment of complaints4 ,the organization of shop committees and their functions4 ,collective bargaining contracts and procedure4 ,associations of employees4 ,the ultimate bases of discipline and loyalty4 ,fortunately1 there is now a considerable body of literature available to the person who would inform himself4 ,it should be remembered1 however1 that mere reading is not study2 and that even earnest study only yields correct conceptions4 ,it is experience alone which teaches us the uncommunicable art of applying the powers of our personality in the pursuit of a course of conduct which receives its guidance from our conceptions4 ,there is a great difference between being informed on a group of subjects and being expert in the practice of a profession4 ,if you feel qualified to undertake this training talk it over with the ,vocational ,advisor of the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education4 ,following is a brief list of references which may be called the employment manager's #c-;foot bookshelf4 ,they indicate the broad range of his interests and activities1 and with these any course of training for this new trade or profession must deal adequately4 #a4 ,annals of ,american ,academy of ,political and ,social ,science1 ,philadelphia4 ,may1 #aiaf4 ,may1 #aiag4 #b4 ,bureau of ,labor ,statistics1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,bulletins as follows3 ,no4 #add4 ,industrial ,court of the ,cloak ,industry1 #aiad4 ,no4 #aif4 ,proceedings of ,employment ,managers ,conference1 ,minneapolis1 #aiaf4 ,no4 #aih4 ,collective ,agreements in the ,men's ,clothing ,industry1 #aiaf4 ,no4 #bjb4 ,proceedings of ,employment ,managers ,conference1 ,boston1 #aiaf4 ,no4 #bjh4 ,profit ,sharing in the ,united ,states1 #aiaf4 #bj cents4 ,no4 #bbb4 ,welfare ,work in ,british ,munition ,factories1 #aiag4 #aj cents4 ,no4 #bba4 ,hours1 ,fatigue1 and ,health in ,british ,munition ,factories1 #aiag4 #ae cents4 ,no4 #bbg4 ,proceedings of ,employment ,managers ,conference1 ,philadelphia1 #aiag4 ,no4 #bbi4 ,wage ,payment ,legislation in the ,united ,states1 #aiag4 ,no4 #bcj4 ,industrial ,efficiency and ,fatigue in ,british ,munitions ,factories1 #aiag4 #bj cents4 #c4 ,emerson1 ,harrington4 ,the ,twelve ,principles of ,efficiency4 ,new ,york1 #aiag4 #d4 ,handling ,men4 ,chicago1 #aiag4 #e4 ,hoxie1 ,r4 ,f4 ,scientific ,management and ,labor4 ,new ,york1 #aiae4 #f4 ,industrial ,management 7monthly74 ,new ,york4 #g4 ,jones1 ,edward ,d4 ,the ,administration of ,industrial ,enterprises1 ,new ,york1 #aiaf4 #h4 ,kelly1 ,roy ,w4 ,hiring the ,worker4 ,new ,york1 #aiah4 #i4 ,metcalf1 ,h4 ,c4 ,report of ,committee on ,vocational ,guidance4 ,new ,york1 #aiaf1 ,national ,association of ,corporation ,schools4 #aj4 ,monthly ,labor ,review1 ,bureau of ,labor ,statistics1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,gratis4 #aa4 ,price1 ,geo4 ,m4 ,the ,modern ,factory1 ,safety1 ,sanitation1 and ,welfare4 ,new ,york1 #aiad4 #ab4 ,stimpson1 ,w4 ,c4 ,prevention of ,disease and ,care of the ,sick4 ,washington1 #aiag1 ,united ,states ,public ,health ,service4 #ej cents4 #ac4 ,tarbell1 ,ida ,m4 ,new ,ideals in ,business4 ,new ,york1 #aiag4 #ad4 ,tolman1 ,william ,h4 ,social ,engineering4 ,new ,york1 #aiji4 #ae4 ,trade ,specifications and ,occupational ,index of ,professions and ,trades in the ,army4 ,washington1 #aiah4 ,war ,department ,document #ggd4 ,office of ,the ,adjutant ,general4 ,gratis4 #af4 ,webb1 ,s4 ,b4 ,problems of ,modern ,industry 7an ,english book74 ,new ,york1 #aiac4 ,,plan ,no4 #iae4 ,,the ,,practice ,,of ,,medicine ,,as ,a ,,vocation ,,acknowledgment ,for the material of this monograph the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education is indebted to the ,j4 ,lippincott ,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 through its publication 8,training and ,rewards of the ,physician10 and the ,collins ,publicity ,service1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 through its publication 8,medicine10 ,school ,edition1 ,teachers' ,auxiliary1 ,number ,one1 of which this pamphlet is largely an abstract4 ,the monograph was prepared by ,dr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,smith under the direction of ,charles ,h4 ,winslow1 ,chief of the ,research ,division of the ,federal ,board4 ,acknowledgment is due to ,dr4 ,john ,cummings1 of the ,research ,division1 for editorial assistance4 ,,nature ,,of ,,the ,,physician',s ,,work ,the work of the physician is twofold4 ,it is his duty to cure those who are sick and to keep the well from becoming sick4 ,usually he is not called upon until there is illness1 so that the bulk of his work is with the sick4 ,there are two general fields of activity for a physician1 that of the general practitioner1 and that of the specialist4 ,physicians in rural communities and small towns and cities must be prepared to deal with any type of accident or disease4 ,in cities the tendency is to specialize on some particular disease or on disturbances connected with some particular part of the body4 ,some specialists in large cities are able to confine their activities to office work altogether4 ,the work of the physician is difficult4 ,there is a great mental strain connected with his work1 for often even the life of the patient is at stake4 ,with the general practitioner there is a great physical strain due to irregular meals and sleep1 and trips in all kinds of weather4 ,particularly is this true of the practice of medicine for its curative effects4 ,more and more thought in medical science is being directed in modern times to preventive medicine1 that is1 to ways and means of keeping well rather than of getting well4 ,the preventive work can be done under conditions more nearly those that the physician himself chooses rather than under conditions forced upon him as is usual in the case of curative work4 ,,physical ,,characteristics ,,essential ,,to ,,success ,of all the professions the practice of medicine makes the greatest demands along the line of a good sound body4 ,in some professions a man with even severe physical defects can1 through careful living1 be successful4 ,good health1 however1 is essential to the physician in order that he may successfully withstand the long periods of strain1 the irregular hours for meals and sleep1 the bad weather he is often forced to go out in1 and the dangers of infection4 ,,personal ,,characteristics ,,essential ,,to ,,success ,not only must the physician be practically fit1 he must have a natural aptitude and love for his profession4 ,he should care more for medicine than for any other calling in life4 ,by natural aptitude for medicine is meant certain foundation qualities which are essential4 ,it goes without saying that the physician1 because of his close relationship with his patients1 must be of the highest moral character in order to gain and retain the confidence of his patients4 ,a kindly and tactful manner are essential also in gaining this confidence4 ,one must be alert1 too1 particularly at the present time when rapid advances are being made in medicine--more rapid than in many other professions4 ,self-reliance is essential in medicine because unexpected situations are constantly arising1 and emergencies1 too1 in which the help of other physicians can not readily be gained4 ,to practice medicine successfully one must be constantly learning4 ,because of the rapid changes in medical science one's apprenticeship is never completed4 ,each day some new method or means of treatment must be mastered4 ,moreover1 one's work is never ended4 ,one great element of success is faithfulness to the patients one already has4 ,this means love for the work and enthusiasm over the idea of service to mankind4 ,among the characteristics that lead to failure in the practice of medicine are dislike of the work1 inability to decide quickly and definitely1 and lack of ability to get along well with other practitioners and with patients4 ,,general ,,education ,,necessary ,,as ,a ,,basis ,,for ,a ,,course ,,in ,,medicine ,as a basis for a course in medicine one must have completed not only the eight grades of common-school work1 but the four years of high school4 ,twenty-eight medical schools require two years of college work for entrance1 and there is some tendency to require even four years of college work4 ,this tendency1 however1 will probably not grow very fast4 ,certainly if the requirement is made it can not be a hard and fast rule1 for the simple reason that it would raise the age of graduation from the medical school to a point higher than the age at which it is wise for one to begin practice4 ,the question of what subjects should be taken in premedical work is very important also4 ,not long ago some #cjj graduates of the ,harvard ,medical ,school were asked to fill out answers to questions1 giving their opinions in regard to the value of their premedical education4 ,they were asked to state whether they thought it best in this premedical work to have a large amount of general culture--such as history1 philosophy1 economics1 literature1 and art--or a large amount of natural science--such as physics1 chemistry and biology4 ,of the #cjj reporting1 #abj favored a large amount of science1 while #aaj favored a large amount of general culture4 ,seventy favored an equal amount of general science and culture4 ,it would seem1 therefore1 that according to the present opinion there should be an equal amount of general culture and science in one's college education previous to taking up the special training in medicine4 ,available records show that in #aijd there were only #bj ,states that had made any legal provision for preliminary education to go before the definite education in medicine4 ,now #bf ,states have such a provision4 ,at that time only #aj ,states required four years of high school as a minimum amount of preliminary premedical education and none required college work4 ,now #cj ,states require the four years1 or an equivalent1 and #h of these #cj require either one or two years of college work in addition4 ,at that time #cf ,states required that all candidates for license be graduates of legally chartered medical schools4 ,now #dd ,states make this requirement by law4 ,at the present time #dh ,states require an examination to be taken by all those who are seeking license to practice medicine1 unless they hold a license granted by some other ,state4 ,it is necessary1 therefore1 that the course of instruction taken in medicine shall include courses that will qualify the graduate to meet the requirements of the examination for license to practice in the ,state in which he wishes to locate4 ,there is a tendency at present for the examination to consist not only of questions and answers1 but of some practical test of one's ability to practice medicine successfully4 ,,the ,,length ,,of ,,the ,,medical ,,course ,,itself ,at the present time one can not hope to get a satisfactory medical education without taking a full four-year course in the medical school4 ,the course of study in ,american schools of medicine at present is definitely laid out1 and one can know beforehand just what subjects will have to be taken4 ,even at the end of the four-year course in medicine it is not advisable to begin the practice of medicine immediately4 ,those who are looking for good positions in the profession should add to the theory gained in college some actual practice4 ,the best way to get this practical work is to serve as an interne in a hospital4 ,appointments to such positions are often made on the basis of an examination4 ,such positions last sometimes for one year and sometimes for two years4 ,during the first period of his work in the hospital an interne is directed to some extent by other physicians1 but largely by his senior internes4 ,during the last six months of his experience as an interne1 however1 when he is usually acting as the house doctor or surgeon1 he is shown especial attention by physicians and surgeons who have patients in the hospital4 ,there is generally no pay given the interne aside from board and lodging4 ,the period in which one acts as an interne is considered as a further educational period4 ,it has been said that the experience gained during the two years' interneship in ,new ,york ,city's largest hospital is considered equal to that acquired in #aj years of ordinary undirected practice4 ,but even after one actually begins the practice of medicine his education is not complete4 ,in order to keep up with the times he must do a great deal of reading4 ,he must attend district medical meetings1 and also ,state and national meetings4 ,moreover1 he should visit other cities and thus come in contact with the ideas of other practitioners in other communities4 ,an ideal standard of medical education is outlined in the following quotation3 8,the ,american ,medical ,association's ideal standard of medical education as set forth by the ,council on ,medical ,education1 after years of extensive study1 research1 and investigation1 is given herewith3 87a7 ,preliminary education sufficient to enable the candidate to enter our recognized universities1 such qualifications to be passed upon by the ,state authorities4 87b7 ,a course of at least one year to be devoted to physics1 chemistry1 and biology1 such arrangements to be made that this year could be taken either in a college of liberal arts or in the medical school4 87c7 ,four years in pure medical work1 the first two of which should be largely spent in laboratories of anatomy1 physiology1 pathology1 pharmacology1 etc41 and the last two years in close contact with patients in dispensaries and hospitals in the study of medicine1 surgery in its various branches1 and the specialties4 87d7 ,a sixth year as an interne in a hospital or dispensary should then complete the medical course4 ,under such procedure the majority of students would begin the study of medicine at about #ah years and graduate from the hospital interneship at about #be40ae #ae ,vocational ,studies3 ,school ,edition1 ,teachers' ,aux4 ,no4 #a1 p4 #d1 ,collins ,publicity ,service1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,the ,,income ,,that ,,can ,,reasonably ,,be ,,expected ,,in ,,the ,,practice ,,of ,,medicine ,the practice of medicine does not hold out the hope of any great financial reward4 ,there are some medical practitioners who have made small fortunes in their practice1 but such cases are few4 ,the ordinary practitioner can not count on much more than a comfortable living1 in accordance with the living standards in the community in which he lives4 ,not only is the physician's salary generally small1 but it is uncertain as well4 ,the following table gives the incomes of ,harvard medical graduates1 by classes and by years of experience1 according to a study recently made3 ,average ,earnings of ,harvard medical graduates1 by classes and by years of experience4#af ,years in ,classes practice ---------------------------------------- ----------- #aija #aijb #aijc #aijd #aije #aijf #aijg #aijh #aiji #aiaj ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,first #hff #ghg #eda #cfb #fbe #ejb #cej #ecc #dbea1bcg ,second #hbga1jhi #gij #iie #ggc #hbf #ehha1bej #hgd #a1jhc ,third #a1ahaa1ecia1daba1bie #iiea1bfba1ceca1jbea1cgj #a1egh ,fourth #a1ejea1fida1gbja1effa1eeia1gfea1ifca1eg ea1fcb #a1hce ,fifth #b1jbga1eefa1iffa1ihaa1hahb1ceib1cdga1hd gb1aej ,sixth #b1cdaa1hcgb1cccb1bggb1cdgb1iigc1bjbb1cf j ,seventh #b1ebgb1afab1fedb1ifgc1jdcc1fejc1ede ,eighth #c1jjcb1diac1aeec1jdcc1ccgd1ccb ,ninth #c1efjb1ijjc1fafc1fjdd1ejj ,tenth #c1ebdb1ifcd1aced1ece ,eleventh #c1hhec1fiad1fjd ,twelfth #d1dbbd1acj ,thir- #d1fhj teenth ,maximum number of men #ch #ci #bi #ci #cc #bf #bi #bi #be #bf ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #af ,training ,rewards of the ,physician 7,cabot71 ,j4 ,lippincott ,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 v4 #acf4 ,,other ,,rewards ,,connected ,,with ,,the ,,practice ,,of ,,medicine ,the fact that the physician's work has a great effect upon the length of life of the patient is in itself a great reward4 ,during the past three centuries medical science has made so great an advance that the average working life of the ,english-speaking people has been almost doubled4 ,the things that have added to this increased length of life are physical comfort1 medicine1 hygiene1 and surgery4 ,aside from the satisfaction of seeing length of life increased1 the worthy physician enjoys the satisfaction of holding a position of trust and leadership in his community4 ,as a result of this1 he is in a position to teach others what they should know4 ,through his work also a physician has a chance to come in contact with all classes of people4 ,,the ,,length ,,of ,,time ,,it ,,will ,,take ,,to ,,establish ,,one',s ,,self ,,in ,,the ,,practice ,,of ,,medicine ,if one decides to establish one's self as a general practitioner he must count upon at least a year of patience and hard work with little income4 ,at the end of the year1 however1 if he has been fortunate in the choice of location1 and if he has a good personality1 he can reasonably hope soon to inspire confidence and come into public recognition4 ,often he can hasten this public recognition by giving his services1 free of charge1 to those whom he knows to be worthy of such assistance and consideration4 ,if it is necessary for the graduate from the medical school to become an actual earner immediately1 he will probably apply for an official position in some public institution1 such as health officer1 teacher1 medical missionary1 or research worker4 ,,the ,,extent ,,of ,,the ,,need ,,for ,,physicians ,it has been said that in ,america the number of doctors1 in proportion to the number of people1 is greater than in any other country4 ,a recent study shows that there were in the ,united ,states #aea1acb practicing physicians and surgeons1 #af1ibj students in medical schools1 and #f1iee instructors in medical schools4 ,before the ,european war the supply of physicians in the ,united ,states was large--so large1 in fact1 that the income of physicians was being materially affected thereby4 ,as a result of the war1 however1 new fields of practice will be opening up for ,american physicians in other countries1 because of the fact that many physicians in those countries were either killed or disabled1 and also because students have not been graduating from the medical schools in those countries during the past few years4 ,it is said that it will take five or six years to develop or to train a new group of physicians in ,england1 ,france1 and in other warring nations4 ,,how ,,much ,,it ,,will ,,cost ,,to ,,prepare ,,for ,,practice ,,of ,,medicine ,if you are a soldier or a sailor discharged from the service since ,october #f1 #aiag1 with a disability for which the ,bureau of ,war-,risk ,insurance will grant you compensation1 and if a course in medicine is approved for you by the ,federal ,board1 your education will be furnished free by the ,government4 ,the ,bureau of ,war-,risk ,insurance1 through its compensation1 will meet a part of the expense1 and the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education will add to that amount to a minimum of #fe a month with the purpose of meeting all of your expenses for living1 clothing1 transportation1 tuition1 and incidentals4 ,,plan ,no4 #iaf4 ,,safety ,,and ,,fire ,,protection ,,engineering ,,acknowledgment ,this monograph was prepared by ,j4 ,albert ,robinson1 ,special ,agent for ,safety and ,hygiene4 ,acknowledgment is due ,mr4 ,jos4 ,b4 ,finnegan1 ,professor of ,fire ,protection ,engineering1 ,armour ,institute of ,technology2 to ,mr4 ,r4 ,m4 ,little1 ,director of the ,american ,museum of ,safety2 and to ,mr4 ,f4 ,m4 ,griswold for excerpts from his address entitled 8,the ,inspector and the ,insured40 ,for editorial assistance acknowledgment is due to ,dr4 ,john ,cummings1 of the ,research ,division of the ,federal ,board4 ,you who have been under fire at the front and have come back disabled have had an insight into life that of necessity affects your outlook on the future4 ,things which once assumed importance in your mind have lost their appeal4 ,positions which you held before going over may now seem ineffectual after the vision of war which you have beheld4 ,in the months of facing death and later of adjustment to a new condition1 your outlook has broadened beyond a mere material view4 ,you have been in the fight for world peace and safety1 and the impetus gained in helping the other fellow still carries you on4 ,this feeling is not a weak sentiment1 but an appreciation of the fact that life has more windows than the one which looks out on material welfare4 ,perhaps no form of work offers more opportunity for a combination of success in material and altruistic lines than safety and fire protection engineering4 ,especially in safety engineering1 a man himself disabled carries to everyone with whom he comes in contact a warning and an encouragement4 ,there is nothing more inspirational than a man who has ignored or made use of his handicap in his own forging ahead4 ,handicapped himself1 he may prevent others becoming so4 ,the safety engineer is a guardian of the people's happiness and future4 ,the work offers to those who have the insight an opportunity to join in the general drive for world safety from an industrial point of view and for conserving human power4 ,this same inner purpose holds also in the case of the fire protection engineer4 ,to him falls in large part the work of saving the created and natural resources of the nation4 ,while it is true that men disabled by amputation can not so easily take up this profession as that of safety engineering1 the war's statistics show a larger percentage of the returned men to be disabled by disease and internal wounds which have undermined their strength than by dismemberments4 ,for these men1 the vocation of fire protection engineer is particularly suitable4 ,no work which is done for the material gain alone can satisfy a man's ambition1 and these two important professions are doors which open to service as well as to material welfare4 ,,plan ,no4 #iag4 ,,safety ,,engineering ,safety engineering in a broad sense of the term is a new profession in industry which offers good opportunities for well-qualified men4 ,it undoubtedly offers a broader field than fire protection engineering1 yet in many ways these two professions are analogous and they are frequently combined4 ,a soldier or sailor disabled in service who wishes to be trained for this vocation may be given the opportunity4 ,in order to benefit by the training and be assured of a good position in an industrial plant1 certain qualifications are necessary4 ,,education ,a high-school education or its equivalent is practically essential1 and if this education has been secured in a technical high school it will have especial value4 ,men who have had more advanced training in technical schools1 colleges1 or universities stands a better chance than others of becoming leaders in the profession4 ,a knowledge of the fundamentals of any of the other leading engineering professions is helpful in safety engineering as in fire protection engineering4 ,,personal ,,qualifications ,to become a good safety engineer one needs to have a clear mind1 capable of analysis and of constructive thinking2 a pleasing personality1 and the qualities of leadership4 ,safety engineering has quite as much to do with the human element as it has with mechanics4 ,in general1 it is divided into two parts2 ,structural engineering and engineering revision2 and mechanical safeguarding1 coupled with safety organization in industrial plants and educational methods aiming to reach managers1 superintendents1 foremen1 and workmen4 ,it is apparent1 therefore1 that mechanical and engineering technique1 coupled with educational ability and leadership1 are necessary qualifications in safety engineers4 ,as he must respond to humanitarian as well as to business interests1 the safety engineer must be a man of sterling character1 or moral enthusiasm1 and of broad human sympathies4 ,,nature ,,of ,,work ,safety work proper is divided into two essential branches--safeguarding and education1 both conducted under a well-planned scheme of organization4 ,in the company and rating organization field the safety engineer will make careful inspections1 reporting upon many details from which the risk is determined and the rate made4 ,a careful study of working conditions1 a painstaking analysis of accidents occurring under them1 a searching inquiry into potential causes of accidents that may not have occurred is made to determine truly the hazards to which workmen are exposed4 ,the correct means of overcoming them are determined upon and put into effect4 ,in order to overcome the unfortunate lack of safety precautions when machines are built or plants designed1 it is an essential duty of the safety engineer to check plans and specifications for new machinery1 new equipment1 new construction1 and for alterations1 repairs and rearrangements1 in order to see that every safety requirement is covered so far as is possible4 ,safety engineers must have the personality to get the sympathetic interest and co-operation of men and bosses1 and to get them interested in his safety propaganda2 to organize committees and campaigns2 to make men get the safety habit and think safety unconsciously4 ,safety engineering is related to problems of industrial management1 employment and labor turnover4 ,it has to do with welfare work1 first aid treatment1 hospital service1 etc4 ,it is really human engineering1 embracing all the broad features that are implied thereby4 ,,opportunities ,the opportunities for well qualified men are many and constantly increasing4 ,there is undoubtedly a future in safety engineering for those who are well trained for the work4 ,the nature of the casualty insurance business is such that men with the technical training and skill of safety engineers are in more demand1 in the actual details of the business1 than perhaps are the fire insurance inspectors in the fire insurance field4 ,there is a close connection between workmen's compensation insurance and safety engineering due primarily to the fact that the insurance rate is made to depend on safety conditions4 ,this necessitates the employment of a large number of inspectors and safety engineers4 ,up to the present time there has been a demand for safety engineers and competent inspectors far exceeding the supply1 and it is believed that these conditions will continue to exist1 as industrial plants are now absorbing a large number of these men4 ,the ,state compensation laws are awakening all of our industries to the necessity of prevention of accidents to wage-earners4 ,large industrial corporations have safety departments1 with a chief safety engineer and many assistants4 ,capable safety engineers receive good salaries1 and those especially well qualified and experienced are often advanced to executive positions in the larger industries4 ,state factory inspectors and casualty insurance inspectors receive from #a1bjj to #b1jjj per year4 ,capable safety engineers in industry receive from #a1ejj to #e1jjj per year4 ,the following excerpts from letters received from prominent men in the casualty insurance and engineering field show the opportunities in this profession3 8,in the field of safety engineering there is an exceptionally good opportunity for men who are adapted to this work4 ,even in normal times employers in this field of endeavor have found difficulty in securing men with proper educational foundations and ability4 ,there is always a demand for men in this field and the opportunities for advancement are exceptionally good40 8,the field of safety engineering is a rapidly extending one4 ,as the people awake to the tremendous economic drain of the waste of life through accidents1 more and more attention will be given to these matters1 and the demand for men who understand them will strengthen40 8,the opportunities for safety engineering are as large1 or larger than the opportunities presented in other branches of engineering work4 ,the field has hardly been scratched on the surface40 8,there is without question an unusual opportunity for trained men in the field of safety engineering4 ,the rapid spread of the safety idea1 and the recognition of the importance of human relations in general1 are leading many manufacturing organizations to install safety departments1 and properly qualified men are not available for these positions40 8,up to the present time there has been a great demand for safety engineers and competent inspectors that was far beyond the supply1 and these conditions will continue to exist1 as industrial plants are now absorbing a large number of these men40 ,,physical ,,qualifications ,a man with one eye1 one arm1 or one leg can be a good safety engineer4 ,likewise1 a man with a weak heart or lungs may be a good safety engineer4 ,disabilities which disqualify men for many industrial pursuits do not disqualify but may partially qualify them for safety engineers4 ,in other words1 one does not need to be #ajj per cent physically fit4 ,in fact1 men who have suffered the loss of members may precisely1 on that account be more effective in teaching the principles1 habits1 and practices of safety to men in our industries4 ,it will be noted that the physical requirements for a safety engineer have not been made as rigid as those for a fire protection engineer4 ,this is because the great field of activity for a safety engineer is employment at a manufacturing plant and the work can become more one of the head and less one of physical perfection4 ,,training ,men who have been disabled in the military or naval service of the ,government and wish to be trained for safety engineers will be trained by the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education4 ,the ,board will make arrangements with the safety organizations of the country to give special courses for them4 ,the teachers will be experienced safety engineers4 ,part of the work will be classroom lectures and assigned readings4 ,the study of mechanical safeguards and hazards will be given in a well-equipped institution1 with visits to industries for personal instruction in the methods of active operations4 ,when the course in the institution is completed1 the men will be placed in the industries themselves1 under the direction of the head safety engineer1 there to be given the benefits of a further practical instruction1 in order that when the course has been completed the students may all be assured of positions4 ,the ,national ,safety ,council1 through its local councils1 is establishing courses in safety engineering in various centers as fast as a suitable demand warrants1 and classes are already under way in ,st4 ,louis1 ,pittsburgh1 and ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,the ,american ,museum of ,safety in ,new ,york ,city has a similar class under consideration4 ,,plan ,no4 #iah4 ,,fire ,,protection ,,engineering ,fire protection engineering1 or fire insurance engineering1 is a well-established line of effort which has been raised to the dignity of a profession during the past #bj years of its development4 ,the fire insurance inspector belongs to this profession1 as do inspectors in municipal fire prevention bureaus such as the large cities are organizing as an auxiliary to their fire departments4 ,there are certain institutions in which instruction is given1 and ways whereby a disabled man discharged from the military and naval forces of the ,united ,states may be trained for this vocation4 ,in order to benefit by the training and be assured of good opportunities1 certain facts should be considered4 ,,education ,primarily it may be conceded that the man who has had a technical education can generally get on in the profession more rapidly than one who has not4 ,when technical knowledge and scientific attainments are secured in the hard school of experience the graduate has paid dearly for his lack of earlier training4 ,a distinction may be made between the requirements for fire protection engineering proper and those for routine inspection work4 ,a well-equipped fire protection engineer should have the equivalent of a sound engineering course1 with a knowledge of the fundamentals or basic principles involved in civil1 architectural1 mechanical1 hydraulic1 electrical1 and chemical engineering4 ,these principles can be utilized in the problems of plan drafting1 proper building construction1 occupancy equipment1 public and private fire protection1 and common and manufacturing hazards4 ,experience has demonstrated1 however1 that such foundation is not absolutely essential1 and that many possessing the requisite personal qualifications have succeeded without it4 ,for instance1 many industrial occupations provide valuable experience as a foundation for development of the necessary technical ability4 ,men who have had experience as building inspectors1 construction or factory engineers1 piping foremen1 estimators for automatic sprinkler concerns1 and men who have been employed in municipal fire departments or in fire-alarm and signal work have been successful in routine inspection work and have risen to places of eminence in the world of fire protection engineering4 ,graduates of engineering departments other than fire protection engineering have repeatedly shown themselves to be readily adaptable to work in this field1 after a period of readjustment to enable them to acquire the point of view necessary to a man to whom the causes and prevention of fire1 rather than other phases of engineering problems are significant4 ,,personal ,,qualifications ,whether technical qualifications be founded on training in a technical school or be the result of later effort the aspirant for success as an insurance inspector should be familiar with insurance practice1 and should be endowed with a broad complement of common sense4 ,he should have an inquisitive and observant mind1 coupled with a desire to investigate the 8why and how0 of every problem1 a constantly receptive brain1 a retentive memory1 and should be competent as a teacher of those less thoughtful or less well informed than he4 ,above all a successful fire protection engineer must not minimize the importance of accurate observation and faithful reporting of small details which may have most vital import in determining the conditions of a plant4 ,finally he should be resourceful and capable in planning and carrying out to a successful issue the details of technical propositions4 ,tact and judgment must be exercised when dealing with men who may not always appreciate the viewpoint of the inspector1 and courtesy is always a prime essential4 ,,nature ,,of ,,work ,it is the work of the inspector to scrutinize closely all conditions and materials which may in any manner create or increase the fire hazard1 including the character and nature of raw stock or material used1 all the processes of manipulation1 from its reception at the plant1 its handling and storage1 to the completion of the operations necessary to produce the finished goods or article4 ,the inspector must carefully note and define the hazards incident to each state of progress where physical or other changes affecting the conditions may take place4 ,in addition to these purely technical investigations and conclusions1 he should closely observe and study 8shop practice0 or management1 including supervision and discipline of employees1 as related to the cleanliness and care of hazards1 which form the basis of 8good housekeeping0 and are important essentials in securing safety from fire in all classes of property4 ,the apparatus and appliances for fire protection or fire defense need to be very critically examined and described4 ,this often necessitates going into dark basements or low pits to locate automatic sprinkler valves1 etc4 ,water-supply tanks for automatic sprinkler systems have to be climbed to examine their condition and to ascertain water levels1 and when the assent and co-operation of the insured can be secured1 tests for efficiency of such devices as fire pumps should be undertaken4 ,the nature and condition of the structure forming the plant or risk require careful consideration and full description1 and finally1 the information gained is generally embodied in a written report of such lucidity as to convey a mental photograph of the hazards and conditions to the minds of those who have to decide upon the acceptability of the risk from an underwriting viewpoint4 ,,opportunities ,fire protection engineers are employed at the present time largely by insurance companies1 either individually as company field engineers or collectively in the inspection and rating organizations4 ,every important geographical section in the country has somewhere within it an insurance organization consisting either of an insurance exchange or rating board for making insurance rates and specifying requirements for improvements1 and an engineering or inspection bureau for making surveys1 inspections1 and reports to its members4 ,large municipalities are cared for by local rating boards4 ,many large corporations are employing engineers1 often with the title of 8,fire marshal10 and others combine their fire insurance affairs1 both business and engineering1 in the office of a 8,superintendent of insurance40 ,insurance engineers are frequently called to a company home office1 after having had a good field experience1 to take charge of the underwriting or passing upon the business offered in special departments1 for the business requiring a technical or engineering knowledge4 ,these are variously known as 8,improved risk departments10 8,sprinklered risk departments10 etc41 because the use of automatic sprinklers is fundamental in fire protection and required in risks accepted by such departments4 ,one of the best avenues of approach to good home office positions is through the field experience of a fire protection engineer1 employed by an inspection bureau or by an individual company4 ,there is a marked tendency among the larger insurance agencies and brokerage offices1 in striving to render service to their customers1 to employ fire protection engineers as a means of obtaining and holding business by reason of their superior technical knowledge4 ,training obtained as an insurance or fire protection engineer is one of the best means of acquiring the technical knowledge requisite for success as a broker1 by one who would become an expert buyer of insurance1 able to study the needs of his clients1 advise with regard to the kind of insurance to purchase1 work out satisfactory contracts1 and negotiate with the rating authorities to secure the lowest cost4 ,the agency end of the business offers the greatest financial inducements1 since one may develop a clientele of his own1 receiving commission on the amount of business he can bring into the office1 and may perhaps become a partner in the business4 ,trained inspectors are rarely employed for less than #a1bjj1 and salaries run up to #b1djj for field men4 ,chief engineers of organizations1 engineers in agencies1 and company executives obtain much more4 ,the following excerpts from letters received from prominent men in the fire insurance and engineering field show the opportunities in this profession3 8,the opportunities in the field of fire protection engineering were never greater that at the present time1 as the public now seems to be in a receptive mood as regards conservation of all resources40 8,there is a constant demand among fire insurance companies for practical fire protection engineers4 ,the number employed by any one company is not great but the number is growing now that insurance companies as a whole are getting to appreciate the constant dangers of conflagration areas1 poor water supply1 poor fire equipment1 and other kindred effects40 8,there is a splendid opportunity in what is called the inspection or rating bureau service1 as even prior to our country entering the war there was always a shortage of competent help40 8,in the inspection and engineering branch of fire insurance a wide field can be readily opened to disabled soldiers and sailors as well as to other discharged service men40 8,several months ago one inspection bureau formulated tentatively its own employment plan1 which in brief was1 #8first1 to re-employ its former men now with the colors1 and to thereafter give preference to disabled soldiers and sailors4'0 8,in the field of fire protection there are comparatively so few trained men in this vocation to-day that the opportunity is unlimited4 ,where yesterday the idea was the protection of property by fire departments1 water supply1 etc41 to-day it is one of fire prevention1 i4 e41 checking the cause of fire before it may have an opportunity to do any damage4 ,fire prevention to-day is confined mainly to organizations covering wide fields4 ,there is no question but what in the future each industrial plant of any size will have their own fire protection or fire prevention engineer1 and probably the same will be extended to each city of any considerable size40 8,graduates of the ,armour ,institute of ,technology and former students who have not graduated have been in demand4 ,in most cases the employment entered into immediately after graduation has been moderately remunerative1 but advancement has been much more rapid than in the case of untrained men4 ,a few graduates have been employed by companies manufacturing and installing automatic sprinkler equipments4 ,the typical case is that of a man who enters an inspection bureau1 and after three or four years assumes work of responsibility with a fire insurance company4 ,recently several companies have shown a tendency to depart from the traditional plan of looking to the bureaus as training schools1 and have engaged men with the ,institute's degree1 but without field experience4 ,a large proportion of the classes of #aiag and #aiah1 who entered military or naval service upon leaving school1 will probably be employed by insurance companies immediately after discharge from the service4 ,there are now1 as at all times1 in the history of the department1 applications for more graduates than are available40 ,,physical ,,qualifications ,disfigurements or physical incapacities which are not too serious need not be a handicap for pursuing the profession of fire protection engineering4 ,these can be more than offset by good education1 technical training1 a pleasing personality1 and enthusiasm for the work4 ,it must be remembered1 however1 that this work involves a great deal of traveling1 either about the country or locally in large centers1 carrying usually two grips4 ,while making an inspection1 an engineer is constantly called upon to climb around in unfinished buildings1 and through manholes to roofs1 which ordinarily requires the use of both hands and legs4 ,measurements are made1 notes taken1 plans drawn1 and reports written up4 ,minor handicaps1 such as loss of an eye1 pieces of bone removed1 claw hand1 stiff knee joint1 or slight limp1 etc41 need not debar men from the profession4 ,those having tubercular tendencies to a degree necessitating an active outdoor life1 should be materially benefited1 and should recover both health and strength by this line of activity4 ,this would apply to other cases where fresh air and activity are desirable but it must also be borne in mind that a certain amount of physical stamina is necessary1 and that exposure to weather1 walking and climbing about for many hours at a stretch1 might affect some forms of disability adversely4 ,it is obvious that loss of a leg or an arm1 except in unusual cases1 would be a serious handicap4 ,field experience is important as a means of training for inside consulting1 or executive work in this profession4 ,however1 men who have become used to artificial limbs can best judge if they are qualified to undertake these activities4 ,,training ,the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education will make arrangements with certain institutions and insurance organizations of the country to give special courses for men who have been disabled in the military or naval service of the ,government who wish to be trained as fire protection engineers4 ,we believe that at present the only regular four-year college course in fire protection engineering is that offered by ,armour ,institute of ,technology4 ,special courses and facilities for amplification are offered by the ,massachusetts ,institute of ,technology1 ,worcester ,polytechnical ,institute1 ,columbia ,university1 ,cornell ,university1 ,stevens ,institute1 ,washington ,university1 and perhaps by other institutions4 ,experienced engineers believe that men who have started college courses1 especially in engineering branches1 should continue them1 keeping in mind the line of work they contemplate pursuing1 and should then supplement their college work by entering the employ of an inspection bureau4 ,a course of fire protection engineering is offered by the ,american ,school of ,correspondence4 ,the ,insurance ,institute of ,america1 through its several branches in local insurance or insurance library associations throughout the country1 has offered night school lecture courses4 ,plans are being considered1 if there is a warrantable demand in any given locality1 to offer a more intensive bureau4 ,in some cases these inspection bureaus may cooperate to the extent of giving a well-rounded training to a man who has had sufficient general technical education or experience to justify such action4 ,,plan ,no4 #iai4 ,,the ,,metal ,,trades ,,acknowledgment4 ,this monograph was prepared by ,eugene ,c4 ,graham1 ,special ,agent for the ,federal ,board1 under direction of ,charles ,h4 ,winslow1 ,chief of the ,research ,division4 ,acknowledgment is due to ,dr4 ,john ,cummings of the ,research ,division for editorial assistance4 ,a ,,metal-,,working ,,age4 ,nearly every industry depends to some extent1 and most industries depend to a very great extent1 upon metal working1 either by employing metal workers directly in some processes1 or by using metal products as raw materials in the manufacture of other products1 or at least by using tools1 implements1 machines1 and engines1 which are products of metal-working trades and industries4 ,and1 in addition1 these trades and industries produce a great variety of finished utensils and furniture ready for consumption in households4 ,more than any other ours is a metal-working age4 ,,machine ,,work ,,and ,,handwork4 ,metals must be worked largely by machine processes1 but they must be worked also in many instances by hand processes4 ,all-round machinists and other metal workers must know how to operate machines1 but they must also be skilled artisans capable of using a variety of hand tools4 ,bench hands1 assemblers1 and specialists in many lines are hand workers and only incidentally if at all machine operators4 ,if you like machinery and tools1 and working with durable materials--working with steel and other less difficult metals as the carpenter works with wood1 you can almost certainly find some line of metal working in which you can succeed1 whatever your disability4 ,in the metal-working trades there is every variety of handwork and footwork and headwork to be done1 light work and heavy work1 work in shop or factory and work in the open1 bench work and machine work1 highly skilled as well as simple routine work4 ,,trade ,,training ,,for ,,promotion4 ,promotion comes to trained men who acquire dexterity in handling tools1 in operating machines1 in manipulating various metals4 ,it comes easily to men trained broadly1 who are able to deal intelligently with any problems that may arise in their line of work4 ,if you decide to enter one of the metal-working trades1 you should take training for the trade1 rather than for some job in the trade4 ,learn the trade rather than simply how to operate some one machine1 or how to do one simple task1 and you can then accept promotion in the trade1 and make good at any job in it4 ,,what ,,metal ,,workers ,,produce4 ,everything in metal from a minute screw to a locomotive engine--from a tin can to a great gun casting4 ,they produce machines to produce machines1 and with tools and machines which they themselves produce1 they produce every sort of metal product or metal part of a product1 including machinery and equipment for the farm1 the factory1 and the home4 ,nearly every article of common use1 whether made of metal or of other material1 is more or less a machine product1 and practically the whole machinery for producing nonmetal as well as metal products is originally the product of the metal trades4 ,specifically the product of a machine shop may be a complete machine1 a rebuilt or repaired machine or machine part sold to other firms4 ,for such a product raw material of cast iron1 sheet iron1 steel of varying degrees of hardness1 wrought iron1 brass1 or bronze1 comes from the foundry or from a stock department in which are kept sheets1 steel bars1 castings and forgings4 ,much of the labor in some shops must be employed in producing shop equipment1 including formed cutters1 reamers1 drills1 and various metal working tools made in the shop4 ,,processes4 ,molding1 which is a basic operation in the metal industries1 is a comparatively simple process especially when standardized parts are being cast1 and it is not necessarily heavy work since castings in various metals1 may be of any size and weight4 ,molten metal1 pure or alloyed1 is poured into a mold formed by a pattern in sand or loam4 ,in many instances castings must be finished by machinery4 ,when a part is to be subjected to hard usage or to severe strains and stresses1 forging or hammering rather than casting may be the process employed in shaping it4 ,drop forgings are made by means of automatic power hammers and dies4 ,with few exceptions forgings1 also1 must be finished by machining4 ,sheet-metal workers lay out work on sheet metal1 cut it1 shape or bend it1 and solder1 rivet or weld it into various forms1 such as are required in building up ornamental cornices for buildings1 or in constructing hot-air heating apparatus1 or in manufacturing filing cases1 various sorts of containers1 and many other articles4 ,some of the work is outside work1 but an increasing number of processes are being performed in the shop with the use of machinery4 ,metal stamping and electric welding machines are used to form and weld together parts of1 for example1 automobile bodies1 doors1 and fenders4 ,of all the metal-working trades1 that of the machinist is the most varied in its hand and machinery processes1 although many workmen never learn more in the trade than how to operate some one automatic machine1 or how to do some one simple task4 ,in general the machinist should know how to operate all of the machinery of his trade1 and in addition he must acquire skill of hand in metal working1 and especially in the processes of building1 repairing1 assembling1 and erecting every sort of engine and machine4 ,,plan ,no4 #ibj4 ,,molders ,,variety ,,of ,,employments4 ,foundry employments generally will not be found to be suitable for men who have suffered serious physical injuries1 or for men whose physical strength has been seriously impaired by exposure or illness1 and they are not generally employments for which any extended course of training is required4 ,these employments are1 however1 more varied in character than they are commonly supposed to be1 and some lines of molding and casting may very well be undertaken by men who have been disabled1 especially in cases where previous experience and training in foundry work will prove helpful4 ,practically all floor molding is heavy work4 ,shovels and various hand tools are used in building molds around patterns or templates which determine shape and size of castings4 ,bench molding and machine molding1 on the other hand1 may involve no considerable physical strains1 and many operations in machine molding can be done with one hand4 ,some lines of bench molding may be done sitting at the bench and do not require the molder to move about in the foundry4 ,,promotion4 ,in welding as in other trades1 advancement comes to specialists1 and to those who acquire such technical knowledge as is practically useful in the various lines4 ,some training in metallurgy1 for example1 will have value where alloys of vanadium1 chromium1 tungsten1 nickel1 and manganese are used1 and the expert molder who can calculate quickly and accurately1 and can handle men may expect promotion to foremanship4 ,,hours ,,and ,,wages4 ,working hours in foundries vary from #h to #i a day1 and wages of molders in private concerns range from #ej to #ge cents an hour1 the ,government rate in railroad shops being #hh cents4 ,pieceworkers in stove foundries and in other shops where machines are used earn highest wages4 ,,core ,,making4 ,core making is lighter work than molding1 since cores are generally smaller and lighter than molds or castings4 ,the core maker often works at a bench1 with a mixture of core sand and binder1 which he rams tightly into molds4 ,comparatively little training is required and such disabilities as partial loss of sight or hearing1 loss of fingers or thumbs1 stiffness of knee1 ankle or hip joint1 and weakness of heart or lungs1 need not be serious handicaps4 ,,machine ,,molding4 ,in well equipped plants machines do most of the ramming1 turn over the mold1 draw the pattern1 and do away with much heavy lifting4 ,machine molders usually work by the piece1 and must be active and quick to earn good wages4 ,,training4 ,foundry work is taught in many schools1 but only a few schools have been able to keep up with the industry in providing machinery4 ,,plan ,no4 #iba4 ,,sheet-,,metal ,,workers ,,demand ,,for ,,workers4 ,the sheet-metal worker is the survival in modern industry of the village tinner or tinsmith1 and the demand for these workers is large and increasing4 ,in the building trades1 in ship building1 in automobile and airplane construction1 and in the manufacture of furniture1 kitchen ware1 heating and ventilating apparatus men of skill and experience in sheet-metal working are required4 ,,what ,,the ,,worker ,,does4 ,workmen at the trade are mainly occupied in cutting out shapes or patterns1 bending and forming these shapes on machines or with hand tools1 and assembling the parts by hand4 ,edges are fastened together by riveting1 soldering1 or by lock seams4 ,for example1 a shaving-exhaust system consists of suction pipes1 an exhaust fan1 and a large pipe leading to the outlet1 at which point is a dust separator called a cyclone4 ,practically all of the system is built of galvanized iron in sections1 which are first constructed in the shop1 then erected and supported in place in the factory where it is to be used4 ,all of this work1 including the erecting1 is done by sheet-metal workers4 ,it is the work of the journeyman in a job shop to use the common machines for cutting and forming the sheets of metal1 to rivet or solder the parts together1 and to fasten them in place on buildings or in any location where the product is used4 ,this job-shop worker is1 therefore1 commonly both an outside and an inside worker4 ,he must know how to place on buildings all the roofing1 skylights1 gutters1 down spouts1 cornices1 metal ceilings1 etc41 needed in the construction4 ,he installs air ducts for hot-air furnaces and for ventilating systems4 ,he may be called on for a variety of repairs on sheet metal--to line tanks with lead1 copper1 or zinc1 and to make and attach guards for machinery4 ,the material for this work is bought in the form of sheets of various sizes1 and the workman spends a large part of his time in the shop cutting up his material and working it into the required form4 ,extreme accuracy of measurement is seldom necessary1 and not much attention is paid to finish since much of the work is immediately painted4 ,in the building of ships there is a great variety of sheet-metal work done4 ,heavier gauge metal is used than on most architectural work and the joints are more often required to be oil and water tight4 ,in the automobile and motor truck industry many men are employed in the making and assembling of bodies1 fenders1 tanks1 and radiators4 ,much of the formed work is drawn to shape in large presses1 the finished shapes being assembled by hand4 ,large factories now produce most of the kitchen utensils and stamped sheet-metal ware4 ,this ware is coated with enamel or japan1 or plated with nickel4 ,tin plate is still used1 but sheet aluminum and enameled steel ware are fast taking its place4 ,the manufacture of metal containers for canned fruits1 meats and fish1 oils1 and sirups is an important industry4 ,very few machines for any purpose could dispense with sheet-metal parts without increasing the weight or the cost4 ,in building construction the use of sheet metal is increasing1 and when properly protected with paint it is both durable and inexpensive4 ,sheet metal is taking the place of wood for lath1 sash1 and trim for fireproof construction in large office buildings4 ,it is used1 also1 in the manufacture of metal furniture for schools and offices4 ,,tools ,,and ,,machines4 ,tools and machines used by sheet metal workers include the following3 ,hand tools4--,hammers1 punches1 chisels1 hand snips or shears1 rivet sets1 rule1 soldering outfit1 and a variety of stakes of different shapes and sizes4 ,hand and power machines4--,turning1 burring1 forming1 setting1 grooving1 double seaming1 beading1 wiring1 and folding machines1 circular1 rotary and squaring shears1 cornice brake1 and presses for drawing hollow ware4 ,,requirements4 ,shopwork in sheet metal does not require men of great strength or quickness of movement4 ,the machines are operated with the right hand and the stock supported with the left4 ,to be of value to the shop a man should know something about pattern drafting1 but many workmen are unable to lay out new work1 and must work from old patterns or depend on the foreman for help4 ,a sheet-metal worker needs fairly good eyesight1 two hands with strong fingers1 and on construction work a clear head and good use of his limbs4 ,requirements for outside work are quite different from those for inside work in the shop4 ,,hours ,,and ,,wages4 ,hours of labor average about nine a day1 but in ,government work the standard is eight hours4 ,wages range from #de to #he cents per hour1 but will average about #fe cents1 with #fh cents as the union scale on ,government work4 ,,future ,,of ,,the ,,employment4 ,there seems to be no reason for doubting that this occupation will remain a very stable one4 ,after the war it may be difficult to absorb into industry all the men who have been trained as sheet-metal workers for shipbuilding1 but it is certain that the normal requirements of the building trades1 the automobile industry1 and airplane construction will take many men4 ,,reeducation4 ,no single course of instruction will fit all cases4 ,if a man can shift from general outside and inside work to inside work exclusively1 it will be possible for him to learn the drafting of patterns to great advantage to himself and to the shop4 ,skill in soldering may also be acquired by practice and will increase the man's earning capacity4 ,competent foremen are very much in demand1 and they should be trained in drafting and in estimating the cost of construction4 ,this ability to estimate costs on job work can be attained by special training and would make a disabled man more independent of his handicap4 ,for the disabled man any course which provides only the theory will fail absolutely in making a man useful to the average employer4 ,it will be necessary to locate the man in a selected situation where his handicap will count for the least and then train him to overcome entirely the handicap4 ,if the school can help with this training the man should go to school1 but in a majority of cases it will be necessary for the shop to provide the training1 supplemented by evening courses or correspondence-school work4 ,the latter would be quite satisfactory in pattern-drafting and cost-estimating courses4 ,,plan ,no4 #ibb4 ,,factory ,,workers ,factory production of articles made of sheetmetal implies that machines will be used where possible4 ,parts will be stamped out with dies and hollow ware drawn to shape in large presses4 ,the hand operations1 as a rule1 will be confined to riveting1 soldering1 and assembling parts4 ,where disabled men can qualify it will not be difficult to place them on machines or at hand operations4 ,while the pay will be lower than in the outdoor branch of the trade1 work will be steadier and less dependent on weather conditions4 ,men with a variety of disabilities can find places4 ,training will be given on the job by foremen4 ,previous experience in any branch of sheet-metal work will be of value1 and since the machines are largely automatic1 only a short period of training will be required4 ,the position of foreman of a department is worth striving for1 and the qualities which will help a man to overcome handicaps will also help him to get a foreman's position1 in which he will be largely independent of physical disabilities4 ,,plan ,no4 #ibc4 ,,machinists ,,and ,,machine ,,operators ,previous training and experience in some of these metal-working employments will greatly help you if you elect to take up some related line of work4 ,with a little training to overcome your handicap1 you may be able to resume your old employment or one in which your previous training and experience will count4 ,,machines ,,operated ,machinists work with the following machines3 ,metal turning4--,speed lathes2 screw-cutting lathes2 engine lathes2 turret lathes2 shaft and wheel lathes2 automatic lathes4 ,planing4--,planers2 slotters2 shapers2 gear planers4 ,milling4--,hand-feed millers2 plain and universal milling machines2 planer type millers2 special milling and hobbing machines4 ,drilling and boring4--,sensitive drills2 vertical drilling machines2 radial drills2 multiple drills2 horizontal and vertical boring machines1 and boring mills4 ,grinding4--,rough1 wet1 and dry grinders2 tool grinders2 cylindrical and special shaping grinders2 planer type grinders2 disk grinders4 ,machines for special operations4--,bolt and nut machines2 automatic screw machines2 broaching machines2 cutting-off saws2 profiling machines2 chasing and engraving machines2 rifling machines4 ,,shop ,,conditions ,the machinist and machine operator work sometimes in a room crowded with machines1 and frequently under artificial light1 but usually in a room with plenty of air properly heated4 ,most of the machines are safeguarded1 but there is always danger of accident from moving trucks1 flying particles of metal1 and sometimes from unprotected belts1 gears1 and shafting4 ,state laws and inspection may be counted on to reduce this danger materially4 ,most well-organized shops have announced safety rules to promote the health of the men and to reduce the number of accidents4 ,hours of labor average from eight to nine a day4 ,there is a tendency toward a standard eight-hour day1 which is already established in ,government work4 ,there is usually an increase in the hourly rate for overtime work4 ,many shops pay according to a piecework rate or premium plan4 ,the trade is fairly well organized1 especially in job and railroad shops4 ,,equipment ,,of ,,the ,,worker ,it is common practice for a machinist to provide himself with a kit of tools useful in his work4 ,this outfit usually includes steel scales1 inside and outside calipers1 hammer1 surface gauge1 punches1 and an indefinite collection of other tools of less importance4 ,all classes of workmen1 in fact1 depend more or less on the shop tool room1 and men beginning their employment often have nothing but a steel scale4 ,,opportunity ,,for ,,promotion ,a highly skilled general machinist who can handle men has an excellent opportunity to become a foreman1 and workers who understand the technique of their trade may fairly expect to advance rapidly in wages and position4 ,men who can figure costs and devise economies in production especially are in demand4 ,,future ,,of ,,the ,,trade ,the war has very greatly increased production in machine shops4 ,the manufacture of guns and munitions and the demands of the shipbuilding industry for tools and machinery for ships have multiplied the demand for men many times4 ,while there must be a readjustment after the war1 it is certain that the manufacture of standard products will be very greatly in arrears1 and since all industry1 including agriculture1 transportation1 and the arts1 depend on the machine shops for their product1 there will be a continued demand for trained men4 ,wages ,where machinists or machine operators receive wages at an hourly rate this rate approximates the ,government scale in railroad shops1 which is #fh cents an hour4 ,in shops where the piecework or premium plan prevails1 the amount earned by employees varies4 ,it is safe to say that most men employed at any branch of the trade get more than #d a day in wages4 ,,muscular ,,strain ,a machinist is commonly expected to do some lifting1 varying from very light weights to more than #ajj pounds4 ,operators of large machines doing heavy work are often provided with air hoists or jib cranes or with chain hoists to help serve their machines4 ,probably the operator of a machine working on medium weight parts on lathes or grinding machines may have the maximum of physical strain1 due to the quality production expected of him4 ,,your ,,disability ,it would be foolish to make many general statements as to the effect of the loss of various members on the future of a man who desires to be a machinist or a machine operator4 ,so much depends on the will power of the man and on the exercise of wisdom and foresight in selecting a line of work4 ,talk it over with the placement officer4 ,a study of the rehabilitation in industry of those injured in industrial accidents shows that most men have been taken back to work after such injuries as the loss of fingers1 thumbs1 one eye1 or similar accidents4 ,others with more serious injuries have often been taken on again and provided with jobs1 perhaps as watchmen or gate tenders1 without any reeducation4 ,they accepted their job1 lived up their industrial insurance1 and were down and out industrially4 ,this should not happen to the man injured in industry1 and must not happen to you1 because there is a better way which will keep you in a good wage-earning occupation and make you independent4 ,it will be necessary1 of course1 for you to take account1 not only of your physical condition and of the requirements of the trade1 but also of your previous experience1 your resources1 and your aptitudes4 ,,plan ,no4 #ibd4 ,,bench ,,hands ,,kind ,,of ,,work ,,done ,in the construction of machinery1 including the repair of worn and broken parts1 there are many operations which can not conveniently be done on machines4 ,this work is done by hand at a bench1 fitted with a vise for holding the work4 ,the work done consists of chipping and filling to remove metal1 the laying out of centers1 circular arcs1 lines and limits for the operator1 and a variety of operations which require the use of hand tools4 ,examples of this work are3 ,fitting piston rings to grooves and to standard test gauges4 ,filing machined parts to provide smooth surfaces1 and to remove burrs4 ,laying out and marking parts for drilling and other operations4 ,much of this work is necessary in making special jigs and fixtures to increase quantity production4 ,,tools ,the bench hand uses a variety of files1 marking punches1 light and heavy hammers1 cold chisels1 measuring tools and gauges1 and often uses hand or power machines1 such as bench drills1 hand taps and dies4 ,,hours1 ,,wages1 ,,and ,,conditions ,,of ,,work ,the hours of labor are as a minimum forty-eight a week1 and will average between fifty-one and fifty-four4 ,wages are generally according to the scale paid to machinists and are subject to overtime1 piecework1 and premium rate changes4 ,for instance1 the wage scale in railroad shops is now #fh cents per hour and in shipyards #gb cents4 ,other shops seldom pay as much1 but the union scale is from #ej cents to #ge cents an hour in sections where large shops predominate4 ,the health of the worker is not apt to be impaired by his work1 as the muscular strain is not severe1 and the sanitary conditions of shops are not generally unfavorable4 ,the importance of the bench worker in the metal-working industry is decreasing with the increased use of automatic machines1 jigs1 and fixtures which do away with laying out1 and with improvements in molding and casting4 ,all repair work in railroad1 automobile1 and other shops1 however1 require much handwork at the bench4 ,,handicaps ,filing1 chipping1 hammering1 etc41 may be done by men provided with an artificial hand or arm4 ,the training required before a man can become accustomed to this substitute will take some time1 since the bench worker is required to use a variety of tools1 and the output of work will depend on the skill of the worker in handling these tools4 ,previous experience in the employment will go a long way toward starting a man in the trade again4 ,the use of hand tools is relatively less complicated than that of machine tools1 and previous experience should provide the man with the essential knowledge of processes4 ,reeducation for any line of bench work should take all possible advantage of previous experience4 ,many of the things done by the bench hand can be taught in a school in short courses1 but experience at the bench on productive work may be obtained at the same time4 ,if the school is provided with satisfactory benches of the proper height and with standard vises1 the course may require no longer than from three to six months1 allowing for instruction in the reading of blue prints1 the use of tools1 and for getting accustomed to the work again4 ,,plan ,no4 #ibe4 ,,assemblers ,,and ,,erectors ,the parts which go to make up the finished machines come from the shop and after inspection are ready to be put together4 ,men who work at a bench in the assembling room or on the erecting floor fasten these parts together4 ,,assembling ,,work ,examples of heavy work are found in the assembling of locomotives1 stationary and marine engines1 mining and pumping machinery1 printing presses1 rolling mills1 and sugar machinery2 of medium work in the assembling of gas and gasoline engines1 farm machinery1 automobiles1 and trucks2 of light work in the assembling of sewing machines1 shoe machinery1 cream separators1 and typewriters4 ,machinists who assemble medium and light machinery receive the parts from the stock room after they have been inspected for accuracy and finish1 and bolt them together4 ,frequently mechanical means are used to carry the parts to the assembler1 who bolts them in place on the frame of the machine4 ,this is common in automobile factories4 ,from the assembling room the machines go to be tested or to be painted and prepared for shipment4 ,in contract work in job shops the routine described is not usually followed1 and the work is performed by all-around men who take the place of the assemblers4 ,,erecting ,,work ,machinists who work as erectors usually fit the parts together1 bolt them solidly1 then test the machine for alignment4 ,shafting is fitted to bearings and sliding surfaces brought into contact by scraping with steel scrapers4 ,oil grooves are cut in bearing surfaces and all accessory parts fitted4 ,then in most cases the machine is taken down for shipment1 and after reaching its destination is erected again on permanent foundations4 ,traveling machinists are frequently sent out from the shop to do this work in the field4 ,,tools ,assemblers and erectors use a variety of wrenches1 hammers1 and other tools4 ,they are often provided with cranes and hoists for all heavy lifting4 ,in the field they may have to devise special means of moving heavy machinery4 ,,hours1 ,,wages1 ,,and ,,conditions ,,of ,,work ,the hours and wages of labor are the same as for the machine operators and bench men1 the hours ranging from forty-eight to fifty-four a week4 ,the position of the assembler or erector is very important4 ,there is no possibility of his being displaced by the introduction of machinery4 ,the increase of production will demand more men1 but it is fair to say that there are very many men who are qualified to fill the lower grades of work in this occupation4 ,only through experience and training on the job can men learn to be competent machinist erectors4 ,these men hold responsible positions in industry and there is a constant demand for competent men4 ,,handicaps ,the workman in this branch of the trade must be active and have physical strength1 good eyesight1 and considerable skill in the use of hand tools4 ,he should know something about machine-tool processes1 and may find it necessary to operate machines on occasion4 ,any handicap must be considered from the point of view of the man and the job he expects to take4 ,if the man has had experience in the given line of work and wants to reenter it1 he will be a very good judge of his own ability4 ,nearly every disabled man who has previous experience in a machine shop will find it possible to use this experience to advantage4 ,handicapped men who are preparing to enter this occupation may be trained in special classes in the factory where the work is done4 ,a group of ten or twelve such men may be taken to a large factory and trained for special jobs under the instruction of a practical teacher4 ,,plan ,no4 #ibf4 ,,the ,,practice ,,of ,,optometry ,,and ,,the ,,training ,,it ,,requires ,,acknowledgment ,the material of this monograph was compiled by ,s4 ,reid ,warren1 editor of ,the ,keystone ,magazine of ,optometry1 assisted by several successful practicing optometrists1 to whom acknowledgment is gratefully accorded4 ,the monograph has been prepared under the direction of ,charles ,h4 ,winslow1 ,chief of the ,research ,division of the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education4 ,acknowledgment is due ,dr4 ,john ,cummings1 of the ,research ,division1 for editorial assistance4 ,it is an indisputable fact that the efficiency of the ,american troops during the late war was greater than that of any other army4 ,one factor which contributed largely to their success is apt to be overlooked by the casual observer1 but excited comment wherever our troops were thickest in the fray3 ,our men were properly glassed4 ,you1 for whom this monograph is written1 well know how thoroughly and systematically your eyes were examined4 ,perhaps you do not know that the actual testing of your eyes and the adoption of proper glasses whenever necessary to bring vision up to normal was done in a number of camps by optometrists4 ,what an important part glasses played in the success of our ,army and ,navy is a chapter yet to be written4 ,now that the conflict is over it is fitting to call attention to the opportunity of entering a profession which has contributed so much to the winning of the war4 ,and as optometry is a comparatively strange word to those not personally concerned with the profession1 an explanation of its meaning had best preface this monograph4 ,,what ,,is ,,an ,,optometrist8 ,an optometrist examines eyes for the detection and correction of visual or muscular defects not requiring medical attention4 ,he uses no drugs2 he does not treat diseases of the eye1 nor does he practice surgery4 ,to one not familiar with optical sciences it may be difficult to comprehend1 then1 what the work of the optometrist includes4 ,comparison of his work with two better known and somewhat related vocations--that of the oculist and that of the optician--will perhaps be the quickest method of explaining the practice of optometry4 ,first1 let it be understood that the human eye may be considered as a refracting and focusing mechanism1 similar to a camera1 as well as an organ subject to diseases like any other part of our body4 ,an oculist 7a physician who specializes on the eye7 deals both with refraction and muscular deficiencies1 and with pathological or diseased conditions4 ,an optometrist1 on the other hand1 specializes on the functions of the eye as a refracting and focusing apparatus4 ,an optician grinds the lenses and puts together the necessary fittings to form the eyeglasses prescribed by the oculist or the optometrist4 ,,type ,,of ,,man ,,required ,the serious nature of the optometrist's work--the care of human vision--makes it imperative that only men of good moral character and high ideals be admitted to the practice of optometry4 ,an optometrist should be more interested in helping his patient than in making money2 he should be tactful1 and not only professionally competent1 but of the type of personality that inspires confidence4 ,he should realize that the completion of his course of technical instruction and the receipt of a license to practice merely mark matriculation in a postgraduate course stretching out to the end of his days of practice4 ,he should not enter the profession of optometry unless willing to continue the study of never-ending developments in this science and practice4 ,,length ,,of ,,preparatory ,,training ,as the optometrist takes up little in medical studies1 his technical training requires a briefer time than that of the physician or oculist4 ,the optometrist1 of course1 must be able to recognize the symptoms of eye diseases1 but does not attempt to remedy them2 he refers such cases to a physician4 ,in view of the lesser scope of the work of the optometrist his course of technical training covers only two to four years1 as against four to seven years for medical education4 ,the practice of optometry is regulated by law in #da ,states1 and in ,hawaii1 ,philippine ,islands1 ,porto ,rico1 and ,alaska4 ,these laws usually require a general education equivalent to two years of high school instruction and 7before admission to examination for a license7 completion of a course in a school of optometry having an approved two-year course1 in addition to one year of practical service in an optometrist's office4 ,the laws of the different ,states vary considerably as to these requirements1 and the prospective optometrist should inform himself as to the provisions of the law in the ,state in which he expects to practice4 ,a few optometry laws have reciprocity clauses1 making it permissible for licensees of one ,state to practice in another4 ,most of the schools have two-year courses--some longer4 ,one of the universities--,ohio ,state--has an optometry course laid out over a period of four years4 ,the course at ,columbia ,university is planned to cover two years4 ,in a number of instances it has been covered in one year by students who were exceptionally well prepared4 ,the studies in optical subjects can be counted toward a ,b4 ,s4 degree1 for which four years are required1 as is usual4 ,besides these universities1 a number of schools of optometry in various parts of the country have two to three year courses4 ,a list of such schools and their addresses may be obtained from the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education4 ,,the ,,optometrist',s ,,work ,the word 8optometry0 is made up of two ,greek words3 optos1 visible and metron1 a measure1 meaning the measurement of the visual powers4 ,examination for detection of visual deficiencies includes tests by the use of charts and of certain precise measuring instruments4 ,for example3 ,one instrument permits inspection of the interior of the eye2 another1 measurement of the curvature of the cornea2 still another1 the field of vision4 ,with the data obtained by the intelligent use of all these instruments the optometrist can determine the nature of the lenses required to correct any refractive errors found4 ,formerly glasses were given merely as an aid to vision1 now they are prescribed for the relief of strain and its resultant symptoms1 such as headache1 etc4 ,they are also supplied for efficiency and protection purposes to factory employees1 for some workmen without glasses will exhibit as much eye fatigue in #e hours as others will in #aj2 and employers are now recognizing this to their own advantage4 ,thus the field of usefulness and profit for optometrists is ever enlarging4 ,,indoor ,,work--,,physical ,,requirements ,an optometrist confines his practice to office work1 there being no traveling or outdoor activity4 ,if desired1 his office may be established in his own home4 ,as the work is all indoors1 there is no great physical strain4 ,while sound health and normal strength are always desirable1 robustness is not a first requirement of this vocation2 nor is possession of all the members essential4 ,a man who has lost a hand1 an arm1 a leg1 or even both legs could successfully practice the profession of optometry1 if properly fitted with artificial equipment4 ,it is also quite possible for a man with one eye to practice optometry4 ,to a determined man this would not prove an insurmountable obstacle1 though he might be at a disadvantage because some patients might think he could not do his work as well4 ,this is1 of course1 unreasonable1 but should be considered4 ,several instances are known to the writer of successful optometrists who have lost the sight of one eye through cataract or other cause4 ,a ,colorado woman who has been practicing optometry for a number of years sums up some of the advantages of this profession in the following words3 8,there are fewer objectionable features1 and more to commend the practice of optometry than in any other profession or semiprofession4 ,no midnight calls1 as in the case of the physician1 no direct contact1 as in osteopathy1 or chiropractic2 no proximity to offensive breath1 as in dentistry4 ,variety and fascination attach to the work1 besides the joy that comes with doing something that relieves suffering and is beneficial to humanity4 ,the time required for preparation and getting established is somewhat less than for other professions2 the expense incurred more moderate40 ,,the ,,demand ,,for ,,optometrists ,no man taking up the study of optometry need fear a lack of opportunity when his course is completed4 ,there is a scarcity of optometrists all over this broad land1 and in thousands of optometrists' offices to-day opportunities are open for assistants4 ,as such1 an optometrist can develop a following1 and eventually start for himself4 ,moreover1 the call of young men to the defence of their country cut down the number of students in this1 as in all other vocations2 hence the number of graduates from the optometric schools and colleges is insufficient to meet the demand4 ,another advantage in following this vocation is the fact that the profession is still in the formative stage4 ,for this reason there are unusual opportunities for progressive1 studious1 conscientious men of the professional type4 ,the hours of work1 which are regular1 are of course determined by the individual practitioner2 the man who has established his own office can make his hours to suit his own convenience4 ,if he is employed by another optometrist1 he will find the hours are not as long as in many other callings4 ,,scope ,,of ,a ,,course ,,in ,,optometry ,the curriculum of the course in applied optics in one of our leading universities will give a comprehensive survey of the branches of scientific knowledge forming the science of optometry4 ,the following subjects are included in this course3 ,chemistry1 anatomy1 physics1 physiology1 algebra1 geometry1 trigonometry1 bacteriology1 optics1 psychology1 drawing1 pathology1 and ,english composition4 ,under theoretical and applied optics are of course grouped the chief subjects bearing upon the science and practice of optometry4 ,the mathematical studies are necessary as a foundation for an understanding of the optical science4 ,while the university course1 in its cultural as well as technical development1 is desirable1 still1 as in other professions and callings1 success and service are not dependent upon the completion of such a course4 ,but general education1 culture and personality developed therefrom are all potent factors in success in any profession1 and should be acquired from one source or another before or during technical training4 ,,possible ,,income ,as in other professions1 it usually requires a few years to build up a practice1 but few men who have started under proper conditions and with fair qualifications have failed to achieve success4 ,an income of #a1ejj or #b1jjj yearly is common1 and many optometrists earn incomes of from #e1jjj to #aj1jjj4 ,as an employee of another optometrist1 a practitioner can earn from #cj to #ej a week1 and even more4 ,optometry is not a means of earning a living with ease nor a haven for the indolent1 but it does offer a reasonable competency without unusual sacrifice or hardship4 ,,plan ,no4 #ibg4 ,,the ,,factory ,,woodworking ,,trades ,,acknowledgment ,this monograph was prepared by ,eugene ,c4 ,graham1 special agent for the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education1 under the direction of ,charles ,h4 ,winslow1 ,chief of the ,division of ,research4 ,acknowledgment is due to ,dr4 ,john ,cummings1 of the ,research ,division1 for editorial assistance4 ,the trades of the planing-mill operator1 of the cabinetmaker1 and the finisher are the outgrowth of the trades of the village carpenter and painter4 ,woodworking factory products are innumerable1 and a choice of occupation can be made so that you will find the work interesting1 if you have any liking for the trades at all4 ,in these trades the worker leads an active life and he is not generally exposed to severe weather conditions4 ,the work is not usually heavy1 and practically all of the men employed work indoors4 ,the industries are bound together by the use of common materials and machines and related operations1 while their products1 as noted below1 cover a wide range2 many of the operations are similar1 whether the product is furniture1 interior finish1 boxes and crates1 truck bodies1 or musical instruments4 ,,plan ,no4 #ibh4 ,,classes ,,of ,,workers ,,and ,,what ,,they ,,do ,workers in these trades may be grouped as in the following tabulation3 ,classes of workers4 ,what the men do4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,yardmen ,dry kiln men ,lumber inspectors ,prepare raw material and keep machines ,swing-saw men and tools in order4 ,planer and resaw men ,filers ,millwrights ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,machine operators ,off-bearers ,operate machines and prepare stock for ,gluers assembling4 ,carvers ,turners ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,cabinetmakers ,chair makers ,frame1 sash1 and door makers ,assemble prepared pieces of stock into ,interior wood finishers built-up products4 ,assemblers ,box1 crate1 and basket makers ,toy makers ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,men who apply stain and filler ,rubbers ,varnishers ,apply finishing materials and prepare ,french polishers the product for sale4 ,upholsterers ,packing-room employees ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,foremen ,direct labor4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #ibh4 ,industry ,makes ,all ,things ,easy ,many employees in woodworking establishments are common laborers1 some of whom have learned to do the simpler operations by watching other men at work4 ,they may finally learn to run machines4 ,boys who are taken on as off-bearers get into positions as machine operators in this way4 ,other men of a somewhat higher grade1 operate machines1 work at the bench assembling parts1 and in the finishing room apply the finishing materials4 ,there are certain special occupations which require more skill1 such as hand and machine carving1 wood turning1 and saw filing1 for which men must be trained through a kind of apprenticeship1 which may take several months or years4 ,in these occupations workmen move about easily from one factory to another1 or shift from one machine to another4 ,many men move about constantly1 and seem to have little difficulty in fitting in wherever they go4 ,the operator of woodworking machines is commonly required to look after the oiling of his machine1 to change knives1 saws1 and cutter heads when they become dull or when the work requires it1 and to adjust the machine properly so that it will do good work at a fast rate4 ,,some ,,products ,,of ,,these ,,trades ,factory woodworkers are employed in many industries in which the men carry on one or more of the lines of work specified above4 ,of these industries the principal products are the following3 ,products of ,woodworking ,industries ,in planing mills4 ,stair material2 sash2 doors2 blinds1 interior finish for homes1 stores1 and offices2 built-in furniture parts2 cabinets2 cases2 mantels2 bar1 store1 and hotel fixtures4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,in vehicle1 truck1 and ,wagons2 buggies2 auto bodies2 truck bodies2 body factories4 poles and shafts2 baby carriages4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,in furniture factories4 ,tables2 chairs2 bedroom1 office1 and library furniture2 kitchen cabinets2 case goods2 specialty furniture2 school furniture2 billiard and pool tables4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,in box1 crate1 and ,boxes2 crates2 splint baskets2 patent basket factories4 carriers2 fruit and berry boxes4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,special products4 ,airplane parts2 agricultural implements2 cane1 reed1 and fiber goods2 trunks2 wooden canoes and boats2 coffins2 musical instruments2 toys2 games1 etc4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,plan ,no4 #ibi4 ,,the ,,planing ,,mill ,,industry ,much of the work formerly done by carpenters in the shop is now done to order in planing mills4 ,this branch of the woodworking industry supplies lumber and building material at retail1 and builds store and office fixtures1 interior woodwork for dwelling houses1 and a variety of special work which requires the use of machinery4 ,planing mill employees usually are able to do a variety of hand and machine work and usually receive therefrom somewhat higher wages than do factory workers4 ,they rank with outside carpenters as mechanics1 and the trade is organized as a branch of the carpenters and joiners national organization4 ,opportunities for advancement in this industry are greater than in other related woodworking occupations1 but there is some irregularity in employment1 since the prosperity of the trade depends on local building operations4 ,,plan ,no4 #icj4 ,,vehicle ,,manufacturing ,buggies1 wagons1 and auto and truck bodies are built in special shops4 ,these have separate departments for wheel making1 body making1 and other processes1 and often buy their stock partly finished4 ,,plan ,no4 #ica4 ,,other ,,manufacturing ,musical instruments1 such as pianos1 organs1 phonographs1 and violins1 are built in special factories1 but the same processes are used here that are employed in the other woodworking occupations4 ,toys1 games1 gymnasium equipment1 special wood products are made to a large extent by machine operations4 ,the men employed are mostly machine hands1 and women and boys do much of the assembling and finishing4 ,box1 crate1 barrel1 and basket making are low-grade woodworking occupations4 ,much of the work done is rough and unfinished1 and is turned out in large quantities4 ,women and boys are employed and machines are used as much as possible4 ,,demand ,,for ,,labor ,,increasing ,,and ,,steady ,the field of the factory woodworker is growing4 ,much of the woodwork formerly performed on the job is now done in whole or in part in the factory4 ,growth of population and higher standards of living have increased the demands made upon woodworking factories for all sorts of furniture and equipment4 ,the greater cost of metal furniture limits its use somewhat4 ,woodworking is less seasonal than many other lines of employment1 and a disabled man may choose one of the woodworking trades in the assurance that he will be permanently employed at all seasons of the year4 ,,safety ,,and ,,hygiene ,safety devices have reduced greatly the accident risk4 ,except for dust and fumes1 now largely eliminated by means of exhaust fans1 the working conditions are good4 ,fumes of paints1 varnishes1 and of their solvents are of course detrimental to health1 if no precautions are taken to remove the fumes or to provide for adequate ventilation1 and even under favorable conditions1 it is only fair to say that a person who is inclined to tuberculosis should avoid the finishing trade4 ,,conditions ,,of ,,employment ,hours will average #ed a week4 ,wages have increased about #aj per cent in the past two years1 and there has been some tendency to shorten hours4 ,the wages received by box makers vary from #ae cents to a maximum of #dj cents an hour4 ,crate and basket makers1 many of whom are women and boys1 receive less4 ,cabinetmakers get from #bj cents to #ge cents an hour1 according to the skill required4 ,as a rule in the planing mills1 where the men are organized1 wages are higher1 but these are offset by the fact that the planing-mill operators do not have as steady employment4 ,men in this occupation are employed quite regularly and do not move about much4 ,in planing mills and to some extent in other factories1 men remain year after year at the same bench1 and there are many old men who have worked at the trade for #ej years4 ,they are quite certain of steady employment at a living wage4 ,but there is not much opportunity for advancement and independence unless the workman can become an owner of stock in the factory4 ,,plan ,no4 #icb4 ,,special ,,opportunities ,,for ,,disabled ,,men ,in this field there are positions which will appeal to men with certain sorts of disabilities4 ,some of these occupations require a knowledge of materials and processes and the ability to direct men1 but demand little in the way of mechanical training4 ,among these may be mentioned the following3 ,foreman of cabinetmakers and assemblers4 ,foreman of shipping room4 ,yard foreman1 in charge of dry kiln and yard4 ,cost estimator for planing-mill4 ,salesman for factory-made products4 ,furniture designer and detailer4 ,other occupations which require more mechanical ability and which pay better wages than straight factory work may be mentioned also4 ,these include3 ,foreman of the filing room 7saw filing1 knife and cutter grinding1 etc474 ,factory millwright4 ,foreman of the mill room or machine room4 ,operator of ,linderman machine or of automatic turning machines4 ,practically all of the above special positions may be obtained only by men who have had previous training and experience before becoming disabled4 ,these positions will be attractive to such men because they offer better wages and do not require so much manual labor4 ,,plan ,no4 #icc4 ,,qualifying ,,as ,a ,,teacher ,there is a demand for teachers of woodwork and drawing in the schools4 ,if a disabled man with previous experience in the trade has had a high-school education and wants to become an instructor he may find it more profitable to do so than to go back into the trade4 ,his injuries may not prevent the simple movements necessary in demonstrating to a boy or to another man the principles involved in the use of the tools4 ,but it must be understood that both teaching ability and a knowledge of the trade are necessary for success4 ,a man who already possesses one or the other will be far on his way1 the school undertaking to provide for his deficiencies in one or the other line4 ,but rarely can the school1 in the limited period at its disposal1 undertake both to develop teaching ability and to give a practical knowledge of the trade4 ,,what ,,other ,,disabled ,,men ,,have ,,done ,,by ,,training ,many examples might be cited of disabled men who have retrained for some line of woodworking4 ,for example1 a common laborer who became afflicted with chronic bronchitis and emphysema1 took a three months' course in cabinetmaking and now has a good position as a cabinetmaker4 ,a farmer1 who had suffered partial loss of function of his left hand through a gunshot wound1 studied cabinetmaking and is now employed in this work by a motor company4 ,a commercial traveler1 whose right leg was rendered lame by a shrapnel wound1 became a teacher of manual training at a good salary1 by taking a teacher's course4 ,other disabled soldiers who had a knowledge of some woodworking trade secured promotion through special courses4 ,their wounds brought them an opportunity of which they took advantage4 ,a wood machinist1 for example1 whose hearing was seriously impaired in the service1 took a course in lumber estimating and specification work in lumber yards1 and now has a position in that field4 ,a cabinetmaker1 who suffered deformity of his left forearm1 studied drafting and building construction1 and secured a position1 where his training counts1 with a large sash and door company4 ,a cabinetmaker1 whose left leg was greatly weakened by a gunshot wound1 obtained a position as instructor in manual training by taking a teacher's course in this subject4 ,,plan ,no4 #icd4 ,,machine ,,operating ,,tools ,,and ,,equipment ,the machine operator needs no personal equipment of tools1 and most workmen carry only a folding pocket rule and a pencil4 ,he operates a variety of machines1 of which the principal ones are listed below3 ,saws4 ,swing saws2 single and double cut-off saws2 hand and power feed ripsaws2 variety of universal saws2 band scroll saws2 horizontal and vertical band resaws2 grooving saws2 jig saws4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,planers4 ,single and double surfacers2 hand and power feed jointers2 continuous power feed jointers2 ,linder machines2 stockers1 or two and four side molders4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,sanders4 ,belt sanders2 drum sanders2 disk sanders2 edge sanders2 spindle sanders4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,lathes4 ,spindle lathes2 ,blanchard lathes2 special automatic forming lathes4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,boring and mortising ,single and multiple spindle boring machines2 machines4 foot lever mortisers2 hollow chisel mortisers2 chain mortisers4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,shapers and profilers4,single and double spindle shapers2 routing and profiling machines2 spindle carvers4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,special machines4 ,embossing machines2 bending machines2 dowel machines2 dovetailing machines4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,plan ,no4 #ice4 ,,disabilities ,,for ,,machine ,,operating ,such disabilities as slight deafness1 blindness in one eye1 hernia1 or minor troubles of the heart1 liver1 kidneys1 or digestion will not bar a man who can turn out fair work4 ,injuries to the fingers1 hands1 and arms have always been common in the woodworking industry and many of the best men have been disabled more than once4 ,some men have to change machines on account of injuries but not many lose out entirely4 ,the loss of an arm or a leg would require intelligent placement on a particular machine4 ,some machines1 including spindle carvers and some types of belt sanders1 may be operated by men while sitting down4 ,a great many machines require but little movement from a standing position1 and could be operated by a man with one injured limb after some training4 ,there is usually considerable dust in the air of a machine room1 and this dust may be injurious to men with tuberculosis4 ,furthermore1 men who are quite deaf or whose sight is not good1 and who are certain to find it hard to handle material quite rapidly with safety to themselves and others1 should avoid the machine room4 ,,overcoming ,,handicaps ,in order to become accustomed to disabilities men will be trained in schools or shops to use injured members and thus to overcome the natural disinclination to use such members freely4 ,each man in training will change from one machine to another until he finds his place4 ,special training on machines will be offered in schools where1 under a practical instructor1 a man may try himself out4 ,the operator will be taught in school to take care of his machine and remove dull cutters1 knives1 and saws4 ,if he can be trained to set the knives and cutters in an automatic machine his future employment at good wages is assured4 ,there is at present a strong demand for men who can operate automatic machines and set them up for a variety of work4 ,employers may be willing to substitute automatic or power feed machines for other types1 at least where this may be done to the great advantage of the employer himself1 as in the case of wood turning4 ,a disabled man operating a modern automatic lathe can turn out a quantity of perfect work quite as easily as any other workman4 ,unlike the machinist the machine woodworker does not often work from blue prints4 ,he needs only to learn to understand a stock bill stating the dimensions of the finished parts in plain figures1 and is not concerned about the destination of these parts4 ,all routing from machine to machine is looked after by the foreman4 ,,previous ,,experience ,,an ,,asset ,previous experience and training will often provide the man who is trying to come back with certain useful information about machine processes1 adjustments1 and lubrication4 ,for instance1 a carpenter who is incapacitated for climbing or for outside work1 or a sawmill hand who requires indoor employment because of his injury may easily fit in as a machine operator4 ,,conditions ,,of ,,employment ,machine operators work about nine hours a day4 ,they receive in wages from #be cents to #ej cents an hour4 ,the man who cuts up good lumber with a swing saw may receive more than the average because he must know how to avoid wasting expensive material4 ,his good judgment is his capital4 ,the machine woodworker often moves from one factory to another1 but he is usually in demand and may count on steady employment without much regard to the season4 ,,re-,,education ,,for ,,machine ,,operating ,no apprenticeship is usually considered necessary for machine operators4 ,a try-out period of a few weeks will decide whether a man is likely to make good or not4 ,a short period of training in a school where a variety of different machines is provided will help a man to get a real insight into his prospective occupation4 ,the training required is usually obtained in the factory1 but disabled men can shorten the period of training necessary in their case considerably by taking a short course in a well-equipped school under an instructor who is a practical woodworker4 ,the course taken will be planned to prepare the pupil for a definite occupation4 ,an agreement may be made with a prospective employer before the course is undertaken1 so as to provide opportunity for overcoming any handicap in a definite way4 ,the same results may be secured by short tryout courses in the factory itself and in most cases this will appeal both to the man himself and to the employer4 ,but in order to guarantee an adequate course of training the factory must be required to make definite preparations to train disabled men under an agreement as to the instructor1 the length of the course1 and the subject matter of the instruction4 ,,plan ,no4 #icf4 ,,cabinetmakers ,,the ,,occupation ,the work of the cabinetmaker1 and of such other allied occupations as chair makers1 assemblers1 and box makers1 is to use hand tools1 and sometimes certain machines1 in putting together furniture1 interior woodwork1 or manufactured articles of wood4 ,in some factories he actually builds furniture or a completed product4 ,in others he performs a few operations and passes the work on4 ,men who assemble furniture must apply glue to the joints1 nail and screw parts together where necessary1 and see that the finished product is clean1 square1 and solidly built4 ,they use a variety of hand tools and sometimes take material to machines for certain operations4 ,they are expected to leave surfaces well scraped and sanded4 ,in all high class work they must show considerable skill in construction and knowledge of design4 ,what tools are used will depend on the line of work4 ,they are usually the property of the workman and are kept in order by him4 ,they include the usual outfit of hammers1 squares1 saws1 rules1 shaves1 chisels1 bits1 levels1 planes1 rasps1 etc4 ,the trade of the cabinetmaker may not appeal to more than a few disabled men from each community4 ,men who have worked at the trade and who already know something about it will naturally wish to stay in it if they can4 ,cabinetmakers are found in nearly every town or city4 ,planing mills and box factories are very common4 ,furniture factories are scattered throughout ,wisconsin1 ,michigan1 ,illinois1 ,indiana1 ,new ,york1 and ,north ,carolina more generally than in other ,states4 ,,handicaps ,since the cabinetmaker must be a skillful user of hand tools1 any injury which prevents him from using his hands and arms easily will interfere with his success1 but1 as he does not need to move about much in the factory1 foot and leg injuries need not constitute serious handicaps4 ,he may have some lifting to do1 and must be active in order to turn out a sufficient quantity of work4 ,partial deafness1 blindness in one eye1 or minor diseases of the heart1 lungs1 kidneys1 or digestive organs need not disqualify a man if he can handle tools and work without undue fatigue4 ,loss of an entire arm1 or severe injuries to both hands1 or blindness1 or diseases which cause considerable bodily weakness would generally constitute serious handicaps4 ,,school ,,and ,,shop ,,training ,cabinetmaking is the kind of training which most manual-training schools are best equipped4 ,successful schools are not hard to find1 and men who are trying to overcome handicaps may find it easy to get a start through this school training4 ,the cabinetmaker should learn3 7a7 ,how to use hand tools4 7b7 ,how to operate a few machines4 7c7 ,how to read a stock bill and to work to dimensions4 7d7 ,about glue1 grain of wood1 cabinet hardware1 finishing material1 etc4 7e7 ,how to make and read a simple drawing4 ,many good schools will provide the equipment and give instruction in the subjects mentioned4 ,if the disabled man arranges for a combination of shop and school training in which he will have the benefit of practical instruction for half of each day1 and will spend the remainder of the day in some factory1 he will1 after perhaps six months' schooling and training1 be able to maintain himself at the trade4 ,any other division of time as seems wise may be made4 ,for instance1 the first three months of training may be full-time work in the school and the next three months half-time in the shop and factory4 ,,plan ,no4 #icg4 ,,finishing ,the men who apply stain1 filler1 varnish1 and other finishes properly belong in a class by themselves in the woodworking trades4 ,many of these men can do all of the operations necessary in finishing a piece of woodwork4 ,the same ability and skill is possessed by men in the painters' trade1 but some of the processes are different1 and the occupation may be considered separately4 ,the finisher of wood products may use any of the following materials2 ,oil stains1 acid stains1 water stains1 liquid and paste fillers1 putty1 linseed oil1 shellac and shellac1 substitutes1 varnish1 paint1 enamel1 lacquer1 wax1 and prepared polish4 ,these materials are applied by dipping1 brushing on with a brush or cloth or spraying on with an air brush or spraying machine4 ,excess material is removed by wiping with cloths1 cotton waste1 or vegetable fiber4 ,varnish is rubbed down to an even surface with pumice stone and water1 or with sandpaper and steel wool4 ,drying ovens or hot rooms are often used to hasten the processes4 ,the air brush is a spraying machine which atomizes the liquid finish and spreads it on a surface quickly and evenly4 ,the machine consists of a tank1 an air hose1 and nozzles which spray the material in a fine mist4 ,various materials1 such as varnish1 shellac1 and stain1 may be applied with this machine4 ,men who apply filler1 stain1 and putty need very little training4 ,their skill consists in doing the work rapidly without waste of material4 ,the same may be said of men who use rubbing machines or hand blocks in rubbing down varnish4 ,a somewhat higher degree of skill must be possessed by the varnisher1 whether he works with a common brush or an air brush4 ,the brush hand must have considerable experience and know how to avoid brush marks1 bubbles1 and other evidences of poor work4 ,the operator of the air brush acquires his skill by practice2 experience with the common varnish brush is valuable but not altogether necessary4 ,the same processes are used in finishing metal surfaces1 and there is a demand for men in the automobile factories for experienced finishers4 ,a disabled man might find an opportunity here if he could do about the same kinds of work as the common laborer4 ,if his previous training and experience had given him a knowledge of the use of different finishes1 he could adapt himself to the use of the air brush quite easily even if he had only one working arm and hand4 ,a good eye to judge the condition of surfaces is essential4 ,while training in a school is possible it is less necessary than in some skilled occupations where more tools are used and where a greater knowledge of processes is required4 ,the handicaps which would interfere with success would be poor eyesight and the loss of both hands or arms4 ,experience in the employment itself would provide the best sort of training for a man who wants to re-enter the trade4 ,a painter who is disqualified for outdoor work and for climbing could qualify for this work4 ,men who have had one arm fitted with a working hook could handle furniture in the process of dipping1 and could apply and remove the excess of stain and filler4 ,with factory training they could advance to brush hands and varnishers without great difficulty1 if the opportunity offered4 ,to handle a common brush or an air brush and to operate a rubbing machine requires one good hand1 but disabilities of the feet and lower limbs can be overcome4 ,men receive from #be cents to #fj cents or more an hour1 according to the work done and the skill required4 ,the hours are usually the #ed hours a week of most factory trades4 ,there is some danger to health in handling wood alcohol1 turpentine1 or lead paints1 but the use of any one of these materials is not constant enough to make the whole occupation dangerous4 ,those suffering from chest complaints should1 however1 avoid this trade4 ,the trade is quite stable and the demand for men fairly constant4 ,employment in this trade is fairly certain and apparently will continue to be so in the future4 ,the demand for experienced men for air brush work will increase with the more general utilization of machines1 which is almost inevitable4 ,the use of the air brush and the drying room or kiln has greatly increased the output of the finishing room per man employed1 but increase in the quantity of the articles finished has offset this increased efficiency so that unemployment has not resulted4 ,hand varnishing1 however1 will continue to be done and skill in this work will be a valuable asset to the workman1 whether he uses a hand brush or a machine4 ,a short apprenticeship or try-out period in the factory will start many disabled men in this trade1 but no school training is required4 ,,plan ,no4 #ich4 ,,technical ,,agriculture ,,as ,a ,,vocation ,,acknowledgment ,this monograph was prepared by ,dr4 ,walter ,j4 ,quick1 ,special ,agent for the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education1 under the direction of ,charles ,h4 ,winslow1 ,chief of the ,division of ,research4 ,acknowledgment is due ,a4 ,c4 ,true1 ,director1 ,states ,relation ,service2 ,e4 ,w4 ,allen1 ,chief1 ,office of ,experiment ,stations2 ,w4 ,h4 ,beal1 ,chief1 ,editorial ,division1 and ,edwy ,b4 ,reid1 ,chief1 ,division of ,publications of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 for suggestions and data2 to the ,curtis ,publishing ,co41 for use of illustrations2 also1 to ,dr4 ,john ,cummings1 of the ,research ,division1 for editorial assistance4 ,,positions ,,in ,,agricultural ,,colleges1 ,,agricultural ,,experiment ,,stations1 ,,and ,,in ,,agricultural ,,extension ,,service ,many responded to the call to arms from the student bodies and the faculties and staffs of the ,state agricultural colleges1 experiment stations1 and extension service4 ,these institutions have lost also to war service1 at least temporarily1 numerous scientific associates1 lecturers1 and teachers1 research experts and assistants1 extension workers1 county agents1 and others in co-operative agriculture4 ,during the war the withdrawals from all departments and lines of work were of necessity replaced by insufficiently prepared men who in turn1 now that the war emergency is passed1 will be replaced by trained1 efficient men as such become procurable4 ,it is to be noted further that agriculture in city high schools and other public-school grades is at the present time being taught largely by regular teachers not specially trained in the subject1 the number teaching and demonstrating in the agricultural high schools of the country being about #b1ejj4 ,under the ,smith-,hughes ,act providing for introduction into public schools of agricultural studies and projects1 the demand for agricultural teachers1 directors1 and organizers has greatly increased1 and will continue to increase in the future4 ,in the establishment throughout the ,states of vocational courses1 under this vocational education act1 great difficulty has been experienced during the war in securing a sufficient number of men qualified to teach agriculture4 ,from year to year1 as more ,federal and ,state funds become available1 the vocational schools will broaden the scope of their work and more instructors and trained scientific men will be required4 ,in the higher institutions and services--the agricultural colleges1 agricultural experiment stations1 and agricultural extension service staffs--new appointments are constantly being made because of promotions1 creation of new positions1 changes for various reasons1 resignations1 and deaths4 ,the agricultural colleges and experiment stations employ approximately #c1ejj on their faculties and staffs1 including associates1 assistants1 instructors1 and helpers4 ,the extension service workers number approximately #f1ejj1 and the number would be greatly increased were trained men and funds available4 ,hundreds of counties have no agricultural agents4 ,compensation in these various lines is liberal and proportioned to service rendered1 increasing with promotion from lower to higher positions4 ,under these conditions numerous teaching positions are now open to men qualified to fill such positions in our agricultural colleges1 in our vocational schools1 and in our agricultural high schools located in every section of the country4 ,each year1 also1 even under normal conditions1 as has been noted1 many appointments of research experts and assistants are made to the staffs of our agricultural experiment stations1 as well as of demonstrators and lecturers in extension work1 and of county agricultural agents4 ,those returning from overseas in fit condition will1 in most cases1 wisely resume their abandoned studies or scientific employment4 ,those disabled should1 even during the period of their convalescence1 begin to prepare themselves to resume former positions or others more desirable and in line of promotion4 ,some position is certainly awaiting you if you will but 8run the course10 take the training1 and prepare for it4 ,these positions present exceptional opportunities in every ,state for disabled men who can qualify for them4 ,they cover every phase of agriculture1 and will appeal to men of practical experience in farming whose disability may make it inadvisable for them to undertake hard manual labor on the farm1 and to men of scientific or technical training that especially fits them for teaching1 lecturing1 demonstrating1 or conducting scientific research4 ,in general1 the positions most suitable for men who have been disabled1 where such men have had practical agricultural experience and some agricultural education1 and where they are disposed to take the necessary vocational training1 will be positions as county agricultural agents1 or as demonstrators in the co-operative extension service1 or as organizers and directors of the club work in animal husbandry and cropping4 ,these positions may serve most admirably to give training for promotion to some more specific line of work4 ,,agricultural ,,specialists ,while the agricultural specialist has usually a thorough knowledge of some particular line of work1 and is exceptionally efficient in that line1 he does in many instances specialize in several different lines4 ,for example1 many have specialized successfully in 8poultry1 fruit1 and bees10 and a specialist may easily be well informed in all three of these lines4 ,nearly all farmers devote themselves to some specialty in which naturally their sons also become efficient4 ,by vocational training such young men who have been disabled in the war1 especially those who have had in addition to their practical farm rearing some systematic school training in an agricultural course1 may have their development rounded out until they become capable1 practical specialists4 ,their efforts may be expected to be attended by that success which always accompanies the combination of practice and theory4 ,a special vocational training will be necessary to fit such men for positions in agricultural colleges1 experiment stations1 or extension service4 ,,promotion ,,opportunities ,,ahead ,much of the specialist's work can be undertaken by men with serious physical disabilities1 and the opportunities for promotion along lines of expert and special service are excellent4 ,the following lists of positions in schools1 colleges1 and experiment stations1 as teachers1 lecturers1 demonstrators1 and research men1 indicate the wide range of opportunity open to men of varied training1 experience1 and capacity4 ,the lists have been made up from official publications showing the positions in agricultural institutions1 and an attempt has been made to indicate the number and character of appointments usually made to the staffs of such institutions4 ,for example1 the department of animal husbandry in an established agricultural college located in a ,state in which grain production and live-stock industries are prominent will frequently include1 in addition to the head of the department of animal husbandry1 four or five and sometimes as many as eight or ten associate heads of subdivisions1 each subdivision employing instructors and assistants1 together with a number of herdsmen and helpers for practical work4 ,the number of departments and subdivisions and the number employed in each department1 of course1 varies from institution to institution4 ,in the following lists1 when the singular form is used1 as for example 8associate10 it indicates that commonly one associate is employed in the subject indicated in an institution covering the subject adequately4 ,where the plural form is used it indicates two associates as the usual number employed1 and where the name of the position is followed by a numeral or numerals1 as 8associate 7#b to #e710 it indicates that more than two will usually be found on the staff4 ,,plan ,no4 #ici4 ,,agricultural ,,college ,,positions ,the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education has completed arrangements with the ,state ,agricultural ,colleges for special technical and for regular courses1 giving such training for the positions indicated below as seems most suitable1 taking account of age and experience in each case4 ,you should consult the nearest vocational officer1 remembering that ,uncle ,sam is ready to train you free in a technical course and pay you while you are taking it1 also to help you secure a permanent position after your training is completed4 ,if you were pursuing a course in one of the ,state ,agricultural ,colleges or in an agricultural high school when called to arms1 resumption and completion of that course is generally to be recommended4 ,you can not as a general rule afford to abandon a course once begun in which you have made any considerable progress4 ,many minor positions are available to ambitious students requiring financial assistance promptly after or even during preparation4 ,many of the less important college positions immediately available for men who have taken training provide opportunities for further study and training leading to higher positions in the agricultural colleges1 as indicated in the positions here listed4 ,the same is true of positions listed herein under ,experiment ,stations and ,extension ,service4 ,,plan ,no4 #idj4 ,,list ,,of ,,positions ,,in ,,agricultural ,,colleges ,faculty3 ,dean4 ,assistant to dean4 ,office employees4 ,heads of departments4 ,associates4 ,instructors4 ,assistants4 ,agriculture1 head of department4 ,rural schools1 supervisor4 ,junior school1 superintendent4 ,high schools1 agricultural1 supervisor4 ,college3 ,librarian4 ,assistant librarian4 ,curator4 ,assistant curator4 ,photographer4 ,assistant4 ,farm management3 ,associate4 ,instructors4 ,assistants 7#b to #d74 ,farm manager4 ,farm foremen4 ,farm laborers 7#c to #ae74 ,journalism3 ,editor4 ,assistant editor4 ,assistants4 ,education1 scientific3 ,associates4 ,assistant4 ,economics3 ,associate4 ,instructor4 ,assistant4 ,pedagogy3 ,associates4 ,instructors4 ,assistants 7#b to #e74 ,agricultural engineering1 head of dept4 ,rural engineering3 ,associates 7#b to #d74 ,instructors 7#b to #f74 ,assistants 7#b to #d74 ,highway engineering1 associate4 ,irrigation engineering3 ,associate4 ,assistants4 ,drainage engineering3 ,associate4 ,assistants4 ,agronomy3 ,head of department4 ,associates 7#b to #e74 ,instructors 7#b to #d74 ,assistants 7#b to #d74 ,seed1 analysts4 ,farm crops-- ,products-- ,associate4 ,instructors4 ,plant breeding-- ,associates4 ,instructors4 ,assistants4 ,soil investigations-- ,biology-- ,associates4 ,assistants4 ,physics-- ,associate4 ,instructors4 ,assistants4 ,soil1 analyst4 ,bacteriology1 associate4 ,fertilizers-- ,instructor4 ,assistant4 ,animal husbandry3 ,head of department4 ,associates 7#b to #e74 ,instructors 7#b to #d74 ,assistants 7#b to #d74 ,cattle-- ,associates 7#d to #aj74 ,instructors 7#d to #f74 ,assistants 7#b to #d74 ,horse-- ,associates 7#d to #aj74 ,instructors 7#d to #f74 ,assistants 7#b to #d74 ,swine-- ,associates 7#d to #aj74 ,instructors 7#d to #f74 ,assistants 7#b to #d74 ,sheep-- ,associates 7#d to #aj74 ,instructors 7#d to #f74 ,assistants 7#b to #d74 ,pathology-- ,associate4 ,assistant4 ,nutrition-- ,associate4 ,instructor4 ,assistant4 ,meats1 assistant4 ,genetics-- ,associate4 ,instructor4 ,assistant4 ,bacteriology3 ,head of department4 ,instructors 7#a to #d71 ,hygiene1 associate4 ,beekeeping3 ,associate4 ,apiarist4 ,instructor4 ,botany3 ,head of department4 ,associates4 ,instructors 7#a to #c74 ,assistants4 ,plant pathology-- ,associate4 ,instructors 7#b to #d74 ,canning3 ,associate4 ,instructors4 ,assistants4 ,helpers4 ,chemistry1 agricultural1 head of dept4 ,soil1 crops3 ,associates 7#b to #e74 ,instructors 7#b to #e74 ,assistants 7#b to #h74 ,soil physics3 ,associates4 ,assistants4 ,fertilizer control3 ,manager4 ,analysts 7#b to #aj74 ,recorders 7#b to #d74 ,markers 7#b to #e74 ,chemistry1 general1 head of dept4 ,inorganic3 ,associates4 ,instructors 7#b to #d74 ,assistants4 ,organic3 ,associates4 ,instructors 7#b to #d74 ,assistants 7#b to #d74 ,physiology3 ,associate4 ,assistant4 ,daily husbandry3 ,head of department4 ,associate4 ,instructor4 ,assistants4 ,dairy industry3 ,associate4 ,instructors 7#a to #c74 ,assistant4 ,dairy bacteriology1 associate4 ,entomology3 ,head of department4 ,associates4 ,instructors 7#b to #d74 ,agriculture1 instructor4 ,insecticides-- ,instructor4 ,assistant4 ,limonology-- ,associate4 ,instructor4 ,assistant4 ,floriculture3 ,head of department4 ,associate4 ,instructor4 ,assistant4 ,forestry3 ,head of department4 ,instructor4 ,management-- ,foresters4 ,rangers4 ,guards4 ,pursuits-- ,associates4 ,assistants4 ,silviculture1 associate4 ,arboriculture-- ,associates4 ,assistants4 ,gardening1 market3 ,head of department4 ,assistant4 ,vegetable1 associate4 ,small fruits1 associate4 ,truck-- ,associate4 ,instructor4 ,geology3 ,associate4 ,assistant4 ,meteorology1 associate4 ,horticulture3 ,head of department4 ,associates 7#b to #d74 ,instructors4 ,assistant4 ,pomology-- ,associate4 ,instructor4 ,assistant4 ,citriculture-- ,associate4 ,instructor4 ,assistant4 ,zymology-- ,associate4 ,assistant4 ,landscape architecture3 ,head of department4 ,associates4 ,assistants4 ,microbiology3 ,head of department4 ,instructor4 ,assistant4 ,parasitology3 ,associate4 ,assistant4 ,poultry husbandry3 ,head of department4 ,associate4 ,instructors4 ,assistant4 ,rural sociology3 ,head of department4 ,assistant4 ,instructor4 ,veterinary3 ,head of department4 ,associate4 ,assistants4 ,diagnosis1 associate4 ,medicine-- ,instructor4 ,assistants4 ,histology1 instructor4 ,laboratory-- ,supervisor4 ,assistant4 ,physical therapeutics1 instructor4 ,anatomy-- ,associate4 ,instructor4 ,pathology1 associate4 ,surgery1 associate4 ,bacteriology1 associate4 ,viticulture3 ,head of department4 ,instructor4 ,assistant4 ,zoology3 ,associate4 ,instructors 7#a to #c74 ,assistants4 ,limonology-- ,associate4 ,instructors4 ,ornithology-- ,associate4 ,instructor4 ,assistant4 ,morphology1 associate4 ,,plan ,no4 #ida4 ,,agricultural ,,experiment ,,station ,,positions ,technical books have been in such exceptional demand by the wounded in the hospitals that the ,american ,library ,association could hardly fill the orders1 it is noted1 and that vocational education has received a big stimulus from the soldiers having acquired the vocational study idea which argues well for efficiency in their future undertakings4 ,it is difficult to adequately comprehend the value of the soldier's experience educationally4 ,he has learned discipline and devotion to a cause and that simple reading is not study4 ,study has been required and he knows how1 with concentration of his supple mind1 to acquire definite knowledge and employ it4 ,it should be emphasized that eligibility for positions in experiment stations1 except as assistants and helpers1 presupposes definite college preparation4 ,the college course pursued should include training in experiment work in some technical line in agricultural experimentation or demonstration as a vocation4 ,experiment station work differs radically from educational work in agricultural colleges and high schools1 and it may be well suited to those properly qualified for it who are disinclined to undertake teaching4 ,experiment work is exceedingly interesting and preparation for it can to greater advantage be undertaken by those who have had some agricultural college training1 or even agricultural high school training1 combined with practical experience in agriculture4 ,half the battle is won when one has determined to achieve efficiency in some line of work1 and to take such training as is required to prepare one to enter into agricultural service as an expert4 ,,plan ,no4 #idb4 ,,list ,,of ,,positions ,,in ,,agricultural ,,experiment ,,stations ,station ,staff3 ,director4 ,vice director4 ,assistant to director4 ,editor4 ,photographer4 ,chiefs of divisions4 ,associates4 ,assistants4 ,agricultural engineering1 chief3 ,irrigation-- ,associate chief4 ,assistants 7#b to #g74 ,mechanical-- ,associate chief4 ,assistants 7#b to #e74 ,electrical-- ,associate chief4 ,assistants 7#b to #d74 ,landscape-- ,associate chief4 ,assistant4 ,agricultural extension1 chief3 ,co-operation1 assistant chief4 ,farm projects-- ,associate chief4 ,assistant4 ,agronomy3 ,chief of division4 ,assistants4 ,soil physics-- ,associate chief4 ,assistant chief4 ,associates 7#b to #c74 ,first assistants 7#b to #f74 ,assistant4 ,plant breeding-- ,associate chief4 ,first assistant4 ,soil fertility-- ,associate chief4 ,associates 7#b to #d74 ,first assistants 7#b to #c74 ,assistants 7#b to #c74 ,crop specialties-- ,associate chief4 ,assistants4 ,crop production-- ,associate chief4 ,first assistant4 ,assistants 7#b to #c74 ,co-operative experiments1 superintendent4 ,soils laboratory1 assistant chief4 ,soil biology-- ,assistant chief4 ,first assistants4 ,soil analysis-- ,associates4 ,first assistants4 ,assistants4 ,rust work1 assistant4 ,dry farming1 assistant4 ,seeds control1 associate4 ,laboratory1 analyst4 ,testing1 assistants4 ,animal husbandry3 ,chief4 ,associates 7#b to #c74 ,first assistants 7#b to #c74 ,assistants 7#b to #c74 ,animal nutrition-- ,associate chief4 ,associates4 ,assistants 7#b to #c74 ,swine husbandry-- ,assistant chief4 ,assistants4 ,sheep husbandry-- ,assistant chief4 ,assistants4 ,horse husbandry-- ,assistant chief4 ,assistants4 ,cattle husbandry-- ,assistant chief4 ,assistants4 ,genetics-- ,assistant chief4 ,first assistant4 ,animal pathology-- ,chief4 ,assistants4 ,botany3 ,chief of division4 ,assistant chief4 ,associates4 ,assistants 7#b to #c74 ,plant pathology-- ,associate chief4 ,assistant4 ,chemistry3 ,chief of division4 ,assistant chief4 ,assistants 7#b to #c74 ,dairy chemistry-- ,associate4 ,assistant4 ,floricultural chemistry-- ,associate4 ,assistant4 ,horticultural chemistry-- ,associate4 ,assistant4 ,soils chemistry-- ,associate chief4 ,associates4 ,assistants 7#b to #d74 ,crops chemistry-- ,associate4 ,first assistant4 ,assistants4 ,dairy husbandry3 ,chief4 ,associate chief4 ,assistants 7#b to #c74 ,bacteriology-- ,associate chief4 ,associates4 ,assistants4 ,breeds1 experimental-- ,associate chief4 ,assistants4 ,manufactures-- ,associate4 ,first assistant4 ,assistants4 ,milk production-- ,associate4 ,assistants4 ,dairy production1 first assistant4 ,economics1 assistant4 ,entomology3 ,chief of division4 ,associate chief4 ,assistants 7#b to #d74 ,beekeeping-- ,apiarist4 ,assistant4 ,farm organization1 chief of division3 ,farm surveys-- ,assistant chief4 ,first assistant4 ,management-- ,associate chief4 ,first assistant4 ,assistants 7#b to #g74 ,forestry1 chief of division3 ,surveys-- ,associates4 ,assistants4 ,horticulture3 ,chief of division4 ,assistant chief4 ,olericulture-- ,chief4 ,assistant chief4 ,first assistant4 ,assistant4 ,truck crops-- ,associate4 ,assistant4 ,plant breeding-- ,associate chief4 ,assistant4 ,fruit breeding-- ,assistant chief4 ,first assistant4 ,assistants4 ,floriculture-- ,assistant chief4 ,assistants 7#b to #c74 ,pomology-- ,assistant chief4 ,associates 7#b to #c74 ,first assistant4 ,assistant4 ,plant physiology1 associate4 ,,plan ,no4 #idc4 ,,agricultural ,,extension ,,service ,,positions ,the recent war necessity for organization of agricultural forces exhibited the co-operative extension system through county agents1 farm bureaus1 and local organizations1 as a very effective means of greatly increasing agricultural production4 ,to the ,agricultural ,extension ,service established by our ,government in connection with the ,department of ,agriculture and the ,state agricultural colleges was due this agricultural co-operation enabling the ,american farmer in a great emergency to meet practically every demand for production promptly and effectively4 ,much remains to be done to perfect co-operation of organizations in developing county communities1 but a broad foundation has been laid for the service and well-trained1 practical men are employed to carry the results of scientific research1 demonstration work1 and practical experience to the farmer4 ,,county ,,agricultural ,,agents ,the men holding these positions are known as county agents who direct and demonstrate farm problems1 club leaders who direct extension work with young people1 and specialists in different lines of agriculture4 ,there are #b1icf counties in the ,united ,states1 of which #b1cjj have county agricultural agents4 ,the duties developing upon the county agent are numerous4 ,in brief to introduce to the farmers in a practical manner the scientific investigations and the experience of successful farmers4 ,also to demonstrate so well their practicability that farmers may be induced to adopt them4 ,if practical and reliable1 the county agent is able to reorganize and direct the agriculture of the community and be a force socially and economically in improving country life4 ,in short1 he should be able to instruct in all subjects having to do with improved agricultural practice1 and from a business standpoint with buying and selling and general farm management4 ,many of these projects are brought home to the farmer1 and he is influenced in their adoption by actual demonstrations which he is induced to undertake1 with his own labor and at his own expense4 ,these projects are conducted under supervision1 and may have to do with crops1 live stock1 drainage1 or any phase of farm work4 ,,county ,,agent ,,in ,,touch ,,with ,,farmers ,the position of county agent affords an exceptional opportunity as a step to further advancement4 ,the county agent is an organizer of farm bureaus1 farm clubs1 and stands back of all in demonstration work4 ,he is practically the farmer's business adviser as well as his educator1 and need for his services is found in directing farm activities as well as in demonstrations4 ,as has been well said3 8,the purpose of the agent is not to make farmers' bulletins1 but to interpret them2 not to take theory to the farmer1 but practice to the puzzled tillers of the soil40 ,in no other line of research work are young men of agricultural rearing and experience and with scientific training more successful or acceptable than in directing the farmer1 though he may be old in experience1 in the many up-to-date measures productive of success and profit on his farm4 ,last year #ejj1jjj farmers conducted demonstrations of various kinds in co-operation with county agents which covered an aggregate of #a1jjj1jjj acres4 ,county agents held #ace1jjj meetings attended by #g1jjj1jjj farmers1 made #a1bjj1jjj visits to farmers1 and received #a1bej1jjj office calls from farmers for advice4 ,the county agent works with all county societies1 such as granges1 farmers' unions1 alliances1 farmers' institutes1 community clubs1 and such boy and girl clubs as he may organize to support his work4 ,,club ,,leaders ,this club work is supervised by ,state and county leaders4 ,over #b1jjj1jjj boys and girls were enrolled as club members the past year4 ,for example1 the members enter into competition in corn growing1 for prizes on a basis of largest production at lowest cost1 best collection of #aj ears1 and best story of the year's work4 ,they receive from the extension instructors definite information regarding soil1 planting1 and cultivation1 and are taught valuable lessons in handling soil1 picking seed1 improving varieties1 use of fertilizers1 cost accounting1 etc4 ,similar clubs for like purposes grow home gardens1 potatoes1 cotton1 grain1 and fruits and much enthusiasm has been manifest in clubs for the raising of pigs1 sheep1 calves1 and poultry4 ,these clubs are all elementary to the more important work directed by the extension workers in general farm lines1 farm gardening in particular1 and profitable farm poultry raising4 ,,extension ,,service ,the extension service workers have the support of many local organizations in addition to those assisting the county agents1 such as local boards of agriculture1 county councils1 farm bureaus1 clubs1 and agricultural committees4 ,there are over #a1jjj1jjj farmers members of such organizations assisting county agents and extension workers4 ,the agricultural projects contemplated under the vocational education act are lending great assistance to extension-service workers through co-operation by encouragement to the country boys undertaking the projects along with their club competitions4 ,you may well ask if there is any field of employment open to you which promises greater satisfaction in health1 happiness1 and service than is found in agricultural extension work4 ,the scientific undertakings are attractive1 the positions numerous1 paying good salaries1 and1 if one desires1 they can be sought where one's life may be largely in the outdoors4 ,it is in fact difficult to conceive of a more attractive vocation for which to select education and training4 ,the curriculum of some agricultural colleges will give you complete preparation and will assure you success in some specific line of technical agriculture4 ,positions available in extension service are shown in the following list3 ,,plan ,no4 #idd4 ,,list ,,of ,,positions ,,in ,,agricultural ,,extension ,,service ,extension staff3 ,director4 ,vice director4 ,state leader4 ,state leader1 junior1 extension4 ,assistant ,state leaders4 ,agricultural extension3 ,leaders4 ,assistants4 ,agronomy1 specialist4 ,farm crops3 ,associates4 ,assistants 7#c to #h74 ,soils3 ,associates4 ,assistants 7#c to #f74 ,animal husbandry3 ,specialist4 ,associates 7#b to #e74 ,assistants 7#c to #g74 ,botany1 agricultural3 ,associate4 ,assistants4 ,club work1 assistants 7#b to #d73 ,boys' and girls' clubs-- ,leader4 ,assistants4 ,canning clubs-- ,leader4 ,assistants4 ,pig clubs-- ,leader4 ,assistants4 ,calf clubs-- ,leader4 ,assistants4 ,garden clubs-- ,leader4 ,assistants4 ,crop pests3 ,specialist4 ,associate4 ,assistants4 ,dairy husbandry3 ,specialist4 ,associates 7#c to #aj74 ,assistants 7#b to #g74 ,farm demonstration work1 ,state leader3 ,divisional1 each branch-- ,specialists 7#e to #ab74 ,assistants 7#e to #aj74 ,farm1 advisory-- ,county agents 7#a each county74 ,assistants4 ,junior extension-- ,state leader4 ,assistants4 ,farmers' institutes1 specialist4 ,farm management3 ,demonstrator4 ,assistants 7several74 ,farm organization3 ,specialist4 ,associates 7#b to #g74 ,assistants 7#b to #h74 ,hog production1 assistant4 ,horticulture1 specialist3 ,demonstration-- ,assistants 7#c to #h74 ,spraying-- ,specialist4 ,assistants4 ,market surveys3 ,associate4 ,assistant4 ,poultry husbandry3 ,specialist4 ,associates4 ,assistants4 ,management1 associate4 ,farm poultry1 associate4 ,publications3 ,editor4 ,assistants4 ,rural engineering1 assistant4 ,short courses and exhibits3 ,superintendent4 ,associates4 ,assistants4 ,veterinary extension3 ,state veterinarian4 ,associate4 ,assistants4 ,,photography1 ,,photo-,,engraving1 ,,and ,,three-,,color ,,work ,,acknowledgment ,this monograph was prepared by ,prof4 ,david ,j4 ,cook1 ,demonstrator and ,instructor1 in the ,bissell ,colleges1 at ,effingham1 ,ill41 under direction of ,charles ,h4 ,winslow1 ,chief of the ,research ,division of the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education4 ,acknowledgment is due to ,dr4 ,john ,cummings1 of the ,research ,division1 for editorial assistance4 ,in the field of photography1 photo-engraving1 and three-color work you can succeed and re-establish yourself in civil life as an independent worker1 in spite of your handicap1 provided you have natural aptitude for the work4 ,you can do this even if you have lost your hearing1 or lost a hand1 an arm1 a foot1 or a leg1 or both legs1 or an arm and a leg4 ,in the best studies and shops of the country1 from #be to #ge a week may be made by competent men2 or one may establish himself in business with pleasant surroundings and ideal working conditions4 ,the photographer and photo-engraver meet people at their best1 and the taking of a picture1 or the making of an engraving becomes merely an incident in a pleasant business transaction4 ,much of the work may be done while seated1 and the work as a whole requires but little strength4 ,photography1 photo-engraving1 or three-color work may be practiced as an art1 as a business1 as a profession1 or as a science1 and one has a wide range of choice in electing just the kind of work suitable to one's condition1 preferences1 and past experience4 ,,plan ,no4 #ide4 ,,air ,,brush ,,work ,air brush work pertains to the working-up of enlargements and contact prints in black and white1 sepia1 or color4 ,expert operation of the air brush is little less than magical in its delicate shading and color effects4 ,operators of the air brush command high salaries and are in great demand4 ,,plan ,no4 #idf4 ,,bromide ,,printing ,this is a trade in itself1 and numerous houses make a specialty of bromide enlargements for the trade4 ,,plan ,no4 #idg4 ,,commercial ,,photography ,photographing machinery1 furniture1 fixtures1 fabrics1 glassware1 and manufactured products is a distinct branch of trade1 and the commercial photographer often builds up an enviable business1 conducted with but little overhead expense4 ,he is moreover1 much in the open1 and he can choose practically his own time to do his work4 ,some commercial photography is commonly done also by the regular portrait photographer1 and much of this work can be done in the studio under cover4 ,but little equipment is required1 and the compensation is fair4 ,,plan ,no4 #idh4 ,,copying1 ,,coloring ,,photographs ,,and ,,lantern ,,slides1 ,,slide ,,making1 ,,working ,,in ,,backgrounds1 ,,mounting1 ,,spotting ,,and ,,finishing1 ,,retouching ,,and ,,etching ,all of these special services are embraced in regular studio practice4 ,good workmen in any one of the lines indicated command good pay and steady employment4 ,the demand for experts generally exceeds the supply1 especially for retouchers and etchers1 who can improve negatives artistically1 and correct the seeming exaggerations of the camera4 ,good retouchers may establish retouch studios in the larger cities and secure work from local photographers at from #cj cents to #a per negative1 depending upon the amount of work required per negative4 ,a good retoucher can do up to #bj negatives a day1 piece-work4 ,,plan ,no4 #idi4 ,,landscape ,,and ,,architectural ,,photography ,this work takes one out into the open2 is very healthful2 and quite a body builder4 ,one with a knowledge or liking for building and construction work may fairly expect to succeed well4 ,practically all railroads employ view photographers1 and their work is exceedingly interesting on account of the travel from place to place4 ,,plan ,no4 #iej4 ,,press ,,photography ,the press photographer leads an exciting life and the man with a 8nose0 for news items finds himself ideally located at a good salary4 ,many of the best men recently engaged in war photography were formerly press photographers4 ,,plan ,no4 #iea4 ,,amateur ,,finishing ,amateur finishing offers a good field for profit1 and many establishments in large cities1 and even in smaller communities1 provide amateur finishing in sufficient amount to keep a photographer busy long into the night in the busy season4 ,the busy season may1 in fact1 be practically all the year around1 as almost everyone now has a hand camera or kodak1 and depends nearly altogether on the amateur finisher to develop and print films4 ,,plan ,no4 #ieb4 ,,making ,,home ,,portraits ,the home portrait worker photographs his patrons in their own home surroundings4 ,he need have no studio4 ,hence his expenses are light and his profits relatively large4 ,home portraiture is one of the most delightful branches of photography1 and the highest prices are obtained for work in this line4 ,equipment will cost about #bjj2 there is no overhead2 and the worker may work either during the day1 or at night by the aid of artificial lighting installations1 such as flashlight or electric light4 ,,plan ,no4 #iec4 ,,motion ,,picture ,,photography ,motion picture photography is becoming more and more popular1 and appeals strongly to the man who has a liking for the stage and for things emotional4 ,good operators make perhaps the highest salaries paid photographers4 ,here again one can specialize as a camera man1 a laboratory man1 or a printer4 ,the laboratory work is chiefly that of developing the negative and positive films4 ,,plan ,no4 #ied4 ,,portrait ,,photography ,the portrait photographer must maintain more of an establishment than is required for some other lines of work1 and may perhaps have to invest more money1 since his place of business should be in some degree an art gallery4 ,his is a busy and interesting life1 and the maker of portraiture by photography should be a real artist1 comparable with the artist who works with brushes and pigments4 ,the artist-photographer's work is just enough varied1 in artistic lighting of the subject1 development of the negative1 retouching1 mounting and finishing of the photograph1 to stimulate interest4 ,every portrait is just a little bit different1 and presents new problems for the photographer4 ,many studios employ #e to #ej workers1 and the incomes of some of our best studio owners amount up into five figures4 ,some workers specialize in portrait operating1 printing and finishing1 and developing and laboratory work--all highly paid branches4 ,,plan ,no4 #iee4 ,,photo ,,engraving ,,and ,,three-,,color ,,work ,photo-engraving in halftone1 line1 and three-color work seems bound to take its place along with its great ally1 the art of printing4 ,all sorts of texts are being more profusely illustrated1 and the demand for good photo-engravers keeps pace with the demand for good printers4 ,the following subjects may be listed as indicating specialty branches in this field1 each of which provides subject matter for a systematic course of training4 ,,subjects ,,taught ,line operating4--,making the negative without the use of the screen for a literally exact reproduction of pen and ink work1 etc4 ,line printing4--,printing the line negative onto the coated metal4 ,line etching4--,corroding the metal with etching solutions after it has been printed upon1 thereby producing a printing surface4 ,halftone operating4--,the process of making screen negatives ready in every respect for the printer4 ,halftone printing4--,printing of the stipple negative on the coated zinc or copper plate4 ,halftone etching4--,etching the metal plate with the different solutions to produce a relief printing surface that will take the ink in the proper relations4 ,finishing4--,working with tools upon the etched metal plates to improve them in various ways1 remove defects1 etc4 ,routing4--,removing with the routing machines undesirable surface from the etched metal plates4 ,blocking4--,mounting the metal and making it ready for the hands of the printer4 ,proofing4--,inking the finished cut and printing on paper duly prepared4 ,three-color work4--,making of color separation negatives color plates1 selection of inks1 order of printing1 etc4 ,in photo-engraving1 and three-color work1 one may be an all around workman or a specialist4 ,in shop practice one is usually employed at a single operation1 and being highly skilled in that1 one obtains correspondingly high remuneration4 ,employment in these several occupations may be had in commercial workshops1 studios1 engraving plants1 newspaper plants1 printing establishments1 manufacturing establishments1 homes1 colleges1 or in the open1 and employment is not restricted to any one locality1 but may be secured in the small town as well as in the great city4 ,the practice of these arts is in fact very widespread4 ,all tools are provided by the employer1 and but little capital is needed to become established in a paying profession4 ,a camera and lens and a halftone screen are the principal essentials4 ,,why ,,training ,,is ,,necessary ,the photographer or photo-engraver who has 8picked up0 his profession in the ordinary manner will generally do his work but indifferently1 and in consequence his success also will be only indifferent4 ,he may have learned to do things simply by rule of thumb4 ,to become an expert workman he must study and practice under competent instructors1 and must follow some systematic course of training under such instruction4 ,in a short time he may expect to become fitted to enter into his life work #ajj per cent proficient1 and he may expect to secure a good position immediately upon completion of his course4 ,one can hardly expect to receive explicit and accurate instruction while working as an apprentice in busy shop or studio1 and moreover1 one rarely finds a worker that can even1 if he has leisure1 impart his knowledge to others as effectively as can the professional teacher4 ,the practice in large institutions and organizations generally now is to require some systematic training as a qualification for employment4 ,after training one is enabled to take a paying position or to enter into business for oneself4 ,the opportunities are good and the field is large for really good workmen4 ,the hours are not long1 and the work is not confining4 ,the pay is better than in many other trades or professions and employment is fairly constant1 as there is really no well-defined slack period4 ,,plan ,no4 #ief4 ,,general ,,information--,,questions ,,answered ,q4 ,what education is required to learn photography1 photo-engraving1 or three-color work8--,a4 ,anyone with natural aptitude for the work who will make an earnest effort can succeed1 whatever his previous education may have been4 ,q4 ,at what age is it best to learn photography or photo-engraving8--,a4 ,any age over #ah4 ,it is never to late to learn4 ,q4 ,can one learn to be a first-class up-to-date photographer by working in an ordinary studio8--,a4 ,generally a student will learn more rapidly and acquire greater proficiency by taking a systematic course of training in some school of photography--even a short course4 ,q4 ,is retouching a strain on the eyes8--,a4 ,not if it is properly taught4 ,q4 ,is a previous knowledge of photography necessary for those who would learn photo-engraving8--,a4 ,not at all4 ,all the photographic knowledge pertaining to the work is taught in the regular engraving courses4 ,q4 ,is photo-engraving unhealthful8--,a4 ,not in the least4 ,q4 ,can one by taking employment in an ordinary plant acquire facility in all the up-to-date processes of photo-engraving8--,a4 ,a student will learn more in a shorter time by taking a systematic course in the subject4 ,q4 ,do students generally take training in all three of the branches which have been described8--,a4 ,very seldom2 usually enrollments are for one of the three--i4 e41 either photography1 photo-engraving1 or three-color work4 ,,plan ,no4 #ieg4 ,,opportunities ,,for ,,employment ,,in ,,the ,,jewelry ,,trade ,,acknowledgments4 ,this monograph was prepared by ,miss ,eleanor ,adler1 under direction of ,charles ,h4 ,winslow1 ,chief of the ,research ,division of the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education4 ,acknowledgment is due to ,dr4 ,john ,cummings1 of the ,research ,division1 for editorial assistance4 ,the disabled soldier1 sailor1 or marine during the days of waiting in the hospital will naturally ask himself1 8,what is the best way for me to earn a living with my handicap80 ,he may find one of the many answers to that question in some of the opportunities of the jewelry trade4 ,if he has two good hands and good eyesight1 and if he has any mechanical bent1 he may become in this trade the equal of any worker in it4 ,one artificial leg or even two constitutes no serious handicap in this line of work4 ,if1 in addition to mechanical aptitude1 he has any artistic creative capacity1 he can become very expert and earn an assured income permanently4 ,jewelry making is an old trade with a pedigree reaching back into medieval and ancient times4 ,in those days it was more an art than an industry4 ,its master craftsmen were known by name and were famous for their particular skills4 ,in recent times the installation of machinery has made it possible to produce some standardized articles by the gross instead of by the piece1 thus greatly cheapening output4 ,fine-grade factories working chiefly in platinum still use hand processes and make their necklaces1 brooches1 and other pieces from individual designs and patterns4 ,cheaper-grade factories work more in gold and make many of their articles1 such as cuff links1 bracelets1 and rings1 of a standard pattern1 which is stamped out by machines1 the articles being turned out by the gross or dozen4 ,,plan ,no4 #ieh4 ,,working ,,in ,,platinum ,processes in the platinum jewelry trade--the hammering1 drawing1 and soldering of the precious metal--require skilled craftsmanship4 ,the designer first makes the original picture or pattern of the brooch1 necklace1 or other piece1 and if the details of the design and general character are approved he then makes an accurate pen-and-ink line drawing4 ,he is paid from #ce to #ge1 possibly #ajj a week4 ,the modeler makes a model in wax in the same way that the designer makes the picture4 ,his wages are the same as the designer's4 ,designers who are also modelers are much in demand4 ,the sketch or wax model then goes to the engraver1 who transfers the design from the picture or wax to a flat piece of metal1 engraving it lightly1 in order to make a permanent record of the design4 ,engravers have to be very skilled and are paid from #dj to #fj per week4 ,the metal next goes to the jeweler1 who 8makes the piece0--that is1 takes the flat piece of metal and hammers and models it--8using a soft lead block1 upon which he rests his platinum plate1 face downward1 and modeling from the reverse side with various-sized blunt-nosed punches and a mallet whose head is made of rawhide40#ag ,he then cuts out the design by following the engraved outline with a saw about the thickness of a coarse thread4 ,all the leaf and so-called demelle decoration and other piercings are made in this way4 ,the work is skilled and requires a steady hand and long practice1 but can be developed from any good mechanic4 ,it is paid by the hour1 #ge cents to #a4be4ah #ag 8,jewelry10 by ,de ,witt ,a4 ,davidson1 in 8,an ,exhibition of ,american ,industrial ,art40 #ah ,unions claim that the wage ranges from #he cents to #b4ej per hour4 ,next the piece goes to the polisher1 who polishes the back and attaches it to a frame or catch4 ,polishers in platinum factories are usually girls and are paid from #bj to #be per week4 ,the stone setter then puts the piece into a bed of shellac to hold it firmly and mounts the diamonds1 working up platinum beads out of the flat metal to hold the stones in place4 ,setting a row of diamonds so that they seem an uninterrupted line of brilliancy is called 8pave work0 and requires great skill4 ,stone setters are paid by the piece and make #dj to #abe per week4#ai #ai ,unions claim that the wage for this work ranges from #fj to #abe per week4 ,the metal is then taken off the shellac1 goes once more to the polisher1 and then to the finisher1 who is merely a jeweler doing the particularly skilled work of final inspection and adjustment4 ,the number of processes in a platinum factory varies4 ,in some cases they are so combined that one man performs several different processes4 ,one expert may even make a whole piece from beginning to end4 ,the tendency in this line is in fact back to the old ,guild conditions at a time when the value of a jewel setting lay in its uniqueness4 ,very beautiful work is sometimes done in the homes of workmen4 ,the material is called for1 and the article is designed1 wrought1 and returned completely finished4 ,in cheaper-grade factories1 on the other hand1 processes are more subdivided1 machine work being substituted for handwork4 ,for instance1 the engraver may be eliminated by stamping work out by dies instead of engraving it by hand4 ,in this way platinum jewelry can be turned out faster1 and in larger quantities than when engraved in single pieces1 and of course the same skill is not required4 ,the average wage is #be per week4 ,cheaper grade factories all subdivide their processes more in this way1 use more machines1 and turn out work by the dozen in platinum and by the gross in gold1 instead of by the piece4 ,,plan ,no4 #iei4 ,,working ,,in ,,gold ,a factory that works with gold employs designers in the same way as does the platinum factory4 ,the metal itself first goes to a melter and roller1 who puts it into crucibles1 then into the furnace1 and then rolls it into ingots4 ,the work is heavy1 and necessitates standing and the use of both arms and feet4 ,wages are #be per week4 ,in the cheaper-grade factories the gold1 instead of going to the engraver for piecework1 goes directly to the press and stamping room1 where it is pierced by machines1 stamped and pressed into patterns by the gross4 ,conditions of work are the same as in the first department1 except the presswork1 which is fairly light1 but necessitates the use of one leg4 ,wages range from #ah to #be per week4 ,the article then goes to the jeweler1 who assembles the parts1 solders them in the center1 and shapes them by the aid of small machines and blowpipes1 according to samples shown him4 ,wages are from #ah to #dj per week4 ,the work next goes to the polisher1 either a man or a girl1 who does the polishing seated at a buffing wheel4 ,the polisher earns from #ah to #ce per week4 ,if the article is to be dipped in a solution to change its color1 it then goes to the colorer1 who is often also a polisher1 and earns the same wages4 ,when fine work is done by an engraver1 his work is much the same as in a platinum factory4 ,very expert work is paid from #dj to #fj per week4 ,the same statement applies to the stone setter1 who is paid by the piece1 and often makes from #gj to #ajj per week4 ,the article lastly goes to the finisher1 who is here again merely an ordinary jeweler who inspects the completed work4 ,the toolmaker has charge of making the stamping dies1 at #ge cents an hour4 ,,advantages ,,of ,,the ,,jewelry ,,trade ,the advantages of the jewelry trade for men with disabled legs are many4 ,first of all the work is seated and requires little physical strength4 ,most of the processes are carried on at long tables near windows1 with articles laid on a sort of easel in front of the men and manipulated with small instruments4 ,the trade itself is such as to insure good working conditions--good light1 sanitary workrooms1 fair precautions against fire 7the sprinkler system is in many factories7 and space sufficient to avoid overcrowding4 ,there are no unpleasant odors or unsanitary by-products such as are found in many industries1 and there is little noise4 ,hours have been shortened in the past #aj years from #ee to #dd per week in ,new ,york ,city and ,newark and to #dh throughout the rest of the country4 ,employment is stable1 and the fairly skilled mechanic finds work all the year round4 ,the busy season is in summer and fall2 but the spring1 which is light1 is utilized for developing new ideas for quality production later and stock taking for the holiday season4 ,as an old stone setter put it1 8,training in jewelry work is a good investment1 and never leaves a man with a trade on his hands and no value in the market for it40 ,another important advantage of the jewelry trade is its demand for man labor4 ,the industry is a steady1 probably a developing one1 with possibilities of extended export trade4 ,it can probably absorb a large number of men4 ,jewelers find it hard to get apprentice boys1 chiefly because the apprenticeship is long and poorly paid1 but that difficulty is done away with for soldiers1 who are paid by the ,government while in training4 ,platinum factories employ on an average #gj to #hj men1 gold factories from #djj to #ejj4 ,there are nearly #aej factories in ,newark and about #cjj in ,new ,york1 who assert that they need labor and will pay good prices to get it4 ,employees start at some such process as soldering1 at #aj to #ae per week1 and can work up to #bj to #cj1 and in the better class work later to #fj and #ge1 or even #abe4 ,,plan ,no4 #ifj4 ,,area ,,of ,,employment ,the area of employment in the trade is largely in the ,east1 about #ge per cent in ,new ,york1 ,newark1 and the cheaper-grade factories in ,new ,england4 ,there are some jewelry factories in ,chicago and other large cities in the ,west4 ,,tools ,,and ,,machines ,,used ,the tools and machines used in the trade are chiefly the following3 ,drop hammer up to #bjj pounds to a large degree power lifted4 ,punch and cutter presses4 ,lathes1 machine and speed4 ,power1 plate1 and wire rolls4 ,power drawbenches4 ,welding and soldering outfits4 ,polishing lathes1 lapping lathes 7to polish metal47 ,blowers 7to supply air in connection with soldering47 ,melting furnaces of various sizes4 ,annealing furnaces4 ,hand tools1 such as workbenches1 files1 saws1 hammers1 drills1 alcohol1 ammonia1 emery paper1 various shellacs and acids4 ,,unions ,local unions are fairly strong in ,new ,york ,city1 but are not officially recognized by manufacturers4 ,they have1 however1 enforced competitive bidding1 which has driven prices up very high1 and has made conditions practically those of the closed shop4 ,they claim a membership in ,new ,york ,city of #c1ejj4 ,in ,newark they are not so strongly organized4 ,,bonuses ,there is no recognized system of benefit funds4 ,a few factories have individual associations for sick benefits1 which are rather discouraged by the unions4 ,some distribute bonuses on the #ast of ,january4 ,,training ,there are at present no adequate courses of training for the jewelry trade4 ,a jeweler is put at the bench and starts in with the simpler processes4 ,he is usually broken in at so-called jewelry work1 chiefly at soldering processes4 ,if he is quick1 he can be promoted in time to the more expert departments4 ,there is a fixed system of apprenticeship in each factory1 covering one1 two1 or even three years1 with a bonus at the end of the period1 and limiting the number of apprentices allowed by the unions to #a apprentice to every #aj employees4 ,the jewelers have for some time been considering starting training classes in ,new ,york or ,newark1 similar to a small professional class recently successfully started by a manufacturing jeweler in ,chicago4 ,they are also taking up the question of training classes in their own factories4 ,according to their suggestion1 courses ought to last anywhere from six months to two or three years1 according to the ability of the worker 8to catch on40 ,,educational ,,requirements ,there are no essential educational requirements1 though a good school education helps and a knowledge of mechanical drawing is 8a leg up10 and puts a worker immediately at the more expert and highly paid processes4 ,any man who has had experience at delicate work of any kind1 who has perhaps liked the finer handwork in occupational therapy at the hospitals1 who has two good hands and good eyesight1 and is not too disabled to reach the shop1 will find no handicap in this trade4 ,if he has a mechanical bent and flexible fingers he can become an efficient jeweler4 ,if1 in addition1 he has any artistic1 creative capacity1 he can develop into a stone setter1 engraver1 or designer4 ,his work then becomes of a personal nature1 commands a comfortable salary1 and can bring him1 despite disablement1 to the top in the industry4 ,,plan ,no4 #ifa4 ,,transportation--,,introductory ,,acknowledgment ,this monograph was prepared by ,clarence ,e4 ,bonnett1 under the direction of ,charles ,h4 ,winslow1 ,chief of the ,research ,division of the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education4 ,acknowledgment is due to ,percy ,r4 ,todd1 ,general ,manager1 ,bangor ,aroostook ,railroad1 ,bangor1 ,me41 and to ,dr4 ,john ,cummings of the ,research ,division for editorial assistance4 ,,what ,,transportation ,,involves ,in transportation men are concerned with the moving of persons and goods from one place to another4 ,transportation requires1 however1 many other operations than simply loading1 hauling1 and unloading passengers and freight4 ,charges must be determined and collected1 records must be kept1 movements of trains1 cars1 boats1 and other vehicles must be directed1 repairs to equipment must be made1 and numerous other matters must be handled4 ,these numerous operations call for hundreds of thousands of employees in many different trades and occupations4 ,,occupations ,,varied ,,but ,,of ,,great ,,responsibility ,thus in transportation there are so many different sorts of occupations that nearly any individual who likes responsibility can become interested in some part of the great field4 ,there are occupations in which responsibility rests upon the employee for insuring the safety of property1 and this responsibility is not by any means inconsiderable4 ,in other occupations employees are responsible for lives as well as property1 and risk their own lives in the service4 ,there is office work for those who like it and plenty of traveling for those who enjoy that4 ,if a life out of doors appeals to you1 transportation can give you a job of that sort4 ,in short1 if you have a liking for responsibility you can find a job in transportation service that will suit you4 ,,disabilities ,,and ,,retraining ,if you were engaged in transportation before you were disabled1 you are probably still interested in this work1 and would return to it if you did not feel that your disabilities unfitted you for your old job4 ,if you wish to go back into transportation and can not take up your old job or a new one in that field without retraining1 you want to know how to get retraining and how retraining will help you4 ,retraining and devices may help you to get your old job again4 ,retraining ought to do more than simply this4 ,it ought to get you a better job than you had before4 ,it is to help you to analyze and see your own possibilities as they are related to the various transportation occupations that this booklet is written4 ,,divisions ,,of ,,transportation ,in general1 transportation is performed by steam railroads1 by street railways1 by wagons and automobiles1 and by boats4 ,of these agencies1 steam railroads employ the largest number of men in so far as regular occupations are concerned4 ,we shall1 therefore1 consider first the occupations and trades connected with the operation of steam railroads4 ,,plan ,no4 #ifb4 ,,part ,i4 ,,steam ,,railroads ,railroading in the ,united ,states is a gigantic enterprise4 ,in #aiaf1 a prewar year1 our railroads possessed about #fe1jjj locomotives1 #b1cdb1jjj freight cars1 #ee1jjj passenger cars1 and #ih1jjj company service cars4 ,there were #bei1jjj miles of single track and enough of double track to raise this figure to #bic1jjj miles of main track4 ,in addition there were #ajb1jjj miles of sidings4 ,employees of railroads numbered #a1fed1jjj and were paid #a1djc1ifh1jjj as their compensation for the year #aiaf4 ,obviously1 among so large a number of employees operating so varied an equipment are found many different trades and occupations4 ,,safety ,,on ,,railroads ,railroading is attended with personal risk for many of the employees1 but only in a small number of cases is a man who is disabled in the service of a railroad rendered unfit for further service4 ,many of the older railroad men have suffered injuries of some sort1 since the use of safety devices is relatively recent4 ,quite a number of injured men have in the past been given office1 clerical1 or watchmen's work1 since there is a vast amount of such work to be done1 and it involves comparatively little personal risk4 ,,factors ,,controlling ,,promotion ,for the man who lacks a technical or college education there is almost a dead line to promotion into the higher offices4 ,for instance1 the wide-awake section hand can become a section foreman1 then a construction gang foreman1 a supervisor1 and perhaps a roadmaster4 ,but he can hardly ever hope to become an engineer of maintenance of way unless he acquires in the meanwhile an extended knowledge of civil engineering especially as applied to railroading4 ,the disabled soldier or sailor1 if unfitted to pursue his old occupation1 can secure this very desirable training through the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education4 ,he can thus secure an advancement that he might not otherwise have obtained4 ,there have been three conflicting forces governing promotions in railroading--favoritism1 seniority1 and efficiency4 ,at one time favoritism was so strong that graft and toadyism gave inexperienced men promotion over men with long experience4 ,the seniority rule was introduced by the labor organizations to offset the old evil1 and for two men of equal intelligence and native ability selection by seniority is a fair method of giving promotion4 ,in such a case seniority coincides with efficiency4 ,but seniority of itself does not necessarily in all cases give the higher position to the man best fitted for it1 since long years in the service will not train the thoughtless1 careless man as well as a few years will the alert man4 ,railroad employees in all branches of the service strongly contend as a group for their seniority rights4 ,this means that an outsider usually has a long waiting period for advancement into the best positions4 ,efficiency is becoming more the rule1 but the old influences still prevail in some departments1 partly because standards of efficiency are rather indeterminate1 largely because changes in a widespread system can not be wrought in a day4 ,if favoritism could be abolished employees would not insist so strenuously upon their seniority rights4 ,since the railroads have been subjected to public regulation they have appreciated the value of courteous treatment of the public4 ,accordingly they reward the courteous employees by promotion1 and no longer tolerate a grossly uncivil one as they did in the early days4 ,loyalty to the railroad organization is regarded to-day by railroad officials as the foremost requisite for those wishing promotion--a loyalty that places the railroad organization first1 whether it be a question of public regulation or of labor unionization4 ,fairfax ,harrison1 president of the ,southern ,railway ,co41 has thus stated the case3 8,there are three requisites for advancement in railroad service--loyalty1 efficiency in your present job1 and preparedness for larger responsibilities4 ,efficiency and preparedness for higher place go together1 for that man will be most efficient in his present job who is not content with mere mechanical performance of his duties1 but who has an intelligent understanding of them in their relation to the service as a whole and who has qualified to take over the duties and responsibilities of his immediate superior on a moment's notice40 ,,why ,,take ,,the ,,training8 ,it is however1 a generally known fact among railroaders that few men in the lower positions have the chance to learn efficiently all the duties required of them in the next higher position4 ,for example1 a track workman rarely has the opportunity to make out reports and payrolls1 or even to do alignment sighting1 unless he is favored by his foreman4 ,by taking the training provided by the ,federal ,board he can learn to do this and other highly skilled work1 and thus have an unusual opportunity for advancement4 ,he could study civil engineering and become an engineer-maintenance-of-way4 ,,classes ,,of ,,railroad ,,occupations ,there are various ways of classifying railroad employees1 but we shall use here a grouping suited to our purposes1 based largely on physical and mental requirements and the training involved4 ,we are not so much concerned with the several administrative departments--accounting1 operating1 traffic1 etc4--as with the work done in different occupations4 ,there is obviously a marked difference between the physical requirements for an office position and those for a position as railroad brakeman4 ,on a basis of the requirements made upon the employee1 railroad occupations may be grouped as follows3 #a4 ,office or clerical work4 #b4 ,shop work--repairing equipment4 #c4 ,track work--repairing track and structures4 #d4 ,train work--operating the trains4 #e4 ,work conducing directly to train operation4 ,,plan ,no4 #ifc4 ,,office ,,and ,,clerical ,,work ,in railroad office and clerical work the requirements upon the employee are mainly mental4 ,in this group we find the general and divisional officers--financial1 legal1 surgical1 engineering1 managing--telegraphers1 train dispatchers and train directors1 telephone operators1 station agents1 passengers and freight agents1 station masters1 and all sorts of clerks--accountants1 rate clerks1 traffic clerks1 etc4 ,for these positions a man may qualify although he may have suffered from considerable physical disabilities1 providing he is mentally alert and has some knowledge of railroading4 ,the knowledge that a man should acquire or the training that he should take will1 of course1 depend upon the particular position he wishes to fill4 ,let us consider some of the principal office and clerical occupations1 so that you may be able to select the one that appeals to you4 ,we may well begin with the telegraph operator4 ,,plan ,no4 #ifd4 ,,telegraphy ,,as ,,an ,,occupation ,,for ,,the ,,disabled ,few physical disabilities will debar an intelligent man from becoming a telegraph operator4 ,poor hearing1 the loss of both arms or of both eyes are handicaps that can not be overcome1 but nearly any other disability can be overcome4 ,the occupation rarely subjects a man to exposure to bad weather4 ,telegrapher's cramp and electric shocks are the chief occupational hazards to be guarded against4 ,the position of the operator is stimulating1 even at a small station on a through line1 since much of the important news of the day goes over the wires4 ,of course1 he is bound to keep secret all such news1 and there are through wires on which he can not listen in4 ,,telegraphic ,,apparatus ,the instruments used consist of a key for sending messages and a relay or sounder for receiving messages4 ,to install an outfit is a simple matter for anyone who is at all familiar with the action of an electric current1 for the principle of operation is merely that of breaking up the flow of current into dots and dashes in various combinations4 ,,training ,,for ,,telegraphy ,however1 facility in transferring letters into dots and dashes and translating dots and dashes into letters is not so easily acquired4 ,only after much practice does the beginner form the habit of doing this readily4 ,he must of course memorize the ,morse alphabet1 but1 further than that1 he must become so familiar with the dots and dashes that when he hears them in combination he thinks that he is actually hearing a word1 not a certain number of dots and dashes4 ,he must form the habit of thinking words in dots and dashes without thinking of the clicks1 just as one reads a page without thinking of the separate printed letters that go to make up the words4 ,the operator needs further to acquire a rapid legible handwriting1 so that he can write down rapidly the message as he receives it and never get very far behind the sender4 ,since1 however1 it is difficult for one to write as fast as an experienced sender can send1 the operator must learn to retain in mind a number of words and phrases1 so that when he is receiving messages sent rapidly he can copy behind the sender and catch up at breaks for new sentences and paragraphs1 or at the end4 ,some operators have learned to receive messages1 writing them out on the typewriter as they come over the wire4 ,this is an accomplishment worth striving to attain1 especially if one can not write legibly and at the same time rapidly4 ,,the ,,telegrapher ,,must ,,learn ,,more ,,than ,,mere ,,telegraphy ,there are a number of other things that the telegraph operator needs to learn1 especially if he holds a position at a small station4 ,he must learn a large number of abbreviations1 so that he knows immediately what they mean4 ,some of these abbreviations are made up of the main consonants in the word1 while others are simply arbitrary numbers4 ,sometimes these numbers refer to a printed form which he must use repeatedly4 ,a knowledge of switchboards and cut-outs1 of installation and renewal of batteries1 and of care and adjustment of instruments is highly desirable and usually necessary4 ,all operators must know the rules and regulations of the company and govern themselves accordingly1 and they must be fully acquainted with signaling systems and appliances4 ,if the operator is located at a small station1 he probably has part or all the work of the station agent to perform at some time4 ,if he is located at a large station1 there are emergencies when he may be called upon to do such work1 so that he should become familiar with the work of the station agent4 ,this1 of course1 means that he must become familiar with rates1 both freight and passenger1 must sell tickets1 make out freight bills1 and do railroad bookkeeping4 ,the complaint most frequently made against schools teaching telegraphy is that the student is taught telegraphy and nothing else1 so that when he takes employment he has to learn at once nearly everything connected with station work4 ,,hours ,,and ,,wages ,,of ,,telegraphers ,hours are generally eight per day1 and wages are good1 averaging around #a1ajj or #a1bjj per year for all operators1 which means that the efficient employee who works regularly gets much more than #a1bjj4 ,employment is regular throughout the year4 ,rarely does an operator send or receive for a long period of time without a break to rest4 ,most messages are ten-word ones1 which means the transmission of probably not over twenty words1 including names1 addresses1 and office data4 ,,will ,,telegraphers ,,be ,,needed8 ,as to the permanency of the occupation1 there is only the telephone that in any way threatens to make the telegrapher unnecessary4 ,the limitations of the telephone are such1 however1 as to make that instrument supplemental to the telegraph4 ,the telephone is1 for example1 more liable to get out of order1 because the apparatus is more complicated1 and when out of order it can not easily be put in commission again by the average operator4 ,the telegraph lends itself readily to codes and a written record is usually made of messages sent by telegraph1 while the telephone lends itself readily to conversation4 ,thus each has its own proper uses4 ,the wireless seems to be better adapted to telegraph instruments than to the telephone1 especially for long distances4 ,there has been no practical device invented for relaying messages mechanically with the telephone1 as can be done with the telegraph4 ,although the telephone has proved to be satisfactory in the direction of trains1 and is being installed on the railroads rather generally1 it is hardly probable that it will entirely displace the telegraph4 ,however1 it is to be noted that there is some possibility that the service may be flooded with telegraphers only partially qualified to do their work4 ,radio operators trained in the war can readily become telegraph operators and during the war many women have learned telegraphy4 ,a disabled soldier or sailor entering this occupation should take supplementary training for the position of station agent1 so that he may in some measure avoid the competition of radio and women operators4 ,,disabled ,,soldiers ,,who ,,have ,,learned ,,telegraphy ,by way of illustration a few cases may be cited of disabled ,canadian soldiers who have taken training as telegraphers and entered successfully into this work4 ,returned soldiers whose former occupations had been that of farmer or farm hand have taken the training courses offered them by their ,government1 and have thus fitted themselves for this1 to them1 entirely new line of work4 ,one farm hand1 for example1 disabled by stiffness of the left elbow1 studied telegraphy and secured a position as assistant agent on the ,grand ,trunk ,railway4 ,another disabled soldier1 a former farmer1 suffering from leg trouble1 studied telegraphy and now holds a position as a railroad telegrapher at a salary of #ie per month4 7,salaries paid telegraphers in the ,united ,states are considerably higher than in ,canada47 ,another farmer so disabled in the army that he had but little use of his left leg took a course in telegraphy and now holds a position as an operator paying #hb4ej per month1 with house1 light1 and heat free4 ,still another farmer1 who lost his left arm in the army1 after studying telegraphy secured a position as a wireless operator at #he per month and board4 ,if you have not lost your mental equipment and ambition1 you can do as well as or better than these disabled ,canadians have done4 ,other disabled soldiers have taken training for telegraphy to enable them to get into an employment paying more than their former occupation and giving more regular employment4 ,a waiter afflicted with heart trouble1 for example1 a bricklayer who lost three fingers on his left hand and had wrist injured1 a rubber-shoe maker afflicted with stiffness of the left elbow joint1 each studied telegraphy1 and each has secured a position on ,canadian railways4 ,old railroad men whose disabilities prevented them from returning to their former occupations have taken training for telegraphy1 in which branch of railroading working conditions were better than in their old jobs4 ,a locomotive fireman who had sustained a gunshot wound and lost the vision of his right eye and a finger from his left hand studied telegraphy and secured a position as a station agent4 ,a lineman whose legs were too weak for his old position took both the commercial and telegraphy courses and now has a position as an operator at #hh per month4 ,if you have had practical experience as a railroad man1 the courses offered you by your ,government will give you the training necessary to enable you to secure that higher position which you have often hoped you could get4 ,why do you not make your disability your opportunity for advancement8 ,now is the time to take the training and secure that promotion4 ,,line ,,of ,,promotion ,,for ,,telegraphers ,an operator may be promoted to a position as train dispatcher1 or as station agent1 depending upon his interest and abilities and upon the available opportunities4 ,opportunities to become station agents are more frequent1 because the number of station agents employed is much larger1 and promotion in this line may be continued by transfer from a small to a larger station4 ,before passing to a consideration of the occupation of the station agent1 we shall note briefly the position of the train dispatcher4 ,,plan ,no4 #ife4 ,,the ,,train ,,dispatcher ,the train dispatcher must be an expert operator and must have other qualifications which he may have acquired while working as an operator4 ,he must understand the workings of the operating department2 he must know the location of sidings and telegraph offices1 the distances1 grades1 and track conditions between sidings and offices1 and something of engineers1 engines1 and train loads4 ,he must have a clear head and must not get confused nor trust to memory or guess as to location of trains4 ,he must keep a record of the progress of all trains and refer to it constantly4 ,he must have the ability to direct men in person or at a distance1 since the operators are subject to his orders4 ,it is absolutely necessary that he know thoroughly all the operating rules and regulations of the road4 ,the position is one of great responsibility1 especially on roads with heavy traffic on a single-track system4 ,since he must direct all trains on his division1 the mental strain at times is considerable4 ,but the hours are usually short1 and the wages paid are high--the annual average being nearly twice that for operators4 ,the train dispatcher may advance to the position of chief dispatcher1 whose duties include supervision of train dispatchers1 and general operation of all trains4 ,in emergencies his duties and responsibilities are especially exacting4 ,,plan ,no4 #iff4 ,,the ,,station ,,agent ,in no one other position probably are working conditions so varied as in that of the station agent4 ,he may be located at a small village on a branch line where he meets perhaps two trains a day and performs all the work around the office from telegraphing to caring for the ,united ,states mail4 ,or he may be located in a large city1 where his work is that of supervising a small army of employees4 ,but whether he is in the smallest position or in the largest1 he must understand the railroad's business as it relates to his work4 ,he must understand rates1 both passenger and freight2 must know how to keep records and accounts correctly2 how to make out freight bills and coupon tickets1 even although he himself may not have to do this work2 and he must know how to handle men4 ,it is through him that the public comes most closely in contact with the railroad1 and he can make or lose traffic for the railroad by the manner in which he meets customers or would-be customers4 ,courtesy in station agents is being prized more and more by railroad administrators4 ,a popular agent is an asset1 an uncivil one1 a liability4 ,the agent at a small station can obtain much business for the company through a knowledge of through rates and routes1 although he must allow the shipper to choose the route4 ,all station agents must be experienced operators on lines where the telephone is not used4 ,they must be thoroughly familiar with railroad signals and with traffic rules and regulations4 ,even in a small place1 the agent comes more in contact with the outside world than most of the other inhabitants of the village4 ,his position is one of financial responsibility1 since he handles large sums of money4 ,upon him devolves largely responsibility also for the safety of travelers and freight1 since he plays a part in the directing of trains4 ,he can save the railroad from losses in claims for lost and damaged goods1 by seeing that names and addresses are marked clearly on packages1 that goods are packed properly for shipment1 and that packages are handled carefully4 ,,plan ,no4 #ifg4 ,,station ,,clerks1 ,,baggagemen1 ,,and ,,other ,,workers ,at the larger stations1 the work of the station agent is that of supervising a large number of clerks1 baggagemen1 and other workers4 ,among these clerks are ticket sellers whose duties are to calculate rates and fill out coupon tickets with correct routings1 and to sell local and excursion tickets4 ,they must be very careful to make correct charge for the tickets sold4 ,they make out detailed reports of the tickets sold and money received4 ,the head baggageman and his assistants receive and forward all baggage left with them1 determine if there is any excess and collect the charges for excess4 ,they issue duplicate checks for baggage left with them when the passenger presents his ticket and asks for the checks4 ,they also give out baggage arriving at the station on presentation of the duplicate check issued at another office4 ,the head baggageman must be able to handle men and direct them so as to avoid making mistakes1 but he must usually be physically able himself to handle baggage4 ,in the freight department are rate clerks1 who give information as to rates and classifications2 billing clerks1 who bill freight1 enter weights1 etc42 and other clerks1 who attend to accounts1 records1 correspondence1 and claims4 ,disabled soldiers or sailors with good common-school education could1 after short periods of training1 fill any of these positions4 ,salaries average slightly less than #a1jjj per year4 ,for ticket sellers comparatively few disabilities are serious handicaps1 except such as may be repellant to the traveling public1 which does not usually like to be reminded of accidents4 ,freight clerks have not even this condition to meet1 and if they are not called upon to handle freight they will not be seriously handicapped by physical disabilities which would bar them from many occupations4 ,at important freight centers a considerable number of employees are directly engaged in handling freight1 under the supervision of a freight-house foreman4 ,this foreman has charge of the freight house1 directs the placing of cars at the warehouse and the loading and unloading of freight1 and is responsible for keeping records so that freight may be readily found4 ,he must be able to handle men1 and must know how freight should be packed and stored1 both in the freight house and in the cars4 ,he must be able to classify freight and to file properly all records relating to freight4 ,he has usually been promoted from a position as checker1 warehouseman1 or trucker4 ,any disabled man who has held such jobs1 if he is intelligent and can handle men1 could with some training become a freight-house foreman4 ,poor sight or hearing would1 however1 usually be serious handicaps4 ,the freight checker has a position that pays better than that of the trucker--who is rated as an unskilled laborer4 ,the freight checker checks the freight into and out of the freight house1 warehouse1 or car4 ,he must be able to check consignments accurately1 and should know the classes of freight4 ,at transfer points1 a transfer agent performs duties similar to those performed in the positions just considered4 ,he sees that shipments are properly transferred4 ,he makes the necessary notations on waybills1 and keeps a complete record of the transfer and of the cost incurred4 ,he must understand loading and unloading freight and must be able to handle laborers4 ,not infrequently he has been promoted from a position as agent at a small station4 ,a disabled man with good sight and hearing1 who can write1 might be trained for this position4 ,,plan ,no4 #ifh4 ,,division ,,supervisors ,at division points on the railroads1 there are a number of station and yard employees whose duties are supervisory4 ,among these employees are the station master with his assistant1 the supervising agent1 the yardmaster1 with his assistant1 and the train director4 ,,plan ,no4 #ifi4 ,,the ,,station ,,master ,,and ,,his ,,assistant ,the station master directs the making up and dispatching of local passenger trains1 receives and dispatches through passenger trains1 and looks after the necessary shifting of cars in such trains4 ,he sees that all these trains are provided with crews ready to take prompt charge of the train4 ,he has general supervision over all employees about the station1 and reports on neglect of duty by any of these4 ,the assistant station master has the same general duties as the station master and must have the same qualifications4 ,the assistant works when the station master is off duty1 or in the larger stations relieves the station master of part of his work4 ,these men must be courteous to the traveling public1 and must have had experience in the operation of trains in the yards1 so as to be able to direct train movements efficiently4 ,they must have the ability to handle men and to make sound decisions quickly4 ,the physical requirements are good health1 sight1 and hearing4 ,disabilities which would not prevent quick movement from place to place would not be serious handicaps to well qualified men4 ,,plan ,no4 #igj4 ,,the ,,supervising ,,agent ,the supervising agent has general charge of passenger1 baggage1 freight1 and scale agents4 ,he employs and supervises the employees who take care of the station grounds and buildings4 ,he must possess executive ability1 and must have had experience in the positions he supervises1 to enable him to select properly qualified men1 and to direct their work intelligently4 ,,plan ,no4 #iga4 ,,the ,,yardmaster ,,and ,,his ,,assistant ,the yardmaster has immediate supervision over yard employees and yard operation4 ,on some railroads he has also supervision over the calling of train crews and the train seniority list4 ,he is aided in his work by assistant yardmasters and by yard clerks4 ,the assistant yardmasters' duties and qualifications are of the same general character as those of the yardmaster4 ,these men must see that cars are not unnecessarily delayed in passing through their yard4 ,they must receive the waybills for cars arriving1 and deliver these to the conductors taking charge of the cars when they depart4 ,they must make records of all the transactions and fill out reports4 ,they must be thoroughly familiar with the rules governing train operation and defining the duties of employees connected with train service4 ,the yardmaster must see that all orders are properly given and executed4 ,he must have good color eyesight and hearing1 and be able to stand exposure to weather4 ,he would not be seriously handicapped by the loss of limbs1 provided he could write out reports and make records and move quickly from place to place4 ,a disabled trainman could take training for the position of assistant yardmaster and thus be in line for promotion to the position of yardmaster1 although the seniority rule might prevent him from getting this promotion quickly4 ,,plan ,no4 #igb4 ,,the ,,train ,,director ,the duties of the train director are to receive and transmit train orders for the movement of trains1 from the train dispatcher to the train crews4 ,accordingly he must be an expert telegrapher or telephoner1 have good color eyesight and good hearing1 and be thoroughly familiar with the rules and regulations relating to the movement and signaling of trains4 ,,plan ,no4 #igc4 ,,other ,,station ,,and ,,yard ,,workers ,under the station masters1 yardmasters1 and supervisors are a number of minor clerks1 attendants1 and laborers4 ,but little skill is required of the laborers1 whose work is largely physical and the wages paid them are the usual wages for unskilled labor4 ,the duties of minor clerks vary so from station to station and so overlap that any detailed account of their services would be confusing4 ,some of these clerical positions might be suitable for some disabled men1 and the training necessary is usually short4 ,it must in fact generally be taken in the position itself for the special duties assigned in the given case4 ,,plan ,no4 #igd4 ,,train ,,callers ,,and ,,ticket ,,examiners ,a disabled man with a good voice and memory might become a train caller at a large station4 ,a disabled passenger conductor might become a ticket examiner1 since his knowledge of tickets and of the various stations would be the sort of information required for this position2 but the pay would probably be lower than that of conductors4 ,,plan ,no4 #ige4 ,,office ,,work ,in the divisional or general offices the reports1 accounts1 and similar matters that come in from station agents are handled4 ,there is the accounting division concerned with receipts and expenditures1 most of which are for small amounts1 and all of which must be totaled in various ways--a considerable task of itself4 ,expenditures must frequently be analyzed according to different regulations1 and reports must be compiled for ,state and ,federal commissions4 ,because of these requirements the railroad accountant must learn many things about railroad systems and the public regulation of railroads that another accountant does not need to know4 ,in the divisional and general offices a great deal of statistical work must be done4 ,a number of clerks are employed in preparing exhibits for the rate or wage hearings1 of which there are usually one or more in progress in some part of the country4 ,much of this statistical work is done in the traffic department4 ,,plan ,no4 #igf4 ,,the ,,traffic ,,department ,the traffic department is the rate-making and traffic-getting department of the railroad4 ,in this department much correspondence is carried on2 many letters are received1 answered1 and filed1 especially in obtaining traffic4 ,the answering of inquiries of all sorts is in itself a big task4 ,the traffic department considers the revision of old rates and classifications and the issue of new rates or special rates4 ,here is where individual rates1 rate structures1 and classifications are first formulated4 ,the change of a rate structure is usually made only after an extended study of traffic conditions and of the probable effect of the proposed rate structure4 ,the traffic department presents such matters to the various classification committees for action1 and jointly with the traffic departments of other railroads in the territory covered it forms the traffic association and classification committees4 ,it thus operates to affect rates on other railroads and it presents new rates and classifications to the ,interstate ,commerce ,commission or to ,state commissions for approval4 ,it must frequently prepare for hearings upon changes in rates and classifications4 ,it draws upon the auditing and operating departments for much of the information upon which new rates are formulated4 ,there are two divisions to the traffic department1 namely1 the freight and the passenger divisions4 ,the freight division makes studies of the commodities to be moved1 of the competition the railroad has to meet1 and of the charges that the traffic will bear without being diverted to other lines or routes4 ,it adjusts claims for lost or damaged freight4 ,it solicits business by keeping in touch with the shipping interests along its line or those who could be induced to use its line in connection with another road4 ,for this purpose traveling freight agents are employed4 ,these men must know rates1 routes1 commodities1 and men4 ,their employment depends upon their knowledge of their business and their ability to meet and convince1 for instance1 the manufacturer that he should ship over their line4 ,in other words1 they are salesmen of railroad service4 ,,who ,,are ,,eligible ,,for ,,traffic ,,department ,,service ,former railroad conductors or brakemen of a high degree of intelligence1 who have been disabled in the war1 may in some cases wisely elect to take training for service in the traffic department4 ,much of the information that a conductor or brakeman has learned in his old position will be of value to him4 ,in the traffic department both officers and clerks must know how properly to bill freight1 how to calculate both local and through freight rates1 and how to route through freight over connecting lines4 ,they must know the junctions where cars can be transferred and where they can not1 and where less-than-car load shipments can be transferred without drayage4 ,they must be familiar with the seasonal movement of freight and must know what commodities come from certain districts and with what regularity1 in order to anticipate heavy freight movements1 and have cars at points where they are most needed4 ,the intelligent conductor or brakeman has already acquired much of this information4 ,freight conductors are well qualified for training as traffic men1 traveling freight agents1 terminal traffic men1 assistant traffic managers1 or even traffic managers4 ,former clerks in the traffic department also could take training and qualify for better positions4 ,the passenger division of the traffic department attempts to obtain extensive travel over its lines4 ,conventions1 circuses1 and all such attractions for crowds are noted and excursions provided whenever they seem to promise to be profitable4 ,such excursions must be advertised1 and this demands an advertising man in the department4 ,in large cities where many competing railroads center1 city ticket offices are maintained from which solicitors are sent out to induce persons known to be planning a trip to travel on their respective lines4 ,a disabled passenger conductor might qualify by training for a position in this division1 and find that his past experience would be very helpful in the new position4 ,those formerly in purely clerical positions1 who have been disabled1 may advantageously take courses in rates and rate making1 and thus qualify for higher positions4 ,,previous ,,experience ,,of ,,value ,,for ,,other ,,office ,,and ,,clerical ,,work ,in other departments of railroad service1 there are a large number of positions that former train1 station1 or track men who have been disabled could advantageously fill1 utilizing their railroading experience1 and taking training for the new positions4 ,these disabled men would have to be men of intelligence and not too old to take up a somewhat different line of work4 ,such men could1 for example1 learn accounting and would find their knowledge of train matters1 track affairs1 and station duties of value in helping them to understanding certain accounts4 ,auditors could do their work more efficiently if they understood more of the work in the various branches of railroad service4 ,again1 top-heavy engines would not be placed on tracks made up largely of curves1 in the hope that the high drivers would give greater speed than could be developed from lower-wheeled engines1 had the responsible officials or their advisers understood more of track maintenance1 especially in cuts in rainy weather4 ,in one instance when high-wheeled engines were placed in service on a road the track men complained immediately1 but it took a series of wrecks on curves to induce a change to safer engines4 ,the claim department could utilize men who have been 8out on the road40 ,actual railroad experience would be of value to a young man about to enter the legal department of a railroad4 ,a young railroad man inclined to legal affairs could take the training provided by the ,federal ,board1 and thus make his disability a means of advancement to one of the highest paid positions on railroads4 ,the purchasing agent and his assistants could undoubtedly gain in efficiency by having in their offices men who have had actual experience in handling the materials that these agents must purchase4 ,when to insist upon strict compliance with all specifications1 and when in the case of certain specifications to make concessions1 are matters that may involve large sums of money and in such matters the advice of men with actual experience in using the materials would be very helpful4 ,,plan ,no4 #igg4 ,,an ,,estimate ,,of ,a ,,railroad ,,general ,,manager ,percy ,r4 ,todd1 ,assistant to ,district ,director and ,general ,manager1 ,bangor ,aroostook ,railroad1 ,bangor1 ,me41 says3 8,there always has been1 and1 in my judgment1 always will be a demand in excess of the supply for the following classes of employees1 particularly relating to office work1 viz43 8,stenographers4 8,tariff clerks 7trained in the framing and publication of freight and passenger tariffs in accordance with ,interstate ,commerce ,commission rules74 8,freight claim clerks 7trained in the handling of both overcharge and loss and damage freight claims74 8,waybill clerks 7there has always been great difficulty in obtaining trained men to make waybills at stations74 8,telegraph operators4 8,expert railroad accountants4 8,clerks trained in valuation of railroads4 8,in all of the above-mentioned lines1 so far as my personal experience goes1 there has always been a shortage and probably always will be4 8,as to stenography1 ,i consider it the very best medium through which any young man can make progress on a railroad1 as it lifts him at once above the mass of clerks and gives him an individuality and a touch with executive officers which almost invariably leads to his promotion4 8,in this connection ,i might add that the traffic manager of the ,new ,york ,central ,railroad1 99 99 991 was at one time my stenographer when ,i was connected with the ,new ,york ,central ,system1 and rose from that position to be traffic manager of all their lines2 the president of the ,chicago1 ,burlington ,quincy ,railroad1 who died three or four years ago1 started as a stenographer with the ,michigan ,central ,railroad at ,chicago4 8,the general manager to-day of one of the ,new ,england railroads started as a stenographer with the same company1 and ,i could give a great many more instances of what stenography has done for men who had the brains to back it up40 ,,plan ,no4 #igh4 ,,shopwork ,for the second group of employments designated1 shopwork1 the physical requirements are higher than for office and clerical work1 since shopwork generally calls for at least ordinary strength and eyesight4 ,shopworkers include general foremen1 gang and other foremen1 machinists1 boiler makers1 blacksmiths1 carpenters1 painters1 upholsterers1 electricians1 air brake men1 car inspectors1 car repairmen1 mechanics helpers1 and apprentices4 ,a number of men now employed in these occupations have suffered injuries to hands or feet1 or have defective hearing4 ,foremen can perform their duties under disabilities that would be serious handicaps for workmen1 but a foreman needs good eyesight4 ,,skill ,,required ,,for ,,shopwork ,practically all of these occupations require considerable skill and general knowledge of railroad equipment4 ,while the workmen have machines with which to perform many operations in the shop1 still much handwork must be done4 ,this is the case because repair work is varied1 and the work must usually be done partly on the car or engine1 sometimes out on the road4 ,the machinist's work is generally heavy and greasy4 ,some of the carpentering and paint work is rough1 as is that on box cars1 while some1 such as the cabinet making and varnishing of passenger coaches1 is highly skilled4 ,,training ,a skilled machinist or mechanic can learn to do railroad work very quickly after he gets on the job4 ,others must spend a period of apprenticeship to learn the trade4 ,quite a number of railroads have regular apprenticeship courses4 ,wood-working and metal-trade schools also give much of the training required for railroad shop work4 ,we give below a description of the occupations to suggest to the disabled soldier the training he will probably need1 and to enable him to decide whether the occupations are suited to his disabilities4 ,,great ,,demand ,,for ,,shopworkers ,for the disabled soldier or sailor who is mechanically inclined1 the railroad shop offers an opportunity for good wages and advancement4 ,the depreciation of the great amount of mechanical equipment of a modern railroad is very large and railroads have not had in the shops for a number of years sufficient men to keep the rolling stock in good condition4 ,the number of bad-order cars and locomotives has been large1 and they have not moved out of the shops as rapidly as they should4 ,the automobile industry has undoubtedly been a strong competitor for the mechanics who otherwise might have gone into railroad shops4 ,some railroads have attempted to provide themselves with sufficient machinists by training apprentices in considerable numbers4 ,,plan ,no4 #igi4 ,,the ,,heads ,,of ,,the ,,two ,,departments ,the master mechanic has charge of the machine shop and the employees therein4 ,under him1 are usually1 shop foremen1 roundhouse foremen1 road foremen1 and sometimes other supervisors4 ,he may himself be under a superintendent of motive power1 or directly under the division superintendent4 ,usually on a par with the master mechanic is the superintendent of the car department1 sometimes called a master carpenter1 who has charge of car builders and painters1 repairmen and inspectors1 cleaners and oilers4 ,the work of the two departments is not clearly differentiated to-day1 since the introduction of the steel car has required mechanics for its upkeep rather than carpenters4 ,previously1 the line was drawn at the wood and metal parts4 ,the two departments attempt to keep the railroad equipment in running order4 ,,plan ,no4 #ihj4 ,,clerical ,,positions ,in these departments are found also clerks who keep records and help in making reports and in correspondence4 ,the storekeeper and his assistants are usually under the supervision of the master mechanic4 ,since none of the positions are essentially manual ones1 they could be filled by disabled men having the necessary ability1 training and experience4 ,experience in the lower positions is required to fit for any of the higher ones4 ,for executive positions ability to handle men as well as the other qualifications are essential4 ,for clerical positions the qualifications are chiefly educational4 ,in the railroad shops we find generally the following skilled workmen3 ,machinists1 blacksmiths1 boilermakers1 sheet metal mechanics1 pipe fitters1 electricians1 molders1 and inspectors4 ,,plan ,no4 #iha4 ,,machinists ,railroad machinists in small shops do all sorts of repair work1 but in large shops they are frequently assigned to special work4 ,a machinist may1 for instance1 work only at a large lathe truing up 8flat0 wheels or journals4 ,since power cranes are now used to set the work in place in the lathe1 no heavy lifting is required4 ,a disabled man can do the work if he knows how to adjust the lathe so that the wheels or journals are machined properly4 ,if he has good eyesight in one eye1 one good hand1 and can stand at the machine during working hours1 his disabilities will not seriously handicap him4 ,another machinist may work on engine parts--for example1 on cylinders1 pistons1 or cut-off valves4 ,use of power cranes for placing most of this work has reduced greatly the need for great physical strength on the part of the railroad machinist4 ,however1 those who are sent out on the road to help clear up wrecks must occasionally do heavy lifting4 ,,plan ,no4 #ihb4 ,,air-,,brake ,,mechanics ,the air-brake man is a mechanic who installs and repairs the air-brake equipment of locomotives and cars4 ,much of his work consists in removing defective parts and replacing them with new properly fitted parts4 ,as he must frequently work under cars and do a certain amount of rather heavy lifting1 he needs both arms1 good eyesight1 and good hearing4 ,he must also have good health4 ,the loss of a leg would be a considerable handicap for installation work4 ,a disabled air-brake man could easily train himself to become an air-brake test-room inspector4 ,in such a position his knowledge and skill would count more than his physical condition4 ,for this position he must be thoroughly familiar with all the parts and functions of the air brake2 and be able to adjust valves and other parts quickly4 ,,plan ,no4 #ihc4 ,,the ,,blacksmith ,the railroad blacksmith must forge or weld light and heavy pieces for all sorts of railroad equipment4 ,he may forge a steeple bolt for a hand car1 cut and fit the parts for a crossing frog1 set the steel tires on the drive wheels of a locomotive1 or straighten a bent driving rod4 ,he must be able to read blue prints1 and to take old1 worn1 and broken pieces as a guide to construct a new piece4 ,he must be able also to do all sorts of welding and to heat large pieces properly4 ,he must understand how to temper steel for the use to which it is to be put4 ,his work thus requires technical knowledge and manipulative skill4 ,but since power hammers and cranes are used on heavy pieces his work is not so heavy as formerly4 ,the loss of one or two fingers1 or of a leg1 or of the sight of one eye1 would not handicap a well-trained man4 ,poor hearing would not ordinarily be a serious handicap4 ,,plan ,no4 #ihd4 ,,the ,,boilermaker ,the boilermaker keeps in repair the locomotive and stationary boilers of the railroad4 ,he must be able to retube1 patch1 overhaul1 and construct boilers4 ,ordinarily his heaviest duties are to remove old leaky tubes from boilers and place in new ones1 and to patch up or even renew the fireboxes4 ,however1 wrecks frequently cause him to take boilers apart and put in new pieces1 so that he almost reconstructs the boiler4 ,he must be able to read blue prints and use templates in laying off plates and angles4 ,he must know how to punch1 shear1 and rivet the parts1 and calk the boilers1 and how to weld or cut pieces with an oxy-acetylene torch4 ,the work is heavy and dirty1 but good hearing is not essential and the loss of an eye is not a serious handicap4 ,the boilermaker must1 however1 have strength and the use of both hands1 although he may have lost a finger or two from either hand4 ,the work and qualifications of the steel-car repairer are not radically different from those of the boiler maker4 ,the metal-car repair man also must be able to drill or punch holes1 to cut out broken parts of metal1 replace them with new ones1 and rivet them in1 but his work is not so technical as that of the boiler-maker4 ,,plan ,no4 #ihe4 ,,the ,,electrician ,with the installation of electric headlights and electrically lighted passenger cars the electrician's duties in repair shops have increased greatly in recent years4 ,he must keep in repair the dynamos on locomotives and the dynamos and storage batteries on passenger cars4 ,the growing use of the electric locomotive means that the demand for railway electricians is sure to increase4 ,repair of motors for these as well as for electric cranes used in a number of shops calls for armature winders in increasing numbers4 ,both technical knowledge and manipulative skill are required1 but ordinarily the work is not heavy4 ,disabled men with good eyesight in one eye1 with two arms and one good hand1 who are able to move about easily1 could do the work4 ,,plan ,no4 #ihf4 ,,inspectors ,inspectors of boilers and of other parts of locomotives1 and of the metal parts of cars1 must know thoroughly the parts to be inspected4 ,usually they have had considerable experience in the repair of these parts4 ,frequently they must help to make the repair or must supervise the work when they find a minor defect in railway equipment at a location not convenient to the shop4 ,,plan ,no4 #ihg4 ,,car ,,repairmen ,repairing or rebuilding of wooden cars is done by car builders or repairmen and painters4 ,it is largely carpenter work4 ,these men must be able to remove any broken or damaged piece of a car1 replace it with a new piece1 and paint or varnish it4 ,the builders or repairmen must be thoroughly skilled in the use of all hand carpentry tools and be able to use readily any of the woodworking machinery necessary to produce car parts4 ,on passenger-car work1 the repaired part must be finished nicely1 and the whole painted or varnished so that the repair is not obvious4 ,no such care is required for work on freight cars4 ,in addition to the men who work regularly in the shop1 there are a number of men who must travel over the road and keep mechanical or electrical equipment in working order4 ,these men must all have mechanical ability4 ,ordinarily1 they must be physically sound1 since they are exposed to weather and to danger from trains4 ,among these men are signal and interlocking maintainers1 and signal inspectors4 ,they must have both mechanical and electrical knowledge4 ,,plan ,no4 #ihh4 ,,track ,,work ,in the third group of employments1 included under the heading track work1 a man needs physical strength and agility1 good health1 good eyesight1 and good hearing4 ,without these1 he is constantly in danger himself and may endanger the lives of others4 ,only the foremen may have physical disabilities1 such as the loss of a hand or arm4 ,all must have good health1 since they are exposed regularly to all sorts of weather4 ,all must have good eyesight1 in order that they may do their work properly and avoid danger4 ,poor hearing would continually subject the man to danger from passing trains1 from falling objects1 or other sources of danger1 since one who has poor hearing would not generally hear or would misunderstand warnings of danger4 ,a man on the track must be agile in order to avoid danger4 ,,work ,,requires ,,skill ,men in this group are frequently classed as unskilled1 largely because railroads have employed for the work unskilled foreign laborers1 but to do the work properly considerable skill is nevertheless required4 ,poorly tamped ties1 8goosenecks10 maul dents on the rails1 and similar defects are evidences that may be found on many roads of unskilled work4 ,ability to drive a spike properly1 so that the rail is held securely to the ties1 is not quickly acquired4 ,fence work1 bridge work1 cement work1 and similar work1 often performed by special gangs1 require skill to be done rapidly and well4 ,,occupations ,the main occupations in this group are track laborers1 foremen and supervisors1 bridge carpenters and foremen1 fence-gang men and foremen1 and other extra gang men and foremen1 linemen and repairers1 painters of sign posts and structures1 structural iron workers and foremen1 and concrete workers and foremen4 ,,conditions ,,of ,,employment ,,unsuited ,,to ,,disabled ,,men ,in track work1 only the positions of foremen or supervisors pay good wages1 and only these could be suitably undertaken by disabled men4 ,the track laborer in the eastern and northern section of the country has to compete with the immigrant from ,europe1 in the ,south with the ,negro1 in the ,west with the ,mexican1 and in the far ,west with the ,oriental4 ,only a few workers on construction gangs do not have to meet this competition directly1 because their work requires a skill that the foreigner does not acquire easily4 ,but such work is very seasonal1 being done for the most part during the summer and early fall4 ,wages are not high and working conditions usually are poor if not bad4 ,extra gang work1 in this respect1 is very little different4 ,section work1 while allowing the men to have home life and thus have better living conditions1 usually is seasonal and pays lower wages than is paid to other gangs upon track construction work4 ,bridge construction or repair work requires some skill and the wages are good1 but the danger is considerable for even a physically strong and sound man4 ,the painters of structures receive good wages1 but their work requires climbing into dangerous positions4 ,the lineman must frequently do climbing to repair wires1 or to cut away limbs of trees thrown upon the wires by storms4 ,evidently1 these positions are not suitable for the disabled soldier from three standpoints1 namely1 the seasonal character of the work1 the danger to which it subjects him1 and the relatively low wages paid on the average for the year4 ,the position of timekeeper for large extra gangs is1 of course1 mainly clerical1 but is undesirable since it is very seasonal4 ,all track occupations are hazardous and accidents are frequent4 ,,plan ,no4 #ihi4 ,,the ,,track ,,foreman ,the duties of the track foreman are to supervise workmen1 to teach green hands how to do the various sorts of work1 and to make out reports on various matters ranging from the pay roll to a report of live stock killed by a train4 ,he must be familiar with the time of all trains at various points on his section1 with the signals1 with the degree of curves and the needed elevation1 and with the use of the various appliances and tools used on a modern railroad4 ,the section gang uses a large number of tools1 and these must be kept in proper condition4 ,railway appliances are numerous1 and the section foreman has supervision over these4 ,introduction of the motor car to take the place of the old hand car1 has called for more mechanical skill on the part of the foreman4 ,a disabled man could perform the usual duties of a foreman1 if his disabilities did not affect his eyesight1 hearing or health1 but loss of an arm or a leg might increase the accident hazard1 as1 for example1 in case an extra train caught the gang in a cut or out on a high dump with the hand or motor car4 ,,plan ,no4 #iij4 ,,the ,,track ,,supervisor ,the track supervisor usually supervises a number of section foremen4 ,he must be an able trackman1 so that he can recognize immediately the nature of a defect in the track as he rides over it on a train4 ,he issues orders to track foremen for changes in location or character of work1 handles reports from foremen on certain subjects1 and himself makes out various reports4 ,he portions out supplies and materials for the track under his supervision1 and is held responsible for the condition of this track by the engineer of the maintenance of way4 ,a disabled section foreman could with training qualify himself for a position as supervisor1 but the vacancies in this position are not numerous1 and railroads usually give preference to the physically sound men4 ,,plan ,no4 #iia4 ,,train ,,work ,the occupations in group four--train work--are engineers1 firemen1 baggagemen1 porters1 brakemen1 conductors1 hostlers1 switchmen1 and motormen4 ,for this fourth group there are many limitations upon disabilities which a man may have suffered and undertake work without endangering himself and others4 ,in none of these jobs can a man's hearing or eyesight1 or nerves1 or heart be defective1 and no one who is color blind can hold any of them4 ,the loss of an arm would usually debar a man--even passenger conductors who have lost an arm are now infrequent4 ,there are a few firemen and engineers successfully holding their jobs who have lost a leg1 but a freight brakeman could hardly do his work if he were thus disabled4 ,the loss of a hand generally unfits a man to be brakeman1 fireman1 or engineer4 ,,the ,,occupations ,there are three classes of engineers1 firemen1 brakemen1 and conductors namely1 those working in the yards1 those on freight trains1 and those on passenger trains4 ,a yard engineer1 fireman1 or conductor may have suffered disabilities that the men in the freight and passenger service can not have without being handicapped in competition with normal men4 ,in none of the positions do the duties permit of a large number of disabilities1 or of very serious ones4 ,all must pass rigid physical examinations--eyes are tested for color blindness as well as for other defects1 and hearing must be excellent4 ,all must pass a rigid examination in the rules and regulations1 signals1 schedules1 and the road conditions4 ,,plan ,no4 #iib4 ,,the ,,engineer ,the duties of an engineer are exacting4 ,he drives his engine over the track where there are curves1 crossings1 switches1 and signals that he must constantly watch4 ,he must recognize instantly the color of the numerous signals displayed at various points along the line4 ,he must sound the whistle as he approaches crossings and other points4 ,he must also note the running condition of his engine--for instance1 whether the bearings are becoming too hot4 ,when the engine stops for water he usually oils certain bearings4 ,he must learn to apply the steam and adjust the reverse lever so as to give the maximum pulling power to the engine at one time1 and to attain considerable speed at another time1 in either case with due regard to the load he is pulling and the track he is running upon4 ,he must1 accordingly1 learn where the track is good and he can make speed and where it is bad1 so that he must slow down4 ,in emergencies he must be able to close the throttle and apply the air almost instantly1 or to reverse the engine4 ,for this he needs both hands4 ,his eyesight must be excellent and his arms1 heart1 and nerves good4 ,wages paid to engineers are high1 averaging #b1jjj a year1 but the position is one of great responsibility1 and it is one that few disabled men would be allowed to undertake4 ,,plan ,no4 #iic4 ,,the ,,fireman ,the fireman must be physically strong4 ,he must shovel coal into the firebox so that the steam pressure will be sufficient at all times for the pulling power of the engine1 and yet not be 8blowing off0 frequently4 ,he must watch the water level in the boiler and see that it does not get low4 ,he must climb back over the tender when the engine takes water4 ,he takes on coal at the coal chutes4 ,on occasions he has to go forward to flag to protect the train from in front4 ,where automatic bell ringers are not installed he usually keeps the bell ringing when the engine is doing work in yards near a crossing or where other men may be endangered by the engine4 ,when the engine is running and he is not busy shoveling coal he is watching the track along with the engineer1 but on the other side of the cab4 ,he must especially watch when his side of the cab is on the inside of a curve4 ,since the fireman may in an emergency be called upon to perform the duties of an engineer1 he is under the same limitations as regards disabilities as the engineer4 ,the accident rate among firemen is high4 ,,plan ,no4 #iid4 ,,the ,,brakeman ,,on ,,passenger ,,trains ,the brakeman has various duties1 somewhat depending upon the sort of a train on which he works4 ,on a passenger train he calls stations1 helps passengers on and off the trains1 regulates the heating and lighting of cars1 and sets switches4 ,sometimes this work is done by a porter4 ,as a crippled brakeman would tend to give timid passengers a concrete example of what might result from a wreck or an accident upon the road1 railroads have not wished to have disabled men fill this position4 ,how they might deal with the disabled soldier is uncertain4 ,,plan ,no4 #iie4 ,,the ,,through-,,freight ,,brakeman ,the through-freight brakeman sets switches when his train goes on a siding for another train1 or his train picks up a car at a junction point1 or sets out one4 ,in such a case1 he uncouples the train1 air brakes1 etc41 throws the switches1 and after the car has been picked up or set out1 couples up the train1 makes the air brake connections1 and tests them4 ,he watches the train for hot boxes1 and transmits signals from the conductor to the engineer4 ,he must climb on and over freight cars1 cross bridges1 tracks1 and switches4 ,he needs to be sound physically4 ,,plan ,no4 #iif4 ,,the ,,brakeman ,,on ,,local-,,freight ,,trains ,the brakeman on a local-freight train has no end of switching to do1 or loading and unloading less-than-carload freight at small stations along the entire run4 ,the physical demands made upon him are even greater than those made upon a through-freight brakeman4 ,disabled men should not undertake this job4 ,,plan ,no4 #iig4 ,,the ,,conductor ,,on ,,freight ,,trains ,the duties of the freight conductor1 while lighter from the physical standpoint than those of the freight brakemen1 are nevertheless so heavy that a disabled man is not usually wanted by railroads4 ,at certain times he must do the same work as the brakeman does4 ,he must walk over trains or tracks to get orders1 or confer with the engineer4 ,he must direct the picking up and the setting out of cars4 ,he must keep a record of the cars in his train1 of the ones set out1 and of those picked up4 ,he carries the way bills for the freight in his train4 ,he must read and sign for all orders received for his train4 ,his duties1 while requiring more mental work than those of the brakeman1 are still so heavy and dangerous that any physical disability would be a handicap to him4 ,,plan ,no4 #iih4 ,,the ,,passenger ,,conductor ,the passenger conductor collects fares and supervises the passengers and train4 ,he is responsible for the train orders as is the freight conductor4 ,the physical requirements made upon him are normally light1 but in emergencies1 he needs to be physically sound4 ,formerly1 passenger conductors who had lost fingers or even an arm or leg were frequent1 but in recent years railroads have not wanted disabled men for this service1 since they remind passengers of accidents4 ,the passenger conductor needs to have a knowledge of trains and their time at meeting or crossing points1 of the various sorts of tickets and script4 ,he must make out various reports4 ,if the railroads would place disabled men in this position1 providing they were old railroad men who had been wounded in the war1 this would be the best of all the positions in train work for an intelligent disabled soldier4 ,,plan ,no4 #iii4 ,,yard ,,occupations ,the train work in the yards consists of switching4 ,the work of the yard fireman or engineer is perhaps somewhat less exacting than that of a fireman or engineer out on the line1 but for the brakeman it is more exacting4 ,the hostler is usually what might well be called an apprentice fireman1 and so he must be as physically sound as the fireman or engineer4 ,yard conditions are so dangerous that disabled men would usually find their disabilities a handicap4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajjj4 ,,the ,,baggageman ,the baggageman on trains needs to be physically strong1 since he has to handle heavy trunks4 ,he could sustain the loss of a leg or have too poor eyesight or hearing to qualify for other train work1 if in emergencies he were not called upon to do the other train work4 ,since he is so called upon he must be physically as sound as a brakeman4 ,he has some clerical work to do4 ,sometimes he is a mail clerk1 express messenger1 and extra brakeman4 ,little knowledge or training is required to fill this position--a strong man of ordinary intelligence could learn to fill the position in a few days4 ,he must know the stations and transfer points4 ,wages are about the same as for brakeman4 ,,work ,,conducing ,,to ,,train ,,operation ,in the fifth group of employments1 including those conducing directly to train operation1 are found the pumpman1 the men on the coal chutes1 the freight handlers1 the crossing guardmen1 and similar workmen4 ,in this group1 the requirements are good health1 a fair degree of strength1 and knowledge of the occupation4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajja4 ,,the ,,pumpman ,the pumpman may have defective hearing1 but must then have excellent eyesight1 since he should notice engine trouble quickly if he can not hear it well4 ,if his eyesight is poor1 he should have good hearing4 ,the pumpman needs to have some knowledge of boilers and steam pumps1 but ordinarily his work is not heavy1 even when he has to shovel all the coal for the boiler4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajjb4 ,,other ,,occupations ,for men on the coal chutes1 either poor eyesight or poor hearing1 one or the other singly1 is not a serious handicap1 but good health is necessary as well as ability to climb over the sides of cars4 ,the freight handlers need strong backs and good eyesight to read names of boxes1 etc4 ,when motor trucks are used1 the truckman ought to have some mechanical ability4 ,the crossing guardman needs both good eyesight and hearing1 but may have suffered the loss of an arm or a leg1 even of both an arm and a leg4 ,on the whole1 the range of permissible disabilities for men in this group is greater than for those in groups three and four4 ,,training ,,required ,of all the jobs in this field practically the only one requiring any considerable knowledge or skill is that of the pumpman1 and even for this position an ordinary man can learn all that he usually needs to know in a month on the job4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajjc4 ,,jobs ,,frequently ,,filled ,,by ,,disabled ,,men ,with exception of freight handling1 work in these employments has been given largely to men disabled in railroad service4 ,for instance1 a disabled brakeman is offered the job of switchman or crossing watchman2 a fireman1 that of stationary fireman1 or engine watchman2 conductors1 that of flagman2 and so on4 ,crew callers and lamp-room attendants are frequently disabled men4 ,so generally has this policy been followed that the crossing watchmen1 flagmen1 and engine watchmen are commonly men who have been disabled4 ,the positions are1 however1 not such as will appeal to the intelligent ambitious disabled soldier or sailor4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajjd4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,,urban ,,transportation--,,electric ,,railways ,street railway operation furnishes rather regular employment to men on the regular force4 ,from this standpoint it is desirable for the disabled soldier or sailor4 ,it is not seasonal to any marked degree1 nor is it greatly affected by industrial depressions2 and bad weather only increases the need for employees instead of lessening it as in many out-of-doors occupations4 ,few of the street railway employees are exposed to bad weather conditions1 although the work is not so protected as in an indoor occupation4 ,they are1 however1 exposed to dust from the streets and contagious diseases4 ,all of the positions on street railways carry with them a high degree of responsibility1 but the position of motorman is probably the one of greatest responsibility4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajje4 ,,the ,,motorman ,the occupation of the street car motorman is one that can be taken up by disabled soldiers and sailors4 ,those who have suffered merely the loss of part of the fingers on one or both hands1 or of a leg1 can operate a street car4 ,a car can be operated by those who are physically unfit for heavy work1 especially if the car is equipped with air brakes and the working hours are not too long4 ,but those who have defective eyesight1 poor hearing1 or are subject to nervous trouble should not undertake this work4 ,those who have suffered from shell shock should not attempt to operate a car until they have fully recovered4 ,the work is light1 but requires constant attention1 especially under conditions of heavy traffic4 ,the motorman must constantly watch the track to prevent collisions with automobiles or other vehicles whose drivers take hazardous chances in crossing the track4 ,men1 women and children must likewise be watched and warned4 ,the motorman must acquire skill in operating the controller so that he can start the car off rapidly without causing the circuit breaker to break the current4 ,he must learn to apply the air gradually so the car will not stop with a jerk or the wheels slide on the track4 ,he must learn to estimate distances so that he can stop his car at the proper point4 ,he must form the habit of never starting without a signal from the conductor4 ,the working conditions are suitable for disabled men4 ,stools are usually provided for the motorman1 which he can use outside the congested district4 ,most of the cars have closed vestibules for bad weather4 ,the working hours are irregular1 but usually not over #aj in #bd4 ,usually there are two work periods in a day1 with a rest period of two or three hours between--the work periods come with the morning and evening rush of people to and from their work4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajjf4 ,,the ,,conductor ,the conductor's position makes fewer physical requirements upon him than that of the motorman4 ,his position is1 however1 one of responsibility1 and honesty is a prime essential4 ,his duty is to collect fares1 give proper change to passengers1 and issue transfers4 ,all his receipts must be turned over to the company4 ,he must see that passengers are not endangered in any way1 especially by the car starting too soon or the passenger attempting to alight before the car has stopped4 ,accordingly the conductor must have good eyesight and hearing4 ,he may1 however1 have suffered some dismemberments1 and he need not be physically strong4 ,courteous conductors are much in demand by street railways4 ,,training ,the training for the position either of motorman or conductor is generally conducted on the job4 ,new men are placed on a car with an experienced motorman and operate the car under his direction until they are able to operate a car independently4 ,the period of training is usually short--a week to two weeks4 ,men so learning rarely receive pay4 ,a number of companies make charges for the training1 but refund amounts paid if the employee remains with the company a certain length of time4 ,,wages ,wages for motormen and conductors are approximately the same1 and in #aiag ranged from #ae to #de cents per hour1 with average between #be and #cj cents for the entire country4#bj ,advances in the past year have probably raised this average to #cj cents or above4 #bj ,bulletin of the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,labor ,statistics ,no4 #bjd4 ,,promotion ,men are usually promoted from the ranks of motormen and conductors to be inspectors or supervisors4 ,they must have a thorough knowledge of operating conditions in the city1 a knowledge that can be acquired only by considerable experience on the job as motorman or conductor making all routes in the city4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajjg4 ,,other ,,occupations ,in electric street-railway operation1 there are various other occupations1 some of which require skilled workmen4 ,the skilled workers include machinists1 electrical workers1 armature winders1 carpenters1 car repairers1 linemen1 track foremen1 and inspectors4 ,since the other occupations are filled with men who are unskilled1 or who are taught on the job1 we are not concerned with them1 as the training is not such as the ,federal ,board could easily give4 ,with exception of inspectors1 the work of these men does not differ materially from that of the shop men and track men on steam railroads4 ,these have already been described above4 ,in the shop work there is opportunity for the disabled soldier or sailor who has defective hearing1 as well as for those who have lost a hand or leg4 ,the work is usually lighter than on steam railroads1 but wages are generally somewhat lower2 the greater number of employees receive from #bd to #bi cents an hour4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajjh4 ,,part ,,iii4 ,,road ,,and ,,street ,,transportation ,in road and street transportation the main occupations are those of chauffeurs2 proprietors and managers of taxicab concerns1 livery stables1 and transfer companies2 foremen of livery and transfer companies2 draymen2 teamsters and expressmen2 carriage and hack drivers2 hostlers2 and stable hands4 ,the automobile is rapidly supplanting the horse and to such a degree as to affect the demand for labor in these several occupations1 the demand declining in those dealing with the horse and increasing in those concerned with the automobile4 ,work in these occupations is not markedly seasonal1 but is affected adversely by industrial depressions4 ,,equipment ,if a person is in business for himself1 his outlay for equipment ranges from #ejj upward1 but if he is an employee the equipment is furnished by the employer4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajji4 ,,chauffeurs ,a chauffeur may drive a taxicab1 a truck1 or a car for a private family4 ,he needs good eyesight and hearing1 and must not have nervous troubles4 ,loss of fingers or of a foot might not handicap a man for this work4 ,it does not usually require much physical strength4 ,men who have suffered from chest trouble are frequently auto drivers in the ,rocky ,mountain ,states4 ,this occupation gives them out-of-doors work that is light1 and in a good climate in fair weather is highly beneficial and desirable for such persons4 ,,training ,auto drivers should have some mechanical training and aptitude so that they may be able to make adjustments and repair minor defects in their machines4 ,they should learn the roads and routes in their territory and allow a good margin of safety either in loads or speed4 ,no great amount of training is required1 and the work is largely manipulative4 ,there are a number of schools in which this occupation is taught4 ,hours1 wages1 and working conditions are far from being standardized the country over4 ,if you are interested in this work1 you should find out what conditions prevail in the locality in which you wish to work4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajaj4 ,,managers ,,and ,,proprietors ,managers of taxicab companies must know the automobile thoroughly as well as the neighborhood from which they draw their trade4 ,only in a small concern does the keeper or manager need to be able to drive a car4 ,it will1 however1 be advantageous at times if he can drive or repair a car4 ,the greatest qualifications for success in this undertaking are ability and skill in handling men and money4 ,although the rate of profit is usually large in the business1 there are many 8leaks0 to guard against4 ,the manager must know how to keep accounts accurately1 or at least understand them and be able to see that they are properly kept4 ,the work requires business ability rather than physical activity1 and so can be done by disabled soldiers or sailors who have this ability4 ,courtesy is a valuable asset1 since the manager must come in contact with the public4 ,it is this contact that makes deafness a handicap1 particularly where much business is done over the telephone4 ,practically the same thing may be said of proprietors and managers of livery and transfer companies4 ,the proprietors and managers must have business ability and know how to manage men4 ,disabled men with these qualifications can undertake this business if none of their disabilities will interfere with business dealings4 ,the field for auto delivery is developing rapidly1 and will give a permanent occupation to the man who has the necessary qualifications for success4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajaa4 ,,foreman ,foremen of livery and transfer companies must have ability to handle men under conditions where immediate supervision is possible only a small part of the time4 ,accordingly1 they must be able to judge what allowances should be made for loads1 roads1 horses1 and equipment1 or automobile in supervising drivers4 ,since the foremen must occasionally do the work of drivers1 they must usually not be seriously disabled by loss of limbs1 and since they must sometimes do the work of the manager they must not suffer from deafness4 ,wages and hours are good on the average1 but vary greatly in the different localities4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajab4 ,,draymen ,draymen or expressmen may be either teamsters or auto drivers4 ,in either case1 ordinarily they have a considerable amount of heavy lifting to do4 ,the loss of an eye1 or of fingers1 or of a foot need not prevent anyone from doing this work if he is otherwise physically strong4 ,very little training is required for the teamster4 ,he must learn the streets and business houses1 and how to manage horses that are usually well broken4 ,all of this is best learned on the job4 ,wages are a little above those of unskilled labor4 ,for the auto driver training may be acquired largely in a school4 ,wages are higher than those paid to teamsters4 ,carriage and hack drivers must have good eyesight and hearing4 ,the work is rather unskilled1 although the handling of spirited horses does require some special skill4 ,courtesy is a distinct asset4 ,it should be noted that the demand for carriage and hack drivers is declining rapidly1 and accordingly the disabled soldier should not elect this occupation unless he has the assurance of permanent employment from some responsible employer4 ,hostlers and stable hands are usually classed and paid as unskilled laborers1 and for most disabled men the work is unsuitable4 ,a disabled man should not work around vicious horses1 and in large stables there are always some vicious horses4 ,,part ,,iv4 ,,water ,,transportation#ba #ba ,in the preparation of this part the following publications have been utilized extensively3 8,united ,states ,department of ,labor ,description of ,occupations--,water ,transportation10 ,reisenberg's 8,the ,men on ,deck10 and 8,united ,spates ,shipping ,board ,emergency ,fleet ,corporation ,hearings before the ,committee on ,commerce1 ,united ,states ,senate1 #aiah40 ,water transportation may be considered from two standpoints1 terminal and interterminal4 ,terminal transportation does not differ materially from transportation upon the rivers and canals4 ,interterminal transportation1 whether on the ,great ,lakes or on the sea1 is practically the same4 ,in this place we shall1 accordingly1 deal with only terminal and ocean transportation4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajac4 ,,terminal ,,transportation ,terminal transportation has to do with the loading and unloading of cargoes1 and is usually heavy work that requires men with strong backs and little training4 ,the men who supervise the laborers on the boats must have executive ability and a knowledge of boats1 equipment1 and harbors4 ,the chief qualification of a captain of a barge1 a scow1 a lighter1 or a covered barge1 is ability to direct other men at the work of loading and unloading the vessel1 of handling lines1 and of shifting the boat1 and ability to make minor repairs4 ,on lighters and covered barges the captain tallies and signs up for the cargo received4 ,the master steers the boat1 gives orders to the crew1 and signals the engineer for movement of the boat4 ,he is responsible for the safety of the passengers and the crew4 ,he must have keen eyesight and the ability to act quickly and efficiently in an emergency4 ,he must be thoroughly familiar with the harbor and with harbor conditions4 ,he supervises the pilot1 if one is carried on the boat4 ,on smaller boats1 the pilot acts as master1 and then his duties are the same as the master's4 ,the wheelsman is an assistant to the master1 and performs part of the latter's duties4 ,deckhands sometimes act as wheelsmen1 and may advance to that position1 or higher--to pilot1 captain1 or master4 ,the engineer is usually a man of considerable skill and experience and possesses a thorough knowledge of the machinery of the boat4 ,he sees that the engine is properly cared for1 oiled and kept in good working condition4 ,he directs the work of his assistant1 of the oiler who oils the machinery1 and of the firemen4 ,he receives his orders for the movement of the boat from the master4 ,,disabilities ,of these men1 only those who supervise other men could have sustained serious injuries4 ,none of them may have either defective eyesight or hearing4 ,the loss of an arm would usually be a serious handicap1 and also the loss of a leg would be such an inconvenience for most men in climbing on and about the boat as to be a serious handicap4 ,in these occupations good opportunities for men seriously disabled are comparatively few4 ,,ocean ,,transportation ,on board a large ocean liner is to be found a complete organization of officers1 supervisors1 clerks1 and skilled and unskilled laborers4 ,as a general rule1 all of these men must be physically sound1 and about the only disabilities allowable are the loss of fingers1 of a foot1 and perhaps of one eye if the remaining eye is very good4 ,for men so disabled there is some slight opportunity for advancement4 ,only the clerical positions such as the purser1 assistant purser1 or freight clerk1 can be filled by men who have lost a hand or leg1 or who are otherwise physically unfit for climbing about on slippery decks in a rolling sea4 ,wages paid during the war have been abnormally high4 ,,ocean ,,vessels ,,vary ,,greatly ,there are two general classes of ocean vessels--sail and steam1 steam vessels being in many instances equipped for sailing4 ,in these two general classes there are1 however1 all sorts and types of boats and ships4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajad4 ,,crew ,,and ,,duties ,,likewise ,,vary ,the crew of a steam vessel has three departments--deck1 engineer's1 and steward's4#bb #bb ,the ,united ,states ,shipping ,board has made the following announcement of free training for deck officers and engineers3 8,the ,united ,states ,shipping ,board is creating a new national fleet of merchantmen1 controlled by the ,united ,states ,government4 ,the ,shipping ,board needs for these ships #d1jjj new watch officers and #d1jjj new engineers4 ,men of proper experience will be trained free of charge to take examinations for licenses in either branch of the service to fill these positions40 ,the experience required ranges from two to three years at certain maritime occupations4 ,you can learn more about this opportunity to get training by conferring with representatives of the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education4 ,the deck crew of a steamer depends upon the size and type of the vessel1 and ranges from as low as nine on a small steamer to #igb on the ,olympic1 officers included4 ,the average number of able seamen is about seven for ocean-carrying vessels4 ,the others are officers1 ordinary seamen1 deck boys1 etc4 ,it has been charged that boats frequently ship without any able seamen1 and depend upon ordinary seamen and deck boys in emergencies4 ,deck duty is varied and crowded with emergencies4 8,the sailor's daily work in all kinds of vessels and weather1 at the wheel1 on the lookout1 and on deck1 teaches him to know the sea and how to work with it4 ,his work with tackles1 lines1 and cables1 in hoisting and lowering1 trains his judgment of strains and distances40#bc 8,the amount of gear and equipment used in the deck department on different classes of steamships varies greatly1 but the difference is one of degree rather than of the kind40#bd #bc ,international ,conference on ,safety at ,sea1 p4 #aai4 #bd ,international ,conference on ,safety at ,sea1 p4 #aba4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajae4 ,,naval ,,versus ,,merchant ,,marine ,,crews ,the crew and the work done on a merchant vessel are so different from those on a naval vessel that the disabled sailor would have much to learn in going from a naval vessel to a merchant vessel4 ,one fundamental difference is this3 ,the merchant vessel carries generally only about one-third the crew--ton for ton--that the naval vessel does4 ,on a naval vessel the men work in groups2 on a merchant vessel the man works as an individual and not in a group4 ,the crew of a large merchant vessel consists more or less of the following officers1 seamen1 and attendants3 ,master1 chief mate1 second mate1 third officer1 fourth officer1 senior quartermaster1 quartermaster1 master-at-arms1 chief steward1 chief second-class steward1 chief third-class steward1 chief engineer1 first assistant engineer1 second assistant engineer1 third assistant engineer1 junior engineer1 deck engineer1 leading fireman1 oiler1 electrician1 carpenter1 boatswain1 able seamen1 ordinary seamen1 deck boy1 water tender1 lookout1 purser1 assistant purser1 freight clerk1 and bakers1 chefs1 cooks1 buglers1 butchers1 cadets1 storekeeper1 and watchman4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajaf4 ,,the ,,master ,,or ,,captain ,the master has general supervision over the vessel1 crew1 and passengers4 ,he has complete charge of the vessel at all times1 but during a severe storm or other emergency he stands on the watch continuously day and night and issues the necessary orders4 ,he is responsible for the safe navigation of his vessel4 ,his responsibility extends to the management of the various departments as well as to the vessel and its care as a whole--for the safety of the lives of passengers and crew1 and for the safe storage1 carriage1 and unloading of cargo4 ,he must have a thorough knowledge of navigation1 which subject he must have studied thoroughly1 and in which he must have passed a rigid examination before he received his license as a master4 ,he must likewise possess a legal knowledge of the laws governing right upon the sea and determining his duties as regards the ship and its passengers1 crew1 and cargo4 ,among his other duties are to keep the log properly and to inspect the ship regularly as to ventilation1 warmth1 and cleanliness4 ,he must be the last man to leave the ship in case of disaster1 and must do everything within his power for the safety of the passengers and crew4 ,he must have received much of his training in lower positions upon the sea1 but he must also have studied navigation in some school or under some able master4 ,he must have executive ability of a high order and be able to act efficiently in an emergency4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajag4 ,,the ,,chief ,,mate ,next to the master in authority and responsibility comes the chief mate4 ,he shares with the master responsibility for safe and proper navigation of the ship4 ,he is the chief executive officer and must organize and supervise the routine work of keeping order throughout the ship4 ,he is held responsible for discipline4 ,under him is the master-at-arms1 the ship's policeman1 who keeps order among the crew and steerage passengers4 ,his knowledge of the vessel1 its equipment1 stores1 and complement of men must be thorough4 ,he supervises the preparation and care of the holds1 and the loading1 stowing1 and unloading of cargo4 ,this is done under his personal direction or under another officer to whom he has delegated the duty4 ,he sees that the cargo-handling gear is kept in proper working condition4 ,it is his duty to inspect the lifeboats and have them kept properly equipped and in working order1 and to hold regular lifeboat drills4 ,the firefighting equipment is likewise in his care1 and he must also hold fire drills regularly4 ,his training and knowledge is very similar to that required of the master4 ,ordinarily he takes his turn with the third and fourth officers at a watch on the bridge4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajah4 ,,the ,,second ,,mate ,the second mate stands his watch on the bridge1 takes various observations1 and gives orders to the quartermasters4 ,on large liners he has complete charge of the navigating equipment1 and is known as the navigating officer4 ,when the vessel docks he supervises matters at the after end of the boat4 ,in general1 he has charge of the after holds1 the after cargo1 and the after gears4 ,only in experience and degree of training do his qualifications differ from those of the chief mate4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajai4 ,,watch ,,officers ,the third and fourth officers are watch officers4 ,the fourth officer is frequently left in charge of the bridge in fair weather and under good conditions1 and like the third officer takes observations1 and gives orders to the quartermaster4 ,the third officer has general charge of the forward holds1 under the supervision of the chief mate4 ,on some vessels1 he is the signal officer and has charge of the care and use of the signal flag and other signaling equipment4 ,frequently he supervises the placing of the gangway and the embarkation of the passengers when the vessel docks4 ,both of these officers must have had instruction in navigation1 and must be alert and attentive to duty4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajbj4 ,,the ,,chief ,,engineer ,,and ,,his ,,assistants ,the chief engineer1 the assistant engineers1 the junior engineers1 the deck engineers1 the firemen1 oilers1 and electricians care for all machinery of the ship4 ,the chief engineer stands no watch1 but the assistant engineers do1 and are responsible for all that takes place in the engine room and fireroom during their watch at sea4 ,under these assistant engineers are the junior engineers1 one of whom is in direct charge during each watch of each of the firerooms1 the engine room1 and the auxiliaries4 ,in port the junior engineers help the other engineers1 the firemen1 and the oilers in the repair1 packing and overhauling of the machinery4 ,the chief engineer is held responsible for the proper functioning of the engines and boilers1 the deck machinery1 the electrical1 refrigerating and sanitary equipment1 and for all steam connections on the ship4 ,he must see that the regulations of his department are carried out1 that the engine and fireroom crews are qualified and conduct themselves with sobriety4 ,at the end of each voyage he reports on these matters1 and on the working of the machinery--its breakdowns and repairs1 especially any exceptional one made away from port--the miles traveled1 temperatures1 and consumption of fuel4 ,it is his duty to have the steamer properly coaled1 both as to quality and quantity of coal4 ,he must possess executive ability1 and must have studied engineering in a nautical school or under a competent engineer for a period of years4 ,the first assistant engineer has as his special duty the general charge of all boilers and machinery in the engine department4 ,the second assistant engineer usually employs the fireroom crew and reports to the chief engineer on their qualifications and conduct4 ,he has charge of the repairs and overhauling of the main engines and auxiliaries on the starboard side4 ,the deck engineer supervises and keeps in repair the deck machinery1 the steering gear1 windlass engine1 capstans1 and the sanitary systems4 ,the leading fireman has supervision over the firing of the boilers1 the keeping of water in the boilers1 and over the firemen1 coal passers and water tenders4 ,he personally tends a set of fires4 ,on some boats he acts as interpreter of the orders of superior officers to the firemen who are foreigners and can not understand the orders in ,english4 ,the oiler must keep all the engines clean and well oiled1 and see that they are running smoothly and without undue heat4 ,the electrician supervises and keeps in repair the dynamo engines1 the electric motors1 and other electrical apparatus on the ship4 ,the work of keeping the ship in working condition is usually done by the engineering department4 ,there is1 however1 some work of repairing that is done by the carpenter1 whose duties depend greatly upon the character of the ship4 ,he is generally charged with the upkeep of masts and booms1 the repair of wooden decks1 and the opening and covering of the hatches4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajba4 ,,the ,,boatswain ,the boatswain1 under the supervision of the chief mate1 has active charge of the deck crew1 and works the seamen at washing1 repairing1 and painting decks4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajbb4 ,,able ,,seamen ,since all officers must have served as able seamen1 the required duties of the able seamen are worth noting in detail4 8,while on board ship in port1 the able seaman is occupied with cleaning1 painting1 repairing1 and overhauling4 ,when the vessel is at sea1 the able seaman washes decks and the outside of deckhouses1 slacks off exposed gear when shrinking too tight in damp weather1 and tightens it again when it becomes too lose in dry weather4 ,when a storm comes on the able seaman closes all open hatches1 ports1 etc41 and lashes down all movables on deck or stows them away40 ,the ordinary seaman does the same work as the able seaman1 so far as his training and ability will permit4 ,the deck boy is simply an apprentice seaman4 8,the man who expects to be known as an able seaman on a steamship must know the use of rigging screws1 fids1 marlinspikes1 serving mallets1 the palm and needle1 calking tools1 and most of the carpenter tools2 the mixing of paints and colors2 how to obtain strong leverages with bars1 ropes1 tackles2 how to brace with wedges and shores2 besides knowing the various knots and splices2 and to worm1 parcel1 serve1 and seize1 with rope and wire2 and must be able to hold up his end of a job when it comes to climbing and working in places where both armhold and foothold is difficult4 ,he must know the lead line1 not only its marks but how to use it to get correct sounding when the ship is in close quarters1 the night dark1 and the sea heavy1 whether he stands in a smother of sea on a low freighter or far up the side of an immense liner4 ,the compass1 of course1 is a familiar object to him1 but he must know how to use it1 how to steer the ship under all conditions1 what to expect and how to meet it when he is steering across a current as well as with it or against it1 through the swift rush of a narrows1 passing at close quarters in and out of the suction of another heavy ship under speed1 with the wind light or strong from any direction1 heading into a heavy sea1 taking it on either bow or quarter or abeam1 under check or full speed1 rolling and pitching heavily1 or running before it1 when a blunder may mean total loss of ship with lives and cargo4 ,the man at the wheel must know his work1 what to expect and how to meet it instantly1 in calm or storm1 daylight or dark1 in clear weather or in fog4 ,the man who learns to be a reasonably good helmsman in even three years is an exception1 because1 regardless of the aptitude of the individual1 the personal knowledge of varying conditions1 different ships and how they act under differing circumstances1 familiarity with the various steering gears1 can only be gained through experience necessarily covering a good deal of time4 ,the steam steering gear1 rendering less physical strength necessary and making possible the handling of larger ships1 requires greater skill than the old hand method1 which permitted the man at the wheel to feel the increasing or decreasing rudder pressure and thus warned him of just how the ship was acting4 8,prepared paint is seldom brought on board ship4 ,the raw material is put on board and is mixed according to needs by the able seaman4 ,graining1 filling1 varnishing1 and lettering is done as well as ordinary flat painting4 ,sailors become sufficiently skilled at this work to qualify as journeymen painters on shore4 ,the deck crew cleans all outside parts of the ship1 except the funnel1 from the masts and booms to the deck houses1 decks1 and sides of the ship40#be #be ,international ,conference on ,safety of ,life at ,sea1 pp4 #abd-abe4 ,,hours ,,of ,,labor ,the hours of labor for workmen are3 ,on deck1 two shifts 7watch and watch7 #ab hours each2 in the engine room three shifts of #h hours each4 ,in emergencies the hours are greatly lengthened4 ,,wages ,following is the wage scale which has been established during the war4 ,in #aiae wages were about half the amounts here given3 ,sailors and firemen1 #fj per month2 coal passers1 #ej per month2 oilers and water tenders1 #fe per month2 boatswain1 #gj per month2 carpenters1 #ge per month2 overtime pay for cargo work #ej cents per hour1 and for ship work #dj cents per hour4 ,the bonus for going into the war zone was #ej per cent of the wages1 the wages and bonus to continue until crew arrive back in the ,united ,states2 #ajj compensation was paid for loss of effects caused by war conditions4 ,board and quarters are of course provided in addition to the wages4#bf #bf ,united ,states ,emergency ,fleet ,corporation ,hearing before the ,committee on ,commerce1 ,united ,states ,senate1 pp4 #hed-heg4 ,,training ,seamen are required to have three years' experience at sea to receive able seamen's certificates4 ,vessels differ greatly to-day and conditions and duties abroad are so radically different1 while the voyages to various parts of the globe subject seamen to so many varied emergencies1 that a long training at sea is necessary to make an able seamen4 ,it is the rule for seaman to change from ship to ship4 ,there are training schools for seamen4 ,during the war the school at ,boston gave intensified training for six to eight weeks1 then placed the learner on a boat at sea1 and after about six weeks he qualified as an ordinary seaman4 ,for a man to get his 8sea legs0 requires this long a period4 8,it takes some time for a man to get himself so accustomed to the sea he can walk along the deck without holding himself fast to something when the vessel is rolling and pitching40 ,,safety ,the seaman is exposed to bad weather conditions1 accidents1 and disease4 ,the mortality rate among seamen is very high--much higher than among some occupations commonly thought to be extra hazardous to life and health4 ,english mortality statistics show that the death rate among seamen is far greater than among miners and railroad trainmen4 ,since it is a dangerous calling for men sound in limb and body1 it is1 accordingly1 very undesirable in general for disabled men4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajbc4 ,,the ,,lookout ,the lookout has a position of responsibility4 ,stationed in the crow's nest or on the forecastle1 he watches for everything that comes in sight1 and especially for things that might damage the ship1 such as derelicts1 icebergs1 submarines1 and on-coming steamships4 ,when he sights anything1 he reports it immediately to the bridge1 either by shouting1 speaking tube1 telephone1 or telegraph4 ,he must have keen eyesight and attend strictly to duty4 ,a disabled soldier or sailor with these qualifications1 and whose disabilities do not prevent his climbing readily1 or holding himself in position in stormy weather might qualify for this position4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajbd4 ,,the ,,purser--,a ,,position ,,for ,,disabled ,,soldiers ,a far better position for the disabled man is that of the purser1 or assistant purser4 ,the purser is a treasurer1 accountant1 and chief clerk on the ship4 ,money and valuables may be deposited with him by the passengers for safety4 ,he acts as a sort of cashier for the passengers and crew in changing money and cashing traveler's checks1 etc4 ,he keeps the wages account of the crew1 and is present when the crew is paid off4 ,he collects or supervises the collection of all tickets1 and checks these against the passenger list as soon as practicable after the vessel has sailed4 ,he is responsible for the manifests1 bills of health1 clearance papers1 and cargo4 ,he should know everything about the passengers and cargo4 ,although the master must record in his log any death aboard1 the purser must get the details for his own report and for the master's log4 ,he supplies information and encourages entertainments among the passengers4 ,he should be able to speak the languages of the countries at which his ship comes to port4 ,he should possess tact and be courteous to the passengers4 ,the freight clerk has a position1 that for the freight is somewhat similar to that of the assistant purser for the passengers4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajbe4 ,,chief ,,stewards ,chief stewards have positions corresponding closely to those of a large hotel1 sanitarium or similar institution4 ,they must have business and executive ability1 and are held responsible for the comfort and service of passengers in matters of sleeping quarters1 food1 heat1 and ventilation4 ,under them are the chef1 cooks1 and numerous other attendants4 ,each of these occupations has the characteristics of the same occupation as followed on the land4 ,upon chief stewards devolves the further duty of purchasing in advance of a voyage in proper quantities the supplies needed4 ,it should be added that if a disabled soldier or sailor is qualified for any of these positions1 he will generally find work on land preferable to work on board a ship4 ,,other ,,positions ,,in ,,water ,,transportation ,a large number of office positions corresponding to those in railway service exist at the leading ports4 ,disabled sailors could qualify for these and find their former experience of value4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajbf4 ,,occupations ,,in ,,navy ,,yards ,,acknowledgment ,this monograph was prepared by ,charles ,r4 ,allen1 special agent of the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education4 ,acknowledgment is due to ,dr4 ,john ,cummings1 of the ,research ,division1 for editorial assistance4 ,perhaps you have been on a ship when she was in the yard4 ,in that case you have some notion of the various jobs that are carried on4 ,perhaps you have seen in one part of the yard a ship under construction on the ways1 and have seen and heard the riveters1 bolters up1 chippers1 and calkers at work4 ,perhaps you have been in the shops and have seen the boiler makers1 the sheet-metal men1 the machinists1 the jointers at work4 ,in short1 perhaps you already have a pretty good idea of the different kinds of work that are carried on in a navy yard1 but would like to know more about it4 ,perhaps you never were in a navy yard1 or if you were1 you were too busy to notice what went on4 ,in that case you may be still interested in knowing how many different trades are carried on in a navy yard1 and how they are carried on4 ,in either case if you followed a trade before you entered the service1 if you learned a trade while you were in the service1 or if you intend to take advantage of the opportunity offered to you by the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education to take further training in your trade or to take training for some new trade after your discharge1 you may be interested in finding out what a navy yard is1 what trades are carried on1 how they are carried on1 what their requirements are1 what a man must do to qualify for a navy-yard job1 what sort of working conditions he would work under1 what the chances of promotion would be1 how much pay he could get1 and1 in general1 whether there is anything in navy-yard employment that appeals to you and that you would want to try to get into4 ,this pamphlet gives you some general information about navy-yard employments1 and tells you how you can get more detailed information if you are interested in finding out more about opportunities for navy-yard employment4 ,,general ,,working ,,conditions ,if you go to work in a navy-yard you get an eight-hour day1 with ,saturday half holidays from ,june #ae to ,september #ae4 ,you can be granted #cj working days leave of absence each year without loss of pay during such leave1 but it would be lawful to allow you pro rata leave only after you have served #ab months or more4 ,during the second year of service you could be allowed #fj days leave with pay1 #cj days at any time during the year and #cj days at the rate of #b days a month as earned from the beginning of the service year4 ,after two years of service you could get #cj days' leave per year1 at the rate of #b days per month4 ,should you be injured in the usual course of employment you would be entitled to receive compensation under certain conditions4 ,,stability ,,of ,,employment ,of course1 during the war navy-yard work has been rushed and a large number of extra men have been taken on1 but under ordinary conditions1 such as existed before the war and will exist after the war1 navy-yard work is pretty steady1 and if you are a good man when you are once employed you are likely to hold a steady job4 ,should you be laid off on account of lack of work1 you can get your name on a furlough list for reinstatement4 ,as a civil-service employee1 you can not be discharged at the whim of your superior1 but only for cause4 ,rates of pay will average well with those paid for similar work in private concerns1 and there is little danger of loss of employment through the concern going out of business4 ,all of these conditions make employment in navy yards desirable from the standpoint of holding a steady job when you are once employed4 ,,what ,,are ,,the ,,health ,,conditions ,,in ,,navy-,,yard ,,employment8 ,the list of navy yard trades and occupations show you that the general health conditions in the different shop trades are about the same as in the same trades anywhere4 ,since most navy yards have been established for a good many years many of the shop buildings are not up to modern-shop standards1 especially as regards lighting1 but new buildings are constantly being erected that are much better than the old ones4 ,the yard trades are mostly carried on in the open air1 which might be a very desirable thing if you need outside work for your health1 and could stand the heat in summer and the cold in winter4 ,as a general rule few if any of the navy yard trades and occupations would be rated as extra dangerous to health on account of dust1 dangerous gases1 etc4 ,,chances ,,for ,,promotion ,if you are employed as a laborer or at work that requires no mechanical skill or trade knowledge you can not be promoted1 but you can1 as can any one else enter open competitive examination for higher positions4 ,with the trade and technical knowledge that you now have1 or that you can secure through training with the help of the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education you will not have to take jobs of that kind4 ,without such knowledge and training1 however1 these are the only sort of jobs that you could get4 ,if you start in a position that requires some mechanical skill or trade knowledge1 such as an apprentice or helper1 you can secure promotion in several ways4 ,if you have rendered six months' satisfactory service you may1 if the head of your department requests it and the commanding officer approves1 be promoted to a position in the artisan group1 upon passing the tests of fitness required by the ,civil ,service ,commission4 ,if you are employed as an artisan promotion to such positions as foreman1 leading man1 quarterman1 etc41 is open to you if you possess the necessary qualifications4 ,,how ,,to ,,apply ,,for ,,work ,,in ,a ,,navy ,,yard ,in applying for a job in a navy yard you do not 8go to the gate0 or to a superintendent or a boss1 as you would if applying for work in a private concern4 ,all employees in navy yards are employed under the civil service rules4 ,under these rules when there is a vacancy it is filled by offering the job to the individual whose name stands highest on what is called the eligible list4 ,the way to get in line for a navy yard job is1 therefore1 to get on the eligible list with as high a rating as possible4 ,as a disabled sailor or marine you have a special advantage here as is explained later4 ,,getting ,,on ,,the ,,eligible ,,list ,for detailed official information as to just what your qualifications must be and just how you must proceed to secure a place on the eligible list for employment in navy yards you should secure a copy of ,instructions to ,applicants for ,employment at ,navy ,yards and ,naval ,stations4 ,probably you can get a copy from your vocational adviser1 or you can write to the ,united ,states ,civil ,service ,commission1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,probably you will want to get some explanations from your vocational adviser and you should take the matter up with him4 ,the following will give you a general idea of how individuals for navy yard appointments may proceed to get their names on the eligible list for their trade or occupation4 ,your first step is to apply for examination for a civil-service rating4 ,at nearly all yards and naval stations there are labor boards that receive applications for employment in the yards to which they are attached4 7,the 8instructions0 already referred to will give you exact information on this point47 ,if men are needed or are likely to be needed1 arrangements will be made to determine your qualifications and rate you4 ,in general1 if you are applying for examination and rating as an artisan 7as you probably would be71 you would be rated on your experience1 your training1 and your physical ability4 ,if your physical ability is affected by your services in the ,navy or the ,marine ,corps1 it is the understanding of the office of the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education that wherever a soldier1 sailor1 or marine has been disabled in the war and desires employment in any occupation in a navy yard or shipyard under the jurisdiction of the ,united ,states ,government1 the question of his physical ability to discharge the duties of the position properly will be passed upon individually for each case4 ,should the ,civil ,service ,commission determine that1 notwithstanding his handicap1 he is able to do the work of the position in a satisfactory way1 any general rule or regulation regarding disability now in operation under the rules of the commission will not apply4 ,therefore1 if you are a disabled soldier1 sailor1 or marine interested in navy yard occupations1 you should first communicate with representatives of the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education regarding your case4 ,these representatives are to be found at the central office at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 or in one of the district offices given at the back of this pamphlet4 ,you do not have to pass written examinations1 but your rating is determined by the values given to your training1 physical ability1 and experience as stated by you under oath and verified by the examining board4 ,if your rating is over a certain number your name is placed on the eligible list4 ,the higher your rating the nearer your name to the top of the list4 ,when vacancies occur appointments are made from the top of the list down1 and appointees are notified when and where to report for work4 ,,how ,,previous ,,training1 ,,experience1 ,,and ,,education ,,help ,if you have already had some experience in a navy yard occupation that you wish to follow you are at a great advantage4 ,for example1 if you worked in a machine shop or in an office before you entered the service1 the time that you would need for training for similar work in a navy yard would be greatly reduced--the more you know the more time you can save4 ,if you learned something about the job during your service1 this experience1 also1 will enable you to shorten your training4 ,the more education you have the better off you are--in the first place a man with a good education stands a better chance for promotion1 and the better his education the better man he is on his job4 ,a high-school education1 for example1 would help you very much in office work and in the shop trades4 ,if you can read drawings and blue prints1 you can easily learn to read the special sort of blue prints that are used in navy yard work1 and this will enable you to shorten your training period4 ,a knowledge of geometry will help you very much in a number of shop trades1 such as sheet-metal work and mold-loft work4 ,if you know how to make mechanical drawings you can greatly shorten your training time for work in the drafting rooms4 ,the more mathematics and drawing you know the better your chance of securing promotion to some form of supervisory work4 ,if you have followed an occupation that is somewhat like one of those carried on in navy yards you have a great advantage4 ,suppose1 for example1 you were a structural-steel man1 or an electrician1 or a house plumber1 or house carpenter1 or stenographer1 you already know a great deal about these occupations1 and you have only to learn what you do not know about these jobs as they are carried on in navy yards4 ,in order to do this you will not need to take as much time for training as you would if you were entirely green4 ,in all these ways and in many others any education1 training1 or experience you may have had in trades or occupations will help you very much1 either in shortening the time that you would have to take for a training1 or in enabling you to train yourself for a higher grade of work4 ,,educational ,,requirements ,,for ,,navy ,,yard ,,trades ,you have some education and you will naturally be interested in knowing how much general education a good man must have in the different navy yard trades and occupations4 ,through your vocational adviser you can get a copy of ,aids to ,employment ,managers and ,interviewers on ,shipyard ,occupations with ,descriptions of ,such ,occupations issued by the ,united ,states ,shipping ,board1 ,emergency ,fleet ,corporation1 which will give you considerable information along this line4 ,the following may give you some general ideas of the amount of education that a man would need in the different sorts of trades and occupations4 ,in general you can not have too much education for any navy yard jobs4 ,the more education you have the better workman you will be1 the better your chances for promotion and1 in general1 the greater your opportunities4 ,so do not be afraid of knowing too much4 ,on the other hand1 if you have had only a common-school education1 or even less than that1 you need not feel discouraged1 not only because many of the men now making good on their jobs have had only a limited school training1 but because1 with the approval of the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education1 you can secure such additional general education as you may need to equip you for the work that you wish to do4 ,most navy yard occupations require only a common-school education4 ,that is1 if you can read1 write1 and speak ,english1 and can do ordinary work in arithmetic1 you probably have as much general education as most men in these occupations were able to secure before they went to work4 ,such occupations as draftsman1 tracer1 electrician1 patternmaker1 and a few others1 especially office work1 call for some high-school education4 ,in addition to the general educational requirements the different trades vary in the amount of technical training required4 ,in many trades1 such as1 for example1 that of the machinist1 patternmaker1 coppersmith1 boilermaker1 or plumber1 a man must be able to read drawings and blue prints1 and to follow specifications4 ,this is true of many of the shop trades4 ,in many of these trades a man must be able to make necessary calculations in connection with his work4 ,in some cases a man must have special knowledge about the particular kinds of material that he works on1 such as brass1 steel1 copper1 and so on4 ,you should consider carefully what technical training you require for the sort of work you intend to follow1 remembering that the opportunity to secure this technical training is a part of the offer for training made to you by the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education4 ,,how ,,may ,,training ,,for ,,navy ,,yard ,,occupations ,,be ,,secured8 ,suppose that you have decided that navy yard work looks good to you and you intend to take training for some sort of navy yard work4 ,you have consulted with your vocational adviser1 have 8taken stock0 of yourself1 and have selected the particular sort of work that you would like and think you can do best2 and have your application approved4 ,how can you secure the training that you need8 ,there are several ways3 #a4 ,the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education can arrange for you to take your training in a navy yard or in a shop1 under the instructions of a competent employee who knows that occupation4 ,this man will train you on the job4 #b4 ,if you want training in such work as drawing or mathematics1 you can be placed in a school where these subjects are taught as they apply to the work for which you are taking training4 #c4 ,it may be possible for you to put part of your time into shop training and part into school training4 #d4 ,if you need more general education1 the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education will arrange for you to get it1 either in day or evening schools1 or will even provide a special instructor to teach you4 ,no matter what your handicap or disability may be or what training you lack for the navy-yard occupation that you wish to follow1 the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education will stand behind you and do all that it can to help you to make good4 ,other men in your situation have made good4 ,you can4 ,let the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education help you to be a better man on the job than you were before1 or a good man on a better job than you had before4 ,,what ,,training ,,can ,,do ,,for ,,you ,,in ,,navy-,,yard ,,occupations ,if you wish to take up any navy-yard occupation you can1 by taking advantage of the opportunities for taking training that are offered by the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education1 decidedly better your chances of getting a job and of getting a better job4 ,in the first place1 if you are handicapped1 you can1 by taking special training1 equip yourself so that you can hold down a great many navy-yard jobs that1 without training you could not do at all4 ,a great many jobs like those carried on in the shops and offices of navy yards have been successfully held down by men who had lost a hand1 an arm1 or a leg1 and who had taken special training so that they could overcome their handicap4 ,aside from this special training1 if you are interested in navy-yard employment1 the training that you can secure will enable you to get a better job than you otherwise could4 ,for example1 perhaps you followed some trade similar to some navy-yard trade before you entered the service4 ,you did not know all about that trade--there are always some things that a fellow does not know about his trade4 ,for example1 you might have worked in a shop where the foreman could read the blue prints and you could not2 you can take training in blue-print reading4 ,perhaps you could not lay off work2 you can learn to do it4 ,perhaps there were some machines that you did not know how to run1 or certain jobs that you did not know how to do2 you can take training on these machines and on those special jobs4 ,perhaps you are well up in your trade1 and would like to become a quarterman or leading man but need to know certain things about the job2 you can take training for that1 so that you can get yourself in line for promotion4 ,if you did not know anything about a trade before you entered the service1 but learned something about some trade or occupation while in the service1 you can complete your trade training4 ,for example1 suppose that you learned something about pipe fitting1 or electrical work1 or machine-shop work1 or sail making1 or yeoman's work while you were in the service2 you can complete your training so that you will have the entire trade at your command2 and you can not only get the shop training1 but you can also get whatever drawing or other technical training a first-class man in that trade needs to know4 ,if you never had any trade or think that some navy-yard trade would suit you better than the one you followed before you entered the service1 you can take training for that new trade4 ,in any case1 if1 in order to take the training that you desire1 you need to take some general school training1 such as arithmetic or ,english1 you can take that training in addition to the training for the work itself4 ,these are only a few examples of the possibilities for training for navy-yard jobs that are open to you through the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education4 ,if you are interested you should1 of course1 take your plans up with your vocational adviser and secure the necessary approval4 ,in any case carefully consider if1 through training1 you can not either hold down a job that you could not hold down now1 or fit yourself for a better job than you could hold down with your present knowledge and skill2 that is1 see if you do not think that out of all the different kinds of training open to you1 there is some training that will help you to secure or hold down a better job in a navy yard than you could without the training4 ,if you can secure the approval of the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education for the particular sort of training that you desire1 almost any sort of training is open to you4 ,,handicaps ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,overcome ,,them ,if you have a certain kind of disability1 what is your chance in navy-yard occupations8 ,perhaps you have lost a leg or an arm or an eye2 does this cut you out of any chance to work in a navy yard8 ,it certainly does not4 ,for example3 if you have lost an arm1 the number of jobs that you can do with one arm and an artificial arm are surprising2 you can take training so that you can do almost any sort of clerical work or work in the drafting room4 ,you can operate almost all machine tools in the machine shop4 ,you can do shorthand or typewriting work4 ,if you have lost a leg you can learn to fill almost any position in a navy yard that does not require climbing or too much standing and walking4 ,you can do almost any sort of clerical work as well as anybody else2 you can operate almost all sorts of machine tools2 you can do all sorts of assembling work1 pattern making1 and work in the drafting room4 ,if you have lost both legs1 with artificial legs you can learn to fill almost any position where you can sit at your work4 ,you can do this in the drafting room2 in nearly all clerical positions2 in many inspection jobs4 ,there are many other jobs1 such as work in the sail and rigging loft1 in the tailor shop1 and in the machine shop1 where you can sit at the work4 ,if you have lost one leg and one arm you can still fill a number of positions2 with an artificial arm and leg you can take training so that you can do about as well as a man with both legs and one arm4 ,if you were right-handed and lost your right arm1 you can be trained to use your left arm just as well4 ,even with one arm and both legs gone you can learn to fill almost all clerical positions1 many jobs in the machine shop1 many inspection jobs1 and work in the drafting room4 ,the loss of an eye will not bother you at all2 and if your hearing is partially or wholly destroyed1 you can still learn to fill many positions in the shops where instructions come to you in the form of drawings4 ,of course1 the particular positions that you can fill depend on just the sort of an injury that you have sustained1 and you should consult your vocational adviser about your own particular case2 but if you are interested in navy-yard employment1 you are not necessarily out of it on account of such injuries as are mentioned above4 ,,what ,,sort ,,of ,,work ,,is ,,done ,,in ,,navy ,,yards8 ,as a part of the work of the ,navy1 ships must be refitted1 repaired1 and overhauled1 new ships must be built1 and all sorts of material1 equipment1 and supplies must be manufactured and kept ready for use4 ,to provide for this work ,congress has established navy yards and naval stations at various points on the coast which are a part of the ,navy and are operated under its control4 ,these navy yards do a great many different sorts of work4 ,ships are sent to them for overhauling1 alterations1 and repairs4 ,they serve as supply depots for all sorts of equipment1 much of which is often made in the yard shops4 ,in a number of the larger yards various sorts of naval vessels are built4 ,a navy yard carries on so many different kinds of work that it offers opportunities for employment in a great many trades and occupations4 ,some of these occupations are carried on in the open air4 ,some call for the operation of various machines turning out a standard product1 while others deal with alteration or repair jobs4 ,in some lines of work a man can sit or stand at this job1 while in others he is continually moving about4 ,besides the trades themselves a navy yard carries on a certain amount of office work1 offering opportunities for employment in such work as stenography1 typewriting1 various kinds of clerical work1 storekeeping1 and mechanical1 ordnance1 and structural drafting4 ,,occupations ,,in ,,navy ,,yards ,if you are interested in looking into opportunities for employment in navy yards1 you naturally want to know about the different occupations and something about the conditions under which they are carried on4 ,the following descriptions of the more important kinds of work will give you a general idea of the different jobs and if you wish to secure further details about any particular line of work you can get them through your vocational adviser4 ,a navy yard operates a number of shops in which different trades are carried on4 ,these 8shop0 trades are carried on in the same general way as in the same sort of shops anywhere4 ,the same processes1 tools1 and machines are used4 ,in addition to the 8shop0 trades there are a number of occupations that are carried on outside of the shops and are shipbuilding trades1 engaged in building ships and repairing them4 ,there are1 speaking in a rough way1 8shop0 trades and 8yard0 trades4 ,there are also1 of course1 certain office occupations as in any business1 and a number of special occupations such as those of timekeepers1 truck drivers1 and tool-room keepers4 ,in addition to the trades and occupations mentioned above1 navy yards employ a number of men in general maintenance and construction work1 and in keeping up the plant and equipment1 such as tracklayers1 pile drivers1 masons1 and bricklayers4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajbh4 ,,shop ,,trades ,,the ,,drafting ,,room ,drawings and blue prints are prepared here4 ,drafting rooms are usually well lighted and heated4 ,the work is carried on at drawing tables and men can either sit or stand4 ,as a rule work in the drafting room does not require a great deal of walking or standing at the work4 ,the force usually consists of draftsmen of various grades1 tracers1 detail draftsmen4 ,a blue-print room is usually connected with the drafting room where attendants on the blue-printing machine are employed4 ,a few stenographers and clerks may be employed in connection with the work of this department4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajbi4 ,,power ,,plant ,here steam and electrical power are developed for the general use of the yard4 ,work in a navy-yard power plant is no different from work in any power plant4 ,among the men employed are engineers of different grades1 switchboard attendants1 dynamo tenders1 firemen1 and water tenders4 ,engine and dynamo rooms are usually well lighted and heated and give comfortable working conditions4 ,the fireroom is usually very hot1 and the work is more or less hard and uncomfortable4 ,steam engineers are highly trained men and usually have to hold a license4 ,they usually have served an apprenticeship in the fireroom4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajcj4 ,,machine ,,shop ,here all sorts of metals are worked1 largely with machine tools4 ,machine shops are generally closed in so that the workmen are protected from the weather and are usually more or less heated4 ,much of the work requires standing1 though workmen can often sit down at intervals while watching a piece of work on the machine4 ,since most of the work is done on power-driven machines and shops are usually provided with lifting and handling devices for heavy parts1 work in the machine shop requires skill and intelligence but does not1 as a rule1 require heavy physical exercise4 ,men employed include bench hands1 machine hands1 men who are familiar with the operation of one or more machine tools1 machinist helpers and machine fitters 7the latter put together machine parts and are able to fit1 scrape1 and ream1 where necessary to secure tight1 loose1 and running fits71 and all-around machinists or men who can operate all kinds of machine tools1 fit parts on the bench1 and erect or assemble all parts on the floor4 ,a good machinist must be able to read all sorts of blue prints and drawings and must be able to make the necessary calculations for the various jobs4 ,among the chief machine tools used are planers1 boring mills1 shapers1 lathes1 millers1 drill presses1 so-called 8automatic machines0 of various kinds1 wet and dry grinders1 and radial drills4 ,these machines are of different sizes1 according to the work to be done on them4 ,in navy-yard machine shops some of the work is very heavy and the machines are very large4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajca4 ,,boiler ,,shop ,here such fittings as boilers1 condensers1 smokestacks1 and feed1 filter1 and fresh-water tanks are constructed from plates of sheet steel riveted together4 ,these plates are got out from patterns or templates4 ,a boiler shop is usually closed in from the weather4 ,among the men employed are blacksmiths1 acetylene and oxy-hydrogen operators1 layout men1 men to operate various special machines for bending and flanging the plates1 machinists1 riveters1 shippers1 and calkers1 drillers and reamers4 ,a good boiler maker must be able to read blue prints and lay out his work either on paper or metal4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajcb4 ,,blacksmith ,,shop ,here all sorts of blacksmith work is carried on4 ,the shop is usually inclosed1 but owing to smoke from the forges is generally kept more or less open1 so that it is not usually warmer than the weather outside4 ,among the tools used are steam or compressed air hammers1 oil furnaces1 large coal furnaces1 forges 7coal or gas71 cranes for handling heavy work1 dies1 sledges1 and hammers4 ,much of the work is generally carried on by angle smiths who work angle iron1 usually from wooden patterns called templates1 and blacksmiths who work on all sorts of light machine and hand forgings4 ,smiths are aided by helpers4 ,much of the work is heavy and calls for considerable physical exertion and requires practically continuous standing4 ,some of the lighter work in a blacksmith shop is of a higher grade and calls for wide experience1 good judgment1 and close observation4 ,such work is that of the tool dressers1 the spring makers1 and the die hardeners or temperers4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajcc4 ,,pattern ,,shop ,here are constructed wooden patterns from which castings are to be made4 ,pattern shops are usually well protected from the weather and afford comfortable working conditions4 ,the men employed are pattern makers and pattern makers' helpers4 ,as a rule1 each pattern is completely made by one pattern maker4 ,much of the work is done with hand tools and often requires very fine and accurate work4 ,a pattern maker must not only be able to do good work at the bench1 but must be able to read blue prints and make his own 8layout40 ,among the machines commonly found in a pattern shop are wood-turning lathes1 band saws1 circular saws1 jig saws1 planers1 sanders1 and drills4 ,work in the pattern shop requires considerable walking and standing4 ,it is generally light1 since only infrequently is it necessary to handle heavy pieces4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajcd4 ,,joiner ,,shop ,in the joiner shop are constructed all sorts of high-grade wood fittings such as desks1 instrument cases1 and companion ladders4 ,the work does not differ from that in any joiner shop4 ,employees include joiners and helpers4 ,a good joiner must be able to read drawings and blue prints and when necessary he must be able to lay out his work on paper4 ,among the common machines used are planers1 handsaws1 circular saws1 mortisers1 and tenoners4 ,as a rule the joiner shop is protected from the weather and the work is not heavy4 ,the work often requires considerable standing and walking4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajce4 ,,pipe ,,shop ,here all plumbing and pipe-fitting work is done4 ,the shop is usually inclosed and protected from the weather4 ,the work requires considerable walking and standing1 much bending1 reaching1 and stooping4 ,in repair and construction work a great deal of work has to be done on the ship in all sorts of places and often under very difficult working conditions4 ,plumbers1 pipe fitters1 and helpers are employed4 ,a good pipe fitter must be able to read blue prints and drawings and must know how to make various calculations such as figuring out lengths of pipe on various jobs4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajcf4 ,,foundry ,all castings are made in the foundry4 ,the shop is usually more or less open to the weather1 and the work requires a good deal of walking and standing4 ,among the men employed are molders1 who place the patterns in the sand1 and make the sand molds into which the melted metal is poured2 cupola furnace tenders1 who operate the furnace in which the iron is melted2 and foundry shippers1 who clean up castings4 ,in addition1 helpers and laborers are employed4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajcg4 ,,copper ,,shop ,all sorts of fittings made of sheet copper1 as well as a great variety of copper pipes and connections are constructed in the copper shop4 ,in much of the work the copper has to be shaped by hammering4 ,there is also much work in the bending of copper pipes of all sizes4 ,the shop is usually protected from the weather4 ,in many cases men who work in this shop also install the fittings in the ship4 ,coppersmiths and helpers are employed4 ,in some shops most of the work is done by hand and in others a number of machines are used4 ,a good coppersmith must be able to read blue prints4 ,the work requires considerable walking about and much of it is hard1 as it requires the use of heavy hammers4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajch4 ,,sheet-,,metal ,,shop ,products of the sheet-metal shop include such articles made from sheet-iron as tanks1 lockers1 ventilating cowls1 and wire work4 ,the shop is usually well protected from the weather4 ,the work requires considerable standing and walking4 ,a number of machines are usually included in the equipment4 ,sheet-metal workers of different grades are employed and also helpers4 ,a good sheet-metal man must be able to read blue prints and must be able to lay out all sorts of work4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajci4 ,,galvanizing ,,shop ,metal fittings are covered with zinc to prevent rusting4 ,as a rule but few skilled men are employed for this work which is done mostly by laborers4 ,work is practically carried on out of doors on account of fumes due to the acid used4 ,it requires walking and standing4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajdj4 ,,electrical ,,department ,this department installs and repairs all electrically operated equipment1 including light and power lines4 ,it also installs and repairs the electrical equipment on the ships that are built or are under repair4 ,the work must be done all over the yard and everywhere on the ship4 ,it requires much walking and climbing1 much of it exposed to weather conditions4 ,very few machines are used1 practically all the work being done with hand tools4 ,a good electrician must be able to read all sorts of drawings and wiring diagrams4 ,different grades of electricians1 such as armature winders1 storage-battery electricians1 and men who make a specialty as1 for example1 of some special part of the work on telephones1 are employed with helpers4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajda4 ,,rigging ,,loft ,here work on steel and manila rope and cables is carried on4 ,cables are spliced and all sorts of servings and fancy rope work are got out1 such as man ropes1 tiller ropes1 and hammock clews4 ,the rigging loft is usually protected from the weather4 ,much of the work1 such as knotting and splicing1 can be done sitting down4 ,practically all the work is done with hand tools4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajdb4 ,,mold ,,loft ,here the plans of a ship under construction are laid out from the blue prints and patterns and wooden patterns1 or 8templates0 for bending1 cutting1 and punching the steel parts of the ship are prepared4 ,it usually is an inclosed building with a special floor large enough to lay out any part of a ship full size4 ,the work in the mold loft requires almost constant standing1 and kneeling or sitting on the floor4 ,loftsmen of different grades are employed4 ,loftsmen must be able to read all sorts of drawings and blue prints as they come from the drafting room and lay out the different parts on the mold-loft floor with great accuracy4 ,,outside ,,trades1 ,,office ,,work1 ,,and ,,miscellaneous ,,occupations ,in addition to the regular shop trades there are a number of trades carried on in the yards and on ships in the open air and other employments in navy yard supply departments and offices4 ,these employments have to do mainly with the construction of ships1 repair work on hulls1 maintenance of the plant1 distribution of supplies1 and other miscellaneous services4 ,following is a brief description of the more important of these occupations4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajdc4 ,,shaping1 ,,bending1 ,,and ,,cutting ,,steel ,,frames ,,and ,,plates ,this includes the work of shaping and bending steel beams 7frames71 cutting plates to proper sizes1 bending them1 and punching them for the rivet holes4 ,the work is generally carried on in shops that are roofed over1 but sometimes open on all sides4 ,it is hard and requires standing practically all the time4 ,heavy machines1 furnaces1 and hammers are used4 ,among the men employed are angle-smiths1 furnace men1 frame benders1 punchers1 shearers1 drillers1 countersinkers1 and sometimes acetylene operators4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajdd4 ,,riveting1 ,,chipping ,,and ,,calking1 ,,drilling1 ,,and ,,reaming ,on construction and repair work these occupations are all carried on in the open air4 ,riveting is usually carried on by gangs1 consisting of a riveter1 a holder-on1 a heater1 and sometimes a fourth man called a passer4 ,the steel plates of a ship overlap and are held together by rivets which are passed through holes in both plates and headed up while hot4 ,riveting is usually done with pneumatic riveters or 8guns0 operated by compressed air4 ,the riveter operates the gun on one side while the rivet is held in the hole by the holder-on1 who has various tools that he uses for this purpose4 ,the heater tends a small portable furnace in which the rivets are heated1 picks them out as needed and sticks them in the holes or gives them to the passer4 ,sometimes he tosses the hot rivet directly to the holder-on4 ,this work must be carried on out of doors in all weathers4 ,the work of the riveter is hard1 as he must handle the gun with from #ajj to #aej pounds of air pressure in it and must work in all sorts of positions4 ,the holder-on works under about the same conditions4 ,both jobs require men of strong physique4 ,the heater has a somewhat easier job and boys are often employed for this work4 ,before the plates and other parts can be riveted or drilled and reamed they must be held fast in place4 ,this is done by the use of bolts and nuts set up hard with a wrench4 ,this work is also hard1 and the working conditions are the same as in riveting and drilling and reaming4 ,sometimes holes have not been punched where they are required1 and they must be drilled4 ,holes as punched are often not exactly in line and must be reamed out before the rivets can be driven4 ,this work is commonly done with machines driven by compressed air or electricity1 handled by one man and a helper4 ,it takes considerable strength to control the machine1 and the general working conditions are about the same as in riveting4 ,there are many parts of a ship where joints must be made tight--that is1 they must be calked4 ,it is also often necessary to cut plates and other steel parts4 ,this work is done with an air machine very similar to the air gun used by the riveter and is known as chipping and calking4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajde4 ,,ship ,,fitting ,the ship fitter gets out all sorts of wooden patterns 7templates7 for steel plates and other parts4 ,sometimes he makes his pattern directly from measurements taken on the ship1 especially in repair work4 ,a fitter may lay out the work directly from the drawing 7blue print74 ,the work is carried on mainly out of doors1 calls for much walking and climbing1 especially in repair work on ships4 ,ship fitters of different ratings and helpers are employed4 ,among other navy-yard occupations are those of outside machinists1 who install and adjust machinery on the ships2 painters1 who paint the woodwork and the steel2 ship carpenters1 who do all the work around the ways on which ships are built and launched2 crane operators1 who handle the steel and carry it from place to place2 and locomotive firemen and engineers1 who operate the small locomotives used for hauling material inside of the yard4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajdf4 ,,supply ,,department ,,service ,in order that ships and shops may be supplied1 a navy yard operates what amounts to a huge department store--the supply department4 ,every conceivable article that goes to the general equipment of a ship1 from drinking glasses to launch engines1 is kept in stock and given out on order4 ,for the shops great quantities of all sorts of stock1 pipe1 fittings1 copper1 lead1 bronze1 steel and so on1 are carried1 ready for distribution4 ,in one yard alone the stock is valued at #ej1jjj1jjj4 ,since the supply department buys1 fills orders1 and delivers1 it offers opportunity for employment in practically the same occupations as any large department store4 ,for each class of stock storekeepers are employed4 ,a storekeeper must know every article by sight1 stock marks1 and the location of the bin or shelf where it is stored4 ,he must keep track of the stock on hand and see that it is kept up4 ,a storekeeper may be promoted to assistant manager and possibly to manager of a division4 ,the supply department offers employment also in such clerical occupations as checking1 billing1 and accounting1 and1 as in any large department store1 truck drivers1 packers1 box makers1 and other workers are employed in the delivery department4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajdg4 ,,office ,,work ,in addition to the trades and occupations carried on in the construction1 repair1 and maintenance work of the navy yard1 there are a number of office and clerical occupations4 ,in general1 these occupations are carried on in the same manner as in the office of any business concern4 ,the special forms and methods of doing the office work that are followed in the navy yard must1 of course1 be learned4 ,these occupations include stenography1 typewriting1 filing1 bookkeeping1 cataloguing1 general clerical work1 library work1 messenger work1 telegraph and telephone operating1 and various lines of special work4 ,,miscellaneous ,,occupations ,the navy-yard list of occupations includes1 also1 a considerable number of miscellaneous occupations not mentioned among the regular mechanical 8shop0 and 8yard0 trades4 ,among these are glassworkers1 glass molders1 lens grinders1 and instrument makers4 ,in connection with work in the yard and on the buildings1 a certain number of brick and stonemasons1 pavers1 house carpenters1 dock builders1 cranemen1 house plumbers1 stonecutters1 and gardeners are employed4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajdh4 ,,conditions ,,of ,,employment ,,in ,,navy ,,yards ,if you are interested in the possibility of working in a navy yard you will want to know something about the demand for men in each line of work done in the different yards1 the wages paid to each class of workers1 and other conditions of employment4 ,,demand ,,for ,,labor ,navy yards and naval stations vary greatly in the amount and kind of work done and so vary in the number of men employed and in the different occupations carried on4 ,the yards at ,boston 7,charleston71 ,mass42 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y42 ,norfolk1 ,va42 ,league ,island1 ,philadelphia2 ,bremerton1 ,wash42 and ,mare ,island1 ,cal42 do all sorts of construction and repair work1 and employ the largest working force in the greatest variety of occupations4 ,the ,washington ,navy ,yard1 or ,naval ,gun ,factory1 does no shipbuilding and not much repair work4 ,its equipment and labor are practically entirely employed in making naval guns and all sorts of ordnance supplies so that it employs no men in shipbuilding and but few on repair occupations4 ,the naval torpedo station at ,newport1 ,r4 ,i41 is almost wholly confined to the manufacture and assembly of torpedoes and torpedo appliances4 ,most of the other yards generally carry on only repair work and refitting1 and employ men in most of the ordinary trades and occupations4 ,at present there is little or no demand for regular navy-yard occupations at ,pensacola1 ,fla4 ,of course1 in all yards the working force is increased or decreased according to the amount of work that is going on in the yard4 ,naval stations employ fewer men and offer chances in fewer trades than do the navy yards proper4 ,in general1 navy yards employ in the shops more men in the metal trades than in the woodworking trades4 ,in the shops more machinists are likely to be employed than any other class of workers4 ,relatively few persons are employed in the offices in clerical work4 ,the ,norfolk1 ,boston1 and ,philadelphia ,navy ,yards offer more opportunity in these lines than any of the other yards4 ,in the yard trades the number of men employed depends largely on the amount of shipbuilding going on4 ,where shipbuilding is going on the greatest demand is for riveters1 bolters up1 chippers1 and calkers1 and drillers and reamers4 ,compared with the number of men employed in these trades relatively few men are employed in the mold loft1 and in such occupations as crane operators1 locomotive crane operators1 firemen1 and locomotive engineers4 ,as already stated1 in addition to men employed in the regular yard1 shop1 and office trades1 navy yards employ men in a number of other trades1 such as those of stone and brick masons1 house plumbers1 stone cutters1 switchmen1 pavers1 and upholsterers4 ,under ordinary conditions the demand for men in such occupations is small4 ,glassworkers1 lens grinders1 instrument makers1 and other special classes of workers would only be called for in a yard where instruments were made and repaired1 such as the ,washington ,navy ,yard or the naval torpedo station at ,newport1 ,r4 ,i4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajdi4 ,,inside ,,and ,,outside ,,work ,if you are interested in securing employment in a navy yard or in taking training for a navy-yard trade1 you may want to consider the condition under which you would work4 ,you may feel that you would wish to work entirely under cover1 or you may prefer to work more or less in the open air4 ,different navy-yard occupations vary greatly as to whether they are carried on entirely in shops1 partly in shops and partly in the open air1 or entirely in the open air4 ,in some trades and occupations a man's work is located at one definite place1 and in others it may be anywhere in the yard4 ,the following statement will give you an idea as to ordinary working conditions in a number of the more important navy-yard trades3 ,inside1 under the best conditions4--,such occupations as all sorts of office work1 stenography1 typewriting1 bookkeeping1 clerical work1 work in the drafting room4 ,inside1 under good conditions4--,such occupations as machine shop1 pattern shop1 jointer shop1 rigging loft1 mold loft1 power plant work1 and inside jointing and finishing4 ,inside1 under some protection4--,such occupations as blacksmith shop1 foundry work1 plate-shop work1 galvanizing1 and frame bending4 ,occupations requiring both inside and outside work4--,such occupations as boiler shop1 general outside painting1 outside machinist1 carpenter shop1 electrical work1 outside rigger1 pipe shop1 sheet-metal shop1 copper shop1 and ship fitting4 ,occupations carried on entirely outside4--,such operations as reaming1 riveting1 bolting up1 chipping1 and calking1 ship carpentry1 stone masonry1 and bricklaying4 ,,tools ,,and ,,machines ,,used ,in the regular trades such as jointer work1 sheet-metal work1 coppersmithing1 boiler making1 pattern making1 etc41 the tools and machines used are practically the same as would be used in these trades anywhere4 ,a man who had earned these trades in any good shop would have no particular trouble in working in a navy yard shop so far as tools and machines go4 ,in the machine shop the tools and machines are about the same as in any large shop1 but since a navy yard machine shop often has to handle large parts1 there are usually a number of very heavy machines included in the equipment4 ,much of the work must be got out with great accuracy4 ,in a general way it may be said that a navy yard machine shop does more work in brass1 bronze1 aluminum1 etc41 than is common in the ordinary run of machine shops4 ,in the trades carried on outside the shop1 especially those connected with hull construction and repair1 a number of special tools are used4 ,these tools are in general easily moved about4 ,many are operated by compressed air1 but some of them are sometimes operated by electricity4 ,for this purpose most yards have a compressed-air system through that part of the yard where work of this kind is carried on1 so arranged that the different machines can be readily connected up by hose lines4 ,a few examples of the sort of tools used in these trades may be given3 ,riveting gangs use compressed-air tools for heading up the rivet 7air guns71 and often for holding it while it is driven 7air jambs74 ,reaming and drilling machines are usually operated by compressed air1 chipping and calking tools work in the same way4 ,in all these machines the operators hold the machine so as to guide the tool1 but the compressed air furnishes the actual power4 ,for such jobs as acetylene welding and cutting1 a special outfit is required4 ,in mold loft work and ship fitting1 only the simplest woodworking tools are used1 such as hammers1 saws1 prick punches1 and light air or electrically driven drills4 ,in punching1 shearing1 and bending plates1 special heavy power-driven machines are used which the operators control4 ,in office work the equipment does not vary from that of any office4 ,according to the sort of work called for1 there are typewriters1 adding machines1 filing cabinets1 etc4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajej4 ,,classes ,,of ,,workers ,,employed ,,in ,,navy ,,yard ,the work of a navy yard is carried on by a civilian force under the general direction of naval officers4 ,excluding office and clerical occupations1 this force is graded into the following classes3 ,foremen1 quartermen1 leading men1 artisans of different grades1 helpers1 apprentices1 laborers4 ,a brief description of each of these classes follows3 ,foreman4--,a foreman is usually the head of a division or of a shop4 ,he usually has under his jurisdiction groups of men generally working in different occupations4 ,quarterman4--,a quarterman usually has under his supervision more than one group in the same occupation4 ,he is in line for promotion to foreman4 ,leading man4--,a leading man usually has under his supervision only a few men in the same occupation4 ,he is in line for promotion to quarterman4 ,artisans4--,these are skilled workmen in the various trades4 ,they are graded according to their knowledge and skill in several classes1 such as first1 second1 and third class4 ,helpers4--,men who work with artisans to assist them in their work are classed as helpers4 ,their work is such as may give some training in the trade with which they are associated4 ,apprentices4--,young persons are employed as apprentices to learn trades4 ,after sufficient training they may become artisans4 ,laborers4--,this class of workers are not supposed to possess any special skill or trade knowledge1 and except under certain special conditions they are not eligible for promotion4 ,,wages ,,for ,,different ,,grades ,on the whole1 higher wages are paid on the west coast than elsewhere4 ,foremen are paid according to the character and amount of work that they supervise4 ,according to the present regulations a quarterman draws #b4hh per day more than the maximum pay of his occupation or trade4 ,a leading man draws #a4dd per day extra pay over the highest pay of his trade4 ,the wages of a man in the artisan group will vary according to his class and his particular trade or occupation4 ,one of the highest paid trades is heavy forging at #aa4hd per day4 ,one of the lowest paid trades is that of glass workers1 who receive #c4jd per day4 ,on an average1 a first-class artisan's pay will run from #e to #g per day4 ,helpers get from #d4cb to #e4ab per day4 ,apprentices in trade from #b4hh to #d4cb1 according to their class4 ,mechanics detailed for certain special work1 such as inspecting or planning1 get certain additional allowances4 ,in the unskilled occupations 7laborers1 stevedores1 janitors1 etc471 wages range from about #c to #e4ej per day4 ,,pay ,,on ,,entrance ,,and ,,afterwards ,when a man starts in the head of his department causes such tests to be made as he deems necessary to determine his status in his trade or occupation1 and rates him provisionally as to pay4 ,the final rating as to pay is made within two weeks from the date of appointment4 ,all mechanics who are rated as first-class are carried at the maximum rate of pay4 ,the following list gives the more important trades and occupations for which men are employed in navy yards 7except office occupations71 and also gives the maximum rates of pay according to the latest information3 ,,daily ,,wage ,,schedules ,schedules of daily wages for navy yards and naval stations effective first pay period practicable after receipt4 ,east ,west coast4 coast4 ,,group ,i4 ,attendants1 battery #d4fd 444 ,attendants1 powder factory #e4cf 444 ,hodcarriers 444 #d4dj ,north ,atlantic and ,great ,lakes #c4ib 444 ,charleston1 ,pensacola1 ,key ,west and ,new ,orleans #c4ab 444 ,janitors 444 #d4af ,north ,atlantic and ,great ,lakes #c4fh 444 ,charleston1 ,pensacola1 ,key ,west and ,new ,orleans #b4hh 444 ,laborers1 common 444 #d4af ,north ,atlantic and ,great ,lakes #c4fh 444 ,charleston1 ,pensacola1 ,key ,west and ,new ,orleans #b4hh 444 ,stable keepers 444 #d4af ,north ,atlantic and ,great ,lakes #c4fh 444 ,charleston1 ,pensacola1 ,key ,west and ,new ,orleans #b4hh 444 ,stevedores #d4cb #d4fd ,,group ,,ii4 ,apprentices3 ,first class #d4cb #d4cb ,second class #c4hd #c4hd ,third class #c4cf #c4cf ,fourth class #b4hh #b4hh ,sewers1 first class #b4dj #b4dj ,sewers1 second class #b4jh #b4jh ,sewers1 third class #a4gf #a4gf ,sewers1 fourth class #a4dd #a4dd ,boys or girls #b4cb #b4cb ,hammer runners3 ,heavy #e4ab #e4ab ,others #d4fd #d4fd ,helpers3 ,blacksmiths'1 heavy fires #e4ab #e4ab ,blacksmiths'1 other fires #d4cb #d4fd ,boilermakers' #d4cb #d4fd ,coppersmiths' #d4cb #d4fd ,electricians' #d4cb #d4fd ,flange turners' #e4ab #e4ab ,forgers'1 heavy #e4ab #e4ab ,general #d4cb #d4fd ,laboratory #d4cb #d4fd ,machinists' #d4cb #d4fd ,molders' #d4cb #d4fd ,ordnance #d4cb #d4fd ,painters' #d4cb #d4fd ,pipefitters' #d4cb #d4fd ,riggers' #d4cb #d4fd ,ropemakers' #d4cb 444 ,sheet-metal workers' #d4cb #d4fd ,shipfitters' #d4cb #d4fd ,shipsmiths'1 heavy fires #e4ab #e4ab ,shipsmiths'1 other fires #d4cb #d4fd ,woodworkers' #d4cb #d4fd ,holders on #d4hj #e4ab ,oilers #d4fd #d4if ,primer workers #c4fh 444 ,rivet heaters #d4jj #d4dh ,,group ,,iii4 ,angle smiths3 ,heavy fires #g4fh #g4fh ,other fires #f4dj #f4dj ,armature winders #f4dj #f4dj ,blacksmiths3 ,heavy fires #g4fh #g4fh ,other fires #f4dj #f4dj ,boatbuilders #f4dj #f4hh ,boilermakers #f4dj #f4dj ,bolters #d4fd #d4fd ,boxmakers #d4hj #d4hj ,brakemen #d4if #e4bh ,butchers #d4dh #d4dh ,cable splicers #f4dj #f4dj ,calkers1 wood #f4dj #g4eb ,calkers and chippers1 iron #f4dj #f4dj ,canvas workers #f4jh #f4jh ,carpenters1 house #f4dj #f4hh ,casting cleaners #d4fd #d4fd ,cementers #d4hj #d4hj ,chainmakers #g4jd 444 ,chauffeurs #d4dj #d4dj ,coopers #e4fj #e4fj ,coppersmiths #f4hh #f4hh ,cranemen1 electric #f4dj #f4dj ,cupola tenders #f4dj #f4dj ,die sinkers #g4jd #g4jd ,divers #ab4jj #ab4jj ,drillers1 pneumatic #e4dd #e4dd ,drillers1 ,press #e4ab #e4ab ,electricians #f4dj #f4dj ,chronograph #f4gb 444 ,radio #g4dd #g4dd ,storage battery #f4hh #f4hh ,engineers #f4dj #f4dj ,locomotive #e4gf #e4gf ,nonhoisting donkeys and winches #e4fj #e4fj ,farriers #e4dd #e4dd ,firemen #d4fd #d4fd ,locomotives #d4jj #d4af ,flange turners #f4hh #f4hh ,forgers3 ,drop #f4dj #f4dj ,heavy #aa4hd #aa4hd ,foundry chippers #d4fd #d4fd ,frame benders #g4bj #g4bj ,furnacemen3 ,angle work #e4ab #e4dd ,foundry #e4ab #e4dd ,heaters #e4ab #e4dd ,heavy forge #f4jh #f4jh ,other forge #e4ab #f4jh ,open hearth #e4ab #e4dd ,galvanizers #e4jd #e4jd ,gardeners #d4af #d4af ,glass molders1 optical #d4hj 444 ,glass workers1 optical3 ,fine #d4cb 444 ,rough #c4jd 444 ,handymen #d4if 444 ,instrument makers #f4hh #f4hh ,joiners #f4dj #f4hh ,ship #f4dj #f4hh ,ladlemen1 foundry #e4ab #e4dd ,leather workers #e4eb #e4eb ,lens grinders1 telescope #f4dj 444 ,letterers and grainers #f4af #f4af ,levelers #d4fd #d4fd ,loftsmen #g4bj #g4bj ,machine operators #d4if #d4if ,machinists #f4dj #f4dj ,all around #f4dj #f4dj ,electrical #f4dj #f4dj ,floor or vise hand #f4dj #f4dj ,masons3 ,brick #f4hh #f4hh ,stone #f4hh #f4hh ,mattress makers #d4hh #d4hh ,melters #e4eb #e4eb ,electric #h4ef #h4ef ,open hearth #h4ef #h4ef ,metallic cartridge case makers #e4gf 444 ,millmen #f4dj #f4hh ,modelmakers1 wood #f4dj #f4dj ,model testers #e4dd #e4dd ,molders #f4dj #f4dj ,steel casting #f4dj #f4dj ,oakum spinners #c4gf #c4gf ,operators1 gas torch #f4jh #f4jh ,ordnancemen #e4fj #e4fj ,painters #e4ib #e4ib ,applying bitumastic compositions #f4dj #f4hh ,patternmakers #f4hh #g4eb ,pavers #e4gf #e4gf ,pile drivers #f4dj #f4dj ,pipe coverers #f4dj #f4dj ,pipe fitters #f4dj #f4dj ,plasterers #f4hh #f4hh ,plumbers3 ,house #f4dj #f4dj ,ship #f4dj #f4dj ,polisher1 buffers1 and platers #f4dj #f4dj ,pressmen1 armor plate #h4ef 444 ,punchers and shearers #e4ab #e4dd ,railroad conductors #e4ab #e4dd ,riggers #e4ib #e4ib ,riveters #f4dj #f4dj ,rodmen #d4dj #d4dj ,ropemakers #e4ab 444 ,sailmakers #f4jh #f4jh ,sandblasters #d4if #d4if ,saw filers #f4dj #f4dj ,sheet-metal workers #f4dj #f4hh ,shipfitters #f4dj #f4dj ,shipsmiths3 ,heavy fires #g4fh #g4fh ,other fires #f4dj #f4dj ,shipwrights #f4dj #f4hh ,steelworkers #f4dj 444 ,stonecutters #e4gf #e4gf ,switchmen #d4if #e4bh ,tank testers #f4hh #f4hh ,toolmakers #f4hh #f4hh ,trackmen #d4ef #d4ef ,upholsterers #e4dd #e4dd ,water tenders #d4fd #d4if ,welders3 ,electric #f4ef #f4ef ,gas #f4dj #f4dj ,wharf builders #e4gf #e4gf ,wheelwrights #e4bh #e4bh ,wire workers #e4jd #e4jd ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,where ,,navy ,,yards ,,and ,,naval ,,stations ,,are ,,located ,navy yards are located as follows3 ,the ,portsmouth ,navy ,yard1 at ,portsmouth1 ,n4 ,h42 the ,brooklyn ,navy ,yard1 at ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y42 the ,boston ,navy ,yard1 at ,charlestown 7a part of the city of ,boston1 ,mass472 the ,league ,island ,navy ,yard1 at ,philadelphia1 ,pa42 the ,washington ,navy ,yard or ,naval ,gun ,factory1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c42 the ,portsmouth ,navy ,yard1 at ,portsmouth1 ,va4 7close to ,norfolk72 the ,mare ,island ,navy ,yard1 at ,vallejo1 ,cal4 7on ,san ,francisco ,bay72 the ,charleston ,navy ,yard1 at ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c42 the ,bremerton ,navy ,yard1 on ,puget ,sound1 ,wash4 7near ,seattle71 and the ,pensacola ,navy ,yard1 ,pensacola1 ,fla4 7aeronautic station at present74 ,naval stations are located at ,newport1 ,r4 ,i42 ,key ,west1 ,fla42 and ,new ,orleans1 ,la4 ,other naval establishments are3 ,naval proving grounds1 at ,indian ,head1 ,md42 naval training station1 at ,north ,chicago1 ,ill42 the ,naval ,academy1 at ,annapolis1 ,md42 the naval magazines at ,iona ,island1 ,n4 ,y41 and ,lake ,denmark1 ,n4 ,y42 and the depot of supplies1 ,united ,states ,marine ,corps1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,naval stations are also maintained at the ,philippine ,islands1 ,cuba1 ,guam1 and ,samoa1 but no attempt has been made to give any information about them in this monograph4 ,,leather ,,working ,,trades ,,acknowledgment ,this monograph was prepared by ,clarence ,e4 ,bonnett1 ,special ,agent of the ,federal ,board4 ,much of the material used herein was obtained from ,bulletin ,no4 #bcb of the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,labor ,statistics1 8,wages and ,hours of ,labor in the ,boot and ,shoe ,industry3 #aijg to #aiaf40 ,acknowledgment is due to ,dr4 ,john ,cummings1 of the ,research ,division1 for editorial assistance4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajea4 ,,shoemaking ,,modern ,,shoemaking ,a ,,machine ,,process ,modern shoemaking is practically a machine process4 ,there are machines for cutting the various parts of the shoe1 for sewing together the upper and the lining1 for lasting the upper1 for channeling the insole and the outsole1 for sewing together the insole upper and welt1 and for sewing the outsole to the welt4 ,there are also machines for leveling the sole1 for placing a smooth edge on the sole and heel1 and for burnishing the sole1 its edges and the heel4 ,many of these machines are leased out to shoe manufacturers on a royalty basis4 ,patterns1 lasts1 and similar equipment may be made in the factory or purchased from factories that make a special business of producing these articles4 ,a few hand tools are used in the factory1 such as knives for cutting leather and threads1 pinchers for pulling nails1 and brushes for pasting certain parts4 ,ordinarily the workers who use these tools are not highly skilled1 the only noted exception being that of the cutter who cuts by hand the vamps or other upper parts of the shoe4 ,,machine ,,shoemaking ,,highly ,,specialized ,in the shoemaking industry1 there is great division of labor1 and accordingly1 the amount of skill or technical knowledge required of the workers in many of the shoemaking operations is so little that it may be acquired in a few days or weeks at the most4 ,however1 a few of the occupations require both manipulative skill and technical knowledge1 and call for the quick exercise of sound judgment4 ,these are the occupations that pay well4 ,training for them is necessary4 ,the period of training1 of course1 depends in any case1 partly upon the person taking it4 ,but in general1 there are two groups in which the skilled occupations fall1 namely1 those requiring less than a year's training and experience to make a thoroughly competent operator1 and those necessitating a year or over4 ,roughly1 those who receive less than #ej cents and more than #dj cents an hour fall in the first group1 while those receiving #ej cents or more an hour come in the second group4 ,,wages1 ,,hours1 ,,and ,,working ,,conditions ,in #aiah1 according to unpublished figures of the ,bureau of ,labor ,statistics1 for the highly skilled operators the hourly wage ranged from #dc to #fb cents4 ,in this range1 the following occupations were covered--,goodyear welters receiving the highest1 channelers the lowest1 and the others in a descending scale intermediate wages3 ,goodyear welters1 rough rounders1 edge trimmers1 heel trimmers1 ,goodyear stitchers1 edge setters1 machine pullers-over1 heelers1 turn sewers1 bed-machine operators1 hand vamp cutters1 hand-method-lasting-machine operators1 hand pullers-over1 machine side lasters1 hand turn lasters1 ,mc,kay sewers1 machine vamp cutters1 vampers1 hand side lasters1 heel scourers1 channelers4 ,the hours of labor are somewhat dependent upon the occupation1 with the general average for the whole country about #ee hours per week1 which usually means a #aj-;hour day with a ,saturday half holiday4 ,for some factories1 hours in a few occupations are nine per day for six days in the week1 which makes a #ed-;hour week4 ,for the highly skilled operator1 the shoe industry is a desirable occupation in peace times and will continue to be so in the future4 ,with the growth of population and the higher standards of living comes an increased demand for shoes of the better sort1 which means that greater skill must be employed in their production than in those of the coarser sort4 ,while the work in the shoe factory is somewhat seasonal1 the slack season comes in the summer time1 when other occupations are open1 and when the worker may frequently engage in gardening during the time he is not busy in the factory4 ,the busy season comes in the fall and winter4 ,the work is all performed indoors4 ,,disabilities ,the shoe industry can not use all classes of disabled men1 but those it can use1 if well trained1 will find in it a desirable occupation4 ,in general the disabilities that will bar a man from engaging in this occupation are the loss of eyesight1 the loss of both legs1 or of both arms1 nervous afflictions1 and weaknesses that prevent a man from standing at his work or from doing it rapidly4 ,for some of the work1 the use of both hands is highly desirable1 and the loss of certain fingers from a hand would tend to be a handicap4 ,good eyesight1 steady nerves and dexterity of motion are essentials in shoe workers4 ,good hearing is not highly important to the well trained4 ,for the man who has lost a hand1 there are devices1 such as certain forms of hooks that could be used1 for instance1 by the machine cutter to operate the arm to the machine4 ,pincer-like devices may be used for other work4 ,an artificial leg of a certain type may be obtained for a man who has lost a leg1 and this will enable him to stand without undue fatigue4 ,,promotion ,there are two ways in which advancement in these occupations may be secured4 ,a worker who learns rapidly may advance from a less skilled to a more highly skilled occupation4 ,for instance1 he may advance from a position as a turn sewer to one as a ,goodyear welter1 and thus receive approximately a #be per cent advance in wages4 ,or a workman with the ability to direct others may become a foreman and thus obtain higher wages4 ,with this ability and a general knowledge of the industry1 or high skill at some of the occupations1 he might become an instructor1 or1 with sufficient ability and education1 he might go into the office4 ,,training ,,for ,,office ,,positions ,a knowledge of the processes in the shoe factory is a highly desirable qualification for the office force1 and even for the clerical force of a factory4 ,in the offices are found about #ae to #bj per cent of all the employees of the entire factory4 ,a disabled soldier or sailor who has previously worked in a shoe factory1 could1 by taking the training offered by the ,federal ,board1 qualify for a position in the business offices4 ,or he could take a course in salesmanship1 and go 8out on the road0 to sell the shoes4 ,thus he could turn his past experience in the former occupation to profit1 and make of his disability the means of promotion instead of a handicap4 ,,previous ,,experience ,,and ,,additional ,,training ,if a disabled soldier has had some experience in the shoe factory1 he will find this of value4 ,he might1 for example1 take training to become a designer4 ,the change in fashions in shoes necessitates new lasts and patterns1 and every new style means work for the designer4 ,the work requires training1 but does not call for much physical exertion4 ,to do this work1 one must have some facility in mechanical drawing1 and so must understand the principles of geometry4 ,such work is stimulating4 ,not all factories do their own designing and pattern making1 but in such cases designs and patterns must be obtained from concerns that specialize in such work4 ,this profession1 however1 can absorb only a limited number of additional men4 ,,schools ,,and ,,training ,there are now well-established schools for teaching the shoemaking operations4 ,until recently the schools were private1 but there are now schools in ,massachusetts maintained at the public expense4 ,some factories1 especially the nonunion ones1 train the workers in the factories at the work1 or in factory schools4 ,in some cases1 the workers in a factory 8pick up0 the knowledge and training required for the better-paying positions4 ,for such workers the unskilled occupations serve as an apprenticeship to the skilled ones4 ,this method1 however1 is not the most desirable one1 since it does not always present opportunities to get the best and quickest training4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajeb4 ,,occupations ,,that ,,pay ,,well ,,require ,,training ,there are two general classes of workers in shoe factories--one made up of machine workers1 who must use judgment and skill in their work1 and are therefore the better paid2 and the other made up of machine tenders whose main requirement is speed in doing some routine task4 ,since we are concerned only with the occupations that require training and which pay more than the wages of unskilled workmen1 we shall discuss only the skilled occupations4 ,workers in these occupations may be grouped into three general classes3 ,first1 those who sew together difficult parts of the shoe2 second1 those who cut the leather to form2 and1 third1 those who last the shoe4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajec4 ,,operators ,,who ,,sew ,,together ,,difficult ,,parts ,,of ,,the ,,shoes ,the ,goodyear welter receives the shoe on the last2 the upper has been tacked temporarily to the insole and trimmed smoothly1 and the insole has been channeled or lipped for the stitches4 ,he takes a long narrow strip of leather--the welt--and places the shoe in the welting machine so that the insole1 upper1 and welt are sewed through at one operation by means of a curved needle4 ,the stitch is made almost horizontal to the bottom of the shoe1 and the welt lies closely to the upper nearly all around the shoe in front of the heel seat4 ,the welt is also somewhat irregular1 but the welt beater straightens out the welt so that is stands out properly for the outsole4 ,the work of the welter is not so simple as it may seem4 ,he works with a very complicated machine1 and he must be able to make readily all the necessary adjustments4 ,he must know almost by intuition that the thread is working properly4 ,he must be able to tell at a glance that the shoe has been lasted correctly4 ,he must know at once whether the welt furnished is suitable for the type of shoe he is to place it on4 ,he must guide the welt on accurately4 ,if he does otherwise1 not only is time lost1 but a leather part or parts are ruined4 ,he must be so skilled that he can place the welts on a pair of shoes at the rate of a pair a minute4#bg #bg ,rates of operation are calculated from the tables given on pp4 #aff-afi of ,bulletin ,no4 #bcb of the ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau of ,labor ,statistics4 ,the ,goodyear stitcher receives the shoe with the outsole cemented on the shoe1 the channel cut1 and the lip of the channel turned back4 ,he places the shoe to his machine so that the welt and outsole are sewed together all around the shoe in front of the heel4 ,the seams are made in the channel of the outsole1 so they may later be covered by the lip4 ,the stitcher must be able to stitch about #cg pairs of shoes1 on the average1 per hour for the working day4 ,at this speed1 considerable skill is required to hold the shoe so that the curved parts are sewed around properly4#bh #bh ,rates of operation are calculated from the tables given on pp4 #aff-afi of ,bulletin ,no4 #bcb of the ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau of ,labor ,statistics4 ,the turn sewer performs a task somewhat similar to that of the ,goodyear welter1 but he does not attach a welt4 ,he receives the shoe lasted1 wrong side out4 ,the outsole is1 of course1 now in the position of the insole on the ,goodyear shoe4 ,as in the ,goodyear shoe1 the channeling for the stitch is the same1 but in addition1 the outsole has been grooved1 or a recess cut1 so that a shoulder is formed around the outer edge of the sole in which the lower edge of the upper rests4 ,the turn sewer sews through the lower edge of the upper and the shoulder on the outsole4 ,the seam is buried in the inside channel4 ,the process of sewing is performed on a machine that sews with a curved needle and nearly horizontal to the sole4 ,historically1 the ,goodyear welting process was a modification of the turn-shoe process of sewing the sole and upper together4 ,the ,mc,kay sewer receives a ,mc,kay shoe with the sole cemented on and channeled and the last withdrawn from the shoe4 ,he sews through the sole1 the lower edge of the upper1 and through the insole4 ,the seams thus appear on the inside of the shoe4 ,this is clearly a simpler operation than that of the ,goodyear welter4 ,the vamper sews the vamp to the quarters1 or upper part of the upper4 ,since the vamp is curved and must be fitted to a rounding form1 this operation is not so simple as flat sewing and so is paid for at a higher rate per piece4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajed4 ,,operators ,,who ,,skillfully ,,cut ,,the ,,leather ,,to ,,form ,the rough rounder receives the shoe with the outsole cemented or tacked on to the upper part4 ,he places the edge of the sole to the machine so that the edge of the outside and welt is cut to a uniform distance from the upper all round the outsole4 ,in the same process his machine cuts an oblique channel in the outsole for the seam which is to bind the welt and outsole together4 ,the work of the rough rounder requires strength and steady nerves1 since he must hold the edge of the shoe against the cutting parts4 ,he must know how to adjust his machine quickly for the various sorts of shoes1 and must be able to place a uniform edge on over #ijj pairs of shoes in a ten hour day4 ,the edge trimmer receives the shoe in the rough finished form4 ,he holds the sole against a set of revolving cutters which trim the sole smoothly to the desired shape all around the sole4 ,he must do this work carefully and not cut the upper or the stitches and at the rate of thirty-five pairs an hour4#bi #bi ,rates of operation are calculated from the tables given on pp4 #aff-afi of ,bulletin ,no4 #bcb of the ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau of ,labor ,statistics4 ,the heel trimmer receives the shoe with the heel nailed on firmly and the top lift in place4 ,first1 he holds the heel against a set of rapidly revolving cutters1 which cut away the heel so that is has a smooth even contour from the sole to the top lift and all around the outside4 ,then he holds the sole part of the heel against another set of revolving cutters which trim the sole part off to conform in outline with the upper4 ,he must exercise great care in this operation so as not to cut the upper4 ,he must handle shoes at an average rate per minute of nearly three pairs1 or #a1ejj pairs or more in a nine hour day4 ,the heel scourer receives the shoe after the heel has been trimmed to shape4 ,he holds the heel against a rapidly revolving wheel covered with sandpaper4 ,this process gives the heel a smooth finish4 ,a heel scourer must be able to smooth the heels of nearly #a1ejj pairs of shoes in a ten hour day4#cj #cj ,rates of operation are calculated from the tables given on pp4 #aff-afi of ,bulletin ,no4 #bcb of the ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau of ,labor ,statistics4 ,the channelers cut the channels in the outsoles of ,mc,kay and turn shoes and in the insoles of welt shoes1 so that the seams may be buried in the leather4 ,the channeler holds the shoe to the machine and guides the sole so that all but the heel is channeled4 ,the vamp cutter cuts out the vamp--the lower and most important part of the upper4 ,it must be cut out of the best leather and be free from defects or flaws4 ,accordingly1 the cutter must lay the pattern or die on the side of leather so as to avoid any imperfections in the hide4 ,if he is a hand cutter1 he draws a keen-edged knife closely around the outer edge of the pattern and thus cuts out the vamp4 ,if he is a machine cutter1 he brings the arm of the cutting or dinking machine down on the die1 which cuts out the vamp4 ,the vamp cutter must judge quickly and accurately as to the quality of the leather and how to place the pattern or die1 so as to obtain the greatest number of good parts from a side of leather4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajee4 ,,lasting ,,the ,,shoe ,,requires ,,skill ,the machine puller-over receives the assembled upper part of the shoe on the last4 ,the insole1 counter1 and toe box are in place1 but the edges of the upper have not been drawn over the insole and fastened4 ,this is the operation that he must perform4 ,he must watch that the upper is properly centered on the last1 and that the machine pincers pull the leather in evenly over the last1 and if not even1 he must make adjustments by means of levers until it is even4 ,then he presses a foot lever that causes the machine to tack the upper to the insole at various points4 ,the bed-machine operator is also known as the toe and heel laster4 ,he usually works on welt shoes4 ,he lasts the upper in around the toe so that the leather is smooth on the outside4 ,his machine draws a series of wipers or friction pullers over the edge of the upper until the toe conforms smoothly to the last4 ,he then tacks and wires the edges at the toe so that they will be held temporarily until they can be sewed by the welter4 ,he performs a similar process with the heel1 but he tacks the edges of the upper to the heel permanently4 ,both the heel and toe are tacked down permanently in a ,mc,kay shoe4 ,the bed-machine operator handles on the average nearly a shoe every minute during the day's work4 ,the hand-method lasting-machine operator usually works on a ,mc,kay-made shoe4 ,the upper has already been tacked on the insole by the puller-over1 but is now drawn around the last and insole1 a part at a time1 by means of pincers on the machine4 ,as each part is drawn evenly and closely to the last and insole1 a tack is driven into the insole and clinched by means of a metal plate on the bottom of the last4 ,this process is carried on around the entire insole of the shoe4 ,this work is similar to a combination of the processes performed by the side laster and bed-machine operator on welt shoes4 ,the work of the hand puller-over is to put the counter and toe box in place and pull the lower edge of the upper over the last and insole so that the upper is in the proper position on the last4 ,he does a combination of the work of the assembler for the pulling-over machine and of the machine puller-over4 ,the turn laster lasts the turn shoe either by hand or machine1 and in a manner similar to the methods by which a welt shoe is lasted1 except that the parts are placed so that when the shoe is turned1 they will be in their proper position4 ,for instance1 the counter is placed on the outside of the upper1 but inside the lining4 ,the lining at the heel is not lasted1 but is cut off and turned back4 ,the shoe is then sewed by the turn sewer4 ,the turn laster now pulls the lasts and turns the shoe right side out4 ,he fills the depressions in the central fore part of the shoe and the shank by inserting fillers coated on the under side with glue4 ,he then returns the lasts to the shoes1 reversing the right for the left--since the shoes have been turned--and pounds the shoe until it has the proper shape and is entirely smooth4 ,the side laster1 by means of hand pincers1 draws the upper leather to the last at the outside and instep and over the insole1 so that it is tight and no wrinkles are left4 ,he then fastens the edge with tacks4 ,he does this at the rate of about a pair of shoes to the minute4#ca #ca ,rates of operation are calculated from the tables given on pp4 #aff-afi of ,bulletin ,no4 #bcb of the ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau of ,labor ,statistics4 ,the heeler takes the shoe and a heel already built up but lacking the top lift1 and places the shoes on a metal last or jack4 ,he sets the heel in place and presses a foot lever that causes his machine to drive the nails into the heel and clinch them in the insole4 ,the nails on the outside of the heel are left protruding to a height of about half the thickness of the top lift4 ,on these nails1 he sets the top lift1 which has received a coating of cement1 and the machine presses this down over the projecting nails4 ,he must be skillful enough to perform this operation accurately at the rate of over #ajj pairs of shoes per hour4#cb #cb ,rates of operation are calculated from the tables given on pp4 #aff-afi of ,bulletin ,no4 #bcb of the ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau of ,labor ,statistics4 ,the edge setter holds the sole to a machine which polishes the edge by means of a series of hot vibrating irons which fit the edge of the sole4 ,he must handle shoes at the rate of about a pair every minute during the working day4#cc #cc ,rates of operation are calculated from the tables given on pp4 #aff-afi of ,bulletin ,no4 #bcb of the ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau of ,labor ,statistics4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajef4 ,,shoe ,,repairing ,in shoe repairing to-day we find all stages of development1 from the purely hand methods to the factory methods4 ,the shops that use the old hand methods are usually small and the owner is generally the only worker1 although a few shops have two or three workmen4 ,the shops that use machinery extensively are larger and frequently employ a number of workmen4 ,between the two extremes are shops of varying equipment and size4 ,this variation of conditions makes it possible for a disabled man to fit into this business by taking a training and choosing the machines and methods adapted to his disabilities4 ,some man in a shop that uses machines must have considerable mechanical ability4 ,in the shop that utilizes hand methods1 some one must know much of hand shoemaking--in fact1 be able to perform all the processes4 ,in either shop there is opportunity for profit for the man who can make1 either by hand or machine or by the two methods combined1 an entire shoe for those persons whose feet are deformed or crippled1 so that they can not wear factory-made shoes4 ,,machinery1 ,,tools ,,and ,,equipment ,the outlay for a shop in any case is not large4 ,the machines are leased as a rule4 ,the number of tools needed for a workman in either the shop that uses hand methods or the shop that utilizes machinery is not large4 ,the principal tools found in any type of shop are hammers1 knives1 chisels1 lasts1 pincers1 awls1 and needles4 ,no great quantity of supplies need be kept on hand4 ,practically all shops have machines for sewing uppers4 ,many have the machinery for sewing on soles4 ,these are probably the most frequently used machines4 ,practically all of the machine repairing is sewing rips and placing on new outsoles4 ,heels are largely rebuilt by hand1 or replaced by new rubber heels put on by hand4 ,,repairing ,,shoes ,a ,,paying ,,business ,in shoe repairing1 there are slack and busy seasons4 ,slack seasons come in fair weather and busy seasons in bad weather4 ,if certain work can be allowed to accumulate in the busy seasons1 the work may be distributed throughout the year1 since there are rarely long intervals of unbroken fair weather4 ,the busy shoe repairer has a remunerative business4 ,if he is able to do a high class of work1 he can charge accordingly1 and can take other work as a sort of 8filler0 for slack times4 ,a ,,desirable ,,occupation ,,for ,a ,,disabled ,,man ,as a rule1 the repair shop offers the disabled man better working conditions than the factory4 ,there is not the monotony of the single process4 ,he can adapt his speed of work better to his physical condition1 one day with another1 in the repair shop than in the factory where he must not delay or check the regular progress of the shoes through the different processes4 ,the disabled man can usually work at several things in the repair shop4 ,for instance1 the one-armed man could nail on heels or soles by hand or sew rips in uppers4 ,by means of certain appliances1 the man who has lost a hand could do practically any process in the shop4 ,the man who had lost both legs could work on hand work at a shoemaker's bench4 ,he could nail on rubber heels1 or build up run-down heels1 make hand patches1 and do similar work4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajeg4 ,,other ,,leather-,,working ,,trades ,other articles than shoes are made of leather1 but these are usually more simple than shoes1 and require less skill in their making4 ,some of these articles are hand made1 and others are machine made4 ,a few of the processes necessitate both technical knowledge and skill1 but the number of men employed in such occupations is comparatively small4 ,in the making of leather itself1 few if any of the occupations are suitable for a seriously disabled man1 since work in the tannery is usually wet and heavy4 ,in the leather industry there are1 however1 a few skilled occupations other than those discussed above4 ,these include expert harness makers and saddlers1 harness repairers1 trunk and bag workers1 and belt men4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajeh4 ,,the ,,harness ,,maker ,,and ,,saddler ,the harness maker and saddler must have a thorough knowledge of leathers and of their treatment4 ,he must know how to lay out leather and cut it economically with due regard to the purpose for which it is to be used4 ,for instance1 where flexibility is more important than mere thickness or weight1 he must select the proper piece4 ,he must be able to adjust and repair the machinery with which he works4 ,as a saddlemaker1 he must be able to read blue prints or understand drawings or sketches1 and to make patterns or cut the leather according to the specifications4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajei4 ,,the ,,harness ,,and ,,saddle ,,repairer ,the harness and saddle repairer must have a general knowledge of both harness and saddle making4 ,he must be able to make the leather parts of the harness or saddle by hand1 and be able to sew by hand as well as by machine4 ,he must be able to take care of his machine and make all adjustments and minor repairs4 ,he must understand the various sorts of leather1 and how to cut leather economically4 ,he must be skilled in the use of the tools of the trade4 ,,other ,,skilled ,,occupations ,,in ,,the ,,leather ,,industry ,of the other skilled workers1 the belt man must know especially how to cement leather and how to treat it so that water or steam will not affect its use as belting4 ,the trunk and bag workers must have the necessary knowledge of how to cut leather economically1 its nature and uses according to grades1 and how to sew and shape it for the various articles4 ,,disabilities ,,not ,a ,,bar ,,to ,,success ,,to ,,these ,,soldiers ,a former porter1 who suffered from varicose veins below both knees1 and a bricklayer1 troubled with rheumatism and lumbago1 as the result of exposure1 were trained in shoe repairing and are now successfully engaged in that work4 ,a former farm hand1 who was afflicted with epilepsy1 took a course in shoe repairing and is now employed in a shop at higher wages than he formerly received as a farm hand4 ,a teamster who sustained an injury to his spine1 overcame that handicap through a course in shoe repairing1 which enabled him to become a partner in a shoe-repairing business4 ,a farm hand1 who suffered from pleurisy and pneumonia1 a farmer1 who had his tonsils injured1 and a carpenter1 who received a shrapnel wound in the chest1 were all enabled to go into business for themselves and make a financial success of it1 through a retraining course in shoe repairing4 ,a blacksmith1 with diabetes mellitus1 took a combined course in shoe and harness repairing and has now a successful business of his own4 ,if you like to handle leather1 you will like to make or repair shoes1 to make or repair harness1 or to make other leather goods4 ,surely some of these offer you an occupation where retraining will enable you to overcome your handicap1 if not afford you advancement4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajfj4 ,,general ,,farming ,,acknowledgment ,this monograph was prepared by ,dr4 ,walter ,j4 ,quick1 ,special ,agent of the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education1 under direction of ,charles ,h4 ,winslow1 ,chief of the ,research ,division of the ,federal ,board4 ,acknowledgment is due to ,e4 ,h4 ,thomson1 ,acting ,chief1 and ,dr4 ,e4 ,v4 ,wilcox1 ,agriculturist of the ,office of ,farm ,management1 ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 for suggestions and data1 also to ,dr4 ,john ,cummings1 of the ,research ,division1 for editorial assistance4 ,general farming is not intensive1 but is diversified farming4 ,it is the production of crops of a relatively nonperishable nature which have a wide market1 and of the production of live stock and live stock products1 in addition1 with considerable attention to the production on the farm of food and food supplies for the farm household4 ,,more ,,farmers ,,needed ,agriculture as developed in the ,united ,states gives employment directly to nearly #ae1jjj1jjj persons1 who with their families more or less engaged in agricultural work make up a total agricultural population of from fifty to sixty million4 ,but more farmers and better farming are urgently needed now4 ,even before the outbreak of the war agricultural production had not kept pace with the increase of our population1 and immediately after war was declared men on ,american farms responded to the call for man power to operate mines1 build ships1 make ammunition1 and carry on the many other urgent war industries4 ,then the dire need for farm labor manifested itself1 and the demand for wheat1 corn1 meats1 sugar1 fruits1 cotton1 and numerous other agricultural products increased4 ,this demand will not diminish1 now that the war is over4 ,on the contrary1 the world is looking to the agricultural production of the ,united ,states to alleviate the suffering which exists in the devastated countries of ,europe liberated from war without adequate means of immediately resuming agricultural operations4 ,our army of agriculturists must be recruited to its full strength1 and your enlistment in this army will help to make possible operation of ,american farms to their full capacity4 ,recent statistics show a total of over #hjj1jjj1jjj acres in farms1 of which nearly half are classed as unimproved4 ,a large area is prairie land already clear4 ,but you would be especially interested in the improved farms1 located1 as many of them are1 in the vicinity of your former home1 where an interest would be felt in you and encouragement given you on every hand4 ,a large proportion of our farm acreage is unimproved and is not employed even as pasture land4 ,it is a deplorable fact that so many farms are idle or only running partly farmed4 ,but that fact is your opportunity4 ,the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education will train you for any agricultural line of work you may elect1 and farmers1 in every ,state1 handicapped by insufficient labor on account of the war1 are anxious to render assistance in making you efficient4 ,your training course may be advantageously finished on the farm1 or in the garden or orchard1 and may be mutually advantageous to you and to the owner4 ,there are three factors which should largely influence the choice of your vocational line of training--first1 former employment and experience2 second1 your own desire2 and third1 the degree of your disability4 ,if your former occupation was in any way connected with agriculture1 and you desire to return to it1 the third factor1 disability1 unless very serious1 hardly needs consideration4 ,even if you were not engaged in agricultural pursuits before the war1 you may well ask yourself if it is not wise now to take advantage of this opportunity to enter upon a healthful rural life8 ,the labor is wholesome and will strengthen you physically1 constantly decreasing your handicap4 ,you may not have had the opportunity before1 but it is now yours to realize the dream of a contented1 independent life in ,god's big out-of-doors4 ,the farm offers many opportunities1 so many1 in fact1 that you can not fail to find suitable employment4 ,remember that the world is clamoring for food and looking to us to supply the increased demand4 ,you may be inclined at times to be discouraged on account of your disability1 but a brave determination is half the battle toward success in any line of agricultural work4 ,it is with a sincere desire to extend sympathetic helpfulness that you are advised to consider the adoption of some line of agriculture1 general farming it may be1 for your vocational training4 ,later you may find some specialty in agriculture which is to your liking and suited to your changed condition4 ,you may be hesitating because of your disability4 ,you can 8come back0 and will1 with a convincing pride that will be admired by your old friends and relatives4 ,come to the country and you will find your place4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajfa4 ,,farm ,,ownership ,,possible ,federal loans are now available on long time1 and since the establishment of ,farm ,loan ,banks by the ,government1 agriculturists have borrowed for use in farming about #adj1jjj1jjj in #ah months4 ,government farm loans can be secured for improvements and equipment as well as for aiding in buying land4 ,much is being planned for your encouragement and to assist you in your determination to overcome your physical handicap on the land which you may aspire to own4 ,even before the war1 with no idea of providing for returning soldiers1 ,california had initiated a scheme for enabling men to acquire ownership of land and develop farms by establishing community settlements under ,state law and direction4 ,in ,virginia1 notably1 and in some other ,states1 under ,state incorporation laws1 community or group settlements in which the farm owners 8carry on0 co-operatively are proving attractive and successful4 ,the day of small farms and orchards is at hand1 and these mean better homes and living conditions1 and an occupation in which the whole family may become interested as co-workers4 ,in no other field of employment can you find such diversification and opportunity for developing side lines as in the broad field of agriculture4 ,many of these side lines are specialized branches of farming1 such as orcharding1 small fruit growing1 gardening1 beekeeping1 and poultry raising4 ,these specialties will be considered in separate monographs1 but it may be noted that the general farmer may and usually does1 engage more or less extensively in several specialties4 ,,work ,,is ,,varied ,,and ,,changes ,,with ,,the ,,seasons ,the field of agriculture is large and covers many lines of activity4 ,in the different branches wholly different kinds of work must be done1 and the work changes from season to season4 ,in general farming1 for example1 in the spring comes preparation of the land by clearing1 plowing1 harrowing1 disking1 rolling1 and planting2 through the summer1 growing crops must be cultivated and given other attention2 and in the late summer and fall comes harvesting1 which is begun with the fall-planted winter crops by midsummer harvesting of the small grains and hay4 ,,live ,,stock ,handling pure-bred stock requires a variety of interesting work4 ,as profitable general farming nearly always includes live-stock production1 more or less work is required in this branch4 ,the horsepower of the place must have attention2 barns must be kept in order1 feed and fodder prepared and sometimes fed out to cattle and sheep in pasture and much care must be given to hogs if brood sows are kept4 ,other profitable side lines are followed on almost every farm and are frequently specialized1 as with pure breeds of cattle1 hogs1 sheep1 goats1 rabbits1 and hares4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajfb4 ,,horticulture ,the farm orchard1 though it may be for the use only of the owner and his tenants1 must be properly handled1 pruned1 and sprayed4 ,garden truck1 berries1 and small fruits must have early and constant attention4 ,in commercial orcharding trees of different varieties are now frequently interplanted1 such as apple1 peach1 and apricot4 ,in the different seasons the fruit grower is occupied with the various employments of pruning1 cultivation1 spraying1 thinning1 gathering1 storing1 and marketing4 ,summer1 fall1 and winter varieties may be grown1 the latter to be sold as the big crop and stored by the buyer1 or by the orchardist himself1 to supply the markets through the winter and spring1 or even until they compete with next year's summer apples in the market4 ,various side lines of labor naturally accompany orcharding1 such as growing small fruits and berries1 and some farming1 possibly trucking1 between the rows in young orchards4 ,bees1 poultry1 and swine are not only profitable1 but help in keeping the ground clear of insects1 and in other ways4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajfc4 ,,beekeeping ,bees not only produce honey1 but render service in promoting crop farming through fertilization and by aiding in the control of parasites4 ,beekeeping is most interesting and exceedingly profitable1 and while usually managed as a side line with orcharding1 or some other branch of farming1 it may be made so profitable and conducted on such a large scale as to be a business in itself4 ,many retired professional men devote themselves to it1 as the work is light and is done only in spring1 summer1 and fall1 when the weather is inviting for outdoor work4 ,one ,indiana man is reported as having a #bj1jjj honey crop this year4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajfd4 ,,dairying ,possibly no occupation has more possible lines of interest and is more adapted to your condition than dairying4 ,the handling1 feeding1 care1 and management of the herd and calf nursery1 and in cases of pure-bred herds1 the study of pedigrees1 blood lines1 and breeding are all most interesting1 as are also the scientific milking1 handling of dairy products1 and marketing4 ,the dairy occupation of butter and cheese making1 as well as the feeding of live stock for meat1 and much other work continue through the entire year4 ,the agriculturist1 if a specialist1 can conduct a small dairy and can co-ordinate1 for example1 butter making or other lines with his specialty1 thus enabling him to run his 8agricultural factory0 the year around4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajfe4 ,,other ,,farm ,,specialties ,,and ,,trades ,other branches of farming require active all year employment1 and1 though too numerous to mention here1 attention should be called to forestry1 the nursery business1 large poultry projects1 the growing of rabbits1 hares1 birds1 and pigeons on large scale1 and the production of medicinal plants1 now receiving so much attention because of the war's interference with production abroad4 ,all these occupations call for much labor of a frequently changing nature4 ,they are interesting and provide opportunity for selection of employment suited to your disability4 ,hauling products to the station or1 if near enough1 to the market demanding a fresh supply of fruits and green vegetables is one line of work4 ,the truck farmer operating large fields of potatoes1 onions1 and other crops not requiring placement daily on the market finds a great variety of work to be done and usually carries on one or more side lines4 ,one of the most successful combinations of specialties includes raising poultry1 growing small fruits1 and keeping bees1 but one making a specialty of any one of these branches would unquestionably develop profitable minor lines which would give employment when the main line did not supply it4 ,small trades or manufacturing may accompany your farm project1 as you will find time for these in rainy weather and in winter4 ,in many localities the broom corn1 grown between the rows of early potatoes1 or as a regular crop1 may be made into brooms on the farm in the winter4 ,crates1 boxes1 and barrels for fruit and vegetables are to be made1 and buildings1 fencing1 and gates demand attention4 ,during much of the dormant season of the year1 in many sections of the ,united ,states1 land is most advantageously plowed1 prepared1 and planted to winter grain and other crops in some sections up until ,christmas4 ,other land is simply broken 7not harrowed71 to be in readiness for early spring preparation1 and in order that it may improve more rapidly under winter rain1 sunshine1 freezing1 and thawing1 natural processes which release plant food and kill insect life and fungus development4 ,,products ,to enumerate what workers in the numerous agricultural occupations produce in their varied general farming operations1 with rotation of crops1 varying in different sections1 to enumerate the meat products derived from properly handled live stock1 the minor crops of garden1 orchard1 truck1 and berry patches1 and the various specialties of horticulture1 poultry1 and bees1 not to mention 8specialty farming0 products1 would fill a book4 ,in fact1 the reports and statistical data on agricultural products and their importance to the sustenance and clothing of the population1 as well as to industry1 fill many books annually4 ,to enumerate these products would be but to remind you of the foods on your tables1 of every article of clothing which you wear1 and of many raw materials of the world's industries4 ,,work ,,for ,,all ,general farming provides work for those of all ages1 from the youngest children with their 8chores10 up through every member of the family to the farmer himself1 who must be general manager for directing his own labor and that of all who are associated with him4 ,there is work for the weak as well as the strong1 for the disabled as well as for the fit4 ,,out ,,of ,,doors ,the year around1 considering all occupations in agriculture1 probably #ge to #ij per cent of the work even in winter is out-of-door work4 ,very little is done in shops or factories2 more is done in dairy buildings and in cheese and butter making factories2 there is some indoor work in animal feeding1 minor manufacturing1 blacksmithing1 and making farm repairs1 and probably more indoor work might advantageously be undertaken4 ,more shop and repair work1 such as is now taken to the town1 might be done on the farm4 ,but agricultural work is and must always be largely outdoor work1 and it is on that account particularly healthful and enjoyable4 ,,north ,,and ,,south1 ,,east ,,and ,,west ,agriculture in some form is coextensive with the area of the ,united ,states4 ,there are the crops suitable for and produced in the ,north and the ,south1 the ,east and the ,west1 varying according to the length and warmth of the seasons of growth1 and as influenced by soil1 climate1 rainfall1 and adaptability to different plants and operations4 ,,agriculture ,a ,,machine ,,industry ,inventive genius has given us a tool1 an implement1 or a machine for every purpose in the new agriculture of to-day4 ,america produced nearly #ce1jjj farm tractors in #aiaf1 #fb1gdb1 in #aiag1 and #eh1edc in the first half of #aiah1 a total of #aej1iee in #cj months1 yet the demand for them is so great that the ,department of ,agriculture is seeking a plan for equitably distributing them throughout the ,states4 ,better and greater crops are produced by modern methods1 and production per man has been greatly increased4 ,this introduction of implements and machinery has made it possible for disabled men to take up many lines of farming with every prospect of success4 ,,permissible ,,and ,,disqualifying ,,disabilities ,,for ,,agricultural ,,occupations ,if you determine that it shall be so1 your disability1 whatever it is1 will become a serious handicap in farming1 as well as in any other employment4 ,but you do not need to make up your mind that way4 ,if you determine that it shall not be a handicap1 you can find employment in agriculture1 in which you can become #ajj per cent efficient4 ,your disability is only one condition1 and it is probably not the most important condition to be taken into account in making up your mind what branch of farming you can best take up4 ,but considering the disability alone1 without taking account of other things1 such as1 for example1 past experience in farming or in other work1 certain agricultural employments may be designated as difficult for men with certain disabilities4 ,few1 if any1 disabilities are absolutely disqualifying for any given employment in all cases4 ,men with all sorts of disabilities have in fact undertaken successfully all sorts of work4 ,it may nevertheless be helpful to designate for each of the principal agricultural employments those disabilities which seem generally to constitute serious handicaps4 ,with exception of a few disabilities1 such as total blindness1 loss of both arms at the shoulder1 and serious paralysis1 it will be found that disabilities do not generally disqualify men for any considerable number of agricultural occupations1 and that without exception even of these serious disabilities there is suitable employment in agriculture for every disabled man4 ,to save space in making up the following table of disabilities1 the so-called 8disqualifying0 rather than the 8permissible0 disabilities have been designated for each employment4 ,it should be borne in mind that where one or two or a dozen disabilities are designated as 8disqualifying0 this designation by implication indicates all other disabilities as permissible1 and that a list of permissible disabilities would in fact be interminable4 ,for convenience in making up the table of disqualifying disabilities1 a 8,key to ,disabilities0 has been prepared1 in which the principal typical disabilities are classified as injuries to the head1 body1 arms and hands1 legs and feet1 and miscellaneous disabilities4 ,by reference to the ,key each disability is identified by a letter and a number4 8,a0 disabilities1 for example1 are injuries to the head1 and 8,b0 disabilities injuries to the body2 8,a#a0 is blindness in one eye1 8,a#b0 blindness in both eyes1 8,b#a0 abdominal wound1 8,c#a0 amputation of one or more fingers1 and other symbols are to be interpreted accordingly4 ,in the chart showing disqualifying disabilities agricultural employments in different branches of farming are listed1 and for each employment certain disabilities are designated as disqualifying4 ,in the case of the 8general farmer10 for example1 the disqualifying disabilities designated are 8,a#b1 #e1 ,c#i1 ,d#i1 ,e#ab0 which by reference to the ,key are to be read 8blindness in both eyes1 deafness in both ears1 amputation of both arms at shoulder1 amputation of both legs at the hip1 and serious paralysis40 ,as regards other occupations1 a similar interpretation is to be given to the chart4 ,neither the list of disabilities in the ,key nor the list of occupations in the chart is exhaustive1 but the lists are perhaps sufficiently detailed to serve as a general guide for the disabled man in choosing one or another branch of farming as most suitable for him4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajff4 ,,key ,,to ,,disabilities ,a4 ,head3 #a4 ,blindness1 one eye4 #b4 ,blindness1 both eyes4 #c4 ,bronchitis1 asthma1 hay fever4 #d4 ,deafness1 one ear4 #e4 ,deafness1 both ears4 #f4 ,injury4 ,b4 ,body3 #a4 ,abdominal wound4 #b4 ,gastritis4 #c4 ,heart trouble4 #d4 ,hernia4 #e4 ,injury ribs1 collar bone1 etc4 #f4 ,intestinal trouble4 #g4 ,kidney trouble4 #h4 ,lung trouble4 #i4 ,spinal trouble4 #aj4 ,stomach trouble4 ,c4 ,arms and hands3 #a4 ,amputation1 one or more fingers4 #b4 ,amputation1 one hand1 either arm4 #c4 ,amputation1 both hands4 #d4 ,amputation between wrist and elbow1 either4 #e4 ,amputation between wrist and elbow1 both4 #f4 ,amputation1 elbow and shoulder1 either4 #g4 ,amputation1 elbow and shoulder1 both4 #h4 ,amputation at shoulder1 either arm4 #i4 ,amputation at shoulder1 both arms4 #aj4 ,ankylosis of fingers4 #aa4 ,ankylosis of wrist4 #ab4 ,ankylosis of elbow4 #ac4 ,ankylosis of shoulder4 #ad4 ,injury4 ,d4 ,legs and feet3 #a4 ,amputation1 one or more toes4 #b4 ,amputation1 one foot1 either leg4 #c4 ,amputation1 both feet4 #d4 ,amputation1 between ankle and knee1 either leg4 #e4 ,amputation1 between ankle and knee1 both legs4 #f4 ,amputation1 between knee and hip1 either leg4 #g4 ,amputation1 between knee and hip1 both legs4 #h4 ,amputation at hip1 either leg4 #i4 ,amputation at hip1 both legs4 #aj4 ,ankylosis of ankle4 #aa4 ,ankylosis of knee4 #ab4 ,ankylosis of hip4 #ac4 ,injury4 ,e4 ,miscellaneous3 #a4 ,cancer4 #b4 ,chronic appendicitis4 #c4 ,eczema4 #d4 ,epilepsy4 #e4 ,gas ,poisoning4 #f4 ,inflammation of veins4 #g4 ,malaria4 #h4 ,nerve wounds4 #i4 ,neurasthenia4 #aj4 ,palsy4 #aa4 ,paralysis1 partial4 #ab4 ,paralysis1 serious4 #ac4 ,rheumatism4 #ad4 ,shell shock4 #ae4 ,tuberculosis4 #aj4 ,varicocele4 ,,why ,,take ,,training8 ,because it is necessary4 ,even if you grow up on a farm1 you can learn to farm better than your father and your grandfather farmed4 ,something new in farming is discovered every day--new methods of treating soils1 new methods of growing old crops1 and new crops that can be grown profitably on old farms1 new methods of planting1 cultivating1 and harvesting1 and a thousand other new things that save labor1 time1 and money1 improve products1 secure better markets1 and generally make farming profitable4 ,if you have lost a leg or an arm you will need special training to accustom you to work with artificial appliances1 and you may find it advantageous1 even if you grew up on a farm1 to take up some new line with which you are not familiar1 some line in which your handicap will not be a handicap4 ,but1 especially if you have been disabled and have never farmed before1 you will need training to make you a successful farmer in spite of your handicap4 ,the ,government will provide just that sort of training you need1 and will help you find out what that training should be4 ,,overcoming ,,your ,,disability ,you may be without practical farm experience4 ,never mind that4 ,go after it1 and with vocational training you will get it4 ,the most serious disablements1 even the loss of two members1 even blindness have not prevented efficient application to some of the many agricultural specialties4 ,some disabled farmers have deemed it unwise to undertake work in the field because of amputation of both legs1 or even the loss of one1 not realizing that a sabot which will prevent sinking in the ground may be adjusted to an artificial leg1 making it possible to travel with comfort over plowed or soft soil4 ,besides1 we now have the tractor1 and implements with such light draft as to permit of riding even if using horsepower4 ,you can 8come back0 at some sort of farm work as many other men have done4 ,,devices ,,to ,,beat ,,the ,,handicap ,special tools and implements and certain appliances for the handling of agricultural machinery have been used by disabled men most successfully1 and are being suggested by the inventive genius of the disabled themselves4 ,you may benefit thereby in your effort to return to civil life as an efficient and self-supporting man4 ,,educational ,,requirements ,you who have grown up on a farm have acquired a practical education that is invaluable4 ,of course school training and even advanced courses are valuable and will greatly assist you1 but it is our desire to impress you with the fact that you can succeed though your schooling has been meager4 ,,technical ,,training ,either with or without agricultural experience you will find in the agricultural colleges and high schools opportunity for advanced study4 ,the agricultural colleges report gratifying increase in the application of city-bred boys for courses4 ,if you are a city boy you will have no handicap of undesirable or old-fashioned ways of farming to overcome1 which are often difficult to eliminate4 ,books1 specific knowledge1 and scientific training rightly applied mean efficiency and success4 ,,method ,,of ,,training ,methods of training will of necessity vary with the vocational course adopted4 ,there will be training in various specialties1 and opportunity for making yourself proficient in more than one line of work4 ,following your primary training you will be given opportunity to engage in practical work4 ,after completing your course and returning home1 you may continue your training in a local agricultural high school1 or in special classes1 such as are now being formed in numerous locations4 ,instructors can always be secured for special classes meeting in the evening or on two or three afternoons each week in the winter time when activities on the farm are at a minimum4 ,these classes and the lectures secured now and then have been the inspiration to many to take regular agricultural courses in high schools or in ,state colleges1 and you may thus arrange to take advanced technical training4 ,,what ,,you ,,will ,,learn ,,in ,,training ,you will be given opportunity to learn the essential things in the line you have chosen1 and taught ways and means of overcoming your handicap4 ,the extent of the course as to training and also its duration will depend solely on your needs and desire4 ,the more you undertake the more you will accomplish and the greater will be your efficiency and your ability to go 8over the top0 as an agriculturist1 or as a specialist in some selected line4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajfg4 ,,is ,,there ,a ,,demand ,,for ,,labor8 ,the demand for efficient farm labor is second to no other labor requirement in the world1 even in ordinary times4 ,you may be assured that the opportunity for permanent employment is excellent4 ,state agricultural colleges can not supply the demand for farm managers1 herdsmen1 dairymen1 orchardmen1 and men who have studied the production of small fruits and vegetables and have had practical experience in these lines4 ,the agricultural colleges give special courses in forestry1 floriculture1 poultry raising1 beekeeping1 and other lines1 and those who have taken even short winter courses easily find employment at advanced wages4 ,,others ,,have ,,made ,,good ,many disabled men are following agricultural pursuits4 ,before the war we had examples in hundreds of men with only one arm or one leg who were farming successfully1 and reports from ,italy1 ,france1 ,england1 and ,canada inform us that hundreds of disabled boys1 retained and readjusted1 are now successfully adapting themselves to agricultural work4 ,getting back home to work again should be1 and doubtless is1 your greatest ambition1 hence the importance of reaching your decision at the earliest possible moment and applying for the training which will be provided for you4 ,on arriving at your home you will find the attitude of your old friends1 your own family1 and your former employers all that you could possibly expect in their desire to assist you4 ,the disposition of your fellow workmen will be to give you every encouragement and to lend a helping hand whenever and as long as you need it4 ,they will take a justifiable pride in you and your determination to be a man among your former fellow men in civil life1 and to help produce for the world the food which will prevent in some measure hunger and starvation in the war-afflicted countries1 and will provide adequately for our own needs4 ,,opportunity ,,for ,,advancement ,in agriculture you will win out in proportion as you develop efficiency4 ,you will be your own master1 and will achieve your own advancement4 ,you may reasonably expect to acquire independence for yourself and for your family4 ,the good farmer normally improves his condition from year to year4 ,only the poor farmer fails1 and the way to avoid failure is to take the training that will make you a good farmer4 ,,more ,,training ,,if ,,you ,,need ,,it ,if1 perchance1 you have taken insufficient training and desire more instruction after you first try out on the farm1 you will be permitted to return for that4 ,if you reach the conclusion that you desire training in another of the many agricultural branches1 or in any other line1 the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education has the courses in readiness and will gladly give you further opportunity of re-educating yourself4 ,,what ,,if ,,you ,,do ,,not ,,take ,,training8 ,the matter of training is up to you1 and so also will be your occupation and success in life4 ,you may succeed without training1 but you are more likely to do so if you have been retrained and readjusted to the new conditions which will confront you in earning a livelihood4 ,you have been too much a man 8over there10 too brave and too ambitious to do your part1 to do otherwise now than exhibit by a manly endeavor your ability to come back to the noble position of an efficient1 self-supporting1 and respected citizen of the ,united ,states4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajfh4 ,,what ,,the ,,farmer ,,should ,,know4--,,topics ,,of ,,vocational ,,instruction ,,and ,,training ,,for ,,different ,,branches ,,of ,,farming ,farming is not a vocation4 ,it is rather a thousand different vocations4 ,no man can in the course of a lifetime engage in all of these different vocations1 and no one farm is suitable for the development of every branch of farming4 ,for the individual farmer operating a given farm the vocational problem is partly one of individual preference on the part of the farmer1 but it is largely one of developing to the best advantage the natural and acquired resources of the farm itself1 which may be large or small1 especially suitable for growing field crops or garden crops1 for stock raising or dairying1 for orcharding or small-fruit growing1 or for some combination of these branches4 ,on some farms the farmer will most profitably become in a greater or less degree a specialist--a corn or cotton planter1 a dairyman1 a stock breeder1 a fruit grower1 or a truck gardener4 ,but in other cases his farm may be suitable for general farming4 ,it may embrace a garden1 an orchard1 pasture land1 and cultivated land suitable for field crops4 ,even in such cases the general farmer will1 however1 probably select certain specialties among those for which his farm is well adapted4 ,the specialty farmer1 on the other hand1 will probably develop side lines not necessarily associated with his specialty1 producing at least his own vegetables1 fruit1 poultry1 eggs1 milk1 and butter for home consumption4 ,the general farmer must know how to care for his animals1 how to prepare the soil for his crops1 how to plant1 cultivate1 harvest1 and rotate his crops4 ,the specialty farmer must acquire a fund of technical knowledge pertaining to his specialty4 ,for the fullest development of their farms1 in accordance with their individual preferences1 no two farmers perhaps will require precisely the same sort of training4 ,there is a fund of information relating to breeds and types of animals1 feeds1 propagation1 diseases1 pedigrees1 and other matters that is of special interest to the stock breeder and of comparatively little interest to the beekeeper4 ,but nearly every farmer should know something of the care of animals1 and many farmers who do not propose to become apiarists will wish to know enough of the care of bees to enable them to keep a few hives4 ,in the following chart the topics of instruction and training of special value in the different branches of agriculture are indicated4 ,in proportion as a farmer engages in one or more of these branches1 the training which will be of value to him will be determined by the requirements of the several branches in which he engages4 ,in determining upon a specific course of training in individual cases1 past training and experience1 personal preferences1 capacities and disabilities1 and future prospects as regards character and location of farm to be operated and other conditions of future employment will naturally be taken into account4 ,,chart ,,showing ,,scope ,,of ,,training ,,for ,,different ,,branches ,,of ,,agriculture ,,general ,,farming ,selection of feed crops and stocks4 ,planning crop areas and rotations4 ,maintenance of stock with minimum purchases4 ,maintenance and improvement of soil fertility4 ,farm management and accounting4 ,production of supplies for family consumption3 ,vegetables1 fruits1 berries1 poultry4 ,eggs1 meat1 milk1 butter1 cheese1 honey1 etc4 ,stock feeding for market4 ,sale of surplus products4 ,,stock ,,raising ,breeds and types of animals4 ,selection of stock4 ,points in judging animal merits and defects4 ,breeding principles4 ,blood lines4 ,prevention and control of diseases4 ,feeding and watering3 ,balanced rations4 ,selection of feeds4 ,determination of amounts to be fed4 ,times and methods of feeding4 ,water supply4 ,pasturing4 ,improvement of soil and pasture4 ,buildings for shelter and housing3 ,size1 number1 character1 sanitation1 and care of buildings4 ,keeping records of mating1 breeding1 pedigrees1 feeds1 costs1 incomes1 etc4 ,improvement of herd or flocks4 ,marketing4 ,,dairying ,breeds of animals4 ,sanitation of barns1 sheds1 cows1 milk room1 utensils1 clothing1 and hands4 ,cooling and handling of milk4 ,bacteriology--souring milk1 ripening cream4 ,food value of milk products4 ,testing4 ,feeds4 ,keeping records4 ,maintenance of herd4 ,marketing4 ,,poultrying ,broods and types of poultry4 ,breeding principles4 ,hatching problems3 ,selection of eggs4 ,use of incubators4 ,care of chicks and brooders4 ,construction and adaptation of houses1 and pens4 ,sanitation of houses1 pens1 and yards4 ,pests and diseases4 ,feeds4 ,fattening and dressing poultry4 ,marketing4 ,,truck ,,gardening ,kinds of gardens3 ,kitchen4 ,market4 ,truck4 ,varieties of vegetables and plants4 ,breeding and propagation4 ,garden planning with reference to topography1 surface drainage1 and economy in cultivating and harvesting4 ,soil treatment3 ,adaptation4 ,propagation4 ,fertilization4 ,preservation and improvement4 ,cultivation4 ,irrigation4 ,pests1 insect and fungus4 ,spraying4 ,buildings for team1 implements1 tools1 crops1 fresh vegetables1 surplus fertilizers1 seed1 and supplies4 ,implements and tools4 ,marketing1 storage1 and canning4 ,,orcharding ,varieties of trees4 ,propagation of soil4 ,interplanting4 ,root and branch pruning4 ,culture4 ,propagation of trees4 ,spraying materials and apparatus4 ,grafting and budding4 ,transplanting4 ,diseases and pests--prevention and control4 ,side projects--berries1 bees1 poultry1 and pigs 7for economical use of land1 fertilization of flowers1 control of pests1 etc474 ,canning1 packing1 storage1 and marketing4 ,,small ,,fruit ,,growing ,selection of varieties4 ,plant breeding and propagation4 ,planting1 replanting1 and terracing4 ,rotation4 ,fertilization of soil4 ,diseases and pests--prevention and control4 ,spraying materials and apparatus4 ,side projects--kitchen garden1 poultry1 bees1 pigs4 ,marketing1 storage1 canning4 ,,beekeeping ,importance for cross fertilizing clover1 fruit trees1 berries1 garden plants1 and many farm crops4 ,hives4 ,taking honey4 ,care of bees3 ,swarming4 ,dividing colonies4 ,wintering4 ,prevention of diseases4 ,,crop ,,farming--,,special ,selection of crop or crops1 taking account of topography1 climate1 soil1 etc4 ,selection of seed4 ,equipment--use of tractors4 ,planting1 cultivating1 and harvesting4 ,providing labor for cropping and harvesting4 ,character of buildings required4 ,farm management and accounting4 ,,landscape ,,gardening ,general layout of property4 ,location of buildings4 ,selection and inspection of shrubbery1 trees1 flowers1 and vines4 ,lawns--how made1 kept1 and improved4 ,roads and walks4 ,fencing and gates4 ,parks and civic centers4 ,,farm ,,mechanics ,blacksmithing--maintenance and repair of tools1 implements1 and machinery4 ,carpentering--construction1 maintenance1 and repair of houses1 barns1 sheds1 pens1 coops1 silos1 fences1 and gates4 ,cement work--construction1 maintenance1 and repair of foundations1 cellars1 chimneys1 walks1 and posts4 ,machine operating of farm tractors and other machinery4 ,,scientific ,,specialty ,,work ,chemistry--application in analysis of soils1 feeds1 fertilizers1 and products4 ,botany--application in plant breeding1 propagation1 and culture4 ,entomology--application in prevention and control of diseases and pests4 ,scientific specialty work in connection with farm drainage2 hygiene2 building construction1 lighting1 heating1 and ventilation2 soil maintenance and improvement2 and farm accounting and management4 ,,chart ,,showing ,,disqualifying ,,disabilities ,,for ,,specific ,,agricultural ,,occupations ,farmer1 owner1 or tenant1 inactive1 none4 ,farmer1 general1 ,a#b1 #e1 ,c#i1 ,d#i1 ,e#ab4 ,farmer1 grain1 ,a#b1 #e1 ,c#i1 ,d#i1 ,e#ab4 ,farmer1 stock1 ,a#b1 #e1 ,c#i1 ,d#i1 ,e#ab4 ,farmer1 small1 ,a#b1 #e1 ,c#i1 ,d#i1 ,e#ab4 ,farmer1 truck1 ,a#b1 #e1 ,c#i1 ,d#i1 ,e#ab4 ,farm manager1 ,a#b1 #e1 ,c#i1 ,d#i1 ,e#ab4 ,farm superintendent1 ,a#b1 #e1 ,c#i1 ,d#i1 ,e#ab4 ,farm foreman1 ,a#b1 #e1 ,c#i1 ,d#i1 ,e#ab4 ,farm mechanic1 ,a#b1 ,b#i1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,d#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,e#ab4 ,farm seed specialist1 ,a#b1 ,e#ab4 ,farm hand 7workers71 ,a#b1 ,b#i1 ,c#g1 #i1 ,d#g1 #i1 ,e#ab4 ,farm tractor operator1 ,a#b1 ,b#c1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,d#g1 #i1 ,e#d1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab4 ,farm truck driver1 ,a#b1 #e1 ,b#c1 #d1 #i1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,d#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,e#d1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab4 ,farm blacksmith1 ,a#b1 ,b#c1 #d1 #i1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,d#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,e#d1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab4 ,grape grower1 owner1 none4 ,vineyardist1 ,a#b1 ,c#i1 ,d#i1 ,e#ab4 ,helpers1 ,a#b1 ,c#i1 ,d#i1 ,e#ab4 ,orchardist1 owner1 none4 ,orchard superintendent1 ,a#b1 ,c#i1 ,d#i1 ,e#ab4 ,orchard sprayer1 ,a#b1 ,c#g1 #i1 ,d#i1 ,e#ab4 ,orchard pruner1 ,a#b1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,d#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,e#ab4 ,orchard planter1 ,a#b1 ,b#i1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,d#i1 ,e#ab4 ,orchard thinners and pickers1 ,a#b1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,d#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,e#aj1 #aa1 #ab4 ,orchard tractor operator1 ,a#b1 ,b#c1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,d#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,e#d1 #aj1 #ab4 ,orchard truck driver1 ,a#b1 #e1 ,b#c1 #d1 #i1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,d#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,e#d1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab4 ,small-fruit grower1 none4 ,superintendent1 ,a#b1 #e1 ,c#i1 ,d#i1 ,e#ab4 ,cultivators1 ,a#b1 ,c#i1 ,d#i1 ,e#ab4 ,pickers1 ,a#b1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,d#i1 ,e#ab4 ,planter1 ,a#b1 ,b#i1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,d#i1 ,e#ab4 ,sprayer1 ,a#b1 ,c#g1 #i1 ,d#i1 ,e#ab4 ,tractor operator1 ,a#b1 #e1 ,b#c1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,d#g1 #i1 ,e#d1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab4 ,truck driver1 ,a#b1 ,b#c1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,d#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,e#d1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab4 ,salesman1 ,a#b1 #e1 ,e#ab4 ,animal husbandman1 owner1 none4 ,manager1 ,a#b1 ,c#i1 ,d#i1 ,e#ab4 ,accountant1 ,a#b1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,e#ab4 ,correspondent1 ,a#b1 ,c#i1 ,e#ab4 ,stock inspector1 ,a#b1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,d#i1 ,e#ab4 ,stockman1 ,a#b1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,d#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,e#ab4 ,sheep breeder1 ,a#b1 ,c#i1 ,d#i1 ,e#ab4 ,shepherd1 ,a#b1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,d#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,e#ab4 ,flock master1 ,a#b1 ,c#i1 ,d#i1 ,e#ab4 ,swine breeder1 ,a#b1 ,c#i1 ,d#i1 ,e#ab4 ,swine herdsman1 ,a#b1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,d#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,e#ab4 ,cattle herdsman1 ,a#b1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,d#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,e#ab4 ,cattle breeder1 ,a#b1 ,c#i1 ,d#i1 ,e#ab4 ,horse breeder1 ,a#b1 ,c#i1 ,d#i1 ,e#ab4 ,horseman1 ,a#b1 #e1 ,b#c1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,d#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,e#d1 #ab4 ,barn man1 ,a#b1 ,c#i1 ,d#i1 ,e#ab4 ,trainer1 ,a#b1 #e1 ,b#c1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,d#i1 ,e#d1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab4 ,groom1 ,a#b1 ,c#i1 ,d#i1 ,e#ab4 ,veterinarian1 ,a#b1 #e1 ,c#i1 ,d#i1 ,e#ab4 ,veterinarian assistant1 ,a#b1 ,b#c1 #d1 #i1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,d#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,e#ab4 ,dairyman1 owner1 none4 ,dairy manager1 ,a#b1 ,e#ab4 ,herdsman1 ,a#b1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,d#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,e#d1 #ab4 ,milkman1 ,a#b1 ,c#i1 ,d#i1 ,e#a1 #c1 #d1 #ab1 #ae4 ,milkers1 ,a#b1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,d#i1 ,e#a1 #c1 #d1 #ab1 #ae4 ,tester1 ,a#b1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,e#a1 #c1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ae4 ,butter maker1 ,a#b1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,d#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,e#a1 #c1 #d1 #ab4 ,cheese maker ,a#b1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,d#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,e#a1 #c1 #d1 #ab4 ,deliverers1 ,a#b1 ,b#i1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,d#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,e#a1 #c1 #d1 #i1 #ab1 #ae4 ,machinist1 ,a#b1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,e#ab4 ,feeders1 ,a#b1 ,c#g1 #i1 ,e#ab4 ,cleaners1 ,a#b1 ,c#g1 #i1 ,e#ab4 ,laborers1 ,a#b1 ,b#i1 ,c#g1 #i1 ,d#g1 #i1 ,e#ab4 ,tractor operator1 ,a#b1 ,b#c1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,d#g1 #i1 ,e#d1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab4 ,truck driver1 ,a#b1 #e1 ,b#c1 #d1 #i1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,d#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,e#d1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab4 ,nurseryman1 owner1 none4 ,business manager1 ,a#b1 #e4 ,office help1 ,a#b1 #e4 ,cultivators1 ,a#b1 ,c#i1 ,d#i1 ,e#ab4 ,shipping clerk1 ,a#b1 ,e#ab4 ,nursery chief1 ,a#b1 #e1 ,e#ab4 ,nursery foreman1 ,a#b1 #e1 ,e#ab4 ,packers1 ,a#b1 ,c#g1 #i1 ,d#g1 #i1 ,e#ab4 ,workers1 ,a#b1 ,b#i1 ,c#g1 #i1 ,d#g1 #i1 ,e#ab4 ,tractor operator1 ,a#b1 ,b#c1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,d#g1 #i1 ,e#d1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab4 ,truck driver1 ,a#b1 #e1 ,b#c1 #d1 #i1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,d#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,e#d1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab4 ,gardener1 market1 owner1 none4 ,gardener1 kitchen1 ,a#b1 ,c#i1 ,e#ab4 ,gardener1 market1 ,a#b1 ,c#i1 ,e#ab4 ,gardener1 landscape1 ,a#b1 ,c#i1 ,e#ab4 ,gardener1 cultivators1 ,a#b1 ,c#i1 ,e#ab4 ,gardener1 pickers1 ,a#b1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,d#i1 ,e#ab4 ,gardener1 manager1 ,a#b1 #e1 ,c#i1 ,d#i1 ,e#ab4 ,make-up market man1 ,a#b1 #e1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,d#i1 ,e#ab4 ,city market man1 ,a#b1 #e1 ,e#ab4 ,poultry keeper 7specialties--squabs1 ducks1 geese1 turkeys1 game birds1 exhibition poultry73 ,owner1 none4 ,poultry manager1 ,a#b4 ,poultry feeder1 none4 ,poultry workers1 ,a#b4 ,egg handler1 ,a#b1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,e#ab4 ,incubator specialist1 ,a#b1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,e#ab4 ,beekeeper1 owner1 none4 ,apiarist1 ,a#b1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,e#d1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab4 ,helpers1 ,a#b1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,e#d1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab4 ,trucker 7specialties--cabbage1 head lettuce1 onions1 potatoes1 seeds1 celery1 etc473 ,owner1 inactive1 none4 ,owner1 active1 ,a#b1 ,c#i1 ,d#i1 ,e#ab4 ,truck manager1 ,a#b1 #e4 ,gardener1 ,a#b1 ,c#i1 ,e#ab4 ,cultivators1 ,a#b1 ,c#i1 ,d#i1 ,e#ab4 ,workers1 ,a#b1 ,c#i1 ,d#i1 ,e#ab4 ,make-up marketman1 ,a#b1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,d#i1 ,e#ab4 ,floriculture 7specialties--roses1 etc473 ,owner1 none4 ,cultivators1 ,a#b1 ,c#i4 ,florist1 ,a#b4 ,market clipper1 ,a#b1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,d#i4 ,salesmen1 ,a#b1 #e4 ,cannery3 ,canner1 owner1 none4 ,manager1 ,a#b1 #e4 ,accountant1 ,a#b4 ,dealers1 ,a#b4 ,packers1 none4 ,broom maker3 ,manager1 ,a#b1 #e4 ,makers1 none4 ,packers1 none4 ,basket maker3 ,manager1 ,a#b1 #e4 ,makers1 none4 ,packers1 none4 ,wicker cultivators1 ,a#b1 ,c#i1 ,e#ab4 ,wicker workers1 none4 ,meat curing1 ,a#b1 #e1 ,c#c1 #e1 #g1 #i4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajfi4 ,,occupations ,,in ,,the ,,electrical ,,manufacturing ,,industries ,,acknowledgment ,this monograph was prepared by ,terrell ,croft4 ,acknowledgment is due to ,dr4 ,john ,cummings of the ,research ,division for editorial assistance4 ,thousands of men are now employed in the electrical manufacturing industries--in the shops and factories where electrical machines1 devices1 and equipment are made4 ,the number of workers so engaged must1 it is believed1 increase materially in the future because of constant expansion in the applications of electricity4 ,for illustration1 consider the extent to which electric welding1 electric-motor drives1 electric heating and electric lighting are now utilized as compared with the use which obtained #aj years ago4 ,or again1 consider the devices using electricity in the household to-day--vacuum cleaners1 motor-driven washing machines1 electric stoves1 sadirons1 and many others--as compared with the number in use a few years ago4 ,the demands of electric communication1 also1 require an army of workers for the manufacture of telephone apparatus alone4 ,the ever-extending use of devices which utilize electrical energy means that there must be to supply them a corresponding enlargement in the manufacture of such electrical equipment as generators1 switchboards1 and transformers4 ,electrical manufacturing companies must1 it would seem1 expand rapidly1 and for this reason the opportunities which they offer should afford excellent prospects for disabled soldiers who have had previous training in1 or who have a liking for this field of endeavor4 ,the purpose of this monograph is to indicate briefly the opportunities presented in those occupations which are peculiar to electrical manufacturing4 ,electrical machinery and device factories often embrace foundries1 paint shops1 pattern shops1 blacksmith shops1 tin and press shops1 and other shops1 in which are performed certain processes necessary for the production of the electrical product in which that concern specializes4 ,but in so far as the vocations are concerned1 the work of the men following the occupations of these shops is not materially different from that of mechanics following the same vocations in similar shops in other industries4 ,the general requirements of a mechanic in a machine shop are about the same whether the machine shop is part of a harvester factory or of an electrical machinery factory4 ,hence in this monograph will be treated only those manufacturing vocations which are wholly electrical4 ,for convenience they have been grouped into the following classifications3 ,engineering and drafting4 ,coil winding and taping4 ,coil impregnating and painting4 ,coil placing and connecting4 ,assembling4 ,inspection and repair4 ,testing4 ,by way of preface1 it may be pointed out that there are certain general features of the situation which confront a disabled soldier1 which should be examined carefully by him before he makes a break for a job4 ,,consider ,,the ,,future ,,and ,,plan ,,accordingly ,the tendency of the average man is to base his actions only on conditions which confront him now4 ,he does not think about the conditions which he may have to face ten or fifteen or twenty years hence4 ,before you take a job think about how it is going to work out as you grow older4 ,what will you be doing when you are #dj or #ej years of age8 ,it is possible to make definite plans for the future and follow them consistently and the disabled soldier should weigh very thoughtfully the opportunity for schooling and training without cost which the ,united ,states ,government through the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education is prepared now to offer him4 ,statistics show that on the average a man with some theoretical training has ultimately a greater earning capacity than another man of equal ability but without such training4 ,every disabled soldier who for any reason has not been able to become posted in the elements of the calling which he wishes to follow1 should avail himself of the chance now presented to him to get such training as he needs4 ,,discuss ,,the ,,situation ,,with ,a ,,federal ,,board ,,adviser ,just how and where training may be obtained without cost you may learn by talking with the vocational adviser of the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education4 ,the adviser may1 also1 because of his experience in this special work1 be able to assist you in selecting the calling for which you are best fitted1 and at which you can most certainly succeed4 ,the training need not necessarily be obtained at a technical school4 ,,electrical ,,manufacturing ,,companies ,,maintain ,,training ,,courses ,training courses are conducted by many companies for their employees1 who are sometimes permitted to attend on the company's time4 ,often the training given in these courses is of great value1 enabling the student to increase materially his earning capacity4 ,some of these training courses have been in operation many years and are now highly developed1 thoroughly organized1 and very effective4 ,in them both theoretical and practical instruction are given4 ,,employment ,,departments ,a number of the electrical manufacturing companies operate employment departments1 which render valuable service to prospective employees4 ,such departments study carefully each man's qualifications and endeavor to place him in the job for which he is best suited4 ,obviously1 it is to the interest of both the employer and of the employee that the employee shall follow a line of work for which he is best fitted4 ,,constancy ,,of ,,employment ,under normal conditions the demand for electrical equipment of all sorts is very steady1 and this tends to insure continuity of employment4 ,furthermore1 practically all of the electrical workers in the electrical manufacturing industry require special training1 and for this reason employing companies use every means to insure continuous employment for each worker so that their organization may not be broken up4 ,finally1 the call for electrical equipment will probably be exceptionally heavy in the immediate future to provide for reconstruction needs4 ,all of these features tend to insure stability of employment4 ,,mutual ,,benefit ,,features ,many companies maintain associations1 supported largely by the companies and partially by the employees themselves1 whereby medical attendance and monetary benefits are afforded in time of sickness4 ,some of the concerns have building and loan associations through which employee members can borrow money at low rates of interest for the construction of homes4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajgj4 ,,engineering ,,and ,,drafting ,although the engineering department and the drafting department in an electrical manufacturing concern are usually distinct organizations1 the drafting division commonly operates under the direction of the engineering department4 ,in the engineering department are developed the designs and specifications for the electrical apparatus which the company produces4 ,the engineers make the computations1 prepare--ordinarily in the form of a sketch--the preliminary design for the device1 and write out the specifications for its production4 ,this information is submitted to the drafting department1 which completes finished detailed drawings4 ,often a draftsman who matures a design or directs the work of a squad of junior draftsmen must be an engineer4 ,although a technical-school training and a number of years of experience are necessary for any man who is to assume responsibility for electrical design or drafting1 there are frequently opportunities for those who have had comparatively little training to start in as assistants or helpers4 ,,high-,,school ,,course ,,essential ,while it was formerly the practice of many concerns to accept in their engineering departments only college graduates1 it has been found that many of the tasks do not require or justify this training4 ,for reasonable progress in design engineering1 the candidate should1 however1 have at least the equivalent of a high-school education4 ,as noted above1 some companies maintain training courses or schools1 in which high-school trained apprentices are given1 on the company's time and without cost to them1 courses covering the essentials of design engineering along special lines4 ,,first ,,duties ,,and ,,after ,under the direction of an experienced engineer the beginner will probably undertake first the making of computations for designs already under way or the checking or reckoning of data from curves of tests which have been made on apparatus which the concern has built4 ,the beginner is often called upon also to plot graphs from values which are at hand or which he himself reckons4 ,as the candidate develops efficiency1 he may be expected to assume responsibility for the design of certain parts of machines or devices4 ,then1 later1 after a number of years of experience and study1 he may become sufficiently conversant with the principles and processes involved to undertake the design of equipment on his own responsibility4 ,only a man who is of a studious temperament is fitted for a vocation of this character1 because to be successful at it one must study both in and out of working hours4 ,the worker must become familiar with the principles of electricity and magnetism1 and be competent to make such calculations as are required to the end that available material shall be utilized in proper proportions to provide desired results and performance in the machine being designed4 ,however1 the essentials of this theoretical training can be obtained by any man who is competent to handle formulas1 and who is willing to devote a reasonable amount of time to study4 ,while mathematical processes are the tools of an electrical designer1 a good mathematician is not necessarily a good designer4 ,to be a good designer1 the individual must have also a practical temperament and an eye for proportions4 ,he must be able to design a device so that it will give maximum results at minimum cost and upkeep expense4 ,,design ,,engineering ,,is ,,almost ,,all ,,desk ,,work ,although the designer must sometimes work over a drafting board1 or go to parts of the shop where machines are either in process of construction or under test1 design engineering is largely desk work4 ,any man who can see1 think1 and write may1 assuming that he has the requisite temperamental and educational qualifications1 develop into a designer4 ,loss of hearing is not by any means an insurmountable handicap4 ,,salaries ,,and ,,hours ,engineering department employees practically always receive their compensation on a weekly or monthly salary basis4 ,beginners who have not had a college education may receive from #fj to #hj per month at the start4 ,after some experience1 which equips them for working without constant supervision1 they can expect from #hj to #abe per month4 ,ultimately1 salaries will be determined wholly by the capacity of the individual and may range from #b1jjj on up indefinitely4 ,often designers conceive patentable ideas which1 if practicable and adopted1 may result in substantial salary increases for them4 ,the usual day is eight hours1 but in some shops the engineering department works only seven and one-half hours4 ,,in ,,the ,,drafting ,,divisions ,for drafting in the engineering department the qualifications are somewhat similar to those for design engineering4 ,draftsmen are1 however1 ordinarily not so well informed or so well paid as engineers and frequently an able man is promoted from drafting to engineering work4 ,when a man starts at drafting1 if he has had no experience1 his first task is likely to be that of tracing--he copies1 in ink1 on a sheet of transparent tracing cloth1 a drawing which was made in pencil on drawing paper by a draftsman4 ,in thus tracing a design1 he can become familiar with many of the mechanical principles of the devices1 and also with the drafting-room and machine-shop practices of the concern which employs him4 ,by observing and asking questions he can learn much4 ,after he has become a proficient tracer1 he may be required to 8work up0 dimension drawings from rough sketches1 or to design minor details4 ,thus he can progress1 step by step1 until his accumulated experience enables him to perform the work of an experienced draftsman4 ,a man who has had previous drafting experience may not have to start in at the bottom1 but may begin with such work as he is qualified to undertake4 ,to enable him to become a good draftsman1 a man should be able to see well1 and he should have the use of both hands4 ,one hand or even both hands may1 however1 be artificial4 ,men who have had previous shop or electrical construction experience1 but whose disabilities disqualify them for further rough work1 may adopt the vocation of design draftsman with entire success4 ,many draftsmen with the equivalent of only a common-school education have been able by application and attention to business to advance themselves very satisfactorily4 ,on the other hand1 the equivalent of a high-school education with an elementary knowledge of algebra1 trigonometry1 mechanics1 heat1 and the other scientific subjects involved1 is of very material benefit4 ,if a man's education is deficient he can often correct this by attending a night-school4 ,draftsmen ordinarily receive weekly salaries4 ,a beginner in a drafting department with little or no previous experience may expect from #ej to #gj per month at the start4 ,a competent design draftsman will receive probably from #ajj to #bjj monthly4 ,some receive considerably more4 ,the work is wholly indoors and over a drafting board4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajga4 ,,coil ,,winding ,,and ,,taping ,in many electrical devices1 coils of insulated copper wire-magnet or armature windings of one sort or another are required4 ,consequently a large number of coil winders are employed in most electrical factories4 ,coils are usually wound on forms in accordance with specifications prepared in the engineering department4 ,the 8form10 upon which the coil is thus wound1 is clamped on the head of a winding lathe operated by power4 ,in this form is a groove1 in which the convolutions of the winding are wound4 ,the groove is of such size that it insures the correct number of turns in the coil so that the finished coil shall be of correct dimensions4 ,when the attendant presses a treadle1 power furnished by a belt causes the form to revolve1 and insulated copper wire from a spool mounted on a rack is guided by the attendant and wound into its place in the groove4 ,after the required number of turns1 the form is removed1 and the coil is taken from it by the attendant who then starts winding the next coil4 ,frequently it is necessary to produce a large number of identical coils4 ,where this condition obtains1 automatic devices of one sort or another1 to reduce manual effort and to render the processes automatic in so far as possible1 may be employed4 ,,types ,,of ,,coils ,some of the different sorts of coils wound in the different factories are3 ,field coils1 armature coils1 transformer coils1 and magnet coils4 ,coils of different types may range in size and weight from a few inches long and a few ounces in weight to a couple of feet and several hundred pounds4 ,,conditions ,,of ,,employment ,,for ,,coil ,,winders ,the work on some coils requires little physical effort and may be done by young women1 but where the wire from which the coil is wound is of relatively large diameter or where the winding is intricate men are employed4 ,some lifting is necessary1 and the use of both hands is essential4 ,the loss of one eye1 of a leg or foot1 or of hearing is not a material detriment4 ,the work is wholly indoors4 ,coil winding is often piecework1 sometimes under a premium system and sometimes not4 ,the trade is not generally unionized4 ,the usual day is nine hours1 although an eight-hour day prevails in some localities4 ,a coil winder may expect to receive from #ad to #bb per week4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajgb4 ,,coil ,,taping ,wrapping a band or strip of cloth or tape around coils which have been wound as described above is known as 8coil taping40 ,where the coils are of small weight1 little physical effort is involved1 but where they are large and heavy it is necessary that they be lifted to a bench or vise1 on which they are held while being taped4 ,in some factories the lifting and placing of coils is done by laborers4 ,young women do most of the taping4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajgc4 ,,employment ,,for ,,the ,,blind ,often hundreds of coils of identically the same size1 shape1 and construction are to be covered4 ,then the tapers become so adept that they can do the work without looking at it4 ,for this reason taping affords an opportunity for men who have lost their sight4 ,experience has shown that where they are given the proper preliminary training the blind can compete on equal terms with others4 ,certain electrical concerns have given this fact careful consideration4 ,,wages ,,and ,,hours ,,for ,,coil ,,tapers ,the coil taper may expect to earn from #ab to #bj a week4 ,often this is piecework and under a premium system4 ,the work is wholly indoors4 ,some shops work eight hours1 but a nine-hour day is the rule4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajgd4 ,,coil ,,impregnating ,,and ,,painting ,after the coils have been wound1 and before or after they have been taped1 they must usually be impregnated or saturated with an insulating compound4 ,the last process in finishing the coil ordinarily consists in painting it4 ,in impregnating1 the coils are placed in a large steel cylinder1 which is then hermetically sealed by bolting its removable top fast to it4 ,with a power pump the air is exhausted from this cylinder4 ,the impregnating compound--a sort of waterproof paint or varnish--is then forced in and is caused to permeate every interstice of each coil4 ,the compound is then pumped out of the cylinder1 and the impregnated coils are removed4 ,to render them waterproof1 some coils are painted with a brush instead of being impregnated1 but before painting they are heated in a drying oven1 which drives out all moisture4 ,where the coils are light in weight1 little physical effort is required1 but where they are heavy considerable exertion may be necessary1 although cranes and hoists are usually provided4 ,,shop ,,training ,,necessary ,proficiency in work of this character must be acquired in the shop4 ,the beginner starts as a helper1 and as he accumulates experience1 he may be promoted to a squad boss4 ,ultimately1 assuming that he has proper qualifications and experience1 he may become a foreman4 ,,conditions ,,of ,,employment ,the work is wholly indoors1 under temperatures which1 although not excessively high1 may be somewhat above normal4 ,the odor of the solvents and materials used in insulating and painting is offensive to some1 but does not appear to affect others4 ,,qualifications ,this work can be handled by men having minor physical defects4 ,the loss of one eye or one leg will not disqualify4 ,the loss of an arm or hand would not be an insurmountable obstacle provided the member is replaced by an artificial one4 ,,wages ,,and ,,hours ,wages are often paid by the piece under a premium system4 ,a helper may expect to receive from #ab to #ag a week1 an experienced man from #af to #bd1 and a foreman from #bb to #cg4 ,usually the day is nine hours1 but may be eight and a half4 ,the work is wholly indoors4 ,the trade is seldom unionized4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajge4 ,,coil ,,placing ,,and ,,connecting ,after the coils have been wound and impregnated or otherwise treated1 they are arranged in place on the iron cores of the electrical machines under construction which have been designed to receive them4 ,the placing of a magnet coil in an assembled device which requires but the one small coil involves but little skill and labor4 ,but the arranging1 placing1 and connecting of the large number of armature coils which are necessary to complete an armature winding of a direct-current or alternating generator or motor requires considerable skill1 experience1 and ingenuity4 ,the connections in such cases may be quite complicated4 ,connections between coils are effected by soldering together the ends of the copper conductors4 ,however1 the man who makes these connections need not be competent to plan for himself the scheme of connections1 inasmuch as he is supplied with a diagrammatic blue print from the engineering department4 ,this indicates how the coils should be connected4 ,he must be competent to read and understand this print4 ,on all but the simplest machines and devices the coil placing and connecting is done by men4 ,in some shops coils are placed in the armatures by one group of men and are connected by another group who receive slightly higher pay4 ,,conditions1 ,,wages1 ,,and ,,hours ,ordinarily physical ability involving the use of both hands is required4 ,the loss of one eye1 or of a leg or foot1 or of hearing is not a material detriment4 ,usually the men work standing at benches4 ,the work is all indoors4 ,the day is usually nine but sometimes eight hours4 ,a helper may expect to receive from #aj to #ah per week1 a journeyman from #ah to #bd1 and a foreman from #be to #dj per week4 ,some shops are unionized1 but most of them are not4 ,this is often piecework on the premium system4 ,,training ,the elements of these vocations are taught in some trade schools1 but most of the individuals now following the work obtained their knowledge through actual experience in a factory4 ,it requires several years of shop training to become thoroughly proficient4 ,a man may start as a helper and gradually acquire the skill necessary to place himself in the journeyman class4 ,he has always ahead of him the possibility of a foremanship4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajgf4 ,,assembling ,after all of the components of an electrical machine have been produced in the different departments of the factory1 they are sent to an assembling department for arrangement into the finished product4 ,the coils are usually in place in and connected on each separate component4 ,but the different members must be bolted or otherwise fastened together as required4 ,the rotating members--armatures or rotors--must be mounted in the bearings1 and such electrical junctions made between them as may be necessary4 ,then the machine is made ready for operation and test4 ,where the device is small and simple the work of assembling is correspondingly uncomplicated4 ,it then involves little physical effort and may be done by young women4 ,but where motors or generators1 transformers1 or similar equipment of capacities of from #e horsepower up are to be handled1 men are required for the work4 ,the assembling department affords a good starting place in the factory for a man who has had some electrical experience4 ,while much of the work requires no theoretical training1 a man who already has1 or who acquires through study1 a knowledge of the theoretical elements involved1 will be able to progress accordingly4 ,,qualifications1 ,,training1 ,,and ,,expenses ,ordinary physical qualifications are necessary4 ,some lifting is required1 although cranes are usually provided for handling heavy pieces4 ,the work can be learned only in the shop1 and often a man must have gained experience in the particular factory in which a certain device or line of devices is manufactured before he becomes proficient in their assembly4 ,an individual without previous experience may start in as a helper4 ,later he may develop into a skilled assembler and may look forward to the position of foreman4 ,in large factories there are many foremen in the assembling department4 ,each foreman has direction of the assembly of a certain type of apparatus4 ,,wages1 ,,hours1 ,,and ,,conditions ,a helper may expect to receive from #ab to #ag per week1 a skilled assembler from #ag to #bb1 and a foreman from #be to #ce4 ,frequently this is piecework under a premium system4 ,the work is usually nine but is in some shop eight hours4 ,this vocation is not as a rule unionized4 ,the work is indoors4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajgg4 ,,inspection ,,and ,,repair ,after electrical equipment has been assembled1 it is inspected for defects before it is submitted to an electrical operation test such as is described below4 ,such inspection may comprise not only a checking of the dimensions and quality of the mechanical parts of the machine1 but may also involve qualitative electrical tests4 ,these are made to insure that there are no faults in the insulation1 or misconnections in the windings4 ,frequently these inspection tests are applied before the component tested leaves the department in which it was made4 ,thus coils are tested to insure that they contain no short-circuits or crosses before they leave the winding department4 ,complete armatures are likewise subjected to an insulation test in the department where they are wound2 a voltage considerably higher than that which will be imposed on the machine after it is in actual operation being connected to the armature temporarily by the tester4 ,this high voltage is obtained from the secondary winding of a step-up transformer4 ,the mechanical inspection is made with micrometers1 scales1 gauges1 and calipers in the same way as is the inspection of any machine-shop product4 ,checks for the proper connection of the coils in a machine can be made by standardized methods4 ,,training ,inspectors of special and complicated apparatus are usually men who have 8worked up0 and received all of their training in the shop1 because this is the only way in which adequate training can be acquired4 ,but for the routine inspection of small parts little if any special training is necessary4 ,theoretical training is not essential1 but it is desirable4 ,a man without previous mechanical or electrical experience is not ordinarily qualified to become other than a detail inspector4 ,the best inspectors are usually selected by picking adept men from the working force of the factory4 ,,opportunity ,,for ,,disabled ,,men ,this vocation should afford possibilities for disabled soldiers who have had previous electrical or mechanical experience1 or who have a liking for this work1 but whose disablements unfit them for following their old occupations4 ,inspection requires little physical effort4 ,some lifting may be necessary to place the members to be tested and inspected in the proper positions on the bench or floor1 but this is performed usually by laborers who have the assistance of cranes4 ,,wages1 ,,hours1 ,,and ,,conditions ,,of ,,employment ,a man who has not had previous inspection experience may expect to earn from #af to #bj per week2 an experienced inspector from #bj to #bg2 and a foreman from #bg to #dj4 ,the work is all indoors4 ,sometimes it is piecework under a premium system4 ,the trade is not unionized4 ,the day is usually nine hours1 but may be eight4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajgh4 ,,testing ,nearly all electrical equipment is tested before it leaves the factory4 ,that is to say1 it is subjected to electrical and mechanical conditions similar to those under which it must operate in practice1 so that its performance under such conditions may be predetermined4 ,this is necessary to insure that the product which leaves the factory will not develop faults after it is in service4 ,where machines or devices are of large capacity1 each is tested individually4 ,where the output comprises a large number of small1 identical machines1 as for example1 automobile starting motors1 or circuit-breakers1 only one or a few out of each order which passes through the shop are subjected to test4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajgi4 ,,as ,,general ,,apprenticeship ,,training ,electrical testing is interesting work and affords a splendid opportunity for a man to acquire experience which will be valuable to him in almost any line of electrical work which he may subsequently elect to follow4 ,formerly1 the larger electrical manufacturing companies would accept only university graduates in their testing departments4 ,the testing work was usually offered in the form of an apprenticeship course1 and as a stepping-stone to other more responsible positions4 ,but of recent years1 some of the companies have accepted in their testing departments men with only a high-school training or its equivalent4 ,it has been found that this plan is satisfactory1 both from the standpoint of the company and of the men themselves4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajhj4 ,,testing ,,motors ,in testing a motor the machine is loaded by making it drive1 usually through a belt1 an electric generator4 ,the energy which this generator develops is forced into the same circuit as that from which the driving motor takes its power4 ,hence1 the net energy required to conduct the test is greatly minimized1 being in fact equivalent only to the losses of energy in the generator and motor during the test4 ,by increasing the load on the generator the load on the motor is increased correspondingly1 until it is carrying its full-load horsepower output4 ,meanwhile1 from properly connected voltmeters and ammeters1 readings of the voltage impressed on the motor1 and the current taken by it at different loads are observed4 ,simultaneously the temperature of different parts of the motor are taken by means of thermometers1 which are bound to the machine with tapes or held with gobs of putty4 ,the speed of the machine at different loads is noted4 ,from the readings thus taken1 the efficiency of the motor at different loads may be computed and its other characteristics determined4 ,if the efficiency and other performance characteristics of the machine meet the specification1 and its temperature does not become greater than the limit specified by the engineering department1 the machine is painted and either shipped to the customer or put into stock to await a sale4 ,if it does not 8come up0 to its specifications1 the difficulty must be corrected4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajha4 ,,testing ,,generators ,,and ,,other ,,devices ,the methods used for testing generators are somewhat similar to those used for the motors4 ,other devices1 such as transformers1 potential regulators1 circuit breakers1 switches1 controllers1 and one thousand and one others1 involve test methods of their own4 ,in every test the object sought is the same1 namely1 to subject the device1 before it leaves the shop1 to practical working conditions4 ,the testing department records readings from instruments during tests and 8works these readings up0 into the final test data4 ,this working up involves considerable calculation4 ,hence1 in all testing departments there are computers who spend practically all of their time figuring results4 ,they use slide rules for many of the operations4 ,,special ,,training ,,courses ,as is the case in some other lines of work1 companies may maintain training courses in which test-department candidates are given instruction in the essentials of the work which they are to take up4 ,such courses afford a splendid opportunity for men who have had only a high-school training4 ,they are for the most part operated on the company's time1 but they may be supplemented by night courses1 to which the man must devote his own time several nights a week4 ,many of the most successful and best known electrical engineers and electrical factory men in the ,united ,states started their practical careers in the testing departments of electrical manufacturing companies4 ,it appears to be a relatively easy matter for a man who has had a thorough test-course training to obtain a new position with advanced responsibilities and salary4 ,the new work may be construction or erection with some organization other than the concern with which he obtained his testing experience4 ,usually the testing work is so arranged that each tester spends only a few months on each class of test1 so that after completing the course he is reasonably familiar with many different kinds of equipment4 ,,qualifications ,in this work1 although a man with little theoretical knowledge may be of value1 no man can learn too much for his own advancement4 ,ability to study and read and thereby keep in touch with advances in the art is a material asset4 ,the work is relatively light1 but some lifting and pulling may be required4 ,the loss of a leg or an arm or an eye is not necessarily a detriment4 ,good hearing is essential1 because a man must often depend upon sound to ascertain whether or not the apparatus on test under his charge is operating properly4 ,this branch affords splendid possibilities for high-school trained men to become conversant with electrical equipment4 ,,wages1 ,,hours1 ,,and ,,conditions ,,of ,,employment ,if a man has had some previous electrical experience so much the better4 ,the starting salary will probably be around #af or #ah per week4 ,a tester of some experience will probably receive from #bj to #bg per week and an experienced foreman from #ce to #dg4 ,the work is nearly always indoors1 although some tests must be made outside4 ,the trade is not generally unionized4 ,the day is eight or nine hours4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajhb4 ,,commercial ,,occupations ,,acknowledgment ,this monograph was prepared by ,f4 ,g4 ,nichols1 ,assistant ,director for ,commercial ,education of the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education4 ,acknowledgment is made for material furnished by ,mr4 ,wm4 ,a4 ,barber1 ,mr4 ,albert ,g4 ,borden1 ,mr4 ,l4 ,b4 ,elliott1 ,mr4 ,leighton ,forbes1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,fuller1 ,mr4 ,frank ,l4 ,jones1 ,dr4 ,roy ,s4 ,mac,elwee1 ,special ,agent of the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education1 and ,mr4 ,edward ,a4 ,woods4 ,acknowledgment is due to ,dr4 ,john ,cummings1 of the ,research ,division1 for editorial assistance4 ,,introductory ,commercial occupations include certain occupations which have to do with the administrative1 executive1 clerical1 accounting1 stenographic and selling side of business4 ,definite courses of training for these employments have been worked out and are being offered in many high-grade schools4 ,it must not be assumed that by a commercial course is meant merely training for bookkeeping and shorthand work4 ,on the contrary1 the range of commercial occupations open to men is very broad1 as is indicated by the following partial list of such occupations3 ,i4 ,common commercial employments4 ,bookkeeping4 ,general clerical work4 ,stenography4 ,retail selling4 ,telegraphy and wireless operating4 ,,ii4 ,professional commercial service4 ,accounting4 ,salesmanship4 ,advertising4 ,foreign trade service4 ,secretarial work4 ,life insurance salesmanship4 ,office management4 ,banking4 ,commercial teaching4 ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #ajhb4 ,keep thy ,shop and thy ,shop will ,keep thee ,the occupations listed in group ,i will appeal to men who have had a fair general education and who are willing to devote a few months to intensive courses of training4 ,men who take such courses may enter upon employment at a reasonably early date after beginning their study1 and may subsequently1 if they desire to do so1 take up evening school courses to prepare themselves for some one of the employments specified in group ,,ii4 ,this second group of employments will appeal to men who have had a good general education1 some special training1 and possibly some business experience4 ,for the average man a longer period of training will be required to fit for one of these commercial professions than will be required for group ,i employments4 ,however1 men who have had considerable business experience may find it possible to complete their training in a comparatively short period4 ,men who have had a good general education and who are willing to devote considerable time to preparation for a profession may well consider the possibilities of commercial teaching which has been included in group ,,ii4 ,there are thousands of schools in the ,united ,states employing teachers of commercial subjects4 ,since such schools are in competition with business1 as well as with each other1 the demand for commercial teachers is more active than for almost any other class of teachers1 and salaries are correspondingly higher for such teachers4 ,telegraphy and wireless work referred to in group ,i may appeal to some men who have had railroad experience and who are not physically able to undertake the kind of work they have been doing in the past4 ,,modern ,,business ,,demands ,the modern development of business has created new demands for office help4 ,it is not long since the greatest need of the average business office was for bookkeepers and stenographers4 ,while such workers are still in great demand1 the work of the office has been divided and subdivided to such an extent that new types of workers are required for many clerical positions4 ,,promotion ,the up-to-date business man regards every office assistant as a possible future executive4 ,in the employment of such help he is constantly on the alert to discover aptitude for executive work1 so that he ultimately may have at hand promotion material from which to recruit for the high positions in his business4 ,while it is still desirable to train men for definite tasks and to place them in office positions where their services are required1 this is not the chief end of business education4 ,men will not only be fitted for immediate usefulness1 but they will be prepared for rapid promotion to the higher places in business organization4 ,in other words1 business education has an immediate market value and gives to its possessor a chance to win his way to the more desirable positions at the top of the business ladder4 ,,business ,,and ,,vocational ,,readjustment ,commercial enterprises1 except those connected with the prosecution of the war1 have been at a standstill for the past two years4 ,now that restrictions naturally resulting from the war and those that were imposed by law1 have been removed1 the period of readjustment will begin4 ,whatever may be the immediate situation as regards the supply of labor and the demand for it during this comparatively short readjustment period1 it is certain that the demand for trained men will develop with the restoration of normal conditions4 ,men who are forward looking will realize that vocational training secured during this transition period will pay big dividends in later years1 and will guarantee an economic status above that of the man who hurries back into the first opening he finds1 and begins work regardless of his diminished competitive ability4 ,this business readjustment period should be also the vocational readjustment period for all men who have suffered physical injuries in the service of their country4 ,,educational ,,requirements ,in considering what vocation to prepare for1 men should keep in mind their future needs4 ,they should not be content with a training that will merely fit them for permanent employment in the common office routine positions4 ,on the contrary1 they should aspire to a training that will enable them to grow into the higher executive positions in connection with large business or to launch out for themselves in a business enterprise4 ,there has never been a time when education has counted for more than it does now4 ,therefore1 educational qualifications and requirements should be seriously considered in connection with the selection of a vocation4 ,this does not mean that only those who have had the advantages of high school or college training should be encouraged to prepare for business1 but it does mean that those who lack this educational background should be willing to devote a longer time to training than may be required of those who have been more fortunate in the matter of educational advantages4 ,,previous ,,experience ,it is highly desirable that every man cash in on his previous experience as far as possible4 ,for example1 a man who has been identified with the telephone business and who1 by reason of a disability caused by war service1 finds it impossible to continue in his former occupation1 may be trained for a different position in the telephone business where his disability will not be a handicap4 ,the general knowledge of the business1 gained through years of contact with it1 will be helpful in his new work4 ,then1 too1 his old employer will be likely to find a place for him in his organization where he can render excellent service1 though it be of a sort entirely different from that which he was rendering prior to the war4 ,business training prepares for positions in every kind of business organization4 ,whether the man's previous experience was in the telephone1 railroad1 manufacturing1 retail1 wholesale1 or mining business1 it matters little1 since training for an office position will open the way for him to gain a footing in any kind of business1 and will put him in the way of promotion providing1 of course1 he shows that he is entitled to it4 ,,realize ,,your ,,ambition ,in the selection of a vocation a man's personal preference is quite as important as his previous experience4 ,many men have found their work uncongenial and have desired to make a change1 but the opportunity to do so never seemed to come their way4 ,such men may have hoped for training that would fit them for another type of work4 ,this vocational education offer that is made by the ,government may be just the chance for which they have been waiting4 ,it is to help men plan wisely for the future that this monograph is written4 ,all men may face the future with full confidence that the right kind of training will insure for them an economic status equal to or better than that from which they enlisted for their country's service4 ,,employment ,,possibilities ,since business training fits for occupations common to all lines of business1 it is not likely that there will ever be too many men available for high grade office positions4 ,the danger is that men will be satisfied with inadequate preparation for growth beyond the routine or clerical types of positions1 and will thus continue in competition with younger workers in this field4 ,it is only by taking full and complete training not only for immediate employment but as well for future promotion1 that men can hope to avoid this competition4 ,,preference ,,as ,,to ,,locality ,no locality is without need for men with business training1 hence men so trained may hope to market their services wherever their preference may dictate4 ,certain types of commercial education have of course a better market value in one section of the country than in another1 and men should have this in mind if they are willing to work only in some one particular section4 ,in the main1 however1 business opportunity is universal4 ,,men ,,and ,,women ,,who ,,have ,,made ,,good ,,in ,,spite ,,of ,,handicaps ,at the end of this monograph is a tabulation showing the case histories of #acc handicapped1 or rather disabled1 men and women who have made good in business4 ,these individuals were trained by the same schools that are being used by the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education in its commercial re-educational work for disabled soldiers and sailors1 and they represent only a fraction of the hundreds of victims of industry who have been retrained for success in life1 regardless of seemingly unsurmountable obstacles4 ,all disabled men should study this tabulation carefully and emulate the plucky people whose cases are reported therein4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajhc4 ,,part #a4--;,,common ,,commercial ,,employments--,,bookkeeping ,among the oldest and most universal of office positions is that of bookkeeper4 ,for men who require work that does not call for physical activity this vocation offers excellent opportunities of earning immediate incomes while at the same time paving the way for advancement4 ,,requirements ,men who elect this calling should be able to write a good business hand1 be accurate and rapid in handling the usual arithmetical computations1 be neat and painstaking in their work1 understand the fundamental language of business1 be familiar with the common business forms1 and possess a thorough understanding of the universally employed double-entry system of bookkeeping4 ,,length ,,of ,,course ,the time required for completion of a course of study that will insure the possession of the above qualifications will depend upon the man's previous education and experience1 but should generally be kept within a period of six months4 ,many will make adequate preparation in much less time4 ,,where ,,training ,,may ,,be ,,given ,excellent courses are to be had in a large number of approved private business schools1 and men may be trained in their home environment or in large commercial centers where employment is to be sought1 as they may elect4 ,,why ,,take ,,training8 ,while many so-called bookkeeping positions are open to men without training1 it is highly desirable that a comprehensive knowledge of bookkeeping be secured1 as it is only by this means that promotion can be expected4 ,the posting clerk1 or entry clerk1 will always remain an unskilled laborer in competition with untrained boys and girls unless he is fortified by such a knowledge of the science of accounts as will enable him to become the head bookkeeper1 the cost accountant1 or the auditor4 ,such a man may1 by additional training in evening school1 qualify for the profession of accountancy and establish an independent business of his own4 ,,salary ,men who know accounts and possess the other desirable business qualifications can be placed in positions with a salary range of from #aj to #cj a week4 ,,permanency ,,of ,,employment ,the all-round bookkeeper in any establishment is indispensable to the business1 and is rarely released when business depression calls for retrenchment in the pay roll4 ,,disabilities ,the possession of mental faculties and one hand1 with fairly good general health are all that are absolutely essential to success in this occupation from the physical standpoint4 ,men with two artificial hands have succeeded in this work1 but the absence of both hands is such a handicap that one so afflicted should rarely undertake work that requires so much writing4 ,it should be emphasized1 however1 that no difficulty is experienced in learning to write well with the remaining hand1 where one has been lost1 regardless of previous habits in writing4 ,a simple device for enabling a man to do with a stump what he would ordinarily do with his left hand is available to all who care to use it4 ,it enables one to hold a ruler or blotter2 to steady a book or sheet in place while writing is being done2 and to perform all the usual functions of the left hand4 ,when the right hand is gone the left is trained to do what the right has done before1 and the right arm stump becomes the supporting or auxiliary arm4 ,,evening ,,school ,,or ,,part-,,time ,,instruction ,those who must get to earning at the earliest possible moment may be placed at the completion of the fundamental part of the course1 continuing their study in evening school or in other types of extension classes where such are available4 ,or it may be possible in some localities to secure for such men half-day employment which will leave half of the day free for school work4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajhd4 ,,general ,,clerical ,,work ,expert filing and indexing positions offer an opportunity for those whose handicap is of such a character that it is desirable for them to secure employment that will not require contact with the public4 ,,qualifications ,,and ,,training ,the qualifications for this kind of work are accuracy1 carefulness1 and system in doing things4 ,training in the various indexing and filing systems in use is essential4 ,text material has been prepared by the manufacturers of filing cabinets1 and courses of study1 including practice1 are offered by many schools in different parts of the country4 ,,promotion ,such positions rarely lead to promotion such as will appeal to the ambitious man whose handicap is of such a character as to warrant the selection of different and more promising occupation from the viewpoint of salary or independence4 ,,length ,,of ,,course ,short intensive courses of from six to ten weeks will enable a man to qualify for this kind of office work4 ,,calculating ,,machine ,,operating ,for a long time adding and listing machines have been in use in banks and large business offices4 ,more recently calculating machines which are capable of performing mathematical work beyond the plain addition of the ordinary adding and listing type machine have been placed in business offices4 ,the volume of figure work of this kind is particularly heavy in billing1 cost1 and pay roll departments in many lines of manufacture4 ,even small manufacturers regularly employ help for the figure work exclusively4 ,owing to the greater accuracy and speed made possible by the use of the calculating machine1 such work is no longer handled by paper and pencil methods4 ,,opportunities ,,and ,,salaries ,opportunities for young men in this line of work exist in great number in all large cities1 and there are many chances for positions of this kind even in the smaller manufacturing towns4 ,the salaries for such positions range from #af to #be per week according to the degree of responsibility involved4 ,there is an opportunity for advancement for young men of fair educational qualifications who possess a determination to learn the work which is just ahead and many young men aspire to positions as head of billing1 pay roll1 or cost departments1 where the responsibility is considerable and the salary proportionate4 ,many such positions exist where a salary of #ce to #dj per week can be earned4 ,many large concerns have a practice of promoting men who show special aptitude for mathematical work in connection with the calculating machines to departments other than those mentioned4 ,,qualifications ,the necessary qualifications are simple for the clerk who is to handle figure work with a calculating machine4 ,he should have a fair mental equipment with at least a common school education4 ,a high school or business school course will be an advantage4 ,he should also possess a natural liking for arithmetic4 ,the full use of one hand1 preferably the right1 is essential to success in operating such a machine4 ,,training ,,required ,,and ,,length ,,of ,,course ,to operate any key-driven type of machine speedily and accurately one must devote considerable time to intelligent practice4 ,the process is not unlike that of learning to operate the typewriter4 ,in the operation of this type of machine both hands will be required for the manipulation of the #ha keys4 ,an intensive course of from #aj to #ab weeks is required to develop the necessary manual skill and master the special rules for performing the various mathematical calculations4 ,on the crank-operated calculating machine1 all work is direct1 i4 e41 all operations are handled exactly as they are handled with paper and pencil so far as rules are concerned4 ,anyone who can handle a pencil can readily operate this type of calculating machine4 ,speed and accuracy on this type of machine are largely independent of manual skill on the part of the operator4 ,one who possesses a good common school education and some aptitude for arithmetic will need only two or three weeks of practice in order to handle successfully all figure work in the average office4 ,such machines have an unlimited range in practical work1 handling such work as estimating1 engineering problems1 and statistics4 ,,other ,,office ,,machines ,much important printing and duplicating are done on privately-owned machines1 and skillful operators are always in demand for this work4 ,such an occupation may appeal to the man whose handicap makes him shrink from continual contact with the public1 and who has his hands and fairly good general health4 ,salaries are not large1 usually from #aj to #ae a week and there is no natural line of promotion leading to more responsible positions4 ,however1 skill in this work1 combined with a little capital1 may enable a man to establish an independent business of his own by purchasing the necessary machines and advertising to do work for the general public4 ,short unit courses of from #f to #aj weeks will suffice to acquire the requisite manipulative skill for this work4 ,where there are no schools giving instruction for this occupation arrangements can be made for securing training as an apprentice in the factory of the manufacturers1 or in the offices of firms equipped to do this work for themselves1 the training being under the direction of the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education4 ,employment opportunities will be found only in the larger cities4 ,however1 an independent business may be established even in comparatively small towns4 ,the above statements regarding duplicating machine work apply to the operation of the addressograph and similar office devices1 such as the ,hollerith machine card puncher1 the photostat1 and the tabulating machine4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajhe4 ,,stenography ,no less important than bookkeeping is stenography with its exceptional record for serving as a medium through which men may advance to high grade executive positions4 ,stenographic work requires somewhat more physical activity than does bookkeeping1 but a skillful male stenographer1 though somewhat physically disabled may count on employment owing to a constant demand that has never been fully met4 ,in no other occupation is one thrown into such constant and close contact with the business executive to whose advantage it is to promote an employee who has shown capacity for more important and profitable work4 ,as a stepping stone to big things a stenographic position has no rival in the list of business occupations4 ,many prominent men might be named who owe their success to some extent to their ability to write shorthand4 ,the list includes men high in official positions1 and prominent railroad executives who have reached their high positions1 through stenographic work4 ,their success gives conclusive evidence of the importance of this kind of training4 ,in other lines1 also as for example1 in iron and steel1 insurance1 powder1 electricity1 and in fact right down the line of big business in ,america bright young men have1 because they were shorthand writers1 had the chance to go to school to the best teachers of the business in the world1 i4 e41 the executive heads of their respective concerns4 ,and instead of having to pay handsomely for their instruction1 they received good salaries while they were learning and preparing to step up higher4 ,,qualifications ,,and ,,training ,,required ,taking character for granted1 the necessary qualifications for amanuensis and secretarial work are3 ,good general health1 eyesight1 and hearing4 ,ambition1 enthusiasm1 self-reliance1 and determination4 ,a mind of at least average activity and alertness1 improved by a thorough high school education or its equivalent4 ,training in ,english to the extent of becoming proficient in spelling and punctuation1 and acquiring a good working vocabulary4 ,ability to speak and write with a fair degree of fluency4 ,a knowledge of the more common business papers1 forms1 and customs4 ,accuracy and reasonable facility in the use of figures2 familiarity with the simpler methods of bookkeeping2 and ability to write a presentable hand4 ,for the broader field of professional shorthand reporting1 the requirements are more exacting4 ,the time required to master shorthand for amanuensis or secretarial work is from seven to twelve months2 for professional reporting1 from one to two years1 during a considerable part of which time the learner is usually able to earn a comfortable salary while pursuing his course in advance shorthand4 ,,where ,,training ,,may ,,be ,,secured ,a number of good private business schools1 located so as to be convenient for those taking courses1 are prepared to give any training required under arrangements made by the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education4 ,,salary ,,possibilities ,the salaries paid to amanuenses and private secretaries range from #a1bjj to #e1jjj a year4 ,shorthand reporters1 in law courts and elsewhere1 earn from #b1jjj to #aj1jjj a year4 ,,handicaps ,the possession of both hands is essential to success in this work4 ,artificial appliances can scarcely take the place of the fingers in such rapid writing with both pen and machine4 ,good eyesight and hearing also are absolutely essential to success in this calling4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajhf4 ,,retail ,,selling ,large department stores and the chain stores offer opportunities for profitable employment at better salaries than were commonly paid a few years ago in the retail trade1 and training for real salesmanship in this field is now available4 ,men whose disabilities indicate as suitable for them physically more or less inactive types of employment1 and who are not so injured as to make intimate contact with the public undesirable1 may find in expert salesmanship opportunities worthy of their serious consideration4 ,positions as department heads or buyers are open to men who meet with conspicuous success as salesmen4 ,,why ,,training ,,is ,,necessary ,the man behind the counter is no longer looked upon as clerk whose sole duty it is to hand out that which is asked for4 ,he is classed as a salesman who has it within his power to build up the business of his department by winning and holding good customers4 ,knowledge of the well-defined principles of salesmanship and of his wares is quite as important to the 8inside10 or store salesman1 as it is to the man 8on the road40 ,it is only by the right kind of training that such knowledge can be acquired4 ,for the disabled soldier to learn 8by experience0 would require too much time4 ,,where ,,training ,,can ,,be ,,secured ,training for this occupation can be obtained through part-time extension day or evening courses in many cities4 ,then1 too1 many large stores maintain educational departments where training on an apprenticeship basis can be arranged for by the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education4 ,men preparing for this work have the advantage of being able to earn wages while they are taking training4 ,,promotion ,,and ,,salaries ,success in this vocation will surely mean promotion4 ,the usual promotion stream for men who have received good training runs from stock keeper1 through junior salesman1 salesman1 assistant buyer1 to buyer4 ,salaries range from #ab a week for beginners up to several thousand a year for department heads4 ,it is also possible for men who have the necessary capital to look forward to establishment of a retail business of their own1 if they prefer to be independent of an employer4 ,training for success in developing a retail business should be even broader and more thorough than that required for salesmanship in a store operated by others4 ,,length ,,of ,,course ,a short intensive course of three or four months will serve to place a man on an earning basis in some good modern retail establishment1 and a further period of six or eight months' part-time extension study will be needed to place him on a sound footing as a salesman4 ,,handicaps ,a salesman should not be so wounded as to be repugnant to sensitive customers4 ,any disfigurement which will attract the customer's attention will increase the salesman's difficulty in making a sale4 ,the loss of a leg will not interfere with success in this work1 nor will the loss of one hand if an artificial hand is used4 ,cheerfulness1 courtesy1 neatness1 and tact are among the usual qualities that are required in any occupation which brings a man into close contact with the public4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajhg4 ,,telegraphy ,,and ,,wireless ,,operating ,while it is true that railroads to some extent are telephoning their orders instead of telegraphing them1 there is still a real demand for men who are not only trained in telegraphy1 but who have some knowledge of railroad accounting and general railroad practice4 ,such men can hope to secure good paying positions in railroad office work4 ,there is always a demand for telegraphers to fill commercial positions and it is quite likely that this field of work may grow in the future4 ,it should be added also that the development of wireless service1 and the enlargement of our merchant marine will open up a new field for men who are skilled wireless operators and whose knowledge of the practical art of sending and receiving messages is supplemented by a good understanding of the fundamental principles of electricity4 ,,training ,,necessary ,the necessary course of training for this vocation will include theory and practice in sending and receiving telegrams and wireless messages2 a complete training in spelling and business ,english1 business writing1 and business arithmetic--unless it is apparent that the man needs no further training in these fundamentals2 railroad freight office business practice1 including a thorough study of bills of lading1 freight classification1 rating1 etc42 instruction in railroad practice with reference to freight charges1 storage1 and demurrage1 and rejected and unclaimed freight2 fundamental bookkeeping1 especially in connection with the keeping of cash records1 and the handling of collections and remittances2 and the making of monthly reports and balance sheets4 ,practical work will be provided at first in connection with the school course and later in offices on a part-time basis4 ,,length ,,of ,,course ,while much depends upon the individual1 it is safe to assume that a period of from #i to #ab months will be required to master telegraphy and the necessary business training that must accompany it to insure the highest degree of success4 ,for wireless operators more advanced instruction in electricity will be required and a correspondingly longer time will be needed4 ,those who wish to do so may1 however1 complete the telegraphy portion of the course1 accept a position1 and continue their study of wireless in extension classes4 ,men who have had railroad experience1 or some business training1 or good courses in physics including electricity1 will be able to shorten somewhat the time required for completion of the entire course4 ,,handicaps ,no man should undertake to prepare for this vocation who has not the use of both hands1 good hearing1 and at least a fair degree of general good health4 ,the other qualifications required are much the same as those required for any type of office work4 ,,pen ,,art ,men who have special aptitude for penmanship and lettering will find a wide field for the practice of this commercial art4 ,sign lettering1 filling in insurance policies1 diplomas1 and other important documents1 engrossing resolutions1 teaching the subject1 and supervising others in this department of business education are among some of the occupational opportunities open to men who excel in this line4 ,training can be obtained in special schools1 and positions for those who are qualified will not be hard to find4 ,,part ,,ii4--,,professional ,,commercial ,,service ,the occupations described in ,part ,i are the more elementary commercial employments for which excellent training is provided by both public and private commercial schools4 ,this training lays a foundation for the more advanced business education which will be discussed in ,part ,,ii4 ,it is hoped that men who possess the necessary general education and physical health1 supplemented by elementary business education or business experience1 will consider these more advanced courses as they lead on surely to successful business careers4 ,men who need the foundation courses should take them1 and if necessary secure positions suited to their abilities at once4 ,such men should1 however1 immediately plan for an extensive course in one of the higher forms of commercial education4 ,promotion may result from successful office work without supplementary training1 but it will surely follow the completion of such advanced business courses as are outlined herein4 ,none should be satisfied until the last educational resource that will help in his progress upward is exhausted4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajhh4 ,,accounting ,accountancy has been raised to a professional basis during the past few years4 ,business has grown to enormous proportions and expert accountants are required as heads of the bookkeeping departments of big business4 ,then1 too1 public accountants are necessary for the public audit work required by law1 the periodical inspection of books by a disinterested expert1 the organization and reorganization of inadequate bookkeeping systems1 and the preparation of financial reports desired for special purposes4 ,,who ,,should ,,be ,,interested ,men who have a good educational background1 a sound knowledge of double entry bookkeeping1 some aptitude for organization work1 proven mathematical ability1 and preferably some office or other business experience should have no difficulty in rising to a high place in the profession of accountancy1 assuming of course the possession of other well-defined qualifications for success4 ,,promotion ,,and ,,opportunity ,a man trained in accountancy will find many avenues of promotion open to him4 ,he may become head accountant for a large concern2 auditor for several branch organizations2 or cost accountant in the production end of big business4 ,he may establish a managerial connection with some large business organization1 or become a consulting accountant with a business of his own4 ,as a matter of fact1 practically no executive position is beyond the reach of a trained accountant4 ,many such men develop into efficiency engineers1 and devote their time to systematizing and reorganization work4 ,,salaries ,it is useless to state salary limits in terms of dollars and cents for such a profession as accountancy4 ,the limits are wholly dependent on individual initiative and ability4 ,the salary is commensurate with the importance of the work and no man can ask more4 ,,employment ,,opportunity ,as yet there is no crowding in this profession1 and men will find opportunities for establishing themselves in this field in any industrial community4 ,,necessary ,,training ,a thorough study of the fundamentals of bookkeeping and business practice must precede the study of accounting4 ,theory of accounting1 accounting practice1 auditing1 accounting systems1 cost accounting1 practical economics1 business law1 corporation finance1 business organization and management1 all enter into the training required for proficiency in the accounting field4 ,,experience ,,required ,,and ,,where ,,to ,,get ,,it ,the training briefly outlined in the preceding paragraph must go hand in hand with experience in practical work4 ,it is highly desirable that men who elect this course take it in one of the large industrial centers where part-time employment can be secured in a large business office at first and later with a firm of recognized practicing accountants4 ,in many such centers courses are offered by the local colleges with this need definitely in mind4 ,classes usually meet between #e and #aj p4 m4 daily1 thus leaving the business day for practical work4 ,those who aspire to the certified public accountant degree given in most ,states1 can thus gain the required experience while preparing in college for the stiff examinations set by the ,state examining board4 ,,length ,,of ,,course ,two or three years must be devoted to study and practice before a man can lay any claim to recognition in this field1 and the full four-year period is none too long for those who would achieve the highest places in this profession4 ,it must be remembered1 however1 that during this entire time good incomes may be earned--often better than a man has been able to earn before in ordinary office work4 ,unit courses of varying lengths are also available to those who merely want special training for special work such as auditing1 or cost accounting4 ,the length of time for these courses will depend upon previous general education1 special training1 and experience1 but should rarely require more than from eight to ten months4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajhi4 ,,salesmanship ,with the inevitable expansion in business immediately following the close of the great war there will be an unusual demand for salesmen4 ,already requests are being received for salesmanship training in connection with the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education's program of re-education for disabled soldiers4 ,the trained salesman will find a ready market for his services4 ,,who ,,should ,,be ,,interested ,men who have had a good general education1 and who have a liking for the sales end of business should consider this calling seriously4 ,those who object to being away from home much of the time will not find salesmanship agreeable1 as the great majority of selling positions require much traveling4 ,,training ,,necessary ,the successful salesman must be able to talk fluently and convincingly4 ,he must possess a good knowledge of ,english and a good working vocabulary2 an understanding of human nature2 a thorough knowledge of his wares2 a familiarity with business customs2 and appreciation of the value of business ethics2 a fund of information regarding general business conditions2 and many other qualifications that1 like those mentioned above1 can be acquired through courses of training4 ,a familiarity with the principles of accounting and other business subjects also will prove helpful to a man who wishes to make the best possible preparation for the business of selling goods4 ,the formal instruction in salesmanship will not proceed very far before provision for contact with actual selling is made4 ,fundamentals can be covered in short intensive courses to be followed by more advance instruction on a part-time basis while the man is learning the practical side of his work in an actual sales department4 ,when the foundations have been laid and the man has indicated the line of business he prefers to be associated with1 the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education will through its placement department1 secure for him a position where the practical side of the art of selling goods can be acquired4 ,,salaries ,the income possibilities of salesmanship are excellent1 but incapable of definite statement1 since so much depends on the salesman4 ,in no other branch of business does a man have greater opportunity to demonstrate his worth4 ,the salesman is the one employee who is quite sure to be paid all he can earn4 ,his sales readily indicate his value to the firm4 ,,opportunities ,,widely ,,scattered ,in this profession men may choose their own location to a large extent4 ,salesmen are in demand throughout the whole country and men who have climatic preferences will be able to indulge them without jeopardizing their future4 ,,promotion ,promotion to sales manager is within the range of possibilities for live men who make a conspicuous success of their work4 ,the man who is ambitious will have ample scope for growth in this field4 ,,handicaps ,men who take up this profession should possess good general health1 the ability to get about with a fair degree of facility1 good hearing1 and unimpeded speech4 ,personality counts for much in salesmanship1 and since personal appearance is one factor in personality it should be suggested that facial wounds1 which are soon forgotten by friends1 often distract attention on first acquaintance and put a man at a disadvantage before his customer4 ,the loss of a leg or an arm will not prove a barrier to this occupation so long as a man's general activity is not interfered with seriously4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajij4 ,,advertising ,the passing from war to peace conditions will increase the demand for all kinds of advertising4 ,business has largely marked time during the war because of lack of goods to sell and lack of men and facilities4 ,now1 factories that have been on war work will have to keep their plants busy1 win back trade lost through inability to supply old customers1 and create new fields for their enlarged producing capacity4 ,retailers will have to keep pace with the new demands of readjusted commerce4 ,all this means more advertising1 and more men to plan and execute it4 ,advertising to-day is as much a part of every business as clerking1 bookkeeping1 or stenography1 for no manufacturer or merchant can do business without some form or many forms of it4 ,,what ,,advertising ,,is ,consider the sign over the door1 the labels on packages1 the leaflet1 circular1 or catalogue describing goods1 directions for using1 sign cards1 window posters1 mailing cards1 and the like2 then1 the business letter answering inquiries1 or soliciting orders1 the follow-up system that turns the inquiry into an order1 the trade-aid work of many kinds that helps the manufacturer make good distributors of his dealers-and you have a bird's-eye view of some forms of advertising work that are almost universally used1 yet scarcely thought of as 8advertising40 ,add to these the demand for sales-producing 8copy0 for newspaper1 magazine1 and trade-paper advertising2 the planning and preparation of illustrations and typesetting necessary to put the advertising into effect2 and the vast quantity of such 8copy0 that appears daily1 weekly1 and monthly in various advertising mediums--and it is at once apparent that an army of workers is needed to carry on this work4 ,,permanency ,,of ,,employment ,the permanence of such work is attested by the fact that there has been an increasing use of all forms of advertising1 keeping steady pace with ,america's business growth4 ,even without taking into consideration outdoor advertising--billboards1 bulletins and painted signs1 electrical advertising display1 street-car advertising1 propaganda campaigns1 civic and organization advertising1 each of which offers fields of great extent--the employment of trained advertising men is as yet only in its infancy4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajia4 ,,opportunities ,,in ,,this ,,profession ,the personnel of advertising staffs includes men officially designated as follows3 ,advertising director3 ,the man who plans and directs4 ,space buyer3 ,the man who knows advertising media and the value of space1 and the one who places advertising contracts4 ,copy writer3 ,the man who produces copy for advertisements1 catalogues1 printed matter1 letters1 follow-up work1 etc4 ,layout man3 ,the man who assists the copy writer by preparing typographical and art layouts4 ,proofreader3 ,the man who reads proof on advertisements and printed matter4 ,copy helper3 ,the man who has charge of engravings1 drawings1 and printed stock1 and who supervises the making1 shipping1 return1 and safe-keeping of the same4 ,buyer of printing3 ,the man who knows papers1 printing processes1 their relative values1 and also their sources4 ,he also places the printing orders4 ,art work buyer3 ,the one who knows advertising art work2 where to get it and its value2 and who also places orders for illustrations and engravings4 ,commercial artist3 ,the man who produces sketches and finished drawings in pen and brush work1 in tone and color1 and who retouches photographs4 ,photographer3 ,the man with special training in posing1 lighting1 and photographing industrial subjects to secure pictures illustrating features of the product1 texture1 and construction1 who works often with living models4 ,correspondent3 ,the man who produces orders from inquiries received through advertising1 or who solicits orders through the mails4 ,advertising promoter3 ,the man who sells the advertising done by a house to its distributors1 and who teaches them how to take advantage of the demand created1 and how to use the trade-aid matter furnished by the house to its dealers4 ,advertising investigator3 ,the man employed to discover the needs1 buying habits1 buying power1 consumption of competing lines1 price limits1 etc41 of groups of consumers1 dealers1 or jobbers by actual contact with the individual4 ,advertising solicitors3 ,men employed by publishers to solicit advertising for their publications2 by manufacturers of calendars1 advertising novelties1 etc41 to sell their products2 and by advertising agencies to sell their service to the advertiser4 ,every newspaper1 magazine1 and trade paper must have one or more1 perhaps many1 solicitors1 as must also the advertising agency and the maker of advertising novelties1 the bill poster1 the bulletin painter1 the car-sign proprietor4 ,while this general list is in no way complete1 it serves to show the vast field open to men in advertising and may serve as a guide in selecting the line of work to be undertaken4 ,,kind ,,of ,,men ,,needed ,,and ,,qualifications ,,required ,any wide-awake1 intelligent1 ambitious1 optimistic man can become a useful advertising man in some one of its many branches4 ,physical disabilities will prove no handicap1 providing general health has not been too seriously impaired4 ,a knowledge of practical salesmanship helps1 for all advertising is only a form of selling4 ,men of exceptional education and executive ability find a field as managers and production men4 ,good merchandise salesmen make good advertising solicitors4 ,commercial artists can be made into advertising artists4 ,commercial photographers and amateurs develop into photographers of advertising subjects4 ,most of the other positions can be filled without much previous training by men of ordinary general ability4 ,the humblest advertising position can be made a stepping-stone to something higher4 ,the kind of men that make good soldiers are needed in this profession--sturdy1 honest1 determined1 versatile men of good common sense1 adaptability1 and capacity for work4 ,such men will soon acquire the knowledge of detail necessary for advertising work4 ,,financial ,,rewards ,no more inviting field of labor awaits the returned soldier than that of advertising1 and there are few occupations in which the pecuniary rewards for high-grade service are more attractive4 ,a man's natural ability and training for this work are the only measure of his earning capacity4 ,,length ,,of ,,course ,men who elect this vocation will be given a short intensive course of from four to six months in a day school1 and will then be placed with a good advertising firm for practical experience4 ,they will1 at the same time1 be enrolled in unit extension courses for further training on a part-time basis4 ,the time required for this advanced part-time training will vary according to the ambition of the man himself1 the higher he wishes to rise in the profession1 the longer will be the period of training1 but correspondingly higher will be the reward4 ,then1 too1 he will be earning as he learns1 and qualifying for a promotion at the same time4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajib4 ,,foreign ,,trade ,for many years past there has been an active demand for men who would be willing to represent ,american business in the foreign field1 and this demand has never been fully met4 ,just now at the close of the great war there will be an expansion in the foreign trade of the ,united ,states1 and trained men for this field will be needed as never before4 ,men who have seen overseas duty may be interested in preparing for overseas commercial service4 ,the living and working conditions are pleasant in almost every commercial center of the world4 ,of course1 hardships are encountered in certain backward countries and in some tropical commercial centers1 but in the main a position as representative of an ,american house in a foreign commercial center is an enviable one4 ,in those foreign commercial centers which have come to be of importance1 the ,american or ,european colony is a community in itself and frequently one whose social life is delightful4 ,social position and prestige are so important for commercial representatives in almost all foreign countries1 that the term 8,ambassador of commerce0 has been applied to those who qualify and successfully represent ,american business houses in overseas commerce4 ,the possession of a merchant marine adequate to the needs of the time will lend a great impetus to our business activities in foreign countries4 ,more men will also be needed for the large number of tasks connected with the handling of our shipping4 ,the head offices of the shipping lines are at home1 and these offices have branches throughout the world4 ,many employees are needed for the various duties in these offices4 ,positions in the shore end of shipping include important document work1 and other work of a more routine character2 salesmen who can sell transportation to foreign trade concerns2 ship brokers who devote their time to the chartering of ships2 insurance brokers who handle the insurance end of foreign shipping2 wharve superintendents and master stevedores2 warehouse managers2 traffic managers1 and port and harbor experts4 ,,training ,,required ,plans for giving training to men who desire positions in connection with the shore end of ocean transportation with foreign trade houses are well under way1 and adequate vocational training of this type is now available for the first time in this country4 ,no longer is it necessary for men interested in foreign-trade service to contemplate a four-year collegiate course of study before they can form connections with firms sending their wares to foreign markets4 ,the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education in co-operation with the ,united ,states ,shipping ,board and in the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,foreign and ,domestic ,commerce is actively promoting throughout the ,united ,states courses in foreign trade and shipping4 ,these courses are being offered in evening1 part-time1 full-time1 university extension1 and correspondence schools1 and are open to graduate engineers1 lawyers1 graduates of collegiate commercial courses1 men who have had general college training1 men of technical or business training in any branch of commerce and industry1 graduates of secondary schools and1 in fact1 to all intelligent men with a background of business experience combined with a serious interest in international commerce or shipping activities4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajic4 ,,employment ,,opportunities ,recent conferences with the ,export ,managers' ,club show that all enterprising export managers are in need of trained men1 or men capable of taking such training as will be necessary to the successful carrying of their important work4 ,there are two general divisions in foreign trade occupations4 ,the first includes active service in the foreign field1 and the second service in the home country4 ,in the foreign field clerks1 assistants1 salesmen1 and managers are required4 ,some concerns send traveling salesmen into foreign countries to cover the field and report back to the home office1 while others send men abroad with instructions to take up their residence there and establish an office for the permanent conduct of their employer's business4 ,the establishment of such branch offices calls for the employment of the usual types of office help4 ,banks and other financial agencies also are created in foreign countries for the benefit of ,american exporters and importers4 ,,who ,,should ,,be ,,interested ,men of the ,american expeditionary forces who have seen something of the world1 and who have gained an interest in and a taste for things outside of the ,united ,states1 will find in foreign trade service great opportunities4 ,this is particularly true of those who have learned a foreign language1 and who are so situated with reference to family ties that they can easily take up an occupation in a foreign country4 ,the list of positions that will be opened in this field is so extensive that a man may find in it an opportunity to elect just the kind of work he is best fitted to do4 ,men who prefer foreign trade service in home offices will find excellent opportunities as soon as they have completed the necessary preparation for such service4 ,well-defined1 intensive co-operative courses of study have been worked out and are being offered in the large foreign trade centers for men who desire to enter this service4 ,home office positions include those requiring clerical work in connection with the preparation of commercial documents1 positions that have to do with financial affairs and foreign exchange1 adjustment work1 foreign correspondence1 foreign advertising1 transportation1 credits1 and collections4 ,superintendents for packing and loading departments also are required4 ,men who have had experience in the ,quartermaster's ,department of the ,army during the war1 and who have learned something about scientific handling of merchandise1 will find in the foreign trade field opportunities to cash in on their special experiences4 ,,what ,,training ,,is ,,necessary ,a thorough study of the general technique of the home office in connection with foreign trade and shipping is considered a necessary foundation in any scheme of foreign trade education4 ,a part-time plan1 in accordance with which men may pursue their studies while securing practical experience with foreign trade houses has been worked out1 and it is now possible for men to get training under a co-operative basis scheme of instruction and work4 ,courses offered will be given intensively for short periods and on a unit basis4 ,they will vary in length from #ae to #cj weeks4 ,the same provision is being made for the study of languages and the geography of various countries that are of interest in connection with foreign trade education4 ,the ,united ,states ,shipping ,board is taking steps to establish permanent nautical training schools1 as it is expected that more than #aj1jjj officers will be needed to man the ,united ,states merchant marine4 ,this means that men who desire service in the actual transportation end of the business will find an opportunity to secure training and a very ready market for their service upon the completion of their courses4 ,,salaries ,since special training is required for most of the positions referred to in this connection salaries are proportionately high4 ,clerks and other office men earn from #a1fjj to #b1djj a year4 ,those who qualify as junior clerks and senior clerks may hope to rise to assistant managers of departments and general export managers4 ,advancement should be rapid in view of the present shortage of men and the expected expansion of business4 ,in large export departments there are export managers who receive from #e1jjj to #aj1jjj a year4 ,even the latter amount is by no means the limit for men of unusual executive ability4 ,the positions referred to in connection with the actual operation of the merchant marine pay from #abj to #bge per month with subsistence4 ,it is possible that these amounts may be somewhat reduced after the war demand for such service ceases1 and yet it is certain that the financial returns for this kind of work will be above those for similar service on shore4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajid4 ,,secretarial ,,work ,executives in responsible positions are finding it necessary more and more to rely upon efficient secretarial help4 ,such an executive must generally have some assistant who is thoroughly familiar with every detail of his activities1 and able to assume responsibility for innumerable details connected with the day's work4 ,the comparatively small number of available secretarial workers and the hazy conception that has heretofore existed regarding the real distinction between a stenographer and a secretary have forced many executives to be satisfied with stenographic help in the positions where secretarial help is essential4 ,just now much attention is being given to this vocation by colleges and schools1 and there are many opportunities for securing the kind of training needed for secretarial service4 ,,nature ,,of ,,the ,,work ,there is a wide gap between secretarial and stenographic duties4 ,skill in writing shorthand and in typewriting is now recognized as desirable for the secretary1 but the possession of this skill does not insure secretarial efficiency4 ,since no training has been available for this vocation in the past secretarial workers have been recruited from the stenographic staff1 and it is quite likely that a period of apprenticeship as a stenographer will continue to be a very desirable part of one's training for the higher duties of a secretarial position4 ,the trained secretary relieves the executive of all detail by keeping him informed as to important happenings in the business world that may be of particular interest2 by making notes of appointments and calling attention to them at the proper time2 by gathering data for the preparation of papers and speeches2 by standing between him and the public1 when the demands upon his time make it necessary to deny requests for interviews without in any way offending those who are refused2 by attending conferences1 and making notes on important points2 by arranging for transportation and hotel accommodations in connection with traveling1 and1 in every way1 by keeping the executive's time free for the more important managerial responsibilities devolving upon him4 ,,qualifications ,,required ,men who possess a good general education1 sufficient maturity1 tact1 judgment1 business sense1 and knowledge of people may hope to succeed in this vocation providing they have the right kind of training and preliminary experience4 ,integrity1 alertness1 ambition to advance1 initiative1 courtesy1 and loyalty are prime essential characteristics4 ,soldiers who have been attached to headquarters' division in the capacity of aides and secretarial workers will find in this field opportunities to make their war experience count for the most4 ,,promotion ,no occupation offers larger opportunity for advancement4 ,a secretary is in the closest possible contact with the executive who is in a position to recognize ability by promotion and to whose advantage it is that such promotion shall be granted4 ,the secretary has an exceptional opportunity to learn all the details of the managerial side of the business1 and when executive positions become vacant his superior is quite likely to regard him favorably for advancement4 ,,training ,,required ,as a foundation for secretarial work1 a man should possess a working knowledge of shorthand and typewriting1 and if these subjects have not already been mastered1 they will form the basic part of the secretarial course4 ,in addition1 instruction will be needed in business ,english and correspondence1 fundamental principles of accounts and business practice1 commercial law1 business ethics1 and secretarial technique4 ,many colleges are prepared to give instruction suited to the requirements of secretarial work4 ,,length ,,of ,,course ,for those who already have a knowledge of shorthand and typewriting1 or who have had a course in bookkeeping and related subjects1 or who have had valuable office experience1 an intensive course of from #h to #ab months may be sufficient to complete a secretarial course4 ,for those who must acquire this foundation work a longer period will be needed4 ,it should be said1 however1 that those who know shorthand and typewriting or bookkeeping can usually begin to earn wages in an office position while continuing their study in part-time extension classes4 ,,salary ,,possibilities ,secretarial workers may hope to earn salaries from #a1ejj up4 ,there is almost no limit except the man's ability and ambition to rise4 ,,opportunities ,opportunities in this field are found throughout the country4 ,men who are interested in social1 philanthropical1 religious1 or political activities may find secretarial openings that will enable them to be intimately associated with the activity of their choice4 ,,handicaps ,a secretarial worker should be able to get about with a fair degree of facility2 he should have a personal appearance that is not repugnant to the public with which he is constantly in contact4 ,he should possess physical endurance sufficient to enable him to meet the rather severe strain that secretarial work makes upon a man2 and he should possess good hearing and eyesight4 ,an artificial limb would not be a serious handicap providing it did not interfere with getting about too seriously4 ,it is also quite likely that one hand would suffice for the accomplishment of the ordinary tasks of such a position4 ,the main requirement is that a man shall be keen and alert1 and that he shall be able to go about his work with vigor and cheerfulness4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajie4 ,,life ,,insurance ,,salesmanship ,there are more than #bjj life insurance companies in the ,united ,states having their head offices scattered throughout the chief cities in different parts of the country1 with branch offices in each of the larger cities in each ,state1 and resident agents located in most towns of importance4 ,in the smaller towns the life agency is often combined with the fire and accident insurance4 ,life companies are divided into the 8,ordinary0 and the 8,industrial0 companies1 and1 combined1 employ about #abe1jjj field agents and about #ge1jjj persons of other capacities such as clerical1 accounting1 building and general employees1 exclusive of casual employees such as doctors1 lawyers1 etc4 ,life insurance has been made nearly mandatory by modern business practice4 ,it has been popularized by adoption in the ,army and ,navy1 as a scientific method of providing for personal dependents4 ,it is in harmony with the trend of modern social1 civic1 industrial1 and financial-betterment movements4 ,it is progressive within itself--constantly devising new services to meet the requirements of the public and thus opening new avenues to its salesmen4 ,life insurance salesmanship requires at the outset but a minimum of training1 equipment1 and capital1 and these are being supplied more and more commonly by sales organizations to their members who qualify for the profession4 ,,opportunity ,,for ,,advancement ,the work affords opportunities for personal advancement by extension of acquaintance and by choice of associates and customers4 ,it is consistent with the attainment of social1 civic1 and business prominence and financial independence4 ,opportunities for promotion to positions as agency managers1 superintendents1 and field supervisors are constantly presented to those whose ability and experience justify such advancement4 ,,whole ,,time ,,not ,,necessary ,age1 experience1 and growing clientele become assets of increasing value4 ,there is no 8dead line0 and a permanent clientele of expanding value can be built up from year to year4 ,while1 of course1 the agent physically able to devote full time to the work is likely to succeed best1 it is nevertheless true that one physically handicapped may succeed measurably although able to work only part of time daily or weekly4 ,regular office hours and days are advisable but not necessary4 ,,educational ,,requirements ,candidates should have at least a grammar school education1 and more advanced professional or technical training will be a valuable asset although not essential for success4 ,,experience ,previous experience in either life insurance or general salesmanship is not necessary1 but will be of value1 and those who have had to do with insurance work in the ,army will find this experience helpful4 ,,how ,,instruction ,,is ,,given ,many organizations are equipped1 and others will be1 to conduct preliminary central office training courses for men intending to locate at distant points4 ,a list will be furnished later of localities1 companies1 or agency organizations where definite courses of training are now being given4 ,the novice will be given theoretical and practical instruction4 ,field experience will be given under the guidance of qualified field supervisors4 ,,handicaps ,in the following classification certain types of diseases and injuries are grouped according as they are regarded as being wholly1 partially1 or not in any degree disqualifying for the profession of life insurance salesmanship4 #a4 ,prohibitive4--,disqualifying for successful field salesmanship4 7a7 ,diseases3 ,advanced tuberculosis4 ,loss of voice and similar bronchial affections4 ,heart diseases not permitting ordinary activity4 ,contagious or infectious diseases1 chronic or acute4 ,epilepsy4 ,nervous affections preventing mental concentration or seriously affecting locomotion or speech4 ,nervous affections causing involuntary grotesque muscular movement of face1 hands or body4 ,insanity4 ,complete loss of sight or hearing4 7b7 ,wounds3 ,unsightly and repelling facial or head wounds4 ,loss of both arms4 ,loss of both legs and one arm4 ,preventing distinct or audible speech4 ,any wound rendering soldier an object of extreme pity4 #b4 ,partially handicapping4--,each case requiring individual judgment2 many such men might be able to devote part time if not all to salesmanship4 7a7 ,diseases3 ,mild tuberculosis of the lungs or throat4 ,recurrent rheumatism of severe type4 ,heart diseases interfering with usual activity4 ,nervous affections causing involuntary marked movements of the face4 ,serious varicose veins forbidding reasonable activities4 ,indistinct hearing or sight4 7b7 ,wounds3 ,loss of both legs but not arms4 ,injury to arms or limbs compelling extremely awkward attitudes to be assumed4 ,entire loss of one hand and noticeably unsightly dismemberment of the other4 ,unsightly face or head wounds that can not be covered by hair1 beard1 or glasses4 #c4 ,not handicapping at all-- 7a7 ,diseases3 ,chronic diseases not preventing ordinary activity and not easily noticed by others4 ,this includes chest and head diseases1 rheumatism1 deafness in one ear1 ,bright's disease1 shell-shock1 etc4 ,temporary diseases from which recovery may be slow but certain4 7b7 ,wounds3 ,loss of one leg if artificial limb can be worn4 ,loss of one arm or hand with or without artificial arm4 ,wounds to arms or legs not requiring amputation4 ,moderate disfigurements that can be covered by hair1 beard1 garments1 or glasses of usual type4 ,scars on face or hands that are not repellent4 ,loss of teeth--if plate can be worn4 ,hernia--if truss can be worn4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajif4 ,,number ,,of ,,positions ,,open ,the companies selling ordinary life insurance can absorb rapidly #aj1jjj candidates for sales positions1 reasonably evenly distributed between the two classes of partly handicapped and not handicapped4 ,if the latter class predominates1 even a larger number could be used4 ,these men can be assigned profitable and suitable new business locations either of their own or of the insurance companies' selection1 as they prefer1 or they can be used at their former place of residence no matter in what sections of the country this may be4 ,the industrial companies1 about #be in number1 can absorb about #d1jjj candidates presenting disabilities of a nature that would not preclude the physical activity required1 since the nature of the business demands that the routes assigned be fully covered each week4 ,,financial ,,returns ,,for ,,life ,,insurance ,,salesman ,the average earnings of all life insurance men1 whether devoting all or but part of their time to it1 and including the unsuccessful and the beginners but a few months in the production field1 on the sales of #aiag was #a1jjj per capita4 ,the average of those giving it their entire time is nearer #b1jjj per agent4 ,an additional yearly income for a number of years is paid on first-year sales through the annual renewal commissions on such business as renews1 which in #aiag yielded an additional #a1jjj per agent4 ,by reason of renewals accruing in future years1 the annual income of a life insurance man maintaining a uniform production will increase steadily yearly4 ,while the rate of compensation is based upon the commission plan under which the income closely follows actual earnings and is in ratio to the salesman's efficiency and the intelligent effort he puts forth1 the methods of compensation are varied according to individual preference4 ,such methods include straight commission1 commission plus salary1 straight salary1 drawing accounts against contingent commissions and guarantees1 and combinations of these methods as may be arranged4 ,the items of interest are that incomes are without limit as to maximum and that earnings can begin even during the period of preparation and study4 ,the commission plan is thus not a difficulty1 since the candidate will be assisted by his ,government allowance until he is prepared to undertake work under a compensation plan which guarantees pay exactly according to earnings4 ,to those qualifying for executive positions correspondingly larger salaries and opportunities are open1 and men having the capacity to direct the activities of others are in constant demand4 ,for this work ,army and ,navy men1 as a class1 have had fundamental training4 ,,earnings ,,op ,,industrial ,,insurance ,,men ,salaries varying from #aj to #be per week are paid to the field men of industrial insurance companies1 depending upon the size of the district covered4 ,such agents are expected to make the weekly collections assigned to them and to maintain the volume and number of such collections4 ,in addition to this salary1 the right and opportunity is given to earn liberal commissions on new business secured1 which in turn may operate to increase the compensation for collecting future premiums4 ,opportunities for promotions to positions as superintendents and district managers are frequent1 and the tendency is toward the retention and development of efficient employees indefinitely4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajig4 ,,office ,,management ,this position is one that is usually filled by promotion and one to which any man who qualifies for business by taking a complete commercial training may reasonably aspire4 ,men who have executive ability2 knowledge of men and ability to handle them2 the ability to organize the work of an office on an efficiency basis2 and a good general knowledge of business are needed for office managers4 ,,training ,extension courses in preparation for advancement to this grade of commercial employment are available in many places4 ,those who already have the necessary training for office work will be helped by definite courses of instruction to prepare for this desirable line of promotion4 ,others who have had neither business training nor business experience may prepare for office work first in accordance with the plan suggested earlier in this monograph1 and may later qualify for office management by extension courses under the direction of the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajih4 ,,banking ,the banking business is one in which the higher positions are usually recruited from the lower4 ,many younger men are employed as messengers1 clerks1 runners1 etc41 and it is comparatively easy to find promotion material already in the organization4 ,since these lower positions pay very small salaries and make no appeal to men1 it is not likely that large numbers of men will break into the banking business through rehabilitation channels4 ,however there are many men in our ,army who have had banking experience and desire to secure training for further promotion in this business4 ,then1 too1 some of the larger financial institutions in the big cities are in the habit of taking on men for a period of training with a view to service in their foreign branches4 ,this practice will grow as our foreign trade expands4 ,men who have the necessary general education and special training1 supplemented by overseas service1 will find in this field an opportunity that will challenge their interest4 ,,training ,foundation work in the general business subjects such as bookkeeping1 business writing1 business ,english1 correspondence1 business arithmetic1 and commercial law will be followed by instruction in economics1 money1 banking1 and finance4 ,while there are comparatively few business schools equipped to give the more advanced technical instruction required1 the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education will aid any man who is interested in this business1 not only to secure adequate training for it1 but also an opportunity to enter this field under the most favorable circumstances possible4 ,,plan ,no4 #ajii4 ,,commercial ,,teaching ,male teachers are in great demand for all kinds of educational work1 but in no department is the need for men greater than in that which has to do with the training of young people for business4 ,the commercial teacher must associate himself with the industrial and business activities of his community2 he must mingle with business men and keep in close touch with their business methods so far as they affect commercial training4 ,in practically every city and town in the ,united ,states having a population of #e1jjj or more commercial courses are being offered in the high school4 ,there are over #a1jjj private commercial schools giving intensive training for business positions4 ,all these schools1 both public and private are in very active competition with each other for the services of capable men teachers4 ,not only are these schools in competition with each other for the services of men who are qualified for this kind of work1 but they are also in competition with business which is constantly recognizing that successful commercial teachers are usually well qualified for important business positions4 ,to the men who are contemplating training for a future career this fact is of the utmost importance4 ,the training that he takes for commercial teaching and the experience that he gains in such a position will not only lead to high-grade educational positions1 but also to business openings of more than ordinary importance4 ,,two ,,departments ,,represented ,commercial teachers are naturally divided into two groups1 those who teach shorthand typewriting1 and related secretarial subjects1 and those who teach bookkeeping1 business arithmetic1 commercial law1 economics1 commercial geography1 and other subjects known as the business group4 ,while it is possible to make a preparation for either of these two departments of teaching1 it is more desirable for a man to qualify in both departments in order that he may be qualified for a position as department head where the supervision of teachers in both lines of work will fall upon him4 ,,qualifications ,,and ,,training ,,necessary ,a man who contemplates commercial teaching as a profession should possess the following qualifications3 ,good personal appearance1 abundant energy1 resourcefulness1 cheerfulness1 good general health1 and the ability to move about easily4 ,it is undesirable for anyone who is to be brought constantly in contact with the public to have physical disabilities that will be offensive or will seriously distract attention4 ,in dealing with young people in educational work it is even more necessary that unsightly wounds shall not be conspicuously apparent in those with whom such young people come in contact in their work4 ,this does not mean that one who has lost a leg or an arm should consider himself in this class4 ,among the best teachers that have ever presented commercial education to boys and girls are men who find it necessary to use a crutch or a cane4 ,commercial teachers should be thoroughly qualified to handle all of the commercial subjects named above4 ,their training should also include thorough courses in psychology1 pedagogy1 school management1 and history of education4 ,such courses of training are provided in a few of the ,state normal schools1 and in a number of the best universities4 ,men who contemplate this profession are urged to be satisfied with nothing less than the complete course of training in one of these institutions4 ,this is of the utmost importance in view of the fact that for public school commercial teaching ,state licenses are required and the qualifications therefore1 are such that graduation from an institution of high standing is the surest way to qualify for such a certificate4 ,it should be said1 however1 that for private school commercial teaching there is no license requirement in most of the ,states4 ,men who have a good general education and are well qualified in the technical subjects named above1 will have no difficulty in securing profitable employment in such schools4 ,training for such positions can be secured in much less time than is required for the full course referred to above4 ,,length ,,of ,,course ,an intensive course of one year1 assuming a good foundation with which to begin1 should prepare a man for a position as commercial teacher in a private business school4 ,the same will suffice for training a man to accept a position as commercial teacher in a high school providing he has completed a normal school or college course4 ,for those who have only a high-school education1 two years in a ,state normal school1 or from two to four years in the commercial department of a college1 will be required to complete the full training for commercial teaching4 ,,salaries ,the salary range for men commercial teachers may be stated as from #a1bjj to #h1jjj1 depending upon experience1 general and special education1 and personal qualifications4 ,,plan ,no4 #aajj4 ,,plans ,,and ,,successes ,,of ,,disabled ,,men ,,and ,,women ,chart summarizing data relating to #acc cases of disabled persons who have taken commercial courses--,tabulation of replies to questionnaires sent out to schools4#cd #cd ,all salaries are on a pre-war basis4 ,school1 case ,cause of ,previous ,course ,special number1 and disability4 education4 taken4 arrangements4 disability4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,pierce ,,business ,,school1 ,,philadelphia1 ,,pa4 #a4 ,deaf and ,natural4 ,mount ,airy4 ,business ,individual dumb4 administra- help1 written tion4 instructions4 #b4 ,loss of ,accident ,eighth ,specia4 in ,arrangement left arm4 while grade4 banking1 for holding employed4 arithmetic1 papers1 etc41 penmanship1 individual ,english4 help4 #c4 ,infantile ,disease4 ,private ,business ,careful paralysis4 tuition4 administra- seating2 tion4 personal interest1 and help4 #d4 ,paralysis4,paralyzed4 ,common do4 ,special school4 arrangement for seating1 individual help4 #e4 ,war #g wounds1 gas,grammar do4 ,correct wounds4 and shell school4 seating2 shock4 special and individual help4 ,,stone ,,business ,,college1 ,,new ,,haven1 ,,conn4 #f4 ,loss of ,accident ,grammar ,banking and ,none4 leg4 7factory school4 business4 worker74 #g4 ,short leg4,no report4 do4 ,shorthand do4 and typewriting4 #h4 ,paralysis4,born with do4 ,business and do4 disability stenography4 7no occupation74 ,,bowling ,,green ,,business ,,university1 ,,bowling ,,green1 ,,ky4 #i4 ,paralysis ,illness in ,grammar ,telegraphy ,none4 of legs4 infancy 7no school4 and railroad occupation74 accounting4 #aj4 ,paralysis ,no report4 do4 ,shorthand do4 of legs4 and typewriting4 #aa4 ,loss of ,accident ,graded ,banking1 ,none4 leg4 7student74 school4 typewriting1 stenography1 penmanship4 #ab4 ,deformed ,deformed from,eighth ,banking1 do4 legs and birth4 grade4 stenography1 feet4 typewriting4 #ac4 ,loss of ,unknown ,high school4,banking and ,metal ruler arm4 7farmer boy74 penmanship4 and paper weight combined4 ,,pierce ,,school1 ,,philadelphia1 ,,pa4 #ad4 ,hand and ,accident4 ,grammar ,shorthand ,special arm school4 and seating2 crippled4 typewriting4extra individual attention and help4 #ae4 ,loss of ,railroad do4 ,business ,special leg4 accident4 administra- seating4 tion1 stenography1 typewriting4 #af4 ,three ,accident4 do4 ,business ,none4 fingers administra- right tion4 hand4 #ag4 ,left side ,from birth4 ,parochial do4 ,special paralysis4 school1 seating2 about #hth individual grade4 instruction4 #ah4 ,dislocated,accident4 ,no report4 do4 ,special hip4 seating2 individual attention4 ,,northwestern ,,business ,,college1 ,,chicago1 ,,ill4 #ai4 ,loss of ,accident4 ,grammar ,combined ,none4 both feet4 school4 business and stenography4 #bj4 ,amputation do4 do4 ,business do4 of left course4 hand4 #ba4 ,deaf4 ,illness4 ,eighth ,typewriting4 do4 grade4 #bb4 ,partial ,illness #c years high,business4 do4 paralysis47farmer74 school4 #bc4 ,little use,infantile ,some high #f months do4 of lower paralysis4 school4 business4 limbs4 ,,rider-,,moore ,,and ,,stewart ,,school1 ,,trenton1 ,n4 ,j4 #bd4 ,hand ,while playing,grammar ,commercial4 ,none4 maimed4 ball4 school4 #be4 ,both legs ,unknown4 do4 ,shorthand4 ,arranged maimed4 classes so he would not have to change much4 #bf4 ,loss of do4 ,partial high,shorthand ,reduced leg4 school4 and climbing of typewriting4stairs4 #bg4 ,loss of ,thrashing ,grammar ,commercial4 ,none4 hand4 machine4 school4 #bh4 ,loss of ,unknown4 do4 do4 do4 hand and part of arm4 ,,duff',s ,,college1 ,,pittsburgh1 ,,pa4 #bi4 ,right leg ,railroad ,grammar ,banking1 ,increased off near accident school4 stenography1space at hip4 7clerk74 and desks4 typewriting4 #cj4 ,right arm ,accident1 do4 ,banking and ,heavy paper off at millwork stenography4weight and shoulder4 7millworker74 heavy ruler4 #ca4 ,loss of ,street-car ,eighth ,bookkeeping4,none4 left hand accident grade4 at wrist4 7pupil74 #cb4 ,right hand,gunshot ,high school4,bookkeeping4 do4 stiff1 wound4 fingers straight4 ,,the ,,cedar ,,rapids ,,business ,,college1 ,,cedar ,,rapids1 ,,iowa4 #cc4 ,no use of ,unknown4 ,grammar ,commercial ,none4 lower school4 and limbs4 stenography4 #cd4 ,both legs ,unknown ,no report4 ,unknown4 do4 off4 7farmer74 #ce4 ,one leg ,mowing ,only fair4 ,banking and do4 off4 machine stenography4 7farmer74 #cf4 ,both legs ,no report4 ,no report4 ,business and do4 off below stenography4 knees4 ,,burdett ,,college1 ,,boston1 ,,mass4 #cg4 ,hip ,childhood ,average4 ,business and do4 trouble4 disease4 bookkeeping4 #ch4 ,short ,unknown4 ,about #a year,banking1 do4 limb1 in high stenography1 paralyzed school4 and hip4 typewriting4 #ci4 ,one hand ,unknown4 ,some high ,business and,none4 off4 school bookkeeping4 training4 #dj4 ,twisted ,injured in ,high school ,secretarial4 do4 neck4 childhood4 graduate4 #da4 ,loss of ,mill ,average4 ,business and do4 left arm4 machinery bookkeeping4 accident4 #db4 ,two ,no report4 ,no report4 ,shorthand4 ,no report4 fingers missing4 #dc4 ,hand ,accident4 do4 ,stenographer do4 burned4 and typewriting4 #dd4 ,hip ,childhood do4 ,business ,none4 trouble4 illness4 course and bookkeeping4 #de4 ,right arm ,machine do4 ,business do4 off4 accident4 course4 #df4 ,lame4 ,no report4 do4 ,no report4 do4 #dg4 ,very lame4 do4 do4 do4 do4 #dh4 ,very deaf4 do4 do4 ,business do4 administra- tion4 #di4 ,short leg4,unknown4 do4 ,no report4 do4 #ej4 ,lame4 do4 do4 do4 do4 ,,utica ,,school ,,of ,,commerce1 ,,utica1 ,n4 ,y4 #ea4 ,loss of ,accident 7was,eighth ,bookkeeping4 do4 left hand4a mill hand grade4 in cotton mill before accident74 ,,waterbury ,,business ,,college1 ,,waterbury1 ,,conn4 #eb4 ,loss of ,railroad ,grammar ,banking and do4 right leg4injury4 school4 steno- graphic4 #ec4 ,right arm ,no report4 #b years' ,bookkeeping4 do4 off high school4 7student74 #ed4 ,deaf and ,unknown ,equivalent do4 ,special dumb4 7student74 to grammar instruction4 school4 ,,ferris ,,institute1 ,,big ,,rapids1 ,,mich4 #ee4 ,leg off4 ,accident 7was,high school4,banking4 ,none4 a farmer prior to accident74 ,,meeker',s ,,business ,,institute1 ,,elmira1 ,n4 ,y4 #ef4 ,left arm ,mine accident,eighth ,banking and ,individual off4 7was a mule grade4 steno- instruction4 driver in graphic4 coal mine74 #eg4 ,hunchback4,fall4 ,high school4,banking1 ,an adjustable stenography screw chair4 and typewriting4 #eh4 8,club ,from birth4 ,high school ,shorthand ,none4 feet04 graduate4 and typewriting4 #ei4 ,left arm ,from birth #a year high ,banking1 ,special off2 legs and accident4school4 stenography attachment on paralyzed4 and typewriter4 typewriting4 #fj4 ,left hand ,unknown4 ,high school4,bookkeeping4,none4 off4 ,,spencerian ,,commercial ,,school1 ,,louisville1 ,,ky4 #fa4 ,leg off4 ,accident 7was,eighth ,business and do4 newsboy74 grade4 shorthand4 #fb4 ,right arm48,do not ,country ,bookkeeping4,heavy paper remember20 school4 weight4 was a railroad man4 #fc4 ,right arm4,machine ,eighth ,business and,heavy paper accident grade4 shorthand4 weight2 shift 7factory girl for prior to typewriter4 accident74 ,,morse ,,business ,,college1 ,,hartford1 ,,conn4 #fd4 ,leg off4 ,accident4 ,grammar ,shorthand ,none4 school4 and typewriting4 #fe4 ,left arm ,accident 7was do4 ,bookkeeping4,weighted off4 a tool maker ruler and prior to paper accident74 weights4 #ff4 ,deformed4 ,accident4 do4 ,shorthand4 ,no report4 #fg4 ,deaf4 ,illness 7was do4 ,bookkeeping4 do4 engraver and newsdealer prior to illness74 #fh4 ,helpless ,illness 7was do4 ,banking and ,revolving from waistfarmer prior typewriting4desk for down4 to illness74 holding books1 special typewriting table4 ,,worcester ,,business ,,institute1 ,,worcester1 ,,mass4 #fi4 ,right arm ,caught in ,high school4,shorthand ,none4 off4 machine and 7student74 bookkeeping4 #gj4 ,loss of ,accident ,ninth grade4,bookkeeping4,none4 one leg4 7worker in a grocery store74 ,,goldey ,,college1 ,,wilmington1 ,,del4 #ga4 ,right arm ,gunshot ,high school4,shorthand ,a paper amputated4wound4 and weight4 typewriting4 ,,the ,,draughon ,,business ,,college1 ,,knoxville1 ,,tenn4 #gb4 ,index ,accident ,college4 ,banking1 ,none4 finger off7worked in shorthand left hand4bottling and works74 typewriting4 #gc4 ,right arm ,blood ,high school4,banking and do4 off4 poisoning stenography4 7school boy74 #gd4 ,left arm ,accident ,common ,bookkeeping4 do4 off4 7farm hand74 school4 #ge4 ,left arm ,gun accident do4 do4 do4 off4 7farm hand74 #gf4 ,middle ,shotgun ,high school4,banking1 do4 finger1 accident #b years in shorthand right hand7farmhand74 college4 and off4 typewriting4 ,,bank',s ,,business ,,college1 ,,philadelphia1 ,,pa4 #gg4 ,loss of ,caught in ,grammar ,commercial4 ,none4 right circular saw school4 hand4 7mechanic74 #gh4 ,loss of ,born without #c years high,combined4 ,none2 right arm arm4 school1 #c teachers told below summers to be elbow4 normal attentive4 school4 #gi4 ,loss of ,caught in ,grammar ,commercial4 ,none4 left arm4 machinery school4 7mechanic74 #hj4 ,withered ,birth do4 do4 do4 arm 7student74 7left74 #ha4 ,loss of ,railroad do4 ,shorthand1 do4 both legs4accident typewriting1 7railroader74 ,english and spelling4 ,,gregg ,,school1 ,,chicago1 ,,ill4 #hb4 ,right hand,accident ,high school4,shorthand ,rearranged off4 7student74 and fingering on typewriting4keyboard chart4 #hc4 ,sprained ,fall on ice do4 do4 ,none4 wrist4 7student74 ,,gem ,,city ,,business ,,college1 ,,quincy1 ,,ill4 #hd4 ,third and ,accident4 ,high school4,shorthand ,readjustment fourth and of fingering fingers typewriting4on typewriter off right keyboard4 hand4 #he4 ,left arm ,circular saw4,common ,business ,heavy paper off4 school4 course4 weights4 #hf4 ,left arm ,unknown4 ,high school ,business ,none4 off4 graduate4 and penmanship4 #hg4 ,badly do4 ,eighth ,business4 do4 crippled grade4 in hips4 #hh4 ,right arm ,thrashing ,eighth ,business ,heavy paper off4 machine4 grade1 and weights4 country penmanship4 school4 #hi4 ,paralyzed ,unknown4 ,unknown4 ,business ,a chair a from waist and little higher down4 shorthand4 than used by other students4 ,,griffin',s ,,springfield ,,business ,,school1 ,,springfield1 ,,mass4 #ij4 ,one-armed4,no report4 ,high school4,business4 ,none4 #ia4 ,one-armed4,probably in a,grammar ,banking and do4 mill4 school7874 stenography4 ,,palmer ,,method ,,school ,,of ,,penmanship1 ,,new ,,york ,,city4 #ib4 ,crippled4 ,no report4 ,no report4 ,banking and ,no report4 stenography4 ,,bryant ,,stratton ,,commercial ,,school1 ,,providence1 ,r4 ,i4 #ic4 ,loss of ,accident in #a or #b years,business4 ,none4 both legs4childhood ,high school4 7farmer74 #id4 ,blind4 ,from birth4 ,graduate ,typewriting ,individual ,perkins and instruction4 ,institute stenography4 for ,blind4 #ie4 ,both legs ,unknown4 ,high school4,shorthand4 ,none4 off4 #if4 ,withered ,from birth4 #b years in ,bookkeeping4 do4 arm and convent4 hand4 #ig4 ,deaf and ,illness4 ,equivalent ,bookkeeping4,none4 dumb4 to ,high school4 #ih4 ,fingers ,injury4 ,educated in ,commercial4 do4 off on ,ireland4 right hand4 #ii4 ,st4 ,vitus ,nervous ,graduate ,shorthand4 do4 dance4 trouble4 ,mount ,holyoke1 #aijf4 #ajj4 ,totally ,no report4 ,private ,bookkeeping4,none except deaf4 tutor and that teachers school to enunciated learn lip clearly4 reading4 #aja4 ,artificial,no report4 ,high school4,commercial4 ,none4 leg4 #ajb4 ,withered do4 do4 ,steno- do4 arm4 graphic4 #ajc4 ,hunchback4 do4 ,no report4 ,commercial4 ,no report4 #ajd4 ,stutters4 do4 do4 ,secretarial4 do4 #aje4 ,spells of do4 do4 ,special4 do4 queerness4 #ajf4 ,legs ,spinal do4 ,teachers4 do4 affected4 meningitis4 #ajg4 ,weak ,no report4 do4 ,special4 do4 mentally1 bad eyes4 #ajh4 ,wrists ,result of do4 ,commercial4 do4 badly vaccination4 deformed4 #aji4 ,wooden ,no report4 do4 ,secretarial4 do4 leg4 #aaj4 ,artificial do4 do4 ,commercial4 do4 foot1 very lame4 #aaa4 ,one short do4 do4 do4 do4 leg4 #aab4 ,badly do4 do4 ,secretarial4 do4 burned face4 #aac4 ,lame1 do4 do4 do4 do4 diseased knee4 #aad4 ,speech4 do4 do4 ,commercial4 do4 #aae4 ,paralysis4,infantile do4 ,teachers4 do4 paralysis4 #aaf4 ,one short ,no report4 do4 ,commercial4 do4 leg4 #aag4 ,short leg4,hip disease4 do4 ,secretarial4 do4 #aah4 ,hunchback4,no report4 do4 ,commercial4 do4 #aai4 ,short leg4 do4 do4 ,bookkeeping4 do4 #abj4 ,left do4 do4 do4 do4 handed4 #aba4 ,bad hip1 do4 do4 ,commercial4 do4 used crutch4 #abb4 ,spinal do4 do4 ,bookkeeping4 do4 trouble4 #abc4 ,hunchback1 do4 do4 ,commercial4 do4 badly deformed4 #abd4 ,paralysis4,infantile do4 do4 do4 paralysis4 #abe4 ,paralysis4 do4 do4 do4 do4 ,,pierce ,,school1 ,,philadelphia1 ,,pa4 #abf4 ,right hand,circular ,eighth ,special ,had an off4 cutter on grade4 penmanship1 artificial milling ,english1 andarm2 special machine4 arithmetic4 desk1 individual attention4 ,,rochester ,,business ,,institute1 ,,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 #abg4 ,paralysis4,spinal ,high school ,shorthand ,individual meningitis graduate4 and attention4 and infantile typewriting4 paralysis4 #abh4 ,paralysis ,injury in #c years ,regular ,none to speak of right football in ,rochestercommercial4 of4 leg and game4 ,school4 arm4 #abi4 ,anchylosis,rheumatism4 ,high school ,commercial ,none4 of hip graduate4 and steno- joints4 graphic4 #acj4 ,paralysis1,cerebral ,was ,commercial4 ,none1 except withered spinal graduated individual arm1 meningitis4 from ,grammar attention4 impeded school4 speech4 ,,the ,,martin ,,shorthand ,,school4 #aca4 ,both hands,was pushed ,seventh ,steno- ,an aluminum amputated into a grade4 graphic4 cup was #d to #f bonfire when fitted to the inches a child of #g stumps4 below years4 elbow4 #acb4 ,both limbs,run over by ,eighth grade do4 ,none4 amputated4street car4 and #b years at ,east ,liberty ,academy4 #acc4 ,right leg ,crushed by ,eighth ,bookkeeping1 do4 amputated4mine car grade4 then steno- 7helper in graphic4 coal mine74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,school1 case ,time ,present ,remarks4 number1 and required4 status4 disability4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,pierce ,,business ,,school1 ,,philadelphia1 ,,pa4 #a4 ,deaf and ,not longer than ,shares equally in,rendering dumb4 usually required4profits of firm4 excellent service4 ,results in the case of this young man were satisfactory beyond expectation4 #b4 ,loss of ,succeeded as well#ae per week4 ,her progress met left arm4 as students of all expectations4 like ability4 #c4 ,infantile ,doing as well as ,is still a ,this young man's paralysis4others of similarstudent at this affliction is such education4 school4 that his parents must bring him to and take him from school every day4 #d4 ,paralysis4,somewhat longer ,doing than average4 satisfactory work4 #e4 ,war ,did not finish1 ,is a minister ,decided as his wounds4 but was making now2 average physical condition average progress4minister's improved to compensation4 prepare for the ministry4 ,,stone ,,business ,,college1 ,,new ,,haven1 ,,conn4 #f4 ,loss of ,no report4 ,salary #b1ejj a leg4 year1 general manager ,new ,haven ,bridge ,crucible ,steel ,co4 #g4 ,short leg4#b or #c months ,doing longer than satisfactory average4 work2 salary1 #ij per month4 #h4 ,paralysis4,not longer than ,satisfactory usually required4progress2 #b1ejj or #c1jjj a year4 ,,bowling ,,green ,,business ,,university1 ,,bowling ,,green1 ,,ky4 #i4 ,paralysis ,not longer than ,employed ,postal of legs4 usually required4,telegraph ,co41 #a1gjj a year4 #aj4 ,paralysis do4 ,making of legs4 satisfactory progress2 salary1 #a1ejj a year4 #aa4 ,loss of ,no longer than ,salary1 #a1hjj a leg4 usually required4year4 #ab4 ,deformed do4 ,progress legs and satisfactory2 feet4 salary1 #b1ajj a year4 #ac4 ,loss of do4 ,progress arm4 satisfactory2 salary1 #a1jhj a year4 ,,pierce ,,school1 ,,philadelphia1 ,,pa4 #ad4 ,hand and ,longer than usual,progress ,is happy and arm to change from satisfactory2 #cb;contented1 crippled4 right to left per week4 according to his hand4 own statement4 ,the course selected has given him a better opportunity than any other line he could have followed4 #ae4 ,loss of ,average time4 ,progress ,the very marked leg4 satisfactory4 success of this man is due to the type of his business training4 #af4 ,three do4 do4 ,he was right fingers handed and by right training in pen hand4 holding and in penmanship it was not necessary to change to left hand4 ,works for father4 #ag4 ,left side ,somewhat longer4 ,progress ,paralysis affected paralysis4 satisfactory2 his right hand so present salary that it was #ab a week4 necessary to change to left hand4 ,acquired fair degree of speed in writing4 #ah4 ,dislocated,less than ,progress hip4 average4 satisfactory4 ,,northwestern ,,business ,,college1 ,,chicago1 ,,ill4 #ai4 ,loss of ,longer than ,progress both feet4average4 satisfactory2 present salary #be a week4 #bj4 ,amputation,shorter by #b ,favorable 8,it is our opinion of left months than reports4 that the business hand4 average4 public will be more considerate of the application of the crippled soldier1 and he needs only a chance to dispel any doubt of his ability to adapt himself to requirements40 #ba4 ,deaf4 ,longer by about #b,satisfactory2 #ad months than per week4 usual4 #bb4 ,partial ,shorter by #a ,satisfactory2 #ae paralysis4months than per week4 usual4 #bc4 ,little use,finished on time4,most of lower satisfactory2 limbs4 cashier in bank4 ,,rider-,,moore ,,and ,,stewart ,,school1 ,,trenton1 ,n4 ,j4 #bd4 ,hand ,regular4 ,no report4 maimed4 #be4 ,both legs do4 ,doing well4 maimed4 #bf4 ,loss of do4 do4 leg4 #bg4 ,loss of do4 ,no report4 hand4 #bh4 ,loss of do4 ,satisfactory4 hand and part of arm4 ,,duff',s ,,college1 ,,pittsburgh1 ,,pa4 #bi4 ,right leg ,average time4 ,satisfactory2 #ge off near per month4 hip4 #cj4 ,right arm ,one-half longer ,most off at than usual4 satisfactory2 shoulder4 #ajj a month4 #ca4 ,loss of ,no longer than ,satisfactory2 #ej left hand usual4 per month4 at wrist4 #cb4 ,right hand,less than the ,satisfactory1 stiff1 average time4 #ajj a month4 fingers straight4 ,,the ,,cedar ,,rapids ,,business ,,college1 ,,cedar ,,rapids1 ,,iowa4 #cc4 ,no use of ,no longer than ,satisfactory2 #cj lower others of same per week4 limbs4 education4 #cd4 ,both legs ,regular4 ,satisfactory2 #ba off4 per week4 #ce4 ,one leg do4 ,satisfactory2 #ij off4 a month4 #cf4 ,both legs do4 ,probably off below satisfactory2 knees4 #a1bjj per year4 ,,burdett ,,college1 ,,boston1 ,,mass4 #cg4 ,hip do4 ,probably ,this student was trouble4 satisfactory2 #ajlame to the extent per week at that he had to start4 rely upon a cane1 yet this did not interfere with his progress in business life4 #ch4 ,short do4 ,probably ,case #ch found it limb1 satisfactory2 difficult to walk paralyzed salary unknown4 on account of hip4 short limb and stiff hip1 yet ordinary facilities were adequate for his comfort4 #ci4 ,one hand ,regular4 ,in business with off4 his father4 #dj4 ,twisted ,longer by about #b,probably neck4 months than satisfactory2 usual4 started in with #h a week4 #da4 ,loss of ,regular4 ,salary unknown4 left arm4 #db4 ,two ,progress a little,probably fingers slower than satisfactory2 missing4 average4 salary #ab per week4 #dc4 ,hand ,slightly longer4 ,satisfactorily burned4 employed2 #ae per week4 #dd4 ,hip ,the same as other,satisfactorily trouble4 students4 employed2 #h a week to start4 #de4 ,right arm ,did not complete ,no report4 off4 course4 #df4 ,lame4 ,regular4 ,satisfactory2 #be,was very lame and per week4 had to use cane constantly4 ,completed course4 #dg4 ,very lame4 do4 ,no report4 ,uses crutch4 ,handicap does not interfere with his progress4 #dh4 ,very deaf4,less than do4 ,completed course average4 but underwent an operation and died before taking place4 #di4 ,short leg4,regular4 ,doing excellent ,walked with cane4 work2 #ab to start4 #ej4 ,lame4 ,has not completed,no report4 ,excellent student course4 and mentally qualified to take any business course4 ,,utica ,,school ,,of ,,commerce1 ,,utica1 ,n4 ,y4 #ea4 ,loss of 8,not much ,doing very well2 left hand4longer40 present salary #ah per week4 ,,waterbury ,,business ,,college1 ,,waterbury1 ,,conn4 #eb4 ,loss of ,regular4 ,holds responsible right leg4 position2 #cj a week4 #ec4 ,right arm do4 ,salary #dj a off week4 7student74 #ed4 ,deaf and ,about #c months ,no report4 8,i believe dumb4 longer than typewriting would average4 be better as they could make fine copyists2 easier to place40 ,,ferris ,,institute1 ,,big ,,rapids1 ,,mich4 #ee4 ,leg off4 ,regular4 8,doing well10 #a1bjj a year4 ,,meeker',s ,,business ,,institute1 ,,elmira1 ,n4 ,y4 #ef4 ,left arm #b months longer4 ,most successful4 ,this man is now a off4 millionaire4 #eg4 ,hunchback4,regular4 ,salary #ajj a ,now in ,government month4 in ,washington2 doing excellent work4 #eh4 8,club do4 ,satisfactory2 feet04 salary #aej a month4 #ei4 ,left arm ,regular4 ,most successful2 off2 legs salary #age a paralyzed4 month4 #fj4 ,left hand #b months longer4 ,not much of a ,did not apply off4 success2 salary herself to her #fj a month4 work while at school4 ,,spencerian ,,commercial ,,school1 ,,louisville1 ,,ky4 #fa4 ,leg off4 ,regular4 ,in ,government1 ,washington 7present salary about #aej per month74 #fb4 ,right arm4 do4 8,very successful0 salary #abj a month4 #fc4 ,right arm4 do4 8,quite successful0 salary #gj a month at time of marriage4 ,,morse ,,business ,,college1 ,,hartford1 ,,conn4 #fd4 ,leg off4 ,regular4 ,satisfactory2 salary about #ge per month4 #fe4 ,left arm do4 ,satisfactory2 ,the ,morse ,college off4 salary #cj a has educated a week4 number of one- armed people4 #ff4 ,deformed4 do4 ,satisfactory2 salary #ce a week4 #fg4 ,deaf4 do4 ,satisfactory2 salary was #b1jjj 7now deceased74 #fh4 ,helpless ,completed work in,he was ,since the from waistmuch less than exceptionally instruction in the down4 average time4 successful2 ,morse ,business salary #b1ejj a ,college is so year2 cashier in largely country bank4 individual1 special arrangements for these cases are reduced to a minimum4 ,,worcester ,,business ,,institute1 ,,worcester1 ,,mass4 #fi4 ,right arm ,average4 ,very 8,he was so off4 satisfactory2 enthusiastic he #a1bjj to #a1ejj did better than per year4 some students with both hands40 #gj4 ,loss of ,average4 ,salary #a1jjj per,had difficulty at one leg4 year4 first in placing him1 but after securing artificial limb it was much easier4 ,,goldey ,,college1 ,,wilmington1 ,,del4 #ga4 ,right arm ,average4 ,unknown4 ,his handicap amputated4 seemed to spur him on to unusual efforts4 ,,the ,,draughon ,,business ,,college1 ,,knoxville1 ,,tenn4 #gb4 ,index ,average4 ,he is an finger off excellent bank left hand4 man2 #b1jjj per year4 #gc4 ,right arm do4 ,very ,now in employ of off4 satisfactory2 the ,quaker ,oats #a1ejj a year4 ,co4 #gd4 ,left arm do4 #a1bjj per year4 ,a man with left off4 arm off gets along all right as bookkeeper1 etc4 #ge4 ,left arm do4 do4 ,it is one of the off4 best lines for a man who has lost left arm to follow4 #gf4 ,middle ,completed #d ,has been very ,this man is a finger1 months ahead of successful2 #ifj valuable asset to right handschedule4 per year4 the bank where off4 employed1 and has certainly 8made good40 ,,bank',s ,,business ,,college1 ,,philadelphia1 ,,pa4 #gg4 ,loss of ,about a month ,doing well1 #hj ,case #gg is #ah right longer than per month4 years of age1 has hand4 average4 pleasing personality and good health2 these are very much in his favor4 #gh4 ,loss of ,about a month ,is teaching ,consider this case right arm or two longer commercial a most remarkable below than average4 subjects1 #ij one4 ,she did elbow4 per month4 everything so well4 ,teaching high school1 ,state ,college1 ,pennsylvania4 #gi4 ,loss of do4 ,now very ,took much pains in left arm4 successful1 #ajj writing1 therefore per month4 developed into a very fine penman4 #hj4 ,withered ,several months ,successful2 #gj arm longer than per month4 7left74 average4 #ha4 ,loss of ,average4 ,successful2 #de ,this case has both legs4 to #ej per week4 artificial legs and has very little difficulty in moving about4 ,,gregg ,,school1 ,,chicago1 ,,ill4 #hb4 ,right hand,longer than ,about #bjj per ,although colored1 off4 average4 month4 this person had no difficulty securing position4 #hc4 ,sprained ,no report4 ,reporting wrist4 meetings of ,war ,industries ,board4 ,,gem ,,city ,,business ,,college1 ,,quincy1 ,,ill4 #hd4 ,third and ,longer by ,unknown4 fourth possibly two fingers months than off right average4 hand4 #he4 ,left arm ,twice as long as ,is employed4 off4 average4 #hf4 ,left arm ,average4 do4 off4 #hg4 ,badly ,about average ,is employed in crippled time4 ,rock ,island in hips4 ,arsenal4 #hh4 ,right arm ,not much longer ,automobile off4 than average4 salesman4 #hi4 ,paralyzed ,about a fourth ,he is assistant from waistlonger1 but his cashier of a down4 grades were bank4 above average4 ,,griffin',s ,,springfield ,,business ,,school1 ,,springfield1 ,,mass4 #ij4 ,one-armed4,average4 ,is a lawyer4 #ia4 ,one-armed4 do4 ,prosperous2 ,is now treasurer leading man in of the ,chester his company4 ,granite ,co41 ,chester1 ,mass4 ,,palmer ,,method ,,school ,,of ,,penmanship1 ,,new ,,york ,,city4 #ib4 ,crippled4 ,no report4 ,successful2 #e per day4 ,,bryant ,,stratton ,,commercial ,,school1 ,,providence1 ,r4 ,i4 #ic4 ,loss of ,average4 #a1cjj per year4 8,he is active in both legs4 business every day and is still employed by the same firm4 ,has entire confidence of his employers and now has charge of the office40 #id4 ,blind4 ,little more than ,satisfactory2 #ab;,it seems to me regular4 per week4 that typewriting would be the only course blind persons could undertake satisfactorily4 #ie4 ,both legs ,average4 ,no report4 ,is working at off4 present and seems to be improving all the time4 #if4 ,withered ,still studying4 ,still studying in arm and school4 hand4 #ig4 ,deaf and ,average4 8,doing ,some difficulty in dumb4 nicely40 placing him on account of inability to answer phone4 #ih4 ,fingers do4 8,doing nicely as off on bookkeeper40 right hand4 #ii4 ,st4 ,vitus ,possibly #aj weeks8,doing nicely40 dance4 longer than average4 #ajj4 ,totally ,average4 ,in the same 8,i think any man deaf4 position he took as mentally alert on leaving as this one would school4 succeed4 ,i would not recommend such a course for the ordinary deaf person40 #aja4 ,artificial,average2 ,head bookkeeper1 leg4 he had an very successful4 excellent record4 #ajb4 ,withered ,average4 8,is doing well as arm4 stenographer and bookkeeper40 #ajc4 ,hunchback4,no report4 ,no report4 #ajd4 ,stutters4 do4 do4 #aje4 ,spells of do4 ,did not graduate4 queerness4 #ajf4 ,legs do4 ,no report4 affected4 #ajg4 ,weak do4 ,did not graduate4 mentally1 bad eyes4 #ajh4 ,wrists do4 ,no report4 badly deformed4 #aji4 ,wooden do4 do4 leg4 #aaj4 ,artificial do4 ,has not foot1 very graduated4 lame4 #aaa4 ,one short do4 do4 leg4 #aab4 ,badly do4 ,did not graduate4 burned face4 #aac4 ,lame1 do4 do4 diseased knee4 #aad4 ,speech4 do4 ,no report4 #aae4 ,paralysis4 do4 do4 #aaf4 ,one short do4 do4 leg4 #aag4 ,short leg4 do4 ,did not graduate4 #aah4 ,hunchback4 do4 ,no report4 #aai4 ,short leg4 do4 do4 #abj4 ,left do4 ,did not graduate4 handed4 #aba4 ,bad hip1 do4 ,no report4 used crutch4 #abb4 ,spinal do4 ,did not graduate4 trouble4 #abc4 ,hunchback1 do4 ,no report4 badly deformed4 #abd4 ,paralysis4 do4 ,did not graduate4 #abe4 ,paralysis4 do4 do4 ,,pierce ,,school1 ,,philadelphia1 ,,pa4 #abf4 ,right hand,a month or more ,has succeeded 8,the good results off4 longer than very well in her obtained by average4 position4 training1 and the excellent opportunity afforded1 would assure us that anyone of like affliction could be readily trained40 ,,rochester ,,business ,,institute1 ,,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 #abg4 ,paralysis4,can not be ,no report4 absolutely regular in attendance2 he will require twice the regular time4 #abh4 ,paralysis ,average4 ,earning about #be;,is constantly of right per week4 gaining in leg and experience and arm4 acquaintance and expects to better himself4 ,he is full of courage and hope for the future4 #abi4 ,anchylosis do4 ,earning #ah a of hip week2 is worth joints4 more4 #acj4 ,paralysis1,about the average,with ,western withered time4 ,electric ,co41 arm1 ,chicago2 impeded most successful4 speech4 ,,the ,,martin ,,shorthand ,,school4 #aca4 ,both hands,about #f months ,her vocational ,student's home amputated longer than training a environment was so #d to #f average1 largely complete success4bad that it was inches due to lack of difficult to below early schooling counteract it4 ,she elbow4 and health4 received a good deal of newspaper notoriety and it went to her head4 ,her family seemed to try to exploit her misfortune4 #acb4 ,both limbs,average4 ,very successful4 amputated4 #acc4 ,right leg ,a little longer 8,i expect him to amputated4than average1 be very lacking general successful2 education4 earning #ajj per month40 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,plan ,no4 #aaja4 ,,teaching ,,as ,a ,,vocation ,,acknowledgment ,the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education is indebted to ,teachers' ,college1 ,columbia ,university1 for contributing material that served as a basis for this monograph1 which has been prepared by ,dr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,smith1 ,superintendent for ,co-operation for the ,federal ,board1 under direction of ,charles ,h4 ,winslow1 ,chief of the ,division of ,research4 ,acknowledgment is due to ,dr4 ,john ,cummings1 of the ,research ,division1 for editorial assistance4 ,,what ,,kinds ,,of ,,positions ,,are ,,open ,,to ,,men ,,in ,,the ,,educational ,,field8 ,the following types of positions are open to men in education3 7#a7 ,teaching positions4 7#b7 ,supervisory and executive positions on the strictly educational side4 7#c7 ,executive positions on the strictly business side4 7#d7 ,miscellaneous positions1 such as those held by attendance and probation officers4 ,teaching positions open to men may be classified as follows3 #a4 ,positions in the eight grammar school grades-- 7a7 ,as teachers of the regular grade subjects 7elementary school subjects7 in rural schools4 7b7 ,as teachers of the regular grade subjects 7elementary school subjects7 in fifth1 sixth1 and especially seventh and eighth grades in the city schools4 7c7 ,as teachers of special subjects in the grades1 such as music1 mechanical drawing1 manual training1 agriculture1 commercial subjects1 physical training and playground work1 including coaching in athletics4 #b4 ,positions in high schools1 as teachers of practically all high-school subjects1 but especially in the sciences1 such as geology1 physics1 zoology1 botany1 and chemistry2 and in agriculture1 commercial subjects1 debating1 history1 mathematics1 foreign languages1 ,english1 drafting1 shop work of various kinds1 and printing4 #c4 ,positions in all-day1 part-time1 or evening vocational schools as teachers of vocational subjects4 #d4 ,positions in normal schools1 colleges1 and universities4 ,the greater part of the teaching in the elementary schools is in the hands of women1 and much of it should continue in their hands since they are better suited than men to teach the lower grades4 ,but children1 especially in the upper grades1 should come in contact not only with women1 but with some men as well4 ,more teaching in these grades1 therefore1 will doubtless in the future be put into the hands of men4 ,in the rural schools1 except where schools have been consolidated1 a teacher usually teaches all subjects in all eight grades1 or in a number of these grades4 ,in city schools in the regular grade subjects1 each teacher generally handles one group of children1 all of whom are in the same grade4 ,in the upper grades of the elementary schools in cities1 particularly in grades #g and #h1 each teacher generally teaches one subject1 and teaches that subject to different groups of children in different grades4 ,under these conditions the teacher has opportunity to specialize along the line of his choice4 ,one may specialize in the regular old line school subjects1 such as history1 reading1 arithmetic1 writing1 and geography1 or in the newer subjects1 such as music1 art1 and agriculture4 ,art teaching offers an attractive field4 ,so do agriculture1 woodwork1 foundry1 forging1 sheet-metal work1 concrete construction1 simple electrical construction and wiring1 printing1 shoe repairing1 and mechanical drawing4 ,except in the largest cities1 the teachers of industrial art subjects are usually called upon to teach two or three such subjects4 ,one's preparation for the teaching of these industrial art subjects should include first1 a knowledge of the shop side of these lines of work2 second1 some knowledge of the everyday problems of industrial production1 distribution1 and consumption2 and third1 some knowledge of the method of teaching4 ,,plan ,no4 #aajb4 ,,men ,,teachers ,,needed ,men who have strong sympathies with children1 who have seen life outside of their own town1 ,state1 or country1 who1 like our soldiers returning from the front1 have faced death with as much bravery as they have faced life1 such men know what it means to overcome difficulties1 and the experience and ideals of such men are needed for the proper education of our youth4 ,the influence of such characters should be felt before the close of the elementary school1 which is the most important part of any educational system1 the foundation on which higher education is based1 and which1 therefore1 offers a field not unworthy the finest type of soldier4 ,there is a growing demand for men teachers in the best high schools and normal schools1 and this demand is likely to increase as the result of the war1 which has shown more clearly the need of the influence of men in our secondary schools and which has drawn many women into industrial occupations that were formerly closed to them4 ,this demand for men teachers is especially noticeable in the special subjects in high schools1 and it is growing even in the regular subjects4 ,even in ,english1 which has been taught pretty largely in the past by women1 there is a growing feeling that more men should be employed4 ,heretofore1 men fitted by nature and training for teaching ,english in the high schools have generally gone into journalism or magazine writing4 ,in the teaching of mathematics in high schools1 applications rather than pure theory are being more and more emphasized4 ,here men generally have a wider range of information and experience than women1 so that the teaching of mathematics in high schools should offer increasing opportunities to returned service men4 ,the method of teaching history1 too1 is gradually changing1 so that it is more attractive to men than formerly4 ,particularly attractive should it be to returned soldiers and sailors1 who have had such an important part in making history during recent months4 ,the teaching of modern languages is tending to open up somewhat to men4 ,there will be a growing demand for teachers of ,french and ,spanish1 and this demand can not readily be filled satisfactorily for some time to come4 ,it should open up good opportunities1 therefore1 to returned soldiers and sailors4 ,french has been neglected in ,american secondary schools1 particularly in the central and far ,west4 ,spanish1 until a very few years ago1 was almost unknown in high-school courses4 ,recently it has been introduced rapidly4 ,it is not certain1 of course1 yet that it will continue to develop under normal conditions1 but it is certain that ,south ,american trade will grow faster after the war1 and this fact should encourage the spread of the study of ,spanish4 ,in the past we have made the mistake of leaving the teaching of foreign languages too much to teachers native to the countries whose language they teach4 ,in the future we shall be careful not to make the mistake that we made in the teaching of ,german4 ,we shall put the teaching of foreign languages more largely into the hands of ,american-born teachers4 ,we can scarcely do better than to intrust such work to the care of returned soldiers and sailors who equip themselves for this task4 ,there has long been a great demand for well-prepared men teachers in sciences in the high schools4 ,the chances for men in these subjects in the future are likely to be better than they have been in the past4 ,many men with scientific training will return from the war with disabilities unfitting them for their former occupation1 and to such the field of science teaching may seem very promising4 ,opportunities will be especially good for men who have been trained in scientific or technical colleges1 which include in their curricula the sciences usually taught in high schools4 ,for more advanced high-school work in industrial arts in the large high schools1 men are needed who can teach one of the branches of industry intensively1 giving their whole time to such subjects as wood-working1 metal working1 printing1 or mechanical drawing4 ,a man who is a journeyman workman in any industry already has most of the training necessary for this line of teaching4 ,men teachers are needed also to teach some of the regular school subjects from the industrial point of view4 ,for instance1 there is occasionally need for men to teach shop mathematics or the sciences concerned in the industry1 but they should be familiar with shop work and shop problems in order to make their work fit into the needs of the shop courses4 ,there are opportunities also in the field of teaching vocations4 ,positions are rapidly opening up in public all-day1 part-time1 and evening vocational schools2 also in apprentice schools conducted by business establishments4 ,opportunities for teaching positions in this work range from permanent employment on the staff of a school or college to temporary employment in conducting evening courses for a number of weeks4 ,many institutions of all grades conduct full-time day courses1 and also conduct special1 part-time or evening courses1 at certain times in the year4 ,thus opportunities are open either for full-time or part-time employment4 ,in industrial cities where evening industrial and commercial courses are conducted there is often an opportunity for a man to secure a position as instructor4 ,he can do this instructing and retain his day employment4 ,usually there is more demand for agricultural training in the agricultural and thinly settled ,states1 and for trade and industrial training in the cities of the industrial ,states1 though both forms of training are carried on to some degree in practically all the ,states4 ,in any part of the country a prospective trade instructor is more likely to find opportunity in the larger cities4 ,,promotion ,teaching positions in colleges and universities pay more money1 of course1 than those in high schools4 ,it is equally true that instructors in high schools are paid more money than those in elementary schools4 ,this difference in salary is largely because of the greater amount of training required for the better paying positions4 ,in general1 high-school teachers1 for example1 must have pursued an educational course at least four years in advance of the grade of the subject which they teach in the high school4 ,this means graduation from a college1 or what is commonly called the ,a4 ,b4 degree4 ,the standards in most colleges have been raised so much the last few years that one must have at least two years of education in the college subject which he expects to teach1 beyond the four years' work of the college4 ,this means at least the master's degree and1 in many institutions1 the doctor's degree4 ,any young man ambitious to become a college instructor should recognize that his chances of success in the work are very poor unless he is able in some way to secure the proper preparation4 ,in many cases this is done by graduating from a normal school to teach in elementary schools4 ,later1 by saving his money1 the teacher is able to complete an ,a4 ,b4 degree1 which makes him eligible for desirable teaching positions in high schools4 ,a third step for the ambitious man is that the second return to a college or university for the purpose of securing specialized training which entitles him to the master's or doctor's degree4 ,he is then eligible for desirable college and university positions4 ,any man interested in education as a profession should1 therefore1 take stock of his native ability1 his interest in the profession1 his present educational qualifications1 the grade of position to which he aspires1 and the amount of sacrifice he is willing to make to meet its requirements4 ,after a few years' experience in actual teaching one may qualify for a supervisory position or an administrative position4 ,there are many positions of this character4 ,there are positions as supervisor of art1 music1 drawing1 physical training1 manual training1 agriculture1 etc41 in the grades and in the high schools4 ,there are supervisors also of certain grades1 like supervisors in the primary grades1 the intermediate grades and the upper grades4 ,men can very well do this supervisory work in the intermediate and especially in the upper grades4 ,sometimes one supervises the teaching of all subjects in a group of buildings4 ,on the administrative side there are opportunities as principals of buildings4 ,sometimes the work of the principal is wholly that of administration4 ,sometimes it combines with the administrative work1 the work of supervising actual teaching4 ,from principalships and supervising positions one may pass on to the position of superintendent4 ,a young man of ability and ambition with the proper training can reasonably hope to become principal of a large building1 or superintendent of a fairly good sized school system1 if he is willing to pay the price of hard work for #ab to #ae years4 ,administrative positions on the strictly business side of schools1 such as superintendent of buildings1 or of supplies1 are open to men of course1 who have not had teaching experience at all4 ,generally1 however1 these positions are filled by men who know something of the teaching problem itself4 ,more and more there is a tendency to bring the business administration and education administration nearer together4 ,in the future1 therefore1 promotions even in the business field of school work will doubtless take place more and more through the avenue of the educational field4 ,in both of these fields1 the business and the educational administration of school work1 there is a distinct future for fine vigorous men1 who have the power of arranging their thoughts and facts in an orderly way when they are taking up matters for discussion with their associates4 ,the soldier who enters the field of education has a far wider horizon1 and therefore a better opportunity for promotion1 than one equally well equipped in other respects who has not borne arms4 ,,essentials ,,of ,,the ,,ideal ,,teacher ,it is difficult to judge in advance one's fitness for teaching4 ,probably the biggest single element determining success is love for children or for youth4 ,if a man can play with them with pleasure1 he has a pretty strong evidence of an understanding of child nature that will be helpful to him in teaching4 ,prof4 ,george ,herbert ,palmer1 in his monograph 8,the ,ideal ,teacher10 says that there are four essentials of the successful ideal teacher4 ,these may be briefly indicated as follows3 #a4 ,so long as a teacher is content to keep in his possession information or facts he is not a teacher at all4 ,he must transfer these facts to minds of others in order to be a teacher4 ,it goes without saying that the teacher must have knowledge1 a wide range of information about various things1 before this knowledge can be passed on to someone else4 ,the teacher's duty is that of taking a thought out of his own mind and putting that thought into the minds of others4 ,it goes without saying1 therefore1 that he must have possession of the thought in the first place himself4 #b4 ,the teacher must have a passion to lead others to learn4 ,this eagerness must be accompanied by imagination which leads the teacher to put himself in the place of the pupil4 ,this means that the teacher has to take facts and wrestle with them until they are lodged safely and permanently in the minds of the pupils4 ,the teacher must see the things that confuse the pupils and after seeing these difficulties must clear them away4 ,there is always the temptation for the teacher to blame failure on the dullness of pupils rather than to ask whether the teaching has been adjusted to the conditions of the pupil's mind4 #c4 ,in addition to the intellectual wealth and the sympathetic imagination above mentioned1 the ideal teacher must make the pupils like to learn4 ,too often school work is offensive and results in arousing a rebellious spirit on the part of pupils4 #d4 ,the ideal teacher must be willing to be forgotten--to have his kind acts overlooked--to be generous1 even in the absence of praise4 ,if praise and recognition are essential to him the prospective teacher may as well give up the profession4 ,,test ,,questions ,,for ,,self-,,examination ,the discharged soldier can decide to some extent what his teaching chances are by asking himself questions like the following3 ,have ,i attended evening school or taken instruction work1 or gone to lectures1 or enrolled in correspondence schools1 or done anything previous to entering the ,army which would lead anyone to suppose that ,i was ambitious to advance in my vocation8 ,when in the ,army1 did ,i obtain recognition for capacity for leadership and for teaching others8 ,have ,i in the past looked upon teaching as a desirable profession where one could render service at a fair compensation8 ,have ,i 8,stick-to-it-iveness0 to attend a teachers' training school and adapt myself to classroom work with books1 catalogues1 reports1 and lectures on the theory and practice of education8 ,one looking forward to a position in vocational education should ask himself such questions as the following3 ,have ,i actual technical knowledge of some trade or am ,i only capable of practicing a few operations connected with the trade8 ,have ,i ever been interested in social and economic life that lies behind the vocational life8 ,did ,i ever join any organization connected with an occupation or pursuit which promotes the economic and educational welfare of its members8 ,each prospective teacher should ask1 ,have ,i a strong personality8 ,nothing awakens within a child sleeping moral qualities so well as contact with a strong attractive personality4 ,the problem of the school is to find the teacher inspired with patriotism1 filled with zeal1 and favored with intellectual interests4 ,,teaching ,,not ,,easy ,,work ,the question of health1 also1 is an important one for the person who is looking forward to teaching4 ,many people feel that school hours are short1 and that1 therefore1 a great amount of physical endurance is not needed in the work of teaching4 ,because of the particular strain of the teacher's work it is a mistake to think of the workday at all in terms of hours4 ,it has been said that one hour of teaching is equivalent as far as fatigue is concerned to two hours of ordinary study done in quiet without the necessity of speaking4 ,the four or five hour teaching day1 therefore1 becomes the equivalent of an eight or ten hour day1 and on top of that must be added two hours a day for correcting papers1 preparing lesson plans1 etc4 ,it is said that teaching is hard on the eyes and the nerves and the lungs1 so that people suffering seriously from either eye1 nerve1 or lung trouble should hesitate to go into teaching as a life work1 unless there are prospects of early recovery4 ,it is further stated that a higher percentage of deaths occurs from tuberculosis among teachers than among persons in other occupations1 although the mortality from this disease is higher for female teachers than for male teachers4 ,teachers1 especially beginning teachers1 frequently suffer from nervous strain4 ,almost #ej per cent of the nervous cases are said to appear during the first #e years of teaching1 while during the first #ae years of teaching #hg per cent of such cases occur4 ,nevertheless it is to be noted that insurance companies class teachers among their good risks4 ,,training ,,required ,men who have gotten no farther than the eighth grade in their general education might be fitted to teach some vocational subjects4 ,teachers of elementary subjects1 either in the ungraded rural schools or in the graded city schools1 should have the equivalent of a high-school education1 and teachers in high schools should have the equivalent of a college education with emphasis placed upon the subject taught4 ,teachers in normal schools should have a year or two of work beyond the college course1 and teachers in colleges and universities are generally expected to have from one to four years of post-graduate work4 ,in addition to this general training in subject matter one should have professional training dealing with the methods of teaching and supervising4 ,the demand for men with this special training in the teaching profession is growing4 ,the minimum general education required for a principalship of a school is graduation from a good high school4 ,in addition to this there should be at least two years of study1 which is largely professional1 such as one would get in a normal school or in the department of education in a college or university4 ,even further study than that1 of course1 is desirable1 and the best positions generally go to men who have spent several years in study beyond college graduation4 ,recent studies show that men who have received even a small amount of professional training advance more rapidly than those who have depended alone on their native ability and general education4 ,for the positions that are largely administrative and supervisory men who have already had experience in the field of teaching may secure the necessary technical preparation by taking a year's training in any of the numerous colleges of education or normal schools which prepare for these fields4 ,present-day courses in theory and practice1 leading directly to positions named above1 offer unexcelled professional training in these fields4 ,various ,states of the ,union have different laws governing the certification of teachers4 ,some of the ,states require a definite amount of education of a general nature1 plus education of a professional nature1 plus an examination4 ,other ,states depend more upon the examination4 ,the present tendency is to raise the requirement for a general education1 to add to the requirement for a professional training1 and to lay less stress upon the examination4 ,anyone who is thinking of entering the teaching profession1 however1 should before doing so look up very carefully the laws in force in the ,state in which he plans to teach4 ,applicants for teaching positions in educational institutions of any grade must generally show the authorities in control that they possess whatever qualifications may be considered necessary1 including education1 training1 experience1 and personality4 ,in general1 the higher the grade of the institution1 the higher the requirements4 ,colleges1 technical schools1 and universities all practically require for the lowest teaching positions on their regular staff at least a degree equal to that granted by the institution4 ,schools of secondary grade do not1 as a rule1 set the standard as high1 while schools of intermediate grade set up intermediate qualifications4 ,the requirements for teachers in schools of secondary grade vary widely4 ,if under private control1 no definite statement can be made1 since each school sets up its own standards4 ,good privately controlled schools1 however1 tend to set up about the same requirements as schools of corresponding type that are under public control4 ,in the great majority of ,states teachers in schools under public control must be certified before they can be employed4 ,this certificate is usually granted after some form of examination has been successfully passed and is commonly given by the ,state educational authorities4 ,usually certificates are granted only to persons having certain educational and other qualifications4 ,the requirements1 examinations1 subjects1 etc41 are usually given in bulletins issued free by the departments of education of the different ,states4 ,some large cities have certifying systems of their own4 ,in most ,states teachers of agriculture must be graduates of a four-year course in an agricultural college or institution of similar grade1 and in addition1 must have had a practical farming experience4 ,in trade and commercial schools and departments the general tendency is to secure for practical or shop instructors men who actually know the occupations that they are to teach4 ,in industrial day schools and in evening courses in these schools1 there is generally required proof of a certain length of journeyman experience in the trade to be taught following an apprentice experience or its equivalent1 and proof also of an elementary school education or its equivalent4 ,teachers of technical or related subjects 7shop mechanics1 drawing1 etc471 are usually required to have had several years of technical training and to have had some contact with industry4 ,,salaries ,financial returns from teaching are not large4 ,but teaching usually pays at least a comfortable living from the very first4 ,many people enter the profession for this reason4 ,it is said that the money returns from teaching are1 on the average1 less than in law1 medicine1 or business4 ,salaries of high-school teachers1 however1 are said to be on the average somewhat higher than those of ministers1 doctors1 and lawyers4 ,in all lines of teaching the salary range is rather large4 ,the number of years that it takes to reach the maximum salary varies greatly in the different ,states4 ,in ,indiana it is said that the maximum for men1 excluding principals1 is reached on the average in #f years1 whereas in ,massachusetts the maximum salary for men1 excluding principals1 is not usually reached under #ae years4 ,in ,massachusetts the maximum salary received by teachers is about twice as great as the minimum salary4 ,the beginning wage for men teachers in rural schools ranges from #fj to #ij per month4 ,the beginning wage of men teachers in the graded schools in cities is considerably more4 ,the minimum salaries of all teachers1 men and women included1 in #he of the largest cities in the ,united ,states1 ranges from #dje to #a1jhj1 whereas the maximum for such teachers in the same cities ranges from #fcj to #a1hbj4 ,teachers in industrial arts receive from #a1jjj to #b1ejj a year1 while supervisors of such subjects receive from #a1fjj to #c1jjj a year4 ,salaries paid ,state and local directors for administering vocational instruction range from #b1ejj to #e1jjj4 ,principals and superintendents of schools generally receive salaries ranging from #a1jjj to #d1jjj1 and in some of the larger cities salaries for superintendents have recently been materially increased4 ,during the past three or four years some superintendents of our largest cities have been getting from #aj1jjj to #ab1jjj4 ,,rewards ,,other ,,than ,,financial ,while the salary for teaching is not as great as one would probably receive in commercial lines1 nevertheless there are other rewards that tend to make teaching attractive4 ,in the first place1 there is apt to be more permanency in a teaching position than in a commercial position4 ,teachers are not easily dismissed without cause4 ,hours are shorter1 thus giving regular opportunity for exercise in the open air4 ,in most ,states neither dissatisfaction of pupil nor parents is cause for dismissal of the teachers4 ,in many ,states1 too1 if the schools are ordered closed1 the salaries of teachers must go on in full4 ,the rather long vacations in teaching give opportunity for travel or study or work1 as one may elect4 ,social insurance is rapidly being provided for teachers4 ,pension systems for city school teachers started in ,chicago in #ahic4 ,at the present time there are #ba ,state pension systems1 while #d other ,states have laws permitting local organizations to set up pension plans4 ,in addition to the ,state systems there are #fd city and county systems in operation4 ,some of these systems are not satisfactorily worked out1 but within the last few years a great deal of careful study has been given to this work4 ,the movement for social insurance is recent but wide-spread and still growing4 ,a total of #cd ,states are at present represented in this movement in either ,state systems or local systems within the ,state4 ,retirement in these systems is most frequently on the basis of #cj-year service4 ,in about six-sevenths of the systems the teachers contribute to the funds1 most frequently #a to #b per cent of their salaries4 ,in schools reporting pension systems for teachers the average salary is #gcj a year1 while the average pension is #ejj a year4 ,finally1 teaching is its own reward4 ,for the person who likes children1 who appreciates the social advantages of the profession1 who wishes to make his life count greatly in the lives of other people1 and who has an ambition to do something for the national service in a vital way1 the profession of teaching should be attractive4 ,,how ,,many ,,years ,,will ,,it ,,take ,,to ,,establish ,,one',s ,,self ,,in ,,the ,,teaching ,,profession8 ,for men teachers the rate of advancement in salary varies greatly with different communities and with different personalities4 ,the number of years of teaching necessary before the maximum salary is reached ranges from #f to #ae years or more4 ,men continue to be advanced1 however1 by being promoted to principalships after their chances for further advancement as teachers are reduced to a minimum4 ,,how ,,great ,,is ,,the ,,need ,,for ,,men ,,teachers8 ,at one time education in the ,united ,states was largely in the hands of men4 ,at the present time it is largely in the hands of women4 ,a tendency is growing to bring more men into the teaching profession4 ,the demand for teachers is generally and greatly increased of late4 ,the growth of high schools during the past generation has been very rapid4 ,twenty years ago there were #bjj1jjj pupils enrolled in #b1ejj high schools of our country1 thus representing one in every #baj of the population4 ,to-day there are approximately a million and a half pupils in approximately #ae1jjj high schools1 representing one in every #ff of the population4 ,in some localities one person in every #be is enrolled in a secondary school of some sort4 ,this expansion of the secondary schools of the ,united ,states has not yet ceased4 ,there has been marked increase also in attendance at normal schools and colleges1 but this increase1 while great1 has not been as rapid as the increase in high-school attendance4 ,the very recent development of vocational training is adding to the demand for men in the teaching profession4 ,it would seem1 therefore1 that the teaching profession would offer an attractive field for many of our returning soldiers1 sailors1 and marines4 ,undoubtedly1 the disabled soldier1 sailor1 or marine returning from this great war has a number of very great assets which he could market to advantage in educational work4 ,not the least among these is the advantage which he will enjoy over the civilian because of the natural admiration of young people for the soldier1 sailor1 or marine4 ,with this as a start1 other things being equal1 his chances of success and of advancement as a teacher are very good4 ,the attitude of the community toward him will be one of respect and admiration4 ,from this he can reap rich rewards in influence and friendships4 ,every man who has gone to war must have thought more deeply than ever before about his country and its many problems4 ,he comes home1 perhaps1 with many changed points of view4 ,naturally he desires to play a part in refashioning the spirit or the customs or practices1 and even the institutions of this country4 ,there is no more effective place in which to do this than in the schoolroom through the continuous everyday influence which the teacher brings to bear upon the lives of young people4 ,,plan ,no4 #aajc4 ,,farm ,,management ,,as ,a ,,vocation ,,acknowledgment ,this monograph was prepared by ,dr4 ,walter ,j4 ,quick1 ,special ,agent for the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education1 under the direction of ,charles ,h4 ,winslow1 ,chief of the ,division of ,research4 ,acknowledgment is due ,e4 ,h4 ,thomson1 ,acting ,chief1 and ,dr4 ,e4 ,v4 ,wilcox1 agriculturist of the ,office of ,farm ,management1 ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 for suggestions and data1 also to ,dr4 ,john ,cummings1 of the ,research ,division1 for editorial assistance4 ,if you have been asking yourself the question1 8,can ,i now with my disability undertake to manage a farm on business principles and expect to make a financial success of it80 you will be interested to learn that farm management is one of the most important training courses offered you by the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education4 ,upon good business management depends success in farming1 that most important industry in the ,united ,states--the industry which many of you boys returning from the war will wish to enter1 the one which needs you perhaps more than any other1 and in which you may expect to earn ample rewards through scientific methods4 ,farm management has been defined as 8the science of organization and management of farm enterprise for the purpose of securing the greatest continuous profit40 ,it is the business end of farming4 ,it deals with farm organization1 methods1 accounts1 and credits1 and is1 therefore1 of interest to all classes of farmers1 including owners1 managers1 and tenants4 ,,business ,,methods ,,pay ,in agricultural affairs as they have been carried on1 the lack of business methods has been amazing4 ,absolute mismanagement has frequently been the principal cause of discouragement1 failure1 and abandonment of farms4 ,this influence has prevented many from taking up farming1 but one who has a genuine love for the farm and who has or can get some practical experience on the farm may take a course of intensive study in farming and farm management under the direction of the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education1 and then develop into a successful farm manager4 ,the candidate must not forget1 however1 that farm management is a profession1 and that a person without experience should not expect to become a successful farm manager in a few weeks by taking a short course at some agricultural school4 ,what is worth getting requires time and effort in this as well as in other things4 ,many who have felt full confidence in farming1 and have invested their money in it and applied business principles to it1 have proved that the same measure of success will attend farming under business management as attends other industries when properly managed4 ,tens of thousands of farmers in the ,united ,states have demonstrated this by earning substantial profits4 ,,diversity ,,of ,,farm ,,business ,whatever has been true in the past1 the manager of a farm to-day must be a business man capable of negotiating complicated transactions1 buying and selling1 and attending to the diverse details of organization and management4 ,you should consider well your adaptability for the diversifications of general farm life2 your inclination to acquire an intimate knowledge of the principal affairs and at least a comprehensive acquaintance with everything related to farming4 ,as a manager you must keep accurate accounts2 you must know live stock as well as crops2 you must be a mechanic1 and ready to lend a hand with your laborers if your condition permits2 in a word1 you must be broad minded and tactfully co-operate with your men4 ,you must have a practical knowledge of crops1 of their seeding and harvesting1 of the principles of plant breeding1 propagation1 and adaptation to soils4 ,you must understand animal husbandry1 breeding1 growing1 and feeding the animals produced to a market finish or for milk production4 ,,dovetailing ,,activities ,by careful study the many activities on the farm can be so dovetailed together as to produce a maximum of crops and live stock economically4 ,systematic organization must be extended to every department of the farm4 ,labor must be efficient and well employed2 teams and machinery1 sufficient and in good condition2 and marketing timely1 it being borne in mind that quality and condition are quite as important as is quantity of product4 ,,mismanagement ,,worse ,,than ,,bad ,,weather ,variations in profits from farms are more largely due to mismanagement than to unfavorable seasons or fluctuating prices4 ,farming has become decidedly a business proposition4 ,the abnormal demand now being made upon the ,united ,states for food and other agricultural products to be consumed at home and in ,european countries makes the extensive application of scientific farming imperative4 ,many farms1 unprofitable because of mismanagement1 could by reorganization be systematized and developed into profitable1 lucrative undertakings4 ,accompanying this reorganization1 the application of business principles and practical management to scientific methods is of paramount importance4 ,with this better farming there must be associated reliable accounting1 demonstrating a business warranting banking credit4 ,it is often claimed that farmers can not keep books1 when as a matter of fact1 while they do not do bookkeeping in the generally accepted term1 nine out of ten1 from notes jotted down1 have as accurate knowledge of the financial side of their enterprise as the majority of business men4 ,this has been repeatedly proven by the hundreds of farm surveys1 representing many ,states1 by the ,office of ,farm ,management of the ,department of ,agriculture1 through which it was found possible on almost every farm to obtain an accurate financial statement from the memoranda kept by the farm owners1 their managers or tenants1 and to ascertain the profits4 ,thorough organization with method and accounting simplifies management1 curtails expenses1 makes possible larger returns with less outlay1 and establishes credit1 which will not longer be denied the farmer when he adopts business methods and can show the bank his statement of annual business conditions4 ,,funds ,,for ,,development ,,available ,farms have been likened to huge sponges from their ability to absorb money and labor1 but the capable manager can make investment of money and labor in farming profitable4 ,uncle ,sam1 it may be noted1 has arranged for the advance of money through the ,federal ,loan service1 and local banks stand ready now as never before to accommodate the farmer temporarily with the necessary funds for development operations4 ,many farms1 like some manufacturing plants1 are being run to only half capacity or less by a 8one-horse tenant10 caretaker1 or discouraged farmer4 ,they are awaiting men and money1 ready to absorb both1 and if they are reorganized and managed on a business basis they will become highly profitable4 ,,the ,,need ,,for ,,managers ,only #fj1jjj farms out of #f1cfa1jjj employed managers and superintendents according to the #aiaj census4 ,but it is practically certain that more than one farm in a hundred would have been operated by managers had there been a larger number of effectively trained men available to men owning1 or in position to own1 farms large enough to justify the employment of a manager4 ,with the number of improved farms increased to probably #g1jjj1jjj by this date1 the demand is greater for this class of trained men4 ,the department of ,agriculture and the ,state agricultural colleges report inability to fill numerous calls for farm managers and superintendents1 and the advertisements in the agricultural and live-stock papers for them indicate that the demand continues4 ,the small percentage of profits from the inefficient management of idle and incompetent tenants makes tens of thousands of farm owners not living on their places very desirous of securing active farm managers1 capable of introducing scientific methods4 ,we believe1 in fact1 we know1 that there are in the country numerous 8old time0 farm owners who are barely making a living1 while their farms are constantly depreciating in value4 ,unquestionably such owners would receive better returns by employing farm managers4 ,the combination of a number of farms with co-operative handling1 under a competent farm manager1 on the community principle1 would reduce expenses for machinery1 teams1 and power1 and make possible more economic employment of labor4 ,the existence of such conditions offers an excellent field of activity to the man who is trained well enough to see and to use these opportunities4 ,knowing the possibilities such a man might be able to so thoroughly convince the owners of a number of inefficiently operated farms of the advantage of having them worked as a unit and thereby get them to adopt his plans4 ,the country is full of landed estates of sufficient area to justify the owners in employing specially trained men4 ,syndicates and individuals have been for years buying groups of neglected farms and orchards in the southern ,states4 ,these are almost invariably being handled by scientifically trained farm managers4 ,the properties have improved under modern methods of culture and have in most cases shown profits within two or three years1 notwithstanding the necessary outlay to bring the run-down property into productive condition4 ,similar conditions obtain in ,new ,york and other northern and western ,states4 ,,responsibility ,,of ,,the ,,manager ,managers are responsible for success in farming4 ,upon their experience and ability depends the securing of the 8greatest continuous profit10 and1 in fact1 the securing1 in many cases1 of any profit at all4 ,they direct1 plan1 and systemize the regular farm duties4 ,the manager must arrange an advantageous distribution of farm labor1 keep in intimate touch with all the farm work1 know how to do it and be able to judge when it is well done1 know what reasonably to expect of his men1 know how to direct labor so as to meet adequately each season's demand and so as to provide employment at all times4 ,the manager must study the efficiency of different classes of workers4 ,too often farm profits are thought to depend upon small wages rather than upon experience and ability4 ,the good manager will not make this mistake4 ,the old belief that anyone can farm has been abandoned4 ,almost anyone can learn to farm1 but the losses by the inexperience of an apprentice must be carefully avoided4 ,many a prospect of a full crop of corn as evidenced by the regularity of 8stand in the row0 has been reduced to a three-fourths return by an inexperienced plowboy plowing the young plants out or leaving them covered4 ,an experienced plowman with an improved cultivator would have made a profit possible where the inexperienced hand caused a loss4 ,the better worker is worthy his hire and better wages4 ,the demand is growing in farming as in other industries for trained workers4 ,the yields that the farm manager is able to secure are dependent so largely on his knowledge of labor and ability to direct it1 that particular study should be given the labor problem of the farm by anyone preparing to assume the responsibilities of farm management4 ,farm work is not accomplished by separate groups of workers so much as by the same group of workers being employed in the appropriate undertakings at different seasons1 as the manager directs4 ,the competition for satisfactory farm labor has become so keen that far-sighted managers pay special attention to the conditions under which their laborers1 as well as their skilled hands1 live4 ,a little money judiciously expended in providing buildings that are livable and homelike1 a little liberality in the matter of time1 a chance to garden1 to keep a cow or a few hens1 or to do some of the many other things that serve to keep satisfactory labor1 may return a profit far out of proportion to the expense represented4 ,in other words1 the farm manager must profit by the experience of the manufacturer and avoid excessive 8labor turn over40 ,,small ,,farming ,,as ,a ,,preparation ,,for ,,farm ,,management ,large farms and estates employ crews of men and utilize expensive equipment4 ,they especially require the services of well-trained and reliable farm managers1 capable of selecting practical foremen and laborers1 and of keeping well in hand the details of all farm processes necessary to economical management4 ,but good management is essential also on small farms1 operated by owners or tenants1 as well as on large estates4 ,the owner1 and generally the tenant as well1 are their own managers1 and managing a small farm well is one way of learning the profession of the farm manager4 ,the small farmer as well as the large must consider well the location1 climate1 soil1 lay of land1 water supply1 and other features of his farm1 so as to determine the most suitable type of farming under existing conditions4 ,he1 as well as the large farmer1 must keep accounts1 organize the farming operations in proper sequence1 determine upon cropping1 direct the preparation of soil1 fertilizing1 seeding1 cultivating1 harvesting1 and all the minor details of live stock1 breeding1 raising1 and feeding1 do the buying as well as the marketing of crops1 live stock1 and live-stock products4 ,,area ,,of ,,employment ,the geographical area of farm operations1 and consequently of the demand for farm managers1 is co-extensive with the ,united ,states4 ,,implements ,,and ,,machinery ,the farm manager must have an intimate knowledge of tools and machinery and an inclination to employ only the best and most modern implements1 even if special financing for a year or so must be undertaken in order to farm most profitably4 ,tractors1 modern machinery1 and labor-saving implements should be studied1 wisely selected1 and purchased1 even if it is found necessary to buy on terms4 ,,why ,,take ,,training ,you can hardly have had sufficient agricultural experience1 if you have not had college or vocational training in some agricultural institution1 to justify you in not taking advantage of the opportunity for a vocational course in farm management1 if you look forward to a career in this profession4 ,if you have had only limited practical experience you may become a farm foreman1 in which as wide an experience is not required1 thus securing for you an opportunity for development and promotion to the higher place of manager4 ,the training that will develop a good farm manager is equally valuable for promotion to the position of county agricultural agent4 ,this work is increasing1 attractive1 and remunerative4 ,men with sufficient training1 experience1 and ability to 8mix0 with the farmers can do a valuable work4 ,all training and experience with money saved for an initial payment are stepping stones to farm ownership4 ,notwithstanding disabilities1 which are seldom disqualifying and rarely prohibitive1 you with farm experience occupy an ideal position for training in farm management and its accompanying opportunity for advancement4 ,opportunity for promotion is exceptional in farm management and will naturally be accorded you--in fact1 you will be given preference--if your efficiency is evident4 ,men with ideas1 who think and do things1 are in demand on the farm4 ,having taken the vocational training in farm management1 having skipped no links in the chain of development1 and having acquired by reading and observation all the information pertaining to it1 promotion will be but natural and rapid in the occupation which you have made a specialty1 and upon which you have made yourself a reliable authority4 ,think it over seriously4 ,upon training depends your future1 your occupation1 and your success in life4 ,you may succeed without training1 but you are more likely to succeed if you have been retrained and readjusted to the new conditions which will confront you in earning a livelihood4 ,after training you should not expect to begin at the top unless you have had practical experience and are in a position to become an owner or a tenant at once4 ,,salaries ,the positions of farm manager1 superintendent1 or foreman are considered from the salary rather than the wage standpoint and are usually of annual engagement for the calendar year1 as practically all farm operations have ended with the close of the year1 making it a most suitable time for the changing of men1 if found advisable4 ,the salary paid is proportionate to experience and efficiency and commensurate with that of other callings4 ,as in other occupations1 it may be small at the start1 but will increase with efficiency4 ,commonly farm managers and superintendents are receiving annually from #a1jjj to #c1jjj1 and on large estates often #d1jjj or #e1jjj1 with many perquisites1 such as dwelling1 garden and truck land1 fuel1 and the privilege of keeping a cow1 pigs1 and poultry4 ,farm foremen are paid from #ejj to #a1bjj with perquisites4 ,sometimes the beginning salary is a little less than the minimum1 but often carries a contingent bonus when the year ends with satisfactory results4 ,the general level of pay is likely to advance under the unusual conditions which now obtain in agriculture4 ,your salary in the country may be less than in the city1 but your living expenses are greatly decreased by the perquisites mentioned1 and in not having presented to members of the family the temptations of the city to spend money unnecessarily4 ,then1 too1 the healthful conditions of the country prevent much sickness and consequent loss of time and there are therefore fewer doctor's bills4 ,therefore the saving from the annual income as farm manager is equal to1 and in a majority of cases1 exceeds the returns from a city position1 besides placing you in line for independent ownership4 ,as in other positions1 that of manager and the amount of salary commanded varies with the magnitude of the farm and the capacity of the manager to develop himself and the opportunities entrusted to him4 ,a farm boy1 after two years in an ,agricultural ,college1 took a foreman's position starting at #fjj a year and perquisites1 the second year he received #ijj1 then became manager at #a1hjj1 and now receives #c1jjj4 ,in five years he has quadrupled the income4 ,,overcoming ,,your ,,disability ,your disability has an excellent opportunity of being overcome in farming4 ,handicaps that would interfere in other training courses are corrected in many of the farm processes by the therapeutic exercises so interesting and variable4 ,the opportunities are so great that the handicapped may develop his own vocation on the farm4 ,devices to beat your handicap and make it possible for you to do the things you did not imagine you could perform have been invented and manufactured in almost every country for the benefit of the disabled in war1 which ,uncle ,sam has now available for your use4 ,when you are advised that your handicap permits you to return to the farm1 the sooner the practice of your training is begun the greater will be the therapeutic value4 ,this is your reconstruction1 your individual man-struggle for restoration in correcting the disability which you acquired in the great world-struggle4 ,as a farm manager1 landowner1 tenant1 supervisor1 superintendent1 or foreman1 the experienced man capable of using a trained brain in directing others can succeed in spite of almost any disability4 ,if the occupation places you in position to devote your time principally to the management of your farm1 or the one you have in charge1 you can assign to others such work as you may be incapable of performing yourself4 ,,education ,your knowledge of the common school branches1 especially ,english1 mathematics1 and current literature will greatly assist you in studying the elementary principles of chemistry2 in comprehending the analyses of soil and water1 the protein and carbohydrate contents of the feeds1 milk1 and plants1 quite necessary in the selection of feeds for the proper balancing of rations2 in the understanding of plant breeding1 growth1 and propagation2 in studying entomology and obtaining a practical knowledge of insects1 pests1 diseases1 and the bacteria of milk1 water1 etc41 and in acquiring some knowledge of physics and its application to the soil1 drainage1 buildings1 machinery1 heating1 lighting--all vastly important to the farm manager4 ,technical training is valuable in adapting many farm processes to increase the profit on certain crops and makes special projects worthy of careful consideration by the disabled1 seeking side-line opportunities on the farm for alternating employment when regular operations can not be pursued4 ,the knowledge to be gained in the vocational training course will depend upon your previous education1 experience1 and application4 ,all the time necessary will be allotted to the course4 ,it is1 however1 advisable not to overtax your strength1 but acquire efficiency gradually4 ,you will be advised by the training instructors as to your ability to undertake new features and widen the scope of instruction4 ,getting back home to work again should be1 and doubtless is1 your greatest ambition1 hence the importance of reaching your decision at the earliest possible moment and applying for the training which ,uncle ,sam has in readiness for you4 ,seek an early opportunity for advisement while in the hospital4 ,you will find the attitude of your old friends1 your own family1 and your former employers all that you could possibly expect1 in their desire to assist you in getting 8over the top0 in agriculture4 ,the disposition of your fellow workmen will be to give you every encouragement and to lend a helping hand whenever and as long as you need it4 ,they will take a justifiable pride in you and your determination to be a man among your former fellowmen in civil life and to train for a self-supporting and honorable occupation--one that will enable you to remain true to agriculture and to your country in its efforts to produce for the world the food which is now so greatly in demand2 to prevent hunger and starvation1 and to quell food riots in the war-afflicted countries4 ,the new year #aiai is upon us and spring is rapidly approaching1 reminding us of farming activities and that activities in farming should have our prompt attention this year of all others1 that starvation may cease with a bountiful harvest4 ,to you is offered free this exceptional opportunity to readjust yourself back into civil life in ,american agriculture by selecting farm management as your vocational training course4 ,it is all up to you4 ,give it consideration now4 ,agricultural literature is available in all libraries and consists of treatises and textbooks suitable for reading with the idea of the definite study for perfecting knowledge to be applied in pursuing any or many lines of agriculture4 ,many books have been written in the story plan and are most attractive and inspiring4 ,others are the best translations from other languages2 even 8,farm ,management of the ,romans0 can now be secured in nearly all libraries of countries prominent in agriculture4 ,libraries now make it a point to keep the leading current agricultural periodicals on file for the reader4 ,the ,department of ,agriculture bulletins1 agricultural reports1 farmers' bulletins1 and special works on agriculture are always available to everyone desiring them2 likewise similar literature issued by ,state agricultural colleges and experiment stations1 applicable directly to local ,state conditions1 are especially helpful and will be supplied regularly as printed1 to all addresses supplied4 ,we append a list of bulletins germane to the subject of this monograph and which will be found interesting and beneficial4 ,,agricultural ,,bulletins ,the ,use of a ,diary for ,farm ,accounts4 ,farmers' ,bulletin ,no4 #ghb4 ,farm ,practices that ,increase ,crop ,yields in ,kentucky and ,tennessee4 ,farmers' ,bulletin ,no4 #iha4 ,farm ,practices that ,increase ,crop ,yields in the ,gulf ,coast ,region4 ,farmers' ,bulletin ,no4 #ihf4 ,labor ,requirements of ,dairy ,farms as ,influenced by ,milking ,machines4 ,department of ,agriculture ,bulletin ,no4 #dbc4 ,the ,normal ,day's ,work of ,farm ,implements1 ,workmen1 and ,crews4 ,department of ,agriculture ,bulletin ,no4 #dab4 ,a ,system of ,farm ,cost ,accounting4 ,farmers' ,bulletin ,no4 #egb4 ,a ,method of ,analyzing the ,farm ,business4 ,farmers' ,bulletin ,no4 #ffa4 ,systems of ,farming in ,central ,new ,jersey4 ,farmers' ,bulletin ,no4 #dgb4 ,farm ,management ,practice of ,chester ,county1 ,pa4 ,department of ,agriculture ,bulletin ,no4 #cda4 ,seasonal ,distribution of ,farm ,labor in ,chester ,county1 ,pa4 ,department of ,agriculture ,bulletin ,no4 #ebh4 ,labor ,costs and ,seasonal ,distribution of ,labor4 ,utah ,agricultural ,college ,experiment ,bulletin ,no4 #afe4 ,a ,normal ,day's ,work for ,various ,farm ,operations4 ,farmers' ,bulletin ,no4 #c4 ,an example of ,successful ,farm ,management in ,southern ,new ,york4 ,bulletin of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture ,no4 #cb4 ,value to ,farm ,families of ,food1 ,fuel1 and ,use of ,house4 ,farmers' ,bulletin ,no4 #daj4 ,lease ,contracts ,used in ,renting ,farms on ,shares4 ,bulletin of the ,department of ,agriculture ,no4 #fej4 ,replanning a ,farm for ,profit4 ,farmers' ,bulletin ,no4 #cgj4 ,waste ,land and ,wasted ,land on ,farms4 ,farmers' ,bulletin ,no4 #gde4 ,a ,simple ,way to ,increase ,crop ,yields4 ,farmers' ,bulletin ,no4 #ibd4 ,clearing ,land4 ,farmers' ,bulletin ,no4 #igd4 ,better ,use of ,man ,labor on the ,farm4 ,farmers' ,bulletin ,no4 #ihi4 ,saving ,farm ,labor by ,harvesting ,crops with ,live ,stock4 ,farmers' ,bulletin ,no4 #ajjh4 ,a ,system of ,tenant ,farming and ,results4 ,farmers' ,bulletin ,no4 #dcg4 ,,plan ,no4 #aajd4 ,,occupations ,,in ,,the ,,automobile ,,manufacturing ,,industry ,,acknowledgment ,this monograph was prepared by ,m4 ,r4 ,bass1 special agent of the ,federal ,board for ,vocational education4 ,acknowledgment is due to ,dr4 ,john ,cummings of the research division for editorial assistance4 ,the purpose of this monograph is to give a brief description of some of the work done in the manufacture of automobiles4 ,no attempt has been made1 however1 to go into the machine shop side of the industry1 a field in which lie possibilities for placing thousands of reeducated men in good positions4 ,the monograph is limited to automobile assembly work4 ,manufacturing automobiles and automobile accessories is one of the foremost industries of the ,united ,states4 ,one manufacturer alone is known to have turned out more than #c1ejj complete automobiles in one day1 and to have turned out in one year some #cej1jjj cars4 ,many concerns produce from #ej1jjj to #abe1jjj cars annually4 ,the #aiad census of the industry gives the value of the automobile products as #fcb1hca1dgd1 and wonderful changes in the last four years have greatly increased the value of the products of this industry1 which was practically unknown #bj years ago4 ,a recent study developed the fact that there are some #he occupations in the automobile manufacturing industry1 which in its various branches offers excellent opportunities to mechanics1 apprentices1 and men who wish to take up a new trade4 ,a man with even very limited qualifications can surely fit in somewhere4 ,the industry is still growing rapidly and branching out into what may be called an automotive industry1 embracing the manufacture of motor trucks1 tractors1 and airplanes1 as well as of automobiles4 ,a mechanic in one branch of the industry may shift easily to other branches4 ,certain factories have discontinued general manufacturing1 and have specialized in the manufacture of automobile units or parts1 such as engines1 transmissions1 frames1 and axles1 and the manufacturer who used to build practically all of his automobile has been persuaded to buy certain units from these specialty manufacturers4 ,small manufacturers have thus been enabled to build a part of a car and to buy the rest from unit manufacturers1 and many small factories have been started in this way4 ,work in the various automobile factories varies from purely unskilled to highly skilled labor4 ,the unskilled employments include those of machine operators1 assemblers1 subassemblers1 tool room keepers1 janitors1 watchmen1 and checkers1 while the skilled employments include those of special machine men1 tool makers1 die sinkers1 heat-treatment experts1 dynamometer testers1 ignition experts1 inspectors and general mechanical experts4 ,good wages are paid1 common laborers in some plants receiving from #c to #e per day4 ,well-trained1 skilled mechanics1 of course1 earn much higher rates4 ,standardization of automobile parts is gradually bringing about standardization of the automobile as a whole1 which greatly simplifies the work of the mechanic who builds and repairs automobiles4 ,trucks are being more extensively used by wholesale and retail merchants4 ,overland freight is being carried by truck trains1 between small towns1 and even long-distance hauling is meeting with success4 ,this increased motor-truck service is increasing the demand for mechanics in the factories1 and also for truck drivers4 ,automobile factories are usually located in large cities1 where raw material and supplies are at hand4 ,shipping and labor conditions also are carefully considered4 ,a very large percentage of the automobile output is manufactured in the ,states of ,michigan1 ,ohio1 ,new ,york1 and ,indiana4 ,the ,state of ,michigan alone produced #hj per cent or four-fifths of the pleasure vehicles manufactured in #aiad4 ,,organization ,,of ,,an ,,automobile ,,plant ,large plants are made up of a number of departments4 ,the office is the chief executive department4 ,here the plant is checked up1 all correspondence taken care of1 and all financial1 educational1 and business matters attended to4 ,closely connected with the office usually are the drafting rooms1 where new models1 changes in models1 and experimental changes are made1 since all such changes are first made on drawings4 ,the engineering and experimental departments may also be located in the office building4 ,in the experimental department all changes are worked out1 and research work is carried on4 ,if such changes prove to be a betterment they are made on the blue prints1 and are then made in the factory throughout4 ,since even a minor change may cost the factory thousands of dollars1 all changes must be carefully considered4 ,other departments include those organized for engine1 frame1 axle1 and chassis assembly1 the paint department1 and other departments according to size of factory and product manufactured1 whether a complete automobile or an automobile unit4 ,the staff of men who handle a department usually includes a general superintendent1 assistant superintendent1 department foreman1 section foreman1 timekeeper1 inspectors1 and checkers4 ,the superintendent in many cases is a man who has come up through the ranks1 and superintendents of this kind are usually the most efficient4 ,assistant superintendents1 foremen1 and others also are usually men picked from the ranks4 ,men with common-school educations are holding responsible positions in many factories and are drawing large salaries4 ,in each factory will be found an efficiency man or production manager1 whose duties are to put into operation new methods1 machines1 and devices to increase production4 ,there will be found also an educational and welfare department in each factory1 which looks after the welfare of workers1 settles disputes between workmen and foremen1 and in individual cases shifts workers from one shop operation to another4 ,as a rule1 the hospital or first-aid division is located in this department1 which may undertake also the organization of training classes in such subjects as will increase efficiency1 and may arrange for entertainments and the organization of clubs4 ,,progressive ,,assembly ,,method ,,of ,,manufacturing ,progressive assembly means assembly of parts by stages1 or step by step4 ,in this work a man does one operation only1 although he may be frequently changed from job to job1 according to his ability as workman or mechanic4 ,special equipment is required for this method4 ,the work starts with the frame as a skeleton1 which is placed either on a conveyer1 that is moved very slowly1 or on a special framework equipped with casters that it may be moved freely from place to place4 ,where the conveyer is used1 the conveyer is from #ajj to #bjj feet long1 and moves at the rate of about two feet per minute1 although the rate varies from factory to factory4 ,by the time the frame or skeleton reaches the end of the conveyor the automobile is practically complete4 ,the various units have been attached as the frame moves slowly down the floor4 ,in some factories the automobile is so completely assembled that the engine is started and1 after a short road test1 the car is driven to the shipping platform4 ,this means that in some factories an automobile is completely assembled in less than an hour4 ,as the automobiles are placed close together on the conveyer a finished machine is turned out every minute or so4 ,let us now proceed through the progressive assembly by units4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaje4 ,,placing ,,the ,,frame ,the frame with its necessary brackets and springs having been assembled in a subassembly department1 is placed upon the conveyer4 ,where the frame is heavy1 an air or hydraulic hoist is used4 ,this operation is usually done by two men1 who must be able to move about freely but are not compelled to climb or to move rapidly4 ,a man capable of hooking a chain to the frame and who is able to move a short distance can easily qualify4 ,,plan ,no4 #aajf4 ,,front ,,and ,,rear ,,axles ,the frame having been placed upon the conveyer1 the spring and front and rear axles are then attached4 ,the rear axles are usually mounted by two men with the aid of a hoist4 ,these axles like the frame have been assembled in a subassembly department of the factory4 ,the men who attach the axles to the frames need not be expert mechanics but must know how to handle wrenches and hand tools4 ,they must be able to move about freely and be able to start the nuts or bolts and tighten them4 ,special tools are used where possible to save time4 ,time is a big factor in this department4 ,if the mechanic does not complete his operation in a given number of feet on the conveyer1 he will interfere with the next operation4 ,the conveyer is moving all the time and he must complete his operation within his allotted space4 ,,plan ,no4 #aajg4 ,,mounting ,,the ,,transmission ,following the assembly of the axles to the frame1 the transmission gear set is mounted and bolted into place4 ,in many cases the transmission is attached to the engine 7unit power plant71 in which case this operation is completed when the engine is put into place4 ,the men doing this operation need not be skilled mechanics1 but must be able to use hand tools and move about freely4 ,a man with an artificial leg could do this work easily4 ,again a man with one good hand and part of other could do this work4 ,,plan ,no4 #aajh4 ,,placing ,,the ,,engine ,the engine is the next unit attached to the frame4 ,in placing the engine a hoist is used and no heavy lifting is required4 ,the engine is lowered into place and securely bolted4 ,the propeller shaft also is attached and necessary connections are made4 ,usually the engine has had the carburetor1 ignition system1 and starting and lighting equipment attached to it in the engine department4 ,for this operation men do not need to be mechanics4 ,a workman must be able to handle hand tools such as wrenches1 screw drivers1 and hammers1 should have strength enough to help place the engine1 and should be able to move about freely4 ,this work is all done standing and moving about4 ,all work of this nature is passed upon by an inspector4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaji4 ,,mounting ,,the ,,radiator ,the next operation is mounting and bolting the radiator into place1 and connecting the water hoses to the engine4 ,this operation is one that requires sufficient strength to lift the radiator into place1 and is usually taken care of by one man4 ,he also must be able to handle hand tools4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaaj4 ,,securing ,,the ,,steering ,,gear ,the steering gear is next secured to the frame1 an operation which is usually taken care of by one man with possibly some little assistance by a helper4 ,the operation requires a man who can lift the gear and put it into place4 ,it is rather an awkward piece to handle and the employee should be physically able to handle it4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaaa4 ,,wheels ,,and ,,bearings ,the next operation is mounting front wheels and bearings4 ,this requires a little more skill and care than some of the other operations that have been mentioned4 ,the mechanic must clean and lubricate the wheel bearings and mount and adjust the wheels1 which must be neither too loose nor too tight4 ,he must also secure his adjustment by means of the locking devices furnished4 ,if he is a careless mechanic he may leave something undone1 thereby endangering the lives of users of the car after it leaves the factory4 ,the man who looks after this operation must be capable of lifting the wheels into place and adjusting them4 ,the operation calls for a man with a normal body1 although minor defects would not prevent him from doing the work efficiently4 ,the rear wheels require practically the same attention that the front wheels do4 ,however1 this operation may vary with the particular type of rear-axle construction4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaab4 ,,dash ,,and ,,instrument ,,board ,the next operation is lowering into place and securely bolting the dash and instrument board4 ,this is commonly taken care of by two men1 whose requirements are the same as for axle1 transmission1 and engine assembly4 ,the operation is unnecessary where the dash is not a separate unit4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaac4 ,,starting ,,the ,,engine ,the dash on some cars has the fuel tank attached to it4 ,in such cases the chassis is now practically completed4 ,we will say it has now reached the end of the conveyer4 ,here gas and water are put in the containers and the engine is ready to start4 ,this operation is sometimes accomplished by placing the rear wheels of the car between two revolving drums1 which will cause the rear wheels to revolve4 ,the gear-shift lever is placed in some selected gear position and the clutch engaged2 this in turn revolves the engine1 and if the ignition is switched on1 the engine will start4 ,this operation saves considerable energy in cranking1 or saves the electric current in the starting battery4 ,after the engine is started1 the chassis may be driven away on its own power1 an operation which requires a man who can efficiently handle an automobile4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaad4 ,,inspection ,the chassis is now driven to the road-test department1 where it is inspected for grease in the gear cases and such other inspections as may be necessary4 ,inspectors here need not be highly trained mechanics4 ,men with handicaps could take care of this work very nicely4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaae4 ,,road ,,testing ,possibly a road-test body is next attached to the chassis4 ,this body usually contains sufficient weight 7rocks1 iron1 or sand7 to make up the equivalent of the automobile body4 ,the chassis is then given a run over the country roads4 ,here the trained mechanic is necessary1 able to adjust the carburetor1 ignition1 starting and lighting equipment1 brakes1 rear axle gears1 and clutch4 ,in fact almost any part of the car may need adjustment4 ,he must be able to locate trouble of all kinds4 ,in many cases the chassis test is very limited and the tester makes out a report1 the work indicated being done in a department by less skilled mechanics who have specialized in one job1 such as1 for example1 brakes4 ,where this method is used1 the tester must be sure of his report4 ,a road tester need not have a perfect body1 but he must have practical experience and be physically able to handle a car4 ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #aaad4 ,he that ,hath a ,trade ,hath an ,estate ,there are many jobs in the testing department that a handicapped man can do1 and the chances for advancement in this department are very good4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaaf4 ,,dynamometer ,,test ,after the chassis has passed the inspector of the road-test department it may be given a dynamometer test4 ,this is accomplished by attaching an electric dynamometer to the rear wheels either by belts or chains4 ,the engine is then operated at various speeds and the horsepower developed noted4 ,if it is not up to the average1 a close inspection is made to determine where power is lost1 whether in the engine1 transmission1 or rear axle4 ,the dynamometer tester must be a man who has been trained for this particular job4 ,he must understand his machine and be able to use simple formulas4 ,slight physical disabilities would not interfere with his efficiency4 ,this is a desirable occupation and usually leads to something better4 ,after the final chassis test the chassis is thoroughly washed and new wheels mounted4 ,this is a job similar to that spoken of under front and rear wheels4 ,the chassis then goes to the paint shop for its final finish4 ,here the body and fenders are fitted4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaag4 ,,in ,,the ,,painting ,,department ,there are many jobs in the painting department that are very well adapted to a handicapped man4 ,he can become a rubber 7one who rubs the surface of a body to make it smooth7 if he has only one hand and one good leg4 ,he can learn to paint1 or he can learn to do upholstery work4 ,this is one of the branches of the automobile industry in which the work is easy1 and being inside work it should be a desirable occupation4 ,the pay is good in any of these branches of the work4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaah4 ,,completing ,,the ,,cab ,following the body and fenders the top is put on1 then the windshield and instruments4 ,the tires and demountable rims are then mounted4 7,an old set of tires are used for road-test work47 ,this is another place where handicapped men may fit in1 as certain handicaps would not interfere with the putting on of rims and tires4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaai4 ,,final ,,inspecting ,,and ,,testing ,the car is now completed and is delivered to the final test department4 ,here we have inspectors1 testers1 and checkers4 ,in this department the car is carefully inspected as to missing parts in final assembly1 finish1 tires1 and general condition4 ,an expert makes a final test of the car4 ,he drives it a few miles and notes the general running of the car4 ,he may make final adjustments on the carburetor1 etc4 ,if the car passes his inspection1 it is carefully checked as to equipment and tagged4 ,in this department the tools are put in and the car made ready for shipment or to be driven away4 ,the men in this department must be men who have come up through the ranks1 or men who are thoroughly familiar with the construction of the particular make of automobile4 ,the inspector is usually a man who is able to fill out reports and keep his records4 ,the checker does similar work1 while the final tester must be a mechanic whose judgment of the mechanical condition of the car is not to be questioned4 ,handicapped mechanics could qualify for this position providing they were able to handle the car properly4 ,one good hand and a part of the other and possibly one leg would allow a man to do this work4 ,wages are good and the position is a responsible one4 ,,plan ,no4 #aabj4 ,,preparation ,,for ,,shipping ,from the final test department1 the car goes to the shipping department4 ,there a crew of men load the cars and block them for shipping4 ,the men employed here must have good strong bodies as they have to move the cars by hand and oftentimes considerable lifting is necessary4 ,a handicapped man could hardly qualify in this work unless his injury had been very slight4 ,wages for this work are higher than those of common laborers and the work is steady4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaba4 ,,unloading1 ,,storing1 ,,and ,,delivering ,,cars ,the car is now ready for shipment and is transported to the agent of the manufacturer4 ,here a small crew unloads the cars and takes them to the warehouse for storage4 ,the men in this unloading crew are usually a little better grade of men than the loaders4 ,usually each one of these unloaders can drive or steer an automobile4 ,the cars are sometimes driven away from the unloading platform under their own power1 while in other cases they are towed at the end of a rope or cable4 ,this branch of work is not very steady1 and oftentimes the crews are made up of mechanics from the repair shop4 ,after the car has been placed in the warehouse for storage some one must check it up4 ,this is usually done by the record clerk4 ,the agent now puts his salesman out to sell the car and after it has been sold it is necessary for some one to deliver it to the customer4 ,the car is brought from the warehouse to the garage or service department where it is inspected4 ,this inspection consists of filling the fuel tank1 oil reservoir1 radiator1 and grease cups1 inflating tires1 and making a road test4 ,after delivery the customer must be instructed as to the proper way to handle the car1 and several men are employed for this service4 ,,after ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,car ,the car is now in the hands of the customer1 and after he has had some service out of it1 it finally becomes necessary for him to have the car gone over and adjusted4 ,he brings the car to the repair department for this work1 which requires various specialists such as1 for example1 engine specialists1 and specialists on ignition4 ,in time the car is practically worn out or the owner wants a new one1 and he therefore trades his old car on a new one or sells it outright4 ,possibly the used-car dealer gets hold of it for resale4 ,if so1 he cleans it up1 adjusts it1 and possibly has it painted4 ,here again the services of helpers1 mechanics1 and salesmen are required4 ,eventually the car finds its way to the junk dealer as no longer usable4 ,this dealer tears the car to pieces and sells the brass1 aluminum1 iron1 and steel taken from it4 ,in many cases the car is an orphan--i4 e41 a car that is no longer manufactured--and the junk dealer saves such parts as may be sold to owners who have cars of the same make1 but who are unable to purchase new parts4 ,in this way many old cars are rebuilt and the life of the car extended several years4 ,but in the end the car and its parts find their way to the scrap-iron dealer4 ,the scrap-iron man carefully assorts the various metals4 ,frames and other parts are cut to pieces with oxy-acetylene cutting torches1 and the pieces are eventually sold to manufacturers1 automobile companies1 and other buyers4 ,material used in a car #aj years ago may in some cases be remolded and used in a car of the same make4 ,from the beginning of the first piece made to the return of the junked automobile1 the services of many thousands of men1 skilled and unskilled1 are required at every stage in the manufacture1 maintenance1 and salvaging of cars4 ,,conditions ,,of ,,employment ,working conditions as found in various factories are very good4 ,in most factories the employee receives a great deal of attention4 ,practically all of the large factories have built hospitals1 private schools1 lunch rooms1 rest rooms1 club rooms1 and play grounds1 and have established welfare departments4 ,the factories have been carefully surveyed and the ventilation and sanitary conditions brought to the highest point of efficiency4 ,the average day is nine hours4 ,some factories work #h and a few work #aj hours per day4 ,living conditions are good in practically every locality where the automobile industry may be located4 ,street-car systems allow employees to live out in suburbs1 where their rents are cheaper and where they may have small gardens4 ,there are some occupations1 as stated above1 which are not the most desirable for a man who has the education and ability to learn something better1 but many of these occupations pay good wages1 the work is steady1 and the man can always find employment in them4 ,very few of the factories shut down during normal years1 which means that a man is practically insured of steady work4 ,,motor ,,truck ,,and ,,tractor ,,assembly ,what has been said here concerning automobile assembly applies equally to motor truck and tractor assembly4 ,,manufacture ,,of ,,automobile ,,units ,in the following paragraphs general statements will be made regarding the construction of each automobile unit1 the nature of the work1 the physical and mental qualifications of workers1 and the desirability of the occupation involved4 ,while the same class of work differs considerably from factory to factory1 it is nevertheless true that up-to-date factories have much in common4 ,,plan ,no4 #aabb4 ,,frames ,automobile frames are made of pressed steel4 ,steel for the frame is run through a powerful press1 which presses the side and cross members into proper shape4 ,these presses are handled by men trained for this particular job4 ,they must know when the work is right and how to adjust the machines4 ,the dies which form the frames often break and require replacing and adjusting4 ,after the frame parts have been pressed into shape and sheared to length1 they are passed to the assembly department4 ,here large punch and drill presses are used to make holes for rivets and bolts4 ,the holes are first marked from a template or are layed out by a layout man4 ,a template is a jig or fixture that will allow all the holes to be marked uniformly so that parts will be interchangeable and uniform4 ,this worker or layout man must be able to read blue prints4 ,he must also be able to move about freely4 ,after the frame members are marked they go to the press men where the holes are made4 ,these men do not need to be expert mechanics4 ,they are known as machine operators1 and do nothing else but punch and drill holes in these pieces4 ,a handicapped man could operate many of these machines4 ,the parts are now passed to the assembly floor where the frame is to be assembled4 ,here we find men who assemble the parts from blue prints4 ,other men clamp or bolt the frame together4 ,oftentimes the frame is put in a jig to hold it until completed4 ,rivet men work on the frame next1 or possibly the same men who assemble it will rivet it4 ,some frames are hot riveted while others are cold riveted4 ,where the frame is hot riveted1 the rivets must be heated4 ,the common practice is to heat the rivets in an oil or gas furnace4 ,rivets are passed to the riveter while red hot and he places them in the holes2 he is usually the buck up man1 i4 e41 the man who holds the rivet in place with a large bar while it is headed on the other side4 ,two men are required for riveting1 which is done with an air hammer4 ,each rivet takes but a few seconds4 ,in a few places riveting machines 7squeezers7 are used which save considerable time4 ,the man who does this work must be able to move about freely1 and should have two good hands in order to handle the tools and rivets4 ,the frames may next pass to a department where other parts are attached1 such as step-board hangers and spring hangers4 ,it is now ready for shipment or for the paint department1 as the case may be4 ,the frame construction does not require a large number of expert mechanics4 ,oftentimes some of this work is paid for by the piece4 ,all of the piecework is inspected2 and if not up to standard1 must be corrected4 ,framework is considered rough work and a man should be in good health to undertake it4 ,general working conditions are good and work is steady4 ,,plan ,no4 #aabc4 ,,springs ,automobile springs are manufactured from high-grade steel4 ,the steel must be heat treated and tempered so as to withstand thousands of vibrations which may tend to crystalize the steel and cause it to break4 ,if the spring is tempered too hard it will break1 and if it is not hard enough it will sag4 ,heat treatment of spring steel is a science in itself4 ,red-hot steel is run through a mill which rolls it to the proper thickness and width4 ,it is heat treated and forged to the proper shape and tempered in a bath1 7oil-water1 etc471 as may be best suited to that particular steel4 ,the compounding of the steels used in making springs requires careful attention4 ,here experts who have made a study of steels and alloys are employed1 and the men engaged in this work must generally have had college training4 ,rolling mills and forge machines are handled by men who have been trained to operate them4 ,a handicapped man could handle some of the machines1 some of which require two good hands while others require but one hand4 ,some can be operated by men with one leg4 ,springs are assembled after being matched and formed1 and are then ready for shipment4 ,in assembling springs they must be scaled and oiled4 ,the oil is to prevent rust while the scaling is done to remove the shell-like crust that may form in tempering4 ,the spring bolt bushings are also installed in this department4 ,a man having one good leg and two hands could assemble springs4 ,spring work as a whole requires a great number of men1 some of whom must be highly trained in their special work1 while others need no special training4 ,the work is inside1 wages are good1 and factories run practically the year round4 ,spring factories are usually located near large automobile centers4 ,while some automobile manufacturers make their own springs1 the majority purchase from spring factories4 ,,plan ,no4 #aabd4 ,,front ,,axles ,,and ,,spindles ,front axles1 unlike the frame1 are forged instead of being pressed into shape4 ,in the pressed steelwork the dies that shape the piece move slowly under great pressure4 ,in the drop-forge work one die is stationary1 and the other attached to a large weight operated by power is lifted several feet and released1 striking the piece laid upon the stationary die a hard blow1 and forging the metal into the shape4 ,before being placed in the drop forge machine the metal is heated in a blast furnace to the proper temperature4 ,front axles are drop-forged from a solid bar of steel4 ,they are forged into an ,i-beam form which gives them great strength4 ,the end of the axle is forged into the shape of a fork or yoke4 ,this rough forge work is done by men who are capable of handling the weight of the axle and who can handle the machine4 ,care must be exercised or the dies will be ruined4 ,two to three men are usually necessary for each drop forge machine4 ,they must bend the axle to proper shape while it is still hot4 ,the axle is given a rough jig test before it goes to the heat-treatment department4 ,after the axle is forged it goes to the heat-treatment department1 where it is heated to take out any internal strain4 ,in forging steel1 the structure is disturbed and put under strain1 and reheating of heat treatment relieves this strain1 giving the steel greater strength4 ,the men who run these heat-treatment furnaces have been trained for this particular work1 and they must move about freely and be able to handle the axles4 ,from the heat-treatment department the axle goes to the machine shop for the machine-work4 ,in another section of the axle department steering spindles are drop-forged4 ,these parts are much smaller and are made in many different shapes4 ,in fact1 very few automobiles of different makes use the same shaped steering spindles4 ,as this work is lighter1 a man with one good leg and one arm can do some of the operations4 ,a forge or blacksmith shop is usually connected with the drop forge department4 ,in the forge shop the steering spindle arms are bent to the proper angle so as to give perfect steering to the automobile4 ,the men must be qualified to do simple forge and bending work1 and handicapped men could fit in here very well4 ,in the forge and spindle departments working conditions are not of the best1 as there is noise1 smoke1 and the smell of hot steel4 ,the light of the fires also is hard on the eyes4 ,pay is good1 however1 and the work is steady4 ,small parts of the front axle are made and furnished in the machine department4 ,all parts are finally passed to the assembly department4 ,in the assembly department the front axle and spindles are assembled ready for the automobile4 ,here we find stands for holding the axle forging1 while the spindles are being attached4 ,this operation requires men who can put together these parts4 ,they must be able to handle tools and do the work in a thorough manner4 ,considerable judgment must be exercised4 ,the bolts and parts must be lubricated before assembling1 the proper adjustments made1 and all nuts and bolts securely locked in place4 ,the inspector passes upon all this work to see that it is properly done4 ,a man must be able to use hand tools and move about1 and should be able to use both hands freely4 ,in another department hubs for wheels are made4 ,here are the powerful presses in which the hubs are pressed out1 and the punch and drill presses for making holes4 ,operators of these machines have duties similar to those of men in the spindle department4 ,hubs require some machine-shop work1 which is done in the machine shop4 ,either ball or roller bearings must be placed in the hubs to reduce the friction4 ,,plan ,no4 #aabe4 ,,bearing ,,manufacture ,bearing manufacture is practically an industry in itself4 ,in this plant or department1 a force of real mechanics is employed1 men who are authorities on steel and the heat treatment of steel4 ,the wheel bearings of an automobile receive many severe shocks and strains1 and a poor piece of steel or a poorly heat-treated piece of steel may do considerable damage to the car4 ,roller and ball bearings are used in several places in an automobile4 ,they are used in the engine1 magneto1 generator clutch1 transmission and rear axle4 ,wherever it is desirable to reduce friction to save power1 an antifriction bearing is used4 ,research work as connected with bearing manufacture covers a large field4 ,it includes not only work in the laboratory but as well work done in the field1 wherever tractors are used4 ,the engineers are always watching their product for any chance to improve it4 ,in manufacturing bearings1 whether ball or roller1 a high-grade pure iron is selected4 ,this raw material is put into furnaces and melted4 ,alloys are added in proper portions to make a tough1 close-grained long-wearing steel1 able to resist shocks4 ,samples of this steel are tested in the laboratory as to their hardness1 grain1 and tensile strength4 ,this is work for a carefully trained metallurgist1 who must have well-trained assistants4 ,handicapped men who are technically qualified can take up this branch of the industry4 ,after the steel has been compounded it goes to the drop-forge department1 where the balls or rollers are rough forged4 ,the trip hammer in this department is controlled by one foot1 and the steel must be turned over several times in passing through the various dies4 ,the rough-forged balls or rollers are next taken to the machine shop or grinding department4 ,in the various departments of the bearing manufacturing plants small electric cars are used to pull trailers loaded with parts to various points of the factory4 ,the operator of these cars must be a man who has the free use of one foot for operating the brake1 and he must have two hands to operate the control levers4 ,this work is usually done standing on the truck4 ,however1 some of the operators are provided with seats4 ,the balls and rollers are next machined and ground to size4 ,they are then carefully assorted as to sizes and passed to the inspection department1 where men sitting at benches carefully check and test each piece1 using special testing devices and machines4 ,this department could readily use a man with one leg1 but he should have the free use of two hands4 ,a loss of one or more fingers would not be a serious handicap4 ,as this work is all inspection work1 it is done sitting4 ,the department is usually quiet1 and the work is not hard4 ,conditions and pay are good4 ,in another department the races 7inside and outside7 and the retainers are manufactured4 ,the work is similar to that done in the ball or roller department1 although the pieces are different4 ,it includes forging1 machining1 grinding and inspecting4 ,the bearing parts have been made and tested1 the bearing is now ready for assembling4 ,in the assembling department men sit at their work4 ,a man with one leg1 and possibly one who had lost both feet1 might find employment4 ,some of the work is done by machinery1 while some is handwork4 ,the pieces are placed upon benches1 and the bearing is then assembled and placed in a machine that clinches the cage or retainer so as to hold in the balls or rollers4 ,the bearing is then ready for the inspector who determines whether or not it has been properly put together1 and if the balls and rollers are free in the cages4 ,the next step is to lubricate the bearings with an acid-proof grease to prevent rust4 ,the bearing is then wrapped in oil paper and placed in a box ready for the storeroom or for shipment4 ,there are several operations in this department where a handicapped man could secure employment4 ,the work as a whole is not hard1 conditions are excellent1 and the wages are good4 ,some of the work is noisy and is not desirable for men with certain disabilities1 but on the other hand there are places where men who have only one eye1 arm1 or leg could find employment on equal terms with other men4 ,it should be noted that large bearing factories have many improved methods of manufacturing which vary considerably from that described above4 ,only a general statement has been attempted4 ,,plan ,no4 #aabf4 ,,rear ,,axles ,the building of rear axles is practically an industry in itself4 ,there are several large companies who do nothing else but manufacture gears1 and front and rear axles4 ,in this branch of the industry we find all kinds of work going on1 including forging1 pressed-steel work1 machining1 heat treatment1 and oxy-acetylene welding4 ,the rear-axle housing may be a casting or it may be pressed steel1 or a forging4 ,where castings are used we have foundry work employing molders1 core men1 flask men1 and cupola men4 ,most of the jobs in the foundry require men of sturdy build and good physical condition4 ,some foundry work1 however1 such as inspection1 core work1 and testing small castings1 can be done sitting4 ,again there are jobs1 such as trimming1 grinding1 and filing1 that can be done by a man with one arm or one leg4 ,the average foundry man is well paid and works short hours1 but the work is dirty and not generally well suited for handicapped men4 ,the pressed-steel department of the rear-axle factory is equipped with special machines for pressing various parts into shape4 ,some of these machines could be operated by a man with one good leg or one leg and one arm4 ,in another department of the axle factory1 brake supports are assembled4 ,here men stand at benches1 riveting and bolting to the axle1 housing the various necessary braces1 and other pieces4 ,some of this work is heavy and some very light4 ,gears for the rear axle1 some eight in number1 have been machined in the machine shop1 heat-treated in the heat-treatment department1 tested and inspected in the inspection department1 and are now ready for the assembly of the differential4 ,in the machine shop and inspection department much of the work could be done efficiently by handicapped men who have been trained for it4 ,some of this work requires technical skill1 some a technical education1 but some of it requires just plain everyday common sense4 ,the differential housing 7two halves7 is usually a malleable casting4 ,it is machined in the machine department and inspected in the inspection department4 ,all of the necessary parts for assembling the differential are brought to the differential assembly department4 ,here men fit gears1 rivet gears to cases1 and assemble the differentials4 ,in some places this work is done by the progressive method1 one man putting on one piece and another man another piece1 while in other places one man assembles the whole differential4 ,in this department1 a man with one leg and two good hands could very well do the work4 ,he must be able to use hand tools1 and must know how properly to adjust the gears in the case4 ,the operation is quickly learned and does not require a highly trained man4 ,after the differential is assembled1 it passes to the inspector1 and if it meets the necessary requirements1 it is ready for the rear axle4 ,the rear-axle housing having been equipped with brake supports1 trues rod and brake levers1 is ready for the brake bands and shoes4 ,the brakes are lined with an oil and waterproof lining1 which is riveted to the bands or shoes4 ,this operation is done in a riveting machine1 each rivet being countersunk and headed4 ,riveting is done by one man who does nothing else but rivet brake lining to the bands or shoes4 ,a handicapped man might do this work4 ,the lining having been riveted to the bands1 they are now ready for assembling on the rear-axle housing4 ,in some factories a whole axle is assembled by two men1 while in others using the progressive method1 it is assembled by a number of men1 each man doing one specific operation4 ,after the fittings have been applied to the axle housing1 it is then ready for the differential assembly1 which is the work of one or two men4 ,they must know how to install the bearings properly on the differential and drive-pinion shaft1 and must know how to adjust the gears4 ,if the gears are not properly adjusted1 they will be noisy and the wear upon them will be considerably increased4 ,it takes practice to do this work efficiently4 ,men who assemble the rear axle and differential must be able to move about freely1 and should have the free use of both hands4 ,after the axle has been assembled1 it is inspected and passed to the testing department4 ,in the testing department1 wheels are applied and the axle mounted on a stand for testing4 ,the axle is driven by an electric motor1 brakes being applied to provide the equivalent of a load4 ,the tester then notes the noise of the axle1 and the contact surfaces of the teeth1 and if final adjustments are necessary they are made in this department4 ,the men are rear-axle experts1 and understand thoroughly all the adjustments of the rear axle4 ,they must be able to handle the axles and lifting is often times necessary4 ,the axle after being tested is numbered1 tagged1 and sent to the storeroom for shipment4 ,in the rear-axle factory1 there are many classes of workers which have not been mentioned4 ,some of these are draftsmen1 tool-room helpers1 storekeepers1 clerks1 checkers1 timekeepers1 janitors1 gate keepers1 machine hands1 truckmen1 and mechanics4 ,much of the work done by these men could be done by men handicapped by loss of hand1 leg1 eye1 or hearing4 ,all of the work pays a good living wage1 and working conditions are good4 ,,plan ,no4 #aabg4 ,,universal ,,joints ,unit manufacturing has been specialized to such an extent that there are now factories which manufacture nothing but universal joints4 ,these are small but very important units4 ,in the universal joint factories we find steel presses1 drop-forge machines1 machine-shop equipment1 and assembly departments4 ,the work as carried on in these plants has been fairly explained in other parts of this monograph4 ,,plan ,no4 #aabh4 ,,transmissions ,transmissions are another unit of the automobile that are sometimes made in a specialized plant4 ,there are several well-known transmission firms who make nothing else but transmissions and gears4 ,the transmission case is usually made of aluminum and is cast into the proper shape4 ,in the foundry are found the same classes of workers as in the axle factory1 only the men are casting aluminum instead of steel4 ,the case having been cast is dumped from the sand1 cleaned1 trimmed1 and inspected4 ,any small holes are welded shut1 and the case is then cleaned ready for the sand blast4 ,in sand blasting a stream of air and sand is played against the part4 ,the air is under high pressure and the sand fed in plays upon the aluminum at a high velocity1 cleaning and smoothing it4 ,operators of the sand-blast machine wear masks and dust-proof suits and work in a special cabinet4 ,it is impossible to work without this protection4 ,after being inspected the transmission case is passed to the machine department1 where it is machined to receive the bearings1 covers1 etc4 ,gears1 shafts1 and shifting forks used in the transmission are also made in the machine shop4 ,the gears and shafts are next heat treated and tested4 ,they are then ground to insure accuracy and are again tested for trueness4 ,this testing operation is done by men who sit at benches4 ,part of this work is done sitting1 and could be done by a man with one leg4 ,gears are tested as to hardness and for centers4 ,special equipment is used for these operations1 and a man does not need experience other than that learned at the work in a short time4 ,from the inspection department the transmission case1 shafts1 gears1 and bearings 7the bearing having been made in another department or purchased7 are taken to the assembly department4 ,here we find men standing at benches putting together the various parts of the transmissions4 ,gears are riveted or keyed to shafts1 bearings are fitted to cases1 and shafts and parts put in the case4 ,shafts and bearing are then adjusted and the adjustments locked4 ,the assembled transmission is now ready for the inspectors1 who check the work4 ,the work in the transmission assembly department is similar to that of the rear axle department4 ,some transmissions are heavy and some light4 ,the employee in this department must be able to move about freely1 and must be able to use such hand tools as wrenches1 files1 and hammers4 ,he needs no special instruction4 ,the transmission is now passed to the testing department where it is tested for noisy bearings and gears4 ,if it passes this test1 the covers are put on to keep out dirt4 ,it is then numbered and sent to the stock department4 ,in a transmission factory there are many occupations that could be filled by men with slight handicaps4 ,much of the work can be done by men who have lost fingers1 one hand1 a leg1 or foot1 and by men who are not physically strong4 ,the factories pay good wages1 hours are reasonable1 and the work is steady4 ,much of the work is piece-work4 ,,plan ,no4 #aabi4 ,,clutch ,practically all parts of the clutch are made in the machine shop4 ,after the parts have been machined and inspected they are sent to the assembly department1 where the work is similar to that described for other units4 ,it requires a man who can use both hands and move about4 ,wages for this work are practically the same as are paid the assembler in the other unit factories--from #hj to #fj cents per hour--and general conditions are the same as in other factories4 ,,plan ,no4 #aacj4 ,,engines ,there are a number of concerns which build only automobile engines1 and the automobile engine factory is usually a large plant4 ,usually about three classes or grades of engines are built in a factory which makes a specialty of engines4 ,the first class or grades of engines go into the higher-priced cars1 the second grade into the second-class cars1 and the third grade into the cheaper cars4 ,the engine factory must have its foundry in which are employed such foundry experts and helpers as patternmakers1 coremen1 cupolamen1 molders1 and machine operators4 ,some engine parts are aluminum1 some brass1 some steel1 and some cast iron4 ,there is much work in the foundry that could easily be done by handicapped men--by men1 for example1 who have stiff joints and who are unable to move about freely1 and men who have lost one arm1 a hand1 or a leg4 ,the crank case of the engine is usually cast of aluminum4 ,after this part has been cast it goes to a cleaning and inspecting department1 where it is carefully inspected before any machine work is done upon it4 ,after it passes inspection it is rough jigged and the machine work is started4 ,after the milling1 operations are done on the case--such as smoothing the sides1 top1 and bottom--and the case then goes to a layout department1 where it is placed upon a large surface plate4 ,layout men1 using surface gauges and such other tools1 mark out the dimensions and spot holes for bolts1 studs1 etc4 ,the crank case then goes back to the machine-shop department1 where it is drilled1 tapped1 and machined4 ,it is then inspected1 after which the bearings are fitted4 ,some engines have the bearings babbitted into the case1 while others have them detachable1 the bearings being machined to fit the case4 ,after the bearings have been fitted into the case they are reamed with a bearing reamer4 ,the lower half of the crank case1 which is usually the oiled reservoir covering the timing-gear case1 and other crank-case parts are finished in their respective departments4 ,the crank case1 having gone through a number of small operations1 is now ready for the assembly department4 ,there are a number of places in the crank-case department where handicapped men could find employment4 ,some of the operations could well be done by men who have lost a hand1 eye1 or leg1 or by men who have stiff joints4 ,the work in this department is usually noisy1 and possibly not well suited for men of a nervous temperament4 ,the crank shaft of the automobile engine is usually drop-forged4 ,however1 a few shafts are made from a solid block of steel4 ,when the shafts are drop-forged1 a number of machine operators are employed4 ,the men operating these forge machines need not be experts in that they are trained in the factory for this particular job4 ,some of these machines could very easily be operated by men with one arm1 or with one leg and one arm4 ,if the crank shaft had been drop-forged1 it goes to the heat treatment department for heat treating4 ,it is then sent to the machine shop where it is rough turned1 and in a number of cases is then sent back to the heat-treatment department4 ,the shaft is then machined1 rough ground and finished ground to size4 ,it is now passed to the inspection department where the journals are inspected as to size1 length1 and trueness4 ,the shaft then goes to a balancing machine where it is given a running test and carefully balanced4 ,the flywheel1 having been machined in another department1 is then fitted to the crank shaft and the shaft and flywheel are balanced together4 ,this balancing of the shaft and flywheel has much to do with reducing the vibration of the engine when in use4 ,after passing this test the shaft is ready to be fitted to the crank case4 ,the fitting to the case is done by scraping--an operation which requires a man who has had previous training in this line of work to develop a very particular skill in it4 ,a man must be very efficient to turn out the proper amount of work each day4 ,the scraping operation does not1 however1 take much time with present-day equipment4 ,after the bearing is scraped to fit the shaft1 the bearings are shimmed and tightened to the proper tension1 and the shaft and case is ready for a block test4 ,it is important that these bearings be tightened to the proper tension1 since if they are too tight the bearing may burn out from the increased friction1 while if they are not tight enough the engine will soon develop a knock when it is put into service4 ,the greater part of the work done on the crank shaft is done in the machine-shop department4 ,outside of this department1 however1 there are a number of jobs that could be done by handicapped men1 among them being those of inspectors1 balancing machine hand men1 and bearing scrapers4 ,inspectors and balancers should have the free use of two hands4 ,they are not required to move about rapidly1 but should be able to move from one place to another4 ,the bearing scrapers could be men who have lost part of one hand1 one eye1 or one leg4 ,this work requires bending over so that a man who has had stomach wounds or injury to the back could not do it4 ,the cam shaft for the engine is drop-forged and rough turned1 the work being similar to that done in the other drop-forge departments4 ,the shaft then goes to an electroplating department where it is copper plated4 ,it is then sent back to the machine department where the cam faces and such other places that are to be hardened are ground to a slightly oversized measurement4 ,the shaft is then sent to the heat-treatment department where it is hardened4 ,the process of this hardening is to pack the shaft in a large metal box together with such hardening compound as has been selected by the factory4 ,the box containing the shafts to be hardened is then put into a heat-treatment furnace where it is heated to a proper temperature and allowed to remain there for the proper length of time1 after which the shafts are quenched in a bath to finish the heat-treating process4 ,the copper plating1 which has been put on the shaft in a previous operation1 prevents the carbon from entering the shaft during the heat-treating process4 ,the carbon enters the shaft only where the copper plating has been removed4 ,after heat treatment the shaft is rough tested for trueness4 ,it is then sent to the grinding department where it is ground to the final dimensions4 ,the shaft then goes to the inspection department1 where it is carefully inspected before being sent to the stock assembly division4 ,such other parts1 as timing gears and shafts1 are machined and inspected in other parts of the factory4 ,the valve tappets of the average automobile engine are of the mushroom or button-head type4 ,this type of tappet is either drop-forged or made of pressed steel4 ,the work requires about the same class of workmen as have been mentioned in drop-forge and die work under frames and axles4 ,after the tappets have been formed into shape they are then rough turned1 after which they are heat treated1 machined1 and inspected4 ,they are then assembled ready for the engine4 ,the assembly and inspection departments are about the only places where handicapped men could be used to an advantage1 with exception of the machine-shop work4 ,the assembly and inspection work of the valve tappets can be done sitting down1 and can be handled very well by men who have lost one or even both legs4 ,they should1 however1 have the free use of one hand1 and of at least part of the other1 so as to enable them to use special testing tools and equipment4 ,connecting rods for engines are drop-forged and machined in their respective departments4 ,they are then inspected before the bearings are fitted to them4 ,this inspection work could be very well done by a man with two hands and one leg1 or by a man who is capable of lifting light weights and who can move about with ease4 ,the bearings of the average automobile engine are detachable1 and are made in a special department and sent to the connecting-rod assembly department for installing in the connecting rod4 ,here the bearings are fitted to the connecting rod in both upper and lower halves1 after which the bearing is reamed4 ,the bearing is then scraped to a shaft until it has the proper bearing surface4 ,the rod is then jigged in a fixture so that it will be in proper alignment when it is installed in the engine4 ,the connecting rods are then carefully weighed so that all rods or pairs of rods are of equal weight4 ,they are then tagged or marked and sent to the crank shaft department1 where they are fitted to the crank shaft upon which they are to be used4 ,the connecting rod department could furnish employment for a number of disabled men4 ,some of this work is done sitting down and some is done standing at a bench4 ,the bearing work done on the connecting rods could be done by men who have one good leg and one good arm1 and the free use of the stub of the other arm1 or a device could be used to take the place of the other hand4 ,no special educational requirements are indicated for this work and no special instructions are necessary4 ,cylinders for engines1 having been cast in the foundry1 are rough-tested1 the core sand removed1 and the cylinders scaled4 ,some of this work is done sitting down and could very well be done by men who have received injuries to their legs4 ,however1 they should have the free use of both hands4 ,cylinders1 after being scaled and cleaned1 are sent to the machine department where they are machined and ground4 ,this work is all machine-shop work4 ,after being ground1 cylinders are inspected for trueness and general condition4 ,the valves are then ground to the cylinders4 ,this operation can be done by men who have the free use of one hand and of part of the other hand4 ,some of this work is done sitting down1 so that a man need not have two good legs4 ,some of the valve grinding is often done in machines1 in which case it is necessary that the operator watch a number of valves on the machine at one time4 ,this operation would require a man who could move about freely in order to inspect the machine4 ,pistons for the engine1 having been machined and ground1 are inspected as to sizes1 dimensions1 etc4 ,this operation could well be done by a man with two good hands1 but he must be able to stand at a bench and move about freely4 ,the pistons are then fitted to the cylinders so as to get a proper fit in each cylinder4 ,they are also carefully balanced in pairs and equal weights are selected as nearly as possible4 ,the fitting of pistons to cylinders and the balancing of them could well be done by handicapped men4 ,the piston pins also are fitted to the piston and to the connecting rod4 ,this work is done standing at benches1 and could be done by men who have the free use of both hands4 ,piston rings which are made from castings in the machine shop1 where they have been ground1 are sent to the inspector who carefully inspects each ring4 ,this work is light and is well suited to a man who could sit at a bench1 but he must have the free use of both hands4 ,piston rings are fitted to cylinders and pistons in another department4 ,this operation requires a little more skill than some of the others mentioned and a man must have some mechanical ability to learn to do the work efficiently4 ,there are1 however1 many minor injuries which would not prevent a man from doing this work4 ,the manifolds1 both inlet and exhaust are cast in the foundry department4 ,they are then machined1 where necessary1 after which they are inspected4 ,this department could employ disabled men for inspection work4 ,there are a number of bolts and screws and special fittings which must be carefully inspected before they can go to the assembly department4 ,every bolt must be looked over as to its general condition before it can be used4 ,this work alone offers employment to a large number of men in every automobile engine factory4 ,it is very light and a man in very delicate condition could efficiently perform a number of these operations4 ,in a number of positions one hand is all that is necessary4 ,men could either sit or recline on the bench and do the work4 ,in fact1 men in bed even could come up to production in this particular kind of work4 ,the oil pump for the engine1 having been machined in the various departments is assembled by men who sit at benches4 ,this work is very light work and can be handled to advantage by men with handicaps4 ,they should1 however1 have the use of both hands4 ,we have now mentioned the various units which go to make up an engine and have come to the point where it is necessary to assemble these various parts4 ,in the up-to-date automobile factory1 the engine assembly is done by the progressive system4 ,the conveyor system which is used in engine assembly is similar to that used in the chassis assembly1 described in another section of this bulletin4 ,the crank case is usually mounted upon this conveyor or movable stand4 ,the crank shaft1 having been assembled to the case in another department1 is now ready for the connecting rods1 and the rods with the pistons are attached4 ,the cam shaft1 tappets1 and tappet guides are then installed1 and the cylinders are mounted4 ,the engine moves on to another section where the manifolds are attached to the cylinders4 ,it then passes to a section where the carburetor is mounted4 ,next the ignition system is attached1 and the starting and lighting and such other units as this particular engine may require are installed4 ,all these operations have taken place while the engine has been moving4 ,special tools are used during these operations1 such as air wrenches1 socket wrenches1 and any tool that may save a few seconds time4 ,the work that is done on this engine conveyor system is considered to be hard work in that each man must keep moving at top speed in order to turn out the required production in that department4 ,the men are well paid and they must be qualified to take care of their particular section of this conveyor4 ,there are a number of places1 however1 where handicapped men can be used in this work4 ,very few of these operations could be efficiently handled by a man who did not have the free use of both hands4 ,he could1 however1 carry on some of this work1 if he had received injuries to one of his legs4 ,all of this work is inspected and a man is carefully checked as to the work he has done4 ,after the engine has been inspected1 it is ready for a block test4 ,the conveyor carries the engine to this block-test department1 where the engine is mounted on a special stand and is connected to an electric motor1 which drives the engine at sufficient speed to lubricate it and to work in the moving parts4 ,the block-test mechanics are men who can pick out noises and defects in the engine4 ,they must watch the engine for hot bearings1 loose bearings1 and in fact this department is a sort of running-test inspection department4 ,if the engine does not show any defects and meets normal requirements1 it is given a running test under its own power4 ,this test is oftentimes done on the same motor or electric set that it has been run in by1 or in other words the electric motor becomes a generator4 ,this test is known as the dynamometer test4 ,the engine running under its own power is loaded down by the resistance of the electric generator and the horsepower noted4 ,the carburetor and ignition is adjusted to bring the engine to the normal horsepower4 ,if the engine fails to come up to normal horsepower1 it is rejected and must go back for rebuilding4 ,after it passes the horsepower test1 the oil is removed and the engine is sent to the storeroom or chassis assembly department as the case may be4 ,the inspection department of the engine assembly could employ a number of disabled men provided they were qualified by mechanical experience4 ,the block test department could employ men with slight handicaps who have had previous experience in engine work4 ,they should1 however1 be expert gas engine men4 ,this is true also of men in the dynamometer-test department4 ,in the engine-assembly department1 however1 some helpers and less skilled mechanics could very well find employment even though disabled4 ,all work in engine factories can be termed desirable employment1 since up-to-date factories are well equipped1 and well heated1 lighted1 and ventilated4 ,pay is good and the factory usually runs the year around4 ,engine factories are usually located near large automobile centers1 for the same reason that the automobile factories are located there1 namely1 railroad facilities1 power facilities1 and general living conditions4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaca4 ,,carburetors ,carburetors are usually made by a manufacturer who makes a specialty of making carburetors4 ,carburetion is one of the most interesting subjects in the automotive industry1 and manufacturers in this line employ large staffs of experts and research men4 ,they employ also engineers for the purpose of making tests of the various types of carburetors1 and of the different classes of fuels4 ,some carburetor factories have their own foundries where they make their own castings1 which are usually of aluminum or bronze4 ,some of the highest types of foundry men may be found in this department1 as this particular branch of work must be of very high grade4 ,manufacturers take pride in the appearance of their castings4 ,in a foundry of this type there are several occupations that disabled men could do1 such as pattern work1 core making1 molding1 and even flask work4 ,after the castings have been poured they are ready for cleaning and scaling4 ,part of this work is done in the sand blast4 ,the castings are then carefully inspected1 after which they are ready for the machine-shop department4 ,there are a number of machines used in carburetor work which do not really come under the head of machine-shop equipment1 in that they are punch presses4 ,these presses are used for punching the float parts for the carburetor and other similar pieces4 ,the float is usually made up of two pieces1 pressed from a flat piece of stock into a cup shape4 ,these two halves are put together and soldered to make an air-tight chamber4 ,this construction1 of course1 will vary with the different makes of carburetors4 ,where this work is done1 disabled men could handle the pieces very nicely4 ,they could also do such soldering as is done on floats4 ,there are many small screws1 nozzles1 and similar parts made in the machine shop which require a large number of machine operators4 ,the machines include among others automatic screw machines4 ,after these parts have been machined1 it is necessary that each part be carefully inspected before it goes to the assembly department1 and this inspection work is very light work1 well suited to disabled men who are unable to do heavy work4 ,the use of one arm is about all that is necessary to perform one of these operations4 ,there are also a number of testing operations in carburetor factories which could be handled to an advantage by handicapped men4 ,after the carburetor parts have been machined the carburetor is ready for final assembly4 ,this work is usually done by men sitting at benches1 who assemble the various sizes of carburetors on the various benches4 ,the work could be done by men who have lost the use of their feet or legs1 as it does not require very much moving about4 ,after the carburetor has been assembled1 it is given a preliminary test on a rack to determine whether or not the float level is too high1 and whether or not the joints of the carburetor lack fuel4 ,after the carburetor passes this test it goes to a machine department1 where it is tried out on an engine4 ,the running test is the most skilled work done along this line1 and requires men who understand the operation of gasoline engines and who are capable of attaching and detaching a carburetor quickly4 ,it is not necessary in all cases that every carburetor be tested on an engine4 ,where this is not done the carburetors are inspected and passed on to the shipping department4 ,on the whole1 there are a number of desirable places in the carburetor department which are well suited for handicapped men4 ,the working conditions in these factories are good and the wages paid are about the same as those paid by any general assembly or manufacturing plant4 ,,plan ,no4 #aacb4 ,,ignition ,a number of factories make a specialty of building ignition apparatus for automobiles4 ,in them we find the usual organization found in other similar factories4 ,some of these factories build ignition systems on a large scale1 in which case the organization is elaborate4 ,one of the most important factors of the ignition system is the insulation4 ,a compound has been discovered1 known as 8bakelite10 which has a very high resistance to electricity4 ,this substance usually comes to the manufacturer in powdered form and the manufacturer puts it through his mixing process4 ,the bakelite for parts to be made is carefully weighed for each piece4 ,it is then placed in jigs which hold contacts1 segments1 etc4 ,the jigs or molds are then placed in a molding machine to which is applied considerable pressure and heat4 ,the heat causes the bakelite to run together1 forming one solid piece of material when it is properly cured4 ,after the standard heat has been applied to the bakelite for the proper length of time the mold is placed in another press and cold water is run around it to chill or set the bakelite4 ,the molded part is then removed from the press and is ready for inspection4 ,when the part comes from the mold it is very shiny and smooth in appearance4 ,the inspection of this part is to determine whether or not the contacts have stayed in proper position and whether or not there are any flaws in the bakelite4 ,bakelite parts are used in many places in the ignition system4 ,there are a number of places in the bakelite section of the ignition factory where disabled men might well find employment4 ,men with one leg could weigh out the bakelite1 and a man with one leg and one arm could possibly run the presses around the bakelite for curing4 ,this work is done in a dry department2 the conditions are very good and the wages are reasonable4 ,in the coil department of the ignition factories we find various types of work going on4 ,here are machines for winding the primary and secondary coils1 testing machines1 etc4 ,the ignition coil is made up of an iron core1 an insulator around the iron core1 a primary winding1 a secondary winding1 and a condenser4 ,some coils have vibrators attached1 in which case the vibrators are mounted on the outside of the coil windings4 ,the core of the coil is made up of a bundle of soft iron wires4 ,the fiber tube is commonly used as insulating material4 ,this tube is filled with the soft iron wire4 ,the primary winding1 of which there are about two layers1 is wound on the outside of the fiber tube4 ,this operation takes but a few seconds1 the tube being placed between a pair of centers on a small motor driven machine similar to a small lathe4 ,the wire is guided on to this tube while it is revolving4 ,this work is done sitting1 and could very well be done by men who have received injuries to their legs1 or by men who have received injuries to their spine4 ,the main requirements are that the operator shall have the free use of both hands1 and be able to see properly the work that is going on4 ,the secondary or high-tension winding of the coil is similar to the low-tension winding4 ,the high-tension winding1 however1 has many turns of very fine wire no larger than the ordinary thread used on sewing machines4 ,this wire is insulated1 and care must be exercised that the insulation is not broken4 ,the secondary winding also is wound on a fiber tube on a machine similar to that on which the primary coil is wound4 ,between each layer of wire in these windings a small strip of insulation is placed4 ,this1 of course1 is done at the end of each layer of wire4 ,in carrying out this operation the operator must be very careful that the insulation is not broken2 that the insulation is properly placed1 and that the layers of wire are smooth and uniform4 ,the condenser of the ignition coil is made of two layers of tin foil and several layers of insulation1 such as paraffin paper4 ,this operation requires a person who is very careful1 since if this particular part is not carefully constructed it will not function properly4 ,the condenser is also machine wound in a number of cases1 and skill comes with practice in this work4 ,requirements for this job are about the same as found in the coil winding1 viz41 that the operator must have the free use of both hands1 and be able to watch his work carefully4 ,after these various parts have been made in their respective departments they are ready for the industrial tests4 ,this is done with meters to determine the amount of resistance that each coil has4 ,if the resistance is not the same as found in other coils1 the insulation is broken or the coil is shorted1 in which case the coil is rejected4 ,the condenser test is somewhat different4 ,here we find that special meters are used for determining the capacity4 ,these testing operations require a man who has been trained for this particular job4 ,the work is usually done sitting down4 ,after these various parts have passed inspection they are sent to the coil assembly1 where they are put together in their proper relation4 ,where the coil is a box coil1 the windings and condenser are placed in a box and hot paraffin or an insulating compound is poured into the box4 ,after it has cooled all the ignition parts are held securely in place4 ,the coil is then finished and is ready for the final test4 ,this work is all light work1 and there are a number of positions in which handicapped men could be employed4 ,in another part of the ignition factory1 we find the breaker mechanism and other ignition apparatus being manufactured4 ,this mechanism requires considerable machine work1 which is done on special machines in the machine-shop department4 ,after these parts have been machined and inspected they come through the assembly department1 where the ignition apparatus is assembled4 ,here we find the workers at benches assembling the very fine delicate parts of the apparatus4 ,the small springs1 platinum points1 screws1 etc41 must be placed in their proper places and with proper tension4 ,after the ignition apparatus has been properly assembled it is inspected1 and then goes to the testing department1 where apparatus is tested as to its efficiency1 etc4 ,in another department1 wires are cut and made into proper lengths for certain ignition jobs4 ,here the terminals are soldered to the ends of the wires4 ,sometimes these operations are done on a conveyer system4 ,this work is done sitting1 and is well adapted to disabled men4 ,in the ignition1 assembly1 inspection1 and testing departments1 there are a number of operations that could be done by men with one arm and no legs1 one leg and two arms1 one eye1 one arm and one leg1 by men who have lost their hearing1 and even by men who have been blinded4 ,the work as found in the ignition department is light1 working conditions are good1 and the pay is average4 ,where the ignition manufacturer manufactures magnetos1 we find a little different class of work going on4 ,armatures are wound with primary and secondary windings1 and this is done on a somewhat specialized machine4 ,insulation1 also1 is somewhat specialized1 and assembly work differs somewhat from other assembly work4 ,magnetos must be made1 charged1 and tested4 ,condensers are of a special design4 ,as a whole1 however1 the work in the magneto department requires about the same class of workmen as are found in the ignition department4 ,,plan ,no4 #aacc4 ,,starting ,,and ,,lighting ,,equipment ,the electrical equipment of the automobile has reached a point of development which has brought about a large demand for this particular kind of apparatus4 ,a number of factories make a specialty of this kind of equipment4 ,the starting and lighting equipment of the automobile1 being made up of a number of pieces of material1 requires considerable machine work1 which will not be described here4 ,the armature1 which is made up of a shaft1 laminated core1 and a commutator1 is all built in a sub-assembly department1 after which the armature passes to the winding department1 where special machines are operated4 ,the operators of these machines do not need to be experts1 but they do become very efficient at this kind of work after a short time4 ,the wire is wound on the armature in the proper slots and the ends come out to the proper length4 ,the sleeves are then put over the ends of the wires for insulation and the wires trimmed to exact length1 after which the wire ends are soldered to the proper commutator bars4 ,the generator also has field coils or windings4 ,these windings are wound on jigs for this work and are later placed in the fieldpieces of the generator4 ,each coil is tested before it is assembled to the field1 and each armature is tested before it is assembled4 ,after the pieces have been made in the various departments the generator is sent to the assembly department4 ,here the assembler is furnished with the generator castings1 coils1 pole pieces1 bearings1 armature1 plates1 brushes1 and such other fittings as may be necessary4 ,he proceeds to assemble the complete generator1 after which the generator passes to the inspection department where it is inspected and tested as to its output4 ,the starting and lighting factory offers a number of splendid opportunities for the placement of disabled men4 ,handicapped men could very efficiently wind armatures4 ,it has been said that a blind man could wind an armature after some practice4 ,men without legs could do the soldering of these armatures2 men without legs could wind and test field windings and could assemble generators2 men with one arm could test and wind field windings and do several other operations4 ,the starter motor as used in the automobile is a piece of equipment similar to that of a generator1 about the only difference being that the starter motor is a little heavier machine1 and the armature is wound with heavier wire4 ,it is made for the purpose of cranking the automobile engine1 and must withstand considerable abuse4 ,disabled men could make the tests on generators and starter motors with very little difficulty4 ,the output of a generator must be controlled to a limited degree4 ,this is done by what is known as voltage regulation4 ,there must be some kind of a relay to disconnect the storage battery and generator when the engine is not running4 ,this is done by what is known as the circuit breaker4 ,the voltage regulator and circuit breaker of the automobile starting and lighting system is made up of coils1 springs1 and breaker mechanism1 depending upon the type of regulator and circuit breaker used4 ,this work is all light work1 usually handwork1 and could be done by disabled men to a large extent4 ,the assembling of this work requires the free use of both hands and a man must be able to see the work that is being done4 ,as a whole1 work in ignition1 starting and lighting departments is very desirable work4 ,the working conditions are considered very good1 the hours reasonable1 and the pay about the same as in other manufacturing concerns4 ,,plan ,no4 #aacd4 ,,radiators ,the demand for efficient radiators for the up-to-date automobile has almost created a separate industry in itself4 ,cooling systems for automobile engines have developed to such a point that a large force of experts are employed in the work of improving such systems4 ,there are a number of factories which employ hundreds of employees in the manufacture of radiators for the automotive industry4 ,these factories use a large amount of steel1 tin1 copper1 and brass4 ,they have developed special machines for the purpose of making peculiarly shaped cores in an endeavor to increase the radiating surface without increasing the cost4 ,large punch machines are used in making these shapes1 and these machines have been so perfected that practically all the operator has to do is to feed through the machine one continuous roll of metal and take away the shaped cores4 ,the cores are sent to the assembly department where they are then placed in proper formation4 ,they are then dipped in a molten bath of solder which closes the ends of the tubes or solders them together1 and then go to the final assembly department where each core is incased in the proper shaped casing and the radiator pipe and hose connections are soldered on4 ,the radiator is then ready for testing1 which is done in a tank where compressed air is forced into the radiator4 ,if there are any leaks1 they will show by bubbles arising from them4 ,the work as done in these factories requires some experts and some novices4 ,some of it can be done by men who have been handicapped1 and there is considerable demand for men capable of handling this particular branch of the work4 ,working conditions as found in the radiator factories are good and hours are reasonable4 ,,plan ,no4 #aace4 ,,steering ,,gears ,the steering gear is one of the most important units of the automobile4 ,a number of factories have been organized for the sole purpose of manufacturing a particular type of steering gear4 ,in these factories we find ordinary drop-forging machines1 machine-shop equipment1 woodworking1 and assembly work4 ,this work requires men who are able to move about freely and who have the free use of both hands4 ,some of the work is piecework 7at least in some factories71 and men must be able to come up to at least a reasonable production in order to qualify4 ,the conditions as found in other manufacturing plants are found also in the steering-gear factories4 ,,plan ,no4 #aacf4 ,,wheels ,in the wheel factories1 we find a number of special machines such as spoke machines1 felloes machines1 and trimming machines4 ,these are practically automatic1 the material being fed through them and the finished product coming out4 ,after the parts have been made in their respective departments1 they are ready for assembly4 ,this requires a certain amount of handwork4 ,the wheels must be assembled so that they will not loosen when they have been put into use4 ,after they have been assembled1 it is often necessary that a band be mounted on them4 ,after a wheel has been assembled1 it is put into a machine which trues and trims it1 and it is then ready for the automobile manufacturer4 ,as the woodwork in the wheel factory is covered in the bulletin on woodworking1 no further comments are made here4 ,,plan ,no4 #aacg4 ,,bodies ,with the increased production of automobiles1 large manufacturers have seen fit to purchase their bodies from body manufacturers4 ,this has encouraged the body manufacturers to increase their production which has brought increased activities in this particular branch of the work4 ,in the body factories are employed woodworkers1 sheet-metal workers1 sand blasters1 painters1 upholsterers1 and top builders4 ,in the woodworking department the work is similar to that of cabinet making1 only the men are building skeleton instead of closed-type work4 ,after the frame or skeleton of the body has been built1 the metal or covering is fitted and secured to the framework4 ,the body is then sent to be sand-blasted to make it smooth and also to assist in making the paint cling to a shiny surface4 ,it then goes to the painting department where it is given a priming coat1 several filler coats1 color coat rubbing1 varnishing1 and a final finishing coat4 ,the woodworking department requires men who are able to handle tools and who are able to move about freely4 ,the sheet-metal department requires men who are capable of using screw drivers and who are able to drive nails4 ,the sand-blast department requires men with a normal body who can wear a dustproof suit1 and who can handle the sand-blast equipment4 ,the paint department requires men who are capable of moving about freely and who have the free use of one hand4 ,in the upholstering department are found machines for sewing1 and racks upon which the upholstering is built before being put into the body4 ,a number of these operations are done sitting1 so that a man without legs could very efficiently do this work4 ,the upholstering is first made upon racks or frames1 and is then cut out and tacked to the body4 ,in this way the work is much easier done than by building it upon the body itself4 ,the machine operators should have the use of one foot4 ,however1 with special equipment1 the loss of both legs could be overcome in some of the work4 ,the work in the upholstery department is very desirable in that it is dry and quiet1 and employment is steady4 ,pay is good1 and hours are about the same as in any other factories4 ,,plan ,no4 #aach4 ,,accessories ,the word 8accessories0 means extras or special pieces of equipment which are applied to the automobile4 ,under this heading are included wind shields1 speedometers1 clocks1 indicators1 horns1 mirrors1 spark plugs1 and various other pieces of equipment4 ,as this work inquires a great variety of machines1 such as punches and presses1 and a varied machine-shop equipment1 no attempt will be made here to go into details4 ,what has been said in preceding sections has covered the work carried on in these factories4 ,for example1 the work done in speedometer factories is somewhat similar to the work done in starting and lighting factories2 and the work done in horn factories is somewhat similar to that done in ignition factories4 ,suffice it to say1 that there are hundreds of occupations in the accessory departments and factories alone which offer employment to men who have met with accidents which prevent them from having the free use of every member of the body4 ,there are a number of occupations which lend themselves particularly to men who are not able to do heavy work1 as for instance1 in the assembly of speedometers1 clocks1 and horns4 ,conditions in these accessory factories are first class1 wages are good1 and hours are about the same as in the average manufacturing plant4 ,,classification ,,of ,,occupations ,,with ,,reference ,,to ,,disabilities ,in passing through an up-to-date automobile factory1 there are thousands of operations being carried out at one time4 ,the foregoing account does not cover hundreds of minor operations1 skilled and unskilled1 which could be efficiently done by disabled men4 ,many of these operations are entirely suitable for individuals who have been slightly disabled4 ,the following tabulation classifies the principal occupations which have been mentioned1 with reference to certain type disabilities4 ,it will be understood that neither the list of disabilities nor the several lists of occupations specified under these disabilities are complete4 ,,possible ,,occupations ,,for ,,men ,,with ,,certain ,,disabilities ,total blindness4 ,folding cartons1 counting parts1 armature winding1 bolts and nuts1 inspector of packing of parts in cartons1 inspecting and testing4 ,loss of one eye4 ,almost any occupation that the man is otherwise qualified to work at4 ,deafness1 total or partial4 ,drafting clerk or checker1 frame assembly1 spring assembly1 axle assembly1 bearing assembly1 transmission assembly1 clutch assembly1 engine assembly1 bearing work1 cam-shaft inspection1 con-rod assembly1 cylinder assembly1 ring inspection1 oil-pump assembly1 carburetor assembly1 coil winding1 condenser assembly1 coil assembly1 coil testing1 armature winding1 generator assembly1 magneto assembly1 magneto test1 general wiring1 radiator assembly1 wheel building1 body building1 upholstering1 painting1 many kinds of inspection work4 ,stiff neck4 ,punch press and machine work1 and occupations listed under deafness4 ,injured spine4 ,drafting1 inspection work1 light assembly work1 checking1 timekeeping1 messenger1 gatekeeper1 small electric machine operator1 traveling-crane operator1 heat treatment checker1 employment department clerk4 ,loss of one arm4 ,drafting1 inspection1 checker1 foreman1 timekeeper1 gatekeeper1 messenger1 electrical machine operator1 traveling-crane operator1 heat treatment checker1 light assembly work1 armature winding1 electrical testing1 drop forge operator1 punch press operator1 machine shop work1 employment department clerk4 ,loss of both arms4 ,checking1 gatekeeper1 and other work in proportion as man becomes skillful in the manipulation of artificial appliances4 ,loss of part of finger an one hand4 ,practically any work for which man is otherwise qualified1 providing he has learned to use remaining fingers4 ,stiff arm or shoulder1 or partial loss of use of arm4 ,drafting1 checking1 inspecting1 foreman1 timekeeper1 gatekeeper1 information department1 employment department1 machine operator1 lighter assembly work1 magneto work1 coil work1 generator work1 soldering1 chipping and trimming1 foundry 7light work74 ,loss of both legs4 ,upholstering1 drafting1 checking1 inspecting1 gatekeeper1 timekeeper1 clerk1 information1 employment department1 machine operator1 small assembly work1 testing of electrical equipment1 soldering1 pyrometer checker in heat treatment department4 ,loss of one leg4 ,drafting1 checker1 inspector1 foreman1 timekeeper1 gatekeeper1 employment department1 practically any assembly work1 painting1 upholstering1 salvage department1 body work1 soldering1 foundry work1 machine operator1 tester1 dynamometer tester4 ,loss of a leg should not be a serious handicap4 ,shell shock and nervousness4 ,drafting1 checker1 inspector1 timekeeper1 gatekeeper1 lighter assembly work1 painting1 upholstering1 body work1 soldering1 coil work1 generator assembly1 magneto assembly1 cut-out assembly1 electrical testing4 ,heart trouble and epilepsy4 ,drafting1 checker1 inspector1 light assembly work1 painting1 upholstering1 coil work1 generator assembly1 cut-out assembly1 electrical testing4 ,tuberculosis4 ,loading crew checker 7outside71 inspector1 car clerk1 yard stock keeper1 special salvage department as found in some factories especially set aside for tubercular people1 outside trucking4 ,rheumatism4 ,drafting1 checker1 inspector1 painting1 upholstering1 body mechanic1 wheel assembly1 general assembly work1 salvage department1 machine operator1 ignition expert1 soldering1 coil work1 magneto assembly1 generator assembly1 cut-out assembly1 testing of electrical equipment1 laboratory work4 ,other disabilities1 such as body wounds1 etc41 leaving patient in delicate condition4 ,drafting1 checker1 inspector1 foreman1 clerk1 employment department1 information department1 gatekeeper1 electrical machine operator1 light assembly work1 machine operator1 upholstery1 soldering1 light inspection work1 magneto assembly1 generator assembly1 stationary motor assembly1 ,bakelite machine operator2 many other operations which require very little strength and skill4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaci4 ,,oxy-,,acetylene ,,welding ,,acknowledgment ,this monograph was prepared by ,edward ,matteossian1 ,special ,agent for the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education1 under the direction of ,charles ,h4 ,winslow1 ,chief of the ,division of ,research4 ,acknowledgment is due to ,dr4 ,john ,cummings of the ,research ,division for editorial assistance4 ,,what ,,the ,,welder ,,does ,he handles a torch1 or blowpipe1 at the tip of which a flame is produced by the burning of a mixture of two gases--acetylene and oxygen4 ,a high degree of heat is produced by this flame1 which can be concentrated at any point by proper handling of the torch4 ,the welder's activities may be divided into two operations--welding and cutting4 ,,welding ,in welding1 metals1 like or unlike1 are joined together by melting them until they fuse1 8adding material0 being used where it is required4 ,the welder also builds up worn parts or adds metal where it is lacking4 ,common metals which can be treated by this process include the following3 ,cast iron1 steel1 malleable iron1 aluminum1 copper1 brass1 bronze1 lead1 and nickel4 ,precious metals also can be welded4 ,each metal has its peculiar characteristics and mode of treatment1 and the welder who would turn out a good job must master the special technique for handling each metal4 ,welding forms the larger part of the welder's activities4 ,it is much more difficult than cutting1 and also has a wider field of application4 ,,cutting ,cutting can be learned in a few hours4 ,it is restricted in its scope1 as it can be used only on steel and wrought iron4 ,the cutting torch is similar to the welding torch with the difference that it is equipped with a special outlet for oxygen under pressure4 ,the operator turns on his usual welding flame until the object is heated to a cherry red1 and then presses a device which turns on the oxygen1 causing the metal to burn away rapidly4 ,the torch is then advanced slowly along the line of the cut to be made4 ,by practice comes the knack of steadiness and of moving the torch at just the right speed to cut clear through the metal--not too fast for complete penetration1 nor too slow1 causing loss of oxygen4 ,,work ,,in ,,the ,,open ,,and ,,in ,,the ,,shop ,where the job can not be brought into the shop1 welding and cutting are done out of doors1 and may be carried on under all conditions of weather4 ,very commonly the process is used in cutting scrap1 wreckage1 and piling1 and in welding piping and mains4 ,inside work varies from shop to shop according as the shop is part of a manufacturing plant or of a foundry1 or is purely a job welding shop4 ,some account of the common uses of the processes in different industries is given in the section below on 8,industrial ,applications40 ,in steam and electric railway shops and yards1 in shipbuilding1 in the manufacture and repair of automobiles1 in installing pipes and mains1 in sheet-metal and metal plate work1 in the manufacture of furniture1 containers and other metal products1 and in foundry work1 welding and cutting is being extensively used to-day1 and each day the welder's field of operations is still further extended4 ,,what ,,localities ,,need ,,welders8 ,the answer is3 ,all localities where industrial plants are located1 or where street railways are operated1 or where farm machinery and implements are made or repaired1 or where automobiles are used or built4 ,such localities will probably include your own home town or some town not far away from home4 ,,the ,,welder',s ,,tools ,,and ,,equipment ,the numerous makes of torches on the market are of two general types--the medium1 or positive1 pressure torch2 and the low pressure1 or injector torch4 ,practically all the oxygen used comes in compressed form in cylinders4 ,acetylene is more commonly generated on the premises1 owing to the cheapness of this method4 ,it is piped into the buildings and is always readily accessible4 ,generators1 like torches1 are of various makes1 but they vary in type to correspond to the two kinds of torches1 i4 e41 pressure generators1 and low-pressure generators4 ,generators are automatic in their action1 being controlled by the flow of gas4 ,where the gas is not generated in the establishment1 and especially in outdoor work1 dissolved acetylene is used4 ,this comes in cylinders which are filled with porous material and contain acetone1 a liquid1 in which the gas is dissolved under pressure4 ,welding equipment varies according to circumstances4 ,in general a welding unit includes welding and cutting torches2 hose and connections2 oxygen and acetylene regulators and gauges2 a supply of various tips2 filler rods2 goggles2 friction lighters2 gloves2 asbestos sheets2 fluxes2 hand tools1 such as pliers1 files1 hammers and cold chisels2 welding table2 preheating arrangement2 fire brick2 carbon blocks2 and ,v-blocks4 ,it may include also1 hand shear1 anvil1 hand forge1 bench and pipe vises1 emery grinders1 drill press1 hack saw1 jigs1 lathe1 hoist1 and work bench4 ,practically all of the necessary equipment is furnished to the welder1 sometimes with exception of goggles1 gloves1 and overalls or leather apron1 which the welder may have to obtain for himself4 ,,why ,,take ,,training8 ,the aim of re-education is to turn out a good welder who has not only the manipulative skill1 but who in addition is well-grounded in the necessary theoretical knowledge4 ,it can not be too strongly pointed out1 in the view of the highly unsatisfactory method of turning out welders obtaining in the past1 that the course can not be too thorough4 ,the need is for good welders1 not for half-trained men4 ,really good welders in this country are not many1 and there is in this field a splendid opportunity for the well-equipped man1 but for him only4 ,an employer will always be looking for a better man if he has a half-trained man on the job4 ,,overcoming ,,your ,,disability ,the question is not primarily one of the handicap1 but rather of the man behind the handicap4 ,it is not the exception1 but rather the rule1 that a partially handicapped person1 endowed with ingenuity will1 even though at a disadvantage1 beat the sound man who does not possess any ingenuity4 ,this is borne out by numerous instances of foreign experience in re-education4 ,this applies1 of course1 especially to the less serious disabilities and not at all to those which are manifestly debarring4 ,in the case of a welder1 the latter would include blindness or defective vision1 paralysis1 shell shock and nervous disorders1 loss of both arms or hands1 tuberculosis1 ankylosis of the upper members1 spinal trouble1 stiff neck1 and dizziness4 ,ankylosis of the knee or wrist might be overcome to some extent4 ,amputation of one leg will simply limit the field of activities4 ,where both legs are gone it would still be possible to enter some specialized field where work at the bench is all that is required4 ,in such cases1 however1 it might be advisable to take up soldering or electric resistance welding4 ,loss of limbs would be an embarrassing handicap for most jobs1 and prohibitive for outside work which necessitates climbing1 crawling1 stooping1 or getting into abnormal positions4 ,men who have trouble in getting about should not enter this field4 ,only physically sound men should undertake work in confined spaces1 in a boiler for example4 ,one partially amputated arm would probably not be deterrent4 ,indoor work is manifestly unsuited to men with weak lungs1 as the air in the shop is generally more or less heated and vitiated4 ,outdoor work might be pursued with benefit4 ,men with weak backs would generally be at a disadvantage4 ,kidney or intestinal trouble might or might not be deterrent1 depending on the gravity of the trouble and the degree to which physical stamina and general health are affected4 ,rupture would not be a handicap except where heavy work is to be done1 and in that class of work there is usually a helper around4 ,impairment of efficiency due to loss of one eye1 which may make difficult the acquirement of precision in distancing the flame from the material to be welded1 may nevertheless generally be overcome4 ,the welder must have one good arm and hand with which to hold and manipulate the torch1 and enough of a stump left in the other arm to be capable of using the filler rod and of puddling4 ,amputation1 ankylosis1 or paralysis of a finger or two are not prohibitive1 so long as the proper grip and manipulation of the torch can be preserved4 ,,devices ,,for ,,overcoming ,,handicaps ,special 8automatic pincers0 are being used by ,french autogenous welders1 to take the place of a missing hand1 for those who have lost only part of the forearm4 ,drawings of this appliance are here given4 ,the upper drawing shows the opening of the pincers through extension of the forearm1 and the lower two drawings represent modification of the upper pincers for the use of welders4 ,those who are incapable of using their hand through any cause are equipped with a special tool holder which is attached to the forearm4 ,where the handicap consists of the loss of an arm1 cutting may be taken up to advantage4 ,there is restricted field of employment for disabled men in the operation of automatic welding or cutting machines4 ,,safety ,,and ,,hygiene ,as in other occupations1 there are in welding1 certain safety measures to be taken to avoid accidents4 ,these are clearly defined and are made an integral part of the welder's training until observance becomes automatic4 ,this applies1 of course1 to the man who is physically sound as well as to the disabled4 ,in the case of the handicapped1 the matter becomes one of ascertaining if the disability interferes with the carrying out of these safety measures2 and if so1 if the difficulty can be overcome4 ,if not1 some other occupation must be selected4 ,in the welder's case1 however1 these precautions are mostly 8don'ts10 and do not present serious difficulties to be overcome4 ,acetylene is not poisonous and the impurities in the gas which are poisonous are not present in sufficient quantity in the ,american carbide to be dangerous4 ,the characteristic odor of the gas is a protection against fire1 explosion1 and suffocation4 ,one cubic foot thoroughly mixed with #aj1jjj cubic feet of air can be detected4 ,,how ,,previous ,,experience ,,helps ,in selecting any vocation1 a man's former occupation must be carefully taken into account1 and particularly is this true in the case of welding4 ,previous experience1 training1 and education are such important factors in the student's success or failure that particular attention should be paid to them4 ,experience as a blacksmith1 machinist1 boilermaker1 patternmaker1 sheet-metal worker1 molder1 electrician1 and in kindred occupations will be in every case of great value4 ,all experience in handling metals1 as well as all mechanical experience is a valuable asset4 ,for a man who has had such experience1 it will be comparatively easy to become a good all-round welder4 ,it goes without saying that no disabled man should take up the course unless he feels an interest in the work or in some special branch of it4 ,it is this interest coupled with ingenuity which will make it possible for the welder to handle new problems successfully and to devise better and more efficient ways of doing things4 ,in the case of a former welder who is capable of taking up his former vocation1 a short course of training will suffice4 ,a former welder whose handicap prevents him from taking up his old trade may1 with the proper training and necessary qualifications1 become an excellent teacher1 a welding foreman1 or a superintendent4 ,,are ,,welders ,,going ,,to ,,be ,,needed8 ,the process is of comparatively recent application1 dating back to about the year #aijd4 ,its growth has been extremely rapid1 especially of later years1 as regards development of technique1 extension of its applications1 and perfection of apparatus4 ,regardless of this progress1 however1 it is no exaggeration to state that the process is as yet in its initial stages1 and that in the near future its field of utility will be greatly extended4 ,as contrasted with the growth of oxy-acetylene welding1 the supply of good welders has lagged far behind the demand4 ,unlike ,european countries1 this country has only lately come to realize the importance of well-grounded1 thorough1 practical training for prospective welders4 ,in view of these two factors--the remarkable expansion of the process and the shortage of welders--prospects look bright for the future4 ,,qualifying ,,as ,a ,,teacher ,,of ,,the ,,welding ,,process ,in any occupation where the demand for labor is increasing rapidly1 there is bound to be a demand for men to teach the processes and practice of the occupation4 ,if you master the trade you yourself may qualify as a teacher4 ,,getting ,,to ,,work ,,after ,,training ,in contemplating placement after training the following factors are to be taken into account3 ,your choice of a field4 ,your special fitness4 ,the industrial demand4 ,it is the disabled man's privilege to decide what he will specialize in and he will be allowed the freedom of choosing which branch of welding he will take up1 such choice being of course subject to the guidance of the vocational adviser4 ,most welders will exhibit a tendency toward some special branch or type of welding1 even while they are learning the art4 ,the instructor will keep in constant touch with the pupil during the course to determine if there is such a trend in him1 and if so to encourage it4 ,some take to one metal in preference to others2 some to one operation in preference to others2 some may give evidence of ability as all-round welders4 ,the demand for welders is so varied that knowing the demands in general it will in most cases be possible to satisfy preferences and special aptitudes4 ,this will be the aim always4 ,if as a trained welder you desire to get started on your own hook1 several questions will arise in your mind8 ,where shall ,i be located8 ,what are the demands of the locality in which ,i shall live8 ,what is my fitness for the work8 ,how about the necessary equipment8 ,the locality should be such as to give you ample opportunity to make good4 ,it might be hard for you to go against much competition at the start4 ,likewise1 to act as a pioneer of the industry in some locality which knows nothing about the work1 might not be desirable4 ,in placing retrained welders1 local demands will be carefully considered to the end that no man shall be placed where he may have work coming in which he is not capable of handling efficiently4 ,,what ,,if ,,you ,,do ,,not ,,take ,,training8 ,you will not be a real welder2 probably you will not get a chance to try your hand at manipulating the torch at all4 ,if you do get a chance you may get hurt or hurt others trying to weld without training for the trade4 ,train for it1 and then go to it1 and if you fail come back for more training or for training in some other trade4 ,,industrial ,,applications ,some idea of the wide range of application of the oxy-acetylene processes may be gained from a brief survey of their uses in several industrial fields4 ,,plan ,no4 #aadj4 ,,steam ,,railways ,oxy-acetylene welding is used in the shops of practically every railroad in the country as a means of reducing cost of repair and of reclaiming worn parts4 ,each craft usually does the welding of metals that originates in its department3 ,blacksmiths handle wrought iron and steel2 boilermakers1 boiler plates and flues2 machinists1 cast iron2 coppersmiths1 brass pipe work4 ,the process is generally used in the reclamation of broken engine frames1 damaged cylinders1 broken spokes in driver wheels1 cracked valve chamber bushings1 broken steam and exhaust pipes and air pump heads2 in mending cracks1 cutting out and welding patches on side sheets of fire boxes1 flue sheets and door collars2 in welding front end doors when damaged1 engine truck frames and cradles1 frame braces and brackets1 tender bolsters1 guides1 and pedestals4 ,the process is used to some extent also in building up worn diamond crossings and frogs4 ,both cutting and welding are used in the upkeep and repair of steel cars4 ,at the scrap yard the welder cuts up old boilers and other scrap for salvaging4 ,,plan ,no4 #aada4 ,,electric ,,railways ,applications of the process by electric railways are similar to those by steam railways4 ,there are1 however1 more opportunities for doing welding at the table4 ,of such a nature are restoring of armature bearing housings and frame heads1 worn axle seats for motors and axle caps1 journal boxes1 pinion seats and keyways1 brush holders1 trolley bases1 and third-rail shoe castings4 ,heavy broken parts such as truck frames1 drawheads1 brake hangers and body bolsters are repaired4 ,to some extent the process is used also in bonding rails and in welding steel trolleys4 ,most of the work is handled in the shop1 where1 however1 electric welding is coming into more general use1 owing to the availability and economy of electric power4 ,,plan ,no4 #aadb4 ,,shipbuilding ,extensive use is made of the process in cutting all kinds and shapes of steel plate4 ,hydrogen is very generally used1 instead of acetylene1 and welding machines have been introduced4 ,welding proper is more generally applied in reclamation work1 damaged or broken parts of the ship and of its machinery and propellers being often welded by this process4 ,electric arc welding is fast coming to the front in this field1 except for cutting where the gas process can not be replaced4 ,,plan ,no4 #aadc4 ,,automobile ,,industry ,oxy-acetylene welding of automobile parts is not in general very difficult1 but as in all other welding mastery of fundamentals is here also essential to success4 ,the work is varied in character1 including cast iron1 aluminum1 steel1 and wrought iron welding4 ,the process is extensively used in the repair of automobiles1 and to a lesser degree in their manufacture4 ,both the industry itself and the repair work provide excellent fields for the prospective welder4 ,repair work is done generally in either a job welding shop1 where a number of welders are employed and where all kinds of welding is carried on1 or else in a garage or automobile repair shop where a welder is employed to do the necessary work4 ,in small communities the welding shop is usually run by one man who owns it and who does all the welding4 ,in the large welding shops acetylene is generated2 in other cases dissolved acetylene is used4 ,a welder who is expert in the welding of aluminum is particularly valuable in this work4 ,in manufacture1 the work is done in the shop4 ,it is often simple and well suited to workers who must elect a sedentary employment4 ,the process is broadening its scope in this field4 ,closely related to the automobile is the motorcycle4 ,a number of its parts1 such as handlebars1 special jigs and muffler heads1 are welded in manufacture4 ,in repair work the scope is somewhat similar to that of automobile repairing4 ,,plan ,no4 #aadd4 ,,pipe ,,and ,,main ,,work ,in the welding of pipes and mains1 the process is finding increased application and this field presents good prospects of expansion in the future4 ,extensive work in this country as well as in ,europe1 where it is more largely used1 has demonstrated that welding is not only the most economical method but as well the most efficient in that leaky joints are eliminated4 ,welding does away with threaded joints1 and thus makes possible the use of much lighter pipe1 since there is no need for making allowance in thickness for threading4 ,moreover1 joint couplings are dispensed with4 ,the expense saved in maintenance alone is tremendous1 as the joint is water-tight and there is therefore little likelihood of trouble arising from leaks4 ,in making connections1 ,y's1 ,t's1 crosses and drips are made on the spot1 being cut out of odd lengths of pipe and fitted together4 ,this effects an economy in that these odd pieces are saved4 ,the process has its greatest application in the welding of gas1 steam1 air1 oil1 water and ammonia pipes and mains1 and the work is chiefly outside work1 although it is used to some extent on interior pipe connections4 ,special fittings or connections may be welded in the shop4 ,outdoors welding is generally performed on sections of pipe while above the ground1 the whole section being finally lowered into the ditch4 ,the welding of these several sections to each other has to be done in the ditch or trench1 a pit being generally dug in order to give the welder sufficient room for carrying on the work4 ,obviously this work requires suppleness in the worker4 ,where there is a large amount of welding1 the apparatus most commonly used is a portable generator1 with which is mounted a set of oxygen tanks4 ,in other cases a small two-wheeled truck carrying one oxygen and one dissolved acetylene cylinder may suffice4 ,in this kind of work1 the welder is generally assisted by one or two helpers who do the heavy work1 placing1 holding1 and turning the pipes while the welder keeps on welding4 ,some overhead welding is done which forces the welder to assume a strained position4 ,,plan ,no4 #aade4 ,,sheet ,,metal ,welding sheet metal is an important application of the process1 which is superseding to a large extent riveting and soldering4 ,very careful work may be required but in the main the work is not particularly difficult1 and it can be easily mastered if the training given is thorough4 ,electric resistance welding1 however1 is superseding oxy-acetylene in many manufacturing operations4 ,,plan ,no4 #aadf4 ,,metallic ,,furniture ,extensive use of oxy-acetylene welding is made in the manufacture of metallic furniture and in kindred trades4 ,welding is an efficient and economical way of joining various parts together1 as well as of making the parts themselves4 ,the work may be more or less routine and much of it is done at the bench4 ,this is a comparatively easy type of welding1 in which a man can become proficient in a short time4 ,it would be eminently suited to the welder who has trouble in going about or who is easily fatigued1 and who would be better off in some sedentary work4 ,the process is largely used in the manufacture of steel desks1 chairs1 filing cabinets1 office safes1 stepladders1 and surgical1 hospital and dental furniture4 ,,plan ,no4 #aadg4 ,,containers ,welding is fast superseding old methods in the manufacture of containers of various kinds out of sheet metal4 ,in this class is included the manufacture of steel barrels1 range boilers1 kitchen utensils1 light air tanks1 and storage tanks4 ,this kind of work needs a well-trained man on the job4 ,except in the case of larger objects1 the work can be done at the welding table1 and it is not of a straining nature4 ,,plan ,no4 #aadh4 ,,metal ,,plate ,metal plate welding is quite similar in its scope to sheet metal work4 ,it is largely used in the manufacture of ammonia and air receivers1 vacuum driers1 steam driers1 and vats4 ,the process is not used in boiler work to any extent1 as the consequences of a faulty weld might be extremely serious4 ,,plan ,no4 #aadi4 ,,foundries ,in steel foundries the process is extensively used in cutting away risers1 gates1 and heads from castings4 ,as compared with the old method of cutting with a saw1 the gas process is much quicker and much more economical4 ,this sort of cutting work is simple and does not require great dexterity4 ,the welder should be capable of bending over or assuming more or less cramping positions1 as he has to work on the castings in positions in which they have been left on the floor4 ,welding is almost universally used in the reclamation of defective castings1 and by this process castings are saved which for some slight defect would have been consigned to the scrap heap4 ,the process finds application also in the welding of blowholes1 cold shuts1 porous spots1 and cracks4 ,it is used to some extent in manufacture1 two parts being cast separately and joined by welding4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaej4 ,,forestry ,,pursuits ,,acknowledgment ,this monograph was prepared by ,capt4 ,s4 ,t4 ,dana1 in the ,forestry ,service of the ,department of ,agriculture1 under the direction of ,charles ,h4 ,winslow1 ,chief of the ,research ,division of the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education4 ,acknowledgment is due to ,dr4 ,john ,cummings of the ,research ,division for editorial assistance4 ,,what ,,forestry ,,is ,forestry is the business1 or the art1 or the science1 depending on the point of view from which you look at it1 of handling forests for timber production or stream-flow protection4 ,it does not1 as is often mistakenly thought1 have anything to do with fruit trees1 or even with street and park trees4 ,the care of these comes under horticulture and arboriculture4 ,forestry is distinct from either in that it has to do primarily with entire stands of trees1 or forests1 rather than with individuals4 ,forests are really nothing more nor less than tree societies1 or communities1 comparable in many ways with human communities1 every member of which has an influence upon and in turn is influenced by its neighbors2 and it is this fact that gives to forestry its distinctive character4 ,forestry should also not be confused with lumbering4 ,lumbering has to do merely with harvesting the trees on any given area1 with cutting them1 transporting them to the mill1 and converting them into lumber or other products4 ,while the chief task of the forester is to manage forest lands1 he has to do with the production of trees as well as with their utilization4 ,forestry is concerned fully as much with the future as with the present4 ,like agriculture it looks forward to keeping the land continuously productive by the growth of successive crops4 ,only in the case of forestry the crops instead of being wheat1 or rye1 or corn1 are trees1 which in turn can be converted into fuel1 fence posts1 telephone poles1 railroad ties1 wood pulp1 lumber1 and a host of other wood products4 ,how much the forests mean to the economic development of a community through the crops which they produce and the employment which they offer is evidenced only too plainly by the desolation which has followed destructive lumbering in many a once prosperous forest region4 ,in addition to yielding crops which have a commercial value1 forests in mountainous regions perform another important function which is none the less valuable because its benefits are difficult to measure in dollars and cents4 ,by decreasing erosion and regulating stream-flow the mountain forests conserve water for domestic supplies1 irrigation1 power1 and navigation1 and at the same time help to lessen the damage caused by destructive floods4 ,so far-reaching is this influence and so great is the population affected by it1 that the treatment which such forests receive becomes a matter of vital interest to the general public4 ,one of the primary concerns of forestry is to see that they are handled in such a way as to afford the maximum amount of protection1 even if this involves1 as it not infrequently does1 the restriction or entire prevention of lumbering operations4 ,,what ,,foresters ,,do ,in order to handle to the best advantage the area under his charge there is a wide range of work which a forester may be called upon to do4 ,he must be able to identify different kinds of trees and must know the uses to which each can be put and the sites to which they are best adapted4 ,he must be able to map the area and to determine the amount and value of the timber upon it4 ,he must be able to draw up a complete plan for protecting the forest from fire and to carry out the details involved in its execution4 ,he must know how to control the attacks of destructive insects and fungous diseases4 ,he must be able to handle the many details connected with the collection of seed and the production of young trees in forest-tree nurseries4 ,he must know where and how to plant these1 or how to sow the seed on areas where this is preferable4 ,he must know whether any given stand is too dense1 and if so1 what and how many trees should be taken out to stimulate the growth of those that are left4 ,he must be able to determine the rate at which trees are growing and the age at which they should be cut and to make plans for harvesting them in such a way as to secure natural reproduction4 ,and finally1 he must be able to draw up a 8working plan0 providing in detail for the handling of the entire forest in such a way as to keep it continually productive4 ,all of this obviously involves a good deal of office work in the formulation of plans1 the maintenance of records1 and the miscellaneous administrative work connected with any business enterprise4 ,it also involves a good deal of practical out-of-door work4 ,the average forester must take long walks and horseback rides4 ,he must often camp out in a tent or with no shelter whatever4 ,he must take his part in fighting forest fires1 which means the liberal and energetic use of the axe1 the mattock1 and the shovel4 ,he must run compass and transit lines1 and make topographic maps4 ,he must estimate the size and contents of standing trees by the use of calipers and height-measures1 and must scale the fallen timber4 ,he must mark1 or blaze1 the trees to be removed in lumbering and must see that the operations are carried out in accordance with the approved plans4 ,he must collect tree cones1 extract the seeds from these1 sow them in the nursery1 care for the young seedlings1 and later set them out in the forest4 ,he must also do a hundred and one other things which are not strictly forestry but which are so closely connected with it that they must be handled by the forester along with his other work4 ,grazing is a good example of this1 since most of the forest regions in the ,united ,states produce forage as well as trees4 ,in order to utilize this to best advantage the forester must know how many stock the range will support and how they should be handled4 ,in regions where mineral deposits occur he must be familiar with the mining laws and must have at least enough knowledge regarding mining to enable him to deal intelligently with prospectors and others4 ,since most of the forests occur in undeveloped regions he must know how to open these up by building ranger and lookout stations and by constructing such other permanent improvements as roads1 bridges1 trails1 and telephone lines4 ,in short1 the average forester1 particularly in pioneer regions1 must be a veritable jack-of-all-trades4 ,,where ,,foresters ,,work ,forestry is primarily an out-of-door occupation4 ,some indoor work in the formulation of plans1 writing of reports1 handling of correspondence1 and other office routine1 is of course necessary1 particularly in the case of those charged with the administration of large areas4 ,but the average forester must spend the bulk of his time in the open1 in the forests for which he is caring4 ,sometimes his headquarters may be in a small town or sometimes in a more or less isolated situation in the woods themselves4 ,in either case his daily work will ordinarily take him into the open in sunshine and in rain4 ,occasionally he may be absent from home for several weeks at a time carrying his bed and provisions on his back1 or1 if he is fortunate1 on a pack animal4 ,so far as geographical location is concerned1 opportunities for foresters have heretofore been mainly in the mountain regions of the ,west where the ,national ,forests are located4 ,as forestry comes to be practiced more and more on ,state ,forests and on private lands1 however1 similar opportunities will develop in the ,east4 ,there is no reason why large numbers of foresters should not eventually be employed wherever forests occur1 and this means practically throughout the country except in the ,great ,plains and in the farming regions of the ,central ,states and ,middle ,west4 ,,what ,,handicaps ,,are ,,serious ,generally speaking1 a forester must be able-bodied and in good physical health4 ,he must have a strong heart1 sound lungs1 and a constitution able to stand exposure to all kinds of wind and weather4 ,heart disease1 tuberculosis1 and other serious organic troubles are handicaps that point to the choice of another occupation4 ,on the other hand1 there are certain disabilities1 and particularly injuries of various sorts1 that do not constitute any serious drawback4 ,injuries to the mouth1 nose1 ears1 scalp1 and other parts of the head1 for example1 do not disqualify unless they interfere to a dangerous extent with one's eyesight or hearing4 ,some deafness is allowable provided it has not gone so far as to prevent communication or to endanger one from falling trees or other accidents4 ,even blindness in one eye is not a real handicap if the other eye is still sound4 ,the loss of an arm or a leg incapacitates a man for the physical work required of most foresters1 but minor injuries to these limbs1 such as loss of a finger or a toe1 do not disqualify one4 ,for certain specialized duties one can have sustained even more serious injuries and still be able to give satisfactory service4 ,one may be badly crippled and yet be successful in research work provided he is able to move about more or less freely1 has some use of his arms1 and can handle a microscope4 ,men at fire-lookout stations need little more than good eyes and sufficient hearing to use a telephone4 ,on the other hand1 one would hardly wish to take up fire-lookout work as a permanent occupation1 and unless his condition can be improved sufficiently to enable him to resume active physical work his chances for advancement are poor4 ,special appliances for handling tools are not necessary1 as is the case with many industrial workers4 ,the average forester must be able to turn his hand to a wide variety of activities and to use such homely implements as the axe1 the hammer1 the shovel1 and the mattock4 ,the danger of further injury is no greater in forestry than in most other outdoor occupations4 ,accidents due to forest fires1 bucking horses1 falling trees1 and rolling stones are always possible1 but the proportion of those seriously injured in such ways as these is not large4 ,those employed by the ,national ,government receive compensation in case of injury incurred in line of duty4 ,,what ,,training ,,is ,,necessary ,forestry requires the services of three more or less distinct grades of workers--the professional forester1 the forester ranger1 and the forest guard4 ,the professional forester handles the larger and more technical phases of forest management4 ,he determines what the forest under his charge contains1 how much it is worth1 how fast it is growing1 when and how it should be cut1 what kinds of trees should be favored1 and other questions of the same kind2 and also exercises general supervision over the execution of whatever measures are decided upon4 ,the forest ranger acts as a sort of semi-technical assistant to the professional forester4 ,he does not need so thorough an education as the professional forester but must have sufficient technical knowledge to enable him to carry out intelligently the plans formulated by the latter4 ,his work is to a large extent 8practical0 and involves the routine of fire protection and fire fighting1 marking the trees to be removed in timber sales1 scaling the felled logs1 handling planting operations1 surveying1 building trails1 running telephone lines1 and doing other work connected with the administration of the forest4 ,the forest guard is ordinarily a non-technical assistant who helps the forest ranger in those aspects of his work which require little or no knowledge of forestry4 ,forest guards are frequently appointed for short periods only to help the regular force during the busy season and particularly in the work of fire protection and fire fighting4 ,previous experience in the woods or in similar occupations such as lumbering and surveying constitutes a valuable1 but not essential1 preliminary training for foresters of all grades4 ,twenty-five years ago the professional forester was almost unknown in this country and there was not a single educational institution at which he could secure the necessary training4 ,to-day the profession is well recognized and there are more than #bj schools offering instruction of a grade similar to that required of civil engineers1 doctors1 lawyers1 ministers1 and other professional men4 ,as a basis for the more technical phases of his education the man who desires to become a professional forester must have had courses of collegiate grade in botany1 geology1 organic chemistry1 mathematics through trigonometry1 plane surveying1 mechanical drawing1 economics1 and either ,french or ,german1 or preferably both4 ,with these as a foundation he is ready to go ahead with the technical subjects such as dendrology1 silvics1 silviculture1 forest mensuration1 forest valuation1 forest management1 and forest regulation4 ,obviously a comprehensive training of this sort can not be obtained with less than four years of collegiate work1 at least two of which must be devoted almost entirely to professional forestry subjects4 ,if a man has already had a college education1 however1 he can readily prepare himself for the profession by two years of post-graduate work4 ,the degree of bachelor of science in forestry is usually given on the completion of a four-year professional course1 and of master of science in forestry1 or master of forestry1 on the completion of a five-year professional course or of two years of postgraduate work following four years of regular college work4 ,for the forest ranger no such intensive training is necessary4 ,with a high school education as a background1 one year of rather elementary training in such subjects as fire protection1 surveying1 timber estimating and scaling1 nursery practice1 methods of planting1 range management1 and report writing is sufficient to enable a man to qualify4 ,in general1 the course covers much the same ground as that taken by the professional forester1 but in a much briefer and more elementary way4 ,those who have already had considerable practical experience along these lines can secure a sufficient foundation for their work in three or four months1 although even for such men the longer course is preferable if time to take it can be found4 ,many of the forest schools of the country now offer courses of this sort and the opportunities for instruction are ample4 ,since forest guards are engaged almost wholly on nontechnical work no particular course of training is necessary4 ,no one with any ambition1 however1 would wish to remain a forest guard indefinitely when other opportunities are open to him merely by taking a free course of instruction4 ,if one wishes to take up forestry1 therefore1 and is not in a position to take the professional course1 he should by all means attempt to qualify as a forest ranger4 ,should lack of other openings then make it necessary for him to serve as a forest guard for the time being1 he would be in a position to take advantage of the first opportunity for advancement4 ,,what ,,opportunities ,,are ,,offered ,opportunities for employment for foresters may be classed as fairly good4 ,the point has now been passed where the supply is totally inadequate to meet the demand1 but at the same time the war has greatly depleted the ranks of foresters throughout the country1 and there is no question that many new men will be needed during the process of reconstruction and afterwards4 ,the ,national ,forests already offer opportunities for the employment of many men and it can not be doubted that similar opportunities will soon be offered in ,state forests as well as in the case of forests still in the hands of private owners4 ,with the steady decrease in the timber supply1 the ,nation will soon be face to face with the necessity of practicing forestry extensively as a national safeguard and unless private owners take upon themselves the task1 there is little question but that the ,federal and ,state ,governments will take matters largely into their own hands4 ,altogether it is a safe prediction that any one who desires to engage in forestry and who qualifies himself for the work will be able to find employment4 ,the entering salary for forest guards in the national service averages about #ijj a year and for forest rangers about #a1ajj a year4 ,technically trained foresters ordinarily enter at approximately the same salary as forest rangers1 #a1ajj or #a1bjj a year1 but with greater opportunities for advancement later4 ,in ,state and private work approximately the same entering salaries may be expected although some private owners may be unwilling to pay quite so much to forest guards and forest rangers at the start4 ,,what ,,are ,,the ,,chances ,,for ,,promotion8 ,chances for limited promotion are reasonably good4 ,it should be recognized frankly1 however1 that one can not hope to get rich in the profession and that a comfortable living is all that can ordinarily be looked forward to4 ,in exceptional cases unusually able and well qualified men will doubtless be able to draw salaries of #d1jjj or #e1jjj a year4 ,the average professional forester1 however1 can hardly hope to advance much beyond #b1ejj or #c1ejj a year except by acquiring an interest in some lumber business or in the forest itself4 ,for the forest ranger a salary of #a1ejj or #a1fjj may reasonably be looked forward to4 ,moreover1 this salary often carries with it a ranger station which can be occupied as long as he stays in the service1 and also an opportunity to produce some crops for his own use4 ,forest guards can hardly hope for more than #ijj or #a1hjj a year4 ,in other words1 in forestry1 as in all other professions1 the better educated you are the better are your chances for promotion4 ,even at best1 however1 the chances for large salaries are small and those who are bent on getting rich should look elsewhere for an opportunity to do so4 ,on the other hand1 one who is satisfied to make a comfortable living1 to spend a large part of his life in the open1 to occupy a responsible and respected place in his home community1 and to enjoy the satisfaction which comes from having an important share in a work of great public service1 can not look for a more congenial or attractive occupation than forestry4 ,,appendix ,,on ,,forestry ,,schools ,,and ,,courses ,these lists have been compiled by the ,forest ,service to aid in answering inquiries as to institutions at which instruction in forestry may be obtained4 ,while every effort has been made to avoid errors1 the ,forest ,service does not vouch for the completeness of the lists1 their accuracy1 or the relative merits of the courses offered4 ,more detailed information regarding opportunities for disabled soldiers and sailors to take training courses in forestry may be obtained from representatives of the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education4 ,,schools ,,with ,,courses ,,leading ,,to ,a ,,degree ,,in ,,forestry ,university of ,california1 ,college of ,agriculture1 ,division of ,forestry1 ,berkeley1 ,cal4--,two four-year courses1 one in forestry and one in forest engineering1 both leading to the degree of bachelor of science4 ,nineteen weeks of each of these courses are spent in camp1 most of the time on a national forest4 ,a five-year course combining the work of both courses leads to the degree of master of science in forestry1 which is also granted on the completion of one year of graduate work in connection with either course4 ,colorado ,state ,agricultural ,college1 ,fort ,collins1 ,colo4--,four-year course in forestry leading to the degree of bachelor of science in forestry4 ,colorado ,college1 ,colorado ,school of ,forestry1 ,colorado ,springs1 ,colo4--,two-year course leading to the degree of forest engineer1 open only to applicants who have completed two years of college work or an equivalent course of study4 ,the fall and spring terms are spent at ,manitou ,park1 the property of the school1 near ,woodland ,park1 ,colo4 ,a two-year course for graduate students leads to the degree of master of forestry4 ,new ,york ,state ,college of ,agriculture at ,cornell ,university1 ,department of ,forestry1 ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4--,five-year course in professional forestry1 leading after four years to the degree of bachelor of science and after one additional year to that of master of forestry4 ,field work includes five weeks in camp in the ,adirondacks in the summer following sophomore year1 #aj weeks each in the summers following junior and senior years1 and three months of practical work in the forest in the fall term of senior year4 ,georgia ,state ,college of ,agriculture at ,university of ,georgia1 ,georgia ,state ,forest ,school1 ,athens1 ,ga4--,four-year professional course leading to the degree of bachelor of science in forestry4 ,considerable latitude for specialization is offered during junior and senior years4 ,eighteen weeks of the course are spent in field work in camp1 and three months in practical work in specialization4 ,georgia ,college of ,forestry1 ,greensboro1 ,ga4--,three-year course of ten months a year leading to the degree of bachelor of science4 ,headquarters of the college are on a timber tract five miles from ,greensboro4 ,trips are required to the hardwood region of northern ,georgia and the long-leaf pine region of southern ,georgia4 ,harvard ,university1 ,department of ,forestry1 ,bussey ,institution1 ,jamaica ,plain1 ,mass4--,graduate specialization and research leading to the degree of master in forestry4 ,special elective work is offered in dendrology1 silviculture1 forest management1 wood technology1 and 7in cooperation with the ,harvard ,graduate ,school of ,business ,administration7 a two-year course in lumbering4 ,the technical work is carried on at the ,harvard ,forest1 the ,arnold ,arboretum1 and the ,bussey ,institution4 ,university of ,idaho1 ,school of ,forestry1 ,moscow1 ,idaho4--,two four-year collegiate courses1 one in general forestry and one with special attention to lumbering1 both leading to the degree of bachelor of science in forestry4 ,iowa ,state ,college of ,agriculture and ,mechanic ,arts1 ,department of ,forestry1 ,ames1 ,iowa4--,four-year undergraduate course leading to the degree of bachelor of science in forestry2 also a five-year course leading to the degree of master of science in forestry4 ,both courses include three months of work in summer camp1 in addition to which all candidates for degrees must have at least three months of practical work4 ,a five-year combined course in forestry and landscape gardening leads to the two degrees of bachelor of science in forestry and bachelor of science in horticulture4 ,university of ,maine1 ,department of ,forestry1 ,orono1 ,me4--,four-year undergraduate course in forestry leading to the degree of bachelor of science in forestry4 ,special attention is given to forest management and forest engineering applicable to the northeastern ,united ,states4 ,michigan ,agricultural ,college1 ,department of ,forestry1 ,east ,lansing1 ,mich4--,four-year course in forestry leading to the degree of bachelor of science4 ,graduate courses leading to the degree of master of forestry are also offered4 ,a summer term of seven weeks between the sophomore and junior years is held near ,cadillac1 ,mich4 ,university of ,michigan1 ,department of ,forestry1 ,ann ,arbor1 ,mich4--,four-year course leading to the degree of bachelor of science in forestry2 also a five-year course leading to the degree of master of science in forestry4 ,graduates of other colleges of university rank require two years of graduate study4 ,university of ,minnesota1 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,college of ,forestry1 ,university ,farm1 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn4--,four-year course in forestry leading to the degree of bachelor of science and offering three lines of specialization3 ,technical forestry1 lumbering1 and wood chemistry4 ,two months of freshman year1 from ,june #a to ,august #a1 and four months of junior year1 from ,april #ae to ,august #ae1 are spent at ,itasca ,state ,park4 ,one year of graduate work leads to the degree of master of science4 ,university of ,missouri1 ,college of ,agriculture1 ,department of ,forestry1 ,columbia1 ,mo4--,five-year course in forestry leading to the degree of master of forestry4 ,the degree of bachelor of science in forestry is conferred upon the completion of four years' work4 ,field work includes a summer course of #aj weeks on the university forest of #ej1jjj acres in the ,ozark ,uplands4 ,university of ,montana1 ,forest ,school1 ,missoula1 ,mont4--,two four-year courses1 one in forestry and one in forest engineering1 leading respectively to the degrees of bachelor of science in forestry and bachelor of science in forest engineering4 ,the course in forestry aims to prepare men for the work of forest rangers and forest supervisors1 and for such work with lumber companies1 timber-owning corporations1 and the like1 as involves the administration1 protection1 and utilization of forests2 that in forest engineering for work as scalers1 cruisers1 lumbermen1 logging engineers1 and in general all engineering work in the forest4 ,a graduate course in forest engineering leading to the degree of forest engineer will be offered later4 ,ohio ,state ,university1 ,department of ,forestry1 ,columbus1 ,ohio4--,four-year undergraduate course in forestry leading to the degree of bachelor of science in forestry4 ,at least one summer of practical work in the woods is required before graduation4 ,an optional fifth year is offered leading to the degree of master of science in forestry4 ,oregon ,agricultural ,college1 ,school of ,forestry1 ,corvallis1 ,oreg4--,two four-year courses1 one in forestry and one in logging engineering1 leading respectively to the degrees of bachelor of science in forestry and bachelor of science in logging engineering4 ,pennsylvania ,state ,college1 ,department of ,forestry1 ,state ,college1 ,pa4--,four-year course in professional forestry leading to the degree of bachelor of science4 ,field work includes six weeks in camp at the end of freshman year1 eight weeks at the end of sophomore year1 and eight weeks during senior year4 ,opportunity is given for special study in lumbering4 ,pennsylvania ,department of ,forestry1 ,state ,forest ,academy1 ,mont ,alto1 ,pa4--,three-year course in forestry of #dh weeks a year leading to the degree of bachelor of forestry4 ,the course is maintained for the training of foresters for the ,state ,forest ,service4 ,appointments are made from a competitive examination open to residents of ,pennsylvania between #ai and #be years of age4 ,the ,state supplies board1 tuition1 and quarters1 and requires bond for the successful completion of the course and three years' service on ,state forests4 ,new ,york ,state ,college of ,forestry at ,syracuse ,university1 ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y4--,four-year courses lending to the degree of bachelor of science4 ,five-year professional courses leading to the degrees of master of forestry and doctor of economics4 ,special opportunity is offered in lumbering1 pulp and paper making1 city forestry1 forest entomology and botany1 and forest pathology1 and for research work at the ,state ,forest ,experiment ,station4 ,state ,college of ,washington1 ,department of ,forestry1 ,pullman1 ,wash4--,four-year course leading to the degree of bachelor of science in forestry4 ,university of ,washington1 ,college of ,forestry1 ,seattle1 ,wash4--,four and five year courses1 arranged for specialization in general forestry1 logging engineering1 forest products1 and the business of lumbering4 ,at the end of the fourth year the student receives the degree of bachelor of science and at the end of the fifth year of master of science in forestry4 ,students who wish to specialize should take the five-year course4 ,yale ,university1 ,school of ,forestry1 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4--,two-year graduate course leading to the degree of master of forestry4 ,field work includes #aj weeks at ,milford1 ,pike ,county1 ,pa41 in the summer term of junior year2 three weeks at ,union1 ,conn41 and in the ,adirondack ,mountains in the spring term of junior year1 and #ab weeks in the ,south in the spring term of senior year4 ,advanced work in dendrology1 silviculture1 forest management1 forest products1 and lumbering is open to those who have already had a general course in forestry4 ,special students are accepted in limited numbers provided their scholastic attainments are such that they can take the work to advantage4 ,,schools ,,with ,,short ,,courses ,,in ,,forestry ,,other ,,than ,,ranger ,,courses ,alabama ,polytechnic ,institute1 ,auburn1 ,ala4--,an elementary course in forestry covering seven weeks is given to senior students in the agricultural course4 ,the work comprises a study of forest conditions in ,alabama1 care of woodlands1 uses of the different southern woods1 methods of preservation1 etc4 ,berea ,college1 ,berea1 ,ky4--,a short course in the fundamental principles of forestry is given as part of the course in agriculture4 ,university of ,california1 ,berkeley1 ,cal4--,nonprofessional instruction in general forestry is given throughout the regular college year by means of two courses open to any student in the university4 ,university of ,chicago1 ,ill4--,the department of botany offers a course in forest ecology1 dealing mainly with the life1 activities1 and death of trees2 the structure and rle of their various organs2 and their relation to climate1 soil1 and their organic environment4 ,forest succession and its causes and the great forest formations of the ,united ,states and ,canada are also taken up4 ,clemson ,agricultural ,college1 ,clemson1 ,s4 ,c4--,a course in general forestry is required of all students in the agricultural course during the latter part of junior year4 ,connecticut ,agricultural ,college1 ,storrs1 ,conn4--,a course in wood lot forestry covering one semester is required of all students in the regular four-year courses4 ,the course is designed to give the student a working knowledge of the best methods of handling the farm wood lot with special reference to ,connecticut conditions4 ,the field work covers the identification of the economic species1 measurement of growth and yield1 improvement cuttings1 and reforestation4 ,a similar but less comprehensive course covering one semester is required of all students in the two-year course in the ,school of ,agriculture4 ,cornell ,university1 ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4--,five elementary courses are offered for agricultural and other students in the university covering the farm wood lot1 elements of forestry silviculture1 mensuration1 management1 utilization1 and conservation4 ,two other courses1 the field of forestry and wood technology1 are open to both general and professional students4 ,general courses in forestry are also given in the summer school and in the short-term winter course4 ,delaware ,college1 ,newark1 ,del4--,an elementary course covering one semester is elective for juniors and seniors in agriculture4 ,it deals with the elements of silvics1 methods of silvicultural management1 natural and artificial regeneration1 forest protection1 forest mensuration1 wood utilization1 lumbering1 wood preservation1 forest economics1 forest finance1 and a study of the characteristic lumber trees of the ,united ,states1 their classification and identification4 ,university of ,georgia1 ,athens1 ,ga4--,a short course in farm forestry is required of seniors in agriculture1 and an elementary course in wood lot forestry of one-year men in agriculture4 ,a nature study during the summer1 open to teachers1 a vocational course in wood and its uses1 and a correspondence course in farm forestry are also offered4 ,university of ,idaho1 ,moscow1 ,idaho4--,a course in general forestry is offered for students in the various departments of the university1 and a short course in farm forestry for students in the ,college of ,agriculture4 ,iowa ,state ,college of ,agriculture and ,mechanic ,arts1 ,ames1 ,iowa4--,a course in farm forestry designed to meet the needs of the ,iowa farmer is required of practically all agricultural students during their first year4 ,it includes a discussion of windbreaks1 shelter belts1 and wood lots with respect to their value on the farm1 and also a little work on dendrology1 forest planting1 silviculture1 preservative treatment of timbers1 and the utilization of forest products4 ,kansas ,state ,agricultural ,college1 ,manhattan1 ,kans4--,courses in farm forestry1 silviculture1 and dendrology are elective for all students in agricultural and general science courses during the winter term of junior year4 ,a course in forest nursery practice is elective for students in the ,school of ,agriculture during the spring term of the third year1 and also1 without credit1 for all students in college courses in agriculture and general science4 ,louisiana ,state ,university1 ,baton ,rouge1 ,la4--,a year's course in general forestry is required of juniors in the teachers' course in agriculture1 and additional courses of one year each in forestry and in the propagation and care of ornamental and shade trees are elective for seniors4 ,courses in forestry covering two years and a course in the propagation and care of ornamental and shade trees covering one year are elective for juniors and seniors in the ,college of ,agriculture4 ,the aim is not to turn out trained foresters1 but to teach forestry in connection with the agricultural courses1 with special reference to the management of farm wood lots4 ,university of ,maine1 ,orono1 ,me4--,a course in general forestry is open to all students1 and is required of all students in the ,college of ,agriculture4 ,maryland ,agricultural ,college1 ,college ,park1 ,md4--,a course in farm forestry comprising #bj lectures and #fj hours of demonstration work is given to seniors in agriculture and horticulture1 and to the second-year men of the two-year courses in agriculture and horticulture4 ,the course includes wood lot management1 nursery practice1 planting1 forest botany1 and estimating timber crops4 ,massachusetts ,agricultural ,college1 ,amherst1 ,mass4--,an elective major course is offered in the department of forestry during junior and senior years1 which takes up such studies as dendrology1 silviculture1 forest mensuration1 and allied subjects4 ,during the winter several lectures are given by the ,state forester on 8,state ,forest ,policy40 ,the course is intended to give the students the same kind of education regarding true forest land that they receive concerning tillable land1 and also to prepare students for the graduate schools of forestry4 ,a lecture course dealing especially with wood lot management is offered to students of the short winter and summer schools4 ,university of ,minnesota1 ,northwest ,school and ,station1 ,crookston1 ,minn4--,an elementary course in forestry is offered dealing with the planting of windbreaks and wood lots1 the characteristics and adaptability of the more common trees1 and the methods of propagation and conservation of planted and natural forests4 ,mississippi ,agricultural and ,mechanical ,college1 ,agricultural ,college1 ,miss4--,courses in farm forestry and dendrology of one term each are offered for students in agriculture4 ,university of ,missouri1 ,columbia1 ,mo4--,a summer school of forestry for lumbermen1 timberland owners1 and rangers is given on the university forest of #ej1jjj acres in the ,ozark ,mountains1 in connection with the summer course for regular forestry students4 ,university of ,montana1 ,missoula1 ,mont4--,special courses in surveying1 scaling and cruising1 lumbering1 forest appraisal1 and logging engineering are offered in connection with the short course for rangers4 ,mount ,hermon ,school1 ,mount ,hermon1 ,mass4--,an elementary course in the care of lawns1 shrubbery1 and forests is given during one term4 ,university of ,nebraska1 ,lincoln1 ,nebr4--,a course in farm forestry covering one semester is elective for all students of the university and is designed primarily for agricultural students4 ,it is an elementary course designed to familiarize students with the best trees that will grow in the ,state of ,nebraska1 as well as the methods of handling the farm wood lot4 ,new ,hampshire ,college1 ,durham1 ,n4 ,h4--,courses in forestry are required of all four-year and two-year agricultural students1 and are elective for all students of the college4 ,beginning with junior year1 four-year students in agriculture may elect forestry as a principal subject and are then given advanced forestry work together with other agricultural and associated subjects4 ,every encouragement and assistance is given a student desiring to make forestry his profession1 with the understanding that he will complete his training at some school offering a complete course in forestry4 ,north ,carolina ,college of ,agriculture and ,mechanic ,arts1 ,west ,raleigh1 ,n4 ,c4--,a course in forestry is offered as one of the senior horticultural electives4 ,north ,dakota ,agricultural ,college1 ,agricultural ,college1 ,n4 ,dak4--,an elementary course in forestry covering six weeks is offered in the third term of junior year in the four-year agricultural course4 ,north ,dakota ,state ,school of ,forestry1 ,bottineau1 ,n4 ,dak4--,instruction similar to that in the agricultural high schools is offered with special attention to horticulture and forestry4 ,the forestry work consists of a study of the plains and prairie regions and has to do particularly with windbreaks1 shelter belts1 etc4 ,a special three-year course is also offered for the preparation of landscape gardeners1 landscape engineers1 and city foresters4 ,oklahoma ,agricultural and ,mechanical ,college1 ,stillwater1 ,okla4--,a course in elementary forestry is required of all horticulture students during the first term of junior year4 ,purdue ,university1 ,lafayette1 ,ind4--,the work in forestry consists of a line of electives within the school of science4 ,the subjects covered are forest botany and dendrology1 elements of silviculture1 forest mensuration1 forest management1 forest protection1 forest utilization1 forest pathology1 and technical forestry4 ,the latter includes a study of structural timbers with demonstrations in the testing laboratories and also work in surveying and making forest maps4 ,rhode ,island ,state ,college1 ,kingston1 ,r4 ,i4--,a course in forestry dealing with the management of ,new ,england wood lots is required in the second term1 junior year1 in the agricultural course4 ,south ,dakota ,state ,college of ,agriculture and ,mechanic ,arts1 ,brookings1 ,s4 ,dak4--,a course in forestry is required in the second semester of the sophomore year in the horticultural group and in the third-year of the three-year school of agriculture4 ,it is elective in the second semester1 junior year1 in the animal husbandry and dairy husbandry groups of the four-year collegiate agricultural course4 ,leland ,stanford ,junior ,university1 ,stanford ,university1 ,cal4--,courses are offered in the study of trees1 forest pathology1 and other matters basal to the study of forestry4 ,syracuse ,university1 ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y4--,a field course in elementary forestry1 forest ecology1 and botany1 soils1 geology1 and woodcraft1 open to any man over #ae1 is given by the ,new ,york ,state ,college of ,forestry during ,august at ,cranberry ,lake in the western ,adirondacks4 ,courses in forestry are also given for students in the university outside of the ,college of ,forestry1 and especially for those desiring to teach4 ,university of ,tennessee1 ,knoxville1 ,tenn4--,an elective course in forestry covering one term is offered in the senior year of the four-year agricultural course4 ,the work deals chiefly with the management of farm wood lots and small holdings of hardwood timber4 ,agricultural and ,mechanical ,college of ,texas1 ,college ,station1 ,tex4--,courses in the principles of forestry1 dendrology1 silviculture 7with special reference to planting71 and wood technology and utilization1 each covering one semester and elective for juniors and seniors in agriculture and science1 offered in the college year #aiaf-ag4 ,no attempt will be made to equip students for the profession of forestry4 ,from time to time1 however1 additional courses will be offered to meet the needs of students along farm forestry1 planting1 timber preservation1 and other lines4 ,university of ,vermont1 ,burlington1 ,vt4--,students in agriculture are required to take one course in forestry during their sophomore year4 ,the aim of this course is to give all agricultural students a working knowledge of forestry1 which can be applied to their own farms or in the teaching of agriculture4 ,the more advanced courses are open to those who wish to pursue the subject further4 ,state ,college of ,washington1 ,pullman1 ,wash4--,a one-year practical course is offered in the elementary science department1 planned to equip young men to become logging engineers4 ,university of ,washington1 ,seattle1 ,wash4--,two courses of #ab weeks each are offered--one in lumber and its uses for men engaged in offices at the mills1 lumber salesmen1 engineers1 contractors1 and builders2 the other in logging for the training of logging foremen or others engaged in work at logging camps4 ,winona ,college of ,agriculture1 ,winona ,lake1 ,ind4--,a course of one-half semester in the principles of forestry is offered in the two-year agricultural course4 ,the growing of trees for fences and the preservative treatment of fence posts are taken up in a practical way1 and some work is also offered on lumber and its use on the farm4 ,university of ,wisconsin1 ,madison1 ,wis4--,nine elective courses1 each running through one semester1 as well as a number of special lectures in various departments of the university1 are given by members of the ,forest ,products ,laboratory of the ,united ,states ,forest ,service1 where opportunity for research work is also offered4 ,the object of the work1 which is open to both undergraduates and graduates1 is to enable men to acquire a thorough scientific and practical training in organic chemistry and wood technology and to apply this knowledge in scientific and commercial operations and investigations in the wood-using industries and in teaching4 ,wyman's ,school of ,woods1 ,manising1 ,mich4--,a #bd-months' course in forestry1 logging1 and woodcraft is offered1 on the satisfactory completion of which students are granted a certificate of efficiency in logging and engineering4 ,a #aj-weeks' out-of-door summer course is also offered to afford those students who are contemplating forestry as a profession an opportunity to become familiar with the character of the work4 ,yale ,university1 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4--,an elementary course of eight weeks is offered during the summer at ,milford1 ,pike ,county1 ,pa41 for those who desire a general knowledge of the subject4 ,,tree ,,surgery ,davey ,institute of ,tree ,surgery1 ,kent1 ,ohio4--,a #bj-months' course for the training of tree surgeons is offered1 including instruction in botany1 plant pathology1 dendrology1 entomology1 fruit growing1 spraying1 and the theory and practice of tree surgery4 ,,schools ,,with ,,ranger ,,courses ,,in ,,forestry ,university of ,california1 ,college of ,agriculture1 ,division of ,forestry1 ,berkeley1 ,cal4--,beginning in ,january1 a #ab weeks' course designed especially for rangers and loggers is offered4 ,georgia ,state ,college of ,agriculture at ,university of ,georgia1 ,georgia ,state ,forest ,school1 ,athens1 ,ga4--,a ranger course of eight weeks1 open to men in the ,government service and to lumbermen1 is offered during the summer4 ,university of ,idaho1 ,school of ,forestry1 ,moscow1 ,idaho4--,a three-year ranger course1 extending from ,november #a to ,april #a of each school year1 is offered4 ,the course is so arranged that a single year's work may also be taken4 ,university of ,missouri1 ,college of ,agriculture1 ,department of ,forestry1 ,columbia1 ,mo4--,a course for lumbermen1 timberland owners1 and rangers is offered on the university forest of #ej1jjj acres in the ,ozark ,mountains1 in connection with the summer course for regular forestry students4 ,university of ,montana1 ,forest ,school1 ,missoula1 ,mont4--,a three months' ranger course is offered during the winter1 with opportunity for specialization and the election of advanced work4 ,the course is designed primarily for men who have already had considerable experience in woods work4 ,new ,york ,state ,college of ,forestry at ,syracuse ,university1 ,syracuse1 ,n4,y4--,a one-year course of practical training is offered at the ,state ,ranger ,school located on the college forest of #b1jjj acres at ,wanakena1 in the western ,adirondacks4 ,the course is designed to fit men for such positions as guards1 rangers1 forest-estate managers1 tree-planting experts1 and nursery foremen4 ,oregon ,agricultural ,college1 ,school of ,forestry1 ,corvallis1 ,oreg4--,a five months' course is offered for those desiring to prepare for the position of ranger in the ,united ,states ,forest ,service or for work in the ,state protective associations4 ,state ,college of ,washington1 ,department of ,forestry1 ,pullman1 ,wash4--,a six weeks' course is offered in the ,winter ,school for the preparation of forest rangers4 ,university of ,washington1 ,college of ,forestry1 ,seattle1 ,wash4--,two courses of #ab weeks each are offered1 one in forestry for the training of forest rangers1 guards1 or woodland owners2 the other in logging for the training of logging foremen or others engaged in work at logging camps4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaea4 ,,automobile ,,maintenance ,,and ,,service ,,acknowledgment ,this monograph was prepared by ,charles ,w4 ,sylvester1 under direction of ,charles ,h4 ,winslow1 ,chief of the ,research ,division of the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education4 ,acknowledgment is due to ,dr4 ,john ,cummings1 of the ,research ,division1 for editorial assistance4 ,in no other industry1 perhaps has progress been so rapid and marvelous as in the manufacture and maintenance of automobiles1 which to-day employs hundreds of thousands of men and women in a great variety of occupations1 and represents investment of many millions of dollars4 ,two great divisions of the industry may be made1 one including the manufacturing plants which produce new cars1 and the other1 the maintenance and service shops and departments which operate and keep cars in repair and good running order4 ,this monograph deals with occupations in 8,automobile maintenance and service40 ,,what ,,men ,,do ,,in ,,these ,,occupations ,in automobile maintenance and service1 specialization is rapidly creating six principal groups of workers4 ,it is true that in small garages one man may 8tinker0 with all parts of an automobile1 but it is1 in fact1 just as essential to employ1 for example1 a battery specialist for a machine as it is to employ an eye specialist for a person4 ,the six groups include3 7#a7 ,repair-shop men1 who deal primarily with the mechanical treatment of the car when it has been disabled2 7#b7 starting and lighting experts1 who repair and adjust electrical equipment1 including wiring1 lights1 motors1 and generators2 7#c7 ignition experts1 who look after the testing1 adjustment and maintenance of current supply1 short circuits1 contact breakers1 vibrators1 spark plugs1 coils1 condensers1 connections1 distributors1 and magnetos2 7#d7 storage-battery men in stations where batteries are charged1 repaired1 rebuilt1 tested1 and kept in good working condition2 7#e7 tire-repair men1 who take care of the splicing1 patching1 retreading1 building up1 inside repair1 and vulcanizing of casings and tubes that have been disabled by punctures1 blisters1 blow-outs1 rim cuts1 and general wear2 and 7#f7 automobile and truck drivers1 who are responsible for operation of cars on the road4 ,the work of these groups embraces a greatly diversified field of employment and offers a wide range of occupational choice4 ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #aaej4 ,auto ,repair ,,where ,,men ,,in ,,these ,,occupations ,,work ,men are employed in the maintenance and service of automobiles and trucks in every community4 ,in every village1 town1 and city shops and service stations are to be found4 ,private garages commonly have some equipment for making minor adjustments and small repairs1 and chauffeurs are expected to keep their automobiles in good running order4 ,public garages1 which in many cases are maintained in connection with automobile sales agencies1 often employ several general repair men1 and sometimes employ starting1 lighting1 and ignition specialists4 ,the repair shops are established principally for the purpose of repairing and rebuilding all types of cars with their parts and accessories4 ,they offer a large field of employment for repairmen and experts4 ,service stations1 often referred to as oil and gasoline filling stations1 include shops where special types of work are done4 ,they may be classified as battery1 speedometer1 ignition1 starting and lighting1 and tire-service stations4 ,many men1 if they have been trained1 find employment in these places4 ,chauffeurs and truck drivers find employment in both private and public service--chauffeurs in driving taxicabs and private pleasure automobiles2 and drivers in the operation of light and heavy delivery trucks for retail and wholesale houses1 and also in hauling materials for road and building construction1 farm produce1 and manufactured products4 ,automobile plants and garages employ men as testers in the working out of new cars1 and for the purpose of locating and determining trouble when a car is not working properly4 ,finally1 men with a knowledge of automobiles1 parts1 accessories1 and equipment can find employment as salesmen in garages1 sales agencies1 and retail and wholesale stores4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaeb4 ,,automobile ,,repair-,,shop ,,work ,,the ,,occupation ,repair-shop work consists in overhauling1 adjusting1 and repairing all types of motor cars and their parts4 ,in the small garages where only a few men1 often only one1 are employed the mechanic must handle all kinds of work4 ,some large garages1 as has been noted1 employ specialists1 and in many localities there are service and repair shops maintained especially for this work4 ,oxy-acetylene welding1 a trade separate and apart from repair work1 which is used to a very large extent in the repairing and building up of broken castings and forgings in automobile repair shops1 is taken up in another monograph4 ,in some shops there are enginemen1 axlemen1 transmission men1 and other mechanical experts4 ,all of these may be classified as mechanics4 ,other men found in repair shops are known as trouble-finders or inspectors1 helpers1 foremen1 and carburetor specialists4 ,the mechanic should be able to do skilled work on all mechanical parts of any car4 ,his work consists in adjustment1 care1 overhauling1 and repairing4 ,adjustment and care include valve1 carburetor1 clutch-spring1 brake1 and steering-mechanism adjustment1 and cleaning and lubrication of parts4 ,much of this work can1 however1 be done by the automobile driver or helper in a garage4 ,overhauling includes repairing1 but refers generally to the tearing down of the whole machine for cleaning1 inspection1 adjustment1 and testing1 together with replacement of worn and broken parts4 ,work on the engine requires in many cases its removal from the chassis1 and disconnection of all attached parts4 ,some of the jobs to be done on automobile engines are removal of carbon from pistons1 refitting of pistons1 regrinding valves1 replacing and scraping bearings1 adjustment of fans and valve rods1 setting timing gears1 correcting the firing order of cylinders1 repairing and replacing broken parts4 ,the mechanic is required to remedy clutch troubles1 by adjustment or replacing of worn leather on the cone4 ,transmission repairs include replacement of gears1 fitting keys1 taking up the wear in the main bearings1 or complete replacement and repair of shifting-rod connections to overcome looseness4 ,the universal joints in driving mechanisms often require disassembling and rebushing1 while the mesh of the drive pinion and bevel gear of the differential will need adjusting4 ,work on the differential and rear axle may involve tearing down the rear construction4 ,such work requires skilled mechanics1 especially to determine the trouble and make the proper reassembly4 ,the play in wheels needs careful attention and exact adjustment1 although it requires no particular skill or knowledge4 ,trouble found in the front wheels is ordinarily due to lack of alignment1 and must be remedied to relieve not only a tremendous wear on tires but to prevent uncertain and difficult steering4 ,a sagging in the frame1 often caused by a fracture1 can best be repaired by welding4 ,brakes require attention to eliminate noises and dragging1 which causes a noticeable lack of power1 and worn brake linings must be replaced4 ,the cooling system1 made up of pump1 fan1 radiator1 and connections1 will require adjustment and repair1 including replacing the rubber hose1 mending broken parts of the pump1 putting on new fan belts1 and soldering leaks in the radiator4 ,cleaning the radiator and taking cold-weather precautions against freezing also are necessary tasks4 ,an inspector or trouble finder in a repair shop or garage service department is the foreman or mechanic1 but in large shops men are employed solely for the purpose of diagnosing trouble4 ,such a man must be highly skilled4 ,his work is to locate trouble and determine and report its nature and extent4 ,trouble is located by inspection and examination of the car standing still1 by testing at the start and at various speeds1 and by coasting4 ,the trouble-finder expert makes a list of all worn and broken parts1 indicates necessary repairs and adjustments1 and then turns the job over to the men who are to do the work4 ,usually the foreman is in charge of all repair-shop work4 ,he should be a man of clean personal habits1 should have a thorough knowledge of automatic construction1 and be able to direct work and handle men with courtesy and tact1 to compute jobs1 estimate cost of time and materials1 keep time and stock records1 and route work through on repair-order forms specifying work1 parts1 and costs for each job4 ,a manager or superintendent often is in charge of the business end of the work1 in which case the foreman gives his time to seeing that jobs are correctly done4 ,helpers are usually assigned to heavy lifting and pulling1 to cleaning parts1 and to general shop sweeping4 ,they run errands1 help pull down and assemble motors1 transmissions1 and rear axles1 and do other work requiring little skill4 ,,tools1 ,,machines1 ,,equipment1 ,,and ,,materials ,,used ,a variety of hand tools are used in repair work1 including adjustable and fixed jaw wrenches1 hammers1 snips1 breast and hand drills1 screw drivers1 hack saws1 center punches1 cold and cape chisels1 soldering coppers1 pliers1 files1 brushes1 blow torches1 vises1 and other small tools4 ,the machine equipment includes lathes1 drill presses1 grinders1 and forges equipped with motor power and having full sets of tools for use with each4 ,the shop must be further provided with benches1 chain hoists1 motor and rear-axle stands1 creepers1 and special tools and devices for special work4 ,an oxy-acetylene welding and cutting outfit of the portable type is one of the greatest conveniences in any repair shop4 ,most of the parts1 supplies1 and materials come to the shop prepared and ready for use4 ,for some jobs1 however1 it may be convenient and more satisfactory to construct the necessary parts1 such as shims1 gaskets1 and small metal pieces1 from stock material4 ,it is inadvisable1 however1 to make anything that can be secured already prepared4 ,automobile repair-shop work is varied and interesting4 ,jobs frequently change1 with intervals of rest4 ,,disabilities ,hard and fast rules as to availability for this work of men with certain disabilities can not be laid down4 ,with perseverance1 skill1 and inventiveness some men will succeed in lines of work which might seem entirely unsuited to their disability4 ,for example1 a man who has lost his right arm near the shoulder has been for #cj years doing successfully all of the repair work and making all of the adjustments necessary on a thrashing machine1 a traction engine1 #ab self-binding and #ab mowing machines on a farm in ,england4 ,an all-round mechanic must usually be able to move about easily4 ,he needs at least one good eye1 and must be able to hear well for trouble testing4 ,a man with abdominal1 kidney1 or alimentary canal trouble1 which prohibits him from stooping1 bending1 or squatting1 can not do the work4 ,gas vapors1 fumes1 and dust in a garage may affect men with lung diseases4 ,it is very necessary for the worker to have reasonably good command of neck and head movements4 ,,appliances ,many devices and prosthetic appliances are in use in all countries by men with arm amputations1 and where previous experience1 desire1 and conditions place a man in a position requiring the use of an artificial appliance for gripping and holding tools one of strong and simple construction should be selected4 ,,previous ,,education1 ,,training1 ,,and ,,experience ,while general education will help a man in shop repair work1 as in anything else1 it is more essential that he shall have had some technical training acquired either in a school or in a shop4 ,previous experience in automobile repair or construction work will1 of course1 give the best foundation for re-education4 ,a man who has worked as a helper in a garage long enough to become familiar with automobile construction and operation may through a short course of instruction easily qualify as a mechanic4 ,experience in other mechanical work such as machine-shop work1 blacksmithing1 and boiler making will be also helpful4 ,business experience will be a valuable asset for a repair-shop foreman or manager4 ,,where ,,re-,,education ,,will ,,be ,,given ,full-time classes may be given in the shop of a high school1 vocational or trade school1 college or university1 where the equipment is sufficient to provide for real instruction of a practical nature4 ,re-education classes will be trained also in commercial garages under actual shop conditions4 ,part-time classes providing alternate weeks or months in the school and in the shop may be best in some cases1 or the first or last part of the training period may be spent in the shop and the other part in school4 ,for example1 in an eight months' course four months may be spent in a commercial repair shop and the remaining four months in a school shop4 ,evening classes offer a splendid opportunity for the workman who is employed during the day4 ,these1 of course1 will be for those men only who are able to return without re-education or for men who have finished their re-education course and desire additional instruction4 ,correspondence courses may be used in some instances4 ,,what ,,can ,,be ,,learned ,,and ,,in ,,what ,,time ,although theory and demonstration work will accompany the shop practice1 each man will be required to actually do the work4 ,to say the least1 the course of instruction will be such as will enable the disabled man to qualify on the job beside his able-bodied neighbor and to command the prevailing wage after completing his course4 ,his work will include the overhauling1 repairing1 and adjusting of various makes and models of automobiles and parts4 ,the time required to complete the course of instruction will depend to a certain extent on the man's previous education1 training1 and experience1 but may occupy from six to nine months4 ,it will not be the policy of the ,government to give just enough training to enable the man to secure a job under good but abnormal conditions or by sympathetic favor4 ,sufficient time will be given to prepare each man adequately for his work4 ,,after ,,training--,,what8 ,skilled auto mechanics are in great demand1 and since repair work is so diversified and widely distributed over the entire country1 it is comparatively easy for a trained man to find permanent employment4 ,auto mechanics as a rule are poorly trained4 ,the trade therefore presents excellent opportunities for the disabled man with expert training4 ,the field is also wide open for capable foremen and inspectors in every community4 ,hours of employment for the mechanic depend largely upon location and amount of work to be done4 ,shops in large cities have an #h to #aj hour day1 the total number of hours per week being #de to #fj4 ,in small towns and communities shops are irregular as to hours1 mechanics being required often to work #i to #ab hours per day4 ,first-class mechanics in large shops are paid a prevailing wage of #fj cents per hour4 ,small shops pay from #cj to #fj cents4 ,a mechanic who owns his shop may earn more or less4 ,foremen employed by the hour usually receive a little more than the mechanic1 while in a position as shop manager he may be paid #abe to #age per month4 ,automobile repair shops doing general work are located in all parts of the country and usually in many different parts of a city4 ,work will therefore probably be available for the trained man near his home or at least in his home town4 ,an automobile mechanic may expect to secure a position as foreman or inspector1 which is often more suitable for a disabled man than that of mechanic4 ,or he may be able to open up a garage and repair shop for himself4 ,because of the increased use of automobiles and the lack of first-class trained mechanics future prospects in the service are good4 ,,qualifying ,,as ,a ,,teacher ,teachers for automobile work are in great demand at the present time in both day and evening vocational schools4 ,a man with a fair general education1 considerable experience in the trade1 and ability to impart knowledge to others1 will have a good foundation for vocational teaching4 ,,electric ,,starting ,,and ,,lighting ,,service ,,the ,,occupation ,the principal parts of an electric starting and lighting system are the electric starting motor1 the electric generator1 and the storage battery4 ,the work of the expert in this division consists of the repair1 adjustment1 care1 operation1 and installation of these systems and auxiliary parts1 but usually not including the storage battery which requires the individual attention of another specialist4 ,to keep the starting motor in good running condition the expert must be able to remedy grounds1 short circuits1 and commutator and brush troubles4 ,the generator and all connecting parts must be kept clean in order to insure reliable action4 ,there are many types and varying features in generators1 motors1 auxiliary devices1 and wiring circuits1 with which the mechanic must be familiar4 ,automobile manufacturers in altering the characteristics of their motors from year to year and manufacturers of electrical apparatus in introducing various improvements may entirely change their systems4 ,in addition to being able to locate trouble by tracing and testing systems for grounds1 shorts1 and breaks in wiring1 it is necessary for the mechanic to install systems including all the wiring4 ,he must be able to repair and keep in shape electric horns and gear shifts which are closely related to the starting and lighting systems4 ,the wiring for starting1 generating1 and lighting systems involves the installation of all necessary wires1 many of which must be run in conduit4 ,it also includes the use of proper sized wire and their connection to the lights1 starter1 horn1 fuse boxes1 switches1 generator1 and battery4 ,the repair and adjustment of the lighting system require considerable expert attention1 as does also equipment of cars with lamp reflectors1 measuring instruments1 and other devices4 ,,tools ,,and ,,equipment ,all tools used in the maintenance and service of automobile starting and lighting systems are small and light4 ,they will include screw drivers1 wrenches1 hammers1 files1 pliers1 and various drilling tools4 ,some machines may be required to make or fit metal parts1 but as a rule they will be found in the repair shop4 ,,disabilities ,the work in this occupation is highly skilled but light4 ,in working around the car it is necessary to bend1 stoop1 reach1 and climb1 which might be detrimental to a man suffering from abdominal trouble4 ,the work ordinarily requires two good hands1 although a man with one hand with the proper training and experience would be able to make repairs and adjustments4 ,good eyesight is necessary in testing for trouble1 but a slight deafness will not be a serious handicap for this work4 ,a man with hernia or lung wounds and diseases would not necessarily be debarred from this occupation4 ,,previous ,,education1 ,,training1 ,,and ,,experience ,practical experience and a technical knowledge of electricity will be very helpful in electric starting and lighting work4 ,some of the best men in the field have had considerable electrical experience in some other field1 many of them having been with telephone companies4 ,a man who thoroughly understands electricity will soon adapt himself to this new field of work4 ,a general education is always an aid1 and particularly so here where it will be necessary to do considerable reading to keep pace with new improvements and developments in these appliances4 ,,where ,,and ,,what ,,education ,,will ,,be ,,given ,the re-education classes for training starting and lighting specialists will be given in about the same type of schools as for repair-shop men4 ,it may also be advisable to train men in service or manufacturing shops4 ,the content of the course will cover the field of both theory and practice in studying and working on motors1 generators1 and lighting systems4 ,that a man is fully qualified to go into a permanent position will necessarily be shown by his ability to do the work4 ,the time required to finish the course will depend upon his previous experience and training1 but it will probably be from four to six months4 ,,after ,,the ,,training--,,what8 ,the demand for skilled specialists is increasing in all parts of the country4 ,this is true of any specialist in automobile maintenance and service4 ,permanent positions will be available in all large establishments and men employed in the smaller shops will be prepared to handle other automobile work4 ,the hours of employment will vary from #i hours in large city shops to #aj or #ab hours in a shop owned by the mechanic4 ,the prevailing wage for this work will be about #fj cents per hour4 ,employment will no doubt be very stable both for the present and the future4 ,there is a lack of skilled specialists now1 and with the increased use of trucks and automobiles the demand will grow4 ,the work can be done in a good1 light1 dry shop1 which will not be detrimental to health4 ,because of the character of the work safety appliances are not necessary1 and danger from accidents of any kind is very small4 ,the same opportunity is open to these men for advancement and success as to the repair-shop mechanic4 ,they can become foremen1 managers1 or owners of service and maintenance shops4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaec4 ,,automobile ,,ignition ,,service ,,occupation ,the ignition system is usually made up of certain electrical devices which probably give more trouble to the auto man and require more expert attention than all the other parts on the automobile4 ,to be able to diagnose a case and submit a remedy for ignition troubles1 it is necessary to be thoroughly familiar with the principles of ignition and to understand how these ignition systems are operated and maintained4 ,ignition primarily means igniting the gas in the cylinders of an engine by means of an electric spark as the gas mixture is compressed4 ,an ignition expert should first of all have a practical knowledge of electricity1 know the meaning of electrical terms and the method of generation and transmission of electric current4 ,of the two systems of ignition1 high and low tension1 the high-tension system is now in use in nearly all makes of motor cars4 ,the low-tension system was formerly used to a great extent on boat engines1 and is used now to some extent on stationary engines4 ,the ignition mechanic deals with the testing1 adjustment1 and maintenance of current supply1 vibrators1 coils1 commutators and timers1 contact breakers1 spark plugs1 condensers1 distributors1 magnetos1 and connectors4 ,he must be thoroughly familiar with wiring systems and their connections4 ,spark plugs will have to be cleaned1 adjusted and repaired1 as will the vibrators when they are used4 ,ignition timing to insure ignition at the right time requires special attention4 ,the care1 installation1 and maintenance of magnetos1 which brings in the proper firing order of the engine1 care of the distributor1 and attention to connections1 is one part of the ignition expert's task4 ,the field of ignition trouble may be covered under three heads3 7#a7 ,failure of current supply1 7#b7 short circuits or grounds1 7#c7 failure of ignition devices4 ,to keep the ignition system in good working order it is necessary to locate trouble and make repairs as indicated4 ,,tools ,,and ,,equipment ,because of the many small and complex parts ignition systems require delicate attention4 ,this involves the use of small hand tools only1 such as will be used by the electric starting and lighting experts4 ,although it will be necessary to make certain repairs to broken and worn parts1 it is customary to replace with new parts4 ,,disabilities ,the work of the ignition expert is very much like the work of the electric starting and lighting expert4 ,bench repairs to magnetos and other devices can be made by a man whose disability requires him to sit4 ,the work is not strenuous and consequently could be done by men with lung disease1 hernia1 and abdominal troubles1 except where it is necessary to stoop or bend over the job1 as would be necessary in testing for trouble and making connections in the installed system4 ,because of the delicate work1 a mechanic's eyesight must be good1 but poor hearing would not debar a man from this occupation4 ,it is quite necessary for the workman to have good use of his hands and fingers4 ,,previous ,,training ,,and ,,experience ,the same training and experience helpful to the electric starting and lighting expert would aid the man in training for ignition work4 ,a man who has been employed previous to army service in any electric work1 such as telephone and telegraph installation and maintenance1 or the making of electric motors and devices1 would have acquired electrical experience which would be of great help to him in this work4 ,,where ,,and ,,what ,,education ,,will ,,be ,,given ,the classes for ignition mechanics will be carried on in both schools and shops4 ,the time will probably be divided between theory and shop practice4 ,the proper equipment and practical jobs will be available for teaching the man to do the work4 ,the course will be from four to six months in length for about seven hours per day for five days in the week4 ,instruction will include all problems requiring attention of the commercial ignition shop4 ,,after ,,the ,,training--,,what8 ,the demand for the ignition expert is equally as great as for any other automobile specialist4 ,his services are required in garages and service stations1 as well as in assembly plants1 and in the driving and operation of motor cars and trucks4 ,the hours of employment are the same as in other auto repair shops1 usually eight hours per day for union shops1 and longer in small unorganized shops and where the mechanic owns his business4 ,the prevailing wage is #fj cents per hour1 although this may vary from #cj cents to #ge cents per hour1 depending upon labor conditions and methods of employment4 ,it is probable that ignition experts will be employed only in the larger places1 but it is necessary to have expert ignition service in any shop4 ,this is in small shops usually taken care of by the repair-shop mechanic who has a general knowledge of the automobile maintenance and service4 ,employment for the trained man will be stable4 ,ordinarily only the better class of mechanics1 those with special training are retained during the winter season1 when the overhauling of cars is done4 ,the rush season from spring to fall gives employment to a number of 8roustabouts0 or helpers1 but these 8floaters0 require no special training4 ,promotion and success will depend largely upon the ability of the mechanic1 but it is possible for him to advance to positions of responsibility1 carrying increase of wages4 ,the field is large and skilled mechanics are scarce1 thus making it possible for the trained man to find suitable employment and to make changes for promotion4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaed4 ,,storage ,,battery ,,repairmen ,,occupation ,the sources of electricity for ignition1 starting1 lighting1 warmers1 horn1 shifting gears1 and application of brakes in some instances are the generators and battery4 ,they must furnish the power4 ,the generator produces electricity only while the engine is running1 and the demands on it are comparatively light and simple4 ,the battery must furnish power to crank the engine1 to light the car1 operate the horn and other electrical devices when the generator is not in motion4 ,it is without doubt one of the most essential and necessary parts of the automobile4 ,to be a thorough master of battery problems a knowledge of both electricity and chemistry is necessary4 ,a general knowledge of batteries includes the method of construction and the materials used in the manufacture of batteries4 ,chemistry deals with the actions producing electricity and aids in determining the reasons and remedy for trouble4 ,the expert must know what happens in a battery standing idle1 just what takes place in the charging and discharging1 and what determines the capacity of batteries4 ,a knowledge of battery diseases will help a man very materially in the proper diagnosis of battery trouble4 ,the shop work of the battery man includes caring for1 charging1 lead burning1 and rebuilding batteries4 ,caring for batteries includes keeping the plates covered with distilled water1 brushing dirt and dust from the top1 keeping cables and connections tight1 cleaning battery terminals and connections and carefully inspecting and testing it frequently4 ,charging consists1 figuratively1 in feeding it electricity1 which when digested gives it energy4 ,it is necessary for the battery man to be thoroughly familiar with the charging apparatus and able to operate it successfully4 ,lead burning is a process of melting together the plates and straps or posts and top connectors and terminals with a special lead-burning outfit4 ,in rebuilding a battery1 it is first charged1 then opened and torn down1 after which the plates are repaired or replaced1 assembled with the proper separators1 replaced in the jars1 and then carried through the charging process4 ,the covers are next put on and sealed4 ,,tools ,,and ,,equipment ,the room for battery work should have a floor such as tile or brick1 not easily affected by acid4 ,the equipment ordinarily includes work benches1 vises1 a lead burning outfit1 water supply1 charging benches and equipment1 shelves1 and stoves4 ,proper tools1 including brushes1 scrapers1 pliers1 nippers1 files1 hydrometers1 putty knife1 wrenches1 brace and bit1 stock drills1 center punches1 hack saws1 kettles1 ladles1 jars1 screw drivers1 materials and other hand tools are provided4 ,the work is practically all hand work and consequently requires hand tools4 ,,disabilities ,battery work requires the use of two hands4 ,the loss of three fingers from one hand would not seriously impair efficiency if some grip with the remaining finger and thumb is retained4 ,in the use of pliers1 screw drivers1 brace and bits1 and other tools it is necessary to hold them firmly4 ,hearing is not particularly essential1 but good eyesight is necessary4 ,stooping1 bending1 and lifting the weight of a battery would not affect men with slight hernia and abdominal trouble4 ,a man with artificial legs should be able to do the work if he can get around without great difficulty4 ,danger from lead poisoning and acid burns and fumes is prevalent in battery work1 but occurs only through carelessness4 ,a man with any skin or lung diseases or wounds probably should not undertake this work4 ,gloves are worn in handling lead1 but they will not protect against skin wounds4 ,the eyes may be injured by lead and acid1 but by wearing goggles this can be avoided4 ,a man with any open wounds should not enter battery service work4 ,,special ,,appliances ,no special appliances can be arranged satisfactorily to handle the tools and equipment1 although stools can be provided for the man who is required to sit4 ,,previous ,,education ,,and ,,experience ,a knowledge of chemistry and work in a chemical laboratory will help a man to become a battery expert4 ,experience in battery construction and in the care of starting and lighting batteries will also be an excellent start1 as would experience as a helper in a battery-service station4 ,,where ,,and ,,what ,,re-,,education ,,will ,,be ,,given ,to a large extent the instruction in battery work will be carried on in a service station where equipment is available4 ,a school shop properly equipped will also be made use of4 ,the course will contain the elements and fundamentals of battery maintenance and service4 ,the length of the course will be from #d to #f months4 ,,after ,,the ,,training--,,what8 ,permanent positions as battery experts will be open in battery-service stations4 ,the knowledge will also be necessary for the man who proposes to set up a shop of his own4 ,it is a general condition that battery work be done in an independent and separate shop rather than in a general repair shop4 ,the hours of employment will not vary from those already given for other types of maintenance and service work1 and the wage will also be about the same4 ,in cities and towns of #e1jjj or over there will be found work enough for one or more battery stations employing two or more men4 ,employment will invariably be stable for the highly skilled battery expert4 ,opportunity for promotion and success will depend upon the man1 but there is great demand for expert service1 and there is a good field in many places for the establishment of service stations4 ,future prospects are exceedingly good due to the large increase in the use of storage batteries4 ,it is also true that the average automobile driver and owner is waking up to the fact that the battery must have special care and repair to keep it in good working shape4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaee4 ,,tire ,,repairing ,,the ,,occupation ,the repair of automobile tires1 including casings and tubes1 is almost invariably assigned to a specialist1 although many of the minor repairs1 such as patching tubes1 are done by owners or amateur repairers4 ,tires are probably the most delicate and the most misunderstood part of the car1 as well as being the part receiving the hardest use4 ,to secure the greatest mileage and the least trouble from tires they must receive proper treatment and have the attention of a specialist when trouble develops4 ,the tire repairman should have a knowledge of tire construction and be well versed in tire troubles and their causes in order to make proper diagnoses of the cases4 ,this knowledge is necessary also in making adjustments on tire mileage1 which is1 in connection with the tire sales agency1 a business very often established as an adjunct to the repair business4 ,the shop work of the repair man deals with casing troubles from punctures1 blow-outs1 rim cuts1 blisters1 stone bruises1 and with the preparation of the tire for repairing1 relining1 retreading1 and vulcanizing4 ,tubes have to be patched1 spliced1 and vulcanized4 ,valves in the tube stem will often cause trouble by leaking1 but can be remedied by replacing with new valves4 ,sand blisters can be cured by opening the blister with a sharp knife1 cleaning out the dirt and filling the hole with a self-curing rubber filler4 ,a blow-out caused by a weak place in the casing usually due to a sand blister or stone bruise can be remedied by the inside method or a combination inside and outside method4 ,both methods consist in removing layers of fabric and applying fabric patches4 ,when the outside has been properly built up with fabric and the chafing strips applied the cushion gum unit can be applied and the whole casing then placed in a sectional mold1 where heat applied to both the inside and out will cure the job4 ,rim cuts are repaired in a similar way4 ,retreading is done by first cleaning down to the carcase and applying coats of vulcanizing cement upon which the tread can be built up and vulcanized4 ,reliners are vulcanized to the inside of a casing to take care of inside fabric breaks4 ,the work on the inner tube consists in patching to cover small holes1 cuts1 pinched tubes1 and minor injuries4 ,vulcanizing1 which should be done on large patches1 is also the best remedy for any repair4 ,it is done by first cleaning the hole1 preparing the patch1 and placing and vulcanizing4 ,inserting new sections or splicing tubes is done by removing the damaged section1 inserting a new one1 and vulcanizing1 one splice being made at a time4 ,,tools ,,and ,,equipment ,the equipment of a tire repair shop contains vulcanizers of many sizes which apply the heat through the use of gasoline1 steam1 or electricity4 ,vulcanizing moulds which are made to fit the tire are necessary for applying casing patches4 ,vulcanizing kettles1 sidewall and retreading vulcanizers1 benches1 vises and holding forms are also to be found4 ,the small tools required include flat and concave rollers1 awls1 stickers1 rubber knives1 large shears1 wire brushes1 tread gauges1 fabric knives1 pliers1 scrapers1 tread chisels and cement brushes4 ,splicing mandrels1 try squares1 tweezers1 rules1 spreaders and other devices and tools may be found in the equipment4 ,,disabilities ,the work in a repair shop is not very strenuous1 although it requires careful attention and speed4 ,it is necessary that the man have the use of both hands and be able to see his work clearly4 ,deafness will not interfere to any great extent with his success4 ,lifting1 stooping1 or bending1 while necessary to a small degree1 is not common4 ,the weight of a tire is the heaviest weight to handle around the shop4 ,there is little danger from poisoning or injury to skin1 except as infection may be brought in with dirt on the tires4 ,a man with leg disabilities will certainly not be debarred from this occupation if he can get around without great difficulty4 ,it is possible to do some of the work while seated4 ,a man having lost the use of certain neck movements would be able to handle tire repair work4 ,,previous ,,education ,,and ,,experience ,a general education will be of much help in handling the business end of the shop1 while technical knowledge of automobile tires will be a good basis for repairing4 ,experience in a tire manufacturing plant or rubber industry1 and in a repair shop as a helper will be very valuable to a man entering this field4 ,,where ,,and ,,what ,,re-,,education ,,will ,,be ,,given ,classes for tire repairmen will be carried on in schools where equipment is available1 but probably to a large extent in the commercial repair shop where actual working conditions exist4 ,both full-time and part-time schemes may be used4 ,the course will include practical work on all kinds of repair jobs4 ,tires will be studied to help a man to determine the cause and remedy of tire trouble and to make adjustments4 ,the time necessary to qualify as an expert tire repairman will be from #d to #f months4 ,,after ,,the ,,training--,,what8 ,employment in tire repair shops for a skilled man will be easily found4 ,the field is large and shops are required in nearly every village1 town and city4 ,with the increased use of cars the year round will come increased demand for tire repair service and hence year round employment for the tire specialist4 ,the daily hours of work will be from #h to #aj depending upon local conditions4 ,the wage of the skilled workman will be about #fj cents per hour1 but a man owning his business can make it more profitable4 ,opportunity for promotion will come through increase of the man's own business1 or through advancement to the position of foreman or manager in a large shop4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaef4 ,,automobile ,,and ,,truck ,,drivers ,,the ,,occupation ,chauffeurs and motor-truck drivers are employed to drive cars and keep them in good running condition4 ,it is very essential that anyone operating a car shall know its construction and the function that each part performs4 ,he should know how to care for the machine and how to make minor adjustments4 ,lubrication of all parts properly at regular intervals is an important task of the driver4 ,the location of trouble and the detection of its cause and remedy is even more important than driving upon the highway4 ,the operation of the car includes starting and stopping the engine1 starting and stopping the car1 and driving4 ,one of the first things to know is how to stop the car4 ,the use of the emergency and service brakes1 as well as braking with the engine1 requires considerable skill and experience4 ,cranking and starting apparatus must be understood if it is to be used with ease and without injury4 ,skill in shifting gears and in controlling the car is attained by experience4 ,a good driver must have a knowledge of road regulations and precautions1 and must also be familiar with city ordinances in regard to the driving and parking of automobiles4 ,he must be cautious1 able to see danger1 and to avoid it4 ,,tools ,,and ,,equipment ,an automobile should always be equipped with a complete set of tools for making repairs and adjustments4 ,a tire repair outfit is a valuable addition to the driver's equipment4 ,the tools and equipment are of the portable type1 easy to manipulate1 and convenient to carry around4 ,,disabilities ,a chauffeur or truck driver should have good eyesight and be able to hear distinctly4 ,it is necessary to locate trouble and remedy it by seeing or hearing4 ,danger is averted by carefully watching the road and things likely to interfere with travel1 and also by listening for approaching trains and cars4 ,a man in this employment should have two hands1 although he might have lost some of his fingers4 ,it is also well for him to have the free use of his arms and legs4 ,a man with leg amputation below the knee would be able to operate the brakes1 clutch1 and accelerator without difficulty4 ,lung diseases and wounds1 hernia1 and abdominal trouble would not debar a man from work of this kind4 ,it is necessary that he be able to have the full use of his neck and head4 ,a man suffering from shell shock1 who is subject to nervousness1 loss of memory1 or inability to control his actions should not be employed as a chauffeur4 ,,appliances ,a man so disabled that he must have special devices or appliances to operate an automobile should not enter the occupation4 ,artificial legs which can be properly controlled would not1 however1 debar him4 ,,previous ,,training ,,and ,,experience ,a man who has had experience in operating or repairing automobiles1 motor boats1 motorcycles1 or gas engines will have some knowledge necessary for chauffeurs and motor-truck drivers4 ,a man with ability along mechanical lines and training1 also1 enabling him to learn the principles of motor-car operation and care readily will have a good foundation for this occupation4 ,,where ,,and ,,what ,,re-,,education ,,will ,,be ,,given ,classes for motor-car care and operation will be conducted very largely in schools having the necessary space and facilities for work4 ,instruction will include class-room instruction and study1 shop-repair work1 and driving4 ,operation instruction will be conducted on the road4 ,the course will be arranged to prepare a man adequately for successful motor-car care and operation4 ,he will have an opportunity to come in contact with all problems usually confronted by the automobile and truck driver4 ,it will require from two to four months to complete the course1 depending upon the man's previous experience and ability4 ,,after ,,the ,,training--,,what8 ,good automobile and truck drivers are in demand4 ,it has been predicted that many of the truck drivers now in ,government service will take positions of that type after the war4 ,this condition would probably cause an excess of men for this work1 and it is well to say that the men who have the best training and qualifications will ordinarily secure the positions4 ,the hours of employment will depend upon the man's position but usually the time is #h to #ab hours per day4 ,drivers of pleasure cars are employed for a greater number of hours usually1 but much of the time while on duty they are idle4 ,men in these jobs are paid at the rate of #aj to #ce per week4 ,work as driver of light or heavy trucks and pleasure cars is available in nearly all towns and cities4 ,employment is stable1 except for the fact that the cars may be out of use during the season of snow4 ,the work is healthful1 inasmuch as the men are out in the air most of the time4 ,severe weather may cause inconvenience and hardship to some people4 ,there is very little opportunity for promotion1 except that gained through changing jobs4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaeg4 ,,concrete ,,construction ,,and ,,cement ,,manufacture ,,acknowledgment ,this monograph was prepared by ,a4 ,j4 ,r4 ,curtis1 of the ,portland ,cement ,association1 under direction of ,charles ,h4 ,winslow1 ,chief of the ,research ,division of the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education4 ,acknowledgment is due to ,dr4 ,john ,cummings1 of the ,research ,division1 for editorial assistance4 ,development in the field of concrete construction during the past two decades has been little short of marvelous4 ,this increase may be accredited to the wide variety of uses to which concrete may be put and to the demand on the part of the ,american public for construction that is permanent1 reasonable in cost1 and fireproof4 ,the concrete industry has brought in to the field of labor a new type of skilled workmen and its varied phases each call for men with distinct1 definite training4 ,indications point to a greatly increased demand for men in this line of industrial activity4 ,if the increase in the production of ,portland cement during the last few years is reviewed one can easily see the constantly increasing importance with which concrete construction is being regarded4 ,the shipments of cement leaped from #h1jjj1jjj barrels in #aijj to #ib1jjj1jjj in #aiag4 ,a vivid imagination will not be needed to picture a still greater and wider field for its use in the future4 ,with the cessation of hostilities new construction work of many kinds is being planned in every section of the country4 ,millions of dollars will be spent for new buildings1 highways1 bridges1 and various other types of public and private improvements4 ,there will be a demand for trained workmen which will probably tax every effort to supply4 ,a large percentage of the occupations in this line of work can be filled efficiently by men who have suffered some disability in the service of their country4 ,the handicap in the loss of a leg or an arm on the battlefields of ,france can be overcome with the aid of a 8,made in ,america0 leg or arm1 fitting the wearer to fill efficiently many occupations in the concrete industry4 ,a careful study has been made of the limitations imposed by various injuries4 ,there are many cases on record where injured men have overcome all handicaps and have made good in positions which from the survey of the re-educationist appeared quite impossible4 ,many instances have come to light which show that the statement1 8,a handicap is merely a state of mind10 holds true for a great variety of cases4 ,the wage question is no doubt one of the first which arises in your mind4 ,it is natural that one should ask1 8,what wages or salary does this job pay80 and1 8,what are the chances for advancement80 ,in a review of the wages of men engaged in concrete construction as compared with the men engaged in other lines of construction work this fact was noted1 that although in #aiac the average wage for the concrete worker was somewhat lower1 during the year #aiaf wages for concrete workers advanced #fj per cent while for workers in the other line the advance was only #bj per cent4 ,for the man with training in this work the salary will average near #aej per month4 ,as regards opportunities for advancement1 few other lines of activity seem to hold forth comparable opportunities1 when it is considered that a large proportion of competent workers eventually become partners or managing owners in contracting concerns1 while the demand for construction superintendents is usually greater than the supply4 ,for convenience1 concrete-work employments may be classified in three distinct groups1 namely3 7#a7 ,structural group1 including the building of reinforced concrete structures1 ships1 bridges1 dams1 retaining walls1 and a multitude of small structures2 7#b7 roads and highway group1 including the construction of concrete roads and highways1 pavements1 and alleys2 7#c7 products plant group1 including the making of blocks1 brick1 tile1 sewer and pressure pipe1 and ornamental trim work4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaeh4 ,,structural ,,group ,,engineer ,,or ,,architect ,in large structural work the man in charge is usually a civil engineer or an architect1 who has specialized during his course of training in structural or reinforced concrete engineering4 ,he is the designer or the creator of the proposed structure4 ,before any work is done he must picture in his mind the finished product in every detail of its construction2 he must be able to design and lay out the plans for the work in its entirety2 he must be familiar with the cost of labor and materials1 in order that he may know when the contractor is placing a fair price upon the construction4 ,he must know the building laws and codes in any part of the country in which he may be working4 ,he should have business training and experience1 as practically all his associations will be with business men1 and he must be able to talk intelligently and in business terms to them4 ,a large percentage of his time will be spent in the office or designing room4 ,his training is received in one of two ways1 namely3 ,by full-time course of training in the civil engineering department of a university or college1 or by part-time study in a technical school4 ,many schools of this last-named type are now giving evening work1 which enables young men to attain the degree of a civil engineer or architectural engineer while working4 ,thus1 a man who is working during the day1 may increase his efficiency and attain the same end as his brother1 who has been more fortunate in that he has received a full four years' training4 ,to reach the position of engineer architect1 the training described above is an absolute necessity4 ,as a usual thing a civil engineer who has just completed his course starts work in the capacity of draftsman1 foreman1 inspector1 or assistant superintendent1 and as he gains in experience is given more responsible positions4 ,his wages range from approximately #ajj at the start to #djj or #ejj per month as he gains in efficiency and experience4 ,often1 after gaining experience an engineer will establish a clientage1 and gradually work up a business of his own4 ,this is a goal toward which to strive1 as it means greater independence and a larger income4 ,his services are in demand in every part of the country the year round4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaei4 ,,inspector ,after designing a structure the engineer lets the job of constructing to a contracting firm4 ,he places as his representative on the job an inspector whose duty it is to see that the engineer's plans and specifications are properly carried out4 ,the duties of an inspector are not difficult1 but it takes a man with diplomacy and consideration1 yet one who is sufficiently firm to safeguard his employer's interests and make sure that every part of the work is performed in a thoroughly acceptable manner4 ,it goes without saying that he must be acquainted with every feature of the construction work as planned by the engineer4 ,his training is practically the same as that of the engineer or architect4 ,however1 it is possible for a man who can not complete his entire training at one time to accept a position as inspector1 and gain some very valuable experience in this way4 ,there are also men who work up from the ranks to this position4 ,the demand for his services is greatest in connection with large industrial and public projects and in the general construction work in cities4 ,his wages range from #ajj to #bjj per month4 ,,plan ,no4 #aafj4 ,,contractor ,the contractor or firm of contractors are equipped to handle the construction work4 ,at such a time as the engineer or architect has his plans completed he advertises among the contractors for bids on the construction according to his plans4 ,as a rule the responsible firm making the lowest bid gets the job4 ,,plan ,no4 #aafa4 ,,superintendent ,the first thing the contractor does after accepting the job is to select a superintendent of construction4 ,superintendents are usually engineers who have grown up in the service of the firm4 ,the successful superintendent must have resourcefulness1 technical knowledge1 tact1 energy1 honesty1 and judgment4 ,he must have a personality which drives to activity several hundred originally unorganized men who are without special interest in the company they work for or in the results accomplished1 and with tact and judgment he must weld them into a unified working organization1 cheerful and self-respecting1 with a high morale and finally with enthusiasm for the work at hand4 ,he must be able to build in full size1 with permanent materials1 a structure the design of which troubled the engineer or architect to show clearly on paper2 he must be honest1 since his company must leave their reputation in his hands and trust him with funds2 he must1 through attention and experience1 be so trained that dangerous operations are carried on as a matter of routine without worry either to himself or his company2 he must have ability to foresee and provide for the problems which are perhaps to come up months later2 he should have his temper continually under control1 even under the most provoking circumstances2 he should have as much pride in the structure he is erecting as the engineer who designed it2 he must be able to handle labor and cope with the various labor problems that may arise4 ,his training is practically the same as that of the engineer or inspector1 but he has been fitted by experience for the position of superintendent4 ,he may have served in various capacities with the same contracting firm or with other firms4 ,in some cases men with extraordinary ability have worked up from the ranks by hard work and home study or night-school training4 ,the salary of the superintendent varies in different localities and upon different jobs4 ,it usually ranges from #aej per month upward4 ,,plan ,no4 #aafb4 ,,assistant ,,superintendent ,on the larger jobs the superintendent has an assistant4 ,his duties are dependent largely upon the man under whose direction he may be working4 ,from a study of the duties and qualifications of the superintendent an idea may be gained of the nature of the assistant's work4 ,the educational requirements are the same as those for the superintendent1 but his responsibility is less and therefore as great and varied experience is not required4 ,the opportunity for his services depends upon the number of large jobs under construction4 ,his salary usually ranges from #ajj to #bjj per month4 ,,plan ,no4 #aafc4 ,,timekeeper ,on all large jobs a timekeeper has a position of responsibility4 ,his duties are clerical in nature2 in fact he might be called the superintendent's clerical assistant4 ,as his name implies he is keeper of the time of the men1 and each day checks up the men on the job in order that no mistakes may be made in figuring their time4 ,he handles a large amount of clerical work in connection with the pay roll1 and may also be called upon to do other work in connection with construction4 ,he must be a man who is absolutely honest and trustworthy4 ,he has a wonderful opportunity for observation and study of construction operations1 and can by application and study advance to a position of greater responsibility and trust4 ,his wage varies somewhat1 and is dependent on the amount of responsibility placed upon him and of work required of him4 ,experience is of secondary importance4 ,,plan ,no4 #aafd4 ,,foreman ,on a large job there will be several foremen1 usually a general foreman1 a concrete foreman1 foreman of reinforcing placing1 and a carpenter-foreman4 ,first and most important a foreman must be able to handle men4 ,his duties are more than just to hire and fire4 ,he must be acquainted with the problems of his men and spend some time studying their viewpoint of all questions in which they may be interested4 ,as he is ofttimes a man who has advanced from the ranks by hard work1 study1 and superior ability1 he will be acquainted with the men's side of the various labor questions4 ,however1 he must be fair minded and not see the viewpoint of the men alone1 but must regard that also of his employer4 ,he must be able to weigh carefully any situation1 and to make a fair and just decision4 ,he must be able to read designs and put them into operation4 ,he may not be called upon to perform actual mechanical operations1 but he must be able to tell and to show his men how the work is done4 ,he is1 in fact1 the superintendent's right-hand man on the particular portion of the work which has been assigned to him4 ,all of his time will be spent out in the open upon the job4 ,wherever there are concreting operations in progress1 there you will find him4 ,the general foreman has active charge of all operations4 ,the other foremen1 as a rule1 come directly under his jurisdiction4 ,the concrete foreman has charge of all concreting operations2 the reinforcing foreman has charge of the placing all reinforcing2 and the carpenter foreman has charge of the building of the forms and erecting of all staging and hoist towers necessary for carrying on the concreting operations4 ,generally speaking1 the foremen gain their training from experience and study2 night schools have been started in some of the cities of the country1 which are giving courses in concrete work1 particularly for the man who is anxious to better his position4 ,,plan ,no4 #aafe4 ,,finishers ,the repairing of imperfections in the concrete surfaces and the finishing or floating of flat surfaces requires the work of the finisher4 ,he must possess manual dexterity so that he can handle a float skillfully and must know when a surface has been worked sufficiently4 ,skill is also required in pointing up or repairing imperfections in surface from which forms have been removed4 ,his wages range from #ej to #fj cents per hour4 ,his training is received on the job4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaff4 ,,mixer ,,operator ,several things are required of a mixer operator4 ,first he must have some mechanical skill and be able to handle and to take care of a steam or gas engine or an electric motor4 ,he should be able to repair the mixer in case of a breakdown4 ,he must also know something of proportioning and of consistencies required for different mixtures and under different conditions4 ,wherever any considerable amount of concreting is done the services of a mixer operator are required4 ,the wages are practically the same as for finishers4 ,his training is gained through experience on the job4 ,,plan ,no4 #aafg4 ,,form ,,builders ,form builders are carpenters and must have the experience and training required in that trade4 ,,plan ,no4 #aafh4 ,,reinforcing ,,placers ,reinforcing placers are very often laborers under the direction of a skilled foreman4 ,their duties are to place the reinforcing steel according to the specifications prepared by the engineer4 ,in some of the larger cities the ,structural ,steel ,workers' ,union requires that all placing of reinforcing be done by men from their union4 ,the wages vary according to locality4 ,very little training or experience is necessary4 ,,plan ,no4 #aafi4 ,,rural ,,contractors ,rural contractors comprise a very numerous group1 handling concrete jobs in the smaller cities and towns throughout the country4 ,endowed with an ordinary amount of business judgment1 the rural contractor usually becomes a well-to-do business man4 ,he usually acts as his own superintendent directing his jobs personally4 ,the average rural contractor is independent and commands the respect of the business men of his community4 ,his income is variable but always affords a good living if his business is well managed4 ,his income is often comparable with that of the larger merchants in the community4 ,,road ,,and ,,highway ,,group ,a large number of the occupations in this division are analogous to the positions in the structural division4 ,,plan ,no4 #aagj4 ,,engineer ,on practically all public highways the outlining of the plans and specifications are left to the county or state highway engineer4 ,his course of technical training should include specialized work in highway engineering4 ,he must be thoroughly reliable and of unquestionable integrity1 as his judgment in matters pertaining to the construction of highways and roads must be faultless4 ,only recently the states of ,illinois and ,pennsylvania voted enormous bond issues to be used in the construction of permanent hard-surfaced roads4 ,many other states are planning to appropriate huge sums for the same purpose4 ,never before has the opportunity for the highway engineer been so great4 ,the training required and the salary paid are very similar to those of the structural engineer4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaga4 ,,inspector ,as in structural work the building of highways is usually let to a contractor and the engineer places an inspector as his representative on the job4 ,the duties of the inspector are practically the same as upon structural work4 ,,plan ,no4 #aagb4 ,,superintendent ,in a general way all that has been said regarding a superintendent of structural work applies to the superintendent of highway work4 ,he should understand how the grading in preparation for the building of roads should be done and be able to carry on the construction of the road efficiently1 with as little delay and as economically as possible4 ,,plan ,no4 #aagc4 ,,foreman ,the foreman on road work has usually been trained in the school of experience and has learned the various requirements of good concrete road building4 ,he has shown by hard work and superior ability that he is able to handle the position of foreman of the highway building gang4 ,in a general way his requirements are the same as heretofore mentioned4 ,,plan ,no4 #aagd4 ,,mixer ,,operator1 ,,finisher1 ,,reinforcing ,,placer ,the requirements are the same as in structural work4 ,,plan ,no4 #aage4 ,,form ,,setter ,before it is possible to place any concrete it is necessary to build side rails to contain the concrete4 ,this work is done by form setters4 ,no special training is required4 ,,products ,,group ,the making of various concrete products is a field which is increasing in importance4 ,the construction of block1 brick1 tile1 sewer1 and pressure pipe1 silo staves1 ornamental trim1 structural units1 lamp posts1 fence posts1 telephone and telegraph poles1 burial vaults1 kitchen sinks1 bath and laundry tubs1 garden furniture1 roofing and floor tile1 cribbing fences1 columns and grindstones are included in this group4 ,the concrete products industry is coming into a position of dignity and importance4 ,the day of the incompetent man is passing1 and his product--the pasty looking1 porous cement block--is giving way to the real concrete unit1 structurally sound and architecturally beautiful4 ,the factory-made concrete block of quality has made its way against the prejudice created by inferior products and against a conservatism which requires a new material to prove beyond any possibility of doubt its superiority to materials with which builders are acquainted4 ,concrete units have suffered through the ignorance which has placed them upon the market as substitutes and imitations rather than as products of a material having its own distinctive qualities and characteristic charm4 ,the development of concrete stone manufacture depends upon the possibility of the market1 skillful workmanship1 economical operation and competent management2 upon the utilization of the best available materials and equipment in preference to makeshifts and clumsy manual labor4 ,it depends on artistic perception1 and also upon the appreciation of public demands4 ,this line of work presents a wonderful opportunity for the man who desires to eventually go into business for himself4 ,the amount of capital required for the start is comparatively small4 ,however1 before entering this line of business a very careful study should be made of the management1 manufacture1 and marketing of concrete products4 ,,plan ,no4 #aagf4 ,,manager ,in large plants a manager is employed by the operating company1 but in smaller plants the proprietor usually acts as manager4 ,the man who undertakes the management of an enterprise of this kind should understand business principles and have training and experience in business life2 he must be familiar with the requirements of the product which he is manufacturing2 he should not attempt to manufacture too large a line of products1 but should specialize according to the demands of the locality in which he is situated4 ,,plan ,no4 #aagg4 ,,foreman ,the foreman is in active charge of the manufacturing of the products and has direct charge of the labor employed4 ,the requirements for his position are the same as have already been mentioned for a foreman4 ,,plan ,no4 #aagh4 ,,machine ,,operators ,a large percentage of concrete products are manufactured in specially designed machines which require some skill in operating4 ,the operator must know the machine thoroughly4 ,his training is gained by experience4 ,,plan ,no4 #aagi4 ,,modeler ,if ornamental work is undertaken the services of a modeler are absolutely necessary4 ,to produce products artistic in design requires the services of a man trained in an art school4 ,from a clay model1 molds of plaster or glue are made in which the concrete is poured4 ,most of the modeler's work is done indoors1 usually in a well lighted studio4 ,his salary is variable and dependent upon his ability4 ,demand for his services is not very general at the present1 but the occupation holds many very promising allurements for the man who has ability4 ,,plan ,no4 #aahj4 ,,pattern ,,maker ,in some cases it is necessary to make wooden forms for ornamental trim work4 ,the making of these forms requires the services of a pattern maker4 ,the requirements and qualifications for this position have been discussed in other monographs4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaha4 ,,plaster ,,and ,,glue ,,mold ,,maker ,it is the work of a plaster and glue mold maker to take the model which has been designed and make a plaster or glue mold in which the concrete will be placed4 ,his experience and training is gained by actual work with the material1 either in the shop or in the school4 ,this occupation requires considerable mechanical ability4 ,in smaller plants the modeling and mold making are frequently done by one man4 ,,miscellaneous ,each one of the various groups which have been mentioned requires an office force1 and commonly in the case of the concrete products group salesmen are employed4 ,,re-,,education ,to the man who has been disabled1 some place in the field of concrete construction activities may present a life work which has a future both big and bright4 ,the work is vitally interesting and alive4 ,if you have the determination and ability the way is clear to assume almost any of the responsible positions reviewed in this monograph4 ,do not expect to step from the hospital or from the vocational institution into the highest position2 the minor jobs are stepping stones to the bigger ones4 ,make up your mind that you will attain the highest possible position in that phase of the construction industry in which you are engaged1 and by diligent application you will ultimately reach this goal4 ,the industry is large and there are opportunities for everyone to whom the doing of big things appeals4 ,talk with the re-educational expert with whom you should in any case get acquainted1 and learn of schools near your home that are giving instruction in the various phases of concrete construction4 ,,plan ,no4 #aahb4 ,,cement ,,manufacture ,with the increase in construction activities the demand upon the manufacturers of ,portland ,cement becomes greater4 ,however1 the manufacture of this product does not present as large an opportunity to you as does the field of concrete construction4 ,in the actual manufacture of this product there are few positions which make a direct appeal4 ,however1 in the laboratories1 which are maintained by all manufacturing companies there is an opportunity for you if you are interested in chemistry or physics4 ,elaborate tests1 both chemical and physical1 are made of this product4 ,if you have had training in chemical engineering1 here is an opportunity for you to get into work which is interesting1 of which the future is assured4 ,if you have not had the training1 the chemical engineering departments of our colleges present the opportunity for study and research work4 ,if your mind is made up to enter the cement testing laboratory1 specialize on this subject while taking your course of training4 ,,plan ,no4 #aahc4 ,,the ,,law ,,as ,a ,,vocation ,,acknowledgment ,for the material of this monograph the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education is indebted to the ,vocation ,bureau1 ,boston1 through its publication ,the ,law as a ,vocation1 of which this pamphlet is largely an abstract4 ,the monograph was prepared by ,dr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,smith1 under the direction of ,charles ,h4 ,winslow1 ,chief of the ,research ,division of the ,federal ,board4 ,acknowledgment is due to ,dr4 ,john ,cummings of the ,research ,division for editorial assistance4 ,,are ,,you ,,thinking ,,of ,,becoming ,a ,,lawyer8 ,if you are and have not yet made up your mind1 you will want to read this pamphlet1 because it tells what the leading men in the profession of law say about law as a vocation4 ,it tells you the answers that these men give to questions that are in your mind4 ,if you are thinking of entering the profession of law1 you want to know the answers to these questions3 #a4 ,what kind of work should ,i have to do as a lawyer8 #b4 ,what personal characteristics should ,i possess to be successful as a lawyer8 #c4 ,how much general education ought ,i to have as a basis for a course in law8 #d4 ,what specific training should ,i need if ,i decide to become a lawyer1 and how long would it take8 #e4 ,how should ,i be admitted to the bar8 #f4 ,what income may ,i reasonably expect to earn if ,i am successful in practice8 #g4 ,what are some other rewards to a lawyer in addition to the earnings from practice8 #h4 ,how many years would it take me to establish myself in practice8 #i4 ,how great a need is there for lawyers8 #aj4 ,how much will it cost me to get an education suitable for the practice of law8 ,,what ,,kind ,,of ,,work ,,should ,i ,,have ,,to ,,do ,,as ,a ,,lawyer8 8,the work of the law is to establish rights1 satisfy claims1 protect the innocent against wrongdoers1 secure convictions for the guilty1 and to maintain a cause in the face of all forms of opposition and misrepresentation40#ce #ce ,the ,law as a ,vocation1 p4 #fh1 ,vocation ,bureau1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,the profession of law1 therefore1 is a profession of action rather than inaction1 of fighting for a cause4 ,in this fight the lawyer finds his work in two rather distinct fields1 office practice and court practice4 ,office practice again subdivides itself into practice of a public nature and practice of a private nature4 ,office practice of a private nature consists very largely in the examination of titles to property1 the drafting of legal papers1 such as deeds and contracts1 the acting as trustee or guardian1 the collection of accounts1 and the giving of general legal advice4 ,in the office practice of a public nature1 the lawyer acts as public administrator1 referee in bankruptcy proceedings1 auditor of public accounts1 etc4 ,in the field of court practice the lawyer deals with criminal cases1 damage suits1 etc4 ,it is in this field that there is the greatest nervous strain1 but at the same time the greatest opportunity for building up a wide reputation4 ,in court practice an attorney conducting a case usually consults other lawyers and has their aid and counsel as associates in the case4 ,both in office and court practice lawyers usually become notaries or justices for the convenience of clients in the acknowledgment of deeds1 the making of affidavits1 etc4 ,classified on a still different basis the principal fields of practice in law are five in number4 ,any lawyer would usually have the bulk of his practice in one of these five fields1 acting in one of the following capacities3 ,general practitioner1 criminal lawyer1 tort lawyer1 real estate lawyer1 patent lawyer4 ,all but the first of these represent specialized fields4 ,the general practitioner performs various kinds of legal services1 any kind in fact that may be called for in the community in which he lives4 ,the criminal lawyer limits his practice chiefly to work in criminal courts and deals with offenses that have been committed against society4 ,the tort lawyer deals with damage suits4 ,the work of the tort lawyer is often divided into two fields1 that of the plaintiff lawyer and that of the defendant lawyer4 ,the plaintiff lawyer does work for those parties who are claiming damage4 ,the defendant lawyer does work for those individuals or organizations that are sued for damage4 ,generally the defendant lawyer serves a liability or insurance company1 corporation or other employer4 ,the real-estate lawyer is engaged largely in examining titles1 and in acting as trustee and thus holding funds for investment4 ,his work naturally brings him in close touch with both the buying and the selling end of the real-estate business1 so that he usually1 himself1 engages to some extent in that business4 ,the patent lawyer assists in getting patents from the ,national ,government1 and in acting as an attorney in patent cases4 ,the following quotation affords a description of the work of a lawyer from another point of view3 8,the lawyer spends a part of his time in studying law1 reading statutes1 decisions1 reports1 and treatises4 ,the printed decisions in various ,states range from #a to #ah or #bj volumes a year4 ,with these and other legal material the lawyer is bound to have some acquaintance4 ,furthermore1 the lawyer spends part of his time studying miscellaneous topics1 which become the subject of litigation1 such as street paving1 the coal business1 the chemistry of wall paper1 and so on4 ,every science may have something to say to the lawyer4 ,part of his time is spent in consultation with his clients2 first of all to ascertain the facts of their cases1 and afterwards to explain to them their rights on the facts4 ,he also spends time in writing letters and doing sundry business incidental to giving advice to his clients4 ,this work for the client branches out into a search for missing witnesses1 examination of records of deeds to discover the ownership of real estate1 the perusal of the account books of a client to find out the balance of a claim or similar investigation4 ,furthermore1 part of his time is spent in writing of pleadings and briefs2 the pleadings are the statement of claim or defense made by him to the court2 the briefs are his written arguments of law giving the legal reasons why the law favors his client's case4 ,finally1 he spends much of his time in arguments to the judge and jury1 and in the examination of witnesses and other proceedings in court4 ,here1 as in all occupations1 nine-tenths of the work is what may be called routine work or even drudgery4 ,this can not be escaped4 ,the lawyer does not spend his time in preparing and delivering eloquent orations4 ,as in other occupations1 the really interesting work1 full of perpetual zest1 is usually a small part of the whole40#cf #cf ,the ,law as a ,vocation1 pp4 #bd-be1 ,vocation ,bureau1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,what ,,personal ,,characteristics ,,should ,i ,,possess ,,to ,,be ,,successful ,,as ,a ,,lawyer8 ,the answer to the first part of this question is best given in the following quotation3 ,certain personal qualities are fundamental for a success in the law2 others though of high value are secondary4 ,the fundamental qualities are as follows3 #a4 ,moral integrity1 worthy of the trust often involved in handling the property and other interests of clients1 or able to withstand inducements to unprofessional conduct4 ,this involves intellectual honesty4 #b4 ,persistence1 to carry on to completion any piece of work undertaken4 ,this means unlimited capacity for hard work4 #c4 ,sound judgment1 to take a right and well-informed attitude in questions involving law and facts4 #d4 ,self-confidence1 a belief in one's ability successfully to handle a task when once entered into4 #e4 ,concentration1 power to bring all one's thought and activities to bear on a case in hand4 ,these basal qualities1 with adequate training in the profession are likely to bring at least a fair degree of success2 the lack of any one of them is a serious handicap1 and accounts for most failures4#cg #cg ,vocational ,studies1 ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau of ,education1 pp4 #f-g1 ,collins ,publ4 ,serv4 ,the loss of an eye1 a hand1 an arm1 a foot1 or a leg would not seriously interfere with one's success as a lawyer4 ,good health is highly desirable but physical strength is not an essential to the practitioner4 ,,how ,,much ,,general ,,education ,,ought ,i ,,to ,,have ,,as ,a ,,basis ,,for ,a ,,course ,,in ,,law8 ,some years ago even the best law schools did not require any definite amount of education for entrance into the school4 ,in fact many individuals with only a common-school education read law in an office and took up the practice without any training in a law school4 ,at the present1 however1 every person looking forward to the practice of law is urged to graduate from a law school4 ,all reputable law schools now require at least a four-year high-school course for admission4 ,many of these law schools1 especially those connected with the large universities1 require in addition to the four-year high-school work one year1 and in some cases two years1 of college work as a preparation4 ,two law schools admit only students who have a college degree of ,a4 ,b4 or ,b4 ,s4 ,,what ,,specific ,,training ,,should ,i ,,need1 ,,if ,i ,,decide ,,to ,,become ,a ,,lawyer1 ,,and ,,how ,,long ,,will ,,it ,,take8 ,there was a time when by reading law in an office one could get a fairly adequate training for the practice of law4 ,particularly was this true of preparation for practice in small towns4 ,even at the present time this method is followed to some extent in small towns that are long distances from law schools4 ,the rapidly increasing complexity of the law1 however1 now practically necessitates at least a partial course in a law school and makes desirable a complete course4 ,the late ,chief ,justice ,waite said3 8,the time has gone by when an eminent lawyer1 in full practice1 can take a class of students into his office and become their teacher4 ,once that was practicable1 but now it is not4 ,the consequence is that law schools are now a necessity40#ch #ch ,the ,law as a ,vocation1 p4 #dj1 ,vocation ,bureau1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,the method of training for the law now recommended1 therefore1 is training in a law school rather than in a law office4 ,the practical experience of the office has recently been supplied in the best law schools by the practice court1 thus doing away with the former objection to the law school1 namely1 that it furnished to the student no experience in methods of handling and conducting cases4 ,the practice court or moot court1 as now introduced into the progressive law schools of the country1 is described by one of our ,state universities as follows3 8,the work of the practice court is divided into three parts1 that of the law term1 that of the jury term1 and that of the appellate jurisdiction4 ,the court is provided with a full corps of officers1 including the members of the faculty who may sit from time to time as a presiding judge1 the full bench of judges sitting as a supreme court1 a clerk1 a sheriff1 and the necessary deputies4 ,ample and commodious rooms have been provided for the use of the court1 including a court room furnished with the fittings necessary for the trial of jury cases1 and a clerk's office4 ,the latter is provided with the books and records used in actual practice4 ,the purpose of the court is to afford to the student practical instruction in pleading and practice both at law and equity under the common-law system and the 8,code0 or 8reformed0 procedure1 and actual experience in the commencement and trial of cases through all stages4 ,in commencing the actions the students assigned to the cases are permitted to select the ,state in which the action is supposed to be brought1 thus enabling the student to acquire the practice as prevailing in his own ,state4 ,all questions of practice1 pleading1 and procedure are governed by the law of the ,state in which the action is so laid1 but the questions of substantive law are determined according to the weight of authority40#ci #ci ,vocational ,studies1 ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau of ,education1 pp4 #f-g1 ,collins ,publ4 ,service1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,the degree ,,ll4 ,b41 which is the principal degree given by the ,american law schools1 was granted by #if schools according to the report of the committee on legal education of the ,american ,bar ,association for #aijf4 ,of these #if schools1 #dh required a three-years' course of study beyond the full four years' high-school course4 ,nineteen of these schools granted the master's degree ,,ll4,m41 after one year of postgraduate study4 ,,how ,,should ,i ,,be ,,admitted ,,to ,,the ,,bar8 ,each ,state has its own bar or legal society and admission is granted to the applicant in accordance with the regulations in force in each ,state4 ,twenty-eight ,states have an examining board2 #ai ,states require the approximate completion of a high-school course2 #ag ,states prescribe no definite period of study2 #a ,state prescribes a period of #ah months2 #ab ,states prescribe a period of two years2 #bc ,states prescribe a period of three years2 and #aj ,states accept graduates of certain law schools without examination4 ,the tendency at the present time is to continue the past practice of raising standards of admission4 ,this tendency has been supported by the ,american ,bar ,association1 and with its promise to continue interest in this matter it should not be long until there are evolved uniform requirements that will constitute a national standard on a high plane4 ,,what ,,income ,,may ,i ,,reasonably ,,expect ,,to ,,earn ,,if ,i ,,am ,,successful ,,in ,,practice8 ,it is difficult to estimate1 except very generally1 what the average yearly earnings of a lawyer will be4 ,it is difficult to do this1 because the income will vary according to the locality and the character of the service in which one is engaged4 ,generally speaking1 during the first year of his independent practice a lawyer's earnings will seldom net him more than a few hundred dollars4 ,with experience and acquaintance1 however1 his competence will increase4 ,if a lawyer chooses to serve an apprenticeship as it were with another firm1 he may reasonably expect from #c to #aj a week at the beginning1 with an increase after three or six months according to the amount of practice in the office in which he is engaged4 ,the following quotations would tend to discourage one from entering upon the profession1 unless he is by nature and training well prepared for the work3 8,its 7the profession of law7 demands are so high and the conditions of genuine success so exacting1 however1 that it is inevitable that many of the ill-equipped and misguided beginners who flood the ranks of the legal profession should fail of success40#dj #dj ,the ,law as a ,vocation1 p4 #ac1 ,vocation ,bureau1 ,boston1 ,mass4 8,the field is greatly overcrowded and the average earnings very small4 ,this is the great objection4 ,only the more able and fortunate in securing profitable legal practice can hope to win more than a bare competency4 ,young men may not only be indebted to their family and friends for a course of study covering three or four years in preparation1 but after that for a period of #e1 #aj1 or even #ae years consumed in acquiring a competent practice4 ,many never reach such a practice1 and are obliged to turn to some other occupation for part or full income1 or to come down to the end of life in straitened circumstances1 unable to do for their families what was earlier done for them to place them in the profession40#da #da ,the ,law as a ,vocation1 pp4 #ff-fg1 ,vocation ,bureau1 ,boston1 ,mass4 8,in #aiab the secretary of the ,harvard ,law ,school sent letters to all of the graduates of the school from #aijb to #aiaa1 inclusive1 asking for their net earnings each year since graduation4 ,the reports returned are indicated in the following table1 although it is to be remembered in this connection that less than half of those written responded and it can reasonably be assumed that these represent the more successful40#db #db ,vocational ,studies1 pp4 #ae-af1 ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau of ,education1 ,collins ,publicity ,service1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,year4 ,number of replies4,average earnings4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,first #fid #ffd ,second #fji #a1aaj ,third #dig #a1fde ,fourth #daa #b1aej ,fifth #cag #b1ffh ,sixth #bdi #c1aah ,seventh #afb #c1iji ,eighth #aab #d1dbf ,ninth #fb #e1cba ,tenth #dj #e1hbe ---------------------------------------- --- ,,what ,,are ,,some ,,other ,,rewards ,,to ,a ,,lawyer ,,in ,,addition ,,to ,,earnings ,,from ,,practice8 ,legal training fits a man not only to practice law but to enter other fields of activity4 ,the lawyer may enter into commercial affiliations and into political life through the judiciary1 legislative1 or executive branches of the ,government4 ,men trained in the law may serve the public as attorneys for towns1 cities1 counties1 districts1 ,states1 or the ,nation4 ,these positions in the ,state and ,federal service are as follows3 7#a7 ,town or city solicitor4 7#b7 ,county or district attorney4 7#c7 ,attorney general for the ,state and his assistants4 7#d7 ,united ,states district attorney and his assistants4 7#e7 ,attorney ,general of the ,united ,states and his regular and special assistants4 ,many lawyers also are connected with various ,national ,government bureaus1 such as the ,bureau of ,insular ,affairs1 etc4 ,practicing lawyers are also often chosen as professors or lecturers in law schools and other schools1 such as schools of commerce and finance1 medical schools1 colleges1 and universities4 ,for those lawyers who have a literary inclination there is opportunity for its exercise in writing for law journals1 secular magazines1 daily press1 etc4 ,a lawyer's training naturally brings him before the people as a leader in movements for public good1 if he is at all public spirited4 ,finally many lawyers have an opportunity for becoming counsellors for the people in general in the practice before legislative bodies considering public interests4 ,special economic and industrial problems demand for their best solution legal ability of the very highest order4 ,,how ,,many ,,years ,,would ,,it ,,take ,,me ,,to ,,establish ,,myself ,,in ,,practice8 ,the young lawyer may get into practice in one of two ways3 ,first1 as an employee2 second1 as an independent practitioner4 ,in the first case1 he usually becomes an assistant in some law office1 where he stays from one to five years1 possibly permanently by becoming a member of the firm4 ,in the second case1 as an independent practitioner1 he gets into the practice primarily through the business of his own personal friends1 through the advertising that these friends give him to their friends1 and finally through his own clients1 one client leading to another4 ,the lawyer's advertising1 therefore1 is of an indirect nature4 ,every ambitious young lawyer looks forward to the time when he can get into the profession on his own account1 and to this end he should strive at all times to build up a good reputation and to become generally known in his community4 ,one must count on working faithfully for several years1 particularly if he is an independent practitioner1 before he can enjoy a comfortable income4 ,,how ,,great ,a ,,need ,,is ,,there ,,for ,,lawyers8 ,the legal profession is rapidly becoming overcrowded4 ,during the period from #ahgj to #aijj the percentage of increase in the number engaged in the practice of law was #ahj4a per cent4 ,the following table sets forth the growth and percentage of increase in membership of the professions of medicine1 theology1 and law from #ahgj to #aijj3 ,growth and per cent of increase in memberships of the professions of theology1 medicine1 and the law from #ahgj to #aijj4 ,statistics of ,occupations1 ,twelfth ,census of the ,united ,states4 ,year4 ,theology4,medicine4 ,law4 ---------------------------------------- ----- #ahgj #dc1hgd #fb1ddi #dj1gcf #ahhj #fd1fih #he1fga #fd1acg #ahij #hh1bjc #ajd1hje #hi1fcj #aijj #aaa1fch #acb1jjb #aad1dfj ,per cent of increase #aed4d #aa4e #ahj4a ---------------------------------------- ----- ,in the opinion of the leading members of the ,american bar to-day the practicing of law is a very poor vocation for the incompetent and poorly equipped4 ,,how ,,much ,,will ,,it ,,cost ,,me ,,to ,,get ,,an ,,education ,,suitable ,,for ,,the ,,practice ,,of ,,law8 ,if you are a soldier or a sailor discharged from the service since ,october #f1 #aiag1 with a disability for which the ,war-,risk ,insurance will grant you compensation1 your education will be furnished free by the ,government4 ,the ,war-,risk ,insurance ,bureau1 through its compensation1 will meet a part of the expenses1 and the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education will supplement that amount to a minimum of #fe a month1 with the purpose of meeting all of your expenses for living1 clothing1 transportation1 tuition1 and incidentals4 ,it is the hope that this pamphlet may serve the double purpose of discouraging the incompetent and poorly equipped from entering the profession of law1 and of encouraging the competent and well equipped by strengthening the desires of such to enter the profession1 and by holding out to such the promise of ultimate success in the profession4 ,,plan ,no4 #aahd4 ,,electrical ,,construction1 ,,maintenance1 ,,and ,,repair ,,occupations ,,acknowledgment ,this monograph was prepared by ,terrell ,croft and ,l4 ,a4 ,emerson1 under direction of ,charles ,h4 ,winslow1 ,chief of the ,research ,division of the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education4 ,acknowledgment is due to ,dr4 ,john ,cummings1 of the ,research ,division1 for editorial assistance4 ,demand for electrical men is increasing constantly1 and a returned soldier1 whatever his disabilities and whether or not he has had previous experience1 will be able in nearly every case to find some electrical job which will be interesting to him and at which he can make good wages4 ,to describe occupational possibilities in different lines of electrical work1 the ,federal ,board has issued several monographs1 of which this is one4 ,if you desire to follow an electrical vocation1 and do not find discussed in this monograph the specific occupation in which you are interested1 obtain from a representative of the ,federal ,board one of the other publications dealing with electrical employments4 ,electrical construction1 repair1 and maintenance occupations discussed in this bulletin cover the following related activities3 ,electrical contracting and repairing4 ,plant and factory electrical maintenance4 ,electrical inspection4 ,work in storage battery service stations4 ,electrical automobile work4 ,vocational opportunities in each of these fields are described in some detail on the following pages4 ,,plan ,no4 #aahe4 ,,electrical ,,contracting ,,and ,,repairing ,a man or a company engaged in electrical contracting and repairing installs wiring1 generators1 motors1 and other electrical equipment in buildings4 ,some concerns install power plants complete4 ,the organization may also include a repair shop wherein are rehabilitated motors1 generators1 and similar devices4 ,frequently1 such companies have a retail store where energy-consuming devices1 such as fan motors1 sad irons1 electric heaters1 incandescent lamps1 and other similar articles are retailed to the public4 ,this merchandising feature is one of great importance because it affords a possibility of considerable additional income4 ,the organization which formerly called itself the 8,national ,electrical ,contractors' ,association0 has now adopted the name 8,national ,association of ,electrical ,contractors and ,dealers40 ,some firms do electrical construction only1 others electrical repairing only1 and still others merchandising only4 ,or one may combine in its business any two or all three of these activities4 ,often a contracting concern is a large company which does business in several cities4 ,again1 it may be a small corporation operating locally4 ,or it may be an individually owned business employing only a few men4 ,the several vocational groups which may be distinguished in the contracting and repairing business include 7a7 owners1 7b7 inside wiremen1 7c7 estimators1 7d7 salesmen1 7e7 general repairmen1 and 7f7 armature winders4 ,,plan ,no4 #aahf4 ,,owners ,an owner of an electrical contracting business is usually a man who has worked himself up from a position as wireman or salesman4 ,for success1 however1 it is not sufficient that the man be merely a good mechanic4 ,yearly1 hundreds of men set up for themselves in the electrical contracting business and1 while some succeed many fail1 principally because they are not good business men4 ,if a small contracting business is to prosper1 the owner should have a good working knowledge not alone of electrical construction1 but also of bookkeeping and selling4 ,pluck1 industry1 and honesty are prime essentials4 ,not all owners earn large incomes4 ,some1 in fact1 earn little if any more than a journeyman wireman1 who works for wages of from #fj to #abe per month4 ,for a returned soldier who has had electrical-construction experience1 and who possesses the requisite qualifications the field is promising4 ,it requires some capital at the start1 and the first years will practically always be lean ones4 ,a man who is entering or who is serving in the electrical contracting field as a workman may look forward1 if he has the proper capacity1 to some day owning a business of his own4 ,if he has this aspiration1 he should become interested in bookkeeping1 salesmanship1 advertising1 and in the technical aspects of the business1 such as electrical machinery installation and wiring4 ,,plan ,no4 #aahg4 ,,demand ,,for ,,installation ,,of ,,wiring ,wiring for electricity requires for its installation the services of many skilled men4 ,in cities and towns where electric-company service is available1 practically every house which is erected is wired4 ,out in the country1 also1 many farm buildings are now being wired4 ,furthermore1 while it was common practice a few years ago to arrange for only one light or outlet in each room1 the present tendency is to provide for several4 ,all of this is creating a demand for more wire men4 ,,plan ,no4 #aahh4 ,,signal ,,wiring ,in wiring for electric doorbells1 fire and burglar alarms1 and other so-called signaling circuits dry cells are ordinarily used to provide the voltage4 ,with this low pressure the fire risk is almost negligible4 ,while the signal wiring in a large factory or institution may be complicated1 in smaller buildings or residences it offers few difficult problems4 ,to install signal wire economically and properly1 however1 requires some skill and experience4 ,,plan ,no4 #aahi4 ,,light ,,and ,,power ,,wiring ,installation of light and power wiring is more skilled work4 ,on these circuits the electric pressure is always relatively high--#aaj volts or above--and there is the ever present danger to be guarded against of fire caused by short-circuiting4 ,not only may improperly installed wiring involve great fire hazard1 but it may involve life hazard also4 ,to minimize these dangers1 codes of rules indicating the proper and safe methods of installing wiring and electrical equipment have been formulated4 ,the ,national ,board of ,fire ,underwriters has prepared and revises periodically such a compilation of rules1 called the 8,national ,electrical ,code40 ,this1 or some modification of it1 is in force in practically all communities4 ,these rules specify the conditions under which wiring of certain types may be used and indicate rigid requirements for the protection of circuits and the installation of electrical machinery4 ,methods of wiring4--,the several methods of wiring include the following3 7a7 open wiring2 7b7 knob and tube wiring2 7c7 rigid conduit wiring2 7d7 flexible conduit wiring2 and 7e7 molding wiring4 ,open wiring was the earliest form4 ,it is the lowest in first cost and is1 if properly installed1 safe4 ,the insulated conductors are supported along the surfaces of the walls and ceilings on porcelain knobs or cleats4 ,in many factory buildings1 particularly in those of the wooden mill type construction1 much open wiring is used4 ,for this service it is economical and quite satisfactory4 ,the knob and tube method provides a concealed installation1 but is more expensive than the open type1 and is applicable only in frame buildings4 ,the wiring is placed while the structure is under construction4 ,where the conductors are carried along the sides of joists or other timbers1 they are supported on porcelain knobs4 ,where they pass through studs or other wooden members the holes are bushed with porcelain tubes4 ,the principal tools used in both knob and tube and in open wiring are the screw driver1 brace and bit1 knife1 saw1 soldering iron1 and blow torch4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaij4 ,,molding ,,wiring ,in molding wiring conductors are held in a flat wooden or metal molding screwed to the wall or ceiling surface4 ,wooden molding1 however1 is not now commonly used1 and in many cities its use is prohibited4 ,the metal molding which is superseding the older nonmetallic molding is small1 unobtrusive1 and readily installed4 ,it is used principally for extensions to existing wiring installations4 ,by its use the cutting of holes and channels in walls and ceilings1 which is necessary for the installation of concealed wiring1 is eliminated4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaia4 ,,steel ,,conduit ,,wiring ,this is the most expensive1 but the safest and best method4 ,in fireproof buildings it is used exclusively1 and in some communities wiring of other types is prohibited4 ,many frame buildings are now being wired with metal conduit1 either of the rigid or the flexible type4 ,rigid conduit is merely wrought iron or steel pipe of the usual trade dimensions1 which has been specially treated to prevent its corrosion and to render its interior smooth4 ,flexible steel conduit resembles metal hose in construction4 ,metal conduit is installed while the building is under construction1 and subsequently rubber-insulated conductors are pulled into it4 ,usually the conduit is concealed within floors and walls1 but it may be supported on surfaces4 ,in concrete construction buildings the conduit is embedded in the concrete1 being placed in the forms before the concrete is poured4 ,at outlets where the conductors must be carried from the conduit system to feed lights and switches1 steel or cast-iron outlet boxes are connected to the tubes4 ,pipe tools1 such as dies1 reamers1 hack saws1 drills1 and bending 8hickeys0 are used in working conduit4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaib4 ,,wiring ,,as ,,an ,,occupation ,wiring work is interesting and diversified4 ,some wiremen in the cities specialize on one type of work4 ,for example1 certain journeymen may ordinarily do nothing but conduit work day in and day out1 while others may do all sorts of installing4 ,some men specialize on power wiring for motors1 generators1 switchboards1 and similar equipment4 ,usually a wireman must rely on his own experience and judgment for the detailed layout of the wiring installation4 ,the architect's plans generally indicate merely the locations for the different lights1 switches1 motors1 and other devices4 ,the wireman must then plan his circuits so that these devices may be served with the minimum expenditure of time and material4 ,wiring of finished buildings1 that is to say of the structures which were not wired at the time they were built1 is almost a specialty in itself4 ,much of this work is done1 because the electric utility companies expend considerable effort in their endeavor to see to it that all buildings1 old and new1 are wired1 so that they may become possible customers4 ,in wiring finished buildings much ingenuity may be exercised by the wireman in routing of conductors through the structure so as to insure the least removal of flooring and cutting of walls4 ,qualifications of wiremen4--,requirements for wiring are determined to a large extent by the special line or lines of the activity taken up4 ,while some wiring work requires little physical exertion1 often considerable lifting and pulling is necessary4 ,the necessary boring1 sawing1 and bending all require strength and endurance4 ,also it may be necessary to climb from floor to floor of buildings under construction4 ,some of the jobs may be in heated inclosed buildings1 but the bulk of it is in structures under construction which are open to the weather4 ,as to technical qualifications1 a good wireman should be able to read the architects' blue prints1 which specify the panel box and outlet locations1 and he should be able to route his conductors properly4 ,this requires that he have some general knowledge of electrical circuits1 and be quite familiar with wiring methods and wiring code requirements4 ,often the wireman must order his own material for a job4 ,hence1 he should be able to select and specify this intelligently4 ,it follows that there is little opportunity in cities for a person who has had no previous experience or wiring training to immediately assume the duties of a journeyman wireman4 ,but each wireman usually has working with him a helper4 ,a helper can start with little or no previous experience1 and work up4 ,as in practically all other vocations1 some theoretical and practical training will be of great value1 and such training a prospective wireman can obtain at a trade school4 ,wages of wiremen4--,compensation varies in different communities and with the skill of the workman4 ,in practically all cities wiremen are unionized1 but not usually in the smaller towns4 ,an eight-hour day with time and a half for overtime prevails4 ,in the cities the rate per day for a journeyman wireman will vary from #d4hj to #f4dj1 and in the smaller towns from #c4fj to #d4hj4 ,in cities a helper will receive from #b4hj to #d1 and in the smaller towns from #b to #d4dj4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaic4 ,,estimators ,estimators in electrical contractors' organizations compile estimates of the labor and material required and the cost thereof1 for each job on which a bid is to be submitted by the contractor4 ,on the basis of this cost of time and material the estimator determines the price which is quoted to the prospective purchaser4 ,most successful estimators are men who have worked at the wiring trade and thereby appreciate how much work can be accomplished under given conditions in a given time4 ,cost of material can readily be determined with accuracy1 but to estimate closely the cost of labor--the time that will be consumed in putting in the job--requires experience and judgment4 ,a returned soldier who has had previous electrical construction experience but whose physical qualifications are such that he can no longer do heavy work1 should be able to qualify ultimately as an estimator4 ,it may be that before he actually accepts such a position1 he should have some supplementary theoretical training in a trade school in drawing1 mathematics1 and electrical theory4 ,but after he has this training and some estimating practice he should1 if his natural qualifications adapt him for the work1 be able to do well at it4 ,the work is mostly indoors1 although the estimators sometimes visit sites of jobs under construction4 ,the work is usually eight hours a day1 and the salary may range from #ajj to #bej per month4 ,a competent estimator may make a great deal of money for his concern and an incompetent one can lose much more4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaid4 ,,salesmen ,a salesman for an electrical contracting business may be either an inside man or an outside man1 or combine inside and outside duties4 ,an inside or store salesman will sell the various electrical appliances and devices which the contractor may stock4 ,such may include electric fans1 electric-washing machines1 small motors1 irons1 heaters1 incandescent lamps1 and similar devices and material4 ,he should be well informed as to the uses and applications of this equipment1 and he should also be competent to advise prospective customers about any wiring and the cost thereof1 which may be required for the installation of the equipment4 ,outside salesmen are frequently assigned territories or districts which they are expected to cover and from which they obtain orders for about the same equipment and services as do the inside men4 ,their work is somewhat similar to that of an electric-company solicitor4 ,this sales work offers attractive possibilities for returned soldiers who have had some previous electrical experience1 and whose physical disabilities are such that they can no longer do heavy work4 ,while technical knowledge is an extremely valuable asset to a salesman1 the essential qualification of a man who is selling anything is that he have the 8selling instinct40 ,he should like to meet people of all sorts1 and feel at ease when talking to them4 ,for a man who has the qualifications1 the opportunities for him in sales work are probably better than those in any other line4 ,if a man can get around and see and talk to people1 hear what they have to say1 and write1 he should be able to qualify physically for this work4 ,many salesmen earn very moderate salaries1 but others command very high ones4 ,the compensation depends very largely on the man4 ,often it is on a salary and commission basis4 ,in this selling work1 a man may expect to earn from #gj to #aej per month1 or even more1 depending upon his abilities and application4 ,sometimes a man may combine the duties of salesman and estimator4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaie4 ,,general ,,repairmen ,general repairmen of a contracting company must be versatile4 ,they are the 8trouble shooters0 for the company1 and may be called upon to locate trouble in1 and to repair burned-out motors1 worn or damaged controllers1 and many different sorts in interior electrical installations4 ,they should be able to judge whether a machine needs a new bearing1 or rewinding1 or what4 ,frequently the repairs must be made to the equipment in the building where it is installed1 since it may not be practical to remove it to the shop4 ,a repairman may also have advantageously some knowledge of armature winding1 although his duties ordinarily are to handle only the troubles which can be corrected with the expenditure of comparatively little time4 ,the repairman's most necessary qualification is the ability to locate a trouble quickly1 and either remedy it at once1 or recommend authoritatively such action as is necessary for permanent repair4 ,this requires resourcefulness and a good understanding of the operating characteristics of electrical machines and devices of all sorts4 ,jobs involving the rewinding of machine are generally sent to the shop and handled by an armature winder1 as described in the following paragraph4 ,a general repairman may expect compensation ranging from #hj to #abe per month4 ,the day is usually eight hours4 ,some time is spent outside traveling from job to job1 and the remainder inside4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaif4 ,,armature ,,winders ,armature winders are now employed by many of the electrical contracting companies in their repair departments4 ,some concerns make a specialty of and do no other work except the winding and rewinding of electrical machines4 ,to become a competent armature winder1 a man must have a great deal of experience1 which can be acquired only in the shop4 ,however1 a trade school course in this vocation will be of great assistance1 and should increase materially the rate of a man's advance and his ultimate earning capacity4 ,it is impossible for one to do armature winding intelligently without some knowledge of electrical theory4 ,without it he may be able to work along like a machine1 but unless he possesses some of this theoretical information he will not know why he is doing certain things certain ways and will never be competent to act independently4 ,an individual can start as an armature winder's helper at making and taping coils with little or no previous experience1 and can from this position gradually acquire an extended working knowledge of armature winding4 ,in an electrical repair shop1 the armature winder must work on machines of many different types4 ,it is often necessary for him to do lifting1 and he must have full use of his fingers4 ,he may be compelled to stand at his work for long periods4 ,a lack of hearing is not a material detriment1 and the blind have been taught to do this work successfully4 ,men with certain minor disablements can qualify for this service4 ,the work is almost wholly indoors1 although it may occasionally be necessary to work on a machine in a building which is under construction and open to the weather4 ,an eight-hour day prevails4 ,in cities the vocation is largely unionized4 ,an armature winder helper or apprentice will receive from #bj to #dj cents per hour2 a journeyman1 from #fj to #ge cents per hour2 and a superintendent1 from #aej to #bej per month4 ,expert1 rapid armature winders for coal1 steel1 and similar companies often receive as much as #bjj a month4 ,time and a half is paid for overtime4 ,usually the jobs in these repair shops are steady1 the men being retained in slack times at routine work of some sort or other4 ,a competent electrical machine repair personnel is difficult to assemble1 and when a repair shop has acquired one1 it takes precautions to provide the men with steady work so that they will not leave4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaig4 ,,plant ,,and ,,factory ,,electrical ,,maintenance ,nearly all factories of any consequence now employ electrical power distribution4 ,electrical energy is produced economically in a centrally located generating station and is distributed by the wiring throughout the plant wherever power is required4 ,in the many plants in this country great numbers of electric motors drive the machines4 ,thousands of incandescent lamps are utilized for lighting4 ,also electrical energy may be used for electroplating1 galvanizing1 welding1 heating1 and other services4 ,for the installation and upkeep of all this equipment1 thousands of electrical maintenance men are required4 ,the work of an electrician in a paper mill may1 in detail1 be quite different from that required of one in an office building or in a printing establishment4 ,yet each of these is an electrical maintenance man4 ,duties of maintenance men4--,these are extremely diversified4 ,a good maintenance man must be a broad-gauge fellow having on tap a lot of electrical experience and information4 ,the repair of minor electrical troubles or motors and other equipment are always under his charge4 ,much of the work consists of 8trouble shooting10 that is of locating and correcting electrical difficulties of various sorts4 ,fuses blown due to sudden overload may have to be replaced4 ,loose connections may have to be tightened4 ,possibly a machine may for no apparent cause refuse to start4 ,then the electrician must at once locate the trouble and repair it1 or arrange for the installation of a substitute machine while the faulty one is sent to the shop4 ,often also he may be called upon to install new wiring and equipment4 ,in some plants the electrical maintenance department may also rewind armatures4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaih4 ,,qualifications ,,of ,,plant ,,and ,,maintenance ,,electricians ,maintenance work involves not alone a good understanding of electrical practice but also1 for the first-class man1 a knowledge of the industry and its manufacturing processes4 ,the electrician should be sufficiently familiar with the machinery in the plant to determine quickly whether a trouble lies in the motor or in the driven machine4 ,in many plants1 where continuous process production prevails1 those of the steel industry for example1 time is an extremely important factor4 ,the shut-down of one machine may render idle several hundred men and clog the operation of the entire factory4 ,efficiency naturally increases with experience in the given plant4 ,an electrician who has the ability to replace in service1 in minimum time1 an inoperative machine should and does receive high compensation4 ,a fair degree of physical ability is required for this work1 because the electrician may in the course of his regular duties have to do many different kinds of jobs4 ,sometimes the removal of a motor requires lifting4 ,the installation of heavy conductors requires pulling4 ,on the other hand1 much of the work1 such as the replacing of fuses or the installation of electric light wiring1 necessitates but little physical exertion4 ,while many plant electricians have acquired all they know solely through experience1 theoretical training will enable a man to progress quickly and to increase his earning capacity4 ,the work is largely indoors1 although some of it is outside in the plant yards and in open buildings4 ,in many of the plants an eight-hour day prevails but there are still some where the men work #i or #aj or even #ab hours on the night shift4 ,the work is very steady4 ,if the plant shuts down the electricians are ordinarily employed during the nonoperating period on such reconstruction and maintenance as can not be effected conveniently while the plant is running4 ,,plan ,no4 #aaii4 ,,promotion ,in some of the large steel and other manufacturing plants1 electricians who have risen to the position of chief electrician earn as much as #cjj or more monthly4 ,such a job involves ability to handle successfully many electricians1 and to 8keep the plant going0 at minimum cost4 ,frequently men start in a plant as wireman's helpers or as motor tenders1 for which little knowledge or experience is necessary4 ,as the beginner gradually becomes familiar with the equipment and the processes of the industry he may be advanced to more responsible and remunerative work4 ,a man commencing factory electrical maintenance work as a motor tender or wireman's helper may expect to earn from #ej to #hj per month4 ,an experienced plant trouble man may command from #hj to #age or more per month4 ,,plan ,no4 #abjj4 ,,electrical ,,inspection ,nearly all electrical installations are now subject to inspection4 ,most fire-insurance policies provide that electrical work in the insured building must be installed in accordance with the ,national ,electrical ,code1 and insurance may be refused on any building not wired in accordance with the code4 ,sometimes in the country districts1 installations are not inspected1 but in the cities and in most industrial plants periodical inspections are made4 ,many cities have wiring codes of their own1 which are enforced by ordinance and which are based on and are in general similar to the ,national ,electrical ,code4 ,to insure that the code rules are observed it is in most cities required that the wiring1 fixtures1 motors1 and other electrical equipment be inspected by a municipal or an insurance inspector before electric service is given4 ,large industrial plants located outside the cities are examined by insurance inspectors4 ,duties of inspectors4--,the duties of the inspector are to scrutinize work in detail and1 if it is properly installed1 to approve it and recommend that a certificate of inspection therefor be issued4 ,if it is not in accordance with the code1 he suggests the necessary alterations4 ,upon the issuance of an inspection certificate1 the local electric company is authorized to give service4 ,to handle his duties effectively1 an inspector should have an extensive knowledge of electrical construction4 ,furthermore1 he must be familiar with the wiring rules specified by local ordinance or by the code4 ,the rules relate to signal systems1 lighting circuits1 power wiring1 installation of motors and generators1 high-tension machinery1 transformers1 switchboards1 substations1 and the like4 ,in every municipal underwriters' inspection organization1 it is often necessary to make rulings relating to features of electrical work which are encountered infrequently and which are1 therefore1 not covered in detail in the regular printed rules4 ,the inspector must also be familiar with these4 ,in other words1 he must know after inspecting a job whether or not it has been installed in accordance with the 8,code0 under which he is working4 ,ordinarily this knowledge can be obtained satisfactorily only through extended experience in electrical construction4 ,opportunities for disabled men4--,possibilities offered by electrical inspection for returned soldiers are very promising4 ,the inspector spends probably half of his time out of doors and half indoors in finished buildings4 ,in the larger cities1 inspectors are usually provided with motor cars so that they can move quickly from job to job4 ,little physical exertion is required1 and there is no lifting or pulling4 ,but an inspector should be able to climb around buildings under construction1 and into attics4 ,both hands are required for testing1 but one arm may be artificial4 ,a returned soldier who has had previous electrical-construction experience1 but who because of some physical disability can not follow his old vocation1 should find electrical inspection a means of earning a good livelihood at interesting work4 ,the work is normally eight hours per day1 with ,saturday afternoons off but1 since the men are usually paid monthly salaries1 sometimes they will do little work on one day and have to spend overtime on the next4 ,theoretical training in a school which teaches electric wiring is very desirable for a man who has not made a study of the code requirements4 ,the salary for an inspector will range from #ajj to #age per month4 ,a chief inspector to whom several men report may receive from #aej to #bej per month and possibly more4 ,in some cities the wiring inspectors must be members of the wireman's union and receive the prevailing rate of pay for wiremen4 ,,plan ,no4 #abja4 ,,work ,,in ,,storage-,,battery ,,service ,,stations ,thousands of automobile electric service stations are now in operation1 while a few years ago there were none4 ,this phenomenal development has been due to the increase in the use of automobiles and to the popularity of electric-starting systems4 ,many stations specialize on only one component of the starting equipment1 as for example the storage battery4 ,storage-battery stations have become so necessary that almost every city has at least one station which handles exclusively storage batteries4 ,it charges1 repairs1 or rebuilds the batteries as occasion demands4 ,since the service station is becoming an established and rapidly growing institution1 it affords many promising openings4 ,a storage-battery service station should be equipped for handling battery work of all kinds4 ,often because of a defective switch or some similar trouble a battery will run down4 ,then it is brought to the station to be recharged4 ,in the station specially designed equipment is utilized so that a number of batteries can be charged simultaneously4 ,the workman who directs the charging department arranges the battery on the bench and connects it into the circuit with others1 all of which may be recharged simultaneously4 ,as the batteries become charged1 certain chemical actions occur4 ,the density of the acid solution changes1 and by observing with a hydrometer the specific gravity of the solution1 the battery man knows when to disconnect the cells from the line4 ,on the service floor where the cars are driven in for examination or adjustments are the inspectors who are familiar with the general performance of storage cells4 ,often an inspector must locate causes of a trouble which does not originate in the battery1 but which is due to a defect in some other element of the system4 ,he must be able to diagnose quickly the difficulty and its origin and to recommend the corrective action necessary4 ,work of this character demands men with battery and general automobile experience4 ,they should be familiar with all of the motor car electrical equipment4 ,a detailed account of service station work is given in the monograph on 8,automobile maintenance and service40 ,in the repair shop worn batteries are rebuilt and damaged batteries are repaired4 ,in the repairing process1 often the only thing required is the replacement of the wooden separators which separate the lead plates of the cell4 ,these separators rot quickly when a battery is mistreated1 a short circuit results1 and this1 if not promptly remedied1 will ruin the battery4 ,other trouble cases may be caused by the plates having become 8worn10 either through a long period of normal service or because of abuse4 ,a worn battery can by utilizing the old jars be rehabilitated by substituting new plates and separators for the old4 ,when a question arises as to whether it will be best to repair a cell1 or to replace the plates1 or to substitute a new cell1 the repair man should be able to judge accurately as to the most economical procedure4 ,in repairing a cell the sealing compound is removed by heating1 and the lead straps which effect the electrical connection between the various cells of the battery are drilled or cut off4 ,the element1 as the group of plates is called1 is then taken out4 ,if the plates are in poor condition they are thrown away1 new ones are substituted1 and new wood separators are inserted4 ,the jar is washed1 the plates and element replaced1 and the covers sealed on the cells4 ,finally the connectors are burned securely to the posts4 ,lead burning by the hydrogen or acetylene torch is necessary in connecting cells4 ,this requires great skill4 ,a man must usually do battery work for a considerable period before he becomes a competent lead burner4 ,after the battery is sealed1 it is filled with a new sulphuric-acid solution and placed 8on charge40 ,when readings of the hydrometer and voltmeter indicate that it is fully charged1 it is delivered to its owner or is placed in stock4 ,it appears that the demand for men in this vocation has never been satisfied4 ,some of the work requires physical exertion because the heavy batteries must be lifted on and off the charging bench4 ,in the charging room the air may be permeated with sulphuric-acid fumes4 ,these are irritating to the nostrils of some individuals but do not seem to affect others4 ,the workman should be familiar with the action of batteries and with electrical circuits as well4 ,he should be able to observe readings of meters1 thermometers1 and hygrometers4 ,to become a skilled battery repairman1 considerable practical experience on the job is necessary4 ,however1 a beginner with little experience can start in as a helper and gradually work up in the trade4 ,some theoretical training will be of great assistance4 ,it can be obtained in the storage-battery departments of those schools which have automobile courses4 ,the work as a rule is eight hours4 ,the compensation of a beginner or helper will range from #fj to #hj per month2 an all-around experienced battery man will receive from #hj to #abe per month1 and a foreman in charge of a shop may receive from #ajj to #bjj per month4 ,there is always the possibility that a man following this work can branch out into a service business for himself4 ,,plan ,no4 #abjb4 ,,electrical ,,automobile ,,work ,the automobile repair men who are receiving highest wages to-day are those who are familiar with the electrical as well as the mechanical equipment4 ,electrical starting and lighting is now regarded as so essential and has been adopted so universally that a large number of men are employed exclusively in its maintenance4 ,the demand appears greatly to exceed the supply4 ,many garages are seeking constantly thoroughly qualified automobile electricians4 ,they are willing and expect to pay good wages to well-qualified men4 ,probably some of the best possibilities in the automobile field to-day are waiting for specialists in electrical starting and lighting equipment4 ,necessary qualifications for an automobile electrician are that he be thoroughly familiar with the electrical equipment1 and also with the operation of the car as a whole4 ,to diagnose a case of electrical trouble1 it is usually necessary first to determine what effect it has on the general operation of the car4 ,this requires a knowledge of the valves1 timing1 and many other elements4 ,obviously such a specialist should be able to disassemble the electrical equipment1 and to effect such adjustments in it as may be required4 ,some acquaintance with electrical theory is of great assistance4 ,an extended knowledge will prove a paying asset1 because of the greater ultimate compensation which it will insure its owner4 ,much of this information can be acquired through practical experience in the shop1 but a large part can be secured only through study at home or in a suitable school4 ,repair men should understand the principles of the magneto1 induction coil1 generator1 regulator1 starting motor1 condenser1 and the like4 ,they should appreciate how these principles are utilized in the normal operation of the equipment4 ,frequently a service station will specialize on one type of equipment4 ,its work may comprise only coil repairing1 or magneto work1 or motor repairing4 ,in a shop which assumes repairs of all kinds there may be1 in addition to the three branches just enumerated1 also motor and generator work1 storage battery repairing1 light wiring1 and other special lines4 ,electrical automobile work offers a very promising field for the returned soldier who is familiar with automobile repairs in general1 but who because of some disability is not competent to do heavy work4 ,with his background of general automobile repair knowledge1 and with the theoretical training in practical electricity which he may acquire through a ,federal ,board course1 rapid progress should be possible4 ,the opportunity is there1 and the man who likes and is qualified for this vocation1 a very satisfactory reward is awaiting4 ,the work is usually eight hours4 ,most of it is indoors1 but sometimes it must be done outside4 ,a beginner or helper1 who is not expected to do much work without supervision1 may expect to receive from #fj to #hj per month2 a competent experienced repairman will probably receive from #hj to #aej2 and an expert or foreman from #abe to #bjj4 ,employment is steady because a concern which has obtained and trained good men endeavors to keep them week in and week out4 ,there is always the possibility1 for an individual who understands this work1 of starting an electrical automobile repair business for himself4 ,see monograph on 8,automobile maintenance and service40 ,,plan ,no4 #abjc4 ,,electrical ,,employments ,,with ,,utility ,,companies ,,acknowledgment ,this monograph was prepared by ,terrell ,croft and ,l4 ,a4 ,emerson1 under direction of ,charles ,h4 ,winslow1 ,chief of the ,research ,division of the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education4 ,acknowledgment is due to ,dr4 ,john ,cummings of the ,research ,division1 for editorial assistance4 ,if a man who was doing electrical work before his enlistment has a natural liking for it his tendency will and should ordinarily be to return to it when he resumes his place in civil life4 ,for the inexperienced man also there are many opportunities4 ,the necessary qualifications and the duties are exceedingly diverse4 ,hence whatever disabilities a man may have incurred1 he can in all probability find some electrical employment at which he can earn an adequate livelihood4 ,it may very well be advantageous for him to take an electrical course at ,government expense before he starts practical work4 ,the demand for electric men is increasing constantly4 ,this monograph is written to outline in a general way the possibilities of employment with utility companies in electrical pursuits4 ,utility companies include3 ,electric light and power companies4 ,electric railway companies4 ,telephone companies4 ,steam railroads4 ,the desirability of some theoretical training for electrical workers should be appreciated4 ,a soldier who is returning to civil life may be able to obtain work at some electrical vocation whether or not he has had previous experience in this line1 and may be able to earn a good living4 ,but any man who has not had theoretical training1 whether or not he has had electrical experience1 can increase very materially his future prospects and earning capacity by taking such training before he begins practical work4 ,the probable tendency of the average man will be to get a job as soon as possible4 ,he should think carefully before he does this4 ,why8 ,because statistics show that men who have had some theoretical training earn considerably more in the long run than those who have not4 ,this is true particularly in electrical work4 ,electrical constructions and operations appear very complicated to one who does not understand the fundamentals1 but to one who does1 these things are relatively simple4 ,some theoretical knowledge enables an individual to proceed independently1 without detailed supervision1 and his earning capacity is increased accordingly4 ,the man who has had theoretical training will not only earn more money1 but he will have more agreeable work1 and the probability of his being promoted to responsible jobs1 such as foremanships1 are much greater4 ,endeavor to select a specialty and to become proficient in some field which is not overcrowded1 and in which the demand for trained men will probably increase4 ,there is always a call for men who are better equipped1 as to experience and training1 than the average fellow1 and specialists in lines which are not overcrowded earn good wages4 ,a most effective arrangement under which a man may receive his theoretical training is one whereby he spends alternately part of his time in a school1 and part doing actual work in the industry at the vocation which he has selected4 ,thus he receives simultaneously theoretical instruction and practical experience4 ,probably1 a real working knowledge is acquired more rapidly in this way than in any other4 ,several of the ,federal ,board schools are equipped to provide instructional training of this character4 ,the rates of pay in public-utility work are often not as high as in manufacturing or certain other lines of endeavor4 ,but to offset this the employment is very steady4 ,furthermore1 the working conditions are often more satisfactory than in other companies4 ,it is an established policy of practically all utility companies to 8take good care0 of their employees4 ,many such companies maintain sickness and death benefit associations for employees4 ,some companies assume the entire expense of such associations while in others each employee contributes regularly small dues and the company also contributes4 ,many utilities pay pensions to their older men1 and frequently free medical attendance and legal advice are provided4 ,some concerns maintain building and loan associations4 ,others operate profit-sharing plans1 or sell stock at low rates and on the installment plan to their people4 ,employment managers are now found in all large organizations4 ,their function is to hire the right men for the right jobs4 ,returned soldiers who are familiar with the industry but are physically disqualified from pursuing their old vocation may qualify for this service4 ,it requires practically no physical exertion but much head work4 7,see monograph on 8,employment ,management407 ,,plan ,no4 #abjd4 ,,electric ,,light ,,and ,,power ,,companies ,an electric light and power company is a corporation which generates and sells electrical energy for lighting and power4 ,because of the economies which result in the generation of electrical energy in large central stations1 the demand upon these power companies is continually increasing4 ,they can usually develop energy1 transmit it over their lines1 and sell it to the customer cheaper than he can1 in his relatively small plant1 develop it for himself4 ,however1 very large factories or plants may require such large power stations that they can generate for themselves cheaper than they can buy4 ,to provide this central-station service1 the stations and lines must be built2 energy must be generated in the central station1 transmitted over the lines to the consumer1 and metered at the consumer's premises4 ,hence1 men of many vocations are required4 ,the different departments of an electric company1 into which a large concern of this character is ordinarily subdivided include3 ,manufacturing or power department4 ,construction or distribution department4 ,meter department4 ,sales department4 ,engineering department ,accounting department4 ,in addition there may be a 8purchasing and stores department0 and a 8garage department40 ,but these will not be discussed specifically herein because the vocations involved are not1 essentially1 electrical4 ,manufacturing or power department4--,this department operates the steam or water power generating stations which develop the electrical energy4 ,where small substations1 which transform the energy received from the large stations1 are required these may also be under the jurisdiction of the manufacturing department4 ,it handles the maintenance and operation of boilers1 steam engines1 turbines1 generators1 rotary converters1 switchboards1 and all power 8manufacturing0 equipment4 ,in the steam division of the power department work about the station which requires no skill1 such as handling of coal1 removal of ashes1 washing of boilers1 and similar tasks1 is performed by laborers4 ,in this division are employed also water tenders and engineers4 ,in the electrical division operators and their assistants maintain and operate the electrical equipment in the station4 ,this includes generators1 motors1 rotary converters1 switchboard1 and the like4 ,switchboards must often be quite elaborate4 ,this is necessary to provide for the proper electrical interconnection between the various machines in the plant1 and the outgoing lines which feed the substations and the customer's premises4 ,a principal duty of a station operator is to 8tend0 the switchboard1 operating the switches and devices on it as may be necessary4 ,in general the control of all the electrical apparatus in the station is effected from the switchboard1 by which machines are started and stopped1 and circuits cut in and out4 ,switchboard operating in the power department4--,the qualifications of a switchboard operator are that he be familiar with the use and operation of the different machines and electrical equipment in the station4 ,particularly he should be familiar with the switchboard4 ,he should understand something of electrical theory4 ,the requisite training is obtained often by men working up from the ranks1 through experience in the station4 ,however1 such knowledge can be acquired much more quickly and readily if one has had a short course in electricity such as that which may be obtained at a ,federal ,board school4 ,ability to handle the more important duties of these positions must1 however1 be acquired by experience on the job4 ,a disabled man who can hear1 see1 move about1 and throw switches quickly may develop into a good station operator4 ,the work is not heavy1 and it is indoor work4 ,sometimes the shifts are #ab hours1 but the tendency is toward eight-hour shifts4 ,promotions are from assistant operator to operator1 and then to chief operator4 ,the salary for an operator will range from #hj to #abe per month4 ,a man who is familiar with steam as well as with electrical equipment will be qualified for promotion to the responsible position of chief engineer4 ,,plan ,no4 #abje4 ,,line ,,construction ,,or ,,distribution ,,department ,this department builds the lines1 either overhead or underground1 which convey the electrical energy from the generating station to the substations and to the consumers4 ,it also maintains the lines and for this work there may be a separate maintenance division of the construction department4 ,the work is almost wholly out of doors4 ,it involves the setting of poles1 placing of cross arms1 stringing of wire1 building of underground-conduit systems and manholes1 erection of switchboards1 and installation of inside wiring4 ,the labor is usually strenuous4 ,however1 some of the work1 such as inspecting1 planning1 drafting1 and supervision requires little physical effort4 ,men having minor disablements1 particularly if they have had previous experience in construction work1 should be able to qualify4 ,in this1 as in all other electrical branches1 it will be found a paying proposition to take a short theoretical course before resuming practical work4 ,construction departments usually work eight hours a day1 although in some companies a nine-hour or even a ten-hour day is the rule4 ,a construction inspector will receive a salary ranging from #ij to #abe per month1 foreman from #ajj to #age1 and a draftsman from #fj to #aej4 ,an inspector1 if he has sufficient experience and also the ability to handle men1 can often become foreman4 ,the work is very steady4 ,if bad weather prevents outside operation1 they are given indoor work4 ,,plan ,no4 #abjf4 ,,meter ,,department ,installation1 removal1 testing1 and repair of the meters which measure consumed electrical energy is the work of the meter department4 ,after a meter has been installed in a building it should be tested periodically to insure its continued accuracy4 ,these periodical tests are made on the customer's premises4 ,if the instrument is shown to be inaccurate it is replaced by one which is accurate1 and is taken to the repair shop for overhauling4 ,thus the meter department does some of its work outside and some in the shop4 ,in the larger companies the men who test the meters in the customer's buildings ordinarily do nothing else4 ,a different group of men repair and test the meters in the shop4 ,with the smaller companies the same men or man may have to do both the inside and outside work4 ,the outside meter tester should be familiar with wiring practice1 understand the connections necessary in installing meters and how to test them4 ,a meter tester frequently has a helper who can start at this work with very little electrical knowledge or experience4 ,this is primarily outdoor work1 and is suitable for a returned soldier whose disabilities require that he have considerable open-air exercise4 ,the hours are eight or nine a day4 ,the wages of a helper vary from #ej to #gf and of a tester from #gj to #abe per month4 ,in the meter-repair shop the returned meters are dismantled1 cleaned1 repaired1 readjusted1 and retested4 ,this work is in reality a branch of electrical instrument repairing and manufacturing4 ,it requires dexterous workmanship and accurate handling4 ,men in the meter-repair department are usually those who have been outside meter testers4 ,they understand1 in addition to installation and testing1 something of meter construction and manufacture4 ,wages for an inside meter tester range from #hj to #aej4 ,the position of meter department foreman or superintendent1 for which a competent meter man may after a number of years of experience qualify1 pays from #abe to #ahj monthly4 ,in meter departments of large companies there is some bench work which can be done by a man who has the use of his hands and eyes1 even though he be otherwise materially disabled4 ,soldiers who have had previous electrical experience or who like to manipulate fine instruments and tools should be able to handle effectively some of this work4 ,,plan ,no4 #abjg4 ,,sales ,,department ,as its name implies1 this department obtains customers who consume electrical energy4 ,such light and small appliance business as does not come unsolicited is secured by solicitors4 ,each solicitor is ordinarily assigned a certain district4 ,to be a success at selling1 a man must first of all be competent to meet tactfully people of all types4 ,furthermore1 he should be familiar with electric lighting requirements and rates1 so that he can discuss these with prospective customers and advise them authoritatively4 ,experience1 however1 has shown that men with no previous electrical training can1 provided they have the 8selling instinct10 be trained in a few weeks so that they can strike out for themselves and procure lighting contracts4 ,probably selling pays better1 considering the relatively small amount of technical training that it requires1 than does any other branch of public-utility work4 ,solicitors are frequently paid on a salary and commission basis4 ,their incomes may range from #fj to #aej or more a month4 ,the field is an attractive one for men whose disabilities will permit of their entering it4 ,such technical training for solicitors as is absolutely necessary is usually furnished by the company which proposes to employ them1 but all of the electrical education that a man can acquire will be of material value4 ,by all means take a theoretical electrical course if you can4 ,the job of the power-sales engineer is to solicit contracts for power loads for the central station4 ,considerable engineering training is necessary for effective work4 ,the man should be familiar with steam and gasoline power-plant installations4 ,he should know how to apply effectively electric motors in the different branches of industry4 ,furthermore1 he must meet people easily and be able to express his ideas accurately4 ,in other words1 he also should have the selling temperament4 ,a man who has had considerable electrical experience and possesses the other qualifications can easily prepare for this vocation4 ,the company which engages him will1 usually1 train him for it4 ,ordinarily1 a salary and commission are paid4 ,the income may range from #hj to #bej per month or more4 ,while solicitors and salesmen are supposed to work about #h hours a day their time is1 in one sense1 their own4 ,little attention is given to the number of hours the man puts in1 provided he obtains a reasonable amount of business4 ,some of the visits to prospective customers must be made in the evening1 or possibly on ,sundays4 ,on the other hand1 it occurs not infrequently that a salesman may go to a ball game on a ,tuesday afternoon1 his salary continuing meanwhile4 ,,plan ,no4 #abjh4 ,,engineering ,,department ,this department of an electric company is responsible for the design and construction of the system as a whole4 ,a chief engineer is the executive head4 ,to assist him there are assistant engineers1 inspectors1 and draftsmen4 ,the chief engineer and his principal assistants are1 ordinarily1 men of mature years and much experience4 ,hence1 there is little possibility of a returned soldier qualifying for one of these positions unless he has previously done similar work4 ,but there are opportunities to start in the engineering department as inspectors or draftsmen4 ,the inspectors are 8outside0 men4 ,much of their work is in the open4 ,they compile information and reports on engineering projects1 on work which is under way1 or which has been completed4 ,these notes are utilized in the office in the preparation of drawings and specifications which show the construction departments what to do and how to do it4 ,the draftsmen make the drawings from which the blueprints for construction jobs are reproduced4 ,any man who has had previous electrical construction experience and who can get around outside and see1 hear1 and write1 should be able to qualify for an engineering inspector's position4 ,the future offers him the possibility of becoming an assistant engineer4 ,engineering drafting offers inviting opportunities for disabled men because much of the work can be done by a person who can sit at a drawing table and use his hands and eyes4 ,lack of speech and hearing are not insurmountable handicaps because directions can be given and questions asked in writing4 ,there are some one-handed draftsmen4 ,frequently a draftsman has a job assigned to him and is then left to himself to work it out4 ,he may not speak to or be spoken to by any one for half a day at a time4 ,another feature of drafting work which in this connection is important1 is that it is possible to utilize men of all grades of ability1 provided they have some knowledge of mechanical drawing4 ,if a man can make a fairly good tracing1 even if he knows nothing whatever of design1 he can be very useful4 ,he can gradually acquire that knowledge of the principles which is necessary to develop him into a draftsman-designer or an engineer4 ,it is1 however1 essential that1 at the start1 the candidate know a little about mechanical drawing4 ,concerns do not usually care to break in a man who has no knowledge whatever of this subject4 ,such elementary knowledge as is required may be obtained by taking a ,federal ,board short course4 ,men in the engineering department work about eight or nine hours a day4 ,a tracer beginning at the work may earn from #cj to #fj per month4 ,after a man can do some designing he may earn from #fj to #abe per month1 depending upon his experience and ability4 ,if a draftsman develops into a designer or assistant engineer he may expect from #abe to #bjj per month or more4 ,,plan ,no4 #abji4 ,,accounting ,,department ,this department is responsible for the meter reading1 billing1 collections1 and similar commercial features of the business4 ,the work is clerical and statistical in character4 ,,plan ,no4 #abaj4 ,,electric-,,railway ,,systems ,the departmental organization of electric-railway systems varies4 ,large companies have more departments than small ones and probably no two companies are organized on precisely the same plan4 ,however1 there are certain functions which must be performed by every company and a typical arrangement for a comparatively large system is the following3 ,power department4 ,mechanical department4 ,transportation department4 ,maintenance of way department4 ,line department4 ,engineering department4 ,building department4 ,each of these departments has its executive head1 its subordinate officers1 and its workmen and mechanics4 ,,power ,,department ,the power department is responsible for production of electrical energy required for operation4 ,it is directed by an engineer of power4 ,the duties of the department and of the men employed in it are practically identical with those of the power department of an electric-light and power company1 which have been already discussed4 ,,mechanical ,,department ,a master mechanic directs the mechanical department of a street-railway company4 ,this department repairs and may build cars used on the system of which there may be a number of types1 including passenger cars of several designs1 mail cars1 baggage cars1 and work cars used by the maintenance department4 ,for the repair and construction of this equipment there are required1 in addition to the electricians1 woodworkers1 sheet metal men1 machinists1 pipe fitters1 welders1 pattern makers1 blacksmiths1 and painters4 ,a street railway electrical shop has duties rather different from those of the usual repair shop4 ,most of the repairs are on motors of a very few sizes4 ,furthermore1 nearly all are series wound and are for operation on direct current of #fjj volts4 ,much of the work comprises the rewinding of armatures4 ,burned out copper coils are stripped from the core1 and the slots are prepared for new coils4 ,these are placed in a proper sequence and the free ends are soldered to the commutator bars4 ,next1 band wires which maintain the coils in position are wound on4 ,then the armature is mounted in a lathe where the commutator is turned down and finished ready for operation4 ,,plan ,no4 #abaa4 ,,armature ,,repairing--,,mechanical ,,department ,armature repairing is done with the armature held in a rack about the height of an ordinary workbench4 ,thus the armature winder is required to stand while working1 sometimes for considerable periods4 ,it is essential that he have good feet and legs4 ,it is also necessary that he have the use of most of his fingers4 ,repairing an armature requires only a few new coils in skilled work4 ,on the other hand1 much of the work in armature repairing is of a routine character4 ,hence a man of little experience can do the work under direction of a journeyman4 ,it will always pay a person who contemplates following armature winding as a vocation1 to take a short electrical course before he engages in the actual work4 ,a beginner at armature winding will receive from #ej to #hj1 an expert may expect #ge to #aej1 and a foreman or chief #abe to #bjj per month4 ,the work is all indoors with an #h or #i hour day4 ,the coils used in rewinding the armature may be purchased complete from an electrical manufacturing company1 but the larger concerns make their own coils4 ,the preparation and insulating of these coils is often benchwork4 ,a man who does not have the use of his feet can do some of it4 ,deft fingers are required1 but there are now many blind workers who are insulating armature coils successfully4 ,this work may pay from #dj to #ij a month4 ,some preliminary manual training is required1 which can usually be obtained in the shop where the worker is to be employed4 ,,plan ,no4 #abab4 ,,shop ,,wiring--,,mechanical ,,department ,the shop wiremen of an electric-railway company do the wiring around the plant1 as well as that on the cars4 ,a journeyman wire man should be able to interpret correctly wiring diagrams for ordinary jobs4 ,these may include the installation of motors1 heaters1 lights1 rheostats1 and similar equipment4 ,also1 he should be competent to route economically his circuits through inaccessible places and should be familiar with the ,national ,electrical ,code4 ,he may have to install headlights1 signal lights1 pump-governor relays1 and other devices now forming a part of car equipments4 ,the wireman must have had considerable experience1 but each wireman usually has a helper to assist him4 ,a man with little or no experience can start in as a helper1 and develop into a good wireman4 ,the length of time required to do this will be determined almost wholly by the man's knowledge of electricity and his efforts at self improvement4 ,it may require six months or a year or two years4 ,the work is done usually in a car shop which is inclosed and heated4 ,an #h-;hour day is common1 but in some companies the men work #i or #aj hours4 ,the pay is about #ge to #abe for a wireman1 and #ej to #ij for a helper4 ,,plan ,no4 #abac4 ,,car ,,inspecting--,,mechanical ,,department ,the car inspector's duties involve a knowledge of numerous occupations1 and he must be familiar with various sorts of equipment4 ,his position in the company's organization is an important one1 because the expense of car repairs is often materially minimized by his foresight and alertness4 ,he judges which repairs should be made in the general shop and which in the car barn4 ,he must know the function and operation of every working part of the car4 ,in detail1 his duties consist of a systematic inspection of all components of the car equipment4 ,these include the motors1 controllers1 brakes1 lights1 signs1 heaters1 and other devices on the cars which may require attention4 ,usually the work is done during daylight hours4 ,cars are held periodically in the barn for inspection4 ,work of this type is well adapted to a man who is unqualified physically for heavy tasks4 ,a man of good judgment who was formerly employed in a car barn in some other capacity and who is1 in general1 familiar with cars and their repairs1 might be trained readily for this occupation4 ,an inspector works eight or ten hours a day and receives a salary varying from #ge to #aej per month4 ,,plan ,no4 #abad4 ,,transportation ,,department ,this department handles the traffic1 operates the cars1 plans their schedules1 and revises their routings to meet the requirements of the traveling public4 ,a superintendent of transportation is the executive head4 ,his assistants are the division superintendents1 inspectors1 instructors1 station foremen1 motormen1 conductors1 and the car shifters in the barns4 ,each division superintendent has charge of the traffic in a certain part of the system4 ,the inspector has charge of the cars and crews while on the road4 ,it is his duty to enforce the rules of the company to insure that cars and equipment are handled efficiently and that the cars maintain their schedules4 ,men holding the positions of division superintendent and traffic inspector generally qualify for them from the rank and file of the train service4 ,they should have a thorough knowledge of car operation4 ,the inspector's position is one which an ambitious man1 who has the requisite ability1 may obtain4 ,salary ranges from #hj to #afj monthly4 ,,plan ,no4 #abae4 ,,instructing--,,transportation ,,department ,instructors have charge of the training of prospective motormen and conductors4 ,the instructor assigns students to an experienced motorman or conductor who teaches them the essentials of their jobs4 ,then the instructor informs the new men in detail as to rules and1 if necessary1 makes trial trips with them4 ,the instructor in many companies also conducts classes wherein the new men are given some schooling as to the theory and practice of the electrical air brake and similar equipment which will come under their charge4 ,a returned soldier who has had prior street-railway experience1 who is physically disqualified for work involving physical strain or considerable manual effort1 should1 after some study1 be able to qualify for the position of instructor4 ,for one who is fitted temperamentally for work of this character the position would be a very good one4 ,it will pay about #ajj to #age per month4 ,,plan ,no4 #abaf4 ,,foreman--,,transportation ,,department ,a station foreman has charge of the station1 and supervises the dispatching of cars on their runs4 ,he keeps the list of extra men and provides crews for extra and special cars4 ,these foremen should be familiar with the operation of street cars4 ,in nearly every case they are promoted from the ranks4 ,they must be tactful in handling men4 ,this position is one to which an individual1 who accepts a minor job in the transportation department1 may look forward4 ,,motormen ,,and ,,conductors--,,transportation ,,department ,motormen and conductors have duties with which all are familiar4 ,these occupations have their advantages and also their disadvantages4 ,some men follow them for almost a lifetime while others soon become dissatisfied and seek other fields4 ,the positions are permanent and frequently carry with them attractive features1 such as free medical attention1 insurance1 and club-room privileges4 ,pay is ordinarily based on a sliding scale4 ,so the wage which a man receives for his day's work depends upon the number of years that he has been in the service of the company4 ,motormen may now receive from #c to #e per day1 and conductors about the same4 ,returned soldiers with no previous experience1 who are in good shape physically but who must have out-of-door work1 may find this work desirable4 ,they will be trained by the company which employs them4 ,,maintenance-,,of-,,way ,,departments ,the maintenance of way1 or 8track department10 constructs new tracks1 bridges1 and other structures1 and maintains track structures and right of way after construction4 ,frequently it is under the jurisdiction of a chief engineer who works through a superintendent and a division foreman4 ,a foreman of the machine and tool division directs the shop repairs of the various tools1 track grinders1 steam shovels1 and hoisting engines4 ,he has to qualify as a first-class steam engineer4 ,the paving foreman is responsible for the tearing up and replacing of pavement which the company is required to maintain at each side of and between rails4 ,the supervisor of construction has charge of building new track and of making the repairs to existing lines4 ,most of the manual work in this department is done by unskilled labor directed by foremen4 ,a disabled man who has had previous experience in construction work might1 with some additional training1 be able to qualify for a foremanship4 ,such a position requires executive ability and sufficient education to read blue prints and make out reports4 ,it will pay from #hj to #aej per month4 ,practically all of the work is out of doors4 ,,plan ,no4 #abag4 ,,line ,,department ,a wire or line department installs and maintains the trolley wires and feeders both underground and overhead4 ,a man with no previous electrical experience may start in as a ground man or helper1 and advance himself to the position of lineman and foreman4 ,electric railway line work is somewhat similar to that necessary for electric lighting companies4 ,one requirement is a good physique1 but minor disablements might not handicap4 ,practically all of the work is done out of doors4 ,the ground men will receive from #b to #d and a lineman from #c to #e per day2 a foreman from #ajj to #age per month4 ,,plan ,no4 #abah4 ,,telephone ,,companies ,telephone systems have grown phenomenally4 ,a few years ago the telephone was a luxury4 ,to-day it is a necessity4 ,it has been predicted that the time will come when there will be at least one telephone in every house1 just as practically every city building is now piped for water1 so that it appears probable that there will be in the future a steadily increasing demand for trained telephone men4 ,the type of equipment used in a telephone system is determined to some extent by the size of the town or city in which the system operates4 ,systems serving small towns are relatively simple4 ,the small community telephone system usually has for its lines individual wires strung on poles4 ,there is a pair of wires for each subscriber4 ,to call central1 a hand crank on the sides of the telephone is turned which causes a shutter or drop on the switchboard to fall and expose the line number4 ,each line has its own drop4 ,thus the operator's attention is attracted4 ,she answers the call and by means of cords with plugs on their ends she connects the calling with the called subscriber4 ,such a system is called 8magneto0 system1 because a magneto generator turned by hand crank is used for calling4 ,dry cells located at each subscriber's station supply the electrical energy for talking4 ,while a magneto system like that just described is the most desirable and economical for a small town1 its application in a city would be both impractical and prohibitively expensive to operate4 ,modern city telephone exchanges operate on the central-energy system4 ,with it there are no dry cells or magnetos at the subscriber's stations4 ,electrical energy for both signaling and talking is supplied by a storage battery located in the central office4 ,for this reason an arrangement of this type is called a 8central energy0 or 8common-battery0 system4 ,instead of the switchboard having a drop for each subscriber's line1 it has a small incandescent lamp which is associated with the line4 ,this lights when the subscriber removes his telephone receiver from its hook4 ,for city telephone lines it would be infeasible to use open wires on insulators because there could not be placed on the poles a sufficient number of cross arms to support even a small proportion of the telephone lines which radiate from an exchange4 ,furthermore1 open-line construction for city conditions would be very expensive and difficult to maintain4 ,hence1 in the city exchanges1 lead-covered cables1 each containing from #bj to #a1bjj pairs of conductors1 are employed4 ,where a number of these cables are routed parallel to one another1 they are carried in ducts in underground subways4 ,in the residence sections they are supported on poles4 ,it follows that the circuits and connections in a large city telephone exchange are exceedingly complicated4 ,there are thousands of small wires1 each of which serves a different purpose4 ,considered as a whole telephony involves careful work and attention to detail4 ,much of it is of the same order as fine instrument making4 ,departments of telephone companies include3 ,engineering department1 commercial department1 auditing department1 plant department1 traffic department4 ,,plan ,no4 #abai4 ,,engineering ,,department ,this department plans and supervises the development and construction of the property as a whole4 ,in it plans and specifications are prepared for buildings1 exchange layouts1 subways1 and other components4 ,to obtain a position of responsibility in the engineering department one must have had theoretical training and a number of years of telephone experience1 but there are usually engineering-department positions in which men of little experience but with some theoretical training can start as draftsmen or clerks1 advancing as they acquire experience4 ,in this respect1 the engineering department of a telephone company offers somewhat the same possibilities for disabled men as do similar departments in street railways or electric-power companies4 ,hours of work and compensation will be about the same4 ,however1 for a man who has had telephone experience1 it is desirable usually to continue in that line4 ,telephony is probably more exacting and involves greater detail than does power work and may on that account be preferred by some4 ,,plan ,no4 #abbj4 ,,commercial ,,department ,contracts for telephone service are obtained by the commercial department4 ,it is the sales organization of a telephone company selling telephone service to the public4 ,in this work there should be opportunities for soldiers with minor disablements who have had prior telephone experience1 and who possess the 8selling instinct40 ,the salary will probably range from #fj to #afj per month4 ,,plan ,no4 #abba4 ,,auditing ,,department ,the qualifications for men in this department are about the same as those required of men in any accounting organization4 ,these are treated in detail in one of the other ,federal ,board monographs4 ,,plan ,no4 #abbb4 ,,plant ,,department ,much of the telephone plant is built and all of it is maintained by this department4 ,it is often segregated into two general divisions1 7#a7 construction division and 7#b7 maintenance division4 ,to administer these there are a construction superintendent and a maintenance superintendent4 ,then each division may be further subdivided in sections as follows3 7a7 ,aerial-line section1 7b7 cable section1 7c7 repair section1 7d7 wire chief's section1 7e7 installation section1 7f7 cable-report section1 and 7g7 clerical section4 ,men employed regularly in the construction division may be assigned temporarily to the maintenance division when up-keep work is particularly heavy1 and vice versa4 ,,plan ,no4 #abbc4 ,,aerial ,,line ,,and ,,cable ,,sections--,,plant ,,department ,by the aerial line and aerial cable sections the overhead lines are built and maintained4 ,the work is somewhat similar to that performed by the corresponding division of an electric light and power company4 ,it is necessary to set and guy poles1 place cross arms on them1 and string wire4 ,in modern city construction1 however1 few cross arms are required1 because cable and twisted pair 8block0 wire has almost wholly superseded open wire4 ,the handling of telephone cable is an occupation peculiar to telephone work4 ,where placed overhead1 the lead-covered cable is suspended on steel messenger wire supported on poles4 ,great care must be exercised in installing cable4 ,it is damaged easily and may then be a source of expensive and provoking trouble4 ,most of the work in the construction department involves considerable physical exertion1 but there are often foremanships and inspectorships which men incapable of great physical exertion and indoor work could fill4 ,general working conditions1 qualifications1 hours1 rates of pay1 and the like are about the same as those detailed for the distribution department of an electric-power company4 ,,plan ,no4 #abbd4 ,,underground ,,cable ,,section--,,plant ,,department ,this section has to do with installing1 joining1 and connecting telephone cables4 ,much of the work is splicing4 ,telephone cable consists of from #ajj to #fjj or more pairs of copper wire4 ,each wire is separated from its neighbors with a wrapping of paper or other insulating material4 ,then the bunch of conductors is covered by a protective sheath1 usually of lead4 ,in splicing1 the lead sheath is first stripped from the end of the cable4 ,then the different corresponding pairs in the cables to be connected are joined together4 ,each joint is insulated with a paper sleeve slipped over it4 ,when all of the pairs have been connected1 a lead sleeve is slipped over the splice and 8wiped0 with hot solder to the lead sheath of the cables which have been joined4 ,this work requires much skill and experience4 ,not only does the cableman splice the cables1 but he must also connect them to the distributing frames in the central office and to the terminal boxes on the poles4 ,a terminal box on the end of a cable is one whereby the aerial circuits are connected to the underground cable conductors4 ,about the only way to become a proficient cable splicer is through experience as a cable splicer's helper4 ,this vocation should offer opportunities for men who have only minor disablements1 and who should work out of doors nearly all of the time4 ,the use of the hands and fingers is necessary4 ,cable splicers must sometimes climb poles4 ,in very bad weather the cablemen are given indoor tasks4 ,a cable splicer will ordinarily receive from #fj to #aaj per month1 and a helper from #dj to #he4 ,,plan ,no4 #abbe4 ,,repair ,,section--,,plant ,,department ,this section assembles the frames1 racks1 cables1 and other minor central-office accessories1 and clears the troubles in the subscribers' instruments1 private branch exchanges1 and the central offices4 ,workers in this division may be classified into four groups3 7#a7 ,equipment installers1 7#b7 line and instrument repairmen1 7#c7 switchboard repairmen1 and 7#d7 wire chief and testers4 ,,plan ,no4 #abbf4 ,,equipment ,,installers--,,repair ,,section ,equipment installers include the apprentices of the industry4 ,new men are frequently placed in these positions for training4 ,they cut and form switchboard cable1 and do other equipment-installation work around the exchange4 ,practically no experience is required of a beginner4 ,but an equipment-installation foreman should be a well-informed1 thoroughly trained man4 ,he usually advances to this position from the ranks4 ,the work on the whole is light and should afford opportunities for men with minor disablements of little technical training who have full use of their hands and fingers4 ,,plan ,no4 #abbg4 ,,line ,,and ,,instrument ,,repairmen--,,repair ,,section ,line and instrument repairmen are the 8trouble shooters40 ,they locate troubles and faults which occur on lines or in subscribers' instruments4 ,after some experience a repairman usually knows from the symptoms of a fault just what the difficulty is and where it may be located4 ,ability to climb poles is usually essential for this work4 ,a knowledge of principal telephone circuits1 cable and line layouts is also requisite4 ,a repairman is usually promoted to this work from some other position with the company4 ,for proficiency it requires experience on the job4 ,hours are eight or nine a day1 and compensation may be from #fj to #aaj per month4 ,,plan ,no4 #abbh4 ,,switchboard ,,repairmen--,,repair ,,section ,switchboard repairmen are men of ability and a number of years' experience4 ,their functions are to maintain and repair local and toll switchboards1 private branch exchanges1 and sometimes the auxiliary equipment in offices1 such as ringing machines1 charging generators1 and storage batteries4 ,as already noted1 switchboard equipment is quite intricate and requires the attention of a competent repairman to maintain it in efficient operating condition4 ,the switchboard repairman's job may be considered as a possibility for a man who enters the telephone industry in a minor position4 ,the work is practically all inside1 in the telephone-exchange buildings4 ,while it requires manipulative skill1 and full use of the hands1 little physical effort is necessary4 ,the salary will range from #ge to #abe4 ,,plan ,no4 #abbi4 ,,wire ,,chief',s ,,section--,,plant ,,department ,this section tests lines1 switchboards1 cables1 and instruments1 and locates troubles which may occur in these4 ,some of the men who are employed are switchboard inspector1 testers1 wire chief1 night wire chief4 ,the work is done almost wholly indoors4 ,it requires some knowledge of the elementary principle of electrical practice and the functions of the switchboard and its accessories4 ,the testing is done from a central testing desk1 or testing switchboard1 which is located in the terminal room of a telephone exchange4 ,at this desk the wire chief or his assistant operates the keys and switches whereby the tests are made4 ,to be a good wire chief in a city telephone system usually requires from six to #aj years' experience4 ,duties of subordinate positions may be mastered in shorter periods4 ,all of these jobs require experience1 which can be obtained by a man who starts with the telephone company as an untrained beginner4 ,a wire chief may receive from #ge to #age per month4 ,,plan ,no4 #abcj4 ,,installation ,,section--,,plant ,,department ,installation and removal of telephones and private-branch exchanges is the work of this section4 ,there is constant demand for new stations and for shifting about old ones1 which provides work for a large number of men4 ,for this work little experience is necessary4 ,a helper may become proficient in a few days and may soon be competent to install instruments without supervision4 ,the work may be graded in such a way that an ambitious man may advance to more responsible and remunerative positions1 such as switchboard installing and testing4 ,one possibility for those who like installation work is the position of private-branch exchange installer4 ,his work consists in the installation of complete private-branch exchanges in factories1 stores1 public buildings1 and elsewhere4 ,he must supervise the running of all necessary wires and cables in buildings1 setting of switchboards1 connecting instruments1 and making final tests to insure correctness of installation4 ,much time is spent out of doors traveling between jobs4 ,the remainder is spent in buildings in which installations are made4 ,a beginner may receive from #dj to #gj1 and a foreman from #ge to #aaj per month4 ,this work can be handled by a man who has only minor disablements and who has full use of his hands4 ,such training as is necessary will usually be given to him by the company which employs him4 ,however1 as with other electrical vocations1 a short preliminary theoretical course will be of considerable value4 ,,plan ,no4 #abca4 ,,cable ,,report ,,section--,,plant ,,department ,making definite records of every circuit in the telephone system is the task of the cable report section4 ,such records are essential to enable the wire chief to locate definitely any telephone fault1 even though the circuit involved an exceedingly devious rout4 ,the work is clerical4 ,a general familiarity with the complete telephone layout is desirable1 but a beginner with little experience may be employed4 ,the qualifications1 possibilities1 rates of pay1 hours1 and the like are about the same as those for accounting or auditing clerical work4 ,however1 a man who has had some previous telephone experience will be able to utilize it in this department4 ,,plan ,no4 #abcb4 ,,traffic ,,department ,this department has charge of the telephone traffic4 ,the operators1 practically always young women1 make connections on calls by subscribers4 ,there are usually no men on the floor of a telephone exchange except the switchboard and maintenance men4 ,a large telephone exchange may have a male traffic manager4 ,large companies may have a traffic-engineering department which plans and directs the arrangement of switchboard sections1 and the division of lines between operators in order to insure efficient service4 ,men with some prior telephone experience who can not do heavy physical work1 might qualify for minor positions under direction of the traffic engineer4 ,these would be of the same general character as those with the engineering department1 except that they deal only with traffic4 ,rates of pay1 working hours1 and future possibilities are practically the same as in an engineering department4 ,,plan ,no4 #abcc4 ,,steam ,,railroads ,practically all steam railroads now have electrical departments4 ,the men in such departments install and maintain the electric train lighting equipment and do such electrical construction--installation of generators1 motors1 wiring1 and the like--as may be required on the system4 ,each steam road may have an electrical superintendent to whom electricians and their helpers report4 ,the railroad electrician's work includes maintenance of electric train lighting generators1 storage batteries1 and electric wiring of cars and buildings2 it includes armature winding and rewinding1 and installation of generators and motors4 ,obviously1 years of experience and training are necessary1 but at the bottom of the ladder there are opportunities for inexperienced men to start in as helpers4 ,the work is interesting and steady4 ,usually full use of hands and good sight and hearing are required4 ,while there is some lifting and heavy work1 on the whole the duties are not arduous4 ,about half of the work is out of doors and half inside4 ,the rates of pay for a beginner will vary from #dj to #ge1 for a journeyman from #ge to #aej1 and for a superintendent from #abe to #cjj4 ,men are furnished free with a certain amount of railroad transportation for themselves and families1 the amount of transportation thus allowed increasing with the man's responsibilities and with the length of his service4 ,,plan ,no4 #abcd4 ,,beekeeping ,,as ,a ,,vocation ,,acknowledgments4 ,acknowledgment is due ,dr4 ,e4 ,f4 ,phillips1 ,apiculturist of the ,bureau of ,entomology4 ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture2 to ,f4 ,c4 ,pellett and ,c4 ,p4 ,dadant1 editors of the ,american ,bee ,journal1 ,hamilton1 ,ill41 and ,a4 ,i4 ,root ,co41 ,medina1 ,ohio1 for suggestions1 data1 and illustrations2 also to ,dr4 ,john ,cummings1 of the ,research ,division1 for editorial assistance4 ,the increased use of honey during the war and the possession of some previous knowledge of bees may have directed the attention of a large number of you1 who are disabled1 to the possibility of making beekeeping your life work4 ,during the war the shortage of sugar made the larger use of other sweets imperative1 and it was essential that the use of these substitutes be augmented to the greatest possible extent4 ,the necessary introduction of honey has made its deliciousness1 palatability1 and healthfulness widely known and will lead to its continuous and increased general domestic use4 ,the export demand for ,american honey has recently increased beyond any former record and the price has doubled4 ,beekeeping and honey production present an opportunity to you for profitable livelihood with small investment4 ,it is to your personal advantage to consider it carefully4 ,,bee ,,culture ,,light ,,work1 ,,interesting1 ,,and ,,profitable ,beekeeping differs from most other branches of agriculture1 in that the beekeeper handles an animal which has never been domesticated4 ,he must therefore study the habits of this animal and know them intimately before he may hope to succeed with this work4 ,the feeding habits1 breeding1 and even the housing of bees has not been materially changed in all the centuries that man has handled them4 ,if their habits are well understood1 the beekeeper may cause them to accomplish results which will lead to the greatest profit to himself4 ,the work is light1 without routine duties at fixed times1 with no drudgery4 ,beekeeping is interesting1 in fact enthusing and strengthening to the mind and the body4 ,it is a profitable business which may be made very lucrative with devotion and experience4 ,a western man sold his crop of one season to a well-known company dealing in honey for #cj1jjj4 ,,what ,,is ,,honey8 ,honey is made from the nectar secreted by thousands of varieties of flowers4 ,this nectar is gathered by bees and modified by them chemically4 ,water is evaporated out of it and it is ripened into a delicious and wholesome food4 ,before cane sugar was manufactured in quantities for commercial use honey was the most common sweet in human food4 ,in pioneering days it was hunted systematically in hollow trees and crevices in rocks4 ,wild honey so secured was considered well worth the time spent in seeking it4 ,there is another form of honey designated as abnormal1 since it does not come from the nectar of flowers1 but is1 nevertheless1 gathered by bees4 ,it is developed from a sweet substance known as honey dew1 deposited on the leaves of plants by certain insects such as plant lice4 ,in some regions honey dew is not found at all4 ,where found1 the amount that bees gather is negligible in comparison with the amount of nectar gathered from blossoms4 ,nectar is so changed chemically and modified by ripening and evaporating after being gathered by bees1 that in the form of honey it is readily digested and assimilated4 ,,healthfulness ,,of ,,honey ,before the manufacture of great quantities of sugar a larger amount of honey was used per capita than is used now4 ,the necessary introduction of honey as a substitute for sugar has just recently again called general attention to its healthfulness and the lesson is not likely soon to be forgotten4 ,because it is predigested and readily assimilable1 physicians recommend it as a food for persons with delicate stomachs1 for those troubled with kidney complaint1 and for those subject to constipation1 since honey is laxative in effect4 ,the average amount of sugar consumed annually for every man1 woman1 and child is about #hj pounds1 and this sugar can not be assimilated without change in the stomach1 an action not necessary with honey4 ,it can readily be understood that the population might be benefited by substituting honey for some of the sugar consumed4 ,when the stomach fails to do its work in modifying the sugar1 the eliminating organs1 the kidneys especially1 are severely taxed4 ,a noted physician1 now #hd years old1 eats honey instead of sugar1 believing it will prolong his life and give him better health while living4 ,he says that it is well authenticated that1 as our natural craving indicates1 sweets are a real need of the system1 but that the excessive use of sugar brings in its train a long list of ills4 ,he asserts also that the health of the present generation1 if honey could be at least partially restored to its former place1 would be greatly improved4 ,prof4 ,cook1 of ,california1 says3 8,physicians may be correct in asserting that the large consumption of sugar is a menace to health and long life1 and that by eating honey our digestive machinery saves work that it would have to perform if we ate sugar and in case it is overtaxed and feeble1 this may be just the respite that will save it from a breakdown40 ,switzerland produces large quantities of honey1 but the demand for it is so great that the price has advanced and the ,government has been compelled to fix it4 ,although we may infer that the ,swiss themselves are a great honey-eating people1 ,dr4 ,emfeld1 of ,geneva1 seems to think that they might well eat more of this sweet4 8,if people would eat more honey10 he says1 8we doctors would starve40 ,honey has many medicinal qualities1 and is used in nearly all cough sirups1 cold preparations1 and compounded in many other medicines where delicate flavor1 absolute purity1 and sweetness insure results not to be obtained by the use of any substitute4 ,while commonly used in its natural state as a spread on hot bread and cakes1 honey may be employed in cooking wherever sugar may be used4 ,the same beneficial effect upon health will follow as a result from its use in the natural state4 ,foods prepared with it are better and will remain in fresh condition longer than if prepared with sugar or sirup4 ,bread and cakes prepared with honey will not dry out as with sugar1 because honey attracts moisture4 ,it has long been employed in the household in general cooking1 as well as in canning and in the baking of many desirable kinds of bread1 and numerous varieties of cakes1 gems1 snaps1 and cookies4 ,when used in sweetening tea and coffee it does not cause any loss of aroma4 ,its recent substitution for sugar is causing it again to be employed in making pies1 puddings1 and sauces4 ,confectioners use honey freely1 and might well use it more freely than they do in making honey nuts1 candies1 creams1 butter scotch1 and popcorn balls4 ,in ,turkey1 a great honey-producing country1 where bee culture is scientifically followed with the noted oriental strains of bees1 a popular sweet1 known as rose honey marmalade1 is manufactured4 ,it is made from the leaves of roses and honey and combines the exquisite perfume of the former with the delightful flavor of the latter in an unusual product of the nature and texture of a marmalade due to incorporating the rose petals with the honey4 ,,beekeeping ,,permits ,,serious ,,handicaps ,beekeeping1 like many other lines of agriculture1 presents an exceptionally attractive and profitable vocation to the disabled men of the war4 ,the handling of bees is interesting and encourages the most valuable exercise1 but the muscular effort is small4 ,it probably requires less constant devotion1 except during the main honey-flow1 than any other country pursuit4 ,therefore it is especially attractive to the convalescing or others who have recovered from wounds1 even if they have lost one or more limbs4 ,though handicapped in various ways you may confidently hope to become as near #ajj per cent efficient in bee culture as in any other work4 ,a beekeeper should1 however1 have one good hand and arm4 ,uncle ,sam offers you every possible assistance in the way of artificial limbs1 interchangeable devices1 and vocational training for the greatest possible success in bee culture4 ,such opportunity was not offered the disabled veterans of the ,civil ,war1 ,mr4 ,john ,donnegan1 of ,seguin1 ,tex41 whose photograph shows him using a special strap which he devised to serve in place of his missing hand in moving honey supers1 hives1 and frames of comb4 ,he has made a wonderful success and spent the greater part of his life as a beekeeper4 ,the ingenious use of a strap around his shoulders with a snap that can easily be attached to a screweye placed in the various articles to be handled1 but poorly takes the place of appliances and an artificial hand and arm1 which are now furnished free of expense to our disabled soldiers4 ,the ,american ,bee ,journal and ,gleanings in ,bee ,culture find many successful apiarists who are partially incapacitated and who would be poorly fitted for most other lines of work4 ,one of these1 ,mr4 ,harvey ,e4 ,nicholls1 of ,iowa1 when #ba years old lost both legs--one below the thigh1 the other below the knee4 ,he did not give up to live on charity1 but grew ambitious to make his life a success4 ,he selected beekeeping1 purchased a colony of bees and a good book on beekeeping that he might study them and neighboring apiaries together4 ,he realized for the season from the one hive #hj pounds of surplus honey and enough for the bees1 which1 properly packed1 wintered so well that they were strong in the spring for gathering nectar and starting an apiary4 ,he secured three old hives and two #b-pound packages of bees1 also two colonies which he handled on the shares for half4 ,he transferred the bees from the old boxes to standard #aj-;framed hives4 ,the season's results were #ab colonies and #djj pounds of honey4 ,he also represented the ,honey ,producers' ,supply ,co41 making something on the side4 ,the next spring1 #aiah1 two more colonies were purchased1 added to the dozen1 and moved #e miles into the country1 where #de colonies more were handled for half of the surplus honey4 ,the supply factory work was almost entirely dropped that the bees might have undivided attention4 ,a second-hand ,ford was purchased on time1 which an artificial leg enabled him to drive as well as anyone4 ,the results of the season from ,may #a to ,september #i were his own #ad colonies increased to #bj1 the #de colonies on the shares increased to #he1 and cash returns over #hjj4 ,by adopting the slogan suggested by the ,bureau of ,entomology1 8,keep more bees2 keep bees better10 he can doubtless greatly increase his income4 ,he may be appropriately called a self-made man4 ,in addition to a successful start as a beekeeper he is studying to complete a course in high school4 ,he has helped support his grandmother and sister1 and1 believing in tithing1 has given one-tenth of his earnings to charities4 ,the story of ,mr4 ,nicholls but expresses in part what any disabled man may accomplish with vocational training and devotion to beekeeping or some other occupation that will insure useful and respected citizenship4 ,your disability need not interfere with your engaging in this work1 but it may take grit and determination to pull you through the early stages4 ,you may be sure when in the ranks of the good beekeepers you will be associated with admirable people who will gladly aid you in any way possible in making good4 ,,the ,,bee ,,family ,this interesting family called in bee culture a colony1 lives in a house known as a hive many of which aggregate form a bee city--an apiary4 ,the family consists of three types of bees1 the queen1 ,fig4 #g-;a1 the mother of the family and naturally the only one of her nature in the colony4 ,she is a fully developed female bee whose sole duty is that of laying eggs and increasing her family--the population of the colony--which reaches large numbers4 ,the worker1 ,fig4 #g-;b1 is an undeveloped female1 and this type represents the largest number of the colony's population1 which may run from several thousand to eighty-five or one hundred thousand in one hive or family4 ,as the name indicates the workers gather all the honey and food1 care for the young bees and perform other duties in the hive4 ,the drone1 ,fig4 #g-;c1 is the male bee4 ,he1 as his name indicates1 contributes nothing to the upkeep of the family1 a family in which truly 8everybody works but father40 ,the queen is able to control the strength of the colony4 ,the workers by construction of a queen cell about an egg and by giving different food may develop a queen from what would otherwise have been developed into a worker4 ,,extent ,,of ,,beekeeping ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,there are in the ,united ,states about #hjj1jjj persons who own bees1 although not all of them can be classed as regular beekeepers4 ,perhaps the average bee owner has about #aj colonies4 ,since there are many owning bees by the hundreds of colonies1 it is obvious that the majority have only two or three colonies4 ,this side line of a few hives on the farm does not really pay1 but is just a little luxury4 ,the type of beekeeping presented to you here is for a vocation1 and is the practical kind employed by the best beekeepers of the country--by men who make a good living by keeping bees4 ,the retail price of honey has gradually advanced to #dj cents or more per pound1 and beeswax to #db cents wholesale1 notwithstanding the fact that there was produced in #aiah about #bej1jjj1jjj pounds of honey4 ,this probably does not cover the entire honey crop of the ,united ,states1 since a large amount is marketed locally4 ,in fact this product is so greatly in demand that a large percentage is sold at the home of the apiarist4 ,apiarists can1 if attentive to the attractiveness of their product and considerate of their customers1 hold them and make of each an advertisement for additional business4 ,the honey crop of the ,united ,states is estimated annually at #bj1jjj1jjj1 and yet there has never been a time when any country on the globe could produce enough to make this delicious food a common article of diet4 ,not all parts of the ,united ,states are equally good for beekeeping1 and it is advisable for one who contemplates making it his life work carefully to consider the selection of a location4 ,as a rule1 it is not advisable to go too far from the country with which you are familiar4 ,bees may be kept with profit almost anywhere where agriculture is practiced1 the returns depending largely on the care given to the bees4 ,the most widely known region for beekeeping is that of the northeastern quarter of the country1 where white and alsike clovers yield nectar4 ,although these plants reach their highest yield in the northern tier of ,states1 they are also productive farther south4 ,in the northern region bees get considerable quantities of nectar from basswood1 tulip poplar1 buckwheat1 sweet clover1 and locust1 and in some localities from other plants of decided honey value4 ,the buckwheat region of southern ,new ,york and northern ,pennsylvania is included in the clover region4 ,the second region in importance is that in which the bees get their nectar from alfalfa4 ,this plant1 which is now grown in all parts of the country1 does not yield much nectar except in the irrigated portions of the ,west and is therefore practically valueless for the beekeeper east of the ,missouri ,river4 ,the honey from this source is white in the higher altitudes of ,colorado and ,utah1 and amber in ,arizona1 ,new ,mexico1 and ,california4 ,the southeastern part of the country offers many opportunities to the beekeeper1 but the business has not been so well developed there4 ,the nectar comes from numerous plants which are influenced by various soils1 temperature1 and other factors4 ,the honey usually does not come in very rapidly and is often darker than other honeys1 but since the plants yield for a longer period1 the beekeeper is able to get good returns for his labor4 ,the semiarid region of the southwest produces many plants which secrete nectar in abundance4 ,this region is subject to drought and there are years when the beekeeper has to feed his bees to keep them alive4 ,however1 taking a series of years into account1 this region pays as well as any other4 ,the sage region of southern ,california offers great opportunities to the beekeeper4 ,the honeys are chiefly white and secretion is abundant when there is sufficient rainfall4 ,in this region also honey is obtained from blossoms of citrus fruits1 which being irrigated are not so liable to failure as the plants growing in the desert4 ,the chief problem in this part of the country is to strengthen the colonies in time for the nectar flow from citrus fruit blossoms4 ,this may be done by application of proper care at the right time4 ,in choosing the location for an apiary in the sage region1 great care should be exercised to select one where the average rainfall is about #bj inches4 ,information regarding rainfall may be obtained from the ,weather ,bureau offices or from forest supervisors4 ,many of the best locations are in the national forests1 where a location may be obtained at a small rental and other beekeepers will not be permitted to encroach4 ,in addition to these chief regions1 there are many localities where other plants are of sufficient value to make a good crop of honey4 ,such regions are the buckwheat region1 already mentioned2 the ,spanish needle region of the ,kankakee swamps of northern ,indiana and ,illinois and the ,delaware ,river ,valley2 the willow herb regions of northern ,michigan and ,wisconsin1 ,maine1 ,washington1 and ,oregon2 the sweet clover regions of ,alabama and ,kentucky2 the blue thistle region of the ,shenandoah ,valley2 the raspberry region of northern ,michigan2 the smartweed region of the ,middle ,west 7corn belt72 and the bean region of ,southern ,california4 ,there are many other restricted regions as valuable as those mentioned4 ,,variation ,,in ,,seasons ,all years are not equally good for nectar secretion1 and some years the flow is so poor that feeding is necessary to keep the bees alive4 ,such years are of common occurrence to the poor beekeeper1 while they are rather a rarity to the good1 highly skilled beekeeper4 ,by this is meant that the good beekeeper is able to keep his bees in such condition that they are able to take advantage of every hour of nectar secretion1 while the poor beekeeper does not do this4 ,in the best years every person owning bees will get some honey1 but it is the person who studies the business who can make it pay almost every year4 ,,distribution ,,of ,,bees ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,the accompanying map shows where the bees in the country are mainly located4 ,it indicates also the extent of the business in different sections and gives some idea1 by the number of dots on the map1 of the most successful territory for beekeeping4 ,care must be taken in drawing conclusions of this kind1 for a field or territory may be overpastured1 as it were1 by bees as well as by cattle4 ,bees1 however1 travel many miles4 ,large apiaries should not be too close together1 at least #c or #d miles apart4 ,although the honey flows of the ,south do not equal those of the ,north in intensity1 yet1 as will be observed from the map1 there are more bees in the ,southern ,states than in any other part of the country4 ,bees in the ,south can be purchased at small cost1 for they are not appreciated and are poorly equipped1 being hived largely in boxes and 8gums0 which are of course unprofitable4 ,they may be transferred to modern hives1 after which they may be managed for extracted honey1 which is the most profitable manner of handling bees in that section and the most effective way of avoiding swarming4 ,the convenience of the modern hive and frame enables the increase of colonies by division4 ,,beekeeping ,,should ,,be ,a ,,specialty ,frequently one sees articles advocating the keeping of a few colonies of bees so that one may have all the honey desired4 ,this sounds rather well1 but such advice does not work out well in practice4 ,only those persons who study and devote themselves to the business are successful beekeepers4 ,they make money1 some big money4 ,one ,indiana man's #aiah honey crop exceeded #bj1jjj4 ,success requires making beekeeping the chief vocation1 for the person who does not rely upon it for his living is likely to be busy when the bees most need his care1 and being constantly engrossed in other things he does not take the time to study the problems of the beekeeper4 ,beekeeping is preeminently a specialist's job1 and it can not be recommended for the disabled soldier except as a specialty4 ,to be convinced of the necessity for specializing you have only to visit farmers who have a few colonies of neglected and sometimes diseased bees1 in some out of the way place1 which never pay and are a menace to the success of all good beekeepers in the neighborhood4 ,,need ,,of ,,specialists ,,in ,,beekeeping ,the war revealed an insufficient number of available scientific apiarists in the ,united ,states capable of giving instruction to those desirous of engaging in commercial beekeeping4 ,there are many sufficiently trained1 but they are reaping such financial returns from their bees that they can not be induced to take up the work of training others4 ,the increasing educational work of the ,federal ,government and of the several ,states in bee culture will afford men desiring to undertake such work opportunities to secure positions4 ,for this service thorough theoretical training is required as well as good apiary practice on a commercial scale4 ,the teaching of beekeeping is a new field for agricultural colleges and one which they gladly enter when scientifically trained apiarists can be secured for giving instruction4 ,were qualified teachers available the list of colleges at the close of this monograph offering instruction in beekeeping would be much longer4 ,however1 intensive and thorough short courses are being conducted as indicated in the list1 and these present exceptional opportunity4 ,many more short courses will be arranged4 ,the training is1 it is true1 mainly theoretical1 but it can and should promptly be made practical by forming a connection with some successful apiarist4 ,,other ,,branches ,,of ,,agriculture ,,as ,,side ,,lines ,,to ,,beekeeping ,it is quite possible to combine beekeeping with other branches of agriculture1 provided they do not necessitate much attention at the time when the bees require every care and thought of the beekeeper4 ,general farming and beekeeping do not combine well1 for the reason that swarming usually comes at a season when the farmer is busily engaged with his cropping4 ,however1 you might1 as a bee specialist1 form a business combination with the farmer and develop a paying apiary1 and also give attention to some useful side lines4 ,gardening1 fruits1 poultry1 ,belgian hares1 flowers1 etc41 combine profitably with beekeeping1 but before engaging in any combinations1 careful inquiry should be made of successful beekeepers of the region regarding the time of the principal honey flows4 ,information should be obtained also from persons following the suggested side lines as to when these occupations require most attention4 ,this will enable one to determine the best combination to adopt4 ,the beekeeper who neglects his bees during swarming time1 or when nectar is coming in freely1 may expect to lose fully nine-tenths of the crop4 ,honey1 like hay1 must be made while the sun shines4 ,side lines must not interfere with the apiarist being ready1 with colonies strong1 when the sun shines sufficiently to cause honey plants to bloom and nectar to flow freely4 ,many garden crops may be grown and small truck farming may be followed on areas located in close proximity to the apiary4 ,crops should be selected that will require the least amount of time when the apiarist is busiest with the bees4 ,the tomato1 greatly in demand for canning supply1 does not materially interfere in its planting1 cultivation1 or harvest with the principal honey season4 ,,bees ,,valuable ,,to ,,horticulture ,by careful management and by employing some help in certain seasons1 horticulture--small fruits and orcharding--may likewise be profitably undertaken without interfering with apiary work4 ,bee culture and horticulture may in fact be combined to mutual advantage4 ,the nectar from the fruit bloom is always regarded as an advantage and comes when nectar from other sources is not available4 ,in flying from flower to flower bees carry pollen and thus produce cross-pollination4 ,they are of value also in the pollination of buckwheat1 the clovers1 and of many other farm crops4 ,horticulturists have learned to appreciate this service so highly for orchards and small fruit gardens that few commercial fruit growers will be without a good-sized apiary in the orchard if there are no bees in flying reach4 ,it is impossible to measure the good that is accomplished in this way1 but since many varieties of fruits are not fertile to their own pollen1 it is obvious that were it not for the bees and other insects which carry pollen there would be much less fruit4 ,of course not all the pollen is carried by honey-bees1 but this is the only species of insect which may be taken to the orchard to insure pollination4 ,,the ,,work ,,of ,,the ,,beekeeper ,the average citizen has but a vague idea of the duties required of the beekeeper for success4 ,the idea prevails commonly that bees require but little care4 ,that is all wrong4 ,careful study1 frequent attention1 and real work are essential4 ,the work of the year may be briefly summarized as follows3 ,first1 the beekeeper provides such conditions as will encourage the colonies to produce young 8workers0 to the fullest capacity of the hive before the secretion of nectar begins from the principal honey plants4 ,second1 he prevents a division of the working force of the colony by swarming1 through the well-understood means of discouraging it4 ,in addition to these activities1 he provides the additional space for storage of the surplus honey crop at the right time4 ,to have the bees reach their greatest strength in time for the first honey flows taxes the skill of the best apiarist1 but by a careful study of the flowers from which the principal nectar crop is obtained in this locality the beekeeper is able to create sufficiently in advance conditions which will greatly multiply his working bees4 ,failure to do this and failure to appreciate the importance of being prepared has caused many beekeepers the loss of the best honey flows of the year4 ,in such cases the beekeeper often does not know that he is missing the largest flows1 because his colonies do not acquire their full strength until after these flows have terminated4 ,it may seem unnatural to fight the swarming instinct1 as swarming is the natural way for new colonies to be formed4 ,it is1 however1 the nature of bees to swarm at a time when swarming will result in a division of the working force1 and just at the period when they should be concentrating on the principal flow of the season4 ,therefore the beekeeper arranges1 if possible1 that any increase in the number of colonies shall be made when it will not prevent the gathering of nectar4 ,this requires vigilance just at the swarming season1 since no satisfactory way has been devised for treating the whole apiary long in advance of this season to check the swarming instinct4 ,there are1 however1 ways of control by weekly visits during the swarming season--ways which can not be explained in this short monograph1 but which can be learned from literature or in an agricultural college course in beekeeping4 ,the busy season for the beekeeper begins about two months before the main honey flow1 continues through the swarming season1 and ends when the comb honey is taken from the supers or when the honey is extracted from larger frames which have been added to enable the use of the extracting machine4 ,afterwards there is less rush1 the only important work being early preparation of the bees for winter4 ,every latitude in the ,united ,states has its winter problem1 and it is of the first importance that prospective beekeepers realize that success depends more on proper wintering than on any other one thing4 ,,winter ,,occupations ,it will be evident that most of the work of the beekeeper comes in the spring1 summer1 and fall4 ,when your bees have been properly prepared for winter with plenty of stores1 there is nothing to be done for their welfare until the early spring and 8flying-out0 time4 ,there are1 however1 many profitable winter jobs for the beekeeper4 ,equipment should be stored1 repaired1 and put in complete readiness for the next season4 ,many beekeepers turn their time into money by retailing the honey crop during these out-of-season months1 and when all their own honey is sold they buy from other beekeepers to supply the trade4 ,by developing a home market you will get the profit not only of the producer1 but as well that of the wholesaler and retailer4 ,everyone ought to have free a part of each year for study and recreation1 and the winter is the free time for the beekeeper1 while his little workers themselves are resting4 ,wintertime well employed in study will prepare you for better returns4 ,a thorough study of some new phase of beekeeping can be taken up every winter4 ,there is an abundance of literature1 and you can greatly profit by the experience of other beekeepers and experiment-station records4 ,interest and determination to acquire knowledge of your chosen vocation will be the best evidence of your suitability for bee culture4 ,your enthusiasm may cause you to cover the literature speedily4 ,if there remains time unemployed1 you may desire to take up some other line of work1 either physical or mental4 ,some beekeepers have found it pleasant and profitable to teach in the winter4 ,teaching interferes but slightly with beekeeping4 ,mornings1 evenings1 ,saturdays1 and the long summer vacations can be devoted to the bees4 ,the teacher should produce extracted honey to avoid the difficulties of swarm control4 ,farm mechanics may prove advisable for a winter vocation and become an income-bearing side line for one who is handy with tools1 tractors1 trucks1 and other machinery4 ,the demand for able mechanics to repair and place in overhauled readiness for spring use all the up-to-date machinery now used on the farm is constantly growing4 7,see ,farm ,mechanics74 ,,number ,,of ,,colonies ,,needed ,,to ,,make ,a ,,living ,in deciding on beekeeping as a life work1 one should have some idea of the necessary amount to invest and the work entailed4 ,there are many persons in the country who earn a livelihood almost or entirely from bees1 and the number is increasing every year4 ,in the ,eastern ,states1 where the weather during the summer may interfere with the work of the beekeeper1 a skilled man may care for perhaps #fjj colonies4 ,in the ,west1 however1 where the weather does not so greatly enter into the beekeeper's calculations1 this number may be increased to #a1jjj4 ,in giving these figures1 it is assumed that the beekeeper is able to put in a full day's work1 is capable of considerable physical effort1 and is a good manager4 ,if he does not possess these qualifications1 he may be much behind in his work at critical times1 which necessarily means loss of honey1 perhaps a total loss of the year's work4 ,during and since the war1 prices for honey have been high1 making the returns larger than one may ordinarily expect4 ,perhaps the safest plan is to use figures which applied before the war1 although in all probability honey prices will not for a long period1 if ever1 drop to their former level4 ,with honey figured at prewar price of #be cents a pound retail1 the good beekeeper may confidently expect to average #aj a colony4 ,this is on the basis of extracted honey1 which will probably be produced by those about to engage in the business1 certainly after the first year's experience4 ,the expense in addition to labor per colony will not average more than #a a year4 ,income may be greatly increased by selling honey locally at retail4 ,for one whose physical condition does not permit regular and hard work1 the number of colonies must be correspondingly smaller1 at least at first4 ,when one has thoroughly mastered the business1 the actual physical labor may be greatly reduced and by the proper hiring of unskilled labor the beekeeper may be saved much of the hardest part of the work4 ,women have made a success of commercial beekeeping1 and while unable to do the hard physical work1 they have had it performed under their personal supervision by hired labor4 ,comb-honey production is lighter work and not so many colonies are necessary to get the same financial returns if the beekeeper retails his comb honey at the apiary4 ,however1 with large apiaries composed of hundreds of colonies the conditions change and comparison of financial returns are favorable to the production of extracted honey4 ,the large commercial beekeepers follow extracting4 ,,the ,,outfit ,,needed ,in addition to the colonies of bees properly hived1 the beekeeper needs some other equipment4 ,this chiefly consists of a small house in which to prepare the equipment and extract the honey1 keep miscellaneous tools for fitting out the apparatus1 and usually an automobile truck for moving bees and honey4 ,it is usually not profitable to keep more than #ajj colonies in one apiary4 ,it therefore becomes essential to rent or buy small tracts of land--about #d miles apart--so that #ajj colonies may be kept in each place4 ,this necessitates moving supplies and from time to time colonies of bees4 ,for this a small #a-ton truck is preferred by most commercial beekeepers4 ,at first necessary hauling may be hired4 ,the home apiary is usually best equipped1 and frequently it is the practice to haul in the honey to the home apiary after extracting4 ,many use a small auto for this service4 ,another plan is to have an extracting house rigged up on a trailer to the auto or truck1 so that it may be moved from place to place as needed4 ,usually the only labor employed at the time of extracting is unskilled1 but if your disability is troublesome when preparing for winter or in doing other work1 you can hire such help as you may need4 ,even during the swarming season you may hire somebody to take down the hives while you examine the combs for queen cells and perform the various operations necessary for swarm control4 ,,investment ,,necessary ,the investment which the general beekeeper makes in his business is nine-tenths brains and study and one-tenth money invested in bees and equipment4 ,if he invests money only1 his failure is a foregone conclusion4 ,the price of hives and other equipment has greatly increased during the war1 and there is not much likelihood that it will decrease materially during the next few years4 ,however1 by making inquiry the beekeeper may frequently find opportunity to buy equipment from persons who have failed to make a success because of unwillingness to study the problems of the apiarist or of inability to devote to the work the time necessary4 ,such failures are sufficiently clear proof that the bee business requires devotion4 ,the country is full of discarded hives which have been bought by persons who have conceived the idea that it was only necessary to buy a colony of bees and that the bees would 8work for nothing and board themselves40 ,if new hives completely equipped for producing extracted honey are bought at present prices they will probably cost from #d to #e each4 ,the bees to start a colony will cost perhaps #e if purchased from dealers in bees1 but may obtained for much less by arranging with some apiarist to fill the hives one supplies with swarms as they come off4 ,frequently such arrangements may be made with some beekeeper who1 not caring for more colonies and to avoid buying hives1 will gladly sell swarms as they issue1 at a nominal cost4 ,in proportion to the return1 there is no other branch of agriculture requiring so small a financial investment as beekeeping4 ,before the inflation of prices due to the war two colonies of bees on an average paid the good beekeeper as well as an acre of corn1 and the investment was1 of course1 much less4 ,it is estimated that an apiary of #cjj colonies will yield a net income equal to that of a good #afj-;acre farm and be quite as reliable from year to year4 ,however1 the statement made should be kept in mind--the investment which the beekeeper makes is chiefly brains4 ,this is a commodity which can not be purchased from the hive dealer or secured with any number of swarms4 ,in fact1 the more bees and equipment you have without the use of brains and training1 the worse off you are4 ,,is ,,there ,a ,,future ,,for ,,beekeeping8 ,there is a demand for all the honey that can be produced in the ,united ,states1 and there was never a time in the history of the industry when the honey market was so well established4 ,of course1 during the war1 when there was a shortage of sugar1 the demand for honey was abnormal1 but it seems improbable that the market will ever revert to prewar conditions in price or demand4 ,many persons learned to use honey who will continue purchasing it1 notwithstanding they may now buy all the sugar they wish4 ,honey is not a substitute for sugar in the diet1 but properly takes the place of jellies and jams4 ,with the development of the bottle trade in honey1 which has been rapid during the past five years1 there is an increasing demand in the wholesale markets4 ,the introduction of prohibition has unquestionably caused the use of more honey and of all kinds of sweets4 ,this has already become quite evident4 ,the sugar stringency resulting in the war-basis distribution had its application in many ,states simultaneously with prohibition4 ,it was not difficult to enforce the curtailment of sugar to confectioners in wet ,states1 but most difficult1 and in fact impossible1 in the prohibition ,states1 where it was actually necessary to increase the sugar allotment to candymakers4 ,investigation proves that former users of alcoholic beverages were large buyers of candies and other sweets4 ,there is an abundant opportunity for the development of local trade in honey in almost all parts of the country4 ,the future of beekeeping is inviting4 ,there is every reason to expect that it will continue to develop rapidly for several years and that it will long continue to be an important minor branch of agriculture4 ,from its very nature1 owing to the limited supply of nectar1 it can never be one of the leading branches of agriculture1 but there is abundant nectar to build up beekeeping to ten times its present capacity4 ,,need ,,of ,,training ,from the requirements indicated for good beekeeping1 it is evident that you will need all the information obtainable before engaging in the business on a commercial scale4 ,such training you may secure through the agency of the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education from courses in beekeeping in some of the agricultural colleges4 ,after you are well equipped with all that one of these colleges can give you1 then a good plan probably will be to arrange for a season1 or part of a season1 in the apiary of a thoroughly good commercial beekeeper4 ,this selection must be made with great care4 ,not all beekeepers who are fairly successful in honey production are as careful in their work as they should be1 and by working with the wrong man you might get into beekeeping habits that should be avoided4 ,a man should be chosen who makes a study of the behavior of his bees1 one who is familiar with the literature of his vocation1 and if possible1 one who is able to succeed in regions where most of the beekeepers fail to get the full crop4 ,after a season with such a man--and there will be many who will be glad to have your services in this way--you should be able to care for #ajj colonies managed for extracted honey1 provided your disability does not prevent you from doing the work necessary4 ,by that time you will have a good idea of the amount of work which #ajj colonies require4 ,you should avail yourself of every opportunity to visit apiaries and talk with expert bee men4 ,visits to and careful surveys of the apiaries of others who are successful may be worth almost as much to you as a season's close application4 ,beekeeping means outdoor life under healthful conditions1 well suited to facilitate recovery from incipient tuberculosis1 neurasthenia from shell shock and other afflictions4 ,at first in some of the manipulations of the apiary there will be more or less difficulty which will arise directly from your disability1 but by the exercise of ingenuity you will be able to devise ways of doing the work4 ,if you have lost an arm1 you will need an artificial arm or some device for lifting the hives and hive parts4 ,racks to hold frames while working with them1 trays and small tables are used and you will improvise other conveniences4 ,if your disability prevents your getting about easily1 you will be able to arrange your apiary so that there is the least possible amount of walking4 ,light stools are employed for sitting while working over hives4 ,after training1 the sooner you get to work the better4 ,you will find that actual work with artificial limbs and devices has a greater theoretic value than mere exercises and work is incomparably more interesting4 ,,agricultural ,,college ,,courses ,,in ,,beekeeping ,one of the best ways to acquire a thorough knowledge of beekeeping is to take a course in one of the agricultural colleges which offers such work4 ,it must1 of course1 be understood that the knowledge so gained must of necessity be largely theoretical1 for there is not time in a college course for much practical work4 ,however1 if the work is properly presented the student should be able at the close of the course to begin with #ajj colonies and then he may work up in beekeeping practice as he increases the number of colonies4 ,the following colleges offer good courses in this subject3 ,university of ,minnesota1 ,college of ,agriculture1 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn4 ,college of ,agriculture4 ,ames1 ,iowa4 ,agricultural ,college1 ,storrs1 ,conn4 ,college of ,agriculture1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,n4 ,j4 ,agricultural ,college1 ,east ,lansing1 ,mich4 ,agricultural ,college1 ,college ,station1 ,tex4 ,agricultural ,college1 ,manhattan1 ,kans4 ,your time will not be fully occupied with the beekeeping course and practical training at any of these institutions4 ,you can at the same time take valuable courses in other subjects1 such as fruits1 gardening1 flowers1 and poultry1 which combine well in practice with beekeeping4 ,farm mechanics 7see ,monograph on the subject7 may be made a part of your training1 and prove a valuable winter side line after you become a beekeeper1 as the bees will not require your time during the winter season4 ,the ,bureau of ,entomology1 ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 has held and has announced many valuable short schools for beekeepers in various parts of the ,united ,states and there is contemplated a course of intensive training for disabled soldiers who desire to take up beekeeping4 ,these will probably be arranged in several of the principal beekeeping regions1 and in proximity to the district offices of the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education4 ,,short ,,schools ,,in ,,beekeeping ,san ,diego1 ,calif41 ,november #be-cj1 #aiah4 ,davis1 ,calif41 ,december #a-g1 #aiah4 ,visalia1 ,calif41 ,december #i-af1 #aiah4 ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y41 ,february #bd-,march #a1 #aiai4 ,lafayette1 ,ind41 ,april #g-ab1 #aiai4 ,ames1 ,iowa1 ,april #ad-ai1 #aiai4 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn41 ,april #ba-bf1 #aiai4 ,california five weeks beginning ,november #ag1 #aiai4 ,,literature ,,for ,,the ,,beekeeper ,,bulletins ,,for ,,free ,,distribution ,farmers' ,bulletin #ddg4 ,bees4 ,farmers' ,bulletin #fec4 ,honey and its ,uses in the ,home4 ,farmers' ,bulletin #fie4 ,outdoor ,wintering of ,bees4 ,farmers' ,bulletin #hbj4 ,sweet ,clover3 ,utilization4 ,farmers' ,bulletin #ifa4 ,transferring ,bees to ,modern ,hives4 ,farmers' ,bulletin #ajje4 ,sweet ,clover on ,corn ,belt ,farms4 ,farmers' ,bulletin #ajab4 ,preparation of ,bees for ,outdoor ,wintering4 ,farmers' ,bulletin #ajad4 ,wintering ,bees in ,cellars4 ,farmers' ,bulletin #ajci4 ,commercial ,comb ,honey ,production4 ,,bee ,,journals ,,published ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,american ,bee ,journal1 ,hamilton1 ,ill4 ,gleaning in ,bee ,culture1 ,medina1 ,ohio4 ,domestic ,beekeeper1 ,northstar1 ,mich4 ,the ,western ,honeybee1 ,covina1 ,calif4 ,beekeepers' ,item1 ,new ,braunfels1 ,tex4 ,,books ,,of ,,interest ,,to ,,beekeepers ,these may be obtained from dealers in beekeeping supplies1 from publishers of bee journals1 and from general book dealers3 ,,abc and ,,xyz of ,bee ,culture1 ,a4 ,i4 and ,e4 ,r4 ,root4 ,beekeeping1 ,e4 ,f4 ,phillips4 ,langstroth on the ,hive and ,honey ,bee1 revised by ,c4 ,p4 ,dadant4 ,fifty ,years ,among the ,bees1 ,c4 ,c4 ,miller4 ,advanced ,bee ,culture1 ,w4 ,z4 ,hutchinson4 ,productive ,beekeeping1 ,f4 ,c4 ,pellett4 ,practical ,queen ,rearing1 ,f4 ,c4 ,pellett4 ,first ,lessons in ,beekeeping1 ,c4 ,p4 ,dadant4 ,bee ,primer1 ,c4 ,p4 ,dadant1 ,free to ,soldiers from ,bee ,journal4 ,,plan ,no4 #abce4 ,,farm ,,mechanics ,,as ,a ,,vocation ,acknowledgment is due ,e4 ,b4 ,mc,cormick1 ,chief ,division of ,rural ,engineering1 ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture2 ,american ,society of ,agricultural ,engineers2 ,curtis ,publishing ,co42 ,vacuum ,oil ,co42 ,international ,harvester ,co42 ,domestic ,engineering ,co41 and ,a4 ,w4 ,shaw ,co41 for data1 suggestions1 and illustrations2 also to ,dr4 ,john ,cummings1 of the ,research ,division1 for editorial assistance4 ,the war1 just over1 has been a war of machinery4 ,the observing soldier has seen the effectiveness of the tank1 the airplane1 the truck1 the motor transport1 and the ambulance4 ,he will remember them almost as comrades in the great struggle4 ,he has seen the systematic care required to keep all this equipment in shape to deliver maximum service4 ,many of the returned soldiers have been truck1 ambulance1 or automobile drivers1 or at least have seen the vast field of work that has been done by the gasoline engine in some form and have developed an admiration for machinery4 ,if you have driven any of these machines and experienced the thrill of pleasure on getting your machine out of some tight place1 or in overcoming some difficulty by your own ingenuity1 you have the best evidence that you will enjoy the vocation that is spoken of in this monograph4 ,in selecting your future vocation you should aim to profit by your past experiences as much as possible and at the same time select such work as will best enable you to enjoy life and health4 ,you have had an experience in the 8great outdoors10 possibly a prewar experience in agriculture1 and can readily decide whether you will be contented under such conditions as are found in country life4 ,the majority of soldiers have1 barring injuries1 been greatly benefited by their ,army life4 ,uncle ,sam having called several million men into his service1 many of whom have been injured1 is employing the best experts available to restore these to a condition of maximum usefulness4 ,just as the expert surgeon is restoring to useful condition the injured1 so there is need of a mechanical expert to keep in good order the machinery of the farm and to restore to usefulness that which may have been injured4 ,the farmer is realizing that one of the chief problems of the modern farm is that of getting sufficient help when needed4 ,he has been in the habit of depending on floating labor for extra help4 ,during the past few years this help has been getting more and more uncertain1 inefficient1 and expensive1 and during the war it has in fact often been impossible to get help at any price4 ,to meet this condition a more general use is being made of modern machinery1 which enables more and better work to be done with fewer workers4 ,modern farming depends to a large extent on machinery4 ,the average farmer is not a mechanic and must employ expert help to get the maximum service from his equipment4 ,you may have had training and experience in mechanical work1 and with a little special training this may become a valuable asset to you as a farm mechanic4 ,a person properly trained for this work can save many machines for future usefulness and increase the life of all the mechanical equipment of the farm4 ,the chart shows the relative amount of power on ,american farms as compared with power used for manufacturing4 ,all of this power on the farm is utilized through machinery1 and the large investment in farm machinery makes it important that the best of care shall be given to insure long life and efficient service4 ,when the call came for greatly increased production many farmers who doubted their ability to handle the modern farm machinery hesitated to undertake the larger acreage4 ,in some cases crops already started were not harvested for want of help and lack of ability to use the machinery that might have taken the place of man power4 ,the more complicated machinery becomes1 the more important becomes its proper care and management4 ,neglect or improper usage shortens the life of the machines and often causes breakage1 necessitating repair or new parts4 ,the services of a man who has ability and training in the repair and operation of such implements are needed to secure the best results4 ,if maximum life and service is not secured from farm equipment the farmer can not afford to have it4 ,with maximum service the farmer can not afford to do without it4 ,,the ,,farm ,,tractor ,the tractor is the most important recent addition to farm equipment4 ,its use is increasing because it enables one man to do the work of several and do it better4 ,many farmers hesitate to invest in the tractor and other modern machinery now available1 because realizing that they are not mechanics1 they doubt their ability to operate such equipment satisfactorily4 ,manufacturers employ mechanics to care for and operate their machines4 ,farmers must adopt similar methods4 ,they are recognizing that in heavy farm work the tractor will accomplish more and do it better than horses1 and that the tractor does not require feed or care when not being used4 ,the use of the tractor involves so many changes in methods of work that farmers are often staggered by the new problems to be solved4 ,every farmer has grown into the use of horses and horse-drawn equipment4 ,he knows he can handle them1 but he has not the same conscience in his ability to handle the tractor and the machinery that goes with it4 ,the farm mechanic will be expected to operate the tractor in plowing1 seeding1 cultivating1 harvesting1 and various other operations4 ,he will be able to get more and better work out of the tractor and other machines than one who does not fully understand them4 ,if the services of a trained farm mechanic were obtainable1 many farmers would adopt the methods of the manufacturer1 and they would find it profitable to use such modern machinery as is adaptable to their needs4 ,this machinery1 to give the best service1 must be kept in first-class condition1 which requires the attention of a mechanic familiar with farm machinery1 not a machinist trained to do one1 two1 or several things in a fully equipped up-to-date machine shop1 but an ingenious all-round mechanic who can keep the equipment in condition for operation at all times4 ,a ,,new ,,vocation ,this opens a new field of employment1 that of farm mechanic4 ,the farm mechanic will have employment the year round1 and the farm owner who has a competent mechanic in his employ will find his machinery in good order when needed4 ,the farm mechanic should not think that he is above doing regular farm work1 when that is more important4 ,he may be called upon to repair buildings1 build fences1 or even plant potatoes1 but his duties should be primarily the operation and upkeep of mechanical equipment4 ,with the machinery cared for by a competent farm mechanic there will be less loss of time due to breakdowns and the equipment lasts longer4 ,if anything goes wrong with any of the mechanical equipment while in operation it will receive the immediate attention of an expert4 ,when there is a need for repairs to any of the buildings a competent man is available to do the work4 ,some large scientific farmers who have made their farming truly commercial propositions have introduced as one of the economic features of their business a department of farm mechanics with an expert mechanic in charge4 ,the time is ripe and the need urgent for the general introduction of the farm mechanic on every farm of sufficient size4 ,adjoining farms might in some cases advantageously combine in employing a farm mechanic4 ,a person with a desire to farm and an inclination toward mechanics may make one help the other by getting a farm so located that he can do general repair work for near neighbors1 this work to be undertaken with the understanding that repairing and sharpening of tools will be done when farming is at a standstill because of weather or for other reasons1 and that his own farming operations must not be sacrificed4 ,those desiring his services will gladly bring their machines to him to be overhauled before the season for use and while other work is not pressing4 ,the farm mechanic must be ingenious in utilizing the equipment at hand4 ,he can often adapt available equipment to do work that1 without his ingenious help1 would be accomplished with much difficulty4 ,the cut shows a small gasoline engine mounted on a binder to drive the cutting and binding machinery4 ,with this arrangement the team has only to draw the binder4 ,this is particularly advantageous on soft ground4 ,where the bull wheel does not have to drive the machinery it is not so liable to mire in wet places4 ,this plan1 taking much of the load from the team1 enables more and better work to be done4 ,if a tractor is available that can draw a grain drill and a harrow at the same time1 it is poor economy not to do both operations at once4 ,efficient hitches are very important and the mechanic must arrange these so that he can do the maximum work with a minimum power in the shortest time4 ,it has been found that the power required by some methods of hitching may be #ae to #be per cent greater than by others4 ,as a rule1 proper hitches not only take less power but the tools do better work4 ,this illustrates one of the benefits to be derived from having an expert in charge of the machinery4 ,the farm mechanic will be able to supervise the use of machines and tools on the farm and thus greatly increase the efficiency of the equipment in the hands of others1 as well as of that operated by himself4 ,by supervising machines when in use and by keeping equipment in the best working condition1 the farm mechanic can make himself the most valued man on the place4 ,in some sections of the country drainage and irrigation are very important4 ,the intelligent farm mechanic with a little training can be of great service in the simple farm surveying necessary4 ,the erection of and additions to farm buildings is another line of work that naturally falls to the farm mechanic1 as does also the installation of farm equipment4 ,many convenient devices are possible if some one is available who can use tools and has ability to plan and construct such improvements4 ,how many farmers1 for example1 have a dumb-waiter connecting with the cellar1 or water in the kitchen to save steps for the farmer's wife8 ,most farms have a gas engine for pumping water4 ,it would be an easy matter to arrange this engine so that it could be fitted to a short shaft provided with pulleys to drive various machines1 such as feed grinder1 feed cutter1 grindstone1 fanning mill1 etc4 ,a #a or #b horse-power engine on a small truck would be very convenient for moving from place to place for odd jobs4 ,many farms are supplied with small electric-light plants1 which by a little ingenuity could be made more convenient and also save work in the home4 ,electric lights1 running water1 bathroom1 vacuum cleaner1 cream separator1 electric washer1 electric iron1 furnace1 and many other conveniences are all possibilities1 although many farmers do not realize that these are available for the country home4 ,however1 with the assistance of the farm mechanic1 the farmer will feel that he1 too1 may enjoy city conveniences4 ,farmers are not unwilling to have things made convenient for themselves1 but hesitate because of the difficulty of getting a competent person to operate and maintain the plant4 ,lights1 feed cutters1 milkers1 and other conveniences are needed at the barn4 ,probably no farm would have all these improvements1 but any farm may have some1 and1 if a farm mechanic of originality is available1 many of these will be possible4 ,the farm mechanic should be provided with a shop equipped with well selected tools4 ,this shop1 for convenience1 should be located as closely as possible to the machine sheds4 ,it should have good light1 a tight floor1 and some means of heating in cold weather1 for most of the work in the shop will be done during weather which is unsuited for outside operations4 ,the equipment should consist of a forge and anvil1 a bench and vise for metal work1 a bench and vise for woodwork1 good1 suitable tools1 and a small stock of supplies--such as nails1 screws1 nuts1 and bolts4 ,farm machinery is built on the interchangeable plan1 and a few of the extras most liable to be needed should be kept on hand to avoid delay4 ,for example1 a careful inspection of the binder before harvest will show what parts are likely to give trouble and which1 if immediately replaced by extras on hand1 will eliminate unnecessary delay at a time when every hour counts in saving a crop4 ,it is well to know months before harvest that when you hitch to the binder it will be in shape for work2 also1 that when the silo is to be filled the knives will be sharp and the blower in good working order4 ,with a reasonable outfit of tools a trained mechanic can repair almost any ordinary break that may occur in the busy season which1 otherwise1 would cause the work to stop and the crew to be idle while a part1 or perhaps the whole machine1 is taken to the local shop for repair1 only to find the shop crowded with similar rush jobs which must take their turn4 ,the farm mechanic should know how to do simple forge work2 sharpen plows2 dress and temper ordinary chisels1 punches1 and other steel tools2 make good welds in iron and steel2 do a fair job of woodwork1 such as will be required in repairing around the house and barns1 and erect such small buildings as may be needed4 ,he should know how to babbitt a bearing2 fit new piston rings in a gas-engine cylinder2 grind in the valves2 clean out the carbon from the cylinders of the gas engine1 auto1 or tractor2 overhaul the binder1 mower1 hay loader1 or other machinery2 and replace such parts as are broken or worn4 ,practically1 all repair work should be done on the farm and most of it may be done when the machines are not in use1 or when the weather prevents other work4 ,while a machine is in use1 or immediately after it is brought in from the field1 any repairs or replacements that are needed should be noted by the operator on a tag to be attached to the machine before it is put away for the season4 ,this will serve as a reminder when the machine is overhauled to prepare it for the next season4 ,during the late fall and winter the entire equipment of machinery should be overhauled and put in shape for use4 ,this will give ample time to secure extra parts4 ,the 8one-hoss shay0 had no weakest part1 but most machinery has4 ,if the weak parts can be repaired1 or replaced1 before they give way the life and efficient service of the machine will be prolonged4 ,a point often overlooked is that poor results are secured by using tools that are not sharp1 or not in good repair1 and1 also1 the additional fact that much time is lost4 ,men will do more work1 and do it better1 if the tools they use are in first class condition4 ,a man who is swearing mad at a dull1 rusty plow that will not scour1 will be liable to mistreat his team and he will be unprofitable in many ways all on account of a neglected plow4 ,in consequence of poor tools1 or tools in poor condition1 inefficient plowing1 cultivating and other operations follow with their resultant losses in crop returns4 ,to illustrate1 the average yield of wheat in the ,united ,states is about #ae bushels per acre1 but the efficient farmer produces #be to #dj bushels1 and thereby greatly reduces his cost per bushel4 ,likewise with corn or other crops1 the larger the yield the less the cost to produce1 and hence the greater the net profit4 ,even if the local repair shop happens to be convenient1 and the farmer inclined to use it to the best advantage and as often as would be profitable1 it would frequently be impossible to get efficient service1 since the local shop is often congested with work1 poorly equipped1 and the shop mechanic may not be familiar with the machinery to be repaired4 ,to make the farm investment as a whole most profitable a considerable and judicious investment in modern farm machinery is absolutely necessary4 ,the farm equipment will usually include a tractor1 sometimes a truck1 depending on the size of the farm and farm implements suited to the lines of work being carried4 ,it must be realized1 however1 that the best results from the farm depend on the efficient equipment of the farm home4 ,the farmer's home is more than a shelter1 it is the most important tool in his business4 ,the farm equipment chart1 shows the result of a study of all the farm homes in a township in ,iowa4 ,half of all the farm homes in this township had furnaces1 while the proportion having water1 bath1 and electric or gas lights was somewhat less4 ,nearly half had vacuum cleaners1 power washers1 and electric irons4 ,nearly all these homes had telephones4 ,over half had pianos1 and about half had automobiles4 ,this is not a picture of average conditions obtaining at present in farm homes throughout the ,united ,states1 but it is a picture of conditions1 somewhat exceptional at present1 to which we are1 however1 rapidly approaching4 ,in many instances an automobile is included in the farm equipment4 ,farmers have in fact more need for a car than have any other class1 since it serves the double purpose of business and pleasure and makes possible the greater enjoyment of church1 town1 and neighbors4 ,statistics show that nearly #b1jjj1jjj autos are owned by farmers4 ,,cost ,,of ,,farm ,,equipment ,the machinery on a #bjj-;acre farm will vary from #c1jjj to #d1jjj or more4 ,no business man would put such expensive equipment in the hands of a crew of untrained men without some one in charge to see that it is properly used1 kept in repair1 and cared for when not in use4 ,with a farm mechanic assured1 farmers will realize that it is good business to supplement their farm investment by the purchase of such machinery as will result in improved farming and increased production4 ,the necessity for proper mechanical equipment of the farm was appreciated by the ,federal ,farm ,loan ,board when it provided that part of the ,federal loan funds might be used for mechanical equipment4 ,the board realized that a farm can not be profitably operated without suitable machinery and that without modern farm tools the farmer is severely handicapped1 even though he has a good farm and sufficient buildings4 ,thorough preparation of the soil and cultivation and harvesting of the crop all depend upon proper equipment of the farm4 ,the economic importance of modern labor saving tools1 implements1 and machinery for the farm1 orchard and garden was not fully appreciated until four years of a world-disturbing war had created havoc with the farmer's labor supply1 already short from losses to other industries4 ,this supply was further curtailed by the demand for workers in the manufacture of war supplies and by enlistments4 ,even in the face of this tremendous depletion in his labor supply1 labor-saving machinery1 available from abundant prewar manufacture1 enabled the farmer1 nevertheless1 to expand the area under cultivation by hundreds of thousands of acres1 and thus to meet war emergency needs4 ,the satisfaction and profit of having an outfit of tools and a competent man to keep the equipment in good working condition1 will be realized more fully as the mechanic demonstrates his ability and ingenuity4 ,the average farmer has not had the experience of having his machines and tools in condition without considerable trouble and outlay of time and expense4 ,the change will be such a relief1 and the increased efficiency so noticeable that the farm mechanic will have little difficulty in making such services appreciated1 securing acknowledgment of his ability and therefore establishing his rank among the men on the farm4 ,he should1 of course1 be considered a permanent man and be provided with all the perquisites that other permanent men enjoy1 including a house and a garden in addition to adequate compensation4 ,,future ,,prospects ,the demand for farm mechanics may be expected to grow somewhat in proportion to the increase in the use of tractors4 ,the introduction of a tractor on a farm necessitates many changes in methods of work which call for the exercise of mechanical ingenuity to get maximum results4 ,the advantage of having a trained man to help plan and start the work under the new conditions is evident4 ,the ,curtis ,publishing ,co4 has made a study of tractor production and has plotted a curve 7,fig4 #ah7 which shows the probable future of the industry4 ,if the demand for farm mechanics increases in proportion as does the utilization of tractors1 the future looks bright for well-trained men4 ,you may have had mechanical experience and possibly experience with farm machinery1 but you will1 nevertheless1 need a short intensive course in the care and repair of farm machinery4 ,such a course will fill you with new ideas for greater efficiency in the employment and adaptation of numerous tools not generally used on the farm4 ,if you have had little mechanical training1 but have had some experience with farm machinery1 you will need a course in shopwork to enable you to do a good workmanlike job instead of the usual makeshift work to which many farmers have been accustomed4 ,,handicaps ,some of you may be saying1 8,but ,i can't hope to make good on the farm because of my handicap4 ,i have lost a foot or an arm or am otherwise crippled40 ,it is true that these may seem hard to overcome1 but the mechanic's work on a farm is such that few of these losses will be prohibitive or constitute serious handicaps4 ,ordinarily the loss of a leg would prevent a man from doing the necessary walking in soft ground1 but even this will not be found such a serious loss after you have been supplied with the 8extras0 to which you are entitled4 ,uncle ,sam has had his 8physical mechanics0 at work for some time getting these 8extras0 ready1 and after you have gotten them adjusted and properly 8broken in0 you will find considerable pleasure in your ability to use them4 ,your work as a mechanic will be with machinery and you will almost invariably ride while operating it4 ,in the shopwork and repairs1 if you can stand at a bench and move around your machine1 you will find little difficulty on account of loss of a leg4 ,as for arms1 the candidate should have one good hand1 but the mechanical substitutes that have been developed will enable you to get along very comfortably with one good hand and a workable substitute for the other4 ,after you are accustomed to your store hand its use will become second nature to you and you will not often be conscious of the change4 ,even store teeth require a certain amount of education before they work well4 ,increase in the use of artificial limbs at this time has led to material improvements being made in appliances to overcome various handicaps4 ,the illustrations you have undoubtedly seen in print or on the screen are not 8make up0 pictures but actual cases of what training in the use of these appliances will enable a person to do4 ,what others can do1 you can do4 ,physical disabilities1 such as shell shock1 nervous troubles1 and lung troubles will be greatly benefited by the free outdoor life of the farm4 ,there are side lines that would be very profitable and interesting which would sandwich in with the work of the farm mechanic in a very satisfactory way1 such as beekeeping1 poultry1 and sheep4 ,there is a fascination about farm life to many persons that more than compensates for any loss of the enjoyments peculiar to city life4 ,the farmer has been looked on as not quite the equal of the manufacturer or merchant1 but opinion is rapidly changing4 ,the farmer is the original producer on which others depend4 ,this war has caused the world to realize his importance1 and now he is beginning to receive his dues and be recognized for his real worth4 ,when you have had the special training as a farm mechanic you will find that the demand for your services is from well-equipped and experienced farmers4 ,while you are rendering valuable service to your employer in your line of work you will be getting a good salary and securing useful experience which will prepare you for a better position as a farm mechanic or for successful management1 eventually1 of a farm of your own4 ,the ,surgeon ,general is instructed to fit you out with the best appliances possible for your future work1 and the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education is ordered to provide the training that will fit you for the work which you decide is best and most nearly meets your needs4 ,the ,federal board's training courses have been arranged for in every ,state1 and information in regard to them can be secured from your nearest district vocational officer4 ,see list on the last page of this monograph4 ,,plan ,no4 #abcf4 ,,show-,,card ,,writing ,this monograph was prepared by ,may ,h4 ,pope1 under direction of ,charles ,h4 ,winslow1 ,chief of the ,research ,division of the ,federal ,board of ,vocational ,education4 ,acknowledgment is due to ,dr4 ,john ,cummings1 of the ,research ,division1 for editorial assistance4 ,,the ,,purpose ,,of ,,the ,,show ,,card ,a man's attention is attracted through his sense of sight more readily than in any other way4 ,a word1 a phrase1 a pithy sentence will catch his eye and focus his interest1 where something requiring more concentration would fail4 ,for this reason window dressing has grown into an important feature of every merchant's business1 and cards pointing out the quality and prices of the goods displayed are universally used4 ,these show cards were formerly made by sign painters1 until some1 more farseeing than others1 realized the opportunity to specialize in this line of work1 which has now developed into a distinctive trade4 ,,different ,,types ,,of ,,cards ,there is a great variety of types in show cards4 ,some are large1 others are small2 some are ornamented with designs suitable for the occasion1 or season1 or goods to be featured in the advertisement2 others are plain numerals or letters giving the bare detail of cost4 ,as these cards are shown in the street cars1 on moving picture announcements1 on billboards at theatre entrances1 as well as in the stores1 they must be so varied as to be appropriate to their surroundings4 ,a practical feature in writing show cards is the selection of some special design or slogan with which the article or firm may always be associated in the mind of the public4 ,in this field a show-card writer with originality is able to realize materially upon his ideas4 ,,future ,,of ,,the ,,trade ,because the merchant believes that seeing is very likely to mean buying he finds the show-card writer indispensable to his business4 ,whether large or small1 every store needs these display cards with their catchy announcements to aid in promoting business4 ,present-day competition makes it necessary that every known means at attracting attention shall be utilized by the merchant who would keep up in his line4 ,progressiveness in store management has occasioned rapid growth in the trade of card writing within the last few years1 and the constantly increasing demand for advertising indicates that the trade of show-card writing has an assured future4 ,,equipment ,for the man possessing limited capital the small cost of the necessary equipment is an alluring inducement to enter the trade4 ,a few dollars will cover the entire cost4 ,brushes1 pens1 penholder1 with ink retainer1 ruler1 art gum or sponge rubber1 thumb tacks1 combination compass1 a pair of large shears1 a ,t-square1 a box of charcoal1 soft lead pencils1 and cardboard make up the list of necessary material for the show-card writer4 ,a good-sized drawing board completes the list4 8,the better the workman the fewer the tools0 has been said4 ,an expert card writer works efficiently with a board1 a ,t-square1 and a half dozen thumb tacks4 ,,what ,,men ,,in ,,the ,,trade ,,should ,,know ,a good general education is essential for a show-card writer who expects to be more than merely a mechanical maker of words and letters4 ,those who become expert in the art need a knowledge of designing and an originality in composing effective phrases1 such as can not be resisted even by those who read the cards casually4 ,a practical knowledge of the geometric construction of letters is fundamental1 for though simple lettering may be largely mechanical work1 skill must not be confined to the utilization of mechanical means alone4 ,a knowledge of color is an advantage to those who make sign cards4 ,color combinations and contrasts play an important part in producing attractive cards4 ,as card writers are confronted by all sorts of combinations of words in inscriptions1 it is necessary for them to know letter forms2 to understand novelty in designing1 arrangement1 and artistic embellishment2 and to exercise taste in harmonizing colors1 so as to produce cards that will be not only neat and attractive but at the same time legible4 ,,what ,,men ,,in ,,the ,,trade ,,do ,show-card writers make price tickets and all types of trade cards used in windows1 on special sale sections1 on the announcement boards of theatres1 on automobiles1 in cafeterias1 in street cars1 and wherever else the card may serve as a proper medium of advertising4 ,the trade is carried on in different ways4 ,cards are sometimes made by salesmen who give only part of their time to this work4 ,other writers give all of their time to one firm requiring a large number of cards for its own use4 ,some card writers work for show-card firms and others have their own offices and fill special orders4 ,,opportunities ,the demand for show-card writers is far greater than the supply4 ,every small town offers an opening for one or more1 who would make a good living at the trade in that locality4 ,,how ,,men ,,are ,,trained ,many card writers are trained in the shop4 ,correspondence courses afford fair advantages to the man who must save time and money1 but personal supervision is of great advantage1 and personal criticism is essential if a correspondence course is taken4 ,courses in card writing are now offered in technical schools and ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 classes and vocational schools all over the country4 ,among the schools now offering courses in show-card writing are the following3 ,federal ,school of ,commercial ,art1 ,minneapolis1 ,minn4 ,idaho ,technical ,institute4 ,los ,angeles ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 schools4 ,st4 ,louis ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 schools4 ,lowry ,sign and ,advertising ,service1 ,chicago4 ,link's ,business ,college1 ,boise1 ,idaho4 ,state ,trade ,school4 ,danbury1 ,conn4 ,appleton1 ,wis41 ,industrial ,school4 ,kenosha1 ,wis41 ,vocational ,school4 ,neenah1 ,wis41 ,industrial ,school4 ,new ,york ,high ,school4 ,new ,york ,vocational ,schools4 ,detroit1 ,mich41 ,school of ,letters4 ,augustana ,college1 ,rock ,island1 ,ill4 ,college of ,commerce1 ,de ,paul ,university1 ,chicago4 ,school of ,industrial ,arts1 ,trenton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,koester ,school1 ,chicago4 ,semby ,school1 ,minneapolis1 ,minn4 ,the length of time required for the completion of courses depends upon the student2 one very good course covers eight weeks4 ,some students after the fifth or sixth lesson have done work sufficiently creditable to bring a money return4 ,proper and methodical training is very necessary4 ,care and exactness must first be acquired and speed will naturally follow4 ,courses given in show-card writing cover such subjects as how to mix and when to use water colors1 inks1 and oils2 the care of brushes and pens2 the proper kind and color of cardboards to use2 and how to apply bronze and diamond dust4 ,the formation of pen and brush letters is1 of course1 fundamental1 and the principles of lettering must be taught in a simple1 thorough1 and correct way4 ,proper instruction1 with application1 is bound to bring success4 ,lesson plates ,nos4 #a to #f4--;,improved method for teaching1 correct formation and relative proportions of letters and numerals4--,brush method4 ,general instructions4--,proper material1 student's worktable1 light1 how to care for brushes1 show-card paint1 how to practice1 kind of practice that counts1 lesson plates explained1 how to fill the brush1 how to bring the brush to working point1 how to hold the brush1 position at table1 position of paper4 ,lesson plates ,nos4 #g to #aj--,single stroke rapid ,roman lettering4--,how to begin the practice1 time-saving methods1 how to hold the brush1 various positions of the brush explained1 how to manipulate the brush to produce clean-cut strokes1 purpose of single-stroke vertical and italic roman lettering4 ,lesson plates ,nos4 #aa and #ab--;,how to shade letters4--,various styles of shading1 proper colors for shading1 shading as an embellishment1 shading to give emphasis4 ,lesson plates ,nos4 #ac to #af--,single stroke ,egyptian lettering4--,brushes to use1 how to hold the brush1 how to manipulate the brush to produce the proper stroke1 how to practice the elementary lines and curves4 ,lesson plates ,nos4 #ag and #ah--,single and double stroke alphabet and numerals4--,purpose of this style of letter1 brushes to use1 method explained1 different methods of finishing the letters4 ,lesson plate ,no4 #ai--,single-stroke old ,english alphabet4--,purpose of old ,english lettering1 how to hold the brush1 retouching the principal strokes4 ,lesson plate ,no4 #bj--,single-stroke modified ,roman pen lettering4--,advantages of pen lettering for text or descriptive matter1 inks to use1 how to practice pen lettering1 how to hold the pen1 how to manipulate the pen to procure clean-cut strokes1 how to use an ink reservoir to facilitate rapid work4 ,fifteen practical show-card layouts4--,in the foregoing lessons the student acquires sufficient ability to enable him to make practical use of his knowledge4 ,the alphabets covered are sufficient for general show-card use4 ,therefore1 at this point1 the course presents #ae practical layouts showing how the text should be separated into display lines and descriptive groups1 also various styles of letters that may be used in harmony for display and descriptive matter4 ,an appropriate show-card phrase is used for each layout4 ,display lines and descriptive groups are indicated in the exact size and styles of letters to be used in lettering each layout4 ,specific directions as to color1 combinations1 and embellishments are given for each layout4 ,a study in design and layout4--,the principles of spacing1 importance of show-card designing1 best rules for spacing1 lessons in spacing1 how to center a word or line4 ,condensing and extending letters4--,how to plan lettering to fit a given space1 rules for condensing1 rules for extending1 appropriate uses of condensed and extended letters1 practice exercises4 ,principles of the balanced layout4--,balanced layout defined1 how to plan the balanced layout1 important points to observe1 examples of balanced layout1 practice exercises in balanced layouts4 ,border lines1 underscore1 space fillers1 and panels4--,brush ruling1 how to draw an ellipse1 initial panel1 initial letters1 a few card kinks4 ,the group layout4--,how to plan the group layout1 examples of group layout1 practice exercises in group layout4 ,combination layout4--,purpose of the combination layout1 how to divide the phrase into display lines and groups for the combination layout1 examples of combination layouts1 exercises in combination layouts4 ,price tickets4--,normal style price tickets1 bold style price tickets1 small price tickets1 fancy price tickets1 illustrative price tickets1 practice exercises4 ,illustrated show cards4--,sources of ideas1 tracing from clipped illustrations1 how to use the pantograph for enlarging illustrations1 the mirrorscope1 examples of appropriate designs for various purposes1 exercises in illustrated show cards4 ,principles of colors--,color contrasts4--,how to mix water-color paint1 color effects2 color combination2 mixing standard colors to produce shades1 tints1 and unusual colors2 lessons in color combinations4 ,show card embellishment4--,dry-color blending2 spatter work2 relief lettering2 applying metallics1 diamond dust1 flock1 etc42 phrase and picture tiling2 seasonable embellishments2 floral decorations2 poster cut-outs2 silhouettes2 how to paint muslin signs4 ,instruction in the use of the air brush4--,principles of the air brush2 sectional view of an air brush2 illustrating and describing all important parts2 air pressure2 how to put a gas outfit together2 colors for air-brush use2 how to use the air brush2 care of the air brush2 how to cut stencils2 practice exercises to gain control of brush2 color blending2 exercises in the use of stencil designs4 ,lesson plate ,no4 #ba4--,single-stroke alphabet and numerals for modern speed ball pen lettering4 ,lesson plate ,no4 #bb4--,uniform single-stroke alphabet and numerals for ,payzant pen lettering4 ,lesson plate ,no4 #bc4--,single-stroke ,payzant or speed ball pen alphabet with retouched spurs4 ,lesson plate ,no4 #bd4--,speed ball pen initial capitals1 retouched and embellished4 ,lesson plate ,no4 #be4--,outline ,roman initial1 embellished capitals1 plain lower-case letters4 ,lesson plate ,no4 #bf4--,modern ,roman and fancy alphabets for music pen lettering4 ,lesson plate ,no4 #bg4--,old ,english text pen1 and small speed ball pen alphabets4 ,lesson plate ,no4 #bh4--,speed ball pen alphabets4 ,lesson plate ,no4 #bi4--,rapid single-stroke antique ,roman brush alphabet4 ,lesson plate ,no4 #cj4--,rapid single-stroke modified ,roman brush alphabet4 ,lesson plate ,no4 #ca4-,single-stroke antique alphabet and numerals4 ,,qualifications ,anyone who can learn to write can learn to draw or paint letters for show cards4 ,it is not essential to have artistic ability1 although this would be an asset in the trade2 a steady hand and a correct eye are the only requirements1 and it is well to remember that 8the sight that insures correct drawing is not that of the eye only1 but of the mind40 ,,handicaps ,good eyesight is essential1 but almost no handicap other than blindness1 or the loss of both arms1 is prohibitive4 ,it is an advantage to have both hands1 but the fact that one-armed men have so clearly demonstrated their ability to write as legibly as others with both hands indicates that the difficulty for a man with one hand becoming a show-card writer be overcome4 ,,desirability ,,for ,,the ,,disabled ,,man ,the work is not heavy1 the hours may be adjusted to the strength of the worker1 the prospects for work in the trade are favorable1 and the pay is good--all of which characterizes the trade as one suitable for disabled men4 ,a chief attraction which show-card writing holds out for the handicapped man is the freedom allowed in the choice of a working place4 ,he may be independent1 not only in the place of his work1 but in selecting his own hours for work4 ,this liberty means much for a man who is physically below normal4 ,the conditions under which a writer of show cards works are favorable1 both as to time and place4 ,,remuneration ,show-card writing is a fascinating art and brings good profits4 ,for this reason its appeal will be strong to the wounded soldier4 ,an exact standard of prices has never been possible for card writing1 as so much depends upon the quality of the work and the time required to make the cards4 ,the cost of the material is negligible2 but show cards have an intrinsic value to the merchant1 who is usually willing to pay for them4 ,card writers make from #be to #ge a week4 ,advertising cards1 being of a temporary nature1 must be inexpensive4 ,rapidity is necessary1 in order to make it profitable1 as the writers are usually paid by piece-work4 ,the example may be cited of a hunchback who began show-card writing at #c a week and by his energy and application rose to a salary of #dj in a short while4 ,a lack of application or giving way to discouragement over first attempts may cause failure1 but for no other reason should a disabled man who desires to become a writer of trade cards feel the slightest fear of the undertaking4 ,begin the course with a determination to succeed1 and remember that lack of confidence is not conducive to success in any trade4 ,learn the principle strokes with great care1 practice diligently until dexterity is acquired1 work without hesitation1 boldly and with enthusiasm1 and in a short time there will be acquired expertness in a trade which is interesting1 agreeable1 and lucrative4 ,,plan ,no4 #abcg4 ,,the ,,printing ,,trades ,this monograph was prepared by ,t4 ,g4 ,mc,grew1 ,superintendent of the ,united ,typothet of ,america1 ,school of ,printing1 ,indianapolis1 ,ind41 under the direction of ,charles ,h4 ,winslow1 ,chief of the ,research ,division of the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education4 ,acknowledgment is due to ,marden ,scott1 ,president of the ,international ,typographical ,union1 ,dr4 ,frederick ,w4 ,hamilton1 and ,henry ,p4 ,porter1 for valuable suggestions and advice in the preparation of this monograph and to ,dr4 ,john ,cummings of the ,research ,division for editorial assistance4 ,,printing ,,as ,,an ,,occupation ,the printing industry is both a profession and a trade4 ,it is essentially an occupation of intelligence1 the mechanical processes of which require a high degree of specialized skill and training4 ,printing in the ,united ,states employs nearly half a million people4 ,the trade is not confined to any particular locality1 but is practiced in all parts of the country4 ,the number of printing establishments in any city is a comparatively accurate index to its size and commercial importance2 therefore1 the competent man in the printing business is not restricted to certain localities or conditions4 ,the printing trade develops intellectually1 as a printer must be well read in the very nature of his occupation4 ,his work is skillful1 but not extremely arduous1 and the eight-hour day is practically standard4 ,wages in the various branches average from #ae to #dj per week1 with special and executive positions commanding higher salaries4 ,,future ,,of ,,the ,,business ,this is an age of rapid industrial changes1 and new inventions may render certain occupations almost obsolete in a night4 ,it is unwise to enter some lines of industry because the demand is lessening1 the business decreasing1 and the future uncertain4 ,this is not the case1 however1 in regard to printing1 which is a growing business4 ,the use of printing is increasing in every field of industry4 ,in so far as human judgment can determine1 it will continue as an essential industry1 and twenty years from now there will be unmeasurably more product than there is today4 ,,products ,,of ,,printing ,printing has been aptly designated 8the art preservative of all arts40 ,the product of the printer's trade is so well known as to require little comment4 ,books1 periodicals1 newspapers1 commercial forms1 advertising literature1 and other products of the press form a competent part of the business and social structure of all civilized nations1 and are integral parts of the daily life of practically every individual4 ,hardly any other field of human activity has a product so universally used4 ,,organization ,,of ,,the ,,industry ,of all the trades1 printing is one of the best organized1 both on the part of employers and of employees4 ,there are few strikes1 as arbitration agreements are in effect1 and work is seldom interrupted4 ,the various organizations use their dues to much better advantage than in financing internecine struggles4 ,the employers' associations maintain many activities for improving conditions in the business1 including installation of cost systems1 maintenance of trade schools1 advertising service1 and provision of educational courses4 ,the unions pay old-age pensions1 death benefits1 and sick benefits4 ,they provide homes for the aged and indigent1 sanatoriums for the sick1 and instruction for apprentices4 ,all these organizations aid morally and financially in promoting education for the craft4 ,,environment ,,of ,,workers ,the printing business is entirely shop and office work4 ,there is no exposure1 nor is the trade affected materially by weather conditions4 ,the work is more uniform in volume than in many other trades4 ,only a few of the processes have special hazards1 and the health of printers compares favorably with that of other indoor trades4 ,,entering ,,the ,,trade ,the printing trade embraces several distinct branches1 chief among which are composition1 including hand and machine1 presswork1 and bindery4 ,each of these is subdivided into a number of processes4 ,the regular apprenticeship is #e years for each branch of the trade4 ,very few men are proficient in more than one branch1 the nature of the business being such that specialization is necessary for both the trade and the individual4 ,within the last few years1 technical schools have been established which aid in training for the industry4 ,it must be clearly understood that the schools are interconnected with the trade1 and are for the purpose of adding to shop training and not superseding it4 ,an indispensable requisite of the printing industry is thorough intensive training and experience4 ,in common with other worth while things1 it can not be hurriedly or superficially mastered4 ,time and work both are necessary4 ,,printing ,,courses ,,for ,,the ,,disabled ,men disabled in the war who may be interested in printing will naturally fall into two classes3 those formerly employed in the trade1 and those without trade experience4 ,if you belong to the first class and have worked at the trade1 we would unhesitatingly urge you to continue in it in some capacity4 ,special efforts will be made by all trade organizations to enable you to do so4 ,your previous training and experience should not be thrown away1 but should on the contrary be used as the foundation for specialization1 either in your own particular branch of work or in some allied branch4 ,the ,government is offering you the opportunity to greatly improve your ability by technical training4 ,you can return to the trade more expert by adding to your previous experience the training of one or more of the courses offered4 ,this will give you a better position than you held before entering upon military service4 ,it will enable you to earn more money1 and to be more valuable to the trade and to the ,nation4 ,if you are interested in the trade but have never worked at it1 there is only one right way to begin--through thorough preparation4 ,we should consider ourselves delinquent in our duty if we did not impress on you that competency is the result of sufficient time1 proper prerequisites1 and practical trade experience4 ,printing requires a high degree of skill1 speed1 and accuracy4 ,these essentials can not be acquired superficially4 ,the ,government1 the schools1 and the trade are prepared to furnish you this preparation1 asking from you only the time and effort necessary to do it right4 ,the accompanying chart affords detailed information regarding the various positions for which training is provided4 ,chart showing character of occupation1 qualifications1 requirements1 and training for various positions in the printing industry4 ,occupation4 ,character ,work requires4 ,qualifications4 of occupation4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a4 ,hand ,setting ads1 ,walking1 bending ,good general compositor jobs1 and generalover1 standing ateducation1 7ad4 and printing1 make-upcases1 and technical job74 of machine handling various knowledge of composition1 tools1 type1 and typesetting1 paging1 other small styles of distribution1 andarticles4 composition1 other composing principles of room work4 design1 color harmony1 etc4 #b4 ,linotype ,operating ,work is mostly in,good general operator4 keyboard of slug sitting posture1 education1 casting machines rising capitalization1 for production ofoccasionally4 division of all classes of ,operation of words1 composition2 keyboard1 punctuation1 and knowledge of somewhat similar spelling4 mechanism to to typewriter4 ,experience in operate4 setting type4 ,knowledge of styles of composition4 #c4 ,linotype ,to make all ,work necessitates,experience in machinist4 adjustments and walking1 bending1printing repairs on slug and reaching in sufficient for casting machines the repair and adjustment of and erect adjustment of machine1 general machines4 machines4 knowledge of mechanics1 and use of tools4 ,specialized training in repair and adjustments of machine4 #d4 ,linotype ,operating ,work requires all,combination of machinist- keyboard and physical all essential operator4 sufficient movements requirements of knowledge of necessary for keyboard operator mechanism to keepmanipulation of and machinist4 machine in keyboard and running order4 adjustment of machines4 #e4 ,monotype ,operation of ,physical exertion,good general keyboard keyboard of is about the sameeducation in operator4 monotype machine as operating a punctuation1 for all styles oftypewriter2 spelling1 composition4 operator is experience in seated and littlehand composition walking required4on all classes of work4 #f4 ,monotype ,operation of ,work is standing4,experience in machinist4 monotype caster ,considerable printing1 on composition walking1 bending1knowledge of type and casting type1and stooping in sizes and borders1 rules1 adjustment and measurements1 etc4 ,making running of general knowledge adjustments and machine4 of mechanics and repairs on caster use of tools4 and keyboard4 ,thorough training in repair and adjustment of machine4 #g4 ,monotype ,operating ,requires all ,combination of combina- keyboard and physical all essential tion4 running caster4 ,amovements requirements of combination of designated as keyboard operator the functions of essential in and machinist4 keyboard operatoroperation of and caster keyboard and runner4 caster4 #h4 ,stoneman4 ,imposition and ,work is standing ,expert knowledge lock up of forms1or walking about of imposition for figuring margins1imposing stone4 hand and machine etc4 ,constant use of folding1 margins1 hands and arms4 sizes of paper1 lockup job1 and cylinder forms1 plates1 and bases4 #i4 ,composing ,supervision of ,physical movement,good technical room all work produceda variable knowledge of foreman4 in composing roomfactor1 much of printing1 by hand and work can be practical machine4 handled from deskcomposing room if necessary4 experience1 disposition to direct1 assume responsibility with capacity to plan production4 #aj4 ,copyholder4,assistant to ,reading and ,good education1 proof reader1 assisting proof ability to read reading the copy reader4 clearly and with proof reader accurately4 ,such for corrections4 knowledge of the trade as will enable him to competently assist proof readers4 #aa4 ,proof ,marking errors in,work seated at ,good education reader4 proof sheets in table or desk4 and thorough composition1 training in revising1 etc4 punctuation and ,english1 proof readers marks1 methods of correction4 ,technical knowledge of printing4 #ab4 ,copy ,writing or ,desk work ,good education1 writer4 editing copy for entirely4 particularly in ads1 booklets1 ,english and and other details expression1 connected with ability to advertising and analyze service1 other work4 and write forceful descriptive matter4 ,should be familiar with different kinds of printing and its possibilities4 #ac4 ,assistant ,feeding press1 ,constant movement,must be able to pressman1 assisting of hands and feed to register1 platen or pressman in make-arms2 keep up color1 cylinder4 ready1 oiling andconsiderable have speed and washing up standing and accuracy1 know presses1 handlinglifting of paper how to put in stock1 etc4 and rollers4 rollers1 keep up presses1 oil1 washup and assist pressman in make- ready1 etc41 common school education4 #ad4 ,pressman1 ,making ready type,this line of work,practical platen or and plates for requires experience in cylinder4 printing1 movements of trade1 good registering nearly all parts education1 forms1 mechanism of body2 artistic sense1 and adjustments involving mechanical of presses1 walking1 bending1ability1 training proper use of stooping1 in all process of inks1 mixing constant use of make-ready4 colors1 printing fingers1 arms1 qualities of and hands4 papers4 #ae4 ,press ,supervision of ,requires walking ,shop experience1 foreman4 all work in pressand supervision knowledge of department1 in directing mechanical knowledge of timework1 also work processes1 tickets and at desk in capacity to production sitting posture4 organise records4 production and ,familiarity with direct work4 the mechanical ,education processes of the sufficient to pressroom4 handle record forms1 make up reports1 etc4 #af4 ,bindery ,setting and ,operation of ,practical worker4 feeding folding various machines knowledge of machines1 hand requires use of bindery folding1 hands1 arms1 and machinery1 adjustment and legs4 ,work bindery operation of requires both operations1 stitchers and standing and technical other bindery sitting position4knowledge of machinery4 imposition and margins1 knowledge of special operations1 such as round cornering1 punching1 indexing1 etc4 #ag4 ,stockman ,operation of ,must be in ,knowledge of and paper cutting machine1 sufficiently goodstandard cutter4 figuring cuts1 physical qualities1 kinds1 sizes of stock1 condition to liftsizes1 weights1 etc4 ,supervision and handle paper1and finish of of stock1 keep record on paper4 ,know how receiving1 same and operate to receive1 store issuing1 and cutting machine4 and disburse storing4 stock1 make out and handle requisitions and stock room records4 ,be able to perform mechanical operation on machine1 figure and cut stock1 trim books1 etc4 #ah4 ,printing ,the teaching of ,care and ,must be practical instructor4printing to thoroughness moreprinter1 have apprentices or essential than good standing in students of speed1 much work trade1 ability to vocational can be done teach1 careful1 classes4 ,proper seated4 ,requires thorough1 functioning with use of hands and patient1 trade in thorougharms while cooperative training along standing at case disposition4 practical lines4 or platen press4 #ai4 ,cost clerk4,keeping cost ,this is clerical ,good education1 records1 posting and mostly desk quick and time tickets1 work which may beaccurate at compiling done standing1 orfigures1 statements of sitting on stool preferably a cost and other or chair4 ,some knowledge of clerical details4walking4 printing operations4 #bj4 ,layout man4,making sketches ,desk work ,knowledge of type and layouts1 entirely4 faces1 designating type composition1 and decorations1 paper and color4 selecting paper ,have training in and inks for jobs drawing1 and ads4 lettering1 principles of design and be well informed on reproductive processes4 #ba4 ,printing ,marketing the ,must be able to ,general knowledge salesman4 printers product1exercise all the of printing developing new physical business1 business1 acting functions particularly of as representativenecessary to paper and of the printer tolocate business engraving1 type the customer4 and obtain it4 faces1 etc4 ,should be a specialist in business development and capable of affording real printing service to the customer4 #bb4 ,estimator4 ,figuring the ,desk work4 ,no ,practical amounts of physical exertionexperience in material2 necessary1 exceptprinting processes1 time involved in business1 required and handling samples1informed about other factors of cost records and paper1 ink1 cost necessary tofiguring4 engraving and furnish prices on other materials printing1 and processes4 cooperating with ,knowledge of sales and costs4 manufacturing departments4 #bc4 ,super- ,management of ,work at desk and ,practical intendent operations of in different information and plant as a whole1portions of the regarding all manager4 determination of plant1 more manufacturing methods of mental than processes1 manufacture1 physical1 but knowledge of cost cooperative must be able to accounting and connection with get around estimating1 all activities ofdepartments in ability to the business4 control of organize operations4 departments1 plan production1 direct operations1 and deal with men4 #bd4 ,proprietor4,directing the ,work may of ,this presupposes policy and course be a knowledge of operation of the adjusted to business with business from theconditions4 ,desk specialization in standpoint of work is essentialprinting plant ownership and in control of costs1 profits4 business if management1 active part is sales1 service1 taken in product and management4 organization4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,occupation4 ,wages per,hours of ,physical ,training week4 labor requirements4 needed by daily4 journeyman workman4 #dc ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a4 ,hand #bj to #h ,one eye1 both hands1 #a year4 compositor #cj4 one leg1 7if fitted 7ad4 and with usable artificial job74 limb71 physical ability for standing and stooping1 no lifting required1 good hearing not essential4 #b4 ,linotype #be to #ce4 #h ,good eyes1 both hands #f months4 operator4 with thumbs1 and at least four fingers1 one leg and artificial limb1 good hearing desirable but not essential4 #c4 ,linotype #be to #dj4 #h ,must have good #a year4 machinist4 eyesight1 two hands1 both legs1 unless artificial limb permits active use1 good hearing4 ,work requires some lifting and much movement of arms and body4 #d4 ,linotype #be to #ce4 #h ,requires physical #ah months4 machinist- capacity designated for operator4 linotype operators and machinists4 #e4 ,monotype #bj to #cj4 #h ,good eyesight1 both #f months4 keyboard hands with one thumb operator4 and enough fingers to operate2 perfect hearing not necessary4 ,work is light1 no lifting or stooping1 sitting posture4 #f4 ,monotype #be to #dj4 #h ,one good eye1 both #a year4 machinist4 hands1 one leg1 and artificial limb1 good hearing1 no heavy lifting or strain2 work is standing4 #g4 ,monotype #cj to #dj4 #h ,requires physical #ah months4 combina- capacity designed for tion4 monotype keyboard operator and monotype machinist4 #h4 ,stoneman4 #be to #ce4 #h ,work is standing1 #f months4 requiring constant movement of hands and arms1 considerable lifting of forms4 ,one good eye and partial hearing4 #i4 ,composing #be to #fj4 #h ,good eyesight1 right #a year4 room arm1 and hand1 one leg foreman4 7provided artificial limb permits walking71 little manual labor1 requires good hearing4 #aj4 ,copyholder4#aj to #bj4 #h ,good eyesight1 hearing1#f months4 and articulation1 one arm and hand1 work requires no standing or lifting and little walking4 #aa4 ,proof #bj to #cj4 ,work seated1 good ,do4 reader4 eyesight1 and hearing1 must be able to write1 no physical strain4 #ab4 ,copy #bj to #ej4 #h to #i ,one eye1 good hearing1 ,do4 writer4 ability to write1 desk work1 no physical exertion4 #ac4 ,assistant #ae to #bb4 #h ,good eyesight1 two #f months4 pressman1 hands and arms1 one leg platen or 7with artificial limb71 cylinder4 enough fingers to handle sheets1 good hearing not essential1 work is standing4 #ad4 ,pressman1 #bb to #dj4 #h ,good eyesight and #a year4 platen or hearing1 hands1 arms1 cylinder4 enough fingers to handle tools and sheets1 work requires standing1 walking1 and movement of upper part of body4 #ae4 ,press #cj to #fj4 #h ,good eyesight1 hearing1#a year4 foreman4 arm and leg if he can walk on artificial one4 ,work mostly supervisory and at desk4 #af4 ,bindery #ab to #be4 #h ,one eye1 both hands and#f months4 worker4 arms1 ability to walk and stand1 although much of work may be done seated1 foot control of some machines1 no very heavy work1 may be partly deaf4 #ag4 ,stockman #ae to #be4 #h ,involves lifting of #c months4 and paper stock4 ,arms1 hands1 one cutter4 leg 7artificial one can be used71 one eye1 partial hearing desirable4 #ah4 ,printing #be to #dj4 #f to #h ,good hearing1 eyesight #a year4 instructor4 and articulation1 ability to write1 and demonstrate mechanical work1 no hard physical work4 #ai4 ,cost clerk4#ae to #be4 #h to #i ,one eye1 right hand and#f months4 arm4 ,work may be done seated1 is entirely clerical1 no physical strain4 #bj4 ,layout man4#be to #ge4 #h to #i ,good eyesight1 one arm #a year4 and hand1 does not require walking or any movement except drawing designs4 ,good hearing not essential4 #ba4 ,printing #be to ,no fixed,one eye1 good hearing1 #a year4 salesman4 #ajj4 hours4 one arm and hand1 two legs or equivalent1 good articulation1 good appearance4 #bb4 ,estimator4 #ce to #ge4 #h to #i ,one eye1 good hearing1 #a year4 one hand and arm1 desk work 7very little walking7 no lifting1 little physical exertion2 estimating is a mental job4 #bc4 ,super- #ej to ,no fixed,good eyesight1 good #b years4 intendent #bjj4 hours4 hearing1 able to walk1 and work is mental4 manager4 #bd4 ,proprietor4 444 ,all the,should possess such #a year4 time4 unimpaired mental and physical faculties as will enable him to conduct his business under conditions of individual case4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #dc ,based on intensive technical training of #ce to #dj hours per week4 ,practically all specialized positions in printing are properly based on a journeyman's experience4 ,in the case of men who have served only partial apprenticeships1 or who have no training whatever an individual determination is necessary in each case as to the amount of special education1 technical school training1 and shop work required to equal the regular apprenticeship foundation4 ,the very elaborate artificial limbs now available may in many cases enable the individual to meet the physical requirements where the above statement would indicate a difficulty4 ,each such case must be decided on its merits4 ,,courses ,,of ,,study ,for requirements as to previous education and physical condition for each of these courses1 see chart4 ,the technical courses are organized to afford the following training4 ,provision is made for individual instruction where needed1 and for classes in ,english1 history of printing1 trade arithmetic1 and printing design directly connected with the trade work4 #a4 ,,hand ,,compositor 7,,straight ,,matter1 ,,ad4 ,,and ,,job7 ,explanation and use of materials and equipment used in the composing room1 lay of cases1 correct position at frame1 straight composition1 correcting1 proof reader's marks1 distribution1 casting-off copy1 styles of composition1 setting bookwork1 tabular matter1 ad4 and job work1 design and layouts1 and imposition4 #b4 ,,linotype ,,operator ,the construction and operation of the several models of machines1 cleaning and care of mats and machine1 correct method of fingering and acquiring speed1 practice on styles of composition4 ,proper condition of metal1 machine changes1 and adjustments4 #c4 ,,linotype ,,machinist ,construction and operation of machine1 care of mats and machine1 cleaning1 oiling1 overhauling1 tearing down machine and assembling1 condition of metal1 detecting trouble1 adjustments4 ,repair work1 care and system of handling sorts and supplies4 #d4 ,,linotype ,,machinist ,,operator ,construction and operation of machine1 cleaning mats and machine4 ,correct method of fingering and acquiring speed4 ,correct condition of metal1 oiling1 overhauling and assembling1 changing parts4 #e4 ,,monotype ,,keyboard ,,operator 7,monotype is in two units1 keyboard and caster47 ,keyboard4--,theory and operation of keyboard1 cleaning and care of keyboard1 work of keyboard and its relation to the caster1 reading perforations1 changing keyboard to various layouts1 adjustments1 practice on styles of composition4 ,practice for speed4 #f4 ,,monotype ,,machinist ,keyboard4--,theory and construction of keyboard1 care1 adjustment1 repairs4 ,caster4--,parts of machine1 use of micrometer1 sizes and handling of type1 machine changes1 casting of display type1 borders1 slugs and rules1 keeping metal in proper condition1 care of machine1 adjustments1 and repairs4 #g4 ,,monotype ,,combination ,keyboard4--,theory and construction of keyboard cleaning and care1 work of keyboard and its relation to caster1 reading perforations1 changing to various layouts1 adjustments4 ,caster4--,parts of machine1 use of micrometer1 type sizes1 machine changes1 casting display type borders1 slug and rule attachments1 conditions of metal1 care of machine1 oiling and adjustments4 #h4 ,,stoneman ,handling of type and forms1 locking up forms1 imposition for hand and machine folding1 study of various folds1 kinds of folding machines1 margins1 sizes of paper1 patent blocks and bases1 lockups for register and color4 #i4 ,,composing ,,room ,,foreman ,composition of straight matter and display1 classes of composition1 methods of handling1 book1 tabular1 and commercial work by hand and machine1 make-up1 illustrations and plates1 layouts1 design and color1 paper sizes1 kinds and uses1 department forms of record1 department systems1 selection and arrangement of equipment4 #aj4 ,,copy ,,holder ,technical terms used in printing1 sizes and kinds of type1 office style1 reading reprint and manuscript copy1 proof reader's marks1 punctuation1 abbreviations1 spelling1 division of words1 reference marks1 technical copy1 tabular copy4 7,special instruction in ,english of an informational character47 #aa4 ,,proof ,,reader ,details of the course include book1 magazine1 and newspaper styles1 proof reader's marks1 technical terms1 orthography1 book and magazine make-up1 editing copy1 proof room rules and procedure1 reading1 correcting1 and revising proofs4 #ab4 ,,copy ,,writer ,proof reader's marks1 punctuation1 capitalization1 division of words1 abbreviations1 construction of sentences1 paragraphing1 writing advertising copy and sales literature1 planning and layout of composition1 making up dummies1 styles of typography1 editing copy1 analyzing problems of publicity and devising advertising service4 #ac4 ,,assistant ,,pressman ,feeding stock1 uniformity of color1 proper handling of sheets after printing1 keeping press in good condition1 setting rollers and fountain1 principles of make-ready on type and plates4 #ad4 ,,pressman ,cleanliness and careful use of materials1 theory and construction of various types of machines1 setting impression screws1 bearers1 rollers1 and other adjustments1 registering forms1 care of rollers1 paper1 ink1 make-ready and running different grades of work1 including half-tones in black and color1 process plates1 etc4 ,department details4 #ae4 ,,pressroom ,,foreman ,makes of presses1 presses best suited for work on hand1 adjustments necessary to keep in good running order1 economical ways of running1 various folds 7hand and machine71 inks1 paper1 color1 planning work1 production forms1 and department management4 ,arrangement of equipment4 ,pressroom accessories4 #af4 ,,bindery ,,worker ,receiving and handling printed sheets1 knowledge of paper1 counting1 straightening1 cutting1 folding 7hand and machine71 gathering1 collating1 stitching1 trimming1 punching1 numbering1 padding1 wrapping4 7,this course deals only with the simpler phases of bindery work47 #ag4 ,,stockman ,,and ,,paper ,,cutter ,study of various kinds of paper1 tests1 sizes and weights1 economical methods of cutting stock1 equivalent weights1 methods of figuring stock2 care1 oiling1 cleanliness1 and operation of cutters4 ,stock handling system1 perpetual inventory and stock record forms4 #ah4 ,,printing ,,instructor ,work in typesetting1 locking forms1 make-ready1 and feeding on job presses 7both theory and practical work71 instruction methods and outlines of instruction for classes1 trade ,english1 design and arithmetic1 visits to printing and allied plants1 training as a teacher4 #ai4 ,,cost ,,clerk 7,based on ,united ,typothet of ,america ,standard ,cost ,finding ,system47 ,analysis and explanation of cost principles and their application1 stockroom systems1 time tickets1 job records1 and operating forms for all departments1 recapitulation of plant details of expense and output1 compiling statement of cost of production4 #bj4 ,,layout ,,man ,principles of design1 type faces1 color1 paper1 making layouts of work for composition1 and producing harmonious combinations of stock1 illustrations color1 and typography2 specifications and methods of increasing production1 acquiring speed on layouts4 #ba4 ,,printing ,,salesman 7,based upon ,united ,typothet of ,america ,standard ,salesmanship ,course47 ,qualifications of salesman1 the printer's product and market1 specialized manufacturing processes1 the sales department1 customer and business development4 ,creating business1 technical knowledge required1 successful salesmanship1 practical sales demonstrations in specialized1 manufacturing1 general1 and merchandise printing4 #bb4 ,,estimator 7,based upon ,united ,typothet of ,america ,standard ,estimating ,course47 ,details of estimating1 including specifications1 estimate blanks1 figuring stock1 artwork1 plates1 kinds of composition1 imposition1 presswork 7platen and cylinder71 and bindery details1 copy1 ink1 engraving1 plates1 trade customs4 ,practice in making out specifications1 estimating work1 and submitting proposals4 #bc4 ,,superintendent ,,and ,,manager ,estimating1 cost finding1 forms for composing room1 pressroom1 stockroom1 bindery1 trade conditions1 processes of composition1 presswork1 bindery1 paper1 ink1 color1 production methods1 planning work1 organization1 and management #bd4 ,,proprietor ,estimating1 cost finding1 study of composition1 paper1 ink1 plates and engravings1 composing room1 pressroom1 bindery1 condition of printing trades1 business development1 visits to allied plants1 plant organization and management1 sales values4 ,,plan ,no4 #abch4 ,,the ,,garment ,,trades ,this monograph was prepared by ,may ,h4 ,pope1 under direction of ,charles ,h4 ,winslow1 ,chief of the ,research ,division of the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education4 ,acknowledgment is due to ,dr4 ,john ,cummings of the ,research ,division for editorial assistance4 ,a place to sleep1 something to eat1 and something to wear constitute the primary needs for us all4 ,to satisfy the need for clothing a group of great ,american industries has developed--great in the value of their product as well as in the number of their workers4 ,,from ,,hand ,,work ,,to ,,machine ,,operation ,it would be interesting to trace the development of the clothing industries out of the common household trade1 using crude methods in introducing homemade garments1 the materials for which were grown and spun and woven by the family1 through the hand-sewing days and the various stages of foot-power machines to the present-day methods of electrically driven machines1 adjusted to do most accurate work with special devices for all sorts of processes4 ,,providing ,a ,,prime ,,necessity ,on the whole it may be conceded that these industries compare only fairly with others as regards prevailing conditions of labor1 but as regards benefits conferred upon people generally1 in placing within easy reach of all a prime necessity of life1 the clothing industries rank very high4 ,,seasonal ,,character ,,of ,,the ,,industries ,employment in the garment trades is highly seasonal and is influenced by certain causes beyond control of the manufacturer4 ,this irregularity of work is often a real hardship for employees4 ,the busy seasons run from ,january through the spring months1 and from ,august through the fall months4 ,some manufacturers1 however1 manage to keep workers busy #aa months during the year4 ,efforts have been made to equalize the work1 seasonally1 but nothing has been definitely accomplished so far4 ,there is much greater irregularity of employment in the women's garment trades than in the men's4 ,it often occurs that only one-half of those employed in the busy season in making women's clothes are kept at work during the dull seasons4 ,factors which influence this irregularity in employment are seasonal changes1 changes in style1 degree of specialization required1 quality of product1 and method of production4 ,in the men's garment industries1 manufacturers often utilize the dull season for making up standard goods1 such as blue serge suits1 but makers of women's clothes find style such a variable factor that they dare not make up stock much in advance of the season4 ,employment is more regularly distributed in the industries producing waists1 skirts1 and under muslins than it is in the cloak and suit industry4 ,,an ,,immigrant',s ,,trade ,garment making has long been known as an immigrant's trade4 ,before the war it absorbed annually approximately #aj1jjj immigrants4 ,irish1 ,germans1 and ,italians have all worked in considerable numbers in the clothing industries1 but at present the ,jews predominate1 not only among the workers1 but as well among those exercising controlling power4 ,,where ,,the ,,work ,,is ,,done ,the work may be carried on1 it has been said1 in any place 8where there are a half dozen machines and an ironing board40 ,but in some places large clothing factories have been built1 though much of the work is done in medium-sized shops4 ,the clothing industries differ from other manufacturing industries in several particulars4 ,they are highly localized4 ,more than half of all the clothing manufactured in the ,united ,states is made in ,new ,york ,city4 ,choice of a home is1 therefore1 limited for the young man who enters any one of these industries4 ,other cities in which the industries flourish are ,philadelphia1 ,cleveland1 ,baltimore1 ,boston1 ,rochester1 ,chicago1 and ,cincinnati4 ,because of the congestion in ,new ,york some concerns have made attempts to move away from such crowded quarters1 but the character of the industries requires just those things which are not found in rural districts4 ,it is for one thing important to be near the labor supply and near the markets1 both for buying materials and for selling goods4 ,the prestige accredited to ,new ,york manufacturers as to style is another factor holding concerns in that city4 ,,two ,,types ,,of ,,employers ,there are two types of employers in the clothing industries1 namely1 the manufacturer and the contractor or submanufacturer4 ,many factories1 especially those where the high-grade garments are made1 have their own 8inside shops0 where all work is done under supervision of the manufacturer or his foremen4 ,but there is a tendency to increase the contracting system1 particularly in the making of cheaper garments4 ,when the contracting method is employed the manufacturer or jobber purchases the material and turns it over to the submanufacturer1 who has the garments made in his small shop4 ,the manufacturer who gives his work out to contractors avoids the necessity for maintaining a large factory1 and for keeping a great number of men on his pay roll4 ,he is also relieved of the responsibility of dealing with labor1 the contractor being in direct contact with the workers4 ,on the other hand1 the contractor obtains materials from the jobber1 which otherwise he would not be financially able to purchase4 ,in the contract system there is complete separation of the commercial processes from the technical4 ,the manufacturer is responsible for the purchase of materials and for securing and filling orders for the trade1 but all technical processes in the making of garments are left to the contractor1 who is entirely responsible for the work4 ,the contractor not only supervises the workers1 but often works with them4 ,he is no shirker4 ,,what ,,the ,,workers ,,produce ,all sorts of wearing apparel1 from children's rompers to opera cloaks1 make up the product of these industries1 which are naturally divided into two classes--those making men's garments and those making women's4 ,the two groups of industries are sharply differentiated1 and in each group processes are highly specialized4 ,men's clothes are made in three separate types of shops--the coat shop1 the pants shop1 and the vest shop4 ,women's garment trades fall generally into the following groups3 7#a7 ,custom tailoring4 7#b7 ,manufacture of cloaks1 suits1 and skirts4 7#c7 ,manufacture of dresses and waists4 7#d7 ,manufacture of misses' and children's dresses4 7#e7 ,manufacture of muslin underwear4 7#f7 ,manufacture of house dresses1 kimonos1 etc4 ,about #gg per cent of the workers in the cloak1 suit1 and skirt industry are men2 a smaller percentage being found in the other groups4 ,garments made by custom tailors are usually of the highest grade in women's clothing1 and include cloaks1 suits1 opera cloaks1 evening gowns1 waists1 and dresses4 ,these tailors make up garments on individual orders1 allowing customers to select materials and designs4 ,manufacturers in the cloak1 suit1 and skirt industry make a number of models1 but their product is usually limited to cloaks1 suits1 skirts1 one-piece woolen or worsted dresses1 and linen suits and skirts4 ,dresses and waists cover a wide range of many styles for evening wear1 street wear1 and sporting uses4 ,under muslins1 misses' and children's dresses1 house dresses and kimonos1 dressing sacques and aprons are made in separate establishments largely by women workers4 ,,what ,,men ,,do ,,in ,,the ,,clothing ,,industries ,though many more women are employed in the garment trades than formerly1 still the large body of workers are men4 ,men are employed for processes in which greater endurance or speed is required4 ,in high-class dressmaking men work on dresses made of heavy materials1 while women make those of lighter weight4 ,cloaks and suits are made by men1 while waists1 under muslins1 and children's clothes are made by women4 ,an equal number of men and women are skirt operators1 while in buttonhole making the number of men operators exceeds the number of women4 ,strange as it may seem1 men form the larger percentage of those who work on women's clothes1 and women make up a majority of those who work on men's clothes4 ,there is less routine in making women's garments1 and it has been suggested that this may account for the preference given such work by men4 ,it has been said that 8mechanical power and division of labor have impersonalized industry10 and this is clearly true of the garment industries as regards their products1 for except in the case of the custom tailors a worker can not think of any finished product as distinctly his4 ,any given garment is the joint product of many persons4 ,formerly a whole garment was made by one man1 who necessarily must be a skilled tailor4 ,now many persons may have a part in the making of a suit of clothes4 ,this division of labor grew out of the need for different degrees of skill in the different processes4 ,by specialization a large product may be produced by relatively unskilled labor4 ,the work may be divided into three general systems3 ,teamwork1 in which the tailor1 like the contractor1 hires his workers and superintends the work2 piece operating1 in which all of one kind of work is done by one worker on the same garment2 and section work1 in which each operator does only that one process allotted to him4 ,in the cheap grade of women's clothing this division of labor is very marked4 ,one man works only on belts1 another makes cuffs1 another collars1 and so on4 ,in the better grade of clothes the garment after it has been cut is given to the tailor1 who with his helper completes all the work and turns it over to the presser4 ,in the expensive shops the tailor makes the entire garment1 doing even his own cutting and pressing4 ,while no single operation can be said to be given over entirely to one sex1 the cutting and pressing is done almost exclusively by men4 ,men who work in the garment trades may be generally divided into designers1 sample makers1 cutters1 machine operators1 hand sewers1 pressers1 and examiners4 ,in the following paragraphs the brief descriptions given of these principal occupations have been summarized from ,bulletin ,no4 #ahc of the ,bureau of ,labor ,statistics1 and from the bureau's publication 8,descriptions of ,occupations40 ,,plan ,no4 #abci4 ,,designing ,in large plants there is often a man separately charged with the designing of garments4 ,he must create the designs1 make the models1 and choose the materials for the designs4 ,his chief responsibility is choosing the materials for the style of garment he wishes to produce and co-operating with the sales department in producing designs which will sell and also be economical to cut4 ,this is a high-grade position for a man with artistic ability4 ,only men are employed4 ,qualifications include high-grade intelligence and a knowledge of drafting4 ,although designing is a question largely of artistic sense1 the designer should have had some experience in connection with the making of garments1 and especially with the laying out of patterns and the cutting of cloth4 ,,plan ,no4 #abdj4 ,,cutting ,in all of these industries cutting is done almost exclusively by men1 and consists of marking1 laying up1 and cutting textiles in accordance with specific patterns4 ,it is the most skillful and responsible of all the occupations for the reason that upon the quality of the cutting depends not only the appearance of the garment1 but also1 to a considerable extent1 its cost1 inasmuch as the ability of the cutter to lay out economically his pattern determines the amount of cloth that is consumed4 ,cutting is the only occupation of the garment trades in which an apprenticeship is required4 ,considerable intelligence1 accuracy1 and a steady hand1 with ordinary strength is required for the work4 ,,plan ,no4 #abda4 ,,sample ,,making ,sample making is done by men and women1 and consists of making samples of new garments from models furnished by the designer4 ,this work calls for tailors 7males1 usually1 in the cloak and suit industry7 and operators 7usually females1 in the other industries7 of rather exceptional ability and skill4 ,sample making occupies a small number of workers for a short time at the beginning of each season1 the makers of samples being recruited temporarily from among the more expert tailors and operators4 ,the sample maker must have ordinary strength and ability1 and must be an all-round tailor4 ,,plan ,no4 #abdb4 ,,operating ,operating is done by men and women1 and consists of sewing the parts of a garment together1 by machine1 as they come from the cutting department4 ,in most instances it is one of the least-skilled occupations1 manned to a considerable extent by inexperienced1 recently-arrived immigrants4 ,except in the cloak and suit industry1 where the greater part of the operating is done by men1 the operators in these industries are predominantly female4 ,speed and manual dexterity are essential4 ,the operator must be able to stand the nervous strain of the noisy machine and of intense application to rapid work4 ,,plan ,no4 #abdc4 ,,basting ,in the cloak1 suit1 and skirt industry1 and in the dress and waist industry1 basting is done mostly by females1 and consists of roughly sewing together by hand 78basting07 the partly finished garment1 for the purpose of placing it1 at times1 on a dummy figure or living model1 so that careful examination may be made by the tailor or sample maker of the character of the work at various stages of manufacture4 ,in the cloak and suit industry approximately two-thirds and in the other industries almost all of these workers are women4 ,,plan ,no4 #abdd4 ,,pressing ,pressing is done by males and females and consists of pressing out with a hot press or iron the seams and various parts of a garment after they have been put together by the operators--except in the case of the part presser1 who is required to press out pieces1 such as sleeves1 pockets1 collars1 cuffs1 and belts4 ,the under presser presses the garment before it is lined1 and the upper presser1 the most skilled of the three1 presses the finished garment1 shaping and molding it1 to some extent1 into the finished product4 ,in the cloak and suit industry1 where the irons used1 as well as the textiles1 are rather heavy1 pressing is done almost exclusively by men4 ,more than average strength is required for pressing and ability to stand while at work2 also ability to handle a pressing machine4 ,,examining ,the examiner looks over the garment in the process of manufacturing or when it is completed1 to discover defects and ascertain whether the shape is correct4 ,this is an important position1 as it entails considerable responsibility for the quality of the garments manufactured4 ,men and women both are employed4 ,the examiner must be an experienced operator on the garments1 and should have had enough experience at examining to know the various styles and designs4 ,,how ,,men ,,are ,,paid ,in the clothing industries men are paid either by time or by piece4 ,the difference in these two systems of payment amounts to very little4 ,under the time system wages remain unchanged from day to day even though the product varies1 and under the piece system as the product increases wages increase proportionally4 ,but the minimum and maximum amount of work insisted upon in one instance by the employees and in the other by the employers make the actual difference in wages received under the two systems almost negligible4 ,the tendency is to base all wages upon time1 as this does away in some degree with the dangers of speeding up and with the difficulties of adjustment4 ,the quantity and quality of the work is so important in the garment trades that it is characterized by a range of wages rather than by a fixed rate4 ,the highest paid men are the designers1 who make from #ej a week in the smaller shops to #ab1jjj a year in the shops of custom tailors4 ,foremen are paid #be to #ge a week4 ,cutters receive wages ranging from #bj to #ej a week4 ,the average cutter receives #ce a week4 ,pressers make about #cc a week1 and machine operators #be1 though some shops report wages up to #fj a week for some of their operators1 which means much speeding up and overtime work4 ,workers on women's clothes are better paid than those who work on men's4 ,,how ,,men ,,are ,,trained ,not much attention has been given to the training of garment workers1 though many employers are realizing the necessity for the workers to have a knowledge of ,english1 an understanding of the fundamental principles of arithmetic1 and some industrial information4 ,factory schools have been organized in some instances and workers are allowed to take some of their working time to attend the classes4 ,adaptability1 general intelligence1 skill1 precision1 and speed are important in the making of a good workman4 ,the designers1 who have been called the 8autocrats of the trade10 need1 in addition to a native gift of creative art1 some knowledge of the technical processes of cutting and sewing1 and a course in drafting4 ,schools of design give courses1 but the majority of designers are foreigners1 and but few ,americans enter this trade4 ,cutters are sometimes trained in schools organized for the purpose1 though often they learn as apprentices1 paying from #ej to #aej for the instruction4 ,from #f to #bj weeks is the time usually required to learn the trade4 ,pressers work a few weeks on seams1 and after about a year become responsible pressers on high-grade garments4 ,the only training necessary for a machine operator in factory work is instruction in power sewing-machine operating4 ,training for the majority of the processes is given in the shop1 and the length of time required depends in a great measure upon the ability of the worker to learn4 ,the requirements for acceptable workers in the clothing industries may be summed up as follows3 ,ability to run a power sewing machine1 general intelligence sufficient to understand simple directions1 and health and strength to work full time for six days a week4 ,,conditions ,,of ,,work ,overcrowding1 overwork1 and underfeeding are often evidenced by the pallor of the operatives2 and the undue prevalence of tuberculosis1 neurasthenia1 and anemia among them clearly show that the constrained position1 exposure to dust and fumes from leaky gas tubing1 insufficient lighting facilities and ventilation found in many of the smaller shops are conditions yet to be remedied before the garment industries can receive an unqualified recommendation as suitable for a disabled man4 ,however1 men in the clothing industry work under more favorable conditions than formerly4 ,the 8sweat shop0 is a thing of the past4 ,the efforts of joint boards of sanitary control in ,new ,york ,city have1 by educating both employers and employees1 done much toward mitigating the intolerable conditions which existed in the early days4 ,tenement-house regulations and ,state laws of inspection have proved beneficial and have abolished many evils of the old shop4 ,laws prohibiting isolated home work have forced the contractors to secure better outside shops4 ,home shops now must not be connected with living quarters1 and consequently they are often found in the upper floors of warehouses or factories1 roomy and well ventilated4 ,factories where the better grade of work is done have their own 8inside shops0 built for the purpose and therefore more satisfactory4 ,the workers themselves are often to blame for the bad air in their workroom1 because of their careless waste of gas from the pressing iron or their fear of open windows4 ,the shortening of the working day also signifies progress in the clothing industries1 and the welfare of the worker is now given fair consideration in many instances4 ,some factories plan the routing of work with a view to relaxation of the worker1 and some require operators to get materials from a near-by table1 or to go to the supply room for such things as thread1 buttons1 and trimmings4 ,even these small practices give relief from the fatigue of sitting constantly at a machine4 ,,opportunities ,,for ,,the ,,disabled ,occupations in garment making are largely nonhazardous4 ,handling heavy rolls of material1 climbing ladders to hang shrunken goods to dry1 testing heating apparatus for pressing irons1 managing the knives of cutting machines1 are all accompanied by some danger1 but accidents as serious may occur in the daily occupations of any home4 ,yet it may fairly be said that the clothing industries offer only small inducements to the handicapped4 ,the man who has lost a leg would hardly choose to be a cutter1 a presser1 or an examiner1 since much standing is required of these workers4 ,nevertheless1 a well-fitting artificial leg might enable him to do any of this work successfully4 ,machine operating1 a sitting-down job1 might appeal to him4 ,a man with both legs amputated could run a power machine4 ,a man with an arm gone or with eyesight impaired would not find employment in the clothing industries suitable1 for the use of both hands and good eyesight are essentials in the trades generally4 ,the lint which constantly flies in the air of the shop is bad for the lungs1 and catarrhal conditions of the nose and throat1 as well as tuberculosis1 are prevalent among the workers4 ,nevertheless1 one who understands the difficulties and the drawbacks of the garment trades1 as well as its advantages1 makes the following statement3 8,i do not think that the clothing trade per se is injurious except for the possible slight dust and the stooping posture4 ,i have also no doubt that the trade could be made so hygienic as to enable a post-tuberculous person to work a limited number of hours4 ,there are1 of course1 some processes1 like pressing1 which it may not be advisable for post-tuberculous persons to engage in4 ,most of the work in clothing shops consists in the operator guiding various clothing material under the needle of the machine4 ,this by itself should not be injurious4 ,there are also other processes1 like sewing on buttons1 either by machine or by hand1 which have very few harmful features in them4 8,i should say that soldiers whose legs are not functioning could well be taught to work on electrically-driven machines with benefit to themselves and to the industry40 ,neurasthenics should avoid employment in these trades1 as nervous disorders are intensified by the noise1 close confinement1 and intense application which the work involves4 ,pressers suffer from flat foot because of their constant standing1 but otherwise they are quite robust1 which is an indication that this work is not too severe for men who are physically below par4 ,,good ,,farmers ,,should ,,not ,,try ,,to ,,become ,,tailors ,in most cases the returned soldier whose disability necessitates a change of employment will1 in choosing a new occupation1 turn from the clothing industries as unsuitable for him4 ,the needle is not an attractive tool to men unless they have been raised in the atmosphere of the tailor shop4 ,it is with no desire to make tailors of farmers1 sewing-machine operators of truck drivers1 that opportunities in the clothing industries are here described4 ,if a man has other talents1 by all means let him cultivate them and leave the garment trades to those qualified for those trades by experience and aptitude4 ,there has been improvement in working conditions in recent years4 ,this has resulted in part from superior organization within the industries themselves1 better adjustment1 increase in product1 and improved machinery and skill1 all of which have led to increased wages and better living conditions for the workers4 ,the small amount of capital required to organize the business attracts many1 but success can come only if good judgment is exercised4 ,as has been noted1 these industries attract the immigrant worker largely1 and the ,jew looks upon entrance into some one of the garment trades as a first step on the way to managing a small shop of his own4 ,class of work4 ,character of work4 ,hours ,wages 7weekly747weekly74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,custom tailors4 ,making garments to order4 444 444 ,designers4 ,create designs2 select 444 #ej up to materials2 make models2 #ab1jjj a figures yardage and year4 trimmings2 estimates amount of material needed4 ,cutters4 ,cutting of materials for #dd #bj to garments2 directing the #ej1 spreading1 marking1 and averaging cutting2 using material #ce4 economically2 knowledge of fabrics4 ,sample makers4 ,making samples of new models4 #dd #cj to #fj4 ,foremen4 ,superintendent1 supplying #dd #be to work1 quality of work2 #ge4 quantity of work1 training workers1 keeping machines in repair4 ,machine operators4 ,sewing parts together by #dd #be4 machines2 hemstitching2 lace running2 tucking2 making buttonholes2 button sewing4 ,handworkers 7very ,rough sewing2 basting1 fine #dd #be to few men are sewing2 finishing4 #bg4 employed74 ,pressers4 ,using hot irons 7or machines7 #dd #cc4 for pressing seams and parts of garments1 as well as the whole garment4 ,examiners4 ,inspecting the finished #dd #be4 garment as to workmanship and shape4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,class of work4 ,requirements and ,disqualifying handicaps4 qualifications4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,custom tailors4 ,high-grade intelligence2,bad eyesight2 loss of knowledge of cutting1 both hands4 designing1 operating2 knowledge of materials1 common-school education4 ,designers4 ,good judgment2 artistic ,blindness2 loss of both taste2 high-grade hands4 intelligence2 knowledge of drafting2 experience in cutting and garment making2 common-school education4 ,cutters4 ,above average ,loss of hand2 amputation intelligence2 accuracy2 of the leg would steady hand2 ordinary seriously handicap strength2 ability to unless a well-adjusted stand2 experience as artificial limb enabled spreader1 marker1 etc42 the man to stand easily2 three years as bad eyesight4 apprentice1 common- school education4 ,sample makers4 ,all-round tailor2 ,bad eyesight2 loss of knowledge of cutting1 arm4 operating1 fitting1 ordinary strength and ability4 ,foremen4 ,initiative2 executive ,blindness4 ability2 mechanical ability2 knowledge of processes2 experience as cutter or fitter2 ordinary strength and ability2 common-school education4 ,machine operators4 ,ordinary intelligence2 ,bad eyesight2 loss of adaptability2 speed and hands2 tuberculosis2 manual dexterity2 nervousness4 ability to stand nervous strain of noisy machines2 ability to run power machines2 knowledge of ,english4 ,handworkers 7very ,ability to do plain hand,bad eyesight2 loss of few men are sewing1 to thread hands4 employed74 needles1 and to tie knots rapidly1 take even stitches1 and fasten work2 deftness of fingers2 good eyesight2 steady nerves4 ,pressers4 ,average intelligence2 ,loss of one or both ability to handle a arms2 loss of legs2 bad pressing machine2 more eyesight4 than average strength4 ,examiners4 ,skillful with scissors2 ,bad eyesight2 loss of experience as operator2 both arms2 loss of intelligence2 fingers or hands4 reliability2 knowledge of styles2 ability to detect poor work2 common-school education4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,class of work4 ,training required4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,custom tailors4 ,tailors are trained in the trade4 ,designers4 ,designers are trained by working as apprentices to custom tailors and to factory cutters4 ,a course in drafting1 either with a private teacher or at a school for designing is desirable4 ,cutters4 ,cutters learn1 through apprenticeship1 the technique of laying patterns1 stretching cloth1 sloping1 and the right use of materials2 cutting small parts with knife2 8repair0 cutting with shears4 ,sample makers4 ,the training is the same as for a tailor which is usually gotten in the trade4 ,foremen4 ,foremen are often selected from workers4 ,special training is sometimes given men with secondary education through a course in the workshop4 ,machine operators4 ,instruction in power sewing machine operating and handling of materials4 ,in a few weeks' time an operator learns enough for an easy operation1 a year or two years is required to become ,handworkers 7very ,hand sewers are taught how few men are to adjust their knowledge employed74 of plain sewing to factory methods4 ,pressers4 ,pressers ere trained by doing4 ,beginners press seams1 then skirts and dresses2 after this experience the pressing of coats and cloaks may be undertaken4 ,examiners4 ,through a knowledge of garment making as machine operators or as helpers to examiners4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,for the unskilled worker the garment trades offer fair wages1 though wages are not quite as high as in other similar trades4 ,chance of promotion is small1 and the working week is #dd hours4 ,serious disabilities are great handicaps in the garment trades4 ,previous experience1 a working knowledge of the trade1 and skill in some of the better processes would be the only legitimate reasons for offering the opportunities of the garment-making industries to a returned disabled soldier4 ,,plan ,no4 #abde4 ,,podiatry ,,as ,a ,,vocation ,the wise man will not come to a hurried conclusion in deciding his life work4 ,a false start in life is frequently the undoing of an individual because misapplied ambition often eventuates in indifference4 ,therefore1 it is well to weigh the pros and cons of so momentous a consideration1 and the following is presented in the hope that it may prove of service in studying one phase of activities in that connection3 ,,what ,,is ,,podiatry8 ,podiatry means the care of the human foot in health and in disease4 ,the intelligent practice of podiatry constitutes the practitioner a specialist in this branch of medicine4 ,,specialists ,,in ,,medicine ,in recent years those educated and equipped as doctors of medicine1 in many instances1 particularly in the larger cities1 have devoted themselves to some special branch1 and so it is that we have laryngologists 7throat71 otologists 7ear71 urologists 7male organs of generation71 gynaecologists 7female organs of generation71 oculists 7eye71 orthopaedists 7deformities71 odontologists 7teeth71 and many others who specialize in some one particular field of medicine4 ,strange as it may seem1 physicians1 other than orthopdists1 have never specialized in foot lesions1 and the work of the latter in that field has been merely incidental4 ,,the ,,genesis ,,of ,,chiropody ,in consequence1 a group of non-medical practitioners1 styling themselves chiropodists1 assumed to care for the foot woes of the public4 ,they claimed no scientific knowledge of the feet1 but announced their ability1 acquired in the school of experience1 to care for the minor foot-ills of the public which were largely induced by the wearing of badly constructed foot-gear4 ,these practitioners were primarily usually itinerants4 ,they went about from town to town carrying their kits1 which contained knives and medications which they and their predecessors had found useful in plying their craft4 ,they flourished in ,england in the eighteenth and in the nineteenth centuries1 and soon after our government was founded they began to appear in the larger centers of the ,united ,states4 ,the knowledge which they acquired was imparted to their apprentices1 who were usually their offspring1 and so this practice was largely handed down from father to son4 ,,chiropody ,,development ,in #ahie they had grown so numerous in ,new ,york ,city that they organized a ,state ,society and the ,state legislature chartered their organization and gave them power to license others who wished to practice similarly4 ,many other states gradually enacted like laws4 ,in #aiab the ,pedic ,society of the ,state of ,new ,york again went to the legislature and secured the passage of a law which required academic qualifications of students of chiropody and established a standard for chiropody teaching institutions4 ,the law also provided that no person should practice chiropody after that date1 unless previously licensed1 who failed to pass a state chiropody licensing examination conducted by the ,state ,board of ,medical ,examiners4 ,since then twenty-three other commonwealths in the ,united ,states have passed similar laws4 ,recently the term podiatry was made synonymous with chiropody in several states4 ,thus1 from a trade1 chiropody has been transformed into a scientific branch of medicine4 ,,schools ,,and ,,their ,,curricula ,the teaching schools have faculties made up of doctors of medicine1 chemists and podiatrists4 ,the outlined courses of study include instruction in the following topics3 ,anatomy1 ,histology1 ,chemistry1 ,physiology1 ,hygiene1 ,materia ,medica1 ,therapeutics1 ,pharmacy1 ,surgery1 ,bacteriology1 ,pathology1 ,dermatology1 ,the ,principles of ,medicine1 ,ethics1 ,the ,history of ,podiatry1 ,foot-,gear1 ,orthopedics1 ,massage1 ,electro-,therapeutics1 ,posture ,studies and ,x-,ray work4 ,no man should take up a career in podiatry unless he is prepared to devote all of his energy to his studies because the work accomplished in the course1 as it is at present carried on1 crowds the equivalent of two years at a medical school into the one year of podiatry4 ,this means unusual application because the work must be accomplished or the student fails to graduate4 ,,students ,there are three classes of students3 ,regular1 ,special and ,post-graduate4 ,regular ,students must have academic qualifications in keeping with the standards adopted by the various state education authorities4 ,in most of the states two years of high school work1 or its equivalent in academic counts1 are pre-requisites4 ,this standard is being advanced each year until all regular students in all schools will have to have a minimum education of graduation from a high school or its equivalent in academic counts4 ,special ,students are admitted to these teaching schools without academic qualifications4 ,they may take the full course1 but cannot graduate from the schools which they attend1 nor can they practice in any state where laws regulating the practise of chiropody are on the ,statute books4 ,provision has been made to educate these special students so that those contemplating practice in the states and countries where there are at present no laws governing chiropody may secure the knowledge imparted in the schools4 ,it is fair to assume that within the next five years every state in the ,united ,states will have a law governing chiropody practice whereupon those from foreign countries only will be admitted to the course as special students4 ,post-graduate ,students4 ,practitioners of medicine or of chiropody1 who have been reputably engaged as such for at least six months1 and who wish to acquire the knowledge imparted to the regular students so that they may become better fitted for their vocations1 are eligible as post-graduate students4 ,,duration ,,of ,,course ,in most of the established schools of chiropody the day course is of from eight to nine months' duration4 ,the hours are as follows3 from #i ,a4 ,m4 to #ab1 from #a to #e ,p4 ,m41 and during the last three months of the course1 additionally1 from #g3cj to #aj ,p4 ,m4 ,the night course is of two years' duration1 three hours each night for eight months in each year4 ,,degrees ,graduates of the various schools receive titles and degrees4 ,some of the schools give the degree of ,d4,s4,c4 7,doctor of ,surgical ,chiropody72 others the title of ,m4,cp4 7,master of ,chiropody74 ,,license ,,to ,,practice ,before admission to practice1 graduates must pass an examination conducted by the ,state ,board of ,medical ,examiners in the state in which they desire to engage in practice4 ,the conditions as to admission for licensing examination vary in the different states1 as there is at present no reciprocity in chiropody licensure4 ,,requisites ,,for ,,success ,the requisites for success in podiatry study and practice are not trifling4 ,primarily the student should have the feeling that he is engaging in a calling in which he can be of service to his fellowman4 ,the draft and the war itself have proved that the foot has been a very much neglected factor in the physical care of humankind4 ,draft statistics show a large percentage of rejections because of foot defects1 and the casual lists in actual warfare are filled with the names of those who have fallen out of the ranks because of impaired locomotion4 ,a large part of podiatry instruction is devoted to the prevention of foot lesions1 so that the child from its first step will be safeguarded against the conditions which have led to the creation of such a large percentage of foot cripples4 ,this in itself is a humanitarian task and those contemplating entering upon a career in podiatry should be sympathetic with that particular and all-important phase of the work4 ,again1 the podiatrist in his daily practice is called upon to relieve suffering and that aspect of his activities should be a heartening influence to the developing practitioner as it will prove a consolation to him when once he is licensed to pursue his calling4 ,,desirability ,,of ,,mechanical ,,knowledge ,as much of the actual practice1 both preventive and curative1 has to do with surgical endeavors1 the prospective student should have an aptitude for mechanics4 ,,physical ,,qualifications ,the practice of medicine presumes a vigorous body as well as a virile mind1 and it is best for every man in every life engagement to be so equipped2 but those whose physical condition is impaired so that locomotion and other normal functions are impeded can readily engage in podiatry because most of the work is carried on in the office and can be done while seated and during limited hours4 ,,possible ,,assets ,those who have studied chemistry or pharmacy or have been associated with hospital work will find themselves possessing valuable assets in the study and in the practice of podiatry4 ,,choice ,,of ,,location ,there are failures and successes in every field1 professional and otherwise4 ,it is1 however1 axiomatic that a podiatrist who knows his work and applies himself in the proper field will succeed as a breadwinner4 ,the selection of a location is of the greatest importance4 ,graduates of the various schools1 in the main1 have located in the larger cities4 ,this is frequently an error because competition with those already engaged in practice who have a standing and a following is thus inevitable and the advance of the younger practitioner is consequently curtailed4 ,those graduates who have located in cities of from #be1jjj to #ajj1jjj inhabitants have invariably succeeded from the start4 ,the most successful of these have been those who have sought out the practicing physicians and have convinced them that they are not mere 8corn cutters10 but scientific practitioners of a legitimate branch of medicine4 ,,the ,,income ,,from ,,podiatry ,,practice ,it is current belief that the average podiatrist enjoys a greater income than the average physician4 ,there are no statistics available to confirm or to disprove this conclusion4 ,in order that some idea on this point may be gained1 the incomes of some of the members of the first graduating class of one of the podiatry schools of prominence are here given3 #ast year #bnd year #crd year #dth year #eth year ,no4 #a #b1jjj #c1jjj #d1jjj #d1jjj #e1jjj #b #a1jjj #a1ejj #b1jjj #b1ejj #c1jjj #c #a1cjj #a1hjj #b1ejj #d1jjj #d1hjj #d #hjj #b1jjj #c1jjj #d1jjj #d1gjj #e #a1bjj #a1hjj #b1jjj #c1jjj #c1djj #ddf #hjj #a1bjj #a1gjj #b1cjj #b1hjj #ddg #hjj #a1jjj #a1djj #a1hjj #b1hjj #dd ,a woman graduate4 ,,physicians' ,,co-,,operation ,once the co-operation of the physician is secured1 success is assured4 ,some practitioners in towns of from #ae1jjj to #ce1jjj have in three years gained sufficient practise through the aid of medical practitioners to make their incomes from #b1jjj to #e1jjj4 ,,the ,,personal ,,equation ,the personal equation is a great factor in this as in all other life spheres4 ,the likeable man or woman with a modicum of other attributes will invariably succeed4 ,when such a person possesses qualities which1 when applied1 prove helpful to his fellows1 the limit of his earning capacity can only be measured by the hours he can serve and the population of the center in which he carries on his practice4 ,,podiatry ,,is ,,ethical ,podiatry1 as taught to-day1 frowns down upon all unethical methods and disavows the charlatan4 ,its exponents and its loyal followers are keen as to the need for scrupulous care in the education of its students and the conduct of its practitioners4 ,it strives to be classified as a dignified branch of medicine and fosters a literature that is strictly scientific4 ,,podiatry ,,organizations ,podiatry has a national organization whose purposes are for the benefit of the profession1 based upon the good which they can accomplish in serving the public4 ,it has a state society in almost every commonwealth in the ,united ,states1 and local societies flourish in every populous city4 ,,professional ,,advancement ,the scope of the podiatrists' professional labors is continuously being enlarged by legal enactments and1 where deserved1 medical practitioners recommend them to their patients as foot specialists4 ,in a number of well-known hospitals1 podiatrists are attached to the medical staff1 thus proving that physicians in groups are beginning to recognize the need for the services which these practitioners supply4 ,in another year the course of study in most of the schools will be prolonged to two years and ultimately the specialist in foot lesions will be a licensed practitioner of medicine1 equipped as is every other specialist in medicine4 ,,is ,,there ,a ,,demand ,,for ,,podiatrists8 ,in all of the large cities of the ,united ,states and of ,europe chiropodists have been in demand for the past century4 ,the need for foot-care is daily becoming more pronounced4 ,now that physicians can and do recommend their patients to chiropodists who have been scientifically trained in their calling1 the need for such practitioners is rapidly growing4 ,the public is growing to recognize the need of both preventive care and curative treatment of the minor ills of this part of the anatomy and the properly educated1 well equipped1 efficient podiatrist is in great demand4 ,there is no scientific school for educating such practitioners in the world outside the ,united ,states4#de ,in consequence1 hundreds of such practitioners would also find need for their services along the lane of ,european travel1 once it is restored4 ,south ,american capitals1 with large populations of foreigners1 would likewise prove splendid fields for podiatrists4 #de ,english practitioners laid the foundation for a ,school of ,podiatry in #aiad1 but owing to the war with the ,central powers1 their efforts have been temporarily checked4 ,,how ,,long ,,does ,,it ,,take ,,to ,,establish ,a ,,practice8 ,the answer to this natural inquiry depends largely upon the place of location1 the experience and the personality of the practitioner4 ,if one locates in a city where he is the only scientifically equipped podiatrist1 assuming that he is properly equipped1 recognition by both medical men and by the laity should promptly be accorded and that in turn would mean success4 ,if a graduate locates in a metropolitan city unheralded and unsung1 his advance may be exceedingly slow and like the general practitioner of medicine1 similarly situated1 it may take considerable time for him to make a name and a career for himself4 ,if the experience of the new podiatrist has been augmented by application in a clinic or in the service of an older practitioner as an assistant 7and such assistants earn from #be to #ej per week in wages71 such experience is largely helpful1 not only in inspiring confidence1 but in securing results4 ,if the personality of a practitioner is such as to prove repellent to his patients1 his path will be a difficult one4 ,if1 on the other hand1 he is of pleasing personality1 he will make friends and will increase his list of patients4 ,,where ,,podiatry 7,,chiropody7 ,,is ,,regulated ,,by ,,law8 ,the following commonwealths have passed laws regulating the practice of chiropody 7podiatry7 and those desiring specific information as to the details of the same in any given state should address the person whose name follows the state1 as here recorded3 ,california--,chas4 ,b4 ,pinkham1 ,m4,d41 #abe ,stockton ,st41 ,san ,francisco4 ,colorado--,david ,a4 ,strickley1 ,m4,d41 #fab ,empire ,bldg41 ,denver4 ,connecticut--,chas4 ,a4 ,tuttle1 ,m4,d41 ,new ,haven4 ,district of ,columbia--,commissioner of ,education4 ,illinois--,c4 ,st4 ,clair ,drake1 ,m4,d41 ,springfield4 ,louisiana--,e4 ,l4 ,leckert1 ,m4,d41 #gaf ,macheca ,bldg41 ,new ,orleans4 ,maryland--,j4 ,p4 ,mc,scott1 ,m4,d41 ,hagerstown4 ,massachusetts--,walter ,p4 ,bowers1 ,state ,house1 ,boston4 ,michigan--,b4 ,d4 ,harrison1 ,m4,d41 ,detroit4 ,minnesota--,thomas ,mc,davitt1 ,m4,d41 ,st4 ,paul4 ,nebraska--,h4 ,b4 ,cummings1 ,m4,d41 ,state ,board of ,health1 ,seward4 ,new ,hampshire--,henry ,c4 ,morrison1 ,m4,d41 ,concord4 ,new ,jersey--,alex4 ,mc,allister1 ,trenton4 ,new ,york--,state ,education ,dept41 ,albany4 ,north ,carolina--,b4 ,k4 ,hayes1 ,m4,d41 ,oxford4 ,ohio--,george ,h4 ,matson1 ,m4,d41 ,columbus4 ,pennsylvania--,n4 ,c4 ,shaeffer1 ,m4,d41 ,harrisburg4 ,rhode ,island--,gardner ,t4 ,swarts1 ,m4,d41 ,state ,house1 ,providence4 ,vermont--,w4 ,scott ,nay1 ,m4,d41 ,underhill4 ,virginia--,j4 ,n4 ,barney1 ,m4,d41 ,fredericksburg4 ,washington--,c4 ,n4 ,suttner1 ,m4,d41 ,walla ,walla4 ,west ,virginia--,s4 ,l4 ,jeptson1 ,m4,d41 ,wheeling4 ,wisconsin--,j4 ,m4 ,beffel1 ,m4,d41 ,milwaukee4 ,,podiatry ,,teaching ,,institutions ,the following are the ,schools of ,chiropody 7,podiatry71 in the order of their creation3 ,the ,first ,institute of ,podiatry--#bac-ag ,w4 #abeth ,st41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,chiropody ,dept41 ,temple ,university--#ah ,buttonwood ,st41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,california ,college of ,chiropody--#ijh ,mc,allister ,st41 ,san ,francisco4 ,illinois ,college of ,chiropody--#acba ,n4 ,clark ,st41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,ohio ,college of ,chiropody--,cleveland1 ,o4 ,chiropody ,dept41 ,university of ,massachusetts--,fourth and ,otis ,sts41 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,catalogs of each of the above can be had on writing to the addresses given4 ,the ,minnesota ,college of ,chiropody is making ready to open up its doors ,october next4 ,information as to its plans and purposes can be secured by addressing ,ralph ,st4 ,john ,perry1 ,m4,d41 ,pilsbury ,bldg41 ,minneapolis1 ,minn4 ,,plan ,no4 #abdf4 ,,flour ,,milling ,,acknowledgment ,this monograph was prepared by ,j4 ,a4 ,le,clerc1 chemist in charge of the laboratory of plant chemistry1 ,bureau of ,chemistry1 ,department of ,agriculture4 ,acknowledgment is due ,m4 ,a4 ,gray1 chemist of the ,pillsbury ,flour ,co41 ,minneapolis1 and ,prof4 ,c4 ,h4 ,bailey1 of the ,university of ,minnesota1 for assistance in the preparation of this article4 ,modern flour milling dates back to the early eighties of the last century4 ,before that time1 a good white flour was indeed made1 but the machinery used consisted generally of two grooved stones1 between which the wheat was crushed and the flour extracted4 ,to-day in all mills of this country1 except in some of the backwoods1 and in some of the small mills1 flour is made by the so-called gradual reduction process which consists in the use of an elaborate system or steel rolls and of an equally complicated system of purifiers and bolting machines4 ,the flour made to-day is whiter and much freer from the bran and fibrous material than was the flour made with burr stones4 ,while milling relates to the production of flour from all kinds of grains1 flour milling1 unless so stated1 means wheat milling and it is wheat flour milling that is meant throughout this monograph1 when milling is mentioned4 ,if you are interested in milling you may want to know the answers to the following questions3 #a4 ,what is milling1 and what kind of work is carried on in a flour mill8 #b4 ,what physical disabilities will bar one from successfully pursuing any one of the various occupations connected with milling2 what handicaps are serious8 #c4 ,what education and apprentice training are required1 and where to get training8 #d4 ,what salaries or wages are generally paid1 and what are the chances for promotion8 #e4 ,how many hours per day do millers work8 #f4 ,what personal characteristics and qualifications should be possessed8 #g4 ,where do millers work1 and in what section of the country is milling mostly done8 #h4 ,what need is there for millers1 i4 e41 is there a large open field in this occupation8 ,in the ,united ,states there are about #g1jjj merchant mills grinding wheat flour4 ,their total output is about #abj1jjj1jjj barrels per year4 ,they require about #eej1jjj1jjj bushels of wheat4 ,thus it is seen that to produce #a barrel of flour about #d4g bushels of wheat must be milled4 ,milling may be quite simple or most complicated1 depending upon the kind and size of mill operated and the quality of the flour to be made4 ,a good sized mill will require men to perform the following kinds of work here described4 ,it should be stated1 right here1 that several of these occupations may be carried on by one and the same man1 especially in the smaller mills4 ,,unloader#df ,description3 ,the unloader unloads the wheat or other flour products from the cars by use of the power scoop1 shovel1 or other means4 ,qualifications3 ,he must be physically strong and have good lungs4 #df ,these descriptions are taken from the pamphlet entitled 8,descriptions of ,occupations in ,flour ,milling10 published by the ,department of ,labor4 ,,unloader ,,foreman ,description3 ,the foreman unloader directs the work of the gang which unloads the wheat from the cars4 ,he must plan their work according to the number of cars and keep records of the car numbers4 ,qualifications3 ,ordinary strength and ability4 ,he should have worked as unloader4 ,schooling3 ,he must have education enough to keep simple records4 ,,loader ,kindred occupation3 ,unloader4 ,description3 ,the loader1 under the direction of the loader foreman1 loads bags1 boxes1 and barrels of the finished products into cars4 ,qualifications3 ,he should be able to load cars so that goods will not be damaged in transit4 ,he must be physically strong and have good lungs4 ,,loader ,,foreman ,description3 ,the loader foreman directs the work of the loading gang4 ,he plans his work according to the size and capacity of the cars1 sees that the cars are properly loaded1 and keeps such records as are necessary4 ,qualifications3 ,he should have worked as a loader and should have executive ability sufficient to direct a gang of laborers4 ,schooling3 ,common school4 ,,elevator ,,man ,description3 ,the elevator man carries out the instructions of the foreman1 seeing that wheat flows through the proper spouts into proper bins for storage4 ,he keeps a record of the wheat stored and delivered1 and is responsible for delivering and reporting all the trouble with elevator machinery or spouts4 ,this latter is his chief responsibility4 ,qualifications3 ,should have had previous milling experience4 ,ordinary ability4 ,strong lungs to withstand the dust4 ,schooling3 ,common school4 ,,elevator ,,foreman ,description3 ,the elevator foreman is responsible for and is in charge of taking the wheat into the elevator4 ,he inspects the wheat for correct dockage and directs the storage of the wheat according to the grade or quality4 ,he keeps a record of receipts of wheat1 of the tests1 the weights1 and of the disposition of the various lots4 ,where dockage is necessary he holds the cars for adjustment4 ,this position is one of the most responsible in the flour mill4 ,qualifications3 ,executive ability2 knowledge of weights and measures4 ,he must be a skilled grader of wheat by sight and feel4 ,must be able to keep records and figures and percentages4 ,should have a thorough knowledge of the ,federal and ,state grades4 ,schooling3 ,common school2 preferably high school4 ,,blender ,description3 ,the blender mixes different grades of wheat flour1 or wheat flour and coarse-grain flour in designated proportions4 ,qualifications3 ,he must understand the character of the different grades of wheat flour and coarse-grain flours1 and must know how to combine the various grades of flour in proper proportions4 ,schooling3 ,common school2 preferably high school4 ,,roll ,,tender--,,cleaning ,,machine ,,tenders ,kindred ,occupation3 ,oiler4 ,description3 ,the roll tender must see that all oil and grease cups about the milling rolls are filled and that all the bearings and boltings are properly lubricated4 ,he keeps his machinery wiped clean of dust and grease and reports any mechanical trouble to the miller or the millwright4 ,men are always employed4 ,qualifications3 ,he must be intelligent and active and have some mechanical ability4 ,schooling3 ,common school4 ,,oiler ,kindred occupation3 ,roll tender4 ,description3 ,the oiler must see that all oil and grease cups about the shafting and milling machinery are filled and that all bearings are being properly lubricated4 ,he keeps his machinery wiped clean of dust and grease1 and reports any mechanical trouble to the miller or millwright4 ,calls for considerable climbing overhead4 ,qualifications3 ,he must be active and have some mechanical ability4 ,schooling3 ,common school4 ,,sweeper ,description3 ,the sweeper keeps the floors clean of flour1 wheat1 and dust and keeps the machines clean4 ,this necessitates climbing on ladders and running boards4 ,qualifications3 ,ordinary ability and strong lungs to withstand the large amount of dust4 ,,smutter ,description3 ,the smutter prepares the wheat for grinding into flour by running it over separators to screen out foreign matter4 ,he must examine the stock for dirt1 determine whether the screening is resulting in waste of wheat1 and make adjustments in his machine to secure the proper screening4 ,he also supervises the work of the sweepers1 oilers1 and helpers on his floor4 ,qualifications3 ,he should have strong lungs to withstand dust4 ,should have mechanical ability and must understand the screening of wheat and adjusting of the machines4 ,schooling3 ,common school4 ,,grinder ,description3 ,the grinder has charge of the milling rolls4 ,he sets his machine or adjusts the rolls for grinding1 watches the process to see that proper operation goes on1 and tests the stock occasionally to make sure that it is being ground properly4 ,this work is done practically on one floor1 with very little climbing4 ,qualifications3 ,must have strong lungs to withstand the dust4 ,he must be an experienced grinder of wheat4 ,must know how to set his machine and know by testing when the grinding is being properly done4 ,schooling3 ,common school4 ,,bolter ,,and ,,purifier ,description3 ,the bolter sifts the wheat stock in the sifting machines1 tests the broken wheat stock as it comes from the grinder1 and adjusts the feed slides and keeps the machines in proper operation so that they will take in only as much stock as it can properly sift4 ,he must sometimes inform the grinder as to the proper fineness of the stock4 ,he does not fix or oil his machine1 but must understand its mechanism4 ,the work is dusty4 ,mostly floor work1 but some climbing on ladders and running boards4 ,qualifications3 ,ordinary ability4 ,strong lungs4 ,he must be experienced in operating the bolting machine2 must understand the testing of the broken wheat stock and the adjustment of slides controlling the feed4 ,,miller1 ,,second ,,or ,,trick ,,miller ,description3 ,the second miller acts for the miller in overseeing all of the processes in cleaning1 grinding1 and bolting4 ,he plans the work and teaches new men4 ,he is required to figure and keep a record of the yield of flour and feed4 ,he has full charge during the absence of the head miller4 ,qualifications3 ,should have strong lungs to withstand the dust4 ,since he is in line for promotion to head miller1 he should have the same qualifications4 ,the loss of one or more limbs or an eye1 or being afflicted with rheumatism would prove a serious handicap to an operative miller1 particularly while in training1 as an apprentice is required to do considerable climbing4 ,no tubercular person should try to become a miller4 ,schooling3 ,common school2 preferably high school4 ,,miller1 ,,head ,kindred occupations3 ,second miller4 ,description3 ,the head miller is responsible for all the processes of milling1 for the output1 and for the grade of flour produced4 ,he must have a thorough knowledge of all processes of milling and of wheat grading4 ,qualifications3 ,he must have a thorough knowledge of all milling machinery and of the 8flow0 of the mill4 ,he should have worked as second miller for several years4 ,this is a very highly skilled occupation1 and requires a great deal of trade knowledge1 mechanical ability1 and executive ability4 ,good strong lungs4 ,see disqualifications for second miller4 ,schooling3 ,common school2 preferably high school4 ,,spouter ,description3 ,the spouter is responsible for the uninterrupted flow of flour and feed stock through the spouts1 and it is his duty to see that all valves1 slides1 etc41 are in their proper position4 ,qualifications3 ,he should have a thorough knowledge of the flow of the mill and be able to remedy choke-ups or spouting troubles with the quickest possible dispatch4 ,the work requires skill and mechanical ability1 and requires a man who has worked in other milling positions4 ,he should be intelligent1 active1 a good observer1 and should have good lungs4 ,schooling3 ,common school4 ,,packer ,description3 ,the packer tends the machine which fills the bag1 packages1 and barrels with the finished product4 ,men are employed when the product is packed into large bags and barrels4 ,women are employed when the small packages and cartons are filled4 ,qualifications3 ,he must be able to weigh skillfully and rapidly and when filling bags he must be able to use the bag needle with skill and be able to operate a bag-closing machine4 ,he should also be able to insert barrel heads quickly when filling barrels4 ,he should be able to make minor repairs and adjustments4 ,he should be able to keep records and make simple computations of the stock packed4 ,he must be intelligent and strong physically4 ,schooling3 ,common school4 ,,packer ,,foreman ,kindred occupation3 ,packer4 ,description3 ,the packer foreman has charge of the work of the packers4 ,he is responsible for the proper packing of the product and the proper weight of the bags1 packages1 and barrels4 ,qualifications3 ,ordinary strength4 ,he should have had experience as a packer4 ,he must be able to figure and render accurate account of the output of the machine under his supervision4 ,he must have the ability to make adjustments and repairs on the machines4 ,schooling3 ,common school4 ,,trucker ,description3 ,the trucker pushes or pulls trucks of flour or feed from the packers to the warehouse or to the cars1 or from the warehouse to the cars2 also performs other general labor about the warehouse or cars as directed by the warehouse foreman4 ,qualifications3 ,good physical strength4 ,,millwright ,kindred occupations3 ,spouter4 ,description3 ,the millwright is responsible for the upkeep of the mill in general and for all trouble with the spouting1 milling machinery1 and equipment4 ,he repairs1 installs1 or takes out machinery1 equipment1 or spouting under direction of the head miller4 ,qualifications3 ,he must be a highly skilled wood and sheet metal worker1 and must have a general knowledge of all the milling processes4 ,he should have had experience as carpenter1 metal worker1 and spouter1 also knowledge of belting1 and machine repairing4 ,he should have good lungs4 ,schooling3 ,common school4 ,,sack ,,man ,description3 ,the sack man has complete charge of the stock of unfilled flour and feed sacks1 bags1 cartons1 and barrels4 ,it is his duty to keep the packers supplied with the proper kind and number of sacks1 bags1 cartons1 and barrels4 ,qualifications3 ,he must be able to render reports of the supplies received and used1 and to render accurate inventory of the supplies on hand4 ,he must be intelligent1 accurate1 and attentive to duty4 ,schooling3 ,common school4 ,,sack ,,sewer ,description3 ,the sack sewer repairs sacks by hand or on a sewing machine1 and does other required sewing4 ,qualifications3 ,he must be able to do plain hand sewing or use a sewing machine4 ,,warehouse ,,foreman ,kindred occupation3 ,packer foreman4 ,description3 ,the warehouse foreman has charge of the warehouse and has general supervision of all truckers and packers4 ,he superintends the loading of all cars1 and issues packing instructions to the packer foreman4 ,he must keep strict account of all cars placed at the warehouse for loading and unloading1 and must be able to make out various reports1 such as those relating to the loading of cars1 the delivery of goods1 and the inventory of stock4 ,qualifications3 ,this position is one of responsibility and requires a responsible man who has executive ability and who has had previous high-grade warehouse experience4 ,he must have a high degree of intelligence and be physically strong4 ,schooling3 ,common school2 preferably high school4 ,,trick ,,miller1 ,,or ,,second ,,miller ,description3 ,supervises the mill on a particular watch2 responsible to the head miller2 takes the lead in adjusting trouble at any particular point2 presence required in all parts of the mill4 ,qualifications3 ,like those for miller4 ,schooling3 ,common school4 ,the following occupations--unloader1 loader1 elevator man1 sweeper1 smutter1 sack man1 trucker--may be classified as unskilled1 and the men who work in these occupations work under immediate direction of their foreman4 ,the following occupations--unloader foreman1 loader foreman1 elevator foreman1 warehouse foreman--may also be considered unskilled1 but they are filled by men who are able to direct operations of the first group4 ,the oiler1 roll tender1 blender1 grinder1 bolter1 spouter1 packer1 packer foreman1 sack sewer1 and millwright work under the immediate direction of the second miller in mills of #ejj to #a1jjj barrel capacity4 ,in smaller mills1 however1 much of the work listed under these various occupations is done by the miller himself4 ,mills of less than #ejj barrels per day have no second miller1 and in that case much of the actual work described in the above occupations is done by the head miller4 ,wherever there is a second miller1 as in the case of the very large mills1 he generally takes direction of the mill during the night shift4 ,men interested in milling should start preferably in small mills of about #cjj barrels' capacity1 or less1 and work in such mills for one to two years in order to become fully acquainted with each of the processes listed in the various occupations4 ,if employment is secured in a large mill there will be very little opportunity to do any of the diversified work as in all such mills the work is more highly specialized4 ,,physical ,,disabilities ,the description of the various occupations given above answers several questions regarding the schooling and necessary qualifications4 ,milling is entirely an indoors occupation and one which should not be undertaken by any person affected with tuberculosis4 ,a miller should be agile and capable of endurance4 ,many of the occupations in the mill require considerable climbing and walking1 making it a serious handicap for a person who has lost a limb 7unless he has become expert in the use of an artificial leg7 or for one who is afflicted with rheumatism4 ,generally speaking1 the loss of an eye would not interfere1 nor would dullness of hearing4 ,the loss of an arm would only interfere in certain occupations and not in all4 ,this is true especially if the person has an artificial hand provided with a hook or other holding device and for the more simple occupations and manipulations4 ,stiffness of the arm and incomplete movements of the joints of the arm or fingers would1 if considerable1 disqualify a man for general employment in the milling industry4 ,men affected with shell shock might be able to do good work in a mill4 ,minor injuries1 such us the loss of a finger or toe1 or facial injuries1 need not interfere with a man's ability to do any kind of work in a flour mill4 ,when a person has mastered the milling business he may be a successful miller1 even though he has lost an arm4 ,one of the best millers in this country has only one arm4 ,what training and education are required and what may reasonably be expected in the form of wages or salary8--,a portion of this question has already been answered4 ,a high-school training is the most that is essential1 although many of our best millers have far less education than that4 ,as for the other occupations in the mill a common-school education will1 for the most part1 suffice for all necessary purposes4 ,the training1 however1 depends necessarily upon the nature of the position and the responsibility which a man must assume4 ,to become a good head miller a man should have some theoretical training for a year or two and then an opportunity for practice4 ,to take charge of the flour packer no great amount of training is essential4 ,practically no education is necessary for many of the occupations found in a mill4 ,to be a second miller1 from three to nine months' training in a trade school followed by experience as an apprentice are required4 ,the man with a good training would certainly have an advantage especially when qualifying for the position of head miller in a large mill4 ,,where ,,to ,,get ,,training ,,in ,,milling ,there are very few schools in this country where educational courses relating to milling are given4 ,the three best known are connected with the ,kansas ,agricultural ,college at ,manhattan1 ,kans41 and with ,state ,college at ,state ,college1 ,pa41 also the ,oregon ,agricultural ,college1 ,corvallis1 ,oreg4 ,each of these schools has a small mill of about #ge barrels daily capacity1 fitted however1 with all the machinery generally found in a large mill4 ,the training in milling1 as given in these schools requires four years and leads to the degree of bachelor of science in milling engineering4 ,a collegiate preparatory schooling is generally required for entrance and the studies pursued are equivalent to those found in the ordinary college course4 ,as a rule the course includes mathematics1 milling technique1 free-hand and mechanical drawing1 chemistry and physics1 languages1 etc4 ,the course is indeed a regular four-year university engineering course1 greater emphasis being laid upon the engineering problems relating to milling technology and mill design4 ,a man may obtain a fair knowledge of milling1 however1 in a trade school in three months1 and if this is followed by experience as an apprentice for two or three years1 he may reasonably expect to qualify as a miller4 ,he should have at least an eighth-grade schooling4 ,a good miller should have an understanding of flour-mill machinery1 chemical and physical properties of wheat and flour4 ,this requires considerable school training or a long apprenticeship4 ,the best kind of training1 however1 for most men striving to become millers is an apprentice in a mill1 working in each of the various occupations until a knowledge of all the milling processes is fundamentally and thoroughly learned4 ,such training might best be obtained in a small mill where an apprentice would be required to do the work of a number of different occupations4 ,in this way money is being earned at the same time as a profession is being learned4 ,very little preparatory schooling is required1 when milling is learned as an apprentice4 ,the salaries paid to millers run anywhere from #abe per month to several thousand dollars per year4 ,the wages of the various occupations of the milling industry are commensurate with those in similar industries4 ,the less skilled occupations pay laborers' wages1 while occupations requiring skill pay more4 ,it should always be remembered that a worker in any occupation in a mill has a legitimate ambition if he strives to become a head miller4 ,the head miller in any one of our large mills making anywhere over #a1jjj barrels of flour per day is in a position of great trust and responsibility and he should be a man of absolute honesty and integrity and a leader of men4 ,such men command very high salaries4 ,there are #aej mills in the ,united ,states with a daily capacity of over #ejj barrels4 ,these are the mills whose millers command the large salaries4 ,there are about #a1bjj mills1 however1 with a capacity of over #ajj barrels and all of these employ millers and millers' assistants4 ,with such a large number of mills employing head millers and second millers1 the chances for promotion must be considered good4 ,promotions1 however1 depend much upon the efficiency of the miller4 ,to acquire and to maintain a certain degree of efficiency1 it is helpful if one will become connected with organizations of millers1 and if one will read books and journals on milling1 and thus keep abreast of the times4 ,one should not expect promotion too rapidly4 ,if you apply yourself diligently to any of the occupations in the milling industry1 and if you show a disposition to learn you will find that 8it's a long trench that has no turning0 toward your goal4 ,do not be like the 8lazy loon that wants no learning0 and is satisfied to remain untrained and unearning4 ,your ,government is willing to finance you while you are learning1 so there is every inducement for you to get into the milling game1 if you feel any aptitude for this work4 ,the hours of labor in the various occupations in a mill are gradually being standardized to those of union labor in general2 the head miller1 however1 who has considerable responsibility1 does not as a rule limit his working hours to eight4 ,there are some #ba mills in this country with a daily capacity between #e1jjj and #aj1jjj barrels4 ,the millers of these mills must necessarily have splendid personal qualifications1 as well as training4 ,that he must be a leader of men goes without saying4 ,he must be able to win the confidence and best co-operation of his assistants4 ,he must be imbued with a love for his work2 must have an aptitude for milling2 capable of planning1 resourceful and observant2 a good mechanic and have sound judgment4 ,each one who aspires to become a head miller must develop these qualifications4 ,to be successful in any occupation in the mill one should be industrious and willing to learn4 ,the earnings of a mill are largely determined by the miller4 ,ordinarily about #d4e bushels of wheat1 or #bgj pounds1 will suffice to make a barrel of flour4 ,if a miller can succeed in making a barrel of an equally good flour by the use of less wheat1 say #bfg4e pounds1 he is just that much more valuable than his competitor who can not obtain the same result4 ,a saving of even #b4e pounds of wheat per barrel of flour1 in a #a1jjj-;barrel mill1 would mean the saving of #b1ejj pounds or #db bushels of wheat per day4 ,flour milling may justly be recognized as one of the most essential professions4 ,most of the milling is carried on in the great wheat belt1 situated for the most part in the great central1 north central1 and ,pacific coast regions of this country4 ,the following ,states are the great wheat producers3 ,minnesota1 ,north ,dakota1 ,south ,dakota1 ,kansas1 ,ohio1 ,oklahoma1 ,indiana1 ,illinois1 ,missouri1 ,washington1 ,montana1 ,texas1 ,michigan1 ,nebraska1 ,idaho1 ,colorado1 and ,oregon4 ,these ,states produce about #hj per cent of the whole wheat crop of the ,united ,states4 ,in the following ,states most of the flour is milled3 ,minnesota1 ,new ,york1 ,kansas1 ,illinois1 ,ohio1 ,pennsylvania1 ,missouri1 ,indiana1 ,michigan1 ,texas1 ,wisconsin1 ,tennessee1 ,california1 ,kentucky1 ,oklahoma1 and ,washington4 ,there are an appreciable number of mills along our ,atlantic coast and on the ,great ,lakes1 due to special facilities of transportation4 ,the foregoing would indicate that the need for millers is very urgent4 ,formerly a high-school boy was perfectly willing to begin his milling career as an apprentice1 but the low salary or wages paid to an apprentice is no longer attracting this class of young men4 ,now1 however1 that the ,government is showing a disposition to finance the returning soldier through college or through the period of apprenticeship1 the milling trade should prove very attractive4 ,the need for millers is becoming more urgent every day1 and a trained miller will have no difficulty in finding a good position4 ,,plan ,no4 #abdg4 ,,baking ,this monograph was prepared by ,j4 ,a4 ,le,clerc1 chemist in charge of the laboratory of plant chemistry1 ,bureau of ,chemistry1 ,department of ,agriculture4 ,acknowledgment is due ,b4 ,r4 ,jacobs and ,e4 ,e4 ,smith1 of the ,bureau of ,chemistry1 and ,prof4 ,c4 ,h4 ,bailey1 of the ,university of ,minnesota for assistance in the preparation of this monograph4 ,,what ,,is ,,baking8 ,baking is one of the most ancient1 widespread1 useful1 and highly honored occupations4 ,all classes and grades of bakeries are to be found even to-day from the most primitive1 such as those among the ,indians of this country and of ,south ,america1 and those among the native tribes of ,africa and other undeveloped countries1 up to the most highly developed modern bakery1 examples of which are to be found in most of our large cities1 in which almost every step in the operation is by machinery1 the hands of man scarcely touching the product at any stage4 ,in every large city of the country are to be found bakers who employ a large number of men to carry on the various occupations connected with the industry4 ,every small town has at least one baker1 but a small baker generally carries on1 himself1 each and every occupation connected with the shop4 ,,what ,,does ,,the ,,baker ,,do8 ,a baker's business is to make bread by first making a dough with flour1 water1 salt1 and yeast 7with or without sugar1 malt extract1 milk1 lard1 etc471 allowing this dough to ferment1 and then placing this fermented dough in an oven to bake it into bread4 ,in general the following amounts of ingredients are used per barrel of flour3 ,flour #aif pounds1 water #aah pounds1 salt #h pounds1 sugar #f pounds1 yeast #b pounds4 ,besides these essential ingredients some bakers add #b to #c pounds malt extract1 #b to #d pounds milk or milk products and #c to #d pounds of lard or other shortening4 ,a barrel of flour made into dough containing most of these ingredients will make about #bhb to #bij one-pound loaves of bread when baked4 ,baking is quite a diversified business4 ,there are many kinds of bakers or1 rather it might be said1 that bakers make many different kinds of products1 e4 g41 bread1 pies1 cakes1 crackers1 etc4 ,the term 8baker10 as generally used1 however1 refers to bread bakers4 ,,how ,,many ,,bakers ,,are ,,there8 ,in the ,united ,states there are some #cj1jjj commercial bakers of whom about #c1jjj to #d1jjj have an output of #gj to #ge per cent of the baking business of the country4 ,besides these commercial bakers1 found in every city of any size in the country1 bakeries are also to be found in many large hotels and restaurants1 and these number many thousands more4 ,these bakeries are of such size1 indeed1 that a head baker and an assistant baker1 besides many workmen1 are engaged in the different occupations4 ,there are many bakeries in this country who make daily from #ej1jjj to #ajj1jjj loaves of bread4 ,this requires the use of approximately #agj to #cdj barrels of flour every day4 ,some bakers use five times that amount of flour4 ,one of the largest bakeries in ,france1 in connection with the ,american ,expeditionary ,forces1 was said to be capable of turning out #a1jjj1jjj loaves per day4 ,the number of bakeries in the ,united ,states making over five thousand one-pound loaves per day is very large1 and these are the ones which especially require the services of a master baker as well as of several other trained employees4 ,,value ,,of ,,bakery ,,products ,at the time of the last census there were over #abj1jjj men employed in the baking industry and the total output of the product from all kinds of bakeries was estimated to be valued at #djj1jjj1jjj4 ,since that time1 however1 the output of the commercial labor has increased by leaps and bounds4 ,to-day the commercial baker makes fully one-half of the bread consumed in the country1 which is a relatively much larger amount than was made even #aj years ago4 ,during the war1 bread was advertised as was no other commodity4 ,besides this1 the housewife found very great difficulty in making a satisfactory bread with the use of such a large amount of flour substitutes as the ,food ,administration required4 ,this compelled many housewives to buy baker's bread--housewives who had never before used baker's bread4 ,the habit thus formed has in many cases proved permanent1 and thus has resulted in a largely increased demand for baker's bread4 99 99 99 99 99 ,these facts show the importance of the baking industry1 and show furthermore that the need for bakers is constantly growing and indeed is most urgent4 ,it should not be difficult for any returning soldier who desires to make a specialty of baking to find employment near his own home1 particularly if he lives in a large city4 ,,where ,,do ,,bakers ,,work8 ,bakers formerly almost universally worked in basements1 many of them dark and unsanitary4 ,the basement bakery is1 in fact1 not entirely done away with yet1 but such as remain are small and unimportant4 ,to-day the bakers of each city are vieing with each other to see who can put up the most attractive1 the most 8sunlit10 and sanitary bakery4 ,the consequence is that practically all large important bakeries are built high up1 with abundance of air and sunlight4 ,this makes the work much more attractive1 agreeable1 and healthful than was formerly the case4 ,the conditions of work for bakers are thus improving rapidly and are fully on a par with1 if indeed they are not better than1 those of other important industries4 ,,description ,,of ,,occupations ,,in ,a ,,bakery ,there are a number of occupations connected with the baking industry1 among which may be mentioned truckers1 blending-machine tenders1 mixers1 machine hands1 bench hands1 oven men1 packers1 and shipping clerks1 salesmen1 clerks1 and the engineers4 ,the classification in the following table shows the character of occupations1 the work required1 the qualifications1 wages1 hours of labor1 physical requirements1 and training of the men3 ,occupation4 ,character of occupation4 ,work requires4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a4 ,heavy labor4 ,handling flour1 ,walking1 bending1 lifting trucking1 miscellaneous heavy weights1 climbing1 handling heavy material1pushing or pulling heavy blending-machine trucks4 ,all work done on tenders1 machine hands4 feet4 #b4 ,light labor4 ,moving bread racks and ,walking1 bending1 lifting pan racks2 loading ordinary weights1 wagons1 cleaning and manipulation of cleaning greasing pans and and greasing machines2 machinery2 sweeping4 pushing and pulling loaded racks4 ,usually all work done on feet4 #c4 ,dough mixers ,mixing dough2 running ,walking1 bending1 and mixing machines2 lifting1 operating assistants4 weighing and measuring machinery1 manipulation ingredients4 of scales and measures4 ,sitting part of time4 #d4 ,operators of ,turning and timing ,walking1 bending1 fermentation4 doughs2 pushing troughs2lifting1 pushing heavy keeping room at constanttroughs4 temperature4 #e4 ,bench hands1 ,running baking machines ,standing at bench1 some dividers1 which divide1 round1 andwalking2 loading1 light rounders1 mold the dough2 lifting1 rapid hand molders4 sometimes performing movements4 these operations by hand4 #f4 ,peelers1 oven ,putting pans into and ,standing at oven1 men4 taking bread from the bending1 light lifting1 oven2 transferring pans rapid motions of hands from peels to racks1 and body4 etc4 #g4 ,sorters1 ,sorting bread2 checking ,largely desk work4 ,no checkers1 bread into wagons1 physical exertion except workers in making out bread slips1 that involved in handling bread room1 etc4 records4 ,very little shipping walking2 can use clerks1 crutches4 packing clerks1 clerical office force4 #h4 ,salesmen4 ,making deliveries of ,walking1 bending1 bakery products2 drivinglifting1 climbing in and horses or automobile2 out of wagon or working out routes2 automobile constantly4 keeping up trade1 making collections and adjustments of money4 #i4 ,shop foreman4 ,immediate supervision of,walking2 physical shop operations4 exertion only in helping in shop operation2 much climbing4 #aj4 ,superintendent,general supervision of ,largely desk work2 but or manager of entire plant2 must be able to get bakery4 determination of methodsaround plant1 to control of manipulation2 operations4 supervision of all business activities4 #aa4 ,buyer1 ,purchasing of raw ,largely desk work4 purchasing agent4 material and equipment4 #ab4 ,engineers4 ,running power plant4 ,mostly sitting4 #ac4 ,machinists4 ,repairing and installing,walking1 bending1 machinery4 lifting1 climbing4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,occupation4 ,qualifications4 ,wages per ,hours of week4 work4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a4 ,heavy labor4 ,unusual bodily strength #dgc #h and agility4 #b4 ,light labor4 ,some familiarity with #dgc #h bakery practice4 #c4 ,dough mixers ,common-school education1 #be-dj #h and good knowledge of doughs assistants4 and dough batch ingredients4 ,familiarity with bakery practice4 #d4 ,operators of ,common-school education2 #be-ce #h fermentation4 somewhat familiar with baking practice4 #e4 ,bench hands1 ,common-school education1 #be-ce #h dividers1 thoroughly familiar with rounders1 baking practice4 molders4 #f4 ,peelers1 oven ,common school education1 #be-dj #h men4 thoroughly familiar with baking practice2 agility and dexterity4 #g4 ,sorters1 ,business education2 some #bj #h-i checkers1 knowledge of office workers in practice4 bread room1 shipping clerks1 packing clerks1 clerical office force4 #h4 ,salesmen4 ,business education1 #be-ge #h-i knowledge of bakery products3 knowledge of salesmanship2 pleasing personality4 #i4 ,shop foreman4 ,common-school education2 #ce-ej #h-ab thorough familiarity with all lines of bakery work2 ability to handle men4 #aj4 ,superintendent,thorough business #ej-bjj #dh or manager of education2 intimate bakery4 knowledge of manufacturing processes1 cost accounting2 great executive and directing ability2 ability to deal with men4 #aa4 ,buyer1 ,intimate knowledge of #ej-ajj #dh purchasing agent4 trade and marketing conditions and costs2 also of raw materials and equipment used by bakers4 #ab4 ,engineers4 ,common-school education1 #be-ej #h training and experience in engineering4 #ac4 ,machinists4 ,common-school education1 #be-ce #h training and experience with machinery4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,occupation4 ,physical requirements4 ,training required4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #a4 ,heavy labor4 ,both legs1 both arms1 ,none4 hands with thumbs and fingers enough to do the work2 one eye2 good hearing not essential4 #b4 ,light labor4 ,two legs1 one hand with ,do4 at least thumb and two fingers1 if good artificial hand2 one eye2 good hearing not essential4 #c4 ,dough mixers ,one hand1 if good #c to #d months in baking and artificial hand1 one establishment4 assistants4 foot1 with good artificial leg2 one eye2 fairly good hearing4 #d4 ,operators of do4 #c months4 fermentation4 #e4 ,bench hands1 ,two hands with thumb and ,do4 dividers1 at least one finger on rounders1 each hand2 one foot2 one molders4 eye2 fair hearing4 #f4 ,peelers1 oven ,one hand1 if good #c months4 men4 artificial hand2 one foot1 if able to stand well on artificial foot2 one eye1 fair hearing4 #g4 ,sorters1 ,one eye 7good eyesight71 #f months4 checkers1 one hand2 legs not workers in essential2 fair hearing4 bread room1 shipping clerks1 packing clerks1 clerical office force4 #h4 ,salesmen4 ,both feet2 one hand1 with#f months4 good artificial hand2 one eye2 good hearing essential4 #i4 ,shop foreman4 do4 #a year4 #aj4 ,superintendent,good eyesight1 good #b years4 or manager of hearing2 able to get bakery4 around plant4 #aa4 ,buyer1 ,good eyesight and #a year4 purchasing agent4 hearing2 able to walk4 #ab4 ,engineers4 do4 ,do4 #ac4 ,machinists4 ,both feet1 one hand1 one ,do4 eye1 fair hearing4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #dg ,per day4 #dh ,no fixed hours4 #a4 ,based on intensive technical training of #ce to #dj hours per week4 #b4 ,practically all specialised positions in baking are properly based on a journeyman's experience4 ,in the case of men who have served only partial apprenticeships1 or who have no training whatever1 an individual determination is necessary in each case as to the amount of special education1 technical school training1 and shopwork required to equal the regular apprenticeship foundation4 #c4 ,the artificial limbs now available may in many cases enable the individual to meet the physical requirements where the above statement would indicate a difficulty4 ,each such case must be decided on its merits4 ,,disabilities--,,they ,,need ,,not ,,disqualify ,a study of the table of occupations will show that few soldiers1 who feel they have an aptitude for this industry1 will find themselves disqualified4 ,of course1 the bakeshop is no place for a consumptive1 nor for an invalid1 but the loss of an arm1 a leg1 an eye1 or facial or head wounds need not necessarily disqualify men for every occupation in a bakery4 ,there are many occupations in a bakery which a man with these physical defects may fill with perfect satisfaction and success4 ,indeed1 success can be obtained even under the most apparently serious handicap4 ,much depends upon the man with a physical defect4 ,he must not let his mind dwell upon that fact4 ,if he has not lost his head or his courage he most assuredly can qualify4 ,what he thinks is a disqualifying defect may not be one at all4 ,certainly1 if his mind is made up to overcome his defect1 the battle is over half won already4 ,,the ,,government ,,will ,,help ,,you ,every soldier must know that this ,government of ours stands ready to assist him to find a congenial occupation4 ,you need not feel discouraged1 therefore1 because of your supposed disqualification4 ,instead1 it may be the making of you1 especially if your mind is positively made up to succeed and if you will accept your ,government's offer to help you to success4 ,while you are learning to become a baker you will be paid a regular allowance to cover your living expenses and your family will be paid an allowance for their support1 so that in fact while you are learning you are also earning4 ,,the ,,chances ,,for ,,success ,the chances for success are as great in the baking industry as in any other4 ,look about you a bit4 ,it is very seldom you hear or read about the failure of a well-established bakeshop4 ,the people must have bread4 ,good bread making is not at all difficult4 ,your chances to make and to sell good bread are just as good as those of your competitor-baker4 ,baking is a stable industry4 ,there are large profits in the industry when well conducted4 ,your chances for success1 therefore1 are good1 because the proprietor's chances for success have always been good4 ,many examples might be pointed out to you of owners of bakeries who #aj to #bj years ago began in a small way and who to-day are baking from #be1jjj to #ajj1jjj loaves per day4 ,,qualifications ,for the owner of a bakery the personal characteristics required for success in a large way are about the same as for other occupations and professions4 ,he must keep abreast of the times by constant study and application4 ,of course a man must be honest4 ,he must be determined to give full weight4 ,it seems so easy in a bakeshop to cut the weight of a loaf by one-half to #a ounce and thus reap a temporary advantage1 and so it is2 but as in other businesses1 8honesty is the best policy10 and the baker who has the reputation for giving full weight generally gains in the end1 and the one who is known to skimp on his weight will eventually find that policy a losing game4 ,a proprietor must be a hard worker2 he is liable to be required to work at any time of day or night4 ,he must be a man who can get along with men1 one to win their confidences1 cooperation1 and best endeavors4 ,a master baker should be able to manage men so as to get the most out of them consistent with decency and fair play4 ,he should have an intimate knowledge of flours and of the other ingredients used in baking4 ,he should be well posted in the art of baking in all its phases1 and have enough ambition to keep posted and abreast of the times4 ,the other employees of a bakery do not need so many of the qualifications possessed by the master baker so long as they are content to remain where they are1 but if they are planning to become master bakers themselves they must make up their minds to obtain this very training4 ,many soldiers have already had considerable experience in field bakeries4 ,they will find this experience of great value in commercial bakeries4 ,however1 previous training and experience in the ,army is not an essential1 inasmuch as sufficient experience can be had in several months' study at a trade school to satisfy the requirements of beginners4 ,men who aspire to forge ahead in a bakery must have 8pep10 be alert to learn1 and must apply themselves studiously4 ,they should have a natural aptitude for the work1 for the best work can never be done in any line where there is no love and enthusiasm4 ,,training ,,and ,,experience ,formerly1 bakers learned their profession through the apprenticeship4 ,while that system is also in vogue to-day1 yet many men are being given a tremendous boost by first attending a trade school for bakers or a technical school1 college1 or university4 ,in going through the apprenticeship stage1 a man would be very greatly assisted if he had at least an eighth-grade education or better still a high school or college education4 ,the trade school will in the course of six to nine months' intensive training not only train a man to bake a good loaf of bread1 but will teach him to know the characteristics of the ingredients which are used in baking and how to detect or determine their quality4 ,he will acquire a chemical knowledge of these raw materials4 ,he will also learn to have a thorough knowledge of baking machinery and how to handle ovens4 ,after such a schooling1 he should make fast progress as an apprentice4 ,,schools ,,of ,,baking ,among the schools offering training for bakers may be mentioned the ,dunwoody ,institute at ,minneapolis1 the ,university of ,minneapolis at ,university ,farm1 ,minn41 the ,kansas ,agricultural ,college at ,manhattan1 and a number of trade schools proper at ,chicago--the ,columbus ,laboratory1 ,operative ,miller1 and ,siebel ,institute4 ,it should always be recognized that a general education is a great aid on the road to success1 and that an ambition to keep pace with the improvements in methods1 changes in materials and appliances will be rewarded by more rapid promotion4 ,one of the best ways of maintaining the pace is to read the various journals devoted to milling and baking and to associate one's self with societies specializing in milling and baking4 ,the bakers' journals which will be found helpful are as follows3 ,bakers' ,helper1 #dca ,south ,dearborn ,street1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,bakers' ,review1 #djh ,whitall ,building1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,bakers' ,weekly1 #da ,park ,row1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,confectioners and ,bakers' ,gazette1 #abg ,worth ,street1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,national ,baker1 #daa ,walnut ,street1 ,philadelphia4 ,retail ,confectioner and ,baker1 #cf ,catherine ,street1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,the ,bakers' ,news1 #ccb ,south ,la ,salle ,street1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,the ,mediator1 #aba ,canal ,street1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,the ,pacific ,coast ,gazette1 ,san ,francisco1 ,calif4 ,among the milling journals may be mentioned3 ,american ,miller1 #cae ,dearborn ,street1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,canadian ,miller and ,cerealist1 ,montreal1 ,canada4 ,dixie ,miller1 #aed ,north ,cherry ,street1 ,nashville1 ,tenn4 ,miller's ,review1 #dbd ,walnut ,street1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,modern ,miller1 #ajcb ,pierce ,building1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,northwestern ,miller1 the ,miller ,building1 ,minneapolis1 ,minn4 ,operative ,miller1 #ecg ,south ,dearborn ,street1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,roller ,mill1 ,marine ,bank ,building1 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,there are two societies in this country which are making special endeavors to study milling and baking problems1 viz1 the ,american ,society of ,milling and ,baking ,technology and the ,american ,association of ,cereal ,chemists4 ,besides these journals and societies1 from which considerable help and enthusiasm may be obtained1 the ,government1 particularly the ,department of ,agriculture1 stands ready to assist anyone along these lines4 ,this department has accumulated considerable information on flour1 bread1 and the various cereals1 and it is always glad to answer any questions that it can and ready to give out any information which it has4 ,besides all these sources of help1 much information may be gained by reading bulletins published by a number of experiment stations1 and these bulletins may be obtained for the asking4 ,among the experiment stations publishing such bulletins may be mentioned the following3 ,kansas ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,manhattan1 ,kans4 ,north ,dakota ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,fargo1 ,n4 ,dak4 ,kentucky ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,lexington1 ,ky4 ,ontario ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,guelph1 ,ontario1 ,canada4 ,pennsylvania ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,state ,college1 ,pa4 ,south ,dakota ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,brookings1 ,s4 ,dak4 ,washington ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,pullman1 ,wash4 ,connecticut ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,minnesota ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,university ,farm1 ,minn4 ,ohio ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,wooster1 ,ohio4 ,michigan ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,lansing1 ,mich4 ,maine ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,orono1 ,me4 ,california ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,berkeley1 ,calif4 ,utah ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,logan1 ,utah4 ,idaho ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,moscow1 ,idaho4 ,furthermore1 a number of books on baking have been published in the ,english language1 among which may be mentioned the following3 ,otto ,werlin4 ,the ,american ,cake ,baker1 published by the ,richmond ,borough ,publishing ,printing ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,amy ,l4 ,handy4 ,war-,time ,bread and ,cake1 published by ,houghton ,mifflin ,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,william ,h4 ,brooks4 ,modern ,practical ,cake ,baking1 published by the ,times ,publishing ,co41 ,palo ,alto1 ,calif4 ,fritz ,l4 ,gienandt4 ,the ,twentieth ,century ,book for the ,progressive ,baker-,confectioner1 published by the author1 in ,boston4 ,emil ,braun4 ,secrets of ,bread ,making4 ,siebel's ,manual4 ,recipe ,book for the ,practical ,baker4 ,malzbender4 ,paul ,richards4 ,bakers' ,bread1 with appendix4 ,biscuits and ,cakes1 #aiaa4 ,reliable ,flour ,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,robert ,wells4 ,bread1 ,biscuits1 ,buns1 and ,cakes4 ,frank ,a4 ,kennedy4 ,the ,biscuit ,industry1 #ahie4 ,wihlfahrt1 ,j4 ,e41 ,a ,treatise on ,flour1 ,yeast1 ,ferment1 and ,baking4 ,laws and ,gilbert4 ,the ,wheat ,grain1 ,its ,milling ,products and ,bread4 ,charles and ,james ,scott4 ,vienna ,bread4 ,owen ,simmons4 ,the ,book of ,bread4 ,dr4 ,harry ,snyder4 ,studies on ,bread and ,bread ,making4 ,j4 ,a4 ,wanklyn4 ,bread ,analysis4 ,h4 ,w4 ,wiley4 ,cereal and ,cereal ,products4 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,w4 ,atwater4 ,bread and the ,principles of ,bread ,making4 ,blandy4 ,studies in ,bread ,making4 ,gill4 ,short ,history of the ,baker's ,art4 ,gill4 ,chemistry of ,bread ,making4 ,t4 ,b4 ,wood4 ,the ,story of a ,loaf of ,bread4 ,grant4 ,chemistry of ,bread ,making4 ,dr4 ,john ,goodfellow4 ,the ,dietetic ,value of ,bread4 ,william ,jago4 ,the ,principles of ,bread ,making4 ,archer ,kirkland4 ,studies for the ,bakehouse4 ,john ,kirkland4 ,all ,about ,bread ,making4 ,john ,kirkland4 ,the ,modern ,baker1 ,confectioner1 and ,caterer4 ,it is thus seen that for the man who is ambitious to learn about baking there are many sources of knowledge4 ,the baker1 or baking employee who aspires to become a baker1 can find much assistance and inspiration from bulletins1 books1 journals1 and societies1 and by correspondence with experts of the ,department of ,agriculture4 ,the disabled soldiers who believe they can qualify to become bakers have every reason to feel encouraged4 ,,plan ,no4 #abdh4 ,,dental ,,mechanics ,,as ,a ,,vocation ,this monograph was prepared by ,dr4 ,harold ,de,witt ,cross1 director1 the ,forsyth ,dental ,infirmary1 ,boston1 ,mass41 and ,dr4 ,guy ,s4 ,millberry1 dean1 college of dentistry1 ,university of ,california1 ,berkeley1 ,calif4 ,mechanical dentistry has been practiced by individuals for over a thousand years1 though its development in a scientific way can be said to date from the beginning of the last century4 ,it is a part of the practice of dentistry which is limited to working upon inert matter and does not include work of any kind upon patients4 ,for this reason anyone can become a dental mechanic1 for the laws governing the practice of dentistry in all ,states specifically point out that such are exempt from the licensing requirements and penalties of law4 ,in presenting this work as a possible vocation1 care has been taken to give fair and accurate accounts of what may be expected1 the qualifications1 and the type of work done4 ,it is not right to say that mechanical dentistry is extremely simple1 or that the pay is magnificent4 ,it is right to say1 however1 that with the proper qualifications1 mechanical dentistry offers big returns upon the investment of time and effort required to complete this course of training4 ,mechanical dentistry plays a vital part in maintaining and increasing human efficiency4 ,hence1 the skilled dental mechanic may be proud of his work1 and may derive a threefold satisfaction from it--the pleasure in the work itself1 the gratification of being well paid1 and the satisfaction that comes from the knowledge that it is of benefit to mankind4 ,class of ,work ,done4--,the work of a dental mechanic consists of making1 in the laboratory or work room1 artificial dentures and restorations such as plates1 bridges1 crowns1 inlays1 etc41 for which the impressions have been taken from the patients' mouths by the dentist1 and the work done under his direction4 ,the work may be divided into two major classes1 plate work1 and crown and bridge work4 ,plate work may again be divided into vulcanite or rubber plate work and metal plate work4 ,in addition to this there are a number of types of dental work such as pouring and trimming plaster models of the teeth1 making metal dies and counter dies1 gold and porcelain inlays and other kinds of incidental work1 so that a variety is always to be found in any dental laboratory4 ,plate ,work4--,plate work by the mechanical dentist consists of assembling plaster or modeling compound1 taking impressions of the mouth and teeth1 pouring plaster casts from them1 making bite plates and the mounting of the models on the articulator1 and in the instance of metal plates1 making dies and counter dies of zinc and lead or similar metals or alloys for subsequent work4 ,then the porcelain teeth are set up in wax for trial purposes and the wax is subsequently removed and replaced by vulcanite4 ,in the case of metal plates1 aluminum1 gold1 or platinum is used as a base plate which must be swaged or cast to fit each individual case4 ,this requires a knowledge and skill in the working of metals and frequently includes soldering operations4 ,crown and ,bridge ,work4--,crown and bridge work include the working and soldering of precious metals as gold1 platinum1 or similar materials1 and porcelain or it may be a combination of both precious metals and porcelain4 ,these two classes of work constitute the largest part of mechanical dentistry though each class may offer many different types of cases4 ,conditions of ,labor4--,mechanical dentistry attracts a very desirable class of men1 and therefore the people with whom one is thrown in the profession are such as may be a source of inspiration and encouragement4 ,the work is all light1 usually performed at a bench1 either sitting or standing as the mechanic prefers4 ,there is enough of a variety of work to break the monotony4 ,the metals used are zinc1 lead1 tin1 copper1 bismuth1 antimony1 or alloys of them1 and the precious metals1 gold1 silver1 mercury and platinum4 ,practically no machinery except a small polishing lathe is used and all the tools and equipment are furnished by the employer4 ,while much of the work is done with steel tools1 very little of it is done on steel4 ,light and ventilation are usually of the best1 though the laboratories are generally small1 and the sanitary conditions are generally very good4 ,,hours ,,and ,,wages ,hours4--,the hours are in a sense variable1 running from #dj to #ej per week1 and may vary from week to week where the dental mechanic is employed by the individual dentist4 ,the hours depend largely upon the amount of work on hand in the office each day and the urgency for its completion4 ,usually the dentist works about seven hours a day1 and he seldom demands more time of his assistants4 ,under these conditions1 overtime is not usually considered4 ,in large laboratories where a number of mechanics are employed the hours are likely to be more uniform and exacting4 ,wages4--,the wages will range from #ae to #dj or #ej a week1 depending entirely on the ability of the mechanic1 his speed and careful workmanship being the determining factor4 ,more than #bj a week can not usually be expected at the start1 but progress will be rapid according to the ability developed4 ,there are no unions organized to include this branch of labor as nearly all dentists do their own mechanical work during odd times4 ,dental mechanics who possess skill and good business acumen may establish laboratories of their own1 and cater to the needs of a number of dentists who do not have enough work to employ a dental mechanic1 and yet more than they can accomplish themselves along with their other work4 ,in this way1 on a basis of piece work1 a dental mechanic may build a lucrative and independent business1 employing a number of assistants1 and produce a net income of from #c1jjj to #g1jjj or #h1jjj a year4 ,of course the essentials for success in such a business are the same as may be expected of any man who expects to be successful in other lines of business4 ,permanency and ,opportunities of the ,profession4--,there is an ever increasing demand for honest dental service on the part of the general public4 ,fully #ajj per cent of the children and adults in any country need some form of dental service at least once a year4 ,there are not enough dentists now to supply this service except to a limited portion of the population1 but many of these have a practice sufficiently large to justify the employment of several assistants1 one of whom should be a dental mechanic4 ,on account of the lack in the past of facilities for training there has arisen widespread and urgent demand for qualified dental mechanics4 ,well-informed dentists1 who have the interest of the profession at heart1 appreciate the present necessity for men trained in this particular phase of dentistry4 ,there are in the ,united ,states alone nearly #a1jjj cities of more than #e1jjj population4 ,the smallest of these would afford employment to one mechanical dentist or more1 working on salary or independently4 ,of the total number of cities1 #fj have populations ranging from #dj1jjj to #ajj1jjj2 each of these cities will afford employment to a large number of mechanical dentists4 ,forty of the #fj have populations of #ajj1jjj and over4 ,new ,york is the largest and it is estimated that it alone affords employment for thousands of mechanical dentists4 ,each of the other #ci cities gives large opportunities for capable members of this profession4 ,,qualifications ,previous ,training4--,no previous knowledge of dentistry or experience in mechanical work is necessary to qualify the student for mechanical dentistry1 though those who have had experience such as mechanics in the jewelry trade1 metal working industries where small work is a feature1 or photography will find that the former work is a good foundation4 ,education4--,an average education is all that is absolutely required for the student of mechanical dentistry1 though a high-school training and a knowledge of physics1 chemistry1 and manual training is desirable4 ,personal ,qualifications4--,a natural intelligence1 a moderate amount of ability to work with the fingers1 perseverance and neatness are the essentials for success4 ,age4--,there is no age limit for the man who wishes to take up this vocation4 ,,training ,time required4--,the length of time required to train men for mechanical dentistry may vary1 according to previous education1 experience and his type of disability4 ,in many places the training is not done by classes1 but through personal instruction1 and the completion of the course lies with the aptitude of the student4 ,the average time required is believed to be about one college year unless1 as in some special cases1 an intensive course of four months or so is instituted4 ,these have been opened in some places4 ,this refers to the time required when a course is taken rather than an apprenticeship in some laboratory of a private dentist4 ,type of ,training4--,a course in mechanical dentistry is a practical one in which the student learns by doing4 ,the work is demonstrated by a capable instructor1 and then the students themselves do the actual work4 ,there are a limited number of lectures1 and an effort is made to give a sufficient fundamental knowledge for all the ordinary manipulations required in the trade4 ,after his course is complete1 he will continue to improve his general knowledge and skill by further study4 ,he must learn1 if he is employed by a private dentist1 the particular methods of his employer1 and keep up with the new improvements described in dental text books and journals4 ,course of ,instruction4--,the course of instruction in dental mechanics include the following subjects3 ,model making4 ,rubber plate making4 ,anatomy of teeth4 ,saddles4 ,crown and bridge work4 ,gold plates4 ,lingual bar plates4 ,aluminum plates4 ,metal casting4 ,orthodontia or regulating appliances4 ,special ,fields4--,there are special fields in dentistry where the dental mechanic may adapt himself to a new class of work now very much in demand1 that of dental radiography1 or the taking and developing of ,x-ray pictures4 ,persons having had previous experience in any branch of photography will fit into this work easily4 ,other special lines are the making of orthodontia appliances1 gold and porcelain inlays1 castings1 clasps1 bridges1 and plates1 crown and bridge work1 and gold plate work4 ,disabilities4--,the physical qualifications and disability restrictions of a dental mechanic are not very exacting4 ,persons with one good eye and the control and manipulative ability of both hands or at least two fingers and a thumb on each hand2 defective hearing1 with one or no legs 7provided locomotion is not impaired71 such diseases as hernia1 kidney trouble1 affections of the liver or heart will not be too seriously disabled to enter this profession4 ,tuberculosis1 on the other hand1 is a serious handicap1 both on account of the sedentary life1 and because it might be difficult to secure or hold permanent employment because of the fear of contagion4 ,other infectious diseases would be more suitable to some other type of employment4 ,very few vocations are open to such a wide number of disabled men4 ,the opportunity for them seems to be one which will continue to increase with the increase in scientific dentistry1 and the growing comprehension of the people of the important relation of the mouth and teeth to their general health4 ,each of the following plans has a specially arranged list of occupations and business opportunities which have not been placed in the main index and should be consulted in connection with the index4 ,page ,civil ,service ,u4 ,s41 ,index of ,service-- ,plan ,no4 #bag #ajj ,city1 ,county1 ,state and ,federal ,government1 #dhg ,index of ,service ,plan ,no4 #hcj- #ijg #ejc ,forestry ,pursuits--,index of ,service #iaj #eji ,wood ,working ,trades--,index of ,service #ibh #eef ,agriculture--,index of ,courses #ich #efc ,agriculture--,index1 ,technical #idj #eff ,agriculture--,index1 ,experimental ,station #idb #efi ,agriculture--,index1 ,extension ,service #idc #egj ,navy ,work--,u4 ,s4 ,index of ,service #ajej #fbd ,printing ,trades--,index of ,service #abch #hbf ,flour ,milling--,index of ,service #abdf #hdi ,baking--,index of ,service #abdg #heg ,,index ,a ,,page ,able ,seaman--,plan ,no4 #ajbb1 #fjg ,accounting--,plan ,no4 #ajhh1 #ffh ,acres1 #aj1 ,accomplished--,plan ,no4 #gfg1 #dci ,acre1 th of1 ,makes #j4hj an ,hour--,plan ,no4 #gej1 #dcj ,acre1 ,raise ,cucumbers--,plan ,no4 #bic1 #bfi ,acre1 #h near ,city--,plan ,no4 #ba1 #aa ,acre ,tracts in ,city ,make ,profits from ,truck ,gardening--,plan ,no4 #fbj1 #chj ,address1 ,obtained ,all ,information ,concerning ,city ,property--,plan ,no4 #ehb1 #cfd ,addresses1 ,copy and ,sell--,plan ,no4 #dbd1 #cag ,adjutant ,general of ,state--,plan ,no4 #hhd1 #dif ,advertise ,hair ,dressing--,plan ,no4 #ach1 #ga ,advertised on the ,home ,industry ,page--,plan ,no4 #dfe1 #cbi ,advertisements on ,barber's ,mirror--,plan ,no4 #dbe1 #cag ,advertising1 ,assists ,sale of ,soap--,plan ,no4 #cib1 #cjg ,advertising ,agency ,started--,plan ,no4 #aj1 #e ,advertising ,beauty ,bags--,plan ,no4 #aei1 #ha ,advertising ,boosted1 ,home ,town--,plan ,no4 #dfd1 #cbh ,advertising ,carpet ,cleaner--,plan ,no4 #aii1 #id ,advertising1 ,clips ,news ,articles--,plan ,no4 #cc1 #bj ,advertising for ,cook ,book--,plan ,no4 #cd1 #bj ,advertising1 ,constipation ,cure--,plan ,no4 #aec1 #gh ,advertising in ,country ,paper--,plan ,no4 #ff1 #cf ,advertising a ,copy ,pad--,plan ,no4 #afa1 #hc ,advertising1 ,circulars ,dist4--,plan ,no4 #ccg1 #cij1 #bhc1 #cjf ,advertising1 ,coupon ,plan--,plan ,no4 #eb1 #bi ,advertising in ,country ,weeklies--,plan ,no4 #dba1 #dbc1 #caf ,advertising in ,book--,plan ,no4 #di1 #bh ,advertising ,dustless ,dusters--,plan ,no4 #afj1 #hb ,advertising ,eggs--,plan ,no4 #cje1 #bgd ,advertising on ,fly ,paper--,plan ,no4 #cfc1 #bib ,advertising by ,farm ,woman of ,fruits and ,jellies--,plan ,no4 #eha1 #cfd ,advertising by ,farm ,woman ,photographing ,stock--,plan ,no4 #ii1 #eb ,advertising1 ,great ,opportunities ,in--,plan ,no4 #ajij1 #ajia1 #fgj1 #fga ,advertising for ,gingham ,shop--,plan ,no4 #aa1 #e ,advertising a ,grocery ,store--,plan ,no4 #bih1 #bga ,advertising by ,hotel--,plan ,no4 #ig1 #ea ,advertising1 ,hidden ,coin in ,window--,plan ,no4 #gda1 #dbf ,advertising1 ,kitchen ,list--,plan ,no4 #bgi1 #bcg ,advertising ,knock ,down ,picture ,frames--,plan ,no4 #chg1 #cjd ,advertising by ,letter--,plan ,no4 #aec1 #gh ,advertising1 ,list of ,names--,plan ,no4 #cf1 #ba ,advertising ,man's ,opportunity in ,chamber of ,commerce--,plan ,no4 #fha1 #djc ,advertising in ,moving ,picture ,programs--,plan ,no4 #hd1 #dd ,advertising ,man ,represents ,country ,weeklies--,plan ,no4 #dcj1 #cah ,advertising ,man ,runs ,sales ,company--,plan ,no4 #fff1 #cie ,advertising1 ,motion ,picture ,theatre--,plan ,no4 #gi1 #efi1 #da1 #cei ,advertising ,while ,sick--,plan ,no4 #cfj1 #bia ,advertising ,obtained by ,long ,distance ,phone--,plan ,no4 #cef1 #bhi ,advertising with ,country ,stores--,plan ,no4 #gcb1 #dbb ,advertising to ,get ,acquainted--,plan ,no4 #ffi1 #cih ,advertising for ,home ,industries--,plan ,no4 #dbc1 #dfe1 #caf1 #cbi ,advertising ,manufacturing ,page--,plan ,no4 #fge1 #dja ,advertising ,plan for ,selling ,books--,plan ,no4 #di1 #bh ,advertising ,political ,manual--,plan ,no4 #bb1 #ab ,advertising1 ,a ,shopper--,plan ,no4 #aeb1 #gg ,advertising of ,shawls--,plan ,no4 #cjh1 #bge ,advertising a ,preparation--,plan ,no4 #afg1 #he ,advertising ,proposition--,plan ,no4 #bch1 #aff ,advertising1 ,sells ,lists--,plan ,no4 #fa1 #cd ,advertising1 ,show ,card ,writing--,plan ,no4 #abcg1 #hbb ,advertising ,silver ,polish--,plan ,no4 #aab1 #eg ,advertising1 ,soliciting--,plan ,no4 #eea1 #cej ,advertising ,space ,sold a ,large ,amount of ,thermometers--,plan ,no4 #fc1 #cd ,advertising by ,stenographer--,plan ,no4 #ej1 #bh ,advertising ,starts ,sales of ,preparation--,plan ,no4 #afg1 #he ,advertising ,talking ,machines--,plan ,no4 #che1 #cjc ,advertising1 ,theatre ,goers' ,weekly--,plan ,no4 #bc1 #ac ,advertising ,catch ,phrase ,contest--,plan ,no4 #ecj1 #cdc ,advertising which ,brought ,women to 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#ajj ,blacksmith ,helpers1 ,opportunity for--,plan ,no4 #hch1 #dhi ,blacksmith1 ,opportunity--,plan ,no4 #hcd1 #dhh ,blacksmith1 ,opportunity--,plan ,no4 #hdb1 #dia ,blacksmith ,work in ,shop of ,railroad--,plan ,no4 #ihc1 #eid ,blind1 ,employment of--,plan ,no4 #ajgc1 #fec ,blind ,man ,makes ,money--,plan ,no4 #cdd1 #bhe ,block for ,tables1 ,etc4--,plan ,no4 #hae1 #dfe ,blue1 ,black ,ink ,powder1 ,sell--,plan ,no4 #dgb1 #cca ,blind ,man ,succeeds--,plan ,no4 #cdd1 #bhe ,blue ,prints for ,furniture--,plan ,no4 #gch1 #dbe ,blue ,prints ,sold to ,farmers--,plan ,no4 #gch1 #dbe ,blacksmith1 ,navy--,plan ,no4 #ajcb1 #fah ,blacksmith1 ,railroad--,plan ,no4 #ihc1 #eid ,board and ,room ,nurses--,plan ,no4 #adh1 #gf ,boarders from the ,farm by the ,basket ,method--,plan ,no4 #hbi1 #dhf ,boatswain1 ,water ,transportation--,plan ,no4 #ajba1 #fjg ,boarding ,house1 ,run1 ,pays ,college ,expenses--,plan ,no4 #ehe1 #cfg ,boiler ,maker for ,u4 ,s4--,plan ,no4 #bag1 #ajj ,boiler ,maker in ,shop ,work of ,railroad--,plan ,no4 #ihd1 #eid ,boiler ,shop1 ,navy--,plan ,no4 #ajca1 #fah ,book that ,costs you ,nothing1 ,sells for ,ninety-eight ,cents--,plan ,no4 #di1 #bh ,book of ,receipts for ,farmers--,plan ,no4 #cjf1 #bgd ,book on ,show ,card ,making--,plan ,no4 #edb1 #cdf ,book ,binder for ,u4 ,s4--,plan ,no4 #bag1 #ajj ,bookkeeper1 ,division--,plan ,no4 #hcd1 #dhh ,bookkeeper for ,u4 ,s4--,plan ,no4 #bag1 #ajj ,bookkeeper1 ,opportunity for--,plan ,no4 #hch1 #dhi ,bookkeeper1 ,opportunity for--,plan ,no4 #hci1 #dij ,bookkeeper1 ,opportunity for--,plan ,no4 #hfj1 #dic ,bookkeepers1 ,opportunity for--,plan ,no4 #hdd1 #dia ,bookkeeping--,plan ,no4 #ajhc1 #ffb ,books1 ,school ,covers ,made for--,plan ,no4 #bbg1 #afc ,book to ,farmers--,plan ,no4 #cjf1 #bgd ,boosted ,his ,home ,town--,plan ,no4 #dfd1 #cbh ,botanist for ,u4 ,s4--,plan ,no4 #bag1 #ajj ,boy ,agent1 ,alligator ,plan--,plan ,no4 #aab1 #eg ,boy ,believes ,in ,pigs--,plan ,no4 #gea1 #geb1 #dca ,boy ,collects ,old ,magazines and 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#ice1 #eeh1 #efj ,disabled ,men1 ,many ,positions for ,life ,insurance ,salesmen1 #aj1jjj--,plan ,no4 #ajie1 #fgg ,disabled ,men1 ,opportunities for--,plan ,no4 #icb1 #icc1 #ajjb1 #eeh1 #eei ,disabled ,men ,opportunity in ,jewelry ,trade--,plan ,no4 #iei1 #egh ,disabled ,men1 ,opportunity in ,wood ,working ,trade--,plan ,no4 #icc1 #eei ,disabled1 ,occupation ,in ,navy ,yards--,plan ,no4 #ajbf1 #faj ,disabled1 ,podiatry as a ,vocation--,plan ,no4 #abde1 #hdd ,disabled1 ,purser1 ,water ,transportation--,plan ,no4 #ajbd1 #fji ,disabled1 ,railroad--,plan ,no4 #ihh1 #ajjc1 #eie1 #fjj ,disabled1 ,salesmanship1 ,commercial--,plan ,no4 #ajhi1 #ffi ,disabled1 ,secretarial ,work1 ,commercial--,plan ,no4 #ajid1 #fge ,disabled1 ,selling1 ,retail--,plan ,no4 #ajhf1 #fff ,disabled1 ,stenography--,plan ,no4 #ajhe1 #ffe ,disabled1 ,success of--,plan ,no4 #aajj1 #fhc ,disabled1 ,telegraphy--,plan ,no4 #ifd1 #ehc ,disabled1 ,telegraphy and ,wireless--,plan ,no4 #ajhg1 #ffg ,disabled1 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,farmer ,boy ,profits from ,one ,pig--,plan ,no4 #fif1 #djh ,farmer ,boy ,sells ,buttermilk--,plan ,no4 #cee1 #bhi ,farmer ,boy ,starts on ,road to ,success with ,poultry--,plan ,no4 #ged1 #dca ,farmer ,boys ,in ,texas ,make ,money from ,calves--,plan ,no4 #gbi1 #dbb ,farmer ,climbs with ,goats--,plan ,no4 #hje1 #ded ,farmer ,cans ,his ,product--,plan ,no4 #bfd1 #eeh1 #ceb ,farmer ,feeds ,all ,they ,grow--,plan ,no4 #gfa1 #dcf ,farmer ,finds ,hogs ,profitable--,plan ,no4 #fbi1 #chc ,farmer ,girl in ,utah ,accomplishes ,wonders--,plan ,no4 #gbg1 #dbj ,farmer ,girl ,makes #ih4jj ,from ,nine ,hatches--,plan ,no4 #gba1 #dag ,farmer ,girl ,makes ,cow ,provide for ,her ,music ,lessons--,plan ,no4 #gcj1 #dbb ,farmer ,girls and ,boys ,make ,money on ,raising ,bees--,plan ,no4 #gbd1 #dai ,farmer ,girl's ,work and ,results--,plan ,no4 #cbb1 #bgh ,farmer ,goes to ,farm on ,cut-,over ,land--,plan ,no4 #ggg1 #ddb ,farmer ,has ,corn ,in ,winter--,plan ,no4 #eaf1 #cci ,farmer ,has ,remarkable ,yield from ,twenty-three ,acres--,plan ,no4 #fac1 #cgh ,farmer ,has to ,get ,customers--,plan ,no4 #gie1 #dej ,farmer in the ,west1 ,experience--,plan ,no4 #ggb1 #ddj ,farmer ,increases ,size of ,fruit and ,vegetables--,plan ,no4 #edg1 #cdh ,farmer in the ,west ,makes a ,success of ,poultry ,before the ,war--,plan ,no4 #faa1 #cgg ,farmer in the ,west ,makes ,money on ,cows--,plan ,no4 #ggc1 #dda ,farmer ,keeps ,hogs--,plan ,no4 #aga1 #hg ,farmer ,likes ,dairying--,plan ,no4 #faf1 #cgi ,farmer ,likes ,hogs and ,sheep--,plan ,no4 #fjh1 #cgf ,farmer ,likes ,stock--,plan ,no4 #fag1 #cgi ,farmer ,likes the ,west--,plan ,no4 #fbh1 #gfb1 #chb1 #dcf ,farmer ,likes to ,live in the ,west--,plan ,no4 #gfc1 #dcg ,farmer1 ,liquid ,glass--,plan ,no4 #chj1 #cjj ,farmer ,lives ,near ,college--,plan ,no4 #ggf1 #ddb ,farmer ,makes #a1jjj from ,poultry in ,one ,year--,plan ,no4 #fai1 #cgi ,farmer ,makes #d1hjj per ,year--,plan ,no4 #fh1 #cf ,farmer ,makes ,cottage ,cheese--,plan ,no4 #bia1 #bde1 #bfi1 #aig ,farmer ,makes ,good ,profits on #acj ,acres of ,wheat--,plan ,no4 #fba1 #chj ,farmer ,makes ,good ,profits on ,wool--,plan ,no4 #gge1 #dda ,farmer ,makes ,good ,yield on ,wheat and ,oats--,plan ,no4 #fah1 #cgi ,farmer ,makes ,harness ,dressing--,plan ,no4 #dh1 #bg ,farmer ,makes ,hogs ,fat--,plan ,no4 #edi1 #cdi ,farmer ,makes ,improved ,milk ,stool--,plan ,no4 #gfj1 #dce ,farmer ,makes ,money ,from #c ,acres of ,land--,plan ,no4 #ed1 #cj ,farmer ,makes ,old ,barn ,pay--,plan ,no4 #bh1 #af ,farmer ,made ,out of a ,factory ,hand--,plan ,no4 #gbe1 #dai ,farmer ,made ,orchard and ,garden ,pay--,plan ,no4 #abg;,a1 #fh ,farmer ,makes ,profit ,out of ,cattle--,plan ,no4 #gfh1 #dci ,farmer ,makes ,pullets ,pay--,plan ,no4 #bhb1 #bfg ,farmer ,makes ,sheep ,pay--,plan ,no4 #fae1 #cgi ,farmer ,makes ,success of ,cattle in the ,west--,plan ,no4 #fag1 #cgi ,farmer ,markets by ,parcel ,post--,plan ,no4 #bdf1 #bji ,farmer1 ,on #bc ,acres--,plan ,no4 #fac1 #cgh ,farmer ,pastures ,alfalfa--,plan ,no4 #fbd1 #chb ,farmer ,preserves ,fruit and ,jells--,plan ,no4 #eha1 #cfd ,farmer ,protected ,against ,fraudulent ,court ,action--,plan ,no4 #gei1 #dcd ,farmer1 ,protection ,against ,fraud and ,wild ,cat ,investments1 ,front of ,book ,farmer ,profits in ,horseradish1 ,dandelions and ,cucumbers--,plan ,no4 #bhd1 #bhf1 #bhh1 #bfh1 #bfi ,farmer ,raises ,beef ,cattle1 ,money ,velvet--,plan ,no4 #fbc1 #cha ,farmer ,raises ,calves--,plan ,no4 #fh1 #cf ,farmer ,raises ,cows--,plan ,no4 #fji1 #fbc1 #ggc1 #ggd1 #cgg1 #cha1 #dda ,farmer ,raises ,currants--,plan ,no4 #abc1 #fb ,farmer ,raises ,ducks and ,geese--,plan ,no4 #gj1 #cg ,farmer ,raised ,geese--,plan ,no4 #bfb1 #ebe1 #bca1 #cda ,farmer ,raises ,hogs--,plan ,no4 #faj1 #fbi1 #fif #chc ,farmer ,raises ,hogs as ,side ,line--,plan ,no4 #gfi1 #fjg1 #faj1 #ddj1 #cgf1 #cgg ,farmer ,raises ,lettuce--,plan ,no4 #fd1 #ce ,farmer ,raises ,potted ,plants--,plan ,no4 #bfa1 #bca ,farmer ,raises ,sheep--,plan ,no4 #fab1 #aed1 #fae1 #gi1 #cgi ,farmer ,raises ,sweet ,potato ,slips--,plan ,no4 #aag1 #ei ,farmer ,raises ,three ,crops in ,one ,season--,plan ,no4 #fbb1 #cha ,farmer ,raises ,wheat--,plan ,no4 #fah1 #fba1 #cgi1 #chj ,farmer ,runs ,parcel ,post ,exchange--,plan ,no4 #chi1 #cje ,farmer ,saves #ajj a ,month for #dj ,years--,plan ,no4 #gjj1 #dji ,farmer ,sells ,ice ,cream--,plan ,no4 #cbh1 #bha ,farmer ,sells ,apples by ,parcel ,post--,plan ,no4 #cfd1 #bic ,farmer ,sells ,roasting ,ears ,in ,winter--,plan ,no4 #eaf1 #cci ,farmer ,sells ,vegetables by ,parcel ,post--,plan ,no4 #ed1 #cj ,farmer1 ,sells ,books to--,plan ,no4 #cjf1 #bgd ,farmer ,spends ,one ,dollar and ,makes #b4bj on ,each ,sheep--,plan ,no4 #gif1 #dea ,farmer ,succeeds in ,mining ,dist4--,plan ,no4 #cgd1 #bih ,farmer ,supports ,family by ,home ,canning--,plan ,no4 #gbj1 #dag ,farmer ,takes ,care of ,orchard--,plan ,no4 #hjb1 #dec ,farmer ,tries to ,feed ,all ,he ,grows--,plan ,no4 #gfa1 #dcf ,farmer ,uses ,other ,people's ,farms--,plan ,no4 #fic1 #djg ,farmer ,uses ,parcel ,post--,plan ,no4 #ehj1 #cfc ,farmer1 ,what ,he ,did with ,beef ,cattle--,plan ,no4 #fcj1 #chc ,farmer1 ,what ,he ,did ,with ,his ,land--,plan ,no4 #gga1 #ddj ,farmer1 ,what ,he ,should ,know--,plan ,no4 #ajfh1 #fdc ,farmer ,wins ,success--,plan ,no4 #ghh1 #ddg ,farmer ,with ,ten ,acres--,plan ,no4 #gfg1 #dci ,farmer ,woman ,in the ,mountains ,keeps ,children in ,school--,plan ,no4 #gbb1 #dah ,farmer ,woman1 ,money ,making ,plan--,plan ,no4 #ahd1 #gcg1 #hi1 #dbd ,farmer ,woman's ,way of ,making ,money--,plan ,no4 #agb1 #hh ,farmer's ,alfalfa ,brings ,good ,returns--,plan ,no4 #fbe1 #chb ,farmers1 ,blue ,prints of ,furniture ,sold to--,plan ,no4 #gch1 #dbe ,farmer's ,supply ,bureau--,plan ,no4 #ee1 #ca ,farmers ,use ,surplus of ,apples--,plan ,no4 #cjd1 #bgc ,farmer's ,way ,to ,get ,customers by ,direct ,selling--,plan ,no4 #gie1 #dej ,farmer's ,wife ,cans ,fruit and ,vegetables--,plan ,no4 #baj1 #ih ,farmer's ,wife ,cans ,vegetables--,plan ,no4 #bid1 #bgj ,farmer's ,wife ,keeps ,eggs ,fresh--,plan ,no4 #bag1 #ajj ,farmer's ,wife ,looks ,after ,bees--,plan ,no4 #bad1 #ii ,farmer's ,wife ,makes #a4ad ,an ,hour on ,poultry--,plan ,no4 #gdh1 #dbi ,farmer's ,wife ,makes ,jams and ,jellies--,plan ,no4 #dcf1 #cbj ,farmer's ,wife ,markets ,eggs1 ,butter and ,milk--,plan ,no4 #dcd1 #cai ,farmer's ,wife ,pickles ,peaches and ,pears--,plan ,no4 #abh1 #abi1 #acj1 #aca1 #acb1 #fi1 #gj ,farmer's ,wife ,raises ,chickens--,plan ,no4 #dce1 #cai ,farmer's ,wife ,sells ,citronette ,cucumbers--,plan ,no4 #bic1 #bfi ,farmer's ,wife ,sells ,pure ,country ,tomato ,sauce--,plan ,no4 #dda1 #cba ,farming1 ,experiment ,station--,plan ,no4 #ida1 #idb1 #efh ,farming1 ,extension ,service--,plan ,no4 #idc1 #egj ,farming for ,divorced ,women--,plan ,no4 #gcf1 #dbd ,farming1 ,general--,plan ,no4 #ajfj1 #fce ,farming1 ,technical--,plan ,no4 #ich1 #ici1 #idj1 #efc1 #eff ,farms1 ,irrigated1 ,profits ,from--,plan ,no4 #gff1 #dci ,farms1 ,sell ,ice ,cream and ,bananas to--,plan ,no4 #cbh1 #bha ,farms1 ,too ,large--,plan ,no4 #gbg1 #dbj ,father ,learns a ,new ,trick--,plan ,no4 #gjd1 #dab ,feather ,comforters1 ,made--,plan ,no4 #ddh1 #cbb ,federal ,employment ,office--,plan ,no4 #ijb1 #eja ,fee ,makes ,good ,money--,plan ,no4 #dbj1 #cae ,ferns ,put in ,beautiful ,baskets--,plan ,no4 #a1 #a ,fig ,paste--,plan ,no4 #ccc1 #bhb ,finishers for ,concrete--,plan ,no4 #aafe1 #gfi ,finishing in ,wood ,working ,trades--,plan ,no4 #icg1 #efb ,finishing1 ,spotting1 ,retouching1 ,mounting and ,etching--,plan ,no4 #idh1 #egd ,fire ,kindler--,plan ,no4 #eag1 #cci ,fire ,proof1 ,make ,clothing--,plan ,no4 #bha1 #bfg ,fire ,protection ,engineering--,plan ,no4 #iaf1 #iah1 #ece1 #eci ,fireless ,cooker1 ,build--,plan ,no4 #hab1 #dfj ,fireless ,cooker1 ,home ,made--,plan ,no4 #baf1 #ii ,fireman1 ,opportunity--,plan ,no4 #hcf1 #dhi ,fireman1 ,railroad--,plan ,no4 #iic1 #eih ,fish1 ,raise--,plan ,no4 #cih1 #caj ,flag ,roots ,preserved--,plan ,no4 #aha1 #hi ,flags ,sold by ,mail--,plan ,no4 #aaj1 #ef ,flies ,fumigation--,plan ,no4 #ejc1 #ccg ,flour ,milling--,plan ,no4 #abdf1 #hdi ,flower and ,garden ,seed--,plan ,no4 #bac1 #ii ,flower ,bed ,operators--,plan ,no4 #ada1 #gc ,flower-,bed ,keep--,plan ,no4 #dbi1 #cah ,fly ,paper1 ,advertise on--,plan ,no4 #cfc1 #bib ,fly ,trap--,plan ,no4 #hbe1 #dha ,folding ,ironing ,board--,plan ,no4 #gag1 #daf ,foot ,powder ,sold by ,girl--,plan ,no4 #ece1 #cdd ,foreign ,trade1 ,commercial ,work--,plan ,no4 #ajib1 #fgc ,foreman1 ,electrical ,railway--,plan ,no4 #abaf1 #gig ,foreman for ,concrete ,construction--,plan ,no4 #aafd1 #gfh ,foreman for ,concrete ,road ,construction--,plan ,no4 #aagg1 #aagc1 #ggj1 #gga ,foreman on ,road and ,street--,plan ,no4 #ajaa1 #fjc ,foreman ,train ,work on ,railroads--,plan ,no4 #iia1 #eig ,forestry ,dept4--,plan ,no4 #ijg1 #ejc ,forestry ,work--,plan ,no4 #aaej1 #gdj ,form ,builder1 ,concrete ,construction--,plan ,no4 #aafg1 #gfi ,form ,setter for ,concrete ,roads--,plan ,no4 #aage1 #gga ,foul ,air ,removed from ,wells--,plan ,no4 #die1 #cce ,foundry1 ,oxy-,acetylene ,work--,plan ,no4 #aadh1 #gci ,foundry1 ,naval ,yards--,plan ,no4 #ajcf1 #fai ,fox ,skins1 ,silver--,plan ,no4 #daa1 #cac ,frames1 ,knock ,down--,plan ,no4 #chg1 #cjd ,framing for ,pictures--,plan ,no4 #cej1 #bhg ,fraudulent ,schemes and ,wild ,cat ,investments ,protection1 ,front of ,book ,fraudulent ,court ,actions1 ,protection--,plan ,no4 #gei1 #dcd ,free ,moving ,pictures for ,children--,plan ,no4 #aaa1 #eg ,freight ,brakeman for ,railroad--,plan ,no4 #iid1 #eih ,fresh ,roasted ,coffee--,plan ,no4 #gd1 #ci ,fruit and ,jellies ,preserved--,plan ,no4 #eha1 #cfd ,fruit and ,shade ,trees ,spray--,plan ,no4 #bd1 #ac ,fruit and ,water for ,golf ,players--,plan ,no4 #gid1 #dej ,fruit ,cake ,baking--,plan ,no4 #bi1 #af ,fruit ,lands ,irrigated--,plan ,no4 #gfd1 #dcg ,fruits and ,nuts ,crystalized--,plan ,no4 #djd1 #caa ,fruits and ,vegetables ,increased ,size--,plan ,no4 #edg1 #cdh ,fruits ,preserved and ,marketed--,plan ,no4 #bga1 #bce ,fruits1 ,surplus ,use--,plan ,no4 #cjd1 #cfd1 #bgc1 #bic ,furniture ,blocks--,plan ,no4 #hae1 #dfe ,furniture1 ,blue ,prints of1 ,sold to ,farmers--,plan ,no4 #gch1 #dbe ,furniture1 ,club ,plan--,plan ,no4 #ceg1 #bij ,furniture ,polish1 ,make and ,sell--,plan ,no4 #ebj1 #cdj ,furniture ,repairer and ,refinisher ,method--,plan ,no4 #ebc1 #cda ,furniture ,upholstered and ,repaired--,plan ,no4 #ecb1 #cdd ,g ,galvanized ,shop1 ,naval ,yards--,plan ,no4 #ajci1 #fbj ,garage ,division--,plan ,no4 #hdb1 #dia ,garden for ,medical ,products--,plan ,no4 #cac1 #dji1 #cac1 #bgf ,garden ,management--,plan ,no4 #bff1 #bcc ,garden of ,boy--,plan ,no4 #gjc1 #dab ,garden ,paths1 ,wealth from--,plan ,no4 #gfe1 #dch ,garden ,products--,plan ,no4 #ba1 #gij1 #aa1 #ddi ,garden ,raised #ca ,kinds of ,vegetables--,plan ,no4 #gje1 #dab ,garden ,raised ,rhubarb--,plan ,no4 #cag1 #bgg ,garden1 ,paid--,plan ,no4 #gjc1 #dab ,garden ,work by ,girl ,nearly ,blind--,plan ,no4 #gjf1 #dac ,garden ,work1 ,party ,earns #j4hj an ,hour--,plan ,no4 #gej1 #dcj ,gardener ,learns ,new ,trick--,plan ,no4 #gjd1 #dab ,gardener1 ,opportunity for--,plan ,no4 #fbj1 #fbb1 #hfj1 #dic1 #chj1 #cha ,gardens1 ,boss ,other ,people's--,plan ,no4 #bff1 #bcc ,gardens in ,city--,plan ,no4 #ehc1 #bhj1 #gje1 #bch1 #dab ,gardens for ,diabetics--,plan ,no4 #eci1 #cde ,garment ,trades as a ,vocation--,plan ,no4 #abch1 #hcf ,gas ,mantles ,made to ,pay--,plan ,no4 #dej1 #cbb ,gather ,old ,magazines and ,sell--,plan ,no4 #dcb1 #cai ,geese on the ,farm1 ,raised--,plan ,no4 #ebe1 #cda ,geese1 ,money ,made ,from--,plan ,no4 #bfb1 #ebe1 #bcb1 #cda ,geese1 ,raised--,plan ,no4 #gj1 #cg ,general ,farming--,plan ,no4 #ajfj1 #fce ,gift ,shop ,opens--,plan ,no4 #ea1 #bh ,gingham ,shop ,started--,plan ,no4 #aa1 #e ,girl at ,college ,makes ,spats--,plan ,no4 #ae1 #g ,girl ,does ,typewriting at ,home--,plan ,no4 #da1 #bd ,girl from ,country ,earns ,way ,through ,high ,school--,plan ,no4 #gcc1 #dbc ,girl ,handles ,starch ,enamel--,plan ,no4 #ech1 #cde ,girl in ,country ,works--,plan ,no4 #cbb1 #bgh ,girl ,makes #a a ,day at ,golf--,plan ,no4 #gid1 #dej ,girl ,makes #ih4jj from ,nine ,hatches--,plan ,no4 #gba1 #dag ,girl ,makes ,success of ,garden--,plan ,no4 #gjd1 #dab ,girl ,makes ,success in ,poultry ,raising--,plan ,no4 #gbc1 #dah ,girl ,makes ,syrup--,plan ,no4 #fig1 #djh ,girl ,makes ,table ,favors and ,decorations--,plan ,no4 #ghc1 #ddd ,girl ,nearly ,blind1 ,accomplished--,plan ,no4 #gjf1 #dac ,girl ,obtains ,music ,lessons from ,cow--,plan ,no4 #gcj1 #dbb ,girl ,professional ,hostess--,plan ,no4 #b1 #a ,girl ,raises ,pansies--,plan ,no4 #dad1 #cad ,girl ,raises ,sheep--,plan ,no4 #gdi1 #dbi ,girl ,sells ,foot ,powder--,plan ,no4 #ece1 #cdd ,girl ,sells ,hair ,dye--,plan ,no4 #ecf1 #cdd ,girl ,sells ,insect ,powder--,plan ,no4 #ecg1 #cde ,girl ,sells ,on ,golf ,course--,plan ,no4 #gid1 #dej ,girl ,typewrites for ,authors--,plan ,no4 #ei1 #bh ,girl ,who ,lives in ,utah ,accomplishes--,plan ,no4 #gbg1 #dbj ,girl ,wins ,poultry ,record in the ,south--,plan ,no4 #gec1 #dca ,girl ,works ,her ,way ,through ,college--,plan ,no4 #fg1 #cf ,girls and ,boys ,make ,profits in ,bees--,plan ,no4 #gbd1 #dai ,girls ,can ,go to ,high ,school from the ,farm--,plan ,no4 #hbi1 #dhf ,girls1 ,cooking ,school for--,plan ,no4 #bgd1 #bcg ,girls for ,maids--,plan ,no4 #hei1 #dic ,girls ,herd ,their ,own ,sheep--,plan ,no4 #gdi1 #dbi ,girls ,make ,money in ,raising ,bees--,plan ,no4 #gbd1 #dai ,girls ,make ,spats--,plan ,no4 #ae1 #g ,girls ,raise ,chickens in ,south--,plan ,no4 #gdg1 #dbi ,girl's ,sewing ,school--,plan ,no4 #bge1 #bcg ,glass ,polishing ,paste--,plan ,no4 #acg1 #ga ,gloves of ,canvas1 ,makes--,plan ,no4 #ad1 #f ,goats1 ,climbing with--,plan ,no4 #hje1 #ded ,gold ,fish ,raised--,plan ,no4 #cih1 #caj ,gold ,working ,in1 ,jewelry ,trade--,plan ,no4 #iei1 #egh ,golf ,makes #a per ,day--,plan ,no4 #gid1 #dej ,governor1 ,opportunity--,plan ,no4 #hgd1 #die ,governor1 ,publications1 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#cbe ,hand ,laundry ,made ,pay--,plan ,no4 #ahi1 #ij ,hand ,press and ,amateur ,printing--,plan ,no4 #bec1 #bai ,handkerchiefs1 ,collars and ,cuffs ,make--,plan ,no4 #ahf1 #hi ,handkerchiefs1 ,sanitary--,plan ,no4 #chh1 #cje ,harness ,maker and ,saddle ,maker--,plan ,no4 #ajeh1 #fcd ,harness ,dressing ,made--,plan ,no4 #dh1 #bg ,hats ,tailored--,plan ,no4 #bcb1 #afd ,hay and ,grain ,inspector--,plan ,no4 #hii1 #eja ,health ,division ,opportunities ,in--,plan ,no4 #hcj1 #dhg ,heating and ,lighting--,plan ,no4 #heg1 #dic ,hen ,house ,fumigation ,strip--,plan ,no4 #chb1 #cjb ,hens1 ,fourteen1 ,do ,well--,plan ,no4 #fad1 #cgh ,hens ,made to ,lay in ,winter--,plan ,no4 #ei1 #cb ,hens ,made to ,lay the ,year ,round--,plan ,no4 #bdd1 #aig ,hickory ,nuts ,sell--,plan ,no4 #bcj1 #afd ,high ,school ,boy ,earns ,way--,plan ,no4 #fgf1 #dja ,high ,school ,country ,girl ,earns ,way--,plan ,no4 #gcc1 #dbc ,high ,school ,expenses1 ,way ,boy ,pays--,plan ,no4 #gdc1 #dbg ,high ,school1 ,paid ,his ,way 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#ai1 #i ,man ,shopper--,plan ,no4 #fb1 #cd ,man ,starts ,children's ,five ,cent ,play ,ground--,plan ,no4 #af1 #g ,man ,writes ,business ,letters--,plan ,no4 #i1 #d ,manager for ,concrete ,production--,plan ,no4 #aagf1 #gga ,manager for ,taxicab ,co--,plan ,no4 #ajaj1 #fjb ,manager for ,transportation on ,road and ,streets--,plan ,no4 #ajaj1 #igg1 #fjb1 #eia ,management of ,city ,gardens--,plan ,no4 #bff1 #bcc ,management of ,employment--,plan ,no4 #iad1 #ebb ,management of ,social ,functions--,plan ,no4 #dc1 #be ,manicuring in a ,small ,town--,plan ,no4 #bbc1 #ade ,manuscripts ,revised--,plan ,no4 #efc1 #ced ,manuscript ,written by ,stenographer--,plan ,no4 #ej1 #bh ,manufacturing of ,other ,articles in ,wood ,working ,trade--,plan ,no4 #ica1 #eeg ,manufacturing ,page1 ,advertising for ,newspaper--,plan ,no4 #fge1 #dja ,maple ,cream ,candy--,plan ,no4 #ajb1 #ec ,maple ,syrup1 ,artificial--,plan ,no4 #ade1 #gd ,market1 ,bureau of--,plan ,no4 #hih1 #ejj ,market1 ,fruit--,plan ,no4 #bga1 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#gi1 #da ,motion ,picture ,tickets ,free--,plan ,no4 #aaf1 #ei ,motion ,picture ,tickets ,free to ,children--,plan ,no4 #aaa1 #eg ,motion ,pictures in ,small ,churches--,plan ,no4 #djb1 #caa ,motorman for ,electric ,railway--,plan ,no4 #ajje1 #fjj ,moving ,picture ,program--,plan ,no4 #hd1 #dd ,mucilage and ,inks1 ,makes--,plan ,no4 #aij1 #ij ,municipal ,collections by ,lawyer--,plan ,no4 #cj1 #ag ,municipal ,law a ,specialty--,plan ,no4 #feg1 #cib ,musical ,circulating ,library--,plan ,no4 #chf1 #cjd ,musical ,composers ,assist--,plan ,no4 #bdi1 #bag ,musical ,education--,plan ,no4 #cif1 #cjh ,musical ,piano ,keys--,plan ,no4 #dch1 #cbj ,mushroom ,growing--,plan ,no4 #bce1 #afe ,mushroom ,growing in ,cellar--,plan ,no4 #ia1 #dg ,n ,nails ,that ,are ,brittle1 ,remedy--,plan ,no4 #dih1 #ccf ,names1 ,collecting and ,sell--,plan ,no4 #bgg1 #bcg ,names for ,advertisers--,plan ,no4 #cf1 #ba ,names1 ,sold in ,lists--,plan ,no4 #fa1 #cd ,naval vs4 ,merchant ,marine--,plan ,no4 #ajae1 #fje 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,briefs--,plan ,no4 #aef1 #hj ,newspaper ,man ,clips ,personals--,plan ,no4 #cc1 #bj ,newspaper ,man ,makes ,extra ,money by ,long ,dist4 ,phone--,plan ,no4 #cef1 #bhi ,newspaper ,man ,obtains ,business by ,telegraph--,plan ,no4 #cfj1 #bia ,newspaper ,man's ,plan--,plan ,no4 #bjg1 #fhj1 #ig1 #djb ,newspaper ,man ,writes ,church ,history--,plan ,no4 #bja1 #ie ,newspaper ,owner ,obtains ,business ,when ,sick--,plan ,no4 #cfj1 #bia ,newspaper ,reporter ,runs ,social ,register--,plan ,no4 #cbf1 #bhj ,newspaper ,represent--,plan ,no4 #gjb;,b1 #daa ,newspaper ,runs ,home ,industry ,page--,plan ,no4 #dfe1 #cbi ,newspaper ,runs ,library ,column--,plan ,no4 #bfc1 #bcb ,newspaper for ,churches--,plan ,no4 #ih1 #ea ,newspaper ,runs ,paid ,reading ,matter--,plan ,no4 #d1 #b ,newspaper and ,sale of ,farm ,lands1 ,makes ,success--,plan ,no4 #fjc1 #cgc ,newspaper ,supports ,home ,industries--,plan ,no4 #dbc1 #caf ,newspaper ,work1 ,future in--,plan ,no4 #iji1 #ejd ,newspaper ,work1 ,opportunity in-,plan ,no4 #iji1 #ejd ,newspaper in the ,country1 ,represent--,plan ,no4 #dcj1 #cah ,news ,depot ,open--,plan ,no4 #cec1 #bhi ,new ,way to ,sell ,sheet ,music--,plan ,no4 #dd1 #be ,night ,watchman1 ,opportunity--,plan ,no4 #fi1 #cg ,notion ,store at ,home--,plan ,no4 #bij1 #bfi ,numbers on ,houses ,supplied--,plan ,no4 #cdf1 #bhf ,nurse for ,isolation ,hospital--,plan ,no4 #fgb1 #cii ,nurse for ,diabetics--,plan ,no4 #efh1 #ceg ,nurse1 ,opportunity for--,plan ,no4 #hgj1 #did ,nurses' ,bureau--,plan ,no4 #adh1 #gf ,nurses1 ,opportunity for--,plan ,no4 #hei1 #dic ,nut ,candy ,good--,plan ,no4 #ccb1 #bhb ,nut ,crystallized--,plan ,no4 #djd1 #caa ,nut ,meats1 ,dealing in--,plan ,no4 #afh1 #hf ,nuts1 ,sell--,plan ,no4 #bcj1 #afd ,nuts1 ,shell and ,sell--,plan ,no4 #dje1 #cab ,o ,occupations in ,automobile ,industry--,plan ,no4 #aajd1 #gjg ,occupations1 ,commercial--,plan ,no4 #ajhb1 #feh ,occupations in ,electrical ,manufacturing ,industries--,plan ,no4 #ajfi1 #fdh ,occupations in ,navy ,yard--,plan ,no4 #ajbf1 #faj ,occupations1 ,other1 on ,railway--,plan ,no4 #ajjg1 #fja ,ocean ,transportation--,plan ,no4 #ajab1 #fjd ,ocean ,transportation1 ,able ,seaman--,plan ,no4 #ajbb1 #fjg ,ocean ,transportation1 ,boatswain--,plan ,no4 #ajba1 #fjf ,ocean ,transportation1 ,chief ,engineer and ,assistant--,plan ,no4 #ajbi1 #fjf ,ocean ,transportation1 ,chief ,mate--,plan ,no4 #ajag1 #fje ,ocean ,transportation1 ,chief ,steward--,plan ,no4 #ajbe1 #faj ,ocean ,transportation1 ,crew and ,duties--,plan ,no4 #ajad1 #fje ,ocean ,transportation1 ,lookout--,plan ,no4 #ajbc1 #fji ,ocean ,transportation1 ,manager and ,captain--,plan ,no4 #ajaf1 #fje ,ocean ,transportation1 ,navy vs4 ,merchant ,marine--,plan ,no4 #ajae1 #fje ,ocean ,transportation1 ,purser ,position for ,disabled ,men--,plan ,no4 #ajbd1 #fji ,ocean ,transportation1 ,second ,mate--,plan ,no4 #ajah1 #fjf ,ocean ,transportation1 ,watch ,officer--,plan ,no4 #ajai1 #fjf ,odd ,jobs ,done by ,boy--,plan ,no4 #dha1 #ccc ,office and 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,work1 ,steam ,railways--,plan ,no4 #aadj1 #gcg ,oxy-,acetylene ,work1 ,sheet ,metal--,plan ,no4 #aade1 #gci ,oxy-,acetylene ,work1 ,shipbuilding--,plan ,no4 #aadb1 #gch ,p ,paid ,reading ,matter for ,newspapers--,plan ,no4 #d1 #b ,paint ,screens ,during ,winter--,plan ,no4 #ci1 #bc ,painter ,paints ,auto ,in ,winter-,plan ,no4 #eia1 #cfi ,painting of ,china and ,sausage ,making--,plan ,no4 #cfe1 #bid ,palmistry by ,mail--,plan ,no4 #afe1 #hd ,pansies ,raise and ,sell--,plan ,no4 #dad1 #cad ,paper ,covers ,put ,man ,through ,college--,plan ,no4 #bbg1 #afc ,paper for the ,church1 ,how to ,run--,plan ,no4 #ih1 #ea ,parcel ,post ,exchange--,plan ,no4 #chi1 #cje ,parcel ,post ,sells ,apples--,plan ,no4 #cfd1 #ehj1 #cfc1 #bic ,parcel ,post ,sells ,butter and ,cheese--,plan ,no4 #bdf1 #bji ,parcel ,post ,sells ,cigars--,plan ,no4 #cji1 #bge ,parcel ,post ,used to ,sell on ,installment--,plan ,no4 #ca1 #bge ,parlor ,magic--,plan ,no4 #dgh1 #ccc ,patent ,attorney ,gives ,work to ,engineer and 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and ,three ,color ,work--,plan ,no4 #iee1 #ege ,photography4 ,question to ,ask--,plan ,no4 #ief1 #egf ,photography4 ,portrait--,plan ,no4 #ied1 #ege ,photography with ,stereo-,camera--,plan ,no4 #eg1 #cb ,physician ,has ,hospital ,in ,town--,plan ,no4 #gg1 #dj ,physician ,makes ,money--,plan ,no4 #fdj1 #chh ,physician's ,opportunity in ,this ,field--,plan ,no4 #iae1 #eca ,piano ,keys ,keep ,white--,plan ,no4 #dch1 #cbj ,piano1 ,plays and ,teaches--,plan ,no4 #ahj1 #hi ,piano ,store ,plan--,plan ,no4 #chf1 #cjd ,pickled ,peaches or ,pears--,plan ,no4 #abh1 #fi ,pickled ,plums--,plan ,no4 #aca1 #fi ,pickles ,sweet ,cucumbers--,plan ,no4 #acb1 #gj ,pickles1 ,relishes and ,preserves--,plan ,no4 #baa1 #ih ,pictures1 ,he ,drew--,plan ,no4 #gdb1 #dbf ,pictures ,frame ,knock ,down--,plan ,no4 #cej1 #chg1 #bhg1 #cjd ,pictures ,made to ,look ,like ,oil ,paintings--,plan ,no4 #cia1 #cjf ,picture ,taking ,from ,town to ,farm--,plan ,no4 #ijh1 #ejc ,pictures ,taken of ,children--,plan ,no4 #df1 #bf ,picture1 ,look ,like ,oil ,paintings--,plan ,no4 #cia1 #cjf ,pictures1 ,drawn--,plan ,no4 #gdb1 #fdb ,pies1 ,make--,plan ,no4 #bgc1 #bcf ,pig ,makes ,boy ,money--,plan ,no4 #geg1 #dcc ,pig ,makes ,profit for ,farmer ,boy--,plan ,no4 #gbf1 #dbj ,pig1 ,profit from #ehg4jj--,plan ,no4 #fif1 #djh ,pigs ,profitable to ,boy--,plan ,no4 #gea1 #dca ,pigeons1 ,raise--,plan ,no4 #efa1 #cec ,pillows and ,cushions ,make--,plan ,no4 #bed1 #bai ,pipe and ,main ,works1 ,oxy-,acetylene--,plan ,no4 #aadd1 #gch ,pipe ,shop1 ,naval ,yards--,plan ,no4 #ajce1 #fai ,plan ,to ,bring ,women to ,store--,plan ,no4 #bii1 #bga ,plans1 ,he ,knew ,how to ,operate--,plan ,no4 #cjf1 #cgc ,plant ,dept41 ,telephone ,companies--,plan ,no4 #abbj1 #gii ,plants1 ,growing and ,selling of--,plan ,no4 #bfa1 #bca ,plants1 ,hot ,beds for--,plan ,no4 #dcc1 #cai ,planing ,mill ,industry--,plan ,no4 #ibi1 #eeg ,plating ,silver--,plan ,no4 #eja1 #ccg ,platinum1 ,working in--,plan ,no4 #ieh1 #egh ,plants1 ,raise and ,sell--,plan 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,run ,shorthand ,school--,plan ,no4 #hg1 #df ,wild ,cat ,investments1 ,protection ,against1 ,front of ,book ,window ,card ,suggestions--,plan ,no4 #aj1 #e ,window1 ,coin ,hidden in--,plan ,no4 #gda1 #dbf ,window ,washing--,plan ,no4 #gjb;,b1 #daa ,wire ,chief ,section1 ,telephone ,companies--,plan ,no4 #abbi1 #hja ,wireless ,operating--,plan ,no4 #ajhg1 #ffg ,wireman for ,u4 ,s4--,plan ,no4 #bag1 #ajj ,wiring1 ,electrical as an ,occupation--,plan ,no4 #aaib1 #ghb ,witness1 ,fees ,collected for--,plan ,no4 #if1 #ej ,woman1 ,accomplished a ,good ,deal with ,chickens--,plan ,no4 #hjj1 #dea ,woman ,assists ,husband to ,advance--,plan ,no4 #cja1 #bgb ,woman1 ,arm ,developer--,plan ,no4 #dig1 #ccf ,woman ,assists ,husband in ,advertising ,agency--,plan ,no4 #aj1 #e ,woman ,assists in ,grocery--,plan ,no4 #bih1 #bga ,woman ,assists ,in ,surplus ,market--,plan ,no4 #dfc1 #cbh ,woman ,bakes1 ,saves the ,home--,plan ,no4 #ai1 #i ,woman ,bakes ,bread and ,cake--,plan ,no4 #cjc1 #bgc ,woman ,bakes for ,busy ,people--,plan ,no4 #age1 #hh ,woman ,bakes ,fruit ,cake--,plan ,no4 #bi1 #af ,woman1 ,basket ,boarder--,plan ,no4 #hbi1 #dhf ,woman1 ,bath ,powder--,plan ,no4 #dii1 #ccf ,woman1 ,bath ,room for--,plan ,no4 #bee1 #bai ,woman ,becomes ,isolation ,hospital ,nurse--,plan ,no4 #fgb1 #cii ,woman ,becomes ,rich in ,making ,salad ,dressing--,plan ,no4 #fe1 #ce ,woman ,becomes ,shopper--,plan ,no4 #aeb1 #gg ,woman ,becomes ,toilet ,advisor--,plan ,no4 #adg1 #ge ,woman1 ,brittle ,nails--,plan ,no4 #dih1 #ccf ,woman ,built ,her ,home on #dj a ,month--,plan ,no4 #fii1 #dji ,woman ,bust ,developer--,plan ,no4 #dig1 #ccf ,woman ,buys a ,store--,plan ,no4 #cbc1 #bgi ,woman ,canned ,chicken--,plan ,no4 #fib1 #djg ,woman ,cans ,fruit and ,vegetables--,plan ,no4 #baj1 #ih ,woman ,caters for ,lodge ,people--,plan ,no4 #ij1 #dg ,woman ,caters in ,small ,town--,plan ,no4 #bie1 #bgj ,woman ,cook1 ,opportunity for--,plan ,no4 #hgj1 #did ,woman ,copies ,patterns on ,cloth--,plan ,no4 #eai1 #cdj ,woman ,cow ,tester--,plan ,no4 #gai1 #daf ,woman ,crochets and ,makes ,other ,patterns--,plan ,no4 #ahe1 #hi ,woman ,crochets ,doll ,clothes--,plan ,no4 #ab1 #f ,woman ,crystallizes ,fruits and ,nuts--,plan ,no4 #djd1 #caa ,woman ,deals in ,nut ,meats--,plan ,no4 #afh1 #hf ,woman ,decorates ,old ,houses and ,arranges ,yards--,plan ,no4 #ha1 #db ,woman ,develops and ,prints ,photographs--,plan ,no4 #bib1 #bfi ,woman1 ,divorced1 ,does ,farming--,plan ,no4 #gcf1 #dbd ,woman ,does ,canning for ,busy ,people--,plan ,no4 #bfd1 #bcb ,woman ,does ,hair ,dressing ,work--,plan ,no4 #ach1 #ga ,woman ,does ,manicuring in ,small ,town--,plan ,no4 #bbc1 #ade ,woman ,does ,shampooing and ,hair ,dressing--,plan ,no4 #bbd1 #adf ,woman ,does ,typewriting at ,home--,plan ,no4 #da1 #bd ,woman's ,dresses1 ,ready to ,make--,plan ,no4 #aad1 #eh ,woman ,dresses ,christmas ,dolls--,plan ,no4 #bbf1 #afc ,woman ,earns ,college ,education--,plan ,no4 #cie1 #cjh ,woman ,earns ,home by ,making ,doughnuts--,plan ,no4 #gdj1 #dbf ,woman ,earns a ,musical ,education--,plan ,no4 #cif1 #cjh ,woman ,entertains ,children--,plan ,no4 #ffg1 #cig ,woman ,extracts ,attar of ,roses--,plan ,no4 #ajd1 #ed ,woman ,furnishes ,refreshments for ,shoppers--,plan ,no4 #dff1 #cbi ,woman ,gathers ,chestnuts--,plan ,no4 #agi1 #hh ,woman ,gets ,magazine ,subscriptions by ,mail--,plan ,no4 #cdh1 #bhf ,woman ,gets ,up ,country ,dinners for ,city ,folks--,plan ,no4 #aba1 #fa ,woman ,gets ,up ,window ,cards--,plan ,no4 #aj1 #e ,woman ,goes ,through ,college and ,pays #ajj on ,debt--,plan ,no4 #cii1 #caj ,woman ,grows ,tomato ,plants--,plan ,no4 #agd1 #hh ,woman ,handles ,desiccated ,vegetables--,plan ,no4 #bcg1 #afe ,woman ,handles ,palmistry by ,mail--,plan ,no4 #afe1 #hd ,woman ,has ,annual ,sales in ,parlor and ,hall--,plan ,no4 #ahg1 #hi ,woman ,helps ,husband--,plan ,no4 #eba1 #cdj ,woman ,helps ,husband ,who is ,doctor--,plan ,no4 #gg1 #dj ,woman ,helps ,husband to ,advance to ,superintendent--,plan ,no4 #hj1 #db ,woman ,helps ,husband to ,advance to ,engineer--,plan ,no4 #hc1 #dd ,woman ,helps ,her ,husband's ,bakery--,plan ,no4 #cae1 #bgf ,woman ,improves a ,market--,plan ,no4 #cad1 #bgf ,woman in the ,mountain ,keeps #aj ,children in ,school--,plan ,no4 #gbb1 #dah ,woman ,keeps ,basket ,boarders--,plan ,no4 #hbi1 #dhf ,woman ,keeps ,bees--,plan ,no4 #bad1 #ii ,woman ,keeps ,eggs ,fresh--,plan ,no4 #bag1 #ajj ,woman ,keeps ,flower ,bed--,plan ,no4 #dbi1 #cah ,woman ,keeps ,piano ,keys ,white--,plan ,no4 #dch1 #cbj ,woman ,keeps ,vacant ,lots ,clean--,plan ,no4 #e1 #c ,woman1 ,landscape ,artist1 ,assists ,architect--,plan ,no4 #bgb1 #bcf ,woman ,launders ,lingerie--,plan ,no4 #bbb1 #ade ,woman ,library ,column in ,newspaper1 ,run--,plan ,no4 #bfc1 #bcb ,woman ,makes ,almond ,paste--,plan ,no4 #ajg1 #ee ,woman ,makes and ,sells ,baskets--,plan ,no4 #ahb1 #hi ,woman ,makes ,apple-butter--,plan ,no4 #dai1 #cae ,woman ,makes ,aprons--,plan ,no4 #ac1 #f ,woman ,makes ,barn ,pay--,plan ,no4 #bh1 #af ,woman ,makes ,baskets--,plan ,no4 #ib1 #dh ,woman ,makes ,baskets--,plan ,no4 #bcd1 #afe ,woman ,makes ,baskets for ,ferns--,plan ,no4 #a1 #a ,woman ,makes ,beauty ,bags--,plan ,no4 #aei1 #ha ,woman ,makes ,button ,holes--,plan ,no4 #dj1 #bc ,woman ,makes ,chains of ,hair--,plan ,no4 #cei1 #bia ,woman ,makes ,canvas ,gloves--,plan ,no4 #ad1 #f ,woman ,makes ,cereal ,coffee--,plan ,no4 #cid1 #cjh ,woman ,makes ,christmas ,candy--,plan ,no4 #gc1 #hh ,woman ,makes and ,sells ,cottage ,cheese--,plan ,no4 #bia1 #bfi ,woman ,makes ,cozy ,corners--,plan ,no4 #aee1 #gi ,woman ,makes ,crab ,apple ,jelly--,plan ,no4 #acf1 #ga ,woman ,makes ,dustless ,dusters--,plan ,no4 #afj1 #cba1 #hb1 #bgh ,woman ,makes ,face ,cream--,plan ,no4 #adf1 #ge ,woman ,makes ,feather ,comforters-,plan ,no4 #ddh1 #cbb ,woman ,makes ,good ,profit from ,chickens--,plan ,no4 #gaa1 #dad ,woman ,makes ,grease and ,oil ,removers--,plan ,no4 #abj1 #fj ,woman ,makes ,grocery ,pay--,plan ,no4 #bih1 #bga ,woman ,makes ,hens ,lay in ,winter--,plan ,no4 #ei1 #cb ,woman ,makes ,holiday and ,birthday ,presents--,plan ,no4 #dbh1 #cah ,woman ,makes ,home ,made ,candy--,plan ,no4 #ajj1 #ec ,woman ,makes ,home ,made ,christmas ,gifts--,plan ,no4 #adb1 #gd ,woman ,makes ,home ,made ,cologne--,plan ,no4 #aje1 #ed ,woman ,makes ,home ,made ,lace--,plan ,no4 #adc1 #gd ,woman ,makes ,home ,made ,maple ,cream ,candy--,plan ,no4 #ajb1 #ec ,woman ,makes ,home ,made ,sausage--,plan ,no4 #cfe1 #bid ,woman ,makes ,huckleberry ,pie--,plan ,no4 #bgc1 #bcf ,woman ,makes ,indian ,baskets--,plan ,no4 #acc1 #gj ,woman ,makes ,knock--down ,dresses--,plan ,no4 #aad1 #eh ,woman ,makes ,living from ,sorting and ,selling--,plan ,no4 #cai1 #bgh ,woman ,makes ,maple ,cream ,candy--,plan ,no4 #ajb1 #ec ,woman ,makes ,orchard and ,garden ,pay--,plan ,no4 #abg1 #fh ,woman ,makes ,pan ,lifters--,plan ,no4 #bbh1 #acf ,woman ,makes ,peanut ,crisp--,plan ,no4 #ajc1 #ed ,woman ,makes ,perspiration ,eradicator--,plan ,no4 #ejf1 #cch ,woman ,makes ,pickled ,plums--,plan ,no4 #aca1 #fi ,woman ,makes ,puffie ,bags--,plan ,no4 #ajh1 #ee ,woman ,makes ,potato ,chips and ,doughnuts--,plan ,no4 #ic1 #dh ,woman ,markets ,preserved ,fruits--,plan ,no4 #bga1 #bce ,woman ,makes ,rose ,jars--,plan ,no4 #ajf1 #ed ,woman ,makes ,rhubarb ,bed ,pay--,plan ,no4 #cag1 #bgg ,woman ,makes ,rugs--,plan ,no4 #gb1 #ch ,woman ,makes ,sachet ,powder--,plan ,no4 #aih1 #ejj1 #ic1 #ccf ,woman ,makes ,salad ,dressing--,plan ,no4 #fe1 #ce ,woman ,makes ,shirts for ,men--,plan ,no4 #bdg1 #bag ,woman ,makes ,sick ,room ,perfume--,plan ,no4 #bif1 #bgj ,woman ,makes ,up ,social ,register--,plan ,no4 #cbf1 #bhj ,woman ,makes ,soda ,fountain ,pay--,plan ,no4 #gh1 #da ,woman ,makes ,stick ,candy--,plan ,no4 #ajj1 #ec ,woman ,makes ,stocking ,patterns--,plan ,no4 #caf1 #bgg ,woman ,makes ,sweet ,cucumber ,pickles--,plan ,no4 #acb1 #gj ,woman ,makes ,table ,relish--,plan ,no4 #ef1 #ca ,woman ,makes ,taffy ,candy--,plan ,no4 #aja1 #ec ,woman ,makes ,tailored ,hats--,plan ,no4 #bcb1 #afd ,woman ,makes ,tomato ,sauce--,plan ,no4 #dda1 #cba ,woman ,makes ,thumbless ,mittens--,plan ,no4 #bca1 #afd ,woman ,makes ,vinegar from ,strawberries--,plan ,no4 #bji1 #ih ,woman ,makes ,women's ,articles--,plan ,no4 #ajh1 #ee ,woman ,manages ,social ,functions--,plan ,no4 #dc1 #be ,woman ,mends ,broken ,china--,plan ,no4 #dci1 #cbj ,woman ,nurse1 ,opportunity for--,plan ,no4 #hei1 #dic ,woman ,nurses1 ,diabetics--,plan ,no4 #efh1 #ceg ,woman ,obtains ,education and ,makes #ejj--,plan ,no4 #cig1 #cji ,woman on ,farm ,becomes ,ambitious--,plan ,no4 #gcg1 #dbd ,woman on ,farm ,cans for ,city ,people--,plan ,no4 #bfd1 #bcb ,woman on ,farm ,improves ,market--,plan ,no4 #cad1 #bgf ,woman on the ,farm ,makes ,money--,plan ,no4 #agb1 #hh ,woman on the ,farm1 ,money ,making--,plan ,no4 #ahd1 #hi ,woman on the ,farm ,raises ,geese--,plan ,no4 #ebe1 #cda ,woman on the ,farm ,raises ,geese--,plan ,no4 #bfb1 #bcb ,woman ,offers ,window ,card ,suggestions--,plan ,no4 #aj1 #e ,woman ,opens ,beauty ,parlor--,plan ,no4 #ahh1 #ij ,woman ,opens a ,gift ,shop--,plan ,no4 #ea1 #bh ,woman's ,opportunity in ,health ,division of ,city--,plan ,no4 #hcj1 #dhg ,woman ,packs ,trunks--,plan ,no4 #ec1 #bi ,woman ,paints ,china--,plan ,no4 #cfe1 #bid ,woman ,pays ,grocery ,bill from ,flower-bed--,plan ,no4 #dbi1 #cah ,woman ,photographs ,animals--,plan ,no4 #ii1 #eb ,woman ,pickles ,cherries--,plan ,no4 #acj1 #fi ,woman ,pickles ,peaches and ,pears--,plan ,no4 #abh1 #fi ,woman ,pickles ,plums--,plan ,no4 #aca1 #fi ,woman ,pickles ,plums--,plan ,no4 #bae1 #ii ,woman ,picks ,apples--,plan ,no4 #aee1 #gi ,woman ,picks ,berries--,plan ,no4 #bjj1 #id ,woman ,picks ,cranberries on ,shares--,plan ,no4 #agh1 #hh ,woman ,plays and ,teaches ,piano--,plan ,no4 #ahj1 #hi ,woman ,prepares ,dinners in the ,country--,plan ,no4 #aba1 #fa ,woman ,prepares ,lettering ,compound--,plan ,no4 #bah1 #aba ,woman ,prepares ,lunches for ,school ,children--,plan ,no4 #bcf1 #afe ,woman ,prepares ,lunches for ,workers--,plan ,no4 #abb1 #fa ,woman ,preserves ,flag ,roots--,plan ,no4 #aha1 #hi ,woman ,preserves ,fruit--,plan ,no4 #bga1 #bce ,woman ,preserves ,pure ,fruit and ,jellies--,plan ,no4 #eha1 #cfd ,woman1 ,protection ,against ,fraudulent ,court ,action--,plan ,no4 #gei1 #dcd ,woman ,puts ,up ,condensed ,milk--,plan ,no4 #bjf1 #ig ,woman ,puts ,up ,spiced ,currants--,plan ,no4 #acd1 #gj ,woman ,puts ,up ,tomato ,preserves--,plan ,no4 #ace1 #gj ,woman ,raises ,angora ,cats--,plan ,no4 #db1 #bd ,woman ,raises ,cabbage and ,tomato ,plants--,plan ,no4 #dag1 #cae ,woman ,raises ,canaries--,plan ,no4 #bba1 #ade ,woman ,raises ,chickens--,plan ,no4 #gaj1 #dad ,woman ,raises ,flowers--,plan ,no4 #ada1 #gc ,woman ,raises ,geese--,plan ,no4 #bfb1 #bcb ,woman ,raises ,gold ,fish--,plan ,no4 #cih1 #caj ,woman ,raises ,mint--,plan ,no4 #f1 #c ,woman ,raises ,mushrooms--,plan ,no4 #bce1 #afe ,woman ,raises ,mushrooms in ,cellar--,plan ,no4 #ia1 #dg ,woman ,raises ,plants--,plan ,no4 #dcc1 #cai ,woman ,raises ,poultry--,plan ,no4 #gji1 #dad ,woman ,raises ,rhubarb in ,cellar--,plan ,no4 #daf1 #cad ,woman ,raises ,rhubarb--,plan ,no4 #cag1 #bgg ,woman ,raises and ,sells ,pansies--,plan ,no4 #dad1 #cad ,woman ,raises and ,sells ,poultry--,plan ,no4 #ahc1 #hi ,woman ,raises ,sweet ,potato ,plants--,plan ,no4 #dah1 #cae ,woman ,reads for ,club--,plan ,no4 #g1 #c ,woman ,reads ,characters from ,photographs--,plan ,no4 #cbg1 #bha ,woman ,remodels ,farm--,plan ,no4 #bh1 #af ,woman ,runs ,automobiles--,plan ,no4 #c1 #a ,woman ,runs ,bath ,room for ,women--,plan ,no4 #bee1 #bai ,woman ,runs ,chafing ,dish ,annex--,plan ,no4 #djc1 #caa ,woman ,runs ,co-operative ,cooking--,plan ,no4 #ag1 #h ,woman ,runs ,clipping ,bureau--,plan ,no4 #g1 #c ,woman ,runs ,dining ,room in ,street ,car--,plan ,no4 #bgj1 #bce ,woman ,runs ,dress ,cutting ,school--,plan ,no4 #adi1 #gf ,woman ,runs ,etiquette and ,dancing ,school--,plan ,no4 #aej1 #gg ,woman ,runs #h ,acres--,plan ,no4 #ba1 #aa ,woman ,runs a ,flower ,bed--,plan ,no4 #ada1 #gc ,woman ,runs ,girls' ,sewing ,school--,plan ,no4 #bge1 #bcg ,woman ,runs ,hand ,laundry--,plan ,no4 #ahi1 #ij ,woman ,runs ,home ,lunch ,delivery--,plan ,no4 #be1 #ad ,woman ,runs ,home ,store--,plan ,no4 #bgf1 #bcg ,woman ,runs ,little ,girls' ,cooking ,school--,plan ,no4 #bgd1 #bcg ,woman ,runs ,magazine ,library--,plan ,no4 #aeg1 #ha ,woman ,runs ,medical ,garden--,plan ,no4 #dji1 #cac ,woman ,runs ,mending ,school at ,home--,plan ,no4 #hh1 #df ,woman ,runs ,mending ,shop--,plan ,no4 #aeh1 #ha ,woman ,runs ,notion ,store at ,home--,plan ,no4 #bij1 #bfi ,woman ,runs ,nurses' ,bureau--,plan ,no4 #adh1 #gf ,woman ,runs ,one ,cow ,dairy--,plan ,no4 #h1 #d ,woman ,runs ,sewing ,school for ,children--,plan ,no4 #afc1 #gd ,woman ,runs ,social ,register--,plan ,no4 #cbf1 #bhj ,woman ,runs ,store for ,school ,children--,plan ,no4 #add1 #gd ,woman ,runs ,vacuum ,cleaner--,plan ,no4 #eej1 #cdi ,woman ,runs ,traveling ,grocery--,plan ,no4 #cjj1 #bga ,woman ,sells ,almond ,cream--,plan ,no4 #eje1 #ccg ,woman ,sells ,apples by ,parcel ,post--,plan ,no4 #cfd1 #bic ,woman ,sells ,bath ,powder--,plan ,no4 #dii1 #ccf ,woman ,sells ,brittle ,nail ,remedy--,plan ,no4 #dih1 #ccf ,woman ,sells ,comforters--,plan ,no4 #ddh1 #cbb ,woman ,sells ,country ,tomato ,sauce--,plan ,no4 #dda1 #cba ,woman ,sells ,face ,cream--,plan ,no4 #adf1 #ge ,woman ,sells ,flags by ,mail--,plan ,no4 #aaj1 #ef ,woman ,sells ,flower and ,garden ,seeds--,plan ,no4 #bac1 #ii ,woman ,sells ,grease and ,oil ,remover--,plan ,no4 #abj1 #fj ,woman ,sells ,hickory ,nuts--,plan ,no4 #bcj1 #afd ,woman ,sells ,ice ,wool ,shawls--,plan ,no4 #cjh1 #bge ,woman ,sells ,jams and ,jellies--,plan ,no4 #dcf1 #cbj ,woman ,sells ,ladies' ,goods--,plan ,no4 #fhh1 #dje ,woman ,sells ,magazines by ,mail--,plan ,no4 #cdh1 #dcb1 #bhf1 #cai ,woman ,sells ,plan1 ,bust ,developer--,plan ,no4 #dig1 #ccf ,woman ,sells ,post ,card ,series--,plan ,no4 #cdg1 #bhf ,woman ,sells ,potato ,chips--,plan ,no4 #cdc1 #bhe ,woman ,sells ,potted ,plants--,plan ,no4 #bcc1 #bfa1 #afd1 #bca ,woman ,sells ,preparation for ,plano ,keys--,plan ,no4 #dch1 #cbj ,woman ,sells ,sachet ,powder--,plan ,no4 #ejj1 #ccf ,woman ,sells ,sanitary ,handkerchief--,plan ,no4 #chh1 #cje ,woman ,sells ,sheet ,music--,plan ,no4 #dd1 #be ,woman ,sells ,spectacles--,plan ,no4 #agj1 #hg ,woman ,sells ,sunburn ,remover--,plan ,no4 #ejg1 #cch ,woman ,sells ,wonder ,covers for ,rolling ,pins--,plan ,no4 #fia1 #djf ,woman ,serves ,hot ,soup for ,business ,girls--,plan ,no4 #cjb1 #bgb ,woman ,sews--,plan ,no4 #bhe1 #bfh ,woman ,shops for ,her ,friends--,plans ,no4 #abc1 #aeb1 #fb1 #gg ,woman ,sorts and ,sells ,farm ,produce--,plan ,no4 #cai1 #bgh ,woman ,starts ,gingham ,shop--,plan ,no4 #aa1 #e ,woman ,starts ,home ,messenger ,service--,plan ,no4 #he1 #de ,woman ,starts ,home ,store--,plan ,no4 #adj1 #gc ,woman ,starts a ,luncheon ,club--,plan ,no4 #afi1 #hf ,woman ,starts ,columns in ,newspaper--,plan ,no4 #bfc1 #bcb ,woman ,starts a ,tea ,room--,plan ,no4 #ah1 #h ,woman ,style ,adviser--,plan ,no4 #adg1 #ge ,woman ,suggested to ,her ,husband--,plan ,no4 #ha1 #db ,woman ,supplies ,clean ,towels--,plan ,no4 #de1 #be ,woman ,supplies ,firm ,with ,baskets--,plan ,no4 #a1 #a ,woman ,supports ,family by ,home ,canning--,plan ,no4 #gbj1 #dag ,woman ,takes ,care of ,plot--,plan ,no4 #dg1 #bg ,woman ,takes ,children's ,pictures--,plan ,no4 #df1 #bf ,woman ,takes ,local ,motion ,pictures--,plan ,no4 #gi1 #da ,woman ,takes ,orders for ,dress ,goods--,plan ,no4 #agf1 #hh ,woman ,takes ,orders for ,extracts--,plan ,no4 #agg1 #hh ,woman ,takes ,orders for ,wall ,paper--,plan ,no4 #dfi1 #ccj ,woman ,taught ,care of ,hair--,plan ,no4 #dg1 #bg ,woman ,teaches--,plan ,no4 #cff1 #bid ,woman ,teaches ,dancing--,plan ,no4 #djj1 #caj ,woman ,tells ,them ,how--,plan ,no4 #eac1 #cci ,woman1 ,wife of ,doctor1 ,starts ,hospital--,plan ,no4 #gg1 #dj ,woman's ,exchange1 ,sold ,cake to--,plan ,no4 #cjc1 #bgc ,woman's ,exchange--,plan ,no4 #aea1 #gg ,woman's ,poultry--,plan ,no4 #bab1 #ih ,woman's ,way of ,going ,through ,college--,plan ,no4 #cie1 #cjh ,woman's ,way of ,making a ,living--,plan ,no4 #fhi1 #dje ,women1 ,bath ,room1 ,exclusively for ,them--,plan ,no4 #bee1 #bai ,women ,brought to ,store--,plan ,no4 #bii1 #bga ,women ,collect ,brass ,tea ,kettles--,plan ,no4 #dfh1 #ccj ,women ,make ,good ,cow ,testers--,plan ,no4 #gai1 #daf ,women ,may ,make a ,living ,out of ,politics--,plan ,no4 #fce1 #chf ,wood ,working ,trade--,plan ,nos4 #ibg1 #ibh1 #eee ,wool ,clip1 ,one ,dollar ,per ,head--,plan ,no4 #gge1 #dda ,work1 ,condition of1 ,naval ,yard--,plan ,no4 #ajdh1 #fbb ,work in the ,electrical ,manufacturing ,industries--,plan ,no4 #ajfi1 #fdh ,work in ,navy ,yards1 ,how to ,apply for--,plan ,no4 #ajbf1 #faj ,work1 #bbe ,positions ,listed in ,lumber ,industry--,plan ,no4 #iac1 #eab ,worker ,along ,commercial ,lines--,plan ,no4 #ajhb1 #feh ,workers ,automobile ,manufacturing ,industries1 ,opportunities in--,plan ,no4 #aajd1 #gjg ,workers1 ,classification of and ,what ,they ,do1 ,in ,factory ,wood ,working ,trade--,plan ,no4 #ibh1 #eee ,workers1 ,classes of1 ,employed in ,naval ,yards--,plan ,no4 #ajej1 #fbf ,workers1 ,disabilities1 on the ,farm--,plan ,no4 #ajff1 #fdj ,workers1 ,disabled1 #acc1 ,make ,good--,plan ,no4 #aajj1 #fhc ,workers1 ,great ,demand on ,farm--,plan ,no4 #ajfg1 #fdb ,workers in ,leather ,trades--,plan ,no4 #ajea1 #fbh ,workers in ,sheet ,metal--,plan ,no4 #iba1 #ede ,workers on ,electric ,railway--,plan ,no4 #ajjd1 #fjj ,workers1 ,opportunity in ,agricultural ,colleges--,plan ,no4 #idb1 #efi ,workers1 ,opportunities in ,advertising ,profession--,plan ,no4 #ajia1 #fga ,workers1 ,opportunities1 ,in ,agricultural ,experiment ,stations--,plan ,no4 #idd1 #egb ,workers1 ,opportunity in the ,jewelry ,trade--,plan ,no4 #ieg1 #egg ,workers1 ,opportunity for in ,railroads--,plan ,no4 #ifa1 #ehj ,workers1 ,positions for in ,agricultural ,experiment ,stations--,plan ,no4 #idb1 #egj ,workers1 ,positions1 in ,agricultural ,extension ,service--,plan ,no4 #idd1 #egc ,workers ,that ,sew ,difficult ,parts of ,shoes--,plan ,no4 #ajec1 #fcj ,workers ,that ,skillfully ,cut ,leather--,plan ,no4 #ajed1 #fca ,workers1 #aj1jjj ,jobs in ,life ,insurance ,work--,plan ,no4 #ajie1 #fgg ,workman1 ,salesmanship1 ,opportunities in--,plan ,no4 #ajhi1 #ffi ,woven ,shawls ,sold by ,parcel ,post--,plan ,no4 #cjg1 #bgd ,writing ,business ,letters--,plan ,no4 #i1 #d ,x ,x-,ray ,man1 ,opportunity ,for--,plan ,no4 #hei1 #dic ,y ,yard ,master and ,assistant--,plan ,no4 #iga1 #ehh ,yard ,occupations for ,railroads--,plan ,no4 #iii1 #eii ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 and ,y4 ,w4 ,c4 ,a4 ,worker ,puts ,himself ,through ,college--,plan ,no4 #eic1 #cgj ,transcriber's ,notes ,depending on the hard- and software used to read this text1 and their settings1 not all elements may display as intended4 ,inconsistent spelling and hyphenation have been retained1 as have unusual and archaic spelling1 except as mentioned below4 ,the book's use of quote marks at the beginning and end of paragraphs is inconsistent as well4 ,the following plans are not present in the source document3 ,no4 #bbj1 ,no4 #hji and ,no4 #ajbg4 ,in most cases the ,plans have been considered as chapters4 ,some ,plans1 however1 clearly are part of a chapter2 these have been treated as sections4 ,the formatting of chapter and section headings have not been standardised1 except as listed below4 ,in lists and tables1 the 7lack of7 numerical or alphabetical order of entries has not been corrected unless listed below4 ,page #cb1 were ordered taken3 as printed in the source document2 the sentence appears to be incomplete or over-complete4 ,page #ach1 ,produce the infertile egg3 as printed in the source document2 possibly intended to be a section header4 ,page #dae1 ,plan ,no4 #gac3 the individual costs do not add up to the total given4 ,page #dfe1 ,fig4 #f3 the illustration may have been printed mirrored in the source document4 ,page #dhg1 asterisks and footnote #aj3 ,in the source document1 the asterisks on this and the following pages serve both as footnote marker and as indicator for appointments by the commissioners4 ,it has been assumed that the footnote only refers to the ,steward and ,assistant in the ,rivercrest ,isolation ,hospital4 ,page #dhg1 ,isolation ,hospital--,rivercrest3 ,there may be a line with the name of a service missing between ,nurses and ,utility ,man4 ,page #eeh1 ,linderman machine3 other spellings include ,lindemann1 ,lindeman1 etc4 ,page #ffb1 ,,part #a and page #ffh ,,part ,,ii3 as printed in the source document4 ,page #fge1 ,since no training has been available for this vocation in the past secretarial workers have been recruited3 there should probably be a comma after vocation or after past4 ,page #hjf1 #hae-hbb1 references to illustrations3 there are no illustrations in this ,plan4 ,page #hbb1 ,see list on the last page of this monograph3 there is no such list4 ,page #hbe1 becoming a show-card writer be overcome3 there is a word 7can1 may1 might or similar7 missing4 ,index3 ,entry ,college1 ,girl ,works her ,way ,through3 the page numbers are missing from the source document4 ,index3 ,the non-alphabetical order of entries and the non-numerical order of page and ,plan numbers have not been corrected4 ,changes made ,footnotes1 tables and illustrations have been moved out of text paragraphs4 ,some tables have been split or re-arranged4 ,the book occasionally uses multiple footnote markers for a single footnote4 ,where necessary or more convenient1 such footnotes have been duplicated4 ,in some footnotes1 ,idem has been replaced with the full text for the sake of clarity4 ,obvious minor typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected silently4 ,page xi3 #8 inserted before if you will not hear reason2 0 added after as ,poor ,richard says4 ,page #fh3 ,second ,,plan ,no4 #abg renumbered to #abg;,b ,page #ic3 ,,making ,,sachet ,,powders ,,pay changed to ,,making ,,sachet ,,powders ,,pays ,page #ih3 ,heinze's fifty-seven varieties changed to ,heinz's fifty-seven varieties ,page #agb-agc3 alignment of items in ,bill of ,materials standardised ,page #aha3 ,footnote anchor #aj inserted 7invisible in source document7 where it appears to fit best ,page #bae3 ,footnote anchor #ae inserted 7invisible in source document7 where it appears to fit best ,page #bcd3 simpling telling changed to simply telling ,page #bcg3 come to the door changed to came to the door ,page #bfe3 each the hills changed to each of the hills ,page #bgh3 ,shake the clothes well changed to ,shake the cloths well ,page #cdd3 aleic acid changed to oleic acid2 merbane changed to mirbane ,page #cge3 ,,lawyers ,,plan changed to ,,lawyer',s ,,plan ,page #ddj3 ,,plan ,no4 #aga changed to ,,plan ,no4 #gga ,page #ddh3 he sewed rye changed to he sowed rye ,page #ejc3 ,second ,,plan ,no4 #ijg renumbered to #ijg;,b ,page #eae1 row r3 fireman changed to foreman ,page #eag1 row 7#b7 d3 detriment4 no changed to no detriment4 ,page #ebh1 table header3 cent changed to ,per cent ,page #ehf1 ,,the ,,train ,,dispatcher changed to ,,plan ,,no4 #ife4 ,,the ,,train ,,dispatcher ,page #fdg1 entry ,accountant3 ,d#ab changed to ,e#ab ,page #fhc3 ,footnote anchor #cd inserted 7invisible in source document7 where it appears to fit best ,page #hdf3 footnote marker deleted after 444 chiropody licensure 7no footnote present in source document7 ,page #hej3 ,underloader ,foreman changed to ,unloader ,foreman ,page #hfa1 row #aa4 ,buyer1 purchasing agent3 footnote marker deleted from column ,hours of work 7no footnote present in source document7 ,page #hfb3 ,if has not lost his head changed to ,if he has not lost his head ,page #hge3 #ace changed to #acc 7,disabled ,men7 ,index3 ,some repeated entries have been deleted4 ,some page and plan numbers have been corrected silently4 ,for the sake of clarity1 dashes between page or ,plan numbers have been replaced with commas when they did not indicate a continuous range4