,,! ,,propos$ ,,union ,,( ,,! ,,telegraph ,,& ,,po/al ,,sy/ems4 ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,! ,,we/]n ,,union ,,telegraph ,,company4 ,,cambridge3 ,,wel*1 ,,bigel[1 ,,& ,,company1 ,,pr9t]s ,,to ,,! ,,univ]sity4 #ahfi4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,review ,,( ,,hon4 ,e4 ,b4 ,,wa%burne',s ,,pap] ,,on ,,! ,,union ,,( ,,! ,,telegraph ,,& ,,po/al ,,sy/ems4 ,page ,a m]it$ ,complim5t to ,pr(essor ,morse #a ,congressional ,aid #b ,errone\s ,*>ges aga9/ ! ,am]ican ,telegraph ,sy/em #c ,brief ,/atem5t ( ,facts #d ,/ati/ics ( ! ,telegraph 9 ,europe & ,am]ica = ! ye> #ahff1 f ,(ficial ,reports #e ,! ,compla9t ( ,indiff]5ce to ,public ,conv5i5ce )\t ,f\ndation #e ,(ficial ,/ati/ics ( ! ,telegraphs 9 ,europe = ! ye> #ahff #g ,/ati/ics ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ( ! ,montreal ,telegraph ,company1 ,dom9ion ( ,canada1 = ! ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #ahfg #g ,! ass]t$ ,union ( ! ,po/al & ,telegraph ,sy/ems 9 ,europe an ,error #h ,! ,%ortcom+s ( ,briti% ,telegraphs #i ,! ,telegraph ,sy/em ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,unp>allel$ = its ,ext5t & ,effici5cy #aj ,ass]t$ ,effect ( ,gov]nm5tal ,control on ,belgian ,telegraphs #aa ,e>ly ,belgian ,rates contra/$ ) ,am]ican #ab ,natural ,increase 9 ,telegraphy #ac ,un=tunate ,effects ( ,l[ ,rates & ,competition #ae ,am]ican & ,european ,rates comp>$ #ae ,! ,peculi>ities ( ! ,belgian ,telegraph ,s]vice #ag ,belgian ,(ficials ackn[l$ge ! ,imp]fections ( _! ,sy/em #ah ,in/ructive ,hi/ory ( ,belgian ,telegraphs #ai ,s+ul> ,idea t a ,small ,telegraph ,sy/em is m ,difficult to ,manage ?an a ,l>ge ,"o #bj ,necessity = ! ,unification ( ! ,telegraph ,sy/em #bb ,e/imate ( ! ,co/ ( ,build+ ,telegraph ,l9es #bd ,d\bts reg>d+ ! ,e/imates ( ,telegraph ,exp]ts z to ,co/ ( ,con/ruct+ ,l9es #bg ,incorrect ,ass]tion t ,am]ican ,telegraphs are n con/ruct$ accord+ to ,specifications #bi ,co/ ( ,am]ican ,telegraphs e/imat$ by ,european ,data #cj ,value ( ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,prop]ty1 bas$ on ,european data #cb ,errone\s ,e/imate ( ! ,value ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company's ,prop]ty #cc ,! ,organization ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company #ce ,f9ancial ,/ati/ics ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company #cf ,/ations1 ,l9es1 & ,employees ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company #ci ,engli% & ,am]ican ,telegraphs comp>$ #dj ,ackn[l$g$ ,sup]iority ( ! e>ly ,am]ican ,s]vice #da ,rem>kably ,l[ ,t>iffs ( ! e>ly ,am]ican ,telegraphs #db ,no ,simil>ity betwe5 ! ,telegraph & ,po/al ,sy/ems #dc ,collection & ,deliv]y ( ,telegrams by ,lett]-,c>ri]s ,impracticable #de ,mr4 ,wa%burne's propos$ ,exp]im5tal ,l9e #dg ,london ,di/rict ,telegraph ,company #ej ,telegraphs "u ,gov]nm5t & ,private ,control comp>$ #ea ,! ,telegraph & ! ,press #eb ,,review ,,( ,,mr4 ,,g>d9] ,g4 ,,hubb>d',s ,,lett] ,,to ,,! ,,po/ma/]-,,g5]al ,,on ,,! ,,european ,,& ,,am]ican ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,telegraph4 ,errone\s ,/atem5ts relative to ,belgian ,telegraphs #ef ,belgian ,telegrams deliv]$ by ,po/ #eh ,want ( ,uni=mity 9 ,rates #eh ,ass]tion t ,comm]cial ,messages are transmitt$ at a ,loss #fa ,correction ( ,errone\s ,/atem5ts #fb ,t>iffs n ,increas$ by ,consolidation ( ! ,l9es #fc ,errone\s ,ass]tion t a ,l>ge ,proportion ( ! ,(fices are at ,railroad ,/ations #fd ,am]ican & ,european ,telegraph ,t>iffs comp>$ #fe ,rules ( ! ,european ,telegraphs #ff ,rules ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company #ff ,/atem5t %[+ ! ,m9imum ,rate = ,telegrams f ,london to ,pr9cipal ,cities 9 ,europe1 & f ,new ,york to ,pr9cipal ,cities 9 ,am]ica #fg ,s+ul> ,notions ( ,practical ,telegraphy #fh ,absurd ,!ories reg>d+ ! ,work+ ,capacity ( ,telegraph ,l9es #fi ,impossibility ( ,utiliz+ ! ,telegraph ,l9es by ,night z well z ,day #gj ,propos$ ,incorporation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,po/al ,telegraph ,company #gb ,messages deliv]$ )9 a ,mile ( ! ,(fice free #gc ,european ,*>ges = deliv]+ ,telegrams #gd ,telegrams to be plac$ 9 ! ,/reet ,boxes #ge ,privileg$ ,p]sons to h ,priority 9 ! ,use ( ! ,wires #ge ,proposition to op]ate ,telegraphs at a ,loss1 & ,make ,money by x #gf ,speculative ,telegraph ,s*emes #gg ,m ,/>tl+ ,inv5tions = ,rapid ,telegraph+ #gh ,errone\s ,table ( ,european ,/ati/ics #gi ,european ,telegrams c\nt$ ,sev]al ,times #hb ,labor ! ,pr9cipal ,elem5t ( ,exp5se 9 op]at+ ,telegraphs #hb ,prevail+ ,error ( all ,!oriz]s on ! ,bus9ess ( ,telegraph+ #hc ,/ati/ics ( ,traffic ?r\gh ! ,atlantic ,cables f ,july #bh1 #ahff1 to ,novemb] #a1 #ahfh #hf ,,progress ,,( ,,! ,,electric ,,telegraph ,,9 ,,am]ica ,,& ,,europe4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates #hg ,proportion ( ,telegrams to ,lett]s #hg ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ! ,telegraph 9 ,am]ica #hh ,evils aris+ f ,sep>ate ,organizations #hi ,! ,unification ( ! ,telegraph accompli%$ #ij ,telegraph ,companies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates #ia ,/ati/ics ( ! ,telegraph 9 ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada #ib ,/atem5t %[+ ! ,progress ( ,telegraphy 9 ,au/ria #ic ,/atem5t %[+ ! ,progress ( ,telegraphy 9 ,belgium #id ,bav>ia #ih ,d5m>k #ih ,/atem5t %[+ ! ,progress ( ,telegraphy 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& #ajj ,decrees regulat+ ! ,use ( ! ,telegraph 9 ,france #ajb ,peculi> ,"* ( ! ,fr5* ,telegraph #ajc ,/atem5t %[+ ! ,progress ( ,telegraphy 9 ,france #ajd ,increase 9 ,telegrams n due to ,l[ ,rates #ajd ,greece #aje ,prussia #aje ,/atem5t %[+ ! ,progress ( ,telegraphy 9 ,prussia #ajf ,russia #ajf ,switz]l& #ajg ,/atem5t %[+ ! ,progress ( ,telegraphy 9 ,switz]l& #aji ,royal ,decree relat+ to ,telegraphs 9 ,spa9 #aaj ,turkey #aaa ,,reasons ,,:y ,,gov]nm5t ,,%\ld ,,n ,,ent] ,,into ,,competition ,,) ,,! ,,p ,,9 ,,! ,,op]ation ,,( ,,! ,,telegraph4 ,political ,reasons :y ,gov]nm5t %\ld n ,control ! ,telegraph #aac ,! ,po/-,(fice ,dep>tm5t n ,compet5t to manage ! ,telegraphs #aad ,gov]nm5t assumes no ,responsibility #aaf ,! ,proposition to ,erect ,competitive ,gov]nm5tal ,telegraphs ,unf\nd$ 9 ,public ,necessity #aag ,! ,telegraph ,bill propos$ to be enact$ by ,congress )\t ,national ,example #aah ,,review ,,( ,,hon4 ,e4 ,b4 ,,wa%burne',s ,,pap] ,,on ,,! ,,union ,,( ,,! ,,telegraph ,,& ,,po/al ,,sy/ems4 ,9 ! second session ( ! ,=tie? ,congress1 #ahfh1 a bill 0 introduc$ & a pap] submitt$ by ,hon4 ,e4 ,b4 ,wa%burne1 ( ,ill9ois1 relat+ to ! 8,union ( ! ,telegraph & ,po/al ,sy/ems0 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* has naturally attract$ public att5tion1 & especially ( t l>ge class ( our citiz5s :o are id5tifi$ ) ! ,telegraph int]e/s ( ! c\ntry4 ,! pap] be>s ^u its face su* evid5t m>ks ( c>e1 & ! case is pres5t$ ) s mu* e>ne/ness & app>5t s9c]ity1 not)/&+ ! frequ5cy ( its errors & ! illusory "* ( its appeals to ! practice & exp]i5ce ( =eign nations1 t x _c fail to produce ^u ! public m9d an unju/ impression t ! usefulness ( ?is great inv5tion is injuri\sly re/rict$1 & its op]ations unfai?fully manag$1 by ! organizations hav+ x 9 control4 ,to correct ^! errone\s impressions by calmly & respectfully criticis+ ! /atem5ts ?us pres5t$1 & prov+ ! hone/y & fidelity ) :i* ! ,telegraph s]vice is p]=m$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 is ! object ( ?is pap]4 ,a ,,m]it$ ,,complim5t ,,to ,,pr(essor ,,morse4 ,9 ! ackn[l$gm5t made by ,mr4 ,wa%burne1 9 ! op5+ ( 8 pap]1 t 8! _w is indebt$ to ! g5ius ( a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! practical developm5t ( ! electric telegraph z a means ( communication10 we he>tily concur4 ,t citiz5 is /ill a memb] ( ! ,company to :i* 8 great discov]y gave bir?1 & on ^: success he l>gely dep5ds = support4 ,to x he gives 8 rip5$ g5ius & matur$ wisdom1 ju/ly prid+ himself ^u ! success ( 8 inv5tion1 & desir+ = x ! l>ge/ & wide/ use4 ,b ,pr(essor ,morse ne$s m ?an ! simple honor ( mak+ a great discov]y & ( plac+ x at ! disposal ( 8 fell[-m5 ?r\gh\t ! _w1 & :5 x is consid]$ t ! effect ( ! sy/em propos$ to be inaugurat$ by ,mr4 ,wa%burne's bill w\ld be ! inevitable de/ruction ( all exi/+ telegraph inve/m5ts1 & possibly ! impov]i%m5t ( ! great inv5tor himself1 ! complim5t seems a b>r5 "o inde$4 ,,congressional ,,aid4 ,congress1 x is true1 aid$ ! introduction ( ! ,telegraph by an appropriation ( ?irty ?\s& doll>s = a public exp]im5t & te/ ( its capacity4 ,b x may well be que/ion$ :e!r ?is appropriation 0 n1 aft] all1 an injury r ?an a b5efit1 bo? to ! inv5tor & ! p4 ,x left no prop]ty to enri* its possessors1 & no models to guide !m 9 erect+ new /ructures1 :ile x 0 obta9$ by sacrifices :i* h co/ ! inv5tor inf9ite sorr[1 & cl\d$ a score ( ye>s ) litigation4 ,! "t occupi$ by ,congress 9 ! consid]ation ( ! (f] ( ! inv5tion to gov]nm5t = "o hundr$ ?\s& doll>s 7:i* 0 reject$7 consum$ ne>ly two ye>s ( ! pat5t1 & expos$ ! inv5tor to ! endurance ( a mo/ annoy+ unc]ta9ty4 ,gov]nm5t1 h[ev]1 mo/ effectually insur$ its successful ext5sion1 :51 contr>y to ! practice ( ,european p[]s1 x decl9$ to assume ! control ( ! ,telegraph1 & ref]r$ its inv5tor1 aft] ! ?or\gh inve/igation ( ! ,po/ma/]-,g5]al1 to ! p z ! prop] recipi5ts ( 8 discov]y4 ,x 0 ! heal?y act ( a gov]nm5t :i* recogniz$ its duty to protect1 in/ead ( absorb+1 ! ent]prises ( its citiz5s4 ,t duty is z cle> to-day z x 0 !n4 ,:5 gov]nm5t reject$ ! control & own]%ip ( ! ,telegraph1 al?\gh (f]$ = s paltry a sum by ! inv5tor1 x 0 accept$ by ! p z a legitimate ent]prise1 & !y h giv5 to x all ! capital1 skill1 & labor requir$ = ! fulle/ developm5t ( its usefulness4 ,al?\gh _m ye>s elaps$ aft] ! introduction ( ! ,telegraph 9 ?is c\ntry dur+ :i* x ma9ta9$ b a feeble exi/5ce ?r\gh num]\s weak & limit$ organizations1 t r5d]$ ! bus9ess exp5sive & prec>i\s1 x n[ beg9s to cry/allize into /r5g? & h>mony2 & ! projectors & promot]s ( ! ent]prise feel t !y h a "r to expect ! fruit ( _! labors1 9 ! prop] & legitimate return :i* ! humble/ citiz5 receives = 8 "w1 & :i* gov]nm5t 01 9 "p at lea/1 organiz$ to secure4 ,we !re=e pron\nce ! ,wa%burne bill an unw>rant$ & unju/ measure1 :i*1 :ile propos+ an o/5sible public good1 essays to provide x by ! de/ruction ( va/ private int]e/s = :i* x proposes no comp5sation4 ,,errone\s ,,*>ges ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,am]ican ,,telegraph ,,sy/em4 ,to ! *>ges made by ,mr4 ,wa%burne1 9 ! prefatory s5t5ces ( 8 pap]1 aga9/ ! managem5t ( ! ,telegraph sy/em ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 little ne$ be said4 ,!y are )\t ! %ad[ ( pro(1 & require no o!r answ] ?an an explicit d5ial4 ,yet ,am]ican telegraph companies may ju/ly compla9 t a public man1 :ile o/5sibly p]=m+ a s]vice 9 ! int]e/s ( ! p1 %\ld deem x necess>y to traduce a va/ int]e/ by ! use ( t]ms s broad z to attract to x1 ev5 )\t pro( ( _! ju/ice1 unw>rant$ disp>agem5t & suspicion4 ,mr4 ,wa%burne's /atem5t t 8! telegraphic sy/em has made less progress t[>d p]fection1 & has be5 practically ( less value to ! masses ( ! p 9 our c\ntry1 ?an 9 any o!r civiliz$ c\ntry on ! globe10 is s sweep+ly errone\s z to excite our pr(\nd a/oni%m5t1 :i* is increas$ by ! /ill broad] ass]tion t1 8:ile 9 ne>ly e c\ntry 9 ,europe ! telegraph has become a spe$y1 c]ta91 & economical m$ium ( communication1 ! ine/imable b5efits ( :i* are ext5d$ to ! inhabitants ( small t[ns & communes z well z to ! great c5tres ( trade1 9 ?is c\ntry telegraphic communication has always be5 unc]ta9 & exp5sive1 & limit$ to *ief t[ns & cities40 ,,brief ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,facts4 ,9 reply to ! above we desire to pres5t ! foll[+ facts4 ,! population ( ,europe at ! la/ au!ntic c5sus 0 #bhh1jja1cfe1 n9ete5 tw5tie?s ( :i* belong$ to ! ,caucasian race4 ,x conta9s ?irty-n9e cities1 ea* possess+ m ?an "o hundr$ ?\s& inhabitants1 & ! accumulat$ weal? ( ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s ( civilization4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has a population ( only #ca1adh1jdg1 & conta9s b t5 cities ( "o hundr$ ?\s& inhabitants1 :ile its utmo/ civiliz$ hi/ory rea*es back sc>cely two & a half c5turies1 & ! accumulat$ weal? ( its civilization _c av]age fifty ye>s ?r\gh\t its cultivat$ area4 ,! population ( ,europe be+ ne>ly t5 times great] ?an t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z is also its accumulations ( ye>s ( civilization1 :ile1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,wa%burne1 its telegraph facilities va/ly out/rip ours1 x %\ld1 ( c\rse1 possess f> m ?an t5 times ! numb] ( telegraph (fices4 ,b1 9 tru?1 !re is n ev5 an approximation to ?is provision ( telegraphic conv5i5ce bas$ on population2 = :ile ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone possess #d1abf telegraph (fices1 all ,europe conta9s b #f1dej1 ( :i* #b1aea1 or m ?an "o ?ird ( ! :ole numb]1 belong to ,great ,brita91 :]e ! telegraph has h]et(ore be5 free f gov]nm5t control4 ,x is significant ( ,am]ican ent]prise t cont95tal ,europe1 ) a population ( #bfj1jjj1jjj1 possesses b "o hundr$ & sev5ty-?ree m telegraph (fices ?an ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) h] #ca1jjj1jjj ( widely scatt]$ p4 ,:ile 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re is a telegraph (fice to e #g1edi ( its inhabitants1 9 cont95tal ,europe !re is only "o to e #fj1bdi6 ,! foll[+ table w s]ve to %[ ! proportion ( telegraph (fices to population 9 ! pr9cipal c\ntries ( ,europe & ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! numb] ( miles ( l9e1 & am\nt ( telegraph bus9ess ( ea*4 ,,table ,a4 ,/ati/ics ( ! ,telegraph 9 ,europe & ,am]ica = ! ye> #ahff1 f (ficial reports4 ,miles ,miles ,total ,numb] ,proportion ,,c\ntries4 ,numb] ( ( ( ( ,messages ,population4#a( ,(fices ,/ations4,l9e4 ,wire4 ,transmitt$4 to ,population4 ,au/ria #hefbd1fah #gc1hed #b1ejg1dgb #ci1daa1cji #a to #df1caa ,belgium #cef #b1ahg #f1adf #a1abh1jje #d1ecj1bbh #a to #ab1daf ,bav>ia #b1aae #d1ide ,d5m>k #hi #b1eae #cjh1aej #a1fhd1jjd #a to #ah1iba ,france #a1bjibj1fbh #fh1fhg #b1hdb1eed #ch1cjb1fbe #a to #ca1fha ,great ,brita9 #b1aeaaf1ehh #hj1dff #e1gha1ahi #bi1eia1jji #a to & #ac1gej ,irel& ,italy #ebi #h1bjj #bj1abj #a1gfj1hhi #bd1eej1hde #a to #di1jjj ,norway #gc #bfi1cge #a1dcc1dhh #a to #ai1ggc ,prussia #echah1chf #ee1adi #a1ifd1jjc #ag1gci1iac #a to #cb1iee ,russia #cjhab1jac #bb1bad #hch1fec #fh1bbd1hcb #a to #bba1ejh ,switz]l& #beb #a1heh #c1gae #ffh1iaf #b1ecd1bdj #a to #aj1jjj ,spa9 #adb #h1hga #ag1gdc #ecc1cgf #af1cjb1fbe #a to #ajj1jjj ,unit$ #d1abffb1ghbabe1efd #ab1ijd1ggj #ca1adh1jdg #a to ,/ates #g1edi ,dom9ion ( #chb #f1gdg #h1ice #egc1bai #c1igf1bbd #a to ,canada #aj1djj ,footnote #a3 ,f ! ,annual ,cyclopdia4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #ahfh4 ,9 l>ge sections ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! proportion is mu* great]4 ,?us1 ! ,pacific ,/ates embrace an area ( #fjj1jjj squ>e miles2 ,belgium1 #aa1jjj4 ,! =m] provide an (fice to e #b1ejj ( _! population2 ! latt]1 "o to e #ab1daf4 ,?us1 ! ,pacific ,/ates su/a9 five times z _m (fices 9 proportion to population z ,belgium1 to say no?+ ( ! great disp>ity 9 ! condition ( s]vice by ! va/ range ( wild t]ritory occupi$ by ! "o1 & ! f9e roads & cultivat$ area ( ! o!r4 ,9 view ( ! facts %[n 9 ! prec$+ table1 h[ c x be said t 9 ,am]ica ! telegraph is less practically provid$ to ! p ?an 9 any o!r civiliz$ c\ntry on ! globe8 ,,! ,,compla9t ,,( ,,indiff]5ce ,,to ,,public ,,conv5i5ce ,,)\t ,,f\ndation4 8,in/ead ( an auxili>y to ! po/al sy/em1 controll$1 l x1 by ! /ate1 s\ght1 l x1 to be made useful to ! great masses ( ! p )\t reg>d to ! pecuni>y pr(it to be secur$1 z 9 ne>ly e civiliz$ c\ntry 9 ! _w1 we see ! sy/em 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ! h&s ( rival companies1 anxi\s only = pr(it1 ext5d+ _! l9es only to prom95t places :]e su* pr(its are to be secur$1 & too indiff]5t to ! public conv5i5ce4 ,9 %ort1 ! popul> v]dict ( ! p ( ?is c\ntry1 if x c\ld be he>d1 w\ld be t ! telegraphic sy/em1 9 view ( :at x is 9 o!r c\ntries & might become 9 ?is1 is practically a failure40 ,! above compla9t is )\t ! lea/ f\ndation4 ,9 no c\ntry 9 ! _w is !re s va/ a sy/em ( l9es "u "o control z 9 ?is2 9 no c\ntry is ! bus9ess done s well or s *eaply2 & n[h]e else has !re ev] be5 s e>ne/ an endeavor made to s]ve ! p fai?fully & satisfactorily4 ,a great majority ( ! t[ns 9 ?is c\ntry hav+ ev5 less ?an five hundr$ inhabitants are already suppli$ ) (fices1 & !y are rapidly increas+4 ,dur+ ! pa/ two & a half ye>s m ?an "o million ( doll>s h be5 sp5t by ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company alone 9 ! con/ruction ( new l9es1 & dur+ ! same p]iod x has op5$ m ?an eight hundr$ new (fices4 ,?is x is con/antly do+1 z mu* to satisfy exi/+ public wants z = ! promotion ( its own future int]e/4 ,ov] "o hundr$ (fices h long be5 su/a9$ at a loss1 because ne$$ to protect ! l9es built ?r\gh comp>atively des]t regions to rea* di/ant po9ts ( int]c\rse1 & sev]al hundr$ m are ma9ta9$ :i* b>ely pay exp5ses4 ,9 fact1 x is a /&+ rule ( ! company to op5 & ma9ta9 a telegraph (fice at all places 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates rea*$ by its l9es1 on a gu>anty t ! receipts %all be equal to ! necess>y exp5ses2 &1 by associat+ ! duties ( ! telegraphic s]vice ) o!r productive labor1 !y are (t5 r5d]$ extremely light4 ,x also (f]s to ext5d its l9es to any place n rea*$ by exi/+ l9es1 :]e ! inhabitants w advance ! co/ ( build+ !m1 ! money s advanc$ to be refund$ to ! contributors 9 telegraph+ at ord9>y t>iffs4 ,"u ?is arrangem5t a l>ge numb] ( (fices h be5 op5$ & ext5sive l9es built1 to ! satisfaction ( all p>ties4 ,into su* arrangem5ts ! gov]nm5t c\ld n ent] ) any simil> rapidity1 or by s heal?y & economic processes accompli% a l am\nt ( sub/antial b5efit to ! p4 ,! fact t !re is sc>cely a community to be f\nd any:]e 9 ,am]ica :]e ! p are unable to meet ^! (f]s ( ! ,telegraph ,company1 is ! be/ reason :y gov]nm5t %\ld n furni% at public exp5se :at ! p are s able to provide = !mselves4 ,9 reply to ! /atem5t t our company is anxi\s only = pr(it1 & t its *>ges are exorbitant z comp>$ ) ^? ( o!r c\ntries1 we respectfully call att5tion to ! foll[+ table1 %[+ ! av]age co/ ( telegrams 9 ,europe & ,am]ica = ! ye> #ahff4 ,,av]age ,,co/ ,,( ,,telegrams ,,9 ,,europe ,,& ,,am]ica ,,= #ahff4 ,(ficial ,/ati/ics ( ! ,telegraphs 9 ,europe = ! ,ye> #ahff4 ,total ,numb] ( ,messages ,"n ( transmitt$1 ,c\ntry or includ+ ,company4 inl&1 int]national1 & transit4 ,au/ria #b1ejg1dgb ,belgium #a1abh1jje ,bav>ia ,d5m>k #cjh1aej ,france #b1ejg1dgb ,great ,brita9 #e1gha1ahi & ,irel& ,italy #a1gfj1hhi ,norway #bfi1cge ,prussia #a1ifd1jjc ,russia #hch1fec ,switz]l& #ffh1iaf ,spa9 #ecc1cgf ,subm>9e ,telegraph #daj1gfj ,co4 ,malta ,alex&ria #bh1jfg ,t4 ,co4 ,m$it]ranean ,ext5sion #gg1djj ,telegraph ,co4 -------------- #ah1fhc1gbg ,"n ( ,value 9 ,u4 ,s4,value 9 ,u4 ,s4 ,c\ntry or ,receipts ,gold ,co94 ,curr5cy4#b ,company4 ,au/ria ,flor9s #a1fdd1gdb x #j4dh #ghi1dgf4af #a1afh1dbd4ga ,belgium ,francs #ifa1aab x #j4ai #ahb1faa4bh #bgj1bfd4fi ,bav>ia ,flor9s #cbb1hhf x #j4da #acb1chc4bf #aie1ibg4bb ,d5m>k ,doll>s #cjh1aej x #a4ji #cce1hhc4ej #dig1ajg4eh ,france ,francs #g1gjg1eij x #j4ai #a1dfd1ddb4aj #b1afg1cgd4cj ,great ,brita9 #eab1gjg x #d4hf #b1dia1gef4jb #c1fhg1gih4ij & ,irel&/]l+ ,italy ,lire #d1abj1caa x #j4ai #ghb1hei4ji #a1aeh1fca4de ,norway ,doll>s #cdc1fde x #a4ji #cgd1egc4ae #eed1cfh4bf ,prussia ,?al]s #a1bge1ghe x #j4gb #iah1efe4jj #a1cei1dgf4bj ,russia ,r\bles #a1hgb1fei x #j4gg #a1dea1caj4gb #b1adg1ici4hf ,switz]l& ,francs #fhd1dga x #j4ai #acj1jdi4di #aib1dgc4bd ,spa9 ,doll>s #eed1dge x #a4jd #egf1fed4jj #hec1ddg4ib ,subm>9e ,telegraph /]l+ #fj1cfh x #d4hf #bic1cch4dh #dcd1bad4ie ,co4 ,malta ,alex&ria /]l+ #eb1adb x #d4hf #bec1daj4ab #cge1jdf4ig ,t4 ,co4 ,m$it]ranean ,ext5sion #ca1bjj x #d4hf #aea1fcb4jj #bbd1dae4cf ,telegraph /]l+ ,co4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #aj1cbh1iid4cgae1bhf1iia4fa ,av]age co/ ( telegrams 9 ,europe #ha c5ts4 ,footnote #b3 ,! ,comm]cial & ,f9ancial ,*ronicle gives ! l[e/ price ( gold 9 #ahff z #abd1 & ! highe/ #afg1 mak+ ! av]age #adh1 :i* we h adopt$ z ! /&>d value = t ye>4 ,/ati/ics ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ( ! ,montreal ,telegraph ,company1 ,dom9ion ( ,canada1 = ! ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #ahfg4 ,"n ( ,company4 ,total ,numb] ( ,receipts4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,messages4 ,curr5cy4 ,we/]n ,union #aj1jfg1gfhc #e1gch1fbg4if ,telegraph ,company ,montreal ,telegraph #egc1baibeh1jjj gold #cha1hdj4jj ,company ,av]age co/ ( telegrams 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates #eg c5ts4 ,av]age co/ ( telegrams 9 ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada #ff c5ts4 ,footnote #c3 ,^! are exclusive ( railroad messages1 ( :i* ?is company s5ds _m millions p] annum4 ,9 fact1 ! safety ( all ! roads 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is l>gely due to ! free use ( our wires 9 runn+ tra9s4 ,! total receipts ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company = ! above ye> 7 #f1efh1ibe4cf2 b ( ?is am\nt #eba1eji 7 receiv$ = transmitt+ regul> press reports on contract1 & #cjh1ghh4dj f o!r s\rces1--leav+ only #e1gch1fbg4if = telegrams4 ,( ! #aj1jfg1gfh messages s5t dur+ ! ye>1 #h1jjd1ggj 7 on comm]cial & social matt]s1 & #b1jfb1iih conta9+ special press news1 ! latt] am\nt+ to #ge1cei1fgj words4 ,( ! regul> reports !re 7 deliv]$ to ! press #bid1ejc1fcj words1 :i*1 all[+ #bj words to ea* message1--! ,european /&>d1--w\ld am\nt to #ad1gbe1aha telegrams1 9 addition to ! numb] giv5 9 ! table4 ,! av]age telegraphic tolls on ^! reports 7 ?ree & "o half c5ts = a message ( #bj words1 or "o & sev5 t5?s ( a mill p] ^w4 ,,! ,,ass]t$ ,,union ,,( ,,! ,,po/al ,,& ,,telegraph ,,sy/ems ,,9 ,,europe ,,an ,,error4 ,9 ref]r+ to ! action ( ,european gov]nm5ts1 9 _! e>ly recognition ( ! telegraph sy/em1 ,mr4 ,wa%burne says3-- 8,at once1 aft] ! inv5tion & successful e/abli%m5t ( electric telegraphs1 e gov]nm5t 9 ,europe :]e l9es 7 built1 except t ( ,great ,brita91 e/abli%$ a telegraphic sy/em 9 connection ) its po/al sy/em4 ,anticipat+1 z !y might well d1 t 9 private h&s x might be s con/ruct$ z to draw to x1 by its spe$1 safety1 & economy1 a l>ge proportion ( ! correspond5ce1 & ?us become a rival ( ! po/1 ^! gov]nm5ts1 act+ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! p1 h made ! sy/em "p & p>cel ( ! po/al sy/em1 & h ?r[n ar\nd x all ! safegu>ds :i* 9 e civiliz$ c\ntry ! po/al sy/em enjoys40 ,! above /atem5t1 ) ! exception ( t portion pr9t$ 9 italics1 is rem>kably incorrect4 ,9 no c\ntry 9 ,europe does x appe> t ! telegraphic adm9i/ration is connect$ ) ! po/-(fice4#d ,9 ,france & ,spa9 ! telegraphs are "u ! control ( ! ,m9i/] ( ! ,int]ior4 ,9 ,russia1 ,prussia1 & ,italy !y belong to ! ,m9i/ry ( ,public ,works4 ,9 ,belgium ! telegraph1 railways1 & ! po/-(fice =m a g5]al division "u ! ,m9i/] ( ,public ,works1 b are kept di/9ct4 ,9 ,au/ria ! adm9i/rations ( ! telegraphs & ! po/-(fice 7 at "o "t unit$1 b x 0 f\nd exp$i5t to sep>ate !m4 ,9 ,switz]l& ! telegraphic organization is ne>ly ! same z ,prussia's2 ! po/-(fice1 cu/oms1 & private e/abli%m5ts supply ! elem5ts ( an auxili>y /aff1 b all ! p]sons employ$ 9 ! transmission or deliv]y ( telegrams dep5d on ! adm9i/ration ( ,telegraphs = _! comp5sation1 & 9 ! annual budget an appropriation is made = t s]vice di/9ct f ! po/4 ,footnote #d3 ,telegraphic ,j\rnal1 7,london3 ,truscott1 ,son1 ,simmons17 ,volume ,,xi4 page #aca4 ,an ef=t 0 made 9 ,france 9 #ahfd to consolidate ! po/-(fice & telegraph s]vice1 b1 ow+ to ! /rong opposition ev9c$ on ! "p ( ! *ief function>ies ( bo? s]vices to su* amalgamation1 x 0 rel9qui%$4 ,x 0 n until sev]al ye>s aft] ! introduction ( ! electric telegraph 9 ,am]ica t x 0 op5$ to ! p by any ,european gov]nm5t4 ,ev5 9 ,france ! electric telegraph 0 e/abli%$ z late z #ahea1 & its spread ?r\gh\t ! empire 0 exce$+ly sl[4 ,! semaphore telegraph1 a defective & ineffici5t sy/em ( convey+ intellig5ce by ! exhibition ( signals1--introduc$ by ,napoleon at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1--0 /ill 9 use1 &1 not)/&+ ! manife/ advantages ( ! electric telegraph1 z %[n by ,arago to ! ,h\se ( ,deputies1 gov]nm5t long refus$ to employ x1 &1 :5 f9ally adopt$1 x 0 = "s "t us$ 9 connection ) ! old sy/em4 ,,! ,,%ortcom+s ,,( ,,briti% ,,telegraphs4 ,mr4 ,wa%burne says ( ! ,briti% telegraph3-- 8,9 ,great ,brita91 z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! telegraph 0 left to private ent]prise & competition4 ,only a few weeks s9ce1 aft] a tw5ty ye>s' trial ( ! sy/em 9 ! h&s ( private companies1 ! p ( ! ,briti% isl&s1 ) s+ul> unanimity1 dem&$ to h ! telegraphic sy/em plac$ "u ! control ( ! po/al au?orities1 & a bill 0 introduc$ by ! pres5t gov]nm5t = t purpose40 ,x is compla9$ ( ,great ,brita91 :i* provides "o qu>t] ( all ! telegraph (fices 9 ,europe1 t ! telegraph companies !re h left eighty-eight places 9 ,engl& & ,wales hav+ a population ( two ?\s& & upw>ds1 & ev5 :ole di/ricts1 )\t an (fice4 ,:atev] may be true ( ! meagr5ess ( ! provision ( telegraphic facilities by ,engli% companies1 & :i* ^! companies vigor\sly d5y1 no su* compla9t c1 ) ju/ice1 be made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 not)/&+ ! va/ ranges ( t]ritory :i* mu/ be trav]s$ to meet ! communities :i* ne$ & ask = !m4 ,)\t int5d+ any disrespect to ! po/al au?orities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x may be said t ! po/-(fice sy/em ( ,great ,brita91 because ( ! sup]ior "* ( ! control :i* long & c>eful /udy has enabl$ x to secure1 is f> 9 advance ( our own4 ,9 fact1 !re is no?+ m app>5t to an ,engli% visitor ?an ! l[ /atus ( our po/al arrangem5ts1 z comp>$ ) t ( 8 own c\ntry4 ,x is natural1 !re=e1 see+ ! po/al sy/em s admirably manag$1 t ,engli% m]*ants1 ^: t5d5cies are all t[>d gov]nm5tal direction 9 matt]s ( ?is "*1#e %\ld desire to see ! exp]im5t ( a simil> control ( ! telegraph4 ,9 fact1 x is only ?is class ( citiz5s :o h ask$ = ! *ange1 ! memorial hav+ gone solely f ! diff]5t ,*amb]s ( ,comm]ce ?r\gh\t ! k+dom1 no appeal on ! subject hav+ ev] be5 made to or by ! p ( ,great ,brita91 & !re=e ! ass]tion t ! p ) s+ul> unanimity dem&$ x is n su/a9$ by ! facts4 ,footnote #e3 ,witness ! proposition rec5tly s mu* discuss$ 9 ,engl&1 t ! gov]nm5t %\ld assume control ( ! railways also4 ,,! ,,telegraph ,,sy/em ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,unp>allel$ ,,= ,,its ,,ext5t ,,& ,,effici5cy4 ,mr4 ,wa%burne says1 8,!re is abundant reason to believe t ! telegraphic sy/em ( ,great ,brita91 :i* is decl>$ a failure on su* high au?ority1 is1 9 all respects1 greatly sup]ior to our own02 b he fails to give any ( 8 reasons = ?is belief1 & we are compell$ to ass]t t x has no intellig5t explanation except 9 a /rangely morbid ho/ility to ?is company1 :i* exhibits itself on e (f]$ occasion4 ,9 all respects ! telegraph l9es ( ?is c\ntry are equal to ^? ( any o!r1 & 9 "s important ones sup]ior4 ,!y ext5d f ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific ,ocean1 connect+ 9 "o unbrok5 *a9 m ?an f\r ?\s& cities & villages1 =m+ a sy/em by :i* e ev5t ( importance happ5+ 9 any section ( our va/ t]ritorial limits is publi%$ )9 a few h\rs 9 e o!r2 ?r\gh :i* v]batim reports ( ! spee*es 9 ,congress are transmitt$ f ! capital to ! metropolis1 & full ab/racts ( !m to e consid]able t[n 9 ! nation1 on ! day ( _! deliv]y2 :i* supplies ! metropolitan j\rnals ) m telegraphic news e day ?an is conta9$ 9 ! comb9$ press despat*es ( ,europe4 ,su* a sy/em1 9 its va/ness1 skilful manipulation1 & ! rapidity ( its unceas+ developm5t1 we believe m]its ! public approbation1 & is n unwor?y ( ! ,am]ican "n4 ,our sy/em ( telegraphy is unique4 ,n[h]e else c !re be f\nd su* an ext5t ( l9es "u "o control4 ,! l9es ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company1 ext5d+ ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates & portions ( ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada1 enables x to transmit messages betwe5 e section ( ! c\ntry1 )\t und]go+ ! delay ( *eck+ or book+ at int]m$iate po9ts2 & betwe5 mo/ ( ! l>ge cities )\t retransmission4 ,?is "w1 ov] a t]ritory s va/1 al?\gh only two ye>s h elaps$ s9ce ! conf$]ation ( l9es 0 effect$ :i* made x possible1 is fa/ assum+1 "u increas$ c>e & enl>g$ exp]i5ce1 ! c]ta9ty & uni=mity ( me*anism4 ,9 all its effective features1 ! _w may safely be *all5g$ to produce any?+ to comp>e ) x4 ,! ext5t ( l9es & wire belong+ to ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company is m ?an twice t ( ,france1 ?ree times great] ?an t ( ,prussia1 & equals ! aggregat$ sy/ems ( ,au/ria1 ,prussia1 & ! less] ,g]man ,/ates1 ,italy1 ,spa91 ,belgium1 & ,switz]l&1 & x is increas+ 9 l>g] ratio ?an any ,european sy/em4 ,! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company alone has add$ to its l9es1 dur+ ! ye> #ahfh1 m ?an five ?\s& miles ( wire1 or z mu* z ! entire sy/em ( ,belgium1 leav+ unsatisfi$ dem&s = an equal ext5sion 9 ! ye> to come4 ,,ass]t$ ,,effect ,,( ,,gov]nm5tal ,,control ,,on ,,belgian ,,telegraphs4 ,mr4 ,wa%burne says3-- 8,9 ,belgium1 :]e ! telegraph has always be5 "u ! control ( ! gov]nm5t1 ! *>ge = telegraph+ tw5ty words ?r\gh\t ! k+dom is half a franc1 or1 say t5 c5ts ( our money4 ,9 ,switz]l& ! *>ge is ! same4 ,9 bo? ^! c\ntries (fices are op5$ 9 ne>ly e t[n & village2 9 bo? telegraph+ is reliable & c]ta92 compla9ts ( delays & errors are almo/ unkn[n1 & ! l9es 9 bo? c\ntries yield l>ge pr(its4#f ,footnote #f3 ,see (ficial ackn[l$gm5t ( ineffici5cy on pages #ah & #ai2 also1 on page #if1 an admitt$ loss 9 p]=m+ ! s]vice at e/abli%$ rates4 8,9 ,belgium1 9 ! ye> #ahec1 ) an av]age *>ge ( #e francs & #g c5times1 or say #a4jb = tw5ty words to any "p ( ! k+dom1 ! numb] ( messages s5t 0 #eb1jej1 yield+1 francs1 #bfe1ecf4 ,9 ! ye> #ahff1 ) ! *>ge r$uc$ to ab\t #ag c5ts = tw5ty words1 ! numb] ( messages _h increas$ to #a1abh1jje1 yield+1 francs1 #ifb1bac4 ,! same rem>kable increase is f\nd 9 ! /ati/ics ( ! telegraphic sy/em ( all c\ntries :]e ! telegraph is "u gov]nm5t control40 ,if by ! latt] clause ( ?is /atem5t x is design$ to convey ! idea t gov]nm5t control1 p] se1 /imulates ! use ( ! telegraph1 or t ev5 a r$uction ( rates1 )\t ?is control1 is incapable ( produc+ ?is result1 x may ju/ly be *all5g$ z utt]ly unsu/a9$ by ! telegraphic exp]i5ce ( ?is c\ntry4 ,! c\pl+ toge!r ( ^! two influ5ces seems design$ to prove t ! "o necess>ily involves ! o!r1 :]eas ! "q ( rate is altoge!r indep5d5t ( managem5t1 :e!r gov]nm5t or individual4 ,,e>ly ,,belgian ,,rates ,,contra/$ ,,) ,,am]ican4 ,respect+ ! ,belgian t>iff ( #ahec1 ( #a4jb 9 gold p] message1 = a di/ance n exce$+ fifty miles1 x mu/ be reg>d$ z prohibitory1 except to ^? ^: necessities compell$ its use4 ,! ,am]ican *>ge at ! same p]iod = ev5 great] di/ances 0 tw5ty-five c5ts4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( any surprise at ! comp>atively limit$ use ( ! telegraph by ! ,belgian p "u ! circum/ances1 x may well be reg>d$ z extraord9>y t x 0 us$ s mu*4 ,_h private companies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates attempt$ to impose su* a t>iff at ! p]iod nam$1 public op9ion w\ld h compell$ an imm$iate r$uction4 ,:ile !re c be no d\bt t1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 a dim9i%$ t>iff w usually be foll[$ by an increase 9 ! numb] ( messages1 exp]i5ce has demon/rat$ t ?is _c be reli$ on z inv>iably true1 except :]e ! *>ge has be5 unreasonable or exorbitant4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t1 :5 a t>iff has be5 r$uc$ "o half1 !re mu/ be an increase ( m ?an "o hundr$ p] c5t 9 ! numb] ( despat*es1 to yield ! same rev5ue1 meet ! co/ ( add$ labor1 & provide ! necess>y additional means ( transmission4 ,s great an addition 9 ! numb] ( messages1 unatt5d$ ) a correspond+ increase ( wires & op]ators1 w\ld result 9 su* delay & inaccuracy z to r5d] ! s]vice ( no value4 ,,natural ,,increase ,,9 ,,telegraphy4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 too1 t an increase foll[s ! supply ( m ample facilities1 :5 ^! h be5 inadequate to ! wants ( ! communities = :i* !y are provid$4 ,!re is also a l>ge natural increase1 altoge!r irrespective ( ! *>ges = transmission1 :i* mu/ be all[$ =1 be=e ! legitimate effect ( ! inducem5ts pres5t$ by *eapness1 or ! opportunities furni%$ by ! multiplication ( wires or increas$ capacity 9 ! ma*9]y1 c be e/imat$4 ,?us1 9 ,decemb]1 #ahdh1 :i* 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates be>s a fair comp>ison ) ,belgium 9 #aheb z to date ( telegraphic introduction1 at ! (fice 9 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y41 ! receipts am\nt$ to #ccj4ed2 :ile 9 ! same mon? ( #ahfg1 ) no decrease 9 ! t>iff1 ! receipts 7 #e1cib4jg1--;an increase ( ov] #a1fjj p] c5t1 & exce$+ by #djj p] c5t t :i* 9 ,belgium 0 caus$1 z claim$1 by r$uc+ ! t>iff f #a4jb to #ag c5ts1 b :i*1 9 ,buffalo1 result$ f simple natural increase caus$ by ! gr[? ( ! c\ntry & enl>g$ telegraphic facilities4 ,! annual gross receipts ( ! ,magnetic ,telegraph ,company1 ext5d+ betwe5 ,new ,york & ,wa%+ton1 7 z foll[s3-- #ahdg1 #cb1haj #ahdh1 #eb1beb #ahdi1 #fc1cfg #ahej1 #fa1chc #ahea1 #fg1gcg #aheb1 #ajc1bcb ,up to ! close ( #ahdh ! above company _h a monopoly ( ! telegraph s]vice betwe5 ^! two cities1 b 9 ,m>*1 #ahdi1 ! ,h\se ,pr9t+ ,l9e comm5c$ op]ations betwe5 ,new ,york & ,philadelphia1 &1 toge!r ) ,ba9's ,*emical ,telegraph1 0 cont9u$ ?r\gh to ,wa%+ton 9 ! autumn ( t ye>1 s t f #ahdh to #aheb ! above /atem5t only %[s ! receipts ( "o ( ! ?ree l9es do+ bus9ess betwe5 ^! places4 ,if ! receipts ( ! o!r two companies 7 z l>ge1 x exhibits ! rem>kable increase 9 ! am\nt ( bus9ess done1 9 five ye>s1 ( m ?an #ijj p] c5t1 )\t any r$uction 9 rates4 ,! numb] ( messages transmitt$ by ! ,magnetic ,company 9 #aheb 0 #bec1heg1 at an av]age co/1 accord+ to ! receipts1 ( =ty c5ts ea*4 ,! av]age co/ ( ! ,fr5* telegrams = ! same ye>1 accord+ to ! (ficial tables furni%$ by ,mr4 ,wa%burne1 0 #aa4bh francs1 or #b4be ea*4 ,= ! ye> end+ ,novemb] #a1 #ahfh1 ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company transmitt$ ov] ! same t]ritory embrac$ by ! l9es ( ! ,magnetic ,company 9 #aheb1 #a1eef1jjd messages1 ! gross receipts ^u :i* 7 #edf1bfb4je1 be+ an av]age ( ?irty-five c5ts p] message4 ,!re are two rival companies op]at+ l9es betwe5 ,new ,york & ,wa%+ton at ! pres5t "t1 s t ! comp>ison betwe5 ! bus9ess = ! pa/ ye> & t ( ! previ\s ye> above giv5 is q complete4 ,! gross receipts ( ! ,new ,york & ,bo/on ,magnetic ,telegraph ,association = ! ye> end+ ,july #ca1 #ahdh1 7 #cd1hce4ad #ahec1 #hb1bad4af #ahed1 #gi1fhc4gc #ahee1 #aja1cjg4ih #ahef1 #ajb1aea4gh #aheg1 #ajc1acd4jf #aheh1 #ih1jig4gc #ahei1 #if1acf4jf ,9 #ahdh ! above company _h a monopoly ( ! bus9ess betwe5 ^! places1 b 9 #ahdi two rival companies con/ruct$ l9es ov] ?is r\te & divid$ ! bus9ess ) x4 ,9 #ahdh ! t>iff betwe5 ,new ,york & ,bo/on 0 fifty c5ts = ! fir/ t5 words1 & ?ree c5ts = ea* add$ ^w2 & to int]m$iate po9ts tw5ty-five c5ts = ! fir/ t5 words1 & two c5ts = ea* add$ ^w4 ,,un=tunate ,,effects ,,( ,,l[ ,,rates ,,& ,,competition4 ,9 #ahdi ! rate 0 r$uc$ betwe5 ,new ,york & ,bo/on to ?irty c5ts1 9 #ahej to tw5ty c5ts1 & 9 #aheb to t5 c5ts4 ,none ( ! l9es1 h[ev]1 paid _! work+ exp5ses f ! "t ( _! con/ruction up to #ahec4 ,ev5 9 #ahdh1 :5 !re 0 no opposition1 ! exp5ses exce$$ ! receipts by #a1aii4jj4 ,"o ( ! ?ree l9es 0 sold at public auction twice )9 ?ree ye>s aft] its con/ruction1 to pay ! debts incurr$ 9 op]at+ x4 ,9 #ahec two ( ! l9es 7 unit$ "u "o control1 & an amicable arrangem5t ent]$ into betwe5 ! two rema9+ companies1 by :i* ! rates 7 advanc$ approximately to ^? ( #ahdh1 & !y rema9$ un*ang$ = ! next t5 ye>s4 ,,am]ican ,,& ,,european ,,rates ,,comp>$4 ,9 #ahea1 :5 ! t>iff betwe5 ,new ,york & ,bo/on 0 tw5ty c5ts1 ! av]age ,fr5* rate 0 #a4ef1 & ! ,belgian1 = less ?an "o ?ird ! di/ance1 #a4ef4 ,9 #aheb1 ,new ,york & ,bo/on1 t>iff1 #aj c5ts4 ,fr5*1 av]age #b4be ,prussian1 #b4ce ,belgian1 = less ?an "o #a4ba ?ird ! di/ance1 ,au/rian1 #a4ee #ahff1 ,new ,york & ,bo/on1 4#cj ,fr5*1 av]age1 4#hc ,prussian1 4#fe ,belgian1 = less ?an "o 4#be ?ird ! di/ance1 ,au/rian1 4#df ,:5 ! ,belgian l9es 7 op5$ to ! public1 an act ( ! legislature1 dat$ ,m>* #ae1 #ahea1 e/abli%$ a *>ge ( #b francs = a message ( tw5ty words1 if transmitt$ )9 a circle ( #ge kilometres 7i4e4 #ej c5ts 9 gold = a di/ance ( ab\t #df miles71 & five francs 7"o doll> gold7 = any di/ance beyond ! limit ( #ge kilometres4 ,! increase f #eb1jej messages 9 ,belgium 9 #ahec to #a1abh1jje 9 #ahff is1 no d\bt1 9 "p ju/ly attributable to ! r$uction ( ! prohibitory t>iff ( ! =m] ye>1 b x is n great] or m rem>kable ?an ! increase dur+ ! same p]iod 9 ,am]ica1 :]e no r$uction f ! e>ly rates has be5 made1 & :]e1 nev]!less1 ! bus9ess has improv$ ye> by ye> until x has gr[n into its pres5t volume1 exce$+ t ( any nation on ! globe1 on :atev] basis ! comp>ison be plac$4 ,belgium transmitt$ #ad1jbe messages 9 #ahea & #eb1jej 9 #ahec1 be+ an increase ( ne>ly #djj p] c5t 9 ?ree ye>s1 al?\gh ! t>iff _h be5 r$uc$ less ?an #bj p] c5t4 ,f #ahec to #ahfb !re 0 an increase ( ov] #ejj p] c5t1 ) a r$uction ( t>iff ( ab\t #eb p] c5t4 ,f #ahfb to #ahfg !re 0 an increase ( less ?an #djj p] c5t1 al?\gh ! av]age t>iff _h be5 r$uc$ f #b4jg to #j4he francs1 or ab\t #fj p] c5t4 ,o!r sugge/ive illu/rations are conta9$ 9 ! tables furni%$ by ,mr4 ,wa%burne4 ,?us1 9 ,switz]l&1 9 #ahec1 at an av]age co/ ( #a4ee francs p] message1 ! numb] s5t 0 #hb1ehf4 ,9 #ahed1 at an av]age co/ ( #a4fb francs1 #abi1afg 7 s5t1 %[+ an increase ( #df1eha messages at a high] t>iff4 ,9 #ahee1 :5 ! co/ p] message 0 almo/ id5tical ) t ( #ahec1 ! numb] _h increas$ to #afb1hea1 or ab\t #ajj p] c5t4 ,9 #ahei1 :5 ! co/ ( messages 0 #a4dh1 z comp>$ ) #a4ce 9 #aheh1 ! numb] _h increas$ f #bdg1ajb to #bhf1hgf1 & 9 #ahfa1 at ! av]age *>ge ( #ahei1 _h increas$ f #bhf1hgf to #ccc1icc4 ,9 #aheg & #ahfb ! *>ges 7 exactly alike1 yet ! increase 9 ! numb] ( messages 9 ! latt] ye> 0 #aac1bhh1 or ov] #dc p] c5t ov] ! =m]4 ,! tables furni%$ by o!r c\ntries %[ simil> results4 ,9 ,prussia1 9 #aheb1 #dh1gea messages 7 s5t at an av]age co/ ( #b4ce1 :ile 9 #aheh1 at a co/ increas$ to #b4ie1 #bdg1bib messages 7 s5t1 or an increase ( ov] #djj p] c5t4 ,! effect ( ! policies ( ! two nations ?us %[n to be s dissimil> are in/ructive4 ,:5 ,belgium1 f9d+ x necess>y to r$uce h] t>iff to "o franc1 !reby fir/ attempt$ to popul>ize ! use ( ! telegraph1 x 0 done1 not)/&+ all its advantages ( free r5ts1 abs5ce ( taxes1 & labor va/ly *eap] ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 at a loss to ! /ate ( #da1dag4ai francs4 ,& :51 ^u ! idea t a /ill l[] t>iff might s develop ! public use ( ! l9es z to r5d] !m self-su/a9+1 ! ,belgian gov]nm5t 9 #ahff r$uc$ ! t>iff "o half1 its exp5ditures 7 increas$ !reby f #fec1bhj francs 9 #ahfc to #a1bag1dif francs1 entail+ a loss ( #bee1bhb1jjj francs1 z %[n by ,mr4 ,wa%burne's report4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by keep+ ! t>iff at ! l[e/ pay+ rates1 ! sy/em has be5 ext5d$ to e "p ( ! c\ntry1 t\*+ ! extreme limits ( civilization1 & its realm ( usefulness is ye>ly increas+4 ,,! ,,peculi>ities ,,( ,,! ,,belgian ,,telegraph ,,s]vice4 ,! telegraph bus9ess ( ,belgium is peculi>4 ,half ( x only c be said to be ,belgian at all1 ! o!r half be+ messages 9 transit1 or int]national1 :i* are s5t at comp>atively little co/1 & = ! transmission ( :i* x makes t]ms ) o!r nations4 ,on ! inl& or ,belgium bus9ess prop]1 ! only class :i* c ) any propriety be us$ 9 ! argum5t 9 h&1 !re 01 z has be5 se51 a loss 9 #ahff ( ?irty-f\r p] c5t1 & 9 #ahfg ( ?irty-sev5 & a half p] c5t4 ,! great] co/ ( an inl& message arises f ! fact t x is receiv$1 =w>d$1 & deliv]$ 9 ! k+dom1 requir+ ! v>i\s s]vice connect$ ) su* duties2 :ile transit messages simply pass ?r\gh ! /ate1 & impose no exp5se = labor 9 transmission1 reception1 or deliv]y1 & int]national messages require no deliv]y 9 ! c\ntry s5d+ !m4 ,b besides its annual losses to gov]nm5t1 !re exi/s a s]i\s drawback 9 ! value to ! p ( ! r$uc$ t>iff4 ,! dim9i%$ rate 9 ,belgium is accompani$ by no promise ( prompt deliv]y4 ,despat*es at a half-franc ea* mu/ take _! *ance ( transmission1 & submit to ! delay caus$ by o!r s]vice4 ,spe$ rates are e/abli%$ to comp5sate = loss by ! r$uc$ t>iff4 ,?us1 a message requir+ imm$iate transit is *>g$ ?ree times an ord9>y message1 rev]s+ ! plan ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,company1 :i* transmits promptly & indiscrim9ately at ord9>y rates1 b makes an imm5se r$uction :5 ! night h\rs c be us$4 ,( c\rse bus9ess m51 to :om "t is money1 are oblig$ to pay an extra franc to secure t promptness & c]ta9ty ( transmission )\t :i* ! telegraph is ( little value = all important transactions4 ,! t>iff has be51 !re=e1 practically increas$ to "o & a half francs1 or =ty-two c5ts = di/ances :i* _c av]age m ?an sev5ty-five miles1 & probably d n exce$ fifty4 ,! *eap messages take _! *ance4 ,9 ,am]ica1 a repeat$ message is *>g$ half a rate m ?an ! ord9>y t>iff4 ,9 ,belgium x pays f\r s+le rates4 ,ciph] messages are also *>g$ f\r times ! price ( ord9>y messages1 :ile "h !y are receiv$ at ord9>y rates4 ,7 ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t to con/ruct l9es "u ! ,wa%burne bill1 & adopt ?is ,belgian sy/em1 its t>iffs betwe5 ,wa%+ton & ,baltimore--ab\t ! av]age di/ance ( ! ,belgian s]vice--w\ld be1 = prompt deliv]y su* z our telegraph companies p]=m1 =ty-five c5ts1 in/ead ( ! exi/+ *>ge ( t5 c5ts2 = messages to :i* no assurance ( promptitude is giv51 fifte5 c5ts2 & = repeat$ messages1 sixty c5ts1 in/ead ( our pres5t rate ( fifte5 c5ts4 ,if1 n[1 ) all its advantages ( *eap labor & ! pr(its aris+ f int]national & transit messages1 ! ,belgian gov]nm5t1 on ^! bases ( *>ge1 admits a cle> loss 9 #ahff ( #bee1bhb francs1 h[ w x be possible = ,mr4 ,wa%burne to secure a pr(it to gov]nm5t l>ge en\gh 9 a few ye>s to pay ! co/ ( ! l9e1 on a common t>iff ( fifte5 c5ts = all classes ( messages8 ,,belgian ,,(ficials ,,ackn[l$ge ,,! ,,imp]fections ,,( ,,_! ,,sy/em4 ,z ,mr4 ,wa%burne claims = ,european telegraphs spe$1 c]ta9ty1 & economy1 x is well to be able to read ,belgian (ficial te/imony on ! same subject4 ,! la/ report ( ! ,belgian dep>tm5t ( public works has ! foll[+ p>agraph3-- 8,imp]fection has exi/$ at all times & 9 all places4 ,x is 9 va9 to attempt to obta9 equally rapid & exact transmission "u all circum/ances4 ,delay w occur1 :atev] may be done to prev5t x1 by ! block+ up ( l9es1 by a tempor>y influx ( bus9ess2 &1 9 a c\ntry :]e di/ances are %ort1 t delay may equal1 & sometimes ev5 exce$1 ! "t t w\ld be occupi$ 9 transmitt+ by railway40 ,(ficial tru?fulness & mode/y ?us lifts ! veil f a sy/em held up = our admiration1 & reveals its weakness4 ,,in/ructive ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,belgian ,,telegraphs4 ,! hi/ory ( ! use ( ! telegraph 9 ,belgium is in/ructive4 ,dur+ #ahea1 ! fir/ record$ ye> ( its exi/5ce1 !re pass$ betwe5 ! (fices ( ! :ole ( t k+dom1 z %[n by ,mr4 ,wa%burne's tables1 tw5ty-"o messages p] day4 ,if we may suppose1 :at seems sc>cely cr$ible1 t only five ( h] *ief cities 7 at t "t connect$ by ! wires1--,gh5t1 ,antw]p1 ,brussels1 ,bruges1 & ,liege1--x exhibit$ ! rem>kable spectacle ( a telegraph l9e op5$ by gov]nm5t 89 ! int]e/ ( ! p10 us$ to ! ext5t ( ab\t f\r messages p] day at ea* ( h] five *ief cities6 ,ev5 aft] f\r ye>s m _h be5 us$ 9 ! ext5sion ( h] l9es1 ! daily transmission only increas$ to fifty-five messages p] day = ! :ole k+dom1 %[+ h[ sl[ly & jeal\sly ! l9es 7 giv5 to public employm5t1 & h[ utt]ly futile is ! ass]tion t ! public int]e/1 at t "t at lea/1 controll$ ! /ate 9 _! managem5t4 ,! t>iff1 :i* _h av]ag$ dur+ ! fir/ ye> #a4bf p] message1 & _h n1 s f>1 be5 practically r$uc$1 %[$ /ill m cle>ly t only ! ri* us$ x1 & t x 01 on acc\nt ( its co/1 practically beyond ! employm5t ( ! p4 ,! tru? is1 z ,mr4 ,wa%burne /ates1 t ! ,belgian gov]nm5t1 fe>+ its use 9 private h&s1 & suspici\s t by private en]gy ! telegraph w\ld be made to rival1 if n ru91 ! ,belgian po/1 seiz$ & held x f popul> control4 ,!re is c]ta9ly no?+ 9 ! fir/ five ye>s ( its exi/5ce 9 ,belgium :i* proves t gov]nm5t1 z is claim$1 desir$ to give ! fruits ( a great inv5tion to ! ,belgian p4 ,dur+ all ( ^! ye>s1 h[ev]1 & 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! l9es "u gov]nm5t managem5t ev]y:]e1 hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( messages 7 pass+ ov] ! telegraph l9es 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 at a t>iff :i* made !m available to all its citiz5s1 & %[+ a daily record 9 "s ( ! small] ( its inl& t[ns great] ?an t ( all ! ,belgian (fices comb9$4 ,:5 9 #ahff ! ,belgian gov]nm5t1 by ! radical r$uction ( ! t>iff to half a franc1 endeavor$ to r5d] ! s]vice m g5]ally useful to ! p1 x did s at ! exp5se ( ! public treasury2 s9ce on ea* ( ! #b1ahj inl& messages transmitt$ p] day a loss ( ?irty-eight c5times1 or m ?an two ?irds ! e/abli%$ rate1 0 su/a9$2 &1 z we h else:]e /at$1 ?is loss w\ld h be5 mu* great]1 b = a pr(it d]iv$ f int]national & transit messages1 :i* w5t to ! cr$it ( ! :ole s]vice4 ,,s+ul> ,,idea ,,t ,a ,,small ,,telegraph ,,sy/em ,,is ,,m ,,difficult ,,to ,,manage ,,?an ,a ,,l>ge ,,"o4 8,x appe>s to be tol]ably cle>10 says ,mr4 ,wa%burne1 8t1 9 ord] to ass]t ! sup]iority ( a sy/em on a small scale1 x requires ev5 m c>e & great] att5tion to cope ) an increas$ traffic ?an an e/abli%m5t ^: ramifications embrace a l>g] sph]e40 ,?is rem>k is made ) ref]5ce to ! necessity ( great promptitude 9 ! deliv]y ( messages 9 ,belgium1 :]e ! places connect$ are contigu\s1 & conveyance by railroad rapid & frequ5t4 ,x is made also to %[ t x is m difficult "u su* circum/ances to cope ) an enl>g$ use ( ! telegraph ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e1 by reason ( di/ance & ! comp>ative infrequ5cy ( transit by railroad1 ! necessity ( promptitude is presumably less urg5t4 ,at fir/ ! argum5t seems fair1 b :5 exam9$1 x has no f\ndation except 9 ! g5]al fact t di/ance & infrequ5t transit by rail may r5d] ! telegraph valuable & desirable1 ev5 )\t ! promptness ess5tial :]e transit is rapid & frequ5t4 ,! weakness ( ! argum5t is evid5t :5 x is se5 t1 z di/ances decrease1 all ! elem5ts ( co/ & ma9t5ance ( l9es & ! difficulties aris+ f elem5tal di/urbances1 less5 9 ! same proportion4 ,?is admits ( easy illu/ration4 ,look = a mom5t at ,belgium1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,wa%burne treats s copi\sly4 ,locat$ c5trally 9 t k+dom1 9 ! =m ( a triangle1 & sep>at$ f ea* o!r by ab\t ?irty miles ea*1 are h] ?ree *ief cities1 ,gh5t1 ,brussels1 & ,antw]p4 ,to connect ei!r two ( ^! a l9e ( telegraph ?irty miles long is requir$1 :i* gov]nm5t builds ^u its own prop]ty & protects by its own police4 ,h[ev] ?or\ghly built1 its co/ is necess>ily small4 ,!re is no tr\ble or unc]ta9ty 9 work+ x4 ,its v %ortness r5d]s its p]fection 9 ! use ( all ! appliances :i* sci5ce & exp]i5ce h %[n desirable readily & *eaply atta9able1 & x is easily kept 9 ord]4 ,:5 increas$ public use imp]ils promptness by ! limit$ provision ( wires1 t5 m51 9 a s+le week1 c erect ano!r4 ,9 all ?is ! v proximity ( ! po9ts to be connect$ facilitates & economizes e /ep requir$ 9 meet+ ! enl>g$ necessities4 ,! managem5t ( su* l9es1 %ort1 well-gu>d$1 & p]man5t1 is almo/ solely conf9$ to ! arrangem5ts = transmission & deliv]y4 ,9 ,belgium1 !re=e1 :i* conta9s only two ?irds z _m (fices z ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company ma9ta9s 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york alone1 ) h] comm]cial c5tres ne> toge!r1 ) an av]age ( less ?an ?ree wires on h] poles1 ) h] #b1bcb miles ( l9e on gov]nm5t prop]ty & protect$ by its au?ority1 want ( promptness w\ld be inexcusable1 because s easily effect$4 ,7 ,new ,york & ,*icago only ?irty miles ap>t1 & all ! messages ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 n[ approximat+ ?irte5 millions p] annum1 requir$ to be pass$ betwe5 !m at ! rate ( #cf1jjj p] day1 & )9 an av]age ( fifte5 m9utes f ! "t ( _! reception1 z is n[ done betwe5 ! ,*amb]s ( ,comm]ce ( ^! cities1 x c\ld be accompli%$ ) comp>ative ease1 & especially s 7 ! l& :i* ! wires trav]s$ ! prop]ty ( ! company1 & ! l9es gu>d$ by ! nation4 ,once r5d] x easy & inexp5sive to provide a reliable outw>d /ructure1 & ! "w ( ! telegraph becomes a matt] ( simple int]nal organization1 except z competition & ! necessities ( ext5sion 9 a l& s va/ z ours adds to ! ord9>y c>es ( adm9i/ration4 ,! imm5se di/ances betwe5 our c5tres ( comm]ce1 ! multitude ( f> sep>at$ radiat+ c5tres ( bus9ess1 ! great exposure & defective protection ( our l9es1 & con/antly increas+ sy/em ( wires :i* are con/ruct$ z rapidly z new dem&s = _! ext5sion are made1 r5d] ! managem5t ( ?is company "o ( ! mo/ ardu\s & complicat$ ( private ent]prises4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ,europe or else:]e :i* be>s any prop] resemblance to ! ,am]ican telegraph sy/em1 nor ) :i* x c be prop]ly comp>$4 ,betwe5 ! sy/ems ( ,belgium & ! ,unit$ ,/ates we witness ! foll[+ m>k$ contra/4 ,! companies "h h only "o t>iff = transmission1 & all take _! turn4 ,! paym5t ( an extra franc _c1 z 9 ,belgium1 pur*ase priority1 or give "o advantage ov] 8 neighbor4 ,?is is an imposition ( ! gov]nm5t1 simil> to1 & ev5 less def5sible1 ?an t :i* 9 ,engl& requires f\r po/ages to secure ! safety ( a lett]4 ,"h ! companies (f] to gu>antee ! public aga9/ error by an extra paym5t ( "o half ! ord9>y t>iff2 b ! public1 because ( _! confid5ce 9 ! company1 d n avail !mselves ( ?is provision1 to an ext5t ( "o 9 t5 ?\s&6 ,messages s5t 9 ciph]1 = :i* no extra *>ge is made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 c only be s5t 9 ,europe by ! paym5t ( f\r ord9>y t>iffs1 & 9 "s /ates 9 ,europe1 & among o!rs ,france1 ! gov]nm5t w n p]mit _! be+ s5t at all4 ,,necessity ,,= ,,! ,,unification ,,( ,,! ,,telegraph ,,sy/em4 ,x is curi\s to obs]ve t ! reasons assign$ = ! advantages to be ga9$ by gov]nm5tal control are precisely ! same :i* l$ to ! consolidation "u "o managem5t ( ! great mass ( ! ,am]ican l9es1 & :i* has l$ to ! unju/ *>ge ( monopoly z ! "w ( unification has progress$4 ,mr4 ,scudamore says3 8,:5 ,i began to collect ! in=mation on :i* ?is report is bas$1 ,i 0 n free f d\bts z to ! propriety ( ! s*eme2 b1 aft] pati5tly collect+ & consid]+ all ! data :i* ,i c\ld obta91 ,i f\nd myself driv51 by ! m]e =ce ( facts1 to ! conclusion at :i* ,i h arriv$4 ,?is conclusion1 inde$1 is almo/ id5tical ) t to :i* ! directors ( ! ,electric & ,int]national ,telegraph ,company came 9 ! ye> #aheb1 & :i* !y ?us /at$ to _! /ockhold]s3-- 8,! delays1 inaccuracies1 & exp5se ( ! cont95tal telegraphs are an exemplification ( ! great advantage to ! public ( ! adm9i/ration be+ "u a s+le managem5t4 ,?is circum/ance alone admits ( ! e/abli%m5t ( a l[ & uni=m t>iff4444 ,! telegraph has already become a mo/ p[]ful & useful ag5t1 & has1 9 a measure1 be5 adopt$ z a means ( communication by p]sons employ$ 9 comm]cial pursuits1 b1 ow+ to ! want ( prop] arrangem5t & facilities1 & ! fact ( ! managem5t ( ! l9es be+ divid$ by sev]al companies1 )\t unison 9 action or int]e/1 ! public g5]ally h be5 deb>r$ f b5efit+ by ! imm5se accommodation & advantages ! telegraph is capable ( af=d+40 ,9 pres5t+ ! same idea1 ,mr4 ,wa%burne1 ) a loos5ess ( /atem5t = :i* we "k ( no prop] ju/ification1 rem>ks z foll[s3-- 8,!re c be no d\bt t ! sup]iority ( ! cont95tal sy/em ov] e o!r is due to ! fact t ! telegraph !re is a gov]nm5t in/itution1 :ile 9 ?is c\ntry x is left to private ent]prise4 ,individual & associat$ ef=t h done mu*1 b1 ) ! confusion ( our telegraphic sy/em be=e u1 x w\ld be folly to %ut our eyes to ! inh]5t weakness ( all jo9t-/ock ent]prises4 ,abs5ce ( responsibility1 wa/e ( labor1 irresolute c\ncils1 exp5sive managem5t1 want ( effective control ov] subord9ates1 are among ! evils ( su* associations1 to say no?+ ( ! imp]ative dem&s ( /ockhold]s t divid5ds %all be made & t none %all be haz>d$4 ,"u gov]nm5t control "o gov]n+ body w\ld d ! "w n[ done by tw5ty1 & ! obligation to realize pr(its w\ld n int]f]e to prev5t ! r$uction ( rates or ! prop] ext5sion ( ! sy/em40 ,pass+ ov] ! *>ges ( 8wa/e1 irresponsibility1 & irresolute c\ncils10 :i* s]ve to r\nd ! p>agraph 9 :i* !y occur1 ! focal idea is ! effici5cy secur$ by a unit$ control4 ,t is ! v basis ( ?is company's organization4 ,disc>d+ z false & p]il\s any g5]al assumption ( ! ent]prises ( ! p by ! gov]nm5t1 & accept+ its refusal to atta* ! telegraph to its adm9i/ration1 :5 (f]$ to x by its inv5tor1 z = ! be/ int]e/ ( ! nation1 ?is company e>ly saw t unit$ action betwe5 ! extremes ( our t]ritorial limits 0 z ess5tial to its own success z to public conv5i5ce4 ,) num]\s companies1 ( limit$ jurisdiction1 & t>iffs on all bases1--:i* _h to be add$ & dovetail$ to ea* o!r :5ev] a despat* pass$ betwe5 two di/ant places1--!re 0 nei!r c]ta9ty ( correctness1 promptitude1 nor ! possibility ( a l[ & uni=m t>iff4 ,to secure all ( ^! ! lead+ telegraph organizations comb9$4 ,x 0 a /ep necess>y alike = public usefulness & success1 & is accompli%+ all t c\ld be desir$4 ,! sy/em has p5etrat$ f>!r1 & compass$ m t]ritory ?an sep>ate organizations c\ld h attempt$ or ?an ev5 gov]nm5t itself w\ld h be5 will+ to und]take4 ,its adm9i/ration is va/1 h>moni\s1 lib]al1 exact1 economical1 & j4 ,x uses its rev5ues l>gely to ext5d its realm ( usefulness to ! p ( e section ( ! c\ntry4 ,x seeks to secure ! highe/ skill & "* 9 its employees4 ,its aim is to give ! wires to ! use ( ! :ole p on ! l[e/ t]ms consi/5t ) prop] self-support & ! j return :i* capital & skill dem&4 ,x w accompli% all ! nation requires ( x1 if all[$ to solve its own problem1 mak+ ! wires ! accept$ "r arm ( ! public indu/ries1 & ! emblem ( univ]sal unity & good-w4 ,,e/imate ,,( ,,! ,,co/ ,,( ,,build+ ,,telegraph ,,l9es4 ,mr4 ,wa%burne says3-- 8,any "o at all famili> ) ! prices ( mat]ials & labor 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries w see t1 z to mat]ials = ! con/ruction ( l9es1 !y are *eap] "h ?an 9 any ,european c\ntry1 & t ! :ole co/ ( con/ruct+ telegraphic l9es mu/ be less "h ?an 9 ,belgium or ,switz]l&4 ,9 ! latt] c\ntry a l>ge proportion ( ! l9es are erect$ ^u iron po/s1 ! prime co/ ( :i* ) ! /one base is f #f to #i ea*1 or f five to sev5 times ! co/ ( ! po/s usually employ$ 9 ,am]ica4 8,z to ! exact co/ ( con/ruct+ l9es 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates x is difficult to procure reliable data4 ,!re are few que/ions app>5tly s simple ^u :i* s _m conflict+ op9ions h be5 pr9t$4 ,s simple a matt] z ! co/ ( po/s1 say ?irty feet long1 ! plac+ ( !m 9 ! e>?1 furni%+ & plac+ ! necess>y iron wires & insulators & ! fitt+ up ( /ations ) in/rum5ts & furniture1 ought n1 "o w\ld suppose1 to be a difficult ?+ to fix4 ,yet p]sons claim+ to be exp]ts1 & ev5 au?orities 9 all matt]s relat+ to telegraphs1 h diff]$ v widely4 ,mr4 ,prescott1 a telegraph sup]9t5d5t1 & ! au?or ( a "w on #8,electric ,telegraphs1' e/imates ! co/ ( a mile ( telegraph1 built z !y ord9>ily are1 at #fa4hjg4444 ,footnote #g3 ,?is /atem5t 0 writt5 9 #ahei1 & ! object ( ! au?or 0 to %[ ! inf]ior mann] 9 :i* a majority ( ! l9es 7 con/ruct$ at t "t4 8,?is is ab\t ! co/ ( con/ruction ( a majority ( our l9es1 b if built z !y %\ld be1 !y w\ld co/ #aej p] mile4 ,if additional wires are add$1 ea* wire put up w\ld be1 p] mile1 #cb4hj40 ,mr4 ,wa%burne's /atem5t1 t telegraph l9es c be built *eap] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an 9 ,europe1 is entirely incorrect4 ,labor1 wire1 ma*9]y1 insulators1 & e appliance peculi> to ! telegraph1 are v mu* *eap] 9 ,europe ?an 9 ,am]ica1 & l>ge importations ( wire are con/antly be+ made f ,belgium & ,engl&1 not)/&+ ! heavy duty4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! co/ ( labor 9 ,europe & ,am]ica is v great4 ,! mo/ rec5t au!ntic publication on ! subject#h /ates t ! g5]al av]age rates paid = all k9ds ( labor 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom are z foll[s3 ,= adult males1 9 ,engl&1 #d4if p] week2 9 ,scotl&1 #d4eb2 9 ,irel&1 #c4af4 ,= boys & y\?s1 "u tw5ty ye>s ( age1 9 ,engl&1 #a4dd2 9 ,scotl&1 #a4gj2 9 ,irel&1 #a4ch4 ,= adult wom51 9 ,engl&1 #b4gf2 9 ,scotl&1 #b4cb2 9 ,irel&1 #b4jf4 ,= girls1 "u tw5ty ye>s ( age1 9 ,engl&1 #a4hh2 9 ,scotl&1 #a4hj2 9 ,irel&1 #a4fb4 ,^! rates are /at$ to be high1 z comp>$ ) o!r c\ntries 9 ,europe4 ,footnote #h3 ,wages & ,e>n+s ( ! ,work+ ,classes4 ,by ,leone ,levi1 ,f4 ,s4 ,s41 ,f4 ,s4 ,a41 ,pr(essor ( ! ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,comm]ce 9 ,k+'s ,college4 ,london3 ,john ,murray4 #ahfg4 ,9 ,belgium1 coal-m9]s e>n f #cc c5ts to #a4jj p] day1 ! av]age be+ #ef c5ts4 ,9 iron-furnaces1 a puddl] e>ns f #ib c5ts to #a4aj1 & ! "u h&s f #ej c5ts to #fb c5ts p] day4 ,9 iron-f\ndries1 a m\ld] e>ns f #dd c5ts to #fb c5ts p] day4 ,9 ,p>is1 ! av]age = adult male labor is #gf c5ts p] day1 & = wom5 #ch c5ts2 b 9 ! int]ior ( ,france ! price is mu* less4 ,9 ,prussia1 fir/-class eng9e]s e>n #a4aj1 & second-class #hc c5ts4 ,among ! work+ classes 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom are includ$ all :o1 :e!r z work]s = o!rs or z work]s = !mselves1 are employ$ 9 manual labor1 be x productive ( weal? or n2 & !y are divid$ into five classes1 viz4 pr(essional1 dome/ic1 comm]cial1 agricultural1 & indu/rial4 ,! total numb] ( work]s is e/imat$ at elev5 millions1 & ! av]age weekly e>n+s 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom are3 ,m51 "u tw5ty1 #a4ei2 f tw5ty to sixty1 #d4ah2 wom51 "u tw5ty1 #a4gb2 f tw5ty to sixty1 #b4da4 ,av]age weekly e>n+s f e avocation 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 #c4af4 ,?irty p] c5t ( ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom live 9 h\ses ! r5tal ( :i* is less ?an #ca p] annum1 & sev5te5 p] c5t 9 ^? "u #de p] ye>4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ! foll[+ table we h consult$ ,pr(essor ,levi's "w on ,wages & ,e>n+s 9 ,engl&2 8,gov]nm5t & ! ,telegraphs0 7,london1 #ahfh72 8,special ,report on ! ,electric ,telegraph ,bill02 8,publications ( ! ,/ati/ical ,bureau at ,wa%+ton02 & ! (ficial records ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company4 ,/atem5t %[+ ! ,av]age ,co/ ( ,labor 9 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,prices paid p] ,day4 ,engl&4 ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,c>p5t]s & ,build]s #a4ad #c4be ,dock ,labor]s 4#fh #b4be ,eng9e]s #a4cb #c4he ,f>m ,labor]s 4#db #b4jj ,iron ,f\nd]s #a4aj #c4be ,m\ld]s #a4be #c4ej ,lett]-,c>ri]s#i 4#gd #b4ah ,pr9t]s #a4jb #b4ej ,policem5 4#he #c4jj ,railroad ,conductors 4#ib #c4he ,soldi]s 4#bb 4#fb ,s]vant-girls 4#af 4#dh ,telegraph ,employees#aj 4#da #a4bi ,footnote #i3 ,! numb] ( lett]-c>ri]s employ$ by ! ,briti% ,po/-,(fice ,dep>tm5t = ! ye> #ahff 0 #aa1ddi1 & ! total exp5ditures = ! same #b1ffd1jjj1 be+ an av]age ( #bcb4fh p] annum = ea* man4 ,! numb] ( lett]-c>ri]s employ$ by ! ,po/-,(fice ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! ye> #ahff 0 #hfc1 & ! total exp5ditures = ! same #ehi1bcf4da1 be+ an av]age ( #fhb4gg = ea* man4 ,footnote #aj3 ,! co/ ( labor ( telegraph employees is obta9$ by divid+ ! total am\nt paid = labor by ! numb] ( p]sons employ$ ( all k9ds4 ,! av]age price p] day = op]ators 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is #b4be1 & 9 ,engl& #fb c5ts4 ,) a k ( ! great diff]5ce 9 ! co/ ( labor & mat]ial 9 ,europe & ,am]ica :i* ! above /ati/ics %[1 we _c compreh5d ! propriety ( ,mr4 ,wa%burne's ass]tion t ! :ole co/ ( con/ruct+ telegraphic l9es mu/ be less "h ?an 9 ,belgium or ,switz]l&4 ,ev5 our poles are pur*as$ 9 ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada1 & paid = 9 gold4 ,! co/ ( transportation f ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce to ,new ,york _c be mu*1 if any1 m ?an ! co/ ( _! deliv]y at ,london1 ,havre1 or ,brussels4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 telegraph-poles are ( c$> or *e/nut1--m g5]ally ( ! =m]4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! l>* is ! mo/ common2 9 ,russia1 ! p9e2 9 ,france1 p9e1 ald]1 popl>1 & o!r :ite woods2 & 9 ,g]many1 spruce & p9e4#aa ,footnote #aa3 ,telegraph ,manual4 ,! co/ ( a telegraph l9e dep5ds1 l ! co/ ( a h\se or any o!r /ructure1 ^u h[ x is built1 b ,mr4 ,wa%burne1 or any o!r intellig5t man1 ought to "k t ! price appropriat$ 9 8 bill = a f\r-wire l9e f ,wa%+ton to ,new ,york _c possibly build x1 ev5 %\ld gov]nm5t build su* a /ructure z ^? :i* a doz5 ye>s ago curs$ ! ent]prise1 & made x a reproa* & %ame4 ,:5 gov]nm5t builds a l9e ( telegraph on ! plea ( public necessity1 x %\ld require t its /ructures at lea/ be equal to ^? ( its citiz5s4 ,x is n /range t1 ) ! crude & *eap ideas =m$ by ,mr4 ,wa%burne ( telegraph /ructures1 he disp>ages & und]values ! prop]ties ( ! exi/+ companies1 & ridicules ! e/imates furni%$ ,congress 9 _! communications4 ,,d\bts ,,reg>d+ ,,! ,,e/imates ,,( ,,telegraph ,,exp]ts ,,z ,,to ,,co/ ,,( ,,con/ruct+ ,,l9es4 ,we quote f ,mr4 ,wa%burne's pap]3-- 8,9 ,febru>y1 #ahff1 :51 9 view ( ! e/abli%m5t ( an exp]im5tal gov]nm5t l9e ( telegraph1 ! ,po/ma/]-,g5]al 0 call$ ^u = in=mation #89 reg>d to ! feasibility & usefulness ( e/abli%+1 9 connection ) ! ,po/-,(fice ,dep>tm5t1 telegraph l9es1' c41 #8to be op5$ to ! public at m9imum rates ( *>ge1 444 & su* /ati/ics & exhibits pr$icat$ on co/ ( con/ruction & capacity ( transmission z w be/ illu/rate its practicability1' he s5t to ,congress l5g?y /atem5ts1 all ( !m prep>$ by p]sons believ$ to be int]e/$ 9 or (fic]s ( exi/+ companies1 9 :i* ! co/ ( a telegraphic l9e ) six wires is put d[n by "o writ] at #a1djj p] mile1 by o!rs at #ffe1 exclusive ( riv] cables & l9es ?r\gh cities4 8,among o!r /atem5ts s furni%$ is an am5d$ "o by ,mr4 ,prescott1 ^: /atem5t1 :5 made "p ( a "w int5d$ z au?ority 9 telegraphic matt]s1 is quot$ above4 ,= reasons n expla9$ 8 views und]w5t a m>k$ *ange betwe5 #ahfj & #ahff1 & he makes ha/e to refute 8 own previ\s /atem5ts4 ,8 revis$ /atem5t is z foll[s3-- 8#8,x is well kn[n by e p]son :o has any k ( telegraphy 9 ?is c\ntry previ\s to ! publication ( my "w 9 #ahfj1 t comp>atively few l9es _h be5 at t "t ev5 tol]ably well con/ruct$2 & "o object :i* ,i _h 9 view 9 writ+ x 0 to call att5tion to ?is prevail+ fault1 & endeavor to get a bett] sy/em inaugurat$4 8#8,s9ce !n !re has be5 a v m>k$ improvem5t 9 ! con/ruction ( telegraph l9es 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,small poles1 ( inf]ior wood1 :i* requir$ r5ew+ e few ye>s1 h giv5 place to l>ge & m endur+ ones ( *e/nut & c$>1 & small iron wire1 :i* (f]$ great resi/ance to ! passage ( ! electric curr5t1 has giv5 place to z9c-coat$ wire ( l>g] size & great] conductivity4 8#8,b :ile ! quality ( ! l9es has greatly improv$ "u ! exp]i5c$ & lib]al managem5t ( ! telegraph companies1 ! co/ ( con/ruct+ l9es has kept pace ) ! increas$ co/ ( ev]y?+ else1 & has m ?an d\bl$ )9 ! pa/ six ye>s1 s t l9es :i* c\ld h be5 built 9 #ahfj = #aej p] mile c\ld n n[ be con/ruct$ = twice t am\nt4 ,a sub/antial telegraph l9e1 con/ruct$ on ! l9e ( a railroad1 ) c$> or *e/nut poles ?irty feet 9 l5g?1 & six in*es at ! top by twelve at ! butt1 set =ty to ! mile1 ) mo/ improv$ =m ( insulator & be/ galvaniz$ wire1 w\ld co/ #djj p] mile = a s+le wire4 ,if =ty-foot poles 7 us$ 7:i* w\ld be necess>y if _m wires 7 to be plac$ ^u "o set ( poles71 x w\ld co/ #fjj p] mile = a s+le wire4 ,:5 fifty-foot poles are us$1 ! co/ is v greatly enhanc$4 8#8,mr4 ,br[n e/imates ! total co/ ( all ! telegraph prop]ty 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates at 8a little m ?an #b1jjj1jjj40 ,n[1 if we e/imate ! pres5t co/ ( ! l9es & _! equipm5t at ! mod]ate price ( #cjj p] mile1 & ! numb] ( miles ( wire 9 ! c\ntry at only #aej1jjj1 we h a total co/ ( #de1jjj1jjj1 )\t reckon+ ! value ( ! pat5ts1 fran*ises1 c4 8#8,mr4 ,br[n /ates t 8telegraphs prop]ly con/ruct$1 ! timb] well prep>$ & wire protect$1 w la/ = #bj ye>s40 ,?is may be true1 b x rema9s to be prov$4'0 ,we fail to disc]n any refutation by ,mr4 ,prescott ( 8 previ\s /atem5ts4 ,8 reasons = a *ange 9 ! e/imates = build+ a telegraph l9e 9 #ahff ov] ^? ( #ahfj h>dly ne$ be /at$4 ,if ! results ( ! int]v5+ ye>s ( civil w>1 by :i* a million ( able-bodi$ m5 7 cut (f f ! fields ( labor1 ! indu/ries ( ! c\ntry burd5$ ) enorm\s taxes be=e unkn[n1 & prices inflat$ by ! issue ( hundr$s ( millions ( pap] doll>s1 d n sugge/ !m1 !re is small hope ( pr(it f ! practical lessons ( ! times4 ,,incorrect ,,ass]tion ,,t ,,am]ican ,,telegraphs ,,are ,,n ,,con/ruct$ ,,accord+ ,,to ,,specifications4 ,mr4 ,wa%burne says3-- 8,! (fic]s ( ! telegraph companies1 ^: elaborate /atem5t is also =w>d$ by ! ,po/ma/]-,g5]al1 e/imate z foll[s3-- 8#8,co/ ( con/ruction1 includ+ eng9e]+1 pat5ts1 & fran*ises1 p] mile3 "o wire--six wires4 8#8,! co/ ( build+ l9es v>ies accord+ to locality1 timb]1 me?od1 nature ( ! gr\nd1 & ! wires to be borne4 8#8,a l9e f ,new ,york to ,wa%+ton %\ld be ( ! be/ class1 & w\ld be repres5t$ by ! foll[+ figures3-- #dc poles deliv]$ at /ations1 #afa4be #abi arms1 complete1 #abi4jj #dc holes1 five feet deep1 tools1 c41 #cj4jj ,labor1--h&l+1 prep>+1 erect+1 c41 #be4jj ,six wires1 at twelve c5ts p] p\nd1 #bdj4jj ,labor1--wir+1 transportation1 c41 #cj4jj ,di/ribut+ poles1 #be4jj ,sup]9t5d5ce1 c41 #be4jj ---------------- #ffe4be #bdj miles at #ffe4be1 ,wa%+ton to ,new ,york1 #aei1ffj ,l9es ?r\gh ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 ,baltimore1 & ,wa%+ton1 #af1jjj #bb cables at riv]s s\? ( ! ,hudson1 #bj1jjj ,cable at ,hudson ,riv]1 h\se1 boats1 c41 #h1jjj ---------------- #bjc1ffj 8#8,! co/ ( fran*ises & pat5ts _c be giv54 8#8,su* a l9e built by gov]nm5t1 c>efully1 & ) ref]5ce to p]man5ce1 ) six wires1 w\ld co/ #bej1jjj4 8#8,if1 h[ev]1 x is s]i\sly contemplat$ by ! gov]nm5t to con/ruct l9es along ! great comm]cial r\tes1 & if x be ! design 9 s do+ to remove f ! sy/em1 by e atta9able appliance or improvem5t1 all its asc]ta9$ defects1 a /ructure ( l>g] poles1 & wires ( sup]ior conduct+ qualities1 w be built4 ,su* a l9e %\ld be con/ruct$ ( ! mo/ solid & durable wood1 su* z ! black locu/1 s t masses ( sleet or moi/ sn[1 s de/ructive to pres5t l9es1 w\ld leave x un9jur$4 ,heavi] wires also1 :i*1 by _! increas$ conduct+ capacity1 w\ld give great] facility & c]ta9ty to transmission1 %\ld be us$4 8#8,^! improvem5ts1 ) great] c>e tak5 9 ! execution ( ! "w ?an 9 t ( ord9>y /ructures1 w1 ( c\rse1 increase its co/ 9 proportion to ! c>e be/[$4 ,& %\ld ! gov]nm5t det]m9e to provide facilities equal to ^? n[ pr(f]$ by private companies1 x w\ld be necess>y to erect at lea/ five l9es ( poles be>+ six wires ea*1 t be+ ! numb] 7?irty 9 all7 n[ 9 use betwe5 ,new ,york & ,wa%+ton by all ! companies4 8#8,a common wire l9e1 int5d$ to be> "o1 & n m ?an two wires1 c be built = #aej to #ahj p] mile1 ! wire be+ numb] n9e1 galvaniz$1 ! poles ( limit$ size1 & co/+ n ov] #a4be ea*4' 8,x n[h]e appe>s t su* l9es z all ^! writ]s insi/ %all be built by ! gov]nm5t h ev] be5 built 9 ?is or any o!r c\ntry4 ,!y seem to h tak5 x z matt] ( c\rse t ! gov]nm5t1 if ! exp]im5t propos$ %\ld be tri$1 w dep>t f ! usual me?od ( con/ruction & build ! novel & co/ly /ructures = :i* _! e/imates are made4 ,"o looks 9 va9 9 ! communication s5t to ,congress by ! ,po/ma/]-,g5]al = any reliable in=mation z to ! co/ ( a telegraphic l9e1 con/ruct$ z su* l9es are 9 ?is & o!r c\ntries1 & su* a l9e z ! gov]nm5t1 if x %\ld be det]m9$ to build an exp]im5tal l9e1 w\ld probably build40 ,,co/ ,,( ,,am]ican ,,telegraphs ,,e/imat$ ,,by ,,european ,,data4 ,9 reply to ,mr4 ,wa%burne's /atem5t t no su* l9es z all ^! writ]s insi/ %all be built by ! gov]nm5t h ev] be5 built 9 ?is or any o!r c\ntry1 we respectfully1 b firmly1 ass]t t he is mi/ak54 ,?is company possesses ?\s&s ( miles ( telegraph l9es con/ruct$ aft] ! specifications giv5 above1 & co/+ z mu* z ! e/imates :i* he s emphatically di/ru/s4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to set ?is matt] ( co/ at re/1 we w endeavor to e/abli% x by comp>ison ) ^? ( all o!r c\ntries ( :i* we h be5 able to procure (ficial data4 ,mr4 ,frank ,ives ,scudamore1 "o ( ! assi/ant secret>ies ( ! ,briti% ,po/-,(fice1 & ! g5tleman :o furni%$ ! reports & data by :i* ! ,briti% gov]nm5t 7 induc$ to monopolize ! telegraph 9 t c\ntry1 & :o %[s no disposition to ov]value ! prop]ty or s]vices ( private telegraph companies1 te/ifi$ be=e ! select committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 ,july #i1 #ahfh1 t ! total numb] ( miles ( telegraph 9 op]ation 9 ,great ,brita9 9 #ahff 0 #af1jjj1 & t ! companies exp5d$ 9 con/ruct+ ! same ab\t #b1cjj1jjj4ab ,footnote #ab3 ,special ,report1 ,electric ,telegraph ,bill1 ord]$ by ! ,h\se ( ,commons to be pr9t$1 #af ,july1 #ahfh4 ,see te/imony on pages #adi & #aej4 ,! capital /ock ( ! v>i\s companies repres5t$ a l>g] sum ?an ?is1 & ,mr4 ,scudamore himself ackn[l$ges t he has got ! am\nt "u ! m>k r ?an ov] x2 !re=e we presume t ,mr4 ,wa%burne w all[ ?is to be a fair e/imate4 ,n[ #b1cjj1jjj /]l+ is equal to #aa1acb1jjj 9 gold1 or #af1dge1cfj 9 ,unit$ ,/ates legal money4 ,?is sum1 divid$ by #af1jjj miles ( l9e1 gives u #a1jbi4ga z ! co/ p] mile4 ,! ,belgian sy/em compris$1 at ! end ( #ahff1 #c1eai kilometres ( telegraph l9es1 equal to #b1ahg ,engli% miles4 ,! co/ ( con/ruct+ ^! l9es1 up to ,decemb]1 #ahff1 am\nt$ to #b1jee1jhc francs1 equal to #daa1jaf4fj gold1 or #fjh1cjd4ef curr5cy2 :i* w\ld give #bgd4ad = ea* mile ( l9e4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t ! ,belgian gov]nm5t1 own+ all ! railroads1 c\ld transport all ! telegraph mat]ial free1 & 9 _m o!r ways greatly r$uce ! co/ ( ! l9es2 ( c\rse ! "r ( way co/ !m no?+1 & ) u ?is is an important item4 ,bav>ia has #b1aae miles ( l9e1 :i* co/ = con/ruction #hdc1bjg flor9s1 equal to #cdj1jib4bh gold1 or #ejc1cch4ce 9 our curr5cy4 ,?is w\ld make ! co/ p] mile #bdj4 ,! same conditions1 h[ev]1 :i* r$uc$ ! co/ ( con/ruction 9 ,belgium t5d$ to ! same result 9 ,bav>ia4 ,9 ,france !re are #bj1jbh miles ( l9es co/+ #bc1hjj1gia francs1 equal to #d1gfj1aeh4bj 9 gold1 or #g1jde1jcd4ac 9 curr5cy1 mak+ ! av]age co/ ( ea* mile ( l9e #cea4ge4 ,,recapitulation4 ,av]age co/ p] mile ( telegraph l9e 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 #a1jbi4ga ,av]age co/ p] mile ( telegraph l9e 9 ,belgium1 #bgd4ad ,av]age co/ p] mile ( telegraph l9e 9 ,bav>ia1 #bdj4jj ,av]age co/ p] mile ( telegraph l9e 9 ,france1 #cea4ge ,total co/ ( telegraphs 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 #af1dge1cfj4jj ,total co/ ( telegraphs 9 ,belgium1 #fjh1cjd4ef ,total co/ ( telegraphs 9 ,bav>ia1 #ejc1cch4ce ,total co/ ( telegraphs 9 ,france1 #g1jde1jcd4ac ---------------------------- ,total co/ = ! f\r c\ntries1 #bd1fcb1jcg4jd ,total numb] ( miles ( telegraph l9e 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 #af1jjj ,total numb] ( miles ( telegraph l9e 9 ,belgium1 #b1ahg ,total numb] ( miles ( telegraph l9e 9 ,bav>i1 #b1aae ,total numb] ( miles ( telegraph l9e 9 ,france1 #bj1jbh ------------ ,total numb] ( miles ( telegraph 9 ! f\r c\ntries1 #dj1ccj ,av]age co/ ( con/ruction ( ea* mile ( telegraph l9e = ! f\r c\ntries above nam$1 #faj4gf ,,value ,,( ,,we/]n ,,union ,,telegraph ,,prop]ty1 ,,bas$ ,,on ,,european ,,data4 ,! numb] ( miles ( l9e belong+ to ?is company is #ej1gfj1 & ! numb] ( miles ( wire is #ig1daf4 ,tak+ ! av]age co/ p] mile ( telegraph l9e 9 ,engl& z a basis = a calculation ( ! co/ ( ! l9es ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company1 we h a total value ( #eb1aff1jgi4fj4 ,if we e/imate ! co/ ( our l9es by ! av]age co/ ( all ! telegraph l9es 9 ,europe ( :i* any /ati/ics c be obta9$1 we h a total value ( #ca1jjb1agg4fj4 ,mu* has be5 said respect+ ! alleg$ unreasonably l>ge capital ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company4 ,?is company 0 organiz$ 9 ! ye> #ahea1 ) a capital ( ?ree hundr$ & sixty ?\s& doll>s1 & con/ruct$ a l9e ( electric telegraph f ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y41 to ,l\isville1 ,ky41 di/ance ab\t six hundr$ miles4 ,! co/ ( ! l9e1 on a gold basis1 0 ?us #fjj p] mile4 ,! pres5t ext5t ( l9e belong+ to ?is company1 if e/imat$ by ! co/ ( ! orig9al l9e1 & =ty p] c5t be add$ = ! premium on gold1 w\ld give u #db1fch1djj z its value4 ,on ! basis ( ! co/ ( ! l9es ( ! ,atlantic & ,pacific ,telegraph ,company1 ! capital ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company w\ld be ab\t #ajj1jjj1jjj1 &1 on t ( "s o!r rival l9es1 ne>ly #bjj1jjj1jjj4 ,! gross receipts ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company f ,july #a1 #ahff1 to ,novemb] #a1 #ahfh1--two ye>s & f\r mon?s1--7 #af1jhh1dih4hf1 & ! gross exp5ses #i1hfb1bgb4ca2 leav+ #f1bbf1bbe4ge z ! net e>n+s1 be+ an av]age ( ov] sev5 p] c5t p] annum on ! capital ( ! company1 :i* is #dj1cdg1gjj4 ,aft] apply+ #a1icd1jdj4fa ( ! receipts ( ! pa/ two ye>s t[>ds ! con/ruction ( new l9es1 & ! r$emption ( ! bonds ( ! company1 x has made1 ) "o exception1 regul> semiannual divid5ds ( two p] c5t4 ,su* a prop]ty z ?is1 if situat$ 9 ,engl&1 or any o!r c\ntry 9 ,europe1 w\ld be reg>d$ z s valuable t its /ock w\ld be held at p>1 & yet x is sell+ 9 our m>kets at ! pres5t "t at sixty-f\r p] c5t disc\nt1 or at ?irty-six doll>s p] %>e6 ,at ?is price ! entire prop]ty1 includ+ paym5t ( ! bond$ debt1 w\ld only co/ #ai1dae1fgb4 ,n[ :at is ! explanation ( ?is s+ul> di/ru/ ( ! value ( ?is great prop]ty z %[n by its insignificant pres5t m>ket value8 ,less ?an f\r ye>s ago ! /ock sold at above p>1 & its e>n+s & prospects 7 !n inf]ior to :at !y are at ! pres5t "t4 ,an exam9ation ( ! tables on page #ci w %[ t ! gross receipts & net e>n+s h con/antly increas$ dur+ ! pa/ two & a half ye>s1 & !re is e reason1 s f> z ! managem5t & prosp]ity ( ! company is conc]n$1 :y its m>ket value %\ld h increas$ in/ead ( depreciat+4 ,! explanation = ?is s+ul> /ate ( ?+s is to be f\nd 9 ! con/ant agitation 9 ,congress ( v>i\s s*emes = ! con/ruction & op]ation ( gov]nm5t telegraphs1 at prices v mu* l[] ?an ! co/ ( ! s]vice4 ,let any indu/ry be ?us con/antly m5ac$1 & x mu/ necess>ily suff] 9 public e/imation z a safe inve/m5t4 ,we tru/ ! subject w be effectually settl$ dur+ ! pres5t session ( ,congress1 & ! incubus :i* has s long re/$ ^u ?is important ent]prise be remov$4 ,,errone\s ,,e/imate ,,( ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,we/]n ,,union ,,telegraph ,,company',s ,,prop]ty4 ,mr4 ,wa%burne says3-- 8,! /atem5t furni%$ by ! (fic]s ( ! telegraph companies1 = ! in=mation ( ! ,po/ma/]-,g5]al1 & by him =w>d$ to ,congress z 8 reply to ! call = in=mation1 is well calculat$ to remove all d\bts z to ! value ( ?is k9d ( prop]ty4 ,among o!r items ( in=mation is ! foll[+3-- 8,! l5g? ( wire own$ by ! ,we/]n ,union & ,unit$ ,/ates companies is #fj1jjj miles4#ac ,! av]age co/1 z bas$ on ! n[ unit$ capital1 is #dej p] mile4 ,?is embraces1 besides ! poles1 wires1 & app>atus1 ! foll[+3-- ,footnote #ac3 ,?is e/imate 0 made be=e ! consolidation ( ! ,am]ican ,telegraph ,company & o!r prop]ties ) ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company1 & :5 its capital 0 only #bg1jjj1jjj4 ,inve/$ 9 build+s1 #ie1bjh4hc ,/ocks 9 o!r companies1 #a1dbi1ijj4jj ,(fice fitt+s1 #cfj1jjj4jj 8,x is rem>kable t :ile ! l5g? ( wire is giv51 ! l5g? ( l9e n[h]e appe>s4#ad ,!re is a va/ diff]5ce betwe5 ! co/ ( a telegraph l9e & a telegraphic wire4 ,we h se5 ! co/ ( a l9e ) a s+le wire e/imat$ at #fa4hj1 & ea* additional wire plac$ on ! same po/s1 #ca4hj p] mile4 ,footnote #ad3 ,we h giv5 ! l5g? ( ! l9es1 z well z ! l5g? ( ! wires belong+ to ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company1 on page #cb4 8,9 ! abs5ce ( any exact in=mation on ! subject1 we may fairly e/imate t ! l9es ( ! companies nam$ av]age ?ree wires to ea* l9e4 ,!y possess1 !n1 #bj1jjj miles ( telegraph l9e1 ) an av]age ( ?ree wires !reon4 ,!y speak ( #8s+le wire l9es co/+ #ahj p] mile4' ,?is e/imate is too high = any l9e n[ 9 use2 b if x be adopt$ z ! basis ( calculation1 & an all[ance ( #de p] mile be made = ea* additional wire1 we h1 = ! #bj1jjj miles ( l9e own$ by ! companies nam$1 a co/ ( #e1djj1jjj1 repres5t$ by a capital /ock ( #da1jjj1jjj6 #8,! av]age co/' p] mile ( ea* wire susp5d$ on _! l9es1 #8z bas$ on ! n[ unit$ capital1 is #dej p] mile4' ,if #8! unit$ capital' _h be5 bas$ ^u ! actual co/ ( ! prop]ty ( ! company1 x w\ld h be5 ne>] #d1jjj1jjj ?an #da1jjj1jjj4 8,! #8in=mation' furni%$ to ! ,po/ma/]-,g5]al is compil$ ) ! evid5t int5t to disc\rage ! exp]im5t !n contemplat$4 ,x is incomplete1 & is compil$ ) an int5t to mislead4 ,to any "o :o w take ! tr\ble to exam9e x c>efully1 & to apply ! prop] te/s to its ass]tions1 x furni%es additional argum5ts 9 favor ( a c>eful exp]im5t by ! gov]nm5t 9 ! con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( telegraph l9es "u control ( ! ,po/-,(fice ,dep>tm5t40 ,to impugn ! motives ( an oppon5t is ! weake/ ( argum5ts4 ,if 8 /atem5ts are wrong1 x is easy to %[ :]e91 b :olesale d5unciation conv9ces no "o ( ! /r5g? ( ! cause or ! culpability ( ! assail$4 ,we d n "q ,mr4 ,wa%burne's hone/y ( purpose 9 mak+ 8 unju/ & extremely errone\s /atem5ts reg>d+ ! prop]ty or executive ability ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company1 b we d say t he is mo/ egregi\sly deceiv$ ^u all po9ts :i* he has discuss$4 ,9 reply to ! *>ges :i* ,mr4 ,wa%burne br+s aga9/ ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company1 ( compil+ in=mation = ! ,po/ma/]-,g5]al ) an int5t to mislead1 ( exagg]at+ ! co/ ( con/ruction ( l9es1 & misrepres5t+ ! value ( its own1 we respectfully pres5t ! foll[+ facts respect+ ! organization ( ! company1 ! am\nt ( its capital1 ! numb] ( miles ( l9e & ! numb] ( miles ( r\te1 toge!r ) a /atem5t ( ! numb] ( skill$ p]sons 9 its employ4 ,,! ,,organization ,,( ,,! ,,we/]n ,,union ,,telegraph ,,company4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahff !re 7 ?ree telegraph companies1 cov]+ va/ areas ( t]ritory 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,two ( ^! companies op]at$ l9es ov] sep>ate divisions ( ! c\ntry1 b work$ 9 connection ) ea* o!r1 :ile ! ?ird1 :i* cov]$ "s portions ( ! t]ritory ( ! o!rs1 0 a competitor = ! bus9ess ( all sections4 ,^! ?ree companies 7 ! ,we/]n ,union1 ) l9es ext5d+ f ,new ,york to ,cali=nia1 & ?r\gh\t ! ,we/]n ,/ates2 ! ,am]ican1 ) l9es ext5d+ f ! ,gulf ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & ?r\gh ! l[] ,mississippi & ,ohio ,valleys2 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) l9es ext5d+ f ,portl&1 ,me41 to ,ri*mond1 ,va41 & f ,new ,york to ,kansas4 ,! necessity = direct communication betwe5 ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/1 & ! economy ( "o set ( (fic]s & employees in/ead ( two1 dem&$ ! consolidation ( ! ,am]ican & ! ,we/]n ,union2 & ! /ill great] sav+ to all ! companies by ! unit+ ( ! l9es & (fices ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) ^? ( ! o!r two equally necessitat$ its amalgamation ) ! o!rs4 ,p> ,value4 ,m>ket ,value4 ,! capital ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company1 :i* _h sold at p> & ov] 9 #bb1jjj1jjj #bb1jjj1jjj #ahfe1 0 ,! capital /ock ( ! ,am]ican ,telegraph ,company1 :i* sold at #ahj p] %>e 9 #d1jjj1jjj #g1bjj1jjj #ahfe1 0 ,! capital /ock ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates #aa1jjj1jjj #aa1jjj1jjj ,telegraph ,company 0 ---------------------- ---------------------- #cg1jjj1jjj #dj1bjj1jjj ,! proportion ( l9es & wires to ! capital v>i$ ) ea* company1 ! ,am]ican company hav+ ! great] numb]2 & 9 ! t]ms ( consolidation ^! diff]5ces 7 equitably arrang$1 & ! capital /ock ( ! consolidat$ company 0 e/abli%$ z foll[s3-- ,,f9ancial ,,/ati/ics ,,( ,,! ,,we/]n ,,union ,,telegraph ,,company4 ,,capital ,,/ock4 ,at ! date ( ! ,report ( ,octob]1 #ahfe1 ! capital /ock ( ! company issu$ 0 #ba1cee1ajj ,x has s9ce be5 increas$ z foll[s3-- ,octob]1 #ahfe1 by conv]sion ( bonds #ejj ,novemb]1 #ahfe1 by ex*ange = /ock ( ,cali=nia ,/ate ,telegraph ,company #abb1ejj ,decemb]1 #ahfe1 by ex*ange = ,lodi ,telegraph ,/ock #ejj ,decemb]1 #ahfe1 by ex*ange = ,trumansburg & ,s5eca ,falls ,telegraph ,/ock1 #c1ejj ,decemb]1 #ahfe1 by issue to ,hicks ,wright = ,repeat] ,pat5t1 #a1ejj ,decemb]1 #ahfe1 by ex*ange = ,miss\ri & ,we/]n ,telegraph ,/ock1 #djj ,decemb]1 #ahfe1 by ex*ange = ,h\se ,telegraph ,/ock1 #a1djj ,april1 #ahff1 by #b p]c5t ,/ock ,divid5d1 to equalize /ock z p] ,consolidation ,agreem5ts1 #dgb1cjj ,april1 #ahff1 by consolidation ) ,unit$ ,/ates ,telegraph ,company1 #c1hde1hjj ,june1 #ahff1 by issue = ,unit$ ,/ates ,pacific ,l9es1 #c1ccc1cjj ,july1 #ahff1 by consolidation ) ,am]ican ,telegraph ,company1 #aa1hah1hjj ,july1 #ahff1 by ex*ange = ,p4 ,c4 ,l4 ,telegraph ,/ock1 #d1ajj ,decemb] #a1 #ahfg1 by fractions conv]t$1 to date1 #di1ajj ---------------------- ,total pres5t capital1 #da1jjh1hjj ,( ! /ock issu$ = ,unit$ ,/ates ,pacific ,l9es !re 0 return$ to ! company1 z consid]ation = complet+ con/ruction ( ,pacific ,l9e1 #hhc1cjj ,! company owns also1 #abj1hjj -------------------- #a1jjd1ajj ,out ( ?is we h issu$ =-- ,s\!rn ,express ,co4's ,telegraph ,l9es1 #aej1jjj ,cali=nia ,/ate ,telegraph ,co4's ,/ock1 #abd1gjj ,o!r ,telegraph ,l9es1 #hj1jjj -------------------- #ced1gjj -------------------- ,n[ own$ by ! company1 #fdi1djj ,balance1 on :i* we are liable = divid5ds1 #dj1cei1djj ,,bond$ ,,debt4 ,bonds ( ! ,am]ican ,telegraph ,company1 due 9 #ahgc1 #hi1ejj ,bonds ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company1 due 9 #ahge1 #d1heg1cjj ---------------------- ,total ,bond$ ,debt1 ,decemb] #a1 #ahfg1 #d1idf1hjj ,! great] portion ( ! debt ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company 0 incurr$ 9 ! gr& attempt to con/ruct a l9e on ! ,nor?we/ ,coa/1 & across ,behr+s ,/rait to connect ) ! ,russian l9e at ! m\? ( ! ,amoor ,riv]1 kn[n z ,coll9s's ,ov]l& ,l9e to ,europe1 :i* 0 ab&on$ on ! successful subm]g5ce & op]ation ( ! ,atlantic ,cable4 ,! f9ancial condition ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company ,may #a1 #ahfh1 0 z foll[s3-- ,,capital ,,/ock4 ,at ! date ( ! ,report ( ,janu>y #a1 #ahfh1 ! ,capital ,/ock ( ! ,company1 issu$1 01 #da1jjh1hjj4jj ,x has s9ce be5 increas$ z foll[s3-- ,by ex*ange = ,unit$ ,/ates ,telegraph ,/ock1 #aj1hjj4jj ,by ex*ange = ,am]ican ,telegraph ,/ock1 #b1djj4jj ,by ex*ange = ,h\se ,telegraph ,/ock1 #ajj4jj ,by fractions conv]t$1 #fjj4jj ------------------------ #ac1ijj4jj ---------------------------- ,total ,capital ,/ock issu$ ,may #a1 #ahfh1 #da1jbb1gjj4jj ,( ?is !re is own$ by ! ,company1 #fge1jjj4jj ---------------------------- ,balance on :i* divid5ds are payable1 #dj1cdg1gjj4jj ,,bond$ ,,debt4 ,bonds out/&+ ,decemb] #a1 #ahfg1 #d1idf1hjj4jj ,bonds ( #ahge s9ce pur*as$ & cancell$1 #ef1cjj4jj ---------------------------- ,balance ( ,bond$ ,debt ,may #a1 #ahfh1 #d1hij1ejj4jj ,matur+ z foll[s3 ,9 #ahgc1 #hi1ejj4jj ,matur+ z foll[s3 ,9 #ahge1 #d1hja1jjj4jj ------------------------ #d1hij1ejj4jj ,,prop]ty ,,acc\nt4 ,telegraph ,l9es & ,prop]ty1 ,decemb] #a1 #ahfg1 #dg1gcc1fdj4fh ,s9ce add$1 ,by ex*ange ( ,/ocks1 z p] ,/ock ,acc\nt1 #ac1cjj4jj ,by ,application ( ,pr(its3-- ,con/ruction ,acc\nt1 #ajc1eib4ac ,pur*ase ( ,telegraph ,/ocks1 #bc1hjf4ff ,pur*ase ( ,real ,e/ate1 #c1jaa4ad ------------------------ #acj1dji4ic ------------------------ #adc1gji4ic ---------------------------- ,total ,prop]ty ,acc\nt1 ,may #a1 #ahfh1 #dg1hgg1cej4fa ,,/ock1 ,,bond1 ,,& ,,prop]ty ,,balances1 ,,may #a1 #ahfh4 ,assets4 ,liabilities4 ,telegraph ,l9es1 ,equipm5t1 ,fran*ises1 etc41 #dg1jea1ceh4di ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,/ock own$ by ,company1 #ffg1cdb4ej ,productive ,/ock 9 o!r ,telegraph ,companies1 #eb1dga4ha ,real ,e/ate1 #ajf1agg4ha ,capital ,/ock1 #da1jbb1gjj4jj ,fractional ,%>es1 #ae1aaj4jj ,bond$ ,debt1 #d1hij1ejj4jj ,bond & ,mortgage1 ,buffalo ,prop]ty1 #ae1jjj4jj ,pr(its us$ = ,pur*ase ( ,prop]ty1 & ,r$emption ( ,bonds1 #a1icd1jdj4fa ---------------------------- ---------------------------- #dg1hgg1cej4fa #dg1hgg1cej4fa ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,income ,,& ,,exp5ses ,,f ,,july #a1 #ahff1 ,,to ,,novemb] #a1 #ahfh4 #ahff4 ,gross ,receipts4 ,exp5ses4 ,net ,pr(its4 ,july1 #efb1bib4ig #daj1chb4dj #aea1iaj4eg ,augu/1 #edh1gaf4if #cdf1gdb4ca #bja1igd4fe ,septemb]1 #eef1iee4ie #bih1ica4ii #beh1jbc4if ,octob]1 #fbc1ebh4ca #cdd1bde4jg #bgi1bhc4bd ,novemb]1 #ega1jcf4jb #cbb1ejh4ff #bdh1ebg4cf ,decemb]1 #eea1iga4dj #cjb1eif4da #bdi1cgd4ii ,janu>y1 #ehj1efj4ec #cda1ajd4ga #bci1dee4hb ,febru>y1 #dhc1dda4gg #cad1fag4bf #afh1hbd4ea ,m>*1 #ecj1fdb4ff #big1jgf4ei #bcc1eff4jg ,april1 #ede1ehf4cj #cbj1hfi4da #bbd1gaf4hi ,may1 #ebe1dcg4id #cbf1hbi4hc #aih1fjh4aa ,june1 #dhh1ged4ee #cah1ajj4ii #agj1fec4ef ,july1 #ecf1aef4hi #cfj1iag4ec #age1bci4cf ,augu/1 #egj1fgf4he #cge1igj4ag #aid1gjf4fh ,septemb]1 #fja1edh4gi #cge1fda4ej #bbe1ijg4bi ,octob]1 #fbh1hcf4gd #cic1dei4ib #bce1cgf4hb ,novemb]1 #ehc1gbc4ff #cgj1dbi4eg #bac1bid4ji ,decemb]1 #egf1ace4ai #cgi1bia4ce #aif1hdc4hd #ahfh4 ,janu>y1 #eci1gid4jj #cff1ddf4jb #agc1cdg4ih ,febru>y1 #fjj1ahc4cb #cde1hee4eb #bed1cbg4hj ,m>*1 #ehg1ifb4bc #cce1idg4fd #beb1jad4eh ,april1 #fjb1beg4je #cef1cdi4ah #bde1ijg4hg ,may1 #eig1cgd4dg #cdi1afe4da #bdh1bji4jf ,june1 #egi1iaa4jj #cec1cge4ej #bbf1ece4ej ,july1 #fja1gcj4fa #cif1afc4ff #bje1eff4ie ,augu/1 #fjb1cjd4gc #cgf1deb4jc #bbe1heb4gj ,septemb]1 #fcj1ffe4cf #cgb1aig4ej #beh1dfg4hf ,octob]1 #fhj1caa4ha #daj1fjd4ag #bfi1gjg4fd ---------------------------- ---------------------------- ---------------------------- #af1jhh1dih4hf #i1hfb1bgb4ca #f1bbf1bbe4ge ,,/ations1 ,,l9es1 ,,& ,,employees ,,( ,,! ,,we/]n ,,union ,,telegraph ,,company4 ,! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company alone has #c1cca ,telegraph ,(fices1 #ej1gfj ,miles ( ,l9e1 #ig1daf ,miles ( ,telegraphic ,wire1 #bfe ,subm>9e ,cables1 #f1chi ,skill$ p]sons 9 its employ4 ,,engli% ,,& ,,am]ican ,,telegraphs ,,comp>$4 ,x has be5 %[n t1 sev]al ye>s be=e !re is any record ( regul> public telegraph bus9ess 9 cont95tal ,europe1 ! sy/em 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 9 popul> use4 ,!re c be no "q t :at re/ra9$ its use 9 ,europe = s _m ye>s 0 gov]nm5tal jeal\sy ( its p[]1 & n ignorance ( its capacity4 ,! subject 0 freely canvass$ 9 ! public pr9ts1 & 0 famili> to ! le>n$ m5 ( all ,european nations4 ,ev5 9 ,engl&1 ^: gov]nm5t aid$ its introduction ?r\gh private ent]prise1 ! employm5t ( ! telegraph 0 h9d]$ by a t>iff s high z to %ut x out f g5]al use4 ,respect+ ?is latt] fact1 s z to give 9 m m>k$ contra/ ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! telegraph on ! two cont95ts1 a few details are giv54 ,! ,electric ,telegraph ,company ( ,engl& 0 incorporat$ 9 #ahdf1 & seems to h made its fir/ "w 9 ! connection ( ! railway /ations1 po/-(fice1 police1 admiralty1 ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 ,buck+ham ,palace1 c4 ,z late z #ahea only eighty /ations 9 ! prov9ces1 includ+ ! *ief cities & outpo/s1 _h be5 op5$4 ,priority ( s]vice 0 secur$ to ! gov]nm5t1 & ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate 0 emp[]$1 on extraord9>y occasions1 to take possession ( all telegraph /ations & hold !m = a week1 ) p[] to cont9ue s to d4 ,! t>iff ( *>ges adopt$ 01 = tw5ty words1 includ+ address & signature1 "o p5ny p] mile = ! fir/ fifty miles2 "o half-p5ny = ! second fifty2 & "o f>?+ = any di/ance beyond #ajj miles4 ,! l[e/ *>ge 0 #bs4 #f;d41 /]l+4 ,?is t>iff exi/$ z late z #ahea4 ,comp>e ^! rates ) ^? ( ! ,am]ican l9es at ! same p]iod4 ,f ,london to ,york1 a di/ance ( ab\t #bcj miles1 ! *>ge 0 #is41 equal to #b4be gold4 ,f ,new ,york to ,bo/on1 a di/ance ( #bbj miles1 ! t>iff = t5 words1 exclusive ( address & signature1 0 tw5ty c5ts6 ,f ,london to ,ed9burgh1 a di/ance ( ab\t #djj miles1 ! *>ge 0 #acs41 or #c4be1 :ile f ,new ,york to ,buffalo1 #ejj miles1 ! *>ge 0 =ty c5ts4 ,on ! ,engli% t>iff ( *>ges1 a message f ,new ,york to ,new ,orleans w\ld h be5 #aa4df2 ! actual t>iff 0 #b4ej4 ,,ackn[l$g$ ,,sup]iority ,,( ,,! ,,e>ly ,,am]ican ,,s]vice4 ,on ?is subject we h ! te/imony ( "o ( ! be/ ( ,briti% popul> publications1--8,*amb]s's ,pap]s = ! ,p10 publi%$ 9 #ahea1--^: words we quote3-- 8,! scale ( *>ges 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is mu* l[] ?an 9 ?is c\ntry2 ! electric telegraph is consequ5tly m available to ! great] "p ( ! population engag$ 9 comm]cial affairs4 ,ap>t f bus9ess & politics1 ! ,am]icans h made ! telegraph subs]vi5t to o!r uses2 m$ical practition]s 9 di/ant t[ns h be5 consult$1 & _! prescriptions transmitt$ along ! wire2 & a %ort "t s9ce a gallant g5tleman 9 ,bo/on m>ri$ a lady 9 ,new ,york by telegraph1--a process :i* may sup]s$e ! necessity = elopem5t1 provid$ ! law hold ! c]emony valid4 ,a favorable idea ( ! imm$iate practical utility ( ! telegraph may be ga!r$ f a communication to ! pres5t writ] f ,new ,york4 #8,! telegraph1' he writes1 #8is us$ 9 ?is c\ntry by all classes except ! v poore/1 ! same z ! mail4 ,! mo/ ord9>y messages are s5t 9 ?is way1--a joke1 an invitation to a p>ty1 an inquiry ab\t heal?1 c4 ,at ! (fices !y are accommodat+1 & w inquire ab\t messages t h misc>ri$ or h n be5 answ]$1 )\t extra *>ge4' ,! l9es 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are c>ri$ across ! c\ntry reg>dless ( travell$ ?or\ghf>es2 ov] tracts ( s& & swamp1 ?r\gh ! wild primeval =e/ :]e man has n yet begun 8 conte/ ) nature1 :]e ev5 ! rudim5ts ( civilization are yet to be le>n$4 ,away x /ret*es1 ! metallic indicator ( intellectual supremacy1 trav]s+ regions haunt$ by ! rattlesnake & ! alligator1 solitudes t re-e*o ) nocturnal h[l+s ( ! wolf & ! be>4 ,communications are ma9ta9$ f ,nor? to ,s\?1 ,ea/ & ,we/1 ?r\gh all ! l5g? & bread? ( ! mighty ,union1 & ) a frequ5cy & social purpose exce$+ t ( any o!r nation4 ,9 "o /ret*1 ,ma9e & ,v]mont1 :]e w9t] ) deepe/ sn[s & arctic temp]ature usurps six mon?s ( ! ye>1 are unit$ ) ! l&s ( ! tropics1 :]e ! magnolia blooms & palm-trees gr[ 9 p]petual summ]4 ,subord9ate l9es br+ ! great lakes--! inl& seas--into direct communication ) ! ocean ports on ! ea/]n %ore4 ,no?+ /ops ! re/less1 ent]pris+ _s ( t p40 ,,rem>kably ,,l[ ,,t>iffs ,,( ,,! ,,e>ly ,,am]ican ,,telegraphs4 ,!re is1 inde$1 no?+ m rem>kable respect+ ! pres5tation ( any great inv5tion to ! public ?an ! fact t ! electric telegraph 9 ,am]ica 0 ?r[n op5 to ! public1 9 its v inception1 at ! l[e/ t>iff :i* has yet1 "u all ! excitem5t ( opposition1 be5 adopt$4 ,:at 0 true ( ,great ,brita9 ) respect to t>iffs dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( ! introduction ( ! telegraph applies1 z has be5 se51 equally to ,france & ! o!r ,european /ates4 ,e t>iff adopt$ 01 to a l>ge ext5t1 prohibitory1 & ! facts connect$ ) ^! ye>s utt]ly falsify ! /atem5t t ,europe has %[n 7until )9 a v few ye>s7 any?+ l ! _s ( lib]ality :i* private companies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates h manife/$ 9 ?is matt]4 ,s9ce ^! e>ly ye>s no advance 0 made 9 our t>iffs until ! ?ird ye> ( ! rebellion1 :5 ! depreciation ( ! curr5cy necessitat$ ! increas+ ( ! sal>ies ( employees f fifty to "o hundr$ p] c5t1 & enhanc$ ! price ( mat]ial 9 a correspond+ ratio1 compell+ a consid]able increase ( ! t>iff on despat*es4 ,s9ce ! w> clos$1 mo/ ( ! important t>iffs h be5 r$uc$ to _! orig9al /&>d1 )\t any correspond+ r$uction ( ! price ( mat]ial or labor4 ,9 contra/ ) ?is1 we ne$ only to po9t to ! l>ge advance 9 railway f>es & transportation1 9 ! co/ ( ent]ta9m5t at hotels1 9 ! prices ( daily newspap]s1 & 9 t ( almo/ e commodity or s]vice :i* ! p enjoy2 & yet ! telegraph1 l all o!r ent]prises1 has be5 burd5$ ) ! same increase 9 ! co/ ( labor & mat]ials4 ,,no ,,simil>ity ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,telegraph ,,& ,,po/al ,,sy/ems4 ,! idea :i* has be5 repeat$ly broa*$1 t ! telegraph & po/al communication are 9 ! same category1 is entirely fallaci\s4 ,! telegraph does t :i* ! po/ _c d1 & :i*1 be=e ! telegraph 0 inv5t$1 rema9$ undone4 ,if ! public use ! telegraph at a co/ ( #be c5ts :5 !y might use ! mail at a co/ ( ?ree c5ts1 x is obvi\s t ! use ( ! telegraph implies some?+ ess5tially diff]5t f ! use ( ! po/4 ,if !y use ! po/1 ) its t>dy dep>ture & deliv]y1 in/ead ( ! telegraph ) its in/ant & cont9u\s dep>ture & deliv]y1 x is equally obvi\s t !re is some?+ impli$ 9 ! use ( ! po/ t is n to be obta9$ by ! use ( ! telegraph4 ,po/al correspond5ce & telegraph communication are two v di/9ct ?+s4 ,a telegram ann\nces sudd5 illness2 dea?2 an accid5t2 prices ( gold e five m9utes2 prices ( /ocks e h\r2 sudd5 fluctuations 9 ! values ( commodities2 ord]s rooms at a hotel1 :ile ! s5d] is en r\te & fly+ to ! di/ant city z rapidly z /eam c c>ry him2 c\nt]m&s ord]s & in/ructions conta9$ 9 lett]s s5t by po/2 ord]s lett]s to be return$ unop5$2 ord]s ! arre/ ( fugitives f ju/ice aft] !y h tak5 _! dep>ture on ! railway2 ord]s ! se>* = a package left 9 ! c>s1 & its return by a succe$+ tra92 ann\nces t ! ,m]rimac has de/roy$ sev]al %ips ( w>1 & may get to sea 9 spite ( ! ,monitor & ravage ! coa/2 ann\nces t ! flag has be5 fir$ ^u at ,*>le/on1 & 9 tw5ty m9utes ar\ses ! entire nation4 ,none ( ^! ?+s are possible = ! po/4 ,be=e a lett] c\ld convey ! intellig5ce ( ! sudd5 illness1 ! pati5t is dead1 or convalesc5t2 ! dead is buri$2 gold has *ang$ 9 price a hundr$ times2 /ocks h gone up & d[n2 ! man arrives at 8 hotel tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 advance ( 8 lett]2 ! in/ructions 9 ! lett]s h be5 act$ ^u1 & no subsequ5t ones c repair ! damage2 ! fugitive f ju/ice escapes out ( ! c\ntry2 ! package left 9 ! c>s is irretrievably lo/2 ! ,m]rimac has be5 s5t to ! bottom1 & ! al>m caus$ by ! tid+s ?r\gh ! po/1 :i* mu/ cont9ue until ano!r arrival1 is gr\ndless2 & ! flag has be5 insult$ a mon?1 be=e all ! patriots ( ! c\ntry h he>d ! tid+s by ! sl[1 plodd+ mail4 ,! telegram is (t5 ! index to ! m full & copi\s in=mation convey$ by ! po/1 b x does n sup]s$e x4 ,!re is no simil>ity 9 ! conveyance ( matt] by po/ or telegraph4 ,a lett] deposit$ 9 a po/-(fice is plac$ 9 a bag1 & c>ri$ to its de/9ation ) no less labor & exp5se ?an if t5 lett]s 7 s deposit$4 ,! "t tak5 9 transport is ! same4 ,a lea!r bag cov]s a ?\s& lett]s z easily z a solit>y note4 ,x 0 ?is fact :i* l$ to ! r$uction ( po/age4 ,b x 0 accompli%$ )\t ! loss ( an h\r to gov]nm5t1 )\t ! enl>gem5t ( a coa*1 or any consid]able increase 9 ! comp5sation paid = ! s]vice4 ,x involv$ no new bra9-labor1 no new responsibilities1 no new exp5se4 ,"u su* circum/ances high po/age 0 a folly1 & to return to x w\ld be almo/ a crime4 ,a communication by telegraph1 on ! contr>y1 dem&s a calm1 unoccupi$ bra91 & a /eady h& to manipulate its cont5ts1 lett] by lett]4 ,a slip ( ! f+] f ! manipulat+ key *anges its mean+2 a truant ?\ght alt]s ! manuscript2 a %ad[ ( =getfulness m>s its :ole design4 ,x dem&s a :ole wire = its use1 & a giv5 "t = its solit>y passage4 ,h5ce ! necessity = multiply+ ! wires & enl>g+ ! op]at+ /aff4 ,add$ to all ?is is ! necessity = repeat+ ?is process :5 de/9$ to any po9t n directly rea*$ by ! orig9at+ (fice4 ,ov] & ov] aga9 h _m ( ! messages left 9 ! h&s ( telegraph companies to be translat$ or re-writt5 be=e !y rea* _! de/9ation2 v diff]5t f ! seal$ lett]1 :i* ne$s b ! toss ( a practis$ h& to *ange its r\te & put x "u ! cov] ( a new bag4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! use ( ! po/ & telegraph is well %[n by ! practice ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company1 :i* requires all ( its employees to use ! mail1 in/ead ( ! telegraph1 9 e case :]e ! int]e/s ( ! company w n suff] by ! delay4 ,all *eck errors1 & discrepancies 9 acc\nts1 are settl$ by correspond5ce ?r\gh ! mail1 :]e ! same might be done m readily1 ?\gh at f> great] exp5se1 by ! use ( ! wires4 ,n[1 if ! company own+ ! l9es1 & work+ !m1 c bett] af=d to pay ! po/age on its communications1 ?an to block up ! wires ) its own free bus9ess1 x %[s a v radical diff]5ce betwe5 ! exp5se ( transmitt+ matt] by /eam1 or horse-p[]1 & do+ ! same by electricity4 ,,collection ,,& ,,deliv]y ,,( ,,telegrams ,,by ,,lett]-,,c>ri]s ,,impracticable4 ,! plan propos$ = ! collection & deliv]y ( telegrams by lett]-c>ri]s is equally impracticable4 ,! rapid & safe deliv]y ( messages is ! great difficulty ) :i* ! telegraph companies h to cont5d1 & ! am\nt paid = ?is s]vice =ms a v mat]ial portion ( ! exp5se att5d+ ! op]ation ( ! sy/em4 ,h[ w\ld ?is s]vice be p]=m$ if left to ! ,po/-,(fice ,dep>tm5t8 ,9 #ahfe--! la/ ye> conta9+ ! /ati/ics ( ! numb] ( lett]s s5t ?r\gh ! ,unit$ ,/ates mail--! ,po/ma/]-,g5]al e/imates ! numb] ( lett]s transmitt$ at #dfg1eia1fjj4 ,no /atem5t ( ! total numb] ( lett]s deliv]$ by c>ri] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is giv5 9 ! ,po/ma/]-,g5]al's reports = #ahfe or #ahff1 b he /ates t ! numb] ( cities at :i* free deliv]y is e/abli%$ is #df1 & ! total numb] ( c>ri]s1 #hfc2 t #ehb c>ri]s are atta*$ to t5 (fices1 f :i* are deliv]$ #ch1jfj1jji lett]s4 ,if ! rema9+ #bha c>ri]s1 :o are di/ribut$ among #cf (fices1 deliv] z _m 9 proportion1 we h a total ( #ef1ddf1jjd lett]s deliv]$ = ! ye>1 or ab\t n9e p] c5t ( ! :ole numb] transmitt$ ?r\gh ! mail4 ,?is does n pres5t a v flatt]+ result1 & does n argue v favorably = ! satisfactory deliv]y ( ?irte5 millions ( telegrams1 ?r\gh ! same *annel1 at ov] #d1jjj (fices6 ,comp>e ) ^! meagre results ! op]ations ( ! ,briti% ,po/-,(fice1 :i* employs #aa1ddi c>ri]s1 & annually deliv]s #gje1jjj1jjj lett]s4 ,z = ! collection ( telegrams f /reet boxes1 ! v idea is 9 direct antagonism to ! fir/ pr9ciples ( telegraphic communication4 ,a /reet box may answ] ! purpose ( a place ( deposit = a lett] int5d$ = ! next day's mail1 b ^? :o desire to communicate by telegraph want imm$iate & spe$y communication4 ,!y require _! message convey$1 & v frequ5tly answ]$1 :il/ !y wait 9 ! telegraph (fice4 ,!y h no idea ( deposit+ _! messages to await ! diurnal collection f ! /reet box4 ,inde$1 ! idea is too absurd to be s]i\sly discuss$4 ,!re are upw>ds ( #ajj telegraph (fices 9 ! city ( ,new ,york alone1 & a proportionate numb] ( bran* (fices 9 all ! cities4 ,is x probable t p]sons :o wi% to s5d a despat* w walk sev]al miles to s5d x by gov]nm5t l9e r ?an patronize private l9es at _! own doors8 ,we _c ?9k t a dep>tm5t ^: exp5ses exce$ its receipts by #f1dcg1iia4he 9 a s+le ye>2 :i* _c ev5 guess )9 a hundr$ millions ( ! numb] ( lett]s x transmits p] annum2 :i* provides only =ty-six free deliv]y (fices out ( a total ( #bi1chg po/-(fices 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 :i* does n ev5 pret5d to give ! numb] ( lett]s deliv]$ free = any "o ye>2 & :i* s5ds ov] #d1ejj1jjj lett]s to ! ,dead-,lett] ,(fice p] annum1 is a v prop] gu>dian ( s important an int]e/ z ! ,electric ,telegraph4 ,! space occupi$ = ! v>i\s telegraph (fices 9 all ! pr9cipal cities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is consid]ably great] ?an t requir$ by ! po/-(fices1 :ile ! r5t paid by our company1 ow+ to ! m c5tral & eligible situations ( our (fices1 is greatly 9 excess ( t paid by ! ,po/-,(fice ,dep>tm5t4 ,9 ,new ,york1 our company pays #dj1jjj p] annum = r5t ( its c5tral (fice alone4 ,s f> z space & eligibility ( location is conc]n$1 we c\ld mu* bett] accommodate ! public by ! deliv]y ( _! lett]s at our num]\s (fices1 ?an !y are n[ accommodat$ at ! remote & inconv5i5t places provid$ = !m by ! gov]nm5t1 & 9 all respects we c\ld mu* bett] h&le ! mails ?an ! po/-(fice1 z n[ locat$ & g5]ally conduct$1 c\ld manage ! telegraph4 ,,mr4 ,,wa%burne',s ,,propos$ ,,exp]im5tal ,,l9e4 ,mr4 ,wa%burne says3-- 8,9 ! pres5t position ( ! f9ances ( ! c\ntry1 x w\ld h>dly be wise to ent] ^u an ext5d$ exp]im5t4 ,x %\ld be tri$ at fir/ on a limit$ scale1 & at small co/4 ,if x proves successful1 & becomes :at ! telegraph "u o!r gov]nm5t control has become 9 o!r c\ntries1--a s\rce ( rev5ue1 z well z an ine/imable boon to ! community1--x ought to be1 & d\btless w be1 ext5d$4 ,! am\nt necess>y to con/ruct a suitable l9e f ,wa%+ton to ,new ,york1 & to su/a9 x until x becomes self-su/a9+1 w n exce$ #ge1jjj1 & x is ! belief ( exp]i5c$ telegraph]s t1 ) a t>iff ( *>ges z l[ z t ( ,belgium & ,switz]l&1 & ) an additional *>ge ( s+le po/age ^u ea* message1 ! l9e w\ld be self-su/a9+ f ! beg9n+1 & w\ld probably repay its entire co/ long be=e ! value ( ! /ructure 0 mat]ially impair$40 ,! results ( l[]+ t>iffs = telegrams to a po9t approximat+ ! *>ge = lett] po/age has be5 tri$ s (t5 9 ?is c\ntry1 z n to require a new demon/ration4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t w %[ ! result ( a rec5t trial betwe5 ! two important cities ( ,*icago & ,milwaukee4 ,on ! #ab? ( ,augu/1 #ahfg1 a rival l9e 0 op5$ betwe5 ^? two po9ts1 hav+ no connection ) any o!r at ei!r end4 ,! competition1 !re=e1 0 = local bus9ess only4 ,! t>iff previ\sly _h be5 sixty c5ts4 ,! av]age numb] ( messages transmitt$ p] day = ! t5 days prec$+ ! beg9n+ ( bus9ess by ! new company 0 sixty-n9e1 & ! daily receipts fifty-five doll>s4 ,on ! op5+ ( ! rival l9e ! rate 0 r$uc$ to =ty c5ts1 & ! av]age numb] ( messages s5t by bo? 0 eighty-sev51 ! receipts =ty-sev5 doll>s4 ,on ! #af? ,septemb] ! rate 0 fur!r r$uc$ to tw5ty c5ts1 ) ! foll[+ results3 ,av]age numb] ( messages p] day = bo? l9es1 "o hundr$ & ?irty-?ree4 ,av]age receipts1 ?irty-sev5 doll>s4 ,on ,novemb] #h? ! rate 0 r$uc$ to t5 c5ts1 & rema9$ s = ! next f\rte5 days1 dur+ :i* ! numb] ( telegrams transmitt$ daily by bo? l9es 0 "o hundr$ & sixty-sev51 & ! av]age receipts tw5ty-six doll>s4 ,ab\t ! #bj? ,novemb] ! rates 7 advanc$ to =ty c5ts1 by mutual agreem5t1 & aft]w>ds ! l9es & records ( ! new company came into our possession4 ,no4 #a4 ,/atem5t %[+ numb] ( ,messages s5t betwe5 ,*icago & ,milwaukee = fir/ twelve days 9 ,augu/1 #ahfg1 at a ,t>iff ( sixty c5ts1 & same = #ahfh1 at a ,t>iff ( =ty c5ts1 toge!r ) daily ,receipts4 ,,date4 ,augu/1 #ahfg4 ,augu/1 #ahfh4 ,t>iff #fj & #d4 ,t>iff #dj & #c4 ,s5t4 ,receiv$4,receipts4 ,s5t4 ,receiv$4,receipts4 ,augu/ #a #da #dh #fg4dj #di #cg #ci4fd #b #ca #ch #eg4jj #d #b #a4hg #c #cf #be #di4fc #ec #db #eh4be #d #b #a #a4gh #fi #ci #ec4jb #e #da #cd #ee4ih #df #da #dc4cf #f #da #dj #fc4ci #fg #df #ed4fj #g #db #di #gc4gg #ea #ci #db4dd #h #de #bg #ee4ge #ef #ej #eb4jh #i #ci #ch #fa4fh #aj #dj #dj #fc4ia #eb #dd #dg4cj #aa #fb #db #ea4gj ,totals #ceh #cdj #eej4bi #eji #chb #ddd4bf #ahfg1 ,av]age1 #fi ,messages #ee4jj #ahfh1 ,av]age1 #hi ,messages #dd4db ,no4 #b4 ,/atem5t %[+ numb] ( ,messages transmitt$ betwe5 ,*icago & ,milwaukee1 ov] ! ,we/]n ,union ,indep5d5t ,telegraph ,l9es1 f ,augu/ #ab? to ,augu/ #bf? toge!r ) ! daily ,receipts4 ,,date4 ,t>iff #dj & #c4 ,w4 ,u4 & ,indep5d5t4 ,we/]n ,union4 ,augu/1 #ahfg4 ,augu/1 #ahfh4 ,s5t4,receiv$4,receipts4 ,s5t4,receiv$4,receipts4 ,augu/ #ab #cc #dg #eb4if #dd #db #dg4hb #ac #ce #eb #ff4ce #di #ch #ej4aa #ad #ce #ej #ei4jj #ed #db #ec4ce #ae #dd #df #ee4bg #eb #da #dh4bh #af #cd #de #ec4fa #a 4#eb #ag #ch #de #fb4ch #eh #eb #fc4ba #ah #b #b4jb #de #cc #de4fi #ai #de #ea #gj4de #dj #de #eb4ci #bj #da #ej #fh4ea #dg #dd #fd4gg #ba #ci #df #fb4fg #ed #dj #ej4bb #bb #cg #ci #di4db #dh #ch #df4gg #bc #ci #da #eb4ig #c #b #b4ba #bd #cj #cc #ef4ae #dc #de #ei4eg #be #b #b4aj #ed #ff #gc4bf #bf #fc #da #ee4ca #dh #eg #fb4hi ,totals #eae #ehh #gfi4ag #fdj #ehe #gba4jf #ahfg1 ,av]age1 #gc ,messages #ea4bh #ahfh1 ,av]age1 #ha ,messages #dh4jg ,/atem5t ,no4 #a exhibits a comp>ison = ! fir/ t5 days ( ,augu/1 #ahfg1 be=e ! op5+ ( ! rival l9e1 & :5 ! t>iff 0 sixty c5ts1 ) ! same p]iod 9 #ahfh aft] ! t>iff _h be5 =ty c5ts = ne>ly a ye>4 ,/atem5t ,no4 #b makes a simil> comp>ison betwe5 ! aggregate bus9ess ( ! ,we/]n ,union & ! compet+ l9e = ! fir/ fifte5 days aft] ! latt] op5$ 9 #ahfg1 & ! same p]iod 9 #ahfh1 :51 al?\gh ! rate 0 ! same1 !re 0 no competition4 ,by ,table ,no4 #a x appe>s t1 at a t>iff ( sixty c5ts1 ! numb] ( messages p] day la/ ye> 0 sixty-n9e1 & ! receipts !re= fifty-five doll>s4 ,t dur+ ! same p]iod ?is ye>1 at a r$uction ( "o ?ird 9 ! t>iff1 !re 0 an increase ( ab\t ?irty-?ree & "o ?ird p] c5t 9 ! numb] ( messages1 b a loss 9 rev5ue ( tw5ty p] c5t4 ,9 o!r words1 our "w has be5 consid]ably increas$1 & our comp5sation !re= s5sibly dim9i%$4 ,/atem5t ,no4 #b %[s t la/ ye>1 "u ! /imulus ( active competition1 & a r$uction 9 rates ( "o ?ird1 ! av]age numb] ( messages p] day = fifte5 days 0 b f\r m ?an = ! t5 days next prec$+4 ,x also %[s t1 aft] ! r$uc$ rate _h be5 9 op]ation a ye>1 &1 not)/&+ ! fact t ! telegraph bus9ess 9 all sections ( ! c\ntry 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/ ?is ye> 0 some:at l>g] ?an la/1 ! av]age _h be5 increas$ b eight messages p] day1 & ?is increase 0 att5d$ by a loss ( ov] ?ree doll>s p] day 9 ! rev5ue4 ,f ,septemb] #a to ,novemb] #c1 #ahfh1 ! numb] ( messages transmitt$ p] day betwe5 ^! places 0 "o hundr$ f\r & a qu>t]1 & ! av]age daily receipts #ef4da4 ,on ! #d? ( ,novemb] ano!r rival l9e 0 op5$ betwe5 ,*icago & ,milwaukee1 b no *ange 9 rates 0 introduc$ until ! #bd? ( ,novemb]4 ,! av]age numb] ( messages transmitt$ p] day by ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company betwe5 ^! places1 f ! #d? to ! #bc;d ( ,novemb]1 inclusive1 0 sev5ty-eight1 & ! daily receipts #dc4bg4 ,on ! #bd? ( ,novemb] ! rates 7 r$uc$ to tw5ty c5ts p] message1 ) ! foll[+ results3 ,av]age numb] ( messages transmitt$ p] day betwe5 ,*icago & ,milwaukee by ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company1 sixty-eight2 av]age daily receipts1 #bd4ei4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! bus9ess f :i* ^! exhibits are d]iv$ is betwe5 two ( ! mo/ important inl& comm]cial cities 9 ! c\ntry4 ,bo? are l>gely int]e/$ 9 two important bran*es ( comm]ce1--gra9 & lumb]2 & probably no o!r po9ts c\ld be select$ f :i* m reliable results c\ld be obta9$4 ,! reason :y ! ,*icago & ,milwaukee table is ! only "o giv5 to %[ ! results ( competition is1 t su* comp>isons are only valuable :5 !y exhibit ! effect ^u ! bus9ess ( bo? competitors4 ,?is is impossible 9 o!r cases1 because our oppon5ts w n furni% u ) _! figures4 ,we h writt5 to e ,telegraph ,company 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = su* /ati/ics = publication1 b none ( !m has respond$ to our reque/4 ,,london ,,di/rict ,,telegraph ,,company4 ,we copy ! foll[+ (ficial /atem5t ( ! ,london ,di/rict ,telegraph ,company f ! ,telegraphic ,j\rnal1 ,london1 ,july #cj1 #ahfd4 ,! capital ( ! company is #fj1jjj1 & ! av]age co/ ( telegrams transmitt$ ov] its l9es1 = di/ances t _c exce$ t5 miles1 0 #f;d41 equal to eighte5 c5ts 9 our curr5cy1 & yet ! loss 9 f\r & a half ye>s' bus9ess 0 #i1egc #cs4 #g;d43-- ,half-ye> ,numb] ( ,receipts = ,exp5ditures4 ,defici5cy4 end+ ,messages4 ,messages4 s4d4 s4d4 s4d4 ,june1 #ahfj #bf1aee #eej #ai #aab1bhb #aj #ga1cbf #b #d ,decemb]1#ahfj #dg1cfea1jeh #ai #bc1bid #j #fb1afh #a #g ,june1 #ahfa #fd1gheb1acg #a #gd1cid #ab #cb1agg #aa #d ,decemb]1#ahfa #gg1icib1eib #ae #ajd1ffc #e #da1iie #ac #g ,june1 #ahfb #abc1bhjc1ief #d #he1jgg #ag #aaa1jgg #ae #d ,decemb]1#ahfb #abd1bbbc1iii #c #bd1ieh #d #b #hid #j #d ,june1 #ahfc #abi1gajd1baf #f #aad1gba #a #c #ddj #i #d ,decemb]1#ahfc #aca1bafd1cbf #d #je1abe #i #d #gif #ae #d ,june1 #ahfd #aeb1gied1hjb #aj #jd1hfc #ag #aj #fj #ab #j ,! ,directors ( ! above company express mu* satisfaction 9 be+ able to pres5t to ! %>ehold]s s favorable a /atem5t ( its bus9ess2 b x /rikes u t a sy/em :i* entail$ a net loss ( "o six? ( ! capital inve/$ 9 a little ov] f\r ye>s is n a desirable "o = imitation4 ,,telegraphs ,,"u ,,gov]nm5t ,,& ,,private ,,control ,,comp>$4 ,! ass]tion t ! ,telegraph facilities are bett] 9 ^? c\ntries :]e x is "u gov]nm5tal control ?an 9 ^? :]e x is left to private ent]prise is entirely errone\s1 z ! foll[+ tables1 compil$ f (ficial data1 w %[4 ,/ati/ics ( ,telegraphs con/ruct$ & op]at$ "u ,gov]nm5t ,control4 ,numb],numb] ,proportion ,,"n ,,( ,numb] ( ( ,numb] ( ( ,(fices ,,c\ntry4 ( ,miles ,miles ,messages ,population4 to ,(fices4 ( ( ,s5t4 ,population4 ,l9e4 ,wire4 ,au/ria #heabd1fah #gc1hed #b1ejg1dgb #ci1daa1cji #a to #df1caa ,belgium #cef #b1ahg #f1adf #a1abh1jje #d1ihd1dea #a to #ad1jjj ,bav>ia #b1aae #d1ide #d1eda1eef ,d5m>k #hi #b1eae #cjh1aej #b1dfh1gac #a to #bg1jjj ,france #a1bjibj1fbh #fh1fhg #b1ejg1dgb #ch1cjb1fbe #a to #ca1fjj ,italy #ebi #h1bjj #bj1abj #a1gfj1hhi #be1ibe1gag #a to #di1jjj ,norway #gc #bfi1cge #a1dcc1dhh #a to #ai1jjj ,prussia #echah1chf #ee1adi #a1ifd1jjc #ag1gci1iac #a to #cc1jjj ,russia #cjhab1jac #bb1bad #hch1fec #fh1bbd1hcb #a to #bba1jjj ,switz]l& #beb #a1heh #c1gag #ffh1iaf #b1eaj1did #a to #aj1jjj ,spa9 #adb #h1hga #ag1gdc #ecc1cgf #af1cjb1fbe #a to #aji1jjj #d1cdgih1hgfbge1jijab1dhf1caa ,/ati/ics ( ,telegraphs con/ruct$ & op]at$ "u ,private ,control4 ,numb],numb] ,proportion ,,"n ,,( ,numb] ( ( ,numb] ( ( ,(fices ,,c\ntry4 ( ,miles ,miles ,messages ,population4 to ,(fices4 ( ( ,s5t4 ,population4 ,l9e4 ,wire4 ,great ,brita9 & #b1aeaaf1ehh #hj1dff #e1gha1ahi #bi1eia1jjia to #ac1gad ,irel& ,dom9ion ( #chb #f1gdg #h1ice #egc1bai #c1igf1bbda to #aj1djj ,canada ,unit$ #d1abffb1ghbabe1efdab1chf1ieb #ca1adh1jdga to #g1edi ,/ates #f1feihf1aagbad1ifeah1gda1cfj ,?us x w be se5 t ,cont95tal ,europe1 :]e ! telegraphs are "u gov]nm5t control1 furni%es b #d1cdg (fices = a population ( ov] #bej1jjj1jjj1 :ile ,great ,brita91 ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e telegraphy has be5 left to ! control ( ! p1 untrammell$ by gov]nm5tal int]f]5ce1 monopoly1 or re/riction1 furni% #f1fei (fices = a population ( #fd1jjj1jjj6 ,! numb] ( telegrams transmitt$ p] annum 9 ,cont95tal ,europe is only #ab1dhf1caa1 :ile !re 7 s5t by ! p ( ! ?ree c\ntries :]e x has hi!rto be5 free f gov]nm5t repression1 #ah1gda1cfj4 ,! t>iff ( *>ges 9 ,cont95tal ,europe av]ages eighty-"o c5ts p] message1 :ile 9 ! ?ree c\ntries :]e ! p manage ! bus9ess x av]ages b fifty-"o c5ts4 ,private ent]prise alone laid ! subm>9e cables ?r\gh ! ,p]sian ,gulf & ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 across ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ! ,v9ey>d ,s\nd1 ! ,/rait ( ,florida1 ! ,engli% ,*annel1 ! ,nor? ,sea1 & ! ,g]man & ,atlantic ,oceans4 ,,! ,,telegraph ,,& ,,! ,,press4 ,9 no?+1 p]haps1 is ! sup]iority ( private ent]prise ov] gov]nm5tal control m /rongly m>k$ ?an 9 ! extraord9>y am\nt ( news furni%$ to ! press ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z contra/$ by ! meagre supply ( ! ,european j\rnals4 ,by a sy/em ( co-op]ation among ! newspap]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company1 ! news ( ! _w is daily furni%$ to ! p ( e portion ( ?is c\ntry at a price )9 ! rea* ( ! poore/ citiz54 ,on page #h we h %[n t #bid1ejc1fcj words are annually furni%$ to ! newspap]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 at an av]age co/ ( less ?an two mills p] ^w4 ,?is imm5se am\nt ( matt] is n transmitt$ to ea* newspap] sep>ately1 b ?r\gh a comb9ation ( wires only possible to a va/ sy/em l t own$ by ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company1 x is s5t to a l>ge numb] ( places simultane\sly1 ) only "o transmission4 ,! newspap]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are associat$ toge!r on ! co-op]ative sy/em4 ,!re is a g5]al association hav+ its headqu>t]s 9 ,new ,york1 :i* collects news f e "p ( ! _w2 & !re are local associations 9 e section ( ! c\ntry1 :i* furni% _! quota ( intellig5ce to ! g5]al association1 & receive 9 return su* news z !y require4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! mann] 9 :i* ?is s]vice is p]=m$1 we w take ! ,/ate press ( ,new ,york = an example4 ,! report is compil$ by ! ag5t ( ! ,association = ! v>i\s editions ( ! newspap]s requir+ x1 & x is !n h&$ to ! telegraph]1 :o ) ! manipulation ( 8 magic key transmits x simultane\sly to ,p\ghkeepsie1 ,hudson1 ,albany1 ,troy1 ,utica1 ,syracuse1 ,auburn1 ,elmira1 ,b+hamton1 ,owego1 ,rome1 ,oswego1 ,ro*e/]1 & ,buffalo1 ,new ,york1 to ,rutl& & ,burl+ton1 ,v]mont1 & to ,scranton1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,^! /ations are n all on a s+le wire1 nor on ! same r\te1 & ! "q may be ask$1 ,h[ c !y all receive ! same in=mation f a s+le impulse8 ,?is is accompli%$ by a comb9ation ( circuits ?r\gh an in/rum5t call$ a repeat]1 by :i* ! intellig5ce c be transmitt$ to a ?\s& (fices z easily z to "o4 ,! news is s5t to ! ,ea/]n press 9 a simil> mann]4 ,! manipulation ( ! key at ,new ,york transmits ! report simultane\sly to ,bridgeport1 ,new ,hav51 ,h>t=d1 ,wat]bury1 & ,norwi*1 ,conn41 ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i41 & to ,spr+field1 ,worce/]1 ,bo/on1 ,fall ,riv] & ,new ,b$=d1 ,mass4 ,! op]ator at ea* ( ^! places receives ! reports by ! click ( ! in/rum5ts1--read+ by ! s\nd ( ! armature1--& ) an agate p5 copies !m ^u manifold pap]1 mak+ z _m impressions z are necess>y to furni% ea* pap] ) a duplicate copy4 ,direct wires c>ry & br+ news f & to ,*icago1 ,c9c9nati1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,wa%+ton1 ,new ,orleans1 ,plai/] ,cove1 & o!r important po9ts4 ,sixte5 wires "w out ( ,new ,york e night to transmit or receive news reports1 & all ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! ubiquit\s iron ?reads are p]meat$ by ! subtile & invisible fluid dur+ all ! sil5t h\rs ( ! night1 convey+ intellig5ce ( pass+ ev5ts 9 all sections ( ! civiliz$ _w = publication 9 ! morn+ j\rnals ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,x is a s+ul> & sugge/ive fact1 t ! am\nt ( news :i* we furni% to ! press ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = an aggregate sum ( #eba1eji1 is consid]ably great] ?an ! entire telegraphic correspond5ce ( ,cont95tal ,europe1 = :i* ! pat]nal gov]nm5ts ( ^? enlight5$ & ent]pris+ peoples receive #aa1eig1fcb4ga4 ,! foll[+ table w s]ve to %[ ! rem>kable contra/1 9 ?is respect1 betwe5 ! sy/ems "u gov]nm5t & private control4 ,! numb] ( messages deliv]$ to ! press are obta9$ = ?is comp>ison by divid+ ! total numb] ( words furni%$ to ! press by #bj1 ! ,european /&>d3-- ,/atem5t %[+ ! ,av]age ,co/ ( ,telegrams 9 ,cont95tal ,europe & ! ,av]age ,co/ ( ,press ,telegrams 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) ,total ,am\nt ( ea* p] annum4 ,total numb] ( ,total numb] ( messages messages furni%$ transmitt$ 9 to ! newspap]s ,cont95tal ,europe ( ! ,unit$ = ! ye> #ahff1 #ab1ijb1ech ,/ates = #ahff1 #ad1gbe1aha ,gross receipts = ,gross receipts = ! above1 #aa1eig1fcb4ga ! above1 #eba1eji ,av]age co/ ( ,av]age co/ ( press telegrams 9 telegrams 9 ! ,cont95tal ,europe1 #ha cts4 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #c cts4 ,! above exhibit illu/rates ! diff]5ce betwe5 :at c be accompli%$ "u a popul> gov]nm5t :i* leaves ! press & telegraph free & untrammell$1 & ! results ( ! pat]nal sy/em :i* ! gov]nm5ts ( ,cont95tal ,europe impose ^u _! subjects4 ,= ^! great b5efits ! p ( ?is c\ntry are indebt$ to ! gov]nm5t = ! "o negative quality ( lett+ ! press & telegraph alone4 ,= ! positive quality :i* actually provides !m !y are solely indebt$ to ! ent]prise & public _s ( ! press1 & ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company1 ! latt] furni%+ ! reports at a price :i* b>ely cov]s ! co/ ( s]vice employ$ 9 transmitt+ !m1 & leav+ no?+ to defray ! exp5se ( ! we> ( ! l9es1 or int]e/ on ! inve/m5ts = _! con/ruction4 ,9 no o!r c\ntry 9 ! _w is !re su* a sy/em1 & 9 none c !re ev] be1 until ! policy ( our gov]nm5t is imitat$1 & ! p left to manage _! own private affairs1 leav+ ! press & ! telegraph free & untrammell$ by gov]nm5tal control or repression4 ,:at our gov]nm5t1 ) su* an example already set1 might be able or dispos$ to d1 9 ! ev5t ( its monopoliz+ ! telegraphs1 x is impossible to say2 b x is unque/ionably true1 t no o!r gov]nm5t has ev] made su* a use ( !m to promote ! education & g5]al well-be+ ( its p4 ,we believe x w\ld prove a s]i\s mis=tune to ! press & ! p1 if ! gov]nm5t 7 to de/roy1 by its int]f]5ce1 ?is admirable co-op]ative sy/em ( obta9+ telegraphic news at su* l[ rates4 ,! t>iff = special press reports is z foll[s3 ,= ! fir/ "o hundr$ words1 full rates2 = ! next f\r hundr$ words1 a disc\nt ( ?irty-?ree & "o ?ird p] c5t2 = ! next five hundr$ words1 "o half ! ord9>y t>iff2 & all ov] "o ?\s& words1 a disc\nt is made ( sixty-six & two ?irds p] c5t4 ,mr4 ,wa%burne's bill provides = a g5]al t>iff ( "o c5t p] ^w = telegrams1 ) an additional *>ge ( ?ree c5ts = po/age1 & two c5ts = deliv]y1 & /ipulates t a r$uction ( n m ?an fifty p] c5t %all be made = press reports4 ,?is rate w\ld increase ! av]age co/ ( news = ! press ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates m ?an ?ree hundr$ p] c5t1 & ?us ! newspap]s w\ld be compell$ to pay an extra tax ( a million doll>s p] annum = ! privileges !y n[ enjoy4 ,if ^! facts %[ any results to w>rant gov]nm5tal assumption or int]f]5ce 9 ! bus9ess ( telegraph+1 we fail to p]ceive !m4 ,,review ,,( ,,mr4 ,,g>d9] ,g4 ,,hubb>d',s ,,lett] ,,to ,,! ,,po/ma/]-,,g5]al ,,on ,,! ,,european ,,& ,,am]ican ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,telegraph4 ,we h rec5tly receiv$ a pamphlet f ,g>d9] ,g4 ,hubb>d1 ,esq41 ( ,bo/on1 entitl$ a 8,lett] to ! ,po/ma/]-,g5]al on ! ,european & ,am]ican ,sy/ems ( ,telegraph1 ) ,rem$y = ! pres5t ,high ,rates10 :i* we w briefly review4 ,mr4 ,hubb>d comm5ces by say+3-- 8,! reasons t h induc$ ! public to commit to ! gov]nm5t ! transmission ( ! mails by rail h induc$ mo/ civiliz$ nations to intru/ x ) ! duty ( transmitt+ correspond5ce by telegraph4 ,engl& & ,am]ica are ! only important exceptions40 ,z ,engl& & ,am]ica are ! only 8civiliz$ nations0 :]e ! public h any control ( su* matt]s1 !re ne$ be no fur!r discussion ( ?is proposition4 ,,errone\s ,,/atem5ts ,,relative ,,to ,,belgian ,,telegraphs4 ,allud+ to ! ,belgian telegraph1 ,mr4 ,hubb>d says3-- 8,9 #ahej ! private l9es !n 9 op]ation 7 pur*as$ by ! gov]nm5t1 & h s9ce be5 "u its managem5t4 ,! rates 7 orig9ally "o franc & a half = a message ( tw5ty words4 ,at ^! rates1 ! telegraph 0 little us$ = inl& messages1 & its developm5t 0 v sl[4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahfc1 !y 7 r$uc$ to "o franc1 & ,decemb]1 #ahfe1 to half a franc40 ,by ref]r+ to ! (ficial tables publi%$ by ! ,belgian gov]nm5t1 on page #id1 x w be se5 t ! av]age co/ p] message on ! ,belgian l9es 9 #ahea & #aheb 0 ov] #f francs2 9 #ahec1 #e4aj francs2 #ahed & #ahee1 ov] #d francs2 9 #ahef & #aheg1 #c4fb & #c4db francs2 f #aheh to #ahfb1 ov] #b francs2 & ev5 9 #ahfg !y av]ag$ #j4he francs4 ,we quote f ,mr4 ,hubb>d aga93-- ,9 #ahfb1 ! inl& messages1 at #a francs1 numb]$ #aje1bgd ,9 #ahfe1 ! inl& messages1 at #a franc1 numb]$ #ccb1gah ,9 #ahfg1 ! inl& messages1 at franc1 numb]$ #hai1ffh ,total receipts 9 #ahff1 #ifa1aab francs4 ,total exp5ses 9 #ahff1 #hci1jjj ,e/imat$ pr(its = #ahff on ! entire bus9ess1 if no r$uction _h be5 made1 #aih1dii ,actual pr(its = #ahff1 "u ! r$uc$ rates1 #abb1aab -------------- ,actual loss by r$uc+ ! rates on inl& messages "o half1 #gf1chg ,by an exam9ation ( ,table ,h1 page #if1 x w be se5 t ! total receipts ( ! ,belgian telegraphs = #ahff 7 #ifb1bac francs2 exp5ditures1 #a1bag1dif francs2 loss1 #bee1bhc francs4 ,( ! receipts only #djg1ecb francs 7 = inl& messages1 ( :i* !re 7 transmitt$ #fib1ecf1 :ile #eec1ehj francs 7 receiv$ = #dce1dfi int]national & transit messages4 ,z be=e /at$1 ! exp5se ( s]vice ^u transit messages is m]ely nom9al4 ,!y simply pass ?r\gh ! k+dom1 & require no labor 9 receiv+1 transmitt+1 or deliv]y4 ,! great] "p ( ! exp5se1 !re=e1 0 incurr$ ^u ! inl& messages2 &1 _h n ! ,belgian adm9i/ration impos$ a tax ^u neighbor+ nations ( #eec1ehj francs = messages com+ f or go+ to o!r c\ntries1 !re w\ld h be5 a deficit ( #hji1ifd francs on ! ye>'s bus9ess in/ead ( #bee1bhc francs4 ,we quote f ,mr4 ,hubb>d3-- 8,a sy/em ( railroads is also own$ & op]at$ by ! gov]nm5t1 & ! telegraph is connect$ ) bo? ! railroad & ! po/4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! (fices are at ! railway /ations1 b e po/-(fice is an (fice ( deposit1 f :i* messages are despat*$ at once1 free ( *>ge1 to ! ne>e/ telegraph (fice1 :5 9 ! same di/rict2 o!rwise1 by ! fir/ mess5g] or by special c>ri]1 on paym5t ( an extra rate = port]age4 ,?is union ( ! telegraph ) ! po/ & railroad r$uces ! exp5ses = op]ators1 cl]ks1 g5]al managem5t1 r5t & (fice exp5ses1 & br+s ! sy/em into close connection ) e citiz54 8,! rates are prepaid by /amps1 & are uni=m & l[4 ,! rate = all inl& messages by telegraph1 or by telegraph & po/ :]e ! place ( deposit or deliv]y is n on ! l9e ( ! telegraph1 is "o half-franc or ?irte5 & a half c5ts curr5cy40 ,,belgian ,,telegrams ,,deliv]$ ,,by ,,po/4 ,9 reply to ?is flatt]+ picture ( ! ,belgian sy/em ( telegraphy we quote ! foll[+ f a rec5t ,engli% publication3#ae-- ,footnote #ae3 ,gov]nm5t & ! ,telegraphs4 ,london1 #ahfh4 8,! gov]nm5t ( ,belgium n only h a monopoly ( ! telegraphs & po/-(fice1 b also ( mo/ ( ! railways ( ! c\ntry4 ,!y "w ! sy/em z a :ole4 ,9 ! case ( ord9>y half-franc telegrams1 ! messages are n uni=mly despat*$ by mess5g] f ! (fice at :i* !y arrive1 b are s5t to ! resid5ce ( ! receiv] by po/6 8,! adm9i/ration ( ! ,belgian telegraph 9 no respect holds itself responsible = ! deliv]y ( a message1 unless x is specially insur$ & additionally paid =4 ,!y decl9e all responsibility on acc\nt ( delay 9 ! transmission or non-arrival ( a half-franc telegram4 ,!y w n ev5 inquire into ! cause ( delay ( a half-franc telegram6 ,no matt] h[ long a message has tak5 9 deliv]y1 or :atev] may be ! errors 9 x1 ! gov]nm5t w make no comp5sation to ! s5d] or receiv]1 except "u v exceptional circum/ances4 ,moreov]1 ! tw5ty words =w>d$ = half a franc includes addresses bo? ( s5d] & receiv]1 #8all ( :i* is free 9 ?is c\ntry4'0 ,= fur!r p>ticul>s relative to ! ,belgian telegraph s]vice ref]5ce is made to pages #e1 #g1 #h1 #ac1 #af-bd4 ,,want ,,( ,,uni=mity ,,9 ,,rates4 ,we quote f ,mr4 ,hubb>d3-- 8,!re is no uni=mity 9 ! rates4 ,!y are (t5 less to a di/ant /ation ?an to an int]m$iate "o on ! same l9e4 ,an e/imate ( ! av]age rates1 & ( ! annual numb] ( messages transmitt$ has be5 made by asc]ta9+ ! rates to sev5ty-"o /ations at diff]5t di/ances f ,bo/on1 & arrang+ !m 9 f\r diff]5t classes40 ,mr4 ,hubb>d gr\ps 8 ,am]ican di/ances into classes ( #ejj1 #a1jjj1 #a1ejj1 & #b1jjj miles2 :ile 8 ,engli% classes embrace ^? ( #ajj & "u1 #bjj & "u2 ov] #bjj1 & to ,irel&4 ,! av]age rates he gives = ,am]ica = ,class ,a1 #ejj miles & "u1 #j4da ,class ,b1 ov] #ejj1 & "u #a1jjj1 #a4dc ,class ,c1 ov] #a1jjj1 & "u #a1ejj1 #b4df ,class ,d1 ov] #a1ejj1 & "u #b1jjj1 #c4cf ,! ,engli% rate = ,class ,a1 less ?an #ajj miles1 "o %ill+1 equal to #j4cc ,u4 ,s4 curr5cy4 ,class ,b1 betwe5 #ajj & #bjj miles1 "o %ill+ & sixp5ce1 equal to #j4ej ,u4 ,s4 curr5cy4 ,class ,c1 ov] #bjj miles1 two %ill+s1 equal to #j4ff ,u4 ,s4 curr5cy4 ,class ,d1 to ,irel&1 ?ree to f\r %ill+s1 equal to #a4jj to #a4cc ,u4 ,s4 curr5cy4 ,mr4 ,hubb>d says3-- 8,z rates are high] 9 ,am]ica1 a great] proportion ( messages are s5t to /ations 9 class ,a ?an 9 ,engl&1 & a small] proportion to class ,d4 ,! av]age receipt p] message1 at ^! rates1 is #a4jj4 ,! gross receipts ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,company1 = ! ye> end+ ! #cj? ( ,june1 #ahfh1 7 #f1ieb1bgc4af ,?is sum1 divid$ by ! av]age receipts1 gives ! :ole numb] ( messages transmitt$1 viz4 #f1ieb1jjj4 ,footnote #af3 ,?is am\nt embraces ! total rev5ue ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company = t ye>1 & includes ! receipts = telegrams1 press reports1 & f all o!r s\rces4 8,x may be object$ t ^? e/imates are incorrect1 & !re=e ! d$uctions are unreliable4 ,if ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company furni% a /atem5t ( messages annually transmitt$1 ! requir$ corrections w be made4 ,if x is n giv51 x w be because ! e/imates ( ! av]age rates are too l[1 & ! d$uctions too favorable to t company40#ag ,footnote #ag3 ,! /atem5t on page #g1 ( ! numb] ( messages annually transmitt$ by ?is company1 %[s t ,mr4 ,hubb>d's e/imate gives less ?an #gj p] c5t ( ! numb] actually s5t ov] ! wires4 ,! av]age rate p] message 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is fifty-sev5 c5ts4 ,z ! av]age ( ^! ,engli% rates is a little ov] #ge c5ts1 :ile ! greate/ di/ance = ! highe/ ,engli% class is less ?an = ! %orte/ ,am]ican class1 :i* he av]ages at #da c5ts1 we d n see h[ he c ass]t t ! ,am]ican rates are high] ?an ! ,engli%6 ,9 answ] to ! *>ge ( want ( uni=mity 9 ! t>iffs1 we w\ld call att5tion to ! fact1 t ! l9es "u our control 7 con/ruct$ by a great numb] ( sep>ate organizations1 hav+ t>iffs ^u all bases1 :i* _h to be add$ toge!r at all ! t]m9i ( two or m l9es1 s t a message go+ a few hundr$ miles w\ld require ! paym5t sometimes ( two or ?ree rates4 ,= in/ance1 a few ye>s s9ce !re 7 five telegraph companies own+ ! l9es connect+ ,portl&1 ,ma9e1 ) ,clevel&1 ,ohio1 & ! t>iff betwe5 ^! two places 0 asc]ta9$ by ! addition ( ! local rates f ,portl& to ,bo/on1 ,bo/on to ,spr+field1 ,spr+field to ,albany1 ,albany to ,buffalo1 & f ,buffalo to ,clevel&4 ,! same sy/em prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 until aft] ! consolidation ( ! l9es made x possible to transmit messages betwe5 places ?\s&s ( miles ap>t )\t ! necessity ( book+ or re*eck+ at int]m$iate po9ts4 ,?is result necessitat$ a remodell+ ( ! t>iffs1 & ! "w has be5 go+ on un9t]rupt$ly ev] s9ce2 b :5 x is consid]$ t a complete revision ( ! sy/em requir$ a sep>ate t>iff-%eet to be made out = ov] ?ree ?\s& (fices1 *ang+ & equaliz+ ! rates to m ?an ?ree ?\s& o!r (fices1 ! imm5se labor & responsibility incurr$ 9 ! und]tak+ may be imag9$4 ,x 0 impossible to effect ?is revision at once ) any numb] ( cl]ks1 & = obvi\s reasons only a limit$ numb] c\ld be employ$ ^u x1 z !y c only act "u ! in/ruction ( ! executive (fic]s1 :o are *>g$ ) all ! o!r duties ( an ext5sive organization4 ,v>i\s plans h be5 sugge/$ = simplify+ & equaliz+ ! t>iffs1 b difficulties ( a practical nature pres5t !mselves 9 all ( !m4 ,! exi/5ce ( rival l9es1 built by speculators ^: pr(it is 9 ! con/ruction ( !m1 & :i* essay to d bus9ess at rates less ?an ! co/ ( ! s]vice1 necessitates ! r$uction ( our rates along c]ta9 r\tes disproportionately1 & prev5ts ! adoption ( a g5]al rate /rictly proportion$ to di/ance4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! com+ ye>1 h[ev]1 x is expect$ t ! "w ( revis+ our :ole t>iff sy/em w be accompli%$1 to ! satisfaction ( all4 ,,ass]tion ,,t ,,comm]cial ,,messages ,,are ,,transmitt$ ,,at ,a ,,loss4 ,mr4 ,hubb>d's ass]tion t ! l[e/ rate betwe5 any l>ge cities 9 ,am]ica is #be c5ts is incorrect4 ,! t>iff betwe5 ,wa%+ton & ,baltimore is #aj c5ts2 betwe5 ,new ,york & ,provid5ce1 ,new ,hav51 ,h>t=d1 c41 #bj c5ts4 ,if x is true1 z he /ates1 t 8at ^! rates1 "u ! pres5t sy/em1 comm]cial messages are probably transmitt$ at a loss10 x may be a matt] ( regret to ! /ockhold]s ( ! telegraph companies1 b af=ds no j gr\nd = gov]nm5tal int]f]5ce4 ,besides1 h[ w 8 propos$ corporation be able to make money by do+ ! bus9ess at a /ill l[] rate8 ,mr4 ,hubb>d says3-- 8,! hi/ory ( ! telegraph w expla9 ! causes ( ^! diff]5t rates4 ,great competition1 9 #aheb1 caus$ a l>ge r$uction 9 ! rates4 ,soon aft] ! validity ( ,mr4 ,morse's pat5t 0 confirm$ by ! c\rts _m ( ! compet+ companies 7 enjo9$ & compell$ to w9d up or sell out1 & "s fail$4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n & ,s\!rn ,/ates ! ,am]ican ,telegraph ,company1 9 :i* ,mr4 ,morse & 8 fri5ds 7 l>gely int]e/$1 b\ght out mo/ ( ! old companies1 & cont9u$ to occupy _! t]ritory = _m ye>s )\t s]i\s opposition4 8,! v>i\s companies 9 ! ,we/1 ,s\?1 & ,nor?we/ 7=m+ gr\ps ( feeble organization7 7 gradually m]g$ into "o corporation1 "u ! "n ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company4 ,9 #ahfd1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,telegraph ,company 0 organiz$ to oppose ?is monopoly1 & ent]$ into a vigor\s competition ) ! ,we/]n ,union2 prices 7 r$uc$ 9 consequ5ce1 & ! bus9ess increas$ ) great rapidity4 ,9 #ahff ! ,am]ican ,telegraph ,company1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,telegraph ,company1 & ! ,we/]n ,union 7 unit$ "u ! corporate "n ( ! la/ corporation2 ! prices 7 aga9 rais$1 & ?is fir/ caus$ a less ratio ( increase1 & f9ally an actual decrease 9 ! telegraphic bus9ess ( ! c\ntry40 ,mr4 ,hubb>d's pamphlet conta9s a /atem5t ( ! rates betwe5 ,new ,york & ,bo/on 9 =m] ye>s :i* is inaccurate4 ,! foll[+ is a correct table ( ! rates betwe5 ^? cities = ! ye>s #ahdi-eb4 ,9 #ahdi ! rate 0 #cj c5ts4 ,9 #ahej ! rate 0 #bj c5ts4 ,9 #ahea ! rate 0 #bj c5ts4 ,9 #aheb ! rate 0 #aj c5ts4 ,,correction ,,( ,,errone\s ,,/atem5ts4 ,! /atem5t t 8soon aft] ! validity ( ! ,morse pat5t 0 confirm$ by ! c\rts 9 #aheb _m ( ! compet+ companies 7 enjo9$ & compell$ to w9d up or sell out0 is incorrect1 z is also ! ass]tion t 8! ,am]ican ,telegraph ,company b\ght out mo/ ( ! old companies1 & cont9u$ to occupy _! t]ritory = _m ye>s )\t s]i\s opposition40 ,! validity ( ! ,morse pat5t 0 nev] disput$4 ,9 #ahdi ! ,morse pat5tees comm5c$ suits aga9/ ! ,new ,york & ,new ,engl& ,ba9 ,telegraph ,company1 & ! ,new ,york & ,bo/on ,h\se pr9t+ ,telegraph ,company1 = an infr+em5t ( ! ,morse pat5t4 ,! case aga9/ ! company us+ ! ,ba9 pat5t nev] came to trial1 :ile ! o!r 0 decid$ 9 favor ( ! def5dant1 by ,judge ,woodbury ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,supreme ,c\rt1 #ahej4ah ,footnote #ah3 ,= an ab/ract ( ?is decision see 8,prescott's ,hi/ory1 ,!ory1 & ,practice ( ! ,electric ,telegraph40 ,bo/on3 ,fields1 ,osgood1 ,co4 ,! consolidations betwe5 compet+ l9es1 9 #aheb & #ahec1 0 caus$ by ! inability ( ! companies "u sep>ate organizations to meet _! work+ exp5ses4 ,!y 7 g5]ally conf9$1 h[ev]1 to ! union ( ! ,morse & ,ba9 l9es1 & !re /ill rema9$ two compet+ l9es ^u all ! pr9cipal r\tes4 ,!re has nev] be5 b a s+le ye>1 s9ce #ahdi1 :5 !re h n be5 at lea/ two compet+ l9es betwe5 ,bo/on & ,wa%+ton4 ,! ,am]ican ,telegraph ,company 0 n organiz$ until #ahee1 & x 0 n consolidat$ ) any opposition l9e until #ahfj4 ,! next ye> aft] ! consolidation ! ,indep5d5t ,company built a compet+ l9e betwe5 ,new ,york & ,portl&1 ,ma9e4 ,! ass]tion t 8! ,unit$ ,/ates ,telegraph ,company 0 organiz$ to oppose ?is monopoly1 & ent]$ into a vigor\s competition ) ! ,we/]n ,union1 & t prices 7 r$uc$ 9 consequ5ce10 is also incorrect4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,telegraph ,company nev] r$uc$ ! rates at any po9t4 ,on ! contr>y1 x 0 n until aft] ! ,unit$ ,/ates' l9es 7 put 9 op]ation t ! rates 7 advanc$4 ,?is 0 r5d]$ necess>y by ! great depreciation ( our curr5cy1 & consequ5t advance 9 ! co/ ( labor & mat]ials = work+ ! l9es1 & 0 done by agreem5t ( all ! companies4 ,,t>iffs ,,n ,,increas$ ,,by ,,consolidation ,,( ,,! ,,l9es4 ,! /atem5t t1 aft] ! consolidation ( ! ,am]ican1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,companies1 9 #ahff1 8! prices 7 aga9 rais$1 & ?is fir/ caus$ a less ratio ( increase1 & f9ally an actual decrease 9 ! telegraphic bus9ess ( ! c\ntry10 is )\t ! lea/ f\ndation 9 fact4 ,9 no in/ance has ! t>iff be5 increas$ s9ce ! consolidation4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re has be5 a /eady decrease1 ! rates to m ?an "o ?\s& /ations hav+ be5 l[]$ s9ce ! consolidation2 & ?is c\rse is /ill be+ pursu$ z rapidly z a j reg>d to ! rights ( ! /ockhold]s & ! extremely complicat$ nature ( adju/m5t to be made w all[4 ,! impression :i* ,mr4 ,hubb>d attempts to give1 t ! consolidation ( ! companies =m+ ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company1 includ$ all ! l9es1 & gave ?is company a monopoly ( ! bus9ess1 is also incorrect4 ,! ,frankl9 ,company1 betwe5 ,bo/on & ,new ,york1 ! ,insulat$ ,company1 betwe5 ,bo/on & ,wa%+ton1 ! ,bank]s & ,brok]s'1 betwe5 ,new ,york & ,wa%+ton1 & o!rs1 7 !n 9 active op]ation1 & are /ill4 ,mr4 ,hubb>d says3-- 8,9 o!r c\ntries1 ! rates are r$uc$ ) ! gr[? ( bus9ess1 & are nev] rais$4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 !y are r$uc$ by competition1 foll[$ by consolidation ( ! compet+ companies1 & subsequ5t increase ( rates1 )\t reg>d to ! gr[? ( ! bus9ess40 ,! rates are unque/ionably (t5 r$uc$ by competition1 sometimes bel[ ! co/ ( do+ ! bus9ess1 & ?is w always be ! case z long z m5 w li/5 to ! plausible s*emes ( speculative en?usia/s1 & inve/ _! money 9 new l9es 9 ! hope ( realiz+ pr(its :i* are nev] e>n$4 ,! ass]tion1 h[ev]1 t consolidation is foll[$ by an increase ( rates1 )\t reg>d to ! gr[? ( ! bus9ess1 is n w>rant$ by ! facts4 ,,errone\s ,,ass]tion ,,t ,a ,,l>ge ,,proportion ,,( ,,! ,,(fices ,,are ,,at ,,railroad ,,/ations4 ,we quote f ,mr4 ,hubb>d aga93-- 8,! telegraph 9 ?is c\ntry is v g5]ally connect$ ) ! railroad sy/em1 & a l>ge proportion ( ! (fices are at railroad /ations4#ai ,^! are seldom 9 ! c5tre ( ! t[ns1 & are n resort$ to z g5]ally z ! po/-(fice4 ,9 ! l>ge cities1 ! pr9cipal (fices are ne> ! bus9ess c5tres1 ) a numb] ( second>y (fices1 g5]ally at hotels & railroad /ations4 ,! r5t ( ! ma9 (fices is v l>ge1 & ! exp5ses = op]ators1 cl]ks1 & manag]s are also necess>ily mu* m ?an :5 ! telegraph is connect$ ) ! po/40 ,footnote #ai3 ,by a s+ul> co9cid5ce1 ,mr4 ,scudamore makes ! same compla9t aga9/ ! ,engli% companies1 & 9 ne>ly ! same words4 ,see ,scudamore's ,lett] to ! ,po/ma/]-,g5]al1 ,london1 #ahfh4 ,x is true t _m telegraph (fices are connect$ ) ! railroad sy/em 9 ?is c\ntry1 z well z abroad4 ,inde$1 no railroad w\ld be consid]$ complete )\t su* a connection1 b x is n true t a l>ge proportion ( ! (fices are at ! railroad /ations4 ,we h %[n on page #h t ! telegraph sy/em ( ,europe is n specially connect$ ) ! ,po/-,(fice ,dep>tm5t4 ,9 "s c\ntries ! telegraph1 po/-(fice1 & railway sy/ems are "u "o dep>tm5t1 b !re is no p>ticul> connection betwe5 !m4 ,! po/-(fices are m]ely (fices ( deposit = telegrams1 & n = transmission4 ,b suppos+ !y 7 unit$1 :y %\ld ! exp5ses ( op]ators1 cl]ks1 & manag]s be necess>ily mu* less ?an :5 ! telegraph is work$ sep>ately8 ,we presume he does n propose to disp5se ) ! op]ators1 & put ! telegrams 9 ! mail-bag2 or does he propose t :5 ! gov]nm5t gets control ( ! telegraph t ! sal>ies w be r$uc$8 ,if ?is is 8 idea1 we ?9k he is reckon+ on a false hope1 = if !re 0 an attempt ( ?is nature1 ! op]ators w\ld seek "s o!r employm5t4 ,,am]ican ,,& ,,european ,,telegraph ,,t>iffs ,,comp>$4 ,mr4 ,hubb>d says3-- 8,! l[e/ ,am]ican rates are high] ?an ! av]age =eign rates1 & ! av]age rates sev]al times high] ?an ! =eign4 ,^! high rates ret>d ! developm5t ( ! sy/em1 :i* 0 m rapid 9 its e>ly gr[? 9 ?is ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry4 ,:at are ! reasons assign$ = ^! high rates8 ,are !y well f\nd$1 & if n1 h[ c !y be obviat$80 ,^! ass]tions are entirely errone\s1 & ! facts q ! rev]se4 ,! highe/ ,am]ican rates are l[] ?an ! highe/ =eign rates2 ! av]age ,am]ican rates are l[] ?an ! av]age =eign rates2 & ! l[e/ ,am]ican rates are l[] ?an ! l[e/ =eign rates4 ,! l[e/ rate giv5 9 ,europe is half a franc1 ab\t equal to #ad c5ts 9 curr5cy1 :ile our rate betwe5 ,baltimore & ,wa%+ton is only #aj c5ts4 ,9 ,p>is ! t>iff on city messages is half a franc 7#ad c5ts71 & 9 ,london1 = city messages1 #f;d4 /]l+1 equal to #ah c5ts 9 our curr5cy2 :ile ! rates = ,new ,york1 f ! ,batt]y to ,h>lem ,riv]1 are only #aj c5ts4 ,9 ord] t a fair comp>ison may be made betwe5 ! ,am]ican & ,european sy/ems ( telegraphy1 s f> z ! rate ( *>ges is conc]n$1 we pres5t a li/ ( sixty ( ! pr9cipal /ations 9 ,europe1 & ! same numb] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) ! t>iffs & di/ances 9 air l9es f ,london & ,new ,york respectively1 toge!r ) ! rules & regulations ( ea* sy/em4 ,,rules ,,( ,,! ,,european ,,telegraphs4 ,! m9imum *>ge is = a message ( tw5ty words1 includ+ ! address & signature1 & half price is *>g$ = ea* t5 or fraction ( t5 words above tw5ty4 ,words ( sev5 or less syllables c\nt z "o ^w4 ,9 words conta9+ m ?an sev51 ! ov]plus c\nts z "o ^w2 ea* ^w und]l9$ c\nts z ?ree words4 ,messages conta9+ ! same subject-matt] address$ to diff]5t /ations are *>g$ z sep>ate messages4 ,secret or ciph] messages c be s5t by gov]nm5t only4 ,replies at full rates c be prepaid2 b %\ld ! reply conta9 m ?an ! numb] ( words specifi$ & paid =1 ! s5d] ( ! reply mu/ pay = ! excess z a fre% message4 ,messages c be repeat$ by paym5t ( d\ble *>ge at ! "t !y are s5t1 ! words 8,repetition paid0 be+ ins]t$ aft] receiv]'s address1 & *>g$ =4 ,all compla9ts respect+ irregul>ity 9 ! transmission or deliv]y ( messages mu/ be made by ,,! ,,s5d]1 & 9 cases ( delay or error ! compla9t mu/ inv>iably be accompani$ by ! ,,receiv]',s ,,copy ( ! message4 ,compla9ts f ! receiv]s ( messages w n be ent]ta9$4 ,,rules ,,( ,,! ,,we/]n ,,union ,,telegraph ,,company4 ,! m9imum t>iff is = a message ( t5 words4 ,no *>ge is made = address1 signature1 or date4 ,aft] ! fir/ t5 words ! rate is s mu* p] ^w1 ! am\nt be+ proportional to ! rate = ! fir/ t54 ,all words are c\nt$ z "o :i* are f\nd s writt5 9 ! diction>ies4 ,no extra *>ge is made = messages writt5 9 ciph]1 & no re/rictions are plac$ ^u _! transmission4 ,replies c be prepaid if desir$1 & no *>ge is made = ins]t+ ?is in=mation 9 ! s5d]'s message4 ,messages c be repeat$ by ! paym5t ( "o half ! regul> *>ge 9 addition1 & ! company agrees to be responsible = any mi/akes :i* may occur 9 repeat$ messages1 to ! am\nt ( fifty times ! sum receiv$ = s5d+ ! same4 ,correctness 9 ! transmission ( messages to any po9t on ! l9es ( ?is company c be ,,insur$ by contract 9 writ+1 /at+ agre$ am\nt ( risk1 & paym5t ( premium !reon at ! foll[+ rates1 9 addition to ! usual *>ge = repeat$ messages1 viz43 "o p] c5t = any di/ance n exce$+ "o ?\s& miles1 & two p] c5t = any great] di/ance4 ,no employee ( ! company is au?oriz$ to v>y ! =ego+4 ,/atem5t %[+ ! ,m9imum ,rate = ,telegrams f ,london to ,pr9cipal ,cities 9 ,europe1 & f ,new ,york to ,pr9cipal ,cities 9 ,am]ica4 ,f ,london ,dis- ,t>iff4 ,f ,new ,york ,dis- ,t>iff4 tance tance 9 9 ,eng4 ,eng4 ,miles4 ,miles4 s4d4,u4,s4 cts4 ,cur4 ,to ,cambridge #dj #a #f ,to ,new ,hav51 #gj #j4bj #j4eb ,conn4 ,dov] #ej #b #j ,h>t=d1 #ajj #j4bj #j4gj ,conn4 ,birm+ham #ajj #a #j ,provid5ce1 #aej #j4bj #j4ce ,r4 ,i4 ,worce/] #ajj #b #j ,spr+field1 #abe #j4cj #j4gj ,mass4 ,havre #abe #c #f ,worce/]1 #aee #j4cj #a4bb ,mass4 ,liv]pool #ahj #a #j ,bo/on1 #aij #j4cj #j4ce ,mass4 ,ca5 #afj #e #j ,portsm\?1 #bjj #j4de #a4ge ,n4 ,h4 ,plym\? #aij #b #f ,wa%+ton1 #aij #j4dj #j4hg ,d4 ,c4 ,p>is #bjj #e #j ,augu/a1 ,me4 #bhj #j4fe #a4ge ,am/]dam #bjj #f #f ,oswego1 ,n4 #bej #j4dj #b4bg ,y4 ,rheims #bej #e #j ,portl&1 #bej #j4fe #a4ge ,me4 ,aix-la- #bfe #e #j ,ba?1 ,me4 #bge #j4fe ,*apelle #a4ge ,wakefield #cjj #e #j ,ro*e/]1 #bhj #j4ej #a4ge ,n4 ,y4 ,dubl9 #bij #e #j ,pittsburg1 #cjj #j4de #a4ge ,pa4 ,ed9burgh #cbj #d #j ,camd51 ,me4 #ccj #j4fe #a4dj ,ro*elle #cej #g #c ,belfa/1 ,me4 #cej #j4fe #b4ec ,frank=t #chj #g #f ,buffalo1 ,n4 #ccj #j4ej #b4fb ,y4 ,hamburg #chj #h #j ,erie1 ,pa4 #cfj #a4jj #b4hj ,/rasburg #che #g #c ,bangor1 ,me4 #cdj #j4fe #b4ec ,hanov] #djj #h #j ,clevel&1 #dbe #a4jj #b4hj ,ohio ,/uttg>t #dbj #g #f ,tol$o1 ,ohio #dgj #a4jj #b4fb ,b]ne #dej #g #c ,columbus1 #dge #j4ie #b4ec ,ohio ,bordeaux #dee #g #c ,s&usky1 #dhj #a4dj #b4ec ,ohio ,muni* #edj #h #f ,c9c9nati1 #eej #a4jj #b4fg ,ohio ,tur9 #eej #g #c ,lex+ton1 #ege #a4jj #c4ec ,ky4 ,cop5hag5 #eeb #h #j ,dayton1 #eeb #a4jj #b4hj ,ohio4 ,b]l9 #efj #aj #j ,*>le/on1 #eij #b4jj #c4ej ,s4 ,c4 ,milan #ege #h #f ,=t ,wayne1 #ehj #a4gj #b4fg ,ind4 ,m>seilles #egf #h #f ,lans+1 #eij #a4he #b4fg ,mi*4 ,prague #fjj #i #i ,l\isville1 #fbe #a4jj #c4da ,ky4 ,mod5a #fej #i #f ,indian- #fej #a4ij #c4cb apolis1 ,ind4 ,s>agossa #feb #i #f ,new ,albany1 #ffj #a4ge #c4cb ,ind4 ,*ris- #gjj #ag #f ,la ,fayette1 #gjj #a4ie tiania #e4ie ,ind4 ,trie/e #gbj #aa ,*icago1 #gcj #a4ge #c4he ,ill4 ,vi5na #ghj #aa ,rac9e1 ,wis4 #gej #a4ij #c4he ,madrid #gej #aj #f ,milwaukee1 #ggj #a4ij #c4fg ,wis4 ,ancona #hjj #aa ,p]u1 ,ill4 #hjj #b4be #c4he ,rome #hej #ab ,madison1 #hej #b4dj #d4bj ,wis4 ,/ockholm #hfj #af #c ,montgom]y1 #hfj #c4je #e4fi ,ala4 ,w>saw #hge #ac #c ,/4 ,l\is1 #hhj #b4jj #d4fd ,mo4 ,pe/h #hhj #ab #c ,gal5a1 ,ill4 #hhj #b4ce #d4bi ,cagli>i #ibe #ad ,rock ,isl&1 #ijj #b4ce #d4ij ,ill4 ,naples #iej #aa ,prairie du #iej #b4fe #c4he ,*i51 ,wis4 ,lisbon #iee #ad ,qu9cy1 ,ill4 #iej #b4fj #d4ij ,seville #ihj #ac ,jeff]son #ige #b4gj #d4ee ,city1 ,mo4 ,cadiz #a1jjj #ac ,mobile1 ,ala4 #a1jjj #c4jj #d4ee ,belgrade #a1jje #ac #f ,little ,rock1 #a1jej #d4jj #d4gb ,ark4 ,pal]mo #a1jhj #ab ,des ,mo9es1 #a1jhj #b4gj #d4bj ,i[a4 ,/4 #a1afj #ah #f ,new ,orleans1 #a1ajj #c4be ,pet]sburg #f4dg ,la4 ,novgorod #a1bge #ah #f ,h\/on1 ,la4 #a1ccj #e4jj #f4dg ,smol5sk #a1bhj #ah #f ,galve/on1 #a1cdj #c4ie #f4dg ,texas ,malta #a1bej #af #i ,gr& #a1cej #d4fj #e4hg ,isl&1 ,nebraska ,odessa #a1cfj #ah #f ,=t #a1chj #e4be #f4dg ,ke>ney1 ,nebraska ,a!ns #a1deja #ab ,au/91 #a1dfj #e4ej #aa4cf ,texas ,con/an- #a1dhj #ai #f ,san ,antonio1 #a1eej #e4ej t9ople #g4jj ,texas ,smyrna #a1edja #f #f ,=t #a1fjj #f4dj #i4dc ,l>amie1 ,nebraska ,ni%ni #a1gjja #b ,d5v]1 #a1gjj #g4fj ,novgorod #g4hf ,colorado ,mosc[ #a1dhe #ai ,salt ,lake #b1ajj #e4ie #f4fe ,city1 ,utah ,taganrog #a1dija #f ,sacram5to1 #b1ejj #f4ge #i4bf ,cali=nia ,sjum5 #a1ejja #h ,/ockton1 #b1ejj #f4ge #i4if ,cali=nia ,alex&ria #a1hfgb #f #i ,san #b1fjj #f4ge #af4fi ,francisco1 ,cali=nia ,,m ,,errone\s ,,/atem5ts4 ,mr4 ,hubb>d's ass]tion t1 8:]e a message is repeat$1 ! exp5se is increas$ ab\t sev5ty-five p] c5t1 b on well-con/ruct$ l9es1 9 ord9>y wea!r1 messages betwe5 any two /ations ea/ ( a l9e f ,/4 ,paul to ,new ,orleans require b "o repetition10 h>dly ne$s refutation4 ,ea/ ( ! l9e nam$ !re are m ?an f\r ?\s& telegraph (fices1 & at lea/ #a1cjj sep>ate & di/9ct circuits4 ,h[1 !n1 c sep>ate wires be ma9ta9$ betwe5 e two /ations ov] ?is va/ t]ritory8 ,ev5 conf9+ ! /atem5t to "o (fice at ! ,ea/1--say ,bo/on1 = example1--h[ is x possible to ma9ta9 sep>ate circuits t w enable t (fice to "w direct ) ea* "o ( f\r ?\s& (fices8 ,x w\ld be m practicable to travel f e t[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to e o!r t[n1 )\t *ange ( c>s1 ?an x w\ld to e/abli% direct telegraphic connection betwe5 ea*4 ,! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company ma9ta9s indep5d5t circuits1 & works direct betwe5 ,new ,york & ,philadelphia1 ,wa%+ton1 ,bo/on1 ,buffalo1 ,montreal1 ,*icago1 ,c9c9nati1 ,new ,orleans1 ,portl&1 ,plai/] ,cove1 & _m o!r po9ts2 b to "w ) e (fice 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates )\t repetition w\ld require m wires ^u ea* pole ?an ! my?ical ,bri>eus _h h&s4 ,,s+ul> ,,notions ,,( ,,practical ,,telegraphy4 ,x seems sc>cely wor? :ile to foll[ ,mr4 ,hubb>d 9 8 /atem5ts reg>d+ ! capital ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company1 & ! co/ ( its l9es4 ,we h giv5 a /atem5t on pages #cg to #dj ( ! organization ( ?is company1 ! am\nt ( its capital1 l5g? ( l9es1 & o!r matt]s ( int]e/4 ,mr4 ,hubb>d's /atem5t t ! directors ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company h /eadfa/ly refus$ to r$uce rates until =c$ by competition1 & !n consolidat$ ) ! compet+ company1 & aga9 rais$ ! rates1 is )\t ! slighte/ f\ndation 9 fact4 ,we h previ\sly /at$ t no increase 9 ! rates has be5 made s9ce ! consolidation ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,am]ican companies1 b1 on ! contr>y1 !y h be5 r$uc$ to m ?an "o ?\s& /ations1 :ile ! opposition h less ?an ?ree hundr$ (fices all told4 ,,absurd ,,!ories ,,reg>d+ ,,! ,,work+ ,,capacity ,,( ,,telegraph ,,l9es4 ,mr4 ,hubb>d says3-- 8,! capacities ( ! l9e ( telegraph are v great4 #b1jjj words an h\r are easily transmitt$ by a good op]ator ov] a s+le wire4 ,at ?is rate !re c\ld be s5t ov] fifty-"o ( ! eighty or n9ety wires lead+ f ! ,new ,york (fice ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company #b1ddh1jjj words1 or #ig1ibj messages ( tw5ty-five words ea*1 a day4 ,?is am\nt _c be obta9$4 ,=ty messages an h\r are easily transmitt$ by a good op]ator ov] a ?r\gh l9e1 & ?is numb] c\ld be s5t e h\r by relays ( op]ators4 ,?is e/imate gives #a1bbd1jjj words1 or #dh1ifj messages4 ,on ?r\gh & local l9es a d$uction ( "o half = twelve h\rs ( ! day1 dur+ :i* ! local l9es are op51 mu/ be made1--#iah1jjj words1 or #cf1gbj messages1 on ?r\gh & local l9es4 ,! av]age numb] actually transmitt$ on ^! fifty-"o wires is #ahd1cgh words1 or #g1cge messages4 #gcc1fbb m words1 or #bi1cdj m messages might daily be transmitt$ ov] ^! l9es4 ,if ! pres5t bus9ess c\ld be di/ribut$ ov] all ! h\rs ( ! day1 or if !re 7 suffici5t bus9ess = all ! wires ! :ole day1 ! rates c\ld be l>gely r$uc$4 8,ne>ly eighte5 h\rs ( ea* day ! wires are idle1 yet a consid]able portion ( ! exp5ses ( ! l9e are no great] ?an !y w\ld be if messages 7 transmitt$ ! :ole "t4 ,int]e/1 depreciation1 & repairs1 (fice r5t1 sal>ies1 & g5]al managem5t are ! same1 :e!r mu* or little bus9ess is transact$4 ,^! items con/itute ab\t "o ?ird ( all ! exp5ses on ! ,we/]n ,union l9e4 ,! o!r exp5ses w n be increas$ 9 proportion to ! increase ( ! "t40 ,9 reply to ! above1 we ass]t t #b1jjj words an h\r are n easily transmitt$ by a good op]ator ov] a s+le wire4 ,!re are op]ators :o c s5d at ?is rate = a %ort "t1 b !y are v few 9 numb]1 & none ( !m c\ld ma9ta9 ?is rate ( spe$ = any l5g? ( "t4 ,x mu/ be recollect$ t a message mu/ be copi$ ) a p5 z rapidly z x is s5t4 ,n[1 we d\bt if ,mr4 ,hubb>d ev5 c write #b1jjj words legibly )9 an h\r1 ) p5 & ink4 ,x is well kn[n t ! celebrat$ horse ,dext] has trott$ a mile 9 ! unprec$5t$ "t ( #b4ag1 b w\ld x n be absurd to /ate1 on t acc\nt1 t e good horse c easily trot tw5ty-six miles an h\r8 ,:y1 ,dext] himself _c keep up ?is rate ( spe$ = ev5 a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,because a celebrat$ p$e/rian walk$ a hundr$ miles 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 w\ld x be j to say t e good walk] c easily walk #cf1ejj miles p] annum8 ,a man 9 ,cali=nia rode ?ree hundr$ miles 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 w\ld x be hone/1 !re=e1 to say t e good horseman c easily ride #i1jjj miles a mon?8 ,! maximum spe$ ( ! be/ op]ators is #a1ejj words p] h\r1 b ! av]age spe$ ( ! be/ is v mu* bel[ ?is4 ,! am\nt ( bus9ess done ^u a wire 9 a giv5 "t is va/ly great] 9 ?is c\ntry ?an 9 any o!r4 ,9 ,europe !re are #cee1bah miles ( wire1 :ile 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re are less ?an "o ?ird z _m1 & yet ! wires 9 ?is c\ntry transmit m telegraphic matt] p] annum ?an all ! l9es 9 ,europe4 ,?is almo/ incr$ible fact is expla9$ by ! sup]ior "* & ability ( our op]at+ /aff4 ,9 ,europe !y /ill use record+ in/rum5ts1 & sl[ly & labori\sly pick out _! messages ^u /rips ( pap]4 ,"h1 on ! contr>y1 e op]ator--except 9 ! small villages--reads by s\nd1 & does ?ree times z mu* "w ^u a wire z ! poorly paid & ineffici5t ,european op]ator4 ,n[1 ?is be+ ! case1--& ! /ati/ics prove x1--x c h>dly be pret5d$ t our company gets mu* less out ( its wires ?an !y c reasonably p]=m1 & yet ,mr4 ,hubb>d says we 8c\ld easily s5d on fifty-"o wires #ig1ibj messages p] day1 :ile 9 reality we only s5d #g1cge40 ,"h is a diff]5ce betwe5 !ory & practice t beats ev5 ,dext]'s #b4ag z ! rate ( spe$ :i* e horse 9 ,am]ica c av]age4 ,,impossibility ,,( ,,utiliz+ ,,! ,,telegraph ,,l9es ,,by ,,night ,,z ,,well ,,z ,,day4 ,mr4 ,hubb>d says1 8,if ! pres5t bus9ess c\ld be di/ribut$ ov] all ! h\rs ( ! day1 or if !re 7 suffici5t bus9ess = all ! wires ! :ole day1 ! rates c\ld be l>gely r$uc$02 b nei!r ( ^! propositions c be realiz$4 ,! telegraph is an err&-boy :i* e "o uses :5 ! exig5cy requires x1 & :i* no "o w use unnecess>ily1 ev5 ?\gh x "w = no?+4 ,9 ord] to utilize ! wires dur+ ^? portions ( ! day & night :5 !y are comp>atively idle1 ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company adopt$ ! foll[+ rates = night messages3-- 8,?is company w transmit messages betwe5 ! pr9cipal cities on its l9es ea/ ( ,/4 ,l\is & ,new ,orleans1 bo? inclusive1 dur+ ! night1 & deliv] ! same ! succe$+ morn+1 on ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,= a message ( #bj words or less1 ! usual tolls on a t5-^w message w be *>g$4 ,= a message ( m ?an #bj words1 & n exce$+ #fj words1 twice ! usual tolls on a t5-^w message w be *>g$4 ,= a message ( m ?an #fj words1 & n exce$+ #abj words1 ?ree times ! usual tolls on a t5-^w message w be *>g$4 ,= ea* additional #ajj words1 or "p !re(1 9 excess ( #abj words1 ! usual tolls on a t5-^w message w be *>g$ 9 addition4 ,su* messages w be kn[n z ,,night ,,messages4 ,!y w be receiv$ = transmission at any "t dur+ ! day or ev5+1 & w be s5t dur+ ! succe$+ night4 ,no additional *>ge w be made = ciph] messages40 ,! v mod]ate success ( our night-message exp]im5t1 not)/&+ ! l>ge inducem5ts (f]$1 proves t ! use ( ! telegraph is requir$ n m]ely = communication1 b = em]g5cy & despat*4 ,x is also a fact wor?y ( notice1 t v little ( ?is bus9ess is done betwe5 ,bo/on1 ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 ,baltimore1 & ,wa%+ton1 not)/&+ ! l[ rates1 :]eby ov] a hundr$ words c be transmitt$ = a doll>4 ,x is done ma9ly betwe5 remote places l ,*icago1 ,milwaukee1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,c9c9nati1 ,memphis1 & ,new ,orleans1 communication betwe5 :i* by mail requires f two to f\r days4 ,9 support ( ?is !ory we submit a /atem5t ( ! night-message bus9ess betwe5 ,new ,york ,city & all po9ts on our l9es = ! mon?s ( ,m>*1 ,july1 & ,octob]4 ,^! mon?s repres5t fairly ! v>y+ phases ( our bus9ess 9 respect to trade 9 diff]5t sections ( ! c\ntry at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>4 ,! total numb] ( night messages s5t & receiv$ betwe5 ,new ,york ,city & all places on our l9es = ! ?ree mon?s nam$ 0 #f1bgc1 divid$ z foll[s3-- ,betwe5 ,new ,york & ,*>le/on1 ,s4 ,c4 #bgf ,betwe5 ,new ,york & ,*icago1 ,ill4 #ijd ,betwe5 ,new ,york & ,c9c9nati1 ,o4 #cbf ,betwe5 ,new ,york & ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 #dcc ,betwe5 ,new ,york & ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 #agf ,betwe5 ,new ,york & ,memphis1 ,t5n4 #caf ,betwe5 ,new ,york & ,montgom]y1 ,ala4 #agf ,betwe5 ,new ,york & ,mobile1 ,ala4 #djb ,betwe5 ,new ,york & ,new ,orleans1 ,la4 #a1aie ,betwe5 ,new ,york & ,all o!r places #b1jfi ---------- ,total1 #f1bgc ,our night-message exp]im5t has prov$ t ! telegraph w n be us$ at night1 at any t>iff1 except to a mod]ate ext5t & betwe5 di/ant po9ts4 ,! absurdity ( plac+ ! telegraph & po/al sy/ems 9 ! same category has be5 fully %[n on pages #dc & #dd4 ,mr4 ,hubb>d appe>s to h read ,mr4 ,scudamore's *>ges aga9/ ! ,engli% sy/em1 & appli$ !m lit]ally to ! telegraphs ( ?is c\ntry4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 *>ges :i* may be true z appli$ to ! companies op]at+ ! telegraphs 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom h no p]t95cy :5 reproduc$ z ! %ortcom+s ( ! ,am]ican sy/em4 ,,propos$ ,,incorporation ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,po/al ,,telegraph ,,company4 ,mr4 ,hubb>d says3-- 8,x is n consid]$ exp$i5t ei!r = ! gov]nm5t to pur*ase ! exi/+ l9es1 or to con/ruct & op]ate l9es4 ,h[1 !n1 c ! desir$ results be be/ atta9$8 ,! ,po/-,(fice ,dep>tm5t has no facilities ( its own = ! transmission ( correspond5ce ei!r by rail or telegraph4 ,x contracts ) ! railroad companies = c>ry+ ! mail1 & x is propos$ t x %all contract ) a telegraph company = transmitt+ messages4 8,a bill 0 introduc$ at ! la/ session ( ,congress1 & ref]r$ to ! committee on ,po/ ,roads & ,r\tes1 to incorporate ! #8,unit$ ,/ates ,po/al ,telegraph ,company1 & to e/abli% a po/al sy/em4' 8,! fir/1 second1 ?ird1 f\r?1 & fif? sections ( ! bill incorporate ! company1 ) p[] to con/ruct l9es on all ! po/ roads & r\tes ( ! c\ntry4 8,! six? section au?orizes ! ,po/ma/]-,g5]al to receive bids f any telegraph company = ! transmission by telegraph ( messages receiv$ & deliv]$ ?r\gh ! po/-(fice1 to all cities & villages ( #e1jjj inhabitants & ov]1 & to t[ns on ! l9e ( ! telegraph1 :]e /ations may be e/abli%$ by ord] ( ! ,po/ma/]-,g5]al4 8,! sev5? section au?orizes ! ,po/ma/]-,g5]al to contract = ! transmission by telegraph ( messages ) ! company t w engage to transmit !m = ! lea/ sum1 provid$ su* sum does n exce$ tw5ty-five c5ts1 includ+ five c5ts po/age = ea* message ( tw5ty words1 includ+ date1 address1 & signature1 = ea* & e #ejj miles or fractional "p !re( ! message may be transmitt$1 ) five c5ts = ea* add$ five words4 ,all messages to be prepaid by /amps1 or writt5 on /amp$ pap]4 8,messages to be receiv$ at any & all po/-(fices1 /reet-boxes1 or o!r receptacles = lett]s1 & to be deliv]$ by special c>ri] )\t extra exp5se4 8,messages requir+ imm$iate despat* to h priority ( transmission on paym5t ( extra rates4 8,! effect ( ! propos$ r$uction w be bett] appreciat$ by comp>+ ! pres5t & propos$ rates4 ,,di/ances4 ,pres5t,propos$ ,pro ,rata ,rates4 ,rates4 ,r$uction4,r$uction4 ,to /ations )9 #ejj miles #j4da #j4cj #j4aabfp] ct4 ,to /ations betwe5 #ejj & #a1jjj miles #a4dc #j4ee #j4hhfb ,to /ations betwe5 #a1jjj & #a1ejj miles #b4da #j4ha #a4fjfg ,to /ations betwe5 #a1ejj & #b1jjj miles #c4da #a4dg #a4idef ,av]ages #a4jj #j4dg #j4ecec ,,messages ,,deliv]$ ,,)9 ,a ,,mile ,,( ,,! ,,(fice ,,free4 ,! rule 0 e/abli%$ co9cid5t ) ! introduction ( ! telegraph 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to deliv] all messages 9 ! t[n )9 a mile ( ! receiv+ (fice free4 ,special & free deliv]y %\ld be ! rule z f> z practicable4 ,& yet x is impossible1 )\t r5d]+ ! telegraph ( no avail 9 important em]g5cies1 to e/abli% free deliv]y ev]y:]e4 ,a message f an ,ea/]n city to a ,we/]n village ann\nc+ p]il1 disa/]1 or dea? is address$ to a p]son two or ?ree miles f ! telegraph /ation4 ,! *>ge = transmitt+ ?is message is1 say1 fifty c5ts4 ,two modes ( deliv]y are pres5t$1--"o to drop x 9 ! po/-(fice1 :]e x may lie until ! next day2 ! o!r1 to hire a conveyance1 & s5d a special mess5g] ) x to ! p]son address$4 ,! co/ ( ?is special s]vice w v>y f "o doll> to two doll>s4 ,our practice is to deliv] by special mess5g]1 & *>ge !re= ! actual co/ ( ! s]vice4 ,,european ,,*>ges ,,= ,,deliv]+ ,,telegrams4 ,a simil> cu/om prevails 9 ,europe1 z w appe> f ! foll[+ extracts f ! rules & regulations applicable to /ations 9 ! ,au/ro-,g]manic ,telegraph ,union1 :i* comprises ,au/ria1 ,prussia1 ,hanov]1 ,holl&1 ,saxony1 ,wurtemburg1 ! ,g]man ,du*ies1 also ,france & ! :ole ,s\? ( ,europe3 ,,*>ges ,,= ,,po/age1 ,,foot ,,mess5g]1 ,,& ,,e/afette4 ,! in/ruction = =w>d+ despat*es beyond ,telegraph l9es mu/ be ins]t$ 9 messages imm$iately aft] receiv]'s address & *>g$ =2 messages ) no in/ructions w be s5t on f ,t]m9al ,telegraph ,/ation by po/4 ,! s5d] is responsible = an insuffici5t address1 & c only rectify ! same by s5d+ & pay+ = a new despat*4 ,by ,po/ 7z ,regi/]$ ,lett]7 to all places 9 ,europe1 #js4 #aj;d4 ,by ,po/ 7z ,regi/]$ ,lett]7 to all o!r places1 #bs4 #j;d4 ,messages address$ to 8,po/e ,re/ante0 are subject$ to ! above *>ges = po/age4 ,by ,express 7,foot ,mess5g]7 )9 sev5 ,engli% miles1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,by ,e/afette 7,m\nt$ ,mess5g]7 a *>ge mu/ be made at ! rate ( #bs4 #f;d4 p] ?ree ,engli% miles = c\ntries compris$ 9 ! ,au/ro-,g]manic ,union1 b = o!r t[ns ! *>ge is #as4 #f;d4 p] ,engli% mile4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! di/ance is unkn[n1 a suffici5t deposit mu/ be tak54 ,all *>ges to be prepaid by s5d]4 ,,telegrams ,,to ,,be ,,plac$ ,,9 ,,! ,,/reet ,,boxes4 ,mr4 ,hubb>d's proposition to put telegrams into /reet-boxes is simply absurd4 ,telegrams are always ( an important nature1 & ne$ despat*4 ,imag9e a message ann\nc+ sickness1 dea?1 or any o!r circum/ance1 be+ dropp$ 9 ! /reet box1 to be tak5 out :5 ! c>ri] happ5s r\nd6 ,z = po/-(fices1 h[ _m are !re 9 any ( ! l>ge cities ev58 ,few h m ?an "o1 & ?is is clos$ :5 a mail arrives1--a circum/ance t seems to h r5d]$ ! clos$ condition ! normal "o ) _m po/-(fices4 ,to give an idea ( ! ext5t ( pres5t facilities 9 ! pr9cipal cities1 ! foll[+ /atem5t1 %[+ ! numb] ( telegraph (fices n[ op51 is submitt$3-- ,new ,york1 #ajj (fices4 ,philadelphia1 #ce ,baltimore1 #ai ,wa%+ton1 #af ,bo/on1 #bd ,*icago1 #bb ,c9c9nati1 #ba ,,privileg$ ,,p]sons ,,to ,,h ,,priority ,,9 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,wires4 ,mr4 ,hubb>d's plan ( all[+ 8messages requir+ imm$iate despat* to h priority ( transmission on paym5t ( extra rates10 w\ld aboli% ! rule :i* has always be5 obs]v$ s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( ! telegraph 9 ?is c\ntry1 8fir/ come fir/ s]v$10 & give privileg$ p]sons ! priority 9 ! use ( ! wires4 ,:at an excell5t opportunity ?is w\ld af=d speculative comb9ations 7l t :i* lock$ up tw5ty millions ( curr5cy 9 ,wall ,/reet a %ort "t ago7 to ext5d _! op]ations all ov] ! c\ntry1 by practically controll+ ! telegraph8 ,?is plan w\ld n answ] at all4 ,no sy/em ( v>iation ( rate is feasible1 consi/5tly ) public policy1 b t :i* (f]s a l[] rate = bus9ess :i* w cons5t to be delay$ until ano!r day4 ,9 reg>d to ! e/abli%m5t ( a money-ord] sy/em by telegraph1 we w\ld say t we h long done some?+ 9 ! way ( transmitt+ deposits & money ord]s by telegraph4 ,we h made no ef=t to br+ x prom95tly be=e ! public1 ) a view to ext5d+ ?is dep>tm5t ( our bus9ess1 = ! reason t z an e/abli%$ sy/em x w\ld be comp>atively easy = rogues to abuse x4 ,x is only resort$ to 9 cases ( great em]g5cy1 :]e money ord]s by po/ _c be deliv]$ 9 "t to meet ! necessities ( ! case4 ,x is also conf9$ ma9ly to ! transmission ( small sums4 ,x involves necess>ily ! s5d+ ( two messages4 ,l>ge am\nts requir$ 9 comm]cial transactions are daily transmitt$ or ex*ang$ 9 ?is mann] by ! regul> bank+ h\ses 9 all ! pr9cipal cities4 ,,proposition ,,to ,,op]ate ,,telegraphs ,,at ,a ,,loss1 ,,& ,,make ,,money ,,by ,,x4 ,mr4 ,hubb>d proposes1 by 8 new plan1 to s5d telegrams at an av]age r$uction ( #ec p] c5t f ! pres5t *>ges1 :i* we h %[n to be #be p] c5t less ?an ! ,european rates4 ,n[1 ! total receipts ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company = ! ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #ahfg1 7 #f1efh1ibe1 & a r$uction ( #ec p] c5t w\ld leave #c1jhg1dje4 ,! work+ exp5ses = ! ye> 7 #c1idd1jje ,receipts ) ,mr4 ,hubb>d's propos$ t>iff1 #c1jhg1dje ------------------ ,loss = ! ye> #hef1fjj ,mr4 ,hubb>d ackn[l$ges t nei!r ! gov]nm5t nor any company c transmit messages at ! above rates )\t loss1 b claims t 8a company ) well-con/ruct$ l9es1 built = ca%1 c transmit messages at ^! rates1 9 connection ) ! po/-(fice1 & realize a l>ge pr(it40 ,precisely h[ ?is is to be done1 or :at ! l9es 8built = ca%0 h got to d ab\t x1 does n appe>4 ,mr4 ,hubb>d says 9 8 pamphlet t 8! l>ge/ "p ( ! l9es ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,company 7 con/ruct$ be=e ! rise 9 prices1 & on a gold basis40 ,n[1 if he means t l9es built on a pap] basis c be work$ *eap] ?an ^? con/ruct$ on a gold "o1 we w\ld be glad to he> 8 reasons = s s+ul> a notion4 ,,speculative ,,telegraph ,,s*emes4 ,we consid] x our duty to say a ^w conc]n+ ! sw>m ( adv5tur]s :o are canvass+ ! c\ntry = subscriptions to utt]ly wor?less telegraph /ock1 & :o are besieg+ ! halls ( ,congress e ye> = "s recognition or advantage :i* %all enable !m ! m readily to impose ^u ! public4 ,! ,national ,telegraph ,company is an example 9 po9t4 ,?is conc]n1 :i* claims to h organiz$ two ye>s ago "u an act ( ,congress1 & :i* has fill$ ! c\ntry ) runn]s begg+ = subscriptions to its /ock1 has nev] set a pole4 ,! losses :i* h occurr$ 9 ! op]ation ( compet+ l9es are enorm\s4 ,! c\ntry is full ( p :o h lo/ money 9 ^! s*emes1 :i*1 aft] a brief exi/5ce1 are w\nd up & _! effects dispos$ ( by ! %]iff4 ,! pres5t condition ( all ! opposition l9es is v prec>i\s4 ,! ,frankl9 ,company 0 made by a consolidation ( ! ,insulat$ ,company1 hav+ f\r wires betwe5 ,bo/on & ,wa%+ton1 & ! old ,frankl9 ,company1 hav+ two wires betwe5 ,bo/on & ,new ,york4 ,! capital ( ! =m] 0 #a1bej1jjj1 & ( ! latt] #ejj1jjj4 ,! new organization has be5 9 op]ation ab\t two ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t its receipts h fall5 s f> bel[ its exp5ses t x has contract$ a debt ( #abe1jjj2 & its l9es h det]iorat$ to su* an ext5t t a l>ge sum w\ld h to be exp5d$ to put !m 9 prop] condition = bus9ess4 ,! /ock ( su* companies is valueless z an inve/m5t1 &1 9 respect to "s ( !m1 x is d\btful if _! prop]ty c\ld be sold = a sum suffici5t to pay _! indebt$ness4 ,! ,atlantic & ,pacific ,company has a l9e f ,new ,york to ,*icago1 via ,albany1 ,buffalo1 ,clevel&1 & ,s&usky1 av]ag+ ab\t two wires = ea* l9e4 ,its l9es are built "u a contract to take /ock 9 paym5t1 at ! rate ( #a1fff4ff p] mile = a l9e ( two wires4 ,! op]ation ( ^! sep>ate & irresponsible l9es1 dur+ ! brief p]iod ( _! exi/5ce1 ret>ds ! progress ( legitimate telegraphy1 & impairs ! g5]al unity ( ! sy/em4 ,any legislation ( ,congress :i* is made to fur!r su* s*emes has ! direct effect ( aid+ a class ( speculators to fleece a cr$ul\s public1 by induc+ !m to inve/ _! money 9 ! con/ruction ( l9es :i* nev] h paid1 & nev] c pay1 ! exp5ses ( op]at+ !m1 & :i* are ( no b5efit to any p]sons b ^? :o orig9ate !m1 & pr(it by _! con/ruction4 ,,m ,,/>tl+ ,,inv5tions ,,= ,,rapid ,,telegraph+4 ,we quote f ,mr4 ,hubb>d3-- 8,in/rum5ts h be5 rec5tly inv5t$1 & are 9 op]ation1 ei!r 9 ,engl& or 9 ?is c\ntry1 by :i* two great h9drances to ! effici5cy ( ! telegraph are rem$i$4 ,mr4 ,/e>ns1 presid5t ( ! ,frankl9 ,telegraph ,company1 has inv5t$ an in/rum5t by :i* messages are transmitt$ bo? ways at ! same "t1 on ! same wire1 ?us d\bl+ its capacity )\t any increase ( exp5se4 ,sir ,*>les ,:eat/one1 9 ,engl&1 has inv5t$ an in/rum5t by :i* d\ble ! numb] ( words c be transmitt$ & receiv$ on ! same wire1 at an increas$ exp5se 9 ! prep>ation ( ! message = transmission4 ,in/rum5ts are also 9 op]ation 9 ,great ,brita91 work$ by boys1 aft] in/ruction ( "o or two days40 ,9 reg>d to ,mr4 ,/e>ns's app>atus = work+ bo? ways ov] "o wire at ! same "t1 we are compell$ to say !re is no?+ new 9 ! idea4 ,doctor ,g9tl1 ( ,g]many1 inv5t$ x _m ye>s ago1 & x 0 publi%$ 9 an ,italian "w1#bj ) /eel-plate illu/ration1 issu$ 9 #ahfa1 translat$ into ,engli% by ,george ,b4 ,prescott1 ( ,albany1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,telegraphic ,j\rnal1 ,london1 ,may1 #ahfd4 ,moses ,g4 ,f>m]1 ,esq41 ( ,bo/on1 inv5t$ ano!r app>atus = do+ ! same ?+1 & work$ x betwe5 ,bo/on & ,portl&1 9 #ahdi4 ,if !re is any practical value 9 ?is app>atus x is op5--l ! ,morse ,telegraph--to ! use ( all4 ,sir ,*>les ,:eat/one's app>atus1 by :i* d\ble ! numb] ( words c be receiv$ on ! same wire1 w probably prove ( ! same practical value z _m simil> inv5tions1 :i* 9 !ory c transmit intellig5ce ) ! greate/ accuracy at ! a/oni%+ rate ( five or t5 ?\s& words an h\r1 b 9 practice h nev] prov$ ( ! slighte/ value4 ,footnote #bj3 ,manuale di ,telegrafia ,elettrica1 di ,c>lo ,matteucci1 ,tor9o1 #ahfa4 ,x is sugge/ive1 t1 ( m ?an a hundr$ inv5tions design$ to sup]s$e ! ,morse telegraph1 ! latt] in/rum5t is us$ to-day on m ?an #dij1jjj miles ( wire out ( ! total ( #ejj1jjj 9 op]ation 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,mr4 ,hubb>d's ass]tion1 8t in/rum5ts are 9 op]ation 9 ,great ,brita91 work$ by boys1 aft] in/ruction ( "o or two days10 may be true4 ,f all acc\nts1 ! use ( boys--& *>ity boys at t--has be5 ! great curse ( telegraphy 9 ,engl&1 until ! say+ has become common !re1 :5 describ+ a rem>kably poor specim5 ( *irography1 t 8x is writt5 z badly z a telegraph despat*40 ,we hope ! day is f> di/ant :5 our messages %all be transmitt$ by boys ) "o or two days' in/ruction4 ,we h>dly ne$ say t x is = our int]e/ to adopt e improvem5t :]eby ! despat* ( bus9ess )9 a giv5 "t c be mat]ially increas$4 ,x is c]ta9ly *eap] = u to provide new in/rum5ts1 at almo/ any co/ :i* w ev] be *>g$ !re=1 ?an to put up1 keep 9 repair1 & op]ate additional wires to produce ! same results4 ,,errone\s ,,table ,,( ,,european ,,/ati/ics4 ,we reproduce ,mr4 ,hubb>d's /ati/ical table = ! purpose ( po9t+ out "s v s]i\s errors conta9$ 9 x4 ,9 ,u4 ,s4 ,gold4 ,9 ,u4 ,s4 ,gold4#ba ,! ,au/rian flor9 is rat$ by ,mr4 ,hubb>d at #j4da ,true value #j4dh ,franc is rat$ by ,mr4 ,hubb>d at 4#b ,true value 4#ai ,/]l+ is rat$ by ,mr4 ,hubb>d at #d4hd ,true value #d4hf ,lira is rat$ by ,mr4 ,hubb>d at 4#ah-faj ,true value 4#ai ,doll> ( ,norway is rat$ by ,mr4 ,hubb>d at 4#ec ,true value #a4ji ,r\ble is rat$ by ,mr4 ,hubb>d at 4#ba-cg ,true value 4#gg ,doll> ( ,spa9 is rat$ by ,mr4 ,hubb>d at #a4jj ,true value #a4jd ,footnote #ba3 ,we are indebt$ = ! e/imation ( ! value ( ^! =eign co9s 9 ,unit$ ,/ates gold to ,e4 ,b4 ,elliott1 ,esq41 ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 :o has rec5tly prep>$ a valuable "w on ! subject4 ,^! errors1 9 r$uc+ =eign money into ,unit$ ,/ates gold curr5cy caus$ ! foll[+ discrepancies 9 gross receipts = ! ye>3-- ,value 9 ,unit$ ,/ates ,gold1 ,true ,value 9 ,diff]5ce4 accord+ to ,table4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,gold ,au/ria1 #fgd1cdd #ghi1dgf4af #aae1acb4af ,engl&1 #b1dha1ejj #b1dia1gef4jb #aj1bef4jb ,italy1 #gff1gej #ghb1hei4ji #af1aji4ji ,norway1 #ahb1aca #cgd1egc4ae #aib1ddb4ae ,russia1 #cgb1cji #a1dea1caj4gb #a1jgi1jja4gb ,spa91 #eed1dge #egf1fed4jj #bb1agi4jj -------------------------- ,discrepancy1 #a1dce1abj4ad ,france1 #a1eda1eah #a1dfd1ddb4aj #gg1jge4ij ,belgium1 #aid1ddb #ahb1faa4bh #aa1hcj4gb ,bav>ia1 #acf1hid #acb1chc4bf #d1eaj4gd -------------------------- ,discrepancy1 #ic1dag4cf ,?us we f9d t 9 reproduc+ f _! v>i\s curr5cies ! gross telegraphic receipts ( six nations into ,unit$ ,/ates gold1 ,mr4 ,hubb>d makes ! am\nt #a1dce1abj4ad less ?an x %\ld be1 & 9 r$uc+ ^? ( ?ree o!r c\ntries into our co9 he makes ! am\nt #ic1dag4cf m ?an x %\ld be4 ,he has also fail$ to give ! receipts ( ! ?ree great ,subm>9e ,telegraph ,companies1 :i* transact s important an am\nt ( cont95tal telegraph bus9ess4 ,mr4 ,hubb>d gives ! numb] ( /ations 9 ,switz]l& at #ccc1 :ile ! be/ ,engli% au?ority#bb gives x at #beb4 ,he also gives ! numb] ( messages transmitt$ 9 ,engl&1 9 #ahff1 z #f1abg1jjj1 :ile ,mr4 ,scudamore1 9 8 reply to ! /atem5t ( ! ,electric & ,int]national ,telegraph ,company1 publi%$ 9 ,may1 #ahfh1bc po9ts out ! fact t only #e1gha1ahi messages 7 transmitt$ ?r\gh\t ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& dur+ t ye>4 ,footnote #bb3 ,gov]nm5t & ! ,telegraphs4 ,london1 #ahfh4 ,footnote #bc3 ,return to an ord] ( ! ,honorable ! ,h\se ( ,commons = copy ( fur!r correspond5ce betwe5 ! ,treasury & ! ,po/ma/]-,g5]al relat+ to ! ,electric ,telegraphs ,bill4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,mr4 ,hubb>d has 8e/imat$0--t is1 guess$ at--! numb] ( & receipts = telegrams 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ,d5m>k1 ,sw$51 ,turkey1 & ,greece4 ,he e/imates ! av]age co/ p] message to be #db c5ts2 b z we happ5 to "k t ! av]age co/ 9 ,d5m>k 0 m ?an twice ?is am\nt1 we are n will+ to accept any ( 8 e/imates4 ,,errone\s ,,table ,,( ,,european ,,/ati/ics4 ,f ,mr4 ,hubb>d's pamphlet3-- ,/ati/ics ( ! ,telegraph 9 ,europe = ! ,ye> #ahff4 ,,"n ,,( ,numb] ,miles ,numb] ( ,,c\ntry4 ( ( ,rates 9 #ahff4,messages4 ,/ations,wire4 ,engl& #b1aeahj1dffa %ill+4 #f1abg1jjj ,france #a1bjifh1fhg & #a franc4 #b1hdb1eed ,au/ria #heagc1hed #b1ejg1dgb ,prussia #echee1adi #a1ifd1jjc ,belgium #cef #f1adf franc4 #a1abh1jje ,switz]l& #ccc #c1gag franc4 #ffh1iaf ,bav>ia #d1ide ,norway #gc #b1gaj #bfi1cge ,russia #cjhcg1ccj #hch1fec ,italy #ebibb1bad #a1gfj1hhi ,spa9 #ecc1cgf ,ne!rl&s ,d5m>k ,sw$5 #a1ejj1jjj ,turkey ,greece ,total #ah1fdj1bdc ,messages ,av]age rate p] message 9 ,europe #j4db ,,"n ,,( ,,c\ntry4 ,,receipts4 ,engl& /]l+ #eba1gjg #d4hd #b1dha1ejj4jj ,france ,francs #g1gjg1eij #j4bj #a1eda4eah4jj ,au/ria ,flor9s #a1fdd1gdb #j4da #fgd1cdd4jj ,prussia ,?al]s #a1bge1ghe #j4gb #iah1efe4jj ,belgium ,francs #ifa1aab #j4bj #aid1ddb4jj ,switz]l&,francs #fhd1dga #j4bj #acf1hid4jj ,bav>ia ,flor9s #cbb1hgf #j4da #acb1chc4jj ,norway ,rix ,dolls4 #cdc1fde #j4ec #ahb1aca4jj ,russia ,r\bles #a1hgb1fei #j4ba-cg #cgb1cji4jj ,italy ,lira #d1abj1caa #j4ah-faj #gff1gej4jj ,spa9 ,doll>s #eed1dge #a4jj #eed1dge4jj ,ne!rl&s ,d5m>k ,sw$5 #j4db #fcj1jjj4jj ,turkey ,greece ,total ,total receipts #h1ehe1caa4jj ,messages ,av]age rate p] message 9 ,europe #j4db ,,european ,,telegrams ,,c\nt$ ,,sev]al ,,times4 ,an exam9ation ( ,mr4 ,hubb>d's /atem5t ( ! numb] ( messages s5t 9 ,europe1 9 #ahff1 w reveal ! fact t he has includ$ inl&1 int]national1 & transit messages to make up ! gr& total4 ,9 ?is way he has c\nt$ ! same message sev]al times4 ,= in/ance1 messages s5t f ,engl& to ,france1 or any two contigu\s c\ntries1 w\ld be c\nt$ 9 ea*4 ,messages betwe5 ,france & ,g]many w\ld be c\nt$ 9 ,france & ,g]many z int]national messages1 & 9 ,belgium & p]haps "s o!r c\ntry z transit4 ,! same w\ld be ! case betwe5 all ,european c\ntries ^: t]ritories d n bord] on ea* o!r4 ,a message go+ f ,france to ,russia1 or f ,engl& to ,turkey1 might be c\nt$ a doz5 times4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea* message is c\nt$ b once1 al?\gh x may trav]se ?\s&s ( miles 9 rea*+ its place ( de/9ation4 ,we h n ! /ati/ics to %[ :at proportion ! legitimate numb] ( messages s5t be>s to ?is fictiti\s numb]2 b by ref]r+ to ! ,belgian table x w be se5 t #fib1ecf inl& & #cjf1eif int]national messages 7 s5t 9 #ahff1 9 a total ( #a1abh1jje4 ,tak+ ?is z a fair av]age = ! :ole ( ,europe1 we %all f9d t only #ad1jab1gie messages 7 s5t 9 #ahff1 at an exp5se1 9 ,unit$ ,/ates curr5cy1 ( #ae1bhf1iaa4fa1 or ab\t #a4ji ea*4 ,,labor ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,elem5t ,,( ,,exp5se ,,9 ,,op]at+ ,,telegraphs4 ,! pr9cipal elem5t ( exp5se 9 our bus9ess is ! co/ ( labor4#bd ,if we c d our "w z *eaply z ano!r p>ty1 x is cle> t rates c nev] be r$uc$ bel[ ! po9t at :i* receipts & exp5ses are equal4 ,any mat]ial increase ( bus9ess1 no matt] :at ! rates may be1 mu/ be att5d$ ) increas$ exp5se4 ,& :5 ! capacity ( ! wires provid$ = a p>ticul> s]vice is exhau/$1 a new "q is pres5t$ by ! necessity = provid+ additional facilities4 ,by ! ext5sion ( our l9es ?is ye> we/ ( ,*icago1 & by ! mod]ate increase 9 ! volume ( our bus9ess 9 t section ( ! c\ntry1 x w probably become necess>y dur+ next ye> to provide two additional wires betwe5 ,*icago & ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,! co/ ( ^! wires1 if erect$ on poles n[ /&+1 w be ab\t #abj1jjj4 ,we %all also be oblig$ to put up an additional wire betwe5 ,wa%+ton & ,new ,orleans1 & betwe5 ! latt] place & ,l\isville4 ,! co/ ( ma9ta9+ ! l9es w be some:at increas$ by ! addition ( ^! wires1 & ! co/ ( op]at+ at ea* end1 & look+ aft] !m at int]m$iate po9ts1 mu/ also be includ$4 ,h[ is ! additional capital necess>y to provide su* increas$ facilities to be rais$8 ,by r$uc+ rates1 ! result ( :i* is1 t1 ev5 if gross receipts are n dim9i%$1 ! exp5ses are increas$8 ,is x n by gradually increas+ l9es out ( curr5t pr(its1 & z gradually r$uc+ rates aft] facilities = an enl>g$ bus9ess h be5 provid$8 ,footnote #bd3 ,! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company exp5d$ #b1egc1dcd4hj = labor = ! ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #ahfg4 ,see comp>ison ( co/ ( labor 9 ,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates on page #bf4 ,,prevail+ ,,error ,,( ,,all ,,!oriz]s ,,on ,,! ,,bus9ess ,,( ,,telegraph+4 ,all !oriz]s ^u ! subject ( ! telegraph fall into ! error t ! am\nt ( bus9ess :i* may be done at any po9t 7! rates be+ l[ en\gh7 is 9 ! ratio ( population4 ,an inve/igation ( ! subject w %[ ?is to be entirely errone\s4 ,?ree ye>s ago1 :5 ! subject ( telegraphic communication betwe5 ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n cont95ts 0 discuss$ by ^? mo/ intimately connect$ ) ! ent]prise1 no "o e/imat$ ! numb] ( messages :i* w\ld pass betwe5 ! two cont95ts1 daily1 at a rate ( #ej gold = t5 words1 bel[ #ejj4 ,b few plac$ ! figures s l[4 ,mo/ ( !m e/imat$ ! numb] at two or ?ree times ?is m9imum4 ,9 #ahfc ,mr4 ,cyrus ,w4 ,field made ! foll[+ rem>ks be=e ! ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce ( ,new ,york1 9 relation to ! probable am\nt ( bus9ess t w\ld be done betwe5 ,europe & ,am]ica :5 communication by telegraph %\ld be e/abli%$3 8,to express my own op9ion1 f pretty l>ge exp]i5ce on ! subject1 ,i d n believe t t5 cables w\ld beg9 to d ! "w :i* w\ld1 9 a %ort "t1 be giv5 to x40 ,at ! banquet giv5 9 ,london1 9 #ahfd1 to inaugurate ! r5ew$ attempt by ! ,atlantic ,telegraph ,company to unite ,europe & ,am]ica by means ( ! ,atlantic cable1 ,mr4 ,cromwell ,f4 ,v>ley made ! foll[+ rem>ks t\*+ ! am\nt ( bus9ess t w\ld be (f]$ = transmission ov] ! cable3 8,i feel great confid5ce t1 :5 once a cable is successfully laid across ! ,atlantic1 ! dem&s ^u x w be s great t y w h to lay "o or two p] annum = ! next tw5ty ye>s1 or ev5 m40 ,_! disappo9tm5t 01 !re=e1 v great :51 aft] ! ,atlantic ,cable 0 9 op]ation1 x 0 f\nd t ! daily av]age at ! #ajj t>iff 0 b #bi messages1 & at ! #ej t>iff1 :i* 0 9 op]ation ?irte5 mon?s1 x 0 b #fd4 ,at ! #be rate ! av]age advanc$ to #aca2 & al?\gh ! rate has be5 /ill fur!r r$uc$ to #af4he1 ! av]age is b #bja4 ,?is illu/ration is suffici5t to prove ! fallacy ( all reason+ conc]n+ telegraph bus9ess bas$ m]ely ^u population4 ,we v5ture ! pr$iction t1 at ! rate ( #e betwe5 ,europe & ,am]ica1 ! numb] ( messages :i* w\ld pass p] day w\ld nev] equal ! numb] ex*ang$ daily betwe5 ,new ,york on "o h&1 & ,philadelphia & ,bo/on on ! o!r4 ,! reason is simply ?is3 ,! numb] ( messages :i* w pass )9 a giv5 "t betwe5 two po9ts dep5ds1 fir/1 ^u a reasonable *>ge = transmission1--a *>ge conv5i5tly )9 ! means ( ^? hav+ occasion to communicate2 & secondly & ma9ly1 ^u ! numb] ( p at ei!r extreme hav+ intimate bus9ess relations ) ^? at ! o!r4 ,! va/ comm]ce ( ! ,old ,_w & ! ,new is n ex*ang$ 9 detail1 b 9 bulk4 ,a few bank+ h\ses on ea* side make all ! ex*anges = bo? cont95ts1 & ! agricultural products & ! manufactures ( bo? are also ex*ang$ 9 sub/antially ! same mann]4 ,we h %[n h[ fallaci\s is ! claim t ! increase ( bus9ess is dep5d5t ^u ! t>iff1 by ! /ati/ics ( our own & =eign c\ntries1 by :i* x appe>s t bus9ess has sometimes l>gely increas$ at an advanc$ rate4 ,we d n desire to be und]/ood1 h[ev]1 z say+ t l[ t>iffs1 "u simil> circum/ances1 w n br+ m bus9ess ?an high ones4 ,b we d say t x is susceptible ( pro(1 t ! m9imum rate is und\bt$ly mu* high] ?an mo/ ( ^? :o !orize ^u ?is subject are will+ to believe4 ,take ! case ( ! ,atlantic ,cable z an illu/ration4 ,dur+ ! ?ree mon?s at :i* ! t>iff 0 #ajj1 & ! daily av]age ( messages #bi1 ! receipts p] day 7 #eje4 ,dur+ ! ?irte5 mon?s1 at ! av]age ( #fd messages daily1 ! receipts 7 #egi4 ,dur+ ! n9e mon?s1 at ! av]age ( #aca messages p] day1 ! receipts 7 #fce4 ,& = ! two mon?s s9ce ! rates 7 r$uc$ to #af1 ! daily av]age has be5 #bja messages1 & ! av]age receipts #eif4 ,n[ x happ5s1 =tunately = ! ,cable ,company1 t ! pres5t volume ( bus9ess is consid]ably less ?an ! capacity ( _! cables2 s t ! increase ( t bus9ess has be5 att5d$ ) b a v slight additional exp5se1 ! co/ to op]ate be+ ! same at (fices op5 day & night1 :e!r op]ators are occupi$ all or only a "p ( ! "t4 ,b suppose1 = illu/ration1 t ! limit ( ! capacities ( ! cables w be rea*$ :5 ! av]age numb] ( messages p] day is #bej4 ,to und]take to transmit any numb] beyond ?is )\t fur!r facilities w\ld result 9 cr[d+ & confus+ ! bus9ess to an ext5t :i* w\ld inevitably produce dissatisfaction4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to provide an additional cable w\ld co/ a sum ( money :i* x might be exce$+ly difficult to raise4 ,x seems prop]1 !re=e1 t ! pr(its f ?is bus9ess %\ld always be consid]ably m ?an en\gh to yield a prop] return = ! capital inve/$1 s t great] facilities may be provid$ out ( surplus pr(its2 &1 z facilities are increas$1 rates may be gradually r$uc$1 until1 by judici\sly pursu+ ?is c\rse1 ! *>ges = telegraph+ may be mat]ially dim9i%$1 )\t endang]+ ! rev5ues to :i* own]s ( telegraph prop]ty are ju/ly entitl$4 ,/ati/ics ( ,traffic ?r\gh ! ,atlantic ,cables f ,july #bh1 #ahff1 to ,novemb] #a1 #ahfh4 ,numb] ,daily ,av]age ( ,av]age ,,gross ,,am\nt ( ,,receipts accru+ to ! ,am\nt ,messages ,no4 ( ,,two ,,atlantic ,,cables1 betwe5 ,val5tia & p] p] ,messages4 ,he>t's ,cont5t4 ,day4 ,mon?4 #a1ajd #bi ,f ,july #bh? #ahff1 "u #beejj #eje to #ca/ ,aug41 #bj ,t>iff #hcg ,f ,sept4 #a/ #ahff1 "u #def to #cj? #bj ,t>iff #hca ,f ,oct4 #a/ #ahff1 "u #dia to #ca/ #bj ,t>iff #a1ecj #fd ,f ,nov4 #a/ #ahff1 "u #bfejb #egi to #cj? #aj ,t>iff #a1ehb ,f ,dec4 #a/ #ahff1 "u #dic to #ca/ #aj ,t>iff #a1fhf ,f ,jan4 #a/ #ahfg1 "u #dff to #ca/ #aj ,t>iff #a1gfd ,f ,feb4 #a/ #ahfg1 "u #edi to #bh? #aj ,t>iff #b1adg ,f ,m>* #a/ #ahfg1 "u #fff to #ca/ #aj ,t>iff #b1fbd ,f ,april #a/ #ahfg1 "u #gbb to #cj? #aj ,t>iff #b1bfb ,f ,may #a/ #ahfg1 "u #gje to #ca/ #aj ,t>iff #a1hdc ,f ,june #a/ #ahfg1 "u #eig to #cj? #aj ,t>iff #a1dcb ,f ,july #a/ #ahfg1 "u #edb to #bg? #aj ,t>iff #a1fic ,f ,july #ah? #ahfg1 "u #dja to #ca/ ,aug41 #aj ,t>iff #a1hfj ,f ,sept4 #a/ #ahfg1 "u #eae to #cj? #aj ,t>iff #b1eje ,f ,oct4 #a/ #ahfg1 "u #bggae to #ca/ #aj ,t>iff #b1bib ,f ,nov4 #a/ #ahfg1 "u #bgffa to #cj? #aj ,t>iff #c1ija #aca ,f ,dec4 #a/ #ahfg1 "u #bggcb #fce to #ca/ #e4e ,t>iff #d1gci ,f ,jan4 #a/ #ahfh1 "u #bggef to #ca/ #e4e ,t>iff #e1abh ,f ,feb4 #a/ #ahfh1 "u #bghfj to #bi? #e4e ,t>iff #d1ejg ,f ,m>* #a/ #ahfh1 "u #bggjg to #ca/ #e4e ,t>iff #d1cbj ,f ,april #a/ #ahfh1 "u #bggah to #cj? #e4e ,t>iff #c1ech ,f ,may #a/ #ahfh1 "u #eej to #ca/ #e4e ,t>iff #b1hhd ,f ,june #a/ #ahfh1 "u #ddg to #cj? #e4e ,t>iff #c1bag ,f ,july #a/ #ahfh1 "u #dij to #ca/ #e4e ,t>iff #c1gdj ,f ,aug4 #a/ #ahfh1 "u #eeh to #ca/ #e4e ,t>iff #e1jec #bja ,f ,sept4 #a/ #ahfh1 "u #eja #eif to #cj? #c4g4f4 ,t>iff #f1cda ,f ,oct4 #a/ #ahfh1 "u #fae to #ca/ #c4g4f4 ,t>iff #f1hgg ,f ,nov4 #a/ #ahfh1 "u #fgj to #cj? #c4g4f4 ,t>iff ,footnote #be3 ,dur+ ?is mon? ov] #ajj p] day 7 paid by ! ,new ,york ,h]ald = news reports1 & _m p]sons s5t messages z a novelty4 ,footnote #bf3 ,dur+ ?is mon? ! despat*es s5t by ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t av]ag$ ov] #ajj p] day4 ,footnote #bg3 ,dur+ ^! mon?s !re 0 extraord9>y excitem5t 9 cotton4 ,a s+le wire betwe5 ,new ,york & ,plai/] ,cove1 ,cape ,breton1 ! ea/]n t]m9us ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company's l9es1 n only promptly transmits all ! telegraphic bus9ess t is done betwe5 ,europe & ,am]ica1 b e message is telegraph$ back = comp>ison ) ! orig9al1 to insure correctness4 ,,progress ,,( ,,! ,,electric ,,telegraph ,,9 ,,am]ica ,,& ,,europe4 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates n only has ! di/+ui%$ honor ( be+ ! bir?place ( ! inv5tor ( ! univ]sally-us$ electric telegraph1 b ( hav+ con/ruct$ ! fir/ l9e ( practical telegraph1 & ( be+ ! =emo/ nation 9 ! _w1 at ! pres5t "t1 9 ! numb] ( h] telegraph /ations1 ext5t ( h] l9es & wires1 *eapness ( h] rates1 & am\nt ( bus9ess done4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates conta9s #d1abf telegraph (fices2 #fb1ghb miles ( l9e2 #abe1efd miles ( wire2 & transmits annually #ab1ijd1ggg telegrams4 ,%e has ne>ly z _m telegraph /ations z1 & s5ds a great] numb] ( telegrams annually ?an1 all ,cont95tal ,europe1 & conta9s z _m miles ( l9e z ,belgium1 ,bav>ia1 ,france1 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 ,italy1 ,russia1 ,switz]l&1 & ,spa9 comb9$4 ,,proportion ,,( ,,telegrams ,,to ,,lett]s4 ,! proportion ( telegrams to lett]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is difficult ( det]m9ation1 f ! fact t our ,po/-,(fice ,dep>tm5t furni%es no /ati/ics ( ! numb] ( lett]s s5t ?r\gh ! mails1 & has no means ( asc]ta9+ ! numb] approximately1 except by ! numb] ( /amps sold annually4 ,?is mode ( e/imation is v defective1 because ! /amps sold may n h be5 us$1 or if us$1 may h cov]$ ! po/age on books1 p>cels1 & o!r matt]4 ,! ,po/ma/]-,g5]al /ates1 9 8 report = #ahfg1 t !re 7 #bhc1gfb1cjj ?ree-c5t /amps sold dur+ ! prec$+ ye>4 ,suppos+ ea* ( ^! /amps to repres5t a lett]1 we h ! foll[+ comp>ative result ( ! numb] ( telegrams to lett]s 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries :]e ! telegraph is mo/ ext5sively us$3-- ,proportion ( telegrams to lett]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 #a to #aba ,proportion ( telegrams to lett]s 9 ,switz]l&1 #a to #fi ,proportion ( telegrams to lett]s 9 ,belgium1 #a to #cg ,proportion ( telegrams to lett]s 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #a to #bb ,,e>ly ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,telegraph ,,9 ,,am]ica4 ,dur+ ! fir/ few ye>s aft] ! introduction ( ! electric telegraph its progress 0 v sl[4 ,capitali/s 7 afraid to inve/ 9 an und]tak+ s novel & prec>i\s1 & z a natural consequ5ce !re 0 great difficulty 9 rais+ funds = prop]ly build+ ! l9es1 & !y 7 con/ruct$ 9 a v unreliable mann]1 breaks & int]ruptions be+ r ! normal condition ( ! wires ?an ! exception4 ,at a v e>ly p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! electric telegraph 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a misund]/&+ occurr$ betwe5 ! ,morse pat5tees & a contractor "u !m1 ! result ( :i* 0 t rival l9es 7 con/ruct$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry be=e ! sy/em _h be5 suffici5tly develop$ to be remun]ative1 ev5 )\t su* competition4 ,! inv5tion ( ! lett]-pr9t+ telegraph by ,mr4 ,h\se1 9 #ahdf1 & ! introduction ( ! electro-*emical telegraph ( ,mr4 ,ba9 into ?is c\ntry1 9 #ahdi1 greatly facilitat$ ! con/ruction ( compet+ l9es4 ,! fir/ l9e op]at+ "u ! ,h\se pat5t 0 complet$ 9 ,m>*1 #ahdi1 f ,philadelphia to ,new ,york ,city4 ,! ,bo/on & ,new ,york ,telegraph ,company1 us+ ! same pat5t1 0 complet$ 9 ! autumn ( ! same ye>1 & 0 foll[$ by "o f ,new ,york to ,buffalo1 & subsequ5tly to ,/4 ,l\is & ,*icago4 ,dur+ ! ye> #ahdi1 :i* 0 v prolific 9 ! production ( compet+ l9es1 ! ,ba9 pat5t 0 introduc$ ^u l9es ext5d+ betwe5 ,new ,york & ,buffalo1 & ,new ,york & ,wa%+ton1 &1 9 ! succe$+ ye>1 ^u l9es ext5d+ betwe5 ,bo/on & ,montreal1 & ,bo/on & ,portl&4 ,9 #ahea !re 7 sev5 ,ba9 l9es 9 op]ation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 hav+ ov] #b1jjj miles ( wire2 eight ,h\se l9es1 hav+ ab\t #cjj miles ( wire2 & sixty-sev5 ,morse l9es1 hav+ #bj1jjj miles ( wire4 ,9 ! autumn ( ?is ye>1 ! ,morse & ,ba9 l9es betwe5 ,new ,york & ,wa%+ton 7 consolidat$2 & 9 ! succe$+ spr+ ! ,morse & ,ba9 l9es betwe5 ,new ,york & ,bo/on 7 unit$ "u "o company4 ,! union ( ^! l9es 0 foll[$ by t ( ! ,new ,york & ,buffalo ,morse & ,ba9 l9es1 & subsequ5tly by ^? ( ! ,h\se l9es betwe5 ^! po9ts4 ,,evils ,,aris+ ,,f ,,sep>ate ,,organizations4 ,! consolidation ( ^! l9es 0 a /ep 9 ! "r direction1 z x increas$ ! receipts & less5$ ! exp5ses ( ! companies1 :ile x enabl$ !m to d ! bus9ess bett]1 by possess+ great] facilities4 ,/ill1 ! great numb] ( sep>ate organizations rema9+ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry prev5t$ t unity & despat* 9 ! conduct ( ! bus9ess s ess5tial to its success4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ! public fail$ to realize ! brilliant ?\ght ( in/ant communication betwe5 di/ant po9ts4 ,a ,bo/on h\se1 do+ bus9ess ) ,*icago1 0 oblig$ to be cont5t ) responses receiv$ on ! second or ?ird day4 ,on ,bo/on despat*es = ,*icago f\r t>iffs 7 *>g$2 & a message _h to be copi$ (f & h&$ ov] to o!r companies = transmission at ,new ,york1 ,buffalo1 & ,detroit1 be=e x rea*$ its de/9ation4 ,all ?is process requir$ "t1 & yet ! loss ( "t 0 ! lea/ ( ! evils connect$ ) su* a /ate ( ?+s4 ,! message1 z x left ! writ]'s h&s 9 ,bo/on1 0 n unfrequ5tly a v diff]5t docum5t :5 x rea*$ ! ,we/]n p>ties1 ow+ to errors caus$ by its num]\s retransmissions1 & ?us ! necessity became urg5t to unite ^! sep>ate companies into "o liv+1 vigor\s organization1 by :i* n only repetition & error might be avoid$1 b ! messages foll[$ to _! de/9ation "u a s+le direction1 & undivid$ responsibility4 ,,! ,,unification ,,( ,,! ,,telegraph ,,accompli%$4 ,x 0 at ?is p]iod1 :5 segregat$ l9es 7 feel+ _! weakness1 & _! rev5ues 7 unequal to ev5 a curr5t vigor\s support1 t a few cle>-sight$ m5 9 ! ,we/ conceiv$ ! project ( buy+ up ! gr\ps ( feeble organizations1 & mak+ !m direct lead]s betwe5 ! l>ge ,we/]n cities4 ,! /ock 0 comp>atively valueless1 & easily & *eaply b\ght4 ,! ne$s ( comm]cial int]c\rse 7 press+4 ,! project _h 9 x ! true elem5ts ( success1 & x 0 accompli%$4 ,= sev5 ye>s !reaft] ! pur*as]s w5t on improv+ ! l9es ?us acquir$1 & r5d]+ _! connections m c]ta94 ,dur+ all ^! ye>s no divid5ds 7 paid4 ,"t & money & all ! e>n+s ( ! l9e 7 devot$ to t s]ies ( comb9ations :i*1 f a mass ( weak & p]i%+ organizations1 culm9at$ 9 ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company4 ,?is comb9ation ( l9es sav$ ! sy/em f disgrace1 & made x available to comm]ce & to public wants4 ,no increase ( rates foll[$ any ( ^! movem5ts2 & none w\ld ev] h be5 made1 _h n w> come to *ange values1 & r5d]$ x necess>y4 ,at ! ,ea/1 ! ,am]ican ,telegraph ,company1 organiz$ 9 #ahee1 foll[$ a simil> c\rse1 & ultimately controll$ l9es ext5d+ ?r\gh\t ! ,atlantic seabo>d & ,mississippi ,valley4 ,^! two companies1 work+ 9 connection & h>mony1 cov]$ ! entire area ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & p]=m$ ! bus9ess ( telegraph+ bett] ?an x _h ev] be5 done be=e4 ,9 #ahfc ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,telegraph ,company 0 organiz$1 & con/ruct$ l9es 9 ! t]ritories occupi$ by bo? ! ,we/]n ,union & ,am]ican companies2 b 9 #ahfe1 ) #af1jjj miles ( wire1--all newly built1--work$ to _! full capacity dur+ ! ye> !y 7 unable to meet _! curr5t exp5ses2 b "u ! mo/ vigor\s adm9i/ration1 ) its exp5ses r$uc$ )9 ! close/ limits1 f\nd t x 0 conduct+ its bus9ess at an av]age net loss ( ne>ly #aj1jjj p] mon?4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahff ! ,we/]n ,union1 ,am]ican1 & ,unit$ ,/ates ,telegraph ,companies 7 consolidat$1 ?us produc+ a complete unification ( ! great telegraphic sy/em ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & r5d]+ x ! mo/ complete & ext5sive 9 ! _w4 ,?is consolidation1 h[ev]1 gave ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company no monopoly ( ! bus9ess4 ,! ,morse pat5t hav+ expir$1 & no exclusive privileges be+ grant$ by ei!r ,/ate or national gov]nm5ts1 ! con/ruction & op]ation ( telegraph l9es )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates rema9$ freely op5 to all4 ,,telegraph ,,companies ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,! foll[+ li/ ( "s ( ! m important telegraph companies n[ do+ bus9ess 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w convey an idea ( ! importance ( ?is int]e/3 ,bank]s & ,brok]s' ,telegraph ,company1 capital #a1jej1jjj1 l9es ext5d+ f ,new ,york to ,wa%+ton2 ,pacific & ,atlantic ,telegraph ,company1 capital #c1jjj1jjj1 l9es complet$ f ,philadelphia to ,pittsburg & ,c9c9nati1 & ext5d+2 ,frankl9 ,telegraph ,company1 capital #a1jjj1jjj1 l9es ext5d+ f ,bo/on to ,wa%+ton2 ,int]national ,telegraph ,company1 capital #cjj1jjj1 l9es complet$ f ,bo/on to ,bangor1 ,me41 & w be ext5d$ f>!r ea/2 ,key/one ,telegraph ,company1 l9es ext5d+ f ,philadelphia to ,h>risburg & ,pittsburg2 ,int]national ,ocean ,telegraph ,company1 l9es ext5d+ f ,lake ,city to ,key ,we/ & ,havana2 ,nor!rn ,telegraph ,company1 capital #ajj1jjj1 l9es complet$ f ,bo/on to ,bri/ol1 ,n4 ,h41 & ext5d+2 ,atlantic & ,pacific ,telegraph ,company1 capital #e1jjj1jjj1 l9es complet$ f ,new ,york to ,*icago & ext5d+2 ,great ,we/]n ,telegraph ,company1 l9e complet$ betwe5 ,*icago & ,milwaukee2 ,nor?we/]n ,telegraph ,company1 capital #a1aej1jjj1 l9es ext5d+ f ,milwaukee ?r\gh ,wiscons91 ,mi*igan1 ,i[a1 & ,m9nesota2 ,mississippi ,valley ,telegraph ,company1 l9es ext5d+ betwe5 ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9n41 & ,/4 ,l\is1 & f ,dubuque to ,*icago2 ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company1 capital #dj1cdg1gjj1 l9es ext5d+ f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico to ! ,gulf ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 & f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific ocean4 ,!re are 9 addition to ?is li/ q a l>ge numb] ( companies1 cov]+ m or less t]ritory1 :i*1 ) all ( ! above m5tion$1 are indep5d5t organizations1 & ne>ly all ( !m engag$ 9 competition ) ea* o!r4 ,private ent]prise has ) u1 s f>1 a*iev$ mu* great] results ?an gov]nm5tal managem5t 9 ,europe4 ,z reg>ds ! t>iff = messages1 !y are less ?an ! rates e/abli%$ 9 ,europe4 ,consid]able r$uctions h be5 made )9 ! pa/ ye>1 am\nt+1 9 "s cases1 to z mu* z #ej p] c5t4 ,! r$uctions h tak5 place to ! greate/ ext5t 9 ^? sections ( ! c\ntry :]e !re are opposition l9es1 ! rates ov] "s ( ^! r\tes be+ less ?an ! exp5se ( do+ ! bus9ess1 b ! r$uctions are n conf9$ to ^! sections4 ,! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company has r$uc$ its rates betwe5 upw>ds ( "o ?\s& (fices :]e !re is no opposition2 & x is n[ prep>+ a new t>iff ( rates1 bas$ ^u airl9e di/ances1 betwe5 all /ations1 irrespective ( ! circuit\s r\tes t ! l9es take to rea* !m1 :i* w /ill f>!r simplify & *eap5 ! sy/em4 ,x is ! purpose ( ?is company to d ! telegraph+ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z well1 & at z l[ rates1 z x c be done by any organization :i* c be =m$1 & ?us ma9ta9 its possession ( ! fir/ & mo/ ext5sive sy/em ( telegraphy 9 ! _w4 ,,dom9ion ,,( ,,canada4 ,9 ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! telegraph is free & untrammell$ by gov]nm5tal int]f]5ce1 &1 next to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is ! be/ 9 ! _w4 ,,/ati/ics ,,( ,,! ,,telegraph ,,9 ,,! ,,dom9ion ,,( ,,canada4 ,numb] ( miles ( pole l9e1 #f1gdf miles4 ,numb] ( miles ( wire /rung1 #h1ice miles4 ,numb] ( (fices1 #chb miles4 ,numb] ( messages 79 #ahfg71 #egc1bai miles4 ,gross receipts f all s\rces1 #beh1jjj ,gross exp5ses1 #ahj1jjj ,( :i*1 accru+ = labor1 #aje1jjj ,,au/ria4 ,! telegraph is "u ! control & managem5t ( ! ,/ate4 ,at ! end ( #ahff ! sy/em compris$ #hea /ations1 ) an ext5t ( #gc1hed geographical miles ( wire4 ,! total numb] ( p]sons employ$ by ! telegraphic dep>tm5t is #a1hhd4 ,,table ,c4 ,/atem5t %[+ ! ,progress ( ,telegraphy 9 ,au/ria4 ,numb] ( ,gross ,receipts 9,av]age ,co/ p] ,,date4 ,messages4 ,flor9s4 ,message 9 ,flor9s4 #ahea #dd1iaa #abh1gcf #b4hf #aheb #fb1gaf #bji1edg #c4cd #ahec #aji1cdg #cjh1aei #b4ha #ahed #aij1ebb #edi1fig #b4hh #ahee #bjd1bba #fjg1gde #b4ig #ahef #bea1idh #ggh1bid #c4jh #aheg #cha1gbj #hhh1ije #b4cb #aheh #dai1ddi #gfj1haa #a4ha #ahei #fib1cgi #iea1bdj #a4cg #ahfj #gjj1gie #iia1bge #a4da #ahfa #hdf1iec #a1bbf1djd #a4dd #ahfb #idf1fge #a1bfg1iff #a4cc #ahfc #a1acj1fbe #a1bij1ddg #a4ad #ahfd #a1faj1ffc #a1cbb1idh #j4hb #ahfe #a1ghf1iee #a1dce1dgh #j4hj #ahff #b1ejg1dgb #a1fdd1gdb #j4fe ,au/ria transmitt$ #dd1iaa messages 9 #ahea1 & #cha1gbj 9 #aheg1 be+ an increase ( ov] #hjj p] c5t )\t any av]age r$uction 9 rates4 ,! increase 9 ! numb] ( messages f #aheg to #ahff 0 less ?an #gjj p] c5t1 not)/&+ ! great r$uction 9 ! rates f #b4cb to #j4fe flor9s4 ,,belgium4 ,! /ati/ics respect+ ! work+ ( ! telegraph 9 ,belgium are us$ by ,mr4 ,wa%burne prim>ily to prove ! sup]ior advantages & excell5ce ( ! ,belgian telegraphic sy/em & arrangem5t1 b *iefly to %[ t a *eap5$ rate has increas$ its use1 & t to secure t result 9 ?is c\ntry ! telegraph mu/ be plac$ "u gov]nm5tal control4 ,sc>cely any two nations c\ld be nam$ ^: conditions are m unlike4 ,! area ( ,belgium is ab\t "o f\r? t ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 ) ne>ly ! same population4 ,its greate/ l5g? is #age miles1 its wid? #aje4 ,! ?ree *ief cities ( ,belgium are n m ?an ?irty miles ap>t1 :ile ^? ( second>y rank are equally contigu\s4 ,all ! railroads 9 ! k+dom belong to ! gov]nm5t1 & a l>ge proportion ( ! telegraph (fices are at ! railway /ations1 ! po/-(fices be+ m]ely (fices ( deposit1 f :i* messages are despat*$ free ( *>ge to ! ne>e/ telegraph (fice1 if 9 ! same di/rict2 o!rwise by special mess5g]1 on ! paym5t ( an extra fee4 ,z ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates owns no railroads1 !y c\ld n use ! /ations = (fices1 except by special arrangem5ts1 :i* c z readily be effect$ by private companies4 ,,table ,d4 ,/atem5t %[+ ! ,progress ( ,telegraphy 9 ,belgium4 ,numb] ( ,gross ,receipts 9,av]age ,co/ p] ,,date4 ,messages4 ,francs4 ,message 9 ,francs4 #ahea #ad1jbe #hh1fgd #f4cb #aheb #bg1bag #afe1igc #f4jg #ahec #eb1jej #bfe1ecf #e4aj #ahed #fj1dae #bhj1hde #d4fe #ahee #fa1ddc #bfe1ici #d4cc #ahef #ii1bgc #cei1egi #c4fb #aheg #aai1jej #djg1jaa #c4db #aheh #ade1gbf #dac1ibf #b4hc #ahei #aif1bdj #ejf1jjf #b4eg #ahfj #bbe1hai #ebg1gdc #b4cd #ahfa #bfh1ifh #ehh1ecb #b4ai #ahfb #bia1ghg #fje1jdd #b4jg #ahfc #daf1aac #fab1cac #a4dg #ahfd #efd1dig #ghi1cii #a4dd #ahfe #fgd1jcd #hfe1fdj #a4bh #ahff #a1abh1jje #ifb1bac #j4he #ahfg #a1bic1ggj #a1jgd1bad #j4he ,,table ,e4 ,/atem5t %[+ ! ,l5g?s ( ,l9es1 c4 ,,date4 ,l5g?s ( ,l5g?s ( ,numb] ( ,numb] ( ,l9es4 ,wires4 ,/ations4 ,in/rum5ts4 ,miles4 ,miles4 #ahfb #a1agd #b1ihc #aif #bij #ahfc #a1fdd #c1hge #beb #cfe #ahfd #a1hef #d1dba #bhj #dbj #ahfe #b1jjj #e1djj #cjg #dfj #ahff #b1ahg #f1adf #cef #eef #ahfg #b1bcb #g1afa #cgd #egd ,,table ,f4 ,/atem5t %[+ ! ,numb] ( ,messages4 ,,date4 ,inl&4 ,int]national4 ,transit4 ,total4 #ahea #f1feb #f1jed #a1cai #ad1jbe #aheb #i1hjg #aj1ajc #g1cjg #bg1bag #ahec #ad1aei #bj1fef #ag1eci #eb1jej #ahed #af1gai #bi1dib #ad1bjd #fj1dae #ahee #ag1bgi #cd1gbe #i1dbi #fa1ddc #ahef #cb1hfb #de1cge #ba1jcf #ii1bgc #aheg #da1dcd #dh1cfg #bi1bdi #aai1jej #aheh #dg1fgc #eh1jid #ci1iei #ade1gbf #ahei #fe1dfe #hc1ghj #df1iie #aif1bdj #ahfj #hj1baf #ie1dii #ej1djd #bbe1hai #ahfa #ig1ide #aae1aba #ee1ijb #bfh1ifh #ahfb #aje1bgd #abi1ice #ef1egh #bia1ghg #ahfc #ahh1hbe #afb1agh #fe1aaj #daf1aac #ahfd #beb1cja #aig1edg #if1fdi #edf1dig #ahfe #ccb1gba #beb1acc #hi1ahc #fgd1jcg #ahff #fib1ecf #cjf1eif #abh1hgc #a1abh1jje #ahfg #hai1ffh #cei1feb #aad1eej #a1bic1hgj ,,table ,g4 ,/atem5t %[+ ! ,gross ,receipts4 ,,date4 ,inl&4 ,int]national4 ,transit4 ,total4 ,francs4 ,francs4 ,francs4 ,francs4 #aheb #hh1fgd #ahec #bfe1ecf #ahed #bhj1hde #ahee #bfe1ici #ahef #cei1egi #aheg #djg1jaa #aheh #dac1ibf #ahei #ejf1jjf #ahfj #adb1cdd #bcb1hgg #adi1ifi #ebg1gdc #ahfa #aga1bbe #bcg1gdh #aeh1eeh #ehh1ecb #ahfb #agf1fdc #bhj1ddi #adg1ieb #fje1jdd #ahfc #baa1jfc #bgg1bff #abd1jcc #fab1cfh #ahfd #bhb1eia #cjg1ief #aih1hej #ghi1cii #ahfe #cde1bhi #cdj1ajc #ahj1bdg #hfe1fdj #ahff #djh1fcd #cfi1ijj #ahc1fhj #ifb1bad #ahfg #dhj1hhg #ddd1bde #adi1jhb #a1jgd1bad ,,table ,h4 ,/atem5t %[+ ! ,receipts & ,exp5diture ( ,telegraphs4 ,,date4 ,receipts4 ,exp5ditures4 ,loss4 ,pr(its4 ,francs4 ,francs4 ,francs4 ,francs4 #ahea #hh1fgd #cji1aaf #bbj1dca4ci #aheb #afe1igc #ajb1idg #fc1jbe4hh #ahec #bfe1ecf #agj1gce #id1hjj4he #ahed #bhj1hde #aci1gie #ada1jej4fa #ahee #bfe1ici #afa1ejj #ajd1dci4fg #ahef #cei1egi #bjb1eii #aef1ihj4aa #aheg #djg1jaa #bhc1aga #abc1hdj4bc #aheh #dac1ibf #bic1hia #abj1jce4ai #ahei #ejf1jjf #cge1cdc #acj1ffb4ge #ahfj #ebg1gdc #djc1ejj #abd1bdc4gc #ahfa #ehh1ecb #djh1bfa #ahj1bga4cc #ahfb #fje1jdd #eae1hjj #hi1bda4hf #ahfc #fab1cfc #fec1bhj #da1dag4ai #ahfd #ghi1cii #fgj1dbd #aah1igd4hc #ahfe #hfe1fdj #idh1eaf #bb1hgf4bj #ahff #ifb1bad #a1bag1dif #bee1bhb4jj #ahfg #a1jgd1bad #a1abh1gjc #ed1dhi4jj ,,table ,i4 ,/atem5t %[+ ! ,av]age ( ,receipts1 r$uc$ to ,doll>s1 & ! ,av]age ( ,messages4 ,numb] ( ,inhabitants ,,date4 ,gross ,receipts4 ,numb] ( ,messages4 av]ag+ to ea* ,/ation4 ,av]age p] ,av]age ,av]age = ,mile ( p] ,av]age p] ea* #a1jjj ,l9e1 ,/ation1 ,/ation4 inhabitants4 9 9 ,gold4 ,gold4 ,inl&4,total4,inl&4,total4 #ahea #aheb #ahec #ahed #ahee #ahef #aheg #aheh #aa #bd #ahei #ae #cd #ahfj #ah #dj #ahfa #bb #dh #ahfbajc4jh #faf4cg #ecg #a1dhh #bc #eb #bc1ihj #ahfc #gd4ej #ehf4jj #gdi #a1fea #da #gh #ag1heg #ahfd #he4jf #efc4he #ija #a1iea #ef #ajj #af1jga #ahfe #hf4ef #efc4id #a1jhd #b1aie #gd #acj #ad1feh #ahff #hg4hi #edj4jj #a1ide #c1afh #aej #bag #ab1fij #ahfg #ia4gj #fff4dj #b1aia #c1dej ,! telegrams ( ,belgium are ( ?ree di/9ct sorts1--int]nal1 int]national1 & transit4 ,! sy/em diff]s ess5tially f t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 inasmu* z ! pr9cipal bus9ess ( ! ,belgian telegraph is to transmit messages f "o c\ntry to ano!r1 :il/ ! pr9cipal bus9ess ( ! ,am]ican telegraph is ! conveyance ( int]nal messages4 ,! only int]national messages transmitt$ on ! l9es 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ^? s5t to ,europe by ! ,atlantic cable1 to ,cuba by ! ,cuban cable1 & to ! v>i\s /ations 9 ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada4 ,"o ( ! argum5ts us$ 9 favor ( ! assumption ( telegraphs by gov]nm5t is1 t 9 its h&s ! telegraph is m l>gely accessible to ! p1 & m freely us$4 ,! facts are z foll[s1 giv+ ,belgium ! b5efit ( ! increase ( messages %[n by ! la/ r$uction ( h] t>iff4 ,,belgium4 ,population1 #e1jjj1jjj2 messages1 #fib1ecf4 ,ratio1 "o message to ea* sev5? p]son4 ,,great ,,brita94 ,population1 #bi1ejj1jjj2 messages1 #e1gha1ahi4 ,ratio1 "o message to ea* fif? p]son4 ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,population1 #ca1adh1jdg2 messages1 #ab1ijd1ggj4 ,ratio1 "o message to e two & "o half p]sons4 ,^! facts prove a cle> advantage 9 favor ( private control4 ,,bav>ia4 ,?is c\ntry possesses #b1aae miles ( l9es1 & #d1ide miles ( wire4 ,gross receipts = #ahff1 #cbb1hhf flor9s4 ,exp5ditures1 #beh1fbe flor9s4 ,,d5m>k4 ,?is c\ntry n[ conta9s #b1eae miles ( wire1 & eighty-n9e telegraphic /ations op5 to ! public4 ,! ,morse app>atus is ! only "o employ$4 ,( ^! eighty-n9e /ations1 fifty-?ree belong to ! gov]nm5t1 tw5ty-"o to private telegraph companies1 & fifte5 to railroads4 ,! t>iff is fix$ at n9ety c5ts = a local telegram ( tw5ty words betwe5 any po9ts 9 ! k+dom4 ,9 #ahfg !re 7 transmitt$ #cjh1aej telegrams1 ( :i* #agd1efj 7 local & #acc1eij =eign4 ,all ! /ations s5d writt5 despat*es 9 all languages1 ev5 9 ciph]1 ! only conditions be+ legible writ+ 9 an alphabet transmissible by ! ,morse app>atus4 ,money ord]s to ! am\nt ( #ej rix-doll>s c be paid at all po/-(fices by means ( ! telegraph4 ,! sum be+ deposit$ at ! orig9al (fice1 an (ficial telegram is s5t to ! place designat$1 ord]+ paym5t4 ,= ?is s]vice ! s5d] has only to pay ! t>iff on ! (ficial telegram4 ,messages c be s5t f po9ts :]e !re are no telegraphic /ations1 by s5d+ !m by po/ or by any o!r mode ( transportation to ! ne>e/ telegraph /ation4 ,^! telegrams c be paid by a po/age-/amp affix$ to a designat$ "p ( ! =m4 ,^! =ms are ! same z ! pr9t$ envelopes1 & c be procur$ at all po/ & telegraph (fices4 ,at ! top ( ^! =ms is pr9t$ an extract f ! rules = ! transmission ( despat*es4 ,! /amps are deta*$ f ! =ms & s5t to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,f9ances at ! same "t t ! o!r reports are =w>d$4 ,x is propos$ to ext5d ^! privileges to ! private & railroad telegraph /ations4 ,f #ahfc to #ahfg ! telegraphic int]c\rse betwe5 ! ,sc&9avian c\ntries has increas$ ea* ye> tw5ty-five p] c5t4 ,,engl&4 ,engl& 0 among ! fir/ c\ntries 9 ,europe to adopt ! electric telegraph2 &1 next to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is ! =emo/ nation 9 ! _w 9 ! ext5t ( h] l9es1 ! numb] ( h] (fices1 ! *eapness ( h] rates1 & ! numb] ( messages annually transmitt$4 ,) a population ab\t ?ree qu>t]s z l>ge z t ( ,france1 %e possesses ne>ly twice z _m telegraph /ations1 & annually transmits m ?an twice z _m messages4 ,!re are 9 op]ation 9 ,europe fifty-five subm>9e cables1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f ?ree to #a1ejj miles1 & conta9+ a total l5g? ( ov] #aa1jjj miles ( insulat$ wire1 ne>ly all ( :i* 7 laid & are own$ by ,engli% capitali/s4 ,! success ( ! ,atlantic cables1 also laid by ,engli% companies1 is ano!r illu/ration ( :at c be accompli%$ by private ent]prise untrammell$ by gov]nm5tal int]f]5ce2 & af=ds a /rik+ contra/ to ! fate ( ! ,r$ ,sea cable laid by ! ,briti% gov]nm5t1 & :i* has prov$ "o ( ! greate/ failures record$ 9 ! annals ( subm>9e telegraphy4 ,?is cable1 :i* 0 to connect ,suez & ,kurra*ee1 #c1ejj miles 9 l5g?1 0 laid 9 five sections1 b nev] work$ a day ?r\gh its entire l5g?4 ,= "s unexpla9$ reason ! ,briti% po/-(fice dep>tm5t has be5 det]m9$ to absorb ! telegraph sy/em ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 & ?r\gh ! indefatigable ef=ts ( ,mr4 ,scudamore1 "o ( ! secret>ies ( ! dep>tm5t1 ! ,briti% gov]nm5t 0 f9ally induc$ to pur*ase ! prop]ty ( all ! telegraph companies 9 ! k+dom1 & ?us monopolize ! bus9ess4 ,! price to be paid = ! l9es is tw5ty times ! net e>n+s ( ! companies = ! pa/ ye>4 ,t ! ,engli% gov]nm5t has made a s]i\s mi/ake 9 assum+ ! control ( ! telegraph we h no "q2 b its op]ation w be bett] 9 its h&s ?an x w\ld be 9 t ( our gov]nm5t1 = ! reason t its employees are n remov$ ) e *ange ( adm9i/ration1 z gov]nm5t (ficials are 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,/atem5t %[+ ! ,progress ( ,telegraphy 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&4 ,,ye>4 ,no4 ( ,no4 ( ,miles ,no4 ( ,miles ,no4 ( ,(fices4 ( ,l9e4 ( ,wire4 ,messages4 #ahfj #a1jcb #aj1hed #ea1eef #a1hfc1hci #ahfa #a1cia #aa1ech #ee1jjd #b1abc1ehi #ahfb #a1faf #ab1gaa #eg1hgi #b1fgf1ceb #ahfc #a1gee #ac1idd #fe1gbf #c1ahf1gbd #ahfd #a1hca #ad1iha #gb1cgd #c1ibd1hee #ahfe #b1jdj #af1jff #gg1ddj #d1ffb1fhg #ahff #b1aea #af1ehh #hj1dff #e1gha1ahi ,,france4 ,! ,fr5* sy/em ( telegraphs compris$1 9 #ahff1 #bj1fbh miles ( r\te1 #fh1fhg miles ( wire1 & #a1bji /ations op5 to ! public4 ,! numb] ( messages am\nt$ to #b1hdb1eed4 ,! gross receipts = ! ye> 7 #g1gjg1eij1 & ! exp5ditures 7 #h1ihc1dfj1 %[+ a loss = ! ye> ( #a1bge1hgj4 ,! receipts are divid$ z foll[s3-- #cja /ations collect less ?an #bjj francs ea*4 #agi /ations collect f #bjj to #ejj francs ea*4 #ahe /ations collect f #ejj to #a1jjj francs ea*4 #ced /ations collect f #a1jjj to #e1jjj francs ea*4 #hd /ations collect f #e1jjj to #aj1jjj francs ea*4 #fc /ations collect f #aj1jjj to #cj1jjj francs ea*4 #ag /ations collect f #cj1jjj to #ej1jjj francs ea*4 #ab /ations collect f #ej1jjj to #ajj1jjj francs ea*4 #f /ations collect f #ajj1jjj to #bjj1jjj francs ea*4 #d /ations collect f #bjj1jjj to #cjj1jjj francs ea*4 #b /ations collect f #cjj1jjj to #djj1jjj francs ea*4 #a /ations collect #ebg1jjj #a /ations collect #fbj1jjj ---------- #a1bji total4 ,^! /ations are situat$ 9 #hi dep>tm5ts1 viz43-- #a4 ,dp>tm5t de la ,se9e1 collect+ #b1hbb1cfg francs4 #b4 ,b\*es de ,rhone1 #gdg1bbh #c4 ,se9e infrieure1 #fjh1gcg #d4 ,rhone1 #cdh1ead #e4 ,nord1 #bfe1gje #f4 ,gironde1 #bfj1fae #g4 ,loire infrieure1 #aci1gig #h4 ,haut ,rh91 #ace1dhc #i4 ,hrault1 #acd1chh #aj4 ,alpes ,m>itimes1 #aja1ahc ,n9e o!r dep>tm5ts collect annually betwe5 #ij1jjj d[n to #ej1jjj francs1 ! rema9+ sev5ty f #di1jjj d[n to #d1fec francs4 ,p>is 7,dp>tm5t de la ,se9e7 has =ty-six /ations )9 ! =tifications4 ,! gross receipts am\nt$1 9 #ahff1 to #b1gid1gfh4dj francs1 be+ m ?an "o ?ird ( ! total receipts ( ! :ole empire4 ,! receipts 9 ,p>is are divid$ z foll[s3-- ,place de la ,b\rse1 #ebg1ijf francs4 ,rue de la ,gr5elle1 #bhc1igb ,gr& ,hotel1 #bga1hhj ,rue ,lafayette1 #bej1ifg ,rue ,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau1 #aih1dfe ,rue ,/4 ,ccile1 #aci1iaf ,aux ,*amps ,elyses1 #aca1jei ,six o!r /ations collect f #he1jjj to #ej1jjj1 six f #ej1jjj to #bj1jjj2 ! rema9d] f #ai1jjj d[n to #b1abc francs4 ,! telegraph sy/em ( ,france con/itutes a di/9ct dep>tm5t ( ! gov]nm5t s]vice "u ,visc\nt ,a4 de ,v\gy z ,director-,g5]al4 ,"u him are five g5]al inspectors1 =m+ a k9d ( c\ncil1 n9e division inspectors1 sev5ty-five inspectors1 ?irty-eight sub-inspectors1 & "o electrical eng9e]4 ,!re are altoge!r #c1gjh p]sons on ! /aff4 ,,decrees ,,regulat+ ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,telegraph ,,9 ,,france4 ,! foll[+ is a dige/ ( ! decrees issu$ by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t regulat+ ! use ( ! telegraph 9 ! empire4 #a/4 ,all p]sons ^: id5tity is e/abli%$ are all[$ to correspond by ! gov]nm5t electric telegraph4 #b;d4 ,private correspond5ce is always subord9ate to ! necessity ( gov]nm5t s]vice4 #c;d4 ,despat*es are to be writt5 9 ord9>y & intelligible language1 dat$ & sign$ by ! s5d]1 & to be giv5 to ! (fic] ( ! telegraph /ation1 ^: duty x is to copy 9 full ! despat*1 ) ! address ( ! s5d]4 #d?4 ,! director ( a /ation may1 on gr\nds ( public ord] & morality1 refuse to transmit a despat*4 ,9 case ( dispute1 ref]5ce is to be made1 9 ,p>is1 to ! m9i/] ( ! int]ior2 9 ! prov9ces to ! prefect1 sub-prefect1 or o!r con/itut$ au?ority4 ,on ! receipt ( a despat*1 ! director ( ! /ation may )hold its deliv]y = l reasons4 #e?4 ,private correspond5ce may be susp5d$ at any "t by ! gov]nm5t4 ,! gov]nm5t w n assume any responsibility = errors 9 ! transmission ( despat*es4 #f?4 ,! director ( ! /ation mu/ be satisfi$ z to ! id5tity ( ! s5d]'s signature4 ,if ! director refuses ! transmission ( a message1 he mu/ /ate 8 reason 9 writ+ on ! despat*4 ,he mu/ indorse on x 8political10 8(f5sive10 8n consi/5t ) public good10 etc4 #g?4 ,no l9e ( electric telegraph c be e/abli%$ or employ$ = ! transmission ( correspond5ce except by ! gov]nm5t1 or on its au?ority4 ,any p]son transmitt+1 )\t au?ority1 signals f "o place to ano!r1 :e!r by electric telegraph1 or 9 any o!r way1 is liable to imprisonm5t f "o mon? to a ye>1 & a f9e ( #a1jjj to #aj1jjj francs1 & ! gov]nm5t may ord] ! de/ruction ( ! app>atus & telegraph employ$4 #h?4 ,any "o accid5tally int]rupt+ ! correspond5ce ( ! electric telegraph1 or injur+ 9 any way ! l9es or app>atus1 is liable to a f9e ( f #af to #c1jjj francs4 #i?4 ,any "o wilfully caus+ an int]ruption1 by injur+ ! l9es or app>atus1 is puni%able by imprisonm5t f ?ree mon?s to two ye>s1 & a f9e ( #ajj to #a1jjj francs4 ,any "o :o %all m5ace an op]ator dur+ p]iods ( insurrection>y movem5ts is subject to a f9e ( #a1jjj to #e1jjj francs4 #aj?4 ,writt5 /atem5ts by telegraph (fic]s to be receiv$ z evid5ce 9 all compla9ts4 #aa?4 ,reimbursem5ts ( *>ges on despat*es1 9 consequ5ce ( delays or errors 9 transmission1 _c be made except by ! adm9i/ration4 ,:5 a despat* is )drawn by ! =w>d] be=e transmission1 ! exp5se ( deliv]y only c be refund$4 ,! *>ge on despat*es s5t 9 ! night w be d\ble ! usual t>iff = ! day bus9ess 7! exact opposite ( ! ,am]ican rule74 ,,peculi> ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,fr5* ,,telegraph4 ,! telegraph l9es 9 ,france are ne>ly all own$ & manag$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,! ,engli% ,subm>9e ,company1 h[ev]1 is a private ent]prise1 & works f ,p>is ?r\gh ,calais to ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,!re is also ano!r company organiz$ "u p]mission ( ! imp]ial gov]nm5t1 = ! ext5sion ( ! l9es into ! ,fr5* colonies ( ,africa4 ,?is association is call$ ! ,m$it]ranean ,electric ,telegraph ,company1 & x has con/ruct$ its l9e f ,spezzia1 9 ,s>d9ia1 across ,corsica1 ,s>d9ia1 & ! ,m$it]ranean1 to ,bne1 9 ,africa4 ,! telegraph 9 ,france is reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ important arms ( ! gov]nm5t1 & ! wires are kn[n z ! f+]s ( ! police4 ,! ,emp]or w\ld no soon] rel9qui% _! control ?an he w\ld t ( 8 armies4 ,by imp]ial decree1 e op]ator is creat$ a spy 9 ! s]vice ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,! wires f e "p ( ,france c5tre 9 ! imp]ial *amb]1 & n a message passes ?r\gh\t ! empire :i* is n exam9$ by gov]nm5t inspectors4 ,( ! promptness1 regul>ity1 or correctness ) :i* ,fr5* telegraphs are conduct$ no pro( is giv5 by :i* sup]ior excell5ce is e/abli%$4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! :ole exhibit1 or 9 ! actual work+ ( ! ,fr5* telegraphs1 :i* pres5ts any reason = ! assumption t gov]nm5ts manage telegraphs bett] ?an ! p4 ,,table ,j4 ,/atem5t %[+ ! ,progress ( ,telegraphy 9 ,france4 ,numb] ( ,gross ,receipts 9,av]age ,co/ p] ,,date4 ,messages4 ,francs4 ,message 9 ,francs4 #ahea #i1jad #gf1gbb #g4hd #aheb #dh1aje #edb1hia #aa4bh #ahec #adb1jfa #a1eaa1iji #aj4fd #ahed #bcf1jah #b1jfd1ihc #h4gd #ahee #bed1ecb #b1dhg1aei #i4gg #ahef #cfj1bii #c1aia1ajb #h4fh #aheg #dab1faf #c1ccc1fie #h4jf #aheh #dfc1igc #c1eaf1fcc #g4fj #ahei #eih1gja #d1jbb1gii #f4gb #ahfj #gbj1bej #d1ahh1jfe #e4ha #ahfa #ibj1ceg #d1iai1gcg #e4cd #ahfb #a1eah1jdd #e1cjb1ddj #c4di #ahfc #a1ged1hfg #e1icg1ijd #c4ch #ahfd #a1ifg1gdh #f1abc1bgb #c4ac #ahfe #b1dgc1gdg #g1jeb1aci #b4hh #ahff #b1hdb1eed #g1gjg1eij #b4gi ,,increase ,,9 ,,telegrams ,,n ,,due ,,to ,,l[ ,,rates4 ,x w be obs]v$1 by an exam9ation ( ! above table1 t l[ t>iffs are n ! only causes ( ! enl>g$ use ( ! telegraph4 ,! annual p]c5tage ( increase 9 messages1 z t>iffs 7 gradually r$uc$1 0 va/ly less ?an dur+ ^? ye>s :5 ! rates rema9$ un*ang$4 ,dur+ ! ye> ( #ahea only #i1jad telegrams 7 transmitt$ ?r\gh ! ,fr5* empire1 ! t>iff av]ag+ #a4fj p] message4 ,five ye>s lat]1 not)/&+ t ! av]age co/ p] message _h be5 increas$ to #a4gc1 ! numb] ( messages _h increas$ to #cfj1bii1 & 9 #aheh to #dfc1igc1--m ?an fifty times ! numb] s5t 9 #ahea1 or an increase ( m ?an five ?\s& p] c5t 9 eight ye>s1 )\t any r$uction 9 rates4 ,! increase 9 ! numb] ( messages dur+ ! next eight ye>s1 f #aheh to #ahff1 0 only six hundr$ p] c5t1 not)/&+ a r$uction 9 ! t>iff f #g4fj to #b4gi francs4 ,?is same peculi>ity ( increase1 )\t reg>d to ! co/1 is also obs]vable 9 all o!r c\ntries1 z w be se5 by a p]usal ( ! (ficial tables4 ,,table ,k4 ,/atem5t %[+ ! ,progress ( ,telegraphy 9 ,france4 ,,date4,numb] ( ,messages ,annually4 ,home4 ,=eign4 ,total4 #ahea #i1jad #aheb #dh1aje #ahec #adb1jfa #ahed #bcf1jah #ahee #bed1ecb #ahef #cfj1bii #aheg #dac1faf #aheh #cdi1hhg #aad1jhf #dfc1igc #ahei #dec1iih #add1gjc #eih1gja #ahfj #efh1cfe #aea1hhe #gbj1bej #ahfa #gcd1beb #ahf1ceg #ibj1ceg #ahfba1bia1ggd #bbf1bgja1eah1jdd #ahfca1dij1jbc #bfd1hdda1ged1hfg #ahfda1fed1djf #cac1cdba1ifg1gdh #ahfeb1jih1fde #cge1ajbb1dgc1gdg #ahffb1cgi1fca #dfb1hgcb1hdb1eed ,,date4 ,gross ,receipts p] ,annum 9 ,francs4 ,av]age ,co/ p] ,message4 ,home4 ,=eign4 ,total4 ,home4,=eign4,total4 ,fr4 ct4 ,fr4 ct4 ,fr4 ct4 ,fr4 ,fr4 ct4 ,fr4 ct4 ct4 #ahea #gf1gbb4fj #g4hd #aheb #edb1hia4eh #aa4bh #ahec #a1eaa1iji4eg #aj4fd #ahed #b1jfd1ihc4ga #h4hd #ahee #b1dhg1aei4ba #i4gg #ahef #c1aia1ajb4jd #h4fh #aheg #c1ccc1fie4gd #h4jf #aheha1gdi1iac4cea1gba1gae4cec1eaf1fcc4g j #e4ac #ae4ji #g4fj #aheib1jgb1cad4aea1iej1dhe4fcd1jbb1gii4g h #d4eg #ac4dh #f4gb #ahfjb1ceh1ebe4baa1hbi1edj4jed1ahh1jfe4b f #d4ae #ab4je #e4ha #ahfab1hdj1dde4hdb1jgi1bib4abd1iai1gcg4h f #c4hb #aa4af #e4cd #ahfbb1ihd1dij4bab1cag1iej4cde1cjb1ddj4e e #b4ca #aj4bd #c4di #ahfcc1cje1iic4heb1fca1iaa4jhe1icg1ijd4i c #b4bb #i4id #c4ch #ahfdc1efe1icc4fhb1eeg1cch4chf1abc1bgb4j f #b4ae #h4af #c4ac #ahfed1aei1dde4deb1hib1fid4cdg1jeb1aci4g i #a4ih #g4ga #b4hh #ahffd1eac1jie4cbc1aid1die4big1gjg1eij4f a #a4ij #f4ij #b4gi ,,greece4 ,! ,k+dom ( ,greece has twelve telegraph /ations4 ,all ! messages betwe5 ! ,greek & ,european l9es pass ?r\gh ,turkey1 & consequ5tly ! rate is v high4 ,x is propos$ to e/abli% a direct l9e betwe5 ,greece & ,s\!rn ,italy by cont9u+ ! ,corfu cable to ,pauras or ,missolonghi1 across ! ,ionian ,isl&s4 ,,prussia4 ,9 ,prussia ! numb] ( messages transmitt$ 9 #ahff1 ! la/ ye> ( :i* we h data1 0 #a1ifd1jcj1 & ! gross receipts 7 #a1bge1ghe ?al]s1 mak+ ! av]age co/ p] message sev5ty c5ts 9 our curr5cy4 ,prussia _h 9 t ye> a population ( #ag1gdj1jjj1 & ! area ( h] t]ritory 0 some:at less ?an ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates & ,new ,york4 ,di/ance be+ reg>d$1 ! ,prussian rates 7 at t p]iod d\ble our own4 ,,table ,l4 ,/atem5t %[+ ! ,progress ( ,telegraphy 9 ,prussia4 ,numb] ( ,gross ,receipts 9,av]age ,co/ p] ,,date4 ,messages4 ,?al]s4 ,message 9 ,?al]s4 #aheb #dh1gea #aad1eci #b4cej #ahec #he1afa #bji1idd #b4dfj #ahed #aaf1cac #cbh1ejf #b4hbj #ahee #aeb1hbj #dcd1abb #b4hdj #ahef #bba1daa #eia1jch #b4fgj #aheg #bda1ede #gbf1eag #c4jaj #aheh #bdg1bjb #gcj1ehd #b4iej #ahei #cdi1iig #hjh1eba #b4caj #ahfj #chd1cce #gia1aja #b4jfj #ahfa #dei1jjb #hge1ghc #a4ihh #ahfb #ffj1eja #ied1eej #a4dej #ahfc #hgg1ehc #a1jci1ifa #a4ahj #ahfd #a1bei1eij #a1aej1jjh #j4iac #ahfe #a1ebg1dee #a1bdb1dhi #j4hab #ahff #a1ifd1jcj #a1bge1ghe #j4fef ,x w be obs]v$ t ! numb] ( messages transmitt$ 9 #aheb 0 #dh1gea1 & 9 #ahfj1 #chd1cce1 be+ an increase 9 n9e ye>s ( ne>ly #hjj p] c5t1 al?\gh !re 0 no r$uction 9 ! av]age t>iff dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,f #ahfj to #ahff !re 0 an increase ( only #ejj p] c5t1 not)/&+ a r$uction 9 ! rates f #b4jf to #j4fef ?al]s p] message4 ,prussia 0 among ! e>lie/ ( ,cont95tal c\ntries to adopt ! electric telegraph1 & x is /ill f> 9 advance ( mo/ ( its neighbors 9 ! practical developm5t ( ! ent]prise2 & yet1 ) a population m ?an half z great z ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %e only transmits "o six? z _m messages p] annum4 ,7 ! sy/em left to private ent]prise1 z 9 ?is c\ntry1 !re c be no d\bt t ?is enlight5$ & ?rifty p w\ld greatly ext5d ! sy/em1 & 9 place ( ! meagre supply ( #ech (fices %e w\ld h upw>ds ( #b1jjj1 & 9 place ( #a1ifd1jcj messages p] annum w\ld transmit sev5 or eight millions4 ,,russia4 ,european ,russia1 ) a population consid]ably m ?an twice z great z ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 conta9s b #cjh (fices1 or "o to #bcj1jjj ( p2 & s5ds annually b #hch1fec messages1 or "o to ea* #hj1gbc ( h] population4 ,any p]son exam9+ ! telegraphic map ( ,russia w be satisfi$ t ! rose-color$ descriptions ( gov]nm5t telegraphs z illu/rat$ 9 ,russia are ov]drawn4 ,! l9es radiat+ f ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 & ext5d+ to ,w>saw1 ,mosc[1 ,odessa1 ,seba/opol1 ,ni*ni-,novgorod1 to ! ,p]sian fronti]1 & to ,kiakhta 9 ,sib]ia1--all important milit>y po9ts1--& ) sc>cely any connect+ int]ior l9es1 sugge/ any?+ b a desire to af=d ample telegraphic facilities to ! p4 ,,switz]l&4 ,! situation ( ,switz]l&1 9 ! c5tre ( ,europe1 & =m+ ! pa?way betwe5 nations1 places h] 9 a peculi> position ) ref]5ce to ! transmission ( messages f "o c\ntry to ano!r4 ,j z ,belgium is situat$ 9 relation to int]c\rse betwe5 ,france & ,g]many1 s ,switz]l& is plac$ 9 reg>d to telegraphic communication betwe5 ,france & ,italy1 & ,italy & ,g]many4 ,switz]l&1 f _m circum/ances1 is a c\ntry 9 :i* telegraphic communication is em95tly useful4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is a m\nta9\s c\ntry1 ov] :i* po/al communication is necess>ily sl[1 & conduct$ at all seasons "u disadvantages4 ,besides all ?is1 ,switz]l&1 at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>1 is a c\ntry full ( travell]s & t\ri/s f all p>ts ( ! _w1 :o f9d great advantage & conv5i5ce 9 be+ able to transmit %ort messages f "o place to ano!r1 respect+ hotel accommodations1 baggage arrangem5ts1 lo/ packages1 horses1 places 9 ! dilig5ce1 & g5]al matt]s relat+ to _! r\te1 z well z bus9ess & social messages to _! relatives1 fri5ds1 & ag5ts at home4 ,switz]l& is 9 ! same position ) ,belgium 9 respect to ! means ( *eap telegraphic communication4 ,! railways ( ! c\ntry all belong to ! /ate2 s t e railway is available1 )\t *>ge1 = ! passage ( wires along ! l9e1 & e railway (ficial may be employ$ = telegraphic s]vice1 at ! pleasure ( ! gov]nm5t1 = no?+4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to po9t out h[ diff]5t mu/ be ! work+ ( su* a sy/em f t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e ! railways are 9 ! h&s ( private companies1 & ) :om t]ms h to be made = ! "r ( way4 ,,no ,,analogy ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,& ,,switz]l&4 ,! analogy betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,switz]l& seems 9 e s5se imp]fect4 ,! telegraph /ations 9 ,switz]l& only numb] #beb1 or less ?an ! numb] conta9$ )9 a radius ( fifty miles 9 & ar\nd ! city ( ,new ,york4 ,! total numb] ( despat*es transmitt$ annually 9 & ?r\gh ,switz]l& only am\nt$ 9 #ahff to #ffh1iaf1 :il/ ( ^! probably m ?an half 7 ei!r transit or int]national4 ,^! transit telegrams1 ( :i* !re are none 9 our c\ntry1 involve a mo/ important diff]5ce4 ,belgium & ,switz]l& c make up ! defici5cies :i* arise f losses on int]nal communication by ! surplus d]iv$ f transit telegrams4 ,9 #aheb ! av]age numb] ( messages p] day1 = all ,switz]l&1 0 less ?an t54 ,z ! sy/em became ext5d$1 & ! p 7 educat$ to its use1 ! numb] ( messages increas$1 until 9 #ahff !y exce$$ #b1jjj p] day1 approximat+1 = ! entire c\ntry1 ! numb] s5t & receiv$ daily by fifte5 female op]ators 9 "o ( ! rooms ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company1 9 ! city ( ,new ,york4 ,probably "o half ( ^! 7 transit messages pass+ ?r\gh ,switz]l& f /ations 9 ,france1 ,belgium1 & ,italy1 leav+ ab\t #a1jjj messages p] day ( inl& bus9ess1 :i*1 divid$ among #beb (fices1 w\ld leave an av]age ( a little less ?an f\r messages p] day = ea* (fice6 ,?is is n a v magnific5t result1 & is n ov] enc\rag+ z a model sy/em1 :i* gives to its tw5ty-five cantons t5 (fices1 ) an av]age rev5ue f ea*2 = inl& bus9ess1 ( only ?ree francs p] day6 ,& ?is1 not)/&+ t ! gov]nm5t coa*es convey1 )\t any extra *>ge1 messages1 f t[ns unsuppli$ ) (fices1 to ! ne>e/ telegraph /ation4 ,,table ,m4 ,/atem5t %[+ ! ,progress ( ,telegraphy 9 ,switz]l&4 ,numb] ( ,gross ,receipts 9,av]age ,co/ p] ,,date4 ,messages4 ,francs4 ,message 9 ,francs4 #aheb #b1hgf #c1eda4ie #ahec #hb1ehf #abg1hgj4jd #a4ee #ahed #abi1afg #bjh1hhg4cf #a4fb #ahee #afb1hea #bea1cia4bg #a4ec #ahef #bbg1jgb #cai1idg4bb #a4dd #aheg #bfj1afd #cfi1bbf4ja #a4db #aheh #bdg1ajb #cdc1eig4ch #a4ce #ahei #bhf1hgf #dbe1ehg4eg #a4dh #ahfj #cjc1icj #djh1dbi4jd #a4cd #ahfa #cca1icc #ddh1jef4je #a4ce #ahfb #cgc1deb #ecj1dag4ej #a4db #ahfc #def1hga #fcj1gdh4bf #a4ch #ahfd #ead1ieb #fae1cag4jj #a4bj #ahfe #eia1bad #gbf1efd4af #a4bc #ahff #ffh1iaf #fhd1cai4hi #a4jc #ahfg #gjh1igd #gge1jbd4jj #a4ji ,x w be obs]v$ t ! increase 9 ! numb] ( messages transmitt$ 9 ,switz]l& 0 f #b1hgf 9 #aheb to #ffh1iaf 9 #ahff1 or m ?an #bcj1jjj p] c5t 9 f\rte5 ye>s1 al?\gh ! t>iff _h only be5 r$uc$ #cc p] c5t4 ,,spa94 ,spa91 ) a population ( ov] #af1jjj1jjj s\ls1 & possess+ ! advantages ( =m+ ! pa?way betwe5 ,france & h] ,african possessions1 z well z betwe5 ,portugal & ! re/ ( ,europe1 transmits a less numb] ( telegrams p] annum ?an ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada1 ) h] #c1jjj1jjj inhabitants4 ,t ?is insignificant am\nt ( bus9ess = s great a c\ntry is ow+ to gov]nm5t control is evid5t f ! foll[+ royal decree1 issu$ 9 con=mity ) ! reque/ ( ! ,m9i/] ( ,/ate1 :o says3 8,! petitions pres5t$ to y\r ,maje/y f diff]5t t[ns1 companies1 & private individuals are s num]\s & repeat$1 pray+ t ! advantages ( telegraphic communications %\ld be grant$ to !m1 t ! m9i/] :o n[ humbly addresses y\r ,maje/y has lam5t$ m ?an once t ! c>e ( ! gov]nm5t has n ext5d$ t satisfaction to legitimate wi%es s des]v+ ( att5tion40 ,,royal ,,decree ,,relat+ ,,to ,,telegraphs ,,9 ,,spa94 ,9 con=mity ) :at ! ,m9i/] ( ,/ate = ,home ,affairs has propos$ to me1 = ! concession ( telegraph l9es & /ations4 ,i h decre$ z foll[s3-- ,! di/ricts1 t[ns1 & public e/abli%m5ts1 :o wi% to =m new l9es or /ations1 c solicit !m f ! gov]nm5t1 :i* w inquire into ! influ5ce ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! said l9es or /ations ^u ! /ate telegraphic sy/em4 ,! necess>y co/ ( ! l9es & s]vice mu/ be paid by ! petition]s1 & !y mu/ also give suffici5t gu>anty = ! co/ ( repairs & s]vice4 ,! petition]s w be oblig$ to pay to ! /ate ! diff]5ce t may result betwe5 ! annual income & ! co/ ( ! s]vice4 ,if at ! expiration ( five ye>s ! exp5ses exce$ ! returns1 ! l9e or /ation w be consid]$ z prop]ty ( ! /ate4 ,no l9e or /ation c be =m$ )\t ! cons5t ( ! m9i/]s 9 c\ncil4 ,s]vice 9 all k9ds ( /ations & l9es c only be p]=m$ by a /aff f ! gov]nm5t telegraph corps4 ,all despat*es pass+ ?r\gh ,spa9 7includ+ ! ,bale>ic ,isl&s7 & ,france 7includ+ ,corsica7 w pay ! rate ( five francs p] message ( #bj words1 no matt] f :at telegraph (fice !y proce$ or to :at /ation !y are address$4 ,ea* t5 words or "p ( t5 words1 beyond #bj1 w pay half ! am\nt ( a s+le message4 ,! co/ ( a s+le message transmitt$ f ,france to ,alg]ia1 or vice v]sa1 pass+ ?r\gh ! ,spani% or subm>9e l9es1 z also ( ! messages betwe5 ,spa9 & ,alg]ia1 transmitt$ ei!r by l& or ,fr5* cables1 w always be eight francs4 ,! messages receiv$ or =w>d$ to ,tunis w pay two francs m4 ,! messages exce$+ #bj words w pay an extra *>ge1 9 accordance ) ! rule already e/abli%$4 ,no despat* :atev] w be deliv]$ out ( ! radius ( ! locality :]e9 ! /ation address$ to is situat$1 ?r\gh any o!r means ?an by po/4 ,telegrams address$ to localities :]e !re is no /ation w be deliv]$ by ! la/ telegraphic (fice to ! po/1 :i* w und]take to convey !m to _! de/9ation z c]tifi$ p>cels4 ,:5 "o despat* is address$ to sev]al p]sons 9 ! same locality1 z _m telegrams w be *>g$ = z !re are individuals to receive x4 ,! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! receipt ( a telegram w be *>g$ = z a new despat*4 ,prepaym5t ( despat*es c be made1 b if no answ] is return$1 or if x %\ld conta9 less words ?an ^? paid =1 no return ( any k9d w be made4 ,if ! answ] conta9s m words ?an paid =1 ! /ation :i* s5ds x w *>ge ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! am\nt paid & ! correspond+ "o to ?is new despat*4 ,! claims = delay or irregul>ity ( telegrams w only give occasion = future inquiry into ! causes :i* h produc$ ! irregul>ity 9 ! s]vice1 = ! k ( ! int]e/$ p>ty1 & to puni% ! function>y :o %\ld prove to be culpable4 ,giv5 at ,aranjuez1 on ! #bb;d ,may1 #ahfd4 ,if !re is any special b5efit accru+ to ! p ( ,spa9 by hav+ ! telegraph "u gov]nm5t control1 we fail to discov] x4 ,,turkey4 ,turkey conta9s tw5ty-eight telegraph /ations1 ( :i* twelve are op5 = night s]vice1 n9e dur+ ! :ole ( ! day1 & sev5 = a "p only4 ,con/ant9ople has two /ations op5 = int]national correspond5ce1--"o at ,/amb\l1 ! o!r at ,p]a2 ! fir/ is pr9cipally conf9$ to ! transmission ( messages = ! ,ottoman gov]nm5t1 & ! second = t ( ambassadors & private p]sons4 ,9 ! case ( an int]ruption ( ! cable :i* crosses ! ,hellespont1 ! ,d>danelles /ation is remov$ to ,kal$-,bahas1 & ! despat*es are subject$ to an additional rate ( #ij c5ts = _! conveyance1 by boat1 f ,kal$-,bahas to ! ,d>danelles4 ,! t>iff1 ^u messages betwe5 ,p>is to any ,turki% /ation1 v>ies f #b4hj to #f4jj1 accord+ to ! di/ance4 ,! con/ruction ( l9es 9 ,turkey is ( ! mo/ defective description1 & ! mat]ials us$ v inf]ior4 ,! l9es pass ov] ! /eepe/ & mo/ inaccessible hills2 & ?is /ate ( ?+s is made worse by a v inadequate inspection1 by m5 :o are bo? too few 9 numb]1 wret*$ly paid1 & g5]ally incompet5t4 ,repair]s are compell$ to provide & keep a horse out ( _! pay ( #cjj pia/res 7#ac4jd7 p] mon?4 ,! *iefs ( /ations1 & all o!r employees1 are ,turks1 ^: lazy habits & incompet5cy _c be wond]$ at1 :5 ! smallness ( _! pay is consid]$4 ,add$ to ^! difficulties1 ! s]vice has to endure v frequ5t & arbitr>y occupation ( ! wires by ! gov]nm5t1 int]rupt+1 on _m occasions1 bus9ess ( ! mo/ press+ nature1 = ! transmission ( "s trivial communication1 :i* w\ld lose no?+ by a %ort delay4 ,x may be imag9$ t z ! s]vice is 9 ! h&s ( gov]nm5t1 mu* dep5ds ^u ! director-g5]al ( ! dep>tm5t4 ,un=tunately1 ?is (ficial is 9 ! un5viable position ( hold+ (fice on su* a poor t5ure t x may be said he has a daily appreh5sion ( be+ turn$ out1 & replac$ by "o ( ^? num]\s intrigu]s :o sw>m ab\t ! cab9ets ( ! m9i/]s1 or "w ?r\gh ! m effectual influ5ce ( ! h>em1--! great bane ( ! c\ntry4 ,x has be5 propos$ to ! ,turki% gov]nm5t to employ a l>ge /aff ( ,engli% inspectors & op]ators1 b ! natural jeal\sy ( employ+ =eign]s /&s 9 ! way4 ,! ,turks insi/ ^u hav+ all messages s5t ?r\gh 9 ,turki%1 s t frequ5tly1 :5 retranslat$1 !y be> v slight resemblance to ! orig9al4 ,all ! important telegraphic int]c\rse betwe5 ,europe & ,india passes ?r\gh ! ,turki% dom9ions4 ,! effect ( ! control ( ! ,turki% gov]nm5t ov] ! telegraph is mo/ disa/r\s1 & r5d]s ?is important connection ) ,india almo/ wor?less4 ,repeat$ ef=ts h be5 made by ! ,engli% telegraph companies1 :o h s great an int]e/ 9 ! successful op]ation ( ^! l9es1 to induce ! ,turki% gov]nm5t to rel9qui% its managem5t ( !m1 b ?us f> )\t success4 ,,reasons ,,:y ,,gov]nm5t ,,%\ld ,,n ,,ent] ,,into ,,competition ,,) ,,! ,,p ,,9 ,,! ,,op]ation ,,( ,,! ,,telegraph4 ,! =ego+ pres5tation ( facts has %[n t !re are no suffici5t gr\nds = de/roy+ ! value ( ! inve/m5ts ( ! p 9 exi/+ telegraph companies by gov]nm5tal competition1 ! telegraph sy/em ( ?is c\ntry be+ unrivall$ 9 its ext5t1 unequall$ 9 its adm9i/ration1 & unp>allel$ = ! l[ rates :i* x has always ma9ta9$4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! p h n be5 accu/om$ to rely ^u ! gov]nm5t to provide ^? ?+s = !m :i* !y are able to secure by _! own ex]tions4 ,if ?is pr9ciple is "r 9 reg>d to "o ent]prise1 x is also 9 relation to all o!rs2 & if infr+$ ^u 9 ! case ( ! telegraph companies1 :at pursuit w be safe f gov]nm5tal int]f]5ce8 ,x is und\bt$ly true t1 7 t>iffs design$ simply to provide a rev5ue to support ! l9es1 !y are capable ( r$uction1 provid$ pres5t arrangem5ts ) railroad companies & o!rs c\ld be ma9ta9$1 by :i* ! labor ( ! "o is utiliz$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! o!r4 ,b = ?is ! c\ntry makes no dem&4 ,x recognizes ! telegraph z a legitimate ent]prise = ! inve/m5t ( ! capital & labor ( its citiz5s4 ,if false c\nsels guide its developm5t1 public reprobation is ready ) its rem$y4 ,its absorption by gov]nm5t w\ld n only be a public calamity1 b a brea* ( ! !ory & _s ( our in/itutions1 & w\ld soon result 9 its necess>y return to individual control4 ,,political ,,reasons ,,:y ,,gov]nm5t ,,%\ld ,,n ,,control ,,! ,,telegraph4 ,"o ( ! mo/ s]i\s objections to ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates assum+ ! control ( ! telegraph is ! political "o4 ,9 mon>*ical c\ntries1 :]e ! sov]eignty is a patrimony ( a p>ticul> family1 & :]e no *ange is made except by revolution1 ev]y?+ :i* t5ds t[>ds ! p]man5ce ( ! reign+ dyna/y is look$ ^u z 9 ! int]e/ ( law & ord]1 & = ^! reasons ! absorption ( ! telegraphs by ! gov]nm5t is reg>d$ z a prop] & legitimate act1 & consi/5t ) ! public weal2 b 9 a republic1 :]e ! rul]s are *ang$ p]iodically1 & :]e ! purity ( ! elections is ( ! fir/ importance1 ! plac+ ( s great a p[] 9 ! h&s ( ! gov]nm5t w\ld be a public calamity4 ,x might be suppos$ t rul]s c\ld be elect$ :o w\ld n take advantage ( ! control ( ! telegraph = selfi% purposes1 b ! temptation to d s w\ld be great1 &1 ev5 if n yield$ to1 ! suspicions ( ! p w\ld be con/antly ar\s$1 & confid5ce 9 its imp>tial adm9i/ration w\ld be de/roy$4 ,9 e election ! :ole army ( po/ma/]s & ! ma*9]y ( ! dep>tm5t is enli/$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! p>ty 9 p[]4 ,%all we give x ! telegraph also8 ,:at w\ld be ! influ5ce on election returns8 ,! c5sor%ip ( telegraphic correspond5ce1 always a subject ( public disapprobation1 is g5]ally ex]cis$ by all gov]nm5ts :i* h its managem5t4 ,9 ,france ! control ( ! telegraph by gov]nm5t is l\dly compla9$ (1 9 consequ5ce ( notori\s abuses :i* result f x4 ,among/ o!r ?+s1 x is well kn[n t ! au?orities ( ! ,b\rse1 9 ,p>is1 h opportunities ( see+ e telegram :i* rea*es or leaves t city on matt]s relat+ to ! /ock ex*ange op]ations4 ,,! ,,po/-,,(fice ,,dep>tm5t ,,n ,,compet5t ,,to ,,manage ,,! ,,telegraphs4 ,if x %\ld ev] appe> to be = ! public good t ?is ag5cy1 s capable ( use z a political p[]1 %\ld pass into ! h&s ( gov]nm5t1 x seems prop] to await su* a demon/ration ( ! self-su/a9+ capacity ( ! dep>tm5t "u ^: control x is propos$ to be plac$1 & su* effici5cy 9 t s]vice1 z w furni% reasonable assurance ( ability = ! unit$ control )\t burd5 to ! /ate1 or less5$ conv5i5ce to ! p4 ,a dep>tm5t :i* is /ill confess$ly imp]fect1 :i* _c ev5 tell ! numb] ( lett]s :i* x transmits p] annum1 ^: receipts are unequal to ! co/ ( s]vice by ov] #f1jjj1jjj1bh :i* c\ld n secure skill$ labor 9 ?is new field except by =ag+ f exi/+ ent]prises1 & :i* c\ld n avoid heavy losses at ! rates propos$1 is n at pres5t a fit recipi5t ( s important a tru/4 ,footnote #bh3 ,! po/al rev5ue = ! ye> end+ ,june #cj?1 #ahfh1 0 #af1bib1fjj4hj1 & ! exp5ditures dur+ ! same p]iod #bb1gcj1eib4fe1 %[+ an excess ( exp5ditures ( #f1ccg1iia4he4 ,f ! report ( ! ,po/ma/]-,g5]al4 ,! ,po/-,(fice ,dep>tm5t1 :i* already has m duties ?an x is able to p]=m1 in/ead ( seek+ to absorb ! telegraphs1 _h bett] apply itself to its prop] task ( develop+ ! correspond5ce ( ! c\ntry1 & endeavor to make itself f9ancially pr(itable to ! nation1 in/ead ( a s]i\s burd54 ,t ! po/-(fice und]takes m ?an x c p]=m is %[n by ! delays & irregul>ities ( ! s]vice1 & ! enorm\s & con/antly increas+ numb] ( its dead lett]s1 :i* am\nt$1 9 #ahfg1 to ov] #d1ejj1jjj6 ,7 ! telegraph companies to deal ) ! messages committ$ to !m = transmission z ! po/-(fice deals ) ! lett]s committ$ to its c>e1 !re w\ld be good gr\nds = gov]nm5tal int]f]5ce2 b !re are v few compla9ts ( non-deliv]y ( telegrams4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t electric telegraphy is a sci5ce1 & its successful op]ation requires a ?or\gh k ( electricity1 skill 9 manipulat+ ! app>atus1 & _m ye>s ( con/ant tra9+ 9 ! practical duties ( ! bus9ess4 ,_m ( ! employees ( ?is company h be5 con/antly 9 ! s]vice = m ?an a score ( ye>s1 & /ill consid] !mselves /ud5ts 9 ?is new field ( practical sci5ce3 )\t wi%+ to be invidi\s 9 our comp>isons1 we may fairly say t ! intellig5ce & skill :i* are ample = ! duties ( fill+ a bag ) lett]s & despat*+ !m by horse or /eam p[]1 w\ld n be compet5t to ! duties ( successfully transmitt+ an important despat* ?r\gh ! invisible ag5cy ( ! electric curr5t4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,assumes ,,no ,,responsibility4 ,ano!r s]i\s drawback to ! value ( ! telegraph "u gov]nm5t managem5t is its failure to make rep>ation to private individuals = losses caus$ by ! errors or imp]fection ( its s]vice4 ,9 no c\ntry :]e ! telegraph exi/s "u gov]nm5t control is !re any assumption ( acc\ntability = errors or delays 9 ! transmission ( messages4 ,9 "s c\ntries !y w n ev5 inquire into ! cause ( delay or errors1 & 9 o!rs1 z 9 ,spa91 !y w only d s = ! purpose ( puni%+ ! del9qu5t employee1 b 9 no case to reimburse ! patron ( ! telegraph = 8 loss4 ,?is failure to assume any responsibility 9 ! matt] is ( great importance to ! public4 ,! am\nt paid by ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company p] annum1 on acc\nt ( ^! unavoidable errors & delays1 is v consid]able4 ,! public w\ld be reluctant to leave ! correct transmission & deliv]y ( _! important messages to ! *ances ( a gov]nm5t sy/em :i* is notori\sly defective1 & :i* w\ld 9 no case reimburse !m = losses occasion$ by errors 9 ! transmission ( _! telegrams1 or failure to s5d !m at all4 ,! s*eme propos$ by ,mr4 ,hubb>d1 ow+ to ! divid$ responsibility ( ! s]vice1 w\ld be ev5 worse ?an ! absorption ( ! l9es by ! gov]nm5t4 ,public op9ion c\ld n rea* ! contractor1 because he is ! s]vant ( ! gov]nm5t1 & n ( ! public1 & x w\ld fail to influ5ce ! ,po/-,(fice ,dep>tm5t1 z x does n itself p]=m ! s]vice1 &1 because be+ a dep>tm5t1 x is practically irresponsible4 ,h[ mu* influ5ce1 = example1 has public op9ion on ! collectors ( int]nal rev5ue or cu/oms1 or ev5 ! po/ma/]s ( ?is c\ntry8 ,if despat*es 7 left at ! po/-(fices1 or dropp$ 9 ! /reet boxes1 z provid$ = 9 ,mr4 ,hubb>d's bill1 !y w\ld h to take _! *ances ( transmission & deliv]y1 ) no rec\rse1 9 case ( failure1 = r$ress f any s\rce4 ,if a despat* %\ld fail to rea* its de/9ation1 & compla9t 0 made to ! po/ma/]1 he w\ld reply t he 0 n responsible = its transmission1 & w\ld ref] ! aggriev$ p]son to ! telegraph contractor2 :ile ! latt] w\ld answ] t he 0 a s]vant ( ! gov]nm5t1 & n responsible to ! public = ! imp]fections ( 8 s]vice4 ,& ! result w\ld be1 t :ile ! s5d] ( ! despat* obta9$ no r$ress1 he w\ld n h ev5 ! satisfaction ( kn[+ :i* s]vice 0 at fault1 ! po/-(fice or ! telegraph4 ,,! ,,proposition ,,to ,,erect ,,competitive ,,gov]nm5tal ,,telegraphs ,,unf\nd$ ,,9 ,,public ,,necessity1 ,,unju/ ,,& ,,delusive4 ,! proposition to erect a competitive gov]nm5tal telegraph l9e betwe5 ,wa%+ton & ,new ,york1 z describ$ 9 ! pap] ( ,mr4 ,wa%burne1 & ! bill design$ to au?orize x1 is a s*eme f\nd$ ^u no public necessity1 unju/ & delusive4 ,x is easily demon/rable t ! t>iff propos$ by ! bill1 if adopt$ by ! gov]nm5t1 c\ld only be ma9ta9$ by l>ge drafts ^u ! national treasury4 ,x is well kn[n t ! active h\rs ( telegraph s]vice are ab\t five1 & ! ord9>y av]age ( transmission n ov] fifty messages p] h\r1 ! g5]al all[ance be+ =ty4 ,?us ea* ( ! f\r wires propos$ to be erect$ "u ! bill w\ld be capable ( e>n+1 at ! maximum1 five doll>s p] h\r1 or a total daily income ( "o hundr$ doll>s1 an am\nt unequal to ! provision ( ! mo/ ord9>y indoor s]vice1 to say no?+ ( ! co/ ( managem5t1 repairs ( l9es1 batt]y p[]1 /ation]y1 & _m o!r necess>y exp5ses4 ,! annual co/ to our company ( repairs & inspection on ?is r\te alone is #bj1jjj4 ,?is company d5ies ! exorbitance ( ! rates x has adopt$1 & :i* x is n[ actively engag$ 9 modify+ s z to secure ! faire/ correspond5ce to o!r bran*es ( labor1 & ! utmo/ developm5t ( ! sy/em4 ,x !re=e deprecates z illusory1 z well z unju/1 ! proposal to e/abli% rates l[] ?an ^? :i* 9 ,belgium h caus$ a loss ( "o ?ird ( ! t>iff on ea* message s5t1 & :i*1 "u ! managem5t ( a dep>tm5t n[ %[+ an enorm\s annual deficit1 _c fail to prove p]plex+ & disa/r\s4 ,x deprecates also1 z utt]ly illusory1 ! idea t "u su* t>iffs a product w\ld be realiz$ t w\ld provide = ! ext5sion ( ! gov]nm5t l9es to o!r regions4 ,?is delusion1 :i* makes x possible = an intellig5t public man to pr$icate s absurd a result1 has = a basis t :i* is ev] us$ to allure m5 into s*emes ( promis$ weal?4 ,! insane speculation :i*1 ?irty ye>s ago1 ru9$ t5s ( ?\s&s ( our p1 by c\nt+ ! leaves ( ! ,morus multicaulis z ! products ( v]itable mulb]ry-trees1 on :i* delight$ cat]pill>s w\ld fe$1 & enri* _! own]s ) untold webs ( native silk1 0 n m illusory ?an t :i* to-day1 by %[+ ! possibilities ( ea* h\r by day & night1 crams ! wires ) possible messages :i* w nev] be s5t1 & e/imates balances :i* _c be e>n$4 ,?is s*eme w\ld be unju/ to gov]nm5t1 by und]m9+ & p]ill+ a bus9ess :i* pays #cjj1jjj p] annum to its rev5ues1 besides ca/+ ^u a nation1 great because ( ! en]gy :i* has *>act]iz$ its private ent]prises1 ! odium ( initiat+ competition ) "o ( ! mo/ useful products ( ! national bra91 be=e "t has be5 giv5 to complete ! design ( ^? :o direct x1 & to fully illu/rate its capacity4 ,! policy & practice ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company favor a r$uction ( ! rates on despat*es z rapidly z ! necess>y exp5ses ( ! s]vice w admit2 & if ! gov]nm5t w aboli% its tax on ! receipts = transmitt+ telegrams1 ?is company w imm$iately l[] its rates until ! r$uction ^u ! gross am\nt ( bus9ess done %all be twice z mu* z ! tax remitt$4 ,?is w\ld less5 ! rates = telegraph+ ne>ly t5 p] c5t1 & w\ld be a f> bett] plan = furni%+ *eap] telegraphic facilities to ! p ?an ! con/ruction & op]ation ( gov]nm5t l9es at ! exp5se ( ! national treasury4 ,,! ,,telegraph ,,bill ,,propos$ ,,to ,,be ,,enact$ ,,by ,,congress ,,)\t ,,national ,,example4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! remun]ativ5ess ( telegraph l9es dep5ds l>gely ^u ! rev5ues ( a few important cities1 )\t :i* ! ent]prise w\ld n h an income suffici5t to support x4 ,to take away ! receipts ( ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 ,baltimore1 & ,wa%+ton1 ) ,bo/on1 ,*icago1 ,c9c9nati1 ,/4 ,l\is1 & a few o!rs ( l importance1 w\ld make x impossible = any company to ma9ta9 itself1 f> less to meet ! con/ant dem& ( an enl>g+ population & new settlem5ts = ! ext5sion ( its l9es4 ,?is is n peculi> to ,am]ica4 ,9 ,great ,brita91 :]e !re are #b1aea /ations1 sev5ty-six p] c5t ( ! entire receipts are receiv$ at #ah /ations1 fifte5 p] c5t at #ha /ations1 & only n9e p] c5t at ! residue4 ,ev5 ( ! sev5ty-six p] c5t receiv$ at ! #ah /ations1 "o half ( t :ole p]c5tage 0 receiv$ 9 ,london1 & "o qu>t] f two o!r cities4 ,9 ,france1 ?ree dep>tm5ts collect #d1agh1ccb1 out ( a total ( #g1gjg1eij francs p] annum2 & ( ?is am\nt1 ,p>is 7,dp>tm5t de la ,se9e7 collects #b1gid1gfh4dj francs1 be+ m ?an "o ?ird ( ! total receipts ( ! :ole empire4 ,! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company's rev5ues come to x 9 a simil> mann]4 ,f its #c1cca (fices x d]ives its receipts z foll[s3-- ,f #acf (fices1 #ge p] c5t4 #caie #be p] c5t4 ,( ^! #acf (fices1 a l>ge proportion ( _! receipts is d]iv$ f twelve *ief cities1 ( :i* f\r are on ! r\te propos$ by ?is bill4 ,gov]nm5t1 by ?us op]at+ l9es ( telegraph ov] ! *oice/ & mo/ productive r\te1 at rates bel[ ! co/ ( ! s]vice1 & :i* c\ld only be ma9ta9$ by l>ge drafts ^u ! national treasury1 w\ld assume an attitude t[>ds private telegraph ent]prises ( ! mo/ unju/ & unexampl$ ho/ility4 ,su* a p>tial exp]im5t z t propos$ by ,mr4 ,wa%burne1 or ev5 by ,mr4 ,hubb>d1 w\ld de/roy ! unit>y "* ( ! s]vice :i* ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company has done s mu* to secure1 & w\ld be a mo/ decid$ly reaction>y measure4 ,mr4 ,hubb>d's bill to incorporate ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,po/al ,telegraph ,company1 & to e/abli% a po/al-telegraph sy/em1 provides = ! e/abli%m5t ( telegraph l9es to all cities & villages ( five ?\s& inhabitants & ov] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,7 ?is s*eme to be adopt$1 & ! gov]nm5t ?us ent] into a p>tn]%ip ) ! new company 9 ! telegraph bus9ess1 9 accordance ) ! t]ms ( ?is bill1 :at is to become ( ! small] t[ns8 ,accord+ to ! c5sus ( #ahfj !re are only ?ree hundr$ & ?irte5 cities & villages 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates hav+ ! five ?\s& inhabitants necess>y to entitle !m to an (fice "u ?is po/al sy/em4 ,:o1 !n1 is to ma9ta9 telegraphic facilities at ! rema9+ ?ree ?\s& eight hundr$ & ?irte5 small t[ns n[ hav+ (fices8 ,private companies1 if driv5 out ( ! field by ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is semi-gov]nm5t compet+ l9e1 c\ld n d x1 &1 z ?is s*eme makes no provision = !m1 !y mu/ necess>ily be depriv$ ( ! facilities !y n[ enjoy4 ,"u ?is bill ,arkansas1 ,florida1 & ,oregon w\ld n be entitl$ to an (fice2 ,m9nesota1 ,mississippi1 & ,s\? ,c>ol9a to b "o2 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,texas1 & ,v]mont to b two ea*2 ,delaw>e & ,t5nessee to b ?ree2 ,connecticut1 ,georgia1 ,k5tucky1 & ,mi*igan to b f\r2 & ,indiana1 ,kansas1 ,l\isiana1 ,ma9e1 ,miss\ri1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,virg9ia1 & ,wiscons9 w\ld be entitl$ to less ?an t5 ea*1 :ile ^? provid$ = ! :ole ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld be less 9 numb] ?an ! bran* (fices furni%$ = ! conv5i5ce ( ! public by ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company at ! hotels1 docks1 pi]s1 & o!r places 9 ! l>ge t[ns alone4#bi ,footnote #bi3 ,! ,po/ma/]-,g5]al is p]mitt$ to e/abli% po/al-telegraph /ations at any city or village ?r\gh :i* ! l9es ( ! contract+ p>ty may be ext5d$1 ?\gh said city or village conta9 less ?an five ?\s& inhabitants2 b z ! propos$ company makes no provision = ! paym5t ( ! op]ators or any ( ! exp5ses ( su* (fices1 :ile x secures to itself ! receipts = telegrams1 x is h>dly to be expect$ t ! ,po/ma/]-,g5]al w\ld feel dispos$ to op5 _m /ations "u su* circum/ances4 ,! proposal pres5t$ to ,congress is "o :i* ! gov]nm5ts ( ,europe1 f :i* x pr(esses to draw its inspiration1 h nev] ent]ta9$4 ,no gov]nm5t !re has ev] yet attempt$ to engage 9 any public "w by ! de/ruction ( ! prop]ty ( its p1 except aft] j comp5sation4 ,! rec5t example ( ,great ,brita9 9 acquir+ ! ,briti% l9es ( telegraph is em95tly illu/rative ( ?is national ju/ice4 ,nei!r cavill+ ) ! nature or condition ( _! /ructure1 *eap5+ ! value ( _! prop]ty1 nor defam+ ! (fic]s ( any company1 ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t d\bles ! valuation ( its own]s1 & pays a price !re= :i* satisfies ! mo/ exact+4 ,9 /rik+ contra/ to ?is is ! ent]prise propos$ to ! ,am]ican ,congress by ! ,wa%burne bill1 :i* beg9s by attack+ ! integrity ( ! (ficial managem5t ( ! exi/+ sy/em1 depreciat+ ! value ( its prop]ty1 & propos+ ! competitive use ( a gr& inv5tion :i* x refus$ to pur*ase1 & n[ proposes1 )\t consid]ation1 to possess4 ,9 su* a project !re is no national example :i* w\ld give x sanction or respectability1 ev5 ?\gh1 9 times ( great national p]il1 & amid ! necessities ( despotic gov]nm5ts1 mon>*s h at times seiz$ & made _! own ! pr(itable traffic & pursuits ( ! p4 ,,app5dix4 ,,! ,,telegraph ,,& ,,! ,,gov]nm5t4#cj ,footnote #cj3 ,f ! ,c9c9nati ,gazette4 ,! build+ ( telegraph l9es 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 f ! date ( _! inauguration d[n to ! pres5t "t1 has be5 ov]done4 ,!re are n[ too _m wires = ! bus9ess1 at ! prices t are *>g$2 consequ5tly !re are few1 if any1 l9es t pay a fair int]e/ on ! co/ ( _! con/ruction4 ,s great is ! co/ ( ma9ta9+ & op]at+ l9es1 too1 t x is a "q :e!r suffici5t bus9ess c\ld be done1 z x is conduct$ at v l[ rates1 to pay exp5ses4 ,9 bus9ess h\rs1 = example1 !re is a great ru% ( messages1--say f #i ,a4 ,m4 to #c ,p4 ,m4--t is1 betwe5 comm]cial c5tres4 ,aft] #c o'clock !re is comp>atively little bus9ess1 except :at is furni%$ by ! newspap]s4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ! aft] "p ( ! day1 & dur+ ! night1 _m wires & op]ators are idle4 ,9 ord] to make bus9ess = ?is portion ( ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! telegraph companies adopt$ a l[ s*$ule ( rates = night messages1 b ?is has be5 att5d$ ) poor success4 ,! l9es are ma9ly us$1 x is f\nd1 by bus9ess m5 & newspap]s4 ,bus9ess messages require imm$iate deliv]y1 & are n valuable except :5 transmitt$ & deliv]$ dur+ bus9ess h\rs4 ,h5ce ! r$uc$ rates = night messages has n creat$ mu* new bus9ess4 ,nei!r w\ld l[ rates = day messages create new bus9ess1 unless ! despat*es c\ld be promptly =w>d$ & deliv]$4 ,l[ rates = day messages1 prompt deliv]y be+ insur$1 w\ld und\bt$ly l>gely increase ! bus9ess1 b ?is w\ld require m wires & m m54 ,! "q !n is1 w\ld ! income at l[ rates be suffici5t to pay = ! increas$ exp5ditures8 ,telegraph manag]s h decid$ ?is "q 9 ! negative4 ,!re is1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 a limit to ! capacity ( telegraph wires = convey+ news4 ,h]e9 ?is sy/em diff]s f ! po/al sy/em4 ,!re is1 practically1 no limit to ! capacity ( ! railroad companies = c>ry+ ! mails1 &1 ( c\rse1 ! pr(its ( ! po/al dep>tm5t are 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( bus9ess !y transact4 ,^! prelim9>y rem>ks are made 9 ord] t ! public may ! bett] und]/& ! proposition :i* has be5 made1 & is be+ agitat$1 look+ to ! pur*ase ( ! telegraph l9es by ! gov]nm5t1 & _! op]ation 9 connection ) ! po/al sy/em4 ,! pretext is1 t ! gov]nm5t c\ld af=d to r$uce ! t>iff to a l[ po9t1 say "o c5t p] ^w = five hundr$ miles or less1 & two c5ts = ov] five hundr$ up to "o ?\s&1 c4 ,?is w\ld make ! t>iff betwe5 ,c9c9nati & ,new ,york ?ree c5ts1 :]eas x is n[ t5 c5ts1 = private messages4 ,?is is ! pretext1 b ! real secret ( ! movem5t is ?is4 ,!re are two p>ties :o favor ! proposition4 ,"o ( ^! has be5 quietly buy+ up telegraph /ock at ?irty or =ty c5ts on ! doll>4 ,!y propose to h ,congress pass a law au?oriz+ ! ,presid5t to appo9t ?ree commission]s to value ! telegraph l9es ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & provid+ = _! pur*ase at su* valuation4 ,"h is a f9e *ance = speculation4 ,x w\ld af=d an admirable op5+ = ! g5tlem5 :o practise 9 ! lobby4 ,! second p>ty favor+ ! pur*ase is compos$ ( memb]s ( ,congress :o are anxi\s to h ! frank+ privilege ext5d$ to ! telegraph l9es4 ,:at a spl5did ?+ x w\ld be if memb]s ( ,congress c\ld use ! telegraph l9es free1 z !y use ! mails4 ,b ! p w\ld h to pay = ! free bus9ess on ! telegraph l9es1--pay de>ly1 too1 z !y pay = ! uses & abuses ( ! po/al frank+ privilege4 ,besides1 ! gov]nm5t1 9 connection ) ! po/al sy/em1 is ma9ly conspicu\s = its mismanagem5t4 ,x does n compete successfully ) private ent]prise1 & nev] c s long z ! abom9able sy/em ( fill+ & vacat+ (fices is cont9u$4 ,! telegraph bus9ess is decid$ly complicat$4 ,x requires skilful m5 to op]ate x4 ,h[ w\ld x be if telegraph (fices 7 to be fill$ z po/-(fices & rev5ue (fices are fill$8 ,we ne$ n /op to answ] ?is "q4 ,besides1 secrecy is an important feature ( ! telegraph bus9ess4 ,x is n z c>efully en=c$ z x %\ld be2 b :at a political ma*9e ! telegraph w\ld become if p>tisan politicians %\ld get hold ( x6 ,imag9e ! telegraph dur+ an excit+ presid5tial campaign1 ) "o p>ty controll+ ! wires & read+ all ! private despat*es t pass$ ov] ! l9es6 ,!re w\ld be no secrecy ab\t x2 nei!r w\ld x be reliable1 & 9 ! end x w\ld co/ ! p m ?an ^? us+ x w\ld save4 ,n "o man 9 tw5ty w\ld use ! telegraph if rates 7 ev5 l[] ?an is propos$2 & consequ5tly n9ete5 m5 w\ld be tax$ = ! b5efit ( "o4 ,! :ole ?+ w\ld be a tax ^u ! p1 )\t comp5sat+ advantages4 ,if private ent]prise1 ) %>p competition1 _c c>ry messages betwe5 ,new ,york & ,c9c9nati1 at t5 c5ts p] ^w1 & make money1 ! gov]nm5t c\ld n d x at ?ree c5ts1 or at any price up to t54 ,no?+ m c]ta9 ?an t4 ,besides1 ! corruption connect$ ) (fice-hold+ & (fice-gett+1 9 ?is c\ntry1 is suffici5t to cause ! p to %udd] at ! m]e proposition to add fifty ?\s& (fices to ! already enorm\s f$]al patronage4 ,! gov]nm5t is /agg]+ n[ "u ! trem5d\s load ( corruption consequ5t ^u ! f$]al patronage & ! mode ( di/ribut+ x1 & ! p mu/ soon *oose betwe5 a re=m 9 ?is or a revolution4 ,let x be fir/ demon/rat$1 !re=e1 t ! gov]nm5t c successfully1 hone/ly1 & economically manage ! bus9ess intru/$ to x be=e x und]takes to assume exclusive control ( o!r bran*es ( private ent]prise4 ,b1 z already /at$1 ! pres5t movem5t is m]ely a s*eme to saddle ^u ! gov]nm5t ! non-pay+ telegraph l9es ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 at ?ree or f\r times _! value4 ,! result w\ld be amaz+ corruption 9 ! managem5t ( ! l9es1 ! violation ( private confid5ce = p]sonal or political purposes1 & a co/ to ! p = telegraph+ great] ?an is n[ borne by ^? :o use ! wires4 ,,po/al ,,telegraph4--,,ext5sion ,,( ,,! ,,int]f]5ce ,,!ory4#ca ,footnote #ca3 ,f ! ,*icago ,ev5+ ,po/4 ,we beg ! advocates ( ! ,po/al ,telegraph s*eme n to /op4 ,! ju/ification ( :at !y propose to d1 if 9 accordance ) _! !ories ( gov]nm5t1 w cov] _m o!r ?+s necess>y to be done4 ,aft] hav+ tak5 possession ( ! telegraph l9es1 & increas$ ! numb] ( (fic]s necess>y to insure ! h>moni\s work+ ( _! plan1 let !m turn _! att5tion to ! ,express bus9ess ( ! c\ntry1 9 :i* !re is room = great re=m4 ,?is1 we are told1 is practically a monopoly1 by ! gre$ ( :i* ! transmission ( m]*&ise & valuables f "o "p ( ! c\ntry to ano!r is (t5 sl[1 & always exp5sive4 ,if x is ! prov9ce ( ! gov]nm5t to take *>ge ( ! telegraphic correspond5ce ( ! p1 surely !re is no abuse ( au?ority 9 und]tak+ to c>ry1 & 9 mak+ a monopoly ( c>ry+1 _! express packages2 & ! reasons :i* comm5d ?is telegraph s*eme cov] & ju/ify ! ext5sion ( gov]nm5tal int]f]5ce ) ! small freight t ! express l9es usually convey4 ,we /ate ^! reasons s]iatim1 j z ! advocates ( gov]nm5tal telegraph+ rehe>se !m4 ,!y are1 fir/1 *eapness2 second1 c]ta9ty2 ?ird1 cel]ity2 f\r?1 promotion ( int]c\rse & traffic betwe5 diff]5t sections ( ! c\ntry2 & consequ5tly1 fif?1 ! wid] dissem9ation ( intellig5ce4 ,if ^! are suffici5t1--& no promot] ( ! telegraph s*eme c d\bt t !y are1--!y admit ( /ill wid] application4 ,mo/ ( ! telegraphic correspond5ce ( ! c\ntry is ( a bus9ess "*1 & s mo/ ( ! s]vice r5d]$ by ! express is ( ! same sort4 ,! telegraph & ! express are ! adjuncts ( our great comm]cial transactions by :i* p are f$1 w>m$1 clo!d1 & suppli$ ) ! implem5ts & raw mat]ial ( labor4 ,!re is1 !n1 no reason :y ! railroads1 :i* are only l>g] in/rum5ts ( ! same k9d1 %\ld be omitt$ 9 ! li/ ( ?+s t ! gov]nm5t may manage & monopolize4 ,x is surely ( z mu* mom5t t a tra9-load ( fl\r or butt] %\ld be c>ri$ ) *eapness1 c]ta9ty1 & cel]ity f ,*icago to ,new ,york1 z t ! despat* ann\nc+ its %ipm5t or arrival %\ld be s5t 9 ! same way2 & if we _c manage ! latt] to our satisfaction1 h[ %all we expect to manage ! =m]8 ,z x w nev] d to h a competitor 9 ?is c>ry+ trade1 ! gov]nm5t mu/ also take possession ( all ! canals4 ,( c\rse ^! recomm5dations w1 if adopt$1 l>gely increase ! sal>i$ (fic]s ( ! c\ntry1 & make our political conte/s t5fold m corrupt1 acrimoni\s1 & dang]\s ?an n[2 b z ! ,p5nsylvania editor said ab\t protection--8,if protection is a good ?+1 we _c h too mu* ( x60--s say we ( (ficials1 ! m ! bett]4 ,b we see /ill l>g] fields t ! gov]nm5t may occupy1 ?is int]f]5ce !ory be+ e/abli%$ z ! rule ( its relation to ! p4 ,z ! gr[+ ( :eat & ! production ( meats1 to supply ! prime necessity ( our nature = food1 are ( f> m importance ?an ! correspond5ce :i* occurs 9 gett+ ! :eat & beef to ! consum] or ?an ! me?od ( _! transit2 z ! p mu/ die if !y h no?+ to eat2 z f>m+1 z n[ done1 is a c>eless1 haphaz>d bus9ess1 pursu$ )\t ! aid ( adequate ma*9]y or ! prop] division ( labor2 z ! co/ ( f>m produce might1 by ! univ]sal adoption ( improv$ me?ods1 be greatly *eap5$1 ?us promot+ ! increase ( ! race1 & add+ imm5sely to ! g5]al happ9ess1 ! gov]nm5t ought1 fir/ ( all1 to take ! agriculture ( ! c\ntry into its keep+4 ,!n h[ easy1 if x %\ld be impos$ ^u by ! m5 :o make agricultural implem5ts1 to turn manufactur] at "s hundr$ conv5i5t places & make all ! tools x might ne$4 ,j ?9k ( ! imm5se advantage ( be+ able to g to a gov]nm5t w>eh\se & get a b>rel ( fl\r = half :at x n[ co/s1 or ( /epp+ into gov]nm5t %ambles f :i*1 ( c\rse1 ! p w be f$1 & gett+ a rib-roa/ or t5d]lo9 /eak at a figure t w\ld make our city but*]s a%am$4 ,( c\rse1 e f>m] w\ld be a gov]nm5t (fic]1 sure ( 8 pay1 & )\t ! mo/ p[]ful /imulus to ex]tion2 b if ea* man :o h&les a lett] or s5ds or deliv]s a despat* is to h ! liv]y ( public s]vice on 8 back1 :y n8 ,f9ally1 z food is useless unless cook$1 we see ! necessity--/ill reason+ on premises :i* ! telegraph m5 furni%--( hav+ ! cook+ & managem5t ( ! kit*5s ( ! c\ntry turn$ ov] to su* (fic]s z ! gov]nm5t %all select4 ,= do+ ?is1 j z soon z ! plan ( gov]nm5tal telegraph+ is put into op]ation1 ! reasons w be entirely conclusive4 ,:at1 we ask1 c be ( m importance ?an t our food %\ld be ( good quality1 heal?fully prep>$1 quickly & neatly s]v$1 & peacefully eat54 ,put ! ,national ,telegraph by ! side ( ! ,national ,d9n]1 & see h[ x is dw>f$ by ! comp>ison4 ,contra/ ! annoyance ( a telegram ov]*>g$1 miss5t1 or delay$1 ) ! unutt]able horrors ( indige/ion4 ,look at our hotels1 re/aurants1 & private h\ses1 & see h[ cruelly ! p suff]2 !n ?9k h[ p]fect1 h[ quick1 & h[ *eap ! relief t ! gov]nm5t might ext5d4 ,we well "k t1 _h gov]nm5t cook+ always be5 ! rule ( ! nation1 ! great rebellion w\ld n h occurr$4 ,! w> 0 ! result ( ! bad food & worse kit*5s ( our bre?r5 ( ! ,s\?4 ,x _h its orig9 9 hot bread & hog1 :i* ru9$ ! /oma*s1 p]v]t$ ! morals1 & inflam$ ! wor/ passions ( ! ,s\?4 ,z we h already sacrific$ half a million ( lives1 & t5 ?\s& millions ( treasure to repair ! consequ5ces ( gov]nm5t c>elessness 9 suff]+ national cook%ops to rema9 une/abli%$1 we _c make too mu* ha/e 9 op5+ !m n[4 ,b we h adduc$ examples en\gh to %[ ! absurd conclusions to :i* ! reason+ ( ^! telegraphic s*em]s logically leads4 ,our gov]nm5t1 good z x is1 has objectionable features en\gh n[4 ,! disp>ities 9 ! condition ( ! p are due m to ! op]ation ( unju/ law ?an to diff]5ces 9 natural gifts2 & ! great s\rce ( mis*ief is 9 ! usurpation by gov]nm5t ( functions x ought nev] to ex]cise4 ,we d mo/ assur$ly ne$ re=m2 b we %all n f9d x 9 enl>g+ ! sph]e )9 :i* ! gov]nm5t may act1 nor 9 curtail+ or circumscrib+ ! lib]ty ( ! individual4 ,let u g 9 ! o!r direction2 & in/ead ( mak+ ! pat]nal rule ( ,cont95tal mon>*ies ! object ( imitation1 let u ext5d ! application ( ! ,am]ican idea4 ,in/ead ( clo?+ gov]nm5t ) new p[]s1 let u take f :at x has4 ,in/ead ( creat+ an army ( new (fic]s1 let u dismiss half we h got4 ,in/ead ( increas+ ! patronage ( ! executive & ! causes ( political cont5tion1 let u give great] simplicity to our sy/em & great] security to ! citiz5 & ! /ate4 ,in/ead ( tra9+ ! p m & m to rely ^u ! gov]nm5t to supply _! bus9ess1 social1 & educational wants1 let u give great] scope to _! individuality1 s t !y may m & m rely ^u !mselves4 ,our gov]nm5t diff]s f all o!r gov]nm5ts 9 ! _w 9 no?+ s mu* z 9 its capacity ( lett+ ! p alone 9 _! h\ses1 _! bus9ess1 _! religion1 & _! pleasure4 ,our p diff] f all o!r peoples 9 no?+ s mu* z 9 ! fact t1 comp>atively1 !y are let alone4 ,all t ! c\ntry is1 x owes to ! p>tial fre$om ( its citiz5s to g :]e !y please1 d :at !y please1 & ?9k & speak _! own ?\ghts2 :i* fre$om1 by cultivat+ /r5g?1 self-reliance1 ent]prise1 intellig5ce1 & patriotism1 has wr\ght ! "w we see be=e u4 ,?is fre$om is to be /ill m ext5d$ ov] gr\nd :i* inh]it$ abuses n[ occupy1 & ! consequ5ces w a/oni% ! _w6 ,no1 no6 ,our gov]nm5t is n a wet-nurse = all ! s*emes :i* ! +5uity ( m5 may inv5t1 or :i* incomplete & half-se5 consid]ations ( public conv5i5ce may recomm5d4 ,x is prim>ily an organization = ! protection ( p]son & prop]ty1 & ! puni%m5t ( crime4 ,& to keep x )9 its sph]e1 & to disassociate x1 z f> z possible1 f ! usual bus9ess ( ! citiz51 is to insure its life4 ,leave to ! p all t individual or corporate ef=t may d1 & !y w d x well4 ,leave to ! gov]nm5t ! pres]vation ( ord] & ! puni%m5t ( crime1 & ! gov]n$ w h no reason to compla94 ,,telegraph+ ,,by ,,gov]nm5t4#cb ,footnote #cb3 ,f ! ,new ,york ,tribune4 ,we use ! telegraph v ext5sively & pay x a good deal ( money2 s t !re are few ^: p]sonal advantage f *eap5+ its use w\ld be great] ?an our own2 yet we d n reg>d ) favor any ( ! bills look+ to ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,gov]nm5t ,telegraph4 ,"h are "s ( our reasons3-- ,i4 ,! preval5t t5d5cy 9 our day is t[>d a fur!r re/riction r ?an an enl>gem5t ( ! sph]e ( gov]nm5t4 ,we h 7= in/ance7 a good _m public m>kets 9 ?is city1 :i* are1 = ! mo/ "p1 public nuisances4 ,_h ! city left ?is :ole bus9ess ( purvey+ free to private ent]prise1 only ov]see+ x 9 ! int]e/ ( public heal?1 few c d\bt t our supply ( food w\ld h be5 bett] & *eap] ?an x is4 ,! same is ! case ) _m o!r attempts to s]ve or save ! citiz5 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( gov]nm5t4 ,mo/ c]ta9ly1 we w\ld n limit ! sph]e ( gov]nm5t to ! m]e prev5tion ( break+ heads & pick+ pockets2 b we %\ld pond] long be=e enl>g+ x4 ,,ii4 ,a ,gov]nm5t ,telegraph is usually propos$ z an adjunct ( ! po/-(fice4 ,our gov]nm5t already claims & en=ces a monopoly ( ! bus9ess ( c>ry+ lett]s1 *>ges its own prices1 collects "s #ae1jjj1jjj a ye> f ! p = lett]-c>ry+1 & !n loses "s #f1jjj1jjj a ye> by ! bus9ess4 ,we submit t x %\ld %[ a bett] balance-%eet on ?is acc\nt be=e ext5d+ its sph]e ( op]ations4 ,,iii4 ,we nev] own$ any telegraph /ock1 & expect to own none2 we are a daily & heavy cu/om] to telegraphs1 & expect to live & die su*4 ,we presume t a ,gov]nm5t ,telegraph w\ld some:at *eap5 ! co/ ( messages2 b ! money inve/$ 9 e/abli%+ x w\ld nev] be return$ to ! treasury4 ,! clamor = a r$uction ( *>ges 7z n[ ) lett]s7 w\ld /eadily ov]be> any hope ( pr(it4 ,c x be "r1 we ask1 to tax ! :ole p = ! b5efit ( t small m9ority :o s5d messages by telegraph8 ,w\ld x n be bett] to />t gov]nm5t e/abli%m5ts = potato-gr[+ on a gigantic scale1 s z to supply ! poor *eaply ) :olesome & n\ri%+ food8 ,:]e "o wants *eap messages1 _m w\ld be b5efit$ by hav+ a sure & ample supply ( *eap potatoes4 ,,iv4 ,gov]nm5t1 9 ?is & o!r free c\ntries1 is & mu/ be l>gely an affair ( p>ty4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ?is c\ntry has be51 is1 & mu/ be1 to a great ext5t1 ! rule ( ! dom9ant p>ty4 ,w\ld x be well to h ! telegraph "u ! absolute control ( ei!r p>ty 9 an excit$ ,presid5tial election8 ,c\ld ! outs safely use x8 ,c\ld ! p implicitly tru/ x8 ,rememb] h[ ! mails 7 rifl$ "u ,jackson1 ) ! tacit approval ( ,po/ma/]-,g5]al ,k5dall1 on ! assumption t x 0 "r to take & burn ,abolition docum5ts if circulat$ 9 ,slave ,/ates4 ,consid] ,g5]al ,jackson's & ,gov]nor ,m>cy's (ficial recomm5dations t ! circulation ( su* docum5ts be prohibit$ by law4 ,we %\ld n l to h ! telegraph controll$1 ?r\gh\t ! ensu+ ,presid5tial canvasses1 by our political adv]s>ies1 nor yet by our political fri5ds4 ,v4 ,! gov]nm5t is heavily 9 debt1 & its f9ances are n 9 good condition2 yet x is bor$ & importun$ = subsidies on ?is side & on t1--all ( !m on ! pret5ce ( public advantage1 _m ( !m ) j gr\nds = su* assumption4 ,if ! ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn ,pacific ,railroads c\ld bo? be built )9 ! next five ye>s1 we believe !y w\ld add five hundr$ millions ( doll>s to our national weal? )9 ! tw5ty ye>s succe$+4 ,we demur to _! pres5t con/ruction by gov]nm5t aid1 simply t ! /ate ( our f9ances =bids x4 ,b if our gov]nm5t is able to build telegraphs :]e !y are n want$1 :y n railroads :]e !y are ! v fir/ necessity ( settlem5t & civilization8 ,we might g on = an h\r long]1 b let ! above suffice = ! pres5t4 ,we ?9k ! gov]nm5t %\ld let ! telegraph bus9ess alone4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,sil5tly correct$ typographical errors & v>iations 9 spell+4 #b4 ,ar*aic1 non-/&>d1 & unc]ta9 spell+s reta9$ z pr9t$4 #c4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4