,,some ,,observations ,,upon ,,the ,,civilization ,,of ,,the ,,western ,,barbarians1 ,,particularly ,,of ,,the ,,english2 ,,made ,,during ,a ,,residence ,,of ,,some ,,years ,,in ,,those ,,parts1 ,by ,,ah-,,chin-,,le1 ,,mandarin ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,class1 ,,member ,,of ,,the ,,enlightened ,,and ,,exalted ,,calao4 ,,translated ,,from ,,the ,,chinese ,,into ,,english1 ,by ,,john ,,yester ,,smythe1 ,esq41 ,,of ,,shanghai1 ,,and ,,now ,,first ,,published ,,out ,,of ,,china ,,and ,,in ,,other ,,than ,,chinese4 ,,boston3 ,,lee ,,and ,,shepard1 ,,publishers4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,charles ,t4 ,,dillingham1 #fgh ,,broadway4 #ahgf4 ,,copyright4 ,j4,b4 ,,swasey4 #ahgf4 ,,translator',s ,,preface4 ,this ,translation of the ,work of ,ah-,chin-le is trustworthy as to the meaning of the ,text--though the literal translation has not been1 in many cases1 attempted4 ,preserving the ,spirit of the ,author1 the ,translator has desired to be intelligible in good1 readable ,english4 ,where it is impossible to give the precise thought of a mind so differently cultured1 the nearest ,english is given4 ,it is hoped that the inherent difficulty of the task may excuse errors of grammar and style4 ,the ,translator has been so absorbed in his ,author1 that he fears he may have often slipped in his ,syntax1 and been rude in his manner4 ,however1 with whatever faults1 he hands the volume to his ,countrymen--thinking that they may be as much interested in it as he has been2 and may derive as much amusement4 ,if it do not commend itself for its ,wisdom1 it may1 at least1 for its novelty--that is1 as a genuine expression of intelligent ,chinese opinion1 concerning the ,civilization of the ,western ,barbarians1 and particularly of the ,english4 ,the ,author's own ,preface explains the ,origin of the ,work1 and its claims to consideration4 ,the ,retreat1 ,shanghai1 ,china1 #ahge4 ,j4,y4,s4 ,,author',s ,,preface4 ,ah-chin-le1 ,mandarin1 and member of the exalted ,calao1 to the ,illustrious ,wo-sung1 ,mandarin1 ,first class1 ,president of the most ,serene1 the grand ,council1 ,calao2 virtue1 health1 and the highest place in the ,hall of your ,sublime ,ancestors6 ,trained from my youth for many years in the school of the ,foreigners ,fo-kien1 so as to be versed in the languages of the chief ,barbarians of the ,west1 and particularly of the ,english1 afterwards perfected in the latter at our port of ,shanghai1 and sent by your ,illustrious command upon a private mission with the ,imperial ,embassy to the outside ,barbarians of the far ,west to curiously seek into the state of those ,peoples1 and report upon the same to your ,illustrious mind--that being so informed exactly1 your ,wisdom might1 in those matters appertaining to the ,western ,barbarians1 enlighten the ,son of ,heaven 7our ,celestial and ,imperial ,majesty ,bang-ztse most renowned and exalted7 when1 in ,council1 things touching those outer ,barbarians should be considered3 these1 my poor words1 in so far as to your ,illustrious ,wisdom it has been thought proper to make general1 are now produced3 that the happy subjects of our ,central1 ,flowery ,kingdom1 may understand more perfectly the condition of those outside ,barbarians1 respecting whom so very little is known1 and may the more cautiously guard the ,sacred ,institutions ,kam-phfe of our ,celestial ,land--wise1 peaceful1 powerful1 and teeming with an industrious and contented people1 before the ,western ,barbarians had so much as the rudiments of learning4 ,ah-chin prostrates his poor body before your ,illustrious ,benevolence1 and craves forbearance that these1 his unworthy ,observations1 are not better ordered3--the circumstances of travel1 fatigue1 agitation of mind1 hurry and confusion1 have been unfavourable for that due ordering of the same which a respect for your ,illustrious ,wisdom required--in this particular the precise ,report1 submitted to the ,exalted1 the ,calao1 through the hands of your ,illustrious ,greatness1 is more perfect4 ,these are minutes1 rather1 jotted down and fastened for better reordering1 if1 at another time1 it should be judged fit4 ,may the ,sovereign ,lord of ,heaven ,chang-ti keep your ,illustrious mind and body6 ,,ah-,,chin-,,le4 ,,note4--,these ,observations now following were made in ,england1 and refer chiefly to the ,english ,barbarians1 who pride themselves upon being the most powerful and most enlightened of all the outer ,barbarians1 and1 in fact1 of any ,people in the whole1 immense ,world4 ,ah-,chin4 ,,table ,,of ,,contents4 ,,chapter ,,page ,i4--,,of ,,the ,,religion ,,and ,,superstitions ,,of ,,the ,,english #a ,,ii4--,,of ,,the ,,history ,,and ,,geography ,,of ,,the ,,english #de ,,iii4--,,some ,,particulars ,,of ,,the ,,internal ,,administration #gf ,,iv4--,,upon ,,education3 ,a ,,few ,,reflections #ih ,v4--,,of ,,the ,,literature ,,of ,,the ,,english #aji ,,vi4--,,of ,,their ,,trade1 ,,and ,,revenue ,,derived ,,from ,,it #aca ,,vii4--,,some ,,remarks ,,upon ,,marriages1 ,,births1 ,,and ,,burials ,,hi-,,di #aej ,,viii4--,,of ,,art1 ,,architecture1 ,,and ,,some ,,words ,,about ,,science ,,kno-,,te #agj ,,ix4--,,of ,,amusements1 ,,games1 ,,and ,,spectacles #aie ,x4--,,of ,,employments ,,of ,,the ,,people1 ,,and ,,aspects ,,of ,,daily ,,life #bad ,,xi4--,,of ,,the ,,high-,,castes3 ,,some ,,particulars ,,of ,,their ,,domestic ,,and ,,social ,,customs #bbc ,,xii4--,,of ,,the ,,appearance ,,of ,,the ,,country1 ,,the ,,climate1 ,,and ,,other ,,things #bdf ,,xiii4--,,london #beg ,,xiv4--,,some ,,general ,,observations #bgh ,,observations4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,i4 ,,of ,,the ,,religion ,,and ,,superstitions ,,of ,,the ,,english4 ,the worship of the supreme ,lord of ,heaven ,chang-ti1 is not unknown to these ,barbarians1 though degraded by many ,superstitions4 ,the purity of the divine and original ,worship 7as with the vulgar in our ,celestial ,kingdom7 is too simple4 ,about #ejj or #fjj years after our ,confutze1 in the time of the ,romans1 there appeared in an obscure province of their ,empire a new ,sect of devotees1 who asserted that they had among them a ,son of ,heaven4 ,this ,son they called ,christ2 and those who adopted this new deity were called ,christians4 ,this was nearly #bjjj years met-li-ze ago4 ,the ,sect increased and spread4 ,one of the ,emperors of the ,west adopted the new god1 and enforced the worship of him upon the subjects of the ,empire4 ,all the ,western ,barbarians derive their knowledge from the ,romans2 whose power1 indeed1 they over-turned1 but whose civilization they imitated4 ,particularly1 the ,bonzes 7,priests7 of the new ,superstition1 joined to the ,chiefs of new powers 7which arose upon the ruins of the ,roman ,empire71 preserved some remains of the ancient ,learning1 and enforced the new ,superstition4 ,what little of letters remained was almost entirely with the ,bonzes4 ,this event was much the same as the introduction from the ,hindoos into our ,central ,kingdom of the worship of the ,hindoo god1 ,fo2 and1 curiously1 these events happened at about the same time4 ,it is to be observed that in our ,illustrious ,kingdom there is a tendency to superstitious observances4 ,we have several ,sects pho-ti2 but our ,literati merely tolerate and do not worship4 ,a simple and pure homage to the ,sovereign ,lord of ,heaven ,hoang-chan-ti is an act of the ,wise3 and even the ,sects make their ,spirits subordinate to ,him4 ,the ,western ,barbarians1 however1 dishonour the true worship by strange rites--even by incredible superstitions1 when the intellectual culture is considered4 ,it is not long since1 in the monstrous credulity of the people1 directed by the ,bonzes1 it was believed that the ,devil 7,chief of the ,evil ,demons7 would enter into an individual--generally some old1 ugly1 and friendless woman--and1 by her1 turn the milk sour1 drive the cattle mad1 torture children1 shrivel up the limbs1 blast with the ,evil ,eye2 and even plague with disease and with horrible death6 ,and these wretched women1 and sometimes men1 themselves often fancying that the ,devil was really in them1 were seized upon1 dragged through mud and mire1 fearfully maltreated1 and put to death by the horrible torments of fire1 upon this wild accusation3 and this terrible scene was not caused by a maddened rabble of the common sort1 but under the lead of the ,bonzes1 and according to the ,laws of the ,land4 ,the great1 central figure of idolatry is the ,pope1 who sits enthroned in ,rome2 and is1 generally1 a very old man1 not always remarkable for wisdom nor virtue4 ,he claims to be the sole vicegerent of the ,christ-god1 and only visible divine ,head--all who do not worship him are really not true worshippers4 ,yet1 there are many ,sects of this ,superstition2 and in ,england1 the ,sovereign is held to be the true ,pope and ,head6 ,the ,english ,pope now worshipped is therefore a woman--the ,queen6 ,such a thing seemed to me to be too wild--a phantasy--,i could not comprehend4 ,i knew that this ,sect--the ,roman--had long ago followers in our ,flowery ,kingdom2 and our annals show was tolerated3 not1 however1 for the ,superstition1 but for the ,bonzes1 who were masters of some useful knowledge4 ,personally1 ,i never knew any native devotees of the ,superstition--in fact it has steadily diminished in repute1 and its few and scattered adherents are very obscure4 ,so ,i was1 and am still1 puzzled by this extraordinary ,sect4 ,i have read the ,creed2 a sort of verbal incantation1 made by devotees in the temples4 ,one day1 ,i begged of a good-natured1 large-bellied1 ,priest to explain to me2 and ventured to ask him if the ,creed was really an ,article of ,belief1 or only a formal and meaningless ,invocation--like some of the mummeries phin-zi of our ,superstitious ,sects4 ,he looked surprised2 but when he saw that he was thus accosted by a ,heathen ,chinee 7as these ,barbarians always contemptuously call the inhabitants of our ,central ,land71 he merely said3 ,why1 you have in ,china our ,missionaries to enlighten your darkness2 have you never met them8 ,no2 ,i have heard of them at ,shanghai2 but they do not speak our tongue1 nor do we understand them2 and their teachings1 even if understood1 would attract no attention from the ,literati1 who would consider them as unworthy of notice as any other ,superstition4 ,how so8 our ,religion is no ,superstition2 it is the true and only true ,religion1 revealed by ,god himself to his chosen people1 and miraculously preserved for all believers4 ,i bow before your ,illustrious mind and body2 but we have1 and have had from time immemorial1 just such pretensions2 they are as old as history4 ,i will not argue2 but look at the excellency of our divine religion6 ,where shall ,i look8 ,if you mean the excellency of certain moral principles1 there is nothing peculiar to your ,sect in them4 ,they have been taught in our schools for thousands of years--they are excellent2 they show the divine in man--man is of the divine2 morality comes of that4 ,but look at your frightful vices2 at your ,pagan worship--see the effects of idolatry6 ,i bow to your ,illustrious mind4 ,i saw my effort to obtain any reasonable explanation was fruitless2 ,i made my obeisance and left4 ,what an illustration of ignorant and superstitious conceit6 ,vice1 thousands of miles beyond sea1 so dreadful2 the vice at hand1 defiling every corner1 unseen6 ,the only true ,religion of this ,priest will not see1 or1 seeing1 he will not believe that it is ,vice--or1 at any rate1 idolatrous--pagan ,vice6 ,i could not believe1 at first1 that the ,superstition was more than a ,form1 kept up merely for the advantage of the ,priests4 ,the sharp intellects of the ,barbarians1 applied so fruitfully to useful arts1 seemed stultified1 if ,i held to their actual belief4 ,i doubted the honesty of the ,priests2 ,i knew the bad character of many of the ,bonzes of our ,superstitious ,sects4 ,now1 better acquainted with the imperfect civilization of the people1 ,i am not moved by these ignorant and bigoted displays4 ,poverty1 vice1 and drunkenness2 crimes of violence and fraud1 are rife among the ,barbarians4 ,the ,temples1 ordered and maintained by the ,queen-,pope1 are1 for the most part--especially in great cities--empty4 ,the ,sects of the ,low-,caste people1 despised by the ,high-,caste1 are far more zealous worshippers1 though not better ,christians4 ,the funds raised to support the great ,temples and the ,priests1 are nearly all absorbed by them1 and the ,temples left ruinous4 ,the lowest ,castes do not worship1 but curse the ,sovereign ,lord4 ,yet1 our ,illustrious ,kingdom is called ,pagan--,heathen--words implying every degradation2 and our people fit only to be turned over to the endless torments of ,evil ,spirits6 ,like our ,confutze1 the principles of morality and general benevolence are taught in the sayings ascribed to ,christ4 ,yet fighting in the most brutal manner is allowed in the ,schools1 although the teachings of ,christ1 commanding ,charity and ,peace1 are conned over in the daily lessons2 and horrible ,wars for the subjugation of other ,peoples1 incessantly waged6 ,still1 if we may believe these ,barbarians1 all true religion and virtue are possessed only by them6 ,the education of the people has been disregarded2 and now1 when the wisest of their great men has1 with great difficulty1 caused a decree to issue for the teaching of the neglected masses1 at least1 in some rudimental learning1 the purpose is likely to fail4 ,the ,priests demand that the ,superstition shall be taught1 and those of one ,sect insist that they shall lead2 denouncing a differing ,sect4 ,each ,sect denounces every other3 and1 so far is the contention carried1 that the teaching of the people is lost sight of2 the special ,superstition of a ,sect being held by its adherents far more important than merely ,secular teaching6 ,it must be understood1 that though1 commonly1 there is but little real reverence for the ,supreme ,lord1 and less benevolence1 yet1 such is the hold which the ,bonzes have got of the imagination 7by means of the devil and hell1 which are greatly feared71 that they are a power4 ,their demands1 therefore1 as to the education of the people1 will be respected2 and the matter be left1 largely1 in their hands4 ,this1 owing to the bitterness existing among the ,bonzes of the ,sects1 will cause the whole attempt to fail--to fail1 as a general measure4 ,the ,lowest orders1 for whom the design was chiefly devised1 do not hold the ,bonzes in esteem1 and will not be so readily led by them1 even were the ,priests themselves in accord4 ,the ,sects and the ,priests not only fight upon this subject2 they are usually at strife upon any matter wherein their coperation is desired4 ,one leading rule of the ,sacred ,writings commands1 ,peace4 ,in respect of all who differ from them1 these ,sects say that the true meaning is1 ,war6 ,each ,sect dislikes and denounces every other2 and the members of all damn to everlasting torments the whole human race but themselves6 ,this place of eternal torture in fire and brimstone ,zan-tan-li is called ,hell ,tha-dee6 ,in the ceaseless conflicts of the ,sects1 the most dreadful crimes have been committed4 ,the chief events recorded in the annals of the ,western ,barbarians for many ages1 and even to this time1 have been only bloody wars1 massacres1 and vile intrigues1 springing out of these conflicts3 horrible crimes1 again and again repeated1 and under circumstances too dreadful for belief4 ,and when ,i have looked into the causes of these shocking events1 there seemed to be no more involved than the manner of interpreting some obscure word or phrase in the ,sacred ,writings2 which to a wise man would be unimportant1 however interpreted1 or if never interpreted at all6 ,at this moment1 the best intellects among the ,english 7who boast that they are superior to all other ,barbarians71 are hotly disputing as to the proper mode of wearing vestments1 of holding or of not holding candles1 of standing and posturing1 and other matters equally important1 when the ,priests officiate in the ,temples4 ,the most trivial thing in the ,superstition is esteemed of such consequence1 that an error respecting it may be fatal to the soul pan-tzi in the future life6 ,some of the most learned fear the words and missives of the poor old man1 who sits in ,rome 7already referred to71 and is worshipped by most ,christians out of ,england 7and by very many in it7 as the only delegate of the ,christ-god4 ,they fear this ,pope--fear that by his connection with the ,evil ,one he will play the devil among them4 ,and though of precisely the same ,christ-god ,superstition1 merely because of a difference of opinion as to the visible ,head of that ,superstition1 really believe that this poor old man 7called by the larger portion of ,christians1 with profound worship1 ,pope1 ,holy ,father7 may1 by his wicked devices1 allure into his worship1 and bring under his power1 the ,english ,barbarians2 to the everlasting destruction of their souls6 ,this notion of an ,evil-one1 universal among all the ,barbarians1 ,i never well comprehended4 ,we have in our ,flowery ,kingdom ,sects which believe in good and bad ,spirits2 although our ,literati smile at such things2 that is1 in the vulgar forms4 ,but the ,christians assert that the ,devil is too strong with men for the ,supreme ,lord--and the ,english ,sect say that the ,pope is a very child of the ,devil6 ,to be sure1 their ,sect is the feeblest of all1 and merely separated from the great ,pope-sect upon points not touching the superstition itself1 and really on selfish and personal grounds4 ,they know that the ,pope justly claims a direct and regular succession from the ,christ-,god2 that he and his adherents1 forming the vast majority of ,christians 7as all the sects call themselves7 are believers with themselves in all the main dogmas ka-nti of the ,superstition2 yet1 none the less1 they are the children of the ,evil-one1 and fit for ,hell4 ,and not the vulgar only1 but the learned actually have a horror that the ,pope may be again worshipped in ,england4 ,a calamity too terrible for contemplation6 ,the ,pope-worshipping ,sect repay this hate with an equal abhorrence1 and send the ,english heretics to the awful ,hell1 with the same satisfaction4 ,all the ,western ,barbarians worship this new ,christ-,god1 but1 like our devoters of ,fo1 divided into many ,sects1 as ,i have already intimated4 ,the benignant ,fo1 teaches his idolatrous devotees how to differ without hate4 ,but1 these ,christians are always at strife1 bitter and irreconcilable2 not as to essentials1 even within the ,superstition itself1 7to say nothing of genuine morality71 but as to things trivial and absurd4 ,one will say1 ,be baptised or be damned to the eternal ,hell6 ,but another says1 ,baptism is only a symbol1 one may be saved without it4 ,then1 ,what is baptism8 ,some say ,the ,priest must immerse in water2 but another1 ,no1 the ,priest must sprinkle the face only4 ,yet another1 ,water is itself nothing1 ,priest nothing1 unless before either1 the baptism of the ',holy ,spirit' have occurred4 ,to perfect the rite1 all say that the ,priest must offer proper ,incantations1 and generally in the ,temples before the ,idol4 ,the contestants damn each other to everlasting torments for not being truly baptised4 ,all the ,sects say1 ,you must believe in ,christ or be damned2 but do not agree as to what this ,belief is1 and go on damning each the other for not having truly believed4 ,it is impossible1 however1 to make intelligible the countless vagaries of the ,sects4 ,they all fight under the same ,christ-,god1 whom they all address1 among other titles1 as the ,prince of ,peace ,tchu-pe4 ,they all profess to follow ,his precepts1 one of which is to love all men1 even enemies 7not friends1 one of these angry disputants once said74 ,these revered ,precepts are written in the ,sacred ,books1 and all the ,sects swear their oaths upon these1 and resort to them for the unchangeable rules of belief and practice4 ,they all declare that the ,sacred ,writings are so plain that a man1 though a fool1 may understand1 and so clear1 that he who runs may read4 ,yet1 they curse each other to the eternal torments for interpreting erroneously4 ,the truth is1 that the ,books are most obscure1 and differences of interpretation are inseperable from their use2 the terrible thing is1 that ,superstition has made these differences so important4 ,the ,sacred ,writings are contradictory1 and teeming with things indifferent1 meaningless1 or trivial4 ,written at widely different periods1 by many hands1 long ages ago1 in an obscure and barbarous dialect1 for different objects1 their true meanings cannot always be rendered4 ,but few1 even of the ,priest-class1 can read them at all in the original4 ,they are mainly ,records of the ,laws1 customs and wars of an obscure and terrible race1 here and there interspersed with ,invocations to the ,gods of that race1 and with their ,proverbs1 or words of wisdom4 ,this tribe1 called ,jews1 revolted from their masters1 the ,egyptians1 and fled into a desert region lying west from the ,hindoos4 ,the man who led them in this revolt was learned in the laws and customs of ,egypt1 and upon these he founded his own system4 ,he declared himself to be directly called by ,jah 7,jehovah7 to be their ,high ,priest and ,judge--that they were to obey him who received from ,jah immediate instructions--that1 in fact1 to disobey him was to disobey ,jah4 ,that he was to lead them forth to found a new ,state1 and that the power to announce the will of ,jah alone resided with him and his successors1 in this ,high ,priesthood1 and that they could only be successful over their enemies and prosper1 by an implicit obedience to ,jah1 by the mouth of the ,high ,priest4 ,this event took place in our dynasty1 ,shang2 and our annals1 referring to the ,western ,barbarians of the ancient times1 make mention of some things--obscure movements of tribes1 and of the great works performed by the ,egyptians2 and of a servile race1 condemned to toil on these structures3 and1 possibly1 this revolt of the ,jews may have been contained in these references4 ,however1 the whole matter would have been lost ages ago1 nor have left a trace1 but for the singular circumstance that the ancient records of these ,jews have in a good measure escaped destruction4 ,this happened not by any chance2 but from the fact that the ,high ,priest1 pretending to be the very mouth of ,jah1 made all his utterances ,sacred2 and the ,priesthood1 inscribing and preserving the ,jewish ,rites1 worship and institutes of all kinds1 guarded these writings with extreme care2 which the reverence of the ,superstitious people enhanced4 ,thus these ,institutes of the ,jews1 declared to be by the ,priests the very will of ,jah1 came to be ,holy ,kan-ti--inviolable6 ,now1 the ,barbarians regard this preservation of the ,jewish ,records as an evidence of their divinity1 and a clear warning to man not to disregard them2 and when they assert 7as1 by the ,high ,priest1 they constantly do71 ,thus saith the ,lord-,god-,jah1 they accept the declaration1 and bow before it1 as the very word of ,jehovah6 ,but we know that similar ,sacred ,writings are common in the ,east1 and that these pretensions of the ,priests are as universal as ,superstition itself2 in fact1 form the chief features in it4 ,the new ,christ-,god was a ,jew2 and1 though1 singularly enough1 in the words ascribed to him1 in those parts of the ,sacred ,writings assigned to him and his immediate followers1 there are bitter denunciations of the spirit and of the letter of much in the old1 ,priest-made part2 and he distinctly says that his office is to give new and reformed rules2 none the less1 his immediate followers1 being ,jews1 naturally looked upon him as ,great ,high-,priest1 speaking as did their ancient ,high-,priest 7,high-,priest and ,christ-,god7--the very mouth-piece ,mu-te-pi of ,jehovah6 ,adding to the ,high-,priest a ,messiahship2 for they believed him to be the mysterious ,messiah of their ,sacred ,writings1 foretold by their wise ,seers long ages before6 ,the great ,high-,priest who should deliver them from all their enemies1 and lead them to a universal dominion6 ,very few of the ,jews themselves1 however1 adhered to this opinion3 in fact1 ,christ was put to a shameful death by them as an ,imposter ,kon-ti-fe4 ,and by the ,jews1 in general1 he was and is still considered to be a misguided fanatic4 ,the ,romans at this time held the ,jewish province1 and continued to do so4 ,meantime1 the followers of the ,christ-,god1 as ,i have said1 spread by degrees1 after his death1 into other ,roman provinces4 ,new ,superstitions were often greedily received2 the ,western ,barbarians had always readily adopted new gods1 and new ,superstitions4 ,this idolatry was1 however1 held in contempt by the learned2 but it slowly spread among the lower orders1 and penetrated to ,rome itself4 ,the ,roman soldiery1 in some instances1 made it conspicuous2 and1 after some generations1 a ,roman ,emperor1 thinking he saw some miraculous evidence of its divine force 7in the workings of his own dark imagination71 forced this new ,superstition upon his ,empire4 ,that ,empire embraced the ,western world4 ,the ,barbarians who succeeded to them adopted1 largely1 their laws2 their worship1 and their religious rites4 ,thus1 these ,western ,barbarians are ,christians2 and1 though they detest the ,jews none the less1 hold to their ,sacred ,writings as the very words of ,jah--whom they also worship6 ,this they do because they follow the few ,jews who accepted ,christ as ,jehovah1 rather than the whole people who rejected him6--follow the few who accepted ,christ as the ,messiah-,god promised in the ,sacred ,writings2 and hold with them that these are the only ,revelation of the will of ,jehovah to man6 ,by ,jehovah meaning the only ,supreme ,lord of ,heaven6 ,the remarkable thing is that this enormous pretension is not ascribed to ,christ1 but is obscurely announced in certain writings of the early ,christian ,jews4 ,thus these ,western ,barbarians1 scoffing the name of ,jew1 accept of his ancient and ferocious god1 and adopt the barbarous rites of a blood-thirsty and obscure tribe of the desert1 make the records kept by the ,priests of the tribe ,sacred1 and curse to ,hell the whole ,jewish race for not accepting the interpretation of a few of their number--the few1 and only a few1 worshipping ,christ as the true ,christ-,god4 ,that is1 these ,barbarians better understand the subject than the people into whose hands the matter was entrusted by ,divine wisdom4 ,when one considers1 then1 the foundation of the great worship of the ,west1 one wonders not at the ,sects and strife4 ,founded in dark and cruel institutes of ignorant antiquity1 the attempt to engraft a better system failed1 because in this attempt the ,priests were still ,jews1 who1 adoring ,christ1 adored him as ,jehovah and a ,jewish ,high-,priest4 ,what follows becomes more intelligible1 but not less astonishing4 ,the new worship has its divine ,revelation from ,jah1 interpreted by its ,priests1 who introduce ,christ as their great ,high-,priest1 and the ,christ-,jehovah of the new worship4 ,all are damned to the everlasting ,hell who do not believe these ,priests1 worship this new god1 and accept as the very ,divine ,word these ,jewish writings4 ,this superstition suited the dark imaginations of the ,barbarians1 and was1 in truth1 not unlike their own1 and may have had a common origin4 ,the intellectual activity of succeeding ages has been mainly devoted to these ,sacred ,writings2 and the disputes1 as to the meaning1 never-ending4 ,every word has been criticised4 ,sects have been formed upon a syllable--appearing and disappearing4 ,now one would madly starve1 another feast4 ,some fanatics would live in caves1 some on inaccessible mountains2 some tortured themselves1 and held women to be unclean unless they married ,christ4 ,some would only shout their invocations1 others would only commune with the god inside4 ,some would kneel1 others would stand4 ,sometimes a sect more wild than usual would organise vast bands of warriors1 all wearing a symbol to show that they were ,christians--usually a cross 7because the ,jews put ,christ to death by hanging him upon a cross72 and1 placing ,priests at the head1 would rush to distant parts to root out pagans4 ,these dreadful slaughters of distant tribes were called ,crossades 7from the symbol referred to74 ,some ,sects destroyed society by another fanaticism2 they forced men to live in caves or in dark stone chambers1 shut off from all cheerful life1 and from all intercourse with women2 where they should constantly make invocations1 lash themselves with thongs1 and half-starve themselves2 having skulls to hold before them1 and awful paintings of ,hell and devils to horrify them1--if perchance they may propitiate the ,christ-,god1 ,jah4 ,women also being driven into similar1 horrid imprisonment in stone vaults1 where the whole life is spent in invocations and sufferings1 without so much as seeing any man4 ,these and numberless other things grow out of the interpretations1 ever-changing1 of the ,sacred ,writings2 which1 to the dark imaginings of ,priests and devotees1 seem ever to give such utterances as fit to their feelings4 ,to the ,priests they are an unfailing arsenal of power4 ,for many ages nearly all the ,books written--mainly by ,priests--were in respect of the ,sacred ,writings2 called commentaries1 homilies1 disputations1 doctrines1 invocations1 sermons2 endless in name1 and nameless4 ,this ,literature is less in repute than formerly1 and immense collections of huge writings are now rotting away in the dismal alcoves of ,libraries ,buk-sti1 as great stone buildings for keeping ,books are called4 ,this ,literature is rarely looked at now1 excepting by the ,priests and antiquaries ol-olphoo2 much of it is obsolete in form1 or in the ,roman--not now so much in vogue as formerly4 ,a large portion of the writings1 and a larger portion of the speeches phi-lu-tin1 however1 are devoted to the same subject2 but the style is modern1 and less obscure1 though not less deformed by a dark and irrational superstition4 ,to my poor mind1 were all these innumerable productions of gloomy and bewildered intellects--misled and crazed by a monstrous ,idolatry--swept for ever away1 nothing would be lost--nothing1 unless the most astonishing monument ever builded by man4 ,however1 it is doubtful whether to lose even this is not better than to have anything left of so monstrous a ,pretension4 ,whilst thus the ,barbarian brain wasted itself in this wretched work1 and piled up its ponderous tomes of useless1 and worse than useless1 ,literature--holding knowledge in general as vain1 and ,science1 when1 in ,priestly interpretation1 not according to the barbarous ,sacred ,writings1 as a thing to be accursed--activity of body1 during the same ages1 did its dreadful work4 ,directed by the ,priests1 one ,sect denounced another as damnable1 and the stronger attempted to destroy the weaker by fire and sword4 ,new contentions would arise1 to be crushed out by bloody execution2 only to spring up again1 to be again extirpated4 ,every ,sect as it appeared would fight for supremacy4 ,all worshipped the ,christ-,god1 and sought the same ,sacred ,writings2 and all invoked ,his aid1 and pointed to those ,writings for their authority--to exterminate a weaker ,sect2 to deliver over whole provinces to rapine1 slaughter1 burning1 destruction2 cities in conflagration2 women1 children1 as well as men1 not merely slain1 but put to death with tortures unspeakable2 massacres1 by treachery and surprise1 of thousands and tens of thousands6 ,to such work was the activity of body largely directed by ,priests and the savage chiefs4 ,for ages these atrocities were perpetrated4 ,history has no parallel of horror2 human nature seemed to have become possessed by the ,devil of the ,superstition1 and exceeded its diabolism pau-di-ki4 ,in the name of ,christ1 fire1 slaughter1 and rapine1 spread over the whole immense world4 ,wherever the ,priests of this dark superstition became powerful1 everything which opposed them perished4 ,it was a cardinal principle that men could be saved from the dreadful ,hell only by the aid of the ,priests1 and by accepting of their interpretation of the ,sacred ,writings4 ,the system erected by the ,priests was called the ,church1 and none could be saved unless they were in the pale of ,holy ,church--unless they1 in the manner directed by the ,priests1 performed all the rites of worship4 ,these not merely were directed to the worship of the ,sacred ,writings1 the ,christ-,god and ,jah1 but to the mother of ,god and to the ,pope4 ,in ,england1 by and by1 the ,priests threw off the ,roman ,pope1 and set up the ,english ,sovereign1 for the time being1 as ,pope1 and put men and women to death by fire and torture for still preferring the older ,idol4 ,nor is this madness1 this fanatical fury1 wholly expended4 ,education has not yet raised these ,western tribes into the enjoyment of a rational worship--of a rational morality--of a life1 calm1 tolerant1 and beneficent4 ,they have never attained the civilisation of our ,central ,kingdom1 and to the wisdom of our illuminated ,confutse4 ,there is morality to be found among them1 and a few worship1 purely and simply1 the ,god of ,heaven1 and look with untroubled hearts upon the senseless superstitions4 ,the masses are1 however1 still held in them2 and the ,high ,castes either hold to the prevailing idolatries1 or pretend to do so4 ,this old ,jewish ,worship1 with its rites and pretensions1 fastened upon tribes by ,priests and the ,roman power1 is still dominant in the ,west4 ,in ,england to-day it is the same superstition1 only the ,queen is ,pope1 instead of the ,man at ,rome4 ,for this the ,english are damned1 as worthy of ,hell-fire1 by ,roman ,pope worshippers2 and the ,english return the curse4 ,a constant ,bugbear ,do-nki to the ,english mind is1 that the more powerful ,roman ,pope may get into ,england again2 then1 what horrors6 ,nor does this frightful chimera alone alarm the lower people2 the most learned ,englishmen1 and their wisest1 exert their minds in writing and in preaching against this terrible thing4 ,to me this seemed strange--incredible4 ,the ,english ,barbarians are1 in general1 sharp enough2 they are learned in many things2 they can see the absurdity of ,eastern superstitions2 they denounce the ,roman-,pope worship as worthy of hell2 but they worship a ,queen-pope at home1 and the same ,christ-,jah-god and sacred writings which the ,romans worship4 ,they believe1 as do the ,roman-pope worshippers1 that all who do not worship the sacred writings and the ,christ-,jah-god1 and accept of the ,priest-,church1 will inevitably burn for ever in fires of ,hell2 yet1 because of the separation as to ,pope worship1 each regards the other sect with a hatred only appeased by sending each the other to the dreadful ,hell6 ,how incredible that the human mind--the active and skilled human mind--should alarm itself and others for fear of the worship of a ,pope--a man3 and really think the condition of the human soul would be hopelessly wretched--if it mistook the right object of worship--the idol of ,rome1 or the idol of ,england6 ,the intellect truly employed would be directed to the overthrow of the superstition and its objects of idolatry altogether4 ,the ,roman or the ,english ,pope--the ,roman or the ,english sect--what matter8 ,both alike indifferent and worthless to an intelligent worshipper of the ,,supreme ,,lord ,,of ,,heaven 7,hoang-chan-ti74 ,his worship is elevating1 supporting a clean morality1 tolerant1 benevolent--a morality found wherever man is found2 debased1 more or less1 as man be debased1 or as he may be sunken in vicious or cruel superstitions4 ,to restore a pure worship is to help on a better civilisation among the ,barbarians4 ,nor would a respect for the morality ascribed to ,christ do other than help in the same way4 ,the misfortune is1 that that morality has been overlaid with ,jewish and ,priestly additions and inventions4 ,there are some of the ,english literati who dare to teach a purer worship1 discarding the superstition in its grosser pretensions2 but they are not listened to4 ,it is difficult to understand what is accepted as true by the differing ,sects--but their differences may be disregarded--and ,i will refer to what all the ,sects of the ,great ,superstition subscribe to1 aside from the matter of ,pope4 ,one1 only ,god3 in three parts--each part a very ,god6 #a4 ,the ,judge and destroyer of mankind2 for all are damned to ,hell6 ,this is the ,jewish ,jah4 #b4 ,the ,son1 begotten of ,jah upon an immaculate virgin4 ,sent to mediate with ,jah and appease ,his fierce anger1 so that some may escape ,hell--that is1 those few who have believed in and worshipped the ,son1 the ,father1 and other things4 ,for as to what is to be believed1 form the points of endless contention1 as ,i have hinted4 #c4 ,the ,holy ,ghost1 or ,comforter1 whose function ,i have never comprehended4 ,it appears to be a divine ,effluence1 entering into the devotee1 to warm1 exalt1 and enlighten him2 especially to comfort him and to support him in his dire conflicts with the flesh1 hell1 and the devil 7as the ,superstition reads74 ,it is an awful mystery in the rites1 and has crazed many a worshipper2 for those who fancy themselves to be in the possession of this ,effluence feel like gods1 and conduct themselves as scarcely accountable to mortal control2 though others feel an absorption1 as they say1 into the divine nature--a notion like that of some of the fanatics of the ,hindoos and of the ,east4 ,as powerful1 indeed more powerful over men1 is the terrible ,satan--,devil1 ,evil ,one4 ,there are many names and shapes4 ,this monster was once 7according to the superstition7 chained down in hell-fire1 for having raised a rebellion against ,jah1 who1 however1 let him loose again1 and gave him wings to fly from his fiery prison to the world1 where he should wage war with ,jah1 in a covert way1 by his craft drawing away mankind from ,jah to his worship and to his designs2 that1 however1 he should never prevail to overthrow ,jah1 and the only result would be to increase the number of the countless devils of low degree already in ,hell1 by adding to them nearly the whole human race6--for to that torment all go who do not worship in spirit and in truth1 according to the superstition4 ,this awful strife between ,satan and ,jah always proceeds4 ,the ,priests say that1 for some wise purpose1 ,jah suffers ,satan to succeed in his snares2 and his victims continually fall into the everlasting place of ,fire1 prepared for the devil and his victims4 ,the ,priests say that this wholesale destruction of mankind was a thing predetermined by ,jah1 and that he created the ,devil to accomplish the work2 but they do not explain why the torments should be everlasting2 as men are themselves short-lived1 one would think a reasonable superstition might have limited the fire-torture to1 say1 twice the length of mortal life6 ,our ,literati will readily recognise some parts of this horrible superstition--perhaps the main features1 as ,oriental--going back to the dimmest dawn of tradition1 and to the early and grotesque forms of the human imagination1 dark and uninstructed4 ,the ,hell1 however1 is a terrific expansion of the horrible1 suited to these ,strange ,barbarians4 ,besides these great deities1 there are ,arch-angels1 ,angels1 ,saints male and female1 ,spirits good and bad--the latter ,imps of ,satan 7whatever the word may mean71 who enter into human beings1 and take on the human form3 in this disguise1 called ,ghosts1 ,wizards1 ,bogies1 ,witches4 ,however1 good people can tell these devilish ,imps1 and avoid them 7so they be good1 that is1 true worshippers of the ,idols of the ,superstition72 for the smell of brimstone sticks to them1 and the tail and cleft-hoof--inseparable from devil-imps--will always show somewhere to the good4 ,but1 if unawares the ,imps catch them1 they are only to say ,christ1 or ,jehovah1 or call on some ,saint1 and the ,imp will at once vanish like a vapor6 ,it will be seen that this ,superstition is as populous with gods and spirits as are any in the ,east1 and some of the forms more frightful and ridiculous4 ,there are dissentients--some1 who1 not dissenting to the chief gods1 yet conjecture that the good and bad spirits merely symbolize good and bad propensities in human nature4 ,but real objectors are few and timid1 afraid of punishment--if not here1 then after death4 ,for the ,superstition so long rooted has engrafted its terrors in the very blood1 and men are born with the ,horror in them2 they can never free themselves from it4 ,a few1 however1 do dissent2 but1 like our ,literati1 they do not care to oppose vulgar ignorance openly1 nor is it safe2 they feel a contempt1 but repress its too-marked expression4 ,why render themselves uselessly odious8 they say4 ,the ,priests1 very likely1 often disbelieve much of what they say2 but not unlikely their emoluments 7livings7 have some effect upon their conduct1 though not upon their private convictions4 ,in our ,flowery ,land there is a maxim3 ,a common man's brain is in his belly4 ,i have had a ,high ,bonze say to me1 when ,i have suggested some objections1 ,oh1 we do not know anything about such things2 the morality is good1 and we need a devil for women1 children1 and the common people3 it is safer to let things alone4 ,but1 ,i have rejoined1 ,is it quite well1 in the long run1 to teach falsely8 ,i do not say it is well to teach falsely4 ,i said1 ,i do not know--who does8 ,men more learned than ,i believe strongly1 men wiser than ,i have gone to the stake and perished by slow torture of fire1 made martyrs 7we have no such word7 of themselves1 rather than deny these things4 ,they were probably right4 ,i simply take things as they are4 ,but1 ,i replied1 surely misguided fanaticism1 of which the world is full1 is proof of nothing whatever1 unless of the sincerity of the madman--not always of that4 ,my dear ,ah-,chin1 you are very quick1 and no fool 7,i beg pardon71 but you do not understand it4 ,the ,superstitious parts are mere forms2 and as to the horrors1 as you call them1 ,i think them indispensable2 they are better than the ,police4 7,the ,police are the officers who arrest offenders in the streets and public places47 ,the ,bonzes who talk in this way are1 usually1 what are derisively termed hunting and fishing ,bonzes1 not remarkable for strictness of conduct1 though quite as likely to stick to the ,temples1 like our ,bonzes2 they are not likely to pull down the roof which shelters them4 ,the ,superstition is less revered than formerly1 and its wilder parts are less obtrusive4 ,its pretensions are not moderated in terms1 but the practice is more moderate4 ,sects do not put each other to death1 at present1 though so much of the old bitterness remains that no one can say what horrors might follow upon unexpected changes4 ,gradually wise men endeavour to drop out of sight the ,jewish and ,priestly creations1 and1 inculcating morality1 take the ,christ-,god as symbol of ,charity1 and his moral precepts as the basis of a moral ,philosophy2 or 7to be less offensive to the ,superstition7 ,christian ,philosophy4 ,in this way they seize hold of what is true in the ,great ,idolatry1 and endeavour to ignore the grosser parts altogether4 ,they hope to bring about a rational worship without violence1 by a gradual disuse and forgetfulness of the irrational1 and are willing to yield something to ignorance1 if they can by that means1 in the end1 enlighten it4 ,they allow to ,christ an exalted character1 large in the divine faculty1 and divine as man is divine in possessing that faculty--to say1 the moral4 ,in this1 much as we see in our exalted ,confutze1 who lived and taught long before the period ascribed to ,christ1 and from whom the ,western tribes1 doubtless1 received their moral notions4 ,the religion of ,wise men is the same at all times and everywhere4 ,wherever some intellectual culture exists1 men will be found who understand and practise the rules of morality2 and wherever this is general1 there is the higher civilisation4 ,this higher civilisation1 resting upon a general morality among a people1 has for its base a rational recognition of the ,sovereign ,lord and man's dependency and accountability to ,him2 ,father of men2 and ,himself the source of this morality4 ,he1 in this faculty1 reveals ,himself1 and shows to man his sole claim to a divine relationship4 ,this higher civilisation does not mistake intellectual achievement as its title to enlightenment4 ,the sharp and active brain is quite consistent with the base and low2 and may be indifferent to superstitions and degrading idolatries4 ,but the moral faculty1 active and large1 at once refines and exalts the intellect2 then men are truly wise1 and degrading superstitions die4 ,the object1 then1 to which the true worshipper aims1 everywhere1 is to bring man out of a debased into an enlightened recognition of the ,supreme ,lord and of this simple relationship2 to teach that the human race form one family1 united indissolubly to each other1 and to the ,supreme ,lord1 by the divine moral faculty1 to which the intellect is subordinate2 that by this they may be all truly enlightened1 and worship simply and truly1 with grateful and serene trust1 the ,supreme ,lord and ,father of all4 ,this worship can never be other than beneficent4 ,it is only the expression of gratitude2 the desire for better wisdom1 for still larger charity1 a well-doing and serene life1 at peace with itself and all beside4 ,to a civilisation resting upon this simple and direct worship and morality1 few barbarians have any perception2 their pride and gross superstitions have made it impossible4 ,the temples are often very grand and beautiful1 built of hewn stone1 with lofty domes1 towers1 bells1 and spires4 ,the priests are very numerous1 and divided into many ranks4 ,the lowest are the curates1 who do the dirty work1 as the ,english phrase it4 ,they are but little better than beggars1 though mentally often superior to those who half-starve them1 whilst the higher ranks 7by whom they are hired7 live luxuriously4 ,the ,sacred ,writings say that ,christ was ,himself a mendicant1 and that his first followers were but little better2 that he denounced1 in bitter terms1 all pride and luxury2 that the true object of life was not to think of oneself1 but of others2 to give to the poor1 help the distressed1 and the like4 ,in truth1 this benevolence and the moral precepts of ,christ 7as ,i have already said7 are its salt pho-zi4 ,i have1 in the temples1 heard a ,high-,caste ,priest eloquently exalt this benevolence1 and pointing out the divine charity of the ,master 7as ,christ is often called71--heard him say1 ,my brethren1 give to the poor1 help the suffering1 do good whenever you can1 give your all to ,christ4 ,i have said1 ,this is excellent2 ,i will talk with this benevolent ,bonze4 ,on one occasion ,i did so4 ,the ,high-,caste had dined2 ,i was ushered into his presence2 the fruits and the wine were still before him4 ,i approached and bowed low before him1 and dared to ask1 ,is your illustrious body well8 ,he slightly nodded1 and waved me to a seat4 ,i expressed my admiration of his benevolent morality1 as shown in his exalted invocation in the ,temple4 ,oh1 that was of course2 we do not rely upon morality4 ,i begged pardon1 but did not understand4 ,he added3 ,morals are well1 in their way4 ,charity is a good thing1 if the purpose be sanctified2 but nobody is saved by his goodness4 ,he saw my bewilderment4 ,oh1 ,i deplore your darkness2 ,i grieve over the errors1 too fatal1 even in our ,christian land4 ,i could only bow4 ,he continued3 ,when will the darkness of superstition give way1 in the ,east1 to our glorious religion8 ,when will the worship of ,christ spread over the whole benighted world8 ,i ventured to hint that ,i had called to speak my thought of his noble benevolence4 ,oh1 yes1 we must give4 ,but the true worship--knowledge of1 and belief in1 the ,redeemer--ah6 that is the only means of salvation2 those are the vital things4 ,i said1 ,the poor are everywhere1 and need help4 ,he looked at me suspiciously for a moment1 and then brightened2 he saw ,i had not come to ask for anything4 ,yes2 the ,scriptures say1 ',the poor ye will always have with ye1' and we cannot alter it4 ,i am told that your ,low-,caste ,priests are good men1 and do nearly all the work4 ,i know one of these who is very kind4 ,your benevolence is like our ,confutze1 who had a tender regard for the poor and distressed4 ,ah1 our divine ,master taught charity2 but one must go higher than that4 ,pardon my poor mind1 but do you not really give to the poor1 in your temples1 as your exalted ,wisdom taught8 ,ah-,chin1 you mistake2 but one must overlook your darkness of mind--no offence--,society takes all ,i can spare1 and ,i give to ,curates from my revenue4 ,society8 ,i do not comprehend4 ,well1 no2 you know nothing of the incessant calls4 ,we must visit and receive visits2 keep up equipages1 servants2 then there are always poor relations1 and the poor ,curates 7these are the 'poor relations' of our order74 ,but the ,curates are poorly paid1 ,i am told1 and deserving4 ,the ,curates are well enough2 but more fuss is made than need be4 ,i was a ,curate1 ,ah-,chin1 myself4 ,your illustrious did not need aid1 perhaps8 ,well1 yes2 ,i got ,curate-fare--cold shoulders of mutton1 and other colder shoulders4 ,i saw that there was something which ,i was not to understand4 ,pardon1 but the ,society is not to be put before the ,christ-,god8 ,i beg1 sir1 you speak not in that way4 ,i pardon much to your darkness4 ,do not again profane our blessed and holy religion4 ,this alarmed me2 ,i did not know what portended4 ,i bowed very low1 and humbly craved permission to take my leave4 ,i really feared punishment--perhaps of the ,cangue1 or pan-tsee4 ,i afterwards knew1 no more than the reproof of the ,high-,bonze was imminent2 though1 had the common people caught a pagan ,chinee who had dared to speak1 in their notion1 disrespectfully of their ,idols1 he would be fortunate to have no worse treatment than a ducking in a horse-pond phu-it-mu-dsi-wo4 ,what but slow progress is to be expected when a people--even the ,literati--are so superstitious8 for the errors there1 make obstacles everywhere4 ,it is but just now that nearly the whole population of the province of ,ireland 7one-third of the kingdom7 have been relieved from maintaining the ,english ,idolatry1 though they detested it4 ,the intolerance of the devotees prevents better men from reforming abuses1 even in the ,temples4 ,if a ,priest dare to moderate the excessive absurdities of the ,superstition1 he at once endangers his ,living1 and is likely to be degraded and driven forth to neglect and poverty4 ,i1 myself1 knew a ,wise ,priest of rank1 who very innocently published some comments upon the ,sacred ,writings1 wherein he showed that the statements as they stood were simply impossible4 ,now1 as ,i have said1 the ,sacred ,writings are worshipped2 and to doubt that they are the words of ,jah is horrible--formerly punished by death1 now by degradation1 excommunication1 and loss of revenue4 ,this poor man did not express any doubt2 he merely pointed out an error1 which might be there somehow1 and which he thought1 in his simplicity1 should be removed or explained4 ,but the ,canon ban-gwo of the ,superstition allowed of no comment of that sort as to the ,word of ,jehovah6 and cursed out of the ,temples1 with his ,priest-robe torn off1 and his money stript from him1 the daring blasphemer zw-an must go6 ,this is an astonishing ,canon2 for if one allows that four thousand years ago ,jehovah spoke words which were then inscribed--if one allows that the ,jewish ,priests kept annals and chronicles1 and down through different ages preserved and added to their histories--if one allows that the followers of ,christ after his death recorded some things concerning his life and his teachings1 and that other followers wrote letters upon these matters--yet1 one must also allow that all these writings were written at different periods1 for different purposes1 and in different and scattered records2 all in obscure and unknown tongues2 that they have been copied1 re-copied1 translated--that there are various versions--that1 in respect of their meaning1 and even of their right to be called a part of the ,word1 the highest and best cannot agree6 ,yet1 through all the changes of great periods of time--through darkness1 and wars1 and every sort of ignorant credulity--through everything6 every word of this huge collection of ,obscure and ,ancient ,literature1 and of an ,obscure and ,barbarous ,people1 remains exactly as originally delivered by ,jah6 ,oh1 certainly1 says his devotee1 because ,he has preserved them4 ,yes2 but when a statement is absolutely impossible--as where 'the water covered the whole earth4' ,oh1 the ,word does not deal with ,science4 ,i think not2 ,jah was not a god of science--he was1 in fact1 just as ignorant as the ,jew-,priests who pretended to speak his ,word6 ,yet this inconceivable ,canon goes further1 and declares that this ,word is the absolute1 and only1 and perfect ,revelation of the ,deity to man2 that it contains the only ,,truth1 and is the only way by which man1 under damnation already1 can have any hope1 however small1 of escaping the everlasting fire of hell6 ,upon this ,canon all the ,sects of the ,western ,barbarians erect their ,idolatries--they call them ,churches2 but1 as we have seen1 they are for ever fighting as to the meaning of these very ,sacred ,writings6 ,another ,canon is1 that ,christ is the very ,god 7,jah71 and that the ,holy ,ghost is also the very ,god4 ,and to deny this ,canon is to go to ,hell6 ,nor does it at all matter that one has never heard of this1 nor that he could have never heard4 ,the whole race of man before ,christ was born1 to this very hour1 are either burning1 and will surely burn1 in everlasting fires of ,hell1 unless they have believed in this ,canon6 ,and ,jah contrived that all this should be exactly so2 though he did also plan from all time that his ,son1 ,christ1 should go down to the world and get himself put to death2 and thus the great ,jah1 appeased by the sight of his ,son dying on a cross1 should be so far softened that some would escape ,hell6 ,only a very few2 because no one could escape unless he knew1 and believed1 and accepted1 and was born into the very blood of this son6 ,a mystery so incomprehensible1 that ,christians do not pretend to solve it1 and are always trembling for fear that they may not have been born again6 ,how1 under these circumstances1 as ,jah cruelly neglected to let the ,heathen know that they could be saved--7indeed1 they suspect no danger7--the good-hearted devotees of the ,barbarians employ ,bonzes to go over the great ,seas to the ,heathen1 to carry them the glad tidings6 ,these delegates from the ,barbarians are called ,missionaries1 and the ,temples and devotees are full of prayers and invocations for the ,salvation of the ,heathen6 by which is meant the worship of the ,barbarians duly adopted in our ,central ,kingdom1 and in other regions of the wide world not under the sway of these ,idolaters6 ,but our ,flowery ,kingdom1 from so long ago as dynasty ,whey-,song1 has known of these missionaries2 and we know of some now amongst us4 ,they are harmless enough1 and quite fully understand how to adapt themselves to circumstances1 and draw the money necessary to their support4 ,the ,bonzes of the ,roman ,sect are the wisest1 and care for nothing very idolatrous2 if a convert will go so far as to be baptised ,wa-shti they are quite content4 ,they seek to be useful1 and keep the obnoxious features of the ,superstition out of sight4 ,there are also some ,jews in our ,central ,kingdom4 ,they have been known in some provinces from a time long before the supposed birth of ,christ4 ,another ,sect of the region of the ,western ,barbarians 7in the ,eastern parts71 who worship a god named ,mohammed--a ,sect merely an offshoot of the ,jews1 from whom they adopted the most part of their superstition1 and equally fierce and intolerant--penetrated into our ,flowery ,land soon after its rise4 ,it was about six hundred years ago that they established a slight hold amongst us1 and are still to be found--never here in their weakness exhibiting any of the savagery of strength4 ,in a large portion of the ,western regions they were for ages as cruel and destructive as the ,christians1 and1 in fact1 waged wars with them for absolute mastery1 during which all the horrors usual to those dreadful ,barbarians terrified and maddened mankind4 ,finally1 these two ,sects1 ,christian and ,mohammedan 7so styled71 divided the whole region of the ,western ,barbarians among themselves6 and from that time have been less quarrelsome with each other1 than have the ,sects of the two great divisions in their intestine conflicts4 ,thus1 it will be acknowledged that the ,barbarians are well disposed sometimes towards us1--or at any rate the devotees of their ,superstition are1--and we must gratefully thank them for their sincere anxiety for the salvation of our souls2 for our bodies that is another matter4 ,they think us ignorant1 even of the ordinary rules of morality4 ,they do not know that before ,greece or ,rome had appeared in history1 our worship of the ,sovereign ,lord and our moral precepts were established1 purely1 simply1 and that our annals show that the ,grecian and ,roman culture largely borrowed from ours1 though not the ,superstitions4 ,these were derived1 probably1 from some source common to the ,western ,barbarians1 likely ,egyptian1 and though modified by habits of tribes1 retained more or less of those original traits which appear in all4 ,the ,temples are numerous1 though often quite deserted except by the ,bonzes and their servants4 ,the same revenues are taken by the ,bonze whether there be any worshippers or not1 and sometimes the prayers are said or sung to empty forms 7seats7--not more empty than the prayers4 ,next in rank to ,curates come ,rectors1 who enjoy good ,livings mo-tsi1 and have fine houses and gardens4 ,the other higher ranks1 are ,arch-,bishops1 ,bishops1 called ,lords tchou1 who live in stone palaces1 and have great revenues2 but ,society robs them of the larger portion of this revenue1--a barbarous injustice1--leaving the poor ,lords quite destitute4 ,i was told this2 but ,i never happened to meet with a starved ,bishop4 ,these ,tchou-,bonzes intermarry with the ,high-,castes1 perform the marriage ceremony for them1 wait upon the ,queen with invocations to the gods--baptize royal infants2 that is1 sprinkle them when eight days old1 in the ,temples with invocations1 with many ceremonies1 after which they are safe from the devil and the dreadful ,hell2 these are the chief duties of their exalted office4 ,as great lay-lords 7that is ,lords not of the soul but of the clay--lay71 they sit in the great ,law-making ,council2 where their function is1 to see to it that no law be made which in any way can injure the temples1 or their own revenues and powers4 ,one does not see that they are remarkable for the practice of the virtues which they teach2 nor that they are meek and lowly followers of the ,lamb 7,christ-god72 or that they very often wash the feet of the disciples--although they are commanded in the ,sacred ,writings to do these things2 and also to succour the distressed1 give to the poor1 and other like acts of charity4 ,i should have been pleased to see a ,bishop kneeling and washing the feet of some devotee6 but ,i never did4 ,they discharge those duties which they owe to ,society with honourable punctuality3 keeping up neat equipages1 sleek horses1 and pious servants2 and wearing the garb of their order with a scrupulous exactness1 even to the shoe-buckles4 ,they quote the example of the ,christ-god1 who1 when on the world1 made from common water good wine2 and are very choice respecting this article4 ,as to charity1 they are so robbed by ,society1 that1 what with gifts for the ,heathen1 and poor relations 7for whom they are also expected to get good ,livings in the ,temples71 they have but little to spare4 ,then1 too1 ,charity begins at home 7the ,sacred ,writings declare71 and he who does not take care of himself1 and those who are dependent upon him1 is worse than a ,heathen 7,this is again from the ,sacred words74 ,for those poor and benighted creatures1 sunk in dreadful idolatries1 indeed1 something must be put into the ,missionary box6 ,the different ,sects quarrel as to particular modes of ,worship in the ,temples4 ,some will have candles lighted1 to please the idols2 others say1 they do not need candles1 and are offended by the smell4 ,some say1 ,you should make ,invocations kneeling2 others say1 standing4 ,some say1 one should face to the ,east1 others say1 to the ,north4 ,some say1 you should pray aloud2 others say1 silent prayers are more acceptable4 ,and very sharp quarrels and new ,sects arise upon these matters4 ,none are allowed to worship in ,temples but devotees of the ,high-,caste ,sect4 ,all others must worship in ,temples not dignified by a loftier name than ,conventicle1 ,chapel1 or the like4 ,i will state1 briefly1 what is the ceremony of ,idolatry in the great ,queen-pope ,sect4 ,she is worshipped in the ,invocations1 and receives1 with her children1 a place in the prayers4 ,when the great bells sound from the high1 stone towers1 the ,high-,castes go1 richly dressed1 into the ,temples1 uncover and bow the heads to the ,idol1 in silence--making ,invocations1 silently4 ,by the command of the ,jewish ,sacred ,writings the ,seventh day 7so1 continuously1 for ever7 is devoted to the grand ,worship in the ,temples4 ,this is a marked thing among the ,western ,barbarians--this devotion of one day in every seven to the ,worship of ,jah--as ordered in the ,sacred ,word4 ,it is declared to be ,jah's day--,holy-day4 ,and it is so sacred1 that there is danger of ,hell to him who ,does any work or play ,upon the sacred day1 as the mongrel verse-makers of the ,superstition have it6 ,and the ,priests vehemently denounce all who do not worship upon that day4 ,some object to so great strictness2 and the quarrel1 as usual1 is bitter between the strict and the not-so-strict ,holy-day worshippers4 ,those not-so-strict think that the poor1 who work six days1 should be allowed to go to the places of amusement on the seventh1 and enjoy harmless recreations4 ,the strict say they should be punished for desecrating the day by their neglect of worship2 yet the poor cannot go in dirt and rags to the ,temples4 ,the ,high-,castes go there in rich attire1 and would be incommoded by the poor--indeed1 the ,high and ,low ,castes never mingle1 not even in their worship4 ,in truth1 not many of any rank attend upon the ,priests in worship4 ,the devotees are mostly old women and older men1 a few young people attracted by opposite attraction of sex1 children and servants2 a few pauper children may be huddled into a dark corner for fear of offending the idols4 ,the ,priests face the ,idol1 and make ,incantations1 which are repeated1 age after age1 without any alteration2 no ,priest dare to make any the least change2 the wrath of the gods would follow4 ,one peculiarity is1 that the most abject confessions are made1 by ,priests and devotees1 of heinous offences--making eternal punishment fitly their due4 ,they beg for pardon and that salvation 7meaning deliverance from the awful ,hell7 may be granted1 not for any good in them1 but wholly for the sake of the ,son--the ,christ4 ,on my first attendance in a ,temple1 when ,i heard these fearful confessions and looked upon the fine women2 the carefully dressed worshippers1 ,i thought1 ,how dreadful1 these ,high-,castes such wretches--incredible6 ,i afterwards discovered that the sins ly-ie1 the offences confessed1 were merely ecclesiastical 7we have no term like it72 nobody ever really confesses any wrong which he may have committed4 ,the grand act of worship is1 however1 the ,creed 7here again in our ,flowery ,land we have no term7--an ,invocation and ,declaration wherein all swear1 under the awful penalty of eternal burnings in ,hell and torments of ,satan for ever1 that they believe and worship all points of the ,superstition with thankful hearts and undoubting minds4 ,repeating after the ,priest1 all standing1 facing the ,idol1 uncovered1 with eyes downcast and deep abasement4 ,the ,incantations do not differ from the ,invocations1 only they are droned out in songs1 more dismally1 perhaps4 ,the burden of both is to deliver the true worshippers from the wiles of the flesh and the devil2 to overthrow1 if possible1 this awful demon1 and to save sinners1 of whom the worshippers declare themselves1 in a hundred different ways1 to be chief1 miserable offenders ka-nt-lm-mbi4 ,these1 and lofty exaltation of the ,christ-,god and of the ,father ,jah1 who1 when ,he had given his word that nothing could save man from ,hell1 graciously allowed the ,jews to crucify the ,son1 that in the ,son's sufferings ,he1 ,jah1 might let off some of the sufferings of mankind4 ,possibly some of the present worshippers might be among the lucky saved4 ,for this salvation endless praises are to be ,sung in the ,temples below2 and for ever and for ever in the great ,heavens1 through the infinite eternal worlds without end4 ,a ,hymn of ,praise in which all join ends the act of worship4 ,the ,priest blesses the people and invokes the mercy of the gods2 and they1 making due obeisance to the idols1 retire in silence or to the music of the great organs4 ,a special act of worship1 or ,incantation1 is always made to the ,triune-god1 that is1 the ,three-in-one1 called ,,holy ,,trinity 7,threenity74 ,to omit this would1 in the opinion of devotees1 be so terrible a thing that no one would dare to stay a moment1 fearing that1 like ,korah in the ,sacred ,writings1 the very world would open itself and swallow them up4 ,this three-in-one seems like a ,hindoo god4 ,the ,bonzes attend upon the sick and the dying1 moderating their fears of damnation by insisting upon the most abject devotion to the ,superstition1 and intimating that1 if they heartily grieve over their offences1 and with undoubting minds believe in all the points of the ,creed1 then they may receive the ,sacraments--that is1 ,sacred ,meats2 which having received1 the devil and ,hell may be set at defiance4 ,these ,sacred ,meats are symbols of the very body and blood of ,christ--a shocking rite1 borrowed wholly from the old1 savage ,jews1 who held that a ,sacrifice must be offered up to appease the wrathful ,jah on almost any occasion1 and who sometimes even devoted human victims4 ,the ,bonzes1 in general1 perform the ,marriage ,ceremonies1 which they will have to be a ,sacred rite in their ,superstition1 though some ,sects think otherwise4 ,however1 the ,high-,castes do not consider a ,marriage without a ,bonze safe2 some evil to the children1 or other calamity1 might ensue4 ,thus the ,bonzes1 for their services in this matter1 obtain consideration and good fees tin-tin4 ,after all1 however1 with the lowest ,caste the ,superstition is not much more than a ,fright2 its morality does not touch them1 nor those things which refine4 ,they have only a dim and low idea of the ,sovereign ,lord--debased1 in so much notion as they do have1 by the ,jewish debasement4 ,the devil-and-,hell part is familiar to them1 and1 in truth1 fits well to the origin of the ,barbarous tribes1 and to their rude and savage character4 ,as ,i have said1 the ,upper ,castes consider this portion of their ,superstition the really valuable part1 in practical use4 ,all evidence in the ,courts1 and every sanction1 touching important interests or statements1 rest upon this hold upon the fears of the common people4 ,oh 7as an ,englishman once said to me71 we must keep the devil and his hot place in our service1 ,i tell you1 ,ah-,chin2 or we should have 'the devil to pay' in good earnest6 ,it is very difficult to change the ,superstitions of a people1 because rooted in their fears2 and1 in a matter wherein the imagination has chief power1 and nothing can be known1 even honest men of wisdom fear radical changes2 they prefer to bear inconveniences1 and dread the effect of new doctrines upon ignorant masses4 ,priests1 and the varied interests1 and large establishments and revenues--in fact1 a great portion of the whole community--are concerned in maintaining the ,superstition1 on selfish grounds1 or think that their own interests are involved4 ,the higher orders regard the ,established condition of things in ,worship and in the ,state as too ,sacred to be touched4 ,they denounce all who endeavour1 in any faint degree1 to suggest reforms1 as infidel un-ti-dsi--a term of deepest reproach--agitators1 who covertly would overthrow our ,temples1 our ,idols1 and the ,queen-,pope herself4 ,but they cannot wholly suppress the ,thinkers2 kog-ti-te 7as the reformers are called72 and these honestly think that some revision may be made with safety and advantage4 ,they are sneered at by the larger part of the literati1 and by all the priests1 as ,tinkers4 ,a tinker is one who mends and patches1 not a real artisan2 and the majority will have it that nothing in ,england requires mending or patching4 ,they are also stigmatised1 sarcastically1 as members of a ,mutual ,admiration ,society4 ,a society where the members laud everything written or said by any other member2 and where1 as the members think1 all true wisdom alone illuminates the surrounding darkness4 ,i suspect this society is a mith pho-gti2 that the true sense of the sarcasm is1 that the ,thinkers overrate the value of their published thoughts1 and that wisdom will not die with them4 ,certainly1 some of the thoughts which ,i have seen in books1 though not so gross and hateful as the ,idolatry1 are quite as useless4 ,only one thing ,i do respect them for--they do not subscribe to the pretensions of the priest2 and are really influencing the people by giving them hints of value4 ,they do act upon the upper classes1 at least1 with a reforming effect4 ,i have not referred to obscure sects1 of which there are many4 ,some of these shout and howl2 some keep absolute silence2 some lash themselves into a sort of phrensy1 and fall down in fits1 fancying that they are possessed by the ,holy ,spirit4 ,some will only be baptised by going into a river1 and there1 under the ,incantations of the ,priest1 be violently plunged all over in the water1 both women and men4 ,still1 all of these1 and many others1 hold to the ,sacred ,writings and the other ,idolatries3 the main points are alike in all4 ,the ,roman ,pope has many devotees among the ,english ,barbarians2 and was1 not long ago1 the ,great and only ,head4 ,but a vile and cruel king1 who wished to enjoy a woman and divorce his wife1 with whom he had lived for many years1 and by whom he had children1 quarreled with the ,roman ,pope1 because he would not suffer this bad thing to be done2 and the ,english ,barbarians1 who disliked a foreign ,pope1 and the fierce chiefs about this king1 even some of the priests of ,english birth1 urged him to proclaim himself to be ,pope in ,england1 and to seize upon the revenues which the ,pope had received from the ,english1 and all the lands and properties of great value1 which before-time had been given to the ,temples and to the ,priests4 ,this was done2 this king seized upon the wealth1 and threw down the worship of the ,roman ,pope in ,england1 and declared himself to be the new god in ,england--the ,pope6 ,and the ,english ,barbarians worshipped1 and have continued to worship1 this new ,pope accordingly4 ,and some who could not honestly worship the new idol1 and dared to adhere to the ,roman1 were burnt to death6 ,indeed this new idolatry was not introduced into ,england without terrible consequences4 ,massacres1 burnings1 imprisonments1 wars1 horrible crimes--persecutions1 destruction of families1 robbing1 plundering--not even to this day have all the evil consequences ceased2 though this bad ruler made this change in this particular of the great ,superstition more than #cjj years ago4 ,thus1 our ,central ,kingdom may see how powerfully ,idolatry and ,superstition are entrenched among the ,english ,barbarians4 ,a ,system interwoven with the very texture of their civilization2 supporting1 and1 in turn1 supported by the ,state2 mixed up with customs and traditions1 and endeared by its connection with family interests2 rich in its possessions2 powerful in all the ,halls of ,learning1 and in its influence upon the fortunes and dignities of men2 boasted of for its learning1 for its history1 and for its refining and reforming teachings2 the ,english ,church 7as those ,barbarians call their grand ,idolatry7 seems likely to stand for many generations4 ,yet agencies are1 slowly1 at work1 which will remove the dark and horrible1 and leave the simple and true4 ,the ,benevolence of the ,sovereign ,lord of ,heaven never tires2 and the pure worship and less corrupted morality will make way4 ,i hope ,i may be pardoned for the time which ,i have given to this subject2 it is one worthy of deep attention4 ,besides1 a little study of the literature and manners of the ,western tribes1 fastened upon my mind the impression that their ,history was mainly an account of the rise and progress of the ,christ-god ,superstition2 and that1 hereafter1 whoever shall have the pleasing task of writing of their better civilization1 will find it to be his main purpose to show the decline and extinction of that ,superstition4 ,to wise men who worship the ,supreme ,lord only1 and accept of ,his simple and direct ,morality1 there is1 in all the broad and immense world1 but a single family1 ruled by ,him4 ,when this family recognises and worships ,him1 in direct and true sincerity1 and practises the few and perfectly simple rules of ,his benevolent ,morality1 then it is an enlightened1 civilized family4 ,the ,western ,barbarians do not understand nor practise this ,benevolent ,morality2 until they do1 their civilization will not be really better than a ,barbarism4 ,we are not to suppose that a perfect morality will ever obtain1 because man1 being two-fold in his nature--divine and bestial--will now be ruled by the one1 and now by the other part4 ,the object of all education 7discipline7 is1 therefore1 to teach man how he may order these two parts4 ,there is no antagonism ha-tsi between them1 only it is indispensable that the divine part should rule4 ,that this may be1 the intellect must be cultivated1 not in difficulties1 but in habits of thinking1 of looking1 or seeking out2 of seeing the beauty1 the order1 the grandeur of the whole divine world4 ,thus employed it delights in itself2 it feels the ,mind like a bright thing1 flying out to the great seas1 and upwards to the everlasting stars4 ,it loves to hear1 to see1 to look at and into everything4 ,it can never cease to employ this delightful mind1 thus stimulated in early youth1 to exert itself2 but it must be exerted innocently1 benevolently4 ,that the subordination of mind and the animal may be secured1 the ,supreme1 the ,moral ,faculty must1 from the earliest years1 be touched by wise fingers4 ,ah1 how it responds1 this divine part2 how it1 in the pure and warm glow of unselfish youth1 recognises and worships with filial love its ,father1 the ,sovereign ,lord6--perceives the moral order and harmony1 and loves to be orderly and obedient--early perceives that the true business of life is to preserve this order1 and enjoy this peace4 ,thus ,man1 a moral-minded animal1 is first of all to be taught to understand his own nature1 and to develop his distinguishing faculty4 ,this done1 the bestial part rises not above its office4 ,it1 too1 performs its proper and useful end2 and man is not a divided1 but a whole and happy being4 ,all education1 therefore1 rightly considered1 aims to this ,integrity ,kom-fu of a man--this secured1 there are no limits to the mere objects of study or of examination4 ,our ,literati1 directed many thousands of moons ago1 by our exalted ,confutze and ,menzie1 who1 themselves were imbued with the ancient ,wisdom1 are familiar with these simple things4 ,the ,western ,barbarians1 mainly devoted first of all to the bestial part2 to the enjoyment of the appetites and the passions2 sunk in gross ,superstitions1 only by a few minds begin dimly to see4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,of ,,the ,,history ,,and ,,geography ,,of ,,the ,,english4 ,before commenting upon the ,government1 it is useful to speak of the geography and history of the ,english ,barbarians4 ,the ,kingdom consists of the following3 ,england with ,wales and ,scotland1 forming one large island2 ,ireland1 separated by a channel of the seas1 lying ,west2 and several small groups of islets1 scattered about the ,coasts4 ,it lies ,westerly from the great1 main ,land of the ,barbarians1 from which it is separated by a narrow course of the seas4 ,england and the ,main ,land form the region designated ,europe4 ,the whole ,kingdom surpasses not in area or population some of our ,celestial provinces3 the extent being in the ,english square miles some #aaj thousand ,si-re1 and in people some #cb millions ,ken-ty4 ,in such narrow limits there are no rivers--only small streams1 which1 near the sea1 owing to the flux and reflux of the great waters1 become broad and deep4 ,in our ,science and in our ,annals the whole region and people are known as one only--but the different petty tribes are distinguished in our waters by the forms and colours of the flags1 shown upon the masts of the ,barbarian vessels4 ,the ,english are less in people and in lands than many others2 but by their fierceness in war1 and the multitude of their big ships1 they esteem themselves to be the most powerful of all4 ,the first account of them is recorded by one of the ,romans1 who1 in our dynasty1 ,han1 crossed the narrow sea from a ,roman province1 and entered into the island4 ,it was then a ,wilderness1 and among the forests lived a few savages1 clothed in skins4 ,sometime after1 the ,romans conquered the country1 and established a ,roman province--their dominion lasting four hundred qua-cet years--contemporaneous with our dynasty1 ,hewhan4 ,during the dynasties1 ,han and ,hewhan1 the various tribes surrounding the ,roman provinces1 grown more populous and better acquainted with the ,military art1 crowded1 more and more1 upon the ,romans2 and1 gradually1 destroyed their power4 ,they were forced to leave ,england4 ,on their departure1 and for several ages after1 down to our dynasty1 ,song1 the history of the ,country is merely a tale of ceaseless struggles among the different savage tribes from the ,main ,land1 to plunder and subdue it4 ,the civilization disappeared4 ,nearly all signs of the ,roman occupancy became obliterated2 and the knowledge of letters would have been lost1 but that the ,priests who accompanied some of the savage chiefs had among them some of the ,roman learning4 ,these ,priests and chiefs had adopted the worship of the new ,christ-god4 ,at length1 one of these invading tribes having fairly mastered the country1 and established a show of regular authority1 the germs of knowledge began to grow4 ,the victorious tribe had lands also on the main parts2 fierce and warlike1 it endeavoured to extend its power2 and repeatedly made assaults upon others of the ,barbarians of those chief parts4 ,in these1 the remains of the ,roman civilization were considerable1 and the knowledge of letters more common4 ,the position of the ,english1 and their need of communication1 made vessels indispensable2 and they learned to build and to sail many ships4 ,however1 but little progress in civilization was made till our dynasty1 ,ming2 when the ,sovereign1 then a ,woman1 called by the ,barbarians1 ,queen1 sent the first ,embassy to our ,central ,kingdom--bearing gifts1 and humbly approaching our ,illustrious1 begging permission to trade at one of our ports on the sea4 ,from that time to the present1 the annals of these ,barbarians are but little more than records of plundering expeditions into distant regions2 of their fierce slaughters2 their cunning or bold stratagems to extend trade1 and establish dominion for the sake of trade and plunder4 ,to obtain trade1 by means fair or foul2 to get strongholds abroad and subjugate others--these have been the great objects of the rulers and the people4 ,by their ships1 manned with the most ignorant and debased1 taught only in the work of sailing and fighting2 stimulated by love of plunder1 in which the meanest have a share2 the very name of these ,barbarians has become terrible in all the distant seas4 ,they first appeared within the waters of our ,central ,kingdom1 in the dynasty ,tsing1 but did not venture then to assault our unoffending people2 and only1 by cunning and with low prostrations and humility1 sought to traffic1 in such way as should be acceptable to our ,illustrious4 ,further time was looked to and greater force before showing their fierceness6 ,they have since seized nearly all the maritime parts of the ,hindoos1 and1 penetrating the country with savage bands1 have slaughtered the inoffensive people1 and robbed the treasuries of ,princes and the ,temples of immense riches4 ,they have1 finally1 subjugated the chief provinces of the ,hindoos1 and yearly bear away from them the ancient revenues4 ,throwing off disguise1 in our celestial seas1 these ,barbarians at length discovered their true character4 ,to save our people from the effects of a dreadful poison1 to which the lower orders had become habituated1 our ,illustrious prohibited the importation of this thing1 called by the ,english1 ,opium 7,zle-psi74 ,but these disregarded the just request2 wished to pour upon us enormous amounts for the sake of the gains which the bad traffic yielded1 and which was monopolised by them2 and1 when nothing else would serve1 assaulted our unoffending people1 fell with fire and sword upon our province of ,quang-tun1 and1 rushing upon other maritime parts with their great ships1 armed with prodigious cannon1 threatened to burn and destroy4 ,in our peaceful ,kingdom we had no need of such things2 we had no means to meet these destructive engines1 contrived by ,christ-god worshippers2 and our ,illustrious1 to save further dreadful mischiefs to our unprotected people1 granted trade to these selfish and cruel ,barbarians6 ,yet this benevolence of our ,illustrious only served to encourage additional demands2 and we all remember how1 coming with more ships1 swifter with steam1 and greater guns and men1 these impious defiers of the ,sovereign and ,heavenly ,justice have more recently fallen upon the ,northern provinces1 and slaughtered and robbed our people1 our palaces1 and even the precincts of our ,illustrious himself6 ,who1 awaiting and appealing to the ,sovereign ,lord of ,heaven1 doubts not the due chastisement of crime1 which1 in due time1 shall heavily fall6 ,meantime1 in all other parts of the great ,outer ,seas1 these ,english visited the coasts with their fire-ships1 and compelled the natives to trade1 either by fraud or by open war4 ,in the great ,sea towards the sunset1 they1 in this way1 settled upon many ,lands2 and1 in the course of some generations1 their settlements in those regions1 wishing to trade with others beside the ,english 7which these would not allow7 revolted2 drove away the armed bands which were sent to subdue them1 and formed a new power4 ,in this way1 about #ajj years ago1 the ,barbarians1 called ,american ,mel-i-kan1 arose4 ,their ships are known in our ,central ,kingdom by a flag1 named ,starry1 because of the ,stars ,zen-ti which are painted upon it4 ,these people are ardent for trade1 but not so mad and reckless2 and not aggressive in their intercourse with others4 ,they are not so domineering and haughty--humbly submitting themselves1 in general1 to the ,son of ,heaven1 making tribute1 and seeking his ,illustrious protection to their trade and to their ships in our ,central ,waters4 ,during these events1 the ,english ,barbarians also sent their poor people and criminals into the ,lands of the far ,south ,seas1 to make new places for their poor to toil in1 to get rid of them1 and to make safe1 distant places1 to keep their criminals in2 subduing the tribes in those parts--thus making more trade4 ,and in this way1 and with their many big ships and cannons1 they boast that they will bring the whole immense world1 either to be tributaries1 or to be completely subjective4 ,and they please their devotees1 because they say that this subjugation will ,convert all the ,pagans to the worship of the gods of their ,superstition--and this great boon will abundantly compensate for all the wrongs and atrocities committed6 ,in fact1 they impiously pretend that they are commanded to subjugate the ,heathen ,world1 that it may be saved from the dreadful ,hell6 ,the domestic events have not been important2 though the ,barbarians themselves think everything to be important which happens amongst them4 ,they fancy that ,civilization and ,progress 7famous words with them7 depend upon the petty disputes arising--sometimes as to their ,superstition1 and sometimes as to some trifling thing in their ,customs4 ,one of the main events1 is the story of a son of one of their ,sovereigns1 who drove his father out of the ,kingdom1 and restablished the ,government in such manner1 that1 ever after1 when the matter is referred to1 one shall say ,glorious ,twang-ba4 ,as well as ,i can understand1 the things done were1 that whereas1 before1 the ,sovereign had been allowed to worship the ,pope1 if he wished 7but in secret71 afterwards he should not1 but be the ,english ,pope1 solely4 ,and1 instead of a native dynasty1 a foreign1 and very base and stupid one1 hateful to the ,english1 was fastened upon them4 ,these events1 an outside observer sees1 were followed by long-continued discontents1 and civil war--wherein innocent persons suffered in their persons and their property2 and very many were exiled1 and very many were brutally massacred and put to death--not because of any other offence than adhering to the ancient ,laws1 and to the ,sovereign whom this base son had dethroned6 ,yet1 of this event1 when one speaks of it1 one shall say1 ,glorious66 ,the form of government has not changed2 but the power has1 during these periods1 past into the hands of the ,aristocracy ,fo-hi4 ,in the time of the ,queen1 who sent the humble petition to our ,illustrious1 the ,english ,sovereign was ,master--being ,pope and ,ruler2 that is1 ,high ,priest and ,sovereign4 ,but the people1 increasing and growing richer in ships and merchandize1 began to feel the intermeddling of the ,ruler4 ,previously1 the people had been too poor and too few to be accounted anything2 and grew up into an improved condition without notice4 ,they now disliked to be taxed1 and began a struggle with the ,sovereign to limit his power in this thing--for they said1 ,if he can take a penny 7a small coin71 at his own goodwill and pleasure1 he can take all4 ,now this is an absurdity--yet1 it looked sound2 and1 at any rate1 became the ground of the fight between the well-to-do people 7the ,middle-,caste71 and the ,ruler4 ,this would make his will absolute2 the other would make its will absolute6 ,the ,sovereign who first had this opposition seems to have been a fool1 and the next1 a knave--but neither had sufficient sense to arm soldiers enough to compel obedience1 as was done on the ,main ,land--consequently1 after a good deal of wretched fighting between the ,sovereign helped by nearly all the ,high-,caste1 and the next ,caste in the ,aristocracy and well-to-do people1 these last succeeded1 and put the ,sovereign to death4 ,as is always the case1 during a civil war1 fanaticism arose4 ,it based itself upon two points--the right of the people to rule1 and the right of the gods of the ,superstition1 without any ,pope1 to be worshipped4 ,this was a departure from the original dispute only in part2 because some had vehemently denied the whole notion of ,pope-worshipping2 and as the ,sovereign was ,english ,pope1 this pretension embittered the strife4 ,now1 the ,aristocracy 7,high-,caste7 upheld the ,pope2 but the ,second-,caste and the people1 opposed2 and these1 at length1 for the time1 carried all before them2 destroyed the ,king1 overthrew his worship as ,pope2 and established the gods of the ,superstition1 with such severity of worship 7especially as to the rites and as to the ,seventh-day71 that1 ,society completely changed4 ,even the name of the ,state was changed6 ,the point1 of the ,rule of the people1 was in this vindicated2 for the name of the ,state was--,commonwealth2 and of the ,ruler--,protector4 ,now1 this so radical change was not real4 ,it was the expression of that extreme agony into which ,civil ,war hurries4 ,the strong passions sway--the strongest rule4 ,and the very able military man who organized the troops into the ways of an invincible army1 though of the ,aristocratic1 ,high-,caste connection1 happened to have adopted the most severe notions of the great ,superstition2 looked upon ,christ-god merely as the ,jah of the ,jews2 wished to make the ,sacred ,writings the law of the ,land2 and to get himself proclaimed to be the ,high ,priest and ruler of this new ,jewish ,state6 ,this remarkable man1 with his invincible troops1 could not absolutely do this--but he did completely overawe and rule the ,state1 causing himself to be declared ,protector of the ,commonwealth6 ,with the death of this strong man1 there being no successor to his ability1 repression soon relaxed2 the ,aristocracy came out of their seclusion2 the gloom of fanatical worship brightened in the natural love of rational life4 ,society rebounded from the low depression2 ancient feelings1 habits1 sports1 reasserted themselves4 ,communities do not radically change1 at once--such a thing to be beneficial1 must be cautious4 ,a tree1 though misshapen1 may not be plucked up by the roots violently1 and forced into uncongenial soil2 to improve its beauty and use1 a different method must be sought3 only1 if the tree be actually dying1 possibly1 a complete and radical change may save it--at any rate it is the sole chance6 ,the troops1 wholly devoted to their late great ,general1 found no one on whom they could rely2 and another portion of the ,army in the far ,north1 was induced actively to assist the ,aristocracy4 ,these1 joined by the middle classes1 who had wearied of the too gloomy worship and severe rites1 hastened to recall a ,son of him whom they had not long before put to death1 and place him upon the ,throne4 ,they declared him to be ,sovereign-pope3 they restored the old form and name of government2 and rescinded nearly everything done by the ,commonwealth4 ,in this ,restoration 7as the ,english call it7 is another event1 considered by them1 of great importance4 ,in this ,restoration 7a natural effect of the fanaticism largely charged to the greater ignorance of the lower castes7 the ,high-,castes again became predominant4 ,they again took influence and power everywhere1 and retained the fruits of the civil struggle in their hands4 ,they had aided the resistance to the arbitrary will of the ,sovereign2 and they now grasped and enjoyed the power wrested from him4 ,they1 alone1 could impose taxes4 ,no ,sovereign would again dare to tax the people 7that is1 the ,high-,castes7 without their consent4 ,but they would levy and raise taxes when they pleased4 ,thus holding the ,purse of the ,state they had become supreme4 ,on the death of this ,restored one 7who turned out to be so base that the common people often deplored the loss of the late great ,general71 a brother reigned4 ,this man1 as ,i have said 7wishing to worship the ,rome-pope7 was driven out by his son1 forming the epoch1 ,glorious4 ,the present ,queen is of the dynasty then established2 and during this period the absorption of power by the ,high-,caste has gone on4 ,taught by the ,slaughter of the late ,king1 his successor feared2 and the new dynasty was compelled by the ,aristocracy to submit to those limitations of power1 which effectually placed authority in their hands4 ,to secure this authority1 the ,sovereign was not allowed any money to keep troops2 and1 if1 on any pretence1 troops were raised1 they were immediately refused pay1 and forced to be disbanded upon the least suspicion that they would be used to strengthen the ,sovereign4 ,the aristocracy had continued to strip him also of all private revenue2 and had1 in fact1 reduced him to a dependency upon them for his daily subsistence ,bran-te4 ,thus1 the ,high-,caste1 acting by the forms of the ,grand ,council1 seized power4 ,it is proper to explain the substance and form of this ,council4 ,it is divided into two parts--,upper ,house1 and ,lower ,house4 ,the ,upper are the ,lords ,cheang of ,lands and ,lords of the ,temples--7,high-,state ,sect47 ,the ,lower are lords1 brothers1 sons1 nephews1 relations1 and devoted servants of the ,upper2 and are far more numerous4 ,no rule can be made1 nor law1 without both these bodies consent to it4 ,this they do by asking each one his opinion1 and a majority decides4 ,everything of importance must originate in the ,lower ,house1 and first be settled there4 ,then1 the will of the ,lower ,house is communicated to the ,upper ,house1 and it is ordered to ratify it4 ,the members do so1 and the ,sovereign 7or somebody requested thereto by him7 approves 7as the ,english politely phrase it72 and the thing1 so approved1 is a new ,law4 ,now1 no ,sovereign dares not approve--it might cost him his head4 ,the last one1 many years ago1 who thought he might risk it1 soon gave up the attempt1 and died in a madhouse4 ,it will be seen1 that the power in the ,lower ,house will necessarily fall into the hands of any one who can obtain adherents enough to his opinions to secure a majority of members4 ,the most ready debater ,qu-iztsi1 the coolest and self-possessed1 who has made himself master of the wishes of the majority2 or1 who1 to these things1 or with only a part of them1 has great wealth and influence--one1 in fine1 who knows and divines what is wanted1 and has the ability to lead2--directs and orders the measures which are to be adopted4 ,this man1 who controls the ,lower ,house1 governs the ,state4 ,he nominates those who shall assist him in the government1 being the same who aid him in managing the ,house4 ,thus1 the ,lower ,house governs by its delegates4 ,all these men1 who are really a ,,committee ty-gi-te of the ,house for the ruling of the ,kingdom1 act in the name of the ,sovereign1 and receive the ancient titles of office from him4 ,the ancient forms are preserved2 and these men1 obeying the ,house1 profess to obey the ,sovereign--in fact1 the ,sovereign is pretended to be the source of honour and of authority2 and the very ,laws which have been made against his wish are declared to be his ,laws6 ,thus1 both the ,sovereign and the people are amused4 ,the one1 by the respect shown to him1 the emoluments and influence of his high office1 and of his ,pope-ship2 the others1 by some semblance of political in-tri-gsi power4 ,this consists in calling together a few of the people of second and lower caste1 to choose a new member for the ,lower ,house--but this is quite a comedy1 sham-li for the most part4 ,it gives the ignorant ,barbarians a notion of self-importance1 and tickles them with the fancy that they really have a part in the government of the ,state4 ,whilst these changes in the ordering of things at home were in progress1 the usual fierce and bloody expeditions of these ,barbarians had not been suspended4 ,the ,americans had succeeded in establishing their independent power1 but not till they had waged a second war with their late masters1 scarcely less important to them than the first4 ,for the ,english1 still looking upon them with disdain1 insisted upon the right to stop any of the vessels of the ,americans upon the high seas1 and to seize and carry away to their own ships any one whom they pleased4 ,they would do this1 and force the victims of their insolent cruelty to fight for them in their horrible war-ships4 ,the ,american ,barbarians resisted this outrage2 and1 forced to fight a bloody war1 vindicated their just cause2 so that never since have the ,english1 or any other ,barbarians1 dared to board or outrage the ships or the sailors mer-tsi of the ,americans4 ,this stubborn and brutal barbarity1 love of plunder and traffic1 have involved the ,english during the present dynasty in numberless wars beyond seas4 ,they have internally avoided great commotion1 although the low castes have occasionally perished in surprising numbers by famine and disease4 ,in ,ireland the depopulation has exceeded anything recorded4 ,the poor people of the ,northern parts also1 driven away from their homes1 have nearly disappeared1 unless in the armed bands sent over the sea4 ,with these1 the poor and despised ,irish are in great numbers also2 and1 indeed1 the strength and ferocity of the armed bands depend upon these1 the most degraded and lowest caste of the ,barbarians4 ,in this way1 the most turbulent and ignorant have been drawn off1 trained to use of arms1 and used to spread and maintain the terror and power of the ,english4 ,many of the low-castes have been shipped away in great ships to distant parts to form new settlements1 and to add to those already begun4 ,by these means1 and from the increase of riches from trade1 and from plunder of remote regions giving employment to the low orders1 great disorders have been avoided4 ,the plunder of the vast treasures of the ,princes of the ,hindoos1 and the trade which has been forced upon them1 and upon others1 have contributed to this end4 ,the result of increased wealth has been1 however1 mostly to the gain of the ,high-,castes2 who1 holding the ,lands1 have found in the enormous increase of value in these an additional strength4 ,the numbers of the rich have increased2 and these always look to the ,castes above1 and draw away as far as possible from those below4 ,the poor remained uneducated1 and fell more completely under control4 ,if one of their order benefited himself1 he had no ambition higher than a desire to stand well with those above him4 ,thus ,wealth1 always joining itself to the ,higher ,castes1 made the power of the ,aristocracy ,fo-hi quite complete1 and the obedience of the common people assured4 ,of this ,high-,caste the ,sovereign is merely the ornamental top4 ,the learning of the ,romans made but little advance1 until very lately4 ,the great ,schools had some of the ,high-,caste within their walls2 the mass of the people remained ignorant1 fierce1 and brutal4 ,the laws continued to be in a most dreadful state2 the prisons1 foul dens of disease1 cruelty and crime2 the administration of ,law1 and disposal of offenders1 savage and barbarous in the extreme4 ,the learning took mostly a fantastic pa-ntsi form--pedantic1 busied with the mere shells of words1 and names of things4 ,it busied itself chiefly with the old languages of the ,romans and the ,greeks4 ,a man who could repeat aloud from memory the modes of a ,greek word was a man of profound learning4 ,of our ,central ,kingdom1 of the wisdom and knowledge of the great ,east1 they knew nothing2 but nursed an intolerable conceit in admiration of the trivialities of their own ignorance1 and by disdaining to understand a civilization of which they knew nothing--branding it as idolatrous1 dark1 ,pagan6 ,still1 gradually1 intercourse and larger acquaintance with the main parts1 revived the love of ,roman art2 and the ,roman civilization once more revived4 ,roman architecture1 sculpture1 learning1 laws appeared4 ,the style of public buildings1 houses of the ,high-,castes1 ,bridges1 took on the ,roman forms4 ,the ,literati became more numerous2 and1 with the increasing riches1 larger numbers became instructed4 ,a long1 bloody and disastrous ,war1 which ended only a few years ago1 moderated the intolerant selfishness of the ,barbarians4 ,it left them so crushed down under the weight of innumerable taxes1 that it began to be seen that these interminable ,wars beyond ,seas1 were not paid for by the gains of trade1 nor by acquisitions of territory4 ,this moderation was strengthened by the better and increasing knowledge3 and ,wars are not1 in general1 so eagerly waged4 ,the oldest child of a ,ruler succeeds--male first1 and failing him1 a female4 ,the direct descent from the eldest always succeeds1 to the exclusion of the younger4 ,it is justly claimed that this is an element of stability2 though it contains a foolish omission4 ,for there is no recognized authority which can set aside an heir in the direct ,line for however good cause4 ,thus the danger of a violent succession is always imminent--and of this the ,english history has many examples4 ,in our ,flowery ,land1 this danger is averted by the wise customs of the great ,calao4 ,in my ,report1 ,i have explained at length the rules which govern in transactions with foreign tribes2 and shown the maxims needful for our ,illustrious1 in all negotiations and dealings with the ,western ,barbarians4 ,as trade 7particularly by the ,english7 is the grand object1 ,i have pointed out how to deal in this matter1 in such way as to yield no more than is convenient1 nor sooner than is expedient4 ,the ,committee who govern1 preserving ancient forms1 administer through them1 in the name of the ,sovereign4 ,these forms assume three great divisions1 one of them being two-fold3 spiritual1 referring to the great ,superstition2 and the other temporal2 this is quite nominal1 for the temporalities always touch matters spiritual in some way4 ,the ,first is the ,executive4 ,the ,second is the ,parliament4 ,the ,third is the ,judicial4 ,the ,executive--that is that which executes--has two parts4 ,spiritual1 7the ghostly1 the unknown17 performing all things concerning the ,sovereign-,pope1 the ,temples1 the worship1 the ,bonzes4 ,temporal1 ordering the military forces by land and by sea1 seeing that the laws are obeyed1 and ruling the ,hindoos and other distant peoples and settlements4 ,also arranging all matters with other ,christ-god ,barbarians1 and with all foreign peoples4 ,the ,law-making1 called ,parliament1 or place of talking ,ba-ble4 ,this is the ,grand ,council already referred to1 divided into the ,upper and the ,lower ,house1 together really forming one1 where all ,rules and ,laws are made4 ,here rests the ,supreme ,authority2 and this body is controlled by the ,committee1 as before explained4 ,the ,upper ,house is composed of ,lords1 who sit there in right of birth1 except the ,spiritual ,lords1 who are the great ,bonzes 7called ,bishops7 of the ,superstition4 ,formerly1 this ,upper was1 next after the ,sovereign1 most powerful1 and often over-ruled1 and even dethroned him4 ,but the greater intelligence has reduced its influence1 and made innoxious its mischievousness4 ,even its aristocraticalness could not blind the ,lower ,house to an ,imbecility inherent in its very constitution4 ,born ,law-makers6 ,the proportion of idiots1 worn-out and selfish rous 7we have no similar word71 narrow caste-bound egotists1 at last1 wearied even its congeners1 and they left to the ,lords ,tchou the ancient ,forms1 but deprived them of all real power4 ,this might not have happened1 but that from the very nature of things the number of ,peers 7as a ,lord is called1 who has the hereditary law-making right7 who are active and young is inconsiderable2 and1 for the most part1 these prefer out-door sports1 pleasures of wealth and travel1 to sitting among the elders to be snubbed for youthful inexperience4 ,the result is that all warmth1 life1 and interest1 all generous disinterestedness1 are unknown by these venerable egotists4 ,they are sufficiently amused with hereditary titles1 with the respect shown to their rank1 and with the playing at ,law-making4 ,they are too conceited to see that they are puppets1 and too small to despise the honours which conceal their insignificance4 ,are they not exalted above and separated from the common-herd8 kou-tong4 ,they are completely engrossed with the trivialities of their rank 7,high-,caste74 ,they wait upon the ,sovereign like menials1 tricked out in furs1 feathers1 and robes1 and jewelled chains1 stars and garters1 sparkling in gems1 silk hose1 and the very shoes resplendent with precious stones6 ,on great occasions they are allowed 7and this permission must come from the ,sovereign7 to place upon the head a golden and jewelled circlet1 named coronet4 ,with this head-gear glittering about their brows1 they receive the respectful reverence of the people1 and feel a greater exaltation than the gods4 ,ah1 as the ,barbarians say1 who would not be a ,lord6 ,a special ,superstition attaches itself to this head-ornament4 ,that worn by the ,ruler is called a ,crown4 ,when he places it on in public1 the trumpets give a mighty sound1 all the people bow in humble homage1 and ,nature is supposed to arrest the wheels of her majestic course to join in the rapturous shouts of delight6 ,the act is rooted in the ,superstition1 and one of its most cherished things4 ,the highest ambition of a subject is to be permitted to take ,rank and wear this bauble4 ,there is no mean service to the ,ruler1 no intrigue1 no sacrifice which may not be done or suffered to get this privilege--the right to shine in this coronet4 ,and such an ambition is so honourable1 that success condones every contemptible thing by which it is secured4 ,men are blinded by the glare1 and overlook the mean being below3 in his ,coronet he is unimpeached and unimpeachable6 ,nor is this ambition confined to the ,lords temporal2 the ,high-,caste ,bonzes will not be remiss in those duties to the ,sovereign and to his family1 in those to ,society and to the exalted ,lords1 upon whom they have to attend on all occasions of baptising and marrying and feasting1 to give the blessings fihu-lsi of the gods of the ,superstition--in nothing remiss which shall help them to secure the peculiar head-gear given to those of their order whom the ,sovereign raises to the lordly rank called ,bishops4 ,it is called a mitre4 ,ages ago1 in the obscure days of the ,superstition1 poor and miserable1 the chief ,bonzes were distinguished by a head-covering like two bits of board1 united or mitred together1 typical of the two-fold nature of their office4 ,thus arose the ,mitre1 now a resplendent and costly bauble1 more lofty than the coronets1 and showing the superiority of spiritual 7priestly7 dignity6 ,in these coveted distinctions1 the ,sovereign finds the source of nearly all the power really enjoyed2 and by an artful use and distribution of coronets and mitres1 often covertly manages the machinery of government to his own wishes4 ,an unscrupulous and able man may make himself respected6 ,i forgot to say that another jewelled symbol of priestcraft is bestowed with the mitre1 so comical that one might suspect it originated in the love of coarse humour common to the ,barbarians--but its true origin was in the same early and poor days of the ,superstition1 when the highest ,bonze was only a ,keeper of the ,sheep2 that is1 his duty was to keep the poor devotees together and save them from the idolatrous pagans4 ,the ,christ was said to have called his despised followers ,sheep without a shepherd1 and to have requested the chief of his followers to feed his sheep4 ,thus it came about that these chief men took a staff1 crooked at one end 7similar to that used by a veritable shepherd71 as typical of their duty4 ,with the mitre is1 therefore1 handed a costly ,crosier--crooked and crossed staff--to enable the ,lord ,bishop to pull in the wandering sheep1 or to catch hold of any which may have slipt down into deep holes1 or other rough places6 ,fancy a ,lord ,bishop catching sheep6--said a jocose ,barbarian to me once4 ,the crowning of a new ,ruler is a grand ceremony1 in which all the wearers of the little crowns 7coronets and mitres7 attend2 and no ,ruler is a ,,ruler unless he be ,,crowned1 with all the superstitious rites4 ,to this ,i may refer elsewhere4 ,at present1 ,i may mention that the history of all the ,barbarians1 and notably that of the ,english1 is a story very often of the wars1 assassinations1 plots1 and cruel deeds done to seize the ,crown3 for whoever could contrive to clap this thing upon his head was at once ,king6 ,in the eyes of the superstitious invested with a sort of divinity6 ,this feeling is well expressed by their greatest poet3 ,what a divinity doth hedge a ,king6 ,this is1 doth encompass and protect a ,king4 ,when the ,law-making ,houses meet1 the custom is for the ,sovereign to attend in all his ,state1 and open the ,houses4 ,that is1 to swing open the grand doors of the ,upper ,house for the ,lords1 and especially for the ,lower members2 who1 on this occasion1 are admitted to enter in and listen to the ,,gracious ,,speech4 ,the rush of the ,low-members is frightful1 for the ,doors are only opened for a very short time4 ,the speech itself is nothing--merely some polite phrases as to the health and happiness of our beloved ,lords and gentlemen 7as the form is71 and some ,incantation to the gods of the ,superstition1 on the prosperity and successful trade of our subjects4 ,the great ,lords sit like gods1 effulgent1 exalted2 whilst the ,low-members crowd like school-boys1 and as rudely as school-boys1 below4 ,this is another thing by which the childish ,lords are amused with a notion of power4 ,the present ,sovereign rarely opens the ,houses1 but delegates some great ,lords to do it for her4 ,and the ceremony is far less4 ,the ,crown and the ,crown ,jewels are1 therefore1 so rarely seen1 that the divinity of the ,ruler is in danger2 for the ,superstitious reverence and pope-worship attaches to the ,crown4 ,these ,crown ,baubles are1 by the present ,ruler1 kept imprisoned and guarded in a huge stone castle1 so strong that no force but of nature can throw it down1 and are cautiously shown to the admiring and dazzled few who are allowed by the guards to see them1 at a penny a-peep 7as an ,american ,barbarian said in my ear1 on the day of my seeing them74 ,in this he referred to the fee tin which is exacted before admission1 and which 7,i was told7 went to the privy-purse of the ,queen to buy pins4 ,the ,barbarians boast that these glittering gewgaws cost more than all the ,halls of ,learning6 ,the ,judicial is the remaining great division of administration4 ,in this the ,laws are explained and applied4 ,no law is1 by this department1 ever made4 ,it has no such function4 ,none the less1 it really makes new laws1 and unmakes the ,statute ,law 7that is1 the ,law enacted by the great ,council of ,law-makers7 just as it pleases4 ,in fact the chief business of this department is to unmake the ,laws1 and the chief business of the ,council is to make them over again4 ,and between the two1 of the making of ,law there is no end1 nor any possible understanding4 ,were not the ,barbarian body and mind very tough1 they would infallibly perish beneath the weight of this inscrutable and ponderous contrivance4 ,no one is benefited by it1 but the innumerable officers who manage it1 and the ,lawyers1 who fatten upon the fees tin-tin which it wrings from all the unfortunates who have to attend upon it4 ,these ,lawyers form a special and very exclusive ,caste2 often at dispute among themselves upon points of personal concern1 and as to the emoluments and offices which appertain to the ,caste1 but always united 7and so-called ,brothers7 as to everything outside1 by which they can more effectually conceal and mystify the nature of their order1 and the more adroitly plunder the uninitiated4 ,this is the ,caste which opposes every inquiry into abuses and every attempt to reform the administration2 which shouts the loudest praises to the ,superstition1 puts in force all the terrors of the ,caste and of the ,law 7as by them expounded7 to destroy any one who does not adore the glorious event1 and declare the ,constitution and the ,laws1 the ,crown and the ,altar 7meaning the ,superstition71 the most perfect of all human wisdom--indeed1 ,divine4 ,i have explained the ,glorious event4 ,to the ,lawyer-,caste glorious in fees and means of plunder2 in abuses which1 had the reforms introduced before that event been perfected1 would have been swept away2 reforms which that event postponed1 and the subsequent wars and civil dissensions made not only impossible1 but still more difficult in the future4 ,in another place ,i propose to refer to this department--the ,judicial--when speaking of the ,courts of ,,justice wherein the ,laws are expounded and applied3 because1 as in these the daily course of the life of a people may be studied1 ,i wish to look curiously into them4 ,it will be readily seen1 however1 that for a stranger to find1 beneath the thick and manifold wrappings and ponderous obscurities of the ,lawyer-,caste1 where ,justice lies smothered1 is no easy task4 ,the present ,ruler is of the so-called glorious dynasty1 and is more wise and virtuous than her ancestors1 who were remarkable for obstinacy1 meanness1 stupidity1 and debauchery4 ,if one had a virtue1 it was so misdirected by narrowness of mind as to be worse than vice4 ,the best man of them was the most mischievous ,sovereign1 and the wisest thing done by any of the dynasty was to keep away from ,england4 ,when they did nothing they did well2 their activity was disastrous4 ,the ,queen now reigning is esteemed by the ,aristocracy because she leaves them to do as they please1 and gratifies them by bestowing upon them and their devoted supporters coronets4 ,she only demands for herself and her numerous children ample provisions2 if in these she be gratified1 she cares not to vex herself or her ,lords by any disputes4 ,she is very benevolent1 filling the great palaces with poor relations1 where they are supported--not by her4 ,on the marriage of one of her royal children her munificence is unequalled2 but she asks her devoted ,lords to tax her subjects to pay for it6 ,her allowances are1 with wise policy1 made very ample1 that a splendid ,court may be kept up1 to give places to the aristocracy1 and to gratify the love of display4 ,in this the ,lords are generous2 it costs them nothing1 the taxes upon the people cover the expenses4 ,there are murmurs that the crown is never shown2 that ,royalty is hidden from view1 and that the reverence of the people wanes2 that the allowances designed and heretofore used to maintain a grand ,court of respect and honour are misdirected1 and get into the private pocket of ,royalty for merely personal objects4 ,but he who should dare openly to say this1 unless of a very ,high ,caste1 would assuredly have his ears cropped ku-tof4 ,the reign has not been without bloody wars2 one of which was to uphold a sick ,turk 7an outside ,barbarian1 who hates the very name of ,christians1 and calls them dogs71 and whom the ,english ,barbarians themselves despise4 ,yet1 they rushed with great ships and armed bands to attack another ,christ-god tribe1 who threatened the sick ,turkish chief2 because1 as they thought1 their trade was best secured by helping the ,turk6 ,this foolish war cost thousands of the lives of the ,english sailors and armed bands1 but what is far more consequential to the ,barbarians1 many millions li-re of gold4 ,it ended in nothing at all2 for the great tribe which lost in the war some ships and some forts1 taken by the ,english1 have now rebuilt them more strongly than before1 and again threaten the sick ,turk more than ever6 ,when the ,american ,barbarians had a domestic contention--some of them wishing to deliver a poor people held in slavery1 by a custom in some of their provinces1 from the cruel wrong--the ,english ,barbarians sided with those who wished to keep the slaves4 ,they did this notwithstanding that always before they had almost quarrelled with the ,american tribes for allowing this very thing6 ,now1 however1 because they did not like to have that people great in ships1 and because they thought it would be safer for them and better for their trade1 to have the ,american tribes broken to pieces1 insidiously aided those who fought to hold the slaves1 in every way they could without open war4 ,but the slave-holding tribes were overpowered1 and the slaves set free4 ,presently1 the ,american ,barbarians demanded that they should be repaid some of the monies which this treacherous conduct had cost them--the lives could not be repaid4 ,the ,english ,barbarians1 fearing the ,american tribes--very valiant1 and having many ships--finally submitted to pay a heavy penalty for their wrong doing6 ,lately1 also1 the ,english ,barbarians have stood silent and seen another tribe on the ,main ,land 7which aided them just before in the ,war for the ,turk1 and1 in fact1 saved them from being shamefully beaten7 completely overthrown and mercilessly sacked by another tribe--when a kindly word would have saved great suffering4 ,but it does not displease the ,english ,barbarians to see another tribe weakened--and their trade was not touched in this war--in fact1 perhaps they had more to gain by pleasing the strong tribe which came out victorious4 ,the ,english themselves complain that1 lately1 they have not distinguished themselves by their usual glorious expeditions2 that their war-ships and their fierce warriors are getting out of use1 and that the late ,committee of ,government1 made the name of ,england inglorious4 ,this feeling at length got possession of the ,lower ,house1 and a new ,committee appeared4 ,these say that the attempt to carry on affairs with other tribes1 upon the moral rules of the ,christ-god worship1 although the tribes are devotees1 is absurd4 ,that the late ,committee1 who had some slight notion of correct moral precepts1 and thought possibly one might venture to trust the ,sovereign ,lord of ,heaven1 were peace-at-any-price men1 milksops 7a term of reproach equivalent to milkmaids7 kin-e-suk1 and that1 in their hands1 the ,english ,lion had been muzzled--made an object of contempt6 7,this blood-thirsty beast is the admired symbol of ,english power47 ,this new ,committee are pledged to seize the very first occasion which may offer to exhibit the ,british4 ,lion 7as he is styled7 with his muzzle off1 his claws sharpened1 and his frame well fed and strong4 ,the taxes are raised and the most exact attention is devoted to all needful things to perfect this beast to the standard of his ancient might4 ,and the present ,government--,committee--watch with keen eyes for that opportunity1 when they shall suddenly let spring this monster6 ,it is supposed that the angry growl heuien-ro will sufficiently alarm2 if not1 the terrific roar ,zuung-luu cannot fail6 ,the only drawback to this ferocious pastime will be found in those members of the ,lower ,house1 who1 themselves bearing a good weight of taxes without the emoluments of office1 may oppose the majority and reduce the arrogancy of its temper4 ,none the less1 in the present brutal conceit of the ,lower ,house and of the lower orders1 a war may at any moment break out1 if for no other purpose than to show other ,barbarians that the ,british ,lion is still a ,lion in full vigour6 ,the idea of a dull1 toothless1 blind old brute1 which even a jackass 7as one of the ,barbarian fables has it7 may kick with impunity1 is too intolerable6 ,the morality of the present ,loyal ,court is said to be admirable--when you can once find the ,royal residence4 ,but this is quite a myth4 ,there is1 in this reign1 no ,loyal ,court1 only a domestic circle--a ,royal ,family--not kept up with so much splendour as some of the homes of the ,high-,caste4 ,it is said that no suitor of an improper moral colour may approach any ,princess1 unless he be a cousin of the ,queen1 when the blood sanctifies the taint1 and all is clean4 ,if a real cousin be not of these suitors1 one as nearly related among the poverty-stricken princes of the ,barbarians from the ,main ,land as can be had1 is selected4 ,he must profess to worship the great ,superstition of the ,english ,sect1 and detest the ,roman ,pope--at least1 in public4 ,his poverty is no objection--that is more than counterbalanced by the ,illustrious obscurity of his race--that is1 some family which ages ago contrived to live by plunder1 and by making itself safe within the walls of stone castles1 among steep rocks and hills4 ,a family whose descendants feel more pride in these1 now1 old and ruinous wrecks of former insolence1 than in any other possession--and whose alliance is acceptable to the ,english ,queen6 ,the poverty of these petty chiefs is1 however1 removed2 nor do they marry a ,princess of the ,english ,queen unless they be paid for it4 ,it is not the ,queen who pays2 the occasion is seized upon to obtain that provision to which ,i have referred4 ,and the paltry chief1 and his new1 royal bride1 know poverty no more2 they1 and their children1 and children's children1 are provided for by the ,lower ,house1 who tax the people for this privilege1 so much valued by them6--this privilege of succouring and enriching the worn out1 useless and decaying chiefs of foreign ,barbarians1 who have any1 the remotest1 trace of kinship to the ,royal ,house of ,england6 ,the more considerable events1 therefore1 in the present reign1 as the ,barbarians think1 have reference to these marriages of ,royal ,princesses1 births1 christenings 7baptizings71 deaths1 and the like among them4 ,the ,low-,house readily takes these opportunities to profess its homage and devotion4 ,the ,queen follows the ,sacred ,writings with great exactness1 which commands take care of those of your own blood--indeed1 her devotion to this precept is1 perhaps1 more noticeable than her devotion in general4 ,her ,illustrious presence is rarely known among the people4 ,when she does appear1 she is hardly more than respectfully and silently worshipped4 ,she does not attract the love of the people--though she is 7as a sly ,barbarian youth of the ,low-,castes once said to me1 sarcastically71 very dear chean4 7,a pun phu-nsi on the word2 which may mean beloved1 or very costly74 ,when1 as rarely happens1 to honour some ,show wherein the ,royal presence may bring money to a ,charity1 the ,queen appears1 surrounded by ,royal guards1 and in ,state1 there is always to be seen a gigantic servant1 dressed in the scarlet of the ,royal household1 seated immediately behind the ,sacred ,person1 to watch over and rescue her from any danger4 ,his body and mighty strength are always ready to be interposed6 ,this favourite servant1 it is said1 assists her ,illustrious1 when1 among the hills of the ,far ,north1 she visits the great1 high rocks1 and climbs the sides of mountains--his strength is so ready1 trusty1 and invaluable6 ,to her1 and to her subjects1 a great loss was inflicted when ,death destroyed the youthful ,consort of the ,queen1 when she was still young4 ,he was one of ancient family among the petty ,barbarian chiefs to whom ,i have referred2 was near in blood to the ,queen1 and by her greatly beloved1 it is said4 ,he was never allowed any power in the ,state1 and was a subject of the ,queen1 though her husband4 ,it is whispered that he did not quietly submit to this condition of things--but it would not be worth the notice of a wise man to attend to this gossip4 ,i could never learn that he was of any use2 but1 none the less1 the ,barbarians exalt him very highly1 and have built lofty monuments to his honour4 ,i said use--,i forgot--he gave a very numerous brood of princes and princesses to the ,english ,barbarians4 ,of these they are very proud--not because they do1 or can ever do1 anything useful1 but because it adds to the number of the ,high-,castes1 and around them very many poor members of that caste can cluster1 and live upon the cast-off clothes and other second-hand things of these exalted6 ,on the whole1 we may desire the long continuance of ,her ,illustrious' reign4 ,if her will were law1 distant plunderings would cease2 and her influence is better than may generally be looked for4 ,she cannot prevent1 but she may moderate those expeditions despatched to subjugate the ,heathen1 extend trade1 and bring under the dominion and worship of the ,christ-god distant tribes4 ,great guns1 fire-arms1 gunpowder1 and a poisonous liquor called ,rum1 would1 perhaps1 under other sovereigns1 even more frequently be sent to prepare the way for the ,prince of ,peace 7as the ,christ-god is often styled74 ,some respect for ,justice and some regard to the rights of others have been shown under the influence of this ,illustrious2 but1 as we have seen1 this1 the most honourable distinction of the present reign1 is likely to be obliterated4 ,the old predatory instinct of the ,english ,barbarians again comes uppermost1 and though caution and fear of taxes may make the ,committee of ,government tardy and unwilling to attack 7unless some weak tribe1 where victory would be sure and its glory conspicuous71 yet1 such is the prevailing temper1 that blood-letting seems needful to cool those fierce and haughty ,barbarians4 ,a ferocious war may be looked for2 nor is it by any means incredible that the war-ships of these ,christ-god worshippers and their murdering bands should again be directed against our peaceful ,central ,kingdom6 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,some ,,particulars ,,of ,,the ,,internal ,,administration4 ,the whole country is divided into districts1 in general governed1 like our ,provinces1 in the ,sovereign's name1 by viceroys and governors4 ,the heir to the ,crown1 if he be the son of the reigning ,ruler1 is ,prince of ,wales--a title bestowed upon his eldest son by an ancient king2 and which1 at the time1 gave the administration of that ,province to this son4 ,the eldest son of the ,queen now enjoys with this title also that of ,duke of ,cornwall4 ,these lofty designations confer no power1 although they carry with them high distinction and great revenues4 ,the ,aristocracy in the case of the heir1 as in that of the ,sovereign1 watch jealously anything which looks like intellect4 ,they do not stint personal respect and ample revenues1 but take care that upon coming to the ,crown1 the new ,sovereign shall be a puppet4 ,he is1 whilst heir1 not allowed to take any kind of share in government1 but is surrounded by flatterers1 flunkeys pluc-ngi1 idle young people of both sexes1 and1 from mere want of useful business1 falls into every sort of sport and pleasure4 ,he must1 indeed1 be strong in morality and in character1 if1 upon coming to his high office1 he be not reduced to the selfish imbecile and puppet1 desired by the ,high-,caste4 ,lucky if he have not become absolutely contemptible by his vices6 ,ireland is governed by a ,high ,viceroy1 whose chief employment is to amuse the ,irish with shows--the real power being in the hands of the ,general of the armed bands4 ,anciently1 the ,provinces were administered by ,vice-roys1 who possessed authority2 but the pettiness of the ,island and swiftness of communication have now concentrated all actual administration at the ,capital city4 ,the ,provincial governors1 however1 keep up some show of the ancient order1 and1 nominally1 command the ,provincial ,militia4 ,this is a merely nominal force1 composed of butcher-boys1 farmer-lads and the like1 who do not know how to handle a fire-arm1 nor how to fight1 unless in the ,barbarian pastime of the ,ring3 a combat wherein the young ,barbarians1 two being pitted against each other1 try each to hit the other a terrible blow directly in the eye4 ,this1 done with the hand doubled up1 nearly destroys that organ4 ,he is victor who succeeds in hitting both eyes of his antagonist1 and fairly blinding him6 ,this1 a common and admired sport1 is greatly esteemed by the ,english ,barbarians1 and considered an admirable training4 ,it develops the ferocity and brutality required to make good soldiers 7plunderers71 and the powers of endurance indispensable in the distant forays4 ,even in the ,halls of ,learning1 it is thought to be a manly science1 fitting the young ,aristocracy to match any man in personal conflict1 and enabling him to be self-possessed and ready to fight his way through the world4 ,as1 in general1 the lowest orders are badly fed and reduced in strength1 and1 though well used to brutal fights1 yet are not trained to the ,science1 the young ,aristocrat is expected to pummel the brute upon the slightest occasion of disrespect4 ,the provincial ,magistracy are mainly employed in keeping the ,lower-,castes in order1 and especially in punishing trespasses upon the lands1 or upon the convenience of the ,higher-,castes4 ,the most common form of trespass is that called ,poaching4 ,the ,high-,castes own all the lands1 and the ,low-,castes1 who till the soil1 are the ancient slaves--slaves no longer under any law1 but nearly as much so by custom4 ,very poor1 but little better than beggars1 and really beggars in large numbers1 and hungry1 the temptation to knock over the abundant nearly tame creatures 7birds1 fowls1 hares1 and the like7 everywhere around them in the fields and copses1 is too strong to be resisted4 ,to do this is to be a ,poacher--a criminal most detested by the ,high-,caste2 for he presumes to think1 in some cases1 that the right in these free creatures is not absolutely vested in the ,high-,castes4 ,yet this sort of property is most rigidly preserved1 by the penalties of severe punishment1 to the use of the ,high-,caste--for his sport in the shooting of them1 rather than for food4 ,the ,poacher1 who is merely tempted by hunger1 and who abjectly begs pity and promises reformation1 escapes in some instances lightly2 but he who presumes to question the right to this wholesale appropriation feels the full wrath of the ,law4 ,petty civil and criminal offences may be tried by the ,provincial ,magistracy2 subject1 however1 in cases involving any interests of importance1 to revision at the ,capital4 ,there is a sort of ,provincial 7and yet ,metropolitan7 ,court called ,convocation ,kal-ti-se4 ,in this1 things touching the ,christ-god ,superstition are determined4 ,if a ,bonze has not worn1 or has worn improperly1 his neck-tie1 or his surplice ro-bsi2 if the table before the ,altar 7,idol7 has been placed out of square2 for things of this sort--or if a ,bonze be accused of departing from the ordered rendering of some word in the ,sacred ,writings1 or of having said something contrary to the orders of ,convocation or of the rites--for these and other things respecting the great ,idolatry1 ,convocation sits4 ,it is composed of ,high ,bonzes and a few delegates of ,high-,caste devotees1 whose duty is merely to ratify the decisions of the ,high ,bonzes--these regulate everything4 ,this ,high and ,lofty ,court was anciently styled ,star ,chamber1 because exalted above mere mortal interests1 and only concerned with the preservation of the ,idolatry4 ,formerly it worshipped the ,sovereign as ,pope of the ,superstition more devotedly than is the fashion at present1 and burnt people to death for refusing to do so4 ,now it refrains from this severity1 and is content 7or tries to be7 with depriving a ,bonze who doubts1 of his living1 and all honours and emoluments4 ,it still convenes in the old hall of its former glory4 ,a venerable moss-covered pile1 vast and gloomy1 with lofty towers and turrets of rock1 with hewn cells and deep dungeons4 ,here may be seen1 fixed to the rock1 the rings and chains1 worn and rusty with age1 where the victims of superstition suffered beneath the decrees of this ancient ,court4 ,slow and proud1 along the dark stone corridors1 and beneath the dusky arches of this great prison-palace1 the ,high ,bonzes and the devotees walk in state4 ,ushered with pompous ceremonial1 and with the grand incantations to the gods and devils of the ,superstition1 into the lofty and obscure hall of the ,star-,chamber1 the ,convocation sits4 ,in deep alcoves around are stored the ponderous volumes1 containing all the mysteries and terrors of the ,superstition4 ,in these are the horrid imaginings of fanatical ,priests and devotees2 the dogmas and canons of the ,superstition2 the dreadful arsenal1 whence were drawn those frightful weapons of superstitious terror1 whence issued the chains and bolts1 and scourges1 the faggots and the flames4 ,one hears the groans of the tortured1 the steps of the jailers1 the clashing of the chains1 when1 in these long and resounding aisles and arches1 the winds moan1 the distant footsteps fall1 or the old casements in the ruinous towers shake and rattle4 ,nor is the arsenal wholly useless now2 the weapons are not all rusty2 anathemas may yet be found to terrify1 and restraints to punish4 ,heresy pho-phi1 as any doubt concerning the ,queen-pope and the ,superstition is called1 drives the culprit from ,society1 deprives the ,bonze of all preferment1 of his employment1 and turns him ignominiously adrift1 to live or to starve4 ,convocation watches over the ,sacred ,writings1 to see that no change1 not so much as of a syllable1 be made2 not trusting to ,jah1 who may have himself1 perhaps1 grown indifferent to the matter4 ,a curious thing1 showing how irrationally men will act in respect of an irrational system4 ,for the notion is that this ,word of ,jah 7the ,sacred ,writings71 being his ,revelation 7,word71 have always been by ,him exactly preserved through all the ages and the changes of languages1 and of transcription1 and of everything to this hour4 ,why is it to be supposed1 then1 that ,he will suddenly lose his power to preserve1 or will be indifferent to preserve8 ,punishments in the ordinary ,courts are not very remarkable1 only there is one so characteristic of the ,english1 so comically barbarous1 that ,i will try to describe it4 ,the offender is stripped naked to the waist1 tied up with his hands widely extended1 and with his face to a strong post2 then a man takes a large strong cat1 kept hungry and savage for the purpose1 and placing the creature at the back of the neck1 draws it forcibly down the naked back4 ,of course the cat holds on with teeth and claws4 ,this is repeated till the culprit faints1 when the cat is removed4 ,the back of the man is washed with vinegar and salt1 and he revives1 perhaps to undergo the infliction again4 ,this astonishing mode of correcting offenders is called flogging with the cat4 ,i may also make a remark upon another feature of criminal punishment4 ,the crime of treason1 not only insures the death1 but the horrid mutilation of the culprit2 and1 not satisfied with this1 reaches to the innocent wife and children4 ,all the estates1 titles1 honours1 properties of the offender are sequestrated to the ,state1 and his blood is attainted2 that is1 made incapable of giving honour and employment to his offspring6 ,thus the innocent are disgraced1 and reduced1 not merely to beggary1 but1 as far as possible1 placed in a condition of hopeless misery6 ,the ,idolatry and ,sacred ,writings are1 no doubt1 responsible for this impolitic injustice and cruelty4 ,for ,jah is constantly made by the ,priests to say1 that he visits the sins of the father upon his child even to the tenth generation6 ,a natural development of the moral sense would fall short of this vindictiveness2 and in this false and horrible wrath1 taught in their ,sacred ,writings1 the fierce ,barbarians are encouraged to outdo themselves6 ,the greatest of all the ,courts1 and which chiefly controls the others1 is the ,high and ,mighty ,,court ,,of ,,chancery4 ,it has many names--as ,court of ,equity1 of the ,king's ,conscience1 and others--assuming as many styles and jurisdictions as the ancient ,proteus of ,egypt2 who1 as the ,priests said1 could take any form1 or no form1 be fire1 or cloud1 or invisible air4 ,so this ,court1 feared by the ,barbarians with a paralyzing dread1 takes on any shape6 ,it stands for the ,king's conscience--which1 as the conscience of a ,pope-king1 must be a doubly divine thing4 ,for1 as remarked elsewhere1 ,divinity doth hedge a ,king6 ,we1 ,i think1 should fear that this conscience would be as uncertain as the man4 ,its function is1 therefore1 to decide with ,equity2 to relieve against the inexorable hardness of the ancient rules2 and give relief in cases of mistake1 accident1 and fraud4 ,this looks admirable1 but it is all sham 7phu-dgi74 ,not the least attention is really paid to equity1 but only to the decrees of the ,court as recorded4 ,a ,suitor petitions for redress4 ,the petition is not examined to be determined upon the matters therein stated4 ,first--,the ,petition must be in all respects in due form1 according to the recorded rules4 ,second--,the matter of it must be such as the ,court will consider1 and such as may come before the ,court4 ,third--,are the ,parties in the ,jurisdiction1 and are all the parties who may be interested1 duly notified and present2 or1 if not present1 accounted for4 ,fourth--,are the matters for the ,court only1 or must it be assisted by some petty judges to ascertain the facts4 ,fifth--,the petition being at last before the ,judge1 he may not look into it1 unless the ,lawyers look into it with him2 and1 then1 no opinion 7decree7 can be given until the ,records are fully examined1 to discover if anything of the sort has been relieved4 ,if a similar case be found1 then the petitioner is called upon to prove his case as stated in his petition2 and1 if he fail to prove his exact case 7though he may make a stronger show for relief71 he is ordered out of ,court1 and condemned to heavy costs 7tin-tin74 ,if the case be proved1 then the ,judge reserves his judgment4 ,for he must very carefully compare all the cases1 examine all the voluminous ,records1 besides examining the innumerable ,papers which have grown up around the ,petition during all the proceedings 7often spreading over many years71 before he dare to order the recording of his decree4 ,for1 this done1 he has added another ,case to the ,king's conscience2 that is1 to the highest form of ,law and of human ,justice6 ,he dare not do this unless justified by the ,records2 interminable1 stretching backwards to the first ,king who pretended to have a conscience2 obscure1 contradictory--he dare not unless justified by the ,records--,precedents4 ,if he mistake1 grossly1 he will be certain to be called to account by the ,lawyer-,caste1 who make a business of seeking for discrepancies2 in fact1 he is bewildered--not by the case2 that is simple1 or was originally1 simple enough2 but1 by the arguments of the ,lawyers1 the documents overlying and enveloping the case1 and by the difficulty of deciding according to the ,precedents4 ,could he merely announce his own judgment1 there is no difficulty--but that is the last thing to be thought of--in truth1 if reduced to that1 he is bound to refuse any relief1 however clear it is that equity requires it6 ,thus the ,judge1 old and wearied2 a man tottering over his grave1 feeble1 irresolute1 takes the course which maybe looked for--and postpones1 and postpones2 other like cases accumulate on his hands2 he dismisses some1 reserves others1 refers to another judge what he can decently1 decides none6 ,or only those which are petty1 or those which are really unopposed1 or those exciting no interest4 ,meantime1 the parties to the ,petition are dead1 or absconded1 or beggared4 ,years have elapsed2 all parties are worn out or impoverished by the enormous expenses--at length1 there is no one to pay ,lawyers and the ,court ,officers--the thing lapses--dies4 ,term after ,term 7as ,sessions of the ,court are called71 the ,case is called4 ,some poor wretch struggles still to save something of the property tied up in the ,court by the ,case--he tries to call up from the mass of dusty and forgotten ,records1 a reminiscence of the lost ,petition4 ,in vain--the thing is a wreck1 and has wrecked its builders6 ,the ,case lies forgotten amid the interminable processes1 affidavits1 answers1 pleas1 replications1 rejoinders1 motions1 applications1 notices1 subpoenas1 summonses1 commissions1 bills of amendments1 and of supplement2 documents of all sorts1 making up the ,case1 mouldering away in the stone alcoves of the huge ,records2 as the poor victims of it lie mouldering in similar forgetfulness6 ,not1 however1 without profit to the ,lawyer-,caste2 for some miscreant of this profession1 perchance1 discovering the ,case1 in his searches after means of spoil1 sees how he may gain by it4 ,he knows of an estate remotely touched by the matter of the old and forgotten ,petition1 and he knows quite well that there is really nothing affecting the property2 yet1 he sees fees and spoil4 ,it is merely to frighten the possessor of the estate by an intimation of a defect of title1 and refer to this old ,case1 never decided4 ,the bandit khe-te sets in motion the machinery of the ,high ,court of ,chancery4 ,one of its officers summonses the poor man to come into that ,court1 and answer to the allegations touching his right to possess the house in which1 perhaps1 he has lived for twenty years6 and lived without objection from any source6 ,now it does not matter at all that there is no sort of ground for this attack2 the moment it is made1 the title of the poor unoffending man to his own house is ruined--almost as completely as if by the sentence of the ,court he had been deprived of it4 ,the robber who attacks wishes merely to force the owner of the house to buy him off4 ,to secure this spoil he records his summons in the ,court1 and from that moment no one will buy the house1 nor will any one lend any money upon the security of it until that record be removed4 ,if the victim of this oppression be in debt1 or have but little money1 or but little more than his house1 or if he have borrowed money upon his house--in fact1 unless he be a man quite rich1 he is inevitably ruined6 ,he is ruined1 because the lawyer has1 by the ,record1 practically deprived him of his estate4 ,and this is done by a ,petition to the ,court1 making allegations artfully and untrue4 ,yet1 as they are not supported by any sort of evidence1 and are merely bare insinuations often of anybody--it does not the least matter--is it not inconceivable that such a thing should be allowed8 ,that merely upon the ,record of a ,petition1 without any evidence1 without any character1 without any surety for its truth1 without any1 the least1 inquiry1 or any1 the smallest deposit in ,court to cover the expenses to which the summoned party may be put1 should it appear he has been wrongfully summoned--this great injustice may be perpetrated1 and perpetrated without risk of any punishment6 ,but surely the ,court will immediately dismiss this iniquitous case8 ,not at all2 the ,court cannot be reached2 all the endless proceedings and delays already mentioned intervene4 ,the fees and expenses are enormous--the decision far off4 ,the victim cannot get a hearing4 ,he borrows money and employs lawyers--in vain4 ,he can do no more--he is bankrupt4 ,the lawyer who has ruined him gets nothing in such a case1 because the victim prefers poverty to gratifying the robber4 ,he gets nothing1 because he has no real case1 and drops it as soon as he sees he can make nothing out of it4 ,should the party be very rich upon whom the robbery is attempted1 he may fight it out and finally clear his property1 and get a decree for some costs 7only a portion7 against the other party4 ,but this decree is worthless2 the party has no property and cannot pay4 ,he has fought for luck1 having nothing to lose1 but all to gain4 ,usually1 however1 as the ,lawyer well knows1 the party attacked will hurry to buy off the suit6 ,in this way1 old ,causes are ,mines1 which the ,lawyer-,caste work to their own peculiar advantage4 ,they have every facility1 both from their experience and from the usages of the ,caste4 ,the very ,judges of the ,courts are of the same ,caste1 and give every assistance in matters of forms1 continuances1 motions1 dilatory proceedings1 and the countless processes by which ,lawyers make fees and their clients are robbed4 ,thus the ,court of ,equity1 with a mocking irony1 becomes a ,court of ,iniquity6 and the very tribunal designed to do more perfect ,justice is perverted to the most scandalous use--made an engine the most oppressive and destructive ever contrived for the misery of ,society1 short of one invented to destroy it wholly6 ,the ,court was originally organised by ,priests who had acquired the ,roman learning1 or some tincture of it1 and endeavoured to strengthen their own ,class1 and to soften the barbarous harshness of the common ,law1 by erecting this ,court4 ,the laws of the ,barbarians were savage1 in civil as well as in criminal things2 and the ,priests1 more cultured1 endeavoured to soften and temper this harshness1 or1 at any rate1 to get more complete control by it4 ,they formed it1 and administered it at first1 and for a long time4 ,but the ,lawyer-,caste have now its administration1 and they have not so much respect for the opinions of the general public as had the ,priests1 and have made the ,court a bye-word and a shame ,kri-mi6 ,the expenses and fees are beyond belief4 ,a ,lawyer who gets one good ,chancery ,case into his hands1 lives upon it luxuriously4 ,i was once shown a ,bill of ,costs1 as these items of fees are styled4 ,i observed that one would be charged for a thing done and for the same thing not done--in other words1 for the doing and for the not-doing4 ,thus1 if one requests a thing be done1 the ,lawyer will charge for receiving instructions1 for reducing the same to writing1 for instructing a clerk1 and the like--then1 having sent away the clerk on another matter1 he will charge for taking new instructions and going over the same ground again4 ,thus1 actually charging for the delay and obstruction caused in the affair4 ,again1 if you ask a ,lawyer something1 he will presently say1 ,i must take counsel1 meaning he wishes to ask another ,lawyer4 ,when the ,bill is examined you will find1 say1 for being asked and not knowing1 #fs4 #h;d42 for taking your instructions to counsel1 #fs4 #h;d42 for attending upon counsel1 #a #as42 for fair copy made for him1 #b #bs42 and so on4 ,your simply unanswered question has thus served the following purposes3--,if it had been answered at once the fee would have been1 say1 #fs4 #h;d42 but as it was not1 but carried elsewhere1 it has given the first ,lawyer five times more of fees1 and his brother in the ,caste also a handsome sum6 ,one may judge how ignorant the first ,lawyer will be likely to be1 and how often he finds it convenient to help his higher ,caste brother1 especially when in helping him he so greatly helps himself6 ,we have some cunning rogues in our ,central ,kingdom1 but such astuteness as this is beyond them6 ,i once visited this tribunal of ,chancery to witness the proceedings--but they are so dull and prolix as to drive one away as soon as possible4 ,the presiding ,judge1 and all the ,high-,caste ,lawyers1 wear wigs and gowns4 ,the lower ,lawyers1 who are called ,solicitors1 sit in a sort of well1 below and at the feet of the ,high1 and have no badge of distinction4 ,in fact1 they are not respected1 and only tolerated by the bigwigs 7as the ,high ,lawyers are often called7 as the jackals who provide them with prey4 ,they immediately act in matters with the victims of the ,court1 and do all the dirty work1 extracting the fees1 and the like--the ,high ,lawyers taking the most of the plunder1 although1 for decency sake1 they will not see the victims of their rapacity if they can help it4 ,the wigs spoken of are very absurd1 and make the wearers seem to be engaged in masquerading1 or fooling4 7,we have no term corresponding to the former47 ,the lappets of thick hair come down over the ears of the ,judge1 to enable him 7as it occurred to me7 to take his nap qu-iz with less danger of being disturbed4 ,no one can be a ,judge1 nor a ,high-,caste ,lawyer1 who does not wear the wig4 ,it has a funny appendage behind1 like a pig's tail1 exactly fitting to fall upon the small of the neck2 and is itself a curiously curled frizzle of horsehair1 selected for uniformity of whitish colour4 ,there is something cabalistic in this thing1 which is carefully hidden from the outside world4 ,if a ,judge take it off1 all business immediately stops4 ,a ,lawyer instantly loses his power of speech if his wig fall off4 ,it was told me in confidence1 that the tail 7like that of swine7 had a peculiar significance1 to say2 the utter selfishness of the ,caste and greed--another whispered a darker thing1 referred to the ,devil of the ,superstition3 that1 anciently1 this ,caste struck a bargain with the ,demon1 and he made it obligatory upon the ,lawyers always to wear this chief sign of diabolism6 ,this may be merely the chaff pti-ni of these ,barbarians4 ,at any rate1 something occult is attached to the thing2 and a curious respect is shown to it1 mixed of fear and contempt1 even by outsiders4 ,the ,judge sits so highly exalted1 as to be out of the way of hearing the passages occurring among the ,lawyers4 ,he is generally half-blind1 half-deaf2 quite worn out with age1 and the ceaseless wretchedness of his ,court and the ,lawyers1 and incapable of vigorously dealing with anything4 ,in this ,court the most imbecile is most fit2 for nothing is expected but imbecility 7so far as the public is concerned71 and fees for ,officers and ,lawyers4 ,when a ,case is on1 the ,lawyers begin to talk1 and to read from the big books1 on one side1 and then on the other4 ,neither tries to get at the truth1 but each in turn does his best to mislead the ,judge4 ,both read from the interminable and conflicting ,records1 and both find ample records which fit the precise ,case1 which each contends for4 ,the poor old ,judge1 now and again1 takes a note of these quotations from the ,big ,books of records--for he is to decide not upon the equity but upon the records1 as we have seen4 ,by the time he has found his spectacles ,qu-iei he has forgotten the ,book1 the number1 the ,recorder's name1 and the many other things1 needful to find where the record is1 and when he is again told1 lifting up his wig-pallet1 he only hears imperfectly1 and mistakes4 ,so1 when1 perhaps a long time after1 he tries to make up a decree to fit the ,case1 the record to which he turns refers to nothing in the world like what was intended6 ,hour after hour1 and sometimes day after day1 these speeches of the ,lawyers go on4 ,for the longer the talk the larger the fees--nobody thinks of ,justice6 ,the old ,judge understands the trick of the farce going on1 perfectly well2 in his younger days he was famous for his skill in all the arts of the ,high-,caste ,lawyers1 and obtained his present position on that account1 and because others wanted to get a formidable rival out of the way2 he understands how very little 7but fees7 is involved in the endless talk and reading1 and begins to nod--even1 the gods would nod4 ,the ,lawyer observes1 stops a bit2 the unexpected silence awakens the wearied old man--he opens his watery1 blinking eyes1 fumbles his papers1 or takes a pinch of snuff1 and says3 ,go on1 brother ,bounce1 ,i'm with you--meaning he is attending to him2 and soon falls asleep again4 ,perhaps one of the talking ,lawyers is of the ,high ,q4,c4 ,i am told that such is the dread of this ,lawyer-,caste1 that the ,sovereign constantly flatters the tribe1 and gives to them the fattest phig-sti offices4 ,all ,judges and the ,keeper of the ,sovereign's ,conscience--this ,court--and a great many other most important places1 and exaltation to the ,highest ,caste of ,lords ,tchou1 falls to them by established rule--in truth1 the ,caste is chief in the ,law-making ,houses1 and1 consequently1 in ,government itself4 ,the ,q4,c4 is1 however1 a thing done to many who cannot1 as yet1 get fees from the public treasure1 that they may get them from out-siders more amply4 ,the right to attach these symbols to the name of ,lawyer also gives him a silk gown 7during the present reign7 worked by the sacred hands of ,royalty itself6 ,the honoured wearer of this is a ,q4,c4--that is1 ,queen's ,champion--and binds all its wearers to defend the ,sacred ,head 7,pope7 of the ,superstition from the machinations of the ,evil ,one1 and those of their own order who1 sold to the ,devil1 may possibly be put up by him to plot mischief1 not only against the general outside world1 but against ,crown and ,altar6 ,perhaps1 after days of this weary work1 one of the ,lawyers suddenly discovers that somebody1 or something required in the intricate and dubious processes1 is wanting2 or in some document some erasure is detected2 or something to hang a point upon is seized hold of--and at once a wrangle between the ,lawyers ensues4 ,the ,judge fairly awakes2 the whole case breaks down kei-tz-se2 and everybody1 but the poor victims in the case1 anticipate more fees4 ,the victims1 however1 who have already beggared themselves in it1 suddenly despair2 perhaps the case never again comes on1 and the property involved in it wastes away in dark obscurity beneath the gnawing rats1 which infest the ,court4 ,sometimes 7as ,i was told7 some poor man1 or woman1 who had scraped together the last farthings to pay the ,lawyers 7for they will in no wise act unless paid beforehand1 feeling that such service as they render is not likely to be gratefully recompensed1 and it being the severest rule of the order never to show any pity for outsiders71 being in ,court when they see all hope destroyed1 and themselves and their children beggared1 have fallen down and been carried out of ,court with reason for ever gone2 or with such a deadly blow that never more do they revive1 but soon die1 and are buried at the public charge6 ,you will see wretched creatures trying to look decent in well-brushed rags1 darned and patched1 with shoes through which the toes protrude1 but over which the blacking di-yte is carefully smeared--you will see these victims of the ,court1 like ghosts1 flitting about the passages1 and watching for the entry of the ,judge4 ,one will attempt to address him--but he is conveniently deaf4 ,he knows the victim is there1 and though a party may speak1 has the right to speak for himself1 and the ,judge is bound to hear1 yet1 such a thing is unknown4 ,the mysteries of the ,court deny to any sane man the attempt4 ,these poor creatures are insane--or1 what answers just as well1 have been branded by the ,lawyers as ,insane4 ,so the miserable wretch1 trembling1 raises his voice1 ,my ,lud 7meaning my ,lord71 ,my ,lud2 here the ,court-officer cries out ,silence2 or1 if the man be1 for the first time1 attempting to call attention to his case1 by the time he has got so far as to fairly say ,my ,lud6 what with the jeering looks of the ,lawyers1 his own ignorance of the mysteries1 and his wretchedness1 he either completely breaks down--or if the ,judge1 seeing a new face1 asks him to go on--almost at once perceives that the man is only a poor ruined suitor1 and is entirely out of order1 and cannot be heard6 ,he says3 ,you must sit down4 ,case ,hoggs v4 ,piggs is in order4 ,mr4 ,clerk call ,hoggs and ,piggs4 ,thus ,my ,lud will be as far as any poor ruined suitor will ever get6 ,besides the numerous1 worse than useless1 idlers 7,lawyers7 who fatten upon the industry of others1 and the loss inflicted by their voracity and by the other expenses1 this ,court devastates upon a scale beyond belief4 ,i was told by an ,english ,barbarian that he once tried to obtain one thousand of money from the ,court1 which the lawyers said there would be no difficulty in getting1 as it was clearly his2 it would be only a matter of form1 possibly some delay4 ,well1 said he to me1 ,i instructed my lawyer to go to the ,court and get the money4 ,he demanded fifty pounds to cover fees tin4 ,to make a short story1 he went to the ,court1 but ,i never got any money6 ,after ,i had actually paid in fees more than half of the one thousand1 the obstacles had grown to be so insurmountable that ,i merely dropped the matter4 ,but1 ,i said1 the thousand--who has that8 ,oh1 it is in the ,court of ,chancery6 ,another honest ,barbarian told me that he had spent all his life 7he was sixty7 studying and endeavouring to awaken attention to the abuses of this ,court--but in vain4 ,the attempt seemed hopeless4 ,the ,court was entrenched in the very frame of the body politic1 and nothing but reconstruction would answer2 and that reconstruction is probably only possible after first demolishing6 ,this man said that a prodigious sum--sixty millions of ,english money--was directly locked up2 and that of property of all sorts1 subject to the clutch or injured by the processes of the ,court it was incalculable1 and1 very likely1 would represent a tenth of all the valuables in the whole ,kingdom6 ,in my walks and in my travels1 sometimes in the city1 ,i would notice many houses1 with windows smashed out1 the walls tottering1 the doors hanging loosely1 or wholly gone1 the approaches filthy1 the whole place a nuisance1 injuring and depopulating all about it1 or filling the ever-spreading mischief with the vilest population4 ,i have asked an explanation--,oh1 it is in ,chancery4 ,in the midst of a village1 suddenly one comes upon a vacant space2 it is an abomination2 everything near catches the infection1 all that portion of an otherwise pretty place becomes a nuisance4 ,the character of the village at length suffers2 it becomes known as a place ruined by the ,court of ,chancery4 ,in fine1 whenever one sees a wrecked building1 or any property marked by neglect and verging to total destruction1 the explanation is3 ,it is in ,chancery4 ,and the same thing is often said of ruined men and women3 ,oh1 they have lost everything in the ,court of ,chancery6 ,to such an extent is the destruction of the ,court carried1 that the ,law-making ,houses are forced to interfere1 or perhaps the ,officers of ,health4 ,these may abate a nuisance1 and sometimes mere filth and indecencies are removed4 ,but nobody will improve a property to which he cannot have a certain and quiet possession4 ,therefore1 when the evil becomes intolerable1 the ,law-making ,houses make a ,law by which a property of this sort is sold1 under their guarantee that the buyer shall have perfect possession4 ,this is a thing next to an impossibility2 and nothing less than a great public evil too great to be endured1 will ever induce the ,lawyers who control the ,houses to interfere with the legitimate work of the ,court4 ,it is wonderful that the ,english ,barbarians submit to this ,court2 but one must consider that1 after all1 it is not so inconsistent with ,barbarian habits as it at first sight looks4 ,plunder is natural to all the tribes1 and especially to the ,english4 ,as nearly all plunder1 the thing is normal4 ,lawyers must live2 and the common ,english ,barbarian makes a business to keep out of their hands4 ,the ,higher ,castes enjoy so large a share of the gains1 and are1 in fact1 so largely interested in preserving the ,court1 that they do not care to move4 ,then1 to other causes1 must be added the stolid conceit of the ,english ,barbarians1 who really think everything ,english so much better than what can be found elsewhere1 that1 in respect of this very ,court1 admitting some abuses1 yet1 after all1 ,where else can you find such ,judges--men who cannot be bribed8 ,on the whole1 therefore1 with that conceited stolidity of character1 more remarkable in the ,english than in any other ,barbarians1 they come to regard even the worst of their institutions as better than the best of the rest of the world6 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,upon ,,education3 ,a ,,few ,,reflections4 ,in our ,illustrious and ,central ,kingdom1 from times long before the ,barbarians beyond the great ,seas existed1 or1 at any rate1 had any name or place in the earliest records1 it has been the established rule that ,learning 7,li-te-su7 should be the fountain of honour--that there is no nobility of birth4 ,under the ,illustrious1 the ,son of ,heaven1 all were equal subjects--children--and that which made one more distinguished than another was ,wisdom4 ,this ,wisdom1 a knowledge of men and things2 of the proper maxims ri-te-es of morality and government1 and their proper application to human affairs4 ,the ,central idea was to know oneself1 and thus to know others--to add to this1 technical knowledge1 and the knowledge of our ,illustrious annals and customs4 ,the mandarins1 great officers of our ,illustrious1 have no rights of birth4 ,according to their class in the ,schools of ,examination1 they are selected to advise1 to administer1 to govern in the ,provinces1 and order the forces for the keeping of due order4 ,they rank in the degree of the excellency of their registration in the great ,schools of ,examination4 ,but it is very different with the ,western ,barbarians1 where birth gives a right to exalted place in ,government6 ,power1 among the ,english1 is wholly in the hands of this hereditary class--called ,nobility--elsewhere called ,aristocracy ,fo-hi4 ,thus1 learning has been unimportant1 unless as a sort of accomplishment2 and been mostly confined to ,priests4 ,with them1 it was a means of increased influence1 and added to the effect of the ,superstitious pretensions4 ,force and fraud being the main agents of ,government and sources of distinction1 learning was not merely disregarded1 but held in contempt by the ,high-,caste4 ,what learning there was 7chiefly confined to the ,priests71 busied itself with the ,superstition1 and with the ancient tongues2 because with these ,superstition had its literary roots4 ,still1 some grew more inquisitive1 especially outside the ,priestly order1 and learning made some progress4 ,gradually1 there emerged from the ,halls of ,learning1 rules1 which 7countenanced by some ,sovereigns71 began to influence ,society4 ,for ,sovereigns1 and the ,high-,caste1 had begun1 in some measure1 to affect a liking for learning--confined1 however1 almost wholly to the narrow range referred to4 ,these rules were in fact ,,degrees2 which conferred upon the possessor a ,literary distinction4 ,the ,halls of ,learning1 which had been in good measure established by ,sovereigns1 out of plunder1 upon the orders of ,priests 7who would obtain the money through the ,ruler's dread of the devil1 when apprehending or near to death72 these1 alone1 could confer the degrees4 ,no power accompanied them4 ,they1 merely1 became requisite to any one who wished to enter upon1 what is called1 the ,learned professions4 ,these are of the ,superstition1 of the ,law1 and of ,medicine4 ,soon1 in these employments1 the degrees became quite ,cabalistic2 and made these callings mysteries to the rest of the world4 ,what was intended to be evidence of fitness1 was soon perverted to be a form of initiation into an exclusive ,society2 whose members insisted1 not upon fitness1 but upon compliance with arbitrary rules4 ,this was made especially the case with the ,law1 and with ,medicine4 ,the degree was supposed to refer to proper qualifications for the practice of ,law1 and knowledge of ,medicine1 with its proper use in the healing art4 ,it did nothing of the sort4 ,it gave a presumption 7but by no means a true one7 that its holder knew something of the ancient ,roman and ,greek languages3 not any presumption that1 in the case of ,medicine1 there was any knowledge of the articles of ,medicine1 nor of their proper use2 or of the human body to which they were to be administered4 ,nor any1 that in the ,law1 there was any knowledge of the ,statutes1 laws and customs of the ,realm1 nor even of its ,common annals6 ,medicine and ,law suffered from this ,sham2 because men naturally used what little they did know2 and1 as to the ,roman tongue1 some1 and the ,greek1 less1 were in their heads2 and the whole practice of ,medicine and ,law was in their ignorant hands2 what could follow1 but to muddle these with the useless obscurity and jargon of the unknown forms6 ,the ,priests had also thrown around the ,superstition the same jargon1 and kept up the requisition for a degree--as if any true morality and worship were necessarily connected with a literature1 denounced by themselves as impure and pagan6 ,notwithstanding these ignorant and selfish abuses1 it was impossible to make the acquisition of even such narrow learning wholly useless4 ,it was narrow1 and even hurtful1 by being perverted to selfish ends1 and preventing honest and independent research4 ,still1 it did work upon some minds to better use2 and it gradually evolved a better learning1 when the ,ancient ,literature really worked in free and broader channels4 ,the ,high-,castes are less indifferent to literary attainments2 and learning1 in a more comprehensive sense1 is becoming more esteemed4 ,it is no longer limited to verbal knowledge2 to ancient1 dead forms--though these are still so paramount that1 if a man were to be the wisest and most learned of mankind1 and was deficient in these1 he could not receive a ,degree--he would be unlearned6 ,useful1 true and honest knowledge1 outside the great ,halls of ,learning1 is making some advance2 though in them1 the old1 pedantic1 and superstitious notions yet prevail4 ,the new ,literati1 founders of a larger and truer teaching1 endeavour with difficulty to get some respect and honour to attach to the degrees which they timidly register4 ,the ,high-,caste1 in general1 disregard this better knowledge1 and adhere to the old ,superstitions and traditions--regarding that man only as learned who has the ancient badge2 though1 to any useful purpose1 a fool4 ,the ,high-,caste also stupidly support the old preparatory schools2 and will not1 if they can help it1 suffer any of the ,lower-,caste to enter them4 ,in these1 the barbarous customs continue2 if one goes into them1 he is at once carried backwards into the dark ages 7as even the ,barbarians call them72 ages1 when the ,priests had all the ,learning--wretched as it was--and when the ,superstition coloured and directed everything4 ,here1 the dead tongues are the chief studies1 with something of the ancient puzzles as to ,lines and ,points--for the most part useless--with a style of administration fitted to the savage brutality of those times4 ,the only part of the training cared for by the youths1 is that which developes the forces of the body4 ,the disgusting ,ring ,fight1 referred to elsewhere1 is a common pastime2 and the lad is a milksop kou-ad who really avoids the rude crowd1 and wishes to study4 ,to be respected he must fight his way1 and be feared4 ,if1 by chance1 some lad of the ,lower-,caste be entered1 by the foolish wish of the father to bring the son into the polished circle of the ,high-,caste1 he will be polished off 7as these young ,barbarians say71 in a manner never dreamed of4 ,the poor lad will be beaten1 humiliated1 and driven from the ,school2 unless1 indeed1 he be strong enough to bully and beat his tormentors6 ,very comically1 in one part of these brutal fights1 when one has got his antagonist completely in his power1 and can bruise him as he pleases1 the position is called being in ,chancery6 ,one of the fittest illustrations possible1 of the universality of the judgment which places that ,court among things the most repulsive6 ,the younger in these schools are the ,slaves1 for the time being1 to the older and stronger2 in fact1 the whole effect of the training is really to make these youths selfish1 quick of quarrel1 hardy of body1 and barbarous2 to prepare them for the lives of predatory exploit1 upon which fortune and all the best honours depend--learning being subordinate1 and disregarded1 unless it further the main purpose4 ,force is still the god of these ,barbarians1 and ,jah is worshipped because he1 in this1 fits them4 ,the intellect is improved only that ,force may be developed and disciplined to its most effective use4 ,one sees this everywhere4 ,to invent the most destructive engines of war for the wholesale slaughter of the human species1 to add to the swiftness of movement1 to the durability and weight of action1 to the means of assault and of defence1 to bend the mind to uses based upon the idea that the normal condition of man is that of a tiger with man's intellect1 to make the beast something inexpressibly dreadful6 ,the greater portion of the people remain sunk in the grossest ignorance--scarcely knowing 7the most of them7 much even of the ,superstition1 other than crude notions of ,hell and the ,devil4 ,in this1 probably1 they are not much to be pitied2 though in losing the precepts of ,christ1 and seeing around them the conduct of ,christ-god worshippers1 they are to be commiserated4 ,they look with the contempt of ignorance upon foreigners1 and call the people of distant seas ,heathen1 only fit for the ,hell6 ,as ,i have said1 in another place1 some attempts are being made to give this degraded populace1 at least1 the rudiments of learning4 ,the task is hard1 and made nearly impracticable by the stolid indifference of the ,low-,castes1 and their positive hostility to anything which interferes with their habits4 ,they are very ,english1 not different from their betters1 and resent any sort of change as an interference with their individual freedom of action4 ,to make these degraded beings slaves1 you must not seize the individual--you must act upon them as a class--and they resent the attempt to teach them4 ,compulsion will be resorted to4 ,the ,english ,barbarians have a proverb li-tze1 ,one may lead a horse to the water1 but who can make him drink8 ,these people may be forced to the springs of learning1 but who shall make them drink--unless beer8 7,this is the common drink1 very muddling2 used to an astonishing quantity47 ,the women are not admitted to the ,halls of ,learning1 though they are to be seen everywhere4 ,men do not wish them to be educated in those things admired by men--it would1 as they think1 make brutes of them4 ,in this they are right2 yet there is no consistency of idea in the general treatment of the sex1 as will easily be gathered from these observations4 ,a learned woman--that is1 one who has acquired the sort of education recognised by the ,literati--is disliked by her own sex as well as by the men4 ,the men will not marry her1 unless she can buy a husband4 ,this she may be able to do if she have money in abundance4 ,the things which may make them attractive and entertaining to the men1 and be likely to secure a desirable husband1 are the only things cared for4 ,some music1 some drawing1 a little acquaintance with the language of the chief tribe on the main parts1 reading and writing1 are the intellectual studies4 ,but the engrossing pursuits are those which are supposed to add to female attractiveness4 ,to ,,dress1 so as to enhance the delight of form2 to cover1 and yet to show with added suggestion2 to move with grace2 to carry the head2 to use with tender1 or arch1 or modest1 or haughty expression1 the eyes2 to turn the feet and arrange the limbs2 to make the shoulders beautiful1 and the neck and bust charming2 to torture the hair and ornament the whole body2 the ear-tips1 the fingers1 the eyebrows and lashes--to do these1 and innumerable other things by which the sex shall be made irresistible ,kou-ket1 these are the real cares4 ,dancing ma-d-wo is among the most admired of all accomplishments1 and the game of ,waltzing its most perfect development4 ,in this art of dancing both sexes take part1 and ,i may merely say to our ,flowery ,land1 that we have nothing like it1 and what little we have in any degree to represent it is confined to licensed girls1 without1 even with them1 permitting men to take part6 ,in this dancing the utmost female art 7blandishment7 is permitted1 and it is the one by which1 and in the intricacies of which the male is most surely expected to be ensnared6 ,women are1 also1 particularly among the ,high-,caste1 taught in riding on horses1 in driving them attached to carriages2 in running and walking2 and even in swimming4 ,also in rowing in boats1 in the use of bows and arrows1 and many other things1 which are very strange to us4 ,but the sex like passionately the outdoor sports of men2 and1 in truth1 show the barbarous instinct quite as clearly as do the males4 ,they are attached to dogs1 cats1 and other creatures1 which they fondle and dandle in the most disgusting manner4 ,the women of the ,low-,castes1 to the best of their ability1 follow the example of their superiors2 and make such copy as they can4 ,they imitate the dress1 the gait1 the airs and graces of the ,high-,caste1 often with a ludicrous effect6 ,when they dance1 they may not dance with the elegant abandon lan-gu-tze of the lazy and rich1 but they can contrive to be quite as effective6 ,the male of the ,low-,caste feels but cannot escape the snare6 ,accomplishments1 directed to the one object of finding a desirable man1 who will take them at the least cost off the hands of their relatives1 are the things which occupy the time of women2 the lower orders1 in so far as possible1 giving to the poor imitations that time which ought to go to useful objects4 ,a poor and obscure girl prefers to be something like a lady 7that is1 a bad copy in dress and bearing71 than to be really instructed in letters3 because she sees herself more admired by the male1 and more likely to dispose of herself to a husband4 ,the great pursuit among ,high-,caste families is man--a man who may be bought1 and whom it is desirable to buy1 to be a husband for a daughter1 or relative4 ,all domestic art and diplomacy are bent to this end2 and1 as men do not like learned women1 whom they nick-name strong-minded1 women do not wish to be learned4 ,if from exceptional circumstances a young woman be well educated1 and wish to marry1 she carefully conceals her knowledge1 and displays her accomplishments1 and all the power of her charms 7as the ,english poets have it74 ,an educated female had better appear to be an accomplished fool1 than a wise and learned woman--if she wish to buy a husband4 ,for she must have a large sum1 indeed1 if she be known to be learned6--a ,blue-stocking ,zu-re-to4 ,there are some women who have acquired knowledge1 and look with disdain upon the arts1 airs1 and graces of their weak ,sisters4 ,they appear in public ,halls of debate 7as talking-places are called72 and1 mixing with men1 assume an equality of mental force and culture4 ,they interest themselves like men1 in all matters of general concern4 ,they take in hand1 or endeavour to take in hand1 the care of ,women2 and demand an enlarged sphere for her action1 and a reformed and proper recognition of her rights4 ,hence1 these women are called1 besides strong-minded1 ,women's rights women4 ,they are nearly always old1 ugly1 and wholly and hopelessly incapacitated from longer pursuing men2 even1 in their inordinate vanity1 that pursuit is abandoned4 ,there are some trifling exceptions--of women who like to astonish1 and of others who1 in talking1 find a means of living--to whom all personal comeliness is not yet a tradition4 ,but for these1 the ,women's rights movement would dwindle away2 these sometimes commanding an influence either of money or family1 draw into their circle a few men--remarkable1 in general1 for eccentricity of some kind1 or led very often completely by a woman of the order4 ,the whole thing is inexplicable to our social usages2 but is not an excrescence--only a natural outgrowth upon a diseased system4 ,the position of women in the ,barbarian ,society is a feature very striking and very anomalous1 and may receive attention in another place4 ,on the whole1 one may see that education in its true and exalted sense is scarcely comprehended among the ,barbarians4 ,the moral function and the mind subordinate to that1 and the body--its passions1 its greed1 its brutality1 wholly subordinate to the morally trained mind--education1 grounded upon this central idea1 has but feeble recognition4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,of ,,the ,,literature ,,of ,,the ,,english4 ,there are innumerable books2 and the conceit of these ,barbarians attaches to them as to everything in their ,enlightened ,world 7,litz-i-ten74 ,nothing outside of the ,christ-god worshippers is allowed to be enlightened--all else is darkness4 ,this is true as to their opinion1 strange as it looks2 and all the ,literature in every part of it shows this4 ,the attainments and the experience of all to whom this worship is unknown1 receive no other than a curious attention from a few of the literati4 ,but we know that this conceit is absurd2 ignorant and superstitious ,barbarians really think that1 without the adoption of their ,jah-,christ-,jew superstition1 with all the ,canons1 no true morality1 no real civilisation1 exists1 nor can exist6 ,this ,i must premise2 because we may dismiss at once the larger portion of the ,barbarian ,literature1 inasmuch as it relates to the great ,superstition4 ,it is everywhere1 striking into and permeating everything1 to be sure2 but ,i refer to works avowedly devoted to it4 ,it makes the ,books largely unreadable to one having no sympathy with the author2 and it requires patience and a long use to get over the disgust caused by the offensive pretensions and ignorant references4 ,the ,poetry of a people is generally placed first among the ,barbarian ,literati2 and of this form the ,western tribes are very fond4 ,the ,english boast that in this they excel all others2 though1 for that matter1 the same boast is made in everything4 ,the larger part of the ,poetry may be called trash 7ru-b-isti74 ,iterations and reiterations of the same conceits1 the same shallow sentiments1 the same metaphors1 mostly of an amatory and indelicate sort4 ,poems1 often tedious1 verbose1 strangely mixed with matters of the ,superstition and of the ancient 7,roman7 myths2 laudatory performances1 beslobbering 7spr-au-fo7 great men with empty compliments1 or giving lying exaltation to the fancied virtues of the eminently bad2 dull and long-winded reflections from minds too obscure to reflect anything1 unless with an added obscurity2 an enormous ,waste 7,ban-s-he7 which the ,english themselves never traverse4 ,poetry with the ,barbarians is far more esteemed than with us1 although in our annals are found evidences of its immemorial existence4 ,as with us1 it takes many forms1 and is reduced to an art4 ,the two greatest names are ,milton and ,shakespeare4 ,the first of these is esteemed as the most sublime of all poets1 ancient or modern--but it is needful to fix the quality1 the essence of the sublime6 ,of the gloomy grandeur of the man1 and of his power of suggesting the vast and the intangible1 there can be no doubt4 ,nor is he wanting in a mournful sweetness--the plaint of a beneficent being who feels an eternal despair6 ,nor can it be otherwise1 for the grand imagination of ,milton is wholly occupied with the devils of the ,barbarian ,superstition6 ,with its terrible images--with the ,hell in which they and lost men for ever burn in eternal fires1 and yet are never consumed6 ,he introduces the reader 7in his great ,poem7 to ,paradise ,kar-din1 where man once lived in perfect wisdom and happiness--and here the ,poet is full of that sad1 that tender1 that inexpressible1 sweet despair6 ,from this ,paradise 7as said elsewhere7 man was enticed by ,satan1 who had been set free from ,hell for the very purpose2 and then follow all the surprising pictures1 vast1 terrible1 indescribable--only possible to a mind fully possessed by all the horrors of the ,jew ,jah-god ,idolatry4 ,shakespeare1 with a healthier mind1 one not distorted by the ,superstition1 and with a human1 natural vigour and feeling1 writes in a manner to interest man4 ,on the whole1 the ,english ,barbarians place him far above all others of any time or place--call him the ,divine ,shakespeare6 ,this is very easy with a people who know nothing of the poetry of the great ,east1 nor of that of our ,flowery ,kingdom--in truth1 have but a slight acquaintance with the writers of the other ,barbarians6 ,disregarding this foolish conceit1 we may admit that this man shows a broad and comprehensive intellect--he is one who knows something of himself1 and that self is a manly self4 ,and he simply exhibits himself in those creations of his fancy1 wherein a great variety of men and women show the passions1 follies1 and changing interests of life4 ,he has the power of vividly seeing and of clearly showing what in his mind he sees1 and in language often low and uncouth1 but frequently in fine and lofty tones4 ,his certain knowledge of himself gives pithy form to his wit2 and his expressions are the direct utterances of one who sees1 not of one who does not nor cannot see4 ,his1 on the whole1 was a very large and true manhood1 which1 in spite of unfavourable influences and some tarnish1 manifested itself1 and occasionally in grand and beautiful forms4 ,in very garbage there are sparkling gems4 ,he often offends decency1 but is less indecent than his time--and when he is simply himself1 the natural morality of a large man becomes conspicuous4 ,some of his minor things1 based on the affectations of his period1 and formed on bad models1 which he weakly copies1 are not without marks of his rich fancy1 yet are so indecent that in our ,flowery ,land they would be suppressed4 ,none the less1 you will find these objectionable verses in the hands of the youth of both sexes4 ,this degradation of the moral sense is very common4 ,it finds form in the versification of those poets whom the ,english style ,amatory--chiefly with them1 but more repulsively with the play-writers4 ,examples of this indelicacy and coarseness are lying about anywhere4 ,it seems to us very strange3 for to what good8 ,no doubt1 poetry very properly deals with human emotions and interests2 but why should the poet dare to print what he would not dare to utter1 unless among the shameless6 ,some of these trivialities are not wanting in sweetness and tenderness--and some have a very refined feeling4 ,the great blemish is falseness4 ,the ,western ,barbarians addict themselves always to a false and affected mode whenever they address themselves to the female3 and the style is absurd4 ,it is borrowed from the obsolete manners of ages ago1 when it was the fashion phan-ti-te to pretend the most exalted reverence for the sex4 ,they were addressed as goddesses1 and there was a whole armoury of weapons of ,love1 from which these fantastic poets armed their divinities1 and pretended to be pierced through and through1 wounded1 bleeding1 at their feet6 ,dying1 transfixed1 and rolling their languishing eyes in death1 imploring the goddesses to save them1 even if by one glance of their bright eyes6 ,the amount of this nonsense is perfectly astonishing6 ,i give a fair specimen here from a much admired writer of this class3-- ,sweet ,phillis1 idol of my heart1 ,oh1 turn to me those tender eyes6 ,transfix my breast with ,cupid's dart1 ,but listen to my dying sighs6 ,i cling1 imploring1 to your knees2 ,oh1 cruel goddess1 turn to me6 ,one kiss the burning pain will ease-- ,thy lips give ,immortality6 ,the ,elegiac mo-un-fu is1 perhaps1 the most cultured among the refined poets4 ,the most distinguished of the ,english living writers of verse is very elegant in this form4 ,he cannot emancipate himself from the habits of his people--for the wretched he can find no solace but in the ,superstitions of the ,christ-god worship4 ,he demands a ,sacrifice quite inhuman1 when he suggests the only remedy for human grief4 ,possibly1 he finds in this1 a meaning of a different kind from what the language 7used in the ,superstition7 itself implies4 ,he may see a meaning common to all sorrowful and thoughtful men--,self-,sacrifice1 demanded by the highest perception of justice1 and1 therefore1 inevitable4 ,in this department some of the minor poets sing very sweetly1 tenderly--with a nice refinement4 ,generally1 however1 there is a sort of despair wailing in an under-tone of pathos4 ,it would seem to arise from the gloomy spirit of the ,barbarian nature1 intensified by the terrible ,superstition4 ,the comic poets are coarse1 trivial1 and not much esteemed4 ,there is humour1 but it is of the barbarous and unclean4 ,it is frequently strangely fantastic1 and delights in laughing at the terrific in the ,sacred ,writings1 or at the ,priests1 in a covert manner2 often in travesties of the prayers1 rites1 and other holy things1 which no one would dare openly to ridicule4 ,poetry is not much read1 unless by young girls and lads1 who1 in the season of the sentiments1 find food to feed their desires1 or to print their tender epistles and speeches1 in the ,sentimental ,authors4 ,very rarely is there anything striking or true2 and the mass of ,verses1 after receiving the paid-for attention of the daily writers1 sleep a sleep of oblivion4 ,the ,prose writings are innumerable--largely1 however1 mere re-hashes mi-pi-stu of existing works4 ,it is a trade to make these new forms of old books--cutting down1 working over1 and revising4 ,history1 accounts of bloody fights1 forays1 commotions1 massacres1 and burnings1 now by one ,christ-god tribe and now by another2 ,biography1 ,travels1 ,lives of ,great men 7never heard of out of some ,barbarian tribe72 these are many1 and read by the ,literati4 ,a few books1 rarely read1 devoted to ,science and to ,art1 are printed1 commonly to the ruin of the printers4 ,of romances and novels there are no ends4 ,with these and the newspapers the ,english ,barbarians almost entirely occupy themselves1 when they do read4 ,the novels pretend to portray life1 in its usual vicissitudes and with a natural show of the feelings4 ,but the feeling depicted is that of ,love1 and the ,life1 the life of a ,lover4 ,in this curious creature1 unknown in our ,central ,kingdom1 the ,english young people of both sexes delight4 ,i cannot describe him2 he has no existence outside of a diseased brain4 ,the great ,shakespeare describes him1 ,sighing like a furnace1 with a woful ballad made to his mistress' eyebrow6 which will do as well as a more extended notice4 ,there are ,metaphysical works4 ,we have no term to represent it4 ,it is a book which dimly suggests phantoms--things unseen1 and not to be seen--mere words without bodies4 ,usually1 making the matters of the common ,worship still more inscrutable4 ,close to these1 and blended often in a confused mixture with them--a compound defying all reasonable analysis--come the ,philosophical4 ,this term is a grand one with the ,barbarians1 and embraces all knowledge4 ,the ,philosophical writers pretend to the most exalted insight and outsight--they measure the whole infinite and finite1 mind1 matter1 and the very nature of moral and divine things4 ,the ,philosopher loves ,wisdom1 and ,wisdom loves and teaches him6 ,each philosopher1 however1 knowing everything1 knows some things better than others2 and usually exhibits to the world that eccentricity by which he is known4 ,he parades this on all public occasions of the ,literati2 and feels happy and serene mounted on his ,hobby-horse 7again we have nothing to fit this word7--he appropriates the name of the ridden ,hobby4 ,thus1 some time since1 one of these discovered and taught that man was an ,ape--an ,ape of high form4 ,this discovery was not very well received2 however1 he was afterwards honoured by a title derived from his ancestor1 and styled the ,simian philosopher4 ,in the old ,roman1 ,simia means ,ape4 ,he is vulgarly and better known1 however1 as the ,hobby-horse philosopher1 from his own name1 ,hobbs6 ,just now1 this speculation has revived again1 with but slight change4 ,one ,darwin dreams of immortality from the usefulness of his theory4 ,in this1 man no doubt is found in the ,simia1 but he passes through that type2 it is well enough to find there the immediate origin1 but the true germ lies further back among the tadpoles6 ,i do not know what tadpoles are1 and did not think it worth while to inquire4 ,this philosophy1 called ,darwinian1 is greatly admired for its profundity--especially by the select circle of ,mutual ,admiring ,thinkers--but is strongly denounced by the ,bonzes1 and by the ,halls of ,learning and ,literati of the ,superstition4 ,it makes man no immortal being at all1 these say2 and dethrones all the gods4 ,in our ,flowery ,land we may smile at these speculations and eccentricities--for such and similar vagaries are as old as ,literature2 and the special notion of ,darwin1 as to the ,origin of ,species1 has not even the attraction of novelty4 ,the speculation of evolution1 by which all visible forms are developed from a form less perfect below it1 and this from another below that1 and so on1 down to the beginning1 is a clumsy mode of stating that original forms were few1 and contained wrapped up in them1 many--and that possibly there may have been primarily only one1 containing all6 ,the ,sovereign ,lord ,himself6 ,in truth1 it is the immemorial out of nothing idea2 for when a creator of worlds1 in the shape of man1 has got to a single form containing all1 he has yet to account for that ,single ,form4 ,the few1 most advanced of the ,barbarian ,philosophers1 cut adrift entirely from the ,superstition4 ,they copy largely from the ,greeks1 ,romans1 and ancient peoples1 who said1 on such subjects1 over and over again what these modern imitators say--and said it better4 ,in ,physics these moderns think themselves wiser4 ,they may be1 in the use of some things1 but are not in the nature4 ,our ,sect called ,taos-se resemble these speculative writers in many things3 the ,english may not directly teach the ,metempsychosis2 but in effect it is the same4 ,evolution may hold to an original germ which is fixed and indestructible2 yet what matters if to the observer this germ takes on every possible shape6 ,the ,metempsychosis does not contradict the notion of an original germ--it is entirely consistent with it4 ,this speculative inquiry into the nature of things is as old as man1 who1 even before he knows how to formulate his thoughts1 has the deep shadows of them4 ,the ,old ,greeks introduced the ,literature of these fancies to the ,western ,barbarians1 though themselves were no more than bright and beautiful dreamers of old dreams4 ,the human intellect will always1 as it has always1 search into the unsearchable1 applying to it whatever of sharpness1 of imagination1 of culture1 it may have4 ,there will be the inquiry1 but never the answer4 ,the mind itself finds its advantage2 nor could the ,sovereign ,lord have designed otherwise1 else the intellect would not persist in a vain task4 ,nevertheless1 wise men rest satisfied with the intuitions of the moral and intellectual nature4 ,the origin and essence of the ,sovereign ,lord and of the visible world cannot be known4 ,the source1 the purpose1 the end1 and the nature of ,things are beyond the scope of man4 ,he may ask1 and he may find delight in the asking2 for new ranges and glimpses of the infinite may flash upon him4 ,but when he thinks he knows--that he has discovered--he is a fool6 ,another department of what is called ,philosophy deals with the mind1 as the part just referred to more particularly affects to deal with matter4 ,and writers upon the mind1 when they speak of the moral function1 call that by another name4 ,thus we have the ,intellectual and ,moral philosophers1 with their many books4 ,very commonly this division is not sustained1 and moral and merely mental evolutions run together4 ,indeed1 there are those who deride this division1 and assert that the moral has no real existence2 that the mind itself is but matter instinct of life1 and has no existence independent of material organisms4 ,they say that man is an animal endowed with ,life1 and that this occult and hidden force is indivisible4 ,that divisions of the faculties may be convenient to give exactness to mental movements1 but are otherwise fanciful4 ,they deny a ,moral faculty1 asserting that it is only a peculiar refinement of the life-instinct2 that the wish to do honestly is no more than this1 and1 educated to enlarged views1 expands into all that man conceives of ,justice4 ,that you may just as easily train one to do dishonestly2 and then an honest act gives pain4 ,this proves the very proposition denied--the faculty may be misinformed--the pain demonstrates the existence of the faculty4 ,an animal has the ,life-,instinct or mind1 if you will2 but who imagines that the animal is ever pained by any remorse6 ,to this1 these philosophers reply that the pain does not really exist only as the remains of a secondary instinct1 remembering consciously or unconsciously the penalty awaiting disobedience4 ,the animal1 they say1 may be so trained that it will feel this pain or shame2 and man1 for ages disciplined1 transmits to his offspring this secondary instinct of inherited fear2 and1 here1 is the so-called moral faculty4 ,i may be pardoned in this tedious attempt to give the ,flowery ,kingdom some insight into the thoughts of the ,barbarians on abstract matters1 not for their novelty1 but as a further illustration of that which is so well understood by our ,literati--to say1 the ceaseless activity of the human mind and its tireless inquiry into the things of the mighty world4 ,a beneficent fact or it would not be4 ,perverted by vain thinkers1 who do not think1 because egotist2 yet in humble men1 conscious of ignorance1 a solace4 ,these reverence the ,sovereign ,lord1 never comprehending other than ,his infinite ,wisdom 7and this by delightful flashes71 nor ,his works1 nor ,his methods1 nor the use of ,man1 nor of any the smallest thing1 nor the origin1 nor the design6 ,enough that ,he is1 and that by some inscrutable1 though certain sense1 man1 with a grateful joy bounds towards ,him1 claims to be ,his1 and feels ,immortal6 ,the ,barbarian ,literati have often rested upon the ,greeks as final in ,metaphysics4 ,plato1 whom they call ,divine1 was very generally followed in his notion respecting the eternal and independent existence of spirit and matter4 ,but the newer men insist upon one substance only1 and remove the ,sovereign ,lord so far back into the deeps of an ,unknown1 that he vanishes1 or becomes an unintelligent and unconscious ,cause4 ,here again reproducing the ,fate of remote antiquity4 ,one school of ,philosophers indulges in a curious form of materializing the mind4 ,pretending to fix all the mental and moral processes in the very substance of the brain1 they declare that by a careful examination of the head1 the exact qualities of the individual may be discovered6 ,some of these pretend to be teachers and ,indicators--for fees1 giving a precise chart to any one who wishes of the forces of the brain1 so that he may order his affairs accordingly4 ,they profess to tell parents in what art or business a child should be placed1 and in what manner certain good qualities may be made to grow and bad ones to shrink6 ,they say that over each thinking part of the brain rises a corresponding bump ,ko-be1 that these bumps contain3 some thoughts of music1 some of hate1 some of love1 some of numbers1 some of place1 and so on4 ,they make charts showing these bumps and the thoughts which lie beneath them6 ,these they sell1 marking the bumps 7after examination7 to show the person what he is4 ,if1 for instance1 his acquisitiveness 7thoughts to take things7 is a very large bump1 he must develop a counteracting bump or he will assuredly become a thief6 ,it is not quite clear how this development is to be brought about4 ,some carry this absurdity so far as to say that a man with bad bumps is not responsible--he ought rather to be regarded as an object to be cared for by the ,state4 ,before the bumps of the child be formed and hardened1 any form may be given to them1 by applying a gentle and continuous pressure4 ,government1 therefore1 ought to have all children examined in youth1 and apply to the heads the proper moulds6 ,in this way a perfectly moral society would be assured6 ,i refer to this nonsense as the only novel speculation among the ,western ,barbarians4 ,and any one can readily discover in this1 old notions moulded into a defined and material shape1 to give charlatans ,qu-ak-st an opportunity to plunder4 ,there are many books of the ,moral ,philosophers1 who make a ,science of certain movements of mind1 and call it ,ethical4 ,but these books are to our habits useless or absurd--sometimes positively hurtful4 ,the idolatries and superstitions colour and distort--distinctions are confounded1 and a rational morality wanting4 ,a merely ,jewish ordinance from the ,sacred ,writings is made as important as a plain moral precept4 ,the human conscience is overloaded with arbitrary and unreasonable matters taken from the ,superstition1 and1 bewildered1 despairs of well-doing4 ,to offend in some priestly dogma1 is more terrible than to break an established law of honesty4 ,disobedience in the false demoralises the conscience as much as disobedience in the true1 when both are received as true4 ,in fact most of the moral books are merely books written to uphold the great ,superstition1 and the morality is debased by its injurious connection4 ,by what strange perversion could the cultivated mind ever be brought to announce a principle like this1 to say2 ,belief alone saves man from eternal ,hell2 morality without it is only a snare of the ,devil4 ,belief means an undoubting acceptance of all the pretensions of the ,superstition 7as explained elsewhere74 ,what must be the effect of teaching so false and presumptuous an enormity8 ,the ,sovereign ,lord will not deign to look with pity4 ,he is a consuming fire6 ,heart and hands pure--a life of disinterestedness--worship warm1 grateful4 ,nothing worse4 ,first1 ,,believe--in the most monstrous thing which the diseased human imagination ever created--the ,jew-,jah theology and worship6 ,when a system of morals is based upon such a pretension1 it can only be hurtful2 unless1 as is largely the fact1 the healthy human instinct unconsciously rejects the error4 ,still1 great harm is done--must be done4 ,and how much of prevailing licentiousness and barbarism may be placed to account of this false system cannot be defined4 ,it is the immediate father of ,atheism4 ,men reject the tremendous assumptions and believe nothing4 ,but tender consciences1 those in whom the divine faculty is large and clear1 in general1 directed by a true consciousness1 simply disregard the horribly false things and attach themselves to the true4 ,in this1 vindicating the nobility of nature1 which rises to its true recognition of the ,sovereign ,lord1 in spite of surrounding errors4 ,but1 others1 not so strong1 delicate in conscience and feeble in mind1 become the victims of this dreadful system4 ,thus it is also the father of ,idolatry4 ,for these victims1 fearful of eternal destruction1 place themselves entirely in the hands of the ,bonzes1 and adore all the gods and observe all the rites4 ,they cannot be sure1 of themselves1 that they do properly ,believe2 a thing of a very mysterious nature1 concerning which 7as ,i have remarked7 the contention is ceaseless4 ,nor can these victims of the ,superstition1 ardent devotees though they be1 always obtain satisfactory evidence that their ,salvation is sure4 ,then follow the self-imposed penances1 and the sacrifices imposed by the ,bonzes4 ,they are victimised by the ,bonzes in an endless variety of ways4 ,some build ,temples2 some go about begging1 in mean garbs1 to get money for the poor ,bonzes2 and the like2 much as we see among our superstitious devotees4 ,superstition merely reproduces its natural effects1 varied according to the circumstances4 ,still there remain those poor creatures to whom no escape is possible4 ,they struggle in vain with the dark doubts which envelop them4 ,they believe in all the horrors of their worship3 that but a few are saved from hell2 that goodness1 charity1 self-sacrifice1 gifts to the ,temples1 to the poor1 even to the ,bonzes--nothing avails4 ,unless they have believed and been duly accepted and enrolled among the ,elect-few1 they are merely children of the ,devil1 awaiting death1 when they become his associate in ,fires of the tormented1 for ever and ever6 ,these poor wretches feel already all the horrors of the damned4 ,they find no solace in a moral life2 no peace in a grateful heart1 turned to a benign1 ,heavenly ,father4 ,to yield to the natural emotions1 to indulge in this peace1 is vanity--is to be ensnared in the wiles of the enemy of ,souls6 ,they catch sometimes feebly at a hope of ,salvation1 then fall again into a dreadful despair4 ,at last the feeble mind gives way4 ,they feel themselves already lost2 they fancy they have committed the ,sin which ,jah himself will never pardon--7to use the words of the ,sacred ,writings7--the sin against the ,holy ,ghost1 for ever unpardonable--they writhe1 they cry1 they beat their breasts1 they fall down in unspeakable agony--the pains of ,hell have got hold of them6 ,this is again from the ,sacred books4 ,the scene closes in death1 or worse1 in a mad-house2 where in chains or under vigilant keepers 7to prevent self-destruction or the destruction of others71 these wretches vanish from human hope and sympathy6 ,the frightful ,superstition in these victims has been a reality6 ,and no human mind can bear that and live6 ,i will close these remarks upon the ,literature of the ,english ,barbarians1 by giving some examples of the different poetic compositions4 ,from an ,amatory poet1 who refers to the conjugal endearments of the ,roman ,jupiter and his goddess--,queen ,juno1 on ,mount ,ida1 where1 according to the old traditions of the ,greeks1 these gods often resorted3-- ,when ,juno makes the bed for ,jove1 ,and waits the god with blushing grace-- ,soft music charms the air above1 ,and breathing fragrance fills the place4 ,mortals expect the deep repose2 ,ocean is calm1 the ,winds are still1 ,the heavenly rapture overflows1 ,and ,nature feels th' ecstatic thrill4 ,i think our poorest poets could have improved upon makes the bed4 ,in cold ,england1 however1 bed-making is important4 ,and for a wife of the ,upper ,castes to make the bed for her ,lord1 with her own hands1 is to show a great love and devotion4 ,it is laughable to think of the goddess so domestically employed1 though the top of ,mount ,ida must be cold enough6 ,the poetry of the ,idolatry has much of an amatory sort1 very curiously mixed with its terrors4 ,i give a rather refined specimen1 quite free of the diabolic3-- ,what grief1 what darkness fills my breast1 ,that coldly ,i have strayed from thee6 ,thou art my ,love1 my ,life1 my ,rest2 ,all other love doth fade and die4 ,oh1 never may the joys of sense1 ,entice my ardent soul again6 ,thou art my only sweet ,defence-- ,to love thee not is endless pain6 ,from an unknown writer ,i extract the following1 who refers to a great ,sailor of the ,western ,barbarians4 ,this man1 repressing the revolts of his crew1 with undaunted mind1 day after day1 and night after night1 for weeks and weeks1 still kept on1 steering westerly across the infinite1 big seas4 ,possessed with one great and fixed idea--that ,land lie beyond4 ,at length1 when all hope had nearly died1 far away like a cloud1 the great ,new ,world was discovered6 ,we know of this in our ,annals1 in the dynasty ,ming4 ,to be--this marks the nobler man--this ,force1 ,this visioned soul1 which sees the shadow cast ,of a great ,object in its every course1 ,urging it onward--common men will rest ,with common things2 such spirits are possessed ,by greater somethings1 which will not be hushed ,with 'lullabys'--which are within the breast ,like inspirations--sleepless as the rush ,of world-surrounding waves1 and which no earth can crush6 ,this is a writer who takes the ,sea as the scene of his poem4 ,the style is affected2 but much liked4 ,i add below an example of ,blank ,verse1 a form greatly in use3-- ,the ,morn1 exultant1 on the mountain tops1 ,leads in the ,day--and over all the ,world ,delightful ,joy spreads forth his glorious wings6 ,this appears to be a parody of ,shakespeare1 who says beautifully3-- ,oh1 see where jocund ,day stands tip-toe1 ,on the distant1 misty mountain tops6 ,very much of the poetry is obscured1 and spoilt by the influence of the ,superstition2 and very much by artificiality and affectations4 ,and everywhere there are poor or indifferent imitators of the ancient ,greeks and ,romans2 upon whom the ,literati mould their poetic conceits4 ,of the ,comic and common it is well to read little4 ,coarseness and indecency seem inseparable from all vulgar humour4 ,the ,descriptive1 tinged with the melancholy of the ,superstition and ,barbaric gloom1 is often fine and smooth--sometimes tender and elegant4 ,i give an extract from an author of no repute1 but agreeable2 and the more so to me1 because inoffensive4 ,it is not defiled by the ,idolatry of the ,barbarians3-- ,spring-time of life1 with open-eyed delight1 ,wondering at beautiful earth and sky6 ,budding in sweet expectancy1 and bright ,with smiles and charming grace1 and blushingly ,unconscious of a ,love1 just to be born-- ,a trembling ,joy1 which smiles and tears adorn6 ,from the same1 written in the open country2 which1 though obscure sometimes1 flows on finely1 eloquently3-- ,stretched to the brilliant sky1 on all sides clear1 ,are hills1 and dales1 and groves1 and golden corn-- ,whilst in the peerless air1 all things are near2 ,and far or near they each and all adorn6 ,here1 let us rest1 on this fair1 breezy hill1 ,beneath the shade of this high1 spreading beech-- ,and feel and see that we are ,nature's still3 ,her ,peace and ,beauty ever in our reach4 ,her calm1 majestic glory1 harvest-crowned1 ,fills heaven and earth1 and blends them into one4 ,how vast and solemn bends the blue profound2 ,how sweet and strong th' immortal gods move on6 ,move on1 resistless1 yet1 with tender grace-- ,inflexible1 yet soft as summer rain-- ,intangible--as where yon shadows race1 ,with nimble ,zephyrs1 o'er the waving grain6 ,ineffable1 though murmurs everywhere1 ,swell into ,anthems of delightful tone2 ,and smiling hill-tops1 and the radiant air1 ,rest in expressive ,silence1 all their own6 ,and there1 by ,avon's stream1 are ,warwick's towers2 ,and1 here1 is labour toiling in the fields3 ,for ,lord ,tchou or serf alike1 the patient hours ,give back to ,nature all which ,nature yields4 ,still human hope aspires and will not die2 ,will rear aloft its monumental walls2 ,informed by ,instinct builds as builds the bee-- ,mounting secure where stumbling ,reason falls6 ,so ,temples rise ,immortelles of the race2 ,where mouldering with the stones tradition clings-- ,touching the landscape with ennobling grace1 ,and giving dignity to common things4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the day declines1 and so my holiday2 ,care slumbering by my side awakes again2 ,grasps on my hand and leads my steps away-- ,so rudely rules the ,martha of my brain6 ,the ,martha is a scolding1 busy house-wife bro-msti1 taken from an incident narrated in the ,sacred ,writings4 ,the writer refers to ,temples in a pleasing way1 and to the mouldering stones1 where1 about the dead1 innumerable legends survive4 ,burials are near to the ,temples1 and the graves are on ,holy ground4 ,his reference is comprehensive--meaning the universal ,hope of ,immortality1 symbolized by the lofty ,fanes4 ,i give below a few of the absurdities from the ,comic1 taken from a greatly esteemed author in this ,line4 ,three wise men of ,gotham ,went to sea in a bowl tou-se2 ,if the bowl had been stronger1 ,my tale had been longer6 ,the meaning of which is1 ,i suppose1 that when wise men do foolish things they no more escape the consequences of folly than others4 ,i bet you a crown to a penny1 ,and lay the money down1 ,that ,i have the funniest horse of any ,in this or in any town4 ,his tail is where his head should be-- ',you bet6 ,well1 come and see4' ,and sure enough1 within his stall1 ,the horse was turned--and that was all6 ,another1 very ridiculous3-- ,there was a man of our town ,who thought himself so wise1 ,he jumped into a bramble bush1 ,and scratched out both his eyes4 ,but when he saw his eyes were out1 ,with all his might and main ,he jumped into another bush1 ,and scratched them in again6 ,this would seem to suggest that a conceited man1 having committed an egregious blunder1 rashly undertakes to remedy it by one equally unwise4 ,the folly of conceited impulsiveness6 ,another1 and ,i have done4 ,little ,jack ,horner ,sat in a corner1 ,eating his ,christmas pie2 ,he put in his thumb1 ,and pulled out a plum1 ,oh1 what a good boy am ,i6 ,this is to encourage children with an idea that1 if they be good1 they shall have plums4 ,it is very significant of the low culture4 ,as if one were to imagine that the possession of a big plum 7riches1 or the like7 demonstrated the moral excellency of the possessor6 ,commentaries and parodies of these ,comic trivialities have been written1 and1 forsooth1 their beauties and meanings need exposition6 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,of ,,trade1 ,,and ,,revenue ,,derived ,,from ,,it4 ,we have ourselves1 in our maritime parts1 some experience of the ,english1 as traders ,kie-tee4 ,something of their moral character is known1 not as traders only1 but as representatives of the general civilization of their tribe4 ,it will be a long period before the events of the opium war are forgotten--when these selfish and cruel ,barbarians came with their big fire-ships and great cannons1 and massacred so many of our province1 ,quantung6 ,nor will the slaughters of the people of our ,central ,kingdom1 and the burnings and plunderings at the ,illustrious seat of our ,exalted1 pass out of mind for many generations4 ,trade6 yes1 ,trade is the ,moloch ,kan-ni-bli of the ,english2 there is nothing 7of character7 which they will not sacrifice to this ,idol4 ,the god by which they mostly swear1 and whose name they apply to themselves1 knew nothing of trade1 and his words1 as recorded in the ,sacred ,writings1 condemn every practice customary in it4 ,this inconsistency is always found in the devotees of irrational worship2 where formal observances stand for practical virtues4 ,perhaps dishonesty in trade is no more conspicuous1 than immorality everywhere2 only traffic touching on all sides1 and affecting nearly every interest1 carries with it an almost universal debasement4 ,blind and conceited1 it is the custom to speak of our ,central ,kingdom contemptuously1 and to brand our people as ,heathen thieves ta-ki4 ,we have thieves1 and punish them4 ,but how strangely to those of our people who know these ,barbarians1 this charge sounds6 ,it is notorious that the vile stuff packed up as ,tea by our knaves is for the gain of ,english traders2 and that the horribly obscene pictures of degraded artists find a market with the ,barbarians6 ,we punish these plunderers when we detect them2 but these ,christians who would convert us encourage this immorality6 ,the ,law-making ,houses are continually occupied 7and occupied in vain7 to find remedies for the almost universal crime of ,adulteration ,kon-ti-fyt of ,food4 ,scarcely an article of food1 or of drink1 medicine1 what not1 escapes this dangerous cheat4 ,to make a larger gain some cheap admixture1 often poisonous and rarely harmless1 is added to nearly every article4 ,it is not easy to understand how general the moral debasement must be1 when a thing of this sort1 striking at once at health1 and even life1 is so common as to be scarcely contemned6 ,to be cheated is a kind of comedy--one expects to be cheated--cheated in his clothes1 his wine1 his horses1 his dogs1 his meat1 his drink1 his beer1 his sugar1 his tea1 his everything6 ,to have been honestly dealt with is a surprise--a thing to be remarked upon4 ,to have been cheated--a shrug of the shoulder--an exclamation--,of course6 ,in fact1 almost always the cause of a hearty laugh1 especially if a sharp trick--or at another's expense6 ,the very laws of trade are based on dishonesty2 and a people will not generally be better than their laws4 ,the ,high-,caste affecting to despise trade1 do1 occasionally1 in the ,law-making ,houses 7as ,i have said71 feebly interfere with the general rascality4 ,yet1 they are so dependent1 indirectly or directly1 upon trade or its gains1 that they will not do anything to hamper it2 and any law which touches the utmost freedom of action in buying and selling1 in their opinion1 has this effect4 ,on the whole1 they say1 better a few rogues flourish1 and a few people be poisoned to death1 than that commerce 7an euphuism for rascally traffic7 be injured4 ,that man has a fine nature which traffic1 in its best ways1 cannot tarnish2 and laws should take their colour from the best--not the sordid4 ,the old ,romans cultivated the land1 and looked with contempt upon traffic4 ,when riches and its corruptions lowered manliness1 and ,commerce spread through the provinces--still1 the ,roman jurisprudence based itself upon equity--it did not place trade upon a pedestal above ,justice6 ,they made no such ,barbarous mistake as to suppose that any business of a people could be more important to its prosperity1 than the maintainance of right principle6 ,the ,english ,barbarians say the interests of the public require a disregard of right2 and their famous legal maxim 7in the ,roman7 is ,caveat emptor--the buyer must take care--must sharply watch the seller4 ,this is to say1 ,the seller is to be expected to cheat2 and1 if the buyer be cheated1 let him thank his own stupidity6 ,the old ,heathen ,romans made no such immoral rule2 they required the most exact good faith upon both sides4 ,the seller could not sell a horse blind of one eye1 or incurably1 though not always visibly1 lame1 and to the complaint of the buyer answer1 ,oh6 ,i gave no assurance of soundness4 ,the ,high-,caste1 despising trade of any useful sort1 none the less delight in traffic of a high-caste colour4 ,they deal in pictures1 equipages1 horses1 jewels1 sculptures1 books1 dogs1 nick-nacks of all sorts2 know how to bargain1 and understand the tricks1 especially in horses1 dogs1 paintings1 and the like1 as well as those whom they affect to despise4 ,the ,english are1 doubtless1 successful traders and plunderers4 ,they are rough1 and brave1 and reckless2 and in traffic are as unscrupulous as in predatory ventures4 ,their conquests abroad have been incidental generally1 commerce being the immediate object4 ,but they have never scrupled to use force when it has seemed fittest4 ,the plunder of a people has been found easier1 and the returns quicker and larger1 than the slower gains of traffic4 ,for this shameful and cruel conduct1 the ,english and other ,western ,barbarians find ample justification in their ,superstition4 ,for they believe that the peoples beyond the seas are ,heathen1 and under the ban of ,jah4 ,their ,sacred ,writings so declare2 and that the ,heathen are given to the ,saints as a spoil1 and their ,lands as an ,inheritance4 ,now1 these ,barbarians affirm that they are the ,saints2 that the people who do not worship their gods are ,heathen2 and that consequently they 7these ,barbarians7 have a right to the possessions and lands of these distant and unoffending tribes6 ,and not only this1 that these tribes1 under the wrath of ,jah1 and subjects of the ,devil and hell1 ought to be grateful for the inestimable boon of the ,gospel 7the ,sacred ,writings71 by which they may learn the way to be saved2 may1 in fine1 become ,christians6 ,thus it comes about that the intercourse of the ,western ,barbarians with peoples beyond the seas has been aggressive and piratical4 ,from the earlier part of the dynasty ,ming1 when these ,barbarous tribes first visited the great seas and distant regions in the far ,west and mighty ,east1 the ,pope 7then worshipped by all the tribes7 gave to two of them1 very devoted to his worship and powerful in ships1 the whole world of ,heathen4 ,this meant all the wide world but that small region in ,europe wherein the ,pope-worshippers lived4 ,to the one tribe1 called ,portugals1 he gave the whole immense ,east1 and to the other1 styled ,spaniards1 the vast regions in the ,west4 ,thus the two were possessed1 by the gift of their god1 of the whole ,heathen world--,india and our ,flowery ,kingdom being portions6 ,in their many ships1 these two tribes1 sailing ,east and ,west1 landed upon the distant shores1 and seized upon everything which they could4 ,they thought it pleasing to ,jah to put to death those who had offended him1 and were already under his wrath and condemnation3 the ,heathen were justly extirpated1 unless they believed and worshipped ,jah6 ,not very long after this gift to the two tribes1 the ,english and ,dutch1 having quarrelled with the ,romish ,priests1 refused to worship the ,pope and denied his authority4 ,the ,dutch first1 and then the ,english1 growing more powerful in ships1 made distant forays for plunder and trade2 and1 following the tracks of the ,portugals and ,spaniards1 disregarded their pretended exclusive title to the ,heathen4 ,they determined to have a portion of this general transfer of the world to ,christians2 they were in their own judgment the better1 the ,reformed ,christians1 and far better entitled6 ,since this enormous ,blasphemy ,swa-tze of the ,pope1 ,history1 as known to the ,barbarians1 has been1 to a large extent1 an account of its consequences4 ,wars between the contending ,christians for the distant possessions1 and savage and cruel depopulation1 plunder1 and subjugation of the unoffending inhabitants4 ,whole races of men have melted away in the presence of these ,christ-god worshippers2 and the horrors of the dreadful ,superstition1 which in the regions of ,europe had made man more like the ,devil of his ,idolatry than anything human1 spread1 with fire and sword1 over the wide world6 ,in the far ,west1 beneath the setting sun1 a beautiful and peaceful people1 rich and numerous1 suffered cruelties too shocking to tell2 and in the civilised and populous ,east1 the very name of ,christian became a synonym of all that is detestable4 ,none the less1 the ,english ,barbarians1 to this day1 acting upon these ,christ-god pretensions1 will insist that this ,trade and ,plunder is the handmaid of ,enlightenment1 the chief agent in the preparing of the ,world for a knowledge of the true gods1 and the ultimate salvation of the ,heathen6 ,trade is1 therefore1 a civilising agency and a powerful helper in the redemption of mankind from the awful ,hell4 ,a few poor ,missionaries are sometimes added to the general cargo of means of conversion4 ,the same ship which transports these ,bonzes to convert the benighted pagans will1 perhaps1 have a few volumes of the ,sacred ,writings1 some bad rum1 worse muskets 7more dangerous to him who shoots than to him to whom the shot is directed71 gunpowder1 flimsy articles too poor for home trade2 to these1 add the licentious and degraded sailors2 and one sees how well the ,english ,barbarians work to introduce their true worship and save the ,heathen6 ,but this is feeble3 only a trade-ship4 ,the great fire-ships1 with big cannons1 full of armed and fierce barbarians1 which devastate the populous coasts1 and burn and plunder the maritime parts--these are illustrious workers in the spread of the ,christ-god ,salvation and a lofty ,civilization6 ,thus the very worship of the ,barbarians has helped1 by its cruel pretensions1 to ingrain a wrong notion--one making them immoral and cruel4 ,taking the ,jah of the old1 huckstering ,jews1 as an object of idolatry1 the whole people has1 in trade1 become ,jewish1 as in much else4 ,i have referred to petty cheating1 and to that wholesale criminality of adulteration4 ,but fraud is very common1 and often on an enormous scale4 ,nor is there any remedy4 ,in truth1 it is so common1 that1 as all hope to have a turn at its advantage1 none care to punish heavily him1 who1 by chance1 has been too bold4 ,the fraud must take the form of open robbery1 or be of such grossness as to be hardly disguised1 before the wrong-doer will be arrested4 ,a man may enjoy unmolested1 and even with respect1 a great fortune acquired by notorious trickery4 ,so universal is this toleration of roguery1 that the ,plays and ,pastimes are often enlivened by comical illustrations of the various arts1 tricks1 and deceptions practised4 ,the charlatans1 rogues1 cheats1 and the like1 are shown in the ,lawyer1 the ,doctor1 the ,bonze 7low-caste71 and other professions and occupations4 ,endless are the villanies of the ,lawyer--the quack pretensions and impositions of the ,medical man--the cant1 hypocrisy and meanness of the ,bonze4 ,among the professions and trades1 the teacher is a brutal ignoramus1 who beats and starves the wretched children under his care2 the nurse quietly drinks herself drunk and goes to sleep1 leaving the sick man to gasp and die for the drink close at hand1 but which he cannot reach2 the milkman stops at the pump1 and fills up his milk-cans with water2 the teaman shows and sells you one sort1 but delivers a very different2 the grocer says his prayers1 hurries to his goods1 asks his servant if the sugar be sanded1 the rum watered1 the tobacco wet down1 the teas mixed1 the small bottles filled1 and the like2 the tailor sells you more cloth than he knows will be required for your garments1 and cabbages the excess2 the cabman who knows you are a stranger demands quadruple fare2 the innkeeper gives you the meanest room1 and charges you the price for the best2 and so on through every business of life4 ,the learned professions take the lead in this exhibition of roguery and immorality4 ,the spectators never tire of these displays of the general rascality4 ,the roguish landlord1 the villanous horse-dealer1 the artful1 knavish servant1 the ,priest of ,low ,caste1 and the ,doctor1 afford the most common diversion4 ,the ,lawyer is generally diabolic1 the ,bonze a hypocrite and knave1 the medical man an impostor and dealer in medicines of infallible healing power4 ,much of this may be referred to the love of coarse humour--but its real base is to be found in the degradation of morals4 ,these representations are types1 and would only produce disgust1 were not the rascalities represented familiar4 ,the excesses and exaggerations are of the ,play--but the types are normal and common4 ,one great trading place is called the ,stock ,exchange--another1 perhaps more important1 styled the ,merchants' ,exchange4 ,these places are established in every large town1 and the business done in them absorbs the attention of traders and people who have any property1 throughout the ,kingdom4 ,the dealings ,keet-sees of the former relate to ,certificates and ,bonds4 ,these are ,pieces of ,printed and ,coloured ,paper1 which represent in the words and figures a sum of money invested in a trading concern1 or a sum of money which somebody owes and promises to pay4 ,the sum may be quite a fiction1 and is usually either never to be really paid1 or paid at some very remote day4 ,however1 a small sum is promised to be paid every six moons1 or in twelve moons--this is for not paying the big sum4 ,the business of the latter relates to the buying and selling of every sort of merchandise1 whether on land1 or on vessels at sea4 ,other great trading places deal in money1 or rather in bits of ,printed ,paper1 which promise to pay money to him who has one of these bits4 ,these places get people to sell them these bits at a price1 and then resell at a greater price--or they borrow and lend these bits1 paying less for the use than they obtain4 ,very little money is seen--business is in ,paper--another of the ingenious tricks of these trading and gambling ,barbarians1 perhaps the source of more dishonesty and cheating than almost any other4 ,as the like has no existence in our ,flowery ,land1 it will not easily be comprehended4 ,the chief of these places for dealing in this money-paper is called the ,bank4 ,the ,government shares in the advantages of this invention4 ,its object is to bank up1 or hoard1 all the real money 7gold and silver7 which it can get in exchange for the bits of paper4 ,these promise that the ,bank will always return the sum of gold which the bit acknowledges to have been received4 ,the man hands the ,bank his gold-money to be kept safely till he wishes for it1 and the ,bank gives him the bit of ,paper 7which is numbered and recorded in a book74 ,he can carry this in his pocket1 but the gold-money would be too burdensome and more easily lost4 ,the ,government pledges also that the gold shall always be safely kept1 to be returned whenever the bits of paper are returned4 ,this ,bank-house is immensely strong and large1 built of hewn stone1 and is guarded by men armed with swords and fire-arms for fear of the savage and ignorant ,low-,castes4 ,ordinarily1 only now and again1 a few persons go to the ,bank and wish the gold2 because if one wishes it1 some one of whom he buys1 or to whom he owes1 will take the money-paper and hand him the difference--consequently1 the paper goes from hand to hand for a long time4 ,everybody takes it because it is convenient1 and because he thinks the gold attached to it is safe in the ,government ,bank-house4 ,the confidence in ,paper is called ,,credit4 ,to which ,i shall more fully refer4 ,sometimes1 when a great many demand the gold1 it is suddenly found that the ,bank-house has it not6 ,the promise of banking up the gold till wanted in exchange for the ,paper has been broken4 ,down goes ,credit--every kind of value shrinks at once2 for the ,bank has not the real money1 and values have been measured by the paper6 ,the traders and everybody connected with them have incurred debts--that is1 made paper promises to pay1 like those of the ,bank1 for property valued on the ,bank-paper4 ,it is found that this ,bank-paper is too much by one-half--the property has been over-valued in proportion4 ,still the debtors are required to pay the amount of their paper promises6 ,it is impossible--ruin and ,bankruptcy ensue--the whole trading world is convulsed1 and tens of thousands are beggared6 ,the explanation is that the ,bank is allowed by the ,government 7in consideration of certain advantages to itself7 to lend out the gold for usury--that is1 it lends a thousand pounds of gold to be returned in three moons1 for which use the borrower pays twelve or twenty pounds6 ,it makes its gains by thus using the gold which it has promised safely to keep4 ,it is permitted to do this1 because the risk of having much gold demanded at once is small1 and from experience the ,bank has discovered that if one-third part of its paper-promises of gold is in hand1 it will be in little risk of having more demanded6 ,backed by the ,government1 it deliberately1 for the sake of gain1 runs the risk of being a cheat and robber6 ,then follows a curious contrivance of these dishonest ,barbarians4 ,to save its own moneys and advantages in the ,bank1 and to save loss or ruin to the owners of the establishment1 who are very powerful and numerous1 composed of members of the ,high ,castes as well as others--in fact1 to save the general wreck of the sham paper-money 7,credit7 upon which values are falsely based1 the ,government issues a ,law1 forcing everybody to receive from the ,bank its paper precisely as if it were gold6 ,thus1 having assisted in one fraud1 it resorts to another1 to remedy in some measure the evils of the first--extending and perpetuating the evil1 which a wise man would remove6 ,another remarkable thing is the organised ,betting4 ,the ,houses where this is done are splendid1 and the many people supported in them and by the gains1 live luxuriously1 and are greatly respected4 ,the gains are1 in small measure1 also shared by those who put in money from which bets may be paid1 when the ,house loses the bet4 ,the betting may be about anything4 ,but the chief ,houses are those where the bets have reference to length of life or injuries1 to loss by fire1 to loss by sea1 and losses by fraud4 ,if a man wish to bet that he will live say seventy moons1 he pays down at once a small sum1 and the ,house accepts the bet--that is1 gives him a writing1 promising to pay his heirs a very much larger sum if he die before the seventy moons expire4 ,if a man have goods in a shop1 he bets1 say1 one pound to #ajj pounds1 that they will not be burned during twelve moons--he pays down the pound and receives a writing 7as before7 that if the goods be burned during the time1 he shall be paid the #ajj pounds4 ,so on1 as to bets upon goods and upon vessels on the seas1 upon buildings of all kinds1 upon duration of life1 and upon the life of another1 upon accidents to body1 upon honesty of servants--upon almost anything where the thing bet by the ,houses is remote in time4 ,this is the great point2 for these never pay anything down by way of stakes1 but always receive in money the stake 7bet7 of the other party4 ,one may readily see how corrupting all this is in its nature1 and how falsely conceived4 ,the rascally trader burns the goods1 the possessor of a building burns that1 the owner of a ship has her wrecked1 to get the sums promised upon these events2 and trade is promoted upon unsound practices4 ,even life has been taken by a wretched gambler1 who has staked money upon the life of another4 ,the tendency is to these crimes4 ,nor can there be anything but loss to the public at large2 for these expensive ,houses and their numerous and richly-living inhabitants are supported by the winnings made1 without rendering any useful service4 ,this must be true1 even when all bets made by these ,houses are paid4 ,but another great mischief follows3 they do not pay1 and are often only ,swindles ,kea-ties on a great scale6 ,there are those which pay--that is1 have so far paid--but as there are bets for enormous amounts far in the future1 no one can say that final payments are certain4 ,the great object of all the ,houses is to secure as large sums in cash as possible upon events a long way off4 ,the more remote the event upon which the bet is laid1 the larger the sum demanded from the individual who bets4 ,he pays--the ,house merely promises to pay1 and cannot be called upon to pay for a very long time6 ,in this way1 great sums of money having been got 7some bets having been promptly paid to obtain confidence71 the ,house shuts its doors6 ,the rogues share the plunder and decamp4 ,decamp is to run away to distant parts to escape arrest and punishment4 ,this is1 however1 rarely necessary2 for such are the cunning contrivances of the ,lawyers1 who organise these ,betting ,houses1 that very little risk is run--forms of law1 slack enough at best1 have been so well adhered to1 that the rascals escape1 though everybody knows that they have used those forms as a cover to more effectually defraud1 and then as a shield to more effectually protect6 ,these things are unknown in our ,central ,kingdom1 and are only possible to a demoralised people4 ,the dealing at the ,stock ,exchange is mainly only another form of betting4 ,it is hard of comprehension1 unless by the ,initiated4 ,it is a distinct trade4 ,those who deal constitute a secret and exclusive betting ,ring1 or community4 ,if by chance1 when the doors are open1 a stranger inadvertently enters1 he is greeted with caterwaulings1 howlings1 ,turn-him-outs1 and the like4 ,smash his hat6 some one cries2 and suddenly the stiff head-covering is violently driven down1 completely over the face and ears1 tearing the skin off the nose1 and reducing the thoughtless and astonished stranger to a state of ridiculous helplessness6 ,betting is a passion with the ,english ,barbarians4 ,the women1 the children1 the servants--everybody bets about any and every thing4 ,horse races1 boat races1 swimming races1 all sorts of games and sports1 attended by both sexes1 afford endless occasions for the indulgence of it4 ,yet1 after all1 extensive1 ruinous1 and debasing as are the evils of it in these sports and games1 the mischief is vastly greater in the ,marts of traffic--in the ,stock and ,merchants' ,exchanges4 ,in these1 the dealings are1 as ,i have said1 either as to pieces of paper representing values1 or as to merchandise in hand or at sea2 and1 ,i may add1 as to pieces of paper1 representing this merchandise1 called ,warrants and ,bills of ,lading4 ,the betting in the ,stock ,exchange concerns itself with the ,paper of the former class1 and the betting of the ,merchants' ,exchange with the ,paper of the second kind4 ,all this grows directly out of the ,bank paper and the ,credit system1 before mentioned4 ,all values are founded upon these nominal promises to pay4 ,but the promises themselves are ever undergoing changes1 according to the varying circumstances4 ,the promise to-day looks well--it is estimated at so much2 to-morrow it does not look so well--and it is estimated at less worth4 ,besides1 all the gold and silver in the world could not pay a twentieth part of these promises4 ,thus the fluctuations are incessant4 ,the betting at the ,stock ,exchange has reference to these fluctuations4 ,one of the betters is interested to have a rise1 another to have a fall1 of value4 ,one agrees to deliver at a future day1 at a certain price2 all are interested to bring about a change either one way or another4 ,the man who desires a rise may not be scrupulous as to any means which may produce the rise2 and he who wishes a fall of price will eagerly second anything which will have that effect4 ,consider the consequences upon the honesty and good faith of those who engage in this betting6 ,the ,merchants' ,exchange is not so devoted to absolute betting2 yet its largest business partakes of that vice4 ,one buys a cargo at sea2 another agrees to deliver a cargo three months hence4 ,one sells what he has not1 for a future delivery4 ,another buys what he never intends to receive1 deliverable to him in the future4 ,no money is paid1 nor received4 ,the buyers and sellers are merely gambling--betting 7as in the ,stock ,exchange7 upon the rise or fall of prices6 ,and are interested--the one to advance the price1 and the other to lower the price1 of the thing dealt in6 ,consider the temptation to unfair practices1 the inevitable tricks1 false rumours1 lies1 and deviations from honourable conduct involved in such transactions6 ,reflect upon the consequences to the honest trader1 who is1 in his very honesty1 all the more easily tricked by the unscrupulous6 ,the stronghold of these various gambling ,establishments1 and the grand feature1 in fact1 of the ,english business life1 is ,,credit--to which ,i will devote some space4 ,we have nothing like it1 nor had the ancient barbarians of the ,west4 ,it is1 perhaps1 the most distinguishing thing in the ,barbarian life4 ,as already hinted1 ,credit means that a ,promise shall stand for performance4 ,it had its rise among the ,barbarian tribes1 not very long since1 and grew out of their incessant wars4 ,particularly the ,english1 finding they could not pay the armed bands1 contrived to get the gold out of the hands of the people in exchange for the ,bank-paper1 and then1 forcing the people to still accept the paper for gold1 issued paper to such an amount as ,government needed6 ,from that period the people1 especially the trading classes1 making directly or indirectly nearly the whole1 found an advantage in resorting to the same fiction--and the ,government could do no other than give to the trader1 who could not pay his promise1 the same relief which it took for itself--for the ,bank4 ,it allowed him to pay what he could1 and go on as before6 ,no matter that he paid only one-third part--unless he had been guilty of some extreme roguery1 he received a discharge from all his promises1 and could begin to make new ones and go on in trade as before6 ,in this way1 the ,barbarian community is one wherein a false principle corrupts all4 ,boldness1 recklessness1 cunning1 to say nothing of positive criminality1 are encouraged2 honour1 delicacy1 simple integrity1 are driven into obscurity4 ,let him who would preserve his conscience smooth and clear1 a mirror whence divinity be reflected1 shun all the marts and ways of trade6 ,the ,revenues of the ,government are derived largely from the dealers in the great ,marts1 and it is immediately interested in the upholding of the ,credit of the innumerable paper-promises of all kinds made by these and by the ,betting ,houses4 ,it is1 in fact1 the chief supporter of the whole sham--it cannot be otherwise1 for the ,english ,state rests upon it4 ,the promises of the ,government to pay gold can never be kept1 and it forces an acceptance of a mere fraction1 from time to time1 as a sufficient redemption of its promises made generations ago6 ,other sums are derived from taxes upon the tea1 sugar1 and other things largely consumed by the lower castes2 whilst rich silks1 laces1 and costly things used by the ,high-,castes are not taxed4 ,but then the taxes are levied by the ,high-,castes6 ,a great revenue is collected from the excise1 a tax upon the beer1 drunk in enormous quantities by the lowest ,caste4 ,to stimulate the consumption of this article and increase the revenue1 ,beer-shops are to be seen on every hand1 and the drinkers everywhere4 ,drunkenness1 wretchedness1 riot1 disorder--these flourish as the ,beer-shops increase2 these are the associates of those places6 ,yet in vain do good ,englishmen try to remove these evil dens4 ,what are the efforts of these few in the midst of a general debasement--a debasement which takes1 without shame1 a share in a traffic so vile6 ,i have spoken freely of the dishonesty of the ,barbarian trade and business--a dishonesty to be expected when one broadly views the whole ground of their ,society4 ,still1 natural equity and its instinct1 especially when the mind is more or less cultured1 will always prevent absolute dissolution--thieving and roguery will be restrained in tolerable bounds4 ,a man of genuine integrity finds traffic no good moralist in the best of circumstances4 ,he needs the support of the ,state1 or he will fight an unequal battle1 and be forced by dishonesty to retire4 ,the ,barbarians are not yet sufficiently enlightened to raise the measure of honesty4 ,the ,government and the people are one in this4 ,they do not perceive that the evils under which their industry1 their peaceful pursuits1 and all their interests suffer1 are those inseparable from a bad superstition and false principles--these extend everywhere and into everything4 ,misleading in ,statesmanship ,lan-ta-soa1 in dealings with distant peoples1 in due ordering and educating the people at home--stimulating wild speculation and extended confidence 7credit7 at one time1 only to be followed by disastrous collapse1 excessive distrust1 and wretchedness1 soon after6 ,giving1 in fine1 to ,barbarian society that aspect of restlessness1 that apparent but often vicious activity1 that indescribable hurry and confusion1 that unhealthy excitement1 unknown to an orderly and industrious people1 whose order and industry are grounded upon the simple and direct rules of reason and truth4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,some ,,remarks ,,upon ,,marriages1 ,,births1 ,,and ,,burials4 ,,hi-,,dy4 ,in our ,flowery ,kingdom when a man marries he pays to the parents or relatives2 but with the ,barbarians the woman pays to the man4 ,women are such costly burdens that men demand some compensation for undertaking to keep them2 and the relatives of women are glad to get them off their hands at any price4 ,there are in ,england four great ,castes1 which contain the whole population4 ,the habits of the ,castes differ1 though you will observe certain characteristic features common to all4 ,in order to understand more clearly the remarks which follow1 it will be convenient to speak of the division of ,castes4 ,the first--,high-,caste4 ,those who do nothing useful and pass their time in mere self-indulgence4 ,the second--,high-second ,caste4 ,those who do but very little1 and come as nearly as possible to the selfish existence of the first4 ,the third--,high-low4 ,those who are obliged to work more or less1 but are ever longing to attain to the idle selfishness of those above them4 ,the fourth--,lowest ,caste 7,villeins74 ,labourers1 not long since serfs1 and still so in effect4 ,the fourth ,caste is so low down as to be usually disregarded altogether1 in any account of the people1 though included in the count taken of the population by ,government4 ,they may amount to nearly a half of the whole4 ,they are rarely styled people at all4 ,they are designated by many contemptuous names1 of which the more common are my man1 navvy1 clown1 clod-hopper1 parish-poor2 boor1 rough1 brute1 and beast are frequent1 especially when any of the despised ,caste slouch too near1 or happen to touch a ,higher ,caste4 ,when a man of the higher orders thinks to take a wife1 he sees to it that she will bring him money enough to compensate the cost4 ,he dislikes to part with his easy freedom and yoke to himself a being as selfish1 frivolous1 and useless as himself4 ,he may be broken in fortune and notorious for immoralities1 yet1 connected to the ,aristocracy1 he knows that he may demand a large sum if he will take for wife a woman a little lower in family than himself4 ,she must be of ,high-,caste1 but not of the highest4 ,the woman's relatives say1 ,well1 he is fast2 but marriage will settle him4 ,his father1 you know1 is second son to the ,earl of ,nolands1 and his mother was a sixth cousin to the ,duke of ,albania1 who has royal blood in his veins4 ,i think we may make a large allowance for such a desirable match4 ,it does not occur to the speaker1 at the moment1 that the royal blood coursed through very impure channels in the case cited4 ,it is an object eagerly sought by low rich to buy for their daughters a ,high-,caste husband2 and men of this kind1 ruined by gambling1 loaded with debt1 often degraded by vice1 deliberately calculate upon this ambition to repair their fortunes1 and get comfortable establishments4 ,the marriage ceremonies do not differ very much from ours1 in some things2 but it is very different before the ceremony4 ,with us1 the woman is unknown to the man2 but with the ,english1 the man has every opportunity of seeing her1 and knowing her very well indeed4 ,our notions could not admit of this1 but it has a convenience2 it would prevent the disappointment occasionally arising1 when1 on opening the door of the chair1 our new husband finds a very ugly duck instead of a fine bird1 and hastily slams the door in the poor thing's face1 and hurries her back to her relatives as a bad bargain6 ,however1 this advantage to the ,english husband is not so great as it seems2 for the woman is too cunning to discover much till she has secured her game4 ,unless1 therefore1 the man be a very cool and practised lover mu-nse1 he is likely to be rather astonished when he sees his bride--and he cannot slam the door against her6 ,the ,bonzes1 generally1 perform the ceremony before the ,idol in the ,temple4 ,it is deemed to be important to have the marriage invocations pronounced4 ,these are barbarous in the extreme2 most indelicately alluding to those things which decorum hides1 and calling the gods to aid the conjugal embrace--no wonder that the bride wears a veil6 ,the great bells ring in the lofty towers1 the loud music strikes up1 and the marriage procession enters the ,temple2 and any one may follow who pleases1 so he be well dressed4 ,in the great towns1 the beggarly rabble--chiefly children and half-grown youths of both sexes1 with old women and men--crowd about the ,temple gates1 but dare not enter4 ,when the cortge leaves1 this rabble clusters round the wheels of the carriages1 turning over and over upon hands and feet1 standing on head and hands1 rolling and crying out1 in the dust or mud of the street1 begging for pennies 7a small ,english coin74 ,when these are thrown amongst them1 they ridiculously scramble and tumble over each other1 seeking amid the dirt for the coins1 like so many carrion-birds upon garbage4 ,arrived at the home of the ,bride1 a great feast is eaten1 with wine and strong drinks4 ,all make merry2 whether because it is so desirable to be rid of a female1 or because of the liking which the ,barbarians have for eating and drink1 ,i know not4 ,the feasting over1 all take leave of the new pair1 the bride being addressed by the title of her husband4 ,the ,bride is kissed1 the husband shaken qui-ke by the right hand1 and good wishes given4 ,on leaving the portal for the carriage1 old shoes ko-blse and handfuls of rice are thrown after them2 the rabble roosting about the areas and railings rush pell-mell after the old shoes1 begin their tumblings about the street1 and howl for more pennies4 ,the rice-throwing is no doubt ,eastern in origin1 and has an obvious meaning2 the old shoes refer to something in the ,superstition--probably to appease the evil imps1 who delight in mischief and are amused by the absurd squabbles of the beggars4 ,the ,honey-moon begins at the moment when the pair enter the carriage and the old shoes are thrown after them4 ,the horses start1 and the newly-married are whirled away into the deeps of an ,unknown6 ,you may1 perhaps1 catch a glimpse of the bride1 wistfully stretching her neck and turning her eyes1 dimned with tears1 to the door-steps where stand those with whom she has lived--and whom she now1 it may be1 suddenly finds are very dear to her6 ,but the husband has grasped the waist of his new possession1 and is absorbed in that4 ,he has before been the owner of horses1 dogs1 and the like1 which have worn his collar--this is another and very different bit of flesh and blood2 none the less1 however1 branded as his own exclusive possession1 and ever after to bear his name6 ,he understands so well the mere fiction of this ownership1 that he is by no means sure that after all he have not made a bad bargain--it may prove too costly1 and be by no means either useful or obedient6 ,however1 with his arm about his wife1 just now he hardly realises these doubts1 but feels1 or tries to feel1 ecstatic--as he ought4 ,the ,honey-moon thus begun1 ends exactly with one moon4 ,it is a received opinion that the ,incantations at the rite exorcise the ,evil ,one for the period absolutely1 though he may 7as the ,barbarians express it7 play the very ,devil with them afterwards6 ,i was told that the ,honey-moon was so called because1 during the ,moon1 the new couple fed wholly on honey and drank weak tea6 ,there is some mystery attached to it1 for my questions were always answered with a doubtful look4 ,i had no opportunity of absolutely solving it--though my observation led me to judge that the honey diet did not agree with people--in truth1 ,i wonder at its use4 ,i have seen a bride after her return1 thin1 pale1 peevish1 who had left round and rosy2 a bridegroom before the moon jolly ,qui-ky and devoted to his bride1 return taciturn1 careless1 forgetful to pick up a fan1 or to place a chair for his wife1 and even 7on the sly7 kick the very poodle which he before-time caressed6 and when the wife pouting has said1 ,out again1 ,george1 he has replied1 lighting a cigar1 ,yas1 ,i must meet the fellahs1 you know6 ,the best hint on this subject which ,i ever got was from a married ,englishmen1 who to my query said1 ,ah-,chin1 my dear fellah1 call ,honey-moon ,matrimonial ,discovery1 and think about it1 ha6 ,as the honey-eating and tea-drinking are to go on1 whilst the new couple are quite retired by themselves1 away from their friends and all usual pastimes and occupations1 necessarily they have only each other to look at with attention4 ,the honey-eating is trying enough1 and needs1 one would think1 all the relief of gaiety and occupation possible6 ,but no1 it is only to eat and to closely watch each other6 ,i wonder no more at the changes which ,i observed4 ,nor do ,i wonder at the improved appearance of the couple when1 after a few weeks of rational life in usual pursuits1 something like the health and cheerfulness of old returned6 ,yet ,i was informed that very many couples never recover from the ,honey-moon 7as my informant had it1 ,matrimonial ,discovery71 but from bad grew worse1 soured and sickened entirely1 could not1 at length1 endure each other1 separated by consent1 or sought the ,divorce ,court6 ,the thing1 therefore1 seems characteristic of the coarse humour of the ,barbarians1 who appear to find a comedy in an absurd1 irrational trial of respect and affection1 dangerously near the tragic at best1 and often absolutely so6 ,absurd and irrational after marriage--one can conjecture its use before6 ,however1 it is quite of a piece with the general disorder1 and want of knowledge and practice of sound principles4 ,when a child is born1 the event is duly announced in the public ,gazette1 and relatives send compliments4 ,when the infant is about eight days old1 it is taken to a ,temple to be baptised and christened4 ,it is a singular rite1 and one of the most astonishing in the ,superstition4 ,the ,bonze who officiates before the ,idol1 takes the little thing upon his arm and sprinkles some water upon its face4 ,at the moment he does this1 he makes a curious ,invocation to all the three-gods-in-one of the ,worship1 and pronounces aloud the ,christian name of the babe1 by which it shall ever after be known4 ,this is called ,christening1 that is1 making a ,christian of the infant4 ,the ceremony1 it is believed1 exorcises the ,evil ,one1 and makes it very difficult for him to get hold of the baptised 7no matter how diabolically he may act7 in after life--the water1 duly made holy by the ,priest1 is a barrier over which ,satan1 with all his wiles1 shall find it well-nigh impossible ever to get--some ,bonzes say it is absolutely impossible6 ,women1 as soon as strong enough to attend the ,temples1 are churched 7we have no term of the kind71 a rite much like an ordinary thanks offering1 for the happy deliverance and new birth4 ,the ,bonze makes ,invocations1 and refers to the various superstitions and barbarous pretensions of the ,worship1 devotion to which is inculcated under fearful penalties4 ,however1 on all occasions in the ,temples1 these dreadful intimations of ,hell and the ,devil are most frequent6 ,when a death occurs1 it is also announced in the public ,gazette1 with honours and titles2 and1 if a ,high-,caste1 with a long notice of the chief events of his life1 and loud praises of his valour1 as where he led1 in his youth1 a hand of fierce ,barbarians like himself to the plunder and burning of some distant tribe6 ,his virtues are also proclaimed--to the astonishment of all who knew him6 ,the tombs of the ,high-,castes are something like those of our ,literati--though1 instead of being in the country amid the pleasing scenes of ,nature1 they are generally in the holy grounds of the ,temples1 and even within the ,temples themselves--for the superstitious ,barbarians think that1 even after death1 the body is safer from the ,devil there than elsewhere6 ,but the common people lie hideously huddled together1 without distinguishing marks 7or with so slight as to be quickly obliterated71 and are soon totally neglected and forgotten--happy1 indeed1 if their despised dust may mingle with holy earth within the precincts of ,temples4 ,the ,bonzes pray and sing the usual invocations and prayers over the body of the dead1 before it is placed in the tomb--but there is no real respect for the dead--it is not to be looked for in the rough1 barbaric nature4 ,in our ,flowery ,kingdom regard for the dead1 respect for their memory1 tombs carefully preserved amid the quiet groves of the country1 tablets and busts set up in the ,halls of ,ancestors--these are ordinary things4 ,with the ,english1 in general1 the dead is a hideous object turned over to the undertaker and his minions to be buried out of sight1 as soon as decency allows6 ,with us1 the poorest will have the coffin ready1 prepared1 and carefully honoured and cared for4 ,with the ,english1 the thought of one is repulsive1 and he looks upon it with loathing6 ,no doubt the horrid superstition has much to do with this feeling4 ,the undertakers 7a hateful crew7 drape everything in black4 ,they take possession of everything1 and turn the whole house into a charnel4 ,they place the defunct 7as the ,barbarians1 with a kind of contempt1 call the dead7 in a black vehicle1 drawn by black horses1 and draped with black cloth--black feathers and scarfs1 hideously flaunted1 with men clothed in black1 attend--the dismal ,hearse1 with its wretched accompaniments1 disappears--but only to disgorge the body4 ,soon after these ,vultures maybe seen returning1 seated upon the ,hearse1 clustering there1 like carrion birds1 who have gorged themselves6 ,when they have feasted and drunk at the ,house of ,woe 7woe1 indeed1 whilst deified by them71 and generally spent as much money as is possible--they1 at last1 disappear--and the family breathe again6 ,an ,english ,barbarian once told me that these creatures1 in tricks of plunder and cheating1 surpass the ,lawyers2 in truth1 the fashion is to show respect to the dead by a lavish expenditure in black draperies1 and is almost wholly confined to that4 ,it is an object to speak of the cost as a measure of that respect6 ,the whole thing being a sham1 though a most disagreeable one1 the ,undertaker sees well enough that he might as well pocket a large sum as a small one4 ,a certain sum is to be spent1 for respect1 not for any tangible thing4 ,the ,undertaker takes care to furnish more respect than anything more tangible--and to charge for it6 ,in fact1 the mode of plunder is reduced to a system2 and it just as well satisfies the real purpose--which is1 to do all that is customary1 and to submit to all the customary cheating4 ,after the family have really got rid of the ,undertaker1 then comes the ,lawyer1 with the ,bonze1 to read the ,will of the deceased4 ,this is a new departure 7as the ,english call it7 in the family voyage of life4 ,the ,barbarian law is so erratic and confused1 that no one knows what the dead man may have ordered to be done with his money4 ,his ,land goes probably to the eldest son1 or nearest male relative2 and1 if it be all the property1 younger children may be left quite beggared4 ,the ,will begins with some absurd superstitious formula2 and1 prepared by a ,lawyer1 is only intelligible to him4 ,he1 therefore1 is present to read and to explain4 ,for no one is supposed to comprehend its jargon but the initiated4 ,the ,will is read1 therefore1 to those who only imperfectly catch its meaning2 and when a name is reached1 the party listens with an eager attention4 ,he may be one who1 by nearness of blood1 or by the nature of his relations with the deceased1 expects to receive a handsome gift4 ,when he1 at length1 from the mass of verbiage1 dimly gathers only a gold ring or a gold-headed walking-stick1 and sees some one1 scarcely heard of1 carry off the goods long waited for1 he scarcely appreciates the loving token of regard ostentatiously bestowed upon him6 ,nor is his smothered rage extinguished by the satisfactory expression of other relatives1 who whisper1 ,well1 he cringed and fawned to little purpose after all6 ,from this ,reading of the ,will begins a new era in the family4 ,quarrels there may have been1 but a common centre of influence and interest kept the contestants in order4 ,but now1 nobody satisfied 7or only those who expected nothing1 and got it71 all are in a mood to attack any one1 to charge somebody with meanness1 with treachery4 ,so bitter animosities spring up4 ,lawsuits1 hatreds2 families are severed2 old friendships sundered2 the lawyers stimulate the broils2 and1 at last1 very likely the ,will and all the property covered by it get into ,chancery6 ,when ,i have said this1 ,i have said quite clearly1 even to the ,barbarian mind1 that here all are equally wretched and equally impoverished1 excepting the ,lawyers6 ,the power of the dead man1 by a ,will1 to cut off a wife or a son with a shilling 7as the ,barbarians express it71 is monstrous4 ,then the unjust law1 by which the next of kin takes all the ,lands of a deceased1 works endless misery4 ,think of younger brothers and younger sisters being forced to depend upon the cold charity of the oldest1 who1 by mere accident of birth1 takes every thing6 ,and not only this1 but some distant male relative may cut off the very means of subsistence from females very near1 and throw them helpless1 and too poor to buy husbands1 upon the world6 ,a disgrace and shame too shocking for belief4 ,then1 too1 the wife's relatives may have paid to her husband the very money which1 by the ,will1 is coolly handed to a stranger6 ,such anomalies are unknown to the customs of any well-ordered and civilised people4 ,the new ,widow usually remains shut up in her house1 inaccessible to all but her children1 her servants1 her ,bonze1 and her ,lawyer1 for twelve moons exactly4 ,during this time she devotes herself to the prayers and invocations of the rites2 and will not so much as look at a man1 unless the exceptions named4 ,she is wholly draped in black2 her children1 her servants1 even her horses and dogs1 are in black4 ,she entirely quits all the vanities of life2 she only allows her maid to smooth her hair4 ,she suffers her hands and face to be washed1 but never paints her cheeks1 nor tints her eyelashes4 ,if she go abroad1 it is to the ,temple to pray1 or to the tomb 7in some cases7 of the dear departed1 covered from head to feet in thick black1 followed by a tall footman1 all black1 bearing the ,sacred ,rites4 ,if a man come too near1 he is waved1 with a solemn gesture of the hand1 to remove away3 this is the special duty of the flunkey4 ,if1 by any chance1 the widow in her march happen to lift her thick veil1 and catch the eye of a man1--ah6 how dolorous must her prayers be6 ,precisely at the stroke of time1 when twelve moons have gone1 the widow drops all the habiliments of woe1 and is herself again6--that is1 a woman in search of a husband6--if she have not1 from clear1 sheer desperation1 and want of anything better to do1 already pledged herself to her ,priest or to her ,lawyer4 ,now1 free and at liberty to choose1 she may wish to look further2 but it is probable that the inestimable services of the ,lawyer1 in her time of misery1 hold her to recompense2 or that the ,priest1 attentive to the precept of the ,sacred ,writings 7which commands that ,widows shall be comforted71 has so well obeyed1 that the ,widow1 completely solaced by the dear1 good man1 gladly rests with him6 ,the great book of ,rites and ,customs regulating the conduct of widows1 of widowers--in fact1 the observances of ,society generally--,i have never been able to see4 ,it is in the care and under the constant supervision of a ,high-,caste of exalted state1 from whose authority there is no appeal1 styled ,missus ,grundy4 ,i think a stranger can in no case be allowed to see this ,illustrious1 nor the ,book4 ,indeed1 ,i was told that no one1 not even ,royalty itself1 could inspect the ,book1 nor challenge this authority4 ,it is hereditary in the mighty ,grundy family2 and the head of the ,house is believed to be infallible in social observances4 ,another remarkable thing is1 there is never a failure in the succession--a ,grundy is always on hand6 ,now1 ,missus ,grundy speaks with more tolerance as to ,widowers3 they are not absolutely liable to decapitation if they marry again in less than twelve moons4 ,widowers1 for reasons ,i do not know1 are favourites with the ,barbarian females2 and young women with money will give all they possess to get a ,widower1 even when he have many children4 ,it may be because of the love for the pretty dears1 as the young ones are called2 but1 whatever the cause1 the fact is certain4 ,to gratify these gushing females1 ,missus ,grundy allows a ,widower to marry in a less time than twelve moons3 it is so desirable that the pretty dears should have the tender care of a new 7step7 mother6 ,as the ,barbarians have no ,halls of ,ancestors1 where the family preserve with dutiful care the records of the virtuous dead--inscribed on tablets of brass or polished stone--and where1 arranged in due order1 stand the marble busts of those more distinguished--they soon forget the dead4 ,the ,high-,castes sometimes set up monuments in public places2 in ,temples and the ,temple-burial grounds2 and inscribe thereon lofty panegyrics1 as false in fact as they are bad in style--and no more thought is given to them4 ,in truth1 these monuments are always considered to be to the honour of the living--who take the occasion to display their own wealth1 characters1 titles1 or taste4 ,the ,lower-,castes do but little more than hurry to the grave the dead body1 and dismiss the unpleasant topic as quickly as possible--imitating as well as they are able the ,high-,caste1 by setting up a ,stone-slab1 carved with a ruder but not truer description4 ,couplets in verse are often added2 and1 as giving an idea of the humorous and coarse conceit of the ,barbarian mind1 ,i will insert some of these ,inscriptions4 ,often the slabs are flat upon the ground1 and the tombs ruinous and neglected2 in fact1 very generally the burial-places1 though holy1 are in a wretched condition--tombs fallen1 stones and tablets prostrated1 graves quite worn away by the careless feet of passers2 the whole place wearing a sad air of utter neglect and forgetfulness4 ,one discovers a better culture making some progress1 by curiously regarding these stones1 inscribed with memorials of the dead4 ,they have slowly become less uncouth1 less barbarous1 and less devoted to the wildest vagaries of the ,superstition4 ,however1 this observation is to be taken in a very general sense4 ,often1 in the country1 ,i have stumbled upon a singularly-built old stone ,temple--standing quite alone1 with the tombs and the tablets of the dead1 clustering beneath the shadow of the lofty1 square tower of hewn stone4 ,upon the hill-side1 with a lovely view of hills1 and soft vales1 and rich fields of ripening corn1 and scattered groves--with green meadows divided by flowering shrubs1 where the flocks and the cattle fed4 ,near by1 orchards1 white and pink in blossoms2 and all the air fragrant with a delicate perfume4 ,at my feet1 a few houses nestling among lofty elms--far away to the ,west1 the sun shining above with slanting rays across a wide expanse of beauty--sitting upon a stone bench1 beneath the ivy-covered ,temple-porch1 ,i have looked upwards to the serene sky1 and outwards upon the tranquil and lovely scene2 and ,i have known no ,barbarian rudeness1 felt no ,barbarian ,idolatry4 ,the solemn ,temple1 eloquent in silence1 the unbroken rest of the dead1 the calm and delightful presence of ,nature1 these were here1 these are there2 man unites his grateful worship across the wide world--the ,sovereign ,lord is worshipped1 though darkly1 by these ,barbarians6 ,and in this worship 7in time to be purified7 we are one6 ,but ,i must give some specimens of ,barbarian ,inscriptions--by them called ,epitaphs1 when written to the dead--taken from tablets in places of burial4 ,here lies an old maid1 ,hannah ,myers2 ,she was rather cross1 and not over pious2 ,who died at the age of threescore and ten1 ,and gave to the grave what she denied to the men6 ,another3-- ,poor ,mary ,baines has gone away1 ',er would if 'er could but a couldn't stay6 ',er 'ad two sore legs1 and a baddish cough1 ,but 'er legs it were as carried her off6 ,here is one which refers to certain mineral zi-kli waters1 prized by the ,barbarians for curative properties3-- ,here ,i lies with my four darters1 ,all from drinking 'em ,cheltenham ,waters2 ,if we 'ad kept to them ,epsom ,salts1 ,we wouldn't a laid in these 'ere waults4 ,here seems to be one1 not uncommon1 which covertly shows its disdain for the gods of the ,superstition3-- ,here lie ,i1 ,martin ,elginbrod-- ,have mercy on my soul1 ,lord ,god6 ,as ,i would on thine1 were ,i ,lord ,god1 ,and you were ,martin ,elginbrod6 ,the following is most absurd3-- ,here lie ,i1 as snug ,as a bug in a rug6 ,and some equally funny relative placed near1 but not probably pleased with him1 adds3-- ,and here lie ,i1 more snug ,than that t'other bug6 ,a slang term for a low1 brutal fellow4 ,the following turns upon the word lie pha-li1 and the word lie pu-si3-- ,lie long on him1 good ,earth-- ,for he lied long1 ,god knows1 on ,thee6 ,this is ridiculous in manner of quoting from the ,sacred ,writings2 and adding1 without proper pause1 the death of another person3-- ,he swallowed up death in victory ,and also ,jerusha ,jones ,aged sixty6 ,here follow references to the ,superstitious horrors3-- ,whilst sinners kri-mi burn in hell1 ,in paradise1 with ,thee1 ,i dwell6 ,another3-- ,when the last trump doth sound1 ,no more shall ,i be bound ,within the earth2 ,my soul shall soar above1 ,to shout redeeming love1 ,which gave me heavenly birth6 ,this ,i fear will be scarcely intelligible4 ,the last trump refers to a statement in the ,sacred ,writings1 where it is said that a great ,trumpet shall awake the dead1 and so on4 ,probably1 the remainder may be guessed by attentive readers of these ,observations4 ,the next intimates that the couple had been quarrel-some1 but had1 at last1 silenced their bickerings in a common grave3 ,here lies ,tom ,bobbin1 ,and his wife ,mary-- ,cheek by jowl1 ,and never weary-- ,no wonder they so well agree3 ,tim wants no punch1 ,and ,moll no tea6 ,these refer to occupations4 ,by a cook3-- ,to ,memory of ,mary ,lettuce3-- ,if you want to please your pallet1 ,cut down a lettuce to make a salad4 ,by a sailor ma-te-lo3-- ,here lies ,tom ,bowline1 ,his timbers stove in-- ,will never put to sea ag'in6 ,below lies ,jonathan ,saul1 ,spitalfields weaver-- ,that's all6 ,spitalfields is a famous place for silk-weaving tni-se-ti4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i need not make any criticism upon these things4 ,they would be impossible to our better culture and refinement4 ,our ,book of ,rites would not suffer such low conceits to see the light if1 by any chance1 any one should indulge in them privately4 ,it may be said in fairness that these are specimens of the low1 and with these there is less indecency than formerly4 ,there are1 however1 abundant samples even among the ,higher ,castes1 of things in really as bad taste1 though in neater language--quite as offensive1 but to the feelings of right reason rather than to those of literary delicacy4 ,they refer to the canons of the ,idolatry1 and seem1 to a stranger to that ,presumption1 quite incredible4 ,however1 one must reflect upon the effect of superstition1 long ingrained1 and born and bred till its enormities are as familiar as the most harmless images2 and its blessings appropriated1 and its curses distributed1 with an equal equanimity6 ,i have not referred to the great ,pageants when ,high-,castes are buried who have been famous as ,braves1 either in distant forays with armed bands upon the ,heathen1 or among ,christian tribes of the ,main ,land4 ,or1 perhaps1 some high chief who has ordered the great ,fire-ships in burning and plundering beyond the ,seas4 ,i have not referred to these1 because they are merely shows1 and do not in any sense apply any especial characteristic4 ,one thing ,i have remarked--there seems to be no respect for the dead1 they are immediately forgotten1 and the very monuments ordered to be set up probably never appear2 or after so long a period1 that a new generation wonders who can be meant by the figure which rises in some public place6 ,and when these are once placed on their pedestals1 neglect falls upon them in a mantle of indescribable filth4 ,even royalty cannot have the royal robes of marble so much as washed by the common street hydrant phi-pi4 ,it is impossible not to feel that the cold and coarse feelings of the ,barbarians are1 in respect of the dead1 rendered more repulsive by the horrid features of the ,idolatry4 ,in this there is so much to brutalise and render callous1 that it is only as it is disregarded1 that the natural human feelings come into play1 and tenderness and delicacy find expression4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,of ,,art1 ,,architecture1 ,,and ,,some ,,words ,,about ,,science4 ,,kri-,,ote4 ,until recently the ,barbarians had no proper style of ,architecture1 unless in ,temples1 ,castles1 and ,ships4 ,the dwellings1 even in cities1 were as ugly and inconvenient as it is possible to conceive4 ,when the great ,roman civilisation disappeared1 the barbarous tribes for many ages so slowly improved1 that the aspect of common life remained savage4 ,the ,priests of the ,superstition1 however1 saved some tincture of ,roman learning1 and brought from ,rome some of the older knowledge4 ,these1 however1 directed their minds to the erection of ,temples1 and edifices designed for the objects of ,priestcraft4 ,then arose those structures1 truly wonderful1 in stone1 which exhibit so clearly the character of the gloomy ,superstition3 at first like those of ,rome1 but in time added to and changed1 till at length the vast ,temples1 truly gigantic1 called ,gothic1 arose4 ,these are like huge phantasms of carved stone1 rising into the sky4 ,huge walls1 buttresses1 turrets1 immense clusters of columns1 vaulted and lofty arches1 long aisles1 lighted by strangely-tinted windows1 carved masses of stone in prodigious strength1 leaping1 flying upwards1 upwards1 in grand confusion1 and yet upon a strange1 wild plan6--giving expression to an imagination only known to these dark and strong ,barbarians4 ,externally1 on all sides these ,temples are monstrous idols in stone1 stuck most curiously upon corners1 high up in niches1 on turrets and battlemented trit-ti-sy walls1 over the sculptured1 grand portals1 everywhere--chiefly diabolic1 exceeding all the dreams of a mad and dreadful frenzy1 yet borrowed from the ,superstition and illustrating it6 ,others surmounting these dreadful things1 angelic and serene--as if1 after all1 the human instinct spurned all the low and horrible intimations of things too foul for expression1 and yet so frightfully attempted1 in ghastly and grinning stone6 ,the ,roman-,greek types knew nothing of such--how clear and beautiful these stood out1 cheerful and clean1 in the pure sky6 ,as art found this sort of expression in the structures devoted to the ,superstition1 so in the buildings for the chiefs of tribes the same spirit directed1 though modified by the object4 ,in these art found pleasure1 and the barbaric mind delight1 to pile up lofty ,castles of huge stone--dark1 menacing--where all was for strength and to symbolise ,force1 and nothing for refinement1 nor even comfort4 ,these great structures are now1 for the most part1 crumbling away2 not from change of barbaric spirit in the love of ,force1 but from the uselessness of the ,gothic forms in the presence of big cannons4 ,the ,roman ,architecture1 somewhat altered1 is generally revived in buildings of importance4 ,yet the ,priests build much as before--dropping off1 however1 the more hideous of the grinning idols4 ,in this unconsciously giving a sign of the decay of the ,idolatry itself4 ,for when all its horrors shall have disappeared1 the morality and the simple worship of the ,lord of ,heaven may remain4 ,the improving condition has improved dwellings1 particularly of the ,higher ,castes4 ,the poor still grovel in huts and hovels1 often too offensive for the healthy growth of anything but pigs4 ,among the ,low-,castes1 in great towns1 the filth and stench are quite insupportable4 ,in ships the ,english ,barbarians pride themselves to be foremost4 ,upon this subject we may fairly give an opinion4 ,there are others quite equal1 and those of the ,starry ,flag often superior4 ,at present the style is changing1 and from wood are becoming iron1 with such massive sides of thick steel1 that no shot fired from any cannon shall be able to break through6 ,so these ,english think to sail with these huge iron machines into the waters of any people and force submission4 ,for the mighty cannon1 shooting out vast fiery balls of steel1 are expected to knock to pieces any ,castles and utterly burn and destroy any city4 ,and sheltered in these impregnable1 swift1 floating fortresses of steel1 these ,barbarians expect absolutely to dominate over all the ,seas1 and to sink everything which dares to oppose4 ,this supremacy is already vaunted2 and all the taxes which can be got from the people1 from the tea and beer which they drink1 from the tobacco which they smoke1 from the letters and papers which they write and use in affairs1 and from a share of their daily toil1 are devoted 7after handing a certain portion to the ,queen and the ,high-,castes for their pleasures7 to these big1 floating machines of war1 to the huge cannons1 and to arm and pay the sailors and soldiers1 that this domination be absolutely assured6 ,still1 so far1 none of these terrible vessels have proved of any use1 as they can neither float nor fight2 or1 if they float1 turn bottom upwards at a small breath of wind1 and1 if moved to act in concert1 are so unmanageable as to be only terrible to each other6 ,the sailors1 therefore1 dread them as unfit for the sea1 and as ,iron ,coffins to poor ,jack1 who is forced to go into them6 ,the introduction of ,steam has only rendered the ,western ,barbarians more conceited and more miserable4 ,on nothing do they pride themselves so much as upon the tremendous ,force1 which they have acquired in the various ,arts1 by the use of steam4 ,they1 in this1 as in other similar inventions1 mistake the nature of the thing used and its effect4 ,they think themselves wiser because they move faster--as if the hare be necessarily wittier than the ox2 and more civilised1 because more powerful--as if the rhinoceros were to be preferred to the horse4 ,at this moment1 the ,barbarian tribes of the ,west are devoting all their energies to this single notion of ,supremacy4 ,,force is absolutely the most coveted thing--to be strong1 the only desirable thing4 ,and the acme of that civilisation of which they boast1 glitters only with polished steel1 towering high1 bristling with terrible weapons of destruction6 ,there are canals not much used1 and not commonly of good depth and width4 ,the ,high-roads are nearly as good1 in some parts1 as those in our ,flowery ,land2 but more frequently quite inferior1 being either very dusty or muddy4 ,they have none of the conveniences for the shelter or rest of travellers1 provided everywhere by our ,illustrious2 nor are the signal towers and fine shade trees1 which give such beauty to our roads1 to be seen1 excepting occasionally1 and quite by chance1 the latter4 ,the ,bridges are insignificant1 as a rule1 owing to the littleness of the rivers2 but they are handsome and strong1 built of stone1 in the ,roman style4 ,they span the rivers1 the canals1 and form viaducts pa-se-gyt for roads of ,iron4 ,upon these roads1 passing sometimes over the dwellings and streets of towns1 move rapidly the long chain of carriages1 drawn by steam-engines1 conveying many people and much merchandise4 ,these iron roads are numerous1 and the works and buildings connected with them very great and costly4 ,the ,barbarians greatly vaunt the usefulness of these roads2 but the rightfulness of their opinion is by no means apparent4 ,they break up the quiet and the accustomed industries of the people2 excite agitations1 produce restlessness and expense1 accumulate too many here1 and depopulate and render meagre there4 ,they crowd the cities with the poor1 and leave the rural districts empty2 the towns are overburdened and the fields untilled4 ,they foster the extravagances of the rich and add nothing to the comfort of the common people4 ,it is said that in the saving of time is a saving of money4 ,but it is to be considered that this ease and rapidity of movement is not always usefully directed4 ,it may be1 and it is1 largely used only to waste and dissipate money and time4 ,it is said to save material measured in relation to effect4 ,this is not clear2 for1 although a ton be moved far quicker to a given point1 who shall say that the ton moved by usual means would not1 all things estimated1 be as economically moved1 and with as good result to the common weal8 ,the real question is not considered1 which is--,have ,iron-roads added to the useful means of the people8 ,consider the cost1 and say whether such vast expense in other mode or modes of outlay would not have produced means more beneficial4 ,how much more numerous and better roads1 vehicles1 buildings for the poor1 improved culture1 tools1 larger areas of recovered lands1 new fertilisers1 new and numerous schools--innumerable details of improvement--had the intellect1 time and money directed to these roads been directed to the many needs of a people6 ,the good1 then1 is rather the good which activity of brain and outlay of money naturally effect--possibly that activity and expense have not been most usefully employed in ,iron-roads--indeed1 very probably not to the good effect of a more naturally ordered expenditure4 ,but the ,english1 seeing the effect of a prodigious activity and employment of money spread over many years1 place it to the credit of a thing--,,steam2 never considering at all whether the thing has been necessarily the cause1 or only the accident4 ,to what effect1 during the same time1 might that same energy and money have been applied6 ,the new power stimulated energy1 and possibly misled it4 ,it may be said that steam did its service by giving this stimulus4 ,probably not so4 ,the question is1 ,has ,steam after all misled--fallen short1 in fact1 of those effects which the usual and less novel forces would have produced8 ,this is an unanswered question4 ,in the industrial arts the ,english are not remarkable4 ,they are good in fire-arms and curious in weapons1 as may be expected4 ,they are expert in making barrels and vessels to hold liquors from wood2 need1 which they call the mother of invention1 made this art a necessity2 such is the prodigious quantity of beer which they consume4 ,in dress-fabrics1 in tools1 in furniture1 in metals1 they show no more skill than our artisans1 and in many articles not so much4 ,we have arts1 useful and beautiful1 unknown to the ,barbarians2 they have things of mere show and luxury for which we have no use4 ,in what is called ,fine ,art--that is ,painting and ,sculpture1 particularly--we have but little to compare4 ,by ,fine ,art is meant what is impossible to us2 it is for the most part intolerable to us4 ,think of the ,illustrious of our ,flowery ,kingdom crowding into ,halls1 glittering with gilt and showy colours1 to see there1 arranged upon the walls and standing upon marble tables1 great pictures of women and of men1 often naked or nearly naked--wholly nude figures1 mostly of women1 in all attitudes1 carved from marble1 or made of a fine baked clay6 ,not only so2 but the illustrious mothers1 wives1 daughters1 and female friends1 accompanying the men to the spectacle6 ,the young man and the young woman together gazing upon the nude and flesh-tinted voluptuous female1 glowing in the picture6 ,no2 we give no such encouragement to fine ,art6 ,yet our painters compare favourably with those of the ,barbarians1 in such proper use of the ,art as is allowed by us4 ,for the same reason1 as ,sculpture with us is only permitted where useful or innocent1 it does not reach after such effects as with the ,barbarians2 where a naked figure of a young woman1 done in marble to the luxurious taste of a wealthy ,high-,caste1 will command a great sum4 ,none the less1 our ,artists can execute with fidelity1 as our ,ancestral ,halls will show4 ,copying from the ancient ,romans1 in their most wanton and luxurious period1 the kind of painting and sculpture referred to is most highly esteemed by the ,christ-god worshippers6 ,many of the ,roman works have been discovered1 and serve as models2 thus the ancients are imitated in their vicious taste1 though condemned as very children of the devil6 ,with the decay of the darker terrors of the ,superstition1 the mind1 rebounding from asceticism1 swung to the other extreme4 ,a rational morality and worship would have preserved a due medium4 ,but with ancient letters revived a love for ancient art2 and the indecencies from that source were condoned to the excellency of the work--or pretended to be4 ,the ,priests took no care to repress this outburst of voluptuousness2 in truth1 moulded its nude forms to the embellishment of ,temples2 and1 holding the warm fancies of its devotees1 strengthened their influence by a new device4 ,this zeal for the voluptuous in ,art and reproduction of ,roman types1 began by the ,roman ,pope1 spread everywhere4 ,thus the ,superstition itself sanctions this taste1 which to us appears so unseemly and immoral4 ,in ,parks and ,gardens the ,english ,barbarians are not surpassed4 ,we have no equals in horticulture2 but in gardens the ,english are fine artists1 and in parks have caught the true instinct of ,nature4 ,when in these1 ,i have felt conscious of a fine civilisation4 ,the lovely parterres of blooming shrubs2 the grand vases1 rich in brilliant colours of delightful flowers2 roses1 festooned1 trailed in arches over smooth walks2 green spaces1 where the sunlight lay warm and cheerful2 noble avenues of lofty trees2 sweet arbours1 embowered in blossoms and verdant vines2 shady walks1 meandering among the trees2 groves of evergreens1 musical with cascades1 gleaming in marble basins2 and fountains1 ornamented and sculptured in shining stone4 ,little lakes1 where the breezes awoke the sleepy waves and chased them to the shore1 and where the aquatic birds of many forms delighted to sport6 ,the whole place eloquent and still in beauty6 ,here1 no force1 nor barbaric rudeness1 nor worship of brutal strength1 nor of hideous forms1 nor of lighted altars6 ,here1 the ,english ,barbarian was a civilised man1 and here ,i could love him6 ,ah1 when shall he1 so strong1 see his true strength1 and know how to use it6 ,arm no more--teach the other ,barbarians the proper use of ,force6 ,dreaming no harm to others1 fearing no harm to himself1 and using the revenues of his great tribe to render it invincible in virtue--how then invincible in all6 ,one day one of the ,high-,caste took me under his ,illustrious protection1 and conveyed me to his grand ,house1 built of hewn stone in the ancient ,roman method4 ,it stood among fine trees1 a long and glistening faade phr-not of white and ornamental marble4 ,he presented me to his illustrious wife1 who graciously saved me from the too great embarrassment of her presence2 for1 as ,i shall hereafter explain1 the custom of the ,barbarians in this respect shocks all our notions4 ,hanging upon the gilded walls were the costly works of painters--among them naked women1 coloured and tinted1 in most voluptuous forms1 smiling down upon us--upon sculptured pedestals1 stood white statues1 in rich marbles1 of exquisite maidens1 nude1 and attractive in every graceful attitude and personal charm6 ,all this was surprising1 if not pleasing--but when this ,lord ,tchou took me into the gardens and ,park1 there1 indeed1 all was calm--the agitation of my spirit subsided6 ,walking with him1 he took me by the arm1 and said1 ,ah1 my dear ,chin-le1 how little we know of each other2 you do not understand how many things can be with us1 nor can we understand many of your customs2 but here we are not unlike--in this art we meet on common ground4 ,i expressed my grateful sense of his goodness1 assented to his happy reference1 and then ventured to observe1 ,your illustrious treats me like a relation--a brother4 ,in what respect--,i do not know4 ,ah1 you presented me to the exalted1 the lady da-mtsi--with us that is to say1 this is a son1 or a brother4 ,he smiled4 ,well1 perhaps you are right4 ,i rather think you are1 in respect of women1 though her ,ladyship would not assent4 ,i delicately hinted my embarrassment4 ,the pictures1 the ----4 ,he laughed good-humouredly1 and replied1 ,doubtless to eyes unused1 such things look dazzling1 and so on1 but it is really only a matter of habit4 ,but then1 ,i suggested1 ,is not ,art misdirected when so employed4 ,well1 possibly2 but an elegant thing1 a beautiful thing--why not give an expression to that beauty which is the most interesting1 the most charming8 ,does not that imply a purity above experience and above nature8 ,i see2 you lead into an ethical maze--look there8 ,i followed his hand1 and the noble ,park extended on all sides2 yet1 ,i said to myself1 in our ,flowery ,kingdom1 if a point be doubtful in morals we lean against the doubt4 ,but is there any doubt as to these nudities8 ,however1 turning with admiration to the well-trained flowers1 the spreading lawns of soft verdure1 the beautiful vases of brilliant shrubs1 the fine trees1 with here and there a modest statue1 or a marble fountain1 ,i exclaimed1 ,how perfectly satisfactory and pleasing are these effects of an elevated ,art1 where nothing is suggested but what calms1 cheers1 refines1 and makes generous6 ,ah-,chin1 my dear fellow1 your enthusiasm is admirable2 but we need more than the serene1 the cheerful1 and the generous6 ,as he said this he smiled at my look of bewilderment--for ,i was puzzled4 ,since then ,i have understood better4 ,art among the ,barbarians must be suited to the restless eagerness of their nature1 which demands excitement4 ,and the passions which ought to be severely repressed1 ,art1 in a hundred ways1 finds itself best rewarded to covertly gratify4 ,thus1 all the strong emotions are most coveted1 either as shown on the canvas or in the marble4 ,male figures1 nude1 writhing1 wrestling1 and in attitudes of force1 or expressing hate1 or pain1 or fierce contention1 or1 if in repose1 lapsing into the languor of desire4 ,female figures1 for the most part1 so managed as to stimulate those feelings1 or to suggest those incidents which a wise man likes to ignore2 or in such methods as to suggest emotions of shame1 of terror1 of suffering1 or of crime--often debasing or evil in tendency1 and rarely to any good purpose4 ,pictures of bloody fights1 of burning cities1 of great ships sinking1 or blowing up with all on board2 of wretches tearing or cutting at each other1 or struggling in blood and fury amid the waves4 ,statues distorted by agony1 or paralysed by terror--in such1 ,barbarian ,art greatly delights4 ,in this1 as in the sculpture of the ,temples1 showing1 in another form1 its fierceness and love of strong excitement4 ,in the cities1 there are occasionally statues to men who have been famous2 and1 in some of the great ,temples1 ,sculptures of ,high-,castes are sometimes set up4 ,they are1 as a rule1 strange exhibitions4 ,many of the great pieces consist of a crowd of figures in marble--an astonishing jumble4 ,there are figures blowing great horns2 other impossible ones representing huge human birds hovering about2 chiefly1 however1 naked women1 with wings awkwardly fastened behind the shoulders1 transporting the dead2 and others 7again females7 with rings of leaves held in their hands over the head of the dead or dying man6 ,all this is done1 or attempted to be done1 in marble2 and involved in it will be a great ship burning1 or great guns being fired1 and men and women being killed by hundreds2 or other dreadful scenes wherein the great man took fearful part6 ,memorials or huge paintings1 in honour of persons famous in fight and plunder1 are thus exhibited in the ,temples and public ,halls4 ,they are1 in general1 very astonishing6 ,in the street corners are sometimes placed1 on pedestals of huge stone1 carved effigies of a ,king1 or of a ,queen1 or of some ,high-,caste man4 ,of some ,brave1 who has cut off more heads than usual1 or who has seized more plunder1 or carried fire and sword over the lands of distant tribes4 ,he is sometimes on horse-back2 sometimes naked1 with shield and sword1 and very terrible2 sometimes so far aloft1 on top of a high stone column1 that nothing can be descried but a cocked hat and a pigmy figure under it4 ,rarely there may be a statue to some ,high-,caste1 who has been distinguished for wringing more taxes from the common people1 and1 by this means1 keeping large armed bands at work abroad--to the glory of the ,english name6 more rarely a statue to the memory of any one renowned for a life useful to mankind4 ,as works of ,art1 these things are not to be criticised4 ,they are works of money--that is1 paid for by weight2 merely meant to compliment a party or faction in the ,state1 and not to honour1 particularly1 the subject of the ,work1 or to give a noble expression of human genius or skill4 ,no purpose1 perhaps1 in the sordid workman other than to pocket the large sum for the big show6 ,nothing wherein a grand imagination1 inspired by a fine enthusiasm and full of a noble conception1 glows and breathes in the stone1 and makes it imperishable6 ,whether an unconscious disgust leave these public statues and monuments alone in their ugliness1 ,i know not2 but they are totally neglected1 begrimed1 covered with filth--often made the roosting-places of the unwashed street ,arabs 7beggar boys7 and loafers na-sthi4 ,even the statues of living ,sovereigns are so totally forgotten and deserted1 that the nose of ,majesty may be a small pyramid of dirt1 and the ermine robes more defiled and foul than the rags of the street mendicant6 ,the ,western ,barbarians are very fond of ,science kno-tu-ze--7this is the nearest word in our language1 though quite defective7--and consider themselves in this to be far superior to the ancients and to all the peoples beyond the great ,seas4 ,i have never been able to comprehend1 nor do ,i think the ,barbarians themselves comprehend very accurately1 the meaning of the word4 ,they will say of a man who is almost a fool1 ,ah6 but he is very scientific4 ,of another1 constantly blundering1 and who has been famous for prodigies of mistake1 ,his science is astonishing4 ,a builder of a great ship1 or of a great bridge1 sees his ship upset or his bridge fall down2 none the less1 he demonstrates to his admiring countrymen that1 upon scientific principles1 the ship should have stood upright and the bridge been as stable as rock6 ,a doctor kills his patient vi-zton scientifically2 a dentist cracks the jaw in extracting a tooth2 a surgeon breaks the leg which he cannot set3 ,science is satisfied--all was scientifically done6 ,a man spends his life in looking at the stars2 he is a man of wonderful science4 ,another keeps a ,list of fair and rainy days during twelve moons2 his scientific attainments are respected and his observations recorded1 as if the fate of the harvests were involved4 ,you will hear of a man of marvellous science1 before whom ordinary scientific men stand uncovered in silence2 he has discovered a new kind of tadpole1 and added another to the already interminable terms of natural ,science4 ,i have heard one of these learned professors pho-phe-sti say wisely1 ,he is a benefactor of the race who makes two blades of grass to grow where one grew before2 but1 he added1 he is a greater who teaches mankind how to do this4 ,in this way1 wishing to show that an idiot might chance to find a way to double his growth of grass1 but would be incapable of discovering the cause2 so that1 probably1 the accident would die with the finder4 ,a wise man would1 at once1 look for the reason1 and finding that1 be able to secure the benefit for all time4 ,this knowledge of cause is the kind called ,science4 ,the explanation is familiar to us4 ,in our ,flowery ,kingdom1 the master teaches the rules1 and the artificer puts them in practice4 ,we call him an ,artisan who has knowledge of an ,art3 we call him who knows how things ought to be done1 and who examines into things so as to comprehend the best modes of doing1 simply a teacher1 or master4 ,we do not see that his knowledge1 without actual performance1 makes him a great man--a man of ,science 7as the ,barbarians have it74 ,indeed1 if a man do a thing merely mechanically1 as a horse turns a mill1 no doubt he is an ignorant artisan4 ,still1 this stupidity does not exalt1 in any degree1 the nature of the knowledge of a brighter man3 this one is only an intelligent artisan4 ,on the whole1 then1 it seemed to me that the ,barbarians1 for the most part very ignorant1 were easily imposed upon by those who1 having leisure1 mastered the multiform terms 7or some of them7 used by the teachers of ,natural ,history in its various departments4 ,these1 too1 idle and with some ambition to be known1 easily fancied that the dry knowledge of words was knowledge2 and discovering with surprise at first1 but soon with great complacency1 how very little one need to know to be ranked with men of ,science1 at length prided themselves upon the very trivialities which otherwise would have been unvalued4 ,in fact1 finally imposed upon themselves as they imposed upon others1 and really believed those trifles to be important1 because confined to those who paraded them as ,scientific4 ,these busy1 idle triflers in words become the men of ,science4 ,this is very laughable1 and shows how mankind1 everywhere1 constantly repeat the same follies4 ,in our ,illustrious annals men like these have appeared and disappeared2 founded schools1 been admired1 had disciples1 then passed into oblivion2 their works1 often voluminous1 never met with2 or occasionally dug out of mouldy bins and reproduced in some parts to show up the pretensions of a new charlatan--to show how much better the same things were explained1 or the same terms used by an old and forgotten author1 #e1jjj moons ago6 ,these men1 as with us1 constantly overrate the value of their labours2 the world really can get on without them4 ,getting together in ,congresses ,bed-la-mi1 they pay 7or affect7 great respect to each other1 and put on an air of abstraction2 they are supposed to be pondering upon the care of men and things1 and feel the weight of responsibility4 ,other men may be trivial2 but to those upon whom rests the due ordering of ,nature1 ,care should be a genius and ,dignity a presence4 ,in these ,meetings1 nothing is worthy of debate unless it be ,scientific4 ,a plain paper1 directed to a simple1 useful object1 and stating in ordinary and intelligible language the rules useful to the end1 is not satisfactory4 ,there should be something novel and obscure1 or it is unlikely to come within the desired category4 ,in truth1 high and mighty principles on which man and the gods exist and move and flourish1 or upon a disregard of which decay and dissolution follow--these are alone the proper objects of philosophers and men of ,science2 and involved in the profound investigation of principles1 the ,congress disappears from the common eye1 and is lost even to itself6 ,on the whole1 the value of these scientific men to the world did not seem to me to be considerable4 ,i mean as scientific men--without any of the pretension or cant ,bo-zhe of their class1 individuals may be useful1 and would be more useful without the false glamour of class-vanity4 ,a man of brain and who really thinks and examines1 if he have anything to say will say it1 and it will be judged by its merit4 ,but when men having time and not knowing what to do with themselves1 and having some knowledge of words and but little brains1 see an opening for imbecility1 and are received and praised and dubbed ,scientific1 because they devote time and waste a large quantity of paper to give the world their thoughts--it is doubtful whether the more harm or the more good be done4 ,to be sure1 the idle and empty man may be rendered supremely happy in his vanity1 and may have been saved from some personal degradation or vicious inclination--but the world could have been well spared his ,catalogue of the ,parasites on the ,lobster1 or his ,notes on the ,habits of the ,barn ,swallow1 or his ,suggestions as to the proper use of smoke1 or his ,hints upon the hybernation of ,eels4 ,no great harm is done1 for nobody reads these things but the men of ,science1 who are obliged to keep up to the work of busy idleness1 in reading for debate with each other and at the ,congress4 ,this body professes to teach the proper rules for physical improvement1 and its members are natural philosophers4 ,they do not1 however1 confine themselves to the investigation of natural phenomena--they range over the whole broad field of speculation as well1 demanding to know the cause of all things1 and the very essence1 object1 and end4 ,those who take upon themselves this wider inquiry1 assume a dignity far above the mere ,scientists--these deal with mere visible forms2 but those with the laws which underlie the forms1 and with the source of ,law1 its origin1 its object1 and its end6 ,these are ,,philosophers6 and when a man is a man of ,science and a philosopher1 then no more is possible to human exaltation6 ,i have sufficiently referred to the works of these in another place4 ,they cannot be wholly useless1 if there really be a brain1 honest and strong1 at work4 ,for to such patiently1 humbly1 earnestly1 full of grateful recognition and conscious of the limitations of knowledge and of inquiry2 seeking and looking out1 with sad eyes1 upon the vast world2 to such1 some new evidence of the grand order1 some new and brilliant ray of divine illumination may come--not to show cause nor purpose1 but to delight and tranquillise1 to give new assurance of the ,beneficent and ,infinite ,wisdom6 ,the ,english ,barbarians have true men of ,science4 ,they are those to whom the people are indebted for nearly all of the useful discoveries and inventions4 ,men1 who1 engaged in some pursuit1 apply a patient investigation and thoughtful experiments to see if they cannot improve the existing means to ends4 ,in these investigations1 they discover a new source or a new way of power2 and1 in the experiments1 new applications and uses of it4 ,when these men fall into the hands of the ,scientists and ,philosophers1 and1 leaving their work-shops1 shine with the gods1 at the ,congresses--they usually end in that glamour--their light is no longer an illumination6 ,of the musical ,art1 some things may be said4 ,there is a wonderful variety of instruments--not many at all like ours4 ,some of the stringed are similar to our ,che4 ,there is one1 so enormous a structure1 as to equal a house in size4 ,it is made by a wonderful combination of hollow1 metal pipes1 ranging in size from a flute to a big cannon2 and in height from a span to the lower mast of a ship4 ,its sounds are many1 single in melody1 or astonishing in a wild1 clanging harmony 7the ,barbarians think72 but to me1 discord4 ,all the combined noises are terrific2 and surpass what the effect would be of our ,che1 ,yuhnien1 and ,pieu-king all sounding at once6 ,in ,singing1 the men often roar like bulls1 and the women scream1 making hideous contortions4 ,a handsome woman does not like to sing4 ,there is a ,theatre--play--where all the parts1 men and women1 are sung4 ,the passions of love1 hate1 jealousy1 and so on1 are sung and screamed at each other by the players in the most absurd manner4 ,the woman will sing and shriek out the most astonishing gymnasts of voice1 the man shouting and bellowing back1 and then both together bellow and scream2 the woman1 at last1 falls into the arms of the man1 or the man throws himself in a passion at the feet of the woman--both singing and screaming all the while--and the curtain drops6 ,then arise the noisy plaudits of the spectators--demanding a repetition6 ,the barbaric music is1 for the most part1 like themselves1 rude and noisy4 ,there are some exceptions--and in simple melody often sweet and tender4 ,the flute and the horn are pleasing--the former is much like our ,cheng4 ,occasionally1 one or two thousand singers1 and as many performers on instruments come together1 and give a grand ,musical ,treat4 ,judge what this must be1 when you add to this vast combination also the prodigious ,house of ,noise 7called ,organ76 ,oratory is an ,art much admired among the ,western tribes1 and the ,english think themselves to be preminent4 ,i can hardly judge2 one needs to be a perfect master of a tongue to follow a speaker as he ought to be followed4 ,barbarous races commonly produce effective ,orators2 the imagination is vivid1 the passions strong1 and there is enough culture to make the forms of speech at least tolerable4 ,in the ,law-making ,houses speeches 7orations7 are often delivered4 ,for the most part dull in manner1 insignificant in thought1 poor in illustration1 very ineffective4 ,the members go to sleep1 or withdraw1 or rudely interrupt--sometimes coughing down the speaker4 ,very rarely are to be seen any flashes of eloquence1 to be felt any thrill of its power4 ,unfortunately the same conceit1 here as elsewhere1 leads many to believe themselves to be ,orators to whom the ability to speak properly is denied by nature4 ,yet these insist upon airing their eloquence 7as it is styled7 on every occasion possible4 ,generally these men have some subject1 nick-named by the other members as a ,hobby1 which must be spoken to whether the ,house will hear or not4 ,then occurs one of those scenes so characteristic4 ,the ,hobby-man rises and tries to speak4 ,he waxes eloquent 7at least1 he intends to be7 on his favourite topic--perhaps the ,pope at ,rome2 or the rights of women2 or the purification of mud-streams2 or the poor man's beer2 no matter what1 when the other members determined to drown the speaker1 break through all the rules of the ,house1 the orders of the ,head officer1 and more1 all the ordinary decencies1 and caterwaul1 and cough and howl1 till1 from mere impossibility of hearing his own voice1 the poor1 squelched orator sinks into his seat4 ,now1 the ,house prides itself upon the liberty of speech and of debate2 it is one of the palladia of ,english ,freedom2 and this is a forcible illustration of the liberty4 ,anything obnoxious to the majority1 or even to a noisy minority1 may be silenced--such is the freedom of debate6 ,the ,english ,barbarians especially boast that the ,great ,council 7,law-,houses7 is not only the foremost of all national councils1 whether ancient or modern1 in character and in wisdom1 but also in dignity1 and the extreme care with which is guarded that most inestimable of all ,institutions1 the ,sacred liberty of ,speech6 ,there is a kind of oratory1 sometimes contemptuously called ,pulpit-oratory by the ,english1 which may be referred to1 because it forms a considerable part of the literary entertainment4 ,once a week1 on the ,holy day1 ten thousand speeches or more are uttered by the ,bonzes from a high place 7called ,pulpit7 within the ,temples4 ,from the place of delivery the name mentioned is given to this kind of speech-making4 ,the speech is known by one name--,sermon4 ,these sermons form a part of the rites in the ,temples1 and are therefore numberless and never ceasing4 ,as ought to be expected1 they are as dull as such a formal thing must be4 ,some ,bonze1 new to his office1 may attempt to give a little life to the performance4 ,but the ,high-,caste do not like to be disturbed by any novelties2 they prefer comfortably to sleep in the soft seats with high-backed supports1 where their fathers have slept1 ,holy-day after ,holy-day1 for generations before them4 ,they will not have the ,bonze1 therefore1 thunder the terrors of ,jah in their ears1 nor affright their wives and children by painting ,hell and the ,devil4 ,eloquence1 therefore1 in the ,temples1 if it exist1 must be content to glide softly over green pastures1 murmuring drowsily with meandering streams4 ,the lower-sects are not so disposed to neglect their duty4 ,with these the ,bonze is expected to be instant1 in season and out of season1 in the work of ,jah4 ,his terrors and the awful ,hell2 the wiles of ,satan2 the agony of the damned2 the danger of neglecting repentance2 the need of ,salvation2 the glorious ,gospel2 the blessedness of the redeemed2 the worthlessness of good works2 the absolute loss1 here and hereafter1 of failing to ,believe2 all these canons are vomited forth from the pulpit with an energy1 and1 sometimes1 when directed to unbelievers1 with a vindictive ferocity1 startling and overpowering4 ,the hearers do not sleep2 even the boldest tremble1 and the timid and weak sometimes go into convulsions of fear4 ,there are itinerant ,orators1 who go about the country making speeches 7and trying to make money7 upon all sorts of subjects4 ,they are rarely effective1 though occasionally1 when they happen to seize upon a popular fancy1 or to stir up some popular feeling1 they gain a certain attention from the ,lower-,castes4 ,whenever effective1 it is by blending some of the strong points of the ,idolatry with the prevailing agitation4 ,if there be some matter concerning which the populace presume to have any opinion1 then the itinerant speaker has his chance2 and he is doubly influential if he mix in his discourse a good proportion of matter taken from the ,sacred ,writings and the ,canons--this he distributes1 to damn opposers and to reward adherents1 with a combined ,priestly and ,lay vivacity and force6 ,we have1 and have always had1 ample specimens of these self-elected teachers and speakers2 and they receive with us1 in general1 about the same neglectful consideration accorded to them by the ,barbarians4 ,on a review1 it must be admitted that the ,western tribes are ingenious in domestic arts1 and not wanting in invention4 ,in the fine ,arts they are sometimes effective1 though immoral--merely imitating the ancient ,roman-,greeks1 whom they call ,masters4 ,their architecture1 when worth attention1 is ,roman4 ,but they have produced one novelty1 the ,gothic--a wonderful outgrowth of the ,barbaric mind1 formed by its great ,superstition4 ,in painting1 when confined to natural scenery and objects1 they are sometimes very pleasing and correct4 ,but in this department1 where they are not immoral1 they are often repulsive1 seeking for startling effects1 caught from the strongest passions4 ,true ,art elevates1 refines1 and pleases4 ,it never lends itself to deformity1 to the bad passions1 to baseness4 ,and it cannot sully itself by tampering with impure things4 ,it recognises the twofold nature of man1 and addresses itself to his moral instinct and love of divine beauty4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,of ,,amusements1 ,,games1 ,,and ,,spectacles4 ,when the lowest-caste takes a holiday1 decent people keep away from the place of resort1 as they would from pestilence4 ,the coarseness1 indecency1 and uncleanliness are too revolting4 ,not that they really differ in the ways of enjoying themselves2 but from their personal brutishness4 ,the remarks following refer to those above them1 and to the great body of the people1 when at spectacles and public resorts4 ,to me1 unaccustomed to it1 the presence of women everywhere perplexed and surprised4 ,in days of sports1 eating1 drinking beer1 gin1 and other drinks1 romping of the sexes1 and an incessant restlessness1 are very noticeable4 ,in the open grounds1 all kinds of sports and games are going on2 women and men dance1 whirl about upon seats1 rush after and chase each other1 swing in swings1 all in a wild revelry6 ,there will be games where the woman is now pursued1 and now the man2 and now shouting1 screaming1 giggling1 struggling and kissing1 men and women rush after each other1 catch each other2 and then1 reforming in ranks1 go through the same wild pranks again4 ,the chief out-door sports are horse-racing1 boat-racing1 hunting upon horseback1 bats and balls1 foot-races1 and the like4 ,in-door3 the theatres1 the dancing-halls1 the circus1 and a great variety of shows and spectacles4 ,women attend upon all1 and take a part in all--or nearly all4 ,in the theatre1 the circus1 the dances1 and many other places and things1 they take the most conspicuous parts4 ,horse-racing is esteemed as the greatest of all spectacles2 and ranks as worthy of a national support4 ,the ,highest-,castes--even the ,sovereign--attend4 ,the ,law-making ,houses1 the ,great ,officers of ,administration1 and the ,high-,bonzes1 leave the duties of their exalted rank1 and postpone the making and ordering of the ,laws1 to attend the ,races4 ,the ,illustrious wives1 daughters1 and female relatives--even royalty--hasten to them1 and esteem them as the best of all sports4 ,every ,caste--thieves1 beggars1 jugglers1 the very scum of the cities2 loafers1 vagrants--rich1 poor2 men1 women1 children--every description of person1 rush or crawl to the ,races4 ,every sort of vehicle1 every mode of conveyance is used3 on horseback1 on foot2 in any way1 the enormous multitudes crowd to the ,races--it is the ,english ,saturnalia 7as an ancient ,roman festival1 noted for its licentiousness1 was called7--,i have heard the word punned jo-akd ,satan-ail'ye1 by jesters--meaning the ,devil is in it4 ,not a bad notion1 having reference to the evil effects of the sport4 ,on both sides of the space where the horses are to run1 immense numbers of carriages of all descriptions1 booths1 stands and seats1 are arranged1 where the vast crowds stand1 or sit1 pushing1 elbowing2 whilst the horses are trotted out1 and the race is duly prepared4 ,at length1 a great many horses1 ridden by little men1 looking like ,apes1 rush off at a signal2 spurred1 whipped1 urged by the riders into madness1 with eyes bloodshot1 and nostrils distended1 and every cord and muscle starting out and straining--whilst the multitudes of men and women stand up1 shouting1 leaping1 screaming with excitement--sweep like a whirlwind along the course1 and pass the goal6 ,and thousands of gold are lost and won6 ,by as little as a head1 or a neck1 one of the horses is declared to be winner6 ,the name of the horse is sent all over the ,barbarian world1 and the event is watched for by millions--because bets are made1 not only upon the ground1 but in every part4 ,i can hardly explain to the people of our ,central ,kingdom1 the excitement and the confusion of this scene4 ,the most illustrious men and women are present2 the great ,bonzes are there--all classes1 the lowest and highest1 jumbled together1 if not in contact1 all carried away by the same wild passion4 ,about the splendid equipages of the rich1 mere human vermin crawl and fight for the crumbs and bones which fall1 or are thrown from the feasting women and men1 carousing in the carriages4 ,in these1 beautiful women laugh and bet with the men1 drink the wines1 and exchange a hundred smiles and jokes4 ,betting books are opened1 and the women take bets and plunge into the vortex of the phrensy4 ,the race is over1 and thousands are impoverished1 many utterly ruined4 ,with us the ,theatre is merely a public1 out-door spectacle1 of no importance1 amusing the ordinary crowd1 and free from immorality4 ,women take no part in the representations--boys1 dressed as females1 playing for women4 ,but with the ,barbarians the ,theatre is an organisation of government1 and receives the highest support4 ,women act1 and are more popular with the spectators than the men4 ,the first in estimation is the ,opera4 ,in this representation1 as ,i have said in another place1 the action goes on1 all in ,singing4 ,to me nothing could be more ludicrous1 more in defiance of all reason and nature4 ,the most terrible emotions--fear1 hate1 envy1 as well as the tender2 love1 affection1 friendship--all sung1 and not merely sung1 but bellowed1 screamed1 shrieked1 in every contortion of throat and mouth6 ,in the ,tragic performance the fierceness of the ,barbarians delights in dreadful murders1 plots1 assassinations2 in things which tear and lacerate human feelings1 and bring despair and death6 ,the ,comic is as coarse in loose buffoonery ,kro-sen-to-se as the tragic is for an extreme of agony1 based upon crime and baseness4 ,but the most astonishing of all the representations upon the ,stage is the ,ballet4 ,i should not dare nor desire to refer to this1 were it not to illustrate a point in the ,barbarian character1 only too prominent2 and to give further cause to the people of our ,flowery ,land to be thankful to the ,sovereign ,lord1 that ,he has not permitted such mark of degeneracy to stain us4 ,the ,ballet is supervised by a very ,high-,caste ,lord4 ,it is composed of a band of young women1 selected for beauty of form and of limb4 ,they appear in public nearly naked1 or so clothed in tightest hose ki-i-e and draped in thinnest diaphanous fabric1 that what is concealed is half disclosed and more piquant than if left uncovered4 ,troops of these appear--dazzling in white or pink--upon the stage-floor4 ,before they show themselves to the public1 however1 they parade1 one by one 7as ,i was truly informed71 before the ,high-,caste ,supervisor of the ,ballet1 who1 with his assistants1 duly examines the legs1 arms1 busts1 and drapery1 to see if all be in due order4 ,the drapery is carefully measured to see if it be of the required length1 and1 if too short1 must be extended to the knees4 ,not to cover anything1 but to satisfy a pretence4 ,for these transparent fabrics1 aside from that quality1 are so contrived that they float off from the body and limbs with every movement--and the motions studied are those which produce this effect--twirling around rapidly being a chief feat4 ,when the ,high-,caste is satisfied that there be nothing to offend the most delicate1 and that all the demands of a pure ,christ-god morality are satisfied1 he sends the young girls to the stage1 and they appear in the ,ballet4 ,this is a dance--why should ,i say more4 ,but consider this dance is before the highest and best--in an immense and brilliantly lighted1 lofty house4 ,there are vast crowds1 seated upon a level with1 or just below the stage--in rows1 one row above another1 forming a grand half-circle1 from the floor to the dome2 so high1 that the faces cannot be distinguished4 ,then the rich and glittering decorations2 the paintings1 the sculptures1 the music6 ,the music of innumerable instruments strikes up4 ,in come the troops of half-naked girls2 their busts1 their legs exposed4 ,in they come1 leaping1 dancing1 twirling1 whirling1 flying6 ,they twirl around on the toes like tops4 ,they spin on a single toe1 sticking out the other leg--and1 in this attitude1 revolve about6 ,they retreat1 advance1 stoop1 go backward1 forward2 twisting1 twirling1 throwing themselves1 their arms1 and particularly their legs1 into all possible positions2 whirling about on one leg and extending the other1 being the most admired feat6 ,this is 7very faint7 the ,ballet6 ,mothers1 wives1 husbands1 daughters1 sons1 lovers1 maidens1 look upon this spectacle--and pray for the benighted ,heathen6 ,englishmen often remarked to me1 jocosely1 ,ah-,chin--no like the ,ballet--why1 the ,theatre nowadays stands on ,legs6 ,it is a fact that1 in those times which the ,barbarians call dark1 when ignorance and brutality marked the whole aspect of common life1 the instinct of decency prevented women from appearing on the ,stage at all4 ,it is quite a modern invention4 ,the ,circus is another favourite show4 ,in this1 women appear1 ride the horses1 fly in the air1 walk upon ropes tightly drawn above the spectators1 and form a main feature4 ,they make the same study of exposing themselves1 and are undressed like the women in the ,ballet4 ,they give to the performance the same kind of stimulus1 to which is added the further excitement of danger4 ,for in leaping1 flying through the air1 vaulting1 and walking upon the tight-rope high above the spectators2 the probability of a broken back1 or neck1 gives a new sensation4 ,in the warm weather1 the ,english ,barbarians find great amusement in crowding to the ,sea4 ,here1 little houses placed on wheels are trundled into the waves4 ,from these1 women1 men1 and children wade1 and plash and dive into the water4 ,the women1 and even children1 often swim very well--the men nearly all4 ,the two sexes bathe quite near1 or together1 in full sight of the people on the shore4 ,here1 on the sands1 thousands are walking1 sitting1 and lounging about1 amusing themselves in the idlest sports4 ,the men in the water are1 with the exception of a mere loin-cloth1 naked4 ,the women1 though tolerably covered1 yet so carelessly that1 with the motions of the bath and waves1 they are sufficiently exposed6 ,in these sea-bathing places you will see ,barbarian life in all its rudeness1 and love of boisterous fun and frolic4 ,the men1 and women1 and children1 abandon themselves to eating1 drinking1 bathing in the sea-water2 to sports and games2 to dancing1 sight-seeing1 and match-making4 ,the last is the pursuit of husband-catching1 which the free-and-easy life at the sea-side greatly facilitates4 ,boat-races--sailing boats1 and boats rowed or paddled--take place at these sea-side places1 and are greatly admired4 ,they are unobjectionable1 and natural to a maritime tribe4 ,a strange feature is to see women go fearlessly into boats1 and1 hustled with the men1 enjoy the excitement of the wind and wave1 to witness these races1 or merely for the frolic--but women are everywhere6 ,the ,cattle ,shows are characteristic4 ,here1 fat cattle1 sheep1 fat swine1 fine horses1 poultry1 tools used in tillage1 fruit and vegetables1 are shown2 and the best receive prizes4 ,only a few of the ,high-,castes attend these1 and then merely as a form4 ,the real support comes from the farmers2 and from the ,lower-,castes4 ,these crowd to the show1 paying at the doors1 merely for frolic and fun4 ,open to late hours at night1 with music1 lights1 and places for eating and drinking1 the mixed crowd of men and women delight in the hustling1 crowding4 ,the usual beer and other drinks are ready2 the usual giggling of women1 surging1 and elbowing1 and pushing about6 ,one wonders much1 whether the fat animals are not more respectable than the animals which crowd about them6 ,but ,i can hardly fairly judge of the real character of the crowds1 for they are too novel and too offensive to the habits of our ,flowery ,land4 ,it is certain1 however1 that the ,barbaric element always perverts the most useful things2 and a ,cattle ,show must be debased and turned aside from its proper objects4 ,what have the women and men1 who push and surge about the brutes1 of interest in the thing8 ,nothing4 ,they may know and care for sheep1 when roasted1 or for fat swine1 when in the shape of a rasher fri-ie-tz4 ,the most curious1 and1 perhaps1 most important of out-door scenes is the ,hustings4 ,when there is a vacant place in the ,lower-,law-,house 7of the great ,council71 the ,sovereign commands a new member to be chosen by those who have the right1 in the town entitled to send4 ,a sort of stage is put up in the market-place1 and here those meet who are to be hustled for4 ,hustings comes from this word1 and means to shake together in confusion4 ,there are some who wish to send ,a41 others who wish to send ,b4 ,accordingly1 these are seized by their struggling supporters2 each side endeavouring to put upon the stage its man1 and each trying to put off the man of the other side6 ,one may judge of the hustling4 ,each candidate submits to every sort of indignity4 ,the hustlers 7voters1 generally called7 are chiefly of the ,lower 7not ,lowest7 ,caste1 and enjoy this privilege mightily4 ,beyond the immediate actors are the associates of the two parties--not having a right to hustle2 but1 none the less1 aiding in the general struggle1 by pelting with rotten eggs1 garbage1 or other harmless 7sometimes not harmless7 nastiness phu-fo1 the man whom they dislike4 ,finally1 one of the men is got upon the stage2 entitled to be the new member for having had the larger number of indignities put upon him1 and come out a-top6 ,these are--to have the head-covering driven violently down over the face--to be befouled with stinking eggs and garbage1 and all the time to say1 ,free and independent voters1 accompanied by bows and grimaces1 intended for smiles6 ,if the ,lower-,house1 however1 find on examination that some one has hustled twice--that is1 thrown two missiles1 then the scene must be renacted6 ,for it is thought to be too dangerous to allow of this unfairness4 ,if one could do this on the one side1 then it would be done on the other2 and in the excitement1 things harder than mud would be thrown1 to the danger of life6 ,as to the outside throwers1 the police take care that they do not exceed mud1 filth1 rotten eggs1 and vegetables6 ,when the new member is chosen1 he is called upon by his supporters to thank them in a speech4 ,he rises to do this1 and1 bowing1 says1 ,i am powerless to express my grateful sense of the honour4 ,free and independent voters--at this moment a half-drunken supporter of the defeated man gives the signal4 ,the rotten egg has fairly hit the new member in the face2 the crowd on the one side and on the other rush in pell-mell2 the stage is broken down2 stones1 sticks1 clubs1 brickbats1 are used and fly about freely2 noses bleed2 heads are cracked2 oaths and yells arise6 ,the new member1 surrounded by his supporters1 finally conquers2 and1 placed in a chair1 is lifted by strong arms to the shoulders of sturdy men1 who bear him to his illustrious house1 where his exalted wife and noble friends receive him with delight4 ,the tumultuous crowd are feasted by the ,servants2 and1 finally1 yelling and shouting for my ,lord--the new member--he appears at a lofty window above them1 thanks them once more1 and disappears4 ,the rabble leave the place1 the gates are closed1 and my lord and lady can congratulate themselves and be congratulated that the farce is over4 ,power and influence remain with them--the indignities are all washed off--it is merely ,english humour4 ,in these ,hustings the ,illustrious wives and daughters1 as well as all male relatives1 take part1 and are obliged to take their share of the indignities4 ,the dirty child of a low-caste 7who happens to have a right to hustle7 will be taken upon the silken lap of my ,lady1 and feel boldly in my ,lady's pocket for pennies2 and the daughter of my ,lady sits down upon the stool and feeds the hungry old hag of aged poverty4 ,the old hag being ill1 and mother to the hustler4 ,in this way1 and on these rather infrequent occasions1 the bold ,englishman of ,low-,caste vindicates his manhood and shows his power in the ,state4 ,but it is a mere form4 ,the ,high-,castes understand the ,barbaric temper1 and consider this mode of amusing it the cheapest and least inconvenient4 ,there is a struggle sometimes for the new membership between individuals1 but these are always of the ,high-,caste connection and order4 ,actual power does not exist in the hustling rabble--that is in the ,high-,caste4 ,nevertheless1 sometimes the ,hustlers can determine which of two shall be sent2 and1 therefore1 it is necessary1 when more than one desires to go1 to submit to the hustling4 ,nearly all the worst indignities are omitted when only one person is named4 ,in this case1 all the hustlers being of a mind1 they do not inflict more than the accustomed indignities1 which are moderate in comparison2 though one would think sufficiently humiliating4 ,in the civic processions1 which occur when a new magistrate is appointed to a city1 one observes how the old barbaric features still predominate4 ,like children those things are most esteemed which grown people disdain or laugh at4 ,rude force and the emblems of it2 men absurdly accoutred in old1 fantastic arms and armour2 banners which once marshalled trained men to war2 gilt and golden vehicles1 conveying priests and officials2 these carrying glittering baubles in their hand2 loud music and bands of curiously dressed braves2 these things delight the multitude1 which comes swarming out from every hole and corner of the city4 ,such crowds of both sexes1 with children even in arms6 ,nowhere out of these ,barbaric and populous tribes can such a spectacle be seen4 ,the vast throngs rush and push about1 and woe to that decent man who gets entangled among them6 ,often the selfish1 reckless hordes1 rushing through some street with a new purpose1 overwhelm and crush every moving thing in the way4 ,women1 children1 strong men1 are often thrown down1 maimed2 even killed outright6 ,thieves1 beggars1 the indescribable scum of degraded humanity1 mixed with the crowd 7in its own character but little removed from lowest debasement71 give it an air of unspeakable disgust6 ,of these ,civic ,spectacles1 a ,coronation is supreme4 ,this only takes place when a new ,sovereign is crowned4 ,no one is admitted to the actual ,ceremony but the highest of the ,high-,castes4 ,the common people1 who bear nearly all the taxes to pay for the enormous cost1 must be content to get such glimpses of the passing pageant1 as is possible to them1 at the risk of limb and of life4 ,the whole thing is so guarded by armed bands1 on horseback and on foot1 with fire-arms ready1 and swords drawn1 that it is only by rushing close to the horsemen1 and pressing upon the foot-braves1 that any glimpse can be got by the common multitude2 and for these mere glances--under the bellies of horses1 or between their legs1 or through some iron railings1 or the like--the devoted barbarians will risk their lives4 ,such is the admiration which this great show attracts6 ,it is thus admired1 not only because of the awfulness of the ,,crown1 but also because the ,idolatry plays so large a part in it4 ,the new ,king is always crowned by a ,highest ,bonze1 in his costly priestly robes1 and anointed with holy oil2 whilst the ,sacred ,writings and ,incantations are duly read and uttered6 ,the worship of ,christ-,jah and the other gods1 are all pledged1 together with all the ,canons and beliefs1 including the ,divine ,revelation of the ,jewish ,sacred ,writings2 in fact1 the ceremony1 in the ,priestly part1 is ,jew throughout6 ,the scene is characteristically barbaric4 ,force1 and glittering display2 all the jewels1 the gewgaws1 the golden rods1 orbs1 bowls1 sticks2 the spears1 swords1 steel armour1 helmets2 the robes1 furs1 silks1 velvets2 jewelled garters for the legs2 ornamented chains in gold1 for the neck2 coronets1 for the hereditary nobles ,hi-fi2 cassocks1 gowns1 mitres1 staffs2 scarlet and crimson cloths1 cloaks1 and waving plumes of the great braves2 men in steel1 on horseback--all these things1 and a thousand more6 ,with the grand women1 and the ,high ,lords6 all are present4 ,all is show and glitter2 and childish6 ,in the midst1 out there rides a man1 all covered with steel armour1 with a long and flashing spear1 who1 sitting proudly on his horse1 looks defiance6 ,a trumpet sounds2 another dashes forward1 and proclaims the new ,monarch2 then the first1 with a loud voice1 defies to mortal combat any one who dares to challenge the right of the proclaimed ,sovereign--and1 thereupon1 throws down a glove kang4 ,if any one should pick up the glove1 it would imply an acceptance of the challenge4 ,no one takes up the glove4 ,the trumpets sound1 the music strikes up in a hundred places2 the vast multitude cry and shout1 ,long live the renowned1 the exalted1 the ,illustrious6--and the new-crowned man is ,king6 ,in this barbaric display1 the money expended is enormous in amount4 ,the jewels and mere inanities are so costly that1 put to proper use1 poverty would scarcely exist4 ,nor is this all2 the ,high-,caste get all the honours and emoluments1 though they bear but a small part of the expense4 ,many of this ,caste hold hereditary offices connected with this ,show1 from which they derive revenue and high honour6 ,one may be hereditary sword-bearer1 another cup-bearer1 another towel-holder1 another bottle-washer4 ,nor is this sort of sinecure 7name for frivolous1 useless ,service7 confined to males2 females may be hereditary folders of the ,queen's night-cap1 washers of the baby-linen1 keepers of the robes1 maids of the bed-chamber1 and so on6 ,still1 such is the ignorance and debasement of the common people1 and even of the better classes1 that1 although they pay for these expensive whimsicalities and barbarisms1 and never by any chance share in the personal benefits1 they admire them2 and believe them to be1 in some mysterious way1 connected with their glorious constitution and privileges6 ,i scarcely like to speak of the displays by the braves4 ,these are those on horseback1 those on foot1 those with horses1 and cannons mounted on wheels2 and some who march partly1 and partly ride4 ,our ,flowery ,kingdom knows these armed bands1 and how rude and disorderly they are4 ,how they plunder and kill the defenceless1 and burn and destroy6 ,how fierce they are1 and how reckless of order1 even to their own chiefs6 ,but ,i will refer to the main display of these armed bands4 ,once or twice in twelve moons1 all the bands being assembled1 are divided into two parts4 ,each part has a great ,chief at the head1 with horsemen1 footmen1 and those with the wheeled-cannon4 ,one of these ,divisions is sent to a distance1 and the other is kept at hand4 ,then the one near is commanded to act as if the distant force was an enemy1 who1 having landed1 was marching into the country to subdue it4 ,in this way1 it is intended to teach the armed bands to march1 countermarch1 hide1 seek1 advance1 retreat1 get into ambuscade1 get out of it1 rush up hills1 rush down hills1 cross rivers1 make bridges1 construct roads2 pretend to blow up and to construct earth-forts2 pretend to charge1 to fire1 to shoot1 to rush with horses1 to swiftly move and fire the cannons1 each against the other2 to skirmish in small squads kong1 and fight in large bands--in fine1 to carry on a ,military campaign 7as the ,barbarians term this prodigious nonsense74 ,some one said to me1 ,a very sham pain4 ,it seemed to me no sham to the soldiers--so far as toil is concerned4 ,how1 in carrying out this tomfoolery hen-di-ho-ty1 bands of armed men may be seen scattered over a wide range of country4 ,smoke of fire-arms and reports of the cannons may be seen and heard1 in different parts--and a quiet traveller may be surprised to see suddenly a band of men1 armed1 rapidly approaching1 with the bright steel glistening in the sun2 and1 levelling these steel-spears affixed to the fire-arms1 see them rush1 pell-mell1 upon a row of bushes1 firing and shouting--then1 suddenly recoiling1 rush back and hurry to shelter behind some other row6 ,then cannon will bang1 and smoke will rise from among trees near the place2 and the horses will be seen advancing rapidly1 dragging after them the cannon1 which1 being planted on a hill1 fire and bang away2 then1 all at once1 some great braves1 with feathers flying1 and swords flashing1 will rush directly upon the cannon1 even right into the mouths6 ,then pell-mell other horsemen1 cutting and slashing with long swords1 and firing off little fire-arms1 will be seen2 and soon long lines of foot-braves will appear among the trees and bushes1 and some will rush upon the others1 and others rush upon them1 firing and banging away1 in a manner very surprising2 and this is a sham-fight4 ,sometimes the braves get so excited that they really do fight in good earnest4 ,as there is nothing but powder in the fire-arms1 the danger is in the swords and spears1 which are sometimes so used in the heat and excitement that many braves are really hurt4 ,when all is over the head braves of the two forces make ,reports of the doings of their respective divisions1 complimenting the braves and the head men upon their discipline and order4 ,on one occasion the ,royal ,prince and his attendants rode directly upon the mouths of a battery of cannon4 ,now the whole idea of the ,sham is that everybody is to conduct himself precisely as if the doings were real4 ,any head-brave who forgets this is disorderly and liable to punishment4 ,what would have been the fate of the ,royal party had the cannon which they rode directly upon1 been charged with balls as well as powder6 ,it is not to be found1 however1 that the ,great ,brave in his ,report referred to this extraordinary exploit of the ,royal ,prince4 ,with an enemy1 real1 deadly1 strong1 advancing into the country1 then indeed the braves would have work which would stir all their wits and nerve all their strength4 ,marches in rain and mud2 toilsome nights2 work in the ditches2 cold and biting winds2 wakeful and wearisome watchings2 all endured manfully1 and hardly noticed because it is real4 ,even a pauper disdains make-believe toil1 and takes the pittance tendered for it as an insult4 ,to the common man all this labour and exposure is very hard and very real--all the more so1 because it is mere noise and smoke4 ,no wonder that he is careless and indifferent2 no wonder that he curses the nonsense which wearies him without giving him any satisfaction4 ,show him true1 honest need2 where the enemy of his tribe lurks1 and he is alert1 active2 calls up all his intelligence1 looks to his arms1 looks about him1 and feels no fatigue4 ,but this--he loses discipline1 and is really demoralised by a ,sham4 ,still the ,barbarians greatly admire all this noise and blustering2 and the ,head-,braves fancy that the bands are improved in order and in knowledge of arms2 that they would really understand how to meet a genuine enemy more skilfully1 by having made-believe to fight a friend4 ,all human experience shows the opposite of this to be true2 for the sham is certain to entail some of its mischief and injure the very qualities which it is supposed to improve4 ,in the nature of things this affair cannot be good4 ,the object is a sham--everything1 therefore1 about it is sham4 ,the fight is a sham1 and the fighter is a sham-brave1 and1 therefore1 worthless4 ,who doubts that he is injured by this pitiful work8 ,when these armed bands march in the displays made on public occasions1 then1 knowing that they are doing true work with a true object1 they enter into it with spirit4 ,every man feels himself to be a part of a fine whole1 and interests himself to do his best4 ,these displays of the numerous armed men1 marching with banners1 bright swords and spears1 with cannon1 great troops of horses1 long columns of glittering steel flashing in the sun1 with brilliant coverings and gay colours1 and the loud clanging music--these attract great multitudes4 ,whilst the ,high-,caste ,braves1 on grand horses1 clothed in bright armour and steel1 prance about and order the bands of braves4 ,all are quiet and orderly1 and preserve due restraint4 ,one would not know that these are the same turbulent1 untrained1 reckless1 and cruel plunderers and murderers1 who devastate the homes of peaceful people beyond the seas4 ,i did not see the big fire-ships1 for it was not permitted to me4 ,or rather it would have been very uncomfortable indeed1 for the rude and insolent ,barbarians in the ships know nothing of ordinary politeness and civility4 ,they jeer my illustrious country and people1 and mock at us with the brutality of conceited and barbaric ignorance4 ,i was told that the big ships perform a great many movements1 firing off the great cannons1 and moving about each other1 and pretending to fight--in this way to teach the head officers and the men how to manage the vessels1 and how to fire the enormous guns1 and how to shoot the big balls and fire-bombs1 and other horrible things1 in the most destructive way4 ,sometimes an old vessel is allowed to float on the waves1 and the fire-ships shoot off the cannon balls against the hull1 to see how soon they can destroy1 burn1 or sink it4 ,sometimes they send against it a curious machine filled with gun-powder1 which1 sinking under the old hull1 suddenly blows up1 raising the great mass entirely out of the sea1 and utterly destroying it6 ,so ingenious are these fierce tribes of the ,west in all contrivances for the destruction of mankind6 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,of ,,the ,,employments ,,of ,,the ,,people1 ,,and ,,aspects ,,of ,,daily ,,life4 ,i have spoken quite at length of the ,english ,barbarians as traders--these form a large portion of the whole4 ,below these are the lowest caste1 workers1 beggars1 and thieves4 ,the tillers of the land make a great part of the workers2 then those who toil in the mines1 shops1 and great factories2 lastly1 mere day-labourers of all sorts4 ,the tillers of land are wretchedly poor4 ,in the years of their strength they just keep from starvation1 living in hovels hardly fit for a brute1 and not so good as the ,master's dog-kennel4 ,when strength goes they become idle1 paupers1 and die in the poor-house do-zen-di4 ,the mine-workers delve in the dark bowels of the earth for coal1 iron1 copper1 tin1 and other minerals4 ,no beast works in more dirt1 nor under more brutal circumstances4 ,out of the light of day1 far below1 in pitchy blackness1 illumined only by the faint light of a lamp fastened to his head1 the serf toils--exposed to death from suffocation1 by the falling-in of earth1 from great outbursts of water1 from accidents of many kinds1 and from the fearful explosions6 ,he gets more money--but in the light of day1 when he has cleansed himself from some of his weight of filth1 the gin and beer shop give him the readiest and only resource6 ,the lives of these toilers and of their families are scarcely imaginable4 ,an explosion sometimes destroys nearly a whole village6 ,the vast numbers1 men1 women1 and children1 who labour in shops and factories of all kinds1 present a very uniform appearance of misery and degradation4 ,they swarm in the great towns1 amid the dbris kon of coal and iron works1 and in the purlieus of the places of labour--dirty1 noisome1 barbarous4 ,no ,high-,caste1 unless by mistake1 ever goes among them2 and even the lower avoid them4 ,worked by their task-masters all the day1 from early morning till late at night1 for such pittance as may keep them at work1 what can be expected8 ,young girls and lads work together2 there is no decency 7there hardly can be71 connections are formed1 children come2 but who is to care for them8 ,what can describe truly the actual state of things8 ,when work is over1 weary1 without respect from others1 and feeling none1 therefore1 for themselves2 no decent home1 wife and children draggled and wretched like themselves1 where else to go but to the warm and brilliant-lighted drink-places8 ,here is warmth1 shelter1 comforting drink4 ,is it surprising that these1 the only homes1 take nearly all earnings2 and that the small remainder gives to the bare rooms1 ragged garments1 and squalid wives and children1 that aspect of misery and brutishness8 ,whole quarters of towns are given up to this degradation4 ,the portals of ,temples1 the porticoes of grand edifices1 the very steps of public charities1 are crowded with these victims of ignorance and selfishness--a selfishness peculiar to the cold nature of these ,barbarians1 and which receives its finest and most exquisite polish among the ,high-,caste4 ,i speak of the steps of ,charity ,halls1 where relief is supposed to be given to the starving2 but on the very steps misery may find its last1 wretched repose4 ,it seems to be accepted as inherent in the nature of things that this abounding debasement and wretchedness1 wherein crime breeds by an inexorable law1 must be4 ,the crime must be watched and kept within bounds1 and guards must carefully repress the disorders of this foul shame1 but the thing itself is inherent and ineradicable4 ,it may be so to the barbaric nature4 ,the ordinary labourers of all descriptions1 in the street1 in the shipping-docks1 in waiting upon the artificers1 in the digging1 toiling1 manual employments1 differ not much from their congeners re-la-tsi in the factories and mines4 ,their habits are the same4 ,all are alike really serfs1 taking no notice of the refinements and the enjoyments of the higher-castes1 and being everywhere rigidly avoided by them4 ,on a sunny day1 if you walk in a public garden1 you will see some of these miserable beings lying about on the grass1 stretched out in the sun1 asleep4 ,by no chance will they occupy any place which is usually used by the upper castes1 nor will any of these1 by any chance 7short of dire need71 ever speak to or notice one of these low creatures4 ,sometimes an open green space will present an appearance like a battle-field after a combat4 ,these serfs scattered around1 here one or two perfectly still1 there some just turning or raised upon elbow2 sometimes an old crone resting upon a recumbent man2 most1 perfectly still and flat1 give an aspect of dead and dying strewn over the field4 ,occasionally men and women will be cuddled close together for warmth2 in truth1 this grassy1 sunny couch1 is to them a luxury4 ,the aspect of these day-labourers as they lounge1 or slouch gr-utn idly about the streets1 is repulsive and curious4 ,they seem unable to stand up4 ,whether from the nature of their toil1 or from mere shiftlessness1 ,i know not4 ,but they never do stand erect1 and slouch along from one beer-shop corner to another1 till they can lean or lie down4 ,they cluster about the corners by beer and gin shops1 rarely molesting any one1 but frequently noisy and quarrelsome among themselves4 ,they carry their strong passions and strong drink to their wretched haunts where crime and violence are rife4 ,women and children of this class are also at these drinking places1 and give a feature to the degradation of unusual repulsiveness4 ,these beer and gin shops1 in low quarters of a town1 are prolific of riot and crime1 but abounding everywhere1 in parts more decent1 the police ta-pki are forced to be more watchful4 ,a striking illustration of the callousness of the ,high-,caste is1 that they derive their own revenues largely from this very degradation of the serfs--for an immense tax is paid by them upon the beer and gin which they consume--and this tax enures wholly to the benefit of the ,high-,caste4 ,in the ,law-making ,house1 therefore1 whenever some good man wishes to moderate this excessive evil of drink and drunkenness2 pointing out how ,crime takes root and flourishes1 and vice spreads from these drinking-places2 how the whole community suffers2 he is laughed at and pointed at1 and made odious to these miserable creatures1 as one who would deprive the poor man of his ,beer6 ,in this connection of the serf with the rich man's revenue1 it is convenient to say the poor man2 on ordinary occasions1 the drunken beast1 or the brute1 would be more likely4 ,there are parts of great towns where decent people never go unless by sheer need1 and where in the night they would not go unless accompanied by a policeman4 ,nothing can describe the aspect of the dark courts and streets1 of the mean and filthy buildings1 shops1 and dens6 ,nastiness1 foul smells1 dirty shambles and garbage2 doors and windows smashed and stuffed with rags2 gutters festering with impurities2 and the human vermin swarming like maggots in rotten flesh6 ,upon this foundation the palaces of the rich and the vast stone ,temples rest2 one wonders that they do not sink into it4 ,it is a great boast of the ,english ,barbarians that a slave cannot breathe in ,england4 ,at first1 when ,i heard this1 ,i supposed that it meant that he would die under the conditions of life awaiting him--he would not be able to breathe--and therefore slaves were unable to live in the land4 ,but the boast merely means that it is not permitted to add black slaves from abroad2 they cannot live in ,england2 nor do ,i think they could4 ,i do not comprehend the boast1 unless on the ground that it would be an expensive as well as useless cruelty to land even blacks1 merely to have the trouble and cost of burying their carcases4 ,i have called these low-castes ,serfs1 disregarding the barbarian fiction which calls them free4 ,not long since they were slaves under precise law2 now they are so by universal custom4 ,when they were legal slaves they had some care and protection2 there was a tie existing between master and servant2 hearty service and affectionate concern rendered the relation not merely supportable1 but positively advantageous4 ,the tie is severed2 there is neither hearty service nor affectionate concern4 ,the master possesses everything as before1 but he is no longer obliged to maintain his labourers4 ,these are numerous2 they must work or starve4 ,whilst they work they get enough perhaps to live2 no longer able to work1 mere pauper-life in poorhouses and the pauper's grave await them4 ,nor do the masters even pay for these2 they have cunningly contrived to have the expense borne by all who have anything to be taxed4 ,thus the severance of the ancient tie has only enriched the ,high-,castes and freed them from all obligation to care for the labourer1 and sunk him into a condition of hopeless and debasing poverty4 ,the freedom is all on the strong side2 the slavery more abject and less softened by humane sentiments4 ,now there are a few1 who have some dim perceptions of these so obvious features to a disinterested spectator4 ,they see that it is a poor compensation to the wretched misery which holds thousands hopelessly in its grasp1 to point out an occasional accident of escape--where some one1 more gifted and more fortunate than his fellows1 happens to rise into comfort and slight esteem6 ,these noble men1 the harbingers of light1 who try to see and to act honestly1 in spite of early prejudice and habit1 perceive that there is no hope for these serfs1 unless they can be moved with a higher interest4 ,they think they discover a chance to move them by offering them knowledge1 without1 or nearly without1 cost4 ,but it is doubtful if they be not too low1 too brutal1 to care for knowing anything4 ,then1 they must be forced to send the children1 to be taught--they must be whipped to ,school4 ,this is resented as an outrage on the freedom of the serf--as an invasion of his family rights--as a positive1 additional1 tax and burden4 ,for he gets something from the petty work1 or from the begging or thieving of the children1 and now the ,master takes that6 ,yet1 probably1 this is one needful thing--to take the children into the hands of the ,state1 in every case where the natural guardian is unfit to properly care for them4 ,but the ,state cannot half take them4 ,it cannot take anything of the present pittance1 and claim to have compensated by giving words instead4 ,it is cruel to say to him who starves in body1 ,starve--,i feed the mind6 ,a poor parent cannot receive even knowledge in exchange for bread4 ,and it cannot be asked of him1 in his low estate1 to exchange the little added support of the child's wage for the1 to him1 useless words of knowledge4 ,in the face of want one cares only for bread6 ,therefore1 the ,state which teaches must also feed the poor--or see to it that the honest poor be first fed4 ,if the parent can only feed by the help of the child1 the ,state must not arbitrarily assume to be ,master and ,judge--saying1 ,come to school--and starve1 if must be4 ,the ,high-,caste1 secretly1 clog and obstruct all attempts to raise the low4 ,learning belongs to the master--ignorance to the serf4 ,it is enough for him to obey and work4 ,there will always be poor1 and vicious poor4 ,it is better to merely watch and guard against an ,evil1 for which there is no remedy4 ,to give instruction to the low-orders1 is to arm demagogues with a dangerous weapon4 ',a little knowledge is a dangerous thing'--it only enables the multitude to see just what it suits the purpose of the ,agitator to show6 ,there is nothing but evil in these grand measures4 ,all must be left to individual effort2 and to the ,priests4 ,these must work as comes in their way2 instructing those who wish1 and encouraging those who dutifully obey1 and attend to the labours imposed upon them by divine ,providence 7,meaning1 that ,jah has ordained1 from all time1 that some must be ,hewers of wood and drawers of water--a quotation from the ,sacred ,writings74 ,in this manner1 the ,high-,caste1 when it condescends to the subject at all1 dismisses it4 ,indeed1 this ,caste1 the ,master-,caste1 really feels no other concern in the low orders1 but a concern for their peaceful subjection4 ,to this point they direct so much care1 as to have always trained bands of braves1 and strong1 picked1 well-ordered men1 called ,police1 ready at hand4 ,so1 in case the wretched1 degraded1 and despised serfs and thieves1 should dare to raise any stir1 disturbing the ease and enjoyment of the luxurious ,high-,caste1 they may be shot down without mercy6 ,necessarily1 the elevation of the low-classes will be very gradual4 ,many of the ,priests1 wishing to enlarge and maintain the influence of the ,superstition1 actively exert themselves among the honest and industrious poor4 ,and some of these ,bonzes are as benevolent as the traditions of their ,caste and of their ,idolatry will permit4 ,it is doubtful if the present condition of the masses of the ,english ,barbarians be so manly and independent as ages ago--when they were sufficiently intelligent to move in their own cause1 and were really of some importance in the ,state4 ,unfortunately1 they did remove from their necks the pressure of immediate1 personal service1 only to accumulate upon them1 as a ,class1 the whole weight of the landed and trading interests4 ,as a whole1 therefore1 they are more servile1 more abject1 and more dependent2 and the few individuals who may raise themselves above the level of their class cannot even flatter themselves in this to have gained4 ,there never was a time when these individuals did not exist--it is not clear that their numbers have increased4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,of ,,the ,,high ,,castes3 ,,some ,,particulars ,,of ,,their ,,domestic ,,and ,,social ,,customs4 ,in this chapter ,i shall try to show some of the peculiarities of the opposite extreme of ,barbarian life4 ,from ignorant poverty1 verging upon crime1 crime and vice2 we are taken to luxury1 also verging upon crime1 crime and vice--though under very different forms4 ,the ,all-wise and ,sovereign ,lord knows how to judge each class of offenders6 ,the ,high-,caste is very exclusive--it will not1 if it can avoid it1 notice one of a lower order2 and never will do so unless it has some selfish end in view4 ,this cold-bloodedness characterizes all ,castes4 ,when the ,barbarians1 therefore1 chance to meet1 and being of near ,castes1 cannot be distinguished by dress1 they never touch or address each other--but stare rudely up and down the person1 to see if it will be safe to be civil1 the one to the other4 ,in general1 however1 the two ,higher-,castes present so many features in common1 that a spectator may regard them as one4 ,both look upon all useful occupation as shameful2 and whilst it is hard to call up a blush for anything mean1 detection in any honest work covers with confusion6 ,the women of this ,caste appear everywhere in public1 with the same boldness as men4 ,they dress in laces1 silks1 satins1 velvets2 richest furs1 feathers1 shawls1 and scarfs4 ,are so addicted to these things1 and to costly jewels1 and ornaments of gold1 precious stones1 and the like1 that a fortune is often carried upon and about a fine ,lady4 7,lady is for the female like ,lord for a male74 ,in truth1 a ,lady only lives for two purposes--to dress1 and to marry4 ,i ought to add another1 but whether it be subordinate or chief ,i know not2 in fact1 ,i hardly know what it is4 ,we have no very near word4 ,it is a something of which you hear constantly--to flirt4 ,to dress1 it is necessary to shop keat-hi4 ,this1 is to buy the innumerable articles which make up a fine ,lady's wardrobe and personal appointments4 ,heaven and earth1 and all the lands beyond the great seas1 are ransacked to gratify the insatiate demands of ,barbarian ,high-,caste women4 ,the finest paints for the cheeks and eyelids1 the most precious stones for the ears1 the neck1 the wrists1 the fingers2 the most delicate perfumes1 the pure gold1 the richest furs and feathers1 spices1 oils2 the laces1 scarfs1 silks1 embroideries2--an endless variety4 ,shopping is1 therefore1 the serious occupation 7subsidiary to husband-catching and flirting7 of ladies4 ,many ruin themselves1 or their fathers1 their husbands1 or relatives1 in this expensive luxury of idle vanity4 ,high-,caste women show themselves in public1 sometimes on foot1 but1 more generally1 lolling1 with poodles in lap1 within open1 grand carriages1 drawn by great1 high-stepping horses4 7,poodles are nasty dogs74 ,they attend the ,temples1 waited upon by solemn servants1 clothed in showy colours1 and bearing ostentatiously the ,sacred books4 ,they are conspicuous1 when at the ,temple1 for audibly accompanying the ,priest in the ,invocations and ,confessions3 miserable offenders seeming to be a phrase rolled like a sweet morsel1 and having a savour of repentance and humility1 very edifying6 ,the men do not appear very numerously with the women--leaving them to do as they please4 ,the men going off to their own exclusive pleasures3 gambling1 betting1 racing1 boating1 hunting1 and other things equally useful and improving4 ,all through the night1 which is the time of ,high-,caste revelry1 the streets where the great live resound with the noise of the carriages1 constantly busy with the transporting of the ,high-,castes to and from the ,theatres1 the ,dances1 the places of ,amusements1 the ,dinners1 the ,parties1 ,routs1 and visits4 ,to mark the difference of the ,upper from the ,lower1 time itself is reversed2 night is taken for life and sport1 and the day for rest1 gossip ,quen1 and shopping4 ,in nothing could the difference be more striking4 ,the luxuriousness of mere self-indulgence1 which takes no heed of the usual order of nature1 and does not suspect that day has any better use6 ,when in the country1 there is the same round of busy nothings4 ,visits1 feasting1 drinking--dancing1 routs1 and parties4 ,women taking the lead everywhere and in everything4 ,here1 as in town1 the business of life with women is to flirt1 to marry1 to dress--the last should be first4 ,the men add to the follies of women some things more robust1 but not more useful4 ,betting1 horse-racing1 riding over country with dogs1 pursuing timid creatures--or gambling1 drinking1 and feasting4 ,when ,i first arrived in ,england1 ,i was amazed1 and supposed all women were shameless ba-tsi that ,i saw1 whenever ,i went in public4 ,in our ,flowery ,land this class ba-tsi1 under the strictest survey and care of the magistrates1 are barely tolerated1 and forced to the most scrupulous decorum of dress and conduct4 ,with us no modest woman of any rank ever appears in public4 ,therefore my surprise and astonishment may be imagined4 ,afterwards these were moderated1 and ,i could make allowances for the force of custom4 ,none the less the custom is remarkable1 and will receive attention elsewhere4 ,the mode of dress is simply wonderful4 ,it is ever changing and ever indelicate and monstrous--especially for women4 ,when ,i first saw one of these with a huge hunch on the top of her back1 ,i thought the person was afflicted with an enormous tumour2 but when ,i observed the same thing on all hands1 ,i saw my mistake4 ,the great hunch was no more than a machine placed on top of the seat1 under the outer garments4 ,the effect is something amazing4 ,the women in walking also wear the robe drawn as tightly as possible back and over the hips1 so as to display the whole form from head to foot in front1 and also in rear1 excepting at the back-seat where the protuberance is4 ,here the clothes are clustered1 and hang down in a trail upon the ground6 ,the feet are thrust into very high-heeled shoes1 or boots2 so1 in walking1 the woman stoops mincingly forward with short1 unsteady steps1 as if pinched at the toes1 rattling her heels upon the pavement1 and tossing her back-gear and headdress1 and showing off to an astonished observer 7unused to the apparition7 something to be remembered6 ,on every little occasion taking up her trail1 and discovering legs and ankles4 ,at home1 when receiving male and female friends to dinner1 the women do as they please--also in dances1 routs1 and the like4 ,i was invited1 soon after my arrival1 to dine4 ,i had looked at a ,book of rites and ceremonies for the great1 and hoped to get on tolerably well4 ,on arriving1 my first mistake was to address the servant as ,illustrious1 taking him for the master4 ,in many houses the servant1 dressed like the master 7being much more of a man in appearance71 may well be taken for him2 but in some houses the servants are made to wear badges and colours of their station4 ,women are very choice about these men-servants1 and will not have one unless he have very large1 well-formed calves fa-tze4 ,i have heard that the rogues supply this requirement by adding so much fine hay to the leg as will give due swell and figure6 ,upon being shown up to the room1 where ,i was to address myself first to the ,lady--the ,illustrious wife--,i made my next blunder4 ,the lady was large1 full of flesh1 rather red1 with bright eyes4 ,another lady1 just moving away1 trailed her long robe suddenly before me--my foot caught and held her4 ,she turned her white shoulders upon me1 frowned--at the moment ,i stumbled1 and recovered myself awkwardly1 with open hands full upon the ample bosom of the ,illustrious6 ,ah1 my confusion6 ,i could not recover my composure4 ,i could see nothing but necks1 shoulders1 backs1 bosoms of women1 and eyes flashing at me--heads1 and feathers and jewels--lights1 noise1 confusion6 ,i got away--never knew how4 ,women1 when undressed in this indelicate way1 are said to be in full dress4 ,i think this is a sly sarcasm of the men4 ,the men1 however1 dress in a manner not at all better4 ,when in full dress1 they put on a ridiculous close garment1 slit up behind1 and very scant1 with two tails1 which pretend to cover the hinder parts4 ,the trowsers 7an unmentionable article for the legs71 no more than the under garment worn by us1 is the only covering for the legs and lower part of the body6 ,imagine the indelicacy6 ,in this style of full dress1 the women and men of the ,high-,caste ,barbarians meet and mingle together everywhere1 and at all feasts1 revelries1 and dances4 ,in the shows within-doors the same mode prevails4 ,at the public spectacles1 in full view of thousands1 ladies sit exposed to the gaze of men1 who often level at them the magnifying glasses taken for the purpose6 ,critically examining the exhibition before them from a distance of twenty feet tu-fai4 ,the dress of women on horseback is as follows3--,the head is covered with a man's head-gear1 round1 hard1 high1 black in colour1 with a narrow rim4 ,the bust and body are just as tightly fitted as possible1 the hips and figure exposed in exact shape 7how much made up no one can more than conjecture71 and the legs covered by the dress falling over them long and full4 ,the woman sits on a side-saddle1 one leg well up over a horn of the saddle near the front top1 and the other supported with the foot in a steel rest4 ,she is lifted by a male servant1 relative1 or friend1 into her perch4 ,and when she1 with the little whip in hand1 takes up the long strips of leather by which she guides the horse1 and starts off1 there is a show the most curious6 ,up and down1 with every motion of the horse1 she bobs ,ko-bys1 exposing1 to any one looking after her1 the most precise model of herself6 but in an attitude and costume so remarkable1 that ,i never saw even the accustomed ,barbarians disregard an opportunity to see this show1 however indifferent they may usually be4 ,nor do ,i think that the ,barbarian women esteem any exhibition of themselves superior to this4 ,in the country you will see several apparitions of this kind1 urging their flying horses after men and dogs1 all chasing pell-mell some poor hare1 which1 running for cover1 is pursued by a crowd of men and women on horseback1 with dogs1 yelping1 barking1 men blowing horns and shouting2 the women on the horses leaping over fences1 ditches1 and urging their horses as wildly1 boldly as the men--and sometimes in all respects as skilfully and well6 ,this ,sport is considered by the ,barbarians to be very manly--nor do they consider a broken back1 or even neck1 as any objection to it6 ,the ,rout is a favourite amusement with the ,high-,castes4 ,so named from the confusion of armed men when routed--put to flight4 ,it is to get together just as many people of both sexes as possible4 ,with no sort of regard to the size of the house1 but only to show how many of the ,high-,caste will respond to the invitation4 ,in full undress the ladies and gentlemen 7,barbarian style for any ,high-,caste man7 crowd into the house4 ,every stairway1 every hall1 room1 chamber is filled4 ,refreshments are provided1 but the flux and reflux of the people render all eating and drinking very difficult4 ,the women flash in jewels1 pendants in the ears1 sparkling brilliants on arms1 busts1 ornaments of flowers and gems in the hair1 jewelled fans in hand1 perfumed laces and scarfs1 tinted1 and flushed1 and adorned1 exposed to bewilder and intoxicate the men--in fine1 in the pursuit of husbands1 or bent upon flirtations6 ,these entertainments are designed for the very purpose of excitement and match-making4 ,society is kept alive--life is made endurable by these things1 the ,high-,caste women say4 ,they have no other business but to attend to such matters2 and to them ,society looks to save it from dissolution and despair6 ,in the ,rout all is confusion and opportunity4 ,the young people1 the old people1 the highest and the lowest 7permissible71 are thrown promiscuously together4 ,women and men mingle1 jostle1 jamb1 crowd1 wriggle1 and writhe together as best they can4 ,the young lady suddenly finds herself quite in the arms of the young man who has saved her from a fall2 and he1 in turn1 begs pardon of some woman1 into whose lap he has almost been thrown by a sudden press4 ,acquaintances may be made1 flirtations begun1 ending in something or nothing4 ,but ,society has had its excitement1 and its members their chances for mere idle display1 gossip1 sensual gratification1 or the more serious business of ,high-life--fortune-hunting by men and husband-catching by women6 ,the ,waltz and ,dance are1 however1 the great game 7for they are really one7 of ,barbarian life4 ,every ,caste1 according to its ability1 dances--the low imitating1 to their best1 all the airs and graces1 dress and flirtations of their superiors4 ,in the ,waltz1 when the music strikes up1 the man takes the woman about the waist1 standing with the other dancers in the middle of the floor1 and she leans upon his shoulder interlocking the fingers of her disengaged hand in his4 ,in this close position1 they begin to wheel around1 around2 one couple follows another about the clear space left for them1 till many couples are seen twirling1 whirling about1 around to the sound of the music--ever in this wild1 whirling sort of a gallop1 following one after another1 rapidly6 ,the long trails of the woman are held up1 the embroidered skirts fly out1 the silken shoes and hose flash2 she is held close and more closely in the supporting arm1 her cheek almost touches1 her bust1 neck1 and face glow with excitement1 the eyes and jewels sparkle1 the man and woman whirl about1 till intoxicated1 dazed1 and nearly exhausted1 she sinks upon his arm and motions for rest1 and he half supports and half leads her to some soft bench or chair6 ,such briefly is the ,waltz4 ,the dance is the same thing nearly1 only more variety of movement is introduced4 ,the whole object is to bring the sexes together1 and keep ,society alive1 as before4 ,flirtation and match-making being main elements of social life4 ,the manners of the ,high-,caste are not really more refined than elsewhere2 only there is a cool tone4 ,nothing must surprise1 nothing confuse1 nothing abash4 ,a blush must be as rare as a laugh4 ,a young woman seeing a young man gazing at her with bold admiration1 must coolly look him down--if she please4 ,his is an action of mere rudeness1 or should be1 when directed to a virtuous woman3 but no1 a man may gaze upon what is everywhere exhibited for his admiration--may he not8 ,and yet1 with strange inconsistency1 a woman has a right to complain if a man1 captivated by the very means designed1 too rudely express his pleasure4 ,and one man is required to chastise another for the rudeness to his relative1 though he know that1 in the nature of things1 the female should expect what she encounters--and more1 the complexity is further involved1 that though one man must call another to account for this sort of rudeness1 yet every man indulges in it6 ,young people1 in public1 of the two sexes1 without shame appear in close intimacy--and will look upon statues and paintings of naked women and men1 talking and criticizing1 examining the works and looking at them in company1 without confusion1 or appearance of there being any indelicacy4 ,as if1 in fact1 in the bosoms of the ,high-,caste there did not exist any of the passions of ordinary mortals6 ,there are very numerous galleries of ,art1 where statues1 paintings1 pictures1 models1 and the like1 are shown1 which are always crowded by ,high-,caste women1 children1 and men4 ,and shop-windows are made attractive by displays of pictures of nude1 or half-nude1 women and men1 who act in the ,plays1 or who are notorious in ,spectacles4 ,this sort of indecency prevails2 and strikes one1 not used to it1 with an unpleasant surprise4 ,he knows not what to think of its significance--have all his ideas of decency been indecent8 ,i am not able to say much of the interior life of the family4 ,i was told that a happy family was rare--quite an exception4 ,it is only where the wife rules that any peace is secured4 ,the wife is allowed to do1 generally1 in ,society and at home1 as she will4 ,the husband goes off to his pastimes and pursuits4 ,children whilst young are committed to the care of servants1 and when older sent away to be educated and trained by hirelings4 ,the daughters1 when grown1 often move the jealousy of the mother by attracting more attention from men--they are often snubbed and made to dress unbecomingly1 so that the mother may shine4 ,marriage among the ,high-,caste is an arrangement for an establishment2 and to secure the succession of family name and title4 ,to these ends great care is given to the money question4 ,the man demands money for taking the wife4 ,domestic happiness is hardly thought of2 unless1 occasionally1 by very young people1 and they are laughed out of their ridiculous romance4 ,in the marriage ceremony1 the wife1 in the presence of the ,idols1 and following the ,invocations of the ,priest1 solemnly promises to obey the husband4 ,but this is regarded as a mere form4 ,any husband who undertakes to enforce obedience1 finds himself branded by ,society1 as a brute6 ,much of the infelicity in marriage rests upon this false basis4 ,for1 with the virile instinct1 man naturally expects obedience2 yet has1 in his unmarried days1 fallen in with the false notion of woman's superiority in delicacy and moral virtue4 ,this peculiar affectation colours all ,barbarian intercourse with the sex4 ,it has its root in the ,superstition1 possibly2 where an immaculate virgin gives birth to a ,son of god-,jah6 who is the ,christ-god4 ,thus1 woman came to be mother of ,god6 ,from this1 very likely1 followed all the false worship and gallantry of the barbarians2 who still1 keeping up this mode of treating women as superior in excellency1 could scarcely deny to them a superior place in the family4 ,assumed to be absolutely chaste and pure1 they are to be implicitly trusted--nor to them is there impropriety6 ,hence follows the fine ,art exhibitions--the undress dress2 the waltz2 the mixed crowds--the everything1 where women1 according to the ordinary feelings of cultivated men1 should not be1 or be in a very different way4 ,but the man before marriage1 and afterwards1 too1 7excepting to his own wife71 pretends to look upon woman as a divinity--as something far above him in moral goodness6 ,after marriage1 it is difficult to dethrone this divinity--the man has not a divinity at the head of his family2 but all his friends 7male friends7 pretend to think so2 ,society says so2 and he is himself compelled to pretend to the same thing4 ,under these circumstances he will never be likely to get much obedience4 ,none the less1 a struggle commences2 the man persistent1 strong2 the woman unyielding1 crafty2 the family divided2 the children demoralized2 a false and wretched farce of conjugal ,play1 so badly acted as to deceive not even ,society6 and finally ending in the ,divorce ,court4 ,this is the tribunal where ,causes ,matrimonial are settled2 and1 if one may judge from its ,reports in the ,gazette1 conjugal contention is exceedingly common4 ,for the public cases must be few1 compared with those where publicity is avoided by private arrangement4 ,doubtless1 a fine man and an excellent woman may unite1 and live happily together1 in spite of the unfavourable conditions4 ,but1 more commonly1 the high-minded man1 really believing in the superior purity of the sex1 and her greater moral delicacy1 finds his ,ideal to be too high2 and without absolute cause to quarrel2 in fact1 seeing that his ,ideal was itself only an error of the prevailing delusion2 ever after struggles to bring himself into harmony with the existing fact--to love and respect a woman and only a woman1 with a woman's vanity1 love of excitement1 frivolity and caprice--a very weary work4 ,the woman1 too1 still flattered1 and exacting the devotion which her lover 7now her husband7 gave to her in his days of delusion1 thinks herself treated with coldness2 and1 gradually1 by her unreasonable complaints1 estranges altogether the husband1 whom she1 too1 tries to forget1 in the admiration1 flatteries1 and excitements of ,society6 ,the affectation and falsity1 therefore1 respecting woman1 tends to a fundamental error in the relation of the sexes and the ordering of the family4 ,it is a strange and almost fatal error to give this exaltation to woman4 ,no doubt1 a real trust and respect tend to secure1 in some degree1 the virtues accorded2 and this true respect of an honest man1 who places his wife1 or his relative1 before himself in purity1 challenges the best of nature in the female4 ,but man has reversed the true order1 and run counter to the true instinct of the race 7quite as strong in the female as in himself71 when he thus puts woman before him1 in anything4 ,what authority is there for this reversal of the natural order8 ,why is woman more moral1 more chaste8 ,there is nothing in the nature of things1 why the man1 here1 as in all things1 should not be1 as he is1 the superior--the master4 ,in morals he should be her guide1 her teacher1 her best support4 ,that ,society is1 indeed1 unsound1 wherein the man may be low and sensual1 and fancy1 or pretend to fancy1 that the woman is better than himself--it is a delusion4 ,man gives the real character to any ,society--the woman will not be1 cannot be better than the man4 ,the ,english ,barbarians1 in spite of the absurd falsity of their customs1 must have some tolerably happy families4 ,the innate perception of the eternal fitness of things will cause many couples to arrive at a proper method4 ,the wife1 without exactly admitting it1 even to herself1 submits to her husband2 and the husband1 without exactly commanding 7except in rare instances71 feels that he is really the head of the house--and the family gets on pretty smoothly1 because living in the natural order4 ,but1 in general1 the struggle for mastery destroys either the existence of the family1 or all attempts at affectionate ways of living4 ,to avoid public scandal1 the members do not actually separate2 but all harmony and true domestic life are lost--and life is a dismal and disorderly rout4 ,the exaltation of the sex and the complete freedom allowed to them belong to a state of society1 if any such there be1 where man is still more excellent4 ,there1 indeed1 a bright and beautiful ideal is made real1 and men and women know how to love and to obey2 and love is as true as the respect and the obedience4 ,the ,barbarians1 full of immorality1 of rudeness1 of strong passions1 of selfishness1 controlled by a false conception founded in their ,idolatry1 act1 in respect of their women1 as if purity1 cultivation1 generosity1 and the highest morality1 everywhere existed6 ,this1 so false1 is well-nigh fatal to them4 ,yet1 it is only an illustration of the uncultivated and confused state of mind1 even in the highest1 that so simple a thing as the natural order governing the relation of sex and family is not comprehended2 and that their ,society is saved from absolute wreck only by the strong and controlling instinct of nature1 which1 in spite of obstacles1 does bring the female into subjection to the male--at least to an extent sufficient to make life possible6 ,none the less the disorder of households is dreadful4 ,sons and daughters1 as they grow strong1 assert themselves ,quan-hang-ho4 ,they act and speak 7and in this follow the wife and mother7 as if the sole business of the father was to give the means of selfish1 idle indulgence4 ,this would not be so unjust among the ,high-,caste1 but it descends to all grades1 and the middle orders are content to see the father toil at his business till overworked1 or ruined altogether1 in his efforts to supply these daily exactions4 ,no doubt he himself is a victim to the whole vicious falseness--yet the cold-bloodedness of this conduct on the part of children and wives is remarkable4 ,obedience1 or gratitude6--,words sneered at1 laughed at6 ,the daughters1 directed by ,mamma na-ni-go1 are taught to dress1 to look modest1 to practise all those arts by which they may attract the male and secure husbands1 and are exhibited in public places and in ,society accordingly4 ,the sons are sent off to be taught4 ,in the ,halls of ,learning they acquire but little of the knowledge paid for in the ,lists1 but a great deal of that which does not appear there4 ,a youth may have entered1 at least1 honest1 moral1 and generous--he still leaves unlearned1 but dishonest1 corrupt1 selfish--he has acquired that knowledge most sought for 7even by his parents71 a knowledge of the ,world ,quang6 ,in truth1 the youth instinctively feels that it is better for his success in life to know the ,world than to know ,letters4 ,he acts upon this feeling1 which thrives in the demoralised atmosphere which he breathes4 ,father is called ,governor1 and is regarded as a sort of creature to be made the most of6 ,the money allowed 7perhaps too ample for really useful purposes7 is spent in things foolish and hurtful4 ,money and time are wasted4 ,the latter is valueless1 to be sure1 to these youths anywhere--but the money may be wrung from relatives1 who put themselves on short diet to enable the son or brother 7who is defrauding them7 to appear well in ,society6 ,to perfect himself in the learning which he feels to be effective1 he devises new methods of wringing more money from the ,governor1 who begins to protest4 ,to drink1 smoke1 lounge about with easy and cool impudence2 to stare into the face of women2 to bet1 gamble2 to get in debt1 and curse the creditors who presume to ask for pay2 to make1 or pretend to make1 love2 and generally to lay broad and deep that moral and cultivated elegance1 to take on that exquisite polish gla-mshi1 which shall dazzle society2 shall attract the silly butterflies 7women7 who have influence or money2 shall1 in fine1 shine in the ,grand ,council1 or at the head of armed bands1 or to the illumination of the ,courts of ,law6 ,noble ambition1 based upon manly principles6 ,with the ,barbarians to be a moral and wise man is to be a milksop ,kou-bab2 to be a polished man of the ,world--admirable6 ,the ,english ,barbarians who are fathers1 generally consider it rather a joke to have their sons trick them and poke fun at the ,governor1 only it must be marked with some pretence of deference4 ,if the young fellows do not positively disgrace the family--that is1 marry some poor creature whom they have first debauched2 or actually forge1 or rob1 or descend to improper friendships with inferior ,castes--the parents esteem themselves to be fortunate4 ,if he have acquired no knowledge of letters1 nor of anything but vices1 yet he is a fine1 manly fellow1 who will make his mark in the world4 ,that is1 he is a tall1 strong1 active ,barbarian--just fit for the armed bands6 ,the infelicities and disorders of family life1 which only prefigure the inevitable confusion and evils of the whole ,society1 are more intolerable among the ,middle ,castes4 ,in the ,highest1 secured revenues enable the wife and the husband each to see as little of each other as they please2 and so long as the husband is not stirred up by ,mrs4 ,grundy 7who is not severe with this ,caste7 he cares but little what his wife may do4 ,he goes about his sports and his pleasures as he pleases2 and his wife1 not wishing to be looked after1 does not look after him4 ,on this free-and-easy footing1 with no want of money 7,mrs4 ,grundy's decorum being observed71 they get on well enough1 and may even form quite a friendship for each other4 ,but it is not possible to establish this condition in a family of small income--and here it is that the wretchedness of false principles has full scope4 ,the husband and father1 honest and good1 finds himself mated to a woman1 weak and vain1 with children moulded by her4 ,he1 misled by false notions and ignorance1 took to his heart one whom he fully trusted as simply true and modest2 he took her for herself and without money1 and flattered himself that she would be a helper and solace4 ,she and her children have made him a miserable slave1 who finds no quiet unless he satisfy all their clamorous demands--to shine in ,society6 ,if a good man1 he tries to obey and live1 even under exactions beyond his utmost efforts2 for he has learned to see that his wife1 though weak1 is no worse than the ,society which she loves1 and which he also cannot escape2 he is merely in a false position1 and must largely thank himself for having heedlessly entered upon it6 ,but this kind of man is not universal1 and one may judge what follows1 where there is a man who will not yield1 or yields only because he no longer cares for anything but his personal ease and indulgence--seeking for pleasure1 though unlawful1 abroad1 as the only recompense attainable for the loss of happiness at home6 ,such a man feels that life is insupportable1 where he makes so wretched an object--to be merely the mute beast of burden for the family1 without receiving so much tenderness and consideration as is accorded to the dogs lolling in the lazy laps of the females of the house6 ,he seeks1 therefore1 abroad for some means of enjoyment1 though illicit6 ,this sort of picture is to be seen everywhere in the ,barbarian ,literature1 and is constantly shown in all its minute and miserable exhibition at the ,courts of ,divorce4 ,adultery1 which in our ,flowery ,land is punished by death1 is not so much as a crime among the ,english ,barbarians4 ,and1 as it is the chief cause for which the bond of marriage may be wholly severed1 one may judge whether the ,court do not encourage the immorality4 ,for when parties wish to live apart1 here is a way to secure it1 lying directly in the path of desire and opportunity4 ,then1 too1 the seduction of a maiden1 which with us may be punished even to death1 receives no sort of reprobation in the ,court1 and scarcely in ,society4 ,if the ruined girl be of low caste1 her relatives feel no disgrace if the seducer be a ,high-,caste--rather an honour2 receive from him some paltry sum 7not so much as he lavishes upon some favourite dogs71 and buy with the money a husband for her from her own ,caste6 ,with us a guilty intrigue is almost unknown2 with the ,barbarians it is almost a pursuit4 ,none the less1 there is too much vigour in the organism2 too much moral1 intellectual1 and physical strength1 to suffer total decay4 ,as is always the case1 where the mind is active1 even ,idolatry itself has intermixed a pure morality1 and the ,barbarian nature1 still unformed1 untrained2 still rude and stirred by passion and by force2 wrestles with the divine instinct1 and1 unconsciously1 often moulds to its light4 ,away from the glitter and sham 7sometimes in it1 but not of it71 there are quiet families which live lives of honour4 ,the father works honestly and cheerfully2 the wife1 in her house1 finds the beginning and end of her aims1 of her love1 and her duty4 ,the husband-father is head2 on him rests all responsibility1 and to him belong obedience4 ,this is not exacted2 it is not questioned4 ,it is founded in love and respect2 love and loving obedience spontaneously arising from uncorrupted natures4 ,his whole being responds with unmeasured joy4 ,whatever is pure1 high1 tender2 all are for these--his wife1 his family2 so true1 so trusting1 so helpful1 so delightful4 ,he feels no hardship2 there can be no sacrifice1 for these2 all that is done is in harmony with himself4 ,everywhere he is in accord4 ,the very ills and misfortunes of life touch him not1 for he is living in the divine order4 ,and from such a man1 the inside-life being serene1 outer ills fall away4 ,he is so clear and simple2 so whole that nature smiles for him1 even in pain and sorrow2 he lives in the presence and calm of the ,sovereign ,lord4 ,these families are the ,salt which saves4 ,among the ,barbarians they are generally obscure1 and as wholly unconscious of the service which they render as are the glittering inanities which ignore them4 ,this should be reversed1 and the ,inanities sink into obscurity4 ,i will now say a word or two as to the personal appearance and demeanour of the ,barbarians4 ,there is no standard of best-looking1 and each tribe will judge from its best type4 ,in general the eyes are too prominent and open2 the nose large and irregular2 the teeth bad or false2 the height indifferent2 the figure either too lean or too fat4 ,the hair all colours2 red and light most common4 ,the women are so made up1 judging from the articles openly exposed for sale1 that one cannot speak of them with any certainty4 ,the hair1 teeth1 complexion1 bust1 outline of form1 are all false or artistically got up4 ,the eyes are too bold and open4 ,the feet long1 and hands large4 ,too tall1 and either too meagre or too stout4 ,the youth are sometimes pretty4 ,the women are often brilliant under gaslight 7a bright1 artificial light74 ,i have spoken of dress1 but ,i may mention that the women1 not content with every sort of made-up thing to add to their attractions1 pile upon their heads an enormity of false curls1 bands of hair1 laces1 and high sort of head-ornaments2 it is truly amazing4 ,some of these gewgaws are hung upon big pig-tails of false hair1 and some are stuck high a-top4 ,nothing really can be more absurd1 unless the false1 mincing steps1 and protruding back4 ,some women are beautiful2 but to my unaccustomed looks1 even the brilliant eyes could not blind me to so immodest an exhibition--or1 to me1 not modest--so instinctively do we demand that especial quality in the sex1 as the crowning grace of true beauty4 ,one thing of a personal kind in the habits of all1 high and low1 ,i remarked1 which would be intolerable to us4 ,a lady or a gentleman1 whilst conversing with you1 or at the table of feasting1 will suddenly apply a handkerchief mn-shi to nose1 and blow that organ in the most astounding manner2 and this may be continued for some minutes1 even accompanied by hauks and spits1 and closed by many nice attentions to the orifices not worth while to describe4 ,surely this strange thing disconcerted me very greatly at first1 nor do ,i understand how any people above savages could do it4 ,a fine lady will interrupt herself in the very midst of speech1 or of eating1 with spasmodic effort1 to clear her head2 emptying into her fine pocket-handkerchief the obnoxious matter1 and then returning the article to her silken pocket4 ,however1 we should not expect refinement in a ,society where the women may boldly mount a horse-back1 and follow men and dogs over ditch and wall1 urging her steed with the best1 to come in to the death of the poor hunted creature4 ,and this1 a noble sport1 fit for a lady6 ,nor this only1 but will crowd to public spectacles1 and be hustled and crowded promiscuously1 forgetful of all delicate reserve4 ,these habits are only to be criticised because of the boasted preminence claimed in all such matters4 ,but what would be thought of our ,literati piling into the mouth huge morsels of flesh1 or of guzzling kun-ki 7with a gulping noise in the throat71 great swallows of a hot1 greasy liquid1 besmearing the lips and beard4 ,the ,barbarians know nothing of our delicate mode of eating1 where all is silence and decorum whilst in the act4 ,another most unaccountable thing to a stranger is the robbery allowed by the servants of the ,high-,caste4 ,if you accept of the hospitality of a great man1 you must submit to be plundered by his servants2 and1 as a stranger cannot know the limits imposed upon this rapacity1 it goes far to destroy all the pretence of graciousness in one's reception4 ,when you have eaten at my ,lord's table1 to think you are to be fleeced pe-ekd by my ,lord's flunki6 ,i was once invited by a ,high-,caste to come to his house in the country and shoot game4 ,i accepted1 and soon went into the copses to hunt for birds for the table4 ,a servant accompanied me by command of his master1 to show me the grounds and to wait upon me4 ,he was very civil4 ,the next day1 upon my leaving1 this man1 decked in the livery bung-shi of his ,lord1 closely eyed and stuck to me1 till1 at length1 ,i perceived he wanted something4 ,only partially aware of the ,barbarian custom1 and blushing at the idea of feeing tin-ti or giving anything in return for hospitality1 ,i awkwardly fumbled in my purse and handed to him a half-crown4 ,he contemptuously looked at the silver piece1 then at me2 and remarked that the gentlemen of my ,lord did not receive gratuities of that colour4 ,meaning that gold was only fit for such an exalted minion4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,of ,,the ,,appearance ,,of ,,the ,,country--,,and ,,other ,,things4 ,the country is so small1 that1 riding in the swift steam-chariots1 it is traversed in an incredibly short time4 ,in those parts not disfigured by the smoke vomited out from the huge fire-chimneys of factories1 mines1 and the like1 nor by the nearness of great towns1 the country presents a green and cultivated look2 nearly as well tilled as our provinces1 ,quang-tun and ,chiang-su4 ,the villages1 ,temples with lofty towers1 great ,houses of the ,high-,castes1 here and there2 trees1 gardens1 smooth fields of fine verdure1 over which cattle and sheep are feeding2 rising hills and sheltered valleys1 rich with copses1 orchards1 and groves--all seen in moving views--give an aspect of peace1 comfort1 and wealth4 ,you do not see the poverty1 nor1 too closely1 observe the dwellings of the poor4 ,in winter it is cold1 and the whole appearance changes4 ,far to the ,north1 the sun gives but little light--and1 like the climate of our provinces by the great ,northern ,wall1 the cold is severe1 and the gloom deeper4 ,ice is formed upon the streams and canals1 and snow frequently covers the ground4 ,in approaching great towns1 you often catch glimpses of the crowded1 wretched streets1 where misery only thrives4 ,in some places1 in the winter cold1 smoke and darkness1 life becomes intolerable to many4 ,out of doors you can hardly find your way1 and thieves and beggars emerge from covert to ply their trades4 ,in the night1 at such times1 it is only possible to move by the glare of many torches2 and people are often robbed1 or bewildered and lost4 ,at this season of darkness many go mad4 ,there is a strong vein of horror in the ,barbarian imagination1 derived from their ferocious ancestors1 from their old idolatries1 and deepened by the new4 ,in the gloom1 the misery1 the wretchedness--sometimes in sheer disgust of life--many rush upon self-destruction--throwing themselves under the wheels of the steam-chariots1 and from the bridges into the canals and rivers4 ,many persons are thrown down1 maimed or killed in the highways1 by horses or by vehicles moving along4 ,yet1 in the grim humour of these barbarians1 this is the very time when the ,high-,castes begin their revelries1 and the ,low-,castes most indulge in drink and riot4 ,in travelling through the country1 you will occasionally notice1 seated upon an eminence1 some strong ,castle1 or ,place1 of hewn stone1 belonging to a ,high-,caste4 ,it will be approached through long avenues of lofty trees1 and stand pre-eminent among fine groves1 surrounded by broad lands4 ,these wide ,parks contain many thousands of acres met-si1 left untilled and unproductive2 merely with their green slopes and spaces1 interspersed with trees1 to give grandeur to the ,castle and its ,lord4 ,still1 if you look closely1 you will discover near by1 the squalid huts where huddle the ,serfs1 who are starving in the midst of this rich profusion--,serfs1 who never have an inch toe of land of their own1 and to whose wornout carcases is begrudged a pauper grave6 ,the inequality between ,castes is quite as conspicuous in country as in town4 ,one is born to an abundance1 the other to hunger2 one to a life of self-indulgence1 the other to one of enforced and hard-worked self-sacrifice4 ,the one1 at last1 is covered by a tomb1 emblazoned with ,honour2 the other is cast into an obscure corner of despised dead1 to rot in forgetfulness--though1 often1 judged upon a true measure of merit1 the resting-places should be exchanged--and the idle and vicious ,lord chiang-se descend into ignominious neglect6 ,you will see deer1 pheasants1 partridges1 hares1 and the like1 almost tame1 in the meadows and copses2 but the tillers of the soil must not touch them1 though starving--they are carefully preserved for the ,lord ,tchou4 ,not that he needs them1 or cares for them for food--sometimes he likes to shoot them for idle diversion6 ,you will notice sturdy tramps 7beggars7 resting1 or lazily slouching along by the ways1 with heavy staves in their hands2 and1 if you suddenly come upon these in a secluded place1 very likely you will be accosted--,master1 ,i be'se hungry--will ye give me tuppence8 ,you do not like the bearing of the man--and would not notice him4 ,but you observe his face and the clutch of his thick stick--and you hurry to hand him a sixpence1 and get away6 ,these scamps prowl about1 idle1 ready for mischief1 scornful of honest work--the terror of women and children who meet them1 unexpectedly1 without protection4 ,sometimes the ,iron-roads for ,steam-chariots are carried over the housetops1 in entering towns2 sometimes1 through long tunnels under the houses1 or under hills--and the works in connection with these roads are surprising4 ,the ,barbarians of the ,low-,castes are forced to incessant labours1 to prevent starvation4 ,these must be greatly directed to mines of iron1 coal1 copper1 and tin2 and to various things made from these1 and from wool and cotton4 ,for the fruits of the land cannot feed the population4 ,the amount of food which must be brought from beyond seas is very great--and to pay for this1 the products of industry must be given4 ,now1 other ,barbarian tribes make these things also1 and2 having them1 do not require the ,english2 in fact1 in more distant parts1 undersell them4 ,from this cause1 many are unemployed and turned adrift--they have no land to till2 they beg1 steal1 and starve4 ,should this inability of the ,english ,barbarians increase1 there would be no sufficient employment for the ,low-,castes--there would not be the means of paying for the food required--and depopulation must ensue6 ,the wealth of the ,high-,caste must shrink--the ,english tribe must decline in strength6 ,many of the ,high-,caste1 already anticipating danger to themselves--fearing not merely loss of revenue1 but the savage ferocity of starving multitudes--promote schemes by which large numbers of the poor are shipped off far beyond the great ,seas 7so that they never shall return7--to starve1 or live1 as may chance4 ,england is well rid of them6 they say4 ,in the neighbouring island1 ,ireland1 an actual starvation of the people in vast numbers happened a short time since4 ,as in ,england1 the poor serfs1 tilling the soil and owning none2 at the best1 toiling for the ,high-,castes for such pittance as would buy the cheapest food--potatoes2 when these failed1 could buy nothing--all else too dear4 ,these failed1 the serfs died by thousands and tens of thousands4 ,not because ,ireland was destitute of food2 such was the abundance that ample stores were actually sold for other and distant tribes6 but because1 in the midst of plenty1 the starving were powerless to touch it2 it was out of their reach--out of the reach of paupers6 ,the potatoes were not--and they must die4 ,the annals of no people record such a depopulation of a fertile land1 in the midst of peace and plenty--there is no parallel6 ,a people dying1 not from idleness1 nor unwillingness to work2 not from want of food at hand2 not from the ravages of war1 nor pestilence2 but from sheer poverty6 ,yet1 the ,english ,barbarians boast that no people are so rich1 so generous6 ,in our own annals are recorded great sufferings from floods1 failures of crops1 and natural causes2 where our vast populations have been for a time deficient in food2 but we have nothing to compare with this ,barbarian horror6 ,the ,thames is the only considerable river4 ,this flows through the greatest of all the cities of the ,west--,london4 ,it is an insignificant stream--much less than even the ,quang-tun1 in our chief ,southern province4 ,as it flows through the great city it is1 in some places1 confined by high hewn-stone terraces kar-tra4 ,these are truly great works1 and useful1 worthy of a strong people4 ,on the river bank is the vast ,hall of the ,grand ,council2 with its lofty towers1 turrets1 clocks1 and many bells4 ,the architecture is not like anything known to us--it is the ,gothic1 which ,i have mentioned elsewhere4 ,why this style1 so characteristic and fit in the ,temples1 is used in this grand ,hall1 ,i know not2 but probably because this barbarous form was that of the old ,hall1 destroyed by fire some time since4 ,and the barbaric stolidity sticks to its habit1 however inconvenient and unfit4 ,not far away1 may be seen the ,dome and ,towers of a fine ,roman-,grecian ,temple1 clear and defined1 giving expression to an orderly and trained mind1 severe in dignity and beauty4 ,but the ,gothic1 expressing1 or trying to express1 something very different2 and1 rising in the ,temples of a gloomy1 dark ,superstition1 to a horrible and unformed shape6 ,with that the disorderly brain burdened itself and the river bank--a pile at once wonderful and abortive6 ,london is very large1 perhaps equal to some of our greatest cities4 ,for the most part very dirty and grim1 and badly built4 ,the river shows its great trade--not inland1 but from abroad4 ,you can discern1 rising above the buildings1 the many tall masts of the ships like forests dried up4 ,and you will observe the numerous vessels with high chimneys2 these are the vessels moved by steam--and the incredible number of small craft4 ,at one point you will remark the tall white towers and the high prison walls of stone1 erected by the ,barbarian chief from the ,main ,land who subdued the ,english tribes in our dynasty ,song1 and made this huge ,castle a stronghold and prison4 ,lower down rises1 close by the shore1 one of the best in style of all the ,barbarian monuments4 ,it is a fine ,palace in carved stone1 built1 after the ,roman forms1 to perpetuate the remembrance of ,victories gained over distant tribes4 ,within are great ,paintings of these ,victories4 ,terrible scenes of devastation and cruelty2 bloody fights and dreadful conflagrations1 by sea and land2 rapine1 massacre1 unbridled fury6 ,these are the most admired of all things by the ,barbarians--by the ,low-,castes1 who are almost entirely the victims1 as much as by the ,high4 ,the sight of these kindles their passion for bloody force4 ,they ,hoorah6 with an indescribable yell zung whenever they wish to show their frantic delight at any exhibition of brutal ferocity4 ,this yell is greatly gloried in1 and vaunted to be far more terrible than that of any other tribe--that by it alone1 when raised upon the air by fierce bands1 ,english ,barbarians have routed armed hosts6 ,when one is in the narrow seas of the ,english1 very many vessels may be seen1 and near the coasts fleets of fishing craft4 ,the fishermen live in great poverty1 in miserable villages by the seaside4 ,they use lines and snares1 sometimes like ours1 but are not so ingenious in catching the sea-creatures as are our fishermen4 ,they have never trained birds to the work4 ,their huts are noisome1 and their habits and dress unclean4 ,they wear a curious cover upon the head1 like a basin1 with a long wide flap behind4 ,this is all besmeared with a thick1 black oil--and their clothing is stiff and nasty with the same unctuous stuff4 ,the oil is to exclude the sea-spray and wet4 ,their speech is nearly unintelligible to the ,literati1 though comprehended by their own ,caste2 they are of the lowest--serfs4 ,multitudes of these rude and unlettered ,barbarians perish amid the waves in the storms of winter--being forced to imperil their lives that they may live at all4 ,they are quite a feature in some parts1 with their awkward uncouthness4 ,they are addicted to the grossest superstitions of the ,superstition4 ,they have many legends about the dark devil-god1 and swear by him mostly4 ,they seem to think to cheat him--though they cautiously observe those things which may entrap them1 and nothing would tempt them to put to sea on the devil's day--,friday4 ,to do so1 would be to go to the devil's ,locker 7as they call it7 at once6 ,this class is similar to the sailor mat-le-si known in our ports1 and the character may therefore be fairly judged4 ,the fisherman1 in fact1 often changes into the ships and goes upon distant voyages4 ,there are no mountains1 only pretty high hills1 in the ,english provinces4 ,the loftiest are in the far ,northern parts1 where are also some small lakes4 ,in the winter these loftier ridges of land are sometimes white with snow4 ,the inhabitants are savages1 having their legs naked and bodies wrapped about in loose robes and skins1 secured by a belt1 into which a knife is stuck1 and to which a long leather pouch is hung4 ,in this pouch they place some dry corn matze1 which1 with strong wine in a bottle suspended from the neck1 enables them to live for days4 ,thus equipped1 they descend to the valleys1 and drive off to their haunts in the rocky hills the cattle of the more civilised people of the plains4 ,the ,english ,barbarians have never conquered these fierce tribes of the ,northern hills1 but have contrived gradually to destroy and to remove them4 ,so that1 at present1 what few remain are quite tamed4 ,a great many1 in times past1 were cunningly betrayed to the ,english and put to the sword2 but1 in latter days1 the head-chiefs have been bought by the ,english1 and used to entice their ignorant but devoted serfs to enter into the armed bands to be sent beyond seas4 ,by these methods1 those distant ,northern parts have been1 in good degree1 depopulated and made quiet4 ,the ,low-,castes furnish the fierce savages so well known in our ,celestial ,waters as those who live in the great fire-ships4 ,now1 when the ,english tribe1 being in need of many men for these ships 7just about to go away to plunder and to fight71 determines to have them1 this follows3--,strong1 brutal men1 are paid to watch for the poor of the ,low-,caste1 and seize them4 ,these cruel wretches are armed with clubs and swords and small firearms4 ,they are sent into the places where the poor and friendless abound1 to seize any man whom they think they can carry off without much fuss pung4 ,the poor cower and hide away2 but these savage bands hunt them out1 and bear off from wife and children1 it may be1 or from any chance of succour1 some unfriended man to their dreadful dens4 ,here they are beaten1 or put in irons1 or otherwise maltreated2 or they may have been brutally knocked down when captured4 ,when gangs twi-sz are collected1 the victims are forced on board the fire-ships to work in the dark1 filthy holes1 till1 completely cowed1 they are made to fire the great cannons1 and to learn the art of sailing and fighting6 ,many of these slaves of selfish1 cruel force1 never see their own land again1 but are killed in fight1 or by accident1 or by disease4 ,multitudes sometimes perish by a single disaster4 ,these are1 however1 fortunate4 ,they have escaped the brutal whipping1 the loathsome diseases1 the vile contagions1 the inexpressible horrors of a continued captivity6 ,by these press-gangs 7so-called7 the fire-ships are often supplied with victims snatched from the unprotected ,low-,castes2 and the ,upper enjoy the idle and luxurious security which they rob from the blood and limbs of the friendless and obscure4 ,this unjust custom1 frightful in every aspect1 receives the approbation and applause of the ,barbarians very generally1 who say1 ,let the fellows thank their stars that they can receive the ,queen's money and fight for her6 ,then look at the chance for prize6 ,by prize1 they mean some pitiful fraction of the plunder taken4 ,the stars are referred to1 because the ,barbarians fancy that everybody is born under the influence of some star6 ,i once noticed a painting1 wherein a young man and maiden were represented as just leaving a ,temple1 where they had been married4 ,both were nicely dressed1 young and handsome1 with roses and nosegays bong-no4 ,they were walking arm-in-arm1 happily engrossed in each other1 when1 from an alley1 out springs a black-whiskered bully kob-bo with drawn cutlass1 followed by a band of half-drunken1 armed wretches1 wearing the sea-garb of the ,queen2 he grasps the young man roughly by the collar--the picture attempts to show the indignant surprise of the man1 the clinging tenderness1 fear1 and horror of the maid6 ,but more striking to an observing stranger than even these1 is the merely passing curiosity of the people moving about6 ,the scene to them is not so novel4 ,it is merely a press-gang doing its lawful work--if1 by chance1 a wrong sort of man be seized1 it is none of the affair of these indifferent passers4 ,probably1 the picture means to excite some compassionate interest by showing how very hard the press-gang system may work6 ,it would be vain to call the least attention to the matter1 if the victim were merely a common labourer2 even the accessories of wife and children would not raise the scene into one of compassion4 ,nor does the representation1 for one moment1 cause any reflection upon a system wherein bullies kob-toe are employed to waylay and carry off unbefriended and unoffending men1 at so much per head6 ,for1 besides the regular pay1 a reward is given for each victim captured6 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,london4 ,london is the capital city of the ,british ,empire4 ,this is the style assumed by the ,english when they speak of their whole power4 ,it is a curiously constructed empire--in some respects like that of the old ,romans1 who1 however1 obtained their domination more directly by valour and wisdom--whereas the ,english rather by cunning1 accident1 and fraud4 ,i say accident1 because the immense regions possessed by virtue of discovery come under the term2 and the vastest of all their distant provinces1 that of ,india1 was obtained chiefly by fraud1 assisted by force4 ,i say curiously constructed1 because these ,christians are content to wring from ,heathen subjects their last bit of revenue utterly indifferent to the idolatries and to the miseries of the people4 ,if the ,taxes come in and the wretched ,hindoos starve1 the main thing is to make the money and support 'our magnificent ,empire' 7as the ,english have it74 ,so the wildest excesses may go on1 and the native chiefs1 who are mere creatures of their distant masters1 may oppress the poor inhabitants2 still1 now and ever1 the ,master demands money2 this secures the yoke upon the neck of the subjugated1 and enables the ,english to make the vast ,hindoo world a field where golden harvests are to be reaped4 ,boasting of liberty at home1 there1 a tyranny most odious is practised without pity4 ,then1 the distant settlements where the poor ,english ,barbarians go1 to cultivate the lands and to trade and plunder1 are held in subjection chiefly to give places1 with large revenues attached1 to members of the ,aristocracy1 who must be provided for in some way1 as they can do nothing for themselves4 ,so this arrangement is very satisfactory1 because the stupid ,englishman abroad is just as devoted to the ,upper-,caste and to the ,superstition as at home1 and feels honoured to have a scion of nobility foisted upon him2 and is amply repaid all the cost by the privilege of cooling his heels in an ante-room of the great man1 when he holds his little ,court4 ,the result is1 that back upon ,london flows all the wealth which the ,english ,barbarians can contrive to get4 ,having these distant regions1 and a greater trade across sea1 ,london has become the greatest mart of all the ,western tribes4 ,it is1 perhaps1 as large and populous as our ,pekin4 ,it is the centre of ,authority and of business2 not only so1 but is the ,metropolis of all the ,christ-worshipping ,tribes--or1 as the ,barbarians phrase it1 of ,christendom4 ,the population is #c1ejj1jjj1 or thereabouts4 ,the bulk of this multitude is poor1 and a large fraction paupers4 ,yet the ,english boast that it is the richest city in the world6 ,most of the streets1 courts1 and buildings are very mean4 ,in the winter1 nothing can equal the repulsiveness of the place4 ,to the squalor of beggary1 the meanness of abject poverty1 add the darkness and smoke2 and the conditions seem unfit for human life4 ,the rich shut themselves within their houses1 drop the heavy draperies over windows1 stir up the fires1 light the flaring flames of the curious gas-lights1 eat1 drink1 and sleep--shutting out from sight and sound that hideous outside4 ,this is the time when the wretched in mind and body find existence too great a burden1 and cast it off with a shriek and a rush--plunging into the river or canal1 or dashing beneath the wheels of the swift steam-chariots4 ,at all street-corners one notices the gin and beer shops4 ,these are the homes of the poor1 who find in them the warmth and comfort which are wanting in their domestic haunts4 ,these shops are closed at mid-night1 when the half or wholly drunken loiterers must straggle off into those holes and corners which are their homes4 ,probably there is no feature in barbaric life so curious and so characteristic as this--this ,gin-house of the poor4 ,the ,government licenses these places1 and derives a great income4 ,the ,upper-,castes fatten upon this very thing4 ,what can be said of it--what done with it8 ,another remarkable object in the ,london streets is the ,street ,arab4 ,this is the name given to it by the ,barbarians4 ,but the ,arab of ,asia 7if my reading be correct7 is nothing like this creature4 ,the ,london ,arab is of the degraded and thieving class--the very sediment--but not yet fully weighted6 ,in years a youth1 but in feeling a ravening1 sharp1 adroit animal1 quickened by the exercise of every instinct1 and cool and expert from constant habit4 ,he dodges in and out from under the heads of horses and the wheels of vehicles2 mounts a lamp-post1 or anything by which he may get a sight2 seizes the bundle which you may have in hand2 touches his uncombed front locks of hair1 ,please1 ,sir1 le' me carry it1 ,sir2 and trots before you1 happy if he get twopence4 ,nobody knows where he sleeps1 or eats1 nor how he lives1 at all4 ,i have suddenly come upon two or more of them1 when resting upon an iron grating4 ,their naked feet and heads1 their thin limbs hung about with dirty rags1 and their teeth chattering with cold--but never a word of complaint--no seeming thought of anything hard or uncommon4 ,these iron bars cover1 sometimes1 an area below1 into which the warm1 moist air of kitchens comes1 and rises through the gratings1 loaded with the smell of cookery4 ,upon these bars will huddle together these half-naked and starved outcasts1 happy in the partial warmth1 and a hope of food--for1 if only a bone1 or a bit of that steaming soup could by any chance be theirs6 ,poor girls1 of this wretchedness born1 shivering upon the wintry swept corners1 timidly offer you matches kin-fue1 ,please1 ,sir1 buy--and will run along by your side1 if you give them a half-glance1 begging you for pity to buy4 ,human misery finds no greater examples1 nor any form of degradation deeper depths1 than the lowest class of ,london--nor of ,london only1 but of all the great towns4 ,this degradation takes on every shape of misery and shame4 ,crime of every kind breeds in it--disease1 despair1 and death6 ,is it inseparable from human existence--must excellence in humanity be only for the few8 ,london has for ,misery its ,charities--for ,crime its vast ,stone prisons4 ,the latter are more accessible1 and1 for the offences of mere poverty1 quite as desirable4 ,pauperism detests the alms-house--it hates subordination2 and will1 sometimes1 starve before it seeks the bread of scornful wealth4 ,extreme indigence hardens--softness is turned to stone--human instinct feels wronged4 ,i wish work and pay1 not idleness and pauper-bread4 ,the cruel thing with the poor is1 that at first1 there is not debasement4 ,work is sought--but1 continued inability to find work and honest bread1 leads in the bad demon--which loves not1 cares not1 feels not--renders inhuman4 ,in walking the streets one feels the cold nature of the ,english ,barbarians--one sees its exhibition everywhere4 ,it is intensified by ,caste divisions3 there is no real sympathy4 ,an ,englishman shows in the streets1 and in all public places1 the indifference of a brute4 ,nothing moves him1 nothing makes him laugh1 smile1 or give any sign of emotion4 ,in sports1 nominally sportive1 there is nothing of gaiety--only with the ,low-,castes very coarse and rough brutishness2 and with the ,upper a repulsive cynicism4 ,this mood gives to the life of the streets no pleasing animation--only1 at best1 mere animal movement1 as if each beast was intent upon his own particular hunger4 ,at the ,play there is no show of genuine enjoyment--and the dance 7somebody said to me once7 might be a dance of ,death1 so far as any lively pleasure appears4 ,the ,hansom ,cab--of which there are thousands--is a singular and characteristic thing4 ,it is a vehicle of two wheels1 drawn by one horse1 and carries two passengers4 ,the ,barbarians1 intent upon gain1 allow the driver to urge his horse at speed through the crowded streets1 giving no other warning than hi-hi6 ,everybody must look out at his own peril2 for life and limb are unimportant compared with speed in business4 ,one would not credit this--but as ,i have been nearly run over by these drivers more than once1 not hearing the hi-hi6 ,i can vouch for the existence of these privileged vehicles4 ,the use of them is based upon the same rule1 which allows of so many other things1 to us inhuman or unjust--to say--that 'the convenience of trade' is paramount to trifling risks of life1 limb1 or soundness of abstract morality4 ,another public chariot for passengers is the ,omnibus4 ,these are very numerous on the great thoroughfares4 ,it is drawn by two horses1 and will hold twelve or more inside and fourteen outside1 upon the top4 ,these are licensed by the law1 and convey people a long distance for a small sum4 ,the name is from the ,roman1 and means a bus 7kiss7 for all--a ridiculous term for which ,i can give no explanation1 unless1 as women and men ride in them promiscuously1 some of the sly and coarse humour of the ,barbarians may be meant4 ,i refer1 however1 to the carriage1 to give an illustration of street life1 and of the ,english bearishness che-liftze4 ,i have seen women and children waiting at a corner in the mud and rain1 for the ',bus1 and when it has stopped1 ,i have seen men rudely elbow themselves to the front and enter upon the unoccupied seats1 leaving the women to the inclemency of winter1 or to the rain and sleet4 ,and these not the ,roughs1 but gentlemen4 ,this1 too1 one would scarcely believe1 if one did not see4 ,the police ki-ti of ,london is noted for its stupidity2 its members are the perpetual butt la-phe of farces and plays in the ,theatres4 ,yet the liberty and the good name of the citizens are at their mercy4 ,if a stranger be hustled and mobbed1 it will be well for him to get out of the affair without any call for the police1 for if one of these should come up1 he will be as likely to pounce upon the innocent and injured as upon the wrong-doer4 ,and he likes to make his arrest appear guilty before the magistrate--he is not mistaken4 ,in selecting policemen1 rather strength of body than any moral or mental qualification is looked for4 ,and the theory seems to be that one cannot afford to pay for intelligent men1 where merely the liberty and good name of the individual is concerned4 ,here again1 better that the particular person should suffer than that too much money should be paid2 especially as the ,police are not likely to be hard upon the upper-,castes4 ,to these they can be conveniently deaf1 dumb1 and blind4 ,one wonders1 looking along the interminable extent of mean streets1 to see the endless shops4 ,it looks as if everybody had something to sell2 and where the buyers can be who knows8 ,you may watch some of these places for hours1 and you will not see a soul enter or depart4 ,look in1 and very likely some old man or woman is drowsing away1 if in summer time1 behind a paltry litter of old stuffs1 the whole not worth a year's living2 or1 if in winter1 half-perishing with cold1 waiting for customers who never come4 ,and these waifs dri-tze of a forgotten trade linger on1 in old age1 eating hungrily the husks of former traffic1 which new ways have destroyed4 ,london is an enormous shop with a ,west ,end of dwellings2 these1 however1 not by any means shopless4 ,it is a marvel4 ,thousands and thousands of mean shops1 yet supporting the tens of thousands which live by them4 ,one asks how any fair profit can do this4 ,you will see a display of rusty goods1 of tawdry ornaments1 of dirty books1 of mere rubbish2 and if you venture inside you will hurry out again4 ,the creatures inside are as unattractive as the wares4 ,do you believe these are places of honest dealing8 ,but in what are called respectable tradesmen's houses1 profits must be little short of plunder--the business is so small4 ,yet the ,english ,barbarians1 of certain classes1 seem to take to this mode of living upon the community with a hawk-like keenness4 ,the difference between the price of an article of food1 whether bought first hands1 or after it has passed through these intermediaries1 is a difference as of one-half to the whole--that is1 the price is doubled6 ,these petty tradesmen glean their livings from the poor1 who cannot help themselves2 but1 in truth1 the common feeling is on all hands1 ,let us plunder1 and be plundered4 ,it is merely a question of securing a good share4 ,london1 therefore1 not wanting in a certain air of greatness in some parts1 really expresses very clearly the traits of the ,english ,barbarians4 ,it is gloomy1 morose1 huckstering1 repulsive4 ,huge it is1 like the ,english barbaric power2 but incoherent1 uninformed1 unlovely1 without the beauty of refinement4 ,still1 in the purpose of the ,sovereign ,lord1 one may guess the use of this great centre of barbaric influence--it is to beat down the distant and worse tribes beyond the great seas4 ,as one sort of predatory creature devours another1 so these ,barbarians destroy worse types of men than themselves1 and prepare the way for human advancement4 ,whether1 however1 they shall themselves ever emerge into a noble life1 is a curious inquiry4 ,the ,west ,end is that part where the ,high-,castes reside when in the ,metropolis4 ,it is the seat of ,palaces1 of ,courts1 of better built streets1 and of the best ,parks and ornamental grounds4 ,here the ,theatres and revelries are2 the great dinners1 the ,routs1 the ,dances1 and the stir of ,high life4 ,here1 in the ,parks1 the grand dames air themselves1 their poodles1 and servants4 ,here1 on horseback1 they astonish onlookers by the display of figure1 and1 on foot1 by a show of head-dress and draperies1 and bright eyes and fashionable forms4 ,luxury1 idleness1 show1 frivolity1 mock the wretchedness which despairs and dies1 or robs and cheats in not distant back slums gna-zti4 ,still1 along these costly rows of equipages and richly-attired women and men1 on whose persons may be single gems which would give bread to thousands1 one looks in vain for what would give a human and pleasing touch4 ,if you see a lovely face1 it might as well be at a funeral4 ,the whole spectacle is cold and lifeless2 the horses only have animation1 and they are kept down to the tamest possible step4 ,the world cannot show finer animals1 nor wealthier owners1 nor more luxurious idlers1 nor more unattractive human beings4 ,joy is unknown1 and any touch of natural sentiment1 along the long line of devotees of wearisome ,time-killers1 may be looked for in vain4 ,when ,i first walked about the streets1 ,i found myself the victim of ,barbarian insolence4 ,my dress attracted rude notice1 and ,i soon adopted the common garb4 ,this1 however1 only partially removed observation--for my features were different4 ,however1 a longer use accustomed me to rudeness1 and enabled me to let it pass unnoticed4 ,one part of the town1 particularly1 appeared to be infested with women1 who accosted me and insisted upon walking with me4 ,i could not for some time understand this2 but since1 ,i have been informed4 ,the neighbourhood of the ,theatres--in fact1 many parts of the ,west ,end--are the haunts of these poor creatures1 many of whom seem to be but little more than children4 ,on one occasion a well-dressed young girl1 as ,i was leaving the ,play1 smilingly spoke to me1 and asked the time6 ,i took out my watch1 which was worn in my fob1 and holding it up to the gaslight to see the hour1 it was snatched from my hand4 ,i merely caught sight of a person vanishing round a corner4 ,the girl exclaimed1 ,what a pity1 and put her hand gently on my arm4 ,i1 however1 moved away quickly2 but all trace of watch and robber was gone1 and the young woman too6 ,this would not happen to me now4 ,i did not then know of the state of things in the centre of ,christendom6 ,of course ,i was robbed on several occasions1 and in many ways1 and shortly found that ,i must look upon everybody as a rascal1 as the ,english do4 ,but perhaps there is nothing in ,london so exasperating as the ,lodging-house keeper4 ,this is a creature not unknown to other regions1 but reserved for its most perfect and exquisite finish for the ,metropolis of the ,world 7as the ,english like to call ,london74 ,this being starves you1 freezes you1 cheats you1 waits upon you1 steals from you1 lies to you1 flatters you1 and backbites you2 reads your private papers1 has keys for all your boxes and drawers1 and a complete inventory of all your effects4 ,she chooses from your handkerchiefs1 smoothes her hair with your brushes1 scents it with your perfumes1 makes herself beautiful at your toilet4 ,she examines your boots1 and finds a pair which you will never miss1 for her ,james4 ,she brushes your trowsers1 and takes care of any loose change4 ,she waits at your table1 counts the oranges1 and thinks she will try one4 ,when you ask for that pie1 she has given it to the dog--,i thought you were done with it1 ,sir4 ,she cracks a window pane1 and charges it to you in the bill4 ,she eats your bread1 drinks your beer1 tastes your wine2 and charges you a shilling for a pinch of salt4 ,she demands pay for coals you have not burned1 and for gas you have not used4 ,she gives you sheets that are worn out1 and makes you pay the price of new when you stick your toes through them4 ,she demands the wash for coverings which you have not soiled1 and for tidys that were never tidy4 ,she has a lot of cracked cheap glasses and crockery1 which she makes you pay for cracking1 ,sir--as she has already made others many times before4 ,in truth1 these are invaluable to her--she get new ones1 not she6 7as she says to her drudge of all work74 ,you pay for clean table-linen and towels weekly 7and weakly7--but if you ask for a fresh table-cloth1 ,i have a friend to dine--you get it1 and a charge for it extra4 ,if you intimate that you could not have had so much butter--you are reminded that you are speaking to a lady1 who has been accustomed to have gentlemen in her rooms6 ,you sleep on hobbles1 and are blotched in a curious manner4 ,you hint to the servant that you have seen something as well as felt2 but nothing of that sort was ever in my house4 ,at last1 when you find it quite impossible to satisfy the ever-increasing rapacity1 you think you will leave4 ,you are very forcibly reminded that you are bound to a month's notice1 ,sir4 ,and1 happy to get off any way1 this you waive and pay for4 ,nor do you flinch when1 on exhibiting the final account1 my lady has recorded a list of casualties1 very startling3-- 7,mental notes3--7 ,towel-horse broken always broken4 ,chair-back ditto ditto4 ,door-plate cracked ditto4 ,table-cover stained old4 ,carpet ditto old1 worthless4 ,walls injured by boxes old knocks4 ,candlestick broken servant4 ,postages1 and servant for letters 7paid74 ,blacking1 salt1 and pepper 7omitted and always charged74 ,wash of coverings1 toilets1 and counterpanes4 ,you glance at the foot1 pay it4 ,you think all is done4 ,but my lady expects a slight gratuity1 ,sir2 not for myself1 of course1 but for ,nancy6 ,i should add that this harpy is a devotee1 and is as punctual at prayers as at prey6 ,one1 however1 soon finds a change of place is no change of fate4 ,the pickings and stealings may take a little different form1 but the result is the same4 ,the only thing is1 to get for your money cleanliness and comfort2 estimate the whole cost1 and consider the plunder a part of it--for you will not escape4 ,the ,lodging ,house is only typical4 ,all are preyed upon and prey upon4 ,it is the rule of barbaric life1 and ,caste makes it inevitable4 ,the low think it no robbery to get a share of the plunder enjoyed by the rich4 ,there is1 in the general state of things1 a rough instinct of justice in it--only innocent people also suffer4 ,if you live in one of the huge buildings called ,hotels1 you are no better off4 ,here1 every mouthful is counted2 you cannot breathe 7so to say7 without paying for it4 ,if a waiter look at you1 he will expect a gratuity ti-tin4 ,after you have paid everything which an experienced and greedy ingenuity can think of1 as you are about to leave1 the servants will obsequiously open and stand at doors1 hold and brush your hat 7already brushed bare71 catch up some trifle1 and generally get in your way1 to force gratuities out of your good-nature4 ,if you1 at length1 reach the vehicle called for you1 before you can open the door of it1 up will start1 as from the ground1 a miserable creature1 who intercepts your motion1 adroitly opening the door for you1 and then1 when you are seated1 stands staring directly into your face1 with his hand still on the door-handle1 awaiting a gratuity4 ,you have buttoned up your coat1 your gloves are on1 it is cold2 but you cannot refuse the demand4 ,you are finally off2 you arrive at your new quarters4 ,before you can wink1 up starts a first cousin tw-in-ti of him who has just stared at you1 who1 in his turn1 seizes hold of the door-handle1 and shows in every motion that he has seized you too1 at least to the extent of sixpence4 ,you step out2 he touches his hair 7he has no hat72 you try not to see him2 but impossible--the pennies must come4 ,but why attempt to delineate these endless methods of prey4 ,the poor wretches who live by these miserable shifts are innumerable and everywhere4 ,one does not begrudge the pennies1 but detests the nuisance1 and the debasement which it demonstrates4 ,london is an undesirable place of residence1 unless for the rich1 and to them only for a few months in the year4 ,but it is full of objects of study to him who cares to know anything of barbaric life1 or who wishes to investigate the records and literature of the ,western tribes4 ,all great cities are much alike2 it is the different aspect of human life which is the noticeable thing4 ,unless1 on the whole1 a great city exhibits humanity in a pleasing condition1 it is a failure1 however rich it may be4 ,london1 which was described one hundred and fifty years ago as a ,province of ,houses1 certainly contains an immense population bare of attractive features4 ,no doubt much must be put down to climate and fuel4 ,the former is foggy1 cold1 dark1 and disheartening for the larger part of the year2 and the latter1 by its foul gas ptrut and smoke1 makes the fog and cloudy air so obscure as to give an unearthly gloom4 ,the poor feel not only the gnawing of hunger but the nipping frost1 unrelieved by any smiles in earth or sky4 ,the mud of the streets is like a nasty grease1 and one walks or crosses the ways in terror of befoulment4 ,the clothes and the face are exposed not only to this1 but also to the defiling smoke which drops a steady drizzle kri-tze of black atoms upon everything4 ,poor shivering creatures--men1 women1 and children--are at street crossings and other places1 incessantly sweeping away so much of the mud as may enable pedestrians to pass with less weight of nastiness to boots or skirts4 ,these1 often very old1 or lame1 or half-starved and ragged1 piteously expect a penny4 ,i have often watched the little girl or boy1 or old tottering man1 and seen the hurrying passers1 on and on1 the stream ceaseless1 yet have rarely seen a single penny given4 ,i have sometimes put in my outside pocket some copper coins to have at hand2 and when ,i have given to one of these sweepers1 the thanking look was well worth the petty trouble2 it also showed clearly that the gift was not too common4 ,how these victims of poverty live1 where they cover their misery from the wintry cold1 ,i cannot guess4 ,i used to notice one very old and almost imbecile who swept at a place where ,i crossed frequently4 ,he would stand motionless under a thick1 scrubby tree which stood just at the corner of the streets1 clinging to its shelter1 slight as it was1 for protection from wind and rain1 and barely touching his head with his finger with a bow when people passed4 ,occasionally1 slowly1 and with limbs stiff and back hardly bent to toil1 grubbing across the way with his muddy broom1 but never giving other sign of vitality4 ,i missed his silent figure one day2 another wretch had stepped into his heritage1 qua-ti and stood beneath the scrubby tree--the old1 silent1 patient sufferer had found a pauper's grave at last4 ,akin to these 7indeed cousins-german7 are the old creatures who sit at street corners1 or by the way-sides1 selling trifles1 which nobody buys4 ,through the long1 cold days1 huddled into a heap1 and looking like a pile of rags with a red face a-top1 motionless1 will one of these sit1 bleering and winking with rheumy eyes at the juiceless fruit1 or handful of nuts1 or ancient cakes1 or nasty sweets1 displayed upon her little board4 ,if by chance you happen to curiously turn your eyes upon this strange object1 some start of vitality appears1 but vanishes as you pass on4 ,who buys1 who eats2 what can possibly come of this strange traffic8 ,yet you will see these human things1 day after day1 sitting1 one would think1 despairingly1 awaiting the buyers who never come4 ,how fine a thing it would be for the idle rich1 who like a new sensation1 to go about the streets1 accompanied by a servant1 and buy of these patient crones ko-tse a good part of their daily store6 ,when ,i first walked about the great places of the city1 ,i was surprised to see very many miserable men punished 7as ,i supposed7 by the ,cangue4 ,they had suspended to their necks two boards1 one in front and one behind4 ,upon these were curious devices4 ,horses1 women1 great fires burning1 ships blowing up1 and the like4 ,perpetually walking to and fro1 just to the measured distance1 and never once sitting down1 never once speaking1 nor being spoken to1 these creatures1 thus accoutred1 walked dismally right in the garbage of the gutters4 ,no one1 by any chance1 ever noticed them1 nor by any chance did they ever do other than1 with slow and limping gait1 keep up the march of doleful dismalness6 ,for long ,i puzzled over these ragged apparitions2 after many moons ,i found that they were merely stalking advertisements6 muun-shi4 ,i might give many other illustrations of life in ,london1 differing from what is known to us4 ,the human dregs are truly dreadful4 ,their haunts are indescribable4 ,many settle upon the oozy and slimy river bank1 when the tide is out1 seeking anything which perchance may have been washed up4 ,wading in a filth which covers the feet and befouls the whole tattered creature1 this being1 nicknamed mud-lark pho-ul-sti1 becomes an outcast to all decency4 ,others prowl about the ash-heaps1 and sift and pick over any heaps of rubbish1 carefully gathering from garbage1 bones1 rags1 anything which can give the merest pittance4 ,it must be certain that human degradation can go no deeper when to debasing and starving poverty is added drunkenness1 loathsome brutality1 violence1 and crime4 ,possibly the greatest city of the ,barbarians is not worse than the worst of some portions of a great city with us2 nor should ,i refer emphatically to the wretchedness of ,london were it not for the boastful ignorance manifested by ,barbarian writers and literati4 ,these always speak of the preminence of ,english civilization--of the grand and humanizing influence of their true religion--of the wealth1 the liberty1 and the happiness of the people6 ,no other tribe is so humane1 so just1 so brave1 so wise1 so free1 so prosperous1 so contented and happy6 ,in the face of these declarations1 which are to be met with on all sides1 ,london is a marvel6 ,nor ,london only1 other cities are more marvellous2 one wonders what the standard must be1 by which is tested this boasted preminence4 ,if by other ,western ,barbarian life1 and compared to that1 truly superior1 then what must be the condition at large of the ,western tribes8 ,there is a nuisance common enough with us about the streets2 and in ,london it takes every shape4 ,i mean street music4 ,besides the troops1 which infest public places1 startling you with a crashing outburst of noise from many brass instruments1 there are mendicants1 of all ages and both sexes4 ,the halt1 the blind1 come singing in the most doleful manner1 unaccompanied2 and others making the night hideous with squeaking wind-pipes1 or noisy things of some sort4 ,after annoying you for a long time1 one of these will perhaps boldly knock at your door1 and demand a gratuity4 ,some of these creatures blacken themselves1 and appear in the courts and squares singing and playing not too decently4 ,some poor woman1 with babes in a kind of basket pushed along on wheels1 will try to gain sympathy and pennies by screaming out some woful strain which nobody comprehends1 and which grates upon the ear like rasping iron4 ,sometimes a miserable wretch1 shivering with cold1 will stand before the bright1 warm doors of a drinking place1 and sing his feeble note of woe4 ,the most dreadful objects will be those horribly deformed1 who1 crooked and distorted out of human shape contrive to get along in some strange device of wagon1 pushed by their own stumps of hands or feet4 ,generally these affect to play upon something1 no matter what1 and drag on an existence too wretched to think of4 ,but why dwell upon these lowest strata of human existence4 ,it shows out on all hands4 ,among the gilded idlers of the ,west ,end1 on the very porticoes of grand ,temples4 ,luxury and pride drive1 with mien unconscious of human want and woe2 unconscious of the common lot awaiting all2 almost over the very bodies of these to whom life is so deep a darkness4 ,london in its sparkling splendours laughs and makes merry4 ,within its great ,parks1 in the summer months1 musical birds make the air melodious1 and flowering shrubs1 and fine trees and verdure1 give beauty and rest to thousands of the poor--but not to the lowest4 ,these slink away into the fouler haunts1 or spread themselves over the green country1 seeking new sources of pitiful gain6 ,in the mid-summer the best of ,london looks almost cheerful2 and a sky more pure1 and a sun-light which1 though not brilliant1 is soft and warm1 render life tolerable to the poor4 ,for the rich and idle1 they go out of the ,city and leave it1 as they say1 empty--for those who remain are nobodies cham-tsi4 ,yes1 the millions left to toil are nothing4 ,still1 the magnificence of the ,high-,caste flowers immediately upon that toiling mass--from it grows all the spreading splendour which regards it not4 ,the glowing flame cares nothing for the black coal2 nor is the money soiled which passes through the hands of despised indigence4 ,london gay and brilliant1 glows and glitters upon its dung-heap--as a luminous vapour flashes and flits over a putrescent carcass4 ,perhaps one should not be too critical1 nor expect other than these inconsistencies in humanity4 ,misery will be largely its own cause4 ,great populations do not herd together without shocking inequalities of condition2 yet1 the reflection will arise1 ,is not the boast of refinement and civilization too much for patience--would not humility be better8 ,the boast means self-content--humility would mean a steady work for improvement4 ,one sees not1 nor really cares to see2 the other sees and feels1 and wishes to remove what gives a sense of humiliation and of pain4 ,splendid ,london may disregard the blackness of the ,east ,end 7as the poorest quarter is called71 and think itself a good ,christian to shun it as a place of horror2 but1 to my pagan wisdom1 it seems indispensable to devote that money and energy to the civilization of the ,english ,barbarians1 which is now sent to the benighted heathen4 ,these1 no doubt1 have the poor and the degraded1 the black spots of moral imbecility2 nor would one object to any really benevolent enterprise1 though not too rational4 ,but the missionary kan-te spirit rises so distinctly from an ignorant self-sufficiency and blindness1 a merely superstitious notion of a thing to be done as any rite or ceremony is to be done--for the good of the doer--that it is impossible to have much respect for it4 ,then1 too1 the whole thing shapes into a machine1 by the working of which men are to live and get honours and places4 ,if a truly grand benevolence moved the people1 it would be impossible to overlook the ,heathen at home4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,some ,,general ,,observations4 ,it is the business of a wise man 7as our illustrious ,confutzi and ,menzi say7 to seek the conditions of the visible forms of things--whether the things be those which we see1 or only those which take form in the mind4 ,the conditions are what the ,barbarians call laws4 ,we see that the use of a certain earth will enrich some soils1 and impoverish others2 we examine into the cause2 we try to discover the conditions which make this difference4 ,we know that1 generally and broadly1 the elements are the same1 but they are differently combined4 ,the ,western ,barbarians are of the same race with ourselves--inherently the general nature is the same4 ,what difference of combination of similar elements has produced results so dissimilar8 ,in the mighty ,east1 where civilization goes back into the most distant and dim antiquity1 the laws which underlie organized governments and customs1 and which give form and life to communities1 are very different1 and sometimes antagonistic4 ,it is certain1 therefore1 that man1 really the same everywhere1 has1 in the course of ages1 evolved from his own and surrounding nature very different forms of social life in the ,east and in the ,west4 ,man and nature radically the same1 have1 in different conditions1 grown and put forth very dissimilar shapes of growth4 ,the tree and the fruit are rooted in similar soil1 have grown in similar air1 sun1 and rain4 ,even the trees are not wholly unlike1 nor the fruit2 yet1 most unlike1 when duly considered2 and1 when regarded with a view to usefulness and to perpetuation1 one may demand the axe1 and the other only the nice pruning-knife quin-tse4 ,but a difference so great implies a different seed-germ--not necessarily2 for1 from the same germ1 one may have a bitter1 even a poisonous fruit1 which finer culture can make sweet and healthful4 ,if we assume1 then1 the same germ1 whence so great diversity8 ,in my poor mind1 when1 among the ,barbarians1 sad and bewildered by the disorder1 confusion1 and complexity1 this question tediously presented itself--,is man a creature of chance--is there no perfect rule8 ,i would say1 ,is his growth fortuitous like plants1 beginning with similar germs and yet dissimilar--so1 growing according to the hidden differences and the differing circumstances8 ,is there no common standard--no fixed measure--no absolute truth8 ,but1 in my poor thought1 ,i also said1 ,the ,sovereign ,lord lives in his children1 and moral truth 7divine illumination7 must be4 ,it is simply true1 and can be no other4 ,human forms of social being must be measured by it2 and1 however complexed and confused1 are so measured1 and will not long exist if radically inconsistent4 ,yet these forms may be bad without being wholly rootless1 and grow deformed1 strange1 and noxious4 ,in looking upon the disorderly and complex features of ,barbarian life1 two things prominently strike my poor mind4 ,one is1 a restless activity1 accompanied with love of personal distinction and admiration of strength4 ,the other1 is the singular position of women4 ,to the former1 may be charged the selfish greed1 the callous indifference1 the delight in forays and plunder4 ,to the latter1 that aspect of dissolute disorder1 that curious complexity of ideas and principles1 which render the whole ,barbarian ,society a marvel--,i liked to have said a disgust--to one unaccustomed to it4 ,the position of women1 as it affects the family1 no doubt has an all-pervading influence--if that position be wrong1 we have1 at once1 a grand source of evil4 ,how far the great ,superstition1 super-imposed upon the olden ,idolatry 7dark and cruel7 may have deepened the shades of ,barbaric nature1 and strengthened its old admiration of force and rapine1 may be only surmised4 ,certain it is that the ,jewish ,jah is not unlike the ,odin of these tribes2 and 7as ,i have said7 the gentle ,christ-god1 himself a ,jew worshipper of ,jah1 has been received only as subordinate2 in fact1 a ,sacrifice by ,jah made to himself to appease himself6 ,a character1 in fine1 not strong enough for these fierce tribes4 ,we have the government and the family resting upon a different basis in the ,west from what they rest upon in the ,east4 ,in the ,west1 it is difficult to say if there be any rule upon which either securely reposes4 ,in the ,east1 the rule is as clear1 and as clearly recognized1 and as undoubtedly obeyed1 as any rule can be4 ,the existence of the ,sovereign ,lord is not more certainly admitted1 and his authority not more implicitly submitted to4 ,this is the rule of ,,obedience4 ,but aside from principles which control comprehensive forms1 like the ,family and ,government1 there are secondary growths1 usages 7perhaps not referable to any marked rule71 which have had powerful influence4 ,for instance1 the mode of trying persons suspected of ,crime1 appears to my poor mind to be very fantastic and irrational4 ,the ,barbarians1 however1 boast of the superiority of their way over all other tribes1 ancient or modern4 ,when a crime has been committed1 and some one1 suspected1 has been arrested1 he is brought before a ,judge1 whose duty it is to see if there be good reasons for the arrest4 ,the very first thing1 we should think1 would be to ask the accused to give any explanation he may wish4 ,not at all2 he is told to say nothing2 for if he do it will be recorded and may go to his hurt4 ,how to his hurt unless he be guilty8 ,how it may be that the accused could1 at once1 explain everything--but no--the officers who have made the arrest wish to work out a theory of their own2 and the ,judge1 listening to these officers1 who are uneducated1 rude1 and often at work for a large prize1 commits the accused to prison to be tried over again1 really1 at a future day1 by some other ,judge4 ,meantime everybody who1 upon the theory of the officers1 is imagined to know anything1 is ordered to give security that they will appear at the next trial1 and say what they know4 ,and if a witness cannot give this security 7frequently the case with the poor71 he is also thrust into prison4 ,in this manner persons1 who have been so unfortunate as to be fixed upon by these ignorant officers1 are treated like the accused1 and put to great inconvenience and sometimes suffering1 either in themselves1 or their families1 or affairs4 ,this goes on--the next trial is postponed1 delay after delay1 whilst the officers are working out their theory2 and finally the accused is discharged and the witnesses also1 the whole disgraceful proceeding being a blunder1 in which innocent people have been punished as criminal1 and the ,criminal has escaped6 ,a natural and simple examination of the accused1 when first brought before the ,judge1 would have saved all this loss1 suffering1 and shame6 ,such an absurdity can only be to the advantage of the guilty6 ,a man may be caught under circumstances of guilt so certain that there is no rational hypothesis of innocence4 ,yet1 with the very blood and property of the murdered perhaps upon him1 surprised1 red-handed in the very act1 he will be treated as if he were merely suspect2 will be cautioned to say nothing2 will have every chance and opportunity to escape by reason of the unaccountable mode of procedure4 ,for he is still innocent4 ,such is the hypothesis2 and disregarding the obvious and simple way of asking for an explanation consistent with innocence 7when guilt would be doubly manifest71 the other ridiculous hypothesis is maintained1 if possible1 and the whole community and many innocent people are afflicted and tortured with the most minute and painful investigations 7having perhaps no sort of relation to the matter71 to see if some doubt may not arise somehow1 not as to the guilt1 but as to some parts of the case as imagined to be6 ,thus1 theories of guilt are to be established when the fact is patent1 if one will simply look at the proofs immediately at hand6 ,in this case just supposed1 too1 there is no trial at all of the man so clearly seen to be guilty4 ,twelve men are convened by a sort of inferior ,judge1 first to see how the dead man came to be dead--it is certain as anything can well be6 ,yet this kind of ,court must go through the long1 tedious1 and painful inquiry1 how the man died4 ,witnesses are dragged from home1 from their pursuits1 ruined may be2 the whole community horrified1 and the twelve men kept from home and business1 and shocked by the most disgusting examinations of the dead6 ,this whole process seems rather designed to give fees and business to the petty ,judge and officers who compose this singular tribunal4 ,but when this sham ,court has got through1 the accused meantime1 and the witnesses1 are still awaiting the real inquiry1 which may be put off for many weeks4 ,when1 after tedious delays1 twenty-four petty judges1 assisted by an officer1 having made up their minds to formally charge the accused with the crime1 he is brought before a ,judge1 who is now for the first time to really try the man1 another curious thing occurs4 ,the ,judge is not trusted alone to proceed--he must have twelve little ,judges1 and several ,lawyers1 to assist him4 ,the little judges are the ,,jury1 not selected for knowledge nor excellency1 but any twelve men who can be readily got4 ,generally they are very poor represervatives of even the average wisdom and morality4 ,they know nothing of law1 nor of the ,court1 nor are they in the least competent to undergo the complex1 tedious1 and artificial trial to which they are about to be put1 as well as the accused4 ,however1 the business of these twelve is not to look directly at the man and at the clear evidence against him--which might be within even their competency--but they are sworn upon the ,sacred ,writings and by ,jah 7under severe penalties7 to try the accused according to the ,law and the evidence4 ,now1 the ,lawyers and the ,judge determine as to the law1 and the twelve men must obey them as to that--the twelve1 however1 are to determine as to the evidence4 ,this means--they are to see and hear the witnesses1 examine the objects of proof 7which may take many days72 keep all the statements1 conflicting1 confused1 or other2 hear all that the ,lawyers may say2 watch the demeanour of the witnesses1 and of the accused--and they must take the ,case as presented and offered to them1 however absurd much of it may be--and1 finally1 after all1 they are not to take this ,evidence 7as it is called7 to judge it for themselves--no1 they must take it under the direction of the ,judge4 ,they are sworn to try according to the ,law and the evidence2 but evidence means legal evidence6 and the ,judge 7aided by the ,lawyers7 directs the twelve men as to what is evidence4 ,under these conditions1 one may judge as to the usefulness of this ,jury--unless as a contrivance for the torturing of the innocent and the clearing of the guilty6 ,i was present and examined this matter--for from the common boast of this excellent ,jury-mode of trial1 ,i wished to see with my own mind4 ,at length1 the twelve men being confined1 so that they cannot escape1 in a sort of box2 the ,judge and the ,lawyers being in their places1 attired in the absurd wigs and black gowns phe-ty-kos 7somebody once whispered in my ear1 black-guards7 kon-di-to-ri2 the accused is ordered to stand up4 ,the charge of murder is read2--confused by so much barbarous jargon1 that no one but the ,judge and the ,lawyers understand it--in fact1 oftentimes do not understand it--and the criminal often escapes trial because the proper jargon has not been used4 ,this mixed tongue is the only one allowed in these trials1 and must be taken from the fountain of ,wisdom 7as the ,law book is called containing it74 ,the speech is uncertain1 only known to the ,lawyers2 and a mistake spoils the whole charge4 ,well1 after more or less wrangling among the ,lawyers1 the charge finally stands4 ,i must explain2 there are two sides of ,lawyers--one 7hired to do so71 by every means in its power tries to get the accused discharged1 and is helped to do this by all the machinery of the trial--the other merely watches the proceedings1 and sees that they are not too absolutely controlled by the other side4 ,the latter1 also1 open and state the matter1 and conduct it2 but neither side works simply to obtain the truth4 ,on the side of the accused1 if guilty1 the truth is not wanted2 and1 on the other side1 there is no interest in the matter which greatly moves4 ,but the interest for the accused may be not merely to gratify1 in some cases1 powerful relatives1 but to obtain as large a sum of money as the ,lawyers can get--which1 where life is at stake1 may be all the accused has now1 or may1 if discharged1 acquire4 ,in fact1 in cases of robbery1 the ,lawyers for the accused may have received their compensation from the very plunder6 ,the accused says to the charge either ,guilty or ,not ,guilty6 ,this is a mere form4 ,then the names of the twelve men are called over1 to see that none have got away--for it is a hateful and disgusting business often1 wherein they instinctively feel they really have no function--and yet enforced upon them1 often to their actual great loss and suffering4 ,how the scene fairly opens4 ,the twelve little judges in their box2 the big one sitting aloft1 with pig-tail-ear-flapper wig2 the ,lawyers in pig-tail wigs and gowns2 the officers of the ,court2 the witnesses1 cowering and afraid2 the accused in his high1 strong cage 7or box72 and the spectators1 friends1 relatives1 associates of the witnesses and of the accused--women and men--crowding in the dark corners of the ,hall of trial4 ,the ,lawyers call and examine the witnesses4 ,these are not permitted to tell the truth in their own way at all4 ,they are sworn upon the ,sacred ,writings1 upon pain of penalties of the ,law1 and the dreadful fear of the awful ,jah and ,hell1 to speak the truth1 the whole truth1 and nothing but the truth6 ,now1 the truth which they are to speak must be that sort of truth which the ,lawyers and the ,judge determine upon to hear--not by any means that truth which the witness1 in his simplicity1 is about to utter6 ,here1 then1 an honest and conscientious witness is likely to be at once bewildered2 but a callous1 self-possessed one1 who does not intend to say one word more than he can help1 finds himself doing exactly what the ,lawyers and the ,court understand by the oath--that is1 to speak for the one side or the other2 not for truth6 ,consider the position of a witness1 perhaps a timid woman1 or an inexperienced person1 never before called upon to take the awful oath1 never before in such a place6 ,confronted1 made to stand up1 thrust without respect1 sometimes rudely and with positive disrespect2 treated1 in fact1 as if a party to the crime1 though perfectly ignorant of anything excepting of some chance link required in the theory of the charge--thrust forward into the gaze of the ,judge1 of the whole assembly4 ,every eye is fastened upon the trembling witness4 ,she is ordered in a rough tone to hold up her hand1 to take the oath1 to kiss the ,sacred ,writings6 ,what with the crowd1 the novel and painful position1 by this time the poor woman1 when asked a question1 can scarcely speak4 ,the old1 half-deaf ,judge1 turns his awful be-wigged head to her1 raises his ear-flapper and says1 ,speak louder1 witness2 ,i can't hear you4 ,an officer bawls out1 ,silence6 and1 not unlikely1 the poor witness fairly collapses1 faints1 and she is allowed to be seated4 ,the ,lawyers examine the witnesses1 and if one begins to say something very damaging1 if possible1 will interrupt him2 or1 by and by1 will insinuate some vile charge against him1 to destroy his character with the hearers--not that there be any truth in the insinuation1 but merely to effect the purpose of a vile minion paid to defend1 perhaps1 a notorious offender6 ,thus the trial proceeds2 every effort is made on the side of the accused 7which is the active side7 to mislead1 to confuse1 to bewilder4 ,the ,law1 read from big books1 is constantly referred to1 now to stop a witness in what he is about to say2 now to get something already said scratched off from the minds of the twelve men2 and now to take the opinion of the ,judges as to whether this or that should1 or should not1 be heard by the ,jury4 ,all these things go on day after day1 not at all because there is any doubt as to the guilt of the accused1 but because by these confused and interminable proceedings1 the ,lawyers who act for him expect to get him discharged--and discharged1 declared by the twelve men to be not guilty6 ,this is the great point2 for1 if this occur1 it does not matter at all that the accused himself confess to the crime1 on no account can he ever be arrested again for the offence6 ,but how1 when the proofs of guilt are present and so certain1 can the ,lawyers expect to get the twelve men to go against their very senses8 ,to answer this is to show the nature of the ,jury system very plainly4 ,when all the wranglings and speeches and ,law-readings of the ,lawyers have at last ended2 when the ,judge--who has in the course of the trial already loaded the twelve with all sorts of instructions as to what they are to keep in mind as legal evidence1 and what they are to leave out of mind--has made a long and confused speech 7often interrupted by the ,lawyers7 recapitulating those parts of the conflicting mass of evidence which1 and only which1 is evidence1 and has told them the manner in which this evidence must be applied to the charge2 has finally told them that the crime charged must be the precise crime laid down in the ,law-books by that name1 and none other2 and that having found beyond all doubt that that crime1 upon the legal evidence1 has been committed1 then has the accused committed the crime so defined1 and so proved8 ,to be certain of this1 the accused must not only be found to have done it1 but he must have known that he was doing it--that is1 he must have been sound in mind4 ,and if in any of these particulars there be any doubt1 the accused must be acquitted2 and further1 every one of the twelve must agree--if any one withhold his assent1 then the prisoner cannot be declared to be guilty6 ,with all these clear and simple directions 767 as to how they are to use their minds1 an officer leads the twelve into a strong-room1 and fastens them in6 to consider their verdict 7as it is called74 ,not to consider simply and directly upon the plain evidence of their senses1 and according to reason ordinarily used1 but to consider their ,verdict--a technical1 artificial affair1 made by the ,lawyers1 and only fit for their minds--if even they could do anything satisfactory to an honest man with it6 ,the twelve are locked in and guarded by an officer2 deprived of food1 of rest1 of any recreation2 perhaps already exhausted from the hair-splitting di-do-tzi and intricate directions and proceedings4 ,they are ,sworn to give their verdict according to the ,law 7first7 and the ,evidence 7second74 ,the evidence1 however1 being all law4 ,then1 too1 they are to say either ,guilty1 or not guilty2 and no more4 ,now1 the ,lawyer's expectation may become verified4 ,there is no sort of doubt in any of the twelve that the accused is a horrid wretch1 and that he is guilty4 ,but one man has got hold of an idea1 based upon something said by the ,judge1 or perhaps only the suggestion of his own mind2 and think of the vanity1 the stupidity1 the dishonesty1 the mere indifference1 the obstinacy1 the excessive timidity1 the weakness1 which is likely to be in each of the twelve2 one man has got his opinion--it is a matter of conscience4 ,the one man is sufficient4 ,nothing can move him4 ,hour after hour passes4 ,night comes on--hunger knocks at the stomach2 home is wanted2 business is exacting2 illness oppresses some1 lassitude and sheer exhaustion overpower others--the one persists1 only more obstinate by opposition--,the man no doubt is guilty1 but ,i doubt if he be guilty according to law6 ,they cannot agree upon a verdict4 ,the ,judge and everybody else long since have gone to their homes and pleasures4 ,they 7the twelve7 cannot escape unless they agree4 ,to be sure1 they may report to the ,judge late on the next day that they cannot agree--only1 however1 to receive new directions 7671 and be sent back again and kept till they shall agree6 ,human nature gives way4 ,the one1 strong and resolute1 overpowers the eleven--or1 rather1 there have been only a part who would not have given over long ago4 ,the fine maxim of ,english law--,it is better that a thousand guilty escape than that one innocent suffer--turns the scale4 ,there is a doubt--or something which looks like it--let the accused have the benefit of it6 ,now1 in this scene1 ,i am taking it for granted that the twelve are really not dishonest--not one of them4 ,but suppose one is1 in secret1 the determined friend of the accused6 ,thus1 the ,verdict of the ,jury 7not the direct and honest opinion of twelve men in a rational and ordinary use of their minds7 is recorded in the ,court--,not guilty4 ,and a murderer is at once discharged2 perhaps escorted with applause from the place by associates of his evil courses4 ,restored to the community which doubts not his guilt1 and which has been horrified1 agitated1 and oppressed by its frightful details6 ,it will be noticed how admirably everything1 in this system1 works to procure the escape of the guilty2 but it must not be overlooked that it falls with crushing weight upon the innocent4 ,simple and direct inquiry would generally clear him at once4 ,but no--the theory in the minds of the officers is1 that this innocency is a fraud2 and the whole machinery works just as irrationally as before2 because1 the clear evidences of innocency are disregarded--the prisoner's guilt is unreasonably assumed 7contrary to the reverse legal maxim7 by the officers2 and the whole crushing blow of this assumed guilt falls upon the innocent4 ,he is thrust into prison2 torn from family1 friends1 human sympathy2 his actual trial is put off week after week1 aye1 month after month1 whilst the officers hunt for what does not exist outside of their imaginations2 and1 finally1 from sheer shame1 the poor victim is discharged before an actual trial--discharged1 it may be ruined and for ever tainted with the foul and unjust suspicion4 ,or1 perhaps1 finally tried1 escapes after a long1 tedious and confused scene2 where the officers1 anxious to convict one whom they have so long assumed to be guilty1 contrive to throw just enough of suspicion upon the victim to render his life ever after insupportable6 ,however1 he finally goes at large--ruined by enormous expenses1 health shattered by confinement in prison1 and tainted in character4 ,the victim of an absurd system--for the verdict is1 for him1 irrational and cruel4 ,if1 in the other case1 not guilty did not mean what the words imply--so1 in this1 the ,jury give a no more meaning ,verdict4 ,no expression of any actual opinion4 ,no sympathy1 no regret2 nothing to reinstate the unfortunate victim of official stolidity and conceit4 ,nothing whatever2 not so much as any compensation for loss of time and money4 ,meantime1 during this pursuit of the innocent1 the real criminal has got safely away4 ,now1 this strange ,jury system1 boasted of as the ,palladium of ,liberty by the ,english ,barbarians1 strikes my poor mind as something very cumbersome1 irrational1 and hurtful4 ,the criminal class may well esteem it1 for it seems exactly contrived to set the criminal at liberty1 and to vex1 terrify1 annoy1 and confuse everybody else4 ,witnesses themselves often fare more hardly than the actual criminal6 and ,society is shocked by needless and reiterated exposures of every particular of dreadful things to no rational purpose--unless to give fees to ,lawyers and a host of busy officials1 who live and fatten in these horrors4 ,one might suspect that the whole machinery was contrived by the ,lawyers 7called criminal7 to effect their purpose--that is1 to protect their friends and supporters2 the numerous men1 women1 and half-grown youths swarming everywhere1 and known as the criminal class4 ,another unjust custom is when a man offends a ,judge1 he is not at once brought before him for reproof and proper correction4 ,no2 for his disrespect he is compelled to pay a fine tsig in money which may beggar his innocent family1 or prevent his creditors from obtaining their dues2 or1 unable to pay1 must lie in prison till it be paid1 or until released by the angry ,judge4 ,thus making the innocent to suffer6 ,how much better in our ,flowery ,land1 where disrespectful conduct is at once reprimanded and1 if the disrespect be marked1 punished on the spot1 in the presence of the magistrate1 and under his paternal direction4 ,these may serve to illustrate usages not readily referable to any principle4 ,they are rooted in old customs1 when general ignorance and universal poverty made the mass one1 and when simplicity and directness were natural4 ,they are retained now in an artificial and totally different state of society1 for no better reason than the ,english ,barbarians have for other abuses and enormities--they support the fungi which cling to them6 ,and the upper classes find their interests concerned in maintaining things as they are4 ,the lower classes1 too ignorant to see1 are made to believe that nothing in human ,wisdom and experience excels these very ,laws and customs6 ,the ,barbarian stolidity1 too1 in the well-to-do classes1 supports these singular views as to the perfection of the ,laws and system of administration4 ,these classes constantly mistake this stolidity for solidity of character4 ,when an evil is unmistakable1 none the less1 instead of removing it1 they say1 ,better bear those ills we have than fly to others we know not of6 7,quoting from their great ,shakespeare47 ,but they do not stop to consider if it must necessarily follow that when one quits one ill he flies to another4 ,as if one with a sore finger should refuse to apply any remedy to the finger for fear he might thereupon find a sore upon his leg6 ,perplexed with these anomalous conditions1 and by the stupid conceit and selfish indifference--the callousness and greed of the ,english ,barbarians--,i have wondered if1 after all1 these men were not of a different kind sty-pho4 ,possibly1 the ,sovereign ,lord and ,father of men1 for wise purposes1 may have created different sorts of men4 ,animals of the same type differ in swiftness1 in strength1 in intelligence4 ,the ,western ,barbarians1 though of the same type1 may be inferior to our ,illustrious people in the moral and mental functions4 ,for some purpose in ,eternal ,wisdom1 the ,almighty ,lord has given them strength of body1 energy1 and an intellect sharp in matters of the instinct--which refers to the needs and passions of the body--thus1 calculating1 ingenious in contrivance1 and inordinately selfish2 but has not given them a large moral faculty1 nor a broad and comprehensive mind4 ,they are1 therefore1 incapable of improvement beyond a limited range4 ,the ,idolatry1 and its horrible grotesqueness--the inefficacy of the good in the character of the ,christ-god1 to influence the least abatement in the passion for ,force2 the cold-blooded abuses1 and the confusion of error and truth1 may be thus accounted for4 ,this1 however1 suggests a continuance of the evils which have fallen upon others4 ,the ,all-wise sees where chastisement is due--and allows the ,western ,barbarians their time4 ,the offences of the ,east need chastisement4 ,the quickness1 strength1 and greed of the ,barbarians1 unchecked by moral considerations1 make them the scourge of other distant peoples not possessing these qualities4 ,the scourge is needed1 otherwise it would not be permitted4 ,there is a sufficiency of morality to prevent dissolution2 and the ,western tribes will no doubt fulfil their appointed task4 ,still1 in their present forms1 rooted in a lower type of man1 they must disappear2 not lost1 but absorbed and blended in a better and nobler race4 ,in the ,east1 ,i suspect this highest type has always existed4 ,here1 from immemorial ages and ages tang-se-yan-se the simple worship of the ,sovereign ,lord1 and the divine faculty in man1 have found their best expression1 and taken a fixed and steadfast root in ,government and in ,society6 ,i may be mistaken1 and it is possible that the ,western tribes may be capable of attaining to this settled order--but it must be after very long moons and thousands of moons lir-re-ty-sin1 during which they shall have overturned and reformed existing laws and customs4 ,i may refer shortly to some of the more striking of these1 so curiously and radically different from our notions in the ,central ,kingdom1 and so erroneously conceived in respect of the ,,divine ,,order4 ,first4--,as to the character and worship of the ,sovereign ,lord of ,heaven1 and ,father of men4 ,concerning the errors in regard to the true character and proper recognition of the ,heavenly ,lord1 ,i need scarcely say more4 ,there are wise barbarians who do not differ from my poor thought as to the need of an entire reformation upon this whole matter1 which underlies nearly all genuine improvement in morals1 in government1 and in ,society4 ,second4--,as to ,government4 ,this must be seen to exist in the eternal order and nature of things1 and not at all in any ,contract ,kong-phu1 social or other4 ,therefore whatever name be given to its ,head1 the ,function is as inviolable as is the ,divinity from which it comes4 ,if this ,head1 however1 be incapable of properly representing the divine function1 it does not therefore fail1 but the nearest fit1 in the established order acts4 ,the ,book of ,rites and the great ,council of the ,illustrious1 with us1 see to this proper and orderly succession4 ,no one is born to be absolutely ,head--the ,book of ,rites and the ,illustrious ,calao1 in our system1 may see to it that the ,head be fit for the due and divine order4 ,therefore1 no one is born by right of birth to govern1 nor to make1 nor to administer1 laws4 ,wisdom and knowledge only1 may entitle their possessors to take rank among those to whom government and administration shall be committed2 and these may be changed1 degraded1 exalted1 and removed as they conduct themselves1 and not according to any family1 nor hereditary distinction4 ,nor are ,places created for the aggrandisement of any1 continued for the benefit of families1 nor1 in any case1 made hereditary4 ,places are for the whole1 and those who fill them are placed there1 in trust1 for the good of the whole1 and must properly discharge the trust4 ,they are never for the individual--always for the ,state4 ,third4--,as to the family4 ,the ,family being the ,prototype mo-dsi of ,government1 should show the ,divine order4 ,it must be one2 not a divided1 unintelligent accident phatsi4 ,it must have a clear faculty1 and understand its true and vital significance--for the community is but an aggregation of families1 and as these are so is the ,state4 ,then1 to have disorder there is to have disorder throughout6 ,there must1 therefore1 be in the ,family1 obedience to its head1 order1 and good conduct4 ,if there be insubordination1 disorder1 immorality1 disrespect1 and disobedience to the natural head1 then that is a disorderly family1 and those who are guilty of the disobedience1 disrespect1 and disorder are criminals1 to be corrected1 restrained1 and reformed4 ,woman1 upon this right conception of the family1 finds her proper and her honoured place4 ,she is subordinate1 but not in any humiliating sense2 she is subordinate1 because1 in the very nature of her function as woman in the economy of nature1 she cannot be otherwise--she is timid1 defenceless1 dependent4 ,she has a right to the tender care and protection of her male relatives2 and she1 on her part1 is bound to be obedient1 submissive1 orderly2 and1 upon these1 affection follows4 ,her children are bound to respect and to obey her1 and she is bound to have a care for them1 and to respect and obey her husband as the unquestioned centre of regard and authority4 ,the father 7and husband7 is the ,head of the family2 there is no divided nor disputed power4 ,upon him rests the responsibility of due order and proper position4 ,from her nature and duties1 the woman lives retired within her house4 ,if she go abroad1 it will be only from necessity1 and then in the most quiet1 modest1 and unobstrusive way4 ,she lives for her relatives1 her family2 not to attract the admiration of others1 nor with the faintest idea that she may shine abroad--to be so charged would be to be charged as shameless4 ,only by this degraded class1 who are barely tolerated without the city1 and under the rigid supervision of the officers of order and decorum--could such a purpose be supposed to be thought of8 ,she dresses with neatness1 according to the established order1 but always with such modesty that nothing is offensive to the chastest eye4 ,she understands the range of her activity and of her affections4 ,it is within the circle of family and relatives4 ,all her accomplishments are to make her home pleasing4 ,duties and places are settled4 ,she lives for those to whom she belongs1 and who also belong to her4 ,her smiles are for her husband1 and for her children1 and her relations4 ,she has no thought of going abroad to shine1 nor to waste the time and money which belong to her family upon strangers4 ,she never dreams that she has any mission which calls her away from her home4 ,she has no call to clothe the ragged1 wash other people's dirty children1 reform evil-doers1 convert the heathen1 nor support ,society6 7,these are some of the phrases which you will hear among the ,barbarian women74 ,where women have not husbands1 none the less they have relatives1 and their home is with them4 ,they have a right to this home1 and are bound to do their duty in it1 submissively1 usefully1 and quietly4 ,if the ,western ,barbarians would see to it that all women1 married or unmarried1 were duly cared for in homes of relatives1 as of right1 and that they also made themselves welcome there by their usefulness and obedience1 they would find an end of that agitation as to ,women's ,rights existing among them4 ,rights would be as indisputable as duties--and the first of these would be a quiet1 modest1 and rational obedience to their natural protectors1 who1 in turn1 would be bound to respect and protect them4 ,and if by any strange chance a woman was absolutely without relatives 7a thing nearly impossible in our ,flowery ,land71 then the ,state should see to it that she had a suitable home4 ,the education of woman1 in a well-ordered ,society1 is also fixed and clear4 ,it has immediate relation to her position and her duties4 ,she is from the first never disturbed in the natural order4 ,she sees her relatives always quiet1 modest1 obedient4 ,she never thinks this state of things to be wrong4 ,she perceives the manner of female life2 its seclusion1 its devotion to the family1 its purpose1 and end4 ,there is no complexity about it1 no outside glitter1 no field for show1 no seeking for excitement and display4 ,all her duties are at home--her happiness is there2 there she is to be attractive1 and there she is to attract--the love and respect of her husband1 the regard of her relatives1 the affection and obedience of her children6 ,so1 her education needs no straining after effect4 ,it looks directly to her duties1 to her natural function and place2 and to those accomplishments1 of mind and of person1 which shall enable her to be happy with books1 with music1 and the like2 and shall add to the pleasures of her home4 ,all these things are common-place with us--so simple as to appear trivial4 ,our ,illustrious wives and mothers could not understand the reasons for their elaboration--they have never seen the women of the ,western ,barbarians6 ,the position of women in the ,social system of the ,west1 on the whole1 is the most remarkable thing in it4 ,i have made sufficiently suggestive remarks in the progress of these ,observations2 and only now have to add a word or two upon the general effect4 ,it gives a wonderful life1 restlessness1 and colour to the whole aspect of ,barbarian life4 ,think of all the women in our ,illustrious ,land1 at once leaving their homes1 the seclusion of their orderly houses and lives1 and rushing everywhere with the men1 over the ,land6 ,and1 not only so1 dressed in splendid gaiety of colour1 and adorned with gems and feathers1 crowding into all places of amusement and of travel6 ,nor this only1 but showing themselves1 in public places1 with men1 where paintings and sculpture1 and things here only seen by men alone1 are exhibited6 ,and1 often1 so dressed as to cause even the man to blush6 ,why1 the face of social life is completely altered4 ,instead of gravity1 dignity1 and an undivided attention to the duties of daily life1 everything is rendered restless1 confused2 there seems to be no natural order1 nor scarcely natural 7cultured7 decorum4 ,but we must not be misled4 ,nature is too strong to be pushed aside--and with cultivation1 even though imperfect1 the moral instinct lives and saves4 ,habit1 too1 is a second nature2 7as our divine ,confutzi says72 and what would be so overwhelming1 if at once done1 being usual1 necessarily has been subordinated to some rule--and made1 at least1 tolerable4 ,and now1 in drawing these ,observations to an end1 perhaps1 ,i may add1 in respect of my poor and unworthy thoughts1 that if ,i have said amiss1 and which offends1 ,i beg our ,illustrious will pardon4 ,to our ,literati1 exalted in wisdom1 there is but little to which they may curiously look--but to our people1 if any there be with whom some discontent may have been caused by too close intimacy with ,missionaries in our ports2 by these let my poor ,observations be studiously pondered--that they may praise the ,sovereign ,lord of ,heaven1 who has given them to live in the ,central and ,illustrious ,kingdom2 where a true morality and a true worship are known2 and where due ,,order ,,and ,,peace1 resting upon the unchangeable ,heavenly order and peace1 are established6 ,here1 are no brutal worship of ,force1 and admiration of bloody plunders4 ,content to the due ordering of affairs1 and with peace within1 our ,illustrious ,realm seeks no aggrandisement1 dreams of no conquests2 and wishes to do nothing but good4 ,it has no fears for its own position1 nor jealousy of others4 ,it is simply calm1 strong1 wise1 and self-poised4 ,it demands no more from others abroad than that it may peacefully live2 and be treated with that respect which it accords to those who practise moderation and virtue4 ,,finis4 ,barrett1 ,sons ,co41 ,printers1 #ba1 ,seething ,lane1 ,london1 ,e4,c4