---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is v]sion ( ! text _c repres5t c]ta9 typographical effects4 ,italics are delimit$ ) ! #8' "* z italic4 ,a c>at 7#8'7 is us$ to m>k sup]script$ *>act]s4 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to foll[ ! p>agraphs 9 :i* !y are ref]5c$4 ,m9or errors1 attributable to ! pr9t]1 h be5 correct$4 ,please see ! transcrib]'s note at ! end ( ?is text = details reg>d+ ! h&l+ ( any textual issues enc\nt]$ dur+ its prep>ation4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,/udies ,,( ,,*ildhood ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,/udies ,,( ,,*ildhood ,,by ,,james ,,sully1 ,m4 ,a41 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,,grote ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,philosophy ,,( ,,m9d ,,& ,,logic1 ,,univ]sity ,,college1 ,,london ,,au?or ,,( ,,outl9es ,,( ,,psy*ology1 ,,etc4 ,,new ,,york ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company #ahif ,,copyright1 #ahie1 ,,by ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company4 ,,preface4 ,! foll[+ ,/udies are n a complete treatise on *ild-psy*ology1 b m]ely deal ) c]ta9 aspects ( *ildr5's m9ds :i* happ5 to h come "u my notice1 & to h _h a special int]e/ = me4 ,9 prep>+ !m ,i h tri$ to comb9e ) ! ne$$ measure ( exactness a mann] ( pres5tation :i* %\ld attract o!r read]s ?an /ud5ts ( psy*ology1 m p>ticul>ly p>5ts & "y tea*]s4 ,a "p ( ^! ,/udies has already appe>$ else:]e4 ,! ,introductory ,*apt] 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,=tnightly ,review = ,novemb]1 #ahie4 ,! sub/ance ( ^? f ,,ii4 to ,,viii4 has be5 pr9t$ 9 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly ( ,new ,york4 ,portions ( ! 8,extracts f a ,fa!r's ,di>y0 appe>$ 9 ! =m ( two essays1 "o on 8,babies & ,sci5ce0 9 ! ,cornhill ,magaz9e 9 #ahha1 & ! o!r on 8,baby ,l+ui/ics0 9 ! ,engli% ,illu/rat$ ,magaz9e 9 #ahhd4 ,! orig9al =m ( ^!1 involv+ a c]ta9 disguise--?\gh h>dly "o ( imp5etrable ?ickness--has be5 reta9$4 ,! great] "p ( ! /udy on 8,george ,s&'s ,*ildhood0 0 publi%$ z two articles 9 ,longmans' ,magaz9e 9 #ahhi & #ahij4 ,l all o!rs :o h rec5tly work$ at *ild-psy*ology ,i am mu* indebt$ to ! pione]s 9 ! field1 m p>ticul>ly to ,pr(essor ,w4 ,prey]4 ,9 addition to ^! ,i wi% to express my obligations to my colleague1 ,dr4 ,po/gate1 ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 = k9dly read+ ?r\gh my essay on *ildr5's language1 & giv+ me _m valuable sugge/ions2 to ,lieut5ant-,g5]al ,pitt ,riv]s1 ,f4,r4,s41 & ,mr4 ,h4 ,balf\r1 ( ! ,museum1 ,ox=d1 = ! fri5dly help !y r5d]$ me 9 /udy+ ! draw+s ( savages1 & to ,mr4 ,e4 ,cooke = _m valuable facts & sugge/ions be>+ on *ildr5's modes ( draw+4 ,la/ly1 ,i w\ld t5d] my w>m ackn[l$gm5ts to ! p>5ts :o h s5t me notes on _! *ildr5's m5tal developm5t4 ,to "s few ( ^! sets ( obs]vations1 drawn up ) admirable c>e1 ,i feel peculi>ly indebt$1 = )\t !m ,i %\ld probably n h writt5 my book4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,hamp/ead1 ,novemb]1 #ahie4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,i4 ,,introductory1 #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,imag9ation1 #be ,:y we call ,*ildr5 ,imag9ative1 #be ,imag9ative ,trans=mation ( ,objects1 #bh ,imag9ation & ,play1 #ce ,free ,projection ( ,fancies1 #ea ,imag9ation & ,/oryl&1 #ed ,,iii4 ,,! ,,dawn ,,( ,,reason1 #fd ,! ,process ( ,?\ght1 #fd ,! ,que/ion+ ,age1 #ge ,,iv4 ,,products ,,( ,,*ild-,,?\ght1 #ia ,! ,*ild's ,?\ghts ab\t ,nature1 #ia ,psy*ological ,ideas1 #aji ,!ological ,ideas1 #abj ,v4 ,,! ,,little ,,l+ui/1 #acc ,prel+ui/ic ,babbl+s1 #acc ,transition to ,articulate ,spee*1 #ach ,beg9n+s ( ,l+ui/ic ,imitation1 #adg ,trans=mation ( our ,words1 #adh ,logical ,side ( ,*ildr5's ,language1 #afj ,s5t5ce-build+1 #agj ,gett+ at our ,mean+s1 #ahc ,,vi4 ,,subject ,,to ,,fe>1 #aia ,*ildr5's ,s5sibility1 #aia ,/>tl+ ,effect ( ,s\nds1 #aid ,fe> ( ,visible ,?+s1 #aih ,! ,fe> ( ,animals1 #bjg ,fe> ( ! ,d>k1 #baa ,fe>s & _! ,palliatives1 #bai ,,vii4 ,,raw ,,mat]ial ,,( ,,morality1 #bbh ,primitive ,egoism1 #bbh ,g]ms ( ,altruism1 #bdb ,*ildr5's ,lies1 #bea ,,viii4 ,,"u ,,law1 #bfg ,! ,/ruggle ) ,law1 #bfg ,on ! ,side ( ,law1 #bgg ,! ,wise ,law-giv]1 #bij ,,ix4 ,,! ,,*ild ,,z ,,arti/1 #bih ,fir/ ,responses to ,natural ,beauty1 #cjj ,e>ly ,attitude ,t[>ds ,art1 #cjg ,beg9n+s ( ,art-production1 #cag ,x4 ,,! ,,"y ,,draughtsman1 #cca ,fir/ ,attempts to ,draw1 #cca ,fir/ ,draw+s ( ! ,human ,figure1 #cce ,front & ,side ,view ( ,human ,figure1 #cef ,fir/ ,draw+s ( ,animals1 #cgb ,m5 on ,horseback1 etc41 #cgg ,rsum ( ,facts1 #chb ,explanation ( ,facts1 #che ,,xi4 ,,extracts ,,f ,a ,,fa!r',s ,,di>y1 #cii ,fir/ ,ye>1 #djj ,second ,ye>1 #daf ,?ird ,ye>1 #dcf ,f\r? ,ye>1 #deb ,fif? ,ye>1 #dfd ,six? ,ye>1 #dhj ,,xii4 ,,george ,,s&',s ,,*ildhood1 #dhi ,! ,fir/ ,ye>s1 #dhi ,a ,self-evolv$ ,religion1 #ejf ,bibliography1 #eae ,index1 #eai ,,/udies ,,( ,,*ildhood4 ,i4 ,,introductory4 ,man has always _h ! *ild ) him1 & "o might be sure t s9ce he became g5tle & alive to ! beauty ( ?+s he mu/ h come "u ! spell ( ! baby4 ,we h evid5ce beyond ! (t-quot$ dep>ture ( ,hector & o!r pictures ( *ildi% grace 9 e>ly lit]ature t baby-wor%ip & baby-subjection are n :olly ?+s ( mod]n times4 ,!re is a pretty /ory tak5 d[n by ,mr4 ,lel& f ! lips ( an old ,indian woman1 :i* relates h[ ,glooskap ! h]o-god1 aft] conqu]+ all 8 enemies1 ra%ly tri$ 8 h& at manag+ a c]ta9 mighty baby1 ,wasis by "n1 & h[ he got puni%$ = 8 ra%ness4#a ----- ,footnote #a3 ,quot$ by ,miss ,%9n4 ,ov]l& ,mon?ly4 ,janu>y1 #ahid4 ----- ,yet !re is good reason to suppose t x is only )9 comp>atively rec5t times t ! m subtle *>m & ! deep] significance ( infancy h be5 disc]n$4 ,we h come to appreciate babyhood z we h come to appreciate ! f9] l9eam5ts ( nature z a :ole4 ,?is applies1 ( c\rse1 m especially to ! rud] sex4 ,! man has 9 him mu* ( ! boy's contempt = small ?+s1 & he ne$$ ages ( education at ! h&s ( ! bett]-in=m$ woman be=e he c\ld p]ceive ! *>m ( infantile ways4 ,"o ( ! fir/ males to d ju/ice to ?is attractive subject 0 ,r\sseau4 ,he made %ort "w ) ! !ological dogma t ! *ild is born morally deprav$1 & c only be made good by miracul\s appliances4 ,8 wat*word1 return to nature1 includ$ a rev]sion to ! infant z com+ virg9al & unspoilt by man's t9k]+ f ! h&s ( its ,mak]4 ,to ga9 a glimpse ( ?is primordial beauty be=e x 0 m>r$ by man's awkw>d t\* 0 some?+1 & s ,r\sseau set m5 9 ! way ( sitt+ rev]5tly at ! feet ( infancy1 wat*+ & le>n+4 ,= u ( to-day1 :o h le>n$ to g to ! pure spr+s ( nature = mu* ( our spiritual refre%m5t1 ! *ild has acquir$ a high place among ! ?+s ( beauty4 ,inde$1 ! grace ( *ildhood may almo/ be said to h be5 discov]$ by ! mod]n poet4 ,wordswor? has /oop$ ov] 8 cradle int5t on cat*+1 ere !y pass$1 ! #8vision>y gleams' ( #8! glories he ha? kn[n'4 ,blake1 ,r4 ,l4 ,/ev5son1 & o!rs1 h tri$ to put into language 8 day-dream+s1 8 qua9t fancy+s4 ,dick5s & ,victor ,hugo h %[n u some?+ ( 8 delicate quiv]+ he>t-/r+s2 ,sw9burne has summ$ up ! div9e *>m ( 8*ildr5's ways & wiles04 ,! page ( mod]n lit]ature is1 inde$1 a monum5t ( our *ild-love & our *ild-admiration4 ,nor is x m]ely z to a pure unt>ni%$ nature t we g back admir+ly to *ildhood4 ,! /hetic *>m ( ! infant :i* draws u s pot5tly to its side & compels u to wat* its words & actions is1 l ev]y?+ else :i* moves ! mod]n m9d1 highly complex4 ,among o!r s\rces ( ?is *>m we may disc]n ! p]fect s]5ity1 ! happy #8ins\ciance' ( ! *ildi% m9d4 ,! note ( _w-compla9t 9 mod]n life has p5etrat$ into mo/ doma9s1 yet x has n1 "o w\ld hope1 p5etrat$ into ! *>m$ circle ( *ildi% exp]i5ce4 ,*ildhood has1 no d\bt1 its sad aspect3-- ,poor /umbl] on ! rocky coa/ ( woe1 ,tutor$ by pa9 ea* s\rce ( pa9 to "k3 neglect & cruelty may br+ mu* mis]y into ! fir/ bright ye>s4 ,yet ! v in/9ct ( *ildhood to be glad 9 its self-creat$ _w1 an in/9ct :i* ) consummate art ,victor ,hugo keeps w>m & quick 9 ! brea/ ( ! half-/>v$ ill-us$ *ild ,cosette1 secures = x a peculi> bless$ness4 ,! true nature-*ild1 :o has n become blas1 is happy1 untr\bl$ ) ! future1 kn[+ no?+ ( ! mis]y ( disillusion4 ,z1 ) he>ts *a/5$ by _m exp]i5ces1 we take a peep ov] ! wall ( 8 fancy-built pleasance1 we seem to be tak5 back to a real gold5 age4 ,) ,amiel1 we say3 8,le peu de p>adis que n\s ap]evons encore sur la t]re e/ du sa prs5ce04 ,yet ! ?\ght1 :i* ! same mom5t br+s1 ( ! flitt+ ( ! nurs]y visions1 ( ! com+ /orm & /ress1 adds a pa?os to ! spectacle1 & we feel z ,he9e felt :5 he wrote3-- ,i* s*au' di* an1 und ,wehmu? ,s*lei*t mir ins ,h]z h9e94 ,o!r & /rangely unlike feel+s m+le ) ?is c>ess+1 half-pitiful admiration4 ,we mod]ns are giv5 to reliev+ ! /ra9$ attitude ( rev]5ce & pity by mom5t>y outbur/s ( humor\s m]rim5t4 ,! *ild1 :ile appeal+ to our admiration & our pity1 makes a l>ge & _m-voic$ appeal also to our s5se ( ! laught] 9 ?+s4 ,x is inde$ h>d to say :e!r he is mo/ amus+ :5 sett+ at naught 9 8 quiet1 lordly way1 our mo/ extoll$ views1 our ideas ( :at is true & false1 ( ! prop] uses ( ?+s1 & s =?1 or :5 lab\r+ 9 8 p]fectly self-conceiv$ fa%ion to ov]take u & be z exp]i5c$ & z conv5tional z ourselves4 ,?is ev] new play ( droll feature 9 *ildi% ?\ght & action =ms "o ( ! deepe/ s\rces ( delight = ! mod]n lov] ( *ildhood4 ,) ! gr[? ( a poetic or s5tim5tal int]e/ 9 *ildhood !re has come a new & diff]5t k9d ( int]e/4 ,ours is a sci5tific age1 & sci5ce has ca/ its inquisitive eye on ! infant4 ,we want to "k :at happ5s 9 ^! fir/ all-decisive two or ?ree ye>s ( human life1 by :at /eps exactly ! wee amorph\s ?+ takes %ape & bulk1 bo? physically & m5tally4 ,& we c n[ speak ( ! beg9n+ ( a c>eful & me?odical inve/igation ( *ild-nature1 by m5 tra9$ 9 sci5tific obs]vation4 ,?is l9e ( inquiry1 />t$ by physicians1 z ! ,g]man ,sigismund1 9 connection ) _! special pr(essional aims1 has be5 c>ri$ on by a numb] ( fa!rs & o!rs hav+ access to ! infant1 among :om x may be en\gh to "n ,d>w9 & ,prey]4 ,a full] li/ ( writ+s on ! subject w be giv5 at ! end ( ! volume4 ,?is eag]ness to "k :at ! *ild is l1 an eag]ness illu/rat$ fur!r by ! numb] ( rem9isc5ces ( e>ly ye>s rec5tly publi%$1 is ! outcome ( a _m-sid$ int]e/ :i* x may be wor? :ile to analyse4 ,! mo/ obvi\s s\rce ( int]e/ 9 ! do+s ( infancy lies 9 its primitiv5ess4 ,at ! cradle we are wat*+ ! beg9n+s ( ?+s1 ! fir/ t5tative ?ru/+s =w>d into life4 ,our mod]n sci5ce is be=e all ?+s hi/orical & g5etic1 go+ back to beg9n+s s z to und]/& ! lat] & m complex phases ( ?+s z ! outcome ( ^! beg9n+s4 ,! same k9d ( curiosity :i* prompts ! geologi/ to get back to ! fir/ /ages 9 ! build+ up ( ! planet1 or ! biologi/ to se>* out ! pri/9e =ms ( life1 is beg9n+ to urge ! /ud5t ( man to discov] by a c>eful /udy ( infancy ! way 9 :i* human life beg9s to take its *>act]i/ic =ms4 ,! appe>ance ( ,d>w9's "n among ^? :o h deem$ ! *ild wor?y ( /udy sugge/s t ! subject is closely connect$ ) natural hi/ory4 ,h[ev] man 9 8 pr\d maturity may be relat$ to ,nature1 x is c]ta9 t 9 8 humble inception he is imm]s$ 9 ,nature & saturat$ ) h]4 ,z we all "k1 ! l[e/ races ( mank9d /& 9 close proximity to ! animal _w4 ,! same is true ( ! infants ( civilis$ races4 ,_! life is outw>d & visible1 =m+ a "p ( nature's spectacle2 reason & w1 ! noble pr]ogatives ( humanity1 are sc>ce disc]nible2 s5se1 appetite1 in/9ct1 ^! animal functions seem to sum up ! fir/ ye> ( human life4 ,to ! evolutioni/1 moreov]1 ! infant exhibits a /ill clos] k9%ip to ! natural _w4 ,9 ! successive /ages ( ftal developm5t he sees ! gradual unfold+ ( human l9eam5ts out ( a widely typical animal =m4 ,& ev5 aft] bir? he c disc]n new evid5ces ( ?is g5ealogical relation ( ! 8"l0 ( creation to 8 inf]iors4 ,h[ significant1 = example1 is ! fact rec5tly e/abli%$ by a m$ical man1 ,dr4 ,l\is ,rob9son1 t ! new-born infant is able j l ! ape to susp5d 8 :ole weight by grasp+ a small horizontal rod4#b ----- ,footnote #b3 ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury 7#ahia74 ,cf4 ! some:at fanta/ic & n too s]i\s pap] by ,s4 ,s4 ,buckman on 8,babies & ,monkeys0 9 ! same j\rnal 7#ahid74 ----- ,yet ev5 z nature-object = ! biologi/ ! *ild pres5ts di/9ctive attributes4 ,?\gh %>+ 9 animal in/9ct1 he %>es 9 x only to a v small ext5t4 ,! mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ic ( ! new-born (fspr+ ( man is its unprep>$ness = life4 ,comp>e ) ! "y ( o!r animals ! infant s feeble & incapable4 ,he c nei!r use 8 limbs nor see ! di/ance ( objects z a new-born *ick or calf is able to d4 ,8 bra9-c5tres are1 we are told1 9 a pitiable /ate ( undevelopm5t--& are n ev5 securely encas$ )9 _! bony cov]+4 ,inde$1 he resembles = all ! _w a public build+ :i* has to be op5$ by a giv5 date1 & is f\nd :5 ! day arrives to be 9 a humiliat+ /ate ( incomplet5ess4 ,?is fact ( ! special helplessness ( ! human (fspr+ at bir?1 ( its long p]iod ( dep5d5ce on p>5tal or o!r aids--a p]iod :i*1 probably1 t5ds to gr[ long] z civilisation advances--is ri* 9 biological & sociological significance4 ,= "o ?+1 x presupposes a specially high developm5t ( ! protective & fo/]+ in/9cts 9 ! human p>5ts1 & p>ticul>ly ! "m--= if ! helpless wee ?+ 7 n met by ^! in/9cts1 :at w\ld become ( our race8 ,x is probable1 too1 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] & o!rs h argu$1 t ! in/itution by nature ( ?is condition ( infantile weakness has react$ on ! social affections ( ! race1 help+ to develop our pitifulness = all frail & helpless ?+s4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! infant1 ) its l>ge & imp]ative claims1 has be5 a fact ( capital importance 9 ! developm5t ( social cu/oms4 ,e?nological rese>*es %[ t communities h be5 mu* ex]cis$ ) ! problem ( infancy1 h paid x ! homage due to its supreme sacr$ness1 gird+ x ab\t ) a :ole gr\p ( protective & b5efic5t cu/oms4#c ----- ,footnote #c3 ,see1 = example1 ! works ( ,h4 ,ploss1 ,das ,k9d 9 ,brau* und ,sitte1 & ,das kle9e ,k9d4 ----- ,en\gh has be5 said1 p]haps1 to %[ ! f>-rea*+ significance ( babyhood to ! mod]n savant4 ,x is h>dly too mu* to say t x has become "o ( ! mo/ eloqu5t ( nature's ph5om5a1 tell+ u at once ( our aff9ity to ! animal _w1 & ( ! =ces by :i* our race has1 little by little1 lift$ itself to s exalt$ a position above ?is _w2 & s x has happ5$ t n m]ely to ! p]5nial baby-wor%ipp]1 ! "m1 & n m]ely to ! poet t\*$ ) ! my/]y ( f>-(f ?+s1 b to ! grave man ( sci5ce ! infant has become a c5tre ( lively int]e/4 ,nev]!less1 x is n to ! m]e naturali/ t ! babe reveals all its significance4 ,physical organism z x seems to be m ?an any?+ else1 h>dly m ?an a vegetative ?+ inde$1 x c>ries ) x ! g]m ( a human consci\sness1 & ?is consci\sness beg9s to exp& & to =m itself into a truly human %ape f ! v beg9n+4 ,& "h a new s\rce ( int]e/ pres5ts itself4 ,x is ! human psy*ologi/1 ! /ud5t ( ^? impalpable1 unseizable1 evanesc5t ph5om5a :i* we call 8/ate ( consci\sness10 :o has a supreme int]e/1 & a sci5tific prop]ty 9 ^! fir/ ye>s ( a human exi/5ce4 ,:at is ( mo/ acc\nt 9 ^! crude t5tatives at liv+ aft] ! human fa%ion is ! play ( m9d1 ! fir/ spontane\s manife/ations ( recognition1 ( reason+ expectation1 ( feel+s ( sympa?y & antipa?y1 ( def9ite p]si/5t purpose4 ,rude1 in*oate1 vague en\gh1 no d\bt1 are ^! fir/ grop+ movem5ts ( a human m9d3 yet ( supreme value to ! psy*ologi/ j because !y are ! fir/4 ,if1 reflects ! psy*ologi/1 he c only get at ?is baby's consci\sness s z to und]/& :at is pass+ !re1 he w be 9 an inf9itely bett] position to f9d 8 way ?r\gh ! intricacies ( ! adult consci\sness4 ,x may be1 z we %all see by-&-by1 t ! baby's m9d is n s p]fectly simple1 s absolutely primitive z x at fir/ looks4 ,yet x is ! simple/ type ( human consci\sness to :i* we c h access4 ,! inve/igator ( ?is consci\sness c nev] take any kn[n sample ( ! animal m9d z 8 />t+ po9t if = no o!r reason = ?is1 t :ile possess+ _m ( ! elem5ts ( ! human m9d1 x pres5ts ^! 9 s unlike1 s peculi> a patt]n4 ,9 ?is g5etic trac+ back ( ! complexities ( man's m5tal life to _! primitive elem5ts 9 ! *ild's consci\sness1 que/ions ( peculi> int]e/ w arise4 ,a problem :i* ?\gh hav+ a v5]able antiquity is /ill full ( mean+ conc]ns ! precise relation ( ! high] =ms ( intellig5ce & ( s5tim5t to ! elem5t>y facts ( ! individual's life-exp]i5ce4 ,are we to reg>d all our ideas1 ev5 ^? ( ,god1 z wov5 by ! m9d out ( its exp]i5ces1 z ,locke ?\ght1 or h we c]ta9 #8innate ideas' f ! fir/8 ,locke ?\ght he c\ld settle ?is po9t by obs]v+ *ildr54 ,to-day1 :5 ! philosophic emphasis is laid n on ! date ( appe>ance ( ! #8innate' intuition1 b on its orig9ality & spontaneity1 ?is me?od ( int]rogat+ ! *ild's m9d may seem less promis+4 ,yet if ( less philosophical importance ?an 0 once suppos$1 x is ( great psy*ological importance4 ,!re are c]ta9 que/ions1 su* z t ( h[ we come to see ?+s at a di/ance f u1 :i* c be approa*$ mo/ advantage\sly by a /udy ( infant movem5ts4 ,9 l mann] ,i believe ! gr[? ( a moral s5tim5t1 ( t feel+ ( rev]5ce = duty to :i* ,kant gave s eloqu5t an expression1 c only be und]/ood by ! mo/ pa9/ak+ obs]vation ( ! m5tal activities ( ! fir/ ye>s4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r1 & 9 a s5se a l>g]1 s\rce ( psy*ological int]e/ 9 /udy+ ! processes & developm5t ( ! infant m9d4 ,x 0 po9t$ out above t to ! evolutional biologi/ ! *ild exhibits man 9 8 k9%ip to ! l[] s5ti5t _w4 ,?is same evolutional po9t ( view enables ! psy*ologi/ to connect ! unfold+ ( an infant's m9d ) some?+ :i* has gone be=e1 ) ! m5tal hi/ory ( ! race4 ,accord+ to ?is way ( look+ at infancy ! successive phases ( its m5tal life are a brief resum ( ! m important features 9 ! sl[ upw>d progress ( ! species4 ,! p]iods dom9at$ successively by s5se & appetite1 by bl9d wond]+ & sup]/iti\s fancy1 & by a calm] obs]vation & a ju/] reason+ ab\t ?+s1 ^! /eps m>k ! pa?way bo? ( ! *ild-m9d & ( ! race-m9d4 ,?is be+ s1 ! fir/ ye>s ( a *ild1 ) _! imp]fect v]bal expression1 _! crude fanciful ideas1 _! seizures by rage & t]ror1 _! absorption 9 ! pres5t mom5t1 acquire a new & antiqu>ian int]e/4 ,!y mirror = u1 9 a dim9i%$ di/ort$ reflection no d\bt1 ! probable condition ( primitive man4 ,z ,sir ,john ,lubbock & o!r an?ropologi/s h told u1 ! intellectual & moral resemblances betwe5 ! l[e/ exi/+ races ( mank9d & *ildr5 are num]\s & close4 ,!y w be illu/rat$ aga9 & aga9 9 ! foll[+ /udies4 ,yet ?is way ( view+ *ildhood is n m]ely ( antiqu>ian int]e/4 ,:ile a monum5t ( 8 race1 & 9 a mann] a key to its hi/ory1 ! *ild is also its product4 ,9 spite ( ! fa%ionable ,weismannism ( ! h\r1 !re are evolutioni/s :o hold t 9 ! e>ly manife/$ t5d5cies ( ! *ild1 we c disc]n signs ( a h]$it>y transmission ( ! effects ( ance/ral exp]i5ces & activities4 ,8 fir/ manife/ations ( rage1 = example1 are a survival ( actions ( remote ance/ors 9 _! life & dea? /ruggles4 ,! impulse ( ob$i5ce1 :i* is z mu* a *>act]i/ic ( ! *ild z t ( disob$i5ce1 may 9 l mann] be reg>d$ z a transmitt$ rudim5t ( a long practis$ action ( socialis$ ance/ors4 ,?is idea ( an increm5t ( intellig5ce & moral disposition1 e>n$ = ! individual n by himself b by 8 ance/ors1 has its peculi> int]e/4 ,x gives a new mean+ to human progress to suppose t ! dawn ( infant intellig5ce1 in/ead ( be+ a return to a primitive d>kness1 conta9s f ! fir/ a fa9t light reflect$ on x f ! lamp ( racial intellig5ce :i* has prec$$ t in/ead ( a return to ! race's />t+ po9t1 ! l[e/ =m ( ! s*ool ( exp]i5ce1 x is a />t 9 a high] =m1 ! promotion be+ a rew>d conf]r$ on ! *ild = ! ex]tions ( 8 ance/ors4 ,psy*ological obs]vation w be well employ$ 9 scann+ ! features ( ! infant's m9d 9 ord] to see :e!r !y yield evid5ce ( su* ance/ral d[]+4 ,s mu* ) respect to ! ri* & v>i$ sci5tific int]e/ atta*+ to ! movem5ts ( ! *ild's m9d4 ,x only rema9s to t\* on a ?ird ma9 int]e/ 9 *ildhood1 ! practical or educational int]e/4 ,! mod]n _w1 :ile erect+ ! *ild into an object ( /hetic contemplation1 :ile br++ to be> on him ! bull's eye lamp ( sci5tific obs]vation1 has become sorely tr\bl$ by ! mom5t\s problem ( re>+ him4 ,:at 0 once a matt] ( in/9ct & un?9k+ rule-(-?umb has become ! subject ( pr(\nd & p]plex+ discussion4 ,mo!rs--! "r sort ( mo!rs t is--feel t !y mu/ "k au fond ?is wee spee*less creature :i* !y are call$ ^u to direct into ! safe road to manhood4 ,& pr(essional tea*]s1 m p>ticul>ly ! beg9n]s 9 ! "w ( tra9+1 ^: "w is 9 "s respects ! mo/ difficult & ! mo/ hon\rable1 h come to see t a cle> insight into *ild-nature & its spontane\s movem5ts1 mu/ prec$e any intellig5t attempt to "w b5eficially ^u ?is nature4 ,9 ?is way ! tea*] has l5t 8 support to ! savant & ! psy*ologi/ 9 _! inve/igation ( infancy4 ,m p>ticul>ly he has betak5 him to ! psy*ologi/ 9 ord] to discov] m ( ! native t5d5cies & ! gov]n+ laws ( t un=m$ *ild-m9d :i* x is 8 9 a special mann] to =m4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! gr[+ educational int]e/ 9 ! spontane\s behavi\r ( ! *ild's m9d may be expect$ to issue 9 a dem& = a /ati/ic ( *ildhood1 t is to say1 c>efully arrang$ collections ( obs]vations be>+ on su* po9ts z *ildr5's que/ions1 _! fir/ ?\ghts ab\t nature1 _! manife/ations ( s5sibility & ins5sibility4 ,! awak5+ 9 ! mod]n m9d ( ?is ke5 & v>i$ int]e/ 9 *ildhood has l$1 & is de/9$ to lead /ill m1 to ! obs]vation ( infantile ways4 ,?is obs]vation w1 ( c\rse1 be ( v diff]5t value accord+ z x subs]ves ! contemplation ( ! humor\s or o!r /hetically valuable aspect ( *ild-nature1 or z x is direct$ t[>ds a sci5tific und]/&+ ( ?is4 ,pretty anecdotes ( *ildr5 :i* tickle ! emotions may or may n add to our insight into ! peculi> me*anism ( *ildr5's m9ds4 ,!re is no necess>y connection betwe5 smil+ at infantile droll]ies & und]/&+ ! laws ( infantile intellig5ce4 ,inde$1 ! mood ( m]rim5t1 if too exub]ant1 w pretty c]ta9ly swamp = ! mom5t any desire to und]/&4 ,! obs]vation :i* is to fur!r und]/&+1 :i* is to be acceptable to sci5ce1 mu/ itself be sci5tific4 ,t is to say1 x mu/ be at once guid$ by =ekn[l$ge1 specially direct$ to :at is ess5tial 9 a ph5om5on & its surr\nd+s or conditions1 & p]fectly exact4 ,if anybody supposes ?is to be easy1 he %\ld fir/ try 8 h& at ! "w1 & !n comp>e :at he has se5 ) :at ,d>w9 or ,prey] has be5 able to discov]4 ,h[ difficult ?is is may be se5 ev5 ) ref]5ce to ! outw>d physical "p ( ! ph5om5a to be obs]v$4 ,ask any "m untra9$ 9 obs]vation to note ! fir/ appe>ance ( t complex facial movem5t :i* we call a smile1 & y "k :at k9d ( result y are likely to get4 ,! ph5om5a ( a *ild's m5tal life1 ev5 on its physical & visible side1 are ( s subtle & fugitive a "* t only a f9e & quick obs]vation is able to cope ) !m4 ,b obs]vation ( *ildr5 is nev] m]ely see+4 ,ev5 ! smile has to be int]pret$ z a smile by a process ( imag9ative inf]5ce4 ,_m c>eless onlook]s w\ld say t a baby smiles 9 ! fir/ days f v happ9ess1 :5 ano!r & simpl] explanation ( ! movem5t is =?com+4 ,simil>ly1 x wants mu* f9e judgm5t to say :e!r an infant is m]ely /umbl+ accid5tally on an articulate s\nd1 or is imitat+ y\r s\nd4 ,a glance at "s ( ! be/ memoirs w %[ h[ enorm\sly difficult x is to be sure ( a "r int]pretation ( ^! e>ly & comp>atively simple manife/ations ( m9d4#d ----- ,footnote #d3 ,^! difficulties seem to me to be curi\sly ov]look$ 9 ,pr(4 ,m>k ,baldw9's rec5t utt]ance on *ild psy*ology4 7,m5tal ,developm5t 9 ! ,*ild & ! ,race1 *ap4 ii47 ,9 ?is optimi/ic pres5tm5t ( ! subject !re is n ! slighte/ ref]5ce to ! difficult "w ( int]pretation4 ,*ild-/udy is talk$ ( z a p]fectly simple mode ( obs]vation1 requir+ at mo/ to be supplem5t$ by a little exp]im5t1 &1 x may be add$1 back$ by a firm !ory4 ----- ,?+s gr[ a great deal worse :5 we try to ?r[ our sci5tific lassoo ab\t ! elusive _s ( a *ild ( f\r or six1 & to cat* ! exact mean+ ( its swiftly *ang+ movem5ts4 ,*ildr5 are1 no d\bt1 at ?is age frank be=e ! eye ( love1 & _! m9ds are va/ly m accessible ?an t ( ! dumb dog t c only look 8 ard5t ?\ghts4 ,yet !y are by no means s op5 to view z is (t5 suppos$4 ,all k9ds ( %y retic5ces hamp] !m3 !y feel unskill$ 9 us+ our cumbr\s language2 !y soon f9d out t _! ?\ghts are n z ours1 b (t5 make u laugh4 ,& h[ c>efully are !y wont to hide f our sight _! nameless t]rors1 physical & moral4 ,mu* ( ! deep] *ildi% exp]i5ce c only rea* u1 if at all1 ye>s aft] x is ov]1 ?r\gh ! faulty m$ium ( adult memory--faulty ev5 :5 x is ! memory ( a ,goe!1 a ,george ,s&1 a ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son4#e ----- ,footnote #e3 ,9 ^! days ( publi%$ rem9isc5ces ( *ildhood x is q refre%+ to meet ) a book l ,mr4 ,james ,payn's ,gleams ( ,memory1 :i* hone/ly confesses t its e>ly recollections are almo/ nil4 ----- ,ev5 :5 !re is p]fect c&\r1 & ! little "o does 8 be/ to in/ruct u z to :at is pass+ 9 8 m9d by 8 #8:ys' & 8 #8,i 'sposes1' accompani$ by ! mo/ eloqu5t ( looks1 we f9d ourselves ev] & aga9 unequal to compreh5d+4 ,*ild-?\ght foll[s its own pa?s--roads1 z ,mr4 ,rudy>d ,kipl+ has well said1 8unkn[n to ^? :o h left *ildhood beh9d04 ,! d>k say+s ( *ildhood1 z :5 a *ild asks1 #8,:y am ,i n somebody else8' w be fully illu/rat$ bel[4 ,?is be+ s1 x might well seem arrogant to speak ( any #8sci5tific' inve/igation ( ! *ild's m9d2 &1 to be c&id1 ,i may z well confess t1 9 spite ( "s rec5tly publi%$ highly hopeful =eca/s ( :at *ild-psy*ology is go+ to d = u1 ,i ?9k we are a long way (f f a p]fectly sci5tific acc\nt ( x4 ,our s-call$ !ories ( *ildr5's m5tal activity has s (t5 be5 ha/y g5]alisations f imp]fect obs]vation4 ,*ildr5 are probably mu* m div]se 9 _! ways ( ?9k+ & feel+ ?an our !ories suppose4 ,b ( ?is m pres5tly4 ,ev5 :]e we meet ) a common & comp>atively prom95t trait1 we are f> z yet f hav+ a p]fect compreh5sion ( x4 ,i at lea/ believe t *ildr5's play1 ab\t :i* s mu* has confid5tly be5 writt51 is b imp]fectly und]/ood4 ,is x s]i\s bus9ess1 half-consci\s make-believe1 m ?an half-consci\s act+1 or1 no "o ( ^!1 or all ( !m by turns8 ,i ?9k he w\ld be a bold man :o v5tur$ to answ] ?is "q /raight away4 ,9 ?is /ate ( ?+s x might seem well to wait4 ,possibly by-&-by we %all light on new me?ods ( tapp+ ! *ildi% consci\sness4 ,pati5ts 9 a c]ta9 /age ( ! hypnotic trance h return$1 x is said1 to _! *ildi% exp]i5ce & feel+s4 ,"s p d ?is1 or appe> to d ?is1 9 _! dreams4 ,i "k a "y man :o revives vivid recollections ( ! exp]i5ces ( ! ?ird ye> ( life :5 he is sleepy1 & m especially if he is suff]+ f a cold4 ,^! facts sugge/ t if we only knew m ab\t ! mode ( work+ ( ! bra9 we might re9/ate a special gr\p ( conditions :i* w\ld secure a re-em]g5ce ( *ildi% ideas & s5tim5ts4 ,yet our case is n s hopeless t we ne$ def] inquiry into ! *ild's m9d until human sci5ce has fa?om$ all ! my/]ies ( ! bra94 ,we c "k _m ?+s ( ?is m9d1 & ^! ( great importance1 ev5 n[4 ,! naturali/ discusses ! actions ( ! l[] animals1 confid5tly attribut+ intellig5t plann+ "h1 & a g]m ( vanity or ev5 ( moral s5se !re2 & x w\ld be h>d 7 we =bidd5 to /udy ! little p t are ( our own race1 & are a ?\s& times m op5 to inspection4 ,really good "w has already be5 done "h1 & "o %\ld be grateful4 ,at ! same "t1 x seems to me ( ! greate/ importance to recognise t x is b a beg9n+3 t ! *ild :i* ! mod]n _w has 9 ! ma9 discov]$ is aft] all only half discov]$3 t if we are to get at 8 inn] life1 8 playful conceits1 8 solemn brood+s ov] ! my/]ies ( ?+s1 8 way ( respond+ to ! motley %[ ( life1 we mu/ c>ry ?is "w ( not+ & int]pret+ to a mu* high] po9t4 ,n[1 if progress is to be made 9 ?is "w1 we mu/ h specially qualifi$ work]s4 ,all :o "k any?+ ( ! gross misund]/&+s ( *ildr5 ( :i* _m s-call$ intellig5t adults are capable1 w be> me out :5 ,i say t a c]ta9 gift ( p5etration is absolutely indisp5sable "h4 ,if any "o asks me :at ! qualifications ( a good *ild-obs]v] am\nt to1 ,i may p]haps answ]1 = ! sake ( brevity1 #8a div9+ faculty1 ! (fspr+ ( *ild-love1 p]fect$ by sci5tific tra9+'4 ,let u see :at ?is includes4 ,t ! obs]v] ( *ildr5 mu/ be a div9]1 a sort ( clairvoyant read] ( _! secret ?\ghts1 seems to me p]fectly obvi\s4 ,wat* half a doz5 m5 :o f9d !mselves unexpect$ly u%]$ into a room t5ant$ by a small *ild1 & y w soon be able to di/+ui% ! div9]s1 :o1 j because !y h 9 !mselves some?+ ak9 to ! *ild1 seem able at once to get into t\* ) *ildr54 ,x is probable t wom5's ackn[l$g$ sup]iority 9 k ( *ild-nature is ow+ to _! high] gift ( sympa!tic insight4 ,?is faculty1 s f> f be+ purely intellectual1 is v l>gely ! outgr[? ( a peculi> moral nature to :i* ! life ( all small ?+s1 & ( *ildr5 m ?an all1 is always sweet & cong5ial4 ,x is v mu* ( a second>y1 or acquir$ in/9ct2 t is1 an unreflect+ intuition :i* is ! outgr[? ( a l>ge exp]i5ce4 ,= ! *ild-lov] seeks ! object ( 8 love1 & is nev] s happy z :5 associat+ ) *ildr5 & %>+ 9 _! ?\ghts & _! pleasures4 ,& x is ?r\gh su* habitual int]c\rse t !re =ms itself ! in/9ct or tact by :i* ! significance ( *ildi% manife/ation is at once un]r+ly disc]n$4 ,!re is 9 ?is tact or f95ess ( spiritual t\* "o con/itu5t s important z to des]ve special m5tion4 ,i mean a lively memory ( "o's own *ildhood4 ,z ,i h obs]v$ above1 ,i d n believe 9 an exact & tru/wor?y reproduction 9 lat] life ( p>ticul> incid5ts ( *ildhood4 ,all recall+ ( pa/ exp]i5ces illu/rates ! modify+ influ5ce ( ! lat] self 9 its attempt to assimilate & und]/& ! pa/ self2 & ?is trans=m+ effect is at its maximum :5 we try to get back to *ildhood4 ,b ?\gh our memory ( *ildhood is n 9 itself exact en\gh to furni% facts1 x may be suffici5tly /rong = ! purposes ( int]pret+ our obs]vations ( ! *ildr5 we see ab\t u4 ,x is said1 & said rightly1 t 9 ord] to read a *ild's m9d we ne$ imag9ation1 & s9ce all imag9ation is m]ely readju/m5t ( individual exp]i5ce1 x foll[s t ! skill$ deciph]] ( infantile *>act]s ne$s be=e all ?+s to be 9 t\* ) 8 own e>ly feel+s & ?\ghts4 ,& ?is is j :at we f9d4 ,! vivaci\s1 g5ial woman :o is nev] s mu* at home z :5 surr\nd$ by a bevy ( eag]-m9d$ *ildr5 is a woman :o rema9s "y 9 ! important s5se t %e reta9s mu* ( ! fre%ness & unconv5tionality ( m9d1 mu* ( ! gaiety & expansiv5ess ( e>ly life4 ,conv]sely "o may feel pretty sure t a woman :o reta9s a vivid memory ( h] *ildi% ideas & feel+s w be drawn to ! companion%ip ( *ildr54 ,aft] read+ _! autobiographies "o h>dly ne$s to be told t ,goe! c>ri$ into old age 8 quick responsiv5ess to ! gaiety ( ! "y he>t2 & t ,george ,s& :5 gr[n old 0 nev] s happy z :5 ga!r+ ! y\ng/]s ab\t h]4#f ----- ,footnote #f3 ,s9ce ?is 0 writt5 ! au?oress ( ,little ,"l ,fauntl]oy has %[n u h[ cle> & f>-rea*+ a memory %e has ( h] *ildi% exp]i5ces4 ----- ,yet valuable z is ?is gift ( sympa!tic insight1 x w n1 ( c\rse1 conduce to t me?odical1 exact k9d ( obs]vation :i* is requir$ by sci5ce4 ,h5ce ! ne$ ( ! second qualification3 psy*ological tra9+4 ,by ?is is meant t special k :i* comes f /udy+ ! pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce1 its peculi> problems1 & ! me?ods appropriate to ^!1 toge!r ) ! special skill :i* is atta9$ by a me?odical1 practical application ( ?is k 9 ! actual obs]vation & int]pretation ( manife/ations ( m9d4 ,?us a woman :o wi%es to obs]ve to good effect ! m9d ( a *ild ( ?ree mu/ h a suffici5t acqua9tance ) ! g5]al c\rse ( ! m5tal life to "k :at to expect1 & 9 :at way ! ph5om5a obs]v$ h to be int]pret$4 ,really f9e & fruitful obs]vation is ! outcome ( a l>ge k1 & anybody :o is to c>ry out 9 a sci5tific fa%ion ! obs]vation ( ! humble/ phase ( a *ild's m5tal life mu/ already "k ?is life z a :ole1 s f> z psy*ology c z yet describe its *>act]i/ics1 & det]m9e ! conditions ( its activity4 ,& "h ! "q naturally arises3 8,:o is to c>ry out ?is new l9e ( sci5tific obs]vation80 ,to beg9 ) ! fir/ /age ( x1 :o is to c>ry out ! exact me?odical record ( ! movem5ts ( ! infant8 ,x is evid5t t qualification or capacity is n all t is necess>y "h2 capacity mu/ be fav\r$ ) opportunity be=e ! "w c be actually begun4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out t ! pione]s :o /ruck out ?is new l9e ( exp]im5tal rese>* 7 m$ical m54 ,! mean+ ( ?is fact is pretty app>5t4 ,! doctor has n only a turn = sci5tific obs]vation3 he is a privileg$ p]son 9 ! nurs]y4 ,! natural gu>dians ( infancy1 ! "m & ! nurse1 exempt him f _! g5]al ban on ! male4 ,he except$1 no man1 n ev5 ! *ild's own fa!r1 is all[$ to m$dle too mu* ) t div9e my/]y1 t meet+ po9t ( all ! graces & all ! beatitudes1 ! infant4 ,consid] = a mom5t ! natural prejudice :i* ! inquir] into ! *>act]i/ics ( ! infant has to face4 ,su* inquiry is n m]ely passively wat*+ :at spontane\sly pres5ts itself2 x is emphatically exp]im5t+1 t is1 ! call+ out ( reactions by apply+ appropriate /imuli4 ,ev5 to try :e!r ! new-born babe w close its f+]s on y\r f+] :5 br\ght into contact ) _! ant]ior surface may well seem impi\s to a prop]ly con/itut$ nurse4 ,to propose to te/ ! wee creature's s5se ( ta/e by apply+ drops ( v>i\s solutions1 z acid1 bitt]s1 etc41 to ! tongue1 or to provoke ocul> movem5ts to ! "r or ! left1 w\ld pretty c]ta9ly seem a pr(anation ( ! temple ( infancy1 if n fraught ) dang] to its t9y deity4 ,& z to try+ ,dr4 ,rob9son's exp]im5t ( gett+ ! newly arriv$ visitor to susp5d 8 :ole preci\s weight by clasp+ a b>1 x is pretty c]ta9 t1 wom5 be+ con/itut$ z at pres5t1 only a m$ical man c\ld h dreamt ( s d>+ a feat4 ,!re is no d\bt t baby-wor%ip1 ! s5tim5tal adoration ( infant ways1 is highly inimical to ! c>ry+ out ( a p]fectly cool & imp>tial process ( sci5tific obs]vation4 ,h5ce ! av]age "m c h>dly be expect$ to d m ?an b>ely to tol]ate ?is encroa*+ ( exp]im5t into ! hall[$ retreat ( ! nurs]y4 ,ev5 9 ^! days ( rapid modification ( :at us$ to be ?\ght unalt]able sexual *>act]s1 "o may be bold en\gh to haz>d ! prophecy t wom5 :o h _h sci5tific tra9+ w1 if !y happ5 to become mo!rs1 h>dly be dispos$ to give _! m9ds at ! v outset to ! r complex & difficult "w1 say1 ( mak+ an accurate sci5tific inv5tory ( ! sev]al modes ( infantile s5sibility1 visual1 auditory1 & s =?1 & ( ! alt]ations 9 ^! f day to day4 ,x is = ! co>s] fibr$ man1 !n1 to und]take mu* ( ! e>li] exp]im5tal "w 9 ! inve/igation ( *ild-nature4 ,& if fa!rs w duly qualify !mselves !y w probably f9d t p]mission w little by little be giv5 !m to c>ry out inve/igations1 %ort1 ( c\rse1 ( any?+ t looks di/9ctly dang]\s to ! little be+'s com=t4 ,at ! same "t x is evid5t t a complete s]ies ( obs]vations ( ! infant c h>dly be c>ri$ out by a man alone4 ,x is = ! "m1 or "s o!r woman ) a pass-key to ! nurs]y1 ) h] frequ5t & prolong$ opportunities ( obs]vation to attempt a c>eful & me?odical regi/] ( m5tal progress4 ,h5ce ! importance ( enli/+ ! "m or h] female repres5tative z collaborateur or at lea/ z assi/ant4 ,?us suppos+ ! fa!r is b5t on asc]ta9+ ! exact dates & ! ord] ( appe>ance ( ! diff]5t articulate s\nds1 :i* is r a subject ( passive obs]vation ?an ( active exp]im5t2 he w be almo/ compell$ to call 9 ! aid ( "o :o has ! consid]able advantage ( pass+ a good "p ( ea* day ne> ! *ild4#g ----- ,footnote #g3 ,! great advantage :i* ! female obs]v] ( ! infant's m9d has ov] h] male competitor is cle>ly illu/rat$ 9 "s rec5t /udies ( *ildhood by ,am]ican wom54 ,i w\ld especially call att5tion to a /udy by ,miss ,m4 ,w4 ,%9n ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia 7,developm5t ( a *ild4 ,notes on ! writ]'s niece71 :]e ! m9ute & pa9/ak+ record 7e4g41 ( ! *ild's col\r discrim9ation & visual space exploration7 po9ts to ! ample opportunity ( obs]vation :i* comes m readily to wom54 ----- ,z ! wee ?+ gr[s & its n]v\s sy/em becomes m /able & robu/ m 9 ! way ( rese>* may ( c\rse be safely attempt$4 ,9 ?is high] /age ! "w ( obs]vation w be less simple & involve m ( special psy*ological k4 ,x is a comp>atively easy ?+ to say :e!r ! sudd5 approa* ( an object to ! eye ( a baby a week or s old calls =? ! reflex kn[n z bl9k+3 x is a mu* m difficult ?+ to say :at are ! pref]5ces ( a *ild ( twelve mon?s 9 ! matt] ( simple =ms1 or ev5 col\rs4 ,! problem ( ! ord] ( developm5t ( ! col\r-s5se 9 *ildr5 looks at fir/ easy en\gh4 ,any "m1 x may be ?\ght1 c say :i* col\rs ! *ild fir/ recognises by nam+ !m :5 se51 or pick+ !m out :5 ano!r names !m4 ,yet simple z x looks1 ! problem is 9 reality any?+ b simple4 ,a ,g]man inve/igator1 ,pr(essor ,prey] ( ,b]l91 w5t to "w me?odically ) 8 little boy ( two ye>s 9 ord] to see 9 :at ord] he w\ld discrim9ate col\rs4 ,two col\rs1 r$ & gre51 7 fir/ %[n1 ! "n add$ to ea*1 & ! *ild !n ask$3 8,:i* is r$80 8,:i* is gre580 ,!n o!r col\rs 7 add$ & ! exp]im5ts repeat$4 ,accord+ to ^! rese>*es ?is p>ticul> *ild fir/ acquir$ a cle> discrim9ative aw>5ess ( yell[4 ,prey]'s results h n1 h[ev]1 be5 confirm$ by o!r inve/igators1 z ,m4 ,b9et ( ,p>is1 :o foll[$ a simil> me?od ( inquiry4 ,?us accord+ to ,b9et x is n yell[ b blue :i* c>ries ! day 9 ! competition = ! *ild's pref]5tial recognition4 ,:at1 x may be ask$1 is ! explanation ( ?is8 ,is x t *ildr5 diff] 9 ! mode ( developm5t ( _! col\r-s5sibility to ?is ext5t1 or c x be t !re is "s fault 9 ! me?od ( inve/igation8 ,x has be5 rec5tly sugge/$ t ! mode ( te/+ col\r-discrim9ation by nam+ is op5 to ! objection t a *ild may get hold ( "o v]bal s\nd z #8r$' m easily ?an ano!r z #8gre5' & t ?is w\ld facilitate ! recognition ( ! =m]4 ,if 9 ?is way ! recognition ( a col\r is aid$ by ! ret5tion ( its "n1 we mu/ get rid ( ?is di/urb+ elem5t ( s\nd4 ,accord+ly new me?ods ( exp]im5t h be5 attempt$ 9 ,france & ,am]ica4 ,?us ,pr(essor ,baldw9 inve/igates ! matt] by plac+ two col\rs opposite ! *ild's two arms & not+ :i* is rea*$ out to by "r or left arm1 :i* is ignor$4 ,he has tabulat$ ! results ( a %ort s]ies ( ^! simple exp]im5ts = te/+ *ildi% pref]5ce1 & supports ! conclusions ( ,b9et1 z aga9/ ^? ( ,prey]1 t blue comes 9 = ! fir/ place 9 ! *ild's discrim9ative recognition4#h ,x is h[ev] easy to see t ?is me?od has its own *>act]i/ic defects4 ,?us1 to beg9 )1 x evid5tly does n directly te/ col\r discrim9ation at all1 b ! lik+ = or int]e/ 9 col\rs1 :i* ?\gh x und\bt$ly implies a measure ( discrim9ation mu/ n be confus$ ) ?is4 ,& ev5 z a te/ ( pref]5ce x is v likely to be misappli$4 ,?us suppos+ t ! two col\rs are n equally bright1 !n ! *ild w grasp at "o r ?an at ! o!r1 because x is a bright] object & n because x is ?is p>ticul> col\r4 ,aga9 if "o col\r fall m into ! fir/ & fre% p]iod ( ! ex]cise :5 ! *ild is fre% & active1 :]eas ano!r falls m into ! second p]iod :5 he is tir$ & inactive1 ! results w\ld1 x is evid5t1 give too mu* value to ! =m]4 ,simil>ly1 if "o col\r 7 br\ght 9 aft] long] int]vals ( "t ?an ano!r x w\ld h m attractive =ce ?r\gh its great] novelty4 ----- ,footnote #h3 ,m5tal ,developm5t 9 ! ,*ild & ! ,race1 *ap4 iii4 ----- ,en\gh has be5 said to %[ h[ v delicate a problem we h "h to deal )4 ,& if sci5tific m5 are /ill busy settl+ ! po9t h[ ! problem c be be/ dealt )1 x seems hopeless = ! amateur to dabble 9 ! matt]4 ,i h purposely *os5 a problem ( peculi> complexity & delicacy 9 ord] to illu/rate ! importance ( t tra9+ :i* makes ! m5tal eye ( ! obs]v] quick to analyse ! ph5om5on to be dealt ) s z to take 9 all its conditions4 ,yet !re are _m p>ts ( ?is "w ( obs]v+ ! *ild's m9d :i* d n make s heavy a dem& on te*nical ability1 b c be done by any intellig5t obs]v] prep>$ = ! task by a reasonable am\nt ( psy*ological /udy4 ,i ref] m p>ticul>ly to t ri* & highly int]e/+ field ( exploration :i* op5s up :5 ! *ild beg9s to talk4 ,x is 9 ! spontane\s utt]ances ( *ildr51 8 fir/ qua9t uses ( words1 t we c be/ wat* ! play ( ! in/9ctive t5d5cies ( ?\ght4 ,*ildr5's talk is always valuable to a psy*ologi/2 & = my "p ,i w\ld be glad ( z _m anecdotal records ( _! say+s z ,i c\ld collect4 ,"h1 !n1 !re seems to be room = a relatively simple & unskill$ k9d ( obs]v+ "w4 ,yet x w\ld be a mi/ake to suppose t ev5 ?is bran* ( *ild-obs]vation requires no?+ b ord9>y intellig5ce4 ,to beg9 )1 we are all prone1 till by special tra9+ we h le>n$ to *eck ! incl9ation1 to read f> too mu* ( our old] ?\ght & s5tim5t into *ildr54 ,z ,m4 ,drox obs]ves1 n\s sommes dupes de n\s-mmes lorsque n\s obs]v\s ces *]s bamb9s4#i ----- ,footnote #i3 ,l',enfant1 p4 #adb4 ----- ,aga91 !re is a subtle s\rce ( error connect$ ) ! v attitude ( und]go+ exam9ation :i* only a c>efully tra9$ obs]v] ( *ildi% ways w avoid4 ,a *ild is v quick 9 spy+ :e!r he is be+ obs]v$1 & z soon z he suspects t y are specially int]e/$ 9 8 talk he is apt to try to produce an effect4 ,?is wi% to say some?+ />tl+1 wond]ful1 or :at n1 w1 x is obvi\s1 detract f ! value ( ! utt]ance4 ,b once m ! say+ :i* x is s easy to report has _h its hi/ory1 & ! obs]v] :o kn[s some?+ ( psy*ology w look out = facts1 t is to say1 exp]i5ces ( ! *ild1 sugge/ions made by o!rs' words :i* ?r[ light on ! say+4 ,no fact is really q simple1 & ! reason :y "s facts look s simple is t ! obs]v] does n include 9 8 view all ! connections ( ! occurr5ce :i* he is inspect+4 ,! unskill$ obs]v] ( *ildr5 is apt to s5d scraps1 fragm5ts ( facts1 :i* h n _! natural sett+4 ,! value ( psy*ological tra9+ is t x makes "o z jeal\sly m9dful ( :ol5ess 9 facts z a h\sewife ( :ol5ess 9 h] porcela94 ,x is1 inde$1 only :5 ! :ole fact is be=e u1 9 well-def9$ cont\r1 t we c beg9 to deal ) its mean+4 ,?us al?\gh ^? ignorant ( psy*ology may assi/ u 9 ?is region ( fact-f9d+1 !y c nev] accompli% t complet] & exact] k9d ( obs]vation :i* we dignify by ! "n ( ,sci5ce4#aj ----- ,footnote #aj3 ,s9ce writ+ ! above ,i h _h my op9ion /rongly confirm$ by read+ a record ( say+s ( *ildr5 c>ri$ out by wom5 /ud5ts 9 an ,am]ican ,normal ,college 7,?\ghts & ,reason+s ( ,*ildr51 classifi$ by ,h4 ,w4 ,br[n1 ,tea*] ( ,psy*ology 9 ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool1 ,worce/]1 ,mass41 ) introduction by ,e4 ,h4 ,russell1 ,pr9cipal3 repr9t$ f ! ,p$agogical ,sem9>y74 ,_m ( ! qua9t say+s not$ d[n lose mu* ( _! psy*ological po9t f our complete ignorance ( ! *ild's home-exp]i5ce1 companion%ips1 s*ool & tra9+4 ----- ,"o may conclude !n t wom5 may be fitt$ to become valuable lab\r]s 9 ?is new field ( inve/igation1 if only !y w acquire a g5u9e sci5tific int]e/ 9 babyhood1 & a fair am\nt ( sci5tific tra9+4 ,t a l>ge numb] ( wom5 w get s f> is ,i ?9k d\btful3 ! s5tim5tal or /hetic attraction ( ! baby is apt to be a s]i\s ob/acle to a cold matt]-(-fact exam9ation ( x z a sci5tific specim54 ,! natural delight ( a "m 9 e new exhibition ( infantile wisdom or pr[ess is liable to bl9d h] to ! exce$+ly mode/ significance ( ! *ild's p]=mances z se5 f ! sci5tific po9t ( view4 ,yet z ,i h h9t$1 ?is v fondness = infantile ways1 may1 if only ! sci5tific caution is add$1 prove a valuable excitant to /udy4 ,9 ,engl&1 & 9 ,am]ica1 !re is already a consid]able numb] ( wom5 :o h und]gone "s s]i\s tra9+ 9 psy*ology1 & x may n be too mu* to hope t be=e long we %all h a b& ( mo!rs & aunts busily engag$ 9 not+ & record+ ! movem5ts ( *ildr5's m9ds4 ,i h assum$ "h t :at is want$ is c>eful /udies ( individual *ildr5 z !y may be approa*$ 9 ! nurs]y4 ,& ^! records ( individual *ildr51 aft] ! patt]n ( ,prey]'s monograph1 are ,i ?9k our greate/ ne$4 ,we are wont to talk r too glibly ab\t t ab/raction1 #8! *ild1' z if all *ildr5 rigor\sly correspond$ to "o patt]n1 ( :i* patt]n we h a p]fect k4 ,mo!rs at lea/ "k t ?is is n s4 ,*ildr5 ( ! same family w be f\nd to diff] v widely 7)9 ! comp>atively n>r[ field ( *ildi% traits71 z1 = example1 9 respect ( matt]-(-factness1 ( fancifulness1 ( inquisitiv5ess4 ,?us1 :ile x is probably true t mo/ *ildr5 at a c]ta9 age are gre$y ( ! pleasures ( ! imag9ation1 ,nature 9 h] well-kn[n dislike ( monotony has tak5 c>e to make a few decid$ly unimag9ative4 ,we ne$ to "k mu* m ab\t ^! v>iations3 & :at w be/ help u "h is a numb] ( c>eful records ( infant progress1 embrac+ examples n only ( diff]5t sexes & temp]am5ts1 b also ( diff]5t social conditions & nationalities4 ,:5 we h su* a collection ( monographs we %all be 9 a mu* bett] position to fill out ! hazy outl9e ( our ab/ract conception ( *ildhood ) def9ite & *>act]i/ic l9eam5ts4 ,at ! same "t ,i gladly all[ t o!r modes ( obs]vation are possible & 9 _! way useful4 ,?is applies to old] *ildr5 :o pass into ! collective exi/5ce ( ! s*ool-class4 ,"h some?+ l collective or /ati/ical inquiry may be begun1 z t into ! cont5ts ( *ildr5's m9ds1 _! ignorances & misappreh5sions ab\t common objects4 ,"s "p ( ?is inquiry into ! m9ds ( s*ool-*ildr5 may v well be und]tak5 by an intellig5t tea*]4 ,?us x w\ld be valuable to h c>eful records ( *ildr5's progress c>ri$ out by pre-arrang$ te/s1 s z to get collections ( examples ( m5tal activity at diff]5t ages4 ,m special l9es ( inquiry hav+ a truly exp]im5tal "* might be c>ri$ out by exp]ts1 z ^? already begun ) ref]5ce to *ildr5's 8span ( appreh5sion10 i4e41 ! numb] ( digits or nons5se syllables t c be reproduc$ aft] a s+le he>+1 inve/igations into ! effects ( fatigue on m5tal processes1 into ! effect ( numb] ( repetitions on ! c]ta9ty ( reproduction1 into musical s5sitiv5ess & s =?4 ,valuable z su* /ati/ical inve/igation und\bt$ly is1 x is no sub/itute = ! c>eful me?odical /udy ( ! individual *ild4 ,?is seems to me ! greate/ desid]atum j n[4 ,s9ce ! tea*] ne$s = practical reasons to make a c>eful /udy ( individuals he might well assi/ "h4 ,9 ^! days ( lit]>y collaboration x might n be amiss = a k9d]g>t5 tea*] to write an acc\nt ( a *ild's m9d 9 co-op]ation ) ! "m4 ,su* a record if well done w\ld be ( ! greate/ value4 ,! co-op]ation ( ! "m seems to me q indisp5sable1 s9ce ev5 :]e !re is out-(-class int]c\rse betwe5 tea*] & pupil ! k acquir$ by ! =m] nev] equals t ( ! "m4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,imag9ation4 ,:y we call ,*ildr5 ,imag9ative4 ,"o ( ! few ?+s we seem$ to be c]ta9 ( ) respect to *ild-nature 0 t x is fancy-full4 ,*ildhood1 we all "k1 is ! age = dream+1 = deck+ out ! _w z yet unkn[n ) ! gay col\rs ( imag9ation2 = liv+ a life ( play or happy make-believe4 ,s t no?+ seems m to *>act]ise ! #8,*ildhood ( ! ,_w' ?an ! my?-mak+ impulse :i* by an ov]fl[ ( fancy seeks to hide ! meagr5ess ( k4 ,yet ev5 "h1 p]haps1 we h be5 cont5t ) loose g5]alisation 9 place ( c>eful obs]vation & analysis ( facts4 ,= "o ?+1 ! play ( infantile imag9ation is probably mu* less uni=m ?an is (t5 suppos$4 ,!re seem to be matt]-(-fact *ildr5 :o _c rise buoyantly to a bright fancy4 ,mr4 ,rusk91 ( all m51 has rec5tly told u t :5 a *ild he 0 incapable ( act+ a "p or tell+ a tale1 t he nev] knew a *ild 8^: ?ir/ = visible fact 0 at once s eag] & s me?odic04#aa ,we may accept ! report ( ,mr4 ,rusk9's memory z prov+ t he did n idle away 8 "t 9 day-dreams1 b1 by long & close obs]vation ( runn+ wat]1 & ! l1 laid ! f\ndations ( t f9e k ( ! appe>ances ( nature :i* ev]y:]e %9es ?r\gh 8 writ+s4 ,yet "o may be p]mitt$ to d\bt :e!r a writ] :o %[s n only s ri* & graceful a /yle b s truly poetic an inv5tion c\ld h be5 9 e respect an unimag9ative *ild4 ----- ,footnote #aa3 ,prt]ita1 p4 #gf4 ----- ,p]haps ! tru? w turn out to be ! p>adox t mo/ *ildr5 are at once matt]-(-fact obs]v]s & dream]s1 pass+ f ! "o to ! o!r z ! mood takes !m1 & ) a facility :i* gr[n p may well envy4 ,my own obs]vations g to %[ t ! prodigal out-put ( fancy1 ! revell+ 9 my? & /ory1 is (t5 *>act]i/ic ( "o p]iod ( *ildhood only4 ,we are apt to lump toge!r su* diff]5t levels ( exp]i5ce & capacity "u t ab/raction #8! *ild'4 ,! wee mite ( ?ree & a half1 sp5d+ m ?an half 8 days 9 try+ to realise all mann] ( pretty1 odd1 />tl+ fancies ab\t animals1 fairies1 & ! re/1 is some?+ va/ly unlike ! boy ( six or sev51 ^: m9d is n[ b5t on und]/&+ ! make & g ( ma*9es1 & ( t big ma*9e1 ! _w4 ,s f> z ,i c ga!r f inquiries s5t to p>5ts & o!r obs]v]s ( *ildr51 a l>ge majority ( boys & girls alike are = a "t fancy-b\nd4 ,a *ild t did n want to play & c>$ no?+ = ! m>vels ( /ory-l& w\ld surely be reg>d$ z que] & n j :at a *ild ought to be4 ,yet1 suppos+ t ?is is ! "r view1 !re /ill rema9s ! "q :e!r imag9ation always works 9 ! same way 9 ! *ildi% bra94 ,sci5ce is beg9n+ to aid u 9 und]/&+ ! diff]5ces ( *ildi% fancy4 ,= "o ?+ x is lead+ u to see t a *ild's :ole imag9ative life may be specially col\r$ by ! prepond]ant vividness ( a c]ta9 ord] ( images1 t "o *ild may live imag9atively 9 a col\r$ _w1 ano!r 9 a _w ( s\nds1 ano!r r 9 a _w ( movem5ts4 ,x is easy to note 9 ! case ( c]ta9 *ildr5 ( ! m lively & active turn1 h[ ! supreme int]e/ ( /ory z ( play lies 9 ! ample range ( movem5t & bodily activity4 ,rob9son ,crusoe is probably = ! boyi% imag9ation1 m ?an any?+ else1 ! go] & ! do]4#ab ----- ,footnote #ab3 ,! diff]5t t5d5cies ( *ildr5 t[>ds visual1 auditory1 motor images1 etc41 are dealt ) by ,f4 ,queyrat1 ,l',imag9ation et ses v>its *ez l'enfant4 ,cf4 an article by ,w4 ,h4 ,burnham1 8,individual ,diff]5ces 9 ! ,imag9ation ( ,*ildr510 ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 ii41 #b4 ----- ,) ?is diff]5ce 9 ! elem5t>y con/itu5ts ( imag9ation1 !re are o!rs :i* turn on temp]am5t1 tone ( feel+1 & prepond]ant directions ( emotion4 ,imag9ation is intimately b\nd up ) ! life ( feel+1 & w assume z _m directions z ?is life assumes4 ,h5ce1 ! famili> fact t 9 "s *ildr5 imag9ation broods by pref]5ce on gloomy & t]rify+ objects1 religi\s & o!r1 :]eas 9 o!rs x selects :at is bright & gladsome2 t :ile 9 "s cases x has m ( ! poetic quality1 9 o!rs x leans r to ! sci5tific or to ! practical type4 ,en\gh has be5 said p]haps to %[ t ! imag9ativ5ess ( *ildr5 is n a ?+ to be tak5 = grant$ z exi/+ 9 all *ildr5 alike4 ,x is em95tly a v>iable faculty requir+ a special /udy 9 ! case ( ea* new *ild4 ,b ev5 waiv+ ?is fact ( v>iability x may1 ,i ?9k1 be said t we are f> f und]/&+ ! precise work+s ( imag9ation 9 *ildr54 ,we talk1 = example1 glibly ab\t _! play1 _! make-believe1 _! illusions2 b h[ mu* d we really "k ( _! /ate ( m9d :5 !y act out a little sc5e ( dome/ic life1 or ( ! battle-field8 ,we h1 ,i "k1 _m f9e obs]vations on ?is head4 ,c>eful obs]v]s ( *ildr5 & cons]v]s ( _! own *ildi% exp]i5ces1 su* z ,r\sseau1 ,pe/alozzi1 ,jean ,paul1 ,madame ,neck]1 ,george ,s&1 ,r4 ,l4 ,/ev5son1 tell u mu* t is valuable3 yet ,i suspect t !re mu/ be a mu* wid] & f9] inve/igation ( *ildr5's action & talk be=e we c feel q sure t we h got at _! m5tal :]eab\ts1 & "k h[ !y feel :5 !y pret5d to ent] ! d>k wood1 ! home ( ! wolf1 or to talk ) _! deities1 ! fairies4 ,p]haps ,i h said en\gh to ju/ify my plea = new obs]vations & = a reconsid]ation ( ha/y !ories 9 ! light ( ^!4 ,nor ne$ we object to a fre% survey ( :at is p]haps ! mo/ delightful side ( *ild-life4 ,i (t5 wond] inde$ :5 ,i come across "s preci\s bit ( droll infantile act+1 or ( sweet *ild-soliloquy1 h[ mo!rs c br+ !mselves to lose "o drop ( ! fre% exhil>at+ draught :i* daily p\rs =? f ! f\nt ( a *ild's phantasy4 ,nor is x m]ely = ! sake ( its inh]5t *>m t *ildr5's imag9ation des]ves fur!r /udy4 ,9 ! e>ly age ( ! individual & ( ! race :at we enlight5$ p]sons call fancy has a good deal to d ) ! fir/ crude attempts at und]/&+ ?+s4 ,*ild-?\ght1 l primitive folk-?\ght1 is saturat$ ) my?1 vigor\s phantasy hold+ ! h& ( reason--z yet sadly rickety 9 8 legs--& %[+ him :i* way he %\ld take4 ,9 ! moral life aga91 we %all see h[ easily ! realis+ =ce ( "y imag9ation may expose x to deception by o!rs1 & to self-deception too1 ) results t closely simulate ! guise ( a kn[+ falsehood4 ,on ! o!r h& a c>eful foll[+ out ( ! v>i\s l9es ( imag9ative activity may %[ h[ moral education1 by vividly sugge/+ to ! *ild's imag9ation a wor?y "p1 a praisewor?y action1 may "w p[]fully on ! un=m$ & flexible /ructure ( 8 "y w1 mov+ x dutyw>ds4 ,imag9ative ,trans=mation ( ,objects4 ,! play ( "y imag9ation meets u 9 ! doma9 ( s5se-obs]vation3 a *ild is fancy+ :5 he looks at ?+s & t\*es !m & moves among !m4 ,?is may seem a p>adox at fir/1 b 9 tru? !re is no?+ p>adoxical "h4 ,x is an explod$ psy*ological fallacy t s5se & imag9ation are :olly ap>t4 ,no d\bt1 z ! anci5ts told u1 phantasy foll[s & is ! (fspr+ ( s5se3 we live ov] aga9 9 wak+ & sleep+ imag9ation ! sights & s\nds ( ! real _w4 ,yet x is no less true t imag9ation 9 an active con/ructive =m takes "p 9 ! v mak+ ( :at we call s5se-exp]i5ce4 ,we read ! visual symbol1 say1 a spla% ( light or col\r1 n[ z a /one1 n[ z a pool ( wat]1 j because imag9ation draw+ f pa/ exp]i5ce supplies ! int]pretation1 ! gr\p ( qualities :i* composes a h>d solid mass1 or a s(t yield+ liquid4 ,a *ild's fanciful read+ ( ?+s1 z :5 he calls ! tw9kl+ /> a 7bl9k+7 eye1 or ! dew-drops on ! grass te>s1 is b an exagg]ation ( :at we all d4 ,8 imag9ation c>ries him v mu* f>!r4 ,?us he may attribute to ! /one he sees a sort ( /one-s\l1 & speak ( x z feel+ tir$ ( a place4 ,?is lively way ( envisag+ objects is1 z we "k1 simil> to t ( primitive folk1 & has some?+ ( crude nature-poetry 9 x4 ,?is t5d5cy is abundantly illu/rat$ 9 ! metaphors :i* play s l>ge a "p 9 *ildr5's talk4 ,z all obs]v]s ( !m "k !y are wont to describe :at !y see or he> by analogy to some?+ !y "k already4 ,?is is call$ by "s1 r clumsily ,i ?9k1 app]ceiv+4 ,= example1 a little boy ( two ye>s & five mon?s1 on look+ at ! hamm]s ( a piano :i* 8 "m 0 play+1 call$ out3 #8,!re is owlegie' 7dim9utive ( owl74 ,8 eye _h in/antly caught ! simil>ity betwe5 ! r\nd felt disc ( ! hamm] divid$ by a piece ( wood1 & ! owl's face divid$ by its beak4 ,9 l mann] ! boy ,c4 call$ a small oscillat+ compass-ne$le a #8bird' on ! gr\nd ( its slightly bird-l =m1 & ( its flutt]+ movem5t4#ac ,pretty conceits are (t5 resort$ to 9 ?is assimilation ( ! new & /range to ! famili>1 z :5 a *ild see+ dew on ! grass said1 #8,! grass is cry+1' or :5 />s 7 describ$ z 8c9d]s f ,god's />10 & butt]flies z 8pansies fly+04#ad ,o!r examples ( ?is picturesque mode ( *ildi% app]ception w meet u bel[4 ----- ,footnote #ac3 ,! ref]5ces to ! *ild ,c4 are to ! subject ( ! memoir giv5 bel[1 *ap4 xi4 ,footnote #ad3 ,w4 ,h4 ,burnham1 loc4 cit41 p4 #bab f4 ----- ,?is play ( imag9ation 9 connexion ) appreh5d+ objects ( s5se has a /rong vitalis+ or p]sonify+ elem5t4 ,t is to say1 ! *ild sees :at we reg>d z lifeless & s\lless z alive & consci\s4 ,?us he gives n only body b s\l to ! w9d :5 x :i/les or h[ls at night4 ,! mo/ unpromis+ ?+s come 9 = ?is w>m+ vitalis+ t\* ( ! *ild's fancy4 ,he w make some?+ l a p]sonality out ( a lett]4 ,?us "o little fell[ ag$ "o ye> eight mon?s conceiv$ a special fondness = ! lett] ,w1 address+ x ?us3 #8,de> old boy ,w'4 ,ano!r little boy well on 9 8 f\r? ye>1 :5 trac+ a lett] ,l happ5$ to slip s t ! horizontal limb =m$ an angle ?us1 ,l-l "*4 ,he in/antly saw ! resemblance to ! s$5t>y human =m & said3 8,oh1 he's sitt+ d[n04 ,simil>ly :5 he made an ,f turn ! wrong way & !n put ! correct =m to ! left ?us1 ,f rev]s$ ,f1 he exclaim$3 8,!y're talk+ toge!r04 ,sometimes ?is end[m5t ( ?+s ) feel+ leads to a qua9t manife/ation ( sympa?y4 ,miss ,+el[ writes ( h]self3 ,:5 a little ov] two ye>s old1 & = ab\t a ye> aft] 8,i _h ! habit ( attribut+ intellig5ce n only to all liv+ creatures1 ! same am\nt & k9d ( intellig5ce t ,i _h myself1 b ev5 to /ones & manufactur$ articles4 ,i us$ to feel h[ dull x mu/ be = ! pebbles 9 ! causeway to be oblig$ to lie /ill & only see :at 0 r\nd ab\t4 ,:5 ,i walk$ out ) a little basket = putt+ fl[]s 9 ,i us$ sometimes to pick up a pebble or two & c>ry !m on to h a *ange3 !n at ! f>!/ po9t ( ! walk turn !m out1 n d\bt+ t !y w\ld be pleas$ to h a new view40#ae ----- ,footnote #ae3 ,see h] article1 8,! ,hi/ory ( an ,infancy10 ,longman's ,magaz9e1 ,feb41 #ahij4 ----- ,?is is by no means a unique example ( a qua9t *ildi% expression ( pity = :at we ?9k ! ins5ti5t _w4 ,plant-life seems (t5 to excite ! feel+4 ,"h is a quotation f a p>5t's *ronicle3 8,a girl ag$ eight1 br+s a quantity ( fall5 autumn leaves 9 to h] "m1 :o says1 #8,oh6 h[ pretty1 ,f46' to :i* ! girl answ]s3 #8,yes1 ,i knew y'd love ! poor ?+s1 "m1 ,i c\ldn't be> to see !m dy+ on ! gr\nd'4 ,a few days aft]w>ds %e 0 f\nd /&+ at a w9d[ ov]look+ ! g>d5 cry+ bitt]ly at ! fall+ leaves z !y fell 9 consid]able numb]s40 ,i ne$ n l+] on ! products ( ?is vitalis+ & p]sonify+ in/9ct1 z we %all deal ) !m aga9 :5 inquir+ into *ildr5's ideas ab\t nature4 ,suffice x to say t x is wondr\sly active & f>-rea*+1 con/itut+ "o *ief manife/ation ( *ildi% fancy4 ,n[ x may be ask$ :e!r all ?is analogical ext5sion ( images to :at seem to u su* incongru\s objects involves a vivid & illusory appreh5sion ( ^! z trans=m$4 ,is ! eyelid realis$ & ev5 se5 = ! mom5t z a sort ( curta91 ! curta9-image bl5d+ ) & trans=m+ :at is pres5t to ! eye8 ,are ! pebbles actually view$ z liv+ ?+s condemn$ to lie /iffly 9 "o place8 ,x is ( c\rse h>d to say1 yet ,i ?9k a conjectural answ] c be giv54 ,9 ?is imag9ative contemplation ( ?+s ! *ild b half obs]ves :at is pres5t to 8 eyes1 "o or two po9ts only ( supreme int]e/ 9 ! visible ?+1 :e!r ^? ( =m1 z 9 assimilat+ ! piano-hamm] to ! owl1 or ( action1 z ! fall+ ( ! leaf1 be+ selectively allud$ to3 :ile assimilative imag9ation ov]lay+ ! visual impression ) ! image ( a simil> object does ! re/4 ,9 ?is way ! actual field ( objects is apt to get veil$1 trans=m$ by ! wiz>d t\* ( a lively fancy4 ,no d\bt !re are v>i\s degrees ( illusion "h4 ,9 8 matt]-(-fact & really scrut9is+ mood a *ild w n conf\nd :at is se5 ) :at is imag9$3 9 ?is case ! analogy recall$ is di/+ui%$ & us$ z an explanation ( :at is se5--z :5 ,c4 obs]v$ ( ! pant+ dog3 #8,dat b[-w[ l puff-puff'4 ,on ! o!r h& :5 ano!r little boy ag$ ?ree ye>s & n9e mon?s see+ ! leaves fall+ exclaim$1 8,see1 mamma1 ! leaves is fly+ l dickey-birds & little butt]flies10 x is h>d n to ?9k t ! *ild's fancy = ! mom5t trans=m$ :at he saw into ^! pretty semblances4 ,& "o may risk ! op9ion t1 ) ! little ?9k+ p[] & controll+ =ce ( w :i* a *ild possesses1 su* assimilative activity ( imag9ation always t5ds to develop a degree ( mom5t>y illusion4 ,!re is1 too1 z we %all see lat] on1 abundant evid5ce to %[ t *ildr5 at fir/ q s]i\sly believe t mo/ ?+s1 at lea/1 are alive & h _! feel+s4 ,!re is ano!r way 9 :i* imag9ation may comb9e ) & trans=m s5sible objects1 viz41 by :at is commonly call$ association4 ,mr4 ,rusk9 tells u t :5 "y he associat$ ! "n #8crocodile' ) ! creature s closely t ! long s]ies ( lett]s took on some?+ ( ! look ( its lanky body4 ,! same writ] speaks ( a ,dr4 ,grant1 into ^: !rapeutic h&s he fell :5 a *ild4 ,! "n 7he adds7 is always associat$ 9 my m9d ) a br[n p[d]--rhub>b or ! l--( a gritty or acrid nature4444 ,! "n always s\nd$ to me gr-r-i% & granul>4 ,we c mo/ ( u p]haps1 recall simil> exp]i5ces1 :]e col\rs & s\nds1 9 !mselves indiff]5t1 took on ei!r ?r\gh analogy or association a decid$ly repulsive "*4 ,h[ f>1 "o wond]s1 does ?is process ( trans=mation ( ?+s g 9 ! case ( imag9ative *ildr58 ,!re is "s reason to say t x may g v f>1 & t1 too1 :5 !re is no /rong feel+ at "w cem5t+ ! comb9$ elem5ts4 ,a *ild's feel+ = lik5ess is commonly ke5 & subtle1 & k ( ! real relations ( ?+s has n yet come to *eck ! impulse to ?is free f>-rang+ k9d ( assimilation4 ,be=e ! qualities & ! connexions ( objects are suffici5tly kn[n = !m to be int]e/+ 9 !mselves1 !y c only acquire int]e/ ?r\gh ! comb9+ art ( *ildi% fancy4 ,& ! same is true ( associat$ qualities4 ,a *ild's e> may n dislike a grat+ s\nd1 a h>% noise1 z our e> dislikes x1 m]ely because ( its effect on ! s5sitive organ4 ,en revan*e x w l & dislike s\nds = a hundr$ reasons unkn[n to u1 j because ! quick /rong fancy add+ its life to t ( ! s5ses gives to _! impressions mu* ( _! significance & mu* ( _! effect4 ,!re is "o new field ( inve/igation :i* is illu/rat+ 9 a curi\s way ! wiz>d influ5ce wield$ by *ildi% imag9ation ov] ! ?+s ( s5se4 ,x is well kn[n t a c]ta9 numb] ( p habitually #8col\r' ! s\nds !y he>1 imag9+1 = example1 ! s\nd ( a v[el1 or ( a musical tone1 to h its *>act]i/ic t9t :i* !y are able to describe accurately4 ,?is #8col\r$ he>+1' z x is call$1 is always trac$ back to ! dimly recall$ age ( *ildhood4 ,*ildr5 are n[ beg9n+ to be te/$ & x is f\nd t a good proportion possess ! faculty4 ,?us1 9 "s rese>*es on ! m9ds ( ,bo/on s*ool-*ildr51 x 0 f\nd t tw5ty-"o out ( fifty-?ree1 or ne>ly #dj p] c5t41 describ$ ! tones ( c]ta9 in/rum5ts z col\r$4#af ,! p>ticul> col\r ascrib$ to an in/rum5t1 z also ! degree ( its brightness1 ?\gh rema9+ con/ant 9 ! case ( ! same *ild1 v>i$ greatly among diff]5t *ildr51 s t1 = example1 "o *ild #8visualis$' ! tone ( a fife z pale or bright1 :ile ano!r imag$ x z d>k4#ag ,x is highly probable t bo? analogy & association play a "p "h4#ah ,z 0 rec5tly sugge/$ to me by a correspond5t ! in/ance giv5 by ,locke ( ! analogy betwe5 sc>let & ! note ( a trumpet may easily be due 9 "p at lea/ to association ( ! tone ) ! sc>let uni=m4 ----- ,footnote #af3 ,see ! article by ,g4 ,/anley ,hall1 8,! ,cont5ts ( ,*ildr5's ,m9ds10 ,pr9ceton ,review4 ,new ,s]ies1 #ahhc4 ,cf4 ! same writ]'s volume1 ,! ,cont5ts ( ,*ildr5's ,m9ds on ent]+ ,s*ool1 #ahid4 ----- ,footnote #ag3 ,ibid41 p4 #bfe4 ,footnote #ah3 ,?is has be5 well br\ght out by ,pr(essor ,fl\rnoy ( ,g5eva 9 8 volume ,des ,phnomnes de ,synopsie 7audition colore71 *ap4 ii4 ----- ,i may add t ,i once happ5$ to ov]he> a little girl ( six talk+ to h]self ab\t numb]s 9 ?is wise3 8,two is a d>k numb]10 8=ty is a :ite numb]04 ,i que/ion$ h] & f\nd t ! digits _h ea* its di/9ctive col\r2 ?us "o 0 :ite2 two1 d>k2 ?ree1 :ite2 f\r1 d>k2 five1 p9k2 & s on4 ,n9e 0 po9t$ & d>k1 elev5 d>k gre51 %[+ t "s ( ! digits 7 mu* m di/9ctly visualis$ ?an o!rs4 ,j ?ree ye>s lat] ,i te/$ h] aga9 & f\nd %e /ill visualis$ ! digits1 b n q 9 ! same way4 ,?us al?\gh "o & two 7 :ite & black & five p9k z be=e1 ?ree 0 n[ grey1 f\r 0 r$1 n9e _h lo/ its col\r1 & elev5 oddly en\gh _h turn$ f d>k gre5 to bright yell[4 ,?is case sugge/s t 9 e>ly life new exp]i5ces & associations may modify ! t9t & %ade ( s\nds4 ,h[ev] ?is be1 *ildr5's col\r$ he>+ is wor? not+ z ! mo/ /rik+ example ( ! g5]al t5d5cy to ov]lay impressions ( ! s5ses ) vivid images4 ,x seems reasonable to suppose t col\r$ he>+ & o!r alli$ ph5om5a1 z ! pictur+ ( numb]s1 days ( ! week1 etc41 9 a c]ta9 s*eme or diagrammatic arrangem5t1 :5 !y %[ !mselves aft] *ildhood are to be view$ z survivals ( e>ly fanciful bra9-"w4 ,?is fact tak5 along ) ! kn[n vividness ( ! images 9 col\r$ he>+1 :i* 9 c]ta9 cases approximate to s5se-p]ceptions1 seems to me to confirm ! view "h put =? t *ildr5's imag9ation may alt] ! _w ( s5se 9 ways :i* x is h>d = our old] & /iff-jo9t$ m9ds to foll[4 ,i h conf9$ myself "h to :at ,i h call$ ! play ( imag9ation1 ! magic transmut+ ( ?+s ?r\gh ! %e] livel9ess & wanton activity ( *ildi% fancy4 ,h[ /rong1 h[ vivid1 h[ dom9at+ su* imag9ative trans=mation may become w ( c\rse be se5 9 cases :]e viol5t feel+1 especially fe>1 gives pret]natural int5sity to ! m9d's realis+ p[]4 ,b ?is w be bett] consid]$ lat] on4 ,?is trans=mation ( ! actual surr\nd+s is ( c\rse re/ra9$ 9 s]i\s mom5ts1 & 9 int]c\rse ) old] & grav] folk4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a region ( *ild-life :]e x kn[s no *eck1 :]e ! impulse to deck out ! %abby reality ) :at is bright & gay has all its own way4 ,?is region is ,play4 ,imag9ation & ,play4 ,! int]e/ ( *ild's play 9 ! pres5t connexion lies 9 ! fact t x is ! work+ out into visible %ape ( an inn] fancy4 ,! actual pres5tation may be ! />t+-po9t ( ?is process ( imag9ative projection3 ! *ild1 = example1 sees ! s&1 ! %+le & %ells1 & says1 #8,let u play keep+ a %op'4 ,yet ?is is accid5tal4 ,! s\rce ( play is ! impulse to realise a bright idea3 :5ce1 z we %all see by-&-by1 its close k9%ip to art z a :ole4 ,?is image is ! dom9at+ =ce1 x is = ! "t a v]itable ide fixe1 & ev]y?+ has to accommodate itself to ?is4 ,s9ce ! image has to be act$ out1 x comes into collision ) ! actual surr\nd+s4 ,"h is ! *ild's opportunity4 ,! floor is in/antly mapp$ out into two ho/ile t]ritories1 ! s(a-end becomes a horse1 a coa*1 a %ip1 or :at n1 to suit ! exig5cies ( ! play4 ,?is /rong] movem5t & wid] range ( imag9ation 9 *ildr5's pa/ime is expla9$ by ! *>act]i/ic & fundam5tal impulse ( play1 ! desire to be some?+1 to act a "p4 ,! *ild-adv5tur] z he p]sonates ,rob9son ,crusoe or o!r h]o /eps out ( 8 e-day self & s out ( 8 e-day _w4 ,9 realis+ 8 "p he virtually trans=ms 8 surr\nd+s1 s9ce !y take on ! look & mean+ :i* ! "p assigns to !m4 ,?is is prettily illu/rat$ 9 "o ( ,mr4 ,/ev5son's *ild-songs1 8,! ,l& ( ,c\nt]pane10 9 :i* a sick *ild describes ! v>i\s trans=mations ( ! b$-sc5e3-- ,& sometimes = an h\r or s ,i wat*$ my lead5 soldi]s g1 ,) diff]5t uni=ms & drills1 ,among ! b$-clo!s ?r\gh ! hills2 ,& sometimes s5t my %ips 9 fleets1 ,all up & d[n among ! %eets2 ,or br\ght my trees & h\ses out1 ,& plant$ cities all ab\t4 ,:o c say to h[ _m & to :at /range play-purposes t /olid unyield+-look+ object a s(a-head has be5 turn$ by ! +5uity ( ! *ildi% bra98 ,! impulse to act a "p meets u v e>ly & gr[s out ( ! assimilative in/9ct4 ,! v infant w1 if !re is a cup to h&1 pret5d to dr9k out ( x4#ai ,simil>ly a boy ( two w put ! /em ( 8 fa!r's pipe into1 or1 if cauti\s1 ne> 8 m\?1 & make believe t he is smok+4 ,a little boy n yet two ye>s old w\ld sp5d a :ole wet aft]noon 8pa9t+0 ! furniture ) ! dry end ( a bit ( rope4 ,9 su* cases1 x is evid5t1 ! play+ may />t f a sugge/ion suppli$ by ! sight ( an object4 ,!re is no ne$ to suppose t 9 ?is simple k9d ( imitative play *ildr5 kn[+ly act a "p4 ,x is surely to misund]/& ! ess5ce ( play to speak ( x z a fully consci\s process ( imitative act+4#bj ,a *ild is "o creature :5 he is truly at play1 ano!r :5 he is b5t on a/oni%+ or amus+ y4 ,x seems suffici5t to say t :5 at play he is possess$ by an idea1 & is work+ ?is out into visible action4 ,y\r notice1 y\r laught]1 may br+ 9 a new elem5t ( enjoym5t2 = z we all "k1 *ildr5 are apt to be little actors 9 ! full s5se1 & to aim at produc+ an impression4 ,yet ! *ild z little ne$s y\r flatt]+ obs]vation z ! cat ne$s x1 :5 he plays 9 ! full s5se imag9atively1 & 9 make-believe1 ) 8 captur$ m\se1 plac+ x1 = example1 delib]ately "u a copp] 9 ! scull]y1 & amus+ himself by ! half-illusion ( los+ x4 ,inde$ y\r intrusion w be j z likely to de/roy or at lea/ to dim9i% ! *>m ( a *ild's play1 if only ?r\gh y\r inability to seize 8 idea1 &1 :at is equally important1 to rise to 8 own po9t ( en?usiasm & illusive realisation4 ,p]haps1 inde$1 "o may say t ! play-in/9ct is mo/ vigor\s & dom9ant :5 a *ild is alone1 or at lea/ self-absorb$2 = ev5 social play1 delightful z x is :5 all ! play]s are attun$1 is subject to di/urbance ?r\gh a want ( mutual compreh5sion & a ne$ ( half-disillusive explanations4#ba ----- ,footnote #ai3 ,( c\rse1 z ,prey] sugge/s1 ?is dr9k+ f an empty cup may at fir/ be due to a want ( discrim9ative p]ception4 ,footnote #bj3 ,m4 ,compayr seems to g too f> 9 ?is direction :5 he talks ( ! *ild's play ) its doll z a *>m+ com$y ( mat]nity 7,l',evolution intell4 et morale de l',enfant1 p4 #bgd74 ,footnote #ba3 ,= a good illu/ration ( ! disillusive effect ( want ( en?usiasm 9 "o's playmates1 see ,tol/oi1 ,*ildhood1 ,boyhood1 ,y\?1 "p i41 *ap4 viii4 ----- ,! ess5ce ( *ildr5's play is ! act+ ( a "p & ! realis+ ( a new situation4 ,x is ?us1 z we %all see m fully by-&-by1 ak9 to dramatic action1 only t ! *ild's #8act+' is l ,m4 ,j\rda9's prose1 an unconsci\s art4 ,! impulse to be some?+1 a sailor1 a soldi]1 a pa?-f9d]1 or :at n1 absorbs ! *ild & makes him =get 8 real surr\nd+s & 8 actual self4 ,8 day-dreams1 8 solit>y & app>5tly li/less w&]+s :ile he mutt]s my/ic words to himself1 all illu/rate ?is desire to realise a "p4 ,9 ?is playful self-projection a *ild w become ev5 some?+ non-human1 z :5 he nips ! #8bread-&-*eese' %oots (f ! bu%es & fancies himself a horse4#bb ,x is to be not$ t su* pass+ out ( "o's ord9>y self & assum+ a =eign exi/5ce is conf9$ to ! *ild-play]2 ! cat or ! dog1 ?\gh able1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 & o!rs h %[n1 to g ?r\gh a k9d ( make-believe game1 rema9+ always )9 ! limits ( 8 ord9>y self4 ----- ,footnote #bb3 ,un9itiat$1 p4 #aj4 ----- ,su* play-l transmutation ( ! self ext5ds beyond :at we are accu/om$ to call play4 ,"o little boy ( ?ree & a half ye>s :o 0 fond ( play+ at ! useful bus9ess ( coal-heav+ w\ld c>ry 8 coal-heav]'s dream ?r\gh ! :ole day1 & on ! p>ticul> day devot$ to ?is call+ w\ld n only refuse to be address$ by any less wor?y "n1 b ask 9 8 pray] to be made a good coal-heav] 7in/ead ( ! usual #8good boy'74 ,on o!r days ?is *ild liv$ ! life ( a rob9 r$brea/1 a soldi]1 & s =?1 & bitt]ly res5t$ 8 "m's occasional confusion ( 8 p]sonalities4 ,a little girl ag$ only "o ye> & t5 mon?s insi/$ ^u be+ address$ by a fancy "n1 ,isabel1 :5 %e 0 put to b$1 b w\ld n be call$ by ?is "n at any o!r "t4 ,%e probably pass$ into :at seem$ to h] ano!r p]son :5 %e w5t to b$ & gave h]self up to sweet #8hypnagogic' rev]ie4 ,9 ! work+ out ( ?is impulse to realise a "p ! actual ext]nal surr\nd+s may take a surpris+ly small "p4 ,sometimes !re is sc>cely any adju/m5t ( sc5e3 ! *ild plays out 8 action ) purely imag9>y surr\nd+s4 ,su* simple play-actions z go+ to m>ket to buy imag9>y apples occur v e>ly1 "o "m assur+ me t all h] *ildr5 c>ri$ !m out 9 ! second ye> be=e !y c\ld talk4 ,ano!r "m writes ( h] boy1 ag$ two & a half ye>s3 8,he amuses himself by pret5d+ ?+s4 ,he w fet* an imag9>y cake f a corn]1 rake toge!r imag9>y grass1 or fight a battle ) imag9>y soldi]s40 ,?is rem9ds "o ( ,mr4 ,/ev5son's l9es3-- ,x is he1 :5 y play ) y\r soldi]s ( t91 ,:o sides ) ! ,fr5* & :o nev] c w94 ,?is impulse to inv5t imag9>y surr\nd+s1 & m especially to create my?ical companions1 is v common among lonely & imag9ative *ildr54 ,a lady fri5d1 a ,g]man1 tells me t :5 %e 0 a little girl1 a lonely "o ( c\rse1 %e inv5t$ a k9d ( alt] ego1 ano!r girl r old] ?an h]self1 :om %e nam$ #8,kr(a'--:y %e has =gott54 ,%e made a con/ant playmate ( h]1 & got all h] new ideas f h]4 ,mr4 ,canton's little h]o9e took to nurs+ an invisible #8iccle gaal' 7little girl71 ! image ( :i* %e seem$ able to project into space4#bc ,! inv5tion ( fictiti\s p]sons fills a l>ge space 9 *ild-life4 ,p]haps if only ! "y imag9ation is /rong en\gh !re is1 z already h9t$1 m ( sweet illusion1 ( a w>m grasp ( liv+ reality 9 ?is solit>y play1 :]e fictiti\s companions p]fectly ob$i5t to ! little play]'s w take ! place ( less controllable tangible ones4 ,b su* purely imag9ative make-believe1 :i* d]ives no help f actual ?+s1 is p]haps h>dly #8play' 9 ! full s5se1 b r an active =m ( day-dream+ or romanc+4#bd ----- ,footnote #bc3 ,! ,invisible ,playmate1 p4 #cc ff4 ,footnote #bd3 ,i fail to und]/& :at ,pr(essor ,m>k ,baldw9 means by say+ t an only *ild is want+ 9 imag9ation 7op4 cit41 p4 #ceh74 ,9 8 emphasis+ ( ! influ5ce ( imitation & ext]nal sugge/ion ! writ] seems to h ov]look$ ! r obvi\s fact t *ildi% imag9ation 9 its int5s] & m en]getic =ms means a deta*m5t f ! s5sible _w1 & t lonely *ildr5 are1 z m ?an "o autobiography1 z well z "m's record1 %[1 p>ticul>ly imag9ative j because ( ! abs5ce ( engag+ activities 9 ! real _w4 ----- ,9 mu* ( ?is playful p]=mance all ! int]f]5ce ) actual surr\nd+s t ! *ild requires is *ange ( place or sc5e4 ,"h is a pretty example ( ?is simple type ( imag9ative play4 ,a *ild ( tw5ty mon?s1 :o is accu/om$ to meet a bonne & *ild 9 ! ,j>d9 du ,luxemb\rg1 sudd5ly leaves ! family liv+-room1 pron\nc+ indiff]5tly well ! names ,luxemb\rg1 nurse1 & *ild4 ,he goes into ! next room1 pret5ds to say 8good-day0 to 8 two out-door acqua9tances1 & !n returns & simply n>rates :at he has be5 do+4#be ,"h ! simple act ( pass+ into an adjo9+ room 0 en\gh to secure ! ne$$ realisation ( ! enc\nt] 9 ! g>d54 ,! movem5t into ! next room is sugge/ive4 ,prim>ily x meant no d\bt ! *ild's mann] ( realis+ ! out-(-door walk2 yet ,i suspect !re 0 ano!r motive at "w4 ,*ildr5 love to enact _! little play-sc5es 9 "s remote spot1 )drawn f notice1 :]e imag9ation suff]s no let f ! int]f]5ce ( "m1 nurse1 or o!r memb] ( ! real environm5t4 ,h[ _m a ?rill+ excit+ play has be5 c>ri$ out 9 a corn]1 especially if x be d>k1 or bett] /ill1 scre5$ (f4 ,! fasc9ation ( curta9$ spaces1 z ^? beh9d ! w9d[ curta9s1 or "u ! table ) ! table-clo? hang+ l[1 w be fre% 9 ! memory ( all :o c recall _! *ildhood4 ----- ,footnote #be3 ,egg] quot$ by ,compayr1 op4 cit41 pp4 #adi1 #aej4 ----- ,a /ep t[>ds a m reali/ic k9d ( play-action1 9 :i*1 z 9 ! mod]n !atre1 imag9ation is propp$ up by /rong /age effects1 is tak5 :5 a sc5e is con/ruct$1 ! *airs & s(a turn$ into %ips1 c>riages1 a railway tra91 & s =?4 ,yet1 aft] all1 ! sc5e is b a v subord9ate "p ( ! play4 ,next to himself 9 8 new "p1 pr\dly enjoy+ ! consci\sness ( be+ a g5]al1 or a s*ool-mi/ress1 a *ild :o is n cont5t ) ! pure creations ( 8 phantasy requires ! semblance ( liv+ companions4 ,9 all play he desires somebody1 if only z li/5] to 8 talk 9 8 new "*2 & :5 he does n rise to an invisible auditor1 he w talk to su* unpromis+ ?+s z a sponge 9 ! ba?1 a fire-%ovel1 a clo!s' prop 9 ! g>d51 & s =?4 ,9 m active play1 :]e some?+ has to be done1 he g5]ally desires a full companion & assi/ant1 human or animal4 ,& "h we meet ) :at is p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ feature ( *ildi% play1 ! transmutation ( ! mo/ meagre & lea/ promis+ ( ?+s into complete liv+ =ms4 ,i h already allud$ to ! s(a-head4 ,h[ _m =ms ( animal life1 vigor\s & untir+1 f ! pati5t donkey up to ! untam$ horse ( ! prairies1 has ?is mo/ in]t-look+ ridge s]v$ to image =? to quick boyi% p]ception4 ,! introduction ( ^! liv+ ?+s seems to illu/rate ! l>ge compass ( ! *ild's realis+ p[]4 ,mr4 ,rusk9 speaks some:]e ( 8! p]fection ( *ild-l imag9ation1 ! p[] ( mak+ ev]y?+ out ( no?+04 8,! *ild10 he adds1 does n make a pet ( a me*anical m\se t runs ab\t ! floor4444 ,! *ild falls 9 love ) a quiet ?+--) an ugly "o--nay1 x may be ) "o to u totally devoid ( mean+4 ,! beso9 de croire prec$es ! beso9 d'aim]4 ,! quotation br+s u to ! focus :]e ! rays ( *ildi% imag9ation seem to conv]ge1 ! trans=mation ( toys4 ,! fact t *ildr5 make liv+ ?+s out ( _! toy horses1 dogs & ! re/1 is kn[n to e obs]v] ( _! ways4 ,to ! natural unsceptical eye ! boy on 8 rudely c>v$ 8gee-gee0 sla%+ ! dull flank ) all a boy's glee1 looks z if he 7 realis+ ! joy ( actual rid+1 z if he 7 possess$ ) ! fancy t ! /iff lea/ organic-look+ ( /ructures :i* he /rides is a v horse4 ,! livel9ess ( ?is realis+ imag9ation is se5 9 ! extraord9>y pov]ty & meagr5ess ( ! toys :i* to _! happy possessors are :olly satisfy+4 ,"h is a pretty picture ( *ild's play f a ,g]man writ]3-- ,!re sits a little *>m+ ma/] ( ?ree ye>s be=e 8 small table busi$ = a :ole h\r 9 a fanciful game ) %ells4 ,he has ?ree s-call$ snake-heads 9 8 doma92 a l>ge "o & two small] ones3 ?is means two calves & a c[4 ,9 a t9y t9 di% ! little f>m] has put all k9ds ( petals1 t is ! fodd] = 8 num]\s & f9e cattle4444 ,:5 ! play has la/$ a "t ! fodd]-di% trans=ms itself into a heavy waggon ) hay3 ! little %ells n[ become little horses1 & are put to ! %afts to pull ! t]rible load4 ,! doll takes a supreme place 9 ?is fancy realm ( play4 ,x is human & satisfies high] in/9cts & emotions4 ,z ! ,fr5* poet says1 ! little girl-- ,rve el nom de mre en b]ant sa p\pe4#bf ----- ,footnote #bf3 ,goltz1 ,bu* d] ,k9dheit1 pp4 #d1 #e4 ----- ,i read some:]e rec5tly t ! doll is a play?+ = girls only3 b boys1 ?\gh !y (t5 pref] india-rubb] horses & o!r animals1 n infrequ5tly g ?r\gh a /age ( doll-love also1 & are h>dly less devot$ ?an girls4 ,endless is ! v>iety ( rle assign$ to ! doll z to ! t9y %ell 9 our la/ picture ( play4 ,! doll is ! all-important comrade 9 t solitude deux ( :i* ! *ild1 l ! adult1 is s fond4 ,mrs4 ,burnett tells u t sitt+ hold+ h] doll 9 ! arm*air ( ! p>l\r %e w\ld sail across en*ant$ seas to en*ant$ isl&s hav+ all sorts ( ?rill+ adv5tures4 ,at ano!r "t :5 %e want$ to act an ,indian *ief ! doll j z ob$i5tly took up ! "p ( squaw4 ,v humanely1 on ! :ole1 is ! little doll-lov] wont to use h] pet1 ev5 ?\gh1 z ,george ,s& rem9ds u1 !re come mom5ts ( rage & batt]+4#bg ,a little boy ( two & a half ye>s ask$ 8 "m "o day3 8,w y give me all my picture-books to %[ dolly8 ,i don't "k :i* he w l be/40 ,he !n po9t$ to ea* & look$ at ! doll's face = ! answ]4 ,he made believe t x select$ "o1 & !n gravely %[$ x all ! pictures1 say+3 8,look "h1 dolly60 & c>efully expla9+ !m4 ----- ,footnote #bg3 ,see ! /udy ( ,george ,s&'s *ildhood bel[1 *ap4 xii4 ----- ,! doll illu/rates ! *ildi% attitude t[>ds all toys1 ! impulse to take !m into ! inn]mo/ & w>me/ circle ( p]sonal intimacy1 to make !m a liv+ "p ( himself4 ,a *ild's language1 z we %all see lat]1 po9ts to an e>ly id5tification ( self ) belong+s4 ,! #8me' & ! #8my' are ! same1 or ne>ly ! same1 to a mite ( ?ree4 ,?is impulse to atta* ! doll to self1 or to embrace x )9 ! self-consci\sness or self-feel+1 %[s itself 9 odd ways4 ,9 ! gr[n-up *ild1 ,laura ,bridgman1 x took ! =m ( putt+ a b&age l h] own ov] h] doll's eyes4 ,?is resembles a case ( a girl ( six1 :o :5 recov]+ f measles 0 obs]v$ to be busily occupi$ ) h] dolls1 ea* ( :i* %e pa9t$ ov] ) bright r$ spots4 ,! dolly mu/ d all1 & be all t ,i am3 s ! *ild 9 8 w>m atta*m5t seems to argue4 ,?is feel+ ( on5ess is /r5g!n$ by t ( exclusive possession1 ! s5se t ! *ild himself is ! only "o :o really kn[s dolly1 c he> h] cry :5 %e cries & s =?4#bh ,x is ano!r manife/ation ( ! same feel+ ( intimacy & solid>ity :5 a *ild insi/s on dolly's be+ treat$ by o!rs z c\rte\sly z himself4 ,*ildr5 w (t5 expect ! "m or nurse to kiss & say good-night to _! pet or pets--= _! he>ts are capaci\s--:5 %e says good-night to !mselves4 ----- ,footnote #bh3 ,cf4 ,p]ez1 ,l',art et la ,posie *ez l'enfant1 p4 #bh4 ----- ,"h1 nobody c surely d\bt1 we h cle>e/ evid5ce ( play-illusion4 ,! lively imag9ation end[s ! in]t wood5 ?+ ) ! w>m? ( life & love4 ,h[ l>ge a "p is play$ "h by ! al*emi/1 fancy1 is kn[n to all obs]v]s ( *ildr5's play?+s4 ,! fai? & ! devotion (t5 seem to increase z ! fir/ m]etrici\s *>ms1 ! w>m t9ts ( ! *eek & ! lips1 ! well-%ap$ nose1 ! da9ty clo!s1 prematurely fade1 & ! lovely toy :i* once kept gr\ps ( hungry-look+ *ildr5 gaz+ long at ! %op-w9d[1 is r$uc$ to ! nak$ ess5ce ( a doll4 ,a *ild's con/ancy to 8 doll :5 ?us /ript ( ext]ior *>ms & degrad$ to ! l[e/ social /ratum ( dolldom is "o ( ! sweete/ & mo/ humor\s ?+s 9 *ild-life4 ,& !n :at rude unpromis+ ?+s are adopt$ z doll-pets4 ,mrs4 ,burnett tells u %e once saw a dirty mite sitt+ on a /ep 9 a squalid ,london /reet1 cuddl+ w>mly a little bundle ( hay ti$ r\nd ! middle by a /r+4 ,"h1 surely1 ! beso9 d'aim] 0 little if any?+ beh9d ! beso9 de croire4 ,d any ( u really und]/& ?is doll-sup]/ition8 ,writ]s ( a cle> long-rea*+ memory h tri$ to take u back to *ildhood1 & re/ore to u = a mom5t ! :ole undi/urb$ tru/1 ! p]fect satisfaction ( love1 :i* ! *ild br+s to its doll4 ,yet ev5 ! imag9ative g5ius ( a ,george ,s& is h>dly equal1 p]haps1 to ! feat ( resuscitat+ ! buri$ companion ( our e>ly days & mak+ x live once m be=e our eyes4#bi ,! tru? is ! doll-illusion is "o ( ! fir/ to pass4 ,!re are1 ,i believe1 a few s5tim5tal girls :o1 :5 !y atta9 ! ye>s ( enlight5m5t1 make a po9t ( sav+ _! dolls f ! g5]al wreckage ( toys4 ,yet ,i suspect ! pets :5 ?us reta9$ are valu$ m = ! outside *>m ( pretty face & hair1 & /ill m = ! lovely clo!s1 ?an = ! inh]5t wor? ( ! doll itself1 ( :at we may call ! doll-s\l :i* in=ms x & gives x1 = ! *ild1 its true beauty & its wor?4 ----- ,footnote #bi3 ,= h] rem>kable analysis ( ! *ild's feel+ = 8 doll1 see bel[1 *ap4 xii4 ----- ,yet if we _c get inside ! old doll-sup]/ition we may /udy x f ! outside1 & draw a helpful comp>ison betwe5 x & o!r kn[n =ms ( nave cr$ulity4 ,& "h we h ! curi\s fact t ! doll exi/s n only = ! *ild b = ! 8nature man04 ,savages1 ,sir ,john ,lubbock tells u1#cj l toys1 su* z dolls1 ,noah's ,arks1 etc4 ,! same writ] rem>ks t ! doll is 8a hybrid betwe5 ! baby & ! feti%1 & t x exhibits ! contradictory *>act]s ( its p>5ts04 ,p]haps ! *anges ( mood t[>ds ! doll1 ( :i* ,george ,s& writes1 illu/rate ! alt]nat+ prepond]ance ( ! baby & ! feti% half4 ,b z ,sir ,john also rem>ks1 ?is hybrid is s+ul>ly un9telligible to gr[n-up p1 & x seems ! "p ( mode/y "h to b[ to "o ( nature's my/]ies4 ----- ,footnote #cj3 ,orig9 ( ,civilisation1 app5dix1 p4 #eba4 ----- ,x has be5 sugge/$ to me by ,mr4 ,f4 ,galton t a useful inquiry might be c>ri$ out into ! relation betwe5 a *ild's pref]5ce 9 ! matt] ( doll or o!r toy & ! degree ( 8 imag9ativ5ess z o!rwise %[n1 e4g41 9 crav+ = /ory1 & 9 romanc+4 ,s f> z ,i h inquir$ ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t su* a relation exi/s4 ,a lady :o has _h a l>ge exp]i5ce z a ,k9d]g>t5 tea*] tells me t *ildr5 :o play ) r\gh %apeless ?+s1 & readily end[ ) life ! ball1 & s =?1 9 ,k9d]g>t5 games are imag9ative 9 o!r ways4 ,"h is an example3-- ,p4 ,mc4 ,l41 a girl1 obs]v$ f ?ree & a half to five ye>s ( age1 0 a highly imag9ative *ild z %[n by ! p[] ( make-believe 9 play4 ,! ball ( s(t india-rubb] 0 to h] on ! tea*]'s sugge/ion1 say1 a baby1 & on x %e w\ld lavi% all h] t5d]ness1 kiss+ x1 fe$+ x1 wa%+ its face1 dress+ x 9 h] p9a=e1 etc4 ,s ?or\gh 0 h] delight 9 ! play t ! less imag9ative *ildr5 ar\nd h] w\ld susp5d _! play at #8babies' & wat* h] ) int]e/4 ,:il/ a mo/ indiff]5t re/less *ild at lessons1 :5ev] a /ory 0 told %e sat motionless & wide-ey$ till ! close4 ,*ildr5 sometimes make babies ( _! y\ng] bro!rs & si/]s1 go+ ?r\gh all ! sweet solicit\s (fices :i* o!rs are wont to c>ry out on _! dolls4#ca ,?is sugge/s ano!r & closely relat$ "q3 ,d ! m imag9ative *ildr5 pref] ! in]t1 ugly doll to ! liv+ *ild 9 ^! nurs+ pa/imes8 ,:at is ! real relation 9 ! *ild's play betwe5 ! toy-companion1 ! doll or india-rubb] dog1 & ! liv+ companion8 ,aga91 a *ild w occasionally play ) an imag9>y doll4#cb ,h[ is ?is impulse relat$ to ! o!r two =ms ( doll-passion8 ,^! po9ts w\ld well repay a c>eful inve/igation4 ----- ,footnote #ca3 ,baldw9 gives a pretty example ( ?is1 op4 cit41 p4 #cfb4 ,footnote #cb3 ,an example is giv5 by ,paola ,lombroso1 ,psicologia del ,bamb9o1 p4 #abf4 ----- ,! vivification ( ! doll or toy animal is ! outcome ( ! play-impulse1 & ?is1 z we h se51 is an impulse to act out1 to realise an idea 9 outw>d %[4 ,! absorption 9 ! idea & its outw>d expression s]ves1 z 9 ! case ( ! hypnotis$ subject1 to blot out ! incongruities ( sc5e & action :i* y or ,i1 a cold obs]v]1 w\ld note4 ,! play-idea works trans=m+ly by a process analog\s to :at is call$ auto-sugge/ion4 ,h[ complete ?is play-illusion may become "h c be se5 9 m ways ?an "o4 ,we see x 9 ! jeal\s insi/5ce already illu/rat$ t ev]y?+ %all = ! "t pass ov] f ! e-day _w into ! new fancy-creat$ "o4 8,ab\t ! age ( f\r10 writes ,m4 ,egg] ( 8 boys1 8,felix is play+ at be+ coa*man1 ,emile happ5s to return home at ! mom5t4 ,9 ann\nc+ 8 bro!r1 ,felix does n say1 #8,emile is come1' he says #8,! bro!r ( ! coa*man is come'40#cc ----- ,footnote #cc3 ,quot$ by ,compayr1 op4 cit41 p4 #aej4 ----- ,z we saw above1 ! *ild's absorption 9 8 new play-_w is %[n by 8 imp]i\s dem& t o!rs1 z 8 "m1 %all recognise 8 new "*4 ,pe/alozzi's little boy1 ag$ ?ree ye>s & a half1 0 "o day play+ at be+ but*]1 :5 8 "m call$ him by 8 usual dim9utive1 #8,jacobli'4 ,he at once repli$3 8,no1 no2 y %\ld call me but*] n[04#cd ,"h is a /ory to ! same effect1 s5t me by a "m4 ,a little girl ( f\r 0 play+ #8%ops' ) h] y\ng] si/]4 8,! eld] "o 0 %opman at ! "t ,i came into h] room & kiss$ h]4 ,%e broke out into pite\s sobs1 ,i c\ld n und]/& :y4 ,at la/ %e sobb$ out3 #8,"m1 y nev] kiss ! man 9 ! %op'4 ,i _h ) my kiss q spoilt h] illusion40 ----- ,footnote #cd3 ,de ,guimp's ,life ( ,pe/alozzi 7,engl4 trans471 p4 #da4 ----- ,! int5sity ( ! realis+ p[] ( imag9ation 9 play is se5 too 9 ! /ickl+ = fidelity to ! orig9al 9 all playful reproduction1 :e!r ( sc5es obs]v$ 9 ev]yday life or ( :at has be5 n>rat$4 ,! same little boy :o %[$ 8 picture-books to dolly 01 we are told1 :5 two ye>s & eight mon?s old1 fond ( imag9+ t he 0 ,prie/1 8 gr&mamma's coa*man4 8,he drives 8 toy horse f ! arm-*air z a c>riage1 gett+ d[n e m9ute to #8let ! ladies out1' or to #8g %opp+'4 ,! make-believe ext5ds to 8 insi/+ on ! re9s be+ held :ile he gets d[n & s =?40 ,! same ?+ %[s itself 9 act+ out /ories4 ,! full enjoym5t ( ! realisation dep5ds on ! fai?ful reproduction1 on ! suitable outw>d embodim5t ( ! di/9ct idea 9 ! *ild's m9d4 ,! foll[+ anecdote be>s ano!r k9d ( te/imony1 a mo/ w9some k9d1 to ! realis+ p[] ( play4 ,"o day two si/]s said to "o ano!r3 8,let u play be+ si/]s04 ,?is might well s\nd insane en\gh to ha/y e>s2 b is x n really eloqu5t8 ,to me x sugge/s t ! girls felt !y 7 n realis+ _! si/]hood1 enjoy+ all ! possible sweets ( x1 z !y want$ to d--p]haps !re _h be5 a qu>rel & a sup]v5+ *ildi% coldness4 ,& !y felt too t ! way to get ?is m vivid s5se ( :at !y 71 or ought to be1 "o to ! o!r1 0 by play+ ! "p1 by act+ a sc5e 9 :i* !y w\ld come close to "o ano!r 9 w>m sympa!tic fell[%ip4 ,b !re is /ill ano!r1 & "s w ?9k a m conclusive way ( satisfy+ ourselves ( ! reality ( ! play-illusion4 ,! *ild f9ds himself confront$ by ! unbeliev+ adult :o que/ions :at he says ab\t ! doll's cry+ & s =?4 ,"o little girl1 ag$ "o ye> & n9e mon?s1 :5 ask$ by h] "m h[ h] doll1 :o _h lo/ 8 arms1 ate 8 d9n] )\t h&s1 quickly *ang$ ! subject4 ,%e did n app>5tly l hav+ difficulties br\ght into h] happy play-_w4 ,b ! true t5aci\s fai? %[s itself lat] :5 ! *ild und]/&s ^! sceptical que/ion+s ( o!rs1 & sees t !y are pok+ fun at 8 play & 8 day-dream+s4 ,su* cruel quizz+s ( 8 make-believe are apt to cut him to ! quick4 ,i h he>d ( *ildr5 :o w cry if a /rang] sudd5ly ent]s ! nurs]y :5 !y are h>d at play1 & %[s himself unsympa!tic & critical4 ,play may produce n only ?is vivid imag9ative realisation at ! "t1 b a sort ( mild p]man5t illusion4 ,sometimes x is a toy-horse1 9 "o case communicat$ to me x 0 a funny-look+ toy-lion1 m frequ5tly x is ! human effigy1 ! doll1 :i* z ! result ( successive acts ( imag9ative vivification gets tak5 up into ! relation ( p]man5t companion & pet4 ,clu/]s ( happy associations ga!r ab\t x1 inve/+ x ) a la/+ vitality & "*4 ,a "m once ask$ h] boy ( two & a half ye>s if 8 doll 0 a boy or a girl4 ,he said at fir/1 8,a boy10 b pres5tly correct+ himself add$1 8,i ?9k x is a baby04 ,"h we h a *all5g+ ( ! inn] conviction by a "q1 a mom5t ( reflexion1 & z a result ( ?is1 an unambigu\s confession ( fai? t ! doll _h its place 9 ! liv+ human family4 ,"h is a m /ubborn exhibition on ! "p ( ano!r boy ( ?is la/+ fai? 9 ! play?+ call$ out by o!rs' sceptical attitude4 ,:5 7writes a lady correspond5t7 he 0 j ov] two ye>s old ,l4 began to speak ( a fav\rite wood5 horse 7,dobb97 z if x 7 a real liv+ creature4 #8,no t>p5t] 7c>p5t]7 made ,dobb91' he w\ld say1 #8he is n wood5 b k9 7sk97 & bones & ,dod 7,god7 made him4' ,if any "o said #8x' 9 speak+ ( ! horse 8 wra? 0 in/antly ar\s$1 & he w\ld %\t indignantly3 #8,x6 ,y mutt'ent tay 8x10 y mut tay he'4 ,he imag9$ ! horse 0 possess$ ( e virtue & x 0 /range to see :at an influ5ce ?is creature ( 8 own imag9ation ex]cis$ ov] him4 ,if !re 0 any?+ ,l4 p>ticul>ly wi%$ n to d 8 "m _h only to say3 #8,dobb9 w\ld l y to d ?is1' & x 0 done )\t a murmur4 ,!re is ano!r doma9 ( *ildi% activity closely bord]+ on t ( play :]e a l suffusion ( ! _w ( s5se by imag9ation meets u4 ,i ref] to pictures & arti/ic repres5tations g5]ally4 ,if 9 ! case ( adults !re is a half illusion1 a k9d ( oneirotic or trance condition induc$ by a picture or dramatic spectacle1 9 ! case ( ! less-in/ruct$ *ild ! illusion is apt to become m complete4 ,a picture seems v mu* ( a toy to a *ild4 ,a baby ( eight or n9e mon?s w talk to a picture z to a liv+ ?+2 & some?+ ( ?is t5d5cy to make a feti% ( a draw+ survives mu* lat]4 ,b x w be m conv5i5t to deal ) ! attitude ( ! *ild-m9d t[>ds pictorial repres5tations 9 connexion ) 8 art-t5d5cies4 ,! imag9ative trans=mation ( ?+s1 m p>ticul>ly ! end[+ ( lifeless ?+s ) life1 ent]s1 ,i believe1 into all *ildr5's pa/imes4 ,:5ce comes ! p]5nial *>m1 ! undy+ popul>ity1 ( ! hoop8 ,is n ! int]e/ "h due to ! circum/ance t ! *ild controls a mov+ ?+ :i* 9 ! caprici\s v>iations ( its c\rse simulates a free w ( its own8 ,z ,i und]/& x1 trundl+ ! hoop is imag9ative play h>dly less ?an rid+ ! horse-/ick & sla%+ its flanks4 ,:o aga9 t c recall e>ly exp]i5ces w d\bt t ! delight ( fly+ ! kite1 ( wat*+ x z x sways to ! "r or to ! left1 ?reat5+ to fall head-=emo/ to e>?1 & mo/ ( all p]haps ( s5d+ a pap] #8mess5g]' along ! /r+ to ! wee ?+ pois$ l a bird s t]ribly f> away 9 ! blue sky1 is ! delight ( imag9ative play8 ,! same is true ( sail+ boats1 & o!r pa/imes ( e>ly *ildhood4 ,i h "h t\*$ m]ely on ! imag9ative & half-illusory side ( *ildr5's play4 ,x is to be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t play is mu* m ?an ?is1 & reflects mu* m ( ! *ildi% m9d4 ,play prop] z di/+ui%$ f m]e day-dream+ is activity & imitative activity2 & *ildr5 %[ m>k$ diff]5ces 9 ! en]gy ( ?is activity1 & 9 ! quickness & clos5ess ( _! responses to ! model actions ( ! real nurse1 real coa*man1 & s =?4 ,t is to say1 obs]vation ( o!rs w c\nt "h4 ,aga91 :ile social surr\nd+s1 opportunities = imitation1 are important1 !y are by no means all-decisive4 ,*ildr5 %[ a curi\s selectiv5ess 9 _! imitative games1 g]ms ( diff]5tial int]e/1 sexual & individual1 reveal+ !mselves q e>ly4 ,x may be add$ t a *ild ) few opportunities ( obs]vation may get q en\gh play-mat]ial f /oryl&4 ,b play is nev] m]ely imitative1 save inde$ 9 ! case ( un9tellig5t & #8/oggy' *ildr54 ,x is a bright inv5tion into :i* all ! gifts ( *ildi% intellig5ce may p\r !mselves4 ,! relation ( play to art w engage u lat] on4 ,free ,projection ( ,fancies4 ,9 play & ! k9dr$ =ms ( imag9ative activity j dealt )1 we h be5 conc]n$ ) imag9ative realisation 9 its connexion ) s5se-p]ception4 ,& "h1 x is to be notic$1 !re is a k9d ( reciprocal action betwe5 s5se & imag9ation4 ,on ! "o h&1 z we h se51 imag9ation int]poses a col\r$ m$ium1 s to speak1 betwe5 ! eye & ! object1 s t x becomes trans=m$ & beautifi$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 :at is commonly call$ play+1 imag9ative activity receives valuable aid f ! s5ses4 ,! /ump ( a doll1 woefully unlike z x is to :at ! *ild's fancy makes x1 is yet a s5sible fact1 & z su* gives support & sub/ance to ! realis+ impulse4 ,n[ ?is fact t imag9ation d]ives support f s5se leads to a habit ( project+ fancies1 & giv+ !m an ext]nal & local habitation4 ,9 ?is way ! idea receives a c]ta9 solidity & fixity ?r\gh its embodim5t 9 ! real physical _w4 ,?is incorporation ( images 9 ! sy/em ( ! real _w may1 l play1 />t at "o ( two ends4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! ext]nal _w1 s f> z x is only dimly p]ceiv$1 excites wond]1 curiosity1 & ! desire to fill 9 ! blank spaces ) at lea/ ! semblance ( k4 ,"h di/ance ex]cises a /range fasc9ation4 ,! remote *a9 ( hills fa9tly visible f ! *ild's home1 has be5 aga9 & aga9 end[$ by 8 enri*+ fancy ) all mann] ( wondr\s sc5]y & peopl$ by all mann] ( /range creatures4 ,! unapproa*able sky--:i* to ! little "o1 s (t5 on 8 back1 is mu* m ( a visible object ?an to u--) its wond]s ( blue expanse & cl\dl&1 ( />s & *angeful moon1 is wont to occupy 8 m9d1 8 bright fancy q spontane\sly fill+ out ?is big upp] _w ) appropriate =ms4 ,?is /imulat+ effect ( ! half-p]ceivable is se5 9 /ill great] int5sity 9 ! case ( :at is hidd5 f sight4 ,! spell ca/ on ! "y m9d by ! my/]y ( holes1 & especially ( d>k woods1 & ! l1 is kn[n to all4 ,c4's peopl+ ( a d>k wood ) 8 btes noires ! wolves illu/rates ?is t5d5cy4 8,:at 7writes a ,g]man au?or already quot$7 all *ildi% fancy has almo/ )\t exception 9 common1 is ! idea ( a :olly new & unhe>d-( _w beh9d ! remote horizon1 beh9d woods1 lakes & hills1 & all objects rea*$ by ! eye4 ,:5 ,i 0 a *ild & we play$ hide & seek 9 ! b>n1 ,i always felt t !re mu/ or might be beh9d e bundle ( /raw1 & especially 9 ! corn]s1 some?+ unhe>d ( ly+ hidd54 ,& yet ,i _h no pr(ane curiosity1 no desire to exp]im5t by turn+ ov] ! bundle ( /raw4 ,x 0 j a fancy1 & ?\gh ,i half recognis$ x z su* x 0 lively en\gh to engage me z a reality40 ,! same writ] goes on to describe h[ 8 imag9ation ev] occupi$ itself ) :at lay beh9d ! long /ret* ( wood :i* clos$ 9 a l>ge "p ( 8 *ild's horizon4#ce ----- ,footnote #ce3 ,goltz1 ,das ,bu* d] ,k9dheit1 p4 #bgf4 ----- ,?is imag9ative fill+ up ( ! remote & ! hidd5 recesses ( ! out] _w is subject to manifold /imulat+ influ5ces f ! region ( feel+4 ,we "k t all vivid imag9ation is *>g$ ) emotion1 & ?is is emphatically true ( *ildr5's phantasies4 ,! unse51 ! hidd51 conta9s unkn[n possibilities1 some?+ awful1 t]rible1 x may be1 to make ! timid wee ?+ %udd] 9 anticipatory vision1 or wondr\sly & surpris+ly beautiful4 ,h[ f> ! *ildi% attitude is f intellectual curiosity is se5 9 ! rem>k ( ,goltz1 t no impi\s attempt is made to probe ! my/]y4 ,! o!r way 9 :i* ?is happy fusion ( fancy ) incomplete p]ception may be effect$ is ?r\gh ! work+ ( ! impulse to give outw>d embodim5t to vivid & p]si/5t images4 ,all play1 z we h se51 is an illu/ration ( ! impulse1 & c]ta9 k9ds ( play %[ ! work+ ( ! impulse 9 its purity4 ,x ext5ds1 h[ev]1 beyond ! limits ( :at is commonly kn[n z play4 ,! in/ance quot$ above1 ! peopl+ ( a c]ta9 wood ) wolves by ! *ild ,c41 0 ( c\rse due 9 "p to ! fact t ! small impressionable bra9 0 at ?is "t mu* occupi$ ) ! idea ( ! wolf4 ,dick5s & o!rs h told u h[ :5 *ildr5 !y 7 wont to project into ! real _w ! lively images acquir$ f /oryl&4 ,:5 suitable objects pres5t !mselves ! images are naturally en\gh l9k$ on to ^!4 ,?us ,dick5s writes3 8,e burn 9 ! neighb\rhood1 e /one ( ! *ur*1 e foot ( ! *ur*y>d _h "s association ( its own 9 my m9d connect$ ) ^! books 7,rod]ic ,r&om1 ,tom ,jones1 ,gil ,blas1 etc471 & /ood = "s locality made fam\s 9 !m4 ,i h se5 ,tom ,pip] g climb+ up ! *ur* /eeple2 ,i h wat*$ ,/rap ) ! knapsack on 8 back /opp+ to re/ himself on ! wicket-gate40#cf ----- ,footnote #cf3 ,quot$ by ,=/]1 ,life ( ,*>les ,dick5s1 *ap4 i4 ----- ,along ) ?is atta*m5t ( images to def9ite objects !re goes a good deal ( vague localisation 9 dim half-realis$ qu>t]s ( space4 ,! sup]natural be+s1 ! fairies1 ! bogies1 & ! re/1 are1 z might be expect$1 relegat$ to ^! obscure & imp5etrable regions4 ,x w\ld be wor? :ile p]haps to collect a *ildr5's comp>ative my?ology1 if only to see :at diff]5t localities1 geographic & cosmic1 ! *ildi% m9d is apt to assign to 8 fabul\s be+s4 ,! poor fairies seem to h be5 =c$ to f9d an abode 9 mo/ dissimil> regions4 ,! boy ,c4 select$ ! wall ( 8 b$room--h>dly a dignifi$ abode1 ?\gh x _h ! m]it ( be+ )9 rea* ( 8 pray]s4 ,a *ild less b5t on turn+ ! sup]ior p]sonages to practical acc\nt w set !m 9 "s remot] qu>t]1 9 a va/ =e/1 or deep cav]n1 on a di/ant hill1 or high] up 9 ! blue above ! birds4 ,b sy/ems ( *ild-my?ology w occupy u aga94 ,imag9ation & ,/oryl&4 ,we may n[ pass to a fre] region ( imag9ative activity :]e ! *ild's m9d gives life & reality to its images )\t incorporat+ !m into ! out] s5sible _w1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( talk+ to invisible playmates4 ,! _w ( /ory1 z di/9ct f t ( play1 is ! great illu/ration ( ?is deta*$ activity ( fancy4 ,! entrance into /oryl& c only take place :5 ! key ( language is put into ! *ild's h&4 ,a /ory is a v]bal repres5tation ( a sc5e or action1 & ! process ( imag9ative realisation dep5ds 9 ?is case on ! /imulat+ effect ( words 9 _! association ) ideas4 ,n[ a ^w has n = a *ild ! peculi> =ce ( an imitative s5su\s impression1 say t ( a picture4 ,! toy1 ! picture1 be+1 h[ev] r\ghly1 a lik5ess or %[1 br+s ! idea be=e ! *ild's eyes 9 a way 9 :i* ! ^w-symbol _c d4 ,yet we may easily und]e/imate ! /imulat+ effect ( words on *ildr5's m9ds1 :i* are mu* m t5d] & susceptible ?an we are wont to suppose4 ,to call out to a *ild1 #8,b[1 w[6' or #8,policeman6' may be to excite 9 8 m9d a vivid image :i* is 9 itself an approa* to a complete s5su\s realisation ( ! ?+4 ,we _c und]/& ! fasc9ation ( a /ory = *ildr5 save by rememb]+ t = _! "y m9ds1 quick to imag9e & unv]s$ 9 ab/ract reflexion1 words are n dead ?\ght-symbols1 b truly alive & p]haps 8w+$0 z ! old ,greeks call$ !m4 ,x may n be easy to expla9 fully ?is /imulat+ p[] ( words on ! *ildi% m9d4 ,!re is "s reason to say t 9 ^! e>ly days spok5 words z s\nds = ! e> h 9 !mselves some?+ ( ! imm$iate objective reality ( all s5se-impressions1 s t to "n a ?+ is 9 a s5se to make x pres5t4 ,h[ev] ?is be1 words z s5se-pres5tations h a p[]ful sugge/ive effect on *ildr5's imag9ation1 call+ up p>ticul>ly vivid images ( ! objects nam$4 ,! effect is probably aid$ by ! *ild's nasc5t feel+ ( rev]5ce = ano!r's words z au?oritative utt]ances4 ,?is impulse to realise words makes ! *ild a li/5] mu* m frequ5tly ?an we suppose4 ,h[ (t5 is ! "m surpris$ & amus$ at a "q put by h] *ild ab\t some?+ said 9 8 pres5ce to a s]vant1 a visitor1 or a workman2 some?+ :i* 9 h] gr[n-up way %e assum$ w\ld n be ( ! slighte/ int]e/ to him4 ,9 ?is mann]1 words soon become a great p[] 9 ! new wond]+ life ( a *ild4 ,!y lodge l fly+ se$l+s 9 ! f]tile bra91 & %oot up into /range imag9ative gr[?s4 ,b ( ?is m by-&-by4 ,?is pr(\nd & la/+ effect ( words is n[h]e m cle>ly se5 ?an 9 ! spell ( ! /ory4 ,we gr[n-up p are wont to flatt] ourselves t we read /ories3 ! *ild1 if he c\ld "k :at we call read+1 w\ld laugh at x4 ,) :at deftness does ! little bra9 dis5tangle ! language1 (t5 /range & puzzl+ en\gh1 r$uc+ x by a secret *ild-art to simplicity & to reality4 ,a "m :5 read+ a poem to h] boy ( six1 v5tur$ to rem>k1 8,i'm afraid y c't und]/& x1 de>10 = :i* %e got duly snubb$ by h] little ma/] 9 ?is fa%ion3 8,oh1 yes1 ,i c v well1 if only y w\ld n expla904 ,! expla9+ is res5t$ because x int]rupts ! *ild's own spontane\s image-build+1 :]e9 lies ! *>m1 because x rudely breaks ! spell ( ! illusion1 call+ (f ! att5tion f ! vision he sees 9 ! ^w-cry/al1 :i* is all he c>es ab\t1 to ! cold lifeless cry/al itself4 ,& :at a bright vision x is t is !re ga9$4 ,h[ cle>ly sc5e aft] sc5e ( ! dissolv+ view unfolds itself4 ,h[ ?rill+ ! anticipation ( ! next unkn[n1 undisc]nible /age 9 ! hi/ory4 ,p]haps no "o has giv5 u a bett] acc\nt ( ! /ate ( absorption 9 /oryl&1 ! oneirotic or dream-l condition ( complete )drawal f ! _w ( s5se into an inn] _w ( fancy1 ?an ,?ack]ay4 ,9 "o ( 8 delightful 8,r\ndab\t ,pap]s10 he ?us writes ( ! exp]i5ces ( e>ly boyhood4 ,hu%6 ,i nev] read q to ! end ( my fir/ ,scotti% ,*iefs4 ,i c\ldn't4 ,i peep$ 9 an al>m$ furtive mann] at "s ( ! clos+ pages4444 ,oh1 novels1 sweet & delici\s z ! raspb]ry op5 t>ts ( budd+ boyhood6 ,d ,i =get "o night aft] pray]s 7:5 we "u-boys 7 s5t to b$7 l+]+ at my cupbo>d to read "o little half-page m ( my de> ,walt] ,scott--& d[n came ! monitor's diction>y on my head6 ,z "o ?9ks ( ! deep delights ( ^! fir/ excursions into /oryl& "o almo/ envies ! lucky boys :om ! "y ,*>les ,dick5s held spellb\nd ) 8 tales4 ,! int5sity ( ! delight is se5 9 ! gre$ x g5]ates4 ,:o c resi/ ! *ild's hungry dem& = a /ory8 ,edg> ,qu9et 9 8 ,hi/oire de mes ,ides tells h[ :5 a *ild an old corporal came to drill him4 ,he _h be5 tak5 prison] by ! ,spani>ds & plac$ on an inaccessible isl&4 ,edg> lov$ to he> ! ?rill+ /ory ( ! old soldi]'s adv5tures1 & sc>cely 0 ! n>rative f9i%$ :5 ! gre$y boy w\ld exclaim1 8,encore une fois60 ,he9e's delight :5 a boy at ,dsseldorf 9 dr9k+ 9 ! /ories ( ,napoleon's exploits f 8 drumm] is ano!r well-kn[n illu/ration4 ,?r\gh ! p]fect gift ( visual realisation :i* a *ild br+s to x ! v]bal n>rative becomes a record ( fact1 a true hi/ory4 ,! int5se enjoym5t :i* is b\nd up ) ?is process ( imag9ative realisation makes *ildr5 jeal\sly exact z to accuracy 9 repetition4 ,! boy ,c4 :5 a /ory 0 repeat$ to him us$ to res5t ev5 a small alt]ation ( ! text4 ,woe to ! un=tunate "m :o 9 tell+ "o ( ! good /ock nurs]y tales v>ies a detail4 ,"o su*1 a fri5d ( m9e1 repeat+ #8,puss 9 ,boots' inadv]t5tly made ! h]o sit on a *air in/ead ( on a box to pull on 8 boots4 ,%e 0 greet$ by a %>p volley ( #8,no's6' ,! same lady tells me t :5 n>rat+ ! /ory ( #8,beauty & ! ,bea/' = ! second "t only %e =got 9 describ+ ! effect ( ! ,bea/'s sigh+ to add aft] ! words #8till ! glasses on ! table %ake' #8& ! c&les are ne>ly bl[n out'2 :]eupon ! sev]e little li/5] at once /opp$ ! n>rator & suppli$ ! int]e/+ detail4 ,! exact+ memory ( *ildhood 9 ! matt] ( /ories is ! product ( a full detail$ realisation4 ,9 ! case j quot$ ! reality ( ! /ory 0 contradict$ by sub/itut+ a /upid conv5tional *air = ! box1 & by omitt+ ! /rik+ incid5t ( ! c&les4 ,happy age ( *ildhood1 :5 a new & wondr\s _w1 creat$ :olly by ! magic ( a lively phantasy1 rivals 9 brightness1 9 di/9ctness ( detail1 aye1 & 9 /eadfa/ness too1 ! ne>e/ spaces ( ! _w on :i* ! bodily eye looks out1 be=e reflexion has begun to draw a h>d divid+ l9e betwe5 ! doma9s ( hi/orical tru? & fiction4 ,z ! dem& = fai?ful repetition ( /ory %[s1 ! imag9ative realisation cont9ues :5 ! /ory is no long] he>d or read4 ,x has add$ some?+ to ! *ild's inn] supplem5t>y _w1 giv5 him "o m lovely region 9 :i* he may live blissful mom5ts4 ,! return ( ! "y m9d to ! p]sons & sc5es ( /ory is =cibly illu/rat$ 9 ! impulse1 already t\*$ on1 to act out 9 play ! p>ts ( ?is & t h]oic figure4 ,) _m *ildr5 any n>rative :i* holds ! imag9ation delightfully en?rall$ is likely to become m fully realis$ 9 a visible embodim5t4 ,= in/ance1 a *ild ( five ye>s1 :5 told a /ory ( f\r m5 go+ along a railway to /op a tra9 be=e x ne>$ a bridge :i* 0 on fire1 at once proce$$ to play ! incid5t ) 8 toy tra94 ,"h we see h[ /ory by contribut+ lively images to ! *ild's bra9 becomes "o ma9 /imulative & guid+ influ5ce 9 ! doma9 ( play4 ,9 l mann] ! images born ( /ory may1 z 9 ! case ( ,dick5s1 atta* !mselves p]man5tly to p>ticul> localities & objects4 ,to ?is lively imag9ative reception ( :at is told him ! *ild is apt v soon to jo9 8 own free inv5tions ( figures1 human1 sup]human1 or subhuman4 ,! high] qualities ( ?is inv5tion prop]ly come "u ! head ( *ild-art1 & w h to be consid]$ 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,"h we may glance at ^! inv5tions z illu/rat+ ! realis+ p[] ( ! *ild's imag9ation4 ,?is inv5tion appe>s 9 a sporadic mann] 9 occasional #8romanc+s' :i* may set out f "s obs]vation ( ! s5ses4 ,a little boy ag$ ?ree & a half ye>s see+ a tramp limp+ along ) a bad leg exclaim$3 8,look at t poor ole man1 mamma1 he has dot 7got7 a bad leg04 ,!n romanc+1 z he 0 n[ wont to d3 8,he dot on a v big 'orse1 & he fell (f on "s great big /one1 & he hurt 8 poor leg & he _h to get a big /ick4 ,we mu/ make x well40 ,!n aft] a ?\ghtful pause3 8,mamma1 g & kiss ! place & put "s p[dey 7p[d]7 on x & make x well l y d to ,i04 ,! unmi/akable *ildi% s]i\sness "h1 ! outfl[ ( "y compassion1 & ! *>m+ en=cem5t ( ! nurs]y prescription1 all po9t to a vivid realisation ( ?is extemporis$ little romance4 ,?is *ild 0 moreov] m ?an commonly t5d]-he>t$1 & p]haps ! m expos$ on t acc\nt to su* amiable self-deception4 ,ano!r small boy :5 a little ov] two ye>s1 happ5+ to he> a buzz+ on ! w9d[1 said3 8,mamma1 bumble-bee 9 a w9d[ says x wants a yump 7lump7 ( sug>03 !n %ak+ 8 head /]nly1 add$3 8,soon make y heat-spots1 bumble-bee04 ,o!r examples ( ?is romanc+ w be met ) 9 ! notes on ! *ild ,c4 ,9 su* simple fa%ion does ! *ild build up a t9y my? on ! basis ( "s pass+ impression1 supply+ out ( 8 qua9tly /or$ fancy unlook$-= adornm5ts to ! homely occurr5ces ( e-day life4 ,p>tly by tak+ 9 & fully realis+ ! wond]s ( /ory1 p>tly by ! indep5d5t play ( an inv5tive imag9ation1 *ildr5's m9ds pass "u ! dom9ion ( m or less endur+ my?s4 ,! pr9ces & pr9cesses & dw>fs & gnomes ( fairy-tale1 ! work]s ( ,*ri/mas miracles1 ,santa ,claus & ,fa!r ,*ri/mas1 z well z ! be+s fa%ion$ by ! *ild's imag9ation on ! model ( ^? he kn[s f /ory1 ^! live on l ! p ( ! e-day _w1 are apt to appe> 9 dreams1 9 ! d>k1 at odd dreamy mom5ts :5 ! ?+s ( s5se lose _! hold1 br++ into ! *ild's life gold5 sunlight or black awful %ad[s1 ! mo/ real ( all realities4 ,?is *ildi% belief 9 my? is (t5 curi\sly t5aci\s4 ,a fa!r 0 once surpris$ to f9d t 8 boy ag$ five ye>s & t5 mon?s cont9u$ navely to believe 9 ! real p]sonality ( ,santa ,claus4 ,x 0 ,*ri/ma/ide & ! fa!r1 9 ord] to te/ ! *ild's cr$ulity1 put 8 own pocket-knife into ! /ock+ :i* ,santa ,claus 0 suppos$ to fill4 ,! *ild1 ?\gh he knew 8 fa!r's knife v well1 did n 9 ! lea/ suspect t ! knife he f\nd 9 ! /ock+ _h be5 plac$ !re by human h&s1 b express$ himself z pleas$ t ,santa ,claus _h s5t him "o l 8 fa!r's4 ,:5 8 fa!r foll[$ ?is up by tell+ him t he _h lo/ 8 knife1 & by se>*+ = x 9 ! boy's pres5ce1 ! latt] ask$ :e!r ,santa ,claus _h /ol5 ! knife--?us %[+ h[ its close simil>ity to ! knife he _h receiv$ _h impress$ him1 ?\gh he w\ld n = a mom5t d\bt ! fact ( its com+ f ! my/]i\s p]sonage4 ,x might be ?\ght t ?is *ild 0 p>ticul>ly /upid4 ,on ! contr>y he 0 well above ! av]age 9 intellig5ce4 ,9 pro( ( ?is ,i may relate t ! ,*ri/mas be=e ?is1 t is to say :5 he 0 "u five ye>s1 he 0 ! only "o among ?irty *ildr5 :o recognis$ 8 uncle :5 extremely well disguis$ z ,fa!r ,*ri/mas4 ,:5 ask$ by 8 fa!r :y he ?\ght x 0 8 uncle1 he said at fir/ he didn't "k1 b ?9k+ a mom5t he add$1 8,i don't see :o else !re is10 %[+ t he _h reason$ out 8 belief by a me?od ( exclusion4 ,( c\rse x w be said t ,i am "h select+ exceptional cases ( *ildi% imag9ation4 ,i am q ready to admit ! probability ( ?is4 ,! be/ examples ( any trait ( ! "y m9d w obvi\sly be suppli$ by ^? :o h mo/ ( ?is trait4 ,yet ,i v mu* suspect t ord9>y & ev5 dull *ildr5 are wont to hide away a good deal ( su* sup]/iti\s belief4 8,"o ( ! greate/ pleasures ( *ildhood10 says ,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes 9 ,! ,poet ( ! ,breakfa/ ,table1 8is f\nd 9 ! my/]ies :i* x hides f ! scepticism ( ! eld]s & works up into small my?ologies ( its own40 ,i h treat$ ! my?s ( *ildr5 z a product ( pure imag9ation1 ( ! impulse to realise 9 vivid images :at lies away f & above ! _w ( s5se4 ,yet1 z we %all see lat]1 !y are really m ?an ?is4 ,!y conta91 l ! my?s ( primitive man1 a true g]m ( ?\ght4 ,9 ,george ,s&'s recollections we %all meet ) a /rik+ illu/ration ( h[ ! vivid imag9ation ( sup]natural be+s is foll[$ up by a reflective & half-sci5tific ef=t to connect ! my? ) ! facts & laws ( ! kn[n _w4 ,?is infusion ( *ildi% reason into wond]l&1 ! fir/ crude attempt to adju/ belief to belief1 & to f9d po9ts ( atta*m5t = ! mu*-lov$ my? 9 ! matt]-(-fact _w1 is apt to lead1 z we %all see1 to a good deal t is v qua9t & *>act]i/ic 9 ! *ild's my?ology4 ,! conclusion :i* obs]vation ( *ildr5 leads u to is t1 z comp>$ ) adults1 !y are end[$ ) /rong imag9ative p[]1 ! activity ( :i* leads to a surpris+ly int5se inn] realisation ( :at lies above s5se4 ,= ! *ild1 z = primitive man1 reality is a projection ( fancy z well z an assurance ( s5se4 ,n[ ?is conclusion is1 ,i ?9k1 greatly /r5g!n$ by all t we "k ( ! conditions ( ! bra9-life 9 *ildr51 & ( ! _m p]turbations to :i* x is liable4 ,) respect to ?is bra9-life we h to rememb] t 9 ! fir/ ye>s ! high] cortical c5tres :i* take "p 9 ! co-ord9ative & regulative processes ( ?\ght & volition are b v imp]fectly develop$4 ,h5ce ! c5tres conc]n$ 9 imag9ation--:i*1 if n id5tical ) :at us$ to be call$ ! s5sorium or seat ( s5sation1 are 9 close/ connexion ) x--are n *eck$ & inhibit$ by ! action ( ! high] c5tres z is ! case ) u4 ,by ex]cis+ a volitional control ov] ! fl[ ( our ideas1 we are able to reason away a fancy1 & g5]ally to gu>d ourselves aga9/ error4 ,9 "y *ildr5 all ideas t gr[ cle> & full "u ! /imulus ( a /rong int]e/ are apt to p]si/ & to become pret]naturally vivid4 ,z has be5 sugge/$ by m ?an "o rec5t writ] on *ildhood & education1 ! bra9 ( a *ild has a slight measure ( t susceptibility to p[]ful illusory sugge/ion :i* *>act]ises ! bra9 ( a hypnotis$ subject4 ,savages1 :o %[ s /rik+ a resemblance to *ildr5 9 ! vivacity & ! dom9ance ( _! fancy1 are probably mu* ne>] to ! *ild ?an to ! civilis$ adult 9 ! condition ( _! bra94 ,?is pret]natural livel9ess ( ! images ( ! imp]fectly develop$ bra9 exposes *ildr51 z we "k1 to di/urb+ illusion4 ,! effect ( bad dreams1 ( int5se feel+1 p>ticul>ly ( fe>1 9 develop+ illusory belief 9 s5sitive & delicate *ildr5 is famili> en\gh1 & w be dealt ) aga9 lat] on4 ,"s p>5ts feel ! dang]s ( su* di/urbance s ke5ly t !y ?9k x be/ to cut _! *ildr5 (f f ! _w ( fiction altoge!r4 ,b ?is is surely an error4 ,= "o ?+ *ildr5 :o are /rongly imag9ative w be c]ta9 to indulge _! fancies1 z ! ,bront girls did1 ev5 :5 no fiction is suppli$ & _! eag] little m9ds are ?r[n on ! matt]-(-fact newspap]4 ,a *ild ne$s n to be depriv$ ( /ory altoge!r1 b to be suppli$ ) bright & happy /ories1 9 :i* ! gruesome elem5t is subord9ate4 ,specially s5sitive *ildr5 %\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be gu>d$ aga9/ mu* t f an old] po9t ( view is classic1 z "s ( ! #8creepy' /ories 9 ,grimm1 ?\gh !re are no d\bt h>dy "y n]ves :i* c ?rill enjoyably "u ^! horrors4 ,z to confus+ a *ild's s5se ( tru? by indulg+ him 9 /ory1 ! evil seems to me problematic1 &1 if x exi/s at all1 only slight & tempor>y4 ,b ,i hope to t\* on ?is aspect ( ! subject 9 ! next *apt]4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,dawn ,,( ,,reason4 ,! ,process ( ,?\ght4 ,to treat ! *ild's m9d z m]ely a h>b\r] ( fancies1 z completely subject to ! illusive spell ( its bright imag]y1 w\ld be ! grosse/ inju/ice4 ,x is "o ( ! reputable *>act]i/ics ( *ildhood t x manages to comb9e ) s mu* vivacity & =ce ( imag9ation a p]fectly grave matt]-(-fact look-out on ! actual _w4 ,& "h ,i %\ld l to correct ! common supposition t *ildr5 are imag9ative or obs]vant ( _! surr\nd+s1 b n bo?4 ,i h no d\bt t !re are _m *ildr5 :o %[ a m>k$ prepond]ance ( ! "o or ( ! o!r t5d5cy3 !re is ! fanciful & dreamy *ild1 & ! matt]-(-fact *ild ) a t5aci\s grasp on ! realities ( ?+s4 ,i h b little d\bt1 too1 t 9 ! case ( *ildr5 :o %[ ! two t5d5cies1 ! "o or ! o!r is apt to prepond]ate at a c]ta9 /age ( developm5t3 _m boys1 = example1 h _! dreamy p]iod1 & !n become almo/ /olidly practical4 ,all t ,i am conc]n$ to make out "h is t ! two t5d5cies d co-exi/1 & z a numb] ( p>5ts h assur$ me may co-exi/ ea* 9 a high degree ( int5sity 9 ! same *ild2 ! really intellig5t *ildr51 boys z well z girls1 be+ dispassionate & %rewd inquir]s into ! make ( ! actual _w :ile ard5tly engag$ 9 fa%ion+ a bright] "o4 ,! two t5d5cies belong to two moods1 "o ( :i* may be reg5t = days toge!r1 ?\gh !y (t5 alt]nate ) a/oni%+ rapidity4 ,m p>ticul>ly ! s]i\s matt]-(-fact mood readily passes1 z if 9 relief f m5tal t5sion1 into ! playful fanciful "o1 z :5 ! t9y /ud5t1 deep 9 ! /up5d\s lore ( ! spell+-book1 sudd5ly da%es (f to "s fanciful conceit sugge/$ by ! #8funny' look ( a p>ticul> ^w or lett]4 ,! *ild n only obs]ves b beg9s to reflect on :at he obs]ves1 & does 8 be/ to und]/& ! puzzl+ sc5e :i* meets 8 eye4 ,& all ?is gives s]i\sness1 a deep & admirable s]i\sness1 to 8 attitude4 ,s mu* is ?is ! case t if we 7 call$ on to portray ! typical m5tal po/ure ( ! *ild we might probably d s by draw+ ! erect little figure ( a boy1 z ) widely op5 eye he gazes at "s new wond]1 or li/5s to "s new report ( 8 surr\nd+s f a "m's lips4 ,h5ce1 "o may =give ! t\* ( exagg]ation :5 ,mr4 ,bret ,h>te writes3 8,all ^? :o h made a lov+ /udy ( ! "y human animal w1 ,i ?9k1 admit t its dom9ant expression is gravity & n playfulness04#cg ,we may n[ turn to ?is grav] side ( ! "y intellig5ce4 ----- ,footnote #cg3 ,works1 vol4 iii41 p4 #cif4 ----- ,"h1 aga91 ,i may z well say t ,i pref] to obs]ve ! ph5om5on 9 its cle>] & full] manife/ations1 t is to say1 to /udy ! s]i\s intellig5ce ( ! *ild 9 ! mo/ intellig5t *ildr51 or at lea/ 9 *ildr5 ^: m9ds are mo/ active4 ,?is does n mean t we %all be on ! look-out = precoci\s wisdom or priggi% sm>tness4 ,on ! contr>y1 s9ce x is *ildi% intellig5ce z su* t we are 9 se>* (1 we %all take pa9s to avoid z f> z possible any enc\nt] ) prodigies4 ,by ^! ,i mean ! un=tunate little p ^: m5tal limbs h be5 twi/$ out ( beautiful *ild-%ape by ! h&s ( ^? 9 :om ! bett] in/9cts ( ! p>5t h be5 outweigh$ by ! ambition ( ! %[man4 ,we %all seek m p>ticul>ly = spontane\s op5+s ( ! m5tal fl[] "u ! w>m+ rays ( a true "m's love1 = confid5tial :isp]+s ( *ild-?\ght to h] ev]-att5tive & ev]-tol]ant e>4 ,9 ord] fully to und]/& ! s]i\s "w ( *ildi% intellig5ce1 we ought to beg9 ) a /udy ( e>ly obs]vation4 ,b ,i mu/ pass by ?is int]e/+ subject ) only a rem>k or two4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 on ! deeply conc5trat$ all-absorb+ scrut9y ( ?+s by ! "y eye4 ,b to say h[ mu* an infant ( n9e mon?s really sees :5 he fixes 8 wide eyes on "s new object1 is a matt] ( great unc]ta9ty4 ,:at seems c]ta91 is t ! infant has to le>n to see ?+s1 & v probably takes :at seems to u an unnecess>ily long "t to see !m at all completely4 ,we f9d :5 ! *ild gr[s & c give an acc\nt ( :at he notes t 8 obs]vation1 :ile (t5 surpris+ly m9ute 9 p>ticul> directions1 is highly re/rict$ z to its directions1 be+ n>r[ly conf9$ )9 ! limits ( a few dom9ant attractions4 ,?us a *ild w sometimes be s impress$ ) ! col\r ( an object z almo/ to ignore its =m4 ,a little girl ( eighte5 mon?s1 :o knew lambs & call$ !m #8lammies1' on see+ two black ones 9 a field among "s :ite ones call$ out1 8,eh6 doggie1 doggie60 ,! lik5ess ( col\r to ! black dog ov]p[]$ ! lik5ess 9 =m to ! o!r lambs close by4 ,)9 ! limits ( =m-p]ception aga91 we may rem>k ! t5d5cy to a "o-sid$ mode ( obs]v+ ?+s :i* has 9 x some?+ ( an ab/ract quality4 ,= ! *ild ,c4 ! po9t$ head 0 ! ma9 ess5tial feature ( ! dog1 & he recognis$ ?is 9 a bit ( biscuit4 ,we %all f9d fur!r examples ( ?is ab/ract obs]vation :5 we come to consid] *ildr5's draw+s4 ,?is same p>tiality ( obs]vation comes out v cle>ly 9 a good deal ( ! e>ly assimilation or app]ception already ref]r$ to4 ,! reason :y x is s easy = a *ild to sup]impose a fanciful analogy on an object ( s5se1 is t 8 m9d is untr\bl$ by all ! complexity ( ?is object4 ,x fa/5s on "s sali5t feature ( supreme attractiv5ess or int]e/1 & flies away on ! w+s ( ?is1 to :at seems to u a f>-(f resemblance4 ,?is deta*+ or selective activity 9 *ildr5's obs]vation1 :i* 9 a mann] is a defect1 is also a po9t ( sup]iority4 ,x has ?is 9 common ) ! obs]vation ( ! poet1 t x is :olly engross$ ) :at is valuable4 ,?us "o ma9 feature ( ! eye-lid is c]ta9ly t x op5s & closes l a curta92 & x is its resemblance to ! my/]i\s curta9 %utt+ out ! daylight1 :i* makes x a matt] ( absorb+ int]e/4 ,"h1 !n1 we h1 z we %all see m fully pres5tly1 a true g]m ( ?\ght-activity emb$d$ 9 ! v process ( *ildi% obs]vation & recognition4 ,= ?\ght is precisely a m me?odical process ( br++ ! concrete object into its relations to o!r ?+s4 ,yet *ildr5's obs]vation does n rema9 at ?is height ( gr& selectiv5ess4 ,! pressure ( practical ne$s t5ds to br+ x d[n to our famili> level4 ,a *ild f9ds himself compell$ to di/+ui% ?+s & "n !m z o!rs d4 ,! lamb & ! dog1 = example1 h to be di/+ui%$ by a complex ( m>ks 9 :i* ! supremely int]e/+ detail ( col\r holds a q subord9ate place4 ,individual ?+s1 too1 h to be di/+ui%$1 if only = ! purpose ( draw+ ! l9e betwe5 :at is #8m9e' & #8n m9e'4 ,! boy's "m1 8 cup1 8 hat1 mu/ be readily recognis$1 & ?is necessity =ces ! att5tion to grasp a plurality ( m>ks4 ,?us ! "m _c always be recognis$ by h] height alone1 z :5 %e happ5s to be sitt+1 nor by h] hair alone1 z :5 %e happ5s to h h] hat on1 s t ! weighty problem ( recognis+ h] always compels ! *ild to note a numb] ( di/9ctive m>ks1 "s ( :i* w 9 e case be available4 ,:5 once ! eye has begun to note diff]5ces x makes rapid progress4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true :]e ! developm5t ( a special int]e/ 9 a gr\p ( ?+s leads to a habit ( conc5tration4 ,?us little boys :5 ! #8railway int]e/' seizes !m are apt to be f9ely obs]vant ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 ?is & t eng9e & s =?4 ,a boy ag$ two ye>s & elev5 mon?s1 aft] travell+ f ,dubl9 to ,cork1 & !nce by ano!r railway1 ask$ 8 "m if %e _h notic$ ! diff]5ce 9 ! make ( ! rails on ! two l9es4 ,( c\rse %e _h n1 ?\gh %e aft]w>ds asc]ta9$ t !re 0 a slight diff]5ce :i* ! boy's ke5] eye _h detect$4 ,! f95ess ( a *ild's di/+ui%+ obs]vation is well illu/rat$ 9 8 recognition ( small draw+s & photographs1 z :5 a *ild ( two w pick out ! lik5ess ( 8 fa!r f a small c>te de visite gr\p4 ,b ?is side ( *ildr5's recognition w occupy u lat] on4 ,su* f9e & ready recognition z t j illu/rat$ %[s n m]ely a p5etrat+ obs]vation ( :at is di/9ctive & *>act]i/ic1 b also a measure ( a high] p[]1 t ( seiz+ 9 "o act ( att5tion a complex or gr\p ( su* m>ks4 ,9 tru?1 *ildr5's obs]vation1 :5 close & me?odical1 z x is apt to be "u ! /imulus ( a p[]ful int]e/1 is (t5 surpris+ly full z well z exact4 ,! boy1 ,john ,rusk91 0 n ! only "o :o c\ld look = h\rs toge!r at su* an object z fl[+ wat]1 not+ all its *ang+ features4 ,a "m writes to me t h] boy1 :5 ?ree & a half ye>s old1 receiv$ a picture-book1 #8,! ,railway ,tra91' & look$ at x almo/ un9t]rupt$ly = a week1 reta9+ x ev5 at meals4 8,at ! end ( ?is "t he _h grasp$ ! smalle/ detail 9 e picture40 ,by su* occasional fits ( f9e exhau/ive inspection1 a *ild ( ! m intellig5t sort w n[ & aga9 come surpris+ly ne> t high] type ( obs]vation1 at once m9ute & compreh5sive1 :i* subs]ves1 9 some:at diff]5t ways1 sci5tific discov]y & arti/ic repres5tation4 ,_m p>5ts :5 wat*+ ^! exceptional heights ( *ildi% scrut9y h indulg$ 9 fond dreams ( future greatness4 ,yet ^! a*ievem5ts are1 alas1 (t5 limit$ to a c]ta9 /age ( intellectual progress1 & are apt to disappe> :5 ! booki% days come on1 & ! *ild loses himself h\rs toge!r ov] 8 fav\rite /ories4 ,& 9 any case ! g]m ( promise mu/ possess a wondr\s vitality if x resi/s all ! ef=ts ( our s*ool-sy/em to we$ out f ! g>d5 ( ! m9d any?+ s pr(itless z an obs]v+ faculty4 ,next to ?is "w ( obs]vation we mu/ include 9 ! pre-conditions ( *ildi% ?\ght at its be/ a lively ret5tion ( :at is obs]v$4 ,ev]ybody :o has talk$ mu* ) little *ildr5 mu/ h be5 /ruck by ! t5acity ( _! memories1 _! p[] ( recall+ aft] consid]able int]vals small features ( an object or small incid5ts :i* o!rs h>dly not$1 or1 if !y not$ !m at ! "t1 h s9ce =gott54 ,/ories ( ?is surpris+ recollection may be obta9$ 9 abundance4 ,a little girl :5 only n9e mon?s old 0 on a walk %[n "s lambs at ! gate ( a field4 ,on be+ tak5 ! same road ?ree weeks lat] %e surpris$ h] "m by call+ out j be=e arriv+ at ! gate #8,baa1 baa6' ,lat] on *ildr5 w rememb] ?r\gh mu* long] int]vals4 ,a little boy ag$ two ye>s & t5 mon?s :5 tak5 to ,italy a second "t aft] f\r or five mon?s' abs5ce1 rememb]$ ! smalle/ details1 e4g41 h[ ! grapes 7 cut1 h[ ! w9e 0 made & s =?4 ,! gradual ga!r+ ( a /ore ( su* cle> memory-images is a necess>y prelim9>y to reflexion & ?\ght4 ,x is because ! *ild rememb]s z well z sees1 rememb]+ ev5 :ile he sees1 t he gr[s ?\ghtful1 inquir+ ab\t ! mean+ & reason ( ?is & t1 or boldly v5tur+ on "s explanation ( 8 own4 ,& j z ! *ild's m9d mu/ take on _m pictures ( ?+s be=e x reflects ^u & tries to und]/& ! _w1 s x mu/ collect & arrange pictures ( ! successive sc5es & ev5ts ( its life1 be=e x w gr[ self consci\s & reflect ^u its own /range exi/5ce4 ,! only o!r pre-condition ( ?is primitive ?\ghtfulness is t imag9ative activity :i* we h already consid]$ on its playful & pleasurable side4 ,we are le>n+ at la/ t ! inv5tive phantasy ( a *ild1 prodigal z x is ( delightful illusions1 is also a valuable contributor to ?is sob] "w ( ?\ght4 ,x is j because ! "y m9d is s mobile & agile1 pass+ f> beyond ! n>r[ conf9es ( ! actual 9 imag9ative conjecture ( :at lies hidd5 9 ! remote1 t x beg9s to ?9k1 t is1 to reason ab\t ! causes ( ?+s4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! individual z ( ! race1 ?\ght1 ev5 ! ab/ract ?\ght ( sci5ce1 gr[s out ( ! free play ( imag9ation4 ,! my? is at once a picturesque fancy1 & a crude attempt at an explanation4 ,?is primitive ?\ght is inde$ s compact ( bright picturesque imag]y t we ) our sci5tifically tra9$ m9ds might easily ov]look its inh]5t ?\ghtfulness4 ,yet a close inspection %[s u t x conta9s ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( ?\ght1 an impulse to compreh5d ?+s1 to r$uce ! confus+ multiplicity to ord] & sy/em4 ,we mu/ n hope to trace cle>ly ! l9es ( ?is fir/ *ild-?\ght4 ,! e>lie/ attitude ( ! wak5+ intellig5ce t[>ds ! confusion ( novelties1 :i* = u has become a _w1 is presumably indescribable1 & fur!r1 by ! "t t a *ild comes to ! use ( words & c communicate 8 ?\ghts1 9 a brok5 way at lea/1 ! sc5e is already los+ some?+ ( its fir/ /rang5ess1 ! organis+ "w ( exp]i5ce has begun4 ,yet ?\gh we _c expect to get back to ! primal wond]m5t we c cat* glimpses ( t lat] wond]m5t :i* arises :5 in/ruction supplem5ts ! s5ses1 & ideas beg9 to =m !mselves ( a va/ unkn[n 9 space & "t1 ( ! *angefulness ( ?+s1 & ( t my/]y ( my/]ies ! beg9n+ ( ?+s4 ,! /udy ( ?is *ild-?\ght z x tries to utt] itself 9 our clumsy spee* w well repay u4 ,only we mu/ be ev] on ! al]t le/ we read too mu* into ^! e>ly utt]ances1 =gett+ t ! *ild's fir/ t5tative use ( words is v apt to mislead4 ,! *ild fir/ dimly reveals himself z ?9k] 9 ! practical doma94 ,9 ! evolution ( ! race ! reason+ faculty has be5 fir/ quick5$ into action by ! f]m5t ( in/9ctive crav+ & /riv+4 ,man began to reflect on ! connexions ( ?+s 9 ord] to supply himself ) food1 to w>d (f cold & o!r evils4 ,s ) ! *ild4 ,be=e ! age ( spee* we may obs]ve him ?9k+ out rapidly z occasion arises "s new practical exp$i5t1 z1 = example1 seiz+ a clo!s-p9 or o!r available aid 9 ord] to rea* a toy t has slipp$ out ( 8 rea*2 or clut*+ at our dress & pull+ ! *air by way ( signify+ to u t we are to rema9 & cont9ue to amuse him4 ,! obs]vations ( ! fir/ mon?s ( *ild-life ab\nd ) su* illu/rations ( an initiat+ practical intellig5ce4 ,yet ^! exploits1 impressive z !y (t5 are1 h>dly disclose ! di/9ctive attributes ( ! human ?9k]4 ,! cat1 )\t any example to imitate1 w f9d its way to a q *>m+ begg+ ge/ure by rea*+ up & tapp+ y\r arm4 ,probably ! e>lie/ unambigu\s indication ( a human faculty ( ?\ght is to be f\nd 9 infantile comp>ison4 ,:5 a baby turns its head delib]ately & sagely f a mirror-reflexion or portrait ( its "m to ! orig9al1 we appe> to see ! fir/ crude beg9n+s ( a process :i*1 :5 m elaborat$1 becomes human und]/&+4 ,a good deal ( comp>ison ( ?is k9d seems to ent] into ! m5tal activity ( "y *ildr54 ,?us ! deep absorb+ att5tion to pictures spok5 ( above commonly means a c>eful comp>ison ( ?is & t =m "o ) ano!r1 & 9 c]ta9 cases1 at lea/1 a comp>ison ( :at is n[ se5 ) ! m5tal image ( ! orig9al4 ,9 "s *ildr51 moreov]1 comp>ison "u ! =m ( measurem5t gr[s into a sort ( craze4 ,!y want to measure ! height ( ?+s "o ) ano!r & s =?4 ,an intellig5t *ild w ev5 f9d 8 way to a m$iate =m ( comp>ison1 t is1 to measur+ ?+s ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a ?ird ?+4 ,?us a boy ( five1 :o _h conceiv$ a /rong lik+ = dogs1 0 9 ! habit :5 walk+ out ( measur+ on 8 body h[ high a dog rea*$4 ,on return+ home he w\ld comp>e ?is height ) t ( ! seat or back ( a *air1 & w\ld f9ally ask = a y>d measure & f9d out ! numb] ( in*es4 ,?is comp>ison ( ?+s is ( ! v ess5ce ( und]/&+1 ( compreh5d+ ?+s z di/+ui%$ f m]ely appreh5d+ !m z concrete isolat$ objects4 ,! *ild 9 8 desire to assimilate1 to f9d some?+ 9 ! region ( ! kn[n ) :i* ! new & /range ?+ may be br\ght into k9%ip1 is ev] on ! look-out = lik5ess4 ,h5ce ! analogical & half-poetical app]ception ( ?+s1 ! metaphorical r$uction ( a ?+ to a prototype1 z 9 call+ a /> an eye1 or an eyelid a curta91 may be said to conta9 ! g]m at once ( poetry & ( sci5ce4 ,?is comp>ison = purposes ( und]/&+ leads on to :at psy*ologi/s call classification1 or g5]alisation2 ! br++ toge!r & keep+ be=e ! m9d ( a numb] ( l ?+s by help ( a g5]al "n4 ,! *ild may be said to become a true ?9k] z soon z he uses names intellig5tly1 call+ ea* ?+ by an appropriate "n1 & s class+ x ) its k9d4 ,?is p[] ( infantile g5]alisation is "o full ( int]e/ & has be5 c>efully obs]v$4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 be m conv5i5tly dealt ) 9 ano!r *apt] :]e we %all be specially conc]n$ ) ! *ild's use ( language4 ,:ile ?us beg9n+ to arrange ?+s accord+ to su* po9ts ( lik5ess z he c discov]1 ! *ild is not+ ! connexions ( ?+s4 ,he f9ds out :at belongs to a horse1 to a locomotive eng9e1 he notes :5 fa!r leaves home & returns1 :5 ! sun decl9es1 :at accompanies & foll[s ra91 & s =?4 ,t is to say1 he is feel+ 8 way to ! idea ( connect$ness1 ( regul>ity1 ( :at we call uni=mity or law4 ,we n[ say t ! *ild reasons1 no long] bl9dly or automatically l ! dog1 b ) a consci\sness ( :at he is do+4 ,we little ?9k h[ mu* h>d "w has to be got ?r\gh by ! little bra9 be=e ev5 ?is dim p]ception ( regul>ity is atta9$4 ,9 "s ?+s1 no d\bt1 ! regul>ity is pat5t en\gh1 & c h>dly be ov]look$ by ! dulle/ ( *ildr54 ,! connexion betwe5 ! lay+ ( ! clo? & ! meal--at lea/ 9 an ord]ly home--is a matt] :i* ev5 ! can9e & ! fel9e intellig5ce is q able to grasp4 ,b :5 x comes to f9d+ out ! law accord+ to :i*1 say1 8 face gets dirty1 8 head a*es1 or p s5d out _! invitations to *ildr5's p>ties1 ! matt] is n s simple4 ,! fact is t !re is s l>ge a proportion ( app>5t disconnect$ness & caprici\s irregul>ity 9 ! *ild's _w t x is h>d to see h[ he w\ld ev] le>n to und]/& & to reason1 7 he n end[$ ) a lively & inext+ui%able impulse to connect & simplify4 ,h]e9 lies a "p ( ! pa?os ( *ildhood4 ,x br+s its nave prepossession ( a regul> well-ord]$ _w1 & alas1 f9ds itself confront$ ) an imp5etrable tangle ( disord]4 ,h[ qua9t x is to li/5 to ! little ?9k]1 z1 ) untr\bl$ br[1 he beg9s to prop\nd 8 beautifully simple !ory ( ! cosmic ord]4 ,an ,am]ican boy ( t5 :o _h _h "o cross small tea*]1 & ^: be/ tea*] _h be5 tall1 acco/$ a new tea*] ?us3 8,i'm afraid y'll make a cross tea*]04 ,8 tea*] repli$3 8,:y1 am ,i cross80 ,to :i* he rejo9$3 8,no2 b y are s small04 ,we call ?is ha/y g5]alisation4 ,we might ) equal propriety t]m x ! *ild's innate a priori view ( ?+s4 ,) ?is eag]ness to get at & =mulate ! law ( ?+s is insep>ably b\nd up ! impulse to br+ e new occurr5ce "u "s g5]al rule4 ,"h1 too1 ! small ?9k] may only too easily slip by fail+ to see ! exact import & scope ( ! rule4 ,we see ?is 9 ! ext5sion ( laws ( human exp]i5ce to ! animal _w4 ,rules suppli$ by o!rs & only vaguely und]/ood1 m p>ticul>ly moral & religi\s tru?s1 l5d !mselves to ?is k9d ( misapplication4 ,! ,worce/] collection ( ,?\ghts & ,reason+s ( ,*ildr5 gives "s odd examples ( su* application4 ,am]ican *ildr51 to judge f ^! examples1 appe> to be p>ticul>ly sm>t at quot+ ,scripture2 n altoge!r1 "o suspects1 )\t a desire to %[ (f1 & possibly to raise a laugh4 ,b disc\nt+ ! influ5ce ( su* motives x seems pretty cle> t a *ild has a m>vell\s p[] ( read+ 8 own ideas into o!rs' words1 & s ( giv+ !m a turn :i* is apt to /agg] _! less-gift$ au?ors4 ,"h is a case4 ,r4's aunt said3 8,y are s re/less1 ,r41 ,i c't hold y any long]04 ,r43 8,ca/ y\r burd5 on ! ,"l1 ,aunty ,k41 & ,he w su/a9 y04 ,! *ild1 we are told1 0 only f\r4 ,he probably und]/ood ! ,scripture injunction z a useful prescription = gett+ rid ( a nuisance1 & ) ! admirable imp>tiality ( *ildi% logic at once appli$ x to himself4 ,o!r illu/rations ( su* misapplication w meet u :5 we take up ! relation ( ! *ild's ?\ght to language4 ,! ,que/ion+ ,age4 ,! *ild's fir/ vigor\s ef=t to und]/& ! ?+s ab\t him may be r\ghly dat$ at ! end ( ! ?ird ye>1 & x is notewor?y t ?is syn*ronises ) ! adv5t ( ! que/ion+ age4 ,! fir/ putt+ ( a "q occurr$ 9 ! case ( ,prey]'s boy 9 ! tw5ty-eigh? mon?1 9 t ( ,pollock's girl 9 ! tw5ty-?ird mon?4 ,b ! true age ( inquisitiv5ess :5 "q aft] "q is fir$ (f ) wondr\s rapidity & p]t9acity seems to be u%]$ 9 ) ! f\r? ye>4 ,a common !ory peculi>ly fav\r$ by ignorant nurses & mo!rs is t *ildr5's que/ion+ is a /udi$ annoyance4 ,! *ild has come to ! use ( words1 & ) all a *ild's #8cuss$ness' proce$s to torm5t ! e>s ( ^? ab\t him4 ,!re are signs1 h[ev]1 ( a *ange ( view on ?is po9t4 ,! fact t ! que/ion+ foll[s on ! heels ( ! reason+ impulse might tell u t x is connect$ ) ! ?roes :i* ! "y und]/&+ has to endure 9 its fir/ collision ) a t\gh & baffl+ _w4 ,! "q is ! outcome ( ignorance c\pl$ ) a belief 9 ! b\ndless k ( gr[n-up p4 ,x is an attempt to add to ! scrappy1 unsatisfy+ in=mation ab\t ?+s :i* ! little que/ion]'s own obs]vation has manag$ to ga!r1 or o!rs' half-und]/ood words h succe$$ 9 communicat+4 ,x is ! outcome ( intellectual crav+1 ( a dem& = m5tal food4 ,b x is mu* m ?an an expression ( ne$4 ,j z ! *ild's articulate dem& = food implies t he kn[s :at food is1 & t x is obta9able1 s ! "q implies t ! little que/ion] kn[s :at he ne$s1 & 9 :at direction to look = x4 ,! simple/ =m ( "q1 e4g41 8,:at is ?is fl[]80 8?is insect80 %[s t ! *ild by a half-consci\s process ( reflexion & reason+ has f\nd 8 way to ! tru? t ?+s h _! qualities1 _! belong+s1 _! names4 ,_m que/ions1 inde$1 e4g41 #8,has ! moon w+s8' #8,:]e d all ! days g to8' reveal a true process ( *ildi% ?\ght & h a high value z expressions ( ?is ?\ght4 ,que/ion+ may take v>i\s directions4 ,a good deal ( ! *ild's cate*is+ ( 8 long-suff]+ "m is prompt$ by ?ir/ = fact4#ch ,! typical =m ( ?is l9e ( que/ion+ is #8,:at8' ,! motive "h is to ga9 possession ( "s fact :i* w connect itself ) & supplem5t a fact already kn[n4 #8,h[ old is ,rov]8' #8,:]e 0 ,rov] born8' #8,:o 0 8 fa!r8' #8,:at is t dog's "n8' #8,:at sort ( hair _h y :5 y 7 a little girl8' ,^! are samples ( ! que/ion+ activity by help ( :i* ! little inquir] tries to make up 8 connect$ :oles1 to see ?+s ) 8 imag9ation 9 _! prop] atta*m5t & ord]4 ,& h[ gre$ily & p]t9aci\sly ! small folk w foll[ up _! que/ion+1 fly+ z x (t5 looks wildly en\gh f po9t to po9t1 yet ga!r+ f e answ] "s new contribution to _! ideas ( ?+s4 ,a boy ( ?ree ye>s & n9e mon?s w\ld ?us attack 8 "m3 #8,:at does frogs eat1 & mice & birds & butt]flies8 & :at does !y d8 & :at is _! names8 ,:at is all _! h\ses' names8 ,:at does !y call _! /reets & places8' etc41 etc4 ----- ,footnote #ch3 ,! fir/ "q put by ,prey]'s boy 01 #8,:]e is mamma8' ,die ,seele des ,k9des1 p4 #dab4 7,! ref]5ces are to ! ?ird edition1 #ahij47 ----- ,su* que/ions easily appe> fooli% because1 z 9 ! case j quot$1 !y are direct$ by qua9t *ildi% fancies4 ,! *ild's an?ropomorphic way ( look+ out on ! _w leads him to assimilate animal to human ways4 ,"o feature 9 ?is fact-glean+ k9d ( "q is ! great /ore :i* ! *ild sets by ! "n ( a ?+4 ,m4 ,compayr has po9t$ out t ! =m ( "q3 #8,:at is ?is8' (t5 means1 8,:at is x call$80 ,! *ild's un=mulat$ !ory seems to be t ev]y?+ has its own individual "n4 ,! little boy j spok5 ( expla9$ to 8 "m t he ?\ght all ! frogs1 ! mice1 ! birds1 & ! butt]flies _h names giv5 to !m by _! mo!rs z he himself _h4 ,p]haps ?is 0 only a way ( express+ ! *ildi% idea t ev]y?+ has its "n1 primordial & un*angeable4 ,a second direction ( ?is e>ly que/ion+ is t[>ds ! reason & ! cause ( ?+s4 ,! typical =m is "h #8:y8' ,?is =m ( inquiry occurr$ 9 ! case ( ,prey]'s boy at ! age ( two ye>s =ty-?ree weeks4 ,b x becomes ! all-pr$om9ant =m ( "q some:at lat]4 ,:o t has tri$ to in/ruct ! small *ild ( ?ree or f\r does n "k ! long %rill :9elike s\nd ( ?is "q8 ,?is =m ( "q develops naturally out ( ! e>li]1 = to give ! #8:at8' ( a ?+1 t is its connexions1 is to give its #8:y8' t is its mode ( production1 its use & purpose4 ,no?+ p]haps 9 *ild utt]ance is bett] wor? int]pret+1 h>dly any?+ m difficult to int]pret1 ?an ?is simple-look+ little #8:y8' ,we ourselves p]haps d n use ! ^w #8:y' & its correlative #8because' ) "o cle> mean+2 & ! *ild's fir/ use ( ! words is l>gely imitative4 ,:at may be pretty safely ass]t$ is t ev5 9 ! mo/ p>rot-l & we>isome it]ation ( #8:y8' & its equival5ts #8:at =8' etc41 ! *ild %[s a dim recognition ( ! tru? t a ?+ is und]/&able1 t x has its reasons if only !y c be f\nd4 ,let u 9 judg+ ( ?is pitiless #8:y8' try to und]/& ! situation ( ! "y m9d confront$ by s mu* t is /range & unassimilat$1 meet+ by obs]vation & he>say ) new & odd occurr5ces e day4 ,! /range ?+s /&+ ap>t f 8 t9y famili> _w1 ! wide region ( ! qua9t & puzzl+ 9 animal ways1 = example1 /imulate ! in/9ct to appropriate1 to ma/]4 ,! little ?9k] mu/ try at lea/ to br+ ! new odd ?+ into "s recognisable relation to 8 famili> _w4 ,& :at is m natural ?an to g to ! wise lips ( ! gr[n-up p]son = a solution ( ! difficulty8 ,! fundam5tal significance ( ! #8:y8' 9 ! *ild's vocabul>y1 !n1 is ! necessity ( connect+ new ) old1 ( illum9at+ :at is /range & d>k by light reflect$ f :at is already matt] ( k4 ,& a *ild's #8:y8' is (t5 tempor>ily satisfi$ by supply+ f ! region ( ! famili> an analogue to ! new & unclass$ fact4 ,?us 8 impulse to und]/& :y pussy has fur1 is met by tell+ him t x is pussy's hair4 ,x is only a /ep fur!r 9 ! same direction :5 ! #8:y8' has to be met by supply+ a g5]al /atem5t2 = to ref] ! p>ticul> to a g5]al rule is a m p]fect & sy/ematic k9d ( assimilation4 ,n[ we "k t *ildr5 are v susceptible to ! au?ority ( prec$5t1 cu/om1 g5]al rule4 ,j z 9 *ildr5's e?ics cu/om>y p]mission makes a ?+ "r1 s 9 _! logic ! tru? t a ?+ g5]ally happ5s may be said to supply a reason = its happ5+ 9 a p>ticul> case4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! mu*-abus$ nurse answ]s ! *ild's "q1 #8,:y is ! pavem5t h>d8' by say+1 #8,because pavem5t is always h>d1' %e is p]haps less op5 to ! *>ge ( giv+ a woman's reason ?an is sometimes said4#ci ,9 soo? ! *ild's qu]ies1 8 se>*+s = explanation1 are1 z already sugge/$1 prompt$ by ! desire = ord] & connect$ness4 ,& ?is means t he wants ! g5]al rule to :i* he c assimilate ! p>ticul> & z yet isolat$ fact4 ----- ,footnote #ci3 ,cf4 "s %rewd rem>ks by ,dr4 ,v5n1 ,empirical ,logic1 p4 #did4 ----- ,f ! fir/1 h[ev]1 ! #8:y8' & its cong5]s h ref]5ce to ! causal idea1 to some?+ :i* has br\ght ! new & /range ?+ into exi/5ce & made x :at x is4 ,9 tru? ?is ref]5ce to orig91 to br++ ab\t or mak+1 is exce$+ly prom95t 9 *ildr5's que/ion+s4 ,no?+ is m int]e/+ to a *ild ?an ! production ( ?+s4 ,:at h\rs & h\rs does he n sp5d 9 wond]+ h[ ! pebbles1 ! />s1 ! birds1 ! babies are made4 ,?is vivid int]e/ 9 production is to a consid]able ext5t practical4 ,x is "o ( ! great joys ( *ildr5 to be able !mselves to make ?+s1 & ?is desire to fa%ion1 :i* is probably at fir/ q imm5se1 & befitt+ r a god ?an a feeble mannik9 ( ?ree ye>s1 naturally leads on to inquiry into ! mode ( produc+4 ,yet f ! e>lie/ a true speculative int]e/ bl5ds ) ?is practical in/9ct4 ,*ildr5 are 9 ! complete s5se little philosoph]s1 if philosophy1 z ! anci5ts said1 consi/s 9 kn[+ ! causes ( ?+s4 ,?is discov]y ( ! cause is ! complet$ process ( assimilation1 ( ! ref]5ce ( ! p>ticul> to a g5]al rule or law4 ,?is inquiry into orig9 & mode ( production />ts ) ! amiable presupposition t all ?+s h be5 h&-produc$ aft] ! mann] ( h\sehold possessions4 ,! _w is a sort ( big h\se :]e ev]y?+ has be5 made by somebody1 or at lea/ fet*$ f some:]e4 ,?is application ( ! an?ropomorphic idea ( fa%ion+ foll[s ! law ( all *ildi% ?\ght1 t ! unkn[n is assimilat$ to ! kn[n4 ,! "o mode ( orig9 :i* ! embryo ?9k] is really & directly famili> ) is ! mak+ ( ?+s4 ,he himself makes a respectable numb] ( ?+s1 includ+ ^! r5ts 9 8 clo!s1 messes on ! tableclo?1 & ! l1 :i* he gets firmly impr9t$ on 8 memory by ! au?orities4 ,&1 !n1 he takes a ke5 int]e/ 9 wat*+ ! mak+ ( ?+s by o!rs1 su* z pudd+s1 clo!s1 h\ses1 hayricks4 ,to ask1 !n1 :o made ! animals1 ! babies1 ! w9d1 ! cl\ds1 & s =?1 is = him m]ely to apply ! m famili> type ( causation z norm or rule4 ,simil>ly 9 all que/ions z to ! #8:5ce8' ( ?+s1 z 9 ask+ :e!r babies 7 b\ght 9 a %op4 ,! #8:y8' takes on a m special mean+ :5 ! idea ( purpose becomes cle>4 ,! se>* n[ is = ! end1 :at philosoph]s call ! teleological cause or reason4 ,:51 = example1 a *ild asks #8,:y does ! w9d bl[8' he means1 #8,:at is its object 9 bl[+8' or #8,( :at use is ! bl[+ ( ! w9d8' ,! idea und]ly+ ! common =m ( ! #8:y8' int]rogative des]ves a mom5t's inspection4 ,a *ild's view ( causation />ts l o!r ideas f 8 mo/ famili> exp]i5ces4 ,he soon f9ds out t 8 own actions are controll$ by ! desire to get or to avoid some?+1 t1 to speak 9 r te*nical language1 ! idea ( ! result ( ! action prec$es & det]m9es ?is action4 ,i h lately come across a v e>ly1 & z ,i ?9k1 rem>kable illu/ration ( ?is =m ( *ildi% ?\ght4 ,a little girl already quot$1 :om we w call ,m41 :5 "o ye> elev5 mon?s old1 happ5$ to be walk+ ) h] "m on a w9dy day4 ,at fir/ %e 0 delight$ at ! /rong boi/]\s w9d1 b !n got tir$ & said3 #8,w9d make mamma's hair untidy1 ,babba 7h] own "n7 make mamma's hair tidy1 s w9d n bl[ ada9 7aga97'4 ,ab\t ?ree weeks lat] ?is *ild 0 out 9 ! ra91 :5 %e said to h] "m3 #8,mamma1 dy 7dry7 ,babba's h&s1 s n ra9 any m'4 ,:at does ?is curi\s inv]sion ( ! ord] ( cause & effect mean8 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t ?is little girl1 :o 0 unusually bright & intellig5t1 0 transf]r+ to nature's ph5om5a ! =ms ( h] own exp]i5ce4 ,:5 %e is disord]ly1 & h] "m or nurse arranges h] hair or wa%es h] h&s1 x is 9 ord] t %e may n cont9ue to be disord]ly4 ,! *ild is envisag+ ! w9d & ! ra9 z a k9d ( naughty *ild :o c be got to behave prop]ly by effac+ ! effects ( its naught9ess4 ,9 o!r words !y are bo? to be det]r$ f repeat+ :at is objectionable by a visible & /rik+ manife/ation ( somebody's objection or prohibition4 ,"h1 x seems unmi/akable1 we h a projection into nature ( human purpose1 ( ! idea ( det]m9ation ( action by end3 we h a =m ( an?ropomorphism :i* runs ?r\gh ! :ole ( primitive ?\ght4 ,x seems to foll[ f ?is t !re is a /age 9 ! developm5t ( a *ild's intellig5ce :5 que/ions su* z1 #8,:y d ! leaves fall8' #8,:y does ! ?und] make su* a noise8' are answ]$ mo/ satisfactorily by a poetic fiction1 by say+1 = example1 t ! leaves are old & tir$ ( hang+ on to ! trees1 & t ! ?und] giant is 9 a p>ticul>ly bad temp] & mak+ a noise4 ,x is p]haps p]missible to make use ( ?is fiction at times1 m especially :5 try+ to answ] ! untir+ que/ion+ ab\t animals & _! do+s1 a region ( exi/5ce1 by ! way1 ( :i* ev5 ! wise/ ( u kn[s exce$+ly little4 ,yet ! device has its risks2 & an ill-consid]$ piece ( my?-mak+ pass$ (f z an answ] may f9d itself awkw>dly confront$ by t mo/ m]ciless ( ?+s1 a *ild's logic4 ,we may notice some?+ m 9 ?is e>ly mode ( int]rogation4 ,*ildr5 are apt to ?9k n only t ?+s behave 9 g5]al aft] our mann]1 t _! activity is det]m9$ by "s end or purpose1 or t !y h _! useful function1 _! raison d'tre z we say1 b t ?is purpose conc]ns u human creatures4 ,! w9d & ! ra9 came & w5t 9 our little girl's nature-!ory j to vex or out ( consid]ation = #8mamma' & #8,babba'4 ,a little boy ( two ye>s two mon?s sitt+ on ! floor "o day 9 a bad temp] look$ up & saw ! sun %9+ & said capti\sly1 #8,sun n look at ,h5nie1' & !n m plead+ly1 #8,please1 sun1 n look at poor ,h5nie'4#dj ,! sea1 :5 ! *ild ,c4 fir/ saw x1 0 suppos$ to make its di/urb+ noise ) special ref]5ce to 8 small e>s4 ,we may call ?is ! an?ropoc5tric idea1 ! ess5ce ( :i* is t man is ! c5tre ( ref]5ce1 ! aim or t>get1 9 all nature's processes4 ,?is an?ropoc5tric t5d5cy aga9 is %>$ by ! *ild ) ! uncultur$ adult4 ,primitive man looks on w9d1 ra91 ?und] z s5t by "s angry _s1 & ev5 a respectable ,engli% f>m] t5ds to view ^! op]ations ( nature 9 mu* ! same way4 ,9 *ildr5 ?is an?ropoc5tric impulse is apt to get ton$ d[n by _! temp]am5t1 :i* is on ! :ole optimi/ic & decid$ly practical1 into a look+ out = ! uses ( ?+s4 ,a boy1 already quot$1 once 7t[>ds ! end ( ! f\r? ye>7 ask$ 8 "m :at ! bees d4 ,?is "q he expla9$ by add+3 8,:at is ! good ( !m80 ,:5 told t !y made honey he obs]v$ p]t95tly en\gh f 8 teleological /&po9t3 8,!n d !y br+ x = u to eat80 ,?is %rewd little fell[ might h made %ort "w ( "s ( ! argum5ts by :i* ! !ological optimi/s ( ! la/ c5tury 7 wont to #8demon/rate' ! ,creator's admirable adaptation ( nature to man's wants4 ----- ,footnote #dj3 ,see note by ,e4 ,m4 ,/ev5s1 ,m9d1 xi41 p4 #aej4 ----- ,! frequ5cy ( ?is k9d ( #8:y8' sugge/s t *ildr5's ?\ghts ab\t ?+s are p5etrat$ ) ! idea ( purpose & use4 ,?is is %[n too 9 o!r ways4 ,m4 ,a4 ,b9et f\nd by que/ion+ *ildr5 t _! ideas ( ?+s are l>gely made up ( uses4 ,?us1 ask$ :at a hat is1 a *ild answ]$3 8,p\r mettre sur la tte04 ,mr4 ,h4 ,e4 ,kratz ( ,si\x ,city s5ds me "s answ]s to que/ions by *ildr5 ( five on ent]+ a prim>y s*ool1 :i* illu/rate ! same po9t4 ,?us ! "q1 #8,:at is a tree8' br+s out ! answ]s1 #8,to make ! w9d bl[1' #8,to sit "u1' & s =?4 ,little by little ?is idea ( a def9ite purpose & use 9 ?is & t ?+ falls back & ! *ild gets int]e/$ m 9 ! production or orig9ation ( ?+s4 ,he wants to "k :o made ! trees1 ! birds1 ! />s & s =?4 ,"h1 ?\gh :at we call effici5t1 z di/+ui%$ f f9al1 cause is recognis$1 an?ropomorphism survives 9 ! idea ( a mak] analog\s to ! c>p5t]4 ,we %all see lat] t *ildr5 habitually envisage ! deity z a fabricator4 ,all ?is rage ( que/ion+ ab\t ! uses & ! orig9 ( ?+s is ! outcome1 n m]ely ( ignorance & curiosity1 b ( a deep] motive1 a s5se ( p]plexity1 ( my/]y or contradiction4 ,x is n always easy to di/+ui% ! two types ( "q1 yet 9 _m cases at lea/ its =m & ! mann] ( putt+ x w tell u t x issues f a puzzl$ & tempor>ily baffl$ bra94 ,z long z ! que/ion+ goes on briskly we may inf] t a *ild believes 9 ! possibility ( k1 & has n s\nd$ ! deepe/ dep?s ( intellectual despair4 ,m pa!tic ?an ! sadde/ ( que/ions is ! sil5c+ ( que/ions by ! loss ( fai?4 ,x is easy to see t *ildr5 mu/ f9d !mselves puzzl$ ) mu* :i* !y see & he> (4 ,! app>5t exceptions to rules don't tr\ble ! gr[n-up p]sons j because z recurr5t exceptions !y seem to take on a rule ( _! own4 ,?us adults ?\gh q unv]s$ 9 hydro/atics w\ld be incapable ( be+ puzzl$ by ,c4's problem3 :y my putt+ my h& 9 wat] does n make a hole 9 x4 ,simil>ly1 ?\gh !y "k no?+ ( animal physiology !y are nev] tr\bl$ by ! my/]y ( fi% brea?+ "u wat]1 :i* :5 fir/ not$ by a *ild may come z a sort ( %ock4 ,! little boy j ref]r$ to1 9 8 f>-rea*+ zoological int]rogatory ask$ 8 "m3 8,c !y 7! fi%7 brea! ) _! m\fs "u wat]80 ,9 8 own inve/igations1 & 9 gett+ in/ruction f o!rs1 ! *ild is frequ5tly com+ ^u puzzles ( ?is sort4 ,! same boy 0 mu* ex]cis$ ab\t ! sea & :]e x w5t to4 ,he express$ a wi% to take (f 8 %oes & to walk out into ! sea s z to see :]e ! %ips g to1 & 0 mu* tr\bl$ on le>n+ t ! sea got deep] & deep]1 & t if he walk$ out into x he w\ld be dr[n$4 ,at fir/ he d5i$ ! p>adox 7:i* he at once saw7 ( ! incom+ sea go+ uphill3 8,b1 mamma1 x doesn't run up1 x doesn't run up1 s x c\ldn't come up ov] our heads80 ,he 0 told t ?is 0 s1 & he wisely began to try to accommodate 8 m9d to ?is />tl+ revelation4 ,c41 x w be se51 0 mu* ex]cis$ by ?is problem ( ! mov+ mass ( wat]s1 want+ to "k :e!r x came half way up ! _w4 ,probably 9 bo? ^! cases ! idea ( wat] ris+ _h its uncanny al>m+ aspect4 ,x is probable t ! disappe>ance ( a ?+ is at a v e>ly /age a puzzle to ! infant4 ,lat] on1 too1 ! "y m9d cont9ues to be ex]cis$ ab\t ?is my/]y4 ,our little fri5d's inquiry ab\t ! :i!r ( ! big rec$+ sea1 8,:]e does ! sea sim 7swim7 to80 illu/rates ?is p]plexity4 ,a *ild seems able to und]/& ! %ift+ ( an object ( mod]ate size f "o "p ( space to ano!r1 b 8 conception ( space is probably n l>ge en\gh to p]mit him to realise h[ a big tract ( wat] c pass out ( ! visible sc5e into ! unse54 ,! *ild's "q1 8,:]e does all ! w9d g to80 seems to h sprung f a l inability to picture a va/ unse5 realm ( space4 ,9 addition to ?is difficulty ( ! disappe>ance ( big ?+s1 !re seems to be some?+ 9 ! va/ness1 & ! inf9ite numb] ( exi/5t ?+s p]ceiv$ & he>d ab\t1 :i* puzzles & oppresses ! "y m9d4 ,! inability to take 9 all ! new facts leads to a k9d ( res5tm5t ( _! multitude4 8,"m10 ask$ a boy ( f\r ye>s1 8:y is !re su* a lot ( ?+s 9 ! _w if no "o kn[s all ^! ?+s80 ,"o _c be q sure ( ! und]ly+ ?\ght "h4 ,! *ild may h meant m]ely to prote/ aga9/ ! production ( s confus+ a numb] ( objects 9 ! _w4 ,?is c]ta9ly seems to be ! motive 9 "s *ildr5's inquiries1 z :5 a little girl1 ag$ ?ree ye>s sev5 mon?s1 said3 #8,mamma1 :y d !re be any m days1 :y d !re8 & :y don't we leave (f eat+ & dr9k+8' ,"h ! burd5som5ess ( m]e multiplicity1 ( ! un5d+ procession ( days & meals1 seems to be ! motive4 ,yet x is possible t ! "q ab\t a lot ( ?+s n kn[n to anybody 0 prompt$ by a deep] difficulty1 a dim pres5tim5t ( ,b]keley's idealism1 t ?+s c exi/ only z objects ( k4 ,?is surmise may seem f>-fet*$ to "s1 yet ,i h f\nd :at seem to me o!r traces ( ?is t5d5cy 9 *ildr54 ,a girl ( six & a half ye>s 0 talk+ to h] fa!r ab\t ! mak+ ( ! _w4 ,he po9t$ out to h] ! difficulty ( creat+ ?+s out ( no?+1 %[+ h] t :5 we made ?+s we simply fa%ion$ mat]ials anew4 ,%e pond]$ & !n said3 8,p]haps ! _w's a fancy04 ,"h aga9 "o _c be q sure ( ! *ild-?\ght beh9d ! words4 ,yet x c]ta9ly looks l a fall+ back = a mom5t into ! dreamy mood ( ! ideali/1 t mood 9 :i* we seem to see ! solid fabric ( ?+s dissolve into a %ad[y phantasmagoria4 ,! subject ( orig9s is1 z we "k1 beset ) puzzles = ! *ildi% m9d4 ,! beg9n+s ( liv+ ?+s are1 ( c\rse1 ! great my/]y4 8,!re's su* a lot ( ?+s10 rem>k$ ! little zoologi/ ,i h rec5tly be5 quot+1 8,i want to "k1 t y say nobody kn[s1 mamma4 ,i want to "k :o made ,god1 & ,i want to "k if ,pussy has eggs to help h] make ickle 7little7 kitties40 ,f9d+ t ?is 0 n s1 he obs]v$3 8,oh1 !n1 ,i s'pose %e has to h ,god to help h] if %e doesn't h kitties 9 eggs giv5 h] to sit on04 ,ano!r little boy1 five ye>s old1 f\nd 8 way to ! puzzle ( ! reciprocal g5etic relation ( ! h5 & ! egg1 & ask$ 8 "m3 8,:5 !re is no egg :]e does ! h5 come f8 ,:5 !re 0 no egg1 ,i mean1 :]e did ! h5 come f80 ,9 a simil> way1 z we %all see 9 ,c4's j\rnal1 a *ild w puzzle 8 bra9s by ask+ h[ ! fir/ *ild 0 suckl$1 or1 z a little girl ( f\r & a half ye>s put x1 ,:5 ev]ybody 0 a baby--!n :o c\ld be _! nurse--if !y 7 all babies8 ,! beg9n+s ( human life are1 z we "k1 a /&+ puzzle = ! "y inve/igator4 ,mu* ( ?is que/ion+ is metaphysical 9 t x transc5ds ! problems ( e-day life & ( sci5ce4 ,! *ild is metaphysician 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! e>lie/ human ?9k]s 7 metaphysicians1 pu%+ 8 que/ion+ into ! inmo/ nature ( ?+s1 & back to _! absolute beg9n+s1 z :5 he asks #8,:o made ,god8' or #8,:at 0 !re be=e ,god8'#da ,he has no idea yet ( ! conf9es ( human k4 ,if 8 "m tells him %e does n "k he t5aci\sly cl+s to ! idea t somebody kn[s1 ! doctor x may be1 or ! cl]gyman--or possibly ! policeman1 ( ^: sup]ior k "o little girl 0 =cibly conv9c$ by not+ t h] fa!r once ask$ in=mation ( "o ( ^! /ately (ficials4 ----- ,footnote #da3 ,illu/rations are giv5 by ,compayr1 op4 cit41 & by ,p4 ,lombroso1 ,psicologia del ,bamb9o1 p4 #dg ff4 ----- ,/range1 biz>re1 altoge!r puzzl+ to ! li/5]1 are "s ( ^! *ildi% que/ions4 ,a little ,am]ican girl ( n9e ye>s aft] a pause 9 talk re-comm5c$ ! conv]sation by ask+3 8,:y don't ,i ?9k ( some?+ to say80 ,a play rec5tly p]=m$ 9 a ,london !atre made precisely ?is appeal to o!rs by way ( gett+ at "o's own motives a *ief amus+ feature 9 "o ( its comical *>act]s4 ,ano!r little ,am]ican girl ag$ ?ree "o day left h] play & h] baby si/] nam$ ,edna ,belle to f9d h] "m & ask3 8,mamma1 :y isn't ,edna ,belle me1 & :y a9't ,i ,edna ,belle80#db ,! n>rator ( ?is /ory adds t ! *ild 0 n a daught] ( a pr(essor ( metaphysics b ( practical f>m] folk4 ,"o _c be q sure ( ! precise drift ( ?is "q4 ,x may well h be5 ! outcome ( a new developm5t ( self-consci\sness1 ( a cle>] aw>5ess ( ! self 9 its di/9ctness f o!rs4 ,a "q ) a mu* cle>] metaphysical r+ ab\t x1 %[+ ?\ght ab\t ! subtle/ problems1 0 t put by a boy ( ! same age3 8,if ,i'd gone up/airs1 c\ld ,god make x t ,i hadn't80 ,?is is a good example ( ! type ( "q3 #8,c he make a ?+ done n to h be5 done8' :i* accord+ to ,erasmus 0 mu* debat$ by !ologians4#dc ----- ,footnote #db3 ,quot$ f an article1 8,"s ,comm5ts on ,babies10 by ,miss ,%9n 9 ! ,ov]l& ,mon?ly1 ,jan41 #ahid4 ----- ,footnote #dc3 ,fr\de1 ,lett]s ( ,erasmus1 ,lect4 vii4 ----- ,) _m *ildr5 confront$ ) ! my/]ies ( ,god & ! devil ?is que/ion+ (t5 reproduces ! directions ( !ological speculation4 ,?us ! problem ( ! necessity ( evil is cle>ly recognisable 9 ! "q once put by an ,am]ican boy "u eight ye>s ( age to a prie/ :o visit$ 8 home3 8,fa!r1 :y don't ,god kill ! devil & !n !re w\ld be no m wick$ness 9 ! _w80 ,all *ildr5's que/ion+ does n ( c\rse take ?is sublime direction4 ,along ) ! t5d5cy to pu% back inquiry to ! unrea*able beg9n+ ( ?+s we m>k a m mode/ & sci5tific l9e ( inve/igation into ! obs]vable & expla9able processes ( nature4 ,"s que/ions :i* a busy li/5] w\ld pooh-pooh z dreamy h a g5u9ely sci5tific value1 %[+ t ! little inquir] is try+ to "w out "s problem ( fact4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by a "q put by a little boy ag$ ?ree ye>s n9e mon?s3 8,:y don't we see two ?+s ) our two eyes80 a problem :i*1 z we "k1 has ex]cis$ old] psy*ologi/s4 ,:5 ?is m def9itely sci5tific direction is tak5 by a *ild's que/ion+ we may obs]ve t ! ambiti\s #8:y8' beg9s to play a second rle1 ! fir/ be+ n[ tak5 by ! m mode/ #8h[8' ,! g]m ( ?is k9d ( inquiry may be pres5t 9 "s ( ! e>ly que/ion+ ab\t gr[?4 8,h[10 ask$ our little zoologi/1 8does plants gr[ :5 we plant !m1 & h[ does boys gr[ f babies to big boys l me8 ,has ,i gr[n n[ :il/ ,i 0 eat+ my supp]8 ,see60 & he /ood up to make ! mo/ ( 8 /ature4 ,cle>] evid5ce ( a direct+ ( inquiry into ! processes ( ?+s appe>s 9 ! fif? & six? ye>s4 ,a little girl ( f\r ye>s sev5 mon?s among o!r que/ion+s want$ to "k :at makes ! tra9s move1 & h[ we move our eyes4 ,! incessant inquiries ( ! boy ,cl>k ,maxwell into ! #8g' ( ?is ?+ or ! #8p>ticul> g' ( t illu/rate 9 a cle>] mann] ! e>ly t5d5cy to direct que/ion+ to ! m manageable problems to :i* sci5ce conf9es itself4 ,^! diff]5t l9es ( que/ion+ are apt to run on concurr5tly f ! end ( ! ?ird ye>1 a fit ( eag] curiosity ab\t animals or o!r natural objects giv+ place to a fit ( !ological inquiry1 ?is aga9 be+ dropp$ = an equally eag] inquiry into ! mak+ ( clocks1 railway eng9es1 & s on4 ,yet ?r\gh ^! alt]nat+ b\ts ( que/ion+ we c di/+ui% some?+ l a law ( intellectual progress4 ,que/ion+ z ! mo/ direct expression ( a *ild's curiosity foll[s ! developm5t ( 8 gr\ps ( ideas & ( ! int]e/s :i* help to con/ruct ^!4 ,?us ,i ?9k x a g5]al rule t que/ion+ ab\t ! make or me*anism ( ?+s foll[s que/ion+ ab\t animal ways j because ! zoological int]e/ 79 a v crude =m ( c\rse7 prec$es ! me*anical4 ,! scope ( ?is e>ly que/ion+ w1 moreov]1 exp& ) intellectual capacity1 & m p>ticul>ly ! capability ( =m+ ! m ab/ruse k9d ( *ildi% idea4 ,?us inquiries into absolute beg9n+s1 into ! orig9 ( ! _w & ( ,god himself1 indicate ! pres5ce ( a l>g] intellectual grasp ( "t-relations & ( ! processes ( becom+4 ,our survey ( ! field ( *ildi% que/ion+ sugge/s t x is by no means an easy matt] to deal )4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 ,i ?9k1 by ! mo/ en?usia/ic p>tisan ( *ildr5 t _! que/ion+ is ( v unequal value4 ,x may (t5 be notic$ t a *ild's #8:y8' is us$ 9 a sleepy me*anical way ) no real desire = k1 any semblance ( answ] be+ accept$ )\t an attempt to put a mean+ into x4 ,a good deal ( ! m importunate k9d ( *ildr5's que/ion+1 :5 !y foll[ up "q by "q recklessly1 z x seems1 & )\t def9ite aim1 appe>s to be ( ?is =mal & lifeless "*1 an expression n ( a heal?y intellectual activity1 b m]ely ( a mood ( g5]al m5tal discont5t & peevi%ness4 ,9 a c]ta9 am\nt ( *ildi% que/ion+1 inde$1 we h1 ,i suspect1 to d ) a di/9ctly abnormal m5tal /ate1 ) an analogue ( t mania ( que/ions1 or passion = m5tal rummag+ or pry+ into ev]y?+1 8,grubelsu*t0 z ! ,g]mans call x1 :i* is a well-kn[n phase ( m5tal disease1 & prompts ! pati5t to put su* que/ions z ?is3 8,:y d ,i /& "h :]e ,i /&80 8,:y is a glass a glass1 a *air a *air80 ,su* que/ion+ ought1 x is evid5t1 n to be treat$ too s]i\sly4 ,we may atta* too mu* significance to a *ild's "q1 lab\r+ h>d to grasp its mean+1 ) a view to answ]+ x1 :5 we %\ld be wis] if we view$ x z a symptom ( m5tal irritability & peevi%ness1 to be got rid ( z quickly z possible by a good romp or o!r heal?y di/raction4#dd ----- ,footnote #dd3 ,cf4 ,p]ez1 ,l',education ds le b]ceau1 p4 #de ff4 ----- ,to admit1 h[ev]1 t *ildr5's que/ions may n[ & aga9 ne$ ?is sort ( :olesome snubb+ is f> f say+ t we ought to treat all _! que/ion+ ) a mild contempt4 ,! little que/ion]s flatt] u by attribut+ sup]ior k to u1 & good mann]s %\ld compel u to treat _! que/ions ) "s att5tion4 ,& if n[ & !n !y torm5t u ) a /r+ ( r&om reckless que/ion+1 9 h[ _m cases1 "o wond]s1 are !y n made to suff]1 & t wrongfully1 by hav+ p]fectly s]i\s que/ions rudely ca/ back on _! h&s8 ,! tru? is t to und]/& & to answ] *ildr5's que/ions is a consid]able art1 includ+ bo? a l>ge & deep k ( ?+s1 & a quick sympa!tic insight into ! little que/ion]s' m9ds1 & few ( u h at once ! intellectual & ! moral excell5ces ne$$ = an adequate treatm5t ( !m4 ,x is "o ( ! tragi-comic features ( human life t ! ard5t little explor] look+ out ) wide-ey$ wond] ^u 8 new _w %\ld n[ & aga9 f9d z 8 fir/ guide a nurse or ev5 a "m :o w res5t ! majority ( 8 que/ions z di/urb+ ! luxuri\s mood ( indol5ce 9 :i* %e *ooses to pass h] days4 ,we c nev] "k h[ mu* valuable m5tal activity has be5 *eck$1 h[ mu* hope & c\rage ca/ d[n by ?is k9d ( treatm5t4 ,yet happily ! que/ion+ impulse is n easily eradicat$1 & a *ild :o has suff]$ at ! outset f ?is :olesale contempt may be =tunate en\gh to meet1 :ile ! _s ( inve/igation is /ill ^u him1 "o :o kn[s & :o has ! good nature & ! pati5ce to imp>t :at he kn[s 9 response to a *ild's appeal4 ,,iv4 ,,products ,,( ,,*ild-,,?\ght4 ,! ,*ild's ,?\ghts ab\t ,nature4 ,we h se5 9 ! previ\s article h[ a *ild's m9d behaves :5 br\ght face to face ) ! unkn[n4 ,we w n[ exam9e "s ( ! m int]e/+ results ( ?is e>ly ?\ght-activity1 :at are kn[n z ! *>act]i/ic ideas ( *ildr54 ,!re is no d\bt1 ,i ?9k1 t *ildr51 by reflect+ on :at !y see or o!rwise exp]i5ce & :at !y are told by o!rs1 fa%ion _! own ideas ab\t nature1 dea? & ! re/4 ,?is t5d5cy1 z po9t$ out above1 discloses itself to "s ext5t 9 _! que/ions ab\t ?+s4 ,x has n[ to be m fully /udi$ 9 _! say+s z a :ole4 ,! ideas ?us =m$ w probably prove to v>y consid]ably 9 ! case ( diff]5t *ildr51 yet to pres]ve ?r\gh\t ^! v>iations a c]ta9 g5]al "*4 ,^! ideas1 moreov]1 l ^? ( primitive races1 w be f\nd to be a crude attempt at a connect$ sy/em4 ,we mu/ n1 ( c\rse1 expect too mu* "h4 ,! e>lie/ ?\ght ( mank9d ab\t nature & ! sup]natural 0 v f> f be+ elaborat$ into a consi/5t logical :ole2 yet we c see g5]al =ms ( conception or t5d5cies ( ?\ght runn+ ?r\gh ! :ole4 ,s 9 ! case ( ?is l>gely spontane\s *ild-?\ght4 ,x w disclose to an unsp>+ critical inspection va/ gaps1 & _m unsurm\nt$ contradictions4 ,?us 9 ! case ( *ildr51 z 9 t ( uncultur$ races1 ! sup]natural realm is at fir/ br\ght at mo/ into only a v loose connexion ) ! visible _w4 ,all ! same !re is se51 9 ! measure ( ! individual *ild's intellig5ce1 ! endeav\r to co-ord9ate1 & ! poor little h>d-press$ bra9 ( a *ild w (t5 pluckily d its be/ 9 try+ to br+ "s connexion into t cong]ies ( disconnect$ worlds into :i* he f9ds himself s confus+ly introduc$1 p>tly by ! motley "* ( 8 own exp]i5ces1 z ! alt]nations ( wak+ & sleep+1 p>tly by ! haphaz>d miscellane\s in/ruction1 my?ological1 hi/orical1 !ological1 & ! re/1 ) :i* we inconsid]ately burd5 8 m9d4 ,z 0 obs]v$ 9 deal+ ) *ildr5's imag9ative activity1 ?is primitive *ild-lore1 l its prototype 9 folk-lore1 is l>gely a product ( a nave vivid fancy4 ,9 assign+ ! relations ( ?+s & _! reasons1 a *ild's m9d does n make use ( ab/ract conceptions4 ,x does n talk ab\t 8relation10 b pictures out ! p>ticul> relation x wants to express by a figurative expression1 z 9 app]ceiv+ ! juxtaposition ( moon & /> z mamma & baby4 ,s x does n talk ( ab/ract =ce1 b figures "s concrete =m ( ag5cy1 z 9 expla9+ ! w9d by ! idea ( somebody's wav+ a big fan some:]e4 ,?is fir/ crude attempt ( ! *ild to envisage ! _w is1 inde$1 l>gely my?ological1 proce$+ by ! inv5tion ( concrete & highly pictorial ideas ( fairies1 giants & _! do+s4 ,! elem5t ( ?\ght comes 9 ) ! recognition ( ! real z su*1 & ) ! application ( ! products ( "y phantasy to compreh5d+ & expla9+ ?is reality4 ,& "h we see h[ ?is primitive *ild-?\ght1 ?\gh x rema9s in/9ct ) gl[+ imag]y1 diff]5tiates itself f pure fancy4 ,?is la/ kn[s no re/ra9t1 & aims only at ! delight ( its spontane\s play-l movem5ts1 :]eas ?\ght is ess5tially ! s]i\s "w ( realis+ & und]/&+ :at exi/s4 ,! contra/ is se5 pla9ly en\gh if we comp>e ! m5tal attitude ( ! *ild :5 he is frankly romanc+1 giv+ out n[ & aga9 a laugh1 :i* %[s t he himself fully recognises ! absurdity ( 8 talk1 ) 8 attitude :5 9 grave/ ( moods he is call+ ^u 8 fancy to aid reason 9 expla9+ "s puzzl+ fact4 ,h[ e>ly ?is splitt+ ( ! *ild's imag9ative activity into ^! two =ms1 ! playful & ! ?\ghtful1 takes place is n1 ,i ?9k1 v easy to det]m9e4 ,_m *ildr5 at lea/ are apt at fir/ to take all t is told !m z gospel4 ,to mo/ ( !m ab\t ! age ( ?ree & f\r1 ,i suspect1 fairyl&1 if imag9$ at all1 is z mu* a reality z ! visible _w4 ,! disp>ity ( its cont5ts1 ! fairies1 dragons & ! re/1 ) ^? ( ! _w ( s5se does n tr\ble _! m9d1 ! two worlds n be+ z yet m5tally juxtapos$ & dove-tail$ "o into ! o!r4 ,x is only lat] :5 ! desire to und]/& ov]takes & ev5 passes ! impulse to frame bright & /rik+ images1 &1 z a result ( ?is1 critical reflexion applies itself to ! nurs]y leg5ds & detects _! incongruity ) ! _w ( e-day p]ception1 t a cle> di/9ction comes to be drawn betwe5 reality & fiction1 :at exi/s & c 7or might7 be v]ifi$ by s5se1 & :at is only pictur$ by ! m9d4 ,) ?is prelim9>y peep into ! modus op]&i ( *ildr5's ?\ght1 let u see :at sort ( ideas ( ?+s !y fa%ion4 ,beg9n+ ) _! ideas ( natural objects we f9d1 z has be5 h9t$1 ! influ5ce ( c]ta9 pr$om9ant t5d5cies4 ,( ^! ! mo/ important is ! impulse to ?9k ( :at is f> (f1 :e!r 9 space or "t1 & s unobs]vable1 z l :at is ne> & obs]v$4 ,along ) ?is t5d5cy1 or r z "o p>ticul> developm5t ( x1 !re goes ! disposition already illu/rat$1 to vivify nature1 to p]sonify ?+s & s to assimilate _! behavi\r to ! *ild's own1 & to expla9 ! orig9 ( ?+s by ideas ( mak+ & aim+ at "s purpose4 ,s9ce1 at ! same "t t ^! t5d5cies are /ill dom9ant1 ! *ild by 8 own obs]vation & by su* in/ruction z he gets1 is ga9+ insight into ! #8h[1' ! me*anism ( ?+s1 we f9d t 8 cosmology is apt to be a qua9t jumble ( ! sci5tific & ! my?ological4 ,?us ! boy ,c4 tri$ to conceive ( ! div9e creation ( m5 z a me*anical process ) well-m>k$ /ages--! fa%ion+ ( /one m51 iron m51 & !n real m54 ,9 _m cases we c see t a nature-my? comes 9 to eke out ! defici5cies ( me*anical insight4 ,?us1 ! production ( ?und] & o!r /range & inexplicable ph5om5a is ref]r$1 z by ! savage1 & ev5 by _m s-call$ civilis$ m5 & wom51 to ! direct int]position ( a sup]natural ag5cy4 ,! !ological idea ) :i* *ildr5 are suppli$ is apt to %ape itself into t ( a caprici\s & awfully clev] demiurgos1 :o n only made ! _w-ma*9e b alt]s its work+ z (t5 z he is dispos$4 ,) ?is idea ( a sup]natural ag5t !re is commonly comb9$ t ( a natural process z means employ$1 z :5 ?und] is suppos$ to be caus$ by ,god's tread+ heavily on ! floor ( ! sky4 ,contradictions are n infrequ5t1 ! my?ological impulse sometimes alt]nat+ ) a m di/9ctly sci5tific impulse to grasp ! me*anical process1 z :5 w9d is sometimes ?\ght (1 z caus$ by a big fan1 & sometimes1 e4g41 :5 he>d moan+ 9 ! night1 end[$ ) life & feel+4 ,i %all make no attempt to give a me?odical acc\nt ( *ildr5's ?\ghts ab\t nature4 ,i suspect t a good deal m mat]ial w h to be collect$ be=e a complete description ( ^! ?\ghts is possible4 ,i %all cont5t myself ) giv+ a few samples ( _! ideas s f> z my own /udies h ?r[n light on !m4 ,) respect to ! make or sub/ance ( ?+s *ildr5 are1 ,i believe1 dispos$ to reg>d all t !y see z hav+ ! resi/ant quality ( solid mat]ial sub/ance4 ,at fir/1 t is to say aft] ! *ild has _h exp]i5ce en\gh ( see+ & t\*+ ?+s at ! same "t to "k t ! two commonly g toge!r1 he believes t all :i* he sees is tangible or sub/antial4 ,?us he w try to t\* %ad[s1 sunlight danc+ on ! wall1 & picture =ms4 ,?is t5d5cy to 8reify10 or make ?+s (1 8 visual impressions %[s itself 9 pretty =ms1 z :5 ! little girl ,m41 "o ye> elev5 mon?s old1 8ga!r$ sunlight 9 h] h&s & put x on h] face04 ,! same *ild ab\t a mon? e>li] express$ a wi% to wa% "s black smoke4 ,?is 0 ! same *ild t tri$ to make ! w9d behave by mak+ h] "m's hair tidy2 & h] belief 9 ! mat]ial reality ( ! w9d 0 %[n by h] ask+ h] "m to lift h] up high s t %e might see ! w9d4 ,?is la/1 x is to be not$1 0 an inf]5ce f t\*+ & resi/+ to see+4#de ,w9d1 x has be5 well rem>k$1 keeps some?+ ( its sub/antiality = all ( u long aft] %ad[s h become ! type ( unreality1 prov+ t ! exp]i5ce ( resi/+ some?+ lies at ! root ( our s5se ( mat]ial sub/ance4 ,t old] *ildr5 believe 9 ! w9d z a liv+ ?+ seems sugge/$ by ! read9ess ) :i* !y get up a k9d ( play-tussle ) x4 ,t w9d ev5 9 less fanciful mom5ts is reifi$ is sugge/$ by ! foll[+ /ory f ! ,worce/] collection4 ,a girl ag$ n9e 0 look+ out & see+ ! w9d driv+ ! sn[ 9 ! direction ( a p>ticul> t[n1 ,milbury3 :]eupon %e rem>k$1 8,i'd l to live d[n 9 ,milbury04 ,ask$ :y1 %e repli$1 8,!re mu/ be a lot ( w9d d[n !re1 x's all bl[+ t way04 ----- ,footnote #de3 ,comp>e ,r4 ,l4 ,/ev5son's l9es to ! w9d3 8,i felt y pu%1 ,i he>d y call1 ,i c\ld n see y\rself at all04 ,a ,*ild's ,g>d5 ( ,v]se1 xxv4 ----- ,*ildr51 z may be se5 9 ?is /ory1 are p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 ! movem5ts ( ?+s4 ,movem5t is ! cle>e/ & mo/ impressive manife/ation ( life4 ,all app>5tly spontane\s or self-caus$ movem5ts are accord+ly tak5 by *ildr51 z by primitive man1 to be ! sign ( life1 ! outcome ( some?+ analog\s to _! own impulses4 ,h5ce ! movem5ts ( fall+ leaves1 ( runn+ wat]1 ( fea!rs & ! l are specially sugge/ive ( life4 ,w9d owes mu* ( its vitality1 z se5 9 ! facile p]sonification ( x by ! poet1 to its app>5tly uncaus$ movem5ts4 ,"s *ildr5 9 ! ,infant ,dep>tm5t ( a ,london ,bo>d ,s*ool 7 ask$ :at ?+s 9 ! room 7 alive1 & !y promptly repli$ ! smoke & ! fire4 ,big ?+s mov+ by an int]nal me*anism ( :i* ! *ild kn[s no?+1 m especially eng9es1 are ( c\rse end[$ ) life4 ,a little girl ( ?irte5 mon?s (f]$ a biscuit to a /eam-tram1 & ! au?or ( ,! ,invisible ,playmate tells u t 8 little girl want$ to /roke ! 8de> head0 ( a locomotive4 ,a *ild has be5 kn[n to ask :e!r a /eam-eng9e 0 alive4 ,9 l mann]1 savages on fir/ see+ ! self-mov+ /eam] take x = a big animal4 ,! fe> ( a dog at ! sight ( an unfamili> object appe>+ to move ( itself1 z a p>asol bl[n along ! gr\nd by ! w9d1 seems to imply a rudim5t ( ! same impulse to int]pret self-movem5t z a sign ( life4#df ----- ,footnote #df3 ,see ,p4 ,lombroso1 op4 cit41 p4 #bf ff4 ----- ,! *ild's impulse to give life to mov+ ?+s may lead him to ov]look ! fact t ! movem5t is caus$ by an ext]nal =ce1 & ?is ev5 :5 ! =ce is ex]t$ by himself4 ,! boy ,c4 on f9d+ ! cu%ion he 0 sitt+ ^u slipp+ f "u him 9 consequ5ce ( 8 own wriggl+ movem5ts pron\nc$ x alive4 ,9 l mann] *ildr51 z sugge/$ above1 ascribe life to _! mov+ play?+s4 ,?us1 ,c4's si/] :5 five ye>s old /opp$ "o day trundl+ h] hoop1 & turn+ to h] "m1 exclaim$3 8,ma1 ,i d ?9k ?is hoop mu/ be alive1 x is s s5sible3 x goes :]e ,i want x to04 ,ano!r little girl two & a qu>t] ye>s old on hav+ a /r+ atta*$ to a ball put into h] h&1 & aft] sw++ x r\nd me*anically1 began to notice ! movem5t ( ! ball1 & said to h]self1 8,funny ball60 ,9 bo? ^! cases1 al?\gh ! movem5t 0 directly caus$ by ! *ild1 x 0 c]ta9ly 9 ! fir/ case1 & app>5tly 9 ! second1 attribut$ to ! object4 ,next to movem5t app>5tly spontane\s s\nd appe>s to be a common reason = attribut+ life to inanimate objects4 ,are n movem5t & vocal s\nd ! two great *annels ( utt]ance ( ! *ild's own impulses8 ,! little girl ,m41 :5 j two ye>s old1 be+ ask$ by h] "m = a kiss1 answ]$ prettily1 #8,tiss 7kiss7 gone away'4 ,?is may1 ( c\rse1 h be5 m]ely a *ild's way ( us+ language1 b ! fact t ! same little girl ask$ to see a #8knock' sugge/s t %e 0 dispos$ to give reality & life to s\nds4 ,its s\nd greatly helps ! p]suasion t ! w9d is alive4 ,a little boy assur$ 8 tea*] t ! w9d 0 alive1 = he he>d x :i/l+ 9 ! night4 ,! ascription ( life to fire is probably aid$ by its sputt]+ crackl+ noises4 ,! impulse1 too1 to end[ s little organic-look+ an object z a railway eng9e ) consci\s life is probably support$ by ! k ( its puff+ & :i/l+4 ,pi]re ,loti1 :5 z a *ild he fir/ saw ! sea1 reg>d$ x z a liv+ mon/]1 no d\bt on ! gr\nd ( its movem5t & its noise4 ,! p]sonification ( ! e*o by ! *ild1 ( :i* ,george ,s&'s rem9isc5ces give an excell5t example1 z also by uncultur$ man1 is a signal illu/ration ( ! sugge/ive =ce ( a voice-l s\nd4 ,closely connect$ ) ?is impulse to ascribe life to :at old] folk reg>d z inanimate objects is ! t5d5cy to conceive !m z gr[+4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 ! rem>k ( ! boy ,c41 t 8 /ick w\ld 9 "t gr[ bigg]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is 9 ! ,worce/] ,collection a curi\s /ory ( a little ,am]ican boy ( ?ree :o1 hav+ climb$ up into a l>ge waggon1 & be+ ask$1 8,h[ are y go+ to get out80 repli$1 8,i c /ay "h till x gets little & !n ,i c get out my own self04 ,we %all see pres5tly t %r9kage or dim9ution ( size is sometimes attribut$ by ! *ild-m9d to p :5 gett+ old4 ,s t we seem to h 9 ea* ( ^! cases ! ext5sion to ?+s g5]ally ( an idea fir/ =m$ 9 connexion ) ! obs]vation ( human life4 ,*ildr5's ideas ( natural objects are an?ropomorphic1 n m]ely z reflect+ _! own life1 b z modell$ aft] ! analogy ( ! effects ( _! action4 ,q "y *ildr5 are apt to ext5d ! ideas brok5 & m5d$ to objects g5]ally4 ,any?+ :i* seems to h become r$uc$ by los+ a portion ( itself is said to be #8brok5'4 ,a little boy ( ?ree1 on see+ ! moon p>tly cov]$ by a cl\d1 rem>k$1 8,! moon is brok504 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! case ( "o little boy1 ev]y?+ intact 0 said to be m5d$4 ,x may be said1 h[ev]1 t we _c safely inf] f su* analogical use ( common language t *ildr5 di/9ctly ?9k ( all objects z und]go+ breakage & repair3 = ^! expressions 9 ! *ild's vocabul>y may ref] r to ! result+ appe>ances1 ?an to ! processes by :i* !y are br\ght ab\t4 ,cle>] evid5ces ( ?is reflexion on to nature ( ! *>act]i/ics ( 8 own life appe> :5 a *ild beg9s to speculate ab\t me*anical processes1 :i* he inv>iably conceives ( aft] ! analogy ( 8 own actions4 ,?is 0 illu/rat$ 9 deal+ ) *ildr5's que/ions4 ,we see x /ill m cle>ly manife/$ 9 "s ( _! ideas4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s in/ances ( ?is t ,i h met ) is se5 9 e>ly !oris+s ab\t ! cause ( w9d4 ,"o ( ! *ildr5 exam9$ by ,mr4 ,kratz said ! tree 0 to make ! w9d bl[4 ,a pupil ( m9e di/9ctly recalls t :5 a *ild he acc\nt$ = ! w9d at night by ! sway+ ( two l>ge elms 9 front ( ! h\se & n f> f ! w9d[s ( 8 b$room4 ,?is rev]s+ ( ! real ord] ( cause & effect looks silly1 until we rememb] t ! *ild necess>ily looks at movem5t 9 ! light ( 8 own actions4 ,he moves ?+s1 e4g41 ! wat]1 by 8 mov+ limbs2 we set ! air 9 motion by a mov+ fan2 x seems1 !re=e1 natural to him t ! w9d-movem5ts %\ld be caus$ by ! pressure ( "s mov+ ?+2 & !re is ! tree actually se5 to be mov+4 ,s f> ,i h spok5 = ! mo/ "p ( *ildr5's ideas ab\t ne> & accessible objects4 ,_! notions ( :at is di/ant & inaccessible are1 z rem>k$1 wont to be =m$ on ! model ( ! fir/4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 _! k ( ?+s w be l>gely dep5d5t on o!rs' in=mation1 s t ! nave impulse ( *ildi% intellig5ce has1 z be/ x may1 to "w "u ! limitations ( an imp]fectly und]/ood language4 ,x is p]haps h>dly necess>y to rem9d ! read] t *ildr5's ideas ( di/ance be=e !y beg9 to travel f> are necess>ily v inadequate4 ,!y are dispos$ to localise ! di/ant objects !y see1 z ! sun1 moon & />s1 & ! places !y he> ab\t on ! e>?'s surface z ne> z possible4 ,! t5d5cy to approximate ?+s z se5 9 ! infant's /ret*+ out ( ! h& to t\* ! moon lives on 9 ! lat] impulse to localise ! sky & heav5ly bodies j beyond ! f>!/ t]re/rial object se51 z :5 a *ild ?\ght !y 7 j above ! *ur* spire1 ano!r t !y c\ld be rea*$ by ty+ a numb] ( ladd]s toge!r1 ano!r t ! sett+ sun w5t close beh9d ! ridge ( hills1 & s =?4 ,! />s1 be+ s mu* small] look+1 seem to be locat$ f>!r (f ?an ! sun & moon4 ,simil>ly :5 !y he> ( a di/ant place1 z ,india1 !y t5d to project x j beyond ! f>!/ po9t kn[n to !m1 say ,hamp/ead1 to :i* !y 7 once tak5 on a long1 long j\rney f _! ,ea/ ,end home4 ,a *ild's /&>d ( size & di/ance is1 z all "k :o h revisit$ ! home ( _! *ildhood aft] _m ye>s1 v diff]5t f ! adult's4 ,to ! little legs unus$ z yet to m ?an %ort spells ( locomotion a mile seems /up5d\s3 & !n ! half-=m$ bra9 _c yet pile up ! units ( measurem5t well en\gh to conceive ( hundr$s & ?\s&s ( miles4 ,! *ild appe>s to ?9k ( ! _w z a circul> pla91 & ( ! sky z a sort ( inv]t$ b[l ^u x4 ,c4's si/] us$ on look+ at ! sky to fancy %e 0 inside a blue balloon4 ,t is to say he takes !m to be :at !y look4 ,9 a simil> mann] ,c4 took ! sun to be a great disc :i* c\ld be put on ! r\nd globe to make a #8see-saw'4 ,:5 ?is #8natural realism' gets correct$1 *ildr5 g to "w to conv]t :at is told !m into an intelligible =m4 ,?us !y beg9 to speculate ab\t ! o!r side ( ! globe1 &1 z ,mr4 ,b>rie rem9ds u1 are apt to fancy !y c "k ab\t x by peep+ d[n a well4 ,:5 religi\s in/ruction introduces ! new region ( heav5 !y are apt to localise x j above ! sky1 :i* to _! ?\ght =ms its floor4 ,"s g5u9e ?\ght-"w is se5 9 ! ef=t to h>monise ! v>i\s ?+s !y le>n by obs]vation & in/ruction ab\t ! cele/ial region into a connect$ :ole4 ,?us ! sky is apt to be ?\ght ( z ?91 ?is idea be+ probably =m$ = ! purpose ( expla9+ ! %9+ ?r\gh ( moon & />s4 ,/>s are1 z we "k1 commonly ?\ght ( by ! *ild z holes 9 ! sky lett+ ?r\gh ! light beyond4 ,"o ,bo/on *ild +5i\sly appli$ ! idea ( ! ?9ness ( ! sky to expla9 ! appe>ance ( ! moon :5 "o half is bright & ! o!r fa9tly illum9$1 suppos+ x to be half-way ?r\gh ! p>tially diaphan\s floor4 ,o!rs aga9 prettily acc\nt$ = ! wan+ ( ! moon to a cresc5t by say+ x 0 half /uck or half button$ into ! sky4 ,! movem5ts ( ! sun & o!r heav5ly bodies are simil>ly app]ceiv$ by help ( ideas ( movem5ts ( famili> t]re/rial objects4 ,?us ! sun 0 ?\ght by ! ,bo/on *ildr5 half-my?ologically1 half-me*anically1 to roll1 to fly1 to be bl[n 7l a soap bubble or balloon87 & s =?4 ,! an?ropoc5tric =m ( teleological explanation is apt to creep 91 z :5 a ,bo/on *ild said *>m+ly t ! moon comes r\nd :5 p =get to light "s lamps4 ,!ological ideas1 too1 are press$ into ?is sph]e ( explanation1 z 9 ! attribution ( ! disappe>ance ( ! sun to ,god's pull+ x up high] out ( sight1 to 8 tak+ x into heav5 & putt+ x to b$1 & s =?4 ,^! ideas are pretty obvi\sly n ^? ( a c\ntry *ild ) a horizon4 ,!re is r m ( nature-obs]vation 9 ! idea ( ano!r *ild t ! sun aft] sett+ lies "u ! trees :]e angels m9d x4 ,! impressive ph5om5a ( ?und] & lightn+ give rise 9 ! case ( ! *ild z 9 t ( ! ,nature-man to "s f9e my?-mak+4 ,! ,am]ican *ildr51 z already obs]v$1 h diff]5t me*anical illu/rations = sett+ =? ! modus ( ! sup]natural op]ation "h1 ?und] be+ ?\ght ( n[ z ,god groan+1 n[ z 8 walk+ heavily on ! floor ( heav5 7cf4 ! old ,norse idea t ?und] is caus$ by ! roll+ ( ,?or's *>iot71 n[ z 8 hamm]+1 n[ z 8 hav+ coals run 9--ideas :i* %[ h[ navely ! *ild-m9d humanises ! ,deity1 mak+ him a respectable citiz5 ) a h\se & a coal-cell>4 ,9 l mann] ! lightn+ is attribut$ to ,god's burn+ ! gas quick1 /rik+ _m mat*es at once1 or o!r famili> human device = gett+ a brilliant light sudd5ly4 ,s ,god turns on ra9 by a tap1 or lets x d[n f a ci/]n by a hose1 or1 bett]1 passes x ?r\gh a sieve or a dipp] ) holes4#dg ,9 l mann] a high w9d 0 expla9$ by a girl ( five & a half by say+ t x 0 ,god's bir?day1 & he _h receiv$ a trumpet z a pres5t4 ----- ,footnote #dg3 ,see ! article on 8,! ,cont5ts ( ,*ildr5's ,m9ds0 already ref]r$ to4 ----- ,?r\gh\t ! :ole region ( ^! my/]i\s ph5om5a we h illu/rations ( ! an?ropoc5tric t5d5cy to reg>d :at takes place z design$ = u poor mortals4 ,! little girl ( :om ,mr4 ,canton writes ?\ght 8! w9d1 & ! ra9 & ! moon #8walk+' came out to see h]1 & ! fl[]s woke up ) ! same laudable object04#dh ,:5 fright5$ by ! cra% ( ! ?und] a *ild in/9ctively ?9ks t x is all done to vex 8 little s\l4 ,"o ( ! funnie/ examples ( ! application ( ?is idea ,i h met ) is 9 ! ,worce/] ,collection4 ,two *ildr51 ,d4 & ,k41 ag$ t5 & five respectively1 live 9 a small ,am]ican t[n4 ,d41 :o is read+ ab\t an e>?quake1 addresses 8 "m ?us3 8,oh1 isn't x dreadful1 mamma8 ,d y suppose we w ev] h "o "h80 ,k41 int]v5+ ) ! *>act]i/ic impulse ( ! "y *ild to correct 8 eld]s3 8,:y1 no1 ,d41 !y don't h e>?quakes 9 little t[ns l ?is04 ,!re is mu* to unravel 9 ?is delightful *ildi% obs]vation4 ,x looks to my m9d z if ! e>?quake 7 envisag$ by ! little five-ye>-old z a %[1 ,god be+ presumably ! travell+ %[man1 :o takes c>e to display 8 fe>ful wond]s only :]e !re is an adequate body ( spectators4 ----- ,footnote #dh3 ,! ,invisible ,playmate1 pp4 #bg1 #bh4 ----- ,f9ally1 ! same impulse to und]/& ! new & /range by assimilat+ x to ! famili> is1 s f> z ,i c ga!r1 se5 9 *ildr5's fir/ ideas ab\t ^? puzzl+ semblances ( visible objects :i* are due to subjective s5sations4 ,z we %all see 9 ,c4's case ! bright spectra or aft]-images caus$ by look+ at ! sun are in/9ctively objectiv$ by ! *ild1 t is reg>d$ z ?+s ext]nal to 8 body4 ,"h is a pretty full acc\nt ( a *ild's ?\ght ab\t ^! subjective optical ph5om5a4 ,a little boy ( five1 our little zoologi/1 9 poor heal? at ! "t1 8con/antly imag9$ he saw angels1 & said !y 7 n :ite1 t 0 a mi/ake1 !y 7 little col\r$ ?+s1 light & beautiful1 & !y w5t into ! toy-basket & play$ ) 8 toys04 ,"h we h n only objectify+ b my?-build+4 ,a ye> lat] he return$ to ! subject4 8,he /ood at ! w9d[ at ,b4 look+ out at a sea-mi/ ?\ghtfully & said sudd5ly1 #8,mamma1 d y rememb] ,i told y t ,i _h se5 angels8 ,well1 ,i want n[ to say !y 7 n angels1 ?\gh ,i ?\ght !y 74 ,i h se5 x (t5 lately1 ,i see x n[3 x is bright />s1 small bright />s mov+ by4 ,i see x 9 ! mi/ be=e t tree4 ,i see x (t5e/ 9 ! mi/y days4444 ,p]haps by-&-by ,i %all ?9k x is some?+ 9 my own eyes4'0 ,"h we see a long & pa9/ak+ attempt ( a *ild's bra9 to read a mean+ into ! #8fly+ spots1' :i* _m ( u "k ?\gh we h>dly give !m a mom5t's att5tion4 ,:at are *ildr5's fir/ ?\ghts ab\t _! dreams l8 ,i h n be5 able to collect mu* evid5ce on ?is head4 ,:at seems c]ta9 is t to ! simple intellig5ce ( ! *ild ^! c\nt]feits ( ord9>y s5se-pres5tations are real ext]nal ?+s4 ,! crude/ manife/ation ( ?is ?\ght-t5d5cy is se5 9 tak+ ! dream-app>ition to be actually pres5t 9 ! b$room4 ,a boy 9 an elem5t>y s*ool 9 ,london1 ag$ five ye>s1 said "o day3 8,tea*]1 ,i saw an old woman "o night aga9/ my b$04 ,ano!r *ild1 a little girl1 9 ! same s*ool told h] "m t %e _h se5 a fun]al la/ night1 & on be+ ask$1 8,:]e80 answ]$ qua9tly1 8,i saw x 9 my pill[04 ,a little boy :om ,i "k once ask$ 8 "m n to put him to b$ 9 a c]ta9 room1 8because !re 7 s _m dreams 9 ! room04 ,9 ?us mat]ialis+ ! dream & localis+ x 9 ! actual surr\nd+s1 ! *ild b reflects ! e>ly ?\ght ( ! race :i* />ts f ! supposition t ! man or animal :i* appe>s 9 a dream is a mat]ial reality :i* actually approa*es ! sleep]4 ,! ,nature-man1 z we "k f ,pr(essor ,tylor's rese>*es1 goes on to expla9 dreams by 8 !ory ( s\ls or #8d\bles' 7animism74 ,*ildr5 d n (t5 f9d _! way to s subtle a l9e ( ?\ght4 ,mu* m commonly !y pass f ! fir/ /age ( acceptance ( objects pres5t to _! s5ses to ! id5tification ( dreaml& ) ! o!r & invisible _w ( fairyl&4 ,!re is little d\bt t ! imag9ative *ild firmly believes 9 ! exi/5ce ( ?is invisible _w1 keeps x ap>t f ! visible "o1 ev5 ?\gh at times he may give x a def9ite locality 9 ?is 7e4g41 9 ,c4's case1 ! wall ( ! b$room74 ,he gets access to x by %utt+ out ! real _w1 z :5 he closes 8 eyes tightly & #8?9ks'4 ,) su* a *ild1 dreams get tak5 up into ! invisible _w4 ,go+ to sleep is n[ recognis$ z ! sure/ way ( pass+ into ?is region4 ,! v>y+ col\r ( 8 dreams1 n[ bright & dazzl+ 9 _! beauty1 n[ black & t]rify+1 may be expla9$ by a ref]5ce to ! division ( t fairy _w into pr9ces1 good fairies1 on ! "o h&1 & cruel giants1 wit*es1 & ! l1 on ! o!r4 ,we may n[ pass to "s ( *ildr5's *>act]i/ic ideas ab\t liv+ ?+s1 m p>ticul>ly human be+s1 & ! famili> dome/ic animals4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ ( ^! ,i ?9k are ^? respect+ gr[? & bir?4 ,z already m5tion$1 gr[? is "o ( ! mo/ /imulat+ ( *ildi% puzzles4 ,a *ild1 l$ no d\bt by :at o!rs tell him1 f9ds t ?+s are 9 g5]al made bigg] by additions f )\t1 & 8 e>lie/ conception ( gr[? is1 ,i ?9k1 t ( su* addition4 ,?us1 plants are made to gr[1 t is1 swell out1 by ! ra94 ,! idea t ! gr[? or expansion ( animals comes f eat+ is easily rea*$ by ! *ildi% intellig5ce1 &1 z we "k1 nurses & p>5ts h a way ( recomm5d+ ! less attractive sorts ( diet by tell+ *ildr5 t !y w make !m gr[4 ,! idea t ! sun makes u gr[1 (t5 sugge/$ by p>5ts 7:o may be ignorant ( ! fact t gr[? is m rapid 9 ! summ] ?an 9 ! w9t]71 is probably int]pret$ by ! analogy ( an infusion ( some?+ into ! body4 ,9 c>ry+ out my inquiries into ?is region ( *ildi% ideas1 ,i light$ q unexpect$ly on ! que] notion t t[>ds ! end ( life !re is a rev]se process ( %r9kage4 ,old p are suppos$ to become little aga94 ,! fir/ in/ance ( ?is 0 suppli$ me by ! ,worce/] ,collection ( ,?\ghts4 ,a little girl ( ?ree once said to h] "m3 8,:5 ,i am a big girl & y are a little girl ,i %all :ip y j z y :ipp$ me n[04 ,at fir/ "o is almo/ dispos$ to ?9k t ?is *ild mu/ h he>d ( ,mr4 ,an/ey's amus+ /ory ,vice ,v]s4 ,yet ?is idea seems too improbable3 & ,i h s9ce f\nd t %e is n by any means ! only "o :o has ent]ta9$ ?is idea4 ,a little boy t ,i "k1 :5 ab\t ?ree & a half ye>s old1 us$ (t5 to say to 8 "m ) p]fect s]i\sness ( mann]3 8,:5 ,i am big !n y w be little1 !n ,i w c>ry y ab\t & dress y & put y to sleep04 ,i happ5$ to m5tion ?is fact at a meet+ ( mo!rs & tea*]s1 :5 ,i receiv$ fur!r evid5ce ( ?is t5d5cy ( *ild-?\ght4 ,"o lady :om ,i "k c\ld recollect q cle>ly t :5 a little girl %e 0 promis$ by h] aunt "s treasures1 tr9kets ,i fancy1 :5 %e grew up2 & t %e at once turn$ to h] aunt & promis$ h] t %e w\ld !n give h] 9 ex*ange all h] dolls1 z by t "t %e 7! aunt7 w\ld be a little girl4 ,ano!r case n>rat$ 0 t ( a little girl ( ?ree & a half ye>s1 :o :5 h] eld] bro!r & si/] spoke to h] ab\t h] gett+ big rejo9$3 8,:at w y d :5 y are little80 ,a ?ird case m5tion$ 0 t ( a *ild ask+ ab\t "s old p]son ( h] acqua9tance3 8,:5 w %e beg9 to get small80 ,i h s9ce obta9$ corroboratory in/ances f p>5ts & tea*]s ( infant classes4 ,?us a lady writes t a little girl1 a c\s9 ( h]s ag$ f\r1 to :om %e 0 read+ some?+ ab\t an old woman1 ask$3 8,d p turn back into babies :5 !y get q old80 ,:at1 x may be ask$1 does ?is que] idea ( %r9kage 9 old age mean8 ,by :at qua9t zig-zag movem5t ( *ildi% ?\ght 0 ! notion rea*$8 ,i _c le>n t !re is any su* idea 9 primitive folk-lore1 & ?is sugge/s t *ildr5 f9d _! way to x1 9 "p at lea/1 by ! sugge/ions ( old] p's words4 ,a *ild may1 no d\bt1 notice t old p /oop1 & look small1 & ! fairy book ) little old wom5 may /r5g!n ! t5d5cy to ?9k ( %r9kage4 ,b ,i _c br+ myself to believe t ?is w\ld suffice to produce ! idea 9 s _m cases4 ,t !re is mu* 9 :at ! little folk he> u say fitt$ to raise 9 _! m9ds an idea ( %r9k+ back into *ild-=m is c]ta94 ,_m *ildr5 mu/1 at "s "t or ano!r1 h ov]he>d _! eld]s speak+ ( old feeble p gett+ *ildi%2 & we mu/ rememb] t ev5 ! attributive #8silly' appli$ to old p might lead a *ild to inf] a return to *ildhood2 = if !re is "o ?+ t *ildr5--true unsophi/icat$ *ildr5--believe 9 x is ! all-kn[+ness ( gr[n-ups z contra/$ ) ! "k-no?+ness ( !mselves4 ,c4's belief 9 ! pret]natural calculat+ p[]s ( ,golia? is an example ( ?is correlation 9 ! *ild's consci\sness betwe5 size & intellig5ce4#di ----- ,footnote #di3 ,t ?is is n ! complete explanation is sugge/$ by a /ory told by ,p]ez4 ,8 nephew1 ov] f\r ye>s1 on meet+ a little old man said to 8 uncle3 8,:5 ,i %all be a little old man1 w y be "y80 7,l',enfant de trois sept ans1 p4 #bai74 ----- ,b ,i suspect t !re is a fur!r s\rce ( ?is *>act]i/ic product ( e>ly ?\ght1 involv+ /ill m ( ! *ild's philosophiz+4 ,z we h se51 a *ild _c accept an absolute beg9n+ ( ?+s1 & we %all pres5tly f9d t he is equally incapable ( believ+ 9 an absolute end+4 ,he kn[s t we beg9 our e>?ly life z babies4 ,well1 ! babies mu/ come f some?+1 & :5 we die we mu/ pass into some?+4 ,:at m natural1 !n1 ?an ! idea ( a rhy?mical alt]nation ( cycles ( exi/5ce1 babies pass+ into gr[n-ups1 & ^! aga9 into babies1 & s ! race kept go+8 ,does ?is seem too f>-fet*$ an explanation8 ,i ?9k x w be f\nd less s if x is rememb]$ t accord+ to our way ( in/ruct+ ^! active little bra9s1 p are br\ght to e>? z babies 9 angels' arms1 & t :5 !y die !y are tak5 back also 9 angels' arms4 ,n[ z ! angel rema9s ( con/ant size1--= ?is _! pictures v\*--x foll[s t old p1 :5 !y are dead at lea/1 mu/ h %rivell$ up to nursable dim5sions2 & z ! *ild1 :5 he philosophizes1 kn[s no?+ ( miracul\s or cataclasmic *anges1 he naturally supposes t ?is %rivell+ up is gradual l t ( fl[]s & o!r ?+s :5 !y fade4#ej ----- ,footnote #ej3 ,p]haps1 too1 our way ( playfully call+ *ildr5 little old m5 & wom5 fav\rs ! supposition t !y are old p turn$ "y aga94 ----- ,i am dispos$ to ?9k1 !n1 t 9 ?is idea ( s5ile %r9kage we h "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & conv9c+ examples ( a *ild's philosophiz+1 ( 8 impulse to reflect on :at he sees & he>s ab\t ) a view to sy/ematise4 ,yet ! matt] requires fur!r obs]vation4 ,is x ?\ghtful1 intellig5t *ildr51 :o excogitate ?is idea8 ,w\ld x be possible to get ! *ild's own explanation ( x be=e he has completely outgr[n x8#ea ----- ,footnote #ea3 ,egg] quotes a rem>k ( a little girl3 8,i %all c>ry ,emile 7h] old] bro!r7 :5 he gets little04 ,?is may1 z ,egg] sugge/s1 h be5 m]ely a confusion ( ! conditional & ! future4 ,b ! idea ab\t old p's %r9k+ _c be dismiss$ 9 ?is summ>y way 7see ,p]ez1 ,fir/ ,?ree ,ye>s ( ,*ildhood1 p4 #bbd74 ----- ,! orig9 ( babies & "y animals furni%es ! small bra91 z we h se51 ) mu* food = speculation4 ,"h ! little ?9k] is n (t5 left to excogitate a !ory = himself4 ,8 inconv5i5t que/ion+s 9 ?is direction h to be firmly *eck$1 & v>i\s & truly wond]ful are ! ways 9 :i* ! nurse & ! "m are wont to d ?is4 ,any fiction is suppos$ to be good en\gh = ! purpose4 ,div9e action1 z rem>k$ above1 is commonly call$ 91 ! que/ion] be+ told t ! baby has be5 s5t d[n f heav5 9 ! arms ( an angel & s =?4 ,fairy /ories ) _! pretty conceits1 z t ( ! *ild ,?umbk9 gr[+ out ( a fl[] 9 ,hans ,&]s5's book1 contribute _! sugge/ions1 & s !re arises a mass ( *ild-lore ab\t babies 9 :i* we c see t ! ma9 ideas are suppli$ by o!rs1 ?\gh n[ & aga9 we cat* a glimpse ( ! *ild's own contributions4 ,?us accord+ to ,/anley ,hall's report ! ,bo/on *ildr5 said1 among o!r ?+s1 t ,god makes babies 9 heav51 lets !m d[n or drops !m = ! wom5 & doctors to cat* !m1 or t he br+s !m d[n a wood5 ladd] backw>ds & pulls x up aga91 or t mamma1 nurse or doctor goes up & fet*es !m 9 a balloon4 ,!y are said by "s to gr[ 9 cabbages or to be plac$ by ,god 9 wat]1 p]haps 9 ! sew]1 :]e !y are f\nd by ! doctor1 :o takes !m to sick folks t want !m4 ,"h we h delici\s t\*es ( *ildi% fancy1 qua9t adaptations ( fairy & ,bible lore1 z 9 ! use ( ,jacob's ladd] & ( ! leg5d ( ,moses plac$ among ! bulru%es1 ?is la/ be+ enri*$ by ! ?or\gh ma/]-/roke ( *ild-g5ius1 ! idea ( ! d>k1 my/]i\s1 wond]-produc+ sew]4 ,9 spite too ( all t o!rs d to impress ! traditional notions ( ! nurs]y "h1 we f9d t a *ild w n[ & aga9 ?9k out ! :ole subject = himself4 ,! little boy ,c4 is n ! only "o ,i f9d :o is ( ! op9ion t babies are got at a %op4 ,ano!r little boy1 ,i am in=m$1 once ask$ 8 mamma 9 ! abrupt *ildi% mann]1 8,mamma1 v]e did ,tommy 78 own "n7 tum 7come7 f80 & !n ) ! equally *ildi% way ( sp>+ y ! tr\ble ( answ]+ 8 "q1 himself obs]v$1 q to 8 own satisfaction1 8,mamma did tie 7buy7 ,tommy 9 a s'op 7%op704 ,ano!r *ild1 see+ ! ann\ncem5t 8,families ,suppli$0 9 a groc]'s %op1 begg$ 8 "m to get him a baby4 ,?is looks l a real *ildi% idea4 ,to ! "y imag9ation ! %op is a v]itable wond]l&1 an ,eldorado ( valuables1 & x appe>s q reasonable to ! *ildi% intellig5ce t babies l dolls & o!r treasures %\ld be procurable !re4 ,! ideas p>tly communicat$ by o!rs1 p>tly ?\ght out = !mselves are c>ri$ ov] into ! beg9n+s ( animal life4 ,?us1 z we h se51 "o little boy suppos$ t ,god helps pussy to h 8'ickle kitties10 see+ t %e hasn't any kitties 9 eggs giv5 h] to sit ^u4 ,psy*ological ,ideas4 ,we may n[ pass to "s ( ! *>act]i/ic modes ( *ild-?\ght ab\t t /&+ my/]y1 ! self4 ,z our discussion ( ! *ild's ideas ( orig91 gr[? & f9al %r9kage sugge/s1 a good deal ( 8 mo/ e>ne/ ?9k+ is devot$ to problems relat+ to himself4 ,! date ( ! fir/ ?\ght ab\t self1 ( ! fir/ dim /age ( self-aw>5ess1 probably v>ies consid]ably 9 ! case ( diff]5t *ildr5 accord+ to rapidity ( m5tal developm5t & circum/ances4 ,! little girl1 :o 0 aft]w>ds to be kn[n z ,george ,s&1 may be suppos$ to h _h an exceptional developm5t2 & ! accid5t ( infancy to :i* %e ref]s z hav+ ar\s$ ! e>lie/ =m ( self-consci\sness 01 ( c\rse1 exceptional too4 ,!re are probably _m robu/ & dull *ildr51 kn[+ little ( life's mis]y1 & all[$ 9 g5]al to h _! own way1 :o h b little m ( self-consci\sness ?an t1 say1 ( a "y1 well-fav\r$ pork]4 ,! e>lie/ idea ( self seems to be obta9$ by ! *ild ?r\gh an exam9ation by ! s5ses ( t\* & sight ( 8 own body4 ,a *ild has be5 obs]v$ to /udy 8 f+]s att5tively 9 ! f\r? & fif? mon?1 & ?is scrut9y goes on all ?r\gh ! second ye> & ev5 into ! ?ird4#eb ,*ildr5 seem to be impress$ q e>ly by ! fact t 9 lay+ hold ( a "p ( ! body ) ! h& !y get a diff]5t k9d ( exp]i5ce f t :i* !y obta9 :5 !y grasp a =eign object4 ,?r\gh ^! self-grasp+s1 self-/rik+s1 self-bit+s1 aid$ by ! v v>i$1 & (t5 extremely disagreeable op]ations ( ! nurse & o!rs on ! surface ( _! bodies1 !y probably rea* dur+ ! fir/ ye> ! idea t _! body is diff]5t f all o!r ?+s1 is #8me' 9 ! s5se t x is ! liv+ seat ( pa9 & pleasure4 ,! gr[+ p[] ( movem5t ( limb1 especially :5 ! crawl+ /age is rea*$1 gives a special significance to ! body z t :i* c be mov$1 & by ! movem5ts ( :i* int]e/+ & highly impressive *anges 9 ! environm5t1 e4g41 bangs & o!r noises1 c be produc$4 ----- ,footnote #eb3 ,= ! facts see ,prey]1 op4 cit41 cap4 xxii42 ,tracy1 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,*ildhood1 p4 #dg4 ----- ,x is probable t ! fir/ ideas ( ! bodily self are ill-def9$4 ,x is evid5t t ! head & face are n kn[n at fir/ z a visible object4 ,! upp] limbs by _! movem5t across ! field ( vision w\ld come 9 = ! special notice ( ! eye4 ,we "k t ! baby is at an e>ly date wont to wat* its h&s4 ,! l[] limbs1 moreov]1 seem to receive special att5tion f ! explor+ & exam9+ h&4 ,!re is "s reason to ?9k1 h[ev]1 t 9 spite ( ^! advantages1 ! limbs =m a less integral & ess5tial "p ( ! bodily self ?an ! trunk4 ,a *ild 9 8 second ye> 0 obs]v$ to bite 8 own f+] till he cri$ ) pa94 ,he c\ld h>dly h kn[n x z a "p ( 8 s5sitive body4 ,prey] tells u ( a boy ( n9ete5 mon?s :o :5 ask$ to give 8 foot seiz$ x ) bo? h&s & tri$ to h& x ov]4 ,a l facility 9 ca/+ (f f ! self or ali5at+ ! limbs is illu/rat$ 9 a /ory 9 ! ,worce/] ,collection ( a *ild ( ?ree & a half ye>s :o on f9d+ 8 feet /a9$ by "s new /ock+s obs]v$3 8,oh1 mamma6 ^! a9't my feet1 ^! a9't ! feet ,i _h ?is morn+04 ,?is read9ess to deta* ! limbs %[s itself /ill m pla9ly 9 ! boy ,c4's compla9+ :5 9 b$ & try+ to wriggle into a snug position t 8 legs came 9 ! way ( himself4 ,"h ! legs seem to be half trans=m$ into =eign p]sons2 & ?is t5d5cy to p]sonify ! limbs seems to be fur!r illu/rat$ 9 ,laura ,bridgman's pa/ime ( spell+ a ^w wrongly ) "o h& & !n slapp+ t h& ) ! o!r4 ,:y1 x may be ask$1 %\ld a *ild atta* ?is supreme importance to ! trunk1 :5 8 limbs are always =c+ !mselves on 8 notice by _! movem5ts1 & :5 he is s deeply int]e/$ 9 !m z ! p>ts ( ! body :i* d ?+s8 ,i suspect t ! pr9cipal reason is t a *ild soon le>ns to connect ) ! trunk ! recurr5t & mo/ impressive ( 8 feel+s ( com=t & discom=t1 su* z hung]1 ?ir/1 /oma*ic pa9s & ! correspond+ reliefs4 ,we "k t ! 8vital s5se0 =ms ! s5su\s basis ( self-consci\sness 9 ! adult1 & x is only reasonable to suppose t 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( life1 :5 x fills s l>ge a place 9 ! consci\sness1 x has mo/ to d ) det]m9+ ! idea ( ! s5ti5t or feel+ body4 ,aft]w>ds ! obs]vation ( maim$ m5 & animals w\ld confirm ! idea t ! trunk is ! seat & ess5tial portion ( ! liv+ body4 ,! language ( o!rs too by id5tify+ #8body' & #8trunk' w\ld /r5g!n ! t5d5cy4 ,ab\t ?is int]e/+ trunk-body1 :at is inside x1 & h[ x works1 ! *ild speculates va/ly4 ,ref]5ces to ! mak+ ( bone1 ! "w ( ! /oma*1 & s =? h to be und]/ood someh[4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to get at a *ild's unadult]at$ view ( 8 anatomy & physiology4 ,! ,worce/] ,collection illu/rates :at funny ideas a *ild c ent]ta9 ( ! me*anism ( 8 body4 ,a little girl betwe5 five & six ?\ght x 0 ! little hairs com+ aga9/ ! lids :i* made h] sleepy4 ,at a lat] /age ( ! *ild's developm5t1 no d\bt1 :5 he comes to =m ! idea ( a consci\s ?9k+ #8,i1' ! head w become a pr9cipal portion ( ! bodily self4 ,9 ! evolution ( ! self-idea 9 ! race1 too1 we f9d t ! s\l 0 lodg$ 9 ! trunk long be=e x 0 assign$ a seat 9 ! head4 ,z may be se5 9 ,c4's case *ildr5 are q capable ( f9d+ _! way1 p>tly at lea/1 to ! idea t ! s\l has its lodgm5t 9 ! head4 ,b x is long be=e ?is ?\ght gr[s cle>4 ,?is may be se5 9 *ildr5's talk1 z :5 a girl ( f\r spoke ( h] dolly z hav+ no s5se 9 h] eyes4 ,ev5 :5 a *ild le>ns f o!rs t we ?9k ) our bra9s he goes on suppos+ t our ?\ghts travel d[n to ! m\? :5 we speak4 ,v int]e/+ 9 connexion ) ! fir/ /ages ( developm5t ( ! idea ( self is ! exp]i5ce ( ! mirror4 ,x w\ld be absurd to expect a *ild :5 fir/ plac$ be=e a mirror to recognise 8 own face4 ,he w smile at ! reflexion z e>ly z ! t5? week1 ?\gh ?is is probably m]ely an expression ( pleasure at ! sight ( a bright object4 ,if held 9 ! nurse's or fa!r's arms to a glass :5 ab\t six mon?s old a baby w at once %[ t he recognises ! image ( ! famili> face ( ! latt] by turn+ r\nd to ! real face1 :]eas he does n recognise 8 own4 ,he appe>s at fir/ & = "s mon?s to take x = a real object1 sometimes smil+ to x z to a /rang] & ev5 kiss+ x1 or1 z 9 ! case ( a little girl 7fifte5 mon?s old71 (f]+ x ?+s & say+ #8,ta' 7sign ( acceptance74 ,9 _m cases curiosity prompts to an attempt to grasp ! mirror-figure ) ! h&1 to turn up ! glass1 or to put ! h& beh9d x 9 ord] to see :at is really !re4 ,?is is v mu* l ! behavi\r ( monkeys be=e a mirror1 z describ$ by ,d>w9 & o!rs4 ,little by little ! *ild gets us$ to ! reflexion1 & !n by not+ c]ta9 agreem5ts betwe5 8 bodily self & ! image1 z ! movem5t ( 8 h&s :5 he po9ts1 & p>tly1 too1 by a k9d ( inf]5ce ( analogy f ! d\bl+ ( o!r ?+s by ! mirror1 he rea*es ! idea t ! reflexion belongs to himself4 ,by ! sixtie? week ,prey]'s boy _h associat$ ! "n ( 8 "m ) h] image1 po9t+ to x :5 ask$ :]e %e 04 ,by ! tw5ty-fir/ mon? he did ! same ?+ 9 ! case ( 8 own image4#ec ----- ,footnote #ec3 ,see ! v full acc\nt ( ! mirror exp]im5t 9 ,prey]'s book1 p4 #dei seq4 ----- ,an infant w1 we "k1 take a %ad[ to be a real object & try to t\* x4 ,"s *ildr5 on notic+ _! own & o!r p's %ad[s on ! wall are afraid z at some?+ uncanny4 ,"h1 too1 9 "t ! /range ph5om5on is tak5 z a matt] ( c\rse & ref]r$ to ! sun4 ,we are told t ! ph5om5a ( reflexions & %ad[s1 along ) ^? ( dreams1 _h mu* to d ) ! developm5t1 9 ! e>ly ?\ght ( ! race1 ( ! animi/ic conception t ev]y?+ has a d\ble nature & exi/5ce4 ,d *ildr5 =m simil> ideas8 ,we c see f ! autobiography ( ,george ,s& h[ a clev] girl1 reflect+ on ! impressive exp]i5ce ( ! e*o1 excogitates su* a !ory ( h] d\ble exi/5ce2 & we "k1 too1 t ! boy ,h>tley ,col]idge di/+ui%$ among ! #8,h>tleys' a picture ,h>tley & a %ad[ ,h>tley4 ,c4's biography sugge/s t be+ photograph$ may appe> to a *ild z a transmutation1 if n a d\bl+1 ( ! self4 ,b mu* m ne$s to be kn[n ab\t ^! matt]s4 ,! prom95ce ( ! bodily pictorial elem5t 9 ! *ild's fir/ idea ( self is se5 9 ! t5d5cy to re/rict p]sonal id5tity )9 ! limits ( an un*ang$ bodily appe>ance4 ,! *ild ( six1 ) 8 %ock ( curls1 refuses to believe t he is ! same z ! hairless baby ^: photograph ! "m %[s him4 ,h[ diff]5t1 h[ new1 a be+ a *ild feels on a ,sunday morn+ aft] ! extra weekly cleans+ & bru%+ & drap+4 ,! bodily appe>ance is a v big slice ( ! cont5t ( mo/ p's self-consci\sness1 & to ! *ild x is almo/ ev]y?+4 ,b 9 "t ! consci\s self1 :i* ?9ks & suff]s & wills1 comes to be dimly disc]n$4 ,i believe t a real advance t[>ds ?is true self-consci\sness is m>k$ by ! appropriation & use ( ! difficult =ms ( language1 #8,i1' #8me1' #8m9e'4 ,?is w be dealt ) 9 ano!r essay4 ,sometimes ! appreh5sion ( ! exi/5ce ( a hidd5 self di/9ct f ! body comes z a sudd5 revelation1 z to little ,george ,s&4 ,su* a swift awak5+ ( self-consci\sness is apt to be an epo*-mak+ & memorable mom5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! *ild4 ,a fa!r s5ds me ! foll[+ notes on ! developm5t ( self-consci\sness3 8,my girl1 ?ree ye>s old1 makes an extraord9>y di/9ction betwe5 h] body & h]self4 ,ly+ 9 b$ %e %ut h] eyes & said3 #8,"m1 y c't see me n['4 ,! "m repli$3 #8,oh1 y little goose1 ,i c see y b y c't see me'4 ,to :i* %e rejo9$3 #8,oh1 yes1 ,i "k y c see my body1 "m1 b y c't see me'40 ,! same *ild ab\t ! same "t 0 conc]n$ ab\t ! reality ( h] own exi/5ce4 ,"o day play+ ) h] dolls %e ask$ h] "m3 8,"m1 am ,i real1 or only a pret5d l my dolls80 ,"h aga91 x is pla91 ! emphasis 0 laid on some?+ non-corporeal1 some?+ t animat$ ! body1 & n a m]e bit ( me*anism put inside x4 ,two ye>s lat] %e %[$ a /ill f9] intellectual diff]5tiation ( ! visible & ! invisible self4 ,h] bro!r happ5$ to ask h] :at !y f$ ! be>s on at ! ,zoo4 ,%e answ]$ impulsively3 8,dead babies & t sort ( ?+04 ,on ?is ! "m int]pos$3 8,:y1 ,f41 y don't ?9k mo!rs w\ld give _! dead babies to ! animals80 ,to ?is %e repli$3 8,:y n1 "m8 ,x's only _! bodies4 ,i %\ldn't m9d y\r giv+ m9e40 ,?is contempt = ! body is an excell5t example ( ! way 9 :i* a *ild :5 he gets hold ( an idea pu%es x to its logical extreme4 ,?is little girl by-!-bye 0 %e :o1 ab\t ! same age1 took compassion on ! poor autumn leaves dy+ on ! gr\nd1 s t we may suppose h] m9d to h be5 brood+ at ?is "t on ! consci\s side ( exi/5ce4 ,! my/]y ( self-exi/5ce has probably be5 a puzzle to _m a ?\ghtful *ild4 ,a lady1 a well-kn[n writ] ( fiction1 s5ds me ! foll[+ recollection ( h] e>ly ?\ght on ?is subject3 8,! exi/5ce ( o!r p seem$ natural3 x 0 ! #8,i' t seem$ s /range to me4 ,t ,i %\ld be able to p]ceive1 to ?9k1 to cause o!r p to act1 seem$ to me q to be expect$1 b ! p[] ( feel+ & act+ & mov+ ab\t myself1 "u ! guidance ( "s int]nal self1 amaz$ me cont9ually40 ,x is ( c\rse h>d to say h[ exactly ! *ild ?9ks ab\t ?is inn] self4 ,x seems to me probable t1 all[+ = ! great diff]5ces 9 reflective p[]1 *ildr5 9 g5]al1 l uncivilis$ races1 t5d to mat]ialise x1 ?9k+ ( x dimly z a film-l %ad[-l lik5ess ( ! visible self4 ,! problem is complicat$ = ! *ild's consci\sness by religi\s in/ruction ) its idea ( an undy+ s\l4 ,z may be se5 9 ! recollections j quot$1 ?is e>ly ?\ght ab\t self is greatly occupi$ ) its action on ! body4 ,among ! _m ?+s t puzzl$ ! mu*-que/ion+ little lad already frequ5tly quot$ 0 ?is3 8,h[ d my ?\ghts come d[n f my bra9 to my m\?3 & h[ does my _s make my legs walk80 ,c4's si/] :5 f\r ye>s & t5 mon?s old want$ to "k h[ x is we c move our arm & keep x /ill :5 we want to1 :ile ! curta9 c't move except somebody moves x4 ,! fir/ attempts to solve ! puzzle are ( c\rse mat]iali/ic1 z may be se5 9 our little que/ion]'s delightful notion ( ?\ghts travell+ ?r\gh ! body4 ,?is =m ( mat]ialism1 h[ev]1 ,i f9d surviv+ 9 gr[n-ups & ev5 9 /ud5ts ( psy*ology1 :o are r fond ( talk+ ab\t s5sations travell+ up ! n]ves to ! bra94 ,v curi\s are ! directions ( ! fir/ ?\ght ab\t ! pa/ self4 ,! idea ( p]sonal id5tity1 s de> to philosoph]s1 does n appe> to be fully rea*$ at fir/4 ,on ! contr>y1 z we %all see 9 ! case ( ,c41 ! pa/ self is divorc$ f ! pres5t "u ! image ( ! opposite sex 9 ! odd expression3 8:5 ,i 0 a little girl04 ,?is probably illu/rates ! importance ( ! bodily appe>ance z a factor 9 ! self1 = ,c4 _h1 ,i believe1 be5 photograph$ :5 9 ! petticoat /age1 & no d\bt look$ back on ?is p]son 9 skirts z a girl4 ,?is is borne out by ! fact t ano!r little boy :5 ab\t ?ree & a half ye>s old ask$ 8 "m3 8,0 ,i a girl :5 ,i 0 small80 & t ! little que/ion] :om ,i h call$ our zoologi/ 0 also accu/om$ to say3 8,:5 ,i 0 a 'ickle dirl 7girl704 ,b disc>d$ petticoats d n expla9 all ! *ild's ideas ab\t 8 pa/ self4 ,?is same little zoologi/ w\ld also say1 8,:5 ,i 0 a big man10 to describe ! /ate ( ?+s long1 long ago4 ,:at does ?is mean8 ,9 discuss+ ! qua9t idea ( s5ile %r9kage ,i h sugge/$ t a *ild may ?9k ( human exi/5ce z a s]ies ( trans=mations f littl5ess to bigness1 & ! rev]se1 & "h we h light$ on ano!r app>5t evid5ce ( x4 ,= ?\gh we are apt to call *ildr5 #8old m5' we d n sugge/ to !m t !y are or h be5 big m54 ,! difficulty to ! *ild ( conceiv+ ( 8 remote pa/1 is surpass$ by t ( try+ to und]/& ! /ate ( ?+s be=e he 0 born4 ,! true my/]y ( bir? = ! *ild1 ! my/]y :i* fasc9ates & holds 8 m9d1 is t ( 8 beg9n+ to be4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 ,c4's "q3 8,:]e 0 ,i a hundr$ ye>s ago8 ,:]e 0 ,i be=e ,i 0 born80 ,x rema9s a my/]y = all ( u1 only t aft] a "t we are wont to put x aside4 ,! *ild1 on ! o!r h&1 is /ung1 s to say1 by ! puzzle1 8 :ole m9d be+ r\s$ to passionate que/ion+4 ,x is curi\s to note ! diff]5ces 9 ! attitude ( *ildr5's m9ds t[>ds ! my/]y4 ,! small p]son accu/om$ to pett+1 to be made ! c5tre ( o!rs' ?\ght & action1 may be /ruck ) ! blank 9 ! common home life be=e 8 arrival4 ,a lady 0 talk+ to h] little girl ,h41 ag$ ?ree ye>s1 ab\t some?+ %e _h done :5 %e 0 a *ild4 ,h4 !n want$ to "k :at %e 0 do+ !n1 & 0 told by h] "m3 8,oh1 y 7 n "h at all04 ,%e seem$ q amaz$ at ?is1 & said3 8,& :at did y d )\t ,h48 ,did y cry all day = h]80 ,on be+ in=m$ t ?is 0 n ! case1 %e seem$ q unable to realise h[ h] "m c\ld h exi/$ )\t h]4 ,!re is some?+ ( ! *>m+ egoism ( ! *ild "h1 b !re is m3 !re is ! vague expression ( ! unify+ integrat+ "w ( love4 ,lov]s1 "o is told1 are wont to ?9k 9 ! same way ab\t ! pa/ be=e !y met1 & became all 9 all to "o ano!r4 ,= ?is little girl ) h] /rong s5se ( human atta*m5t1 ! idea ( a real life )\t t :i* gave x w>m? & gladness 0 a contradiction4 ,sometimes aga91 9 ! m metaphysical sort ( *ild1 ! puzzle relates to ! pa/ exi/5ce ( ! out] _w4 ,we h all be5 p]plex$ by ! ?\ght ( ! e>? & sky1 & o!r folk exi/+ be=e we 71 & go+ on to exi/ aft] we cease to be2 ?\gh "h aga91 save 9 ! case ( ! philosoph] p]haps1 we get us$ to ! puzzle4 ,*ildr5 may be deeply impress$ ) ?is app>5t contradiction4 ,jean ,+el[ 9 h] int]e/+ rem9isc5ces ?us writes ( h] puzzl+s on ?is head3 ,i w5t ?r\gh a _w ( cogitation z to :e!r x 0 really true t any?+ _h be5 & liv$ be=e ,i 0 !re to see x4444 ,i c\ld ?9k !re might h be5 "s day :5 ,i 0 v little--z small z ! mo/ t9y pebble on ! road--b n to h be5 at all 0 s v h>d to believe4 ,a little boy ( five :o 0 r giv5 to say+ #8clev]' ?+s1 0 "o day ask$ by a visitor1 :o ?\ght to rebuke :at %e took to be 8 conceit3 8,:y1 ,m41 h[ev] did ! _w g r\nd be=e y came into x80 ,m4 at once repli$3 8,:y1 x didn't g r\nd4 ,x only began five ye>s ago40 ,0 ?is1 z p]haps n9e p]sons out ( t5 w\ld say1 m]ely a bit ( dialectic sm>tness1 ! evasion ( an awkw>d "q by d5y+ ! assum$ fact8 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t !re 0 m1 t ! virtu\s int5tion ( ! visitor _h *anc$ to discov] a hidd5 *ild-?\ght2 = ! *ild is naturally a ,b]keleyan1 9 s f> at lea/ t = him ! reality ( ?+s is reality = 8 own s5se-p]ceptions4 ,a _w exi/5t be=e he 0 on ! spot to see x1 seems to ! *ild's intellig5ce a contradiction4 ,a *ild w sometimes use !ological ideas z an escape f ?is puzzle4 ,! my? ( babies be+ br\ght d[n f heav5 is p>ticul>ly helpful4 ,! quick "y intellig5ce sees 9 ?is pretty idea a way ( prolong+ exi/5ce backw>ds4 ,! same little boy t 0 s conc]n$ to "k :at 8 "m _h done )\t him1 happ5$ "o day to be pass+ a /reet pump ) 8 "m1 :5 he /opp$ & obs]v$ ) p]fect gravity3 8,!re are no pumps 9 heav5 :]e ,i came f04 ,he _h evid5tly ?\ght out ! leg5d ( ! ,god-s5t baby to its logical consequ5ces4 ,*ildr5 appe> to h v vague ideas ab\t "t4 ,_! m9ds _c at fir/ ( c\rse rise to ! ab/raction1 "t1 or duration1 or to its measur$ portions1 z a day4 ,!y talk ab\t ! days z if !y 7 ?+s4 ,?us to-day1 ye/]day1 & to-morr[1 :i*1 z we may see 9 ,c4's way ( talk+ ab\t "t1 are us$ v vaguely = pres5t1 pa/ & future1 are spok5 ( z ?+s :i* move4 ,a girl ( f\r ask$3 #8,:]e is ye/]day gone to8' & #8,:]e w to-morr[ come f8' ,! boy ,c4 z well z o!r *ildr51 z we saw1 ask$ :]e all ! days g to4 ,su* expressions may ( c\rse be figurative1 a *ild hav+ no o!r way ( describ+ ! sequ5ce ye/]day & to-day1 to-day & to-morr[2 yet ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t ^! are examples ( ! *ild's #8concretism1' 8 r$uction ( our ab/ractions to liv+ realities4#ed ----- ,footnote #ed3 ,a *ild quot$ by ,p4 ,lombroso ?\ght ( a ye> z a r\nd ?+ hav+ ! diff]5t fe/ivals on x1 & br++ ^! r\nd 9 due ord] by its rotation 7op4 cit41 p4 #di74 ----- ,x is equally noticeable t *ildr5 h no adequate m5tal repres5tations ( our "t-measurem5ts4 ,z 9 ! case ( space1 s 9 t ( "t _! /&>d is n ours3 an h\r1 say ! fir/ morn+ at s*ool1 may seem an et]nity to a *ild's consci\sness4 ,! days1 ! mon?s1 ! ye>s seem to fly fa/] & fa/] z we get old]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z 9 ! case ( space-judgm5ts1 too1 ! *ild ?r\gh 8 inability to repres5t "t on a l>ge scale is apt to br+ ! pa/ too ne> ! pres5t4 ,mo!rs & "y tea*]s w\ld be surpris$ if !y knew h[ *ildr5 int]pret$ _! fir/ hi/orical in/ruction introduc$ by ! common phrase1 #8,_m ye>s ago1' or simil> expression4 ,a *ild ( six ye>s :5 cross+ ! ,r$ ,sea ask$ to be %[n ,ph>aoh & 8 ho/s4 ,?is looks l ! effect ( a vivid imag9ation ( ! sc5e1 :i* ev5 9 gr[n p may beget an expectation ( see+ x "h & n[4 ,! foll[+ anecdote ( a boy ( five & a half ye>s s5t me by 8 aunt m cle>ly illu/rates a *ild's idea ( ! hi/orical pa/4 8,h4 0 beg9n+ to h ,engli% hi/ory read to him & _h got pa/ ! #8,romans' z he said4 ,"o day he notic$ a locket on my wat*-*a91 & desir$ t x %\ld be op5$4 ,x conta9$ ! hair ( two babies bo? dead long be=e4 ,he ask$ ab\t !m4 ,i told him !y di$ be=e ,i 0 born4 #8,did fa!r "k !m8' he ask$4 #8,no1 !y di$ be=e he 0 born4' #8,!n :o knew !m & :5 did !y live8' he ask$1 & z ,i hesitat$ = a mom5t1 seek+ h[ to make ! matt] pla91 #8,0 x 9 ! "t ( ! ,romans8' he gravely ask$40 ,! odd-look+ hi/orical p]spective "h 0 q natural4 ,he _h to localise ! babies' exi/5ce some:]e1 & he c\ld only d x conjecturally by ref]5ce to ! "o f>-(f "t ( :i* he _h he>d1 & :i* presumably cov]$ all t 0 be=e ! life-"t ( himself & ( ^? ab\t him4 ,!ological ,ideas4 ,we may n[ pass to ano!r gr\p ( *ildr5's ideas1 a gr\p already allud$ to1 ^? :i* h to d ) ! invisible _w1 ) dea? & :at foll[s ?is--,god & heav54 ,"h we f9d an odd pat*work ( ?\ght1 ! pat*work-look be+ due to ! het]og5e\s s\rces ( ! *ild's in=mation1 8 own obs]vations ( ! visible _w on ! "o h&1 & ! ideas suppli$ him by :at is call$ religi\s in/ruction on ! o!r4 ,! *>act]i/ic activity ( ! *ild-m9d1 s f> z we c dis5gage x1 is se5 9 ! attempt to co-ord9ate ! disp>ate & seem+ly contradictory ideas into some?+ l a coh]5t sy/em4 ,l ! beg9n+ ( life1 its t]m9ation1 dea?1 is "o ( ! recurr+ puzzles ( *ildhood4 ,?is might be illu/rat$ f almo/ any autobiographical rem9isc5ces ( *ildhood4 ,"h inde$ ! my/]y1 z may be se5 9 ,c4's case1 is made ! m impressive & recurr5t to consci\sness by ! elem5t ( dread4 ,a little girl ( ?ree & a half ye>s ask$ h] "m to put a great /one on h] head1 because %e did n want to die4 ,%e 0 ask$ h[ a /one w\ld prev5t x1 & answ]$ ) p]fect *ildi% logic3 8,because ,i %all n gr[ tall if y put a great /one on my head2 & p :o gr[ tall get old & !n die04 ,dea? seems to be ?\ght ( by ! unsophi/icat$ *ild z ! body r$uc$ to a motionless /ate1 devoid ( brea? & unable any long] to feel or ?9k4 ,?is is ! idea sugge/$ by ! sight ( dead animals1 :i* b few *ildr51 h[ev] closely %ield$1 c escape4 ,! fir/ way ( envisag+ dea? seems to be z a tempor>y /ate l sleep1 :i* x s closely resembles4 ,a little boy ( two & a half ye>s1 on he>+ f 8 "m ( ! dea? ( a lady fri5d1 at once ask$3 8,w ,mrs4 ,p4 /ill be dead :5 we g back to ,london80 ,! k ( burial gives a new & t]rible turn to 8 idea ( dea?4 ,he n[ beg9s to speculate mu* ab\t ! grave4 ,! in/9ctive t5d5cy to c>ry ov] ! idea ( life & s5ti5ce to ! buri$ body is illu/rat$ 9 ,c4's fe> le/ ! e>? %\ld be put ov] 8 eyes4 ,! foll[+ obs]vation f ! ,worce/] ,collection illu/rates ! same t5d5cy4 8,a few days ago ,h4 7ag$ f\r ye>s f\r mon?s7 came to me & said3 #8,did y "k !y'd tak5 ,deacon ,w4 to ,grafton8' ,i4 #8,yes4' ,h4 #8,well1 ,i s'pose x's ! be/ ?+4 ,8 folks 7mean+ 8 *ildr57 are buri$ !re1 & !y w\ldn't "k he 0 dead if he 0 buri$ "h4'0 ,?is rev]sion to savage notions ( ! dead 9 speak+ ( a ,*ri/ian deacon has a c]ta9 grim hum\r4 ,all ?\ghts ( heav5 7 "h =gott5 9 ! absorb+ int]e/ 9 ! fate ( ! body4 ,d *ildr5 :5 left to !mselves "w out a !ory ( ano!r life1 t ( ! s\l away f ! dead des]t$ body8 ,x is ( c\rse difficult to say1 all *ildr5 receiv+ "s in/ruction at lea/ ( a religi\s "* respect+ ! future4 ,"o ( ! cle>e/ approa*es to spontane\s *ild-?\ght t ,i h met ) "h is suppli$ by ! acc\nt ( ! ,bo/on *ildr54 ,_m *ildr5 7writes ,pr(essor ,/anley ,hall7 locate all t is good & imp]fectly kn[n 9 ! c\ntry1 & ne>ly a doz5 volunte]$ ! /atem5t t good p :5 !y die g to ! c\ntry--ev5 "h f ,bo/on4 ,! ref]5ce to good p %[s t ! *ildr5 are "h try+ to give concrete def9it5ess to some?+ t has be5 said by ano!r4 ,^! *ildr5 _h n1 "o suspects1 receiv$ mu* sy/ematic religi\s in/ruction4 ,!y _h p]haps ga!r$ 9 a casual way ! in=mation t good p :5 !y die are to g to a nice place4 ,*ildr5 pick up mu* f ! talk ( _! bett]-in/ruct$ companions :i* !y only half und]/&4 ,9 any case x is int]e/+ to note t !y plac$ _! heav5 9 ! c\ntry1 ! unkn[n beautiful region1 :]e all sorts ( luxuries gr[4 ,"o is rem9d$ ( ! idea ( ! happy hunt+ gr\nds to :i* ! ,am]ican ,indian consigns 8 dead *ief4 ,x w\ld h be5 int]e/+ to exam9e ^! ,bo/on *ildr5 z to h[ !y comb9$ ?is belief 9 go+ to ! c\ntry ) ! burial ( ! body 9 ! city4 ,9 ! case ( *ildr5 :o pick up some?+ ( ! or?odox religi\s cre$ ! idea ( go+ to heav5 has someh[ to be grasp$ & put side by side ) t ( burial4 ,h[ ! *ild-m9d behaves "h x is h>d to say4 ,x is probable t !re are _m com=table & /upid *ildr5 :o are n tr\bl$ by any appe>ance ( contradiction4 ,z we saw 9 ! rem>k ( ! ,am]ican *ild ab\t ! deacon1 ! *ild-m9d may oscillate betwe5 ! native idea t ! man lives on 9 a s5se und]gr\nd1 & ! ali5 idea t he has pass$ into heav54 ,yet und\bt$ly ! m ?\ghtful k9d ( *ild does try to br+ ! two ideas into agreem5t4 ,! boy ,c4 attempt$ to d ?is fir/ ( all by suppos+ t ! p :o w5t to heav5 7! good7 7 n buri$ at all2 & lat] by po/pon+ ! go+ to heav51 ! true entrance be+ t ( ! body by way ( ! tomb4 ,o!r ways ( gett+ a consi/5t view ( ?+s are also hit ^u4 ,?us a little girl ( five ye>s ?\ght t ! head only pass$ to heav54 ,?is 0 no d\bt a way ( und]/&+ ! communication f o!rs t ! #8body' is buri$4 ,?is inf]5ce is borne out by ano!r /ory ( a boy ( f\r & a half :o ask$ h[ mu* ( 8 legs w\ld h to be cut (f :5 he 0 buri$4 ,! legs 7 n ! #8body'4 ,b ! idea ( ! head pass+ to heav5 meant m ?an ?is4 ,x pretty c]ta9ly involv$ a localisation ( ! s\l 9 ! cr[n ( ! body1 & x may possibly h be5 help$ by pictures ( *]ub heads4 ,sometimes ?is process ( *ild-?\ght reflects t ( e>ly human ?\ght1 z :5 a little boy ( six said t ,god took ! brea? to heav5 7cf4 ! ideas und]ly+ spiritus & 74 ,9 :at precise mann] *ildr5 imag9e ! entrance into heav5 to take place ,i d n feel c]ta94 ,! leg5d ( be+ borne by angels ?r\gh ! air probably assi/s "h4 ,z we h se51 *ildr5 t5d to ?9k ( p :5 !y die z %r9k+ back to baby-dim5sions s z to be c>ri$ 9 ! angels' arms4 ,! idea ( p go+ to heav5 is1 z we "k1 pu%$ by ! little bra9 to its logical consequ5ces4 ,animals :5 !y die pass to ano!r place also4 ,a boy ?ree ye>s & n9e mon?s ask$ :e!r birds1 insects1 & s =? g to heav5 :]e p g :5 !y die4 ,yet a mat]iali/ic t5d5cy %[s itself "h1 especially 9 connexion ) ! obs]vation t animals are eat54 ,a little ,am]ican boy 9 8 fif? ye> 0 play+ ) a tadpole till x di$4 ,imm$iately ! o!r tadpoles ate x up1 & ! *ild bur/ out cry+4 ,8 eld] si/] ) ! be/ ( int5tions tri$ to com=t him by say+3 #8,don't cry1 ,william1 he's gone to a bett] place'4 ,to :i* r ill-tim$ assurance he retort$ sceptically3 #8,are 8 bro!rs & si/]s' /oma*s a bett] place8' ,com+ n[ to ideas ( sup]natural be+s1 x is to be not$ t *ildr5 d n :olly dep5d = _! conceptions ( ^! on religi\s or o!r in/ruction4 ,! livel9ess ( _! imag9ation & _! impulses ( dread & tru/ pu% !m on to a spontane\s creation ( invisible be+s4 ,9 ,c4's haunt+ belief 9 ! wolf we see a sort ( survival ( ! t5d5cy ( ! savage to p ! unse5 _w ) mon/]s 9 ! %ape ( demons4 ,ano!r little boy ( r m ?an two ye>s :o _h receiv$ no religi\s in/ruction acquir$ a simil> haunt+ dread ( #8cocky1' ! "n he _h giv5 to ! cocks & h5s :5 9 ! c\ntry4 ,he localis$ ?is evil ?+ 9 ! ba?room ( ! h\se1 & he attribut$ pa9s 9 ! /oma* to ! malign influ5ce ( #8cocky'4#ee ,fe> creat$ ! gods accord+ to ,lucretius1 & 9 ?is inv5tion ( evil be+s b5t on injur+ him ! *ild ( a mod]n civilis$ community may reproduce ! process by :i* man's ?\ghts 7 fir/ tr\bl$ by ! appreh5sion ( invisible & sup]natural ag5ts4 ----- ,footnote #ee3 ,see ,m9d1 vol4 xi41 p4 #adi4 ----- ,on ! o!r h& we f9d t ! *ildi% impulse to seek aid leads to a belief 9 a m b5ign sort ( be+4 ,c4's /aun* belief 9 8 fairies :o c\ld d ! mo/ wond]ful ?+s = him1 & m especially 8 inv5tion ( ! ra9-god 7! 8,ra9]071 are a cle> illu/ration ( ! work+ ( ?is impulse4 ,ev5 "h1 ( c\rse1 :ile we c detect ! play ( a spontane\s impulse1 we h to recognise ! influ5ce ( in/ruction4 ,c4's tutel>y deities1 ! fairies1 7 no d\bt sugge/$ by 8 fairy /ories2 ev5 ?\gh1 z 9 ! my? ( ! ,ra9]1 we see h[ 8 active little m9d proce$$ to "w out ! h9ts giv5 him into q orig9al %apes4 ,?is orig9al adaptation %[s itself on a l>ge scale :]e some?+ l sy/ematic religi\s in/ruction is suppli$4 ,an intellig5t *ild ( f\r or five w 9 ! laboratory ( 8 m9d turn ! ideas ( ,god & ! devil to /range acc\nt4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+1 if we c\ld only get x1 to h a collection ( all ! hide\s e]ie =ms by :i* ! "y imag9ation has endeav\r$ to int]pret ! notion ( ! devil4 ,8 r5d]+s ( ! idea ( ,god appe> to %[ h>dly less ( picturesque div]sity4#ef ----- ,footnote #ef3 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,e>l ,b>nes1 ! ,cali=nian *ildr5 seem to occupy !mselves b little ) ! devil & hell4 ,see 8 int]e/+ pap]1 8,!ological ,life ( a ,cali=nian ,*ild10 ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 ii41 #c1 p4 #ddb seq4 ----- ,x is to be not$ at ! outset t = ! *ild's intellig5ce ! ideas introduc$ by religi\s in/ruction at once graft !mselves on to ^? ( fairy-lore4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] has some:]e ridicul$ our univ]sity type ( education ) its juxtaposition ( classical poly!ism & ,hebrew mono!ism4 ,"o might1 p]haps1 ) /ill great] reason1 satirise ! mix+ up ( fairy-/ory & ,bible-/ory 9 ! in/ruction ( a *ild ( five4 ,:o c wond] t ! little bra9 %\ld ?r[ toge!r all ^! wondr\s invisible =ms1 & picture ,god z an angry or amiable old giant1 ! angels z fairies & s =?8 ,9 ,george ,s&'s *ild-romance ( ,coramb we see h[ f> ?is bl5d+ ( ! ideas ( ! two doma9s ( ! invisible _w c be c>ri$4 ,= ! re/1 ! *ild 9 8 almo/ pa!tic ef=t to cat* ! mean+ ( ?is religi\s in/ruction proce$s 9 8 *>act]i/ic matt]-(-fact way by r$uc+ ! ab/ruse symbols to t]ms ( famili> e-day exp]i5ce4 ,he has to und]/& & he c only und]/& by assimilat+ to homely t]re/rial facts4 ,h5ce ! undisguis$ mat]ialism ( ! *ild's !ology4 ,accord+ to ,/anley ,hall's collection ( obs]vations1 ,god 0 imag$ by "o *ild z a man pret]naturally big--a big blue man2 by ano!r z a huge be+ ) limbs spread all ov] ! sky2 by ano!r z s imm5sely tall t he c\ld /& ) "o foot on ! gr\nd1 & t\* ! cl\ds1--/rong l ! giant1 8 prototype4 ,he is commonly1 9 con=mity ) :at is told1 suppos$ to dwell 9 heav51 t is j ! o!r side ( ! blue & :ite floor1 ! sky4 ,he is s ne> ! cl\ds t accord+ to "o small boy 7our little fri5d ! zoologi/7 ^! are a sort ( pleasaunce1 compos$ ( hills & trees1 :i* he has made to saunt] 94 ,b "s *ildr5 are inv5tive ev5 9 respect ( ,god's :]eab\ts4 ,he has be5 reg>d$ z inhabit+ "o ( ! />s4 ,"o ( ,mr4 ,kratz's *ildr5 localis$ him #8up 9 ! moon1' an idea :i* probably owes some?+ to obs]vation ( ! man 9 ! moon4 ,we note1 too1 a t5d5cy to approximate heav5 & e>?1 possibly 9 ord] to acc\nt = ,god's frequ5t pres5ce & activity "h4 ,?us "o ( ,mr4 ,kratz's *ildr5 said t ,god 0 8up on ! hill10 & "o little girl ( five 0 9 ! habit ( climb+ an old apple tree to visit him & tell him :at %e want$4 ,diff]5ces ( feel+1 z well z diff]5ces 9 ! mode ( in/ruction & 9 intellig5ce1 seem to reflect !mselves 9 ^! ideas ( ! div9e dwell+-place4 ,z we h se51 ! *ildi% intellig5ce is apt to envisage ,god z a sort ( gr& "l ) a h\se or mansion4 ,two diff]5t t5d5cies %[ !mselves 9 ! ?\ght ab\t ?is dwell+-place4 ,on ! "o h& ! feel+ ( *ildi% respect1 :i* l$ a ,g]man girl ( sev5 to address him 9 ! polite =m1 #8,i* bitte ,sie1' leads to a beautify+ ( 8 h\se4 ,accord+ to "s ( ! ,bo/onian *ildr5 he has birds1 *ildr51 & ,santa ,claus liv+ ) him4 ,o!rs ?9k ( him z hav+ a big p>k or pleasaunce ) trees1 fl[]s1 z well z birds4 ,! *ildr5 are p]haps our dead p :o 9 "t w be s5t back to e>?4 ,:e!r ! birds1 t ,i f9d come 9 aga9 & aga9 9 ! ideas ( heav51 are dead birds1 ,i am n sure4 ,:ile h[ev] !re is ?is half-poetical adorn+ ( ,god's palace1 we see also a t5d5cy to humanise x1 to make x l our famili> h\ses4 ,?is is qua9tly illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ pray] ( a girl ( sev5 ^: gr&fa!r _h j di$3 8,please1 ,god1 gr&papa has gone to y4 ,please take great c>e ( him4 ,please always m9d & %ut ! door1 because he c't /& ! draughts40 ,we see ! same lean+ to homely conceptions 9 ! "q ( a little girl ( f\r3 #8,isn't !re a ,mrs4 ,god8' ,:ile ?us relegat$ to ! sublime regions ( ! sky ,god is suppos$ to be do+ ?+s1 & ( c\rse do+ !m = u1 s5d+ d[n ra9 & s =?4 ,:at seems to impress *ildr5 mo/1 especially boys1 9 ! traditional acc\nt ( ,god is 8 p[] ( mak+ ?+s4 ,he is emphatically ! artific]1 ! demiurgos1 :o n only has made ! _w1 ! />s1 etc41 b is /ill kept actively employ$ by human ne$s4 ,accord+ to ! ,bo/on *ildr5 he fabricates all sorts ( ?+s f babies to money1 & ! angels "w = him4 ,! boy has a great admiration = ! mak]1 & our small zoologi/ :5 ?ree ye>s & t5 mon?s old1 on see+ a gr\p ( work+ m5 return+ f _! "w1 ask$ 8 a/oni%$ "m3 8,mamma1 is ^! gods80 8,god60 retort$ 8 "m1 8:y80 8,because10 he w5t on1 8!y makes h\ses1 & *ur*es1 mamma1 same z ,god makes moons1 & p1 & 'ickle dogs40 ,ano!r *ild wat*+ a man repair+ ! telegraph wires t re/$ on a high pole at ! top ( a l(ty h\se1 ask$ if he 0 ,god4 ,9 ?is way ! *ild is apt to ?9k ( ,god desc5d+ to e>? 9 ord] to make ?+s4 ,inde$1 9 _! pray]s1 *ildr5 are wont to summon ,god z a sort ( good g5ius to d some?+ difficult = !m4 ,a boy ( f\r & a half ye>s 0 "o day 9 ! kit*5 ) 8 "m1 & w\ld keep tak+ up ! knives & us+ !m4 ,at la/ 8 "m said3 8,l41 y w cut y\r f+]s1 & if y d !y won't gr[ aga904 ,he ?\ght = a m9ute & !n said ) a tone ( deep conviction3 8,b ,god w\ld make !m gr[4 ,he made me1 s he c\ld m5d my f+]s1 & if ,i 7 to cut ! ends (f ,i %\ld say1 #8,god1 ,god1 come to y\r "w1' & he w\ld say1 #8,all "r'40#eg ----- ,footnote #eg3 ,to judge f a /ory = ! tru? ( :i* ,i w n v\* *ildr5 w turn ! devil to ! same useful acc\nt4 ,a little girl 0 obs]v$ to write a lett] & to bury x 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! cont5ts ran some?+ l ?is3 ,de> ,devil1 please come & take aunt--soon1 ,i _c /& h] mu* long]4 ,! bury+ is significant ( ! devil's dwell+-place4 ----- ,:ile ?is way ( recognis+ ,god z ! busy artific] is common1 x is n univ]sal4 ,! *ild's deity1 l ! man's 7z ,feu]ba* %[$71 is a projection ( himself1 & z !re are lazy *ildr51 s !re is a *ild's ,god :o is a luxuri\s p]son sitt+ 9 a lovely arm-*air all day1 & at mo/ putt+ out f heav5 ! moon & />s at night4 ,?is admiration ( ,god's creative p[] is naturally accompani$ by t ( 8 skill4 ,a little boy once said to 8 "m he w\ld l to g to heav5 to see ,jesus4 ,ask$ :y1 he repli$3 8,oh6 he's a great conjur]04 ,! *ild _h %ortly be=e se5 "s human conjur+ & us$ ?is exp]i5ce 9 a ?or\ghly *ildi% fa%ion by envisag+ 9 a new light ! ,new ,te/am5t miracle-work]4 ,! idea ( ,god's omnisci5ce seems to come naturally to *ildr54 ,!y are 9 ! way ( look+ up to old] folks z possess+ b\ndless in=mation4 ,c4's belief 9 ! all-kn[+ness ( ! prea*]1 & 8 si/]'s belief 9 ! all-kn[+ness ( ! policeman1 %[ h[ readily ! *ild-m9d falls 9 ) ! notion4 ,on ! o!r h& ,i h he>d ( ! dogma ( ,god's inf9ite k provok+ a sceptical attitude 9 ! *ild-m9d4 ,?is seems to be sugge/$ 9 a r rude rem>k ( a boy ( f\r1 bor$ by ! long ,sunday disc\rse ( 8 "m3 8,"m1 does ,god "k :5 y are go+ to /op80 ,our a/ute little zoologi/1 :5 five ye>s & sev5 mon?s old1 9 a talk ) 8 "m1 impi\sly s\ght to tone d[n ! doctr9e ( omnisci5ce 9 ?is way3 8,i "k a 'ickle m ?an ,kitty1 & y "k a 'ickle m ?an me2 & ,god kn[s a 'ickle m ?an y1 ,i s'pose2 !n he c't "k s v mu* aft] all04 ,ano!r ( ! div9e attributes does und\bt$ly %ock ! *ildi% intellig5ce3 ,i mean ,god's omnipres5ce4 ,x seems1 inde$1 amaz+ t ! s-call$ in/ructor ( ! *ild %\ld talk to him almo/ 9 ! same brea? ab\t ,god's inhabit+ heav51 & ab\t 8 be+ ev]y:]e pres5t4 ,"h1 ,i ?9k1 we see mo/ pla9ly ! sup]iority ( ! *ild's m9d to ! adult's1 9 t x does n let contradictory ideas lie peacefully side by side1 b makes !m face "o ano!r4 ,to ! *ild1 z we h se51 ,god lives 9 ! sky1 ?\gh he is q capable ( com+ d[n to e>? :5 he wi%es or :5 he is politely ask$ to d s4 ,h5ce he rejects ! idea ( a diffus$ ubiquit\s exi/5ce4 ,! idea :i* is apt to be introduc$ e>ly z a moral in/rum5t1 t ,god c always see ! *ild1 is especially res5t$ by t small1 s5sitive1 pr\d creature1 to :om ! ev]-foll[+ eyes ( ! portrait on ! wall seem a p]secution4 ,miss ,%9n1 a c>eful ,am]ican obs]v] ( *ildr51 has writt5 /rongly1 yet n too /rongly1 on ! repugnance ( ! *ild-m9d to ?is idea ( an ev]-spy+ eye4#eh ,my obs]vations fully confirm h] conclusions "h4 ,miss ,%9n speaks ( a little girl1 :o1 on le>n+ t %e 0 "u ?is con/ant surveillance1 decl>$ t %e 8w\ld n be s tagg$04 ,a little ,engli% boy ( ?ree1 on be+ in=m$ by 8 old] si/] t ,god c see & wat* u :ile we _c see him1 ?\ght a:ile1 & !n 9 an apologetic tone said3 8,i'm v sorry1 de>1 ,i c't 7b7elieve y04 ,:at ! si/]1 ag$ fifte51 ?\ght ( ?is is n record$4 ,an ,am]ican boy ( five1 le>n+ t ,god 0 9 ! room & c\ld see ev5 if ! %utt]s 7 clos$1 said3 8,i "k1 x's juggl]y04 ----- ,footnote #eh3 ,ov]l& ,mon?ly1 ,jan41 #ahid1 p4 #ab4 ----- ,:5 ! idea is accept$ odd devices are excogitat$ = ! purpose ( mak+ x intelligible4 ,?us "o *ild ?\ght ( ,god z a v small p]son :o c\ld easily pass ?r\gh ! keyhole4 ,! idea ( ,god's huge framework illu/rat$ above is probably ! result ( an attempt to figure ! conception ( omnipres5ce4 ,curi\s conclusions too are sometimes drawn f ! supposition4 ,?us a little girl ( ?ree ye>s & n9e mon?s "o day said to h] "m 9 ! abrupt *ildi% mann]3 8,mr4 ,c4 7a g5tleman %e _h kn[n :o _h j di$7 is 9 ?is room04 ,h] "m1 naturally a good deal />tl$1 answ]$3 8,oh1 no60 ,:]eupon ! *ild resum$3 8,yes1 he is4 ,y told me he is ) ,god1 & y told me ,god 0 ev]y:]e1 s z ,mr4 ,c4 is ) ,god he mu/ be 9 ?is room40 ,) su* tr5*ant logic does ! *ild's intellig5ce cut ?r\gh ! tangle ( incongru\s ideas :i* we try to pass (f z me?odical in/ruction4 ,x might easily be suppos$ t ! *ild's read9ess to pray to ,god is inconsi/5t ) :at has j be5 said4 ,yet ,i ?9k !re is no real inconsi/5cy4 ,*ildr5's idea ( pray] is1 probably1 t ( s5d+ a message to "s "o at a di/ance4 ,! epi/ol>y mann] noticeable 9 _m pray]s seems to illu/rate ?is4#ei ,! my/]i\s :isp]+ is1 ,i suspect1 suppos$ 9 "s inscrutable fa%ion kn[n only to ! *ild to transmit itself to ! div9e e>4 ----- ,footnote #ei3 ,cf4 ! /ory ( writ+ a lett] to ! devil giv5 above4 ----- ,( ! *ild's belief 9 ,god's goodness x is ne$less to say mu*4 ,= ^! little wor%ipp]s he is emphatically ! fri5d 9 ne$ :o c help !m out ( _! difficulties 9 a hundr$ ways4 ,our small zoologi/ ?ank$ ,god = mak+ 8! sea1 ! holes ) crabs 9 !m1 & ! trees1 ! fields1 & ! fl[]s10 & regrett$ t he did n foll[ up ! mak+ ( ! animals we eat by do+ ! cook+ also4 ,z _! pray]s %[ he is ev] ready to make nice pres5ts1 f a f9e day to a toy-gun1 & w d !m any k9dness if only !y ask prettily4 ,happy ! reign ( ?is untr\bl$ optimism4 ,= _m *ildr51 alas1 x is all too %ort1 ! col\r ( _! life mak+ !m lose fai? 9 all k9dness1 & ?9k ( ,god z cross & ev5 z cruel4 ,"o ( ! real difficulties ( !ology = ! *ild's intellig5ce is ! doctr9e ( ,god's et]nity4 ,puzzl$ at fir/ ) ! fact ( 8 own beg9n+1 he comes soon to be tr\bl$ ) ! idea ( ,god's hav+ _h no beg9n+4 ,c4 %[$ a common tr5d ( *ildi% ?\ght 9 ask+ :at ,god 0 l 9 8 y\ng] days4 ,! "q1 8,:o made ,god80 seems to be "o to :i* all inquir+ "y m9ds are l$ at a c]ta9 /age ( *ild-?\ght4 ,! metaphysical impulse ( ! *ild to foll[ back ! *a9 ( ev5ts ad inf9itum f9ds ! ev]-exi/5t un*ang+ ,god v mu* 9 ! way4 ,he wants to get beh9d ?is 8always 00 ( ,god's exi/5ce1 j z at an e>li] /age ( 8 developm5t he want$ to get beh9d ! b>ri] ( ! blue hills4 ,?is is qua9tly illu/rat$ 9 ! reason+ ( a *ild obs]v$ by ,m4 ,egg]4 ,hav+ le>nt f 8 "m t be=e ! _w !re 0 only ,god ! ,creator1 he ask$3 8,& be=e ,god80 ,! "m hav+ repli$1 8,no?+10 he at once int]pret$ h] answ] by say+3 8,no2 !re mu/ h be5 ! place 7i4e41 ! empty space7 :]e ,god is04 ,s det]m9$ is ! little m9d to get back to ! #8be=e1' & to f9d some?+1 if only a prep>$ place4 ,o!r my/]ies ( :i* ! *ild comes to he> f9d _! *>act]i/ic solution 9 ! busy little bra94 ,a fri5d tells me t :5 a *ild he 0 mu* puzzl$ by ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,he happ5$ to be an only *ild1 & s he 0 l$ to put a mean+ into x by assimilat+ x to ! family gr\p1 9 :i* ! ,holy ,gho/ became ! "m4 ,i h tri$ to %[ t *ildr5 seek to br+ mean+1 & a consi/5t mean+1 into ! jumble ( communications ab\t ! unse5 _w to :i* !y are apt to be treat$4 ,i agree ) ,miss ,%9n t *ildr5 ab\t ?ree & f\r are n dispos$ to !ologise1 & are = ! mo/ "p simply confus$ by ! acc\nts ( ,god :i* !y receive4 ,_m ( ! less bright ( ^! small m9ds may rema9 untr\bl$ by ! incongruities lurk+ 9 ! mixture ( ideas1 half my?ological or poetical1 half !ological1 :i* is ?us introduc$4 ,su* *ildr5 are no worse ?an _m adults1 :o h a wond]ful p[] ( ent]ta9+ contradictory ideas by keep+ !m safely ap>t 9 sep>ate *amb]s ( _! bra94 ,! intellig5t ?\ghtful *ild on ! o!r h& tries at lea/ to reconcile & to comb9e 9 an intelligible :ole4 ,8 m9d has n1 l t ( s _m adults1 become habituat$ to ! wat]-tight comp>tm5t arrangem5t1 9 :i* !re is no possibility ( a leakage ( ideas f "o gr\p into ano!r4 ,h5ce 8 puzzl+s1 8 que/ion+s1 8 brave attempts to r$uce ! *aos to ord]4 ,i ?9k x is ab\t "t to ask :e!r p>5ts are do+ wisely 9 ?us add+ to ! p]plex+ problems ( e>ly days4 ,v4 ,,! ,,little ,,l+ui/4 ,prel+ui/ic ,babbl+s4 ,no "p ( ! life ( a *ild appeals to u m p[]fully p]haps ?an ! fir/ use ( our language4 ,! small p]son's fir/ ef=ts 9 l+ui/ics w9 u by a c]ta9 graci\sness1 by ! fri5dly impulse !y disclose to get m5tally ne> u1 to ent] into ! full fruition ( human int]c\rse4 ,! difficulties1 too1 :i* we manage to lay ^u ! "y le>n] ( our tongue1 & ! way 9 :i* he grapples ) ^!1 l5d a peculi> int]e/1 half pa!tic1 half humor\s1 to ?is field ( infantile activity4 ,to ! sci5tific obs]v] ( infancy1 moreov]1 ! not+ ( ! /ages 9 ! acquisition ( spee* is ( ! fir/ importance4 ,language is s\nd m\ld$ into def9ite =ms & s made vehicul> ( ideas2 & we may be/ wat* ! unfold+s ( *ildi% ?\ght by att5d+ to ! way 9 :i* ! ^w-sculptor takes ! pla/ic s\nd-mat]ial & works x into its picturesque v>iety ( %apes4 ,a special biological & an?ropological int]e/ atta*es to ! *ild's fir/ essays 9 ! use ( words4 ,language is t :i* mo/ obvi\sly m>ks (f human f animal intellig5ce4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ problems 9 ! sci5ce ( man's orig9 & e>ly developm5t is h[ he fir/ acquir$ ! p[] ( us+ language-signs4 ,if we proce$ on ! biological pr9ciple t ! developm5t ( ! individual repres5ts 9 its ma9 /ages t ( ! race1 we may expect to f9d ?r\gh ! /udy ( *ildr5's use ( language h9ts z to h[ our race came by ! invaluable end[m5t4 ,h[ f> x is reasonable to expect f a /udy ( nurs]y l+ui/ics a complete explanation ( ! process by :i* man became spee*ful1 homo articulans1 w appe> lat] on4 ,b an exam9ation ( ^! l+ui/ics ought surely to be ( "s sugge/ive value "h4 ,:ile !re is ?is peculi> sci5tific int]e/ 9 ! fir/ manife/ations ( ! spee*-faculty 9 ! *ild1 !y are ( a k9d to l5d !mselves p>ticul>ly well to a me?odic & exact obs]vation4 ,articulate s\nds are s5sible objects hav+ well-def9$ *>act]s :i* may be accurately not$ & describ$ :]e ! requisite f95ess ( e> & quickness ( p]ception are pres5t4 ,! difficulties are no d\bt great "h3 b !y are precisely ! difficulties to %>p5 ! appetite ( ! true naturali/4 ,h5ce we ne$ n wond] t e>ly articulation fills a l>ge place 9 ! naturali/'s obs]vation ( infant life4 ,prey]1 = example1 devotes "o ( ! ?ree sections ( 8 well-kn[n monograph to ?is subject1 & gives u a c>eful & elaborate acc\nt ( ! progress ( articulation & ( spee* up to ! end ( ! p]iod dealt ) 7fir/ ?ree ye>s74 ,s9ce ^! /udies are especially conc]n$ ) ! *>act]i/ics ( ! *ild aft] language has be5 acquir$ ,i %all n ent] into ! hi/ory ( 8 rudim5t>y spee* at any great l5g?4 ,at ! same "t1 s9ce language is a realm ( activity 9 :i* ! *ild betrays valuable *>act]i/ics long aft] ! ?ird ye>1 x des]ves a special /udy 9 ?is volume4 ,z ev]ybody kn[s1 long be=e ! *ild beg9s to speak 9 ! conv5tional s5se he produces s\nds4 ,^! are at fir/ cries & want+ 9 ! def9it5ess ( true articulate s\nds4 ,su* cries are expressive1 t is1 utt]ances ( *ang+ conditions ( feel+1 pa9 & pleasure1 & are also in/9ctive1 spr++ out ( c]ta9 cong5ital n]v\s arrangem5ts by :i* feel+ acts ^u ! muscul> organs4 ,?is cry+ gradually diff]5tiates itself into a ri* v>iety ( expressions = hung]1 cold1 pa91 joy & s =?1 ( :i* x is safe to say t ! majority ( nurses & mo!rs h at be/ b a v imp]fect k4 ,^! cries disclose f ! fir/ a g]m ( articulate s\nd1 viz41 accord+ to ,prey] an approa* to ! v[el s\nds u 7oo7 & 7,engl4 a 9 #8made'74 ,?is articulate elem5t becomes bett] def9$ & m v>i$ 9 ! lat] cries1 & s]ves 9 "p to diff]5tiate !m "o f ! o!r4 ,?us a diff]5ce ( %ade 9 ! a 79 #8ah'71 difficult to describe1 has be5 obs]v$ to m>k (f ! cry ( pleasure & ( pa94 ,along ) ?is articulate s\nds beg9 to appe> 9 p]iods ( happy cont5tm5t "u ! =m ( infantile babbl+ or #8la-la-+'4 ,?us ! *ild w br+ out a /r+ ( a & o!r v[el s\nds4 ,9 ?is baby-twitt]+ ! sev]al v[el s\nds ( our tongue become bett] di/+ui%able1 & are /rung toge!r 9 que] ways1 z ai--au-4 ,an attempt is made by ,prey] & o!rs to give ! precise ord] ( ! appe>ance ( ! sev]al v[el s\nds4 ,x is h>dly to be expect$ t obs]v]s w\ld agree ^u a matt] s difficult to seize & to describe2 & ?is is :at we f9d4#fj ,aft] all[+1 h[ev]1 = diff]5ces 9 ! read+ (f1 x seems probable t !re is a consid]able div]sity 9 ! ord] ( developm5t 9 ! case ( diff]5t *ildr54 ,?is applies /ill m to ! appe>ance ( ! consonantal s\nds :i* long be=e ! end ( ! six? mon? become comb9$ ) ! v[els into syllabic s\nds1 z pa1 ma1 mam1 & s =?4 ,?us1 ?\gh ! labials b1 p1 m1 seem to come fir/ 9 mo/ cases1 !y may be accompani$1 if n prec$$1 by o!rs1 z ! back op5 s\nd * 79 ,scot* #8lo*'71 or 7accord+ to ,prey] & o!rs7 by ! correspond+ voic$ s\nd1 ! h>d g4 ,simil>ly1 s\nds z l & r1 :i* commonly appe> late1 are said 9 "s in/ances to occur q e>ly4#fa ,attempts h be5 made to %[ t ! ord] ( s\nds "h corresponds ) t ( advanc+ physiological difficulty or am\nt ( muscul> ef=t involv$4 ,yet ap>t f ! fact j t\*$ on1 t ! ord] is n uni=m1 x is v que/ionable :e!r ! m common ord] obeys any su* simple physiological law4 ----- ,footnote #fj3 ,see ,prey]1 op4 cit41 ,cap4 #bj2 cf4 ! acc\nt giv5 by ,de la ,calle1 ,p]ez1 ,fir/ ,?ree ,ye>s1 p4 #bdh4 ,/anley ,hall obs]ves t ! fir/ vocalisation ( ! infant c\ld h>dly be classifi$ ev5 ) ! help ( ,bell's phonic notation or ) a phonograph 7,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 i41 p4 #acb74 ----- ,footnote #fa3 ,prey]'s boy fir/ us$ consonants 9 ! comb9ations tahu1 g1 7r ! ,fr5* eu71 op4 cit41 p4 #cff2 cf4 ,cap4 #ba4 ----- ,?is primordial babbl+ is wond]fully ri* & v>i$4 ,accord+ to ,prey] x conta9s mo/1 if n all ! s\nds :i* are aft]w>ds us$ 9 speak+1 & among ^! "s :i* cause mu* difficulty lat] on4 ,x is ?us a wondr\s contrivance ( nature by :i* ! *ild is made to rehe>se mon?s be=eh& = ! difficult p]=mances ( articulate spee*4 ,x is a prelim9>y try+ ( ! vocal in/rum5t ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( its regi/]4 ,?\gh nurses are apt to fancy t 9 ?is pretty babbl+ ! infant is talk+ to itself !re is no reason to ?9k t x am\nts ev5 to a rudim5t ( true spee*4 ,to speak is to use a s\nd int5tionally z ! sign ( an idea4 ,! babbl+ baby ( five mon?s _c be suppos$ to be connect+ all ^! /ray s\nds ) ideas1 if inde$ x c be said to h z yet any def9ite ideas4 ,! only signification :i* ?is primitive articulation c h is emotional4 ,und\bt$ly1 z we h se51 x gr[s out ( expressive cries4 ,ev5 ! happy bubbl+s ov] ( v[el s\nds z ! *ild lies on 8 back & #8cr[s1' may be said to be expressive ( 8 happ9ess l ! movem5ts ( arms & legs :i* accompany x4 ,yet x w\ld be an exagg]ation to suppose t ! elaborate phonation is m]ely expressive1 t all ! manifold & subtle *anges ( s\nd are due to obscure v>iations ( feel+4 ,! true explanation seems to be t ! appe>ance ( ?is infantile babbl+1 j l t ( ! movem5ts ( ! limbs :i* accompany x1 is ! result ( *anges 9 ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,z ! c5tres ( vocalisation get develop$1 motor impulses beg9 to play on ! muscles ( ?roat1 l>ynx1 &1 lat] on1 lips1 tongue1 etc41 & 9 ?is way a l>g] & l>g] v>iety ( s\nd & s\nd-comb9ation is produc$4 ,su* phonation is commonly describ$ z impulsive4 ,x is in/9ctive1 t is to say1 unle>nt1 & due to cong5ital n]v\s connexions2 & at be/ x c only be said to express 9 its totality a mood or relatively p]man5t /ate ( feel+4 ,z ?is impulsive articulation develops x becomes complicat$ by a di/9ctly int5tional elem5t4 ,! *ild he>s ! s\nds he produces & falls 9 love ) !m4 ,f ?is mom5t he beg9s to g on babbl+ = ! pleasure x br+s4 ,we see ! g]m ( su* a pleasure-seek+ babbl+ 9 ! protract$ it]ations ( ! same s\nd4 ,! fir/ r$uplications & s]ial it]ations1 a-a1 ma-ma1 etc41 may be due to physiological in]tia1 ! m]e t5d5cy to move along any track t happ5s to be /ruck1 ! v same t5d5cy :i* makes a prosy speak] g on repeat+ himself4 ,at ! same "t !re is )\t d\bt 9 ^! infantile it]ations a rudim5t ( self-imitation4 ,t is to say1 ! *ild hav+ produc$ a s\nd1 z na or am1 impulsively proce$s to repeat ! p]=mance 9 ord] to obta9 a r5ewal ( ! s\nd-effect4 ,?is r5ew$ impulse may be suppos$ fur!r to br+ ) x a g]m ( ! pleasure ( it]ation ( s\nd1 or assonance4 ,! addition ( a simple rhy?mic "* to ! s]ies ( s\nds is a fur!r indication ( its pleasure-seek+ "*4 ,inde$ we h 9 ?is infantile #8la-la-+' m a rudim5t ( song & music ?an ( articulate spee*4 ,! rude vocal music ( savages consi/s ( a simil> rhy?mic ?read+ ( mean+less s\nds 9 :i* z 9 ?is infantile song *anges ( feel+ reflect !mselves4 ,we may be/ describe ?is infantile babbl+ !n z voice-play & z rude spontane\s s++1 ! utt]ance ( a mood1 indulg$ 9 = ! sake ( its own delight1 & s]v+ by a happy arrangem5t ( nature z a prelim9>y practice 9 ! production ( articulate or l+ui/ic s\nds4 ,transition to ,articulate ,spee*4 ,let u n[ seek to und]/& h[ ?is undesign$ try+ ( ! articulate in/rum5t passes into true significant articulation1 h[ ?is spee*-protoplasm develops into ! organism t we call language4 ,& "h ! "q at once arises3 ,does ! *ild t5d to utilise ! s\nds ?us acquir$ z signs ap>t f ! influ5ce ( education1 t is to say1 ( ! articulate s\nds produc$ by o!rs & impress$ z signs ^u 8 att5tion8 ,! "q is n easy to answ] ow+ to ! e>ly developm5t ( ! imitative impulse & to ! con/ant & all-p]vad+ influ5ce ( education 9 ! nurs]y4 ,yet ,i w (f] a t5tative answ]4 ,t a *ild :5 he has rea*$ a c]ta9 /age ( intellig5ce w\ld be able to make use ( signs q ap>t f example & education is :at "o might expect4 ,any "o :o has notic$ h[ a "y cat1 completely isolat$ f ! influ5ce ( example1 w spontane\sly hit on ! ge/ure ( t\*+ ! arm ( a p]son sitt+ at a meal by way ( ask+ to be f$1 _c be surpris$ t *ildr5 %\ld prove !mselves capable ( inv5t+ signs4 ,we "k1 too1 t deaf-mutes w1 self-prompt$1 develop among !mselves an elaborate sy/em ( ge/ure-signs1 & fur!r express _! feel+s & desires by s\nds1 :i* ?\gh n he>d by !mselves may be und]/ood by o!rs & s s]ve z effective signs ( _! ne$s & wi%es4 ,! normal *ild1 too1 9 spite ( ! p[]ful influ5ces :i* g to make him adopt z signs ! articulate s\nds employ$ by o!rs1 %[s a g]m ( unprompt$ & orig9al sign-mak+4 ,! e>lie/ ( su* unle>nt signs are simple ge/ure-movem5ts1 su* z /ret*+ out ! arms :5 ! *ild desires to be tak5 by ! nurse4#fb ,nobody has sugge/$ t ^! are le>nt by imitation4 ,! same is true ( o!r famili> ge/ure-movem5ts1 :i* appe> t[>ds ! end ( ! fir/ ye> or lat]1 z pull+ y\r dress j z a dog does1 :5 ! *ild wants y to g ) him1 t\*+ ! *air :5 he wants y to sit d[n1 or 7z ,d>w9's *ild did :5 j ov] a ye>7 tak+ a bit ( pap] & po9t+ to ! fire by way ( signify+ 8 wi% to see ! pap] burnt4 ,! ge/ure ( po9t+1 ?\gh no d\bt commonly aid$ by example1 is probably capable ( be+ rea*$ in/9ctively z an outgr[? f ! grasp+ movem5t4 ----- ,footnote #fb3 ,! nature ( ge/ure1 its relation to language prop]1 & its preval5ce 9 infancy1 among imbecile *ildr51 deaf-mutes1 etc41 are discuss$ by ,romanes1 ,m5tal ,evolution 9 ,man1 *ap4 vi4 ----- ,^! ge/ure-signs1 ,i f9d1 play a l>g] "p 9 ! case ( *ildr5 :o are backw>d 9 talk+1 & s are ne>] ! condition ( ! deaf-mute4 ,?us a lady 9 s5d+ me notes on h] ?ree *ildr5 rem>ks t ! "o :o 0 p>ticul>ly backw>d 9 8 spee* made a free use ( ge/ure-signs4 ,:5 sixte5 mon?s old he _h c]ta9 g5]al signs ( ?is sort1 us+ a sniff z a sign ( fl[]1 & a mimic kiss z a sign ( liv+ ?+s1 i4e41 all sorts ( animals4#fc ----- ,footnote #fc3 ,a *>m+ example ( pantomimic ge/ure on ! "p ( a little girl 9 describ+ to h] fa!r h] fir/ ba? 9 ! sea is giv5 by ,romanes1 op4 cit41 p4 #bbj4 ----- ,j z movem5ts may ?us be us$ in/9ctively1 t is1 )\t aid f o!rs' example1 bo? z express+ simple feel+s & desires1 & also1 z 9 ! case j m5tion$1 z indicat+ ideas1 s spontane\sly =m$ s\nds may be us$ z signs4 ,z po9t$ out above ! fir/ self-prompt$ articulation is closely connect$ ) feel+1 & we f9d t 9 ! second half-ye> :5 ! prelim9>y practice has be5 gone ?r\gh c]ta9 s\nds take on a di/9ctly expressive function4 ,?us "o little boy :5 eight mon?s old habitually us$ ! s\nd #8ma-ma' :5 mis]able1 & #8da-da' :5 pleas$4 ,among ^! in/9ctive expressive s\nds "o ( ! mo/ important is t indicative ( hung]4 ,i f9d aga9 & aga9 t a special s\nd is m>k$ (f z a mode ( expression or sign ( ?is crav+4 ,?is fact w be ref]r$ to aga9 pres5tly4 ,true language-s\nds significant ( ?+s gr[ out ( ?is spontane\s expressive articulation4 ,?us ! demon/rative sign da :i* accompanies ! po9t+1 & :i* seems to be frequ5tly us$ ) slight modifications by ,g]man z well z by ,engli% *ildr51 is probably 9 its inception m]ely an int]jectional expression ( ! fa9t %ock ( wond] produc$ by ! appe>ance 9 ! visual field ( a new object4 ,b us$ z a concomitant ( ! po9t+ ge/ure x takes on a demon/rative or indicative function1 ann\nc+ ! pres5ce or arrival ( an object 9 a p>ticul> locality or direction4 ,a some:at simil> case is t ( #8ata' or #8tata1' a sign us$ to d5ote ! dep>ture or disappe>ance ( an object4 ,^! signs are1 z ,prey] %[s1 spontane\s & n imitative 7e4g41 ( #8!re' 7da71 #8all gone'74 ,?is is confirm$ by ! fact t !y v>y greatly4 ,?us ,prey]'s boy us$ = 8!re0 #8da1' #8nda1' #8nta1' etc41 & = 8all gone0 #8atta1' #8f-tu1' #8tuff1' etc4 ,aga91 ,ti$emann's boy us$ ! s\nd #8ah-ah1' & "o ( ,/anley ,hall's *ildr5 ! s\nd #8eh1' :5 po9t+ to an object4 ,we may conclude !n t !re are spontane\s vocal reactions expressive ( ! contra/+ m5tal /ates answ]+ to ! appe>ance or arrival & ! disappe>ance or dep>ture ( an impressive & int]e/+ object1 & t1 fur!r1 ^! reactions :5 recognis$ by o!rs t5d to become fix$ z l+ui/ic signs4#fd ----- ,footnote #fd3 ,see ,prey]1 op4 cit41 pp4 #cec1 #cij1 #cia4 ----- ,j z 9 ! case ( ! ge/ure-movem5ts1 sniff+1 kiss+1 s 9 t ( expressive vocal s\nds we may see a t5d5cy to take on ! function ( true signs ( ideas4 ,"o ( ! be/ illu/rations ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! inv5tion ( a ^w-s\nd = ?+s to eat4 ,i h po9t$ out t ! /ate ( hung] ) its *>act]i/ic mis]y becomes at an e>ly /age m>k$ (f by a di/9ctive expressive sign4 ,at a lat] /age ?is or "s o!r s\nd comes to be us$ intellig5tly z a means ( ask+ = food4 ,d>w9's boy employ$ ! s\nd mum 9 ?is way2 ano!r ,engli% *ild us$ #8numby1' & yet ano!r #8n9i'2 a ,fr5* *ild obs]v$ by ,m4 ,ta9e made use ( #8ham'4 ,! pr$om9ance ( ! labial m %[s ! e>ly =mation ( ^! quasi-l+ui/ic signs1 & sugge/s t !y 7 develop$ out ( ! prim>y in/9ctive #8m' s\nd4#fe ,su* s\nds1 com+ to be und]/ood by ! nurse1 t5d to become fix$ z modes ( ask+ = food4 ----- ,footnote #fe3 ,see ! quotation f ,lieb]1 9 ,ta9e's ,on ,intellig5ce1 "p ii41 book iv41 *ap4 i4 ,! sign = #8,i want to eat' is 9 "s cases =m$ by a g5]alis+ process out ( a s\nd suppli$ by ano!r1 z ! "n ( a p>ticul> edible4 ,see ! example giv5 by ,prey]1 op4 cit41 p4 #cfb4 ----- ,x seems b a /ep f ! dem& #8,give me food' to ! po9t+ out or nam+ ( ?+s z food4 ,& s good an obs]v] z ,d>w9 says t 8 boy us$ ! s\nd #8mum' n only = convey+ ! dem& or comm& #8,give me food1' b also z a sub/antive #8food' ( wide application4 ,he lat] w5t on to erect a rudim5t>y classification on ! basis ( ?is sub/antive1 call+ sug> #8%u-mum' & ev5 break+ up ?is subdivision by call+ liquorice 8black %u-mum04#ff ,?is h[ev] seems1 s f> z ,i c asc]ta91 to be exceptional4 ,9 mo/ vocabul>ies ( *ildr5 ( two or ?ree no g5]ic t]m = food is f\nd1 ?\gh names = p>ticul> k9ds ( food1 e4g41 milk1 bread1 are 9 use4 ,?is agrees ) ! g5]al ord] ( developm5t ( ?\ght-signs1 ! names ( easily di/+ui%$ species appe>+ 9 ! case ( ! individual z 9 t ( ! race be=e ^? ( compreh5sive & #8ab/ract' g5]a su* z #8food'4 ,x is probable1 !re=e1 t ^! e>ly signs = food are b imp]fectly develop$ into true ?\ght-symbols or names4 ,!y reta9 mu* ( _! primordial "* z expressions ( desire & possibly ( ! volitional /ate answ]+ to a comm&4 ,?is is borne out by ! fact t ! *ild spok5 ( by ,ta9e us$ ! s\nd #8tem' z a sort ( g5]al imp]ative = #8give6' #8take6' #8look6' etc4#fg ----- ,footnote #ff3 ,see ,m9d1 vol4 ii41 p4 #bic4 ,footnote #fg3 ,see ,m9d1 vol4 ii41 p4 #bee4 ----- ,ano!r e>ly example ( an emotional expression pass+ into a g]m9al sign is t call$ =? at ! sight ( mov+ creatures4 ,?is acts z a /rong /imulus to ! baby bra91 & vigor\s muscul> reactions1 vocal & o!r1 are wont to appe>4 ,"o little boy ( twelve & ?ree-qu>t] mon?s usually express$ 8 excitem5t by ! s\nd 8,d-boo-boo10 :i* 0 us$ regul>ly = ab\t t5 days on ! appe>ance ( a dog1 a horse1 a bird1 & s =?4 ,"h we h a protoplasmic condition ( ! l+ual organism :i* we call a "n1 a condition de/9$ nev] to pass into ano!r & high]4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ^! explosives at ! sight ( animal life gr[ into comp>atively fix$ signs ( recognition4 ,9 ?is spontane\s inv5tion ( quasi-l+ui/ic s\nds imitation plays a consid]able "p4 ,x is evid5t1 inde$1 t ge/ures are l>gely imitative4 ,?us ! sniff & ! mimic kiss ref]r$ to j n[ are pla9ly imitations ( movem5ts4 ,! po9t+ ge/ure1 too1 may be said to be a k9d ( imitation ( ! rea*+ & appropriat+ movem5t ( ! arm4 ,! s\nd #8d-boo-boo' us$ on see+ an animal 0 probably imitative4 ,accord+ to ,prey] ! s\nds call$ =? by ! sight ( mov+ objects1 e4g41 roll+ balls & :eels1 are imitative4#fh ,:e!r ! signs ( hung]1 #8mum1' #8numby1' are due to modifications ( ! movem5ts c>ri$ out 9 suck+1 seems to be m problematic4#fi ----- ,footnote #fh3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #ceh4 ,footnote #fi3 ,a fact t appe>s to tell aga9/ imitation "h is t "o little boy ( sev5te5 mon?s us$ ! s\nd #8did'n' = any?+ to eat4 ----- ,9 c]ta9 cases imitation is ! "o suffici5t s\rce ( ! s\nd4 ,9 :at are call$ onomatopoetic s\nds ! *ild seeks to mimic "s natural s\nd1 & su* imitation is capable ( becom+ a fruitful s\rce ( orig9al l+ui/ic inv5tion4 ,a boy betwe5 n9e & t5 mon?s imitat$ ! s\nd ( "y roo/]s by draw+ 9 8 brea?1 & ?is noise became = a "t a k9d ( "n = any fea!r$ creature1 includ+ small birds4 ,m commonly su* onomatopoetic s\nds come to be di/9ctive recognition-signs ( p>ticul> classes ( animals1 su* z #8oua-oua' or #8b[-w[' = ! dog1 #8moo-moo' = ! c[1 #8ouack-ouack' or #8kuack' = ! duck1 & s =?4 ,x may1 ( c\rse1 be said t ^! mimic s\nds are 9 "p le>nt f ! traditional vocabul>y ( ! nurs]y1 9 :i* ! nurse takes good c>e to in/ruct ! *ild4 ,b x is to be rememb]$ t ! traditional nurs]y language itself is l>gely an adoption ( *ildr5's own s\nds4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 ample indep5d5t evid5ce to %[ t *ildr5 are zeal\s & indefatigable imitators ( ! s\nds !y he> z ( ! movem5ts !y see4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! fir/ six mon?s & dur+ ! second half-ye> a *ild is apt to imitate eag]ly any s\nd y *oose to produce be=e him4 ,9 ! case ( ,prey]'s boy ?is impulse to repeat ! s\nds he he>d develop$ into a k9d ( e*o+ mania4 ,! acquisition ( o!rs' language pla9ly dep5ds on ! exi/5ce & ! vig\r ( ?is mimetic impulse4 ,& ?is same impulse leads ! *ild beyond ! s]vile adoption ( our conv5tional s\nds to ! inv5tion ( new or onomatopoetic s\nds4 ,?us "o little *ild discov]$ ! pretty s\nd #8t9-t9' z a "n = ! bell4 ,ano!r *ild1 a girl1 q unprompt$1 us$ a *irp+ s\nd = a bird1 & a curi\s click+ noise on see+ ! picture ( a horse 7no d\bt 9 imitation ( ! s\nd ( a horse's ho(s72 :ile a little boy us$ a fa9t :i/le to indicate a bird1 & ! s\nd #8click-click' to d5ote a horse4 ,9 "s cases a gr[n-up p]son's imitation ( a s\nd is imitat$4 ,?us a *ild ( ab\t two us$ ! s\nd #8afta' z a "n = dr9k+1 & also = dr9k+-vessel1 89 imitation ( ! s\nd ( suck+ 9 air :i* ! nurse us$ to make :5 pret5d+ to dr9k04#gj ----- ,footnote #gj3 ,quot$ by ,romanes1 ,m5tal ,evolution 9 ,man1 p4 #adc4 ----- ,9 ^! two s\rces ( orig9al *ild-language1 expression ( /ates ( feel+1 desire1 etc41 & imitation1 we h ! two commonly assign$ orig9s ( human language4 ,into ! difficult "q h[ man fir/ came to ! use ( language-s\nds ,i d n propose to ent] "h4 ,:atev] view may be tak5 ) respect to ! fir/ beg9n+s ( human spee*1 !re seems little d\bt t bo? expressive cries & imitations ( natural s\nds h _h _! place4 ,to ?is ext5t1 !n1 we may say t !re is a p>allelism betwe5 ! e>ly evolution ( language 9 ! case ( ! individual & 9 t ( ! race4 ,n only s1 x may be said t our /udy ( ^! t5tatives ( ! *ild 9 language-=mation t5ds to confirm ! conclusions ( philology & an?ropology t ! curr5t ( human spee* did probably orig9ate1 9 ma9 "p at lea/1 by way ( ^! two tribut>ies4#ga ----- ,footnote #ga3 ,! conc]t$ cries dur+ co-op]ative "w to :i* ,noire ascribes ! orig9 ( language-s\nds w\ld seem1 :ile hav+ a special physiological cause z concomitant & probably auxili>y motor processes1 to be analog\s at lea/ to emotional cries1 9 s f> z !y spr+ out ( a peculi> condition ( feel+1 t ( ef=t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z conc]t$ !y came "u ! head ( imitative movem5ts4 ,s f> z ,i c le>n ! nurs]y supplies no analogies to ^! utt]ances4 ----- ,:ile vocal s\nds :i* are cle>ly traceable to emotional expressions or to imitations =m ! /aple ( ! normal *ild's inv5tions !y d n exhau/ !m4 ,"s ( ^! e>ly self-prompt$ l+ui/ic s\nds _c be readily expla9$4 ,i f9d1 = example1 t *ildr5 are apt to inv5t names = _! nurses & sometimes = !mselves :i*1 s f> z ,i c asc]ta91 be> no discov]able resemblance to ! s\nds us$ by o!rs4 ,?us ! same little girl t inv5t$ #8numby' = food & #8afta' = dr9k+ call$ h] nurse #8,lee' ?\gh no "o else call$ h] by any o!r "n ?an #8nurse'4 ,x is difficult to suppose t ! *ild 0 trans=m+ ! s\nd #8nurse' 9 ?is case4 ,prey]'s boy call$ 8 nurse1 :om o!rs address$ z ,m>ie1 #8,wol1' :i* ,prey] expla9s r =c$ly z d]iv+ by inv]sion f ! frequ5tly he>d #8,ja wohl6' ,a lady fri5d in=ms me t h] little boy :5 ?irte5 mon?s old call$ himself #8,bla-a1' ?\gh he 0 always address$ by o!rs z ,jeffrey1 & t he /uck to #8,bla-a' = six mon?s4#gb ,a g]m ( imitation is d\btless recognisable "h 9 ! pres]vation ( ! syllabic =m or /ructure 7t ( monosyllable or dissyllable74 ,yet ! am\nt ( trans=mation is1 to say ! lea/1 surpris+ 9 *ildr51 :o %[ !mselves capable ( fairly close imitation4 ,possibly a *ild's e> notes analogies ( s\nd :i* escape our m sophi/icat$ organ4 ,h[ev] ?is be1 ! fact ( su* orig9ation ( names 7o!r ?an ^? cle>ly onomatopoetic7 is notewor?y4 ----- ,footnote #gb3 ,8 bro!r :5 "o ye> old call$ 8 nurse1 ^: real "n 0 ,maud1 ,bur1 :i* 0 probably a r\gh r5d]+ ( #8nurse'4 ----- ,la/ly a ref]5ce may be made to ! fact t *ildr5 h %[n !mselves capable ( inv5t+ ! rudim5ts ( a simple k9d ( language4 ,pr(essor ,horatio ,hale ( ,am]ica has made a special /udy ( ^! spontane\s *ild-languages4 ,"o case is t ( tw9 ,am]ican boys :o :5 ! talk+ age came employ$ n ! ,engli% s\nds t !y he>d o!rs speak b a language ( _! own4 ,ano!r1 & 9 "s ways m rem>kable case1 is t ( a little girl :o at ! age ( two 0 backw>d 9 speak+1 only us+ ! names #8papa' & #8mamma1' & :o1 nev]!less1 at t age1 & 9 ! fir/ in/ance )\t any /imulus or aid f a companion1 proce$$ to inv5t a vocabul>y & ev5 simple s5t5ce-=ms ( h] own1 :i* %e subsequ5tly prevail$ on an eld] bro!r to use ) h]4 ,! vocables /ruck out1 ?\gh sugge/+ "s slight aural acqua9tance ) ,fr5*--:i*1 h[ev]1 0 nev] spok5 9 h] home--are app>5tly q arbitr>y & n susceptible ( explanation by imitation4#gc ----- ,footnote #gc3 ,= a summ>y ( ,pr(essor ,hale's rese>*es see ,romanes1 ,m5tal ,evolution 9 ,man1 p4 #ach ff4 ----- ,i ?9k ! facts "h br\ght toge!r te/ify to ! orig9ality ( ! *ild 9 ! field ( l+ui/ics4 ,x may be said t 9 none ( ^! cases is ! effect ( education :olly abs5t4 ,a *ild1 z we all "k1 is taught ! names ( objects & actions long be=e he c articulate4 ,?us ,d>w9's boy knew ! "n ( 8 nurse five mon?s be=e he inv5t$ ! vocable #8mum'4 ,x is obvi\s inde$ t :]ev] *ildr5 are subject$ to normal tra9+ _! sign-mak+ impulse is /imulat$ by ! example ( o!rs4 ,at ! same "t ! facts "h giv5 %[ t ! work+ ( ?is impulse may1 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( *ildr5 at lea/1 /rike out orig9al l9es ( its own indep5d5tly ( ! direct action ( example & education4 ,:at is want$ n[ is to exp]im5t c>efully ) an intellig5t *ild1 enc\rag+ him to make signs by pati5t att5tion & ready und]/&+1 b at ! same "t c>efully ab/a9+ f giv+ ! lead or ev5 tak+ up & adopt+ ! fir/ utt]ances s z to br+ 9 ! influ5ce ( imitation4 ,i ?9k !re is little d\bt t a *ild s situat$ might develop ! rudim5ts ( a vocal language4 ,! exp]im5t w\ld be difficult to c>ry out1 z x w\ld mean ! depriv+ ( ! *ild = a "t ( ! advantages ( education4#gd ----- ,footnote #gd3 ,( c\rse1 z ,max ,mll] says 7,! ,sci5ce ( ,language1 i41 p4 #dha f471 ! facts asc]ta9$ d n prove t #8infants left to !mselves w\ld inv5t a language'4 ,! influ5ce ( example1 ! appeal to ! imitative impulse1 has be5 at "w be=e ! inv5tions appe>4 ,yet !y d1 ,i ?9k1 %[ t !y h ! sign-mak+ in/9ct1 & might develop ?is to "s ext5t ev5 7 ! educative influ5ce ( o!rs' language remov$4 ----- ,beg9n+s ( ,l+ui/ic ,imitation4 ,! le>n+ ( ! "m-tongue is "o ( ! mo/ in/ructive &1 "o may add1 ! mo/ ent]ta9+ *apt]s 9 ! hi/ory ( ! *ild's education4 ,! brave ef=ts to und]/& & foll[1 ! *>act]i/ic & qua9t errors t (t5 result1 ! frequ5t outbur/s ( orig9ality 9 bold attempts to enri* our vocabul>y & our l+ui/ic =ms--all ?is w repay ! mo/ s]i\s /udy1 :ile x w provide ample amusem5t4 ,z po9t$ out above ! le>n+ ( ! "m-tongue is ess5tially a k9d ( imitation4 ,! process is r\ghly z foll[s4 ,! *ild he>s a p>ticul> s\nd us$ by ano!r1 & gradually associates x ) ! object1 ! occurr5ce1 ! situation1 along ) :i* x aga9 & aga9 pres5ts itself4 ,:5 ?is /age is rea*$ he c und]/& ! ^w-s\nd z us$ by ano!r ?\gh he _c z yet use x4 ,lat]1 by a consid]able int]val1 he le>ns to connect ! p>ticul> s\nd ) ! appropriate vocal action requir$ = its production4 ,z soon z ?is connexion is =m$ 8 sign-mak+ impulse imitatively appropriates x by repeat+ x 9 circum/ances simil> to ^? 9 :i* he has he>d o!rs employ x4 ,! imitation ( o!rs' articulate s\nds beg9s1 z already rem>k$1 v e>ly & long be=e ! sign-mak+ impulse appropriates !m z true words4 ,! impulse to imitate o!rs' movem5ts seems fir/ to come into play ab\t ! end ( ! f\r? mon?2 & traces ( imitative movem5ts ( ! m\? 9 articulation are said to h be5 obs]v$ 9 c]ta9 cases ab\t ?is "t4 ,b x is only 9 ! second half-ye> t ! imitation ( s\nds becomes cle>ly m>k$4 ,at fir/ ?is imitation is r ( tone1 rise & fall ( voice1 & apportion+ ( /ress or acc5t ?an ( articulate quality2 b gradually ! imitation takes on a m def9ite & complete "*4#ge ----- ,footnote #ge3 ,prey]'s boy gave ! fir/ di/9ct imitative response to articulate s\nd 9 ! elev5? mon?4 ,?is is1 s f> z ,i c asc]ta91 beh9d ! av]age atta9m5t4 ----- ,t[>ds ! end ( ! ye>1 9 fav\rable cases1 true l+ui/ic imitation comm5ces4 ,t is to say1 ^w-s\nds ga!r$ f o!rs are us$ z su*4 ,?us1 a boy ( t5 mon?s w\ld correctly "n 8 "m1 #8,mamma1' 8 aunt1 #8,addy' 7,aunty71 & a p]son call$ ,maggie1 #8,azzie'4#gf ,z already sugge/$1 ?is imitative reproduction ( o!rs' words syn*ronises1 r\ghly at lea/1 ) ! fir/ onomatopoetic imitation ( natural s\nds4 ----- ,footnote #gf3 ,tracy1 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,*ildhood1 p4 #ga4 ----- ,trans=mations ( our ,words4 ,z is well kn[n ! fir/ t5tatives 9 ! use ( ! common spee*-=ms are v r\gh4 ,! *ild 9 reproduc+ trans=ms1 & ^! trans=mations are (t5 curi\s & suffici5tly puzzl+4 ,! mo/ obvi\s ?+ ab\t ^! fir/ infantile r5d]+s ( ! adult's language is t !y are a simplification4 ,?is applies to all words alike4 ,monosyllables if involv+ a complex mass ( s\nd are usually r$uc$1 z :5 #8dance' is %ort5$ to #8da'4 ,?is cle>ly illu/rates ! difficulty ( c]ta9 s\nd-comb9ations1 a po9t to be t\*$ on pres5tly4 ,m /rik+ is ! habitual r$uction ( dissyllables & polysyllables4 ,"h we note t ! *ild conc5trates 8 ef=t on ! reproduction ( a "p only ( ! syllabic s]ies1 :i* "p he may ( c\rse give b v imp]fectly4 ,! %ort5+ t5ds to g to ! l5g? ( r$uc+ to a monosyllable4 ,?us #8biscuit' becomes #8bik1' #8,con/ance' #8tun1' #8c&le' #8ka1' #8bread & butt]' #8bup' or #8b'4 ,polysyllables1 ?\gh occasionally cut d[n to monosyllables1 z :5 #8hippopotamus' became #8pots1' are m frequ5tly r$uc$ to dissyllables1 z :5 #8p]iw9kle' 0 %ort5$ to #8p9kle'4 ,h&k]*ief is a try+ ^w = ! ,engli% *ild1 & = obvi\s reasons has to be le>nt4 ,x 0 r$uc$ by ! elde/ *ild ( a family to #8hanki%1' by ! two next to #8hamfis*' & by ! la/ two to #8hanky'4 ,! little girl ,m4 also r$uc$ ! la/ two syllables to #8fi%1' mak+ ! s\nd #8hanfi%'4 ,!re seems to be no simple law gov]n+ ^! r$uctions ( v]bal masses4 ,! acc5tuat$ syllable1 by excit+ mo/ att5tion1 is commonly ! "o reproduc$1 z :5 #8na/urtium' became #8turtium'4#gg ,9 ! case ( long words ! position ( a syllable at ! beg9n+ or at ! end ( ! ^w seems to give an advantage 9 ?is competition ( s\nds1 ! =m] by impress+ ! s\nd z ! fir/ he>d 7comp>e ! way 9 :i* we note & rememb] ! initial s\nd ( a "n71#gh ! latt] by impress+ x z ! la/ he>d1 & !re=e be/ reta9$4 ,! unequal articulatory facility ( ! sev]al s\nd-comb9ations mak+ up ! ^w may also h an influ5ce on ?is unconsci\s selection4 ,i ?9k x n unlikely1 too1 t g]ms ( a k9d ( /hetic pref]5ce = c]ta9 s\nds z new1 /rik+ or f9e1 may co-op]ate "h4#gi ----- ,footnote #gg3 ,9 ! r$uction ( #8,con/ance' to #8tun' ! same ?+ is se51 = ?is *ild uni=mly turn$ k's into t's4 ,cf4 ,prey]1 op4 cit41 p4 #cig4 ,footnote #gh3 ,x has be5 po9t$ out to me by ,dr4 ,po/gate t ! second>y /ress on ! fir/ syllable ( ,engli% words ov] f\r syllables 7& "s f\r-syllabl$ words7 may assi/ 9 impress+ ! fir/ syllable4 ,footnote #gi3 ,rec5t psy*ological exp]im5ts %[ t simil> influ5ces are at "w :5 a p]son attempts to repeat a long s]ies ( v]bal s\nds1 say t5 or twelve nons5se syllables4 ,initial or f9al position or acc5t may fav\r ! reproduction ( a memb] ( su* a s]ies4 ----- ,su* simplification ( words is f ! fir/ oppos$1 & t5ds 9 "t to be c\nt]act$1 by ! gr[? ( a feel+ = _! g5]al =m z det]m9$ by ! numb] ( syllables1 z well z ! di/ribution ( /ress & any accompany+ alt]ations ( tone or pit*4 ,! infant's fir/ imitations ( ! s\nds #8good-bye1' #8all gone1' & s =?1 by c\ples :i* pres]ve h>dly any?+ ( ! articulatory "*1 ?\gh !y indicate ! syllabic =m1 position ( /ress1 & ris+ & fall+ inflection1 illu/rate ! e>ly developm5t ( ?is feel+4 ,h5ce we f9d 9 g5]al an attempt to reproduce ! numb] ( syllables1 & also to give ! prop] di/ribution ( /ress4 ,?us #8biscuit' becomes #8bt*ic1' #8cell>' #8stoo1' #8umbrella' #8noblla1' #8elephant' #8tt5o1' or 7by a ,g]man *ild7 #8ewebn1' #8kang>oo' #8kgglegoo1' #8hippopotamus' #8ipp5ptany1' & s =?4#hj ----- ,footnote #hj3 ,"h aga9 we see a simil>ity betwe5 a *ild's repetition ( a "n he>d1 & an adult's attempt to repeat a long s]ies ( syllabic s\nds4 ,9 ! latt] case also !re is a g5]al t5d5cy to pres]ve ! l5g? & rhy?mic =m ( ! :ole s]ies4 ----- ,z sugge/$ above !re goes f ! fir/ ) ! cutt+ d[n ( ! syllabic s]ies a consid]able alt]ation ( ! s+le con/itu5t s\nds4 ,! v[el s\nds are r>ely omitt$2 yet !y may be greatly modifi$1 & ^! modifications occur regul>ly en\gh to sugge/ t ! *ild f9ds c]ta9 nuances ( v[el s\nds comp>atively h>d to reproduce4 ,?us ! %ort 9 hat1 & ! long 7ai71 seem to be acquir$ only aft] consid]able practice4#ha ,b x is among ! consonants t mo/ tr\ble arises4 ,_m ( ^!1 z ! sibilants or #8hisses1' s1 %1 ! v>i\s l & r s\nds1 ! d5tals1 ! 8po9t-tee?-op50 ? & dh 79 #8?91' #8?is'71 ! back or guttural #8/ops1' i4e41 k & h>d g1 & o!rs z j or s(t g 7z 9 #8,james1' #8gem'71 appe>1 (t5 at lea/1 to cause difficulty at ! beg9n+ ( ! spee* p]iod4 ,) ^! mu/ be reckon$ su* comb9ations z /1 /r4 ----- ,footnote #ha3 ,) ! diph?ong or glide may be tak5 oi1 :i* 0 fir/ ma/]$ by ! *ild ,m4 at ! age ( two ye>s ?ree mon?s4 ----- ,9 _m cases ! difficult s\nds are m]ely dropp$4 ,?us #8poor' may become #8poo1' #8look' #8ook1' #8,s*ult]' 7,g]man7 #8,ult]'4 ,9 ! case ( awkw>d comb9ations ?is dropp+ is apt to be conf9$ to ! difficult s\nd1 provid$1 t is to say1 ! o!r is manageable alone4 ,?us #8dance' becomes #8dan1' #8trock5' 7,g]man7 becomes #8tokko'4 ,m p>ticul>ly s & % are apt to be omitt$ be=e o!r consonants4 ,?us #8/air' becomes #8tair1' #8sneeze' #8neeze1' #8s*neid5' 7,g]man7 #8neida1' & s =?4 ,along ) su* lame omissions we h ! m vigor\s proc$ure ( sub/itutions4 ,9 c]ta9 cases !re seems little if any k9%ip betwe5 ! s\nds or ! articulatory actions by :i* !y are produc$4 ,at ! e>ly /age m p>ticul>ly almo/ any manageable s\nd seems to d duty z sub/itute4 ,! e>ly-acquir$ labials1 includ+ ! labio-d5tal f come 9 z s]viceable #8hacks' at ?is /age4 ,:at we call lisp+ is inde$ exemplifi$ 9 ?is class ( infantile sub/itutions4 ,*ildr5 h be5 obs]v$ to say #8fank' = #8?ank' & #8m\f' = #8m\?1' #8feepy' = #8sleepy1' #8po(ie' = #8pussy1' #8wiv]' = #8riv]1' #8,bampe' = #8,lampe' 7,g]man74 ,! d5tals1 too1 d & t1 are turn$ to all k9ds ( vic>i\s s]vice4 ,?us we f9d #8ribbon' r5d]$ by #8dib1' #8gum' by #8dam1' #8,greete' 7,g]man7 by #8,deete1' #8,gummi' 7,g]man7 by #8,dummi1' #8cut' by #8tut1' & #8klopf5' 7,g]man7 by #8topf5'4 ,simil>ly #8gee-gee' 7horse71 :i* oddly en\gh 0 fir/ r5d]$ by ! *ild ,m4 z #8dee-gee1' is alt]$ to #8dee-dee'4 ,i f9d too t new s\nds are apt to be put to ?is miscellane\s use4 ,?us "o *ild aft] le>n+ ! aspirate 7h7 at two ye>s n only br\ght x out ) great emphasis 9 its prop] place b began to use x z a sub/itute = o!r & unmanageable s\nds4 ,?us he w\ld say1 #8hie d[n on h(a' = #8lie d[n on s(a'4 ,! aspirate is fur!r us$ 9 place ( %1 z :5 #8%ake' 0 r5d]$ by #8hate1' & ( /1 z :5 ,prey]'s boy call$ #8,/]n' #8,h]n'4 ,9 o!r cases we see t ! little l+ui/ is try+ to get z ne> z possible to ! s\nd1 & su* approximations are an int]e/+ sign ( progress4 ,?us 9 "o case #8*att]box' 0 r5d]$ by #8jabb]wock1' 9 ano!r case #8dress' by #8de%1' 9 ano!r 7,prey]'s boy71 #8,tis*' 7,g]man7 by #8,tiss'4#hb ----- ,footnote #hb3 ,i f9d accord+ to ! notes s5t me t ! s\nds s & % develop unequally 9 ! cases ( diff]5t *ildr54 ,"s acquire s1 o!rs % be=e ! o!r4 ----- ,besides omissions & sub/itution ( s\nds1 occasional ins]tions are said to occur4 ,accord+ to "o set ( obs]vations r may be ins]t$ aft] ! broad a1 z :5 #8pocket' 0 r5d]$ by #8b>ket'4 ,a cockney is apt to d ! same1 z :5 he talks ( hav+ a #8b>?' 7ba?74 ,yet ?is obs]vation requires to be v]ifi$4 ,^! alt]ations ( articulate s\nd by ! *ild rem9d "o ( ! *anges :i* ! languages ( communities und]go4 ,we "k1 inde$1 t ^! *anges are due to imp]fect imitation by succe$+ g5]ations ( le>n]s4#hc ,h5ce we ne$ n be surpris$ to f9d n[ & aga9 analogies betwe5 ^! nurs]y trans=mations & ^? ( words 9 ! developm5t ( languages4 ,9 reproduc+ ! s\nds :i* he he>s a *ild (t5 illu/rates a law ( adult phonetic *ange4 ,?us *anges )9 ! same class ( s\nds1 z ! frequ5t alt]ation ( #8?is' into #8dis1' cle>ly correspond ) ^? modifications recognis$ 9 ,grimm's ,law4 ,s1 too1 ! common sub/itution ( a d5tal = a guttural has its p>allel 9 ! *anges ( racial language4#hd ,nobody aga9 c note ! trans=mation ( n into m be=e f 9 ! =m #8hamfi%' = #8h&k]*ief' )\t ?9k+ ( ! ,greek *ange ( into be=e 1 & l *anges4 ,philologi/s may probably f9d _m o!r p>allels4 ,"o ( !m tells me t 8 little girl1 on r5d]+ % by ! guttural h1 reproduc$ a *ange 9 ,spani% pronunciation4 ,m4 ,egg] comp>es a *ild's r5d]+ ( #8trop' 7,fr5*7 by #8crop' ) ! trans=mation ( ! ,lat9 #8trem]e' into #8cra9dre'4 ----- ,footnote #hc3 ,see ,sweet1 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,s\nds1 p4 #ae4 ,footnote #hd3 ,see ,siev]s1 ,phonetik1 p4 #bcj4 ----- ,i h assum$ "h t *ildr5's defective reproduction ( our v]bal s\nds is ! result ( inability to produce c]ta9 s\nds & n due to ! want ( a discrim9ation ( ! s\nds by ! e>4 ,?is may seem /range 9 ! light ( ,prey]'s /atem5t t ! e>li] impulsive babbl+ includes mo/1 if n all1 ( ! s\nds requir$ lat] on = articulation4 ,?is may turn out to be an exagg]ation1 yet !re is no d\bt1 ,i ?9k1 t c]ta9 s\nds1 includ+ "s z ! initial l :i* are common 9 ! e>li] babbl+ /age1 are n produc$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! articulatory p]iod4 ,z ! avoidance ( ^! occurs 9 all *ildr5 alike x seems reasonable to inf] t !y involve difficult muscul> comb9ations 9 ! articulatory organ4 ,at ! same "t x seems go+ too f> to say1 z ,s*ultze does1 t ! ord] ( acquisition ( s\nds corresponds ) ! degree ( difficulty4 ,! v v>iability ( ?is ord] 9 ! case ( diff]5t *ildr5 %[s t !re is no su* simple correspond5ce z ?is4#he ----- ,footnote #he3 ,cf4 ,pollock1 ,m9d1 vi41 p4 #dcf1 & ,prey]1 op4 cit41 p4 #dcd4 ----- ,! explanation ( ^? e>ly omissions & alt]ations is probably a r complex matt]4 ,to beg9 )1 ! spee*-organs ( a *ild may lose special aptitudes by ! developm5t ( o!r & oppos$ aptitudes4 ,a fri5d ( m9e1 a physiologi/1 tells me t 8 little boy :o said #8ma-ma' 7b n #8da-da'7 at t5 mon?s lo/ at ! age ( n9ete5 mon?s ! use ( m1 = :i* he regul>ly sub/itut$ b4 ,he sugge/s t ! nasal s\nd m1 ?\gh easy = a *ild 9 ! suck+ /age & accu/om$ to close ! lips1 may become difficult lat] on ?r\gh ! acquisition ( op5 s\nds4 ,x is wor? consid]+ :e!r ?is pr9ciple does n apply to o!r inabilities4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a "q = ! sci5ce ( phonetics4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 fur!r1 t x is "o ?+ to c>ry out an articulatory movem5t z a *ild ( n9e mon?s c>ries x out1 #8impulsively1' ?r\gh "s cong5itally arrang$ mode ( excit+ ! prop] motor c5tre1 ano!r ?+ to c>ry x out volitionally1 i4e41 9 ord] to produce a desir$ result4 ,?is la/ means t ! s\nd-effect ( ! movem5t has be5 le>n$1 t ! image or repres5tation ( x has be5 br\ght into def9ite connexion ) a p>ticul> impulse1 viz41 t ( c>ry+ out ! requir$ movem5t3 & ?is is n[ kn[n to dep5d on ! =mation ( "s def9ite neural connexion betwe5 ! auditory & ! motor regions ( ! spee*-c5tre4 ,?is process is cle>ly m complex ?an ! fir/ in/9ctive utt]ance1 & may be fur!r$ or h9d]$ by v>i\s conditions4 ,?us a *ild's own spontane\s babbl+s may n h suffic$ to impress a p>ticul> s\nd on ! memory2 9 :i* case 8 acquisition ( x w be fav\r$ or o!rwise by ! frequ5cy ) :i* x is produc$ by o!rs 9 8 he>+4 ,x is probable t diff]5ces 9 ! range & accuracy ( production ( s\nds by nurse & "m tell f ! fir/4 ,! diff]5ces obs]vable 9 ! ord] ( acquisition ( s\nds among *ildr5 may be 9 "p due to ?is1 & n m]ely to diff]5ces 9 ! spee*-organ4 ,x is probable1 too1 t *ildr5's att5tion may be especially call$ to c]ta9 s\nds or s\nd-gr\ps1 ei!r because ( a pref]5tial lik+ = ! s\nds !mselves1 or because ( a special ne$ ( !m z useful names4 ,m4's "m assures me t ! *ild seem$ to dislike p>ticul> s\nds z j1 :i* %e c\ld & did occasionally pron\nce1 ?\gh %e 0 giv5 to alt]+ !m4#hf ,ano!r lady writes t h] boy at ! age ( tw5ty-two mon?s surpris$ h] by sudd5ly br++ out ! comb9ation #8scissors'4 ,he _h j begun to use scissors 9 cutt+ up pap]1 & s _h acquir$ a practical int]e/ 9 ?is s\nd-mass4 ----- ,footnote #hf3 ,! same *ild1 caprici\sly z x might look1 w\ld sometimes avoid y1 z 9 say+ #8e%' = #8yes1' ?\gh %e regul>ly us$ ?is s\nd z a sub/itute = l1 say+ #8yook' = #8look1' & s on4 ----- ,we may n[ pass to ano!r ( ! commonly recognis$ defects ( e>ly articulation1 viz41 ! transposition ( s\nds or meta!sis4 ,sometimes x is two contigu\s s\nds :i* are transpos$1 z :5 #8/>' is r5d]$ by #8ts>' & #8spoon' by #8psoon'4 ,"h ! motive ( ! *ange is evid5tly to facilitate ! comb9ation4 ,we h a p>allel to ?is 9 ! use ( #8aks' 7ax7 = #8ask1' a transposition :i* 0 n long s9ce common en\gh 9 ! ,we/ ( ,engl&4#hg ,9 o!r transpositions s\nds are %ift$ fur!r f _! place4 ,prey] quotes a case 9 :i* !re 0 a dislocation ( v[el s\nds1 viz41 9 ! trans=mation ( #8bite' 7,g]man7 into #8beti'4#hh ,"h !re seems to be no "q ( avoid+ a difficult comb9ation4 ,o!r examples are ! foll[+3 #8hoog%ur' = #8sug>' 7"o ( ! fir/ notic$ at ! age ( two72 #8mung>' = #8gr&mamma1' #8punga' = #8gr&papa1' & #8natis' = #8na/y' 7boy betwe5 eighte5 & tw5ty-f\r mon?s72 & #8bo(itul' = #8beautiful'4 ,"h aga9 we h an analogy to defective spee* 9 adults4 ,:5 a man is v tir$ he is liable to precisely simil> inv]sions ( ord]4 ,! explanation seems to be t ! "r gr\p ( s\nds may pres5t itself to ! speak]'s consci\sness )\t any cle> appreh5sion ( _! temporal ord]4 ,p]haps quasi-/hetic pref]5ces play a "p "h too4 ,! *ild ,m4 seems to h pref]r$ ! sequ5ce m-n to n-m1 say+ #8jaym5' = #8g]anium'1 #8burman' = #8laburnum'4 ----- ,footnote #hg3 ,see ,sweet1 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,s\nds1 p4 #cc2 cf4 also ! *ange ( #8fri?' to #8fir?'4 ,footnote #hh3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #cig4 ----- ,ano!r int]e/+ feature 9 ?is e>ly articulation is ! impulse to d\ble s\nds1 to get a k9d ( effect ( assonance or ( rhyme by a repetition ( s\nd or s\nd-gr\p4 ,! fir/ & simple/ =m ( ?is is :]e a :ole s\nd-mass or syllable is it]at$1 z 9 ! famili> #8ba-ba1' #8gee-gee' #8ni-ni' 7= nice74 ,"s *ildr5 frequ5tly turn monosyllables into r$uplications1 mak+ book #8boom-boom' & s =?4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 attempt+ dissyllables t ! r$uplication is mo/ common4 ,?us #8naughty' becomes #8na-na1' #8fa/]' #8fa-fa1' #8,julia' #8dum-dum1' & s =?1 :]e ! repeat$ syllable displaces ! second orig9al syllable & s s]ves to reta9 some?+ ( ! orig9al ^w-=m4 ,9 "s cases ! second & unacc5t$ syllable is select$ = r$uplication1 z 9 ! in/ance quot$ by ,p]ez1 #8peau-peau' = #8*apeau'4 ,su* r$uplications are sometimes aid$ by k9%ip ( s\nd1 z :5 ! little girl ,m4 *ang$ #8purple' into its primitive =m #8purpur'4 ,^! e>ly r$uplications are cle>ly a cont9uation ( ! repetitions obs]vable 9 ! e>li] babbl+1 & gr[ out ( ! same motive1 ! impulse to g on do+ a ?+1 & ! pleasure ( repetition & self-imitation4 ,z is well kn[n1 ^! r$uplications h _! p>allel 9 _m ( ! names us$ by savage tribes4#hi ----- ,footnote #hi3 ,see ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 i41 #aih4 ,on ! tak+ up ( baby r$uplications into language see ! same "w1 i41 #bjd4 ,cf4 ! same writ]'s ,an?ropology1 p4 #abi4 ----- ,9 addition to ^! palpable r$uplications ( s\nd-masses we h repetitions ( s+le s\nds1 ! repeat$ s\nd be+ sub/itut$ = ano!r & =eign "o4 ,?is answ]s to :at is call$ 9 phonetics #8assimilations'4#ij ,9 ! majority ( cases ! assimilation is #8progressive1' ! *ange be+ c>ri$ out by a prec$+ on a succe$+ s\nd4 ,examples are #8,kikie' = #8,kitty1' & #8purpur' = #8purple'4 ,?is la/ trans=mation1 ?\gh x 0 made by ! little daught] ( a di/+ui%$ philologi/1 0 q innoc5t ( classical influ5ce1 & 0 cle>ly motiv$ by ! *ildi% love ( r$uplication ( s\nd4 ,9 _m cases ! sub/itution ( an easy = a difficult s\nd seems to be det]m9$ 9 "p by assimilation1 z :5 #8ano!r' 0 r5d]$ by #8annunn]1' #8gateau' 7,fr5*7 by #8ca-co'4 ,! assimilation seems1 too1 sometimes to "w 8regressively10 z :5 #8?ick' becomes #8kick1' #8,bonnie ,dundee' #8,bun-dun1' & #8tortue' 7,fr5*7 #8tu-tu1' 9 :i* two la/ r$uplication is secur$ approximately or completely by *ange ( v[el4#ia ,!re seem also to be cases ( :at may be call$ p>tial assimilation1 t is1 a t5d5cy to trans=m a s\nd into "o ( ! same class z ! fir/4 8,if 7writes a "m ( h] boy7 a ^w began ) a labial he g5]ally conclud$ x ) a labial1 mak+ #8bird1' = example1 #8bom'40 ,b ^! cases are n1 p]haps1 p]fectly cle> examples ( assimilation4 ----- ,footnote #ij3 ,see above1 p4 #acg2 cf4 ,siev]s1 ,phonetik1 p4 #bcf4 ,footnote #ia3 ,dr4 ,po/gate sugge/s t ! curr5t t]ms #8progressive' & #8regressive' w\ld be bett] r5d]$ by #8retrospective' & #8prospective'4 ----- ,along ) ! t5d5cy to r$uplicate syllabic masses1 we see a disposition to use habitually c]ta9 fav\rite syllables z t]m9ations1 m p>ticul>ly ! pet end+ #8ie'4 ,?us #8sug>' becomes #8sugie1' #8picture' #8pickie1' & s =?4 ,"o *ild 0 s mu* 9 love ) ?is syllable z to pref] x ev5 to ! common repetition ( s\nd 9 onomatopoetic imitation1 nam+ ! h5 n #8tuck-tuck' z "o might expect1 b #8tuckie'4 ,:at /rikes "o 9 ^! e>ly modifications ( our v]bal s\nds by ! *ild is ! c>e = metrical qualities & ! comp>ative disreg>d = articulatory *>act]i/ics4 ,! numb] ( syllabic s\nds1 ! di/ribution ( /ress1 z well z ! rise & fall ( vocal pit*1 are ! fir/ ?+s to be att5d$ to1 & ^! are1 on ! :ole1 c>efully r5d]$ :5 ! con/itu5t s\nds are *ang$ into o!r & (t5 v unlike ones1 & ! ord] ( ! s\nds is rev]s$4 ,aga91 ! comp>ative fidelity 9 r5d]+ ! v[el s\nds illu/rates ! prom95ce ( ! metrical or musical quality 9 *ildi% spee*4 ,! love ( r$uplication1 ( ! effect ( assonance & rhyme1 illu/rates ! same po9t4 ,?is may be se5 9 "s ( ! m playful say+s ( ! *ild ,m41 z #8,babba hid+1 ,ice 7,alice7 spid+ 7spy+7'4 ,z ,i h dwelt at "s l5g? on ! defective articulation ( *ildr51 ,i %\ld l to say t _! e>ly p]=mances1 s f> f be+ a discr$it to !m1 are v mu* to _! cr$it4 ,i1 at lea/1 h (t5 be5 /ruck ) ! sudd5 br++ =? )\t any prep>atory audible trial ( difficult comb9ations1 & ) a wond]ful degree ( accuracy4 ,a *ild c (t5 articulate bett] ?an he is wont to d4 ,! little girl ,m41 :5 "o ye> six mon?s1 be+ ask$ teas+ly to say #8mudd]1' said ) a laugh #8"m1' q correctly--b only on ?is "o occasion4 ,! precision :i* a *ild1 ev5 9 ! second ye>1 w (t5 give to our vocables is q surpris+1 & rem9ds me ( ! admirable exactness :i*1 z ,i h obs]v$1 o!r /rang]s to our language1 & m especially p]haps ,russians1 introduce into _! articulation1 putt+ our own loose treatm5t ( our language to ! blu%4 ,?is precision1 acquir$ z x w\ld seem )\t any t5tative practice1 po9ts1 ,i suspect1 to a good deal ( sil5t rehe>sal1 nasc5t gr\p+s ( muscul> actions :i* are n c>ri$ f> en\gh to produce s\nd4 ,! gradual developm5t ( ! *ild's articulatory p[]s1 z indicat$ p>tly by ! precision ( ! s\nds =m$1 p>tly by _! diff]5tiation & multiplication1 is a matt] ( great int]e/4 ,at ! beg9n+1 :5 he is able to reproduce only a small portion ( a vocable1 !re is ( c\rse b little diff]5tiation4 ,?us x has be5 rem>k$ by m ?an "o obs]v]1 t "o & ! same s\nd 7s f> at lea/ z our e>s c judge7 w repres5t diff]5t l+ual signs1 #8ba' /&+ 9 ! case ( "o *ild = bo? #8basket' & #8%eep' 7#8ba lamb'71 & #8bo' = #8box' & #8bottle'4 ,little by little ! s\nd gr[s diff]5tiat$ into a m def9ite & p]fect =m1 & x is curi\s to note ! process ( gradual evolution by :i* ! fir/ rude attempt at articulate =m gets improv$ & ref9$4 ,?us1 writes a "m1 8at eighte5 to tw5ty mon?s #8milk' 0 #8g9k1' at tw5ty-"o mon?s x 0 #8m+1' & soon aft] two ye>s x 0 a s\nd betwe5 #8mik' & #8milk'40 ,! same *ild 9 le>n+ to say #8lion' w5t ?r\gh ! /ages #8n' 7"o ye> eight mon?s71 #8ion' 7two ye>s71 & #8lion' 7two ye>s & eight mon?s74 ,! little girl ,m41 9 le>n+ ! ^w #8breakfa/1' advanc$ by ! /ages #8bepp]1' #8beff]t1' #8beffu/'4 ,9 an example giv5 by ,prey]1 #8grosspapa' 7gr&papa7 began z #8opapa1' ?is pass$ into #8gropapa1' & ?is aga9 into #8grosspapa'4 ,9 ano!r case giv5 by ,s*ultze ! ^w #8wass]' 7pron\nc$ #8vass]'7 w5t ?r\gh ! foll[+ /ages3 7#a7 #8vavaff1' 7#b7 #8fafaff1' 7#c7 #8vaffaff1' 7#d7 #8vasse1' & 7#e7 #8vass]'4 ,9 ?is la/ we h an int]e/+ illu/ration ( a /ruggle betwe5 ! imitative impulse to reproduce ! exact s\nd & ! impulse to r$uplicate or repeat ! s\nd1 ?is la/ be+ v app>5t 9 ! introduction ( ! second v & ! ff 9 ! fir/ /age1 & 9 ! sub/itution ( ! f's = v's "u ! influ5ce ( ! dom9ant f9al s\nd 9 ! second /age4 ,! /ud5t ( ! e>ly /ages ( language gr[? might1 "o imag9es1 f9d _m sugge/ive p>allels 9 ^! developm5tal *anges 9 *ildr5's articulation4 ,! rapidity ( articulatory progress might be measur$ by a c>eful not+ ( ! increase 9 ! numb] ( vocables ma/]$ f mon? to mon?4 ,al?\gh ,prey] & o!rs h giv5 li/s ( vocables us$ at p>ticul> ages1 & p>5ts h s5t me li/s1 ,i h met ) no me?odical record ( ! gradual ext5sion ( ! articulate field4 ,x is obvi\s t any obs]vations "u ?is head1 save 9 ! v e>ly /ages1 c only be v r\gh4 ,no obs]v] ( a talkative *ild1 h[ev] att5tive1 c make sure ( all ! ^w-s\nds us$4 ,x is to be not$1 too1 z we h se5 above1 t a *ild w sometimes %[ t he c ma/] a s\nd & w ev5 make a tempor>y use ( x1 )\t reta9+ x z a "p ( ! p]man5t l+ui/ic /ock4#ib ----- ,footnote #ib3 ,z samples ( ! obs]vations ! foll[+ may be tak54 ,a fri5d tells me 8 boy :5 "o ye> old us$ j #ej vocables4 ,! p]=mances v>y greatly4 ,"o ,am]ican girl ( tw5ty-two mon?s _h #fi1 :]eas ano!r ab\t ! same age _h #acf1 j twice ! numb]4 ,a ,g]man girl eighte5 mon?s old is said by ,prey] to h us$ #aai words1 & to h rais$ ?is to #dce 9 ! next six mon?s4 ,! composition ( ^! e>ly vocabul>ies w occupy u pres5tly4 ----- ,logical ,side ( ,*ildr5's ,language4 ,x is n[ "t to pass f ! me*anical to ! logical side ( ?is e>ly *ild-language1 to ! mean+s :i* ! small l+ui/ gives to 8 articulate s\nds & ! ways 9 :i* he modifies ^! mean+s4 ,! gr[? ( a *ild's spee* means a concurr5t progress 9 ! ma/]y ( ^w-=ms & 9 ! acquisition ( ideas4 ,9 ?is ea* ( ! two factors aids ! o!r1 ! advance ( ideas pu%+ ! *ild to new uses ( s\nds1 & ! gr[+ facility 9 ^w-=mation react+ p[]fully on ! ideas1 giv+ !m def9it5ess ( outl9e & fixity ( /ructure4 ,i %all n attempt "h to give a complete acc\nt ( ! process1 b cont5t myself ) t\*+ on "o or two ( its m int]e/+ aspects4 ,a *ild acquires ! prop] use or application ( a ^w by associat+ ! s\nd he>d ) ! object1 situation or action 9 connexion ) :i* o!rs are obs]v$ to use x4 ,b ! fir/ imitation ( words does n %[ t ! little m9d has seiz$ _! full & precise mean+4 ,a cle> & exact appreh5sion ( mean+ comes b sl[ly1 & only z ! result ( _m h>d ?\ght-processes1 comp>isons & discrim9ations4 ,9 ^! fir/ attempts to use our spee*1 ! *ild's m9d is innoc5t ( grammatical di/9ctions4 ,^! arise out ( ! p>ticul> uses ( words 9 s5t5ce-/ructure1 & ( ?is /ructure ! *ild has z yet no inkl+4 ,if1 !n1 foll[+ a common practice1 ,i speak ( a *ild ( twelve or fifte5 mon?s z nam+ an object1 ! read] mu/ n suppose t ,i am ascrib+ to ! baby-m9d a cle> grasp ( ! function ( :at gramm>ians call n\ns 7sub/antives74 ,all t is impli$ 9 ?is way ( speak+1 is t ! infant's fir/ words are us$ ma9ly z recognition-signs4 ,!re is f ! fir/1 ,i conceive1 ev5 9 ! ge/ure ( po9t+ & say+ #8da6' a g]m ( ?is nam+ process4 ,! progress ( ?is rude nam+ or articulate recognition is v int]e/+4 ,! names fir/ le>nt are ei!r ^? ( individuals1 :at we call prop] names1 z #8mamma1' #8nurse1' or ^? :i*1 l #8ba?1' #8b[-w[1' are at fir/ appli$ to "o p>ticul> object4 ,x is (t5 suppos$ t a *ild uses ^! z true s+ul> names1 recognis+ individual objects z su*4 ,b ?is is pretty c]ta9ly an error4 ,he _c note diff]5ces well en\gh or grasp a suffici5t numb] ( diff]5tial m>ks to "k an individual z su*1 & he w1 z occasion arises1 q spontane\sly ext5d 8 names to o!r ?+s :i* happ5 to h "s int]e/+ & notable po9ts 9 common ) ! fir/4 ,?us #8b[-w[1' ?\gh fir/ appli$ to "o p>ticul> dog1 is1 z we "k1 at once ext5d$ to o!r dogs1 pictures ( dogs1 & n infrequ5tly o!r ?+s z well4 ,if !n we speak ( ! *ild z g5]alis+ or wid5+ ! application ( 8 t]ms1 we mu/ n be tak5 to mean t he goes ?r\gh a process ( comp>+ ?+s :i* he p]ceives to be di/9ct1 & discov]+ a lik5ess 9 ^!1 b t he m]ely assimilates or recognises some?+ l t :i* he has se5 be=e )\t tr\bl+ to note ! diff]5ces4 ,?is ext5sion ( names or g5]alis+ process proce$s prim>ily & ma9ly by ! feel+ = ! lik5esses or ! common aspects ( ?+s1 ?\gh z we %all see pres5tly _! connexions ( "t & place af=d a second & subord9ate means ( ext5sion4 ,! transf]5ce ( a "n f object to object ?r\gh ?is appreh5sion ( a lik5ess or assimilation has already be5 t\*$ ^u4 ,x moves along ?or\ghly *ildi% l9es1 & con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ & int]e/+ ( ! manife/ations ( precoci\s orig9ality4 ,yet if unconv5tional 9 its mode ( op]ation x is ess5tially ?\ght-activity1 a connect+ ( l ) l1 & a rudim5t>y gr\p+ ( ?+s 9 classes4 ,?is t5d5cy to compreh5d l ?+s or situations "u a s+le articulate sign is se5 already 9 ! use ( ! e>ly indicative sign #8atta' 7all gone74 ,x 0 us$ by ,prey]'s *ild to m>k n only ! dep>ture ( a ?+ b ! putt+ out ( a flame1 lat] on1 an empty glass or o!r vessel4 ,by ano!r *ild x 0 ext5d$ to ! end+ ( music1 ! clos+ ( a draw] & s on4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! v>i\s applications probably answ] m to a common feel+ ( end+ or miss+ ?an to an appreh5sion ( a common objective situation4 ,com+ to words :i* we call names we f9d t ! *ild w (t5 ext5d a recognition-sign f "o object to a second1 & to our ?9k+ widely dissimil> object ?r\gh ! discov]y ( "s analogy4 ,su* ext5sion1 mov+ r along poetic l9es ?an ^? ( our logical classifications1 is apt1 z we h se51 to we> a qua9t metaphorical aspect4 ,a />1 = example1 look$ at1 ,i suppose1 z a small bright spot1 0 call$ by "o *ild an eye4 ,! *ild ,m4 call$ ! opal globe ( a light$ lamp a #8moon'4 #8,p9' 0 ext5d$ by ano!r *ild to a crumb j pick$ up1 a fly1 & a cat]pill>1 & seem$ to mean some?+ little to be tak5 betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,! same *ild us$ ! s\nd #8'at' 7hat7 = any?+ put on ! head1 includ+ a hair-bru%4 ,ano!r *ild us$ ! ^w #8key' = o!r bright metal ?+s1 z money4 ,romanes' *ild ext5d$ ! ^w #8/>1' ! fir/ vocable le>n$ aft] #8,mamma' & #8,papa1' to bright objects g5]ally1 c&les1 gas-flames1 etc4 ,ta9e speaks ( a *ild ( "o ye> :o aft] fir/ apply+ ! ^w 8faf]0 7f 8*em9 de f]07 to railway eng9es w5t on to transf] x to a /eam+ c(fee-pot & ev]y?+ t hiss$ or smok$ or made a noise4 ,9 ^! la/ illu/rations we h pla9ly a rudim5t>y process ( classification4 ,any po9t ( lik5ess1 provid$ x is ( suffici5t int]e/ to /rike ! att5tion1 may ?us s]ve z a basis ( *ildi% classification4 ,z ) names ( ?+s s ) ^? ( actions4 ,! crackl+ noise ( ! fire 0 call$ by "o *ild #8b>k+1' & ! b>k+ ( a dog 0 nam$ by ano!r #8c\gh+'4 ,we see f ?is t ! p>ticul> l9e ( analogical ext5sion foll[$ by a *ild w dep5d on ! nature ( ! fir/ impressions or exp]i5ces :i* s]ve z 8 />t+ po9t4 ,a l orig9ality is apt to %[ itself 9 ! fir/ crude attempt to seize & "n ! relations ( ?+s4 ,! *ild ,c4 call$ dipp+ bread 9 gravy #8ba' 7ba?74 ,ano!r *ild ext5d$ ! ^w #8door' to 8ev]y?+ t /opp$ up an op5+ or prev5t$ an exit1 includ+ ! cork ( a bottle1 & ! little table t fa/5$ him 9 8 high *air04 ,9 ^! ext5sions we see ! t5d5cy ( *ild-?\ght t[>ds #8concretism1' or ! use ( a simple concrete idea 9 ord] to express a m ab/ract idea4 ,*ildr5 frequ5tly express ! contra/ big1 little1 by ! pretty figurative language #8,mamma' & #8baby'4 ,?us a small co9 0 call$ by an ,am]ican *ild a #8baby doll>'4 ,romanes' daught]1 nam$ ,ilda1 po9t$ out ! %eep 9 a picture z #8,mamma-ba' & ! lambs z #8,ilda-ba'4 ,x is some:at ! same process :5 ! *ild ext5ds an idea obta9$ f ! mo/ impressive exp]i5ce ( *ildi% difficulty1 viz41 #8too big1' s z to make x d duty = ! ab/ract notion #8too difficult' 9 g5]al4 ,9 ?is ext5sion ( language by ! *ild we may disc]n1 along ) ?is play ( ! feel+ = simil>ity1 ! work+ ( association4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by ! case ( ,d>w9's gr&*ild1 :o :5 j beg9n+ to speak us$ ! common sign #8quack' = duck1 !n ext5d$ ?is to wat]1 !n1 foll[+ up ?is associative transf]5ce by a d\ble process ( g5]alisation1 made ! s\nd s]ve z ! "n ( all birds & insects on ! "o h&1 & all fluid sub/ances on ! o!r4#ic ----- ,footnote #ic3 ,quot$ by ,romanes1 ,m5tal ,evolution 9 ,man1 p4 #bhc4 ----- ,! transf]5ce ( ! "n #8quack' f ! animal to ! wat] is a /rik+ example ( ! t5d5cy ( ! "y m9d to view ?+s :i* are pres5t$ toge!r z belong+ "o to ano!r & 9 a mann] id5tical4 ,ano!r curi\s in/ance is giv5 by ,pr(essor ,m9to1 9 :i* a *ild1 :o appli$ ! ^w #8mambro' to h] nurse1 w5t on to ext5d x by associative transf]5ce to ! nurse's sew+ ma*9e1 !n by analogy appli$ x to a h&-organ 9 ! /reet1 lat] on1 ?r\gh an association ( h&-organ ) monkey1 to 8 india-rubb] monkey4 ,"h we h a :ole hi/ory ( *ange ( ^w-mean+ illu/rat+ 9 curi\sly equal measure ! play ( assimilation & ( association1 & fall+ )9 a p]iod ( two ye>s4#id ----- ,footnote #id3 ,logic 7,univ]sity ,ext5sion ,manuals71 pp4 #hc-hd4 ----- ,!re is ano!r way 9 :i* *ildr5 are said to #8ext5d' names some:at analog\s to ! processes ( assimilation & associate transf]5ce4 ,!y are v fond ( us+ ! same ^w = oppos$ or o!r correlative ideas4 ,9 "s cases we c see t ?is is due m]ely to confusion or want ( discrim9ation4 ,:51 = example1 ,prey]'s boy confus$ #8too little' ) #8too mu*1' & #8ye/]day' ) #8to-morr[1' go+ s f> z to make a comp\nd #8heitge/]n' 7i4e41 heutege/]n7 to include bo?1#ie x is easy to see t ! *ild's m9d _h rea*$ m]ely ! vague idea unsuitable 9 quantity 9 ! "o case1 & "t n pres5t 9 ! o!r2 & t he fail$ to diff]5tiate ^! ideas4 ,9 o!r cases :]e correlatives are confus$1 z :5 a *ild ext5d$ ! sign ( ask+ = an eatable 7#8bit-ye'7 to ! act ( (f]+ any?+ to ano!r1 or :5 z 9 ,c4's case #8sp5d' 0 made to d duty = #8co/1' #8borr[' = #8l5d1' & #8le>n' = #8tea*1' ! explanation is slightly diff]5t4 ,a *ild c only acquire an idea ( ab/ract relations sl[ly & by /ages4 ,su* words z l5d1 tea*1 call up fir/ a pictorial idea ( an action 9 :i* two p]sons are se5 to be conc]n$4 ,b ! exact nature ( ! relation1 & ! diff]5ce 9 its aspect z we />t f ! "o or ! o!r t]m1 are n p]ceiv$4 ,?us 9 ?9k+ ( a pur*ase ov] ! c\nt]1 a *ild may be suppos$ to image ! action b n cle>ly to di/+ui% ! "p tak5 by ! p]son :o buys & gives out money 7#8sp5ds'7 & ! "p tak5 by ! p]son :o dem&s a price or fixes ! co/4 ,p]haps we get ne> ?is vague aw>5ess ( a relation :5 we are aid+ a viol9i/ to tune 8 in/rum5t4 ,we may "k t 8 note & our piano note d n accord1 & yet be q unable to det]m9e _! exact relation1 & to fix ! "o z high]1 ! o!r z l[]4 ----- ,footnote #ie3 ,see op4 cit41 p4 #dbj1 also pp4 #dad & #dah4 ----- ,an int]e/+ v>iety ( ?is ext5sion ( names to correlatives is ! transf]5ce ( ! attributes ( causal ag5t to passive object1 & vice v]s4 ,?us a little girl ( f\r call$ h] p>asol :5 bl[n by ! w9d #8a w9dy p>asol1' & a /one t made h] h& sore #8a v sore /one'4 ,a little ,italian girl t _h tak5 "s na/y m$ic9es express$ ! fact by call+ h]self na/y 7#8bimba cattiva'74#if ----- ,footnote #if3 ,paola ,lombroso1 ,saggi di ,psicologia del ,bamb9o1 p4 #af4 ----- ,!re is mu* 9 ! :ole ( ^! *anges introduc$ by ! *ild into ! uses or mean+s ( words :i* may rem9d "o ( ! *anges :i* g on 9 ! gr[? ( languages 9 communities4 ,?us ! *ild's metaphorical use ( words1 8 sett+ =? ( an ab/ract idea by "s analog\s concrete image1 has its c\nt]p>t1 z we "k1 9 ! e>ly /ages ( human language4 ,tribes :i* h no ab/ract signs employ a metaphor exactly z ! *ild does4 ,our own language pres]ves ! traces ( ?is e>ly figurative use ( words2 z 9 #8imbecile1' weak1 :i* orig9ally meant lean+ on a /aff1 & s =?4#ig ----- ,footnote #ig3 ,see ,tr5*'s acc\nt ( poetry 9 words1 ,on ! ,/udy ( ,words1 lect4 vi4 ----- ,aga91 we may trace 9 ! developm5t ( languages ! c\nt]p>t ( ^? processes by :i* *ildr5 spontane\sly exp& :at logicians call ! d5otation ( _! names4 ,! ^w #8sun' has only q rec5tly und]gone ?is k9d ( ext5sion by be+ appli$ to o!r c5tres ( sy/ems besides our famili> sun4 ,! multiplicity ( mean+s ( c]ta9 words1 z #8po/1' #8/ock' & s =?1 po9ts to ! d\ble process ( assimilative & associative ext5sion :i* we saw illu/rat$ 9 ! use ( ! *ild's ^w #8mambro'4 ,once m1 ! *ild's ext5sion ( a ^w f an idea to its correlative has its p>allel 9 ! adult's use ( language4 ,z ! vulg> expression #8,i'll l>n y' %[s 7cf4 ! ,anglo-,saxon leornian71 a ^w may come to mean bo? to tea* & to become taught4 ,a l embrac+ ( ag5t & object act$ ^u by ! same ^w is se5 9 ! #8active' & #8passive' mean+s ( words l ! ,lat9 p5etrabilis 7#8pi]c+' & #8pi]ceable'71 & 9 ! #8objective' & #8subjective' mean+s ( #8pleasant' & simil> words4 ,we are beg9n+1 l ! little girl quot$ above1 to speak ( a #8sore' topic4 ,la/ly1 ! movem5t ( ?\ght und]ly+ ! say+ ( ! little ,italian girl1 #8na/y baby1' seems to be ak9 to t ( ! savage :5 he supposes t he appropriates ! qualities ( t :i* he eats4 ,! *anges "h t\*$ ^u h to d ) :at philologi/s call g5]alisation4 ,z supplem5t>y to ^! !re is 9 ! case ( ! gr[? ( a community-language a process ( specialisation1 z :5 #8physician' f mean+ a /ud5t ( nature has come to mean "o :o has acquir$ & c practically apply "o bran* ( nature-k4 ,9 ! case ( ! *ild we h an analogue ( ?is 9 ! gradual limitation ( names to n>r[] classes or to individuals z ! result ( c>ry+ out c]ta9 processes ( comp>ison & discrim9ation4 ,?us #8ba-ba1' :i* is us$ at fir/ = a miscellane\s cr[d ( woolly or hairy quadrup$s1 gets specialis$ z a "n = a %eep1 & ! mu*-abus$ #8papa' becomes re/rict$ to its rightful own]4 ,?is process ( diff]5tiation & specialisation assumes an int]e/+ =m 9 a *>act]i/ic feature ( ! language-inv5tion ( bo? *ildr5 & savages1 viz41 ! =mation ( comp\nd words4 ,^! comp\nds are (t5 true metaphors4 ,?us 9 ! case already quot$ :]e an eye-lid 0 call$ an eye-curta9 ! *ild may be said to h resort$ to a metaphorical way ( describ+ ! lid4 ,x is mu* ! same :5 ,m4 at ! age ( "o ye> n9e mon?s inv5t$ ! expression #8bwite 7bright7 p5ny' = silv] pieces4 ,a slightly diff]5t example is ! comp\nd #8foot-w+' inv5t$ by ! *ild ,c4 to describe ! limb ( a seal4 ,z a fur!r v>iety ( ?is metaphoric =mation ,i may quote ! pretty "n #8tell-w9d' :i* a boy ( f\r ye>s & eight mon?s hit ^u z a "n = ! wea!r-vane4 ,9 ^! & simil> cases1 !re is at once an analogical transf]5ce ( mean+ 7e4g41 f curta9 to lid7 or process ( g5]alisation1 & a limitation ( mean+ by ! app5d$ or qualify+ ^w #8eye' & s a process ( specialisation4 ,9 c]ta9 cases ! analogical ext5sion gives place to :at we %\ld call a classification4 ,"o *ild = example1 kn[+ ! ^w /eam-%ip & want+ ! "n sail+-%ip1 inv5t$ ! =m #8w9d-%ip'4 ,! little girl ,m41 :5 "o ye> & n9e mon?s old1 %[$ q a passion = class+ by help ( comp\nds1 arrang+ ! rooms into #8morn]-room1' #8d9n]-room' 7%e 0 fond ( add+ #8er' at ?is "t7 & #8nurs]y-room'4 ,x might be suppos$ f a logical po9t ( view t 9 ^! inv5tions ! qualify+ or det]m9+ ^w w\ld come m naturally aft] ! g5]ic "n1 z 9 ! ,fr5* m\l9 v5t1 cygne noir4 ,i h he>d ( "o ,engli% *ild :o us$ ! =m #8mill-w9d' 9 pref]5ce to #8w9d-mill1' & ! ord] #8dog black' 9 pref]5ce to #8black dog'4 ,x w\ld be wor? :ile to note any simil> in/ances4 ,9 ^! inv5tions1 aga91 we may detect a close resemblance betwe5 *ildr5's language & t ( savages4 ,9 pres5ce ( a new object a savage behaves v mu* z a *ild1 he %apes a new "n out ( famili> ones1 a "n t commonly has mu* ( ! metaphorical "*4 ,?us ! ,aztecs call$ a boat a #8wat]-h\se'2 & ! ,vanc\v] isl&]s :5 !y saw a screw-/eam] call$ x ! #8kick-kicket'4#ih ----- ,footnote #ih3 ,tylor1 ,an?ropology1 *ap4 v4 ----- ,a some:at diff]5t class ( ^w-inv5tions is t 9 :i* a *ild frames a new ^w on ! analogy ( kn[n words4 ,a common case is ! inv5tion ( new sub/antives f v]bs aft] ! patt]n ( o!r sub/antives4 ,! results are (t5 qua9t en\gh4 ,sometimes x is ! ag5t :o is nam$ by ! new ^w1 z :5 ! boy ,c4 talk$ ( ! #8,ra9]1' ! fairy :o makes ra91 or :5 ano!r little boy dubb$ a tea*] ! #8lesson]'4 ,sometimes x is ! product ( ! action t is nam$1 z :5 ! same *ild ,c4 & ! deaf-mute ,laura ,bridgman bo? inv5t$ ! =m #8?9ks' = #8?\ghts'4 ,9 mu* ! same way a boy ( ?ree call$ ! holes :i* he dug 9 8 g>d5 8 #8digs'4 ,! rev]se process1 ! =mation ( a v]b f a sub/antive1 also occurs4 ,?us "o *ild inv5t$ ! =m #8dag' = /rik+ ) a dagg]2 & ,prey]'s boy :5 two ye>s & two mon?s old =m$ ! v]b #8mess5' to express cut f ! sub/antive #8mess]' 7a knife74 ,x 0 probably a simil> process :5 ! *ild ,m4 at "o ye> t5 mon?s1 aft] see+ a motionless worm & be+ told t x 0 dead1 ask$ to see ano!r worm #8dead+'4 ,! same *ild co9$ ! neat v]b-=m #8unp>cel'4 ,?is read9ess to =m v]bs f sub/antives & vice v]s1 :i* is abundantly illu/rat$ 9 ! developm5t ( language1 is )\t d\bt connect$ ) ! primitive & natural mode ( ?9k+4 ,! object is ( greate/ int]e/ bo? to ! *ild & to primitive man z an ag5t1 or z ! la/ /age or result ( an action4 ,9 c]ta9 ( ^! orig9al =mations we may detect a f9e feel+ = v]bal analogy4 ,?us a ,fr5* boy1 aft] kill+ ! #8limaces' 7snails7 :i* 7 eat+ ! plants 9 ! g>d51 dignifi$ 8 (fice by /yl+ himself a #8lim>ci]'2 :]e ! inv5tive faculty 0 no d\bt l$ by ! analogy ( #8voituri]' =m$ f #8voiture'4#ii ----- ,footnote #ii3 ,compayr1 op4 cit41 p4 #bdi1 :]e o!r examples are giv54 ----- ,9 o!r v]bal =mations x is difficult to det]m9e ! model :i* is foll[$4 ,signor9a ,lombroso gives a good example4 ,a little girl ( two & a half ye>s _h obs]v$ t :5 h] "m all[$ h] to take1 eat1 or dr9k some?+1 %e w\ld say #8pr5dilo' 7take x71 #8bevilo' 7dr9k x71 or #8mangialo' 7eat x74 ,%e proce$$ to make a k9d ( adjective or sub/antive out ( ea* ( ^!1 ask+ #8 pr5dilo8' #8 bevilo8' #8 mangialo8' i4e41 #8,is x takable or a case ( tak+8' etc41 :5 %e want$ to take1 dr9k1 or eat some?+4#ajj ,by su* skilful artifices does ! little ^w-build] f9d 8 way to ! names :i* he has ne$ (4 ----- ,footnote #ajj3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #ab4 ----- ,9 c]ta9 cases ^! orig9al con/ructions are ( a m clumsy ord] & due to a p>tial =getfulness ( a ^w & an ef=t to complete x4 ,?us a boy ( f\r spoke ( be+ #8sorrifi$1' :]e he 0 evid5tly l$ out ( ! "r track by ! analogy ( #8horrifi$'4 ,! same little boy :o talk$ ( 8 #8digs' us$ ! ^w #8magnici\s' = #8magnific5t'4 ,?is is a *oice example ( ^w-trans=mation4 ,no d\bt ! *ild 0 l$ by ! feel+ = ! s\nd ( ?is t]m9ation 9 o!r gr& words1 z #8ambiti\s'4 ,possible1 too1 he might h he>d ! =m #8magnesia' & be5 influ5c$ by a rem9isc5ce ( ?is s\nd-complex4 ,! talk ( #8,jeames' ) :i* ,mr4 ,pun* makes u acqua9t$ is full ( j su* delightful miss+s ( ! m>k 9 try+ to reproduce big words4 ,s5t5ce-build+4 ,we may n[ foll[ ! *ild 9 8 lat] & m ambiti\s l+ui/ic ef=ts4 ,! transition to ?is high] plane is m>k$ by ! use ( ! complet$ =m ( ?\ght1 ! s5t5ce4 ,at fir/1 z already po9t$ out1 !re is no s5t5ce-/ructure4 ,! *ild beg9s to talk by us+ s+le words4 ,^! words consi/ ( :at we call sub/antives1 z #8,mamma1' #8nurse1' #8milk1' a few adjectives1 z #8hot1' #8nice1' #8good1' a /ill small] numb] ( adv]bial signs1 z #8ta-ta1' or #8away1' #8ov]1' #8d[n1' #8up1' & "o or two v]b-=ms1 app>5tly imp]atives1 z #8g'4 ,! exact ord] 9 :i* ^! appe>1 & ! proportion betwe5 ! diff]5t classes ( con/itu5ts at a p>ticul> age1 say two & a half or ?ree1 appe> to v>y greatly4 ,words descriptive ( actions1 ?\gh v few at fir/1 appe> to gr[ num]\s 9 a lat] /age4#aja ----- ,footnote #aja3 ,= li/s ( vocabul>ies & an analysis ( _! composition see ,prey]1 op4 cit4 7#d? ed471 p4 #cgb ff42 ,tracy1 ,psy*ology ( ,*ildhood1 p4 #gf ff4 ----- ,9 speak+ ( ^! words z sub/antives1 adjectives1 & s =?1 ,i am m]ely adopt+ a conv5i5t mode ( description4 ,we mu/ n suppose t ! words z us$ 9 ?is simple disjo9t$ talk h _! full grammatical value4 ,x is n g5]ally recognis$ t ! s+le-word$ utt]ance ( ! *ild is an abbreviat$ s5t5ce or #8s5t5ce-^w' analog\s to ! s5t5ce-words f\nd 9 ! simple/ kn[n /age ( adult language4 ,z ) ! race s ) ! *ild1 ! s5t5ce prec$es ! ^w4 ,moreov]1 ea* ( ! *ild's s-call$ words 9 8 s+le-word$ talk /&s = a consid]able v>iety ( s5t5ce-=ms4 ,?us ! words 9 ! *ild's vocabul>y :i* we call sub/antives d duty = v]bs & s =?4 ,z ,prey] rem>ks1 #8*air' 7/uhl7 means #8,!re is no *air1' #8,i want to be put 9 ! *air1' #8,! *air is brok51' & s =?4 ,9 l mann] #8d[' 7d[n7 may mean #8,! spoon has fall5 d[n1' #8,i am d[n1' #8,i want to g d[n1' etc4#ajb ,! p>ticul> %ade ( mean+ int5d$ is indicat$ by intonation & ge/ure4 ----- ,footnote #ajb3 ,see ,prey]1 op4 cit41 p4 #cfa2 ,romanes1 op4 cit41 p4 #bif ff4 ----- ,?is s5t5ce-con/ruction beg9s ) a c]ta9 timidity4 ,! age at :i* x is fir/ obs]v$ v>ies greatly4 ,x seems 9 mo/ cases to be some:]e ab\t ! tw5ty-fir/ mon?1 yet ,i f9d good obs]v]s among my correspond5ts giv+ z dates eighte5 & a half & n9ete5 mon?s2 & a fri5d ( m9e1 a ,pr(essor ( ,lit]ature1 tells me t 8 boy =m$ simple s5t5ces z e>ly z fifte5 mon?s4 ,we commonly h at fir/ q %ort s5t5ces =m$ by two words 9 apposition4 ,^! may consi/ ( :at we %\ld call an adjective add$ to & qualify+ a sub/antive1 z 9 ! simple utt]ance ( ! *ild ,c41 #8,big bir' 7bird71 or ! exclamation1 #8,papa no' 7,papa's nose72 or !y may arise by a comb9ation ( sub/antives1 z 9 ! s5t5ce giv5 by ,tracy1 #8,papa cack]1' i4e41 #8,papa has crack]s1' & "o quot$ by ,prey]1 #8,auntie cake' 7,g]man1 #8,danna ,kuha1' i4e41 #8,tante ,ku*e'7 = #8,auntie has giv5 me cake'2 & 9 a some:at diff]5t example ( a comp\nd s5t5ce also giv5 by ,prey]1 #8,home milk' 7,g]man1 #8,haim ,mimi'71 int]pret$ z #8,i want to g home & h milk'4 ,9 ! case ( "o *ild ab\t ! age ( tw5ty-?ree mon?s mo/ ( ! s5t5ces 7 compos$ ( two words1 "o ( :i* 0 a v]b 9 ! imp]ative4 ,! love ( comm&+1 s /rong 9 ! *ild1 makes ! use ( ! imp]ative1 z is se5 9 ?is case1 v common4 ,m4's fir/ p]=mance 9 s5t5ce-build+ 7at eighte5 & a half mon?s7 01 #8,mamma1 tie1' i4e41 #8tie gloves'4 ,little by little ! le>n] manages long] s5t5ces1 economis+ 8 res\rces to ! utmo/1 tr\bl+ no?+ ab\t inflections or ! ins]tion ( prepositions s z to indicate precise relations1 b leav+ 8 he>] to discov] 8 mean+ z be/ he may2 & x is truly wond]ful h[ mu* ! *ild manages to express 9 ?is rude fa%ion4 ,a boy n9ete5 & a half mon?s old gave ?is elaborate ord] to 8 fa!r3 #8,dada toe toe ba1' t is1 #8,dada is to g & put 8 toes 9 ! ba?'4 ,pollock's little girl 9 ! fir/ essay at s5t5ce-build+1 record$ at ! age ( tw5ty-"o & a half mon?s1 actually manag$ a neat anti!sis3 #8,cabs dati1 clam cl91' t is to say1 #8,cabs are dirty1 & ! p]ambulator is clean'4 ,prey]'s boy 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird ye> br\ght out ! foll[+1 #8,mimi atta teppa papa oi1' t is to say1 #8,mil* atta ,teppi* ,papa fui1' :i* appe>s to h signifi$1 8,! milk is gone1 x is on ! c>pet1 & papa said #8,fie'04 ,x may be add$ t ! difficulties ( deciph]+ ^! e>ly s5t5ces is aggravat$ by ! frequ5t resort to slurs1 z :5 a *ild says1 #8m' out' = #8take me out1' #8't on' = #8put x on'4 ,! ord] ( words 9 ^! fir/ t5tative s5t5ces is noticeable4 ,sometimes ! subject is plac$ aft] ! pr$icate1 z 9 an example giv5 by ,pollock1 #8,run away man1' i4e41 #8,! man runs 7or has run7 away1' & 9 ! /ill qua9t] example giv5 by ! same writ]1 #8,out-pull-baby 'pecs 7spectacles71' i4e41 #8,baby pulls or w pull out ! spectacles'4 ,9 l mann] ! adjective us$ z pr$icate may prec$e ! subject1 z 9 ! examples giv5 by ,maillet1 #8,jolie la fleur1' etc4#ajc ,sometimes1 aga91 ! object comes be=e ! v]b1 z app>5tly 9 ! foll[+ example giv5 by ,miss ,%9n3 a little girl delight$ at ! prospect ( go+ out to see ! moon exclaim$1 8,moo-ky 7sky71 baby %ee 7see704#ajd ,"h is a delightful example ( a transposition ( subject & object4 ,a boy two ye>s & ?ree mon?s ask$1 #8,did ,ack 7,alec7 *ocke an apple8' i4e41 #8,did an apple *oke ,alec8' ?\gh 9 ?is case we v probably h to d ) a misund]/&+ ( ! action *oke4 ,o!r k9ds ( inv]sion occur :5 m complex exp]im5ts are attempt$1 z 9 connect+ #8my' ) an adjective4 ,?us "o *ild said prettily1 #8,poor my fri5ds'2#aje :i* ar*aic =m may be comp>$ ) ! foll[+ ,gallic-look+ idiom us$ by ,m4 at ! age ( "o ye> t5 mon?s3 #8,h[ ,babba 7baby1 i4e41 h]self7 does fe$ nicely6' ,! same little girl put ! auxili>y out ( its place1 say+1 #8,tan 7c7 ,babba wite' = #8,baby c write1' ?\gh ?is 0 probably a rem9isc5ce ( ! "q-=m4 ----- ,footnote #ajc3 ,see ,compayr1 op4 cit41 p4 #bjf4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,notes on ! ,developm5t ( a ,*ild1 p4 #hd4 ,footnote #aje3 ,canton1 ,! ,invisible ,playmate1 p4 #cb1 :o adds t ?is exactly answ]s to ! =m1 8,good my "l60 ----- ,^! inv]sions ( our famili> ord] are sugge/ive4 ,!y h "s resemblance to ! curi\s ord] :i* appe>s 9 ! spontane\s sign-mak+ ( deaf-mutes4 ,?us a deaf-mute answ]$ ! "q1 #8,:o made ,god8' by say+1 8,god made no?+10 i4e41 8no?+ made ,god04 ,simil>ly ! deaf-mute ,laura ,bridgman express$ ! petition1 #8,give ,laura bread1' by ! =m1 #8,laura bread give4'#ajf ,su* inv]sions1 z we "k1 are all[able & common 9 c]ta9 languages1 e4g41 ,lat94 ,! /udy ( ! syntax ( *ild-language & ( ! sign-mak+ ( deaf-mutes might sugge/ t our ,engli% ord] is n 9 c]ta9 cases ! mo/ natural "o4 ----- ,footnote #ajf3 ,see ,romanes1 op4 cit41 p4 #aaf f41 :]e o!r examples may be f\nd4 ----- ,a some:at simil> inv]sion ( :at seems to u ! prop] ord] appe>s 9 ! *ild's fir/ attempts at negation4 ,! *ild ,c4 e>ly 9 8 ?ird ye> express$ ! idea t he 0 n go+ into ! sea ?us3 #8,n4 78 own "n7 g 9 wat]1 no'4 ,simil>ly ,pollock's *ild express$ acquiesc5ce 9 a prohibition 9 ?is mann]1 #8,baby h papa 7pepp]7 no1' :]e ! #8no' foll[$ )\t a pause4 ,! same ord] appe>s 9 ! case ( ,fr5* *ildr51 e4g41 #8,papa non1' i4e41 #8,x is n ,papa1' & seems to be a common1 if n a univ]sal =m ( ! fir/ half-spontane\s s5t5ce-build+4 ,"h aga9 we see an analogy to ! syntax ( deaf-mutes1 :o appe> to app5d ! sign ( negation 9 a simil> way1 e4g41 #8,tea*] ,i beat1 deceive1 scold no1' i4e41 #8,i mu/ n beat1 deceive1 scold my tea*]'4 ,we see some?+ l x1 too1 9 ! =mations ( savage-languages1 z :5 #8fool no' comes to be ! sign ( #8n fool1' t is ( wise4#ajg ,:5 #8n' comes into use x is apt to be put 9 a wrong place1 z :5 ! little girl ,m4 said1 #8,no ,babba look' 7i4e41 #8,babba w n look'71 & #8,mr4 ,dill n did tum' = #8,mr4 ,gill did n come'4#ajh ----- ,footnote #ajg3 ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahgi-hj1 p4 #cia ff4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,x may be add$ t ?is *ild regul>ly us$ #8n' or #8n't' z a negat+ or cancell+ sign = ! :ole s5t5ce1 say+1 = example1 #8,babba mus'n't g 91' = #8,babba may /ay out'4 ----- ,ano!r closely relat$ *>act]i/ic ( ?is e>ly *ildi% s5t5ce-build+ is ! love ( anti!sis "u ! =m ( two balanc+ /atem5ts4 ,?us a *ild w (t5 oppose an affirmative to a negative /atem5t z a means ( br++ out ! full mean+ ( ! =m]4 ,! boy ,c41 = example1 w\ld say1 #8,?is a nice b[-w[1 n na/y b[-w['4 ,! little girl ,m4 said1 #8,boo 7! "n ( h] cat7 dot 7got7 tail2 poor ,babba dot no tail1' proce$+ to se>* = a tail "u h] skirts4 ,?is use ( a negative /atem5t by way ( contra/ or opposition to an affirmative grew 9 ! case ( "o *ild ag$ two ye>s & two mon?s into a habit ( description by negations4 ,?us an orange 0 describ$ by ! say+1 #8,no1 'tisn't apple1' porridge by #8,no1 'tisn't bread & milk'4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t deaf-mutes proce$ 9 a simil> fa%ion by way ( anti!tic negative /atem5t4 ,?us "o ( ^! express$ ! ?\ght1 #8,i mu/ love & hon\r my tea*]1' by ! ord]1 #8,tea*] ,i beat1 deceive1 scold no6--,i love hon\r yes6'#aji ----- ,footnote #aji3 ,a curi\s example ( negative anti!sis is giv5 by ,p]ez1 op4 cit41 p4 #aif4 ,on o!r analogies betwe5 ! syntax ( *ildr5 & ( deaf-mutes1 see ,compayr1 op4 cit41 p4 #bea f4 ----- ,^! fir/ essays 9 ! con/ruction ( s5t5ces illu/rate ! skill ( ! *ild 9 ek+ out 8 scanty vocabul>y by help ( a metaphorical transf]5ce ( mean+4 ,ta9e gives a *>m+ example ( ?is device4 ,a little girl ( eighte5 mon?s _h acquir$ ! ^w #8,c\c\' z us$ by h] "m or nurse :5 playfully hid+ beh9d a door or *air1 & ! expression #8a brle' z employ$ to w>n h] t h] d9n] 0 too hot1 or t %e mu/ put on h] hat 9 ! g>d5 to keep (f ! hot sun4 ,"o day on see+ ! sun disappe> beh9d a hill %e exclaim$1 #8,a ble c\c\'4#aaj ----- ,footnote #aaj3 ,on ,intellig5ce1 pt4 i41 bk4 i41 *ap4 ii41 sect4 vi4 ----- ,x is a fe>ful mom5t :5 ! *ild fir/ tries 8 h& at inflections1 &1 m especially 9 our language1 ^? ( v]bs4 ,pollock's *ild made ! attempt1 & successfully1 at ! age ( tw5ty-two mon?s4 ,su* fir/ essays are probably examples ( pure imitation1 ! precise =ms us$ hav+ be5 previ\sly he>d f o!rs4 ,h5ce :ile !y %[ a gr[+ p[] ( ?\ght1 ( a diff]5c+ ( ! relations ( numb] & "t1 !y d n involve v]bal con/ruction prop]ly s call$4 ,?is la/ appe>s z soon z ! *ild c>ries ov] 8 k ( p>ticul> cases ( v]bal inflection & applies x to new words4 ,?is involves a nasc5t appreciation ( ! reason or rule accord+ to :i* words are modifi$4 ,! developm5t ( ?is feel+ = ! g5]al mode ( v]bal *ange und]lies all ! lat] advance 9 correct speak+4 ,:ile ! little explor] 9 ! t]ra incognita ( language c proce$ safely 9 ?is direction up to a c]ta9 po9t he is apt1 z we all "k1 to /umble n[ & aga92 nor is ?is to be wond]$ at :5 we rememb] ! intricacies1 ! irregul>ities1 :i* *>act]ise a language l ours4 ,9 try+1 = example1 to manage ! pret]ite ( an ,engli% v]b he is c]ta91 z1 inde$1 is ! =eign]1 to g wrong4 ,! direction ( ! error is (t5 9 ! trans=mation ( ! weak to ! /rong =m2 z :5 #8scream$' becomes #8scram1' #8split' 7pret]ite7 #8splat' or #8splut1' & s =?4 ,9 o!r cases ! *ild wall conv]t a /rong into a weak =m1 z :5 ,laura ,bridgman1 l _m ano!r *ild1 w\ld say1 #8,i eat$1' #8,i se$1' & s =?4#aaa ,sometimes1 aga91 delightful d\bl+s ( ! pa/ t5se occur1 z #8saw$' = #8saw1' #8eat5$' = #8eat51' #8didn't saw' = #8didn't see1' #8did y gave me8' = #8did y give me8' ,active & passive =ms are sometimes confus$1 z :5 ,m4 said #8n yike be+ pick+ up' = #8n l be+ pick$ up1' etc4 ,x is curi\s to note ! diff]5t l9es ( imitative con/ruction foll[$ out 9 ^! cases4 ----- ,footnote #aaa3 ,! same d\ble t5d5cy f weak to /rong =ms & vice v]s is se5 9 ! li/ ( trans=m$ pa/ p>ticiples giv5 by ,prey]1 op4 cit41 p4 #cfj4 ----- ,"o ?+ seems cle> "h3 ! *ild's in/9ct is to simplify our =ms1 to get rid ( irregul>ities4 ,?is is /rik+ly illu/rat$ 9 ! use ( ! het]og5e\s assemblage ( =ms kn[n z ! v]b #8to be'4 ,x is really h>d on a *ild to expect him to answ] ! "q1 #8,are y good n[8' by say+1 #8,yes1 ,i am'4 ,he says1 ( c\rse1 #8,yes1 ,i are'4 ,p]haps ! poor v]b #8to be' has suff]$ e k9d ( viol5ce at ! h&s ( *ildr54#aab ,?us ! *ild ,m4 us$ ! =m #8bd' = #80'4 ,pr(essor ,max ,mll] some:]e says t *ildr5 are ! purifi]s ( language4 ,w\ld x n be well if !y c\ld become its simplifi]s also1 & give u 9 place ( ?is cong]ies ( unrelat$ s\nds "o good dec5t v]b-=m8 ----- ,footnote #aab3 ,cf4 ,prey]'s acc\nt ( a ,g]man *ild's lib]ties ) ! same v]b1 :]e we f9d #8gebis/1' #8b9n/1' & o!r odd =ms1 op4 cit41 p4 #dch4 ----- ,o!r qua9t trans=mations occur :5 ! *ild beg9s to comb9e words1 z :5 ,m4 jo9+ adv]b to v]b inv5t$ ! =m ( pa/ t5se #8fall d[n$' = #8fell d[n'4 ,ano!r que] =m is #8,am't ,i8' us$ = #8am ,i n8' aft] ! patt]n ( #8ar5't we8' ,an ev5 f9] l+ui/ic /roke ?an ?is1 is #8,bett]n't y8' = #8,_h y n bett]8' :]e ! *ild 0 evid5tly try+ to get 9 ! =m #8hadn't y1' along ) ! awkw>d #8bett]1' :i* seem$ to belong to ! #8_h1' & solv$ ! problem by treat+ #8bett]' z ! v]b1 & dropp+ #8_h' altoge!r4 ,a /udy ( ^! solecisms1 :i* are ne>ly always amus+1 & sometimes da9tily pretty1 is useful to mo!rs & "y tea*]s by way ( %[+ h[ mu* h>d "w1 h[ mu* ( real conjectural inf]5ce1 ent]s into *ildr5's essays 9 talk+4 ,we ought n to wond] t !y n[ & aga9 slip2 r ought we to wond] t1 ) all ! intricacies & pitfalls ( our language--?is applies ( c\rse ) especial =ce to ! motley irregul> ,engli% tongue--!y slip s r>ely4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! latt] & m #8correct' talk--:i* is correct j because ! *ild has /or$ up a good /ock ( p>ticul> ^w-=ms1 & consequ5tly has a mu* wid] range ( pure un9v5tive imitation--is less admirable ?an ! e>ly inv5tive imitation2 = ?is la/ n only has ! quality ( orig9ality1 b %[s ! g]m ( a truly grammatical feel+ = ! g5]al types or norms ( ! language4 ,! ,engli% *ild is n mu* tr\bl$ by inflections ( sub/antives4 ,! pron\ns1 h[ev]1 z intellig5t mo!rs "k1 are apt to cause mu* he>t-burn+ to ! little l+ui/4 ,! ma/]y ( #8,i' & #8y1' #8me1' #8m9e1' etc41 =ms an epo* 9 ! developm5t ( ! l+ui/ic faculty & ( ! p[] ( ?\ght :i* is s closely correlat$ ) ?is4 ,h5ce x w repay a brief inspection4 ,z is well kn[n1 *ildr5 beg9 by speak+ ( !mselves & ( ^? :om !y address by names1 z :5 !y say1 #8,baby good1' #8,mamma come'4 ,?is is sometimes describ$ z speak+ 89 ! ?ird p]son10 yet ?is is n q accurate1 see+ t !re is z yet no di/9ction ( p]son at all 9 ! *ild's language4 ,! fir/ use ( #8,i' & #8y' betwe5 two & ?ree ye>s is apt to be errone\s4 ,! *ild proce$s imitatively to use #8,i1' #8me1' #8my' = #8y' & #8y\r'4 ,?us "o *ild said1 #8,:at ,i'm go+ to d1' =1 #8,:at are y go+ to d8' ,9 ?is case1 x is pla91 !re is no cle> grasp ( :at we mean by subject1 or ( ! exact relation ( ?is subject to ! p]son he is address+4 ,yet along ) ?is me*anical repetition ( ! pronom9al =ms we see ! beg9n+s ( an intellig5t use ( !m4 ,s f> z ,i c asc]ta9 mo/ *ildr5 beg9 to say #8me' or #8my' be=e !y say #8y'4 ,yet ,i h met ) "o or two app>5t exceptions to ?is rule4 ,?us ! boy ,c4 c]ta9ly seem$ to get hold ( ! =m ( ! second p]son be=e t ( ! fir/1 & ! priority ( #8y' is atte/$ 9 ano!r case s5t to me4 ,x is desirable to get m obs]vations on ?is po9t4 ,to det]m9e ! exact date at :i* an intellig5t use ( ! fir/ p]son appe>s1 is mu* less easy ?an x looks4 ,! #8,i' is apt to appe> mom5t>ily & !n disappe>1 z :5 ,m4 at ! age ( n9ete5 mon?s ?ree weeks 0 obs]v$ to say #8,i did' once1 ?\gh %e did n use #8,i' aga9 until "s "t aft]w>ds4 ,all[+ = ^! difficulties x may be said ) "s degree ( confid5ce t ! great transition f #8baby' to #8,i' is wont to take place 9 fav\rable cases e>ly 9 ! fir/ half ( ! ?ird ye>4 ,?us among ! dates assign$ by diff]5t obs]v]s ,i f9d1 tw5ty-f\r mon?s1 tw5ty-five mon?s 7cases giv5 by ,prey]71 betwe5 tw5ty-five & tw5ty-six 7,pollock71 tw5ty-sev5 mon?s 7! boy ,c474 ,a lady fri5d tells me t h] boy began to use #8,i' at tw5ty-f\r mon?s4 ,9 ! case ( a c]ta9 numb] ( precoci\s *ildr5 ?is po9t is atta9$ at an e>li] date4 ,?us ,prey] quotes a case ( a *ild speak+ 9 ! fir/ p]son at tw5ty mon?s4 ,s*ultze gives a case at n9ete5 mon?s4 ,a fri5d ( m9e1 a ,pr(essor ( ,engli% ,lit]ature1 ^: boy %[$ great precocity 9 s5t5ce-build+1 reports t he us$ ! =ms #8me' & #8,i' )9 ! sixte5? mon?4 ,prey]'s boy1 on ! o!r h&1 :o 0 evid5tly some:at sl[ 9 l+ual developm5t1 fir/ us$ ! =m ( ! fir/ p]son #8to me' 7mir7 at ! age ( tw5ty-n9e mon?s4 ,! precise way 9 :i* ^! pronom9al =ms fir/ appe> is v curi\s4 ,_m *ildr5 use #8me' be=e #8,i'4 ,prey]'s boy appe>s to h fir/ us$ ! =m #8to me' 7mir74 #8,my' too is apt to appe> among ! e>lie/ =ms4 ,9 su* diff]5t ways does ! *ild pass to ! new & difficult region ( pronom9al spee*4 ,! mean+ ( ?is transition has giv5 rise to mu* discussion4 ,x is pla91 to beg9 )1 t a *ild _c acquire ^! =ms z he acquires ! "n #8papa1' #8nurse1' by a direct & comp>atively me*anical mode ( imitation4 ,:5 he does imitate 9 ?is fa%ion he produces1 z we h se51 ! absurdity ( speak+ ( himself z #8y'4 ,h5ce dur+ ! fir/ ye> or s ( spee* he makes no use ( ^! =ms4 ,he speaks ( himself z #8baby' or "s equival5t "n1 o!rs com+ d[n to 8 level & sett+ him ! example4 ,! transition seems to be due 9 "p1 z ,i h else:]e po9t$ out1 to a gr[+ self-consci\sness1 to a cle>] s+l+ out ( ! ego or self z ! c5tre ( ?\ght & activity1 & ! und]/&+ ( ! o!r #8p]sons' 9 relation to ?is c5tre4 ,n t self-consci\sness beg9s ) ! use ( #8,i'4 ,! *ild has no d\bt a rudim5t>y self-consci\sness :5 he talks ab\t himself z ab\t ano!r object3 yet ! use ( ! =ms #8,i1' #8me1' may be tak5 to m>k ! great] precision ( ! idea ( #8self' z n m]ely a bodily object & nameable j l o!r s5sible ?+s1 b z some?+ di/9ct f & oppos$ to all objects ( s5se1 z :at we call ! #8subject' or ego4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 we may set d[n ?is ex*ange ( ! prop] "n = ! =ms #8,i' & #8me' z due to ! spontane\s gr[? ( ! *ild's intellig5ce1 x is possible t education ex]ts its influ5ce too4 ,x is conjecturable t z a *ild's intellig5ce gr[s1 o!rs 9 speak+ to him t5d unkn[+ly to introduce ! =ms #8,i' & #8y' m frequ5tly4 ,yet ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t ! *ild commonly takes ! lead "h4 ,h[ev] ?is be1 x is cle> t gr[+ intellig5ce1 involv+ great] int]e/ 9 o!rs' words1 w lead to a clos] att5tion to ^! pronom9al =ms z employ$ by o!rs4 ,9 ?is way ! environm5t works on ! gr[+ m9d ( ! *ild1 /imulat+ x to direct its ?\ghts to ^! subtle relations ( ! #8me & n me1' #8m9e & ?9e'4 ,! m intellig5t ! environm5t ! great] w be ! /imulat+ influ5ce3 h5ce1 9 "p at lea/1 ! diff]5ce ( age :5 ! new /yle ( spee* is atta9$4#aac ----- ,footnote #aac3 ,prey] 7op4 cit41 ,cap4 #bb7 seems to argue t *ildr5 h a cle> self-consci\sness be=e !y attempt to use ! =ms #8,i1' etc42 & t ! acquisition ( ! latt] is due to imitation4 ,b he does n %[ :y ?is imitation %\ld beg9 to "w s p[]fully at a p>ticul> p]iod ( l+ui/ic developm5t4 ----- ,! acquirem5t ( ^! pronom9al =ms is a sl[ & irksome bus9ess4 ,at fir/ !y are introduc$ hesitat+ly1 & alongside ( ! prop] "n2 ! *ild1 = example1 say+ sometimes1 #8,baby' or #8,ilda1' sometimes #8,i' or #8me'4 ,9 "s cases1 aga91 ! two =ms are us$ at ! same "t 9 apposition1 z 9 ! delightful =m n unkn[n 9 old] folk's language1 #8,hilda1 my book'4 ,! =ms #8,i' & #8me' are1 moreov]1 conf9$ at fir/ to a few expressions1 z #8,i am1' #8,i w5t1' & s =?4 ,! dropp+ ( ! old =ms1 z may be se5 by a glance at ! notes on ! *ild ,c41 & at ,prey]'s me?odical di>y1 is a gradual process4 ,qua9t solecisms m>k ! fir/ /ages ( ! use ( ^! pron\ns4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! e>li] use ( sub/antives1 "o & ! same =m w be us$ economically = a v>iety ( mean+s1 z :5 #8me' 0 by ! boy ,c4 us$ to d duty = #8m9e' also1 & #8u' = #8ours'4 ,"h x is probable !re is a lack ( p]fect discrim9ation4 ,! connexion betwe5 ! self & its belong+s is = all ( u ( ! close/4 ,:5 a *ild ( two1 :o 0 ab\t to be depriv$ ( h] doll1 %\t$1 #8,me1 me6' may we n suppose t ! doll 0 tak5 up into ! inn] circle ( ! self8#aad ,sometimes 9 ?is enri*m5t ( ! vocabul>y by pron\ns new & delightful =ms are /ruck (f1 z :5 ! little exp]im5t] inv5ts ! possessive =m #8%e's'4 ----- ,footnote #aad3 ,comp>e above1 p4 #dc4 ----- ,! p]fect unfett]$ use ( ^! puzzl+ =ms comes mu* lat]4 ,prey] quotes a case 9 :i* a *ild ,olga1 ag$ f\r ye>s1 w\ld say1 #8,%e has made me wet1' mean+ t %e h]self _h done x4 ,b ?is p]haps po9ts to t t5d5cy to split up ! self into a numb] ( p]sonalities1 to :i* ref]5ce 0 made 9 an e>li] essay4 ,! ?ird ye>1 :i* witnesses ! important addition ( ! pron\ns1 sees o!r ref9em5ts introduc$4 ,?us ! def9ite article 0 introduc$ 9 ! case ( ,prey]'s boy 9 ! tw5ty-eigh? mon?1 9 t ( an ,engli% boy at ! age ( two ye>s eight mon?s4 ,prepositions are introduc$ ab\t ! same "t4 ,9 ?is way *ildi% talk beg9s to lose its primitive disjo9t$ "*1 & to gr[ into an articulat$ /ructure4#aae ,yet ! p]fect ma/]y ( ^! takes "t4 ,a feel+ = analogy easily leads ! little explor] a/ray at fir/1 z :5 ! *ild ,m4 said #8f> to' aft] ! model #8ne> to'4 ----- ,footnote #aae3 ,= a full] acc\nt ( ?is progress1 ! read] _c d bett] ?an consult ,prey]1 op4 cit41 ,cap4 #bj & #ba4 ----- ,?r\gh ?is :ole p]iod ( language-le>n+ ! *ild cont9ues to %[ 8 orig9ality1 8 inv5tiv5ess4 ,he is r>ely at a loss1 & ?\gh ! gaps 9 8 v]bal acquisitions are great he is v skilful 9 fill+ !m up4 ,if1 = example1 our bright little l+ui/ ,m41 at ! age ( "o ye> eight & a half mon?s1 aft] be+ jump$ by h] fa!r1 wants him to jump h] "m also1 %e says1 9 default ( ! ^w #8jump1' 8,make mamma high04 ,a boy ( tw5ty-sev5 mon?s +5i\sly said1 #8,x ra9s (f1' = #8,! ra9 has left (f'4 ,=ms are sometimes comb9$1 z :5 a boy ( ?ree ye>s ?ree mon?s us$ #8my lone1' #8y\r lone1' = #8me alone' or #8by myself1' #8y alone' or #8by y\rself'4 ,ano!r girl1 two ye>s t5 mon?s1 said1 #8,no two 'tatoes left1' mean+ #8only "o potato is left'4 ,pleonasms occur 9 abundance1 z :5 a boy ( two w\ld say1 #8,ano!r "o bicca 7biscuit71' &1 bett] /ill1 #8ano!r m'4 ,gett+ at our ,mean+s4 ,!re is "o "p ( ?is *ild's "w ( le>n+ our language ( :i* ,i h said h>dly any?+1 viz41 ! div9+ ( ! v]bal cont5t1 ( ! mean+ we put or try to put into our words4 ,a brief ref]5ce to ?is may well br+ ?is /udy ( *ildi% l+ui/ics to a close4 ,! lea/ att5tion to a *ild 9 ! act ( language-le>n+ w %[ h[ mu* ( d[nright h>d "w goes to ! und]/&+ ( language4 ,if we are to judge by ! ef=t requir$ we might say t ! *ild does z mu* 9 deciph]+ 8 "m-tongue z an ,ori5tal s*ol> 9 deciph]+ a sy/em ( hi]oglyphics4 ,j ?9k1 = example1 h[ _m c>eful comp>isons ! small *ild-bra9 has to c>ry out1 comp>isons ( ! sev]al uses ( ! ^w by o!rs 9 v>y+ circum/ances1 be=e he c get any?+ approa*+ to a cle> idea1 answ]+ ev5 to su* seem+ly simple words z #8clean1' #8old' or #8clev]'4 ,! way 9 :i* inquir+ *ildr5 plague u ) que/ions ( ! =m1 #8,:at does su* & su* a ^w mean8' suffici5tly %[s h[ mu* ?\ght-activity goes 9 ! try+ to get at mean+s4 ,?is difficulty1 moreov]1 p]si/s1 reappe>+ 9 new =ms z ! *ild pu%es 8 way onw>ds into ! m tangl$ tracts ( ! l+ual t]ra94 ,x is felt1 & felt ke5ly1 too1 :5 mo/ ( ! torm5ts ( articulation are ov] & =gott54 ,_m ( u c rememb] h[ c]ta9 words haunt$ u z uncanny =ms into ! nature ( :i* we tri$ h>d1 b 9 va91 to p5etrate4 ,ow+ to ^! difficulties ! little le>n] is always drift+ into misund]/&+ ( words4 ,su* misappreh5sions w arise 9 a passive way by ! m]e play ( association 9 atta*+ ! ^w especially to "s /rik+ feature or circum/ance :i* is apt to pres5t itself :5 ! ^w is us$ 9 ! *ild's he>+4 ,9 ?is way1 = example1 g5]al t]ms may become t]ribly re/rict$ 9 range by ! incorporation ( accid5tals into _! mean+1 z :5 a ,sunday s*ool s*ol> r5d]$ ! /ory ( ! good ,sam>itan by say+ t a g5tleman came by & p\r$ "s p>aff9 7i4e41 oil7 ov] ! poor man4 ,a ^w may h its mean+ funnily trans=m$ by su* associative sugge/ions1 z :5 a little girl1 be+ told t a ?+ 0 a secret1 rem>k$1 #8,well1 mamma1 'ou 7y7 c :isp] x 9 my e>'4 ,z ?is example %[s1 a *ild 9 8 #8concret+' fa%ion tries to get s5sible realities out ( our names4 ,a mask 0 call$ by a boy ( six a #8grimace1' ?is ab/ract "n /&+ to 8 m9d = ! gr9n+ face4 ,a l t5d5cy %[s itself 9 ! foll[+ qua9t /ory4 ,a boy & a girl1 tw9s1 _h be5 dress$ alike4 ,lat] on ! boy 0 put into a #8suit'4 ,a lady ask$ ! girl ab\t ?is "t :e!r !y 7 n ! tw9s1 :5 %e repli$3 #8,no1 we us$ to be'4 #8,tw9' 0 insep>ably associat$ 9 h] m9d ) ! simil>ity 9 dress4 ,a some:at simil> effect ( association ( ideas is se5 9 ! qua9t reque/ ( ! little girl ,m4 t h] mamma %\ld #8smell' ! pudd+ & make x cool4 ,! action ( br++ ! face ne> an object yet s z n to t\* x 0 associat$ ) smell+1 z 9 ! little girl :o1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,pun*1 _h h] s5se ( propriety %ock$ by "s irrev]5t p]son :o did n 8smell 8 hat0 :5 he took 8 seat 9 *ur*4 ,moral expressions get misund]/ood 9 mu* ! same mann]4 ,a little girl ( ?ree & a half ye>s1 pret5d+ t h] "m 0 h] little girl1 said3 #8,y mu/n't d any?+ on purpose'4 ,! usual v]bal context ( ?is highly-respectable phrase 7e4g41 #8,y did x on purpose'7 _h 9 ! *ild's m9d giv5 x a naughty mean+4 ,) ^! los+s ( ! v]bal road ?r\gh associative by-pa?s may be tak5 ! ho/ ( misappreh5sions into :i* *ildr5 are apt to fall ?r\gh ! ambiguities ( our words & expressions1 & our %ort & elliptical modes ( speak+4 ,?us an ,am]ican *ild1 not+ t *ildr5 7 #8half price' at a c]ta9 %[1 want$ 8 "m to get a baby n[ t !y 7 *eap4#aaf ,) ?is may be comp>$ ! foll[+3 ,jean ,+el[ tells u %e c well rememb] h[ sad %e 0 made by h] fa!r tell+ h] "o day aft] danc+ h] on 8 knee t he mu/ put h] d[n z he #8_h a bone 9 8 leg'4#aag ,mu* misappreh5sion arises1 too1 f our figurative use ( language1 :i* ! little li/5] is apt to int]pret 9 a v lit]al way4 ,x w\ld be wor? kn[+ :at odd r5d]+s ! *ild-bra9 has giv5 to su* expressions z #8an upright man1' #8a fi% out ( wat]1' & ! l4 ----- ,footnote #aaf3 ,worce/] ,collection1 p4 #ba4 ,footnote #aag3 ,cf4 ! acc\nt ,goltz gives ( ! anxiety he felt z a *ild on he>+ t 8 uvula 7zapf57 _h #8fall5 d[n1' op4 cit41 p4 #bfa4 ----- ,9 addition to ^! comp>atively passive misappreh5sions !re are o!rs :i* are ! outcome ( an intellectual ef=t1 ! endeav\r to p5etrate into ! my/]y ( "s new & puzzl+ words or expression4 ,_m ( u h _h our special horror1 our bte noire among words1 :i* torm5t$ u = mon?s & ye>s4 ,i rememb] h[ ,i 0 plagu$ by ! ^w #8wean1' ! explanation ( :i* 0 v prop]ly1 no d\bt1 d5i$ me by ! au?orities1 & by :at qua9t fancies ,i tri$ to fill 9 a mean+4 ,z ) words1 s ) :ole expressions & say+s4 ,x 0 a natural movem5t ( *ildi% ?\ght :5 a little s*ool-girl answ]$ ! "q ( ! ,inspector1 #8,:at is an av]age8' by say+ #8,:at ! h5 lays eggs on'4 ,%e _h he>d h] "m say1 8,! h5 lays s _m eggs #8on ! av]age' e week10 & _h no d\bt imag9$ a little my? ab\t ?is #8av]age'4 ,aga91 mo/ ( u "k :at que] r5d]+s ! *ild-m9d has giv5 to ,scripture language4 ,mr4 ,james ,payn tells u t he knew a boy :o = ye>s sub/itut$ = ! words1 #8,hall[$ be ?y "n1' #8,h>old be ?y "n'4#aah ,9 ?is & simil> cases x is n1 z might be suppos$1 defective he>+--*ildr5 he> words z a rule ) great exactness--x is ! impulse to give a famili> & significant r5d]+ to :at is /range & mean+less4#aai ,a fri5d ( m9e :5 a boy 0 accu/om$ on he>+ ! passage1 #8,if ,i say p]adv5ture ! d>kness %all cov] me1' etc41 to ins]t a pause aft] #8p]adv5ture1' appreh5d+ ! passage 9 ?is wise3 ,if ,i say #8,p]adv5ture6'--! d>kness1 etc4 ,9 ?is way he turn$ ! my/]i\s #8p]adv5ture' into a my/ic #8op5 sesame1' & add$ a ?rill+ t\* ( magic to ! passage4 ,my fri5d's daught] tells me t on he>+ ! passage1 8,i 444 visit ! s9s ( ! fa!rs ^u ! *ildr5 unto ! ?ird & f\r? g5]ation1 444 & %[ m]cy unto ?\s&s10 %e con/ru$ ! /range ^w #8g5]ation' to mean an imm5se numb] l #8billion1' & 0 ?us l$ to tr\ble h]self ab\t ,god's seem+ to be m cruel ?an k9d4#abj ----- ,footnote #aah3 ,9 ! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news1 #cj? ,june1 #ahid4 ,footnote #aai3 ,( c\rse defective auditory appreh5sion may assi/ 9 ^! cases4 ,goltz gives an example f 8 own *ildhood4 ,he took ! words 8,nam5 n5n5 ,di* ni*t0 to be 8,nam5 n5ne ,di* ni*t10 & 0 sorely puzzl$ at ! idea ( bidd+ a "n n to "n itself4 ,footnote #abj3 ,psalm cxxxix4 & ,second ,comm&m5t1 ,pray]-book v]sion4 ----- ,9 "s cases1 too1 :]e ! language is simple en\gh a *ild's bra9 w f9d our mean+ unsuitable & foll[ a l9e ( int]pretation ( its own4 ,mr4 ,canton relates t 8 little h]o9e1 :o knew ! l9es 9 ,/rumpelpet]-- ,! doctor came & %ook 8 head1 ,& gave him na/y physic too-- 0 told t %e w\ld cat* a cold1 & t %e at once repli$1 8,& w ! doctor come & %ook my head80#aba ,x 0 s mu* m natural to suppose t :5 ! doctor came & did some?+ ?is 0 c>ri$ out on ! p]son ( ! pati5t4 ----- ,footnote #aba3 ,! ,invisible ,playmate1 p4 #ce4 ----- ,!re is no?+ m in/ructive 9 ?is connexion ?an ! talk ( *ildr5 among !mselves ab\t words4 ,!y build up qua9t speculations ab\t mean+s1 & try _! h& bravely at def9itions4 ,"h is an example3 ,a boy ( five 0 in/ruct+ 8 comrade z to ! puzzl+ ^w #8home-sick'4 ,he did x 9 q a sci5tific fa%ion4 8,x's l sea-sick1 y "k3 y are sea-sick :5 y are sick at sea1 & s y're home-sick :5 y're sick at home04 ,!re is some?+ ( ?is same desire to get beh9d words 9 *ildr5's ^w-play1 z we call x1 _! discov]y ( odd aff9ities 9 v]bal s\nds1 & _! punn+4 ,?\gh no d\bt ?is conta9s a g5u9e elem5t ( *ildi% fun1 x betok5s a m s]i\s trait also1 an int]e/ 9 ^w-s\nds z su*1 & a curiosity ab\t _! orig9 & purpose4 ,x is difficult = gr[n-up p to g back 9 ?\ght to ! attitude ( ! *ild-m9d t[>ds v]bal s\nds4 ,j z *ildr5 %[ #8! innoc5ce ( ! eye' 9 see+ ! col\rs ( objects z !y are & n z our habits ( int]pretation t5d to make !m1 s !y %[ an innoc5ce ( ! e>1 cat*+ ! intr9sic s5su\s qualities ( a ^w or a gr\p ( words1 9 a way :i* has become impossible = u4 ,?is half-playful1 half-s]i\s scrut9y ( ^w-s\nds leads to ! attempt to f9d by analysis & analogy a famili> mean+ 9 /range words4 ,= example1 a little boy ab\t f\r ye>s old he>d 8 "m speak ( nurse's neuralgia1 f :i* %e _h be5 suff]+ = "s "t4 ,he !reupon exclaim$1 #8,i don't ?9k x's new ralgia1 ,i call x old ralgia'4 ,a *ild call$ 8 doll #8,%akespe>e' because its spe>-l legs c\ld be %ak54 ,ano!r boy ( ?ree expla9$ #8gait]s' z ?+s #8to g out ( ! gate )'4 ,ano!r said t ! #8,ma/]' :i* he prefix$ to 8 "n meant t he 0 ma/] ( 8 dog4 ,a little girl 9 h] ?ird ye> call$ #8an*ovies' #8ham-*ovies' #8m]maid' #8worm-maid1' #8:irlw9d' #8_w-w9d1' #8gnomes' #8no-mans' 7un-m5s*571 tak+ pleasure app>5tly 9 br++ "s famili> elem5t--ev5 :5 ?is seems to o!r e>s at lea/ n v explanatory--into ! /range jumble ( ^w-s\nd t surr\nd$ h]4 ,a *ild may "k t he is #8fool+' 9 su* cases1 yet ! ^w-play br+s a c]ta9 satisfaction1 :i* is at lea/ ak9 to ! pleasure ( ! old] l+ui/4 ,?is quasi-punn+ trans=mation ( words is curi\sly l :at may be call$ folk-etymology1 :]e a =eign ^w is alt]$ by a p s z to be made to appe> significant & suitable = its purpose1 z 9 ! (t-quot$ =ms #8sp>r[ grass' 7asp>agus7 & #8cray-fi%' 7f ! ,fr5* crevisse1 cf4 ! ,o4 ,h4 ,g]man ,krebiz71 :]e ! attempt to suit ! =m to ! ?+ is /ill m app>5t4#abb ,:51 = example1 a boy calls a holiday a #8hollorday1' because x is a day #8to holloa 91' we may say t he is reflect+ ! process by :i* adults try to put mean+ into /range words1 z :5 a cabman ,i ov]he>d a few days ago spoke ab\t putt+ d[n a%phalt 7= #8asphalt'74 ,"s *ildr5 c>ry out su* trans=mation & inv5tion ( d]ivation on a l>ge scale1 (t5 resort+ to pretty my?s1 z :5 ! butt]flies are said to make butt]1 or to eat butt]1 gras%opp]s to give grass1 honeysuckles to yield all ! honey1 & s =?4#abc ----- ,footnote #abb3 ,! o!r =m ( ! ^w1 #8craw-fi%1' seems a /ill m +5i\s example ( folk-etymology4 ,footnote #abc3 ,^! la/ are tak5 f a good li/ ( *ildr5's punn+s 9 ,dr4 ,/anley ,hall's article1 8,! ,cont5ts ( ,*ildr5's ,m9ds04 ----- ,a *ild w ev5 g fur!r1 &1 pry+ into ! =ms ( g5d]1 inv5t explanatory my?s 9 :i* words are p]sonifi$ & sexualis$4 ,?us a little boy ( five ye>s & ?ree mon?s :o _h le>n$ ,g]man & ,italian z well z ,engli% 0 mu* tr\bl$ ab\t ! g5d] ( ! sun & moon4 ,s he set ab\t my?-mak+ on ?is wise3 8,i suppose p#abd ?9k ! sun is ! husb&1 ! moon is ! wife1 & all ! />s ! little *ildr51 & ,jupit] ! maid04 ,a ,g]man girl ( six 0 ?us address$ by h] tea*]3 8#8,d]' i/ mnnli*2 ,0 s9d #8,die' und #8,das'80 ,to :i* %e repli$ prettily3 ,die i/ dmli* 7i4e41 #8ladyi%'7 und das i/ k9dli*4 ,! t5d5cy to attribute diff]5ces ( sex & age to names obs]vable 9 ?is la/ is se5 9 o!r ways4 ,an ,italian *ild ask$ :y #8b>ba' 7be>d7 0 n call$ #8b>bo'4 ,) ?is may be comp>$ ! pretty my? ( ano!r ,italian *ild t #8b>ca' 7boat7 0 ! little girl ( #8b>ca9olo' 7boatman74#abe ----- ,footnote #abd3 ,t is1 ,i take x1 ! majority1 viz41 ,italians & ,engli%4 ,footnote #abe3 ,bo? ( ^! are giv5 by ,paola ,lombroso 9 ! "w already quot$4 ----- ,"o o!r *>act]i/ic feature 9 ! *ild's attitude t[>ds words mu/ be t\*$ on1 because x looks l ! opposite ( ! impulse to tamp] ) words j dealt )4 ,a *ild is a great /ickl] = accuracy 9 ! repetition ( all famili> ^w-=ms4 ,! zeal ( a *ild 9 correct+ o!rs' language1 & ! comical errors he w n[ & aga9 fall into 9 ex]cis+ 8 p$agogic function1 are well kn[n to p>5ts4 ,sometimes he %[s himself ! mo/ absurd ( p$ants4 #8,%all ,i read to y out ( ?is book1 baby8' ask$ a "m ( h] boy1 ab\t two & a half ye>s old4 #8,no1' repli$ ! infant1 #8n out ( dot book1 b somepy inside ( x4' ,! same little /ickl] = v]bal accuracy1 :5 8 nurse ask$ him1 #8,are y go+ to build y\r bricks1 baby8' repli$ solemnly1 #8,we don't build bricks1 we make !m & !n build ) !m'4 ,9 ! notes on ! boy ,c4 we f9d an example ( h[ jeal\sly ! *ild-m9d insi/s on ! ipsissima v]ba 9 ! rec\nt+ ( 8 famili> /ories4 ,are ^! little /ickl]s = v]bal correctness1 :o object to ev]y?+ figurative 9 our language1 :o1 :5 !y le>n t a p]son or an animal has #8lo/ 8 head1' take ! expression lit]ally1 & :o love no?+ bett] ?an ty+ u d[n to lit]al exactness1 !mselves giv5 to #8^w-play' & v]bal my?-mak+1 or h we "h to d ) two v>ieties ( *ildi% m9d8 ,my obs]vations d n enable me to pron\nce on ?is po9t4 ,i h 9 ?is essay conf9$ myself to "s ( ! m common & elem5t>y features ( ! *ild's l+ui/ic exp]i5ce4 ,o!rs pres5t !mselves :5 ! read+ /age is rea*$1 & ! new /range /upid-look+ ^w-symbol on ! pr9t$ page has to d duty = ! liv+ s\nd1 :i* = ! *ild1 z we h se51 seems to belong to ! object & to %>e 9 its life4 ,b ?is subject1 tempt+ z x is1 mu/ be left4 ,& ! same mu/ be said ( ^? special difficulties & problems :i* arise = ! *ild-m9d :5 two or m languages are spok54 ,?is is a bran* ( *ild-l+ui/ics :i*1 s f> z ,i "k1 has nev] be5 explor$4 ,,vi4 ,,subject ,,to ,,fe>4 ,*ildr5's ,s5sibility4 ,9 pass+ f a /udy ( *ildr5's ideas to an inve/igation ( _! feel+s1 we seem to enc\nt] q ano!r k9d ( problem4 ,a *ild has ! g]ms ( ideas long be=e he c give !m cle> articulate expression2 &1 z we h se51 he has at fir/ to tax 8 +5uity 9 ord] to convey by intelligible signs ! ?\ghts :i* arise 9 8 m9d4 ,= ! manife/ation ( 8 feel+s ( pleasure & pa91 on ! o!r h&1 nature has end[$ him ) adequate expression4 ,! /ates ( infantile discont5t & cont5t1 mis]y & gladness1 pron\nce !mselves ) a cle>ness & an emphasis :i* leave no room = misund]/&+4 ,?is full frank manife/ation ( feel+ holds good m especially ( ^? /ates ( bodily com=t & discom=t :i* make up ! fir/ rude exp]i5ces ( life4 ,x is necess>y = ! *ild's pres]vation t he %\ld be able to ann\nce by cle> signals ! oncom+ ( 8 crav+s & ( 8 suff]+s1 & we all "k h[ well nature has provid$ = ?is necessity4 ,h5ce ! fulness ) :i* infant psy*ology has dealt ) ?is fir/ *apt] ( ! life ( feel+4 ,prey]1 = example1 gives a full & almo/ exhau/ive epitome ( ! v>i\s %ades ( infantile pleasure & pa9 :i* gr[ out ( ?is life ( s5se & appetite1 & has c>efully describ$ _! physiological accompanim5ts & _! signatures4#abf ----- ,footnote #abf3 ,op4 cit41 ,cap4 #f & #ac4 ----- ,:5 we pass f ^! elem5t>y =ms ( pleasure & pa9 to ! rudim5ts ( emotion prop]1 z ! mis]ies ( fe>1 ! sorr[s & joys ( ! affections1 we h /ill1 no d\bt1 to d ) a mode ( manife/ation :i*1 on ! :ole1 is direct & unres]v$ to a gratify+ ext5t4 ,a *ild ( ?ree is delightfully incapable ( ! skilful repressions1 & ! yet m skilful simulations ( emotion :i* are easy to ! adult4#abg ,yet frank & transp>5t z is ! fir/ in/9ctive utt]ance ( feel+1 x is apt to get *eck$ at an e>ly date1 giv+ place to a c]ta9 res]ve4 ,s t1 z we "k f publi%$ rem9isc5ces ( *ildhood1 a *ild ( six w h le>nt to hide "s ( 8 deepe/ feel+s f unsympa!tic eyes4 ----- ,footnote #abg3 ,?is does n apply to old] *ildr54 ,z ,tol/oi's book1 ,*ildhood1 ,boyhood & ,y\?1 tells u1 a boy ( twelve may be mu* giv5 to /ra9+ aft] feel+s :i* he ?9ks he ought to exp]i5ce4 ----- ,?is %yness ( ! "y he>t1 face to face ) old & /range ways ( feel+1 expos$ to ridicule if n to some?+ worse1 makes ! problem ( regi/]+ ! pulsations ( its emotions m difficult ?an x at fir/ seems4 ,z a matt] ( fact we are /ill f> f kn[+ ! precise range & dep? ( *ildr5's feel+s4 ,?is is se5 pla9ly en\gh 9 ! q opposite views :i* are ent]ta9$ ( *ildi% s5sibility1 "s describ+ x z re/rict$ & obtuse1 o!rs z morbidly excessive4 ,su* div]sity ( view may no d\bt arise f diff]5ces 9 ! fields ( obs]vation1 s9ce1 z we "k1 *ildr5 diff] h>dly less ?an adults p]haps 9 bread? & f95ess ( emotional susceptibility4 ,yet ,i ?9k t ?is contr>iety ( view po9ts fur!r to ! conclusion t we are /ill f> f s\nd+ ) f9ely measur+ sci5tific app>atus ! curr5ts ( *ildi% emotion4 ,x seems1 !n1 to be wor? :ile to look fur!r into ! matt] 9 ! hope ( ga9+ a deep] & full] insight1 & z a /ep 9 ?is direction ,i propose to inquire into ! v>i\s =ms & ! causes ( "o ( ! be/ m>k$ & mo/ *>act]i/ic ( *ildr5's feel+s--namely1 fe>4 ,t fe> is "o ( ! *>act]i/ic feel+s ( ! *ild ne$s no prov+4 ,x seems to belong to ^! wee1 weakly ?+s1 br\ght face to face ) a new /range _w1 to tremble4 ,!y are naturally timid1 z all t is weak & ignorant 9 nature is apt to be timid4 ,i h said t fe> is well m>k$ 9 ! *ild4 ,yet1 ?\gh x is true t fully develop$ fe> or t]ror %[s itself by unmi/akable signs1 !re are _m cases :]e x is difficult to say :e!r ! *ild is ! subject ( ?is feel+4 ,?us x is d\btful :e!r ! trembl+s & di/urbances ( respiration :i* are said to betray fe> 9 ! new-born infant are a full expression ( ?is /ate4#abh ,aga91 ! reflex movem5t ( a />t on he>+ a s\nd h>dly am\nts to ! full reaction ( fe>1 ?\gh x is ak9 to x4#abi ,a *ild may1 fur!r1 %[ a sort ( /hetic dislike = an ugly =m or s\nd1 turn+ away 9 evid5t av]sion1 & yet n be afraid 9 ! full s5se4 ,fe> prop] betrays itself 9 ! />e1 ! grave look1 & 9 su* movem5ts z turn+ away & hid+ ! face aga9/ ! nurse's or "m's %\ld]1 & sometimes 9 cov]+ x ) ! h&s4 ,9 sev]] =ms x leads to trembl+ & to wild %riek+4 ,*anges ( col\r also occur4 ,x is commonly said t great fe> produces pal5ess2 b accord+ to "o ( my correspond5ts :o has _h consid]able exp]i5ce1 a *ild may %[ ! feel+ by 8 face turn+ sc>let4 ,fe>1 if n v int5se1 leads to volunt>y movem5ts1 z turn+ away1 putt+ ! object aside1 or mov+ away4 ,9 its m viol5t =ms1 h[ev]1 x p>alyses ! *ild4 ,x is desirable t p>5ts %\ld c>efully obs]ve & describe ! fir/ signs ( fe> 9 _! *ildr54#acj ----- ,footnote #abh3 ,p]ez reg>ds ^! z signs ( fe>1 & po9ts out t tremul\s movem5ts may occur 9 ! ftus 7,l',education ds le b]ceau1 p4 #id74 ,footnote #abi3 ,= an acc\nt ( ?is reflex1 see ,prey]1 op4 cit41 ,cap4 #aj1 #agf4 ,footnote #acj3 ,i "k ( no good acc\nt ( ! manife/ations ( *ildi% fe>4 ,mosso's book1 ,la ,peur1 *ap4 v4 & foll[+1 w be f\nd mo/ useful "h4 ----- ,/>tl+ ,effect ( ,s\nds4 ,x may be well to beg9 our /udy ( fe> by a ref]5ce to ! effect ( />tl+4 ,z is well kn[n1 sudd5 & l\d s\nds1 z t ( a door bang+1 w give a %ock to an infant 9 ! fir/ weeks ( life1 :i* ?\gh n am\nt+ to fe> is its prog5itor4 ,a cle>] manife/ation occurs :5 a new & unfamili> s\nd calls =? ! grave look1 ! trembl+ lip1 & possibly ! fit ( cry+4 ,d>w9 gives an excell5t example ( ?is4 ,he _h1 he tells u1 be5 accu/om$ to make all sorts ( sudd5 noises ) 8 boy1 ag$ f\r & a half mon?s1 :i* 7 well receiv$2 b "o day hav+ introduc$ a new s\nd1 t ( a l\d snor+1 he f\nd t ! *ild 0 q upset1 bur/+ out into a fit ( cry+4#aca ----- ,footnote #aca3 ,m9d1 vol4 ii41 p4 #bhh4 ----- ,z ?is incid5t sugge/s1 x is n e new s\nd :i* is ?us disconc]t+ to ! little /rang]4 ,sudd5 %>p s\nds ( any k9d seem to be especially dislik$1 z ^? ( a dog's b>k4 ,! *ild ,m4 bur/ out cry+ on fir/ he>+ ! s\nd ( a baby rattle2 & %e did ! same two mon?s lat] on accid5tally r++ a h& bell4 ,l\d] & m volum9\s s\nds1 too1 are apt to h an al>m+ effect4 ,! big noise ( a factory1 ( a /eam-%ip1 ( a pass+ tra91 are among ! s\nds assign$ by my correspond5ts z causes ( ?is e>ly />tl+ & upsett+ effect4 ,a little girl :5 tak5 into ! c\ntry at ! age ( n9e mon?s1 ?\gh %e lik$ ! animals %e saw on ! :ole1 %[$ fe> by seek+ %elt] aga9/ ! nurse's %\ld]1 on he>+ ! bleat+ ( ! %eep4 ,s /rong is ?is effect ( sudd5ness & volume ( s\nd t ev5 musical s\nds (t5 excite "s al>m at fir/4 #8,he 7a boy ( f\r mon?s7 cri$ :5 he fir/ he>d ! piano1' writes "o lady1 & ?is is b a sample ( _m obs]vations4 ,a *ild ( five & a half mon?s %[$ su* a horror ( a banjo t he w\ld scream if x 7 play$ or only t\*$4 ,prey]'s boy at sixte5 mon?s 0 app>5tly al>m$ :5 8 fa!r1 9 ord] to ent]ta9 him1 produc$ :at seems to u a p>ticul>ly pure musical tone by rubb+ a dr9k+-glass4 ,he rem>ks t ?is same s\nd _h be5 produc$ :5 ! *ild 0 f\r mon?s old )\t any ill effects4#acb ----- ,footnote #acb3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #aca4 ----- ,?is la/ fact sugge/s t su* %r9k+s f s\nd may be develop$ at a comp>atively late date4 ,?is idea is support$ by o!r obs]vations4 8,f ab\t two ye>s f\r mon?s 7writes a "m7 to ! pres5t "t 7two ye>s elev5 mon?s71 he has %[n signs ( fe> ( music4 ,at two ye>s five mon?s he lik$ "s s++ ( r\nds1 b :5 a fre% p]son ) a /rong] voice ?an ! re/ jo9$1 he begg$ ! s+] to /op4 ,pres5tly he tol]at$ ! s++ z long z he might /& at ! f>!/ corn] ( ! room40 ,?is *ild 0 also ab\t ! same "t afraid ( ! piano1 & ( ! organ1 :5 play$ by 8 "m 9 a *ur*4 ,x is wor? not+ t animals %[ a simil> dread ( musical s\nds4 ,i took a "y cat ( ab\t eight weeks 9 my lap & /ruck "s *ords n l\dly on ! piano4 ,x got up1 mov$ uneasily f side to side1 !n bolt$ to ! corn] ( ! room & seem$ to try to get up ! walls4 ,dogs1 too1 c]ta9ly seem to be put out1 if n to exp]i5ce fe>1 at ! music ( a brass b&4 ,x is sometimes suppos$ t ?is />tl+ effect ( l\d s\nds is :olly an affair ( n]v\s di/urbance3#acc b ! late developm5t ( ! repugnance 9 c]ta9 cases seems to %[ t ?is is n ! only cause at "w4 ,( c\rse a *ild's n]v\s organisation may ?r\gh ill heal? become m s5sitive to ?is di/urb+ effect2 &1 z ! life ( ,*op9 tells u1 ! delicate organisation ( a future musician may be specially subject to ^! %ocks4 ,yet ,i suspect t vague al>m at ! unexpect$ & unkn[n takes "p "h4 ,!re is some?+ uncanny to ! *ild 9 ! v production ( s\nd f a sil5t ?+4 ,a banjo ly+ n[ in]t1 h>mless1 & !n sudd5ly fir+ (f a :ole gamut ( s\nd may well %ock a small *ild's preconceptions ( ?+s4 ,! second "t t fe> 0 obs]v$ 9 "o *ild at ! age ( t5 mon?s1 x 0 excit$ by a new toy :i* squeak$ on be+ press$4#acd ,?is seems to be ano!r example ( ! disconc]t+ effect ( ! unexpect$4 ,9 o!r cases ! al>m+ effect ( ! my/]y is increas$ by ! abs5ce ( all visible cause4 ,"o little boy ( two ye>s us$ to get sadly fright5$ at ! s\nd ( ! wat] ru%+ into ! ci/]n :i* 0 ne> 8 nurs]y4 ,! *ild 0 afraid at ! same "t ( ?und]1 call+ x #8wat] com+'4 ----- ,footnote #acc3 ,?is seems to be ! view ( ,p]ez3 ,! ,fir/ ,?ree ,ye>s ( ,*ildhood 7,engli% translation71 p4 #fd4 ,footnote #acd3 ,obs]vation ( ,f4 ,h4 ,*ampneys1 ,m9d1 vol4 vi41 p4 #ajf4 ----- ,i am f> f say+ t all *ildr5 manife/ ?is fe> ( s\nds4 ,miss ,%9n po9ts out t h] niece 0 f ! fir/ pleas$ ) ! piano1 & ?is is no d\bt true ( _m *ildr54 ,*ildr5 behave v diff]5tly t[>ds ?und]1 "s be+ greatly di/urb$ by x1 o!rs be+ r delight$4 ,?us ,prey]'s boy1 :o 0 s ignom9i\sly upset by ! tone ( ! dr9k+-glass1 laugh$ at ! ?und]/orm2 & we "k t ! little ,walt] ,scott 0 once f\nd dur+ a ?und]/orm ly+ on 8 back 9 ! op5 air clapp+ 8 h&s & %\t+ 8,bonnie1 bonnie60 at ! fla%es ( lightn+4 ,x is possible t 9 su* cases ! exhil>at+ effect ( ! brightness c\nt]acts ! uncanny effect ( ! ?und]4 ,m obs]vations are ne$$ on ?is po9t4 ,a complete explanation ( ^! e>ly vague al>ms ( ! e> may z yet n be possible4 ,*ildr5 %[ 9 ! matt] ( s\nd caprici\s repugnances :i* x is exce$+ly difficult to acc\nt =4 ,!y seem sometimes to h _! pet av]sions l old] folk4 ,yet ,i ?9k t a g5]al explanation is possible4 ,to beg9 )1 !n1 x is probable t 9 _m ( ^! cases1 especially ^? occurr+ 9 ! fir/ six mon?s1 we h to d ) an organic ph5om5on1 ) a sort ( j> to ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,to und]/& ?is we h to rememb] t ! e>1 9 ! case ( man at lea/1 is ! s5se-organ ?r\gh :i* ! n]v\s sy/em is mo/ p[]fully & pr(\ndly act$ on4 ,s\nds seem to g ?r\gh u1 to pi]ce u1 to %ake u1 to p\nd & cru% u4 ,a *ild ( f\r or six mon?s has a n]v\s organisation /ill weak & un/able1 & we %\ld naturally expect l\d s\nds to produce a di/urb+ effect on x4 ,to ?is x is to be add$ t s\nds h a way ( tak+ u by surprise1 ( seem+ to />t out ( no?+2 & ?is aspect ( !m1 z ,i h po9t$ out above1 may well excite vague al>m 9 ! small creatures to :om all t is new & unlook$ = is apt to seem uncanny4 ,! fact t mo/ *ildr5 soon lose _! fe> by gett+ us$ to ! s\nds seems to %[ h[ mu* ! new & ! my/]i\s has to d ) ! effect4 ,:e!r h]$ity plays any "p "h1 e4g41 9 ! fe> ( ! dog's b>k+ & o!r s\nds ( animals1 seems to me exce$+ly d\btful4 ,?is po9t w1 h[ev]1 come up = clos] consid]ation pres5tly1 :5 we deal ) *ildr5's fe> ( animals4 ,be=e consid]+ ! manifold outgo+s ( fe> produc$ by impressions ( ! eye1 we may glance at ano!r =m ( e>ly di/urbance :i* has "s analogy to ! %ock-l effects ( c]ta9 s\nds4 ,i ref] "h to ! feel+ ( bodily insecurity :i* appe>s v e>ly :5 ! *ild is awkw>dly c>ri$1 or let d[n back-=emo/1 & lat] :5 he beg9s to walk4 ,"o *ild 9 h] fif? mon? 0 obs]v$ :5 c>ri$ to hold on to ! nurse's dress z if = safety4 ,& x has be5 notic$ by m ?an "o obs]v] t on d&l+ a baby up & d[n 9 "o's arms1 x w on desc5d+1 t is :5 ! support ( ! arms is be+ )drawn1 %[ signs ( discont5t 9 /ruggl+ movem5ts4#ace ,bell1 ,prey]1 & o!rs reg>d ?is z an in/9ctive =m ( fe>4 ,su* manife/ations may1 h[ev]1 be m]ely ! result ( sudd5 & rude di/urbances ( ! s5se ( bodily ease :i* att5ds ! habitual condition ( adequate support4 ,a *ild accu/om$ to lie 9 a cradle1 on ! floor1 or on somebody's lap1 might be expect$ to be put out :5 ! support+ mass is greatly r$uc$1 z 9 bad c>ry+1 or :olly remov$1 z 9 quickly l[]+ him backw>ds4 ,! fe> ( fall+1 :i* %[s itself dur+ ! fir/ attempts to /&1 comes1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 z an accompanim5t ( a new & highly /range situation4 ,! fir/ exp]i5ce ( us+ ! legs = support mu/1 "o supposes1 involve a pr(\nd *ange 9 ! *ild's :ole bodily consci\sness1 a *ange :i* may well be accompani$ ) a s5se ( di/urbance4 ,n only s1 x comes aft] a consid]able exp]i5ce ( p>tial fall+s1 z 9 try+ to turn ov] :5 ly+1 half climb+ ! sides ( ! cradle1 etc41 & /ill h>d] bump+s :5 ! crawl+ /age is rea*$4 ,^! w\ld1 ,i suspect1 be q suffici5t to produce ! timidity :i* is obs]vable on mak+ ! bold] v5ture ( /&+4#acf ----- ,footnote #ace3 ,see ! quotations f ,sir ,*4 ,bell1 ,p]ez1 ,fir/ ,?ree ,ye>s ( ,*ildhood1 p4 #fc4 ,footnote #acf3 ,prey] seems to reg>d ?is z in/9ctive4 ,op4 cit41 p4 #aca4 ----- ,fe> ( ,visible ,?+s4 ,fe>s excit$ by visual impressions come lat] ?an ^? excit$ by s\nds4 ,! reason ( ?is seems pretty obvi\s4 ,visual s5sations d n produce ! /rong effect ( n]v\s %ock :i* auditory ones produce4 ,let a p]son comp>e ! viol5t & pr(\nd j> :i* he exp]i5ces on sudd5ly he>+ a l\d s\nd1 ) ! slight surface-agitation produc$ by ! sudd5 movem5t ( an object across ! field ( vision4 ,! latt] has less ( ! effect ( n]v\s j> & m ( ! *>act]i/ics ( fe> prop]1 t is1 appreh5sion ( evil4 ,we %\ld accord+ly expect t eye-fe>s w\ld only beg9 to %[ !mselves 9 ! *ild aft] exp]i5ce _h begun its educative "w4#acg ----- ,footnote #acg3 ,m4 ,p]ez 7op4 cit41 p4 #fe7 calls 9 ! evolution hypo!sis "h1 sugge/+ t ! *ild1 unlike ! "y animal1 is s organis$ z to be m on ! al]t = dang]s :i* are ne> at h& 7auditory impressions7 ?an = ^? at a di/ance 7visual impressions74 ,i confess1 h[ev]1 t ,i f9d ?is +5i\s writ] n q conv9c+ "h4 ----- ,at ! outset x is well1 z 9 ! case ( ! e>-fe>s1 to keep be=e u ! di/9ction betwe5 a m]e dislike to a s5sation & a true reaction ( fe>4 ,we %all f9d t *ildr5's quasi-/hetic dislikes to c]ta9 col\rs may readily simulate ! appe>ance ( fe>s4 ,among ! e>lie/ manife/ations ( fe> excit$ by visual impressions we h ^? call$ =? by ! pres5tation ( some?+ new & /range1 especially :5 x involves a rupture ( cu/om>y arrangem5ts4 ,al?\gh *ildr5 love & delight 9 :at is new1 _! disposition to fe> is apt to give to new & /range objects a disquiet+1 if n di/9ctly al>m+ "*4 ,?is appreh5sion %[s itself z soon z a *ild has begun to be us$ or accu/om$ to a p>ticul> /ate ( ?+s4 ,among ! m disconc]t+ effects ( a rude dep>ture f ! cu/om>y1 we h t ( *ange ( place4 ,at fir/ ! infant betrays no sign ( di/urbance on be+ c>ri$ into a new room4 ,b :5 once x has gr[n accu/om$ to a c]ta9 room x w feel a new "o to be /range1 & eye its features ) a p]ceptibly anxi\s look4 ,?is s5se ( /rang5ess 9 place sometimes appe>s v e>ly4 ,! little girl ,m41 on be+ tak5 at ! age ( f\r mon?s into a new nurs]y1 8look$ all r\nd & !n bur/ out cry+04 ,?is feel+ ( uneas9ess may l+] late4 ,a boy reta9$ up to ! age ( ?ree ye>s eight mon?s ! fe> ( be+ left alone 9 /range hotels or lodg+s4 ,yet entrance on a new abode does n by any means always excite ?is reaction4 ,a *ild may h 8 curiosity excit$1 or may be amus$ by ! odd look ( ?+s4 ,?us "o boy on be+ tak5 at ! age ( fifte5 mon?s to a fre% h\se & giv5 a small pla9 room look$ r\nd & laugh$ at ! odd c>pet4 ,*ildr5 ev5 ( ! same age appe> 9 su* circum/ances to v>y greatly ) respect to ! relative /r5g? ( ! impulses ( fe> & curiosity4 ,h[ diff]5t *ildr5's m5tal attitude may be t[>ds ! new & unfamili> is illu/rat$ by "s notes on a boy s5t me by 8 "m4 ,?is *ild1 8?\gh h>dly ev] afraid ( /range p or places1 0 v mu* fright5$ z a baby ( famili> ?+s se5 aft] an int]val04 ,?us 8at t5 mon?s he 0 excessively fright5$ on return+ to 8 nurs]y aft] a mon?'s abs5ce4 ,on ?is occasion he scream$ viol5tly if 8 nurse left 8 side = a mom5t = "s h\rs aft] he got home1 :]eas he _h n 9 ! lea/ object$ to be+ in/all$ 9 a /range nurs]y40 ,! "m adds t 8at ?irte5 mon?s1 8 memory hav+ gr[n /rong]1 he 0 v mu* pleas$ at com+ to 8 home aft] be+ away a =tnight04 ,?is case looks puzzl+ en\gh at fir/1 & seems to contradict ! laws ( infant psy*ology4 ,p]haps ! *ild's p>tial recognition 0 accompani$ by a s5se ( ! uncanny1 l t :i* we exp]i5ce :5 a place seems famili> to u ?\gh we h no cle> recollection ( hav+ se5 x be=e4 ,:at applies to places applies also to p]sons3 a sudd5 *ange ( cu/om>y human surr\nd+s by ! arrival ( a /rang] on ! sc5e is apt to tr\ble ! *ild4 ,at fir/ all faces seem alike = ! *ild4 ,lat] on unfamili> faces excite some?+ l a grave inquisitorial scrut9y4 ,yet1 = ! fir/ ?ree mon?s1 !re is no di/9ct manife/ation ( a fe> ( /rang]s4 ,x is only lat]1 :5 atta*m5t to human belong+s has be5 develop$1 t ! approa* ( a /rang]1 especially if accompani$ by a proposal to take ! *ild1 calls =? cle> signs ( displeasure & ! %r9k+ away ( fe>4 ,prey] gives ! six? & sev5? mon?s z ! date at :i* 8 boy began to cry at ! sight ( a /range face4 ,9 "o set ( notes s5t me x 0 rem>k$ t a *ild ( f\r & a half mon?s w\ld cry on be+ nurs$ by a /rang]4 ,to be nurs$ by a /rang]1 h[ev]1 is to h ! :ole baby-_w revolutionis$2 little wond] !n t x %\ld br+ ! feel+ ( /rang5ess & homelessness4 ,"h1 too1 curi\s diff]5ces soon beg9 to disclose !mselves1 "s *ildr5 be+ decid$ly m sociable t[>ds /rang]s ?an o!rs4 ,x w\ld be curi\s to comp>e ! age at :i* *ildr5 beg9 to take k9dly to !m4 ,prey] gives n9ete5 mon?s z ! date at :i* 8 boy surm\nt$ 8 timidity2 b x is probable t ! transition occurs at v diff]5t dates 9 ! case ( diff]5t *ildr54#ach ----- ,footnote #ach3 ,?is true fe> ( /rang]s mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ! lat] %yness1 :i*1 ?\gh ak9 to x1 is a m complex feel+4 ----- ,x is wor? not+ t ! little boy to :om ,i ref]r$ j n[ display$ ! same signs ( uneas9ess at see+ old fri5ds1 aft] an int]val1 z at return+ to old sc5es4 ,:5 eight mon?s old1 8he moan$ 9 a curi\s way :5 8 nurse 7( :om he 0 v fond7 came home aft] a =tnight's holiday04 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! signs ( fe> seem to be less pron\nc$ ?an 9 ! case ( return+ to ! old room4 ,x w\ld be difficult to give ! "r "n to ?is curi\s moan4 ,p>tial alt]ation ( ! surr\nd+s frequ5tly br+s ab\t a measure ( ?is same m5tal uneas9ess4 ,prey]'s boy :5 "o ye> & five mon?s old 0 mu* di/urb$ at see+ 8 "m 9 a black dress4 ,*ildr5 seem to h a special dislike to black app>el4 ,george ,s& describes h] fe> at hav+ to put on black /ock+s :5 h] fa!r di$4 ,yet any *ange ( col\r 9 dress w di/urb a *ild4 ,c41 :5 an infant1 0 di/ress$ to te>s at ! spectacle ( a new col\r & patt]n on 8 "m's dress4 ,?is dislike to any *ange ( dress z su* is borne out by o!r obs]vations4 ,a *ild manife/$ betwe5 ! age ( ab\t sev5 mon?s & ( two & a half ye>s ! mo/ m>k$ repugnance to new clo!s1 s t ! au?orities f\nd x v difficult to get !m on4 ,x is presumable t ! donn+ ( new app>el di/urb$ too rudely ! *ild's s5se ( 8 prop] self4 ,9 c]ta9 cases ! introduction ( new natural objects ( great ext5t & impressiv5ess w produce a simil> effect ( *ildi% anxiety1 z ?\gh !y made too viol5t a *ange 9 ! surr\nd+s4 ,"o ( ! be/ illu/rations ( ?is obta9able f ! life ( an av]age well-to-d *ild is ! impression produc$ by a fir/ visit to ! sea4 ,prey]'s boy at ! age ( tw5ty-"o mon?s %[$ all ! signs ( fe> :5 8 nurse c>ri$ him on h] arm close to ! sea4#aci ,! boy ,c4 on be+ fir/ tak5 ne> ! sea at ! age ( two 0 di/urb$ by its noise4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ,i h a numb] ( well-au!nticat$ cases ( su* an in/9ctive repugnance to1 & some?+ l dread ( ! sea1 ,i f9d t !re is by no means uni=mity 9 *ildr5's behavi\r 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,a little boy :o fir/ saw ! sea at ! age ( ?irte5 mon?s exhibit$ signs n ( fe> b ( wond]+ delight1 prettily /ret*+ out 8 t9y h&s t[>ds x z if want+ to g to x4 ,ano!r *ild :o also fir/ saw ! sea at ! age ( ?irte5 mon?s began to crawl t[>ds ! waves4 ,& yet ano!r boy at ! age ( tw5ty-"o mon?s on fir/ see+ ! sea spread 8 arms z if to embrace x4 ----- ,footnote #aci3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #aca4 ----- ,^! obs]vations %[ t ! /range big ?+ affects *ildr5 v diff]5tly4 ,c4 _h a p>ticul> dislike to noises1 :i* 01 ,i ?9k1 e>ly /r5g!n$ by f9d+ out t 8 fa!r _h ! same prejudice4 ,h5ce p]haps 8 ho/ile attitude t[>ds ! sea4 ,probably1 too1 imag9ative *ildr51 ^: m9ds take 9 some?+ ( ! bigness ( ! sea1 w be m dispos$ to ?is v>iety ( fe>4 ,a "m writes me t h] eld] *ild1 an imag9ative girl1 has n ev5 n[ at ! age ( six got ov] h] fe> ( go+ into ! sea1 :]eas h] si/]1 "o & a qu>t] ye>s y\ng]1 & n ( an imag9ative temp]am5t1 is p]fectly fe>less4 ,%e adds t x is ! bigness ( ! sea :i* evid5tly impresses ! imag9ation ( ! eld]4 ,imag9ative *ildr51 too1 are apt to give life & purpose to ! big mov+ noisy ?+4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 ,m4 ,pi]re ,loti's graphic acc\nt ( 8 fir/ *ildi% impressions ( ! sea1 se5 "o ev5+ 9 ! twilight4 8,x 0 ( a d>k1 almo/ black gre53 x seem$ re/less1 trea*]\s1 ready to swall[3 x 0 /irr+ & sway+ ev]y:]e at ! same "t1 ) ! look ( s9i/] wick$ness40#adj ----- ,footnote #adj3 ,le ,roman d'un ,enfant4 ----- ,!re seems en\gh 9 ! va/ wa/e ( unre/+ wat]s to excite ! imag9ation ( a *ild to awe & t]ror4 ,h5ce x is ne$less to foll[ ,m4 ,loti 9 8 speculations z to an inh]it$ fe> ( ! sea4 ,he seems to base ?is supposition on ! fact t at ?is fir/ view he di/9ctly recognis$ ! sea4 ,b su* recognition may h meant m]ely ! objective realisation ( :at _h no d\bt be5 be=e pretty fully describ$ by 8 "m & aunt1 & imag9atively pictur$ by himself4 ,! opposite attitude1 t ( ! ?or\ghly unimag9ative *ild1 9 pres5ce ( ! sea is well illu/rat$ by ! /ory ( a little girl ag$ two1 :o1 on be+ fir/ tak5 to see ! wat]y wond]1 exclaim$1 8,oh1 mamma1 look at ! soapy wat]04 ,! awful my/]y ( all ! /ret* ( ev]-mov+ wat] 0 invisible to ?is *ild1 be+ hidd5 beh9d ! famili> detail ( ! #8soapy' edge4 ,!re is probably no?+ 9 ! natural _w :i* makes on ! *ildi% imag9ation q s awful an impression z ! wat]y ,levia?an4 ,p]haps ! fe> :i* "o ( my correspond5ts tells me 0 excit$ 9 h] :5 a *ild by ! sudd5 appe>ance ( a m\nta9 may be ak9 to ?is dread ( ! sea4 ,we may n[ pass to ano!r gr\p ( fe>-excitants1 ! appe>ance ( c]ta9 /range =ms & movem5ts ( objects4 ,! close connexion betwe5 /hetic dislike & fe> is se5 9 ! well-m>k$ recoil+s ( *ildr5 f odd uncanny-look+ dolls4 ,! girl ,m41 :5 j ov] six mon?s old1 0 fright5$ at a ,japanese doll s t x _h to be put 9 ano!r room4 ,ano!r *ild :5 ?irte5 mon?s old 0 t]rifi$ at ! sight ( an ugly doll4 ,! said doll is describ$ z black ) woolly head1 />tl$ eyes1 & r$ lips4 ,su* an ogre might well call up a tremor 9 ! brave/ ( *ildr54 ,9 ano!r case1 t ( a little boy ( two ye>s & two mon?s1 ! brok5 face ( a doll prov$ to be highly disconc]t+4 ,! "m describes ! effect z mix$ ( fe>1 di/ress1 & intellectual wond]4 ,nor did 8 anxiety dep>t :5 "s h\rs lat] ! doll1 aft] sleep+ 9 8 "m's room1 reappe>$ ) a new face4 ,9 su* cases1 x seems pla91 x is ! ugly trans=mation ( some?+ specially famili> & agreeable :i* excites ! feel+ ( n]v\s appreh5sion4 ,mak+ grimaces1 t is ! spoil+ ( ! typical famili> face1 may1 x is said1 di/urb a *ild ev5 at ! e>ly age ( two mon?s4#ada ,x is mu* ! same :5 ! *ild ,m41 at ! age ( ?irte5 mon?s ?ree weeks1 0 fright5$ & h[l$ :5 a lady look$ at h] close ) blue spectacles1 ?\gh %e 0 q us$ to ord9>y glasses4 ,su* trans=mations ( ! homely & assur+ face are1 moreov]1 n only ugly b bewild]+ to ! *ild1 & :]e all is my/]i\s & uncanny ! *ild is apt to fe>4 ,:e!r 8inh]it$ associations0 involv+ a dim recognition ( ! mean+ ( ^! di/ortions play any "p "h ,i d n feel at all c]ta94 ----- ,footnote #ada3 ,quot$ by ,tracy1 op4 cit41 p4 #bi4 ,b ?is obs]vation seems to me to ne$ confirmation4 ----- ,*ildr51 l animals1 w sometimes %[ fe> at ! sight ( :at seems to u a q h>mless object4 ,a %y+ horse is a puzzle to 8 rid]3 8 t]rors are s unpr$ictable4 ,simil>ly 9 ! case ( a timid *ild almo/ any?+ unfamili> & out ( ! way1 :e!r 9 ! col\r1 ! =m1 or ! movem5t ( an object1 may provoke a measure ( anxiety4 ,?us a little girl1 ag$ "o ye> & t5 mon?s1 %[$ signs ( fe> dur+ a drive at a r[ ( grey a% trees plac$ along ! road4 ,?is 0 j ! k9d ( ?+ t a horse might %y at4 ,z ) animals1 s ) *ildr51 any seem+ly uncaus$ movem5t is apt to excite a feel+ ( al>m4 ,j z a dog w run away f a leaf :irl$ ab\t by ! w9d1 s *ildr5 are apt to be t]rifi$ by ! /range & q irregul> behavi\r ( a fea!r z x glides along ! floor or lifts itself into ! air4 ,a little girl ( ?ree1 /&+ by ! b$side ( h] "m 7:o 0 ill at ! "t71 0 s fright5$ at ! sight ( a fea!r1 :i* %e accid5tally pull$ out ( ! eid]d[n quilt1 float+ 9 ! air t %e w\ld n approa* ! b$ = days aft]w>ds4#adb ----- ,footnote #adb3 ,see ,! ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 i41 ,no4 #b1 p4 #bbj4 ----- ,9 ^! cases we may suppose t we h to d ) a g]m ( sup]/iti\s fe>1 :i* seems commonly to h its />t+ po9t 9 ! appe>ance ( some?+ exceptional & uncanny1 t is to say1 un9telligible1 & s smack+ ( ! sup]natural4 ,! fe> ( fea!rs z uncanny objects plays1 ,i am told1 a consid]able "p 9 ! sup]/itions ( folk-lore4 ,su* app>5tly self-caus$ movem5ts1 s sugge/ive ( life1 might easily give rise to a vague s5se ( a my/]i\s pres5ce or p[] possess+ ! object1 & s lead to a crude =m ( a belief 9 sup]natural ag5ts4 ,9 o!r cases ( unexpect$ & my/]i\s movem5t ! fe> is slightly diff]5t4 ,a little boy :5 "o ye> & elev5 mon?s old 0 fright5$ :5 9 a lady's h\se by a toy elephant :i* %ook its head4 ,! same *ild1 writes 8 "m1 8at "o ye> sev5 mon?s 0 v mu* sc>$ by a toy c[ :i* moo$ reali/ically :5 its head 0 mov$4 ,?is c[ 0 subsequ5tly giv5 to him1 at ab\t two ye>s & ?ree mon?s4 ,he 0 !n /ill afraid ( x1 b became reconcil$ soon aft]1 fir/ all[+ o!rs to make x moo if he 0 at a safe di/ance1 & at la/ mak+ x moo himself40 ,!re may h be5 a g]m ( ! fe> ( animals "h3 b ,i suspect t x 0 ma9ly a feel+ ( uneas9ess at ! signs ( life 7movem5t & s\nd7 appe>+ :5 !y are n expect$1 & h an uncanny aspect4 ,! close simulation ( a liv+ ?+ by :at is kn[n to be n alive is di/urb+ to ! *ild z to ! adult4 ,he w make 8 toys alive by 8 own fancy1 yet res5t _! tak+ on ! full semblance ( reality4 ,9 ?is s5se he is a born ideali/ & n a reali/4 ,m c>eful obs]vations on ?is curi\s gr\p ( *ild-fe>s are to be desir$4 ,! fe> ( %ad[s is closely relat$ to t ( mov+ toys4 ,!y are semblances1 ?\gh horribly di/ort$ semblances1 & !y are apt to move ) an awful rapidity4 ,! une>?ly m\nt+ %ad[s :i* accompany ! *ild z he climbs ! /aircase at night h be5 in/anc$ by writ]s z "o ( *ildhood's freez+ horrors4 ,mr4 ,/ev5son writes3-- ,n[ my little he>t goes beat+ l a drum1 ,) ! brea? ( ! ,bogie 9 my hair2 ,& all r\nd ! c&le ! crook$ %ad[s come1 ,& g m>*+ along up ! /air2 ,! %ad[ ( ! balu/]s1 ! %ad[ ( ! lamp1 ,! %ad[ ( ! *ild t goes to b$-- ,all ! wick$ %ad[s com+ tramp1 tramp1 tramp1 ,) ! black night ov]head4 ,i h notic$ a "y cat--! same t %[$ su* t]ror at ! play+ ( ! piano--wat* its own %ad[ ris+ on ! wall1 &1 z ,i ?\ght1 ) a look ( appreh5sion4 ,! ,fe> ( ,animals4 ,i h purposely res]v$ = special discussion two v>ieties ( *ildr5's fe>1 namely1 dread ( animals & ( ! d>k4 ,z ! =m] c]ta9ly manife/s itself be=e ! latt] ,i w take x fir/4 ,x seems odd t ! creatures :i* are to become ! companions & playmates ( *ildr51 & "o ( ! *ief s\rces ( _! happ9ess1 %\ld cause s mu* al>m :5 !y fir/ come on ! sc5e4 ,yet s x is4 ,_m *ildr51 at lea/1 are at fir/ put out by q h>mless memb]s ( ! animal family4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 be c>eful "h 9 di/+ui%+ betwe5 m]e n]ve-%ock & dislike on ! "o h& & g5u9e fe> on ! o!r4 ,?us a lady :om ,i "k1 a good obs]v]1 tells me t h] boy1 ?\gh :5 he 0 fifte5 mon?s old 8 n]ves 7 %ak5 by ! l\d b>k+ ( a dog1 _h no real fe> ( dogs4 ,) ?is may be contra/$ ano!r case1 also s5t by a good obs]v]1 9 :i* x is specially not$ t ! av]sion to ! s\nd ( a dog's b>k+ develop$ late & 0 a true fe>4 /hetic dislikes1 aga91 may easily give rise to quasi-fe>s1 ?\gh1 z we all "k1 little *ildr5 h n ! horrors ( _! eld]s 9 ?is respect4 ,! boy ,c4 c\ld n und]/& 8 "m's sc>e at ! desc5d+ cat]pill>4 ,a k9d ( /hetic dislike appe>s to %[ itself sometimes t[>ds animals ( peculi> %ape & col\r4 ,a black animal1 z a %eep or a c[1 seems m p>ticul>ly to come 9 = ^! *ildi% av]sions4 ,at fir/ x seems impossible to und]/& :y a *ild 9 ! f\rte5? week %\ld %r9k f a cat4#adc ,?is is n1 s f> z ,i c ga!r1 a common occurr5ce at ?is age1 & "o w\ld l to cross-exam9e ! "m on ! precise way 9 :i* ! *ild _h its fir/ introduction to ! dome/ic pet4 ,s f> z "o c speculate on ! matt]1 "o w\ld say t su* e>ly %r9k+ f animals is probably due to _! sudd5 unexpect$ movem5ts1 :i* may well disconc]t ! inexp]i5c$ infant accu/om$ to comp>atively re/ful surr\nd+s4 ----- ,footnote #adc3 ,quot$ by ,prey]1 op4 cit41 p4 #abg4 ,! ^w he uses is 8s*eu504 ----- ,?is seems borne out by ano!r in/ance1 also quot$ by ,prey]1 ( a girl :o 9 ! f\r? mon?1 z also 9 ! elev5?1 0 s afraid ( pigeons t %e c\ld n br+ h]self to /roke !m4 ,! prett9ess ( ! pigeon1 if n ( ! cat1 ought1 "o supposes1 to ensure ! lik+ ( *ildr52 & "o has to fall back on ! supposition ( ! fir/ disconc]t+ /rang5ess ( ! mov+ animal _w = ! *ild's m9d4 ,lat] %r9k+s f animals %[ m ( ! nature ( fe>4 ,x is sometimes said t *ildr5 inh]it f _! ance/ors ! fe> ( c]ta9 animals4 ,?us ,d>w91 obs]v+ t 8 boy :5 tak5 to ! ,zoological ,g>d5s at ! age ( two ye>s & ?ree mon?s %[$ fe> ( ! big cag$ animals ^: =m 0 unfamili> to him 7lions1 tig]s1 etc471 inf]s t ?is fe> is transmitt$ f savage ance/ors ^: conditions ( life compell$ !m to %un ^! deadly creatures4 ,b z ,m4 ,compayr has well %[n#add we d n ne$ ?is hypo!sis "h4 ,! unfamili>ity ( ! =m ( ! animal1 its bigness1 toge!r ) ! awful sugge/ions ( ! cage1 w\ld be q en\gh to beget a vague s5se ( dang]4 ----- ,footnote #add3 ,evolution intellectuelle et morale de l',enfant1 p4 #ajb4 ----- ,s f> z ,i c asc]ta9 facts are /rongly oppos$ to ! !ory ( an inh]it$ fe> ( animals4 ,j z 9 ! fir/ mon?s a *ild w manife/ some?+ l recoil f a pretty & p]fectly innoc5t pigeon1 s lat] on *ildr5 manife/ fe> 9 ! mo/ unlikely directions4 ,9 ,! ,invisible ,playmate1 we are told ( a girl :o got h] fir/ fright on see+ a sp>r[ drop on ! grass ne> h]1 ?\gh %e 0 n ! lea/ afraid ( big ?+s1 & on fir/ he>+ ! dog b>k 9 8 k5nel said ) a little laugh ( surprise1 #8,oh6 c\gh+'4#ade ,a p>allel case is s5t me by a lady fri5d4 ,"o day :5 h] daught] 0 ab\t f\r ye>s old %e f\nd h] /&+1 ! eyes wide op5 & fill$ ) te>s1 ! arms out/ret*$ = help1 evid5tly transfix$ ) t]ror1 :ile a small wood-l\se made its sl[ way t[>ds h]4 ,! next day ! *ild 0 tak5 = ! fir/ "t to ! 8,zoo10 & ! "m anticipat+ tr\ble held ! *ild's h&4 ,b !re 0 no ne$4 ,a #8fe>less _s' 9 g5]al1 %e releas$ h] h& at ! fir/ sight ( ! elephant1 & gallop$ aft] ! mon/]4 ,if inh]itance play$ a pr9cipal "p 9 ! *ild's fe> ( animals "o w\ld h expect$ ! facts to be rev]s$3 ! elephant %\ld h excit$ dread1 n ! h>mless insect4 ----- ,footnote #ade3 ,see pp4 #bf1 #bg4 ----- ,s f> z my own obs]vations h gone !re seems to be b little uni=mity among *ildr5's fe>s ( ! animal _w4 ,:at fright5s "o *ild may delight ano!r at ab\t ! same age4 ,p]haps !re is a t5d5cy to a special dread ( c]ta9 animals1 m p>ticul>ly ! wolf1 :i* z folk-lore tells u reflects ! attitude ( sup]/iti\s adults4 ,yet x is probable t1 z ! case ( ! boy ,c4 sugge/s1 ! dread ( ! wolf gr[s out ( t ( ! dog1 ! mo/ al>m+ ( ! dome/ic animals1 :ile x is vigor\sly su/a9$ by fairy-/ory4 ,= ! re/ *ildr5's %r9k+ f animals has mu* ( ! caprice ( gr[n-up p's4 ,n t !re is any?+ really inexplicable 9 ^! odd directions ( *ildi% fe>1 any m ?an 9 ! unpr$ictable %y+s ( ! horse4 ,if we knew ! :ole ( ! horse's hi/ory1 & c\ld keep a p]fect regi/] ( ! fluctuations ( #8tone' 9 8 n]v\s sy/em1 we %\ld und]/& all 8 %y+s4 ,s ) ! *ild4 ,all ! vag>ies ( 8 dislike to animals w\ld be cle>$ up if we c\ld look into ! secret work+s ( 8 m9d & measure ! v>y+ heights ( 8 c\rage4 ,t "s ( ?is e>ly disquietude at ! sight ( /range animals is due to ! work+s ( ! m9d is se5 9 ! behavi\r ( ,prey]'s boy :5 at ! age ( tw5ty-sev5 mon?s he 0 tak5 to see "s little pigs4 ,! boy at ! fir/ sight look$ e>ne/1 & z soon z ! lively little creatures began to suckle ! "m he broke out into a fit ( cry+ & turn$ away f ! sight ) all ! signs ( fe>4 ,x appe>$ aft]w>ds t :at t]rifi$ ! *ild 0 ! idea t ! pigs 7 bit+ _! "m2 & ?is gave rise 9 ! f\r? & fif? ye>s to recurr5t nocturnal fe>s ( ! bit+ piglets1 some?+ l ,c4's nocturnal fe> ( ! wolf4#adf ,to an imag9ative *ild /rongly pr$ispos$ to fe>1 any?+ sugge/ive ( h>m w suffice to beget a measure ( trepidation4 ,a *ild does n want direct exp]i5ce ( ! p[] ( a big animal 9 ord] to feel a vague uneas9ess :5 ne> x4 ,8 own e>ly inductions respect+ ! correlation ( bigness ) /r5g?1 aid$ z ?is commonly is by in=mation pick$ up f o!rs1 w amply suffice4 ,9 ! case ( ! dog1 ! r\gh %aggy coat1 ! tee? :i* he is told c bite1 ! swift movem5ts1 & worse ?an all ! appall+ b>k1 are q en\gh to disconc]t a timid *ild4 ,ev5 ! sudd5 p\nc+ d[n ( a sp>r[ may prove upsett+ to a fe>ful mite z sugge/+ attack2 & a girl ( f\r may be q capable ( imag9+ ! unpleasantness ( an invasion ( h] da9ty p]son by a small creep+ wood-l\se--:i* ?\gh runn+ sl[ly 0 runn+ t[>ds h]self--& s ( gett+ a fit ( %udd]s4 ----- ,footnote #adf3 ,see ,prey]1 op4 cit41 p4 #acj4 ----- ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 und5iable t imag9ative *ildr51 especially :5 sickly & dispos$ to al>m1 are subject to a real t]ror at ! ?\ght ( ! animal _w4 ,its v va/ness1 ! l>ge v>iety ( its uncanny & savage-look+ =ms--appe>+ (t5times z ugly di/ortions ( ! human face & figure--?is ( itself1 z kn[n f picture-books1 may well g5]ate _m a vague al>m4 ,we "k f folk-lore h[ ! dang]s ( ! animal _w h t\*$ ! imag9ation ( simple peoples1 & we ne$ n be surpris$ t x %\ld make ! he>t ( ! wee weakly *ild to quake4 ,yet ! *ild's %r9k+ f animals is less /rong ?an ! impulse ( companion%ip :i* be>s him t[>ds !m4 ,t9y *ildr5 q z (t5 %[ ! impulse to run aft] ducks & o!r animals z to be al>m$ at !m4 ,no?+ p]haps is pretti] 9 *ild-life ?an ! pose & look ( "o ( ^! def5celess y\ng/]s z he is gett+ ov] 8 trepidation at ! approa* ( a /range big dog & #8mak+ fri5ds' ) ! %aggy mon/]4 ,! p]fect love :i* lies at ! bottom ( *ildr5's he>ts t[>ds _! animal k9sfolk soon ca/s out fe>4 ,& :5 once ! reconciliation has be5 effect$ x w take a good deal ( h>% exp]i5ce to make ! *ild ev] aga9 ent]ta9 ! ?\ght ( dang]4 ,fe> ( ! ,d>k4 ,fe> ( ! d>k1 t is1 fe> excit$ by ! actual exp]i5ce or ! idea ( be+ 9 ! d>k1 & especially alone 9 ! d>k1 & ! alli$ dread ( d>k places z closets & caves1 is no d\bt v common among *ildr51 & seems inde$ to be "o ( _! recognis$ *>act]i/ics4 ,yet x is by no means c]ta9 t x is #8natural' 9 ! s5se ( develop+ itself 9 all *ildr54 ,x is c]ta9 t *ildr5 h no su* fe> at ! beg9n+ ( life4 ,a baby ( ?ree or f\r mon?s if accu/om$ to a light may v likely be di/urb$ at be+ depriv$ ( x2 b ?is is "s way f a dread ( ! d>k4#adg ----- ,footnote #adg3 ,a "m s5ds me a curi\s obs]vation be>+ on ?is4 ,"o ( h] *ildr5 :5 f\r mon?s old 0 c>ri$ by h] up-/airs 9 ! d>k4 ,on rea*+ ! light %e f\nd ! *ild's face black1 h] h&s cl5*$1 & h] eyes protrud+4 ,z soon z %e rea*$ ! light %e heav$ a sigh & resum$ h] usual appe>ance4 ,?is *ild 0 9 g5]al h>dy & bold & nev] gave a second display ( t]ror4 ,?is is c]ta9ly a curi\s obs]vation1 & x w\ld be well to "k :e!r simil> cases ( app>5t fright at be+ c>ri$ 9 ! d>k h be5 notic$4 ----- ,fe> ( ! d>k seems to arise :5 intellig5ce has rea*$ a c]ta9 /age ( developm5t4 ,x app>5tly assumes a v>iety ( =ms4 ,9 "s *ildr5 x is a vague uneas9ess1 9 o!rs x takes ! %ape ( a m def9ite dread4 ,a common v>iety ( ?is dread is connect$ ) ! imag9ative fill+ ( ! d>k ) ! =ms ( al>m+ animals1 s t ! fe> ( animals & ( ! d>k are closely connect$4 ,?us1 9 "o case report$ to me1 a boy betwe5 ! ages ( two & six us$ at night to see #8! eyes ( lions & tig]s gl>+ z !y walk$ r\nd ! room'4 ,! boy ,c4 saw 8 bte noire ! wolf 9 d>k places4 ,mr4 ,/ev5s 9 8 note on 8 boy's idea ( ! sup]natural rem>ks t at ! age ( "o ye> & t5 mon?s1 :5 he began to be haunt$ by ! spectre ( #8,cocky1' he 0 tempor>ily seiz$ ) a fe> ( ! d>k4#adh ,x is important to add t ev5 *ildr5 :o h be5 habituat$ to go+ to b$ 9 ! d>k 9 ! fir/ mon?s are liable to acquire ! fe>4 ----- ,footnote #adh3 ,m9d1 xi41 p4 #adi4 ----- ,?is mode ( fe> is1 h[ev]1 n univ]sal among *ildr54 ,"o lady1 = ^: accuracy ,i c v\*1 assures me t h] boy1 :o is n[ f\r ye>s old1 has nev] manife/$ ! feel+4 ,a simil> /atem5t is made by a c>eful obs]v]1 ,dr4 ,sikorski1 ) ref]5ce to 8 own *ildr54#adi ,x seems possible to g ?r\gh *ildhood )\t mak+ acqua9tance ) ?is t]ror1 & to acquire x 9 lat] life4 ,i "k a lady :o only acquir$ ! fe> t[>ds ! age ( ?irty4 8,curi\sly en\gh 7%e writes7 ,i 0 nev] afraid ( ! d>k z a *ild2 b dur+ ! la/ two ye>s ,i hate to be left alone 9 ! d>k1 & if ,i h to ent] a d>k room1 l my /udy1 beyond ! rea* ( ! maids f d[n/airs1 ,i notice a rem>kable accel]ation 9 my he>t-beat & hurry to /rike a light or ru% d[n/airs z quickly z possible40 ----- ,footnote #adi3 ,quot$ by ,compayr1 op4 cit41 p4 #ajj4 ,cf4 ,p]ez1 ,l',education ds le b]ceau1 p4 #ajc4 ----- ,we c fa9tly conjecture f :at ,*>les ,lamb & o!rs h told u ab\t ! spectres t haunt$ _! nights :at a weighty cru%+ horror ?is fe> ( ! d>k may become4 ,h5ce we ne$ n be surpris$ t ! writ] ( fiction has s\ght to give x a vivid & adequate description4 ,victor ,hugo1 = example1 :5 9 ,les ,misrables he is pa9t+ ! feel+s ( little ,cosette1 :o has be5 s5t out alone at night to fet* wat] f a spr+ 9 a wood1 says %e 8felt h]self seiz$ by ! black enormity ( ,nature4 ,x 0 n only t]ror :i* possess$ h]1 x 0 some?+ m t]rible ev5 ?an t]ror40 ,diff]5t explanations h be5 (f]$ ( ?is fe>4 ,locke1 :o :5 writ+ on educational matt]s 0 r h>d on nurses & s]vants1 puts d[n ! :ole ( ^! fe>s to ^? wick$ p]sons1 8^: usual me?od is to awe *ildr5 & keep !m 9 subjection by tell+ !m ( ,raw ,head & ,bloody ,bones1 & su* o!r names z c>ry ) !m ! idea ( some?+ t]rible & hurtful1 :i* !y h reason to be afraid ( :5 alone1 especially 9 ! d>k04#aej ,r\sseau on ! o!r h& urges t !re is a natural cause4 8,accu/om$ z ,i am to p]ceive objects f a di/ance1 & to anticipate _! impressions 9 advance1 h[ is x possible = me1 :5 ,i no long] see any?+ ( ! objects t surr\nd me1 n to imag9e a ?\s& creatures1 a ?\s& movem5ts1 :i* may hurt me1 & aga9/ :i* ,i am unable to protect myself80#aea ----- ,footnote #aej3 ,?\ghts on ,education1 sect4 #ach4 ,footnote #aea3 ,emile1 book ii4 ----- ,r\sseau "h supplem5ts & corrects ,locke4 ,= "o ?+ ,i h asc]ta9$ 9 ! case ( my own *ild1 & 9 t ( o!rs1 t a fe> ( ! d>k has gr[n up :5 ! influ5ce ( ! wick$ nurse has be5 c>efully elim9at$4 ,locke =gets t *ildr5 c get t]rify+ fancies f o!r *ildr51 & f all sorts ( sugge/ions1 unwitt+ly convey$ by ! words ( respectable gr[n p4 ,besides1 he leaves unt\*$ ! "q1 :y *ildr5 :5 left alone 9 ! d>k %\ld *oose to dwell on ^! fe>ful images1 r ?an on ! bright pretty ones :i* !y also acquire4 ,r4 ,l4 ,/ev5son has told u h[ happy a *ild c make himself at night ) su* pleas+ fancies4 ,yet x mu/ be own$ t d>kness seems r to fav\r images ( :at is weird & t]rible4 ,h[ is ?is8 ,r\sseau gets "s way t[>ds answ]+ ! "q by say+ 7z ,i und]/& him to say7 t d>kness bre$s a s5se ( insecurity4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 ?9k t x is ! inconv5i5ce ( be+ 9 ! d>k :i* g5]ates ! fe>3 a *ild might1 ,i imag9e1 acquire x )\t ev] hav+ _h to explore a d>k place4 ,i /rongly suspect t ! fe> ( d>kness takes its rise 9 a s5su\s ph5om5on1 a k9d ( physical repugnance4 ,all s5sations ( v l[ int5sity1 z v s(t vocal s\nds1 h ab\t !m a t+e ( melan*oly1 a tri/esse1 & ?is is especially noticeable 9 ! s5sations :i* ! eye exp]i5ces :5 confront$ ) a d>k space1 or1 :at is tantam\nt to ?is1 a black & dull surface4 ,! symbolism ( d>kness & blackness1 z :5 we talk ( #8gloomy' ?\ghts or lik5 tr\ble to a #8black cl\d1' seems to re/ on ?is effect ( melan*oly4 ,along ) ?is gloomy "* ( ! s5sation ( d>k1 & n always easy to di/+ui% f x1 !re goes ! crav+ ( ! eye = its cu/om>y light1 & ! int]e/ & ! gladness :i* come ) see+4 ,:5 ! eye & bra9 are n fatigu$1 t is :5 we are wakeful1 ?is eye-a*e may become an appreciable pa92 & x is probable t *ildr5 feel ! deprivation m acutely ?an gr[n p]sons1 ow+ to ! abundance ( _! visual activity z well z to ! comp>atively scanty /ore ( _! ?\ght-res\rces4 ,add to ?is t d>kness1 by ext+ui%+ ! _w ( visible ?+s1 w\ld give to a timid *ild t5aci\s ( ! famili> home-surr\nd+s a peculi>ly ke5 s5se ( /rang5ess & ( lonel9ess1 ( bani%m5t f all t he kn[s & loves4 ,! rem9isc5ces ( ?is feel+ describ$ 9 lat] life %[ t x is ! s5se ( solitude :i* oppresses ! *ild 9 8 d>k room4#aeb ----- ,footnote #aeb3 ,see especially ,james ,payn1 ,gleams ( ,memory1 pp4 #c1 #d4 ----- ,?is1 ,i take x1 w\ld be q en\gh to make ! situation ( conf9em5t 9 a d>k room disagreeable & depress+ to a wakeful *ild ev5 :5 he is 9 b$ & !re is no re/riction ( bodily activity4 ,b ev5 ?is w\ld n am\nt to a full passionate dread ( d>kness4 ,x seems to me to be highly probable t a baby ( two or ?ree mon?s might feel ?is vague depression & ev5 ?is crav+ = ! wont$ sc5e1 especially j aft] ! removal ( a light2 yet su* a baby1 z we h se51 gives no cle> indications ( fe>4 ,fe> ( ! d>k arises f ! developm5t ( ! *ild's imag9ation1 & might1 ,i believe1 arise )\t any sugge/ion f nurse or o!r *ildr5 ( ! notion t !re are bogies 9 ! room4 ,d>kness is precisely ! situation mo/ fav\rable to vivid imag9ation3 ! scre5+ ( ! visible _w makes ! inn] _w ( fancy vivid & di/9ct by contra/4 ,are we n all apt to %ut our eyes :5 we try to #8visualise' or picture ?+s v di/9ctly8 ,?is fact ( a pret]natural activity ( imag9ation1 tak5 ) ! circum/ance emphasis$ by ,r\sseau t 9 ! d>kness ! *ild is no long] di/9ctly aw>e ( ! objects t are actually be=e him1 w\ld help u to und]/& :y *ildr5 are s mu* giv5 to project+ into ! unse5 black spaces ! creatures ( _! imag9ation4 ,n only s--& ?is ,r\sseau does n appe> to h recognis$--! dull feel+ ( depression :i* accompanies ! s5sation ( d>kness might suffice to give a gloomy & weird ca/ to ! images s project$4 ,b ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t !re is yet ano!r elem5t 9 ?is *ildi% fe>4 ,i h said t d>kness gives a positive s5sation3 we see x1 & ! s5sation1 ap>t f any diff]5ce ( signification :i* we aft]w>ds le>n to give to x1 is ( ! same k9d t is obta9$ by look+ at a dull black surface4 ,to ! *ild ! diff]5ce betwe5 a black object & a d>k unillum9$ space is z yet n cle>1 & ,i believe x w be f\nd t *ildr5 t5d to mat]ialise or to #8reify' d>kness4 ,:51 = example1 a correspond5t tells me t d>kness 0 envisag$ by h] :5 a *ild z 8a cru%+ p[]10 ,i ?9k ,i see traces ( ?is *ildi% feel+4 ,i seem able to recall my own *ildi% s5se ( a big black some?+ on sudd5ly wak+ & op5+ ! eyes 9 a v d>k room4 ,b !re is /ill ano!r ?+ to be notic$ 9 ?is s5sation ( d>kness4 ,! black field is n uni=m2 "s p>ts ( x %[ less black ?an o!rs1 & ! indi/9ct & rude patt]n ( comp>atively light & d>k *anges f mom5t to mom5t2 :ile n[ & aga9 m def9ite spots ( brightness may focus !mselves4 ,! v>y+ activity ( ! ret9a w\ld seem to acc\nt = ?is app>5t *ang+ ( ! black sc5e4 ,:at1 my read] may n unnaturally ask1 has ?is to d ) a *ild's fe> ( ! d>k8 ,if he w recall :at 0 said ab\t ! facility ) :i* a *ild comes to see faces & animal =ms 9 ! l9es ( a crack$ ceil+1 or ! ve9+ ( a piece ( m>ble1 he w1 ,i ?9k1 recognise ! drift ( my rem>ks4 ,^! slight & mom5t>y diff]5ces 9 ! blackness1 ^! fleet+ rudim5ts ( a patt]n1 may s]ve z a s5su\s base = ! project$ images2 ! *ild ) a /rongly excit$ fancy sees 9 ^! dim traces ( ! black =mless wa/e def9ite =ms4 ,^! w naturally be ! =ms ) :i* he is mo/ famili>1 & s9ce 8 fancy is at ! mom5t t+$ ) melan*oly !y w be gloomy & di/urb+ =ms4 ,h5ce we may expect to he> ( *ildr5 see+ ! =ms ( t]rify+ liv+ ?+s 9 ! d>k4 ,"h is a p>ticul>ly in/ructive case4 ,a boy ( f\r ye>s _h = "s "t be5 afraid ( ! d>k & indulg$ by hav+ ! c&le left burn+ at night4 ,on he>+ t ! ,cry/al ,palace _h be5 burn$ d[n he ask$ = ! fir/ "t to h ! light tak5 away1 fe> ( ! d>k be+ n[ ca/ out by ! bigg] fe> ( fire4 ,"s "t aft] ?is he volunte]$ an acc\nt ( 8 obsolete t]rors to 8 fa!r4 8,d y "k10 he said1 8:at ,i ?\ght d>k 08 ,a great l>ge live ?+ ! col\r ( black ) a m\? & eyes40 ,"h we h ! #8reify+' ( d>kness1 & we probably see ! influ5ce ( ! comp>atively bright spots 9 ! attribution ( eyes to ! mon/]1 an influ5ce /ill m app>5t 9 ! in/ance quot$ above1 :]e a *ild saw ! eyes ( lions & tig]s gl>+ z !y walk$ r\nd ! room4 ,ano!r sugge/ive in/ance "h is t giv5 by ,m4 ,compayr1 9 :i* a *ild on be+ ask$ :y he did n l to be 9 a d>k place answ]$3 8,i don't l *imney-sweeps04#aec ,"h ! blackness ) its dim sugge/ions ( bright] spots det]m9$ ! image ( ! black *imney-sweep ) 8 :ite fla%es ( m\? & eyes4#aed ,i %\ld l to obs]ve "h p>5!tically t we /ill ne$ to le>n f *ildr5 !mselves1 by talk+ to !m & invit+ _! confid5ce :5 ! fe> ( ! d>k is fir/ notic$1 h[ !y are apt to envisage x4 ----- ,footnote #aec3 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #ajj1 #aja4 ,footnote #aed3 ,x is supposable too t di/urbances ( ! ret9a giv+ rise to subjective lum9\s s5sations1 z ! well-kn[n small bright mov+ discs1 might assi/ 9 ! case ( n]v\s *ildr5 9 sugge/+ gl>+ eyes4 ----- ,:5 imag9ation becomes abnormally active1 & ! *ild is haunt$ by al>m+ images1 ^! by recurr+ ) greate/ =ce 9 ! /illness & d>kness ( ! night w add to ! t]rify+ associations ( d>kness4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 ! case ( ! boy ,/ev5s1 :o 0 haunt$ by ! spectre ( #8,cocky' at night4 ,dreams1 especially ( ! horrible nightm>e k9d to :i* n]v\s *ildr5 are subject1 may inve/ ! d>k ) a new t]ror4 ,a *ild sudd5ly wak+ up & ) op5 eyes see+ ! phantom-object ( 8 dream aga9/ ! black backgr\nd may be =giv5 = acquir+ a dread ( d>k rooms4 ,possibly ?is exp]i5ce gives ! clue to ! obs]vation already quot$ ( a boy :o did n want to sleep 9 a p>ticul> room because !re 7 s _m dreams 9 x4 ,if ! above explanation ( ! *ild's fe> ( ! d>k is a s\nd "o ,r\sseau's prescription = cur+ x is n en\gh4 ,*ildr5 may be enc\rag$ to explore d>k rooms1 & by t\*+ bl9d-l _! v>i\s objects r5d]$ famili> ) ! fact t ?+s rema9 un*ang$ ev5 :5 envelop$ 9 d>kness1 t ! d>k is no?+ b our tempor>y inability to see ?+s2 & ?is may no d\bt be helpful 9 *eck+ ! fe> :5 calm reflexion becomes possible4 ,b a radical cure mu/ g f>!r1 mu/ aim at *eck+ ! activity ( morbid imag9ation--& "h :at ,locke says ab\t ! effects ( ! t]rify+ /ories ( nurses is v mu* to ! po9t--& 9 extreme cases mu/ set ab\t /r5g!n+ %aky n]ves4 ,mo!rs w\ld d well to rememb] t ev5 religi\s in/ruction :5 injudici\sly pres5t$ may add to ! t]rors ( ! d>k = ^! wee tremul\s organisms4 ,"o obs]vation s5t me /rongly sugge/s t a *ild may take a /rong dislike to be+ %ut up 9 ! d>k ) ! t]rible all-see+ ,god4 ,fe>s & _! ,palliatives4 ,i h probably illu/rat$ ! fir/ fe>s ( *ildr5 at suffici5t l5g?4 ,)\t try+ to exhau/ ! subject ,i h1 ,i ?9k1 %[n t fe> ( a well-m>k$ & int5se k9d is a common feature ( ! fir/ ye>s ( life1 & t x assumes a ,protean v>iety ( %apes4 ,mu* m w no d\bt h to be done 9 ! way ( me?odical obs]vation1 & m p>ticul>ly /ati/ical inquiry into ! comp>ative frequ5cy ( ! sev]al fe>s1 ! age at :i* !y commonly appe>1 & s =?1 be=e we c build up a !ory ( ! subject4 ,"o or two g5]al obs]vations may1 h[ev]1 be haz>d$ ev5 at ?is /age4 ,! ?+ :i* /rikes "o mo/ p]haps 9 ^! e>ly fe>s is h[ little !y h to d ) any rememb]$ exp]i5ce ( evil4 ,! *ild is inexp]i5c$1 & if humanely treat$ kn[s little ( ! acut] =ms ( human suff]+4 ,x w\ld seem at lea/ z if he fe>$ n because exp]i5ce _h made him appreh5sive ( evil1 b because he 0 con/itutionally & in/9ctively n]v\s1 & possess$ ) a feel+ ( insecurity4 ,?is feel+ ( weakness & insecurity comes to ! surface 9 pres5ce ( :at is unkn[n 9 s f> z ?is c be br\ght by ! *ild's m9d into a relation to 8 welf>e--z di/urb+ noises1 & ! movem5ts ( ?+s1 especially :5 !y take on ! =m ( approa*es4 ,! same ?+ is1 z we h se51 illu/rat$ 9 ! fe> ( ! d>k4 ,a l explanation seems to (f] itself = o!r common =ms ( fe>1 especially ^? excit$ by o!rs' ?reats1 z ! dread ( ! policeman1 & little ,george ,s&'s horror at ! idea ( be+ %ut up all night 9 ! #8cry/al prison' ( a lamp4 ,! fact t *ildr5's fe>s are n ! direct product ( exp]i5ce is express$ o!rwise by say+ t !y are ! (fspr+ ( ! imag9ation4 ,a *ild is apt to be afraid because he fancies ?+s1 & x w probably be demon/rat$ by /ati/ical evid5ce t ! mo/ imag9ative *ildr5 7o!r ?+s be+ equal7 are ! mo/ subject to fe>4 ,9 c]ta9 ( ^! *>act]i/ics1 at lea/1 *ildr5's fe>s resemble ^? ( animals4 ,9 bo? alike fe> is mu* m an in/9ctive recoil f ! unkn[n ?an an appreh5sion ( kn[n evil4 ,! %y+ ( a horse1 ! app>5t fe> ( dogs at c]ta9 noises1 probably too ! fe> ( animals at ! sight & s\nd ( fire--s graphically describ$ by ,mr4 ,kipl+ 9 ! case ( ! jungle bea/s--illu/rate ?is4 ,animals too seem to h a s5se ( ! uncanny1 :5 some?+ app>5tly uncaus$ happ5s1 z :5 ,romanes excit$ fe> 9 a dog by atta*+ a f9e ?read to a bone1 & by surreptiti\sly draw+ x f ! animal1 giv+ to ! bone ! look ( self-movem5t4 ,! same dog 0 fright5$ by soap-bubbles4 ,accord+ to ,romanes1 dogs are fright5$ by portraits4 ,x is to be add$1 h[ev]1 t 9 c]ta9 ( animal fe>s ! influ5ce ( h]$ity is cle>ly recognisable1 :]eas 9 *ildr5's fe>s ,i h reg>d$ x z d\btful4 ,! fact t a *ild is n fright5$ at fire1 :i* t]rifies _m animals1 seems to illu/rate ?is diff]5ce4#aee ----- ,footnote #aee3 ,see ,p]ez1 ,l',education ds le b]ceau1 pp4 #if-ii4 ,on animal fe>s1 see fur!r ,romanes1 ,animal ,intellig5ce1 p4 #dee f42 ,prey]1 op4 cit41 p4 #abg ff4 & p4 #ace2 ,p]ez1 ,fir/ ,?ree ,ye>s ( ,*ildhood1 p4 #fd ff4 ----- ,ano!r in/ructive comp>ison is t ( *ildr5's fe>s ) ^? ( savages4 ,bo? h a l feel+ ( insecurity1 & fall in/9ctively 9 pres5ce ( a big unkn[n into ! attitude ( dread4 ,9 ! region ( sup]/iti\s fe> m p>ticul>ly1 we see h[ 9 bo? a gloomy fancy =e/alls k1 inve/+ ! new & unexplor$ ) al>m+ traits4 ,la/ly1 *ildr5's fe>s h "s resemblance to c]ta9 abnormal m5tal conditions4 ,idiots1 :o are s ne> normal *ildhood 9 _! degree ( intellig5ce1 %[ a m>k$ fe> ( /rang]s4 ,m int]e/+1 h[ev]1 9 ! pres5t connexion1 is ! exagg]ation ( ! *ildi% fe> ( new objects :i* %[s itself 9 c]ta9 m5tal ab]rations4 ,!re is a *>act]i/ic dread ( newness1 neophobia1 j z !re is a dread ( wat]4#aef ----- ,footnote #aef3 ,see ,compayr1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ii1 #ajj4 ----- ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ^! are ! dom9ant *>act]i/ics ( *ildr5's fe>s !y are n ! only ones4 ,exp]i5ce beg9s to direct ! in/9ctive fe>-impulse f ! v beg9n+4 ,h[ mu* x does 9 ! fir/ mon?s ( life x is difficult to say4 ,9 ! av]sion ( a baby to its m$ic9e glass1 or its cold ba?1 "o sees1 p]haps1 m ( ! rude g]m ( passion or ang] ?an ( fe>4 ,c>eful obs]vations seem to me to be requir$ on ! po9t1 at :at def9ite date signs ( fe> aris+ f exp]i5ce ( pa9 beg9 to %[ !mselves 9 ! *ild4 ,"s *ildr51 at lea/1 h a surpris+ way ( n m9d+ ev5 consid]able am\nts ( physical pa93 ! mis]y ( a fall1 a bl[1 a cut1 & s =?1 be+ spe$ily =gott54 ,x seems d\btful1 inde$1 :e!r ! v5]able saw1 #8,! burnt *ild dreads ! fire1' is inv>iably true4 ,x appe>s1 9 _m cases at lea/1 to take a good am\nt ( real agony to produce a g5u9e fe> 9 a "y *ild4#aeg ,?is t5d5cy to belittle pa9 is n unkn[n1 ,i suspect1 to ! tutor ( small boys4 ,x may well be t a def9ite & precise recall+ ( ! mis]y ( a scrat*1 or ev5 ( a mod]ate burn1 may n conduce to ! developm5t ( a true fe>1 & t "h1 too1 fe> :5 x arises 9 all its *>act]i/ic ma/]fulness is at bottom fe> ( ! unkn[n4 ,?is seems illu/rat$ by ! well-kn[n fact t a *ild w be m t]rifi$ dur+ a fir/ exp]i5ce ( pa91 especially if !re be a visible hurt & ble$+1 ?an by any subsequ5t prospect ( a r5ewal ( ! cata/rophe4 ,is n ! same ?+ true1 inde$1 ( old] fe>s8 ,%\ld we dread ! wr5* ( a too?-extraction if x 7 exp]i5c$ v (t51 & we _h a suffici5tly photographic imag9ation to be able to e/imate precisely ! int5sity & duration ( ! pa98 ----- ,footnote #aeg3 ,on ?is po9t !re are "s excell5t obs]vations made by ,miss ,%9n1 :o po9ts out t physical pa9 :5 n too sev]e is apt to be lo/ sight ( 9 ! new feel+ ( p]sonal consequ5ce to :i* x gives rise 7,notes on ! ,developm5t ( a ,*ild1 pt4 ii41 p4 #add ff47 ----- ,mu* ! same ?+ %[s itself 9 ! cases :]e fe> c be cle>ly trac$ to exp]i5ce & association4 ,9 "s ( ^! x is no d\bt rememb]$ exp]i5ce ( suff]+ :i* causes ! fe>4 ,a *ild t has be5 s]i\sly burn$ w unque/ionably be fright5$ at a too close approa* ( a r$-hot pok]4 ,b 9 _m cases ( ?is excitation ( fe> by association x is ! prim>y exp]i5ce ( fe> itself :i* seems to be ! real object ( ! appreh5sion4 ,?us a *ild :o has be5 fright5$ by a dog w betray signs ( fe> at ! sight ( a k5nel1 ( a picture ( a dog1 & s =?4 ,! little boy ref]r$ to above :o 0 afraid ( ! toy elephant t %ook its head %[$ signs ( fe> a =tnight aft]w>ds on com+ across a picture ( an elephant 9 a picture-book4 ,9 su* ways does fe> propagate fe> 9 ! timid little brea/4 ,"o _c "p f ! !me ( *ildr5's fe>s )\t a ref]5ce to a closely connect$ subject1 ! problem ( _! happ9ess4 ,to ask :e!r *ildhood is a happy "t1 /ill m to ask :e!r x is ! happie/1 is to raise p]haps a fooli% & insoluble "q4 ,lat] rem9isc5ces w\ld seem 9 ?is case to be p>ticul>ly untru/wor?y4 ,*ildr5 !mselves no d\bt may h v def9ite views on ! subject4 ,a *ild w tell y ) ! unmi/akable m>ks ( pr(\nd conviction t he is s unhappy4 ,b p>adoxical z x may seem1 *ildr5 really "k v little ab\t ! matt]4 ,at ! be/ !y c only tell y h[ !y feel at p>ticul> mom5ts4 ,to seek = a precise & satisfactory solution ( ! problem is ?us futile4 ,only r\gh comp>isons ( *ildhood & lat] life are possible4 ,9 any su* comp>ison ! fe>s ( e>ly ye>s claim1 no d\bt1 c>eful consid]ation4 ,!re seem to be p :o h no idea :at ! agony ( ^! e>ly t]rors am\nts to4 ,& s9ce x is ! unkn[n t excites ?is fe>1 & ! unkn[n 9 *ildhood is almo/ ev]y?+1 ! possibilities ( suff]+ f ?is s\rce are great en\gh4 ,alike ! ,good1 ! ,ill (f5d ?y ,sight1 ,& r\se ! /ormy s5se ( %rill affright4 ,george ,s& h>dly exagg]ates :5 %e writes3 8,fe> is1 ,i believe1 ! greate/ moral suff]+ ( *ildr504 ,9 ! case ( weakly1 n]v\s & imag9ative *ildr51 m especially1 ?is susceptibility to t]ror may br+ mis]able days & yet m mis]able nights4 ,nev]!less1 x is easy "h to pass f "o extreme ( brutal indiff]5ce to ano!r ( s5tim5tal exagg]ation4 ,*ildi% suff]+ is t]rible :ile x la/s1 b happily x has a way ( n la/+4 ,! cruel di/ort+ fit ( t]ror passes & leaves ! little face ) its old sunny out-look4 ,x is to be rememb]$1 too1 t :ile *ildr5 are pitiably fe>ful 9 _! own way1 !y are1 z we h se5 9 ! case ( ! little ,walt] ,scott1 delightfully fe>less also1 z judg$ by our /&>ds4 ,h[ oddly fe> & fe>lessness g toge!r is illu/rat$ 9 a /ory s5t me4 ,a little boy fell into a brook4 ,on 8 be+ fi%$ out by 8 "m1 8 si/]1 ag$ f\r1 ask$ him3 #8,did y see any crocodiles8' #8,no1' answ]$ ! boy1 #8,i wasn't 9 long en\gh4' ,! abs5ce ( fe> ( ! wat] itself 0 z *>act]i/ic z ! pres5ce ( fe> ( ! crocodile4 ,x is refre%+ to f9d t 9 c]ta9 cases at lea/ :]e old] p h done _! wor/ to excite t]ror1 a *ild has escap$ its suff]+4 ,pr(essor ,b>nes tells u t a ,cali=nian *ild's belief 9 ! sup]natural takes on a happy tone1 direct+ itself to images ( heav5 ) trees1 birds1 & o!r pretty ?+s1 & giv+ b little he$ to ! horrors ( hell4#aeh ,9 less sunny climes ?an ,cali=nia *ildr5 may n1 p]haps1 be su* little optimi/s1 & x is probable t graphic descriptions ( hell-fire h s5t _m a creepy ?rill ( horror along a *ild's t5d] n]ves4 ,/ill x may be said t1 ow+ to ! =tunate circum/ance ( *ildr5 hav+ mu* less fe> ( fire ?an _m animals1 ! mis]y 9 :i* et]nal puni%m5t is wont to be bodi$ =? does n "w s p[]fully z "o might expect on a *ild's imag9ation4 ,! au?or ( ,! ,un9itiat$ illu/rates a real *ild-trait :5 %e makes h] small h]o9e conceive ( hell z a place t smelt na/ily 7f its brim/one74#aei ,!n x is noticeable t *ildr5 9 g5]al are b little affect$ by fe> at ! sight or ! ?\ght ( dea?4 ,! *ild ,c4 _h a pass+ dread ( be+ buri$1 b 8 "y hopeful he>t refus$ to cr$it ! fact ( t f>-(f calamity4 ,o!r *ildr51 ,i f9d1 dislike ! idea ( dea? z ?reat5+ to deprive !m ( _! "m4 ,p]haps !y c m readily suppose t somebody else w die ?an t !y !mselves w d s4 ,?is comp>ative immunity f ! dread ( dea? is no small d$uction to be made f ! burd5 ( *ildr5's fe>4 ----- ,footnote #aeh3 ,p$agogical ,review1 ii41 #c1 p4 #dde4 ,footnote #aei3 p4 #dc4 ----- ,n only s1 :5 fe> is apt to be excit$1 ,nature has provid$ ! small timor\s p]son ) o!r in/9cts :i* t5d to mitigate & ev5 to neutralise x4 ,x is a happy circum/ance t ! mo/ prolific excitant ( fe>1 ! pres5tation ( some?+ new & uncanny1 is also provocative ( ano!r feel+1 t ( curiosity1 ) its impulse to look & exam9e4 ,ev5 animals are sometimes divid$ 9 ! pres5ce ( some?+ /range betwe5 fe> & curiosity1#afj & *ildr5's curiosity is mu* m lively ?an !irs4 ,a v t9y *ild1 on fir/ mak+ acqua9tance ) "s =m ( physical pa91 z a bump on ! head1 w delib]ately repeat ! exp]i5ce by knock+ 8 head aga9/ some?+ z if exp]im5t+ & wat*+ ! effect4 ,a cle>] case ( curiosity ov]p[]+ fe> is t ( a *ild :o1 aft] pull+ ! tail ( a cat 9 a bu% & gett+ scrat*$1 proce$$ to dive into ! bu% aga94#afa ,/ill m int]e/+ "h are ! gradual transitions f actual fe> be=e ! new & /range to bold inspection4 ,! *ild :o 0 fright5$ by h] ,japanese doll insi/$ on see+ x e day4 ,! behavi\r ( "o ( ^! small p]sons on ! arrival at ! h\se ( a /range dog1 ( a d>k =eign]1 or "s o!r />tl+ novelty1 is a pretty & amus+ sight4 ,! fir/ ov]p[]+ timidity1 ! %r9k+ back to ! "m's brea/1 foll[$ by curi\s peeps1 !n by bold] out/ret*+s ( head & arms1 m>k ! /ages by :i* curiosity & int]e/ ga9 on fe> & f9ally leave x f> beh9d4 ,v soon we "k ! small timor\s creatures w gr[ into bold adv5tur]s4 ,!y w make play?+s ( ! al>m+ animals1 & ( ! al>m+ %ad[s too4#afb ,lat] on /ill p]haps !y w love no?+ s mu* z to probe ! awful my/]ies ( gunp[d]4 ----- ,footnote #afj3 ,"s examples are giv5 by ,prey]1 op4 cit41 p4 #ace4 ,footnote #afa3 ,miss ,%9n1 op4 cit41 p4 #aej4 ,footnote #afb3 ,/ev5son1 ! same :o has describ$ ! t]rors ( mov+ %ad[s1 illu/rates h[ a *ild may make a sort ( playfell[ ( 8 %ad[ 7,a ,*ild's ,g>d5 ( ,v]ses1 xviii474 ----- ,"o palliative ( ^! e>ly t]rors rema9s to be t\*$ on1 ! in/9ct ( %elt]+ or refuge-tak+4 ,! fir/ manife/ations ( :at is call$ ! social nature ( *ildr5 are little m ?an ! rev]se side ( _! timidity4 ,a baby w cease cry+ at night on he>+ ! famili> voice ( "m or nurse because a vague s5se ( human companion%ip does away ) ! mis]y ( ! black solitude4 ,a fright5$ *ild probably kn[s an ec/asy ( bliss :5 fold$ 9 ! protective embrace ( a "m's arms4 ,ev5 ! mo/ timid *ildr5 nev] h ! full exp]i5ce ( t]ror s long z !re is )9 rea* ! secure base ( all _! reconnoitr+ excursions1 ! "m's skirts4 ,happy ^? little ones :o h ev] ne> !m lov+ arms )9 ^: magic circle ! oncom+ ( ! cruel fit ( t]ror is in/antly *eck$1 giv+ place to a delici\s calm4 ,h[ unhappy ^? *ildr5 mu/ be :o1 be+ fe>some by nature1 lack ?is refuge1 :o are left mu* alone to wre/le ) _! horrors z be/ !y may1 & are rudely repuls$ :5 !y be> _! he>t-quak+s to o!rs1 ,i w\ld n v5ture to say4 ,/ill less %\ld ,i c>e to sugge/ :at is suff]$ by ^? un=tunates :o f9d 9 ^? ab\t !m n com=t1 assurance1 support 9 _! fe>some mom5ts1 b ! wor/ s\rce ( _! t]rors4 ,to be brutal to ^! small s5sitive organisms1 to practise on _! t]rors1 to take delight 9 excit+ ! wild />e & wild] %riek ( t]ror1 ?is is p]haps "o ( ! /range ?+s :i* make "o believe 9 ! old dogma t ! devil c ent] into m5 & wom54 ,= "h we seem to h to d ) a =m ( cruelty s exquisite1 s contr>y to ! olde/ ( in/9cts1 t x is di%on\r+ to ! savage & to ! l[] animals to attempt to ref] x to h]$ity4 ,to dwell on su* ?+s1 h[ev]1 w\ld be to g back to a pessimi/ic view ( *ildhood4 ,x is und5iable t *ildr5 are expos$ to indescribable mis]y :5 !y are deliv]$ into ! h&s ( a consummately cruel gu>dian4 ,yet "o may hope t ?is sort ( p]son is exceptional1 some?+ ( :i* we c give no acc\nt save by say+ t n[ & aga9 9 sport nature produces a mon/]1 z if to %[ :at %e c\ld d if %e did n *oose m wisely & b5ignly to "w )9 ! limitations ( type4 ,,vii4 ,,raw ,,mat]ial ,,( ,,morality4 ,primitive ,egoism4 ,p]haps !re has be5 m ha/y !oris+ ab\t ! *ild's moral *>act]i/ics ?an ab\t any o!r ( 8 attributes4 ,! v fact t diametrically oppos$ views h be5 put =w>d is sugge/ive ( ?is ha/e4 ,by c]ta9 !ologians & o!rs infancy has be5 pa9t$ 9 ! blacke/ ( moral col\rs4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,compayr x is a ba*elor1 ,la ,bruyre1 & a bi%op1 ,dupanl\p1 :o h said ! wor/ ?+s ( *ildr52 & ! p>5t or tea*] :o wants to see h[ bad ?is wor/ is may consult ,m4 ,compayr's acc\nt4#afc ,on ! o!r h&1 ,r\sseau & ^? :o ?9k ) him h inve/$ ! *ild ) an unt>ni%$ purity4 ,accord+ to ,r\sseau ! *ild comes f ! ,creator's h& a p]fect bit ( workman%ip1 :i* blund]+ man at once beg9s to m>4 ,*ildr5's fre$om f human vices has be5 a common !me ( ! poet3 _! innoc5ce 0 lik5$ by ,m4 ,ab\t to ! spotless sn[ ( ! ,jungfrau4 ,o!rs1 z ,wordswor?1 h gone f>!r & attribut$ to ! infant positive excell5ces1 glimpses ( a high] morality ?an ours1 ,div9e intuitions br\ght f a pr5atal exi/5ce4 ----- ,footnote #afc3 ,l',evolution intell4 et mor4 de l',enfant1 *ap4 xiv41 ii4 ----- ,su* opposite views ( ! moral /atus & wor? ( a *ild mu/ be ! result ( prepossession1 & ! magnify+ ( ! accid5ts ( individual exp]i5ce4 ,a !ologian :o is conc]n$ to ma9ta9 ! doctr9e ( natural depravity1 or a ba*elor :o happ5s to h kn[n *ildr5 *iefly 9 ! "* ( little torm5tors1 may be expect$ to pa9t *ildhood ) black pigm5ts4 ,on ! o!r h& ! poet1 attract$ by ! *>m ( infancy1 may1 z we h se51 easily be l$ to idealise its moral aspects4 ,! fir/ ?+ t /rikes "o 9 all su* attempts to fix ! moral wor? ( ! *ild is t !y are judg+ ( ?+s by wrong /&>ds4 ,! infant1 ?\gh x has a nature capable ( becom+ moral or immoral1 is n z yet a moral be+2 & !re is a c]ta9 imp]t95ce 9 try+ to =ce x "u our categories ( good & bad1 pure & corrupt4 ,if !n we w\ld "k :at ! *ild's #8moral' nature is l we mu/ be c>eful to di/+ui%4 ,by #8moral' we mu/ und]/& t "p ( 8 nature1 feel+s & impulses1 :i* has = u a moral significance2 :e!r z furni%+ raw mat]ial out ( :i* education may develop virtu\s dispositions1 or contr>iwise1 z con/itut+ =ces adv]se to ?is developm5t4 ,x may be well to call ! =m] t5d5cies fav\rable to virtue1 pro-moral1 ^? unfav\rable1 contra-moral4 ,our inquiry1 !n1 mu/ be3 ,9 :at respects1 & to :at ext5t1 does ! *ild %[ himself by nature1 ap>t f all t is meant by education1 pro-moral or contra-moral1 t is1 well or ill fitt$ to become a memb] ( a good or virtu\s community & to ex]cise :at we "k z moral functions8 ,our especial object "h w be if possible to get at natural dispositions1 to exam9e ! *ild 9 8 primitive nak$ness1 look+ out = ^? in/9ctive t5d5cies :i* accord+ to mod]n sci5ce are only a little less cle>ly m>k$ 9 ! "y ( our own species ?an 9 a puppy or a *ick4 ,n[ !re is cle>ly a difficulty "h4 ,h[1 x may be ask$1 c we expect to f9d 9 a *ild any traits hav+ a moral significance :i* h n be5 develop$ by social influ5ces & education8 ,9 ! case ( pro-moral dispositions m p>ticul>ly1 z k9dness1 or tru?fulness1 we _c expect to get rid ( ! effect ( ! comb9$ p]sonal influ5ce & in/ruction ( ! "m1 :i* is ( ! ess5ce ( all moral tra9+4 ,ev5 ) reg>d to contra-moral traits1 z rud5ess1 or ly+1 x is evid5t t example is frequ5tly a co-op]at+ influ5ce4 ,! difficulty is no d\bt a real "o1 & _c be :olly got rid (4 ,we _c completely elim9ate ! influ5ce ( ! common life 9 :i* ! good & bad disposition alike may be said to gr[ up4 ,yet we may di/+ui%4 ,?us we may look out = ! e>lie/ spontane\s & :at we may call orig9al manife/ations ( su* dispositions z affection & tru?fulness1 s z to elim9ate ! direct action ( in/ruction & example1 & ?us to r$uce ! influ5ce ( ! social m$ium on ! *ild to a m9imum4 ,simil>ly 9 ! case ( brutal & o!r unlovely prop5sities1 we may by tak+ pa9s get rid ( ! influ5ce ( bad example4 ,let u see1 !n1 h[ f> ! indictm5t ( ! *ild is a j "o4 ,d *ildr5 t5d spontane\sly to manife/ ! g]ms ( vici\s dispositions1 & if s1 to :at ext5t8 ,"h1 z ,i h sugge/$1 we mu/ be p>ticul>ly c>eful n to read wrong int]pretations into :at we see4 ,x w n d1 = example1 to say t *ildr5 are born ?ieves because !y %[ !mselves at fir/ s]5ely indiff]5t to ! di/9ction ( meum & tuum1 & are incl9$ to help !mselves to o!r *ildr5's toys1 & s =?4 ,to repeat1 :at we h to inquire is :e!r *ildr5 by _! in/9ctive incl9ations are contra-moral1 t is1 pr$ispos$ to :at1 if p]sev]$ 9 ) reflexion1 we call immorality or vice4 ,"h we _c d bett] ?an t\* on t gr\p ( feel+s & dispositions :i* c be be/ m>k$ (f z anti-social s9ce !y t5d to ! injury ( o!rs1 su* z ang]1 envy1 & cruelty4 ,! mo/ di/ant acqua9tance ) ! fir/ ye>s ( human life tells u t "y *ildr5 h mu* 9 common ) ! l[] animals4 ,_! *>act]i/ic passions & impulses are c5tr$ 9 self & ! satisfaction ( its wants4 ,:at is bett] m>k$1 = example1 ?an ! b\ndless gre$ ( ! *ild1 8 ke5 desire to appropriate & enjoy :atev] pres5ts itself1 & to res5t o!rs' p>ticipation 9 su* enjoym5t8 ,= "s "t aft] bir? ! *ild is little m ?an an inc>nation ( appetite :i* kn[s on re/ra9t1 & only yields to ! und]m9+ =ce ( satiety4 ,! *ild's entrance into social life ?r\gh a gr[+ consci\sness ( ! exi/5ce ( o!rs is m>k$ by mu* fi]ce opposition to _! wi%es4 ,8 gre$1 :i* at ! outset 0 b ! expression ( a vigor\s nutritive impulse1 n[ takes on m ( a contra-moral aspect4 ,! removal ( ! fe$+-bottle be=e full satisfaction has be5 atta9$ is1 z we "k1 ! occasion = "o ( ! mo/ impressive utt]ances ( ! baby's #8w to live1' & ( its res5tm5t ( all human *ecks to its native impulses4 ,9 ?is outbur/ we h ! fir/ rude g]m ( t defiance ( control & ( au?ority ( :i* ,i %all h to say m by-&-by4 ,9 ano!r way1 too1 ! expansion ( ! infant's consci\sness ?r\gh ! recognition ( o!rs wid5s ! t]ra9 ( gre$y impulse4 ,= ugly envy commonly has its rise 9 ! p]ception ( ano!r *ild's consumption ( appetite's da9ties4 ,"h1 x is evid5t1 we are /ill at ! level ( ! animal4 ,a dog is passionately gre$y l ! *ild1 w fi]cely res5t any int]f]5ce ) ! satisfaction ( its appetite1 & w be envi\s ( ano!r & m =tunately plac$ animal4 ,mu* ! same conc]n = self & opposition to o!rs' hav+ :at ! *ild himself desires %[s itself 9 ! matt] ( toys & o!r possessions ( int]e/4 ,a *ild is apt n only to make free ) ano!r *ild's toys1 b to %[ ! /ronge/ objection to any imitation ( ?is fre$om1 (t5 display+ a dog-9-!-mang] _s by refus+ to l5d :at he himself does n want4 ,n only s1 he w be apt to res5t ano!r *ild's hav+ toys ( 8 own4 ,?is envy ( o!r *ildr5's possessions is (t5 wide & pr(\nd4 ,z ! social int]e/s come into play s f> z to make c>esses & o!r signs ( affection s\rces ( pleasure to ! *ild1 ! field = envy & its #8gre5-ey$' (fspr+1 jeal\sy1 is /ill m enl>g$4 ,z is well kn[n1 an infant w greatly res5t ! "m's tak+ ano!r *ild into h] arms4 ,"h1 aga91 we are at ! level ( ! l[] animals4 ,!y1 too1 z our dogs & cats c %[ u1 c be envi\s n only 9 ! matt] ( eatables1 b 9 t ( human c>ess+s1 & ev5 ( possessions--witness ! behavi\r ( two dogs :5 a /ick is ?r[n into ! wat]4 ,full illu/rations ( ^! traits ( ! fir/ ye>s ( *ildhood are n ne$$4 ,we all "k !m4 ,m4 ,p]ez & o!rs h cull$ a suffici5t collection ( examples4#afd ----- ,footnote #afd3 ,see = example ,p]ez1 ,! ,fir/ ,?ree ,ye>s ( ,*ildhood1 p4 #ff ff42 & ,l',education ds le b]ceau1 *ap4 vi4 ----- ,out ( all ?is unre/ra9$ pu%+ ( appetite & desire :]eby ! *ild comes into rude collision ) o!rs' wants1 wi%es & purposes1 !re issue ! well-kn[n passionat5ess1 ! angry outbur/s1 & ! fi]ce qu>rell+s ( ! *ild4 ,^! fits ( angry passion or temp] are among ! mo/ curi\s manife/ations ( *ildhood1 & des]ve to be /udi$ ) mu* great] c>e ?an !y h yet receiv$4 ,! outbur/ ( rage z ! imp]i\s little w feels itself sudd5ly pull$ up has 9 spite ( its comicality some?+ impressive4 ,hitt+ out "r & left1 ?r[+ ?+s d[n on ! floor & break+ !m1 h[l+1 wild agitat$ movem5ts ( ! arms & :ole body1 ^! are ! outw>d v5ts :i* ! gu/ ( *ildi% fury is apt to take4 ,prey] obs]v$ "o ( ^! viol5t explosions 9 ! sev5te5? mon?4 ,! outbur/ t5ds to conc5trate itself 9 an attack on ! (f5d]1 be ?is ev5 ! belov$ mamma h]self4 ,d>w9's boy at ! age ( two ye>s ?ree mon?s became a great adept at ?r[+ books1 /icks1 etc41 at any "o :o (f5d$ him4#afe ,b almo/ any?+ w d z an object ( attack4 ,a *ild ( f\r on be+ cross$ w\ld bang 8 *air1 & !n proce$ to v5t 8 displeasure on 8 un(f5d+ toy lion1 bang+ him1 jump+ on him1 &1 z anti-climax1 ?reat5+ him ) ! loss ( 8 d9n]4 ,hitt+ is 9 "s cases improv$ ^u by bit+4 ,! boy ,c4 0 = "s "t vigor\sly mordant 9 8 angry fits4 ,ano!r little boy w\ld1 "u simil> circum/ances1 bite ! c>pet4 ----- ,footnote #afe3 ,d>w9 notes t all 8 boys did ?is k9d ( ?+1 :]eas 8 girls did n 7,m9d1 ii41 p4 #bhh74 ,my own obs]vations agree ) ?is4 ,a small boy has m ( savage attack ?an a small girl4 ----- ,"h we h expressive movem5ts :i* are pla9ly brutal1 :i* assimilate ! aspect ( an angry *ild to t ( an infuriat$ animal4 ,! :ole outw>d attitude is "o ( fi]ce reckless assault4 ,! insane1 we are told1 manife/ a l wildness ( attack 9 fits ( ang]1 sma%+ w9d[s1 etc41 & /rik+ anybody :o happ5s to be at h&4 ,yet ^! are n all ! manife/ations4 ,*ildi% ang] has its wret*$ aspect4 ,!re is ke5 suff]+ 9 ^! e>ly exp]i5ces ( ?w>t$ w & purpose4 ,a little boy1 r m ?an a ye> old1 us$ :5 cross$ to ?r[ himself on ! floor & bang ! back ( 8 head2 & 8 bro!r1 :5 f\rte5 mon?s old1 w\ld simil>ly ?r[ himself on ! floor1 bang ! back ( 8 head1 bit+ ! c>pet z be=e m5tion$4 ,?is act ( ?r[+ oneself on ! floor1 :i* is common ab\t ?is age & is app>5tly q in/9ctive1 is ! expression ( ! utt] dejection ( mis]y4 ,c4's attitude :5 cross$1 ga!r$ into a heap on ! floor1 0 eloqu5t ( ?is infantile despair4 ,su* suff]+ is ! imm$iate outcome ( ?w>t$ purpose1 & mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ! moral feel+ ( %ame :i* (t5 accompanies x4 ,su* /ormy outbur/s v>y no d\bt f *ild to *ild4 ,?us ,c4's si/] 9 h] angry mom5ts did n bite or roll on ! floor1 b w\ld dance ab\t & /amp4 ,"s *ildr5 %[ little if any?+ ( ?is savage furi\sness4 ,among ^? t d %[ x1 x is (t5 a tempor>y ph5om5on only4 ,?is ang]1 x is to be not$1 is due to *eck1 & w\ld %[ itself to "s ext5t ev5 if !re 7 no int]v5tion ( au?ority4 ,?us a *ild w become angry1 res5tful1 & despair+ly mis]able if ano!r *ild gets effective hold ( some?+ :i* he wants to h4 ,yet x is und\bt$ly true1 z we %all see1 t ^! little /orms are mo/ frequ5tly call$ up by ! imposition ( au?ority1 & are a manife/ation ( :at we call a defiant attitude4 ,?is slight exam9ation may suffice to %[ t ) ! *ild self1 its appetites1 its satisfactions1 are ! c5tre ( its exi/5ce1 ! pivot on :i* its action turns4 ,i d n =get ! real & /rik+ diff]5ces "h1 ! specially brutal =m ( boys' ang] z comp>$ ) t ( girls1 ! p>tial atrophy ( "s ( ^! impulses1 e4g41 jeal\sy1 9 ! m g5tle & affectionate type ( *ild4 ,yet !re seems to be little d\bt t ^! are among ! commone/ & mo/ pron\nc$ *>act]i/ics ( ! fir/ ye>s4 ,evolution w1 no d\bt1 help u to und]/& mu* ( ?is4 ,if ! ord] ( developm5t ( ! individual foll[s & summ>ises t ( ! race1 we %\ld expect ! *ild to %[ a g]m at lea/ ( ! passionat5ess1 ! qu>relsom5ess ( ! brute & ( ! savage be=e he %[s ! moral qualities di/9ctive ( civilis$ man4 ,t he (t5 %[s s close a resemblance to ! savage & to ! brute sugge/s h[ little ages ( civilis$ life ) its suppression ( ^! furi\s impulses h done to tone d[n ! anci5t & c>efully transmitt$ in/9cts4 ,! *ild at bir?1 & = a long :ile aft]1 may !n be said to be ! repres5tative ( wild untam$ nature1 :i* x is = education to subdue & fa%ion into some?+ high] & bett]4 ,at ! same "t ! *ild is m ?an ?is4 ,9 ?is fir/ cla% ( 8 w ) ano!r's he kn[s m ?an ! brute's s5sual fury4 ,he suff]s consci\sly1 he realises himself 9 8 antagonism to a _w outside him4 ,x is probable1 z ,i h po9t$ out be=e1 t ev5 a physical *eck br++ pa91 z :5 ! *ild runs 8 head aga9/ a wall1 may develop ?is consci\sness ( self 9 its antagonism to a n-self4 ,?is consci\sness rea*es a high] phase :5 ! oppos+ =ce is di/9ctly appreh5d$ z ano!r w4 ,self-feel+1 a g]m ( ! feel+ ( #8my wor?1' ent]s into ?is e>ly passionat5ess & diff]5tiates x f a m]e animal rage4 ,! absolute pro/ration ( infantile ang] seems to be ! expression ( ?is ke5 consci\sness ( rebuff1 ( injury4 ,:ile1 !n1 ^! outbur/s ( savage in/9ct 9 *ildr5 are no d\bt ugly1 & 9 _! direction contra-moral1 !y mu/ n ha/ily be pron\nc$ :olly bad & wick$4 ,to call !m wick$ 9 ! full s5se ( t t]m is inde$ to =get t !y are ! swift reactions ( in/9ct :i* h 9 !m no?+ ( reflexion or ( delib]ation4 ,! angry *ild v5t+ 8 spite 9 "s wild act ( viol5ce is a long way f a man :o kn[+ly & ) ! cons5t ( 8 w retaliates & hates4 ,! v fleet+ "* ( ! outbreak1 ! rapid subsid5ce ( passion & transition to ano!r mood1 %[ t !re is "h no real malice prp5se4 ,^! in/9cts w1 no d\bt1 if !y are n tam$1 develop lat] on into truly wick$ dispositions2 yet x is by no means a small matt] to recognise t !y d n am\nt to full moral depravity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h se5 t we d n r5d] complete ju/ice to ^! e>ly manife/ations ( angry passion if we class !m ) ^? ( ! brute4 ,! *ild 9 ^! fir/ ye>s1 ?\gh n yet human 9 ! s5se ( hav+ rational insight into 8 wrong-do+1 is human 9 ! s5se ( suff]+ ?r\gh consci\sness ( an injur$ self4 ,?is reflective elem5t is n yet moral2 ! s5se ( injury may turn by-&-by into la/+ hatr$4 ,yet x holds )9 itself possibilities ( some?+ high]4 ,b ( ?is m :5 we come to envisage ! *ild 9 8 relation to au?ority4 ,! same pr$om9ance ( self1 ! same k9%ip ) ! unsocial brute :i* %[s itself 9 ^! g]m9al animosities1 is said to reappe> 9 ! ins5sibility or unfeel+ness ( *ildr54 ,! commone/ *>ge aga9/ *ildr5 f ^? :o are n on intimate t]ms ) !m1 & sometimes1 alas1 f ^? :o are1 is t !y are he>tless & cruel4 ,t *ildr5 (t5 appe> to ! adult z unfeel+ z a /one1 is1 ,i suppose1 inconte/able4 ,! tr\bles :i* h>ass & oppress ! "m leave h] small companion q unconc]n$4 ,he ei!r goes on play+ ) undi/urb$ *e]fulness1 or he betrays a mom5t>y curiosity ab\t "s circum/ance connect$ ) ! affliction :i* is worse ?an ! absorption 9 play ?r\gh its tantalis+ want ( any g5u9e feel+4 ,a bro!r or a si/] may be ill1 b if ! vigor\s little play] is affect$ at all1 x is only ?r\gh ! loss ( 8 companion1 if ?is is n m ?an made up = by c]ta9 advantages ( ! solit>y situation4 ,if ! "m is ill1 ! ev5t is int]e/+ m]ely z supply+ him ) new treats4 ,a little boy ( f\r1 aft] sp5d+ half an h\r 9 8 "m's sick-room1 coolly in=m$ 8 nurse3 #8,i h _h a v nice "t1 mamma's ill6' ,! ord] ( ! two /atem5ts is significant ( ! *ild's m5tal attitude t[>ds o!rs' suff]+s4 ,if 8 fai?ful nurse has h] face b&ag$1 8 int]e/ 9 h] torm5ts does n g beyond a rem>k on ! #8funn9ess' ( h] new appe>ance4 ,:5 x comes to ! bigg] human tr\bles ?is want ( fell[-feel+ is /ill m noticeable4 ,no?+ is m %ock+ to ! adult obs]v] ( *ildr5 ?an _! coldness & /olidity 9 pres5ce ( dea?4 ,:ile a :ole h\se is /rick5 ) grief at ! loss ( a belov$ inmate ! *ild is wont to pres]ve 8 s]5ity1 be+ affect$ at mo/ by a feel+ ( awe be=e a great my/]y4 ,ev5 ! sight ( ! dead body does n always excite grief4 ,mrs4 ,burnett 9 h] int]e/+ rem9isc5ces ( *ildhood has an excell5t acc\nt ( ! feel+s ( a s5sitive & ref9$ *ild :5 fir/ br\ght face to face ) dea?4 ,9 "o case %e 0 tak5 ) fe>some long+ to t\* ! dead body1 s z to "k :at #8z cold z dea?' meant1 9 ano!r1 t ( a pretty girl ( ?ree ) gold5 br[n eyes & neat small br[n curls1 %e 0 impress$ by ! lovel9ess ( ! :ole sc5e1 ! nurs]y b$room be+ hung ) :ite & adorn$ ) :ite fl[]s4 ,9 nei!r case 0 %e sorry1 & c\ld n cry ?\gh %e _h imag9$ be=eh& t %e w\ld4#aff ,ev5 9 ?is case1 !n1 :]e s mu* feel+ 0 call$ =?1 commis]ation = ! dead companion seems to h be5 almo/ :olly want+4#afg ----- ,footnote #aff3 ,! ,"o ,i ,knew ,be/1 *ap4 x4 ,footnote #afg3 ,cf4 ,paola ,lombroso1 op4 cit41 p4 #hd f4 ----- ,no "o1 ,i ?9k1 w d\bt t judg$ by our /&>ds *ildr5 are (t5 pr(\ndly & %ock+ly call\s4 ,b ! "q arises "h1 too1 :e!r we are "r 9 apply+ our gr[n-up /&>ds4 ,x is "o ?+ to be indiff]5t ) full k ( suff]+1 ano!r to be indiff]5t 9 ! s5se 9 :i* a cat might be said to be s at ! spectacle ( y\r fall+ or burn+ y\r f+]4 ,we are apt to assume t *ildr5 "k our suff]+s in/9ctively1 or at lea/ t !y c always ent] into !m :5 !y are op5ly express$4 ,b ?is assumption is highly unreasonable4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! manife/ation ( human suff]+ is un9telligible to a little *ild4 ,he is oppress$ nei!r by our anxieties nor by our griefs1 j because ^! are to a l>ge ext5t beyond 8 sympa!tic compreh5sion4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 too1 t !re are moods & attitudes ( m9d fav\rable & unfav\rable to sympa?y4 ,none ( u are uni=mly & consi/5tly compassionate1 & *ildr5 are frequ5tly ! subject ( moods :i* exclude ! feel+4 ,!y are impell$ by _! sup]abundant n]v\s en]gy to wild romp+ activity1 !y are passionately absorb$ 9 _! play1 !y are int5sely curi\s ab\t ! _m new ?+s !y see & he> (4 ,^! dom9ant impulses issue 9 m5tal attitudes :i* are indiff]5t to ! spectacle ( o!rs' tr\bles4 ,aga91 :]e an appeal to s]i\s att5tion is giv51 a *ild is apt to spy some?+ besides ! sadness4 ,! little girl already spok5 ( saw ! prett9ess ( ! dea?-room r ?an its m\rnfulness4 ,a tea*] once told h] class ( ! dea? ( a class-mate4 ,!re 0 ( c\rse a /range /illness1 :i* "o little girl pres5tly broke ) a l\d laugh4 ,! *ild is said to h be5 by no means unemotional1 & ! laugh n a #8n]v\s' "o4 ,! odd situation--! sudd5 hu% ( a class--_h affect$ *ildi% s5sibilities m ?an ! di/ress+ ann\ncem5t4 ,"o o!r rem>k by way ( sav+ clause "h4 ,x is by no means true t *ildr5 are always unaffect$ by ! sad & sorr[ful ?+s 9 life4 ,! fir/ acqua9tance ) dea?1 z we "k f a numb] ( publi%$ rem9isc5ces1 has sometimes %ak5 a *ild's :ole be+ ) an inf9ite1 nameless s5se ( woe4#afh ----- ,footnote #afh3 ,see1 = example1 ! record ( ! impression produc$ by a p>5t's dea? left by ,/eele 9 ! ,tatl]1 & ,george ,s& 9 h] autobiography4 ,no d\bt1 z ,tol/oi's rem9isc5ces tell u1 a good deal ( /ra9+ aft] emotion & va9 affectation may m+le ) su* *ildi% sorr[4 ----- ,*ildr51 says ! misopdi/1 are n only unfeel+ :]e we look = sympa?y & k9dness1 !y are positively unk9d1 _! unk9dness am\nt+ to cruelty4 ,:at we mean by ! brute 9 ! *ild is emphatically ?is cruelty4 ,by cruelty is "h und]/ood cold-blood$ infliction ( pa94 8,cet ge10 wrote ,la ,fonta9e ( *ildhood1 8e/ sans piti40 ,! idea t *ildr51 especially boys1 are cruel 9 ?is s5se is1 ,i ?9k1 a common "o4 ,?is cruelty w n[ & aga9 %[ itself 9 relation to o!r *ildr54 ,"o ( ! try+ situations ( e>ly life is to f9d oneself supplant$ by ! arrival ( a new baby4 ,*ildr51 ,i h reason to ?9k1 are1 9 su* circum/ances1 capable ( com+ %ock+ly ne> to a feel+ ( hatr$4 ,i h he>d ( "o little girl :o 0 tak5 ) s viol5t an antipa?y to a baby :i* %e consid]$ outrage\sly ugly z to make attempts to sma% its head1 mu* z %e w\ld no d\bt h tri$ to de/roy a doll :i* _h become unsightly to h]4 ,! baby1 x is com=t+ to "k1 0 n really hurt by ?is precoci\s explosion ( infanticidal impulse--p]haps ! sma%+ 0 m ?an half a pret5ce--& ! little girl has s9ce gr[n up to be a k9d-he>t$ woman4 ,su* cruel-look+ h&l+ ( small] infants is probably r>e4 ,m common is ! exhibition ( ! signs ( cruelty 9 ! *ild's deal+s ) animals4 ,x is ( ?is1 inde$1 t we mo/ly ?9k :5 we speak ( a *ild's cruelty4 ,at fir/ no?+ seems cle>] ?an ! evid5ce ( malici\s int5tion 9 a *ild's treatm5t ( animals4 ,! little girl ,m4 :5 j a ye> old w\ld lift two kitt5s by ! neck & try to /amp on !m4 ,! little girl describ$ by ,miss ,%9n w\ld :5 two ye>s old run up to a dog & j]k 8 e> till he snapp$ at h]1 & on "o occasion resolutely ?ru/ h] h& into a bu% to seize pussy1 m9d+ n ! scrat*es4#afi ,d we n see 9 ?is maul+ ( animals1 ev5 :5 x br+s ! *ild himself pa91 evid5ces ( a root$ det]m9ation to plague1 & ( a fi]ce delight 9 plagu+8 ----- ,footnote #afi3 ,notes on ! ,developm5t ( a ,*ild1 pt4 ii41 p4 #adi f4 ----- ,! "q ( ! inn]mo/ nature ( human cruelty is too difficult a "o to be discuss$ "h4 ,i w only say t :atev] ! cruelty ( adults may be *ildr5's s-call$ cruelty t[>ds animals is v f> f be+ a pure delight 9 ! sight ( suff]+4 ,! torm5ts to :i* a *ild w subject a long-suff]+ cat are1 ,i suspect1 due n to a cle> int5tion to inflict pa91 b to ! *ildi% impulse to hold1 possess1 & completely dom9ate ! pet animal4 ,he feels he mu/ h ! pet1 no matt] at :at co/ to himself3 ( ! co/ to 8 victim he does n ?9k4 ,! /amp+ on ! kitt5s 0 p]haps m]ely a *ildi% way ( hold+ !m fa/4 ,su* actions are a manife/ation ( t odd mixture ( sociability & love ( p[] :i* makes up a *ild's atta*m5t to ! l[] animals4 ,! case ( de/ructive cruelty1 z :5 a small boy cru%es a fly1 is some:at diff]5t4 ,let me give a well-obs]v$ in/ance4 ,a little boy ( two ye>s & two mon?s1 aft] ne>ly kill+ a fly on ! w9d[-pane1 seem$ surpris$ & di/urb$1 look+ r\nd = an explanation1 !n gave x himself3 #8,mr4 ,fy dom 7gone7 to by-by'4 ,b he w\ld n t\* x or ano!r fly aga9--a d\bt evid5tly rema9$ & he cont9u$ uneasy ab\t x4 ,"h we h1 ,i ?9k1 ! in/9ctive attitude ( a *ild t[>ds ! outcome ( 8 de/ructive impulse4 ,?is impulse1 :i*1 z we "k1 becomes m cle>ly de/ructive :5 exp]i5ce has taught :at result w foll[1 is n necess>ily cruel 9 ! s5se ( includ+ an idea ( ! animal's suff]+4 ,animal movem5t1 especially t ( t9y ?+s1 has some?+ excit+ & provok+ ab\t x4 ,! *ild's own activity & ! love ( p[] :i* is b\nd up ) x impel him to arre/ ! movem5ts ( small manageable ?+s4 ,?is is ! mean+1 ,i suspect1 ( ! fasc9ation ( ! fly on ! w9d[-pane1 & ( t9y creep+ ?+s1 & especially1 p]haps1 ( ! worm ) its tangle ( wriggl+ movem5t4 ,! cat's prolong$ *ase ( ! m\se1 into :i*1 z we h se51 some?+ ( a dramatic make-believe ent]s1 probably owes its ze/ to a l delight 9 ! realisation ( p[]4 ,along ) ?is love ( p[] !re goes (t5 some?+ ( a *ild's fi]ce untamable curiosity4 ,a boy ( f\r1 f9d+ t 8 "m 0 %ock$ at he>+ him express a wi% to see a pigeon :i* a dog _h j kill$1 rem>k$3 #8,is x rude to look at a dead pigeon8 ,i want to see :]e its blood is4' ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t ! cru%+ ( flies & mo?s & ! pull+ ( worms to pieces & s =? are prompt$ by ?is curiosity4 ,! *ild wants to see :]e ! blood is1 :at ! bones are l1 h[ ! w+s are fa/5$ 91 & s =?4 ,p]ez tells ( a little boy1 aft]w>ds an arti/1 :o us$ to cru% flies betwe5 ! leaves ( a book = ! sake ( ! odd designs result+4#agj ,by su* v>i\s l9es ( conc5trat$ activity does ! *ild-m9d ov]look ! suff]+ :i* x causes4 ----- ,footnote #agj3 ,l',art et la ,posie *ez l',enfant1 p4 #fj4 ----- ,a l comb9ation ( love ( p[] & ( curiosity seems to und]lie o!r directions ( *ildi% de/ructiv5ess1 z ! break+ ( toys & ! pull+ ( fl[]s to pieces4 ,9 c]ta9 cases1 z 9 ,c4's annihilation ( a g>d5 ( peonies1 ! love ( p[] or effect may ov]top & outlive ! curiosity1 becom+ a sort ( iconocla/ic fury4#aga ----- ,footnote #aga3 ,rusk9 tells u t :5 a *ild he pull$ fl[]s to pieces #89 no morbid curiosity1 b 9 admir+ wond]' 7,prt]ita1 #hh74 ,goe! gives an amus+ acc\nt ( 8 :olesale ?r[+ ( crock]y out ( ! w9d[ inspir$ by ! delight ( wat*+ ! droll way 9 :i* x 0 sma%$ on ! pavem5t4 ----- ,i ?9k1 !n1 t we may give ! little *ild ! b5efit ( ! d\bt1 & n assign 8 r\gh h&l+ ( s5ti5t ?+s to a wi% to inflict pa91 or ev5 to an indiff]5ce to pa9 ( :i* he is cle>ly aw>e4 ,wanton activity1 ! curiosity ( ! exp]im5t]1 & delight 9 %[+ "o's p[] & produc+ an effect1 seem suffici5t to expla9 mo/ ( ! alleg$ brutality ( ! fir/ ye>s4 ,probably ! same consid]ations apply to ^? mild] =ms ( annoyance :i* *ildr5 are apt to practise on o!r p & animals alike4 ,t a *ild e>ly develops a decid$ ta/e = #8teas+' is1 ,i ?9k1 c]ta94 ,b :e!r c>ri$ out by ^w or by action ?is e>ly teas+ seems to be 9 ! ma9 ! outcome ( ! love ( p[]1 ! impulse to impose "o's w on o!r creatures4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ^! wee be+s feel !mselves s subject to o!rs' p[] t !y are v naturally driv5 to use all opportunities ( %ak+ (f ! %ackles1 & ex]cis+ = !mselves a little dom9ation4 ,cruelty1 t is ! impulse to inflict pa91 :]e x appe>s1 gr[s up lat]1 & ?\gh x has its roots 9 ?is love ( p[] ought to be di/+ui%$ f x4 ,we h n[ look$ at "o ( ! d>k sides ( ! *ild & h f\nd t ?\gh x is unpleasant x is n s hide\s z x has be5 pa9t$4 ,*ildr5 are no d\bt apt to be passionate1 f]oci\s 9 _! ang]1 & sadly want+ 9 consid]ation = o!rs2 yet x is consolatory to reflect t _! savag5ess is n q t ( brutes1 & t _! selfi%ness & cruelty are a long way remov$ f a delib]ate & calculat+ egoism4 ,g]ms ( ,altruism4 ,x n[ rema9s to po9t out t !re is ano!r & c\nt]balanc+ side4 ,if a *ild has 8 outbur/s ( temp] he has also 8 fits ( t5d]ness4 ,if he is n[ dead to o!rs' suff]+s he is at ano!r "t tak5 ) a mo/ amiable *ildi% conc]n = _! happ9ess4 ,9 ord] to be j to him we mu/ recognise bo? sides4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 "h t *ildr5 are in/9ctively atta*able & sociable 9 s f> z !y %[ 9 ! fir/ weeks t !y get us$ to & dep5d5t on ! human pres5ce & are mis]able :5 ?is is tak5 f !m4 ,! /opp+ ( an infant's cry+ at night on he>+ ! famili> voice ( its "m or nurse %[s ?is4 ,9 ?is in/9ct ( companion%ip !re is involv$ a vague in>ticulate sympa?y4 ,j z ! atta*$ dog may be said to h 9 a dim fa%ion a feel+ ( on5ess ) its ma/]1 s ! *ild4 ,! int5s] realisation ( ?is on5ess comes 9 ! case ( ! dog & ( ! *ild alike aft] sep>ation4 ,! wild c>ess+ leaps ( ! quadrup$ are mat*$ by ! w>m embrac+s ( ! little bip$4 ,only t "h1 too1 we see 9 ! *ild traces ( a deep] human consci\sness4 ,a girl ( ?irte5 mon?s 0 sep>at$ f h] "m dur+ six weeks4 ,on ! "m's return %e 0 spee*less1 & = "s "t c\ld n be> to leave h] re/or$ companion = a m9ute4 ,! little girl ,m4 :5 ne>ly sev5te5 mon?s old receiv$ h] fa!r aft] only five days' abs5ce ) special m>ks ( t5d]ness1 ru%+ up to him1 smoo?+ & /rok+ 8 face & giv+ him all ! toys 9 ! room4 ,?is s5se ( jo9+ on "o's exi/5ce to ano!r's is n sympa?y 9 its highe/ =m1 t is1 a consci\s realisation ( ano!r's feel+s1 b x is a k9d ( sympa?y aft] all1 & may gr[ into some?+ bett]4 ,?is we may see 9 ! return ( ! *ildi% he>t to its re/+ place aft] ! e/rangem5t introduc$ by #8naught9ess'4 ,! rel5t+ aft] passion1 ! reconciliation aft] puni%m5t1 are ^! n ! exp]i5ces :i* help to raise ! dumb animal sympa?y ( ! fir/ mon?s into a true human s5se ( fell[%ip8 ,b ?is "p ( ! developm5t ( sympa?y belongs to ano!r *apt]4 ,sympa?y1 x has be5 said1 is a k9d ( imitation1 & ?is is /rik+ly illu/rat$ 9 its e>ly =ms4 ,a dog w h[l pite\sly 9 response to ano!r dog's h[l3 simil>ly a *ild ( n9e & a half mon?s has be5 kn[n to cry viol5tly :5 8 "m or fa!r pret5d$ to cry4 ,"o curi\s manife/ation ( ?is e>ly imitative sympa?y is ! impulse to d :at ! "m does & to be :at %e is4 ,mu* ( e>ly imitative play %[s ?is t5d5cy4 ,x is m ?an a cold di/ant copy+ ( ano!r's do+s3 x is full ( ! w>m? ( atta*m5t1 & x is ent]$ on z a way ( gett+ ne>] to ! object ( atta*m5t4 ,out ( ?is1 too1 !re spr+s ! g]m ( a high] sympa?y4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ,laura ,bridgman b\nd ! eyes ( h] doll ) a b&age simil> to ! "o %e h]self wore4 ,?r\gh ?is %>+ 9 h] own exp]i5ce ! doll became m a "p ( h]self4 ,conv]sely1 a *ild1 on f9d+ t h] "m's head a*$1 began imitatively to make-believe t h] own head 0 hurt4 ,sympa?y re/s on community ( exp]i5ce1 & x is a curi\s fact t a *ild1 be=e he c fully sympa?ise ) ano!r's tr\ble & make x 8 own by ! sympa!tic process itself1 %\ld ?us try by a k9d ( *ildi% act+ to realise ?is community ( exp]i5ce4 ,f ?is imitative act+ ( ano!r's tr\ble1 s z to %>e 9 x1 !re is b a /ep to a direct sympa!tic appreh5sion ( x4 ,h[ e>ly a g5u9e manife/ation ( conc]n ab\t ano!r's suff]+ beg9s to %[ itself x is almo/ impossible to say4 ,*ildr5 probably diff] greatly 9 ?is respect4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 "o case :i* is s curi\s t ,i _c =be> to quote x4 ,x rea*es me1 ,i may say1 by a ?or\ghly tru/wor?y *annel4 ,a baby ag$ "o ye> & two mon?s 0 crawl+ on ! floor4 ,an eld] si/]1 ,ka!r9e1 ag$ six1 :o 0 work+ at a wool mat c\ld n get on v well & began to cry4 ,baby look$ up & grunt$1 #8on6 on6' & kept draw+ its f+]s d[n its own *eeks4 ,"h ! aunt call$ ,miss ,ka!r9e's att5tion to baby1 a device :i* m]ely caus$ a fre% outbur/ ( te>s2 :]eupon baby proce$$ to hit* itself along to ,ka!r9e ) _m repetitions ( ! grunts & ! mimetic f+]-movem5ts4 ,ka!r9e1 fairly ov]come by ?is1 took baby to h] & smil$2 at :i* baby began to clap its h&s & to cr[1 trac+ ?is "t ! c\rse ( ! te>s d[n its si/]'s *eeks4 ,?is pretty nurs]y-picture c]ta9ly seems to illu/rate a rudim5t ( g5u9e fell[-feel+4 ,simil>ly x is h>d n to recognise ! signs ( a s9c]e conc]n :5 a *ild ( two runs spontane\sly & kisses ! place t is hurt1 ev5 ?\gh x is n to be d\bt$ t ! graceful action has be5 le>nt ?r\gh imitation4 ,v sweet & sacr$ to ! "m are ! fir/ cle> indications ( ! *ild's conc]n = h]self4 ,^! are sporadic1 spr++ up r>ely1 & sometimes1 z x looks to u1 caprici\sly4 ,illness1 & tempor>y removal are a common occasion = ! appe>ance ( a deep] t5d]ness 9 ! "y he>t4 ,a little boy ( ?ree spontane\sly br\ght 8 /ory-book to 8 "m :5 %e lay 9 b$ ill2 & ! same *ild us$ to foll[ h] ab\t aft] h] recov]y ) all ! devotion ( a little knight4 ,valuable & ent]ta9+1 too1 are ! fir/ attempts ( ! *ild at consolation4 ,a little ,g]man girl ag$ two & a half :o _h j lo/ h] bro!r seem$ v indiff]5t = "s days4 ,%e !n began to reflect & to ask ab\t h] playmate4 ,on see+ h] "m's di/ress %e proce$$ 9 truly *ildi% fa%ion to com=t h]2 #8,nev] m9d1 mamma1 y w get a bett] boy4 ,he 0 a ragamuff9' 7#8,er w> e9 ,lump'74 ,! co-exi/5ce ( an almo/ b>b>\s indiff]5ce = ! dead bro!r ) practical sympa?y = ! liv+ "m is *>act]i/ic "h4#agb ----- ,footnote #agb3 ,a pretty example ( su* *ildi% consolation is giv5 by ,p4 ,lombroso1 op4 cit41 p4 #id4 ----- ,a deep] & m ?\ghtful sympa?y comes ) ye>s & reflective p[]4 ,?\ght ab\t ! ov]hang+ t]ror1 dea?1 is sometimes ! awak5] ( ?is4 #8,are y old1 "m8' ask$ a boy ( five4 #8,:y8' %e answ]$4 #8,because1' he cont9u$1 #8! old] y are ! ne>] y are to dy+4' ,?is *ild _h once be=e said he hop$ 8 "m w\ld n die be=e him1 & ?is sugge/s t ?\ght ( 8 own =lorn condition 0 9 8 m9d "h3 yet we may hope t !re 0 some?+ ( dis9t]e/$ conc]n too4#agc ----- ,footnote #agc3 ,cf4 ,p4 ,lombroso1 op4 cit41 p4 #hg4 ----- ,?is e>ly consid]ation frequ5tly takes ! practical =m ( helpfulness4 ,a *ild loves no?+ bett] ?an to assi/ y 9 little h\sehold occupations2 & ?\gh love ( activity & ! pleasure ( imitat+ no d\bt c\nt = mu* 9 ^! cases1 we c1 ,i ?9k1 safely set d[n some?+ to ! wi% to be ( use4 ,?is inf]5ce seems ju/ifi$ by ! fact t su* practical helpfulness is n always imitative4 ,a little boy ( two ye>s & "o mon? happ5$ to ov]he> 8 nurse say to h]self3 #8,i wi% t ,anne w\ld rememb] to fill ! nurs]y boil]'4 8,he li/5$1 & pres5tly trott$ (f2 f\nd ! said ,anne do+ a di/ant grate1 pull$ h] by ! apron1 say+3 #8,nanna1 ,nanna6' 7come to nurse74 ,%e foll[$1 surpris$ & puzzl$1 ! *ild pull+ all ! way1 till1 hav+ got h] into ! nurs]y1 he po9t$ to ! boil]1 & add$3 #8,g d>e1 g d>e1' s t ! girl compreh5d$ & did z he bade h]40 ,) ?is practical #8utilit>ian' sympa?y !re goes a q *>m+ wi% to give pleasure 9 o!r ways4 ,a little girl :5 j a ye> old 0 giv5 to (f]+ h] toys1 fl[]s1 & o!r pretty ?+s to ev]ybody4 ,g5]osity is z truly an impulse ( *ildhood z gre$9ess1 & x is odd to obs]ve _! alt]nate play4 ,at an e>ly age1 too1 a *ild tries to make himself agreeable by pretty & da9ty c\rtesies4 ,a little girl1 ag$ ?ree & a qu>t]1 petition$ h] "m ?is wise3 #8,please1 mamma1 w y p9 ?is ) ! greate/ pleasure8' ,reg>d = ano!r's feel+s 0 surely nev] m *>m+ly express$ ?an 9 ! pray] t 9 r5d]+ ?is little s]vice ! help] %\ld n only be will+1 b glad4 ,j z !re are ^! sporadic gr[?s ( affectionate conc]n & wi% to please 9 relation to ! "m & o!rs1 s !re is ample evid5ce ( k9dness to animals4 ,! *>ge ( cruelty 9 ! case ( little *ildr5 is1 inde$1 se5 to be a gross libel z soon z we consid] _! :ole behavi\r t[>ds ! animal _w4 ,i h t\*$ above on ! vague al>ms :i* ?is animal _w has = t9y *ildr54 ,x is only fair to !m to say t ^! al>ms are = ! mo/ "p transitory1 giv+ place to int]e/1 atta*m5t & fell[-feel+4 ,9 a s5se a *ild may be said to belong to ! animal community1 z ,mr4 ,rudy>d ,kipl+'s *>m+ acc\nt ( ! ,jungle prettily sugge/s4 ,has he n1 inde$1 at fir/ m 9 common ) ! dog & cat1 ! pet rabbit or dorm\se1 ?an ) t gr[n-up human community :i* is apt to be s preoccupi$ ) ?+s beyond 8 und]/&+1 & 9 _m cases1 at lea/1 to we> s unfri5dly a mi58 ,we mu/ rememb]1 too1 t *ildr5 z a rule "k no?+ ( ! prejudices1 ( ! disgu/s1 :i* make gr[n p put animals s f> f !m4 ,! boy ,c4 0 nonpluss$ by 8 "m's horror ( ! cat]pill>4 ,a *ild has be5 kn[n q spontane\sly to call a worm #8beautiful'4 ,z soon z ! fir/ fe> ( ! /rang5ess is ma/]$ a *ild w take to an animal4 ,a little boy ( fifte5 mon?s quickly ov]came 8 fright at ! b>k+ ( 8 gr&fa!r's dog1 & began to %>e 8 biscuits ) him1 to give him fl[]s to smell1 & to ?r[ /ones = 8 amusem5t4 ,?is ma/]y ( fe> by atta*m5t takes a high] =m :5 lat] on ! *ild w /ick to 8 dumb companion aft] suff]+ f 8 occasional fits ( temp]4 ,rusk9 9 8 rem9isc5ces gives a /rik+ example ( ?is triumph ( atta*m5t ov] fe>4 ,:5 five ye>s old1 he tells u1 he 0 tak5 by ! s]v+-man to see a fav\rite ,newf\ndl& dog 9 ! /able4 ,! man r fooli%ly hum\r$ ! *ild's wi% to kiss ,leo 7! dog7 & l[]$ him s t 8 face came ne> ! animal's4 ,h]eupon ! dog1 :o 0 d9+1 res5t+ ! int]ruption ( 8 meal1 bit out a piece ( ! boy's lip4 ,8 only fe> aft] ?is 0 le/ ! dog %\ld be s5t away4#agd ----- ,footnote #agd3 ,prt]ita1 pp4 #aje-f4 ----- ,*ildr5 w fur!r at a q e>ly age betray ! g]m ( a truly humane feel+ t[>ds animals4 ,! same little boy t bravely got ov] 8 fe> ( ! dog's b>k+ w\ld1 :5 n9ete5 mon?s old1 beg9 to cry on see+ a horse fall 9 ! /reet4 ,m passionate outbur/s ( pity are se5 at a lat] age4 ,a boy five ye>s & n9e mon?s _h a kitt5 ( :i* he 0 v fond4 ,"o day1 aft] two or ?ree days' abs5ce f ! h\se1 x came back ) "o foot mu* mutilat$ & ! leg swoll51 evid5tly n f> f dy+4 8,:5 7writes ! "m7 he saw x he bur/ into uncontrollable te>s & 0 m affect$ ?an ,i h ev] se5 him4 ,! kitt5 0 tak5 away & dr[n$1 & ev] s9ce 7a mon?7 he has %[n great reluctance 9 speak+ ( x1 & nev] m5tions x to any "o b ^? :o saw ! cat at ! "t4 ,he says x is too sad to tell any "o ( x40 ,! boy ,c4 :5 only f\r 0 mov$ to passionate grief at ! sight ( a dead dog tak5 f a pond4 ,! indignation ( *ildr5 at ! do+s ( ! but*]1 ! hunt] & o!rs1 %[s h[ deeply pitiful consid]ation = animals is root$ 9 _! he>ts4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ manife/ations ( ! bett] side ( *ild-nature & des]ves a *apt] to itself4 ,x is sometimes ask$ :y *ildr5 %\ld take animals to _! bosoms 9 ?is fa%ion & lavi% s mu* fell[-feel+ on !m4 ,x seems easy to und]/& h[ !y come to *oose animals1 especially "y ones1 z playmates1 & n[ & aga9 to be ru?lessly inconsid]ate ( _! com=t 9 _! boi/]\s gambols2 b :y %\ld !y be s affect$ by _! suff]+s & *ampion _! rights s /urdily8 ,i ?9k ! answ] is n h>d to f9d4 ,! sympa?y & love :i* ! *ild gives to animals gr[ out ( a sort ( bl9d greg>i\s in/9ct1 & ?is aga9 seems to be root$ 9 a simil>ity ( position & ne$s4 ,z ,m4 ,compayr well says on ?is po9t3 8,he 7! *ild7 sympa?ises naturally ) creatures :i* resemble him on s _m sides1 9 :i* he f9ds wants analog\s to 8 own1 ! same appetite1 ! same impulses to movem5t1 ! same desire = c>esses4 ,to resemble is already to love40#age ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t a deep] feel+ comes 9 f ! fir/ & ga!rs /r5g? z ! *ild he>s ab\t m5's treatm5t ( animals1 ,i mean a s5se ( a common dang] & helplessness face to face ) ! human #8giant'4 ,! m passionate atta*m5t ( ! *ild to ! animal is ! outcome ( ! wide-spread in/9ct ( helpless ?+s to b& toge!r4 ,a "m once rem>k$ to h] boy1 betwe5 five & six ye>s old3 #8,:y1 ,r41 ,i believe y are k9d] to ! animals ?an to me'4 #8,p]haps ,i am1' he repli$1 #8y see !y are n s well (f z y are4' ,may !re n be some?+ ( ?is s5se ( b&+ & mutual def5ce on ! animals' side too8 ,! idea does n look s absurd :5 we rememb] h[ responsive1 h[ =be>+1 h[ ready to def5d1 a dog w (t5 %[ itself t[>ds a #8wee mite' ( a *ild4 ,?is same in/9ct to /& up = ! helpless inf]ior %[s itself 9 *ildr5's attitude t[>ds s]vants :5 scold$ & especially :5 dismiss$4#agf ----- ,footnote #age3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #ajh4 ,footnote #agf3 ,illu/rations are giv5 by ,paola ,lombroso1 op4 cit41 p4 #if f4 ----- ,! same outp\r+s ( affection are se5 9 ! deal+s ( *ildr5 ) _! toy babies & animals4 ,all[+ = occasional outbreaks ( temp] & acts ( viol5ce1 ! *ild's int]c\rse ) 8 doll & 8 toy #8gee gee' is a wond]ful display ( lov+ solicitude2 a solicitude :i* is at once t5d] & corrective & has ! endur+ con/ancy ( a mat]nal in/9ct4 ,no "o c wat* ! c>e giv5 to a doll1 ! wide-rang+ ef=ts to provide = its com=t1 to make x look pretty1 & to get x to behave nicely1 & note ! mis]y :5 x is miss+1 )\t ackn[l$g+ t 9 ?is play?+ humanis$ by *ildi% fancy1 & br\ght by daily habit into ! w>me/ intimacy ( daily companion%ip1 we h ! focal meet+-po9t ( ! t5d] impulses ( ! *ild4 ,la/ly1 ! read] may be rem9d$ t *ildi% k9dness & pitifulness ext5d to :at look to u /ill less des]v+ objects 9 ! inanimate _w4 ,! manife/ations ( pity = ! fall+ leaves & = ! /ones condemn$ to lie always 9 "o place1 ref]r$ to above1 %[ h[ quick *ildi% feel+ is to detect :at is sad 9 ! look ( ?+s4 ,*ildr5 h ev5 be5 kn[n to apply ! commis]at+ vocable #8poor' to a torn pap] figure1 & to a b5t p94 ,x seems fair to suppose t "h1 too1 ! m t5d] he>t ( ! *ild saw occasion = pity4 ,x is wor? not+ t *ildi% sorr[ at ! suff]+s ( ?+s is sometimes s ke51 t ev5 arti/ic descriptions :i* conta9 a #8cruel' elem5t are %unn$4 ,a little boy "u f\r is indignant 7writes 8 "m7 at any picture :]e an animal suff]s4 ,he has ev5 turn$ aga9/ sev]al ( 8 fav\rite pictures--,g]man ,bild]bog51 because !y are #8cruel1' z ! be> l$ home ) a corkscrew 9 8 nose4 ,! extreme manife/ation ( ?is %r9k+ f ! repres5tation ( animal or human suff]+ is dislike = #8sad /ories'4 ,! unsophi/icat$ t5d] he>t ( ! *ild c f9d no pleasure 9 horrors :i* appe> to be ! supreme delight ( _m an adult read]4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 x is evid5t1 we v]ge on ! conf9es ( s5tim5tal pity4 ,x is to be rem>k$ t highly imag9ative *ildr5 %$ mo/ te>s ov] ^! fictiti\s suff]+s4 ,*ildr5 ) m matt]-(-fact m9ds & a practical turn are n s affect$4 ,?us a "m writes ( h] two girls3 #8,m4 be+ ! mo/ imag9ative is & always has be5 mu* affect$ by sad /ories1 especially if read to h] ) dramatic inflexions ( voice4 ,f two ye>s old upw>ds ^! h always affect$ h] to te>s1 :il/ ,p4 :o is really ! mo/ t5d]-he>t$ & helpful1 b has little imag9ation1 nev] cries at sad /ories1 & :5 f\r ye>s old expla9$ to me t %e did n m9d !m because %e knew !y didn't really happ54' ,x appe>s to me to be inconte/able t 9 ?is spontane\s outgo+ ( fell[-feel+ t[>ds o!r creatures1 human & animal1 ! *ild manife/s some?+ ( a truly moral quality4 ,c4's /\t & p]si/5t *ampion%ip ( ! ,london horses aga9/ ! oppression ( ! be>+-re9 _h 9 x some?+ ( righte\s indignation4 ,! way 9 :i* 8 m9d 0 at ?is p]iod pre-occupi$ ) animal suff]+ sugge/s t 8 sympa?ies ) animals 7 r\s+ ! fir/ fi]ce prote/ aga9/ ! wick$ inju/ice ( ! _w4 ,! boy ,de ,qu9cey got ?is fir/ s5se ( ! exi/5ce ( moral evil 9 ano!r way ?r\gh 8 sympa?y ) a si/] :o1 rum\r said1 _h be5 brutally treat$ by a s]vant4 ,he c\ld n1 he tells u1 be> to look on ! woman4 ,x 0 n ang]4 #8,! feel+ :i* fell ^u me 0 a %udd]+ horror z ^u a fir/ glimpse ( ! tru? t ,i 0 9 a _w ( evil & /rife4'#agg ----- ,footnote #agg3 ,autobiographical ,sket*es1 *ap4 i4 ----- ,*ildr5's ,lies4 ,we may n[ turn to ! o!r ma9 *>ge aga9/ *ildr51 t ( ly+4 ,accord+ to _m1 *ildr5 are 9 g5]al accompli%$ little li>s1 to ! mann] born & equally adept ) ! m5daci\s savage4 ,ev5 writ]s on *ildhood1 by no means prejudic$ aga9/ !m1 lean to ! view t untru? is univ]sal among *ildr51 & to "s ext5t at lea/ innate4#agh ----- ,footnote #agh3 ,see ! quotations f ,montaigne & ,p]ez1 giv5 by ,compayr1 op4 cit41 p4 #cji f4 ----- ,"h1 surely1 !re is ne$ ( discrim9ation4 ,a lie connotes1 or %\ld connote1 an ass]tion made ) full consci\sness ( its untru?1 & 9 ord] to mislead4 ,x may well be d\bt$ :e!r little *ildr5 h s cle> an appreh5sion ( :at we und]/& by tru? & falsity z to be li>s 9 ?is full s5se4 ,mu* ( :at seems %ock+ to ! adult unable to place himself at ! level ( *ildi% intellig5ce & feel+ w probably prove to be some?+ f> less s]i\s4 ,x is satisfactory to note a t5d5cy to take a mild] & m reasonable view ( ?is infantile fibb+2 & 9 :at foll[s ,i c b foll[ up ! excell5t rec5t /udies ( ,dr4 ,/anley ,hall1 & ,m4 ,compayr4#agi ----- ,footnote #agi3 ,/anley ,hall1 8,*ildr5's ,lies10 ,am]4 ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology1 #ahij2 ,compayr1 op4 cit41 p4 #cji ff4 ----- ,x is desirable to inspect a little m closely ! v>i\s =ms ( ?is e>ly m5dacity4 ,to beg9 ) ^? little ruses & dissimulations :i*1 accord+ to ,m4 ,p]ez1 are apt to appe> almo/ f ! cradle 9 ! case ( c]ta9 *ildr51 x is pla9ly difficult to br+ !m into ! category ( full-fl$g$ lies4 ,:51 = example1 a *ild wi%+ to keep a ?+ hides x1 & on y\r ask+ = x holds out empty h&s1 x w\ld be h>d to "n ?is action a lie1 ev5 ?\gh !re is 9 x a g]m ( deception4 ,we mu/ rememb] t *ildr5 h an e>ly develop$ in/9ct to secrete ?+s1 & ! little dissimulation 9 ^! actions may be a m]e outcome ( ?is hid+ prop5sity1 & ! accompany+ wi% t y %\ld n get ! hidd5 ?+4 ,refusals to tell secrets1 or z ,c4 call$ !m #8private secrets' 7a f9e di/9ction71 %[ ! same ?+4 ,a *ild :5 badg]$ is mo/ jeal\s 9 gu>d+ :at he has be5 told1 or :at 8 fancy has made a secret4 ,! little ruses or #8act$ lies' to :i* ,i am n[ ref]r+ seem to me at ! wor/ attempts to put y (f ! sc5t 9 :at is reg>d$ z a private matt]1 & to h ! m9imum ( int5tional deception4 ,z ,mrs4 ,fry has well %[n1 ?is *ildi% passion = keep+ ?+s secret may acc\nt = lat] & m s]i\a-look+ falsehoods4#ahj ----- ,footnote #ahj3 ,un9itiat$ 7#8,a ,discov]y 9 ,morals'74 ----- ,m di/9ct m>ks ( m5dacity appe> :5 ! *ild comes to use language & pr(f]s /atem5ts :i* if he reflect$ he might "k to be false4 ,x may readily be ?\ght t no *ild :o has ! intellig5ce to make /atem5ts at all c\ld make false ones )\t "s little consci\sness ( ! falsity4 ,b "h ,i suspect we judge h>%ly1 apply+ adult te/s to cases :]e !y are inappropriate4 ,anybody :o has obs]v$ *ildr5's play & dramatic talk1 & kn[s h[ readily & completely !y c imag9e ! non-exi/5t s z to lose sight ( ! exi/5t1 w be *>y :5 talk+ ( !m ( us+ ! ^w lie4 ,!re may be solemn /ickl]s = tru? :o w\ld be %ock$ to he> ! *ild :5 at play say+1 #8,i am a coa*man1' #8,dolly is cry+1' & s =?4 ,b ! disc]n+ see no?+ to be al>m$ at "h4 ,simil>ly :5 a little girl ( two & a half aft] runn+ on ) a pretty long rigm>ole ( s\nds devoid ( all mean+ said3 8,x's because y don't und]/& me1 papa04 ,"h ! love ( my/]y & secrecy aid$ by ! dramatic impulse made ! nons5se talk real talk4 ,! wee ?+ d\btless _h a feel+ ( sup]iority 9 talk+ 9 a language :i* 0 un9telligible to h] all-wise papa4 ,on mu* ! same level ( moral obliquity are ^? cases :]e a *ild w say ! opposite ( :at he is told1 turn+ au?oritative utt]ances upside d[n4 ,a qua9t in/ance is quot$ by ,compayr f ,guyau4 ,guyau's little boy 7age n giv57 0 ov]he>d say+ to himself3 8,papa p>le mal1 il a dit sevette1 bb p>le bi51 il dit s]viette04 ,su* rev]sals are a k9d ( play too3 ! *ild n unnaturally gets tir$ n[ & !n ( be+ told t he is wrong1 & = ! mom5t imag9es himself "r & 8 eld]s wrong1 imm5sely enjoy+ ! idea4 ,a grav]-look+ case pres5ts itself :5 an #8untru?' is utt]$ 9 answ] to a "q4 ,c4 on be+ ask$ by 8 "m :o told him some?+1 answ]$1 #8,dolly'4 #8,false1 & kn[+ly false1' somebody w say1 especially :5 he le>ns t ! deprav$ y\ng/] in/antly proce$$ to laugh4 ,b let u look a little clos]4 ,! "q _h rais$ 9 ,c4's small m9d ! idea t somebody _h told him4 ,?is is a process ( #8sugge/ion' :i*1 z we %all see pres5tly1 sways a *ild's m9d z x sways t ( ! hypnotis$ adult4 ,& !re close by ! *ild 0 dolly1 & ! *ild's make-believe includes1 z we all "k1 mu* important communication ) dolly4 ,:at m natural ?an t ! idea %\ld at once seize 8 imag9ation8 ,b ! laugh8 ,well ,i am ready to admit t !re 0 a t\* ( playful defiance "h1 ( "y impi%ness4 ,! expression on ! "m's face %[$ him t 8 bold absurd fancy _h produc$ its half-/>tl+1 half-amus+ effect2 & !re is no?+ y\r little actor likes m ?an ?is aft]-effect ( />tl+ y4 ,b m1 x gave him at ! same in/ant a glimpse ( ! outside look ( 8 fancy1 ( ! unreality ( ! untru?2 & ! laugh probably _h 9 x ! delight ( ! little rebel1 ( ! naughty rogue :o loves n[ & !n to set law at defiance4 ,a quick vivid fancy1 a *ildi% passion = act+ a "p1 ^! back$ by a /rong impulse to a/oni%1 & a turn = playful rebellion1 seem to me to acc\nt = ?is & o!r simil> v>ieties ( e>ly mis/atem5t4 ,naughty !y no d\bt are 9 a measure2 b is x n j t play+ at be+ naughty :i* has 9 x no?+ really bad1 & is remov$ toto clo f d[nright hone/ ly+8 ,i speak ! m confid5tly z to ,c4's case z ,i happ5 to "k t he 0 9 8 s]i\s moods p>ticul>ly1 "o might almo/ say p$antically1 tru?ful4 ,a some:at diff]5t case is t :]e ! vivid fancy und]ly+ ! mis/atem5t may be suppos$ to lead to a measure ( self-deception4 ,:51 = example1 a *ild wants to be c>ri$ & says1 8,my leg hurts me & my foot too j "h1 ,i c't walk1 ,i c't1 ,i c't10#aha x is possible at lea/ t he soon realises ! tir$ness he beg9s by half feign+4 ,! ,worce/] collection gives an example4 8,i 0 giv+ "s c\gh syrup1 & ,e 7ag$ ?ree ye>s two mon?s7 ran to me say+3 #8,i am sick too1 & ,i want "s m$ic9e'4 ,%e !n tri$ to c\gh4 ,e "t %e w\ld see me tak+ ! syrup bottle aft]w>ds1 %e w\ld beg9 to c\gh4 ,! syrup 0 v sweet40 ,?is looks simply awful4 ,b :at if ! *ild 7 ( s imag9ative a turn t ! sight ( ! syrup giv5 to ! sick *ild produc$ a m or less complete illusion ( be+ h]self sick1 an illusion /rong en\gh to cause ! irritation & ! c\gh8 ,! idea may seem f>-fet*$1 b des]ves to be consid]$ be=e we br& ! *ild ) ! "n li>4 ----- ,footnote #aha3 ,see ,p4 ,lombroso1 op4 cit41 p4 #gd4 ----- ,! vivid fanciful realisation :i* 9 ?is in/ance 0 su/a9$ by ! love ( sweet ?+s is 9 _m cases inspir$ by o!r & lat] develop$ feel+s4 ,h[ mu* false /atem5t--& t n only among little *ildr5--is ( ! nature ( exagg]ation & direct$ to produc+ a /rong effect4 ,:51 = example1 ! little f\r-ye>-old draws himself up & %\ts exultantly1 8,see1 mamma1 h[ tall ,i am1 ,i am gr[+ s fa/1 ,i %all soon be a giant10 or boa/s ( 8 /r5g? & tells y ! impossible ?+s he is go+ to d1 ! elem5t ( braggadocio is on ! surface1 & imposes on nobody4 ,no d\bt ^! prop5sities1 ?\gh n am\nt+ 9 ! /age ( developm5t n[ dealt ) to full ly+1 may if unre/ra9$ develop into ?is4 ,an unbridl$ fancy & /rong love ( effect w lead an old] *ild to say :at he kn[s1 vaguely at lea/1 at ! mom5t to be false 9 ord] to />tle & my/ify o!rs4 ,su* exagg]ation ( ! impulses is di/9ctly abnormal1 z may be se5 by its aff9ity to :at we c obs]ve 9 ! case ( ! insane4 ,! same is true ( ! exagg]ation ( ! va9-glori\s or #8%[+ (f' impulses1 z illu/rat$ = example 9 ! cases m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,/anley ,hall ( *ildr5 :o on go+ to a new t[n or s*ool w\ld assume new *>act]s :i* 7 kept up ) difficulty by means ( _m false pret5ces4#ahb ----- ,footnote #ahb3 ,article 8,*ildr5's ,lies10 p4 #fg4 ----- ,a f]tile s\rce ( *ildi% untru?1 especially 9 ! case ( girls1 is ! wi% to please4 ,"h we h to d ) v dissimil> ?+s4 ,an emotional *ild :o 9 a sudd5 fit ( t5d]ness = "m1 aunt or tea*] gu%es out1 #8,oh ,i d love y1' or #8,:at sweet lovely eyes y h1' or o!r pretty flatt]y1 may be s9c]e = ! mom5t1 ! exagg]ation be+ inde$ ! outcome ( a sudd5 ebullition ( emotion4 ,!re is m ( act+ & artfulness 9 ! flatt]ies :i* take _! rise 9 a calculat+ wi% to say ! nice agreeable ?+4 ,"s *ildr5 are1 ,i believe1 adepts at ^! am5ities4 ,^? 9 :om ! impulse is /rong & dom9ant are presumably ^? :o 9 lat] ye>s make ! good society actors4 ,9 all ?is *ildi% simulation & exagg]ation we h to d ) ! g]ms ( :at may become a great moral evil1 ins9c]ity1 t is falsity 9 respect ( :at is be/ & ought to be sacr$4 ,yet ?is *ildi% flatt]y1 ?\gh und\bt$ly a mild m5dacity1 is a mo/ amiable m5dacity ?r\gh its *>m+ motive--always suppos+ t x is a pure wi% to please1 & is n complicat$ ) an arrire p5se1 ! hope ( ga9+ "s fav\r f ! object ( ! devotion4 ,p]haps !re is no v>iety ( *ildi% fault m difficult to deal )2 if only = ! reason t 9 *eck+ ! impulse we are robb+ ourselves ( ! sweete/ (f]+s ( *ildhood4 ,! o!r side ( ?is wi% to please is ! fe> to give (f5ce1 & ?is1 ,i suspect1 is a f]tile s\rce ( *ildi% prev>ication4 ,if1 = example1 a *ild is ask$ :e!r he does n l or admire some?+1 8 feel+ t ! que/ion] expects him to say #8,yes' makes x v h>d to say #8,no'4 ,mrs4 ,burnett gives u a rem9isc5ce ( ?is e>ly exp]i5ce4 ,:5 %e 0 less ?an ?ree1 %e writes1 a lady visitor1 a fri5d ( h] "m1 hav+ f\nd out t ! baby newly add$ to ! family 0 call$ ,edi?1 rem>k$ to h]3 #8,t's a pretty "n4 ,my baby is ,eleanor4 ,isn't t a pretty "n8' ,on be+ ?us que/ion$ %e felt 9 a dreadful difficulty1 = %e did n l ! s\nd ( #8,eleanor1' & yet fe>$ to be rude & say s4 ,%e got out ( x by say+ %e did n l ! "n z well z #8,edi?'4 ,^! temptations & /ruggles1 :i* may impress !mselves on memory = ! :ole ( life1 illu/rate ! influ5ce ( old] p]sons' wi%es & expectations on ! *ildi% m9d4 ,x is possible t we h "h to d ) some?+ ak9 to 8sugge/ion10 t =ce :i* produces su* amaz+ results on ! hypnotis$ subject1 & is kn[n to be a pot5t influ5ce = good or = evil on ! "y m9d4 ,a lead+ "q ( ! =m1 #8,isn't ?is pretty8' #8,ar5't y fond ( me8' may easily ov]p[] = a mom5t ! *ild's own conviction sup]-impos+ t ( ! /rong] m9d4 ,su* passive utt]ance com+ f a m9d ov]-ridd5 by ano!r's au?ority is n to be conf\nd$ ) consci\s falsehood4 ,?is sugge/ion (t5 comb9es ) o!r =ces4 ,"h is a good example4 ,a little ,am]ican girl1 s5t into ! oak %rubb]y to get a leaf1 saw a snake1 :i* s fright5$ h] t %e ran home )\t ! leaf4 ,z cruel fate w\ld h x %e met h] bro!rs & told !m %e _h se5 a #8'saug]'4 8,!y knew 7writes ! lady :o recalls ?is rem9isc5ce ( h] *ildhood7 ! diff]5ce betwe5 snakes & _! habits1 &1 boy-l1 want$ to tease me1 & said #8',twas no 'saug]--x didn't h a r$ r+ r\nd its neck1 n[1 did x8' ,my heat$ imag9ation saw j su* a s]p5t z soon z _! words 7 spok51 & ,i decl>$ x _h a r+ ab\t #8its neck'40 ,9 ?is way %e 0 l$ on to say t x _h sc>s & a little bell on its neck1 & 0 s\ndly rat$ by h] bro!rs z a #8li>'4#ahc ,"h we h a case ( 8illusion ( memory0 induc$ by sugge/ion act+ on a m9d made pret]naturally s5sitive by ! fe> f :i* x _h n yet recov]$4 ,if !re 0 a g]m ( m5dacity 9 ! case x _h its s\rce 9 ! %r9k+ f ! bro!rs' ridicule1 ! wi% n to seem utt]ly ignorant ab\t ^! boyi% matt]s1 ! snakes4 ,yet :o w\ld say t su* swift unseizable movem5ts ( feel+ 9 ! dim backgr\nd ( consci\sness made ! *ild's responses lies 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w8 ----- ,footnote #ahc3 ,s>a ,e4 ,wilt%ire1 ,! ,*ri/ian ,union1 vol4 xl41 ,no4 #bf4 ----- ,x seems p>adoxical1 yet is1 ,i believe1 indisputable1 t a l>ge "p ( *ildi% untru? comes ^u ! sc5e 9 connexion ) moral au?ority & discipl9e4 ,we %all see by-&-by t unreg5]ate *ild-nature is v apt to take up ! attitude ( self-def5ce t[>ds ^? :o adm9i/] law & inflict puni%m5t4 ,v little *ildr5 br\ght face to face ) re/ra9t & puni%m5t w #8try on' ^! ruses4 ,"h are "o or two illu/rations f ! notes on ! little girl ,m4 ,:5 sev5te5 & a half mon?s old %e ?rew d[n h] gloves :5 :eel$ 9 h] mail-c>t by h] "m4 ,! latt] pick$ !m up & told h] n to ?r[ !m away aga94 ,%e 0 at fir/ good1 !n seem$ to delib]ate & f9ally call$ out3 #8,mamma1 ,bubbo' 7dog74 ,! "m turn$ to look1 & ! little imp ?rew h] gloves away aga91 laugh+2 !re 0 ( c\rse no dog4 ,! fib ab\t ! dog =m$ "p ( a piece ( *ildi% make-believe1 ( an infantile com$y4 ,x 0 h>dly m :5 ab\t two mon?s lat]1 aft] %e _h ?r[n d[n & brok5 h] tea-?+s1 & h] "m _h come up to h]1 %e said3 #8,mamma broke tea-?+s--beat mamma1' & proce$$ to beat h]4 ,9 connexion ) su* little *ild-com$ies !re c be no talk ( deception4 ,!y are ! outcome ( ! *ildi% in/9ct to upset ! s]i\s attitude ( au?ority by a bit ( fun4 ,! little /ratagem beg9s to look m s]i\s :5 ! *ild gets artful en\gh to put ! "m (f ! sc5t by a false /atem5t4 ,= example1 a mite ( ?ree hav+ 9 a mom5t ( temp] call$ h] "m #8monkey1' & be+ que/ion$ z to :at %e _h said1 repli$3 8,i said ,i 0 a monkey04 ,9 "s cases ! *ild does n wait to be que/ion$4 ,a little girl m5tion$ by ,compayr1 be+ put out by some?+ ! "m _h done or said1 cri$3 #8,na/y6' 7,vila9e67 !n aft] a significant sil5ce1 correct$ h]self 9 ?is wise1 #8,dolly na/y' 7,p\pe vila9e74 ,! skill ) :i* ?is transf]5ce 0 effect$ )\t any viol5ce to gramm> argues a precoci\s art4#ahd ----- ,footnote #ahd3 ,p]ez gives a simil> /ory1 only t ! epi!t #8vila9e' 0 "h transf]r$ to #8l'eau'4 ,l',education ds le b]ceau1 p4 #ec4 ----- ,our moral discipl9e may develop untru? 9 ano!r way4 ,:5 ! puni%m5t has be5 inflict$ & ! gov]nor1 rel5t+ f ! brutal h>%ness1 asks3 #8,are y sorry8' or #8,ar5't y sorry8' ! answ] is exce$+ly likely to be #8,no1' ev5 ?\gh ?is is 9 a s5se untrue4 ,m cle>ly is ?is ly+ ( ob/9acy se5 :]e a *ild is %ut up & kept )\t food4 ,ask$3 #8,are y hungry8' ! h>dy little s9n] /ifles 8 s5sations & pluckily answ]s #8,no1' ev5 ?\gh ! l[ & dismal "* ( ! s\nd %[s t ! untru? is b a half-he>t$ affair4 ,i h tri$ to %[ h[ a *ild's untru?s may be m ?an half 8play+10 h[ :5 !y are s]i\s ass]tions !y may involve a measure ( self-deception1 & h[ ev5 :5 consci\sly false !y may h _! orig9 9 excusable circum/ances & feel+s4 ,9 urg+ all ?is ,i d n wi% to d5y ! /atem5t t *ildr5 wall sometimes delib]ately inv5t a lie f a base motive1 z :5 a girl ( ?ree see+ h] little bro!r c>ess$ by h] "m = "s m9utes & feel+ h]self neglect$ fabricat$ ! /ory t #8,h5ri' _h be5 cruel to ! p>rot4#ahe ,yet ,i am dispos$ to look on su* mean falsehoods z exceptional if n abnormal4 ----- ,footnote #ahe3 ,p]ez1 ,l',education ds le b]ceau1 p4 #ed4 ----- ,!re is mu* ev5 yet to be done 9 cle>+ up ! modus op]&i ( *ildr5's lies4 ,h[ quick1 = example1 is a *ild to f9d out ! simple good-natur$ p1 z ! s]vant-maid1 or g>d5]1 :o w li/5 to 8 romanc+ & flatt] him by appe>+ to accept x all z gospel4 ,m significant is ! fact t int5tional deception is apt to %[ itself t[>ds c]ta9 p only4 ,!re is _m a s*ool-boy :o w\ld ?9k x no di%on\r to say :at is untrue to ^? he dislikes1 especially by way ( gett+ !m into hot wat]1 ?\gh he w\ld feel x mean & base to lie to 8 "m or 8 fa!r1 & bad =m to lie to ! head-ma/]4 ,simil> di/9ctions %[ !mselves 9 e>li] /ages1 & are ano!r po9t ( simil>ity betwe5 ! *ild & ! savage ^: ideas ( tru?fulness seem to be tru?fulness = my p only4 ,?is is a side ( ! subject :i* w\ld repay full] inquiry4 ,ano!r aspect ( ! subject :i* has be5 b little inve/igat$ is ! influ5ce ( habit 9 ! doma9 ( ly+1 & ! =mation ( p]si/5t p]man5t lies4 ,! impulse to /ick to an untru? :5 once utt]$ is v human1 & 9 ! case ( ! *ild is en=c$ by ! fe> ( discov]y4 ,?is applies n only to falsehoods foi/$ on p]sons 9 au?ority1 b to ^? by :i* clev] boys & girls take pleasure 9 befool+ ! inf]ior wits ( o!rs4 ,9 ?is way !re gr[ up 9 ! nurs]y & 9 ! playgr\nd traditional my?s & leg5ds :i* are solemnly believ$ by ! simple-m9d$4 ,su* inv5tion is 9 "p ! outcome ( ! 8pleasures ( ! imag9ation04 ,yet x is probable t ^! are 9 all cases re9=c$ n only by ! wi% to produce an effect1 b by ! love ( p[] :i* 9 ! *ild n end[$ ) physical pr[ess is apt to %[ itself 9 hood-w9k+ & practical jok+4 ,closely connect$ ) ! p]man5ce ( untru?s is ! contagi\sness ( ly+4 ,! propagation ( falsehood is apt to be promot$ by a c]ta9 tremul\s admiration = ! h>dihood ( ! lie & by ! impulses ( ! rebel :i* nev] q slumb] ev5 9 ! case ( fairly ob$i5t *ildr54 ,i suspect1 h[ev]1 t x is 9 all cases l>gely due to ! =ce ( sugge/ion4 ,! falsehood boldly ann\nc$ is apt to captivate ! m9d & hold x "u a k9d ( spell4 ,?is effect ( sugge/ion 9 g5]at+ falsehood is v m>k$ 9 ^? pa?ological or semi-pa?ological cases :]e *ildr5 h be5 l$ to give false te/imony4 ,x is n[ kn[n t x is q possible to provoke an illusion ( memory 9 c]ta9 *ildr5 betwe5 ! ages ( six & fifte5 by simply affirm+ some?+ 9 _! he>+1 :e!r !y are 9 ! wak+ or 9 ! sleep+ /ate1 s t !y are ready to /ate t !y actually saw happ5 :at 0 ass]t$4#ahf ----- ,footnote #ahf3 ,m4 ,motet 0 "o ( ! fir/ to call att5tion to ! =ces ( *ildi% imag9ation & ! effects ( sugge/ion 9 ! false te/imonies ( *ildr54 ,les ,faux ,temoignages des ,enfants devant la ,ju/ice1 #ahhg4 ,! subject has be5 fur!r elucidat$ by ,dr4 ,brillon4 ----- ,s mu* z to ! sev]al mann]s & circum/ances ( *ildi% ly+4 ,9 ord] to und]/& /ill bett] :at x am\nts to1 h[ mu* ( consci\s falsehood ent]s into x1 we mu/ glance at ano!r & closely relat$ ph5om5on1 ! pa9 :i* sometimes att5ds & foll[s x4 ,!re is no d\bt t a c]ta9 numb] ( *ildr5 exp]i5ce a qualm ( consci5ce :5 utt]+ a falsehood4 ,?is is evid5c$ 9 ! well-kn[n devices by :i* ! intellig5ce ( ! *ild ?9ks to mitigate ! lie2 z :5 on say+ :at he kn[s to be false he adds m5tally1 #8,i d n mean x1' #89 my m9d1' or "s simil> palliative4#ahg ,su* subt]fuges %[ a measure ( s5sibility1 = a h>d5$ li> w\ld despise ! %ifts1 & are curi\s z illu/rations ( ! *ildi% consci5ce & its unle>nt casui/ry4 ----- ,footnote #ahg3 ,see ,/anley ,hall1 loc4 cit41 p4 #fh f4 ----- ,! remorse t sometimes foll[s ly+1 especially ! fir/ lie1 :i* cat*es ! consci5ce at its t5d]e/1 has be5 rememb]$ by _m 9 lat] life4 ,"h is a case4 ,a lady fri5d rememb]s t :5 a *ild ( f\r %e _h to we> a %ade ov] h] eyes4 ,"o day on walk+ out ) h] "m %e 0 look+1 *ild-wise1 sidew>ds in/ead ( 9 front1 & ne>ly /ruck a lamp-po/4 ,h] "m !n scold$ h]1 b pres5tly rememb]+ ! eyes1 said3 8,poor *ild1 y c\ld n see well04 ,%e knew t ?is 0 n ! reason1 b %e accept$ x1 & = long aft]w>ds 0 torm5t$ ) a s5se ( hav+ told a lie4 ,miss ,wilt%ire1 :o tells ! /ory ( ! my?ical snake1 gives ano!r recollection :i* illu/rates ! ke5 suff]+ ( a *ild :5 he becomes fully consci\s ( falsehood4 ,%e 0 z a small *ild v fond ( babies1 & _h be5 p]mitt$ by h] "m to g :5 invit$ by h] aunt to nurse h] baby c\s94 ,"o day want+ mu* to g :5 n invit$1 %e boldly inv5t$1 say+ t h] aunt 0 busy & _h ask$ h] to sp5d an h\r ) ! baby4 #8,i w5t 7%e adds7 n to ! baby1 b by a circuit\s r\te to my fa!r's b>n1 crept beh9d "o ( ! great doors1 :i* ,i drew z close to me z ,i c\ld1 va9ly wi%+ t ! b>n & ! hay-/acks w\ld cov] me2 !n ,i cri$ & moan$ ,i d n "k h[ _m h\rs1 & :5 ,i w5t to b$ ,i said my pray]s betwe5 sobs1 refus+ to tell my "m :y ,i wept4'#ahh ----- ,footnote #ahh3 ,loc4 cit4 ----- ,su* examples ( remorse are evid5ce ( a *ild's capability ( kn[+ly /at+ :at is false4 ,?is is /rik+ly %[n 9 ,miss ,wilt%ire's two rem9isc5ces2 = %e di/9ctly tells u t 9 ! case ( h] confid5t ass]tion ab\t ! imag9>y snake ) r+ & bell1 %e felt no remorse z %e 0 n consci\s ( utt]+ a lie4#ahi ,b ^! suff]+s ( consci5ce po9t to some?+ else1 a s5se ( awful wick$ness1 ( hav+ done viol5ce to all t is "r & holy4 ,h[1 x may be ask$1 does x happ5 t *ildr5 feel ?us morally cru%$ aft] tell+ a lie8 ----- ,footnote #ahi3 ,cf4 :at ,mrs4 ,fry says1 ,un9itiat$ 7#8,a ,discov]y 9 ,morals'74 ----- ,"h is a "q t c only be answ]$ :5 we h m mat]ial4 ,we "k t among all *ildi% (f5ces ly+ is ! "o :i* is apt to be specially br&$ by !ological sanctions4 ,! physical torm5ts ) :i* ! #8ly+ tongue' is ?reat5$1 may well beget t]ror 9 a timid *ild's he>t4 ,i ?9k x likely1 too1 t ! awfulness ( ly+ is ?\ght ( by *ildr5 9 its relation to ! all-see+ ,god :o1 ?\gh he _c be li$ to1 kn[s :5 we lie4 ,! inaudible palliative words add$ to ! lie may be an awkw>d *ild-device = putt+ ! speak] /raight ) ! all-he>+ ,god4 ,fur!r inquiry is1 h[ev]1 ne$$ "h4 ,d *ildr5 contract a horror ( a lie :5 no religi\s t]rors are introduc$8 ,is !re any?+ 9 ! work+s ( a *ild's own m9d :i* w\ld lead him to feel aft] 8 fir/ lie z if ! /able _w 7 tumbl+ ab\t 8 e>s8 ,let p>5ts supply u ) facts "h4 ,mean:ile ,i w v5ture to put =? a conjecture1 & w gladly )draw x z soon z x is disprov$4 ,s f> z my inquiries h gone ,i d n f9d t *ildr5 br\ght up at home & kept f ! contagion ( bad example d uni=mly develop a ly+ prop5sity4 ,sev]al mo!rs assure me t _! *ildr5 h nev] s]i\sly prop\nd$ an untru?4 ,i c say ! same ab\t two *ildr5 :o h be5 especially obs]v$ = ! purpose4#aij ----- ,footnote #aij3 ,/anley ,hall1 :5 he speaks ( c]ta9 =ms ( ly+ z preval5t among *ildr51 is1 z he expressly expla9s1 speak+ ( *ildr5 at s*ool1 :]e ! =ces ( contagion are 9 full sw+4 ----- ,?is be+ s1 ,i di/9ctly *all5ge ! ass]tion t ly+ is in/9ctive 9 ! s5se t a *ild1 ev5 :5 br\ght up among habitual tru? tell]s1 %[s an unle>n$ aptitude to say :at he kn[s to be false4 ,a *ild's quick imitativ5ess w1 ( c\rse1 lead him to copy gr[n-up p's untru?s at a v e>ly age4#aia ----- ,footnote #aia3 ,i seem to detect possible op5+s = ! play ( imitation 9 _m ( ! indisputably consci\s falsehoods report$ by ,p]ez1 ,p4 ,lombroso1 & o!rs4 ----- ,i w g fur!r & sugge/ t :]e a *ild is br\ght up normally1 t is1 9 a habitually tru?-speak+ community1 he t5ds1 q ap>t f moral in/ruction1 to acquire a respect = tru? z :at is cu/om>y4 ,consid] = a mom5t h[ busily a *ild's m9d is occupi$ dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( l+ui/ic p]=mance 9 gett+ at ! bottom ( words1 ( fitt+ ideas to words :5 try+ to und]/& o!rs1 & words to ideas :5 try+ to express 8 own ?\ghts1 & y w see t all ?is mu/ s]ve to make tru?1 t is1 ! correspond5ce ( /atem5t ) fact1 to ! *ild-m9d some?+ matt]-(-c\rse1 some?+ n to be que/ion$1 a law wr\ght into ! v usages ( daily life :i* he nev] ?9ks ( disobey+4 ,we c see t *ildr5 accu/om$ to tru?-speak+ %[ all ! signs ( a moral %ock :5 !y are confront$ ) ass]tions :i*1 z !y see1 d n answ] to fact4 ,! *ild ,c4 0 highly indignant on he>+ f 8 "m t p said :at he consid]$ false ?+s ab\t horses & o!r matt]s ( int]e/3 & he 0 ev5 m indignant at meet+ ) any su* falsity 9 "o ( 8 books = :i* he _h all a *ild's rev]5ce4 ,! idea ( p]petrat+ a kn[+ untru?1 s f> z ,i c judge1 is simply awful to a *ild :o has be5 ?or\ghly habituat$ to ! practice ( tru?ful /atem5t4 ,may x1 !n1 n well be t :5 a pret]natural pressure ( circum/ances pu%es ! *ild ov] ! b\nd>y l9e ( tru?1 he feels a %ock1 a horror1 a giddy & a*+ s5se ( hav+ violat$ law--law n :olly impos$ by ! "m's comm&1 b root$ 9 ! v habits ( social life8 ,i ?9k ! conjecture is well wor? consid]+4 ,our inquiry has l$ u to recognise1 9 ! case ( cruelty & ( ly+ alike1 t *ildr5 are by no means morally p]fect1 b h t5d5cies :i*1 if n c\nt]act$ or held 9 *eck by o!rs1 w develop into true cruelty & true ly+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 our /udy has %[n u t ^! impulses are n ! only ones4 ,a *ild has prompt+s ( k9dness1 :i* alt]nate1 (t5 9 a caprici\s-look+ way1 ) ^? ( inconsid]ate teas+ & torm5t+2 & he has1 ,i hold1 side by side ) ! imag9ative & o!r t5d5cies :i* make = untru?ful /atem5t1 ! in/9ctive roots ( a respect = tru?4 ,^! t5d5cies h n ! same relative /r5g? & frequ5cy ( utt]ance 9 ! case ( all *ildr51 "s %[+1 = example1 m ( ! impulse :i* makes = tru?1 o!rs m ( ! impulse :i* makes = untru?4 ,yet 9 all *ildr5 probably bo? k9ds ( impulse are to be obs]v$4 ,i h conf9$ myself to two ( ! moral traits ( *ildhood4 ,if !re 7 "t to g into an exam9ation ( o!rs1 z *ildi% vanity1 some?+ simil> w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be f\nd4 ,*ildr5's vanity1 l t ( ! savage1 has be5 ! !me ( m ?an "o *apt]1 & x is und\bt$ly va/ to ! po9t ( absurdity4 ,yet1 side by side ) ^! impulses to deck oneself1 to talk boa/fully1 !re exi/s a delightful *ildi% c&\r :i*1 if n exactly :at we call mode/y1 is possibly some?+ bett]4 ,we may !n1 p]haps1 draw ! conclusion t *ild-nature is on its moral side want+ 9 consi/5cy & unity4 ,x is a field ( half-=m$ gr[?s1 "s ( :i* t5d to *oke ! o!rs4 ,c]ta9 ( ^! are fav\rable1 o!rs unfav\rable to morality4 ,x is = education to see to x t ^! isolat$ prop5sities be organis$ into a sy/em 9 :i* ^? t[>ds ! good become supreme & regulative pr9ciples4 ,,viii4 ,,"u ,,law4 ,! ,/ruggle ) ,law4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] we tri$ to get at ^? t5d5cies ( *ild-nature :i* ?\gh !y h a c]ta9 moral significance may 9 a mann] be call$ spontane\s & indep5d5t ( ! in/itution ( moral tra9+4 ,we w n[ exam9e ! *ild's attitude t[>ds ! moral gov]nm5t ) :i* he f9ds himself confront$4 ,"h aga9 we meet ) opposite views4 ,*ildr51 say "s1 are ess5tially disob$i5t & law-break+4 ,a *ild z su* is a rebel1 delight+ 9 no?+ s mu* z 9 evad+ ! rule :i* he f9ds impos$ on him by o!rs4 ,! view t *ildr5 are in/9ctively ob$i5t & law-abid+1 has n1 ,i ?9k1 be5 v boldly insi/$ on4 ,a foll[] ( ,r\sseau1 at lea/1 :o sees only clumsy int]f]5ce ) natural developm5t 9 our attempts to gov]n *ildr51 w\ld say t *ild-nature mu/ resi/ ! artificial & cramp+ sy/em :i* ! discipl9>ian imposes4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 to be all[$ by "s t a c]ta9 numb] ( *ildr5 are docile & dispos$ to accept au?ority ) its comm&s4 ,accord+ to ^!1 *ildr5 are ei!r ob$i5t or disob$i5t4 ,?is is p]haps ! view ( _m mo!rs & p$agogues4 ,"h1 too1 x is probable t we try to make nature too simple4 ,ev5 ! latt] view1 9 spite ( its app>5t wi% to be discrim9at+1 does n all[ = ! _m-sid$ness ( ! *ild1 & = ! _m diff]5t ways 9 :i* ! in/9cts ( *ild-nature may v>y4 ,n[ x is wor? ask+ :e!r1 if ! *ild 7 naturally dispos$ to look on au?ority z some?+ :olly ho/ile1 he w\ld get morally tra9$ at all4 ,physically ma/]$ & morally c[$ he might ( c\rse become2 b ?is is n ! same ?+ z be+ morally induc$ into a habit ( accept+ law & obey+ x4 ,9 inquir+ into ?is matt] we mu/ beg9 by draw+ a di/9ction4 ,!re is fir/ ! attitude ( a *ild t[>ds ! gov]nor1 ! p>5t or o!r gu>dian1 & !re is 8 attitude t[>ds law z su*4 ,^! are by no means ! same ?+1 & a *ild ( ?ree or f\r beg9s to illu/rate ! di/9ction4 ,he may seem to be lawless1 oppos$ to ! v idea ( gov]nm5t1 :5 9 reality he is m]ely object+ to a p>ticul> rul]1 & ! k9d ( rule 7or z ! *ild w\ld say1 misrule7 :i* he is c>ry+ out4 ,let u look a little into ! non-compliant1 disob$i5t attitude ( *ildr54 ,z we h se51 _! v livel9ess1 ! abundance ( _! vigor\s impulses1 br+s !m into conflict ) o!rs' wills4 ,! rul]1 m p>ticul>ly1 is a great & cont9ual s\rce ( cross+s & *eck+s4 ,! *ild has 8 natural wi%es & prop5sities4 ,he is full ( fun1 b5t on 8 h>mless tricks1 & ! "m has to talk s]i\sly to him ab\t be+ naughty4 ,h[ c we wond] at 8 dislik+ ! con/ra9t8 ,he has a numb] ( inconv5i5t1 active impulses1 su* z putt+ ?+s 9 disord]1 play+ ) wat]1 & s =?4 ,z we all "k1 he has a duck-l fondness = dirty puddles4 ,civilisation1 :i* wills t a *ild %\ld be nicely dress$ & clean1 int]v5es 9 ! %ape ( ! nurse & soon puts a /op to ?is mode ( div]sion4 ,! tyro 9 submission1 if s\nd 9 bra9 & limb1 kicks aga9/ ! re/ra9t1 yells1 slaps ! nurse1 & s =?4 ,su* collisions are p]fectly normal 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( life4 ,we %\ld n c>e to see a *ild give up 8 incl9ations at ano!r's bidd+ )\t "s little %[ ( resi/ance4 ,^! conflicts are frequ5t & %>p 9 proportion to ! sanity & vig\r ( ! *ild4 ,! be/ *ildr51 be/ f a biological po9t ( view1 h1 ,i ?9k1 mo/ ( ! rebel 9 !m4 ,n infrequ5tly ^! resi/ances ( "y w to old w are accompani$ by m emphatic prote/s 9 ! %ape ( slapp+1 pu%+1 & ev5 bit+4 ,! ridicul\s inequality 9 bodily p[]s1 h[ev]1 saves1 or ought to save1 ! conte/ f becom+ a s]i\s physical /ruggle4 ,! resi/ance :]e sup]ior =ce is us$ c only resolve itself into a helpless prote/1 a va9 %riek+ or o!r utt]ance ( *eck$ & baffl$ impulse4 ,if in/ead ( physical compulsion au?ority is ass]t$ 9 ! %ape ( a highly disagreeable comm&1 a *ild1 be=e ob$i5ce has gr[n into a habit1 w be likely to disobey4 ,if ! nurse1 in/ead ( pull+ ! mite away f ! puddle1 bids him come away1 he may ass]t himself 9 an eloqu5t #8,i won't1' or less bluntly1 #8,i c't come yet'4 ,if he is v mu* 9 love ) ! puddle1 & has a /\t he>t1 he probably emb>ks on a tussle ( words1 9 :i* #8,i won't1' or z ! *ild w significantly put x #8,i mu/n't1' is b&i$ ) #8y mu/6' ! nurse hav+ at l5g? to ab&on ! #8moral' me?od & to resort aft] all to physical compulsion4 ,our sample-*ild has n1 we w assume1 yet got s f> z to recognise & def] to a g5]al rule ab\t cleanl9ess4 ,h5ce x may be said t 8 opposition is direct$ aga9/ ! nurse z prop\nd+ a p>ticul> comm&1 & "o :i* at ! mom5t is excessively unpleasant4 ,x is z yet n resi/ance to law z su*1 b r to "o specific int]f]5ce ( ano!r w4 ,at ! same "t we may detect 9 "s ( ?is e>ly resi/ance to au?ority some?+ ( ! true rebel-nature1 t is to say ! love ( lawlessness1 & :at is worse1 p]haps1 ! ob/9ate recklessness ( ! law-break]4 ,! v behavi\r ( a *ild :5 ano!r w crosses & blocks ! l9e ( 8 activity is sugge/ive ( ?is4 ,! yell+ & o!r disord]ly proce$+s1 d n !y speak ( ! temp] ( ! riot]1 ( ! r[dy8 ,& !n1 ! fi]ce p]si/5ce 9 disob$i5ce "u rebuke1 & ! wild1 wick$ det]m9ation to face ev]y?+ r ?an obey1 are n ^! m>ks ( an almo/ ,satanic fi]c5ess ( revolt8 ,! ?or\ghly naughty *ild /icks at no?+4 ,?us a little (f5d] ( f\r :5 he 0 rem9d$ by 8 si/]--two ye>s old]--t he w\ld be %ut out f heav5 retort$ impi\sly1 #8,i don't c>e1' add+3 #8,uncle won't g--,i'll /ay ) him'4#aib ----- ,footnote #aib3 ,my correspond5t1 discreetly p]haps1 does n expla9 :y ! uncle 0 select$ z fell[-outca/4 ----- ,?is fi]ce noisy utt]ance ( ! disob$i5t & law-resi/+ temp] is em95tly impressive4 ,yet x is n ! only utt]ance4 ,if we obs]ve *ildr5 :o may be said to %[ on ! :ole an outw>d submission to au?ority we %all discov] signs ( secret dissatisfaction & antagonism4 ,! conflict ) rule has n :olly ceas$3 x has simply *ang$ its mann] ( proce$+1 physical assault & riot\s %\ts ( defiance be+ n[ ex*ang$ = dialectic attack4 ,a curi\s *apt] 9 ! psy*ology ( ! *ild :i* /ill has to be writt5 is ! acc\nt ( ! v>i\s devices by :i* ! a/ute little novice call$ ^u to we> ! yoke ( au?ority seeks to smoo? its *af+ asp]ities4 ,^! devices may1 p]haps1 be summ$ up "u ! head ( 8try+ x on04 ,"o ( ! simple/ & mo/ obvi\s ( ^! contrivances is ! extempore inv5tion ( an excuse = n in/antly obey+ a p>ticul> comm&4 ,a *ild soon f9ds out t to say #8,i won't' :5 he is bidd5 to d some?+ is indiscreet z well z vulg>4 ,he wants to h 8 own way )\t resort+ to a gross brea* ( good mann]s1 s he replies ins9uat+ly1 #8,i's v sorry1 b ,i's too busy1' or 9 "s su* conciliatory words4 ,?is field ( inv5tion (f]s a f9e opportunity = ! imag9ative *ild4 ,a small boy ( ?ree ye>s & n9e mon?s on receiv+ f 8 nurse ! famili> ord]1 8,come "h60 at once repli$1 8,i c't1 nurse1 ,i's look+ = a flea10 & pret5d$ to be mu* engross$ 9 ! mom5t\s bus9ess ( hunt+ = ?is qu>ry 9 ! blanket ( 8 cot4#aic ,! little trick/] is su* a lov] ( fun t he is pretty c]ta9 to betray 8 ruse 9 a case l ?is1 & our small flea-cat*]1 we are told1 laugh$ mis*iev\sly z he pr(f]$ 8 excuse4 ,su* sly fabrications may be j z naughty z ! un9spir$ excuses ( a /upidly sulky *ild1 b x is h>d to be q z mu* put out by !m4 ----- ,footnote #aic3 ,cf4 ! excuse giv5 by a little girl ( ?ree :5 h] gr&mo!r call$ h]1 8,i c't come1 ,i am suckl+ baby0 7! doll74 ,p4 ,lombroso1 op4 cit41 p4 #abf4 ----- ,^! excuses (t5 %[ a f9e range ( inv5tive activity4 ,h[ manifold1 = example1 are ! reasons1 m or less fictiti\s1 :i* a boy :5 told to make less noise is able to urge 9 fav\r ( non-compliance4 ,"h1 ( c\rse1 all ! great matt]s ( ! play-_w1 ! ne$ ( gett+ 8 #8gee-gee' on1 ( giv+ 8 ord]s to 8 soldi]s1 & s =?1 come 9 betwe5 ! prohibition & compliance1 & disob$i5ce 9 su* cases has its excuses4 ,= to ! *ild 8 play-_w1 ev5 ?\gh 9 a mann] modell$ on ! patt]n ( our common _w1 is ap>t & sacr$2 & ! conv5tional re/ra9ts z to noise & su* l borr[$ f ! e-day _w seem to him to be q out ( place 9 ?is free & private doma9 ( 8 own4 ,we all "k ! *ild's aptness 9 #8eas+' ! pressure ( comm&s & prohibitions4 ,if1 = example1 he is told to keep p]fectly quiet because "m or fa!r wants to sleep1 he w prettily plead = ! res]vation ( :isp]+ ev] s s(tly4 ,if he is bidd5 n to ask = ?+s at ! table he w resort to sly indirect rem9d]s ( :at he wants1 z :5 a boy ( five & a half ye>s :isp]$ audibly3 #8,i hope somebody w (f] me "s m s\p1' or :5 a girl ( ?ree & a half ye>s1 ) /ill great] *ildi% tact1 obs]v$ on see+ ! eld] folk eat+ cake3 #8,i n ask+'4 ,?is la/ may be comp>$ ) a /ory told by ,r\sseau ( a little girl ( six ye>s :o1 hav+ eat5 ( all ! di%es b "o1 artfully indicat$ ! fact by po9t+ 9 turn to ea* ( ! di%es1 say+3 #8,i h eat5 t1' b c>efully pass+ by ! unta/$ "o4#aid ,:5 m difficult duties come to be en=c$ & ! neophyte 9 ! high] morality is bidd5 to be consid]ate = o!rs1 & ev5 to sacrifice 8 own com=t = !irs1 he is apt to manife/ a good deal ( skill 9 adju/+ ! c\nsel ( p]fection to "y weakness4 ,"h is an amus+ example4 ,a little boy1 ,edg> by "n1 ag$ five & ?ree-qu>t] ye>s1 0 go+ out to take tea ) "s little girls4 ,8 "m1 z is usual on su* occasions1 prim$ him ) special directions z to behavi\r1 say+3 8,rememb] to give way to !m l fa!r does to me04 ,to :i* ,edg>1 aft] ?9k+ a brief in/ant1 repli$3 8,oh1 b n all at once4 ,y h to p]suade him40 ----- ,footnote #aid3 ,emile1 livre v41 quot$ by ,p]ez1 ,l',art et la ,posie *ez l',enfant1 p4 #abg4 ,r\sseau uses ?is /ory 9 ord] to %[ t girls are m artful ?an boys4 ----- ,a l a/ut5ess w %[ itself 9 meet+ accusation4 ,! v>i\s ways 9 :i* a *ild w seek to evade ! po9t 9 su* cases are truly m>vell\s & %[ ! *ildi% intellig5ce at its able/4 ,sometimes ! dre>y talk+ to1 ) its well-kn[n deep accusatory tones1 its famili> plead+s1 #8,h[ c y be s naughty8' & ! re/ is d>+ly ignor$4 ,aft] keep+ up an excell5t appe>ance ( li/5+ ! little culprit w proce$ 9 ! mo/ artless way to talk ab\t some?+ m agreeable4 ,?is is try+1 b is n ! wor/4 ,! deepe/ dep? ( mat]nal humiliation is rea*$ :5 a c>efully prep>$ & solemnly deliv]$ homily is rew>d$ by a tu quoque 9 ! %ape ( a correction ( some?+ 9 ! deliv]y :i* (f5ds ! *ild's s5se ( propriety4 ,?is befel "o "m :o1 aft] talk+ s]i\sly to h] little boy ab\t "s fault1 0 met ) ?is rem>k3 8,mamma1 :5 y talk y don't move y\r upp] jaw04 ,x is ( c\rse difficult to say h[ f> a *ild's int]ruptions & :at look l turn+s ( ! conv]sation :5 receiv+ rebuke are ! result ( delib]ate plott+4 ,we "k x is h>d to hold ! "y ?\ghts long on any subject1 & ! homily makes a heavy dem& 9 ?is respect1 & its !me is apt to seem dull to a *ild's lively bra94 ,! ?\ghts w be sure to w&] !n1 & ! rude int]ruptions & digressions may aft] all be b ! natural play ( ! "y m9d4 ,i fe>1 h[ev]1 t design (t5 has a h& "h4 ,! fir/ digression to :i* ! weak discipl9>ian succumb$ may h be5 ! result ( a spontane\s fl[ ( *ildi% ideas3 b its success enables ! obs]vant *ild to try x on a second "t ) artful aim4 ,9 cases 9 :i* no attempt is made to ignore ! accusation1 ! small wits are busy discov]+ palliatives & exculpations4 ,"h we h ! _m ruses1 (t5 crude en\gh1 by :i* ! little culprit tries to %ake (f moral responsibility1 to d5y ! au?or%ip ( ! action f\nd fault )4 ,! blame is put on anybody or any?+4 ,:5 he breaks some?+1 say a cup1 & is scold$1 he saves himself by say+ x 0 because ! cup 0 n made /rong en\gh1 or because ! maid put x too ne> ! edge ( ! table4 ,!re are cle> indications ( fatali/ic ?\ght 9 ^! *ildi% disclaim]s4 ,?+s 7 s condition$ t he c\ld n help do+ :at he did4 ,?is fatalism betrays itself 9 ! *ildi% subt]fuges already ref]r$ to1 by :i* ! ego tries to scre5 itself %abbily by ?r[+ responsibility on to ! bodily ag5ts4 ,?is device is sometimes hit ^u v e>ly4 ,a wee *ild ( two :5 told n to cry gasp$ out3 ,elsie cry--n ,elsie cry--te>s cry--naughty te>s6 ,?is1 x mu/ be all[$1 is m plausible ?an ,c4's lame attempt to put (f responsibility = "s naughty action on 8 h&s4 ,= our te>s are 9 a s5se ap>t f u1 & 9 ! fir/ ye>s are :olly beyond control4 ,! fatali/ic =m ( exculpation meets u lat] on "u ! famili> =m1 #8,god made me l t'4 ,a boy ( ?ree 0 blam$ = leav+ 8 cru/s1 & 8 conduct contra/$ ) t ( 8 model papa4 ,:]eupon he obs]v$ ) a t\* ( metaphysical precocity3 8,yes1 b1 papa1 y see ,god _h made y & me diff]5t04 ,^! d5ials ( au?or%ip occur :5 a *>ge is br\ght home & no cle> ju/ification ( ! action is =?com+4 ,9 _m cases ! %rewd intellig5ce ( ! *ild--:i* is nev] s acute z 9 ?is art ( moral self-def5ce--discov]s ju/ificatory reasons4 ,9 su* a case ! attitude is a v diff]5t "o4 ,x is no long] ! helpless lift+ ( h&s ( ! irresponsible "o1 b ! bold /eady glance ( "o :o is prep>$ to def5d 8 action4 ,sometimes ^! ju/ifications are pitiful examples ( quibbl+4 ,a boy _h be5 r\gh ) 8 baby bro!r4 ,8 "m *id him1 tell+ him he might hurt baby4 ,he !n ask$ 8 "m1 #8,isn't he my own bro!r8' & on 8 "m admitt+ s inconte/able a proposition1 exclaim$ triumphantly1 8,well1 y said ,i c\ld d :at ,i lik$ ) my own ?+s04 ,! idea ( ! preci\s baby be+ a boy's own to d :at he likes ) is s remote f old] p's conceptions t x seems impossible to cr$it ! boy ) misund]/&+4 ,we ought1 p]haps1 to set him d[n z a deprav$ little sophi/ & de/9$--b pr$ictions happily lie outside our mti]4 ,9 "s cases ^! ju/ifications h a dreadful look ( be+ aft]-?\ghts inv5t$ = ! express purpose ( self-protection & kn[+ly put =w>d z fibs4 ,yet !re is ne$ ( a wise discrim9ation "h4 ,take1 = example1 ! foll[+ f ! ,worce/] ,collection4 ,a boy ( ?ree 0 told by 8 "m to /ay & m9d 8 baby-si/] :ile %e w5t d[n/airs4 ,on go+ up aga9 "s "t aft] %e met him on ! /airs4 8,be+ ask$ :y he _h left ! baby he said !re 0 a bumble-bee 9 ! room & he 0 afraid he w\ld get /ung if he /ay$ !re4 ,8 "m ask$ him if he wasn't afraid 8 little si/] w\ld get /ung4 ,he said1 #8,yes1' b add$ t if he /ay$ 9 ! room ! bee might /+ !m bo?1 & !n %e w\ld h two to take c>e (40 ,n[ ) e wi% to be *>itable ,i _c br+ myself to ?9k t ! small boy _h really gone ?r\gh t subtle process ( dis9t]e/$ calculation be=e vacat+ ! room 9 fav\r ( ! bumble-bee1 if inde$ !re 0 a bumble-bee4 ,to be caught 9 ! act & que/ion$ is1 ,i suspect1 a situation p>ticul>ly productive ( su* speci\s fibb+4 ,"o o!r illu/ration ( ?is ke5 *ildi% dialectic :5 face to face ) ! accus] des]ves to be t\*$ on4 ,! %>p little wits h some?+ ( a lawy]'s quickness 9 detect+ a flaw 9 ! indictm5t4 ,any exagg]ation into :i* a feel+ ( indignation happ5s to betray ! accus] is in/antly p\nc$ ^u4 ,if1 = example1 a *ild is scold$ = pull+ kitty's e>s & mak+ h] cry x is en\gh = ! little /ickl] = accuracy to be able to say3 #8,i wasn't pull+ kitty's e>s1 ,i 0 only pull+ "o ( h] e>s'4 ,?is ability to d5y ! *>ge 9 its initial =m gives ! *ild a great advantage1 & robs ! accusation 9 its am5d$ =m ( mu* ( its /+4 ,:5ce1 by ! way1 "o may inf] t wisdom 9 manag+ *ildr5 %[s itself 9 no?+ m ?an 9 a scrupul\s exactness 9 ! use ( words4 ,:ile !re are ^! isolat$ attacks on v>i\s po9ts ( ! daily discipl9e1 we see n[ & aga9 a bold] l9e ( action 9 ! %ape ( a g5]al prote/ aga9/ its sev]ity4 ,*ildr5 h be5 kn[n to urge t ! puni%m5ts inflict$ on !m are ineffectual2 &1 al?\gh _! op9ion on su* matt]s is h>dly dis9t]e/$1 x is sometimes p]t95t en\gh4 ,an ,am]ican boy ag$ five ye>s t5 mon?s began to cry because he 0 =bidd5 to g into ! y>d to play1 & 0 ?reat5$ by 8 "m ) a :ipp+4 ,:]eupon he obs]v$3 8,well n[1 mamma1 t w only make me cry m04 ,^! *ildi% prote/s are1 z we "k1 wont to be met by ! commonplaces ab\t ! affection :i* prompts ! correction4 ,b ! *ild f9ds x h>d to swall[ ^! subtleties4 ,= him love is love1 t is c>ess+1 & do+ ev]y?+ = 8 pres5t enjoym5t2 & "h is ! "m :o says %e loves him1 & (t5 acts z if %e did1 trans=m+ h]self into an ogre to torm5t him & make him mis]able4 ,he may accept h] assurance t %e scolds & *a/ises him because %e is a good "m2 only he is apt to wi% t %e 7 a %ade less good4 ,a boy ( f\r _h "o morn+ to rema9 9 b$ till t5 o'clock z a puni%m5t = misbehavi\r4 ,he proce$$ to address 8 "m 9 ?is wise3 ,if ,i _h any little *ildr5 ,i'd be a worse "m ?an y--,i'd be q a bad "m2 ,i'd let ! *ildr5 get up directly ,i _h done my breakfa/ at any rate4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! "m puts =w>d h] own com=t z ! gr\nd ( ! re/ra9t %e may be met by ?is k9d ( ?+3 8,i wi% y'd be a little m self-sacrific+ & let me make a noise04 ,en\gh has be5 said to illu/rate ! ways 9 :i* ! natural *ild kicks aga9/ ! imposition ( re/ra9ts on 8 free activity4 ,he beg9s by %[+ himself an op5 foe to au?ority4 ,= a long "t aft]1 :ile mak+ a c]ta9 %[ ( submission1 he h>b\rs 9 8 brea/ some?+ ( ! rebel's _s4 ,he does 8 be/ to evade ! mo/ gall+ p>ts ( ! daily discipl9e1 & displays an admirable +5uity 9 devis+ excuses = app>5t acts ( insubord9ation4 ,:]e c&\r is p]mitt$ he is apt to prove himself an exce$+ly acute critic ( ! sy/em :i* is impos$ on him4 ,all ?is1 moreov]1 seems to %[ t a *ild objects n only to ! p>ticul> adm9i/ration "u :i* he happ5s to live1 b to all law z imply+ re/ra9ts on free activity4 ,?us1 f ! *ild's po9t ( view1 s f> z we h yet exam9$ x1 puni%m5t z su* is a ?+ :i* ought n to be4 ,s /rong & deep-rea*+ is ?is antagonism to law & its re/ra9ts apt to be t ! *ildi% long+ to be #8big' is1 ,i believe1 gr\nd$ on ! expectation ( lib]ty4 ,to be big seems to ! *ild m ?an any?+ else to be rid ( all ?is imposition ( comm&s1 to be able to d :at "o likes )\t int]f]5ce f o!rs4 ,?is long+ may gr[ int5se 9 ! brea/ ( a q small *ild4 8,d y "k10 ask$ a little fell[ ( f\r ye>s1 8:at ,i %all d :5 ,i'm a big man8 ,i'll g to a %op & buy a bun & pick out all ! currants40 ,?is funny /ory is *>act]i/ic ( ! movem5ts ( "y desire4 ,! small prohibition n to pick out ! currants is "o t may *afe to sor5ess a *ild's s5sibility4 ,on ! ,side ( ,law4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we look clos] we %all f9d t ?is ho/ility is n ! :ole1 p]haps n ! mo/ fundam5tal "p ( ! *ild's attitude4 ,x is evid5t1 to beg9 )1 t a good deal ( ?is e>ly criticism ( p>5tal gov]nm5t1 s f> f imply+ rejection ( all rule1 pla9ly implies its acceptance4 ,"s ( ! e>lie/ & bitt]e/ prote/s aga9/ int]f]5ce are direct$ aga9/ :at looks to ! *ild irregul> or oppos$ to law4 ,he is all[$1 = example1 = "s "t to use a pair ( scissors z a play?+1 & is !n sudd5ly depriv$ ( x1 8 "m hav+ n[ fir/ discov]$ ! unsuitability ( ! play?+4 ,9 su* a case ! passionate outbur/ & ! long bitt] prote/ atte/ ! s5se ( inju/ice1 ! violation ( cu/om & unwritt5 law4 ,aga91 ! ke5 res5tful opposition ( ! *ild to ! look ( any?+ l unfairness & p>tiality 9 p>5tal gov]nm5t %[s t he has a jeal\s feel+ ( reg>d = ! univ]sality & ! inviolabl5ess ( law4 ,mu*1 too1 ( ! criticism dealt ) above1 reveals a fundam5tal ackn[l$gm5t ( law--at lea/ = ! purposes ( ! argum5t4 ,?us ! v attempt to e/abli% an excuse1 a ju/ification1 may be said to be a tacit admission t if ! action _h be5 done z alleg$ x w\ld h be5 naughty & des]v+ ( puni%m5t4 ,9 tru? ! small p]son's *all5g+s ( ! modus op]&i ( 8 "m's rule1 j because !y are (t5 9 a true s5se e?ical1 cle>ly />t f ! assumption ( rules1 & ( ! di/9ction ( "r & wrong4 ,?is ( itself %[s t !re are 9 ! *ild compliant z well z non-compliant t5d5cies t[>ds law & t[>ds au?ority s f> z ?is is lawful4 ,we may n[ pass to o!r p>ts ( a *ild's behavi\r :i* help to make m cle> ! exi/5ce ( su* law-abid+ impulses4 ,"h we may set out ) ^? exhibitions ( some?+ l remorse :i* (t5 foll[ disob$i5ce & puni%m5t 9 ! fir/ t5d] ye>s4 ,^! may1 at fir/1 be little m ?an physical reactions1 due to ! exhau/ion ( ! passionate outbur/s4 ,b !y soon beg9 to %[ traces ( new feel+s4 ,a *ild 9 disgrace1 be=e he has a cle> moral s5se ( %ame1 suff]s ?r\gh a feel+ ( e/rangem5t1 ( lonel9ess1 ( self-re/riction4 ,if ! habitual relation betwe5 "m & *ild is a lov+ & happy "o ! situation becomes exce$+ly pa9ful4 ,! pride & ob/9acy not)/&+1 ! culprit feels t he is cut (f f m ?an "o half ( 8 life1 t 8 beautiful _w is laid 9 ru9s4 ,! same little boy :o said3 #8,i'd be a worse "m1' rem>k$ to 8 "m a few mon?s lat] t if he c\ld say :at he lik$ to ,god x w\ld be3 #8,love me :5 ,i'm naughty'4 ,i ?9k "o c h>dly conceive ( a m eloqu5t te/imony to ! suff]+ ( ! *ild 9 ! lonesome1 loveless /ate ( puni%m5t4 ,is !re any analogue ( our s5se ( remorse 9 ?is e>ly suff]+8 ,! "q ( an in/9ctive moral s5se 9 *ildr5 is a p]plex+ "o1 & ,i d n propose to discuss x n[4 ,i w\ld only v5ture to sugge/ t 9 ^! poignant griefs ( *ild-life !re seem to be signs ( a consci\sness ( violat$ in/9cts4 ,?is is1 no d\bt1 9 "p ! sm>t+ ( a lov+ he>t on rememb]+ its unlov+ action4 ,b !re may be m ?an ?is4 ,a *ild ( f\r or five is1 ,i conceive1 q capable ( reflect+ at su* a "t t 9 8 fits ( naught9ess he has brok5 ) 8 normal ord]ly self1 t he has set at defiance t :i* he cu/om>ily hon\rs & obeys4 ,:at1 x may be ask$1 are ^! in/9cts8 ,9 _! e>lie/ disc]nible =m !y seem to me to be respect = rule1 = a regul> mann] ( proce$+ z oppos$ to an irregul>4 ,a *ild1 z ,i und]/& ! little sph9x1 is at once ! subject ( ev]-*ang+ caprices--:5ce ! delight 9 playful defiance ( all rule & ord]--& ! rev]] ( cu/om1 prec$5t1 rule4 ,&1 z ,i conceive1 ?is rev]5ce = prec$5t & rule is ! deep] & /rong]1 hold+ full sway 9 8 s]i\s mom5ts4 ,if ?is view is correct ! suff]+ ( naughty *ildr5 is n1 z has be5 said by "s1 :olly ! result ( ! ext]nals ( discipl9e1 puni%m5t1 & ! loss ( ! agreeable ?+s :i* foll[ good behavi\r1 ?\gh ?is is commonly an elem5t2 nor is x m]ely ! s5se ( lonel9ess & lovelessness1 ?\gh t is probably a l>ge slice ( x2 b x conta9s ! g]m ( some?+ ne>] a true remorse1 viz41 a s5se ( normal feel+s & dispositions set at n\ght & contradict$4 ,& n[ we may ask :at evid5ce !re is = ! exi/5ce ( ?is respect = ord] & regul>ity o!r ?an t af=d$ by ! *ildi% prote/s aga9/ app>5t inconsi/5cies 9 ! adm9i/ration ( discipl9e4 ,mr4 ,walt] ,bagehot tells u t ! great initial difficulty 9 ! =mation ( communities 0 ! fix+ ( cu/om4 ,h[ev] ?is be 9 ! case ( primitive communities x seems to me indisputable t 9 ! case ( a *ild br\ght up 9 normal surr\nd+s !re is a cle>ly obs]vable in/9ct to fall 9 ) a common mode ( behavi\r4 ,?is respect = cu/om is relat$ to ! imitative in/9cts ( ! *ild4 ,he does :at he sees o!rs d1 & s t5ds to fall 9 ) _! mann] ( life4 ,we all "k t ^! small p take _! cue f _! eld]s z to :at is all[able4 ,h5ce "o difficulty ( moral tra9+4 ,a little boy :5 two ye>s & "o mon? old _h happ5$ to see 8 "m te> a piece ( calico4 ,! next day he 0 discov]$ to h tak5 ! %eet f ! b$ & made a r5t 9 x4 ,:5 scold$1 he repli$ 9 8 *ildi% ,g]man1 #8,mamma ma* put1' i4e41 #8ma*t caput' 7breaks calico74 ,x is well :5 ! mislead+ effect ( #8example' is s little s]i\s z x 0 9 ?is case4 ,9 addition to ?is effect ( o!rs' do+s 9 mak+ ?+s all[able 9 ! *ild's eyes1 !re is ! b9d+ influ5ce ( a repeat$ regul> mann] ( proce$+4 ,?is is ! might ( #8cu/om' 9 ! full s5se ( ! t]m1 ! =ce :i* und]lies all a *ild's conceptions ( #8"r'4 ,9 spite ( ! difficulties ( moral tra9+1 ( drill+ *ildr5 into ord]ly habits--& ,i d n lose sight ( ^!--x may confid5tly be said t !y h an inbr$ respect = :at is cu/om>y1 & we>s ! appe>ance ( a rule ( life4 ,nor is ?is1 ,i believe1 altoge!r a reflexion1 by imitation1 ( o!rs' ord]ly ways1 & ( ! sy/em ( rules :i* is impos$ on him by o!rs4 ,i am q ready to admit t ! in/itution ( social life1 ! regul> procession ( ! daily do+s ( ! h\se1 aid$ by ! sy/em ( p>5tal discipl9e1 has mu* to d ) fix+ ! idea ( ord]l9ess & regul>ity 9 ! *ild's m9d4 ,yet ,i believe ! facts po9t to some?+ m1 to an innate disposition to foll[ prec$5t & rule1 :i* prec$es education1 & is "o ( ! =ces to :i* education c appeal4 ,?is disposition has its roots 9 habit1 :i* is app>5tly a law ( all life3 b x is m ?an ! bl9d impulse ( habit1 s9ce x is reflective & rational1 & implies a recognition ( ! univ]sal4 ,! fir/ crude manife/ation ( ?is disposition to make rule1 to rationalise life by subject+ x to a g5]al me?od1 is se5 9 ^? actions :i* seem little m ?an ! work+ ( habit1 ! insi/5ce on ! cu/om>y l9es ( proc$ure at meals & su* l4 ,a "m writes t h] boy :5 five ye>s old 0 q a /ickl] = punctili\s ord] 9 ^! matt]s4 ,8 cup & spoon _h to be put 9 precisely ! "r place1 ! sequ5ces ( ! day1 z ! lesson be=e ! walk1 ! walk be=e b$1 _h to be rigor\sly obs]v$4 ,any brea* ( ! cu/om>y 0 apt to be res5t$ z a sort ( impiety4 ,?is may be an extreme in/ance1 b my obs]vation leads me to say t su* punctili\sness is n uncommon4 ,:at is m1 ,i h se5 x develop+ itself :]e ! sy/em ( p>5tal gov]nm5t 0 by no means *>act]is$ by sev]e insi/5ce on su* m9uti ( ord]4 ,& ?is w\ld seem to %[ t x _c :olly be set d[n to ! influ5ces ( su* gov]nm5t4 ,x seems r to be a spontane\s ext5sion ( ! realm ( rule or law4 ,?is impulse to ext5d rule appe>s m pla9ly 9 _m ( ! little c]emonial obs]vances ( ! *ild4 ,v *>m+ly is ?is respect = rule exhibit$ 9 relation to 8 animals1 dolls & o!r pets4 ,n only are !y requir$ to d ?+s 9 a prop] ord]ly mann]1 b p h to treat !m ) due def]5ce4 8,e night10 writes a "m ( h] boy ag$ two ye>s sev5 mon?s1 aft] ,i h kiss$ & %ak5 h&s ) him1 ,i h to kiss 8 #8boy1' t is 8 doll1 :o sleeps ) him1 & to %ake its two h&s--also to %ake ! f\r ho(s ( a t9y horse :i* lies at ! foot ( 8 cot4 ,:5 all ?is has be5 gone ?r\gh1 he /&s up & entreats1 #8,m tata1 please1 m tata1' i4e41 #8kiss me aga9 & say m good-nights'4 ,^! cu/oms ( 8 ) reg>d to kiss+ are peculi> to himself--he kisses 8 #8boy' 7doll71 also pictures ( horses1 dogs1 cocks & h5s1 & he puts 8 head aga9/ u to be kiss$2 b he w only %ake h&s & w n kiss p himself3 he res]ves 8 kisses = :at he seems to feel inf]ior ?+s4 ,we kiss our boy1 he kisses 82 b he insi/s ^u be+ %ak5 h&s ) = 8 "p4 ,if o!r *ildr5 come to play he gives !m toys1 wat*es !m ) delight1 tries to give !m rides on 8 #8g-g's1' b does n kiss !m2 ?\gh he w /roke _! hair he does n return _! kisses4 ,x seems to me t he reg>ds x z an action to be res]v$ = an inf]ior ?+4 ,i h quot$ at l5g? ?is c>eful bit ( mat]nal obs]vation because x seems to indicate s cle>ly a spontane\s ext5sion ( a cu/om4 ,! practice ( ! "m & fa!r 9 kiss+ him 0 g5]alis$ into a rule ( c]emony 9 ! treatm5t ( all inf]iors4 ,?is subject ( *ildi% c]emonial is a curi\s "o1 & des]ves a m c>eful /udy4 ,x is h>dly less int]e/+ ?an ! orig9 & survival ( adult c]emonial1 z elucidat$ by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,! respect = ord]ly proc$ure on all s]i\s occasions1 & especially at *ur*1 is z exact+ z t ( any savage tribe4 ,pun* illu/rat$ ?is "s ye>s ago by a picture ( a little girl ask+ h] mamma if ,mr4 ,s & ,s 0 n a v wick$ man1 because he didn't 8smell 8 hat0 :5 he came into 8 pew4 ,?is jeal\s reg>d = c]emony & ! proprieties ( behavi\r is se5 9 ! en=cem5t ( rules ( polit5ess by *ildr5 :o w ext5d !m f> beyond ! scope int5d$ by ! p>5t4 ,a delightful in/ance ( ?is fell "u my own obs]vation1 z ,i 0 walk+ on ,hamp/ead ,hea?4 ,x 0 a spr+ day1 & ! fat buds ( ! *e/nuts 7 bur/+ into magnific5t gre5 plumes4 ,two well-dress$ #8misses1' ag$1 ,i %\ld say1 ab\t n9e & elev51 7 tak+ _! correct morn+ walk4 ,! eld] call$ ! att5tion ( ! y\ng] to "o ( ! trees1 po9t+ to x4 ,! y\ng] exclaim$ 9 a highly %ock$ tone3 8,oh1 ,maud 7or 0 x #8,mabel'871 y "k y %\ldn't po9t60 ,! notion ( p]petrat+ a rud5ess on ! *e/nut tree 0 funny en\gh4 ,b ! incid5t is in/ructive z illu/rat+ ! *ildi% t5d5cy to /ret* & g5]alise rules to ! utmo/4 ,! doma9 ( pray] well illu/rates ! same t5d5cy4 ,! *ild envisages ,god z a v1 v gr& p]son1 & naturally1 !re=e1 ext5ds to him all ! c\rtesies he kn[s (4 ,?us he mu/ be address$ politely ) ! due =ms #8,please1' #8,if y please1' & s =?4 ,! ,g]man *ild %r9ks f us+ ! famili> =m #8,du' 9 8 pray]s4 ,z "o maid5 ( sev5 well put x 9 reply to a "q :y %e us$ #8,sie' 9 h] pray]s3 8,i* w]de do* d5 lieb5 ,gott ni*t ,du n5n53 i* k5ne ihn ja g> ni*t04 ,aga91 a *ild feels t he mu/ n worry or bore ,god 7*ildr5 g5]ally f9d out t "s p look on !m z bores71 or treat him ) any k9d ( disrespect4 ,c4 object$ to 8 si/]'s rema9+ s long at h] pray]s1 app>5tly on ! gr\nd t1 z ,god knew :at %e _h to say1 h] mu* talk+ w\ld be likely to bore him4 ,an ,am]ican boy ( f\r on "o occasion refus$ to say 8 pray]s1 expla9+1 8,:y1 !y're old4 ,god has he>d !m s _m times t !y are old to him too4 ,:y1 he kn[s !m z well z ,i d myself40 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,god mu/ n be kept wait+4 8,oh1 mamma10 said a little boy ( ?ree ye>s eight mon?s 7! same t 0 s insi/5t ab\t ! kiss+ & h&-%ak+71 8h[ long y h kept me awake = y2 ,god has be5 wond]+ s :5ev] ,i 0 go+ to say my pray]s40 ,all ! words mu/ be nicely said to him4 ,a little boy1 ag$ f\r & ?ree-qu>t] ye>s1 once /opp$ 9 ! middle ( a pray] & ask$ 8 "m3 8,oh6 h[ d y spell t ^w80 ,! "q is curi\s z sugge/+ t ! *ild may h envisag$ 8 sil5t communications to ! f>-(f ,k+ z a lett]4 ,9 any case1 x %[$ pa9/ak+ & ! wi% n to (f5d by slov5l9ess ( address4 ,n only d *ildr5 ?us ( !mselves ext5d ! scope & empire ( rule1 !y %[ a disposition to make rules = !mselves4 ,if a *ild t is told to d a ?+ on a s+le occasion only is f\nd repeat+ ! action on o!r occasions1 ?is seems to %[ ! g]m ( a law-mak+ impulse4 ,a little boy ( two ye>s "o mon? 0 once told to give a lot ( old toys to ! *ildr5 ( ! g>d5]4 ,"s "t aft]1 on receiv+ "s new toys1 he put away 8 old ones z be=e = ! less =tunate *ildr54 ,e c>eful obs]v] ( *ildr5 kn[s t !y are apt to proce$ ?is way1 to erect p>ticul> actions & sugge/ions into prec$5ts4 ,?is t5d5cy gives some?+ ( ! amus+ priggi%ness to ! ways ( *ildhood4 ,!re is little d\bt1 ,i ?9k1 t ?is respect = prop] ord]ly behavi\r1 = prec$5t & g5]al rule1 =ms a vital elem5t 9 ! *ild's submission to p>5tal law4 ,9 fix+ our att5tion on occasional acts ( disob$i5ce & lawlessness we are apt to ov]look ! ease1 ! abs5ce ( friction ) :i* normal *ildr51 if only dec5tly tra9$1 fall 9 ) ! l>g] "p ( our obs]vances & ord9ances4 ,t ! in/9ct = ord] does assi/ moral discipl9e may be se5 9 ! fact t *ildr5 are apt to pay enorm\s def]5ce to our rules4 ,no?+ is m sugge/ive "h ?an ! talk ( *ildr5 among !mselves1 ! emphasis !y are wont to lay on ! #8mu/' & #8mu/ n'4 ,! tru? is t *ildr5 h a trem5d\s belief 9 law3 a rule is apt to pres5t itself to _! imag9ation z a ?+ supremely sacr$ & awful be=e :i* x pro/rates itself4 ,?is recognition ( ! absolute imp]ativ5ess ( a rule prop]ly laid d[n by ! recognis$ au?ority is se5 9 *ildr5's jeal\s insi/5ce on ! obs]vance ( ! rule 9 _! own case & 9 t ( o!rs4 ,z has be5 obs]v$ by ,prey] a *ild ( two ye>s eight mon?s w foll[ out ! prohibitions ( ! "m :5 he falls into o!r h&s1 /]nly prote/+1 = example1 aga9/ ! nurse giv+ him ! =bidd5 knife at table4 ,v prop] *ildr5 r l to in/ruct _! aunts & o!r ignorant p]sons z to ! "r way ( deal+ ) !m1 & w rejoice 9 ! opportunity ( sett+ !m "r ev5 :5 x means a deprivation = !mselves4 ,! self-d5y+ ord9ance3 #8,mamma doesn't let me h _m sweets1' is by no means beyond ! p[]s ( su* a *ild4 ,"o c see "h1 no d\bt1 traces ( a *ildi% s5se ( self-importance1 a feel+ ( ! mu*-wait$-on little sov]eign = :at befits 8 supreme wor?4 ,yet1 all[+ = su* elem5ts1 !re seems to me to be 9 ?is behavi\r a residue ( g5u9e respect = p>5tal law4 ,^! c>ry+s out ( ! p>5tal behe/ :5 entru/$ to o!r h&s are in/ructive z sugge/+ t ! *ild feels ! con/ra9+ =ce ( ! comm& :5 its au?or is no long] pres5t to en=ce x4 ,p]haps a cle>] evid5ce ( respect = ! law z su*1 ap>t f its p>ticul> en=cem5t by ! p>5t1 is suppli$ by *ildr5's way ( ext5d+ ! rules laid d[n = _! own behavi\r to t ( o!rs4 ,?is po9t has already be5 illu/rat$ 9 ! t5d5cy to univ]salise ! obs]vances ( c\rtesy & ! l4 ,no trait is bett] m>k$ 9 ! normal *ild ?an ! impulse to subject o!rs to 8 own discipl9>y sy/em4 ,9 tru?1 *ildr5 are = ! mo/ "p p>ticul>ly al]t discipl9>ians4 ,) :at amus+ sev]ity are !y wont to lay d[n ! law to _! dolls1 & _! animal playmates1 subject+ !m to precisely ! same prohibitions & puni%m5ts z ^? to :i* !y !mselves are subject6 ,nor d !y /op "h4 ,!y en=ce ! duties j z c\rage\sly on _! human eld]s4 ,a mite ( eighte5 mon?s w5t up to h] eld] si/]1 :o 0 cry+1 & ) p]fect mimicry ( ! nurse's corrective mann]1 said3 8,hu%6 ,hu%6 papa60 po9t+ at ! same "t to ! door4 ,! little girl ,m4 :5 tw5ty-two mon?s old 0 disappo9t$ because a c]ta9 ,mr4 ,g4 did n call4 ,9 ! ev5+ %e said3 ,mr4 ,d4 n did tum--0 v naughty1 ,mr4 ,d4 h to be :ipp$4 ,s natural & inevitable to ! intellig5ce ( a *ild does x seem t ! sy/em ( re/ra9ts1 rebukes1 puni%m5ts "u :i* he lives %\ld h univ]sal validity4 ,?is judicial b5t ( ! *ild is a curi\s "o & (t5 develops a priggi% fondness = sett+ o!rs morally /raight4 ,small boys h to endure mu* 9 ?is way f ! h&s ( slightly old] si/]s pr(ici5t 9 matt]s ( law & delight+ to en=ce ! moralities4 ,b sometimes ! si/]s lapse into naught9ess1 & !n ! small boys h _! *ance4 ,!y too c on su* occasions be priggi% if n d[nright hypocritical4 ,a little boy _h be5 qu>rell+ ) 8 si/] nam$ ,muriel j be=e go+ to b$4 ,:5 he 0 undress$ he knelt d[n to say 8 pray]s1 ,muriel sitt+ ne> & li/5+4 ,he pray$ 7audibly7 9 ?is wise3 8,please1 ,god1 make ,muriel a good girl10 !n look$ up & said 9 an angry voice1 8,d y he> t1 ,muriel80 & aft] ?is digression resum$ 8 petition4 ,i believe fa!rs :5 read+ family pray]s h be5 kn[n to apply portions ( ,scripture 9 ?is p]sonal mann] to p>ticul> memb]s ( ! family2 & x is ev5 possible t extempore pray]s h be5 inv5t$1 z by ?is little prig ( a boy1 = ! purpose ( adm9i/]+ a sort ( back-h&$ corrective bl[ to an err+ neighb\r4 ,?is mania = correction %[s itself too 9 relation to ! au?orities !mselves4 ,a collection ( rebukes & expositions ( moral precept suppli$ by *ildr5 to _! err+ p>5ts w\ld be amus+ & sugge/ive4 ,z 0 illu/rat$ above1 a *ild is especially ke5 to spy faults 9 8 gov]nors :5 !y are !mselves adm9i/]+ au?ority4 ,"h is ano!r example3 ,a boy ( two--! moral in/ruction ( p>5ts by ! *ild beg9s betimes--w\ld n g to sleep :5 bidd5 to d s by 8 fa!r & "m4 ,at l5g? ! fa!r1 los+ pati5ce1 address$ him ) a man's fi]ce emphasis4 ,?is mode ( admonition s f> f c[]+ ! *ild simply (f5d$ 8 s5se ( propriety1 = he rejo9$3 8,y s'ouldn't s'ouldn't1 ,assum 7i4e41 #8,ar?ur1' ! fa!r's "n71 y s'ould speak nicely04 ,! l5g?s to :i* a *ild ) ! impulse ( moral correction /rong 9 him w sometimes g1 are q appall+4 ,"o ev5+ a little girl ( six _h be5 repeat+ ! ,"l's pray]4 ,:5 %e _h f9i%$1 %e look$ up & said3 #8,i don't l t pray]1 y ought n to ask = bread1 & all t gre$9ess1 y ought only to ask = goodness6' ,!re is probably 9 ?is an imitative reproduction ( some?+ :i* ! *ild _h be5 told by h] "m1 or _h ov]he>d4 ,yet all[+ = ?is1 "o _c b recognise a q al>m+ degree ( precoci\s moral priggi%ness4 ,we may n[ turn to :at my read]s w probably reg>d z /ill cle>] evid5ce ( a law-fe>+ in/9ct 9 *ildr51 viz41 _! volunt>y submission to its comm&s4 ,we are apt to ?9k ( ^! little ones z do+ "r only "u ext]nal compulsion4 ,b al?\gh a *ild ( f\r may be f> f atta9+ to ! /ate ( #8autonomy ( w' or self-legislation spok5 ( by ! philosoph]1 he may %[ a g]m ( su* free adoption ( law4 ,x is possible t we see ! fir/ fa9t traces ( ?is 9 a small *ild's way ( giv+ ord]s to1 rebuk+1 & prais+ himself4 ,! little girl ,m41 :5 only tw5ty mon?s old1 w\ld1 :5 left by h] "m alone 9 a room1 say to h]self3 #8,tay d>' 7/ay !re74 ,ab\t ! same "t1 aft] be+ naughty & squeal+ #8l a railway-:i/le1' %e w\ld aft] ea* squeal say 9 a deep voice1 #8,be dood1 ,babba' 7h] "n74 ,at ! age ( tw5ty-two mon?s %e _h be5 9 ! g>d5 & misbehav+ by tread+ on ! box bord]1 s t %e _h to be c>ri$ away by h] "m4 ,aft] confess+ h] fault %e want$ to g into ! g>d5 aga91 & promis$1 #8,babba w n be naughty ada9'4 ,:5 %e 0 out %e look$ at ! box1 say+1 8,if oo 7y7 d dat ,i %all h to take oo 91 ,babba04 ,"h1 no d\bt1 we see qua9t mimicries ( ! ext]nal control1 b !y seem to me to indicate a movem5t 9 ! direction ( self-control4 ,v in/ructive "h is ! way 9 :i* *ildr5 w volunt>ily come & submit !mselves to our discipl9e4 ,! little girl ,m4 :5 less ?an two ye>s old1 w\ld g to h] "m & confess "s piece ( naught9ess & sugge/ ! puni%m5t4 ,a little boy ag$ two ye>s & f\r mon?s 0 depriv$ ( a p5cil f ,?ursday to ,sunday = scribbl+ on ! wall-pap]4 ,8 puni%m5t 01 h[ev]1 temp]$ by p]mission to draw :5 tak5 d[n/airs4 ,on ,saturday he _h f9i%$ a picture d[n/airs :i* pleas$ him4 ,:5 8 nurse fet*$ him %e want$ to look at ! draw+1 b ! boy /rongly object$1 say+3 8,no ,nana 7"n = nurse7 look at x till ,sunday04 ,& sure en\gh :5 ,sunday came1 & ! p5cil 0 re/or$ to him1 he promptly %[$ nurse 8 picture4 ,?is is an excell5t obs]vation full ( sugge/ion z to ! way 9 :i* a *ild's m9d works4 ,among o!r ?+s x seems to %[ pretty pla9ly t ! little fell[ look$ on ! nurs]y & all its belong+s1 includ+ ! nurse1 dur+ ^? ?ree days z a place ( disgrace into :i* ! privileges ( ! arti/ 7 n to ent]4 ,he 0 all[$ ! indulg5ce ( draw+ d[n/airs1 b he _h no "r to exhibit 8 workman%ip to ! nurse1 :o 0 insep>ably associat$ 9 8 m9d ) ! =bidd5 nurs]y draw+4 ,?us a process ( g5u9e *ild-?\ght l$ to a self-in/itut$ ext5sion ( ! puni%m5t4 ,a mon? lat] ?is *ild pull$ d[n a picture 9 ! nurs]y--! nurs]y walls seem to h _h a fell attraction = him--8by /&+ on a s(a & tugg+ till ! wire broke4 ,he 0 alone at ! "t & v mu* fright5$ ?\gh n hurt4 ,he 0 soo!d & told to leave ! picture alone 9 future1 b 0 n 9 any way rebuk$4 ,he seem$1 h[ev]1 to ?9k t "s puni%m5t 0 necess>y1 = he pres5tly ask$ :e!r he 0 go+ to h a c]ta9 fav\rite frock on t aft]noon4 ,he 0 told #8,no' 7! reason be+ t ! day 0 wet or some?+ simil>7 & he said imm$iately3 #8',cause ,neil pull$ picture d[n8'0 ,"h ,i ?9k we h unmi/akable evid5ce ( an expectation ( puni%m5t z ! fit & prop] sequel 9 a case :i*1 ?\gh x did n exactly resemble ^? already br&$ by x1 0 felt 9 a vague way to be disord]ly & naughty4 ,su* /ories ( expectation ( puni%m5t are capp$ by in/ances ( correction actually inflict$ by ! *ild on himself4 ,i believe x is n uncommon = a *ild :5 possess$ by a s5se ( hav+ be5 naughty to object to hav+ nice ?+s at table on ! gr\nd t previ\sly on a l occasion he 0 depriv$ ( !m4 ,b ! mo/ curi\s in/ance ( ?is moral rig\r t[>ds self :i* ,i h met ) is ! foll[+3 ,a girl ( n9e _h be5 naughty1 & 0 v sorry = h] misbehavi\r4 ,%ortly aft] %e came to h] lesson limp+1 & rem>k$ t %e felt v uncom=table4 ,be+ ask$ by h] gov]ness :at 0 ! matt] ) h] %e said3 8,x 0 v naughty ( me to disobey y1 s ,i put my "r %oe on to my left foot & my left %oe on to my "r foot04 ,! facts "h briefly illu/rat$ seem to me to %[ t !re is 9 ! *ild f ! fir/ a rudim5t ( true law-abid+ness4 ,& ?is is a =ce ( ! greate/ consequ5ce to ! discipl9>ian4 ,x is some?+ :i* takes side 9 ! *ild's brea/ ) ! reasonable gov]nor & ! laws :i* he or %e adm9i/]s4 ,x secures ready compliance ) a l>ge "p ( ! discipl9e en=c$4 ,:5 ! impulse urg+ t[>ds lic5ce has be5 too /rong1 & disob$i5ce ensues1 ?is same in/9ct comes to ! aid ( ord] & good conduct by inflict+ pa9s :i* are ! beg9n+ ( :at we call remorse4 ,by-&-by o!r =ces w assi/4 ,! affectionate *ild w reflect on ! mis]y 8 disob$i5ce causes 8 "m4 ,a boy ( f\r & ?ree-qu>t] ye>s mu/1 "o supposes1 h woke up to ?is fact :5 he rem>k$ to 8 "m3 8,did y *oose to be a "m8 ,i ?9k x mu/ be r tiresome40 ,! day :5 ! *ild fir/ becomes capable ( ?us putt+ himself into 8 "m's place & realis+1 if only = an in/ant1 ! tr\ble he has br\ght on h]1 is an all-important "o 9 8 moral developm5t4 ,! ,wise ,law-giv]4 ,z our illu/rations h sugge/$1 & z e ?\ghtful p>5t kn[s well en\gh1 ! problem ( moral tra9+ 9 ! fir/ ye>s is full ( difficulty4 ,yet our /udy surely sugge/s t x is n s hopeless a problem z we are sometimes weakly dispos$ to ?9k4 ,p]haps a ^w or two on ?is may n inappropriately close ?is essay4 ,i w readily conc$e t ! difficulty ( inculcat+ 9 *ildr5 a sweet & *e]ful ob$i5ce arises p>tly f _! nature4 ,!re are try+ *ildr51 j z !re are try+ dogs t h[l & make !mselves disagreeable = no discov]able reason b _! inh]5t #8cuss$ness'4 ,!re are1 ,i d\bt n1 consci5ti\s pa9/ak+ mo!rs :o h be5 baffl$ by hav+ to manage :at appe>s to be ! utt]ly unmanageable4 ,yet ,i ?9k t we ought to be v sl[ to pron\nce any *ild unmanageable4 ,i "k full well t 9 ! case ( ^! small gr[+ ?+s !re are all k9ds ( hidd5 physical commotions :i* bre$ caprices1 ruffle ! temp]1 & make !m ! opposite ( docile4 ,! peevi% *ild :o w d no?+1 w li/5 to no sugge/ion1 is assur$ly a difficult subject to deal )4 ,b su* mood9ess & cross-gra9$ness spr++ f bodily di/urbances w be all[$ = by ! disc]n+ "m1 :o w be too wise to br+ ! sev]] measures ( discipl9e to be> on a *ild :5 subject to _! malign influ5ce4 ,waiv+ ^! di/urb+ factors1 h[ev]1 ,i %\ld say t a good "p1 c]ta9ly m ?an "o half1 ( ! difficulty ( tra9+ *ildr5 is due to our clumsy bungl+ modes ( go+ to "w4 ,s5sible p]sons "k t !re is a good & a bad way ( approa*+ a *ild4 ,! wrong ways ( try+ to con/ra9 *ildr5 are1 alas1 num]\s4 ,i am n writ+ an #8advice to p>5ts1' & am n call$ on !re=e to deal ) ! mu*-disput$ "q ( ! rightness & wrongness ( corporal puni%m5t4 ,slaps may be ne$ful 9 ! e>ly /ages1 ev5 ?\gh !y d lead to little tussles4 ,a "m assures me t ^! battles ) h] sev]al *ildr5 h all fall5 betwe5 ! ages ( sixte5 mon?s & two ye>s4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 conceivable t su* fights might be avoid$ altoge!r2 yet a man %\ld be *>y ( dogmatis+ on ?is delicate matt]4 ,:at is beyond d\bt is t ! slov5ly discipl9e--if inde$ discipl9e x is to be call$--:i* consi/s 9 alt]nations ( gu%+ fondness ) almo/ savage sev]ity1 or fits ( gov]nm5t & re/ra9t int]polat$ betwe5 long p]iods ( neglect & laiss] faire1 is precisely :at develops ! rebelli\s & law-resi/+ prop5sities4 ,b discipl9e c be bad )\t be+ a /upid pret5ce4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ! %ape ( inconsi/5cy1 say+ "o ?+ at "o "t1 ano!r ?+ at ano!r1 or treat+ "o *ild 9 "o fa%ion1 ano!r 9 ano!r1 t5ds to und]m9e ! pill>s ( au?ority4 ,"y eyes are quick to note ^! little contradictions1 & !y sorely res5t !m4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ c>eless discipl9>ians c %[ !mselves be=e ^! a/ute little critics4 ,x is ! commone/ ?+ to tell a *ild to behave l 8 eld]s1 =gett+ t ?is1 if inde$ a rule at all1 c only be "o ( v limit$ application4 ,"h is a sugge/ive example ( ! effect ( ?is sort ( tea*+ s5t me by a "m4 8,at ?ree & a half1 :5 "s visitors 7 pres5t1 %e 0 told n to talk at d9n]-"t4 #8,:y me no talk8 ,papa talks4' #8,yes1 b papa is gr[n up1 & y are only a little girl2 y c't d j l gr[n-up p4' ,%e 0 sil5t = "s "t1 b :5 ,i told h] t5 m9utes lat] to sit nicely ) h] h&s 9 h] lap l h] c\s9s1 %e repli$1 ) a v humor\s smile1 #8,me tan't 7c't7 sit l gr[n-up p1 me is only a little girl'40 ,we c fail & make *ildr5 disloyal in/ead ( loyal subjects by unduly magnify+ our (fice1 by insi/+ too mu* on our au?ority4 ,*ildr5 :o are ov]-rul$1 :o h no ta/e ( be+ left unmole/$ & free to d :at !y l1 c h>dly be expect$ to submit graci\sly4 ,ano!r way ( c>ry+ p>5tal control to excess is by exact+ displays ( virtue :i* are beyond ! moral capabilities ( ! *ild4 ,a lady s5ds me ?is rem9isc5ce ( h] *ildhood4 ,%e _h be5 promis$ sixp5ce :5 %e c\ld play h] scales )\t fault1 & succe$$ 9 ! exploit on h] six? bir?day4 ,! sixp5ce 0 giv5 to h]1 b soon aft] h] "m sugge/$ t %e %\ld sp5d ! money 9 fruit to give to h] 7! "m's7 invalid fri5d4 ,?is 0 (f5d+ ! s5se ( ju/ice1 = if ! *ild is jeal\s ( any?+ z 8 v own x is surely ! rew>d he has e>n$2 & 01 moreov]1 a fooli% attempt to call =? g5]osity :]e g5]osity 0 :olly out ( place4 ,an ev5 worse example is t record$ by ,rusk94 ,:5 a *ild he 0 expect$ to come d[n to dess]t & crack nuts = ! gr& old] folk :ile p]emptorily =bidd5 to eat any4 ,su* ref9$ cruelties ( gov]nm5t des]ve to be defeat$ 9 _! objects4 ,mu* ( our ill success 9 gov]n+ *ildr5 w\ld probably turn out to be attributable to unwisdom 9 assign+ tasks1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 mak+ exactions :i* w\nd t s5sitive fibre ( a *ild's he>t1 ! s5se ( ju/ice4 ,p>5ts are1 ,i fe>1 apt to =get t g5]osity & ! o!r lib]al virtues owe _! wor? to _! spontaneity4 ,!y may be sugge/$ & enc\rag$ b _c be exact$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a p>5t _c be m fooli% ?an to disc\rage a spontane\s outgo+ ( good impulse1 z if no?+ 7 good b :at emanat$ f a _s ( ob$i5ce4 ,9 a pretty & t\*+ little ,am]ican "w1 ,beckon+s f ,little ,h&s1 ! writ] describes ! remorse ( a fa!r :o1 aft] 8 *ild's dea?1 recall$ ! little fell['s fir/ crude endeav\r to help him by br++ fuel1 an endeav\r :i*1 alas6 he _h met ) some?+ l a rebuff4 ,! "r me?od ( tra9+1 :i* develops & /r5g!ns by brac+ ex]cise ! in/9ct ( ob$i5ce1 _c easily be summ>is$2 = x is ! outcome ( ! highe/ wisdom4 ,i may1 h[ev]1 be p]mitt$ to indicate "o or two ( its ma9 features4 ,in=m$ at ! outset by a f9e moral feel+ & a practical tact z to :at ought to be expect$1 ! wise "m is conc]n$ be=e ev]y?+ to make h] laws appe> z mu* a matt] ( c\rse z ! daily sequ5ces ( ! home life1 z unque/ionable axioms ( behavi\r2 & ?is n by a fooli% vehem5ce ( inculcation b by a quiet skilful inweav+ ( !m into ! ord] ( ! *ild's _w4 ,to expect ! "r ?+1 z ?\gh ! wrong ?+ 7 an impossibility1 r ?an to be always po9t+ out ! wrong ?+ & ?reat5+ consequ5ces2 to make all h] words & all h] own actions support ?is view ( ! inevitabl5ess ( law2 to meet any indications ( a disob$i5t _s1 fir/ ) misund]/&+1 & lat] ) amazem5t2 ?is is surely ! fir/ & fundam5tal matt]4 ,! effectiv5ess ( ?is discipl9e dep5ds on ! simple psy*ological pr9ciple t difficult actions t5d to realise !mselves 9 ! measure 9 :i* ! ideas ( !m become cle> & p]si/5t4 ,get a *ild /eadily to foll[ out 9 ?\ght an act to :i* he is dis9cl9$ & y h m ?an half ma/]$ ! dis9cl9ation4 ,! quiet daily insi/5ce ( ! wise rule ( ! nurs]y proce$s by sett+ up & ma9ta9+ ! ideas ( dutiful actions1 & s exclud+ ! ?\ght ( disob$i5t actions4 ,x has rec5tly be5 po9t$ out t 9 ?is moral control ( ! *ild ?r\gh sugge/ion ( "r actions we h some?+ closely analog\s to ! action ( sugge/ion ^u ! hypnotis$ subject4 ,! "m1 ! "r sort ( "m1 has on ! *ild's m9d some?+ ( ! subdu+ influ5ce ( ! ,nancy doctor3 %e induces ideas ( p>ticul> actions1 gives !m =ce & p]si/5ce s t ! "y m9d is possess$ by !m & !y "w !mselves out into fulfilm5t z occasion arises4 ,9 ord] t ?is effect ( #8obsession1' or a full occupation ( consci\sness ) ! "r idea1 may result1 c]ta9 precautions are necess>y4 ,z obs]vant p>5ts "k1 a *ild may be l$ by a prohibition to d ! v ?+ he is bidd5 n to d4 ,we h se5 h[ readily a *ild's m9d moves f an affirmation to a correspond+ negation1 & conv]sely4 ,! #8contradictor9ess' ( a *ild1 8 passion = say+ ! opposite ( :at y say1 %[s ! same odd mann] ( work+ ( ! "y m9d4 ,want+ to d :at he is told n to d is ano!r effect ( ?is 8contr>y sugge/ion10 z x has be5 call$1 aid$ ( c\rse by ! *ild's dislike ( all con/ra9t4#aie ,if we want to avoid ?is effect ( sugge/ion & to secure ! direct effect1 we mu/ fir/ ( all acquire ! difficult secret ( p]sonal influ5ce1 ( ! ma/]fulness :i* does n repel b attracts2 & secondly try to r$uce our =bidd+s ) _! contr>y sugge/ions to a m9imum4 ----- ,footnote #aie3 ,on ! nature ( ?is contr>y sugge/ion see ,m>k ,baldw91 ,m5tal ,developm5t 9 ! ,*ild & ! ,race1 p4 #ade f4 ----- ,! action 9 moral tra9+ ( ?is influ5ce ( a quasi-hypnotic sugge/ion becomes m cle>ly m>k$ :5 difficulties occur2 :5 "s outbreak ( wilful resi/ance has to be recognis$ & met1 or "s new & relatively ardu\s feat ( ob$i5ce has to be initiat$4 ,"h ,i f9d t intellig5t mo!rs h f\nd _! way to me?ods closely resembl+ ^? ( ! hypnoti/4 8,:5 ,r4 is naughty & 9 a passion 7writes a lady fri5d ( h] *ild ag$ ?ree & a half71 ,i ne$ only sugge/ to him t he is "s "o else1 say a fri5d ( 81 & he w take x up at once1 he w pret5d to be ! o!r *ild1 & at la/ g & call himself1 n[ a good boy1 back aga940 ,?is mode ( sugge/ion1 by help+ ! #8high] self' to deta* itself f & control ! l[] might1 "o suspects1 be mu* m widely employ$ 9 ! moral tra9+ ( *ildr54 ,sugge/ion may "w ?r\gh ! emotions4 ,m]ely to say1 #8,"m w\ld l y to d ?is1' is to set up an idea 9 ! *ild's consci\sness by help ( ! su/a9+ =ce ( 8 affection4 8,if 7writes a lady7 !re 0 any?+ ,lyle p>ticul>ly wi%$ n to d1 8 "m _h only to say1 #8,dobb9 7a sort ( canonis$ toy-horse already ref]r$ to7 w\ld l y to d ?is1' & x 0 done )\t a murmur40 ,we h ano!r analogue to hypnotic sugge/ion :]e a "m prep>es h] *ild "s "t be=eh& = a difficult duty1 tell+ him t %e expects him to p]=m x4 ,a "m writes t h] boy1 :5 ab\t ! age ( two & a half ye>s m p>ticul>ly1 0 incl9$ to bur/ into l\d b %ort fits ( cry+4 8,i h f\nd 7%e says7 ^! (t5 *eck$ by tell+ him be=eh& :at w\ld be expect$ ( him1 & exact+ a promise t he w\ld d ! ?+ *e]fully4 ,i h se5 8 face flu% up ready to cry :5 he rememb]$ 8 promise & controll$ himself40 ,?is rem9ds "o =cibly ( ! comm&s sugge/$ by ! hypnotis] to be c>ri$ into effect :5 ! subject wakes4 ,mu* m1 p]haps1 might be done 9 ?is direction by *oos+ ! "r mom5ts = sett+ up ! p]si/5t ideas 9 ! *ild's consci\sness4 ,i "k a lady :o got into ! way ( giv+ moral exhortation to h] some:at head/rong girl at night be=e ! *ild fell asleep1 & f\nd ?is v effectual4 ,x is possible t we may be able to apply ?is idea ( prep>atory & premunitory sugge/ion 9 new & surpris+ ways to difficult & refractory *ildr54#aif ----- ,footnote #aif3 ,! be>+s ( 7hypnotic7 sugge/ion on moral education h be5 discuss$ by ,guyau1 ,education & ,h]$ity 7,engl4 transl471 *ap4 i4 ,comp>e also ,prey]1 op4 cit41 p4 #bfg f41 & ,compayr1 op4 cit41 p4 #bfb4 ----- ,"o o!r way 9 :i* ! wise "m w w9 ! *ild ov] to duty is by develop+ 8 consci\sness ( fre$om & p[]4 ,a "m1 :o 0 h]self a well-kn[n writ] = *ildr51 has record$ 9 "s notes on h] *ildr5 t :5 "o ( h] little girls _h decl9$ to acc$e to h] wi% %e us$ to say to h]3 #8,oh1 yes1 ,i ?9k :5 y h rememb]$ h[ pleasant x is to oblige o!rs y w d x'4 #8,i w ?9k ab\t x1 mamma1' ! *ild w\ld reply1 laugh+1 & !n g & hide h] head beh9d a s(a-pill[ :i* %e call$ h] #8?9k+ corn]'4 ,9 half a m9ute %e w\ld come out & say3 8,oh1 yes1 mamma1 ,i h ?\ght ab\t x & ,i w d x04 ,?is /rikes me z an admirable comb9ation ( regulative sugge/ion ) ex]cise ( ! "y w 9 moral decision4 ,x gave ! *ild ! consci\sness ( us+ h] own w1 & yet ma9ta9$ ! ne$$ measure ( guidance & control4 ,z ! moral consci\sness develops & new problems arise1 new op5+s = su* sugge/ive guidance w (f] !mselves4 ,h[ valuable1 = example1 is ! "m's enc\ragem5t ( ! weakly *ild1 %r9k+ f a difficult self-repressive action1 :5 %e says ) inspir+ voice3 #8,y c d x if y try'4 ,?us pilot-l %e conducts ! little navigator out into ! op5 ma9 ( duty :]e he w h to /e] himself4 ,i h tri$ to %[ t ! moral tra9+ ( *ildr5 is n beyond human p[]s4 ,x has its /rong supports 9 *ild-nature1 & ^!1 :5 !re are wisdom & me?od on ! rul]'s side1 w secure success4 ,i h n said t ! tra9]'s task is easy4 ,s f> f ?9k+ ?is1 ,i hold t a "m :o bravely faces ! problem1 nei!r ab&on+ ! wayw>d w to its own devices1 nor1 h>dly less weakly1 h&+ ov] ! task ( discipl9+ x to a paid sub/itute1 & :o by well-consid]$ & /eadfa/ ef=t succe$s 9 approa*+ ! p]fection ,i h h9t$ at1 comb9+ ! wise rul] ) ! t5d] & companionable p>5t1 is among ! few memb]s ( our species :o are entitl$ to its rev]5ce4 ,,ix4 ,,! ,,*ild ,,z ,,arti/4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+1 p]haps also "o ( ! mo/ in/ructive1 phases ( *ild-life is ! beg9n+s ( art-activity4 ,?is has be5 recognis$ by "o ( ! be/-kn[n work]s 9 ! field ( *ild-psy*ology1 ,m4 ,b]n>d ,p]ez1 :o has treat$ ! subject 9 an int]e/+ monograph4#aig ,?is dep>tm5t ( our subject w1 l t ( language1 be f\nd to h int]e/+ po9ts ( contact ) ! ph5om5a ( primitive race-culture4 ----- ,footnote #aig3 ,l',art et la ,posie *ez l',enfant1 #ahhh4 ----- ,! art-impulse ( *ildr5 l5ds itself p>ticul>ly well to obs]vation4 ,no d\bt1 z we %all see1 !re are difficulties = ! obs]v] "h4 ,x may sometimes be a f9e po9t to det]m9e :e!r a *ildi% action prop]ly falls "u ! head ( g5u9e art-production1 ?\gh ,i d n ?9k t ?is is a s]i\s difficulty4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! art-impulse :]e x exi/s manife/s itself directly1 & = ! mo/ "p 9 s *>act]i/ic an objective =m t we are able to /udy its features ) special facility4 ,9 its n>r[ s5se z a specialis$ in/9ct prompt+ its possessor to foll[ a def9ite l9e ( production1 z draw+ ( ! arti/ic sort1 or simple musical composition1 ! art-impulse is a p>ticul>ly v>iable ph5om5on ( *ildhood4 ,"s *ildr51 :o aft]w>ds take s]i\sly to a bran* ( art-culture1 manife/ an innate b5t by a precoci\s devotion to ?is l9e ( activity4 ,_m o!rs1 ,i h reason to believe1 h a pass+ fondness = a p>ticul> =m ( art-activity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are _m *ildr5 :o display almo/ a complete lack1 n only ( ! productive impulse1 b ( ! /hetic s5se ( ! arti/4 ,s unc]ta91 s sporadic are ^! appe>ances ( a rudim5t>y art among *ildr5 t "o might be easily l$ to ?9k t art-activity ought n to be reckon$ among _! common *>act]i/ics4 ,to judge s1 h[ev]1 w\ld be to judge errone\sly by apply+ gr[n-up /&>ds4 ,x is commonly recognis$ t art & play are closely connect$4 ,x is probable t ! fir/ crude art ( ! race1 or at lea/ c]ta9 directions ( x1 sprang out ( play-l activities1 & h[ev] ?is be ! lik5esses ( ! two are indisputable4 ,i %all hope to br+ ^! out 9 ! pres5t /udy4 ,?is be+ s1 we are1 ,i conceive1 ju/ifi$ 9 speak+ ( art-impulses z a common *>act]i/ic ( *ildhood4 ,al?\gh we %all f9d _m int]e/+ po9ts ( analogy betwe5 crude *ild-art & primitive race-art1 we mu/ n1 z po9t$ out above1 expect a p]fect p>allelism4 ,9 "s directions1 z draw+1 conc]t$ danc+1 ! sup]ior exp]i5ce1 /r5g? & skill ( ! adult w reveal !mselves1 plac+ *ild-art at a consid]able disadvantage 9 ! comp>ison4 ,contr>iwise1 ! int]v5tion ( ! educator's h& t5ds s]i\sly to modify ! c\rse ( developm5t ( ! *ild's /hetic aptitudes4 ,8 ta/es get act$ ^u f ! fir/ & biass$ 9 ! direction ( adult ta/es4 ,?is modify+ influ5ce ( education %[s itself m especially 9 "o p>ticul>4 ,!re is reason to ?9k t 9 ! developm5t ( ! race ! gr[? ( a feel+ = :at is beautiful 0 a concomitant ( ! gr[? ( ! art-impulse1 ! impulse to adorn ! p]son1 to collect fea!rs & o!r pretty ?+s4 ,n s 9 ! case ( ! *ild4 ,"h we note a c]ta9 gr[? ( ! lik+ = pretty ?+s be=e ! spontane\s art-impulse has _h "t to manife/ itself4 ,mo/ *ildr5 :o h a cultivat$ "m or o!r gu>dian acquire a rudim5t>y appreciation ( :at _! eld]s ?9k beautiful be=e !y d mu* 9 ! way ( art-production4 ,we provide !m ) toys1 pictures1 we s+ to !m & p]haps we ev5 take !m to ! !atre1 & s d our be/ to inoculate !m ) our ideas z to :at is pretty4 ,h5ce ! difficulty--probably ! *ief difficulty--( f9d+ out :at ! *ild-m9d1 left to itself1 does pref]4 ,at ! same "t ! e>ly date at :i* su* /hetic pref]5ces beg9 to manife/ !mselves makes x desirable to /udy !m be=e we g on to consid] ! active side ( *ild-art4 ,we w try z well z we c to extricate ! fir/ manife/ations ( g5u9e *ildi% ta/e4 ,fir/ ,responses to ,natural ,beauty4 ,at ! v beg9n+1 be=e ! educational influ5ce has _h "t to "w1 we c cat* "s ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is *ildi% quasi-/hetic feel+4 ,! directions ( a *ild's obs]vation1 & ( ! movem5ts ( 8 grasp+ arms1 tell u pretty cle>ly :at sort ( ?+s attract & please him4 ,9 ! home sc5e x is bright objects1 su* z ! fire-flame1 ! lamp1 ! play ( ! sunlight on a bit ( glass or a gild$ frame2 out-(-doors1 gli/5+ wat]1 a mead[ :it5$ by daisies1 ! fre% %[ mantle1 lat] ! moon & ! />s1 :i* seem to imp>t to ! dawn+ consci\sness ! fir/ h9t ( ! _w's beauty4 ,lum9osity1 brightness 9 its high] int5sities1 :e!r ! bright rays rea* ! eye directly or are reflect$ f a lu/r\s surface1 ?is makes ! fir/ gladness ( ! eye z x rema9s a *ief s\rce ( ! gladness ( life4 ,! feel+ = col\r z su* comes di/9ctly lat]4 ,! fir/ delight 9 col\r$ objects is h>dly di/+ui%able f ! primordial delight 9 brightness4 ,?is applies pretty manife/ly to ! brightly illum9$1 rose-r$ curta9 :i* ,prey]'s boy greet$ ) signs ( satisfaction at ! age ( tw5ty-?ree days1 & x applies to lat] manife/ations4 ,?us ,prey] f\nd on exp]im5t+ ) 8 boy t[>ds ! end ( ! second ye> z to 8 col\r-discrim9ation t a decid$ pref]5ce 0 %[n = ! bright or lum9\s col\rs1 r$ & yell[4#aih ,mu* ! same ?+ 0 obs]v$ by ,miss ,%9n 9 h] int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! e>ly developm5t ( h] niece's col\r-s5se4#aii ,?us 9 ! tw5ty-eigh? mon? %e %[$ a special fondness = ! daffodils1 ! bright t9ts ( :i* allur$ ano!r & old] maid51 &1 alas6 to ! place :5ce all brightness 0 bani%$4 ,ab\t ! same "t ! *ild conceiv$ a fondness = a yell[ g[n ( h] aunt1 /rongly object+ to ! sub/itution = x ( a br[n dress4 ,among ! o!r col\r$ objects :i* captivat$ ! eye ( ?is little girl 7 a pat* ( :ite *]ry blossom1 & a r$ sun-set sky4 ,su* obs]vations might easily be multipli$4 ,:it5ess1 x is to be not$1 comes1 z we might expect1 ) bright p>tial col\rs1 among ! fir/ fav\rites4#bjj ----- ,footnote #aih3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #g & p4 #aa f4 ,footnote #aii3 ,notes on ! ,developm5t ( a ,*ild1 p4 #ia ff4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,cf4 ,p]ez1 ,l',art et la ,posie *ez l',enfant1 p4 #da ff4 ----- ,at :at age a *ild beg9s to appreciate ! value ( col\r z col\r1 to l blue or r$1 = its own sake & ap>t f its brightness1 x is h>d to say4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,prey]1 ,b9et1 ,baldw91 & o!rs1 z to ! discrim9ation ( col\r1 are h>dly conclusive z to special lik+s1 ?\gh ,baldw9's plan ( gett+ ! *ild to rea* out = col\rs ?r[s a c]ta9 light on ?is po9t4 ,accord+ to ,baldw9 blue is "o ( ! fir/ col\rs to be s+l$ out2 b he does n tell u h[ ! col\rs he us$ 7:i* did n1 un=tunately1 include yell[--! *ild's fav\rite accord+ to o!r obs]v]s7 7 relat$ 9 po9t ( lum9osity4#bja ----- ,footnote #bja3 ,see ,baldw9's two articles on #8,a ,new ,me?od ( ,*ild-/udy' 9 ,sci5ce1 ,april1 #ahic1 & 8 volume1 ,m5tal ,developm5t 9 ! ,*ild & ! ,race4 ----- ,no d\bt a *ild ( ?ree or f\r is apt to conceive a special lik+ = a p>ticul> col\r :i* fav\rite he is wont to appropriate z #8my col\r'4 ,a collection ( su* p]fectly spontane\s pref]5ces is a desid]atum 9 ! /udy ( ! fir/ manife/ations ( a feel+ = col\r4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 9 obs]v+ ^! selections to elim9ate ! effects ( association1 & ! un9t5tional influ5ce ( example & au?ority1 z :5 a *ild takes to a p>ticul> col\r because x is #8mamma's col\r1' t is1 ! "o %e appe>s to affect 9 h] dress & o!rwise4 ,! values ( ! sev]al col\rs probably disclose !mselves 9 close connexion ) t ( col\r-contra/4 ,_m ( ! lik+s ( a *ild ( ?ree 9 ! matt] ( fl[]s1 birds1 dresses1 & s on1 are cle>ly traceable to a gr[+ pleasure 9 col\r-contra/4 ,"h aga9 we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 a true *romatic & a m]ely lum9\s effect4 ,! d>k blue sky %[+ itself 9 a break 9 ! :ite cl\ds1 "o ( ! col\r$ spectacles :i* delight$ ,miss ,%9n's niece1 may h ow$ mu* ( its attractiv5ess to ! contra/ ( light & d>k4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to exp]im5t ) *ildr5 ( ?ree ) a view to det]m9e :e!r & h[ f> *romatic contra/ pleases :5 x /&s alone1 & is n support$ by t ( *i>oscuro4 ,i h reason to believe t *ildr51 l ! less cultivat$ adults1 pref] juxtapositions ( col\rs :i* lie f> f "o ano!r 9 ! col\r-circle1 z blue & r$ or blue & yell[4 ,x is sometimes said t ! practice & ! hi/ory ( pa9t+ %[ blue & r$ to be a m pleas+ comb9ation ?an t ( ! complem5t>y col\rs1 blue & yell[4 ,x w\ld be well to te/ *ildr5's feel+ on ?is matt]4 ,x w\ld be necess>y 9 ?is inquiry to see t ! *ild did n select = comb9ation a p>ticul> col\r z blue or yell[ = its own sake1 & indep5d5tly ( its relation to its companion--a po9t n v easy to det]m9e4 ,c>e w\ld h to be tak5 to elim9ate fur!r ! influ5ce ( au?ority z op]at+1 n only by in/ruct+ ! *ild :at comb9ations are be/1 b by sett+ models ( comb9ation1 9 ! habitual arrangem5ts ( dress & s =?4 ,?is too w\ld probably prove to be a condition n easy to satisfy4#bjb ----- ,footnote #bjb3 ,! influ5ce ( su* au?ority is especially evid5t 9 ! selection ( h>moni\s %ades ( col\r = dress1 etc4 ,cf4 ,miss ,%9n1 op4 cit41 p4 #ie4 ----- ,i h dwelt at "s l5g? on ! fir/ g]ms ( col\r-appreciation1 because ?is is ! "o feature ( ! *ild's /hetic s5se :i* has s f> l5t itself to def9ite exp]im5tal inve/igation4 ,x is v diff]5t :5 we turn to ! fir/ appreciation ( =m4 ,t little *ildr5 h _! lik+s 9 ! matt] ( =m1 is1 ,i ?9k1 indisputable1 b !y are n ^? ( ! cultivat$ adult4 ,a q small *ild w admire ! ar* ( a ra9b[1 & ! r\ndness ( a kitt5's =m1 ?\gh 9 ^! in/ances ! delight 9 =m is f> f pure4 ,m cle>ly m>k$ is ! appreciation ( pretty graceful movem5ts1 z a kitt5's b\nd+s4 ,p]haps ! fir/ wak+ up to ! graces ( =m takes place 9 connexion ) ?is delight 9 ! =ms ( motion1 a delight :i* at fir/ is a mix$ feel+1 involv+ ! int]e/ 9 all motion z sugge/ive ( life1 to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made4 ,d n all ( u1 inde$1 t5d to translate our impressions ( /ill =ms back into ^! fir/ impressions ( ! =ms ( motion8 ,"o noticeable feature 9 ! *ild's fir/ response to ! attractions ( =m is ! pref]5ce giv5 to #8t9y' ?+s4 ,! lik+ = small natural =ms1 birds1 insects1 %ells1 & s =?1 & ! prom95ce ( su* epi!ts z #8wee1' #8t9y' or #8te5y1' #8de> little1' 9 ! *ild's vocabul>y alike illu/rate ?is e>ly direction ( ta/e4 ,?is feel+ aga9 is a mix$ "o2 = ! *ild's int]e/ 9 v small fragile-look+ ?+s has 9 x an elem5t ( c>ess+ t5d]ness :i* aga9 conta9s a t\* ( fell[-feel+4 ,?is is b "o illu/ration ( ! g5]al rule ( /hetic developm5t 9 ! case ( ! individual & ( ! race alike t a pure contemplative delight 9 ! aspect ( ?+s only gradually deta*es itself f a mix$ feel+4 ,if n[ we turn to ! high] aspects ( =m1 regul>ity ( outl9e1 symmetry1 proportion1 we enc\nt] a difficulty4 ,_m *ildr5 acquire :ile q "y & be=e any =mal education comm5ces a c]ta9 feel+ = regul>ity & symmetry4 ,b is ?is ! result ( a m]e obs]vation ( natural or o!r =ms8 ,"h ! circum/ances ( ! *ild become important4 ,he lives among ^? :o insi/ on ^! features 9 ! daily activities ( ! home4 ,9 lay+ ! clo? ( ! d9n]-table1 = example1 a *ild sees ! regul> division ( space en=c$ z a law4 ,e "t he is dress$1 or sees 8 "m dress1 he has an object-lesson 9 symmetrical arrangem5t4 ,& s ^! features take on a k9d ( e?ical rightness be=e !y are judg$ z elem5ts ( /hetic value4 ,z to a s5se ( proportion betwe5 ! dim5sions or p>ts ( a =m1 ! reflexion t ?is involves a degree ( intellectuality above ! rea* ( _m an adult might sugge/ t x is n to be expect$ f a small *ild2 & ?is conjecture w be borne out :5 we come to exam9e *ildr5's fir/ essays 9 draw+4 ,^! elem5t>y pleasures ( light1 col\r1 & c]ta9 simple aspects ( =m1 may be said to be ! basis ( a crude p]ception ( beauty 9 natural objects & 9 ! products ( human workman%ip4 ,a q small *ild is capable ( acquir+ a real admiration = a beautiful lady1 9 ! appreciation ( :i* brightness1 col\r1 grace ( movem5t1 ! spl5d\r ( dress1 all h _! "p1 :ile ! *>m = ! eye is (t5 re9=c$ by a sweet & w9some quality ( voice4 ,su* an admiration is n p]fectly /hetic3 awe1 an inkl+ ( ! social dignity ( dress1#bjc p]haps a long+ to be embrac$ by ! *>m]1 may all ent] into x2 yet a g5u9e admiration ( look = its own sake is ! core ( ! feel+4 ,9 o!r *ildi% admirations1 z ! girl's en?usia/ic wor%ip ( ! newly arriv$ baby1 we see a true /hetic s5tim5t m+l$ ) & /ruggl+1 s to speak1 to extricate itself f su* #8int]e/$' feel+s z s5se ( p]sonal enri*m5t by ! new possession & ( family pride4 ,9 ! lik+s = animals1 aga91 :i* (t5 take :at seem to u caprici\s & qua9t directions1 we may see rudim5ts ( /hetic p]ceptions half hidd5 "u a lively s5se ( absolute lord%ip temp]$ ) affection4 ----- ,footnote #bjc3 ,on ! nature ( ! e>ly feel+ = dress see ,p]ez1 ,l',art et la ,posie *ez l',enfant4 ----- ,p]haps ! ne>e/ approa* to a pure /hetic enjoym5t 9 ^! fir/ exp]i5ces is ! love ( fl[]s4 ,! wee r\nd wond]s ) _! my/]y ( velvety col\r are well fitt$ to take captive ! "y eye4 ,i believe mo/ *ildr5 :o live among fl[]s & h access to !m acquire some?+ ( ?is s5tim5t1 a s5tim5t ( admiration = beautiful ?+s ) :i* a sort ( dumb *ildi% sympa?y commonly bl5ds4 ,no d\bt !re are m>k$ diff]5ces among *ildr5 "h4 ,!re are "s :o c>e only1 or ma9ly1 = _! sc5t1 & ! /rong s5sibilities ( ! olfactory organ appe> to h a good deal to d ) e>ly pref]5ces & prejudices 9 ! matt] ( fl[]s4#bjd ,o!rs aga9 c>e = !m ma9ly z a means ( p]sonal adornm5t1 ?\gh ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t ?is p>tially int]e/$ fondness is less common ) *ildr5 ?an ) _m adults4 ,x is sometimes said t ! love ( fl[]s is1 9 ! ma91 a *>act]i/ic ( girls4 ,i ?9k h[ev] t if "o takes *ildr5 e>ly en\gh1 be=e a consci\sness ( sex & ( its proprieties has be5 all[$ to develop "u education1 ! diff]5ce w be b slight4 ,little boys ( f\r or !reab\ts (t5 %[ a v lively s5tim5t ( admiration = ^! gems ( ! plant _w4 ----- ,footnote #bjd3 ,see ,p]ez1 ,l',art et la ,posie *ez l',enfant1 p4 #ij f4 ----- ,9 mu* ( ?is fir/ crude utt]ance ( ! /hetic s5se ( ! *ild we h po9ts ( contact ) ! fir/ manife/ations ( ta/e 9 ! race4 ,delight 9 bright gli/5+ ?+s1 9 gay t9ts1 9 /rong contra/s ( col\r1 z well z 9 c]ta9 =ms ( movem5t1 z t ( fea!rs--! fav\rite p]sonal adornm5t--?is is kn[n to be *>act]i/ic ( ! savage & gives to 8 ta/e 9 ! eyes ( civilis$ man ! look ( *ildi%ness4 ,on ! o!r h& x is d\btful :e!r ! savage atta9s to ! s5tim5t ( ! *ild = ! beauty ( fl[]s4 ,our civilis$ surr\nd+s1 mead[s & g>d5s1 z well z ! con/ant action ( ! educative =ces ( example1 soon c>ry ! *ild beyond ! savage 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,h[ f> c *ildr5 be said to h ! g]m ( a feel+ = nature1 or1 to use ! m compreh5sive mod]n t]m1 cosmic emotion8 ,x is a matt] ( common obs]vation t !y h n ! p[] to embrace a multitude ( ?+s 9 a s+le act ( contemplation4 ,h5ce !y h no feel+ = l&scape z a h>moni\s complex ( picturesquely v>i$ p>ts4 ,:5 !y are tak5 to see a #8view' _! eye in/ead ( try+ to embrace ! :ole1 z a fond p>5t desires1 provok+ly p\nces on "s s+le feature ( int]e/1 & (t5 "o ( b little /hetic value4 ,p make a great mi/ake 9 tak+ *ildr5 to #8po9ts ( view' "u ! supposition t !y w %>e 9 gr[n p's impressions4 ,p]ez relates t "s *ildr5 tak5 to ! ,pic du ,midi f\nd _! *ief pleasure 9 scrambl+ up ! peak & say+ t !y 7 on donkeys4#bje ,m]e magnitude or va/ness ( spectacle does n appeal to ! *ild1 = a s5se ( ! sublime gr[s out ( a complex imag9ative process :i* is beyond 8 "y p[]s4 ,s f> z imm5sity affects him at all1 z 9 ! case ( ! sea1 x seems to excite a measure ( dread 9 face ( ! unkn[n2 & ?is feel+1 ?\gh hav+ a c]ta9 k9%ip ) ! emotion ( sublimity1 is di/9ct f ?is la/4 ,x has no?+ ( ! joy\s consci\sness ( expansion :i* ent]s into ! lat] feel+4 ,x is only to c]ta9 limit$ objects & features ( nature t ! *ild is /hetically responsive4 ,he kn[s ! lovel9ess ( ! gild$ spr+ mead[1 ! fasc9ation ( ! sunlit /ream1 ! awful my/]y ( ! wood1 & some?+ too p]haps ( ! calm+ beauty ( ! broad blue sky4 ,t is to say1 he has a numb] ( small rootlets :i* :5 !y gr[ toge!r w develop into a feel+ = nature4 ----- ,footnote #bje3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #ajc4 ----- ,"h1 too1 ! analogy betwe5 ! *ild & ! uncultur$ nature-man is evid5t4 ,! savage has no /hetic s5tim5t = nature z a :ole1 ?\gh he may feel ! *>m ( "s ( h] s+le features1 a /ream1 a m\nta91 ! />-spangl$ sky1 & may ev5 be affect$ by "s ( ! awful aspects ( h] *ang+ physiognomy4 ,are we n told1 inde$1 t a true /hetic appreciation ( ! picturesque v>iety ( nature's sc5es ( ! weird *>m ( wild places1 & ( ! sublime fasc9ations ( ! awful & repell5t m\nta91 are q late atta9m5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( our race8#bjf ----- ,footnote #bjf3 ,an excell5t sket* ( ! gr[? ( our feel+ = ! romantic & sublime beauty ( m\nta9s is giv5 by ,mr4 ,leslie ,/eph5 9 "o ( ! mo/ delightful ( 8 works1 ,! ,playgr\nd ( ,europe4 ----- ,e>ly ,attitude t[>ds ,art4 ,we may n[ look at ! *ild's attitude t[>ds ^? objects & processes ( human art :i* f ! fir/ =m "p ( 8 environm5t & make an educative appeal to 8 s5ses2 & "h we may beg9 ) ^? simple musical effects :i* foll[ up c]ta9 impressions d]iv$ f ! natural _w4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out t s\nds =m a *ief s\rce ( ! little *ild-he>t's fir/ trepidations4 ,yet ?is prolific cause ( disquietude1 :5 once ! fir/ al>m+ effect ( /rang5ess has pass$1 becomes a ma9 s\rce ( int]e/ & delight4 ,"s ( nature's s\nds1 z ^? ( runn+ wat]1 & ( ! w9d1 e>ly cat* ! e>1 & excite wond] & curiosity4 ,miss ,%9n illu/rates fully 9 ! case ( h] niece h[ ! int]e/ 9 s\nds develop$ itself 9 ! fir/ ye>s4#bjg ,?is pleasure 9 li/5+ to s\nds & 9 trac+ !m to _! orig9 =ms a *ief pa/ime ( babyhood4 ----- ,footnote #bjg3 ,op cit41 p4 #aae ff4 ----- /hetic pleasure 9 s\nd beg9s to be diff]5tiat$ out ( ?is g5]al int]e/ z soon z !re arises a comp>ison ( qualities & a developm5t ( pref]5ces4 ,?us ! s\nd ( metal 7:5 /ruck7 is pref]r$ to t ( wood or /one4 ,a nasc5t feel+ = musical quality ?us em]ges :i* probably has its "p 9 _m ( ! fir/ lik+s = p]sons2 c]ta9 pit*es1 z ^? ( ! female voice1 & possibly timbres be+ pref]r$ to o!rs4 ,q z soon1 at lea/1 z ?is feel+ = quality ( s\nd or tone1 !re manife/s itself a crude lik+ = rhy?mic sequ5ce4 ,x is commonly recognis$ t our pleasure 9 regul>ly recurr+ s\nds is in/9ctive1 be+ ! result ( our :ole n]v\s organisation4 ,we c bett] adapt successive acts ( li/5+ :5 s\nds foll[ at regul> int]vals1 & ! movem5ts :i* s\nds evoke c be mu* bett] c>ri$ out 9 a regul> sequ5ce4 ,! infant %[s u ?is 9 8 well-kn[n lik+ = well-m>k$ rhy?ms 9 tunes :i* he accompanies ) suitable movem5ts ( ! arms1 head1 etc4 ,! fir/ lik+s = musical composition are bas$ on ?is in/9ctive feel+ = rhy?m4 ,x is ! simple tunes1 ) well-m>k$ easily recognisable "t-divisions1 :i* fir/ take ! *ild's fancy1 & he kn[s ! quiet+ & ! excit+ qualities ( diff]5t rhy?ms & times4 ,:]e rhy?m is less m>k$1 or gr[s highly complex1 ! motor responses be+ confus$1 ! pleasurable int]e/ decl9es4 ,x is ! same ) ! rhy?mic qualities ( v]ses4 ,! j+l+ rhy?ms :i* _! s\ls love are ( simple /ructure1 ) %ort feet well m>k$ (f1 z 9 ! fav\rite1 #8,jack & ,gill'4 ,com+ n[ to art z repres5tative we f9d t a *ild's /hetic appreciation waits on ! gr[? ( intellig5ce1 on ! und]/&+ ( arti/ic repres5tation z contra/$ ) a direct pres5tation ( reality4 ,! developm5t ( an und]/&+ ( visual repres5tation or ! imag+ ( ?+s has already be5 t\*$ ^u4 ,z ,p]ez po9ts out1 ! fir/ lesson 9 ?is bran* ( k is suppli$ by ! reflexions ( ! mirror1 :i*1 z we h se51 ! infant beg9s to take = realities1 ?\gh he soon comes to und]/& t !y are n tangible realities4 ,! look+-glass is ! be/ means ( elucidat+ ! repres5tative function ( ! image or #8,bild' j because x pres5ts ?is image 9 close proximity to ! reality1 & s invites direct comp>ison ) ?is4 ,9 ! case ( pictures :]e ?is direct comp>ison is exclud$ we might expect a less rapid recognition ( ! repres5tative function4 ,yet *ildr5 %[ v e>ly t picture-semblances are und]/ood 9 ! s5se t !y call =? reactions simil> to ^? call$ =? by realities4 ,a little boy 0 obs]v$ to talk to pictures at ! end ( ! eigh? mon?4 ,?is p]haps h>dly am\nt$ to recognition4 ,pollock says t ! significance ( pictures 80 9 a g5]al way und]/ood0 by 8 little girl at ! age ( ?irte5 mon?s4#bjh ,miss ,%9n tells u t h] niece1 at ! age ( =ty-two weeks1 %[$ ! same excitem5t at ! sight ( a life-size pa9t+ ( a cat z at t ( real cats4#bji ,t5 mon?s is also giv5 me by a lady z ! date at :i* h] little boy recognis$ pictures ( animals by nam+ !m #8b[-w[1' etc41 )\t be+ prompt$4 ----- ,footnote #bjh3 ,m9d1 iii41 p4 #cic4 ,footnote #bji3 ,notes on ! ,developm5t ( a ,*ild1 i41 p4 #ga f4 ----- ,?is e>ly recognition ( pictures is c]ta9ly rem>kable ev5 :5 we rememb] t animals h ! g]m ( x4 ,! /ories ( recognition by birds ( pa9t+s ( birds1 & by dogs ( portraits ( p]sons1 h to d ) fairly l>ge & f9i%$ pa9t+s4#baj ,a *ild1 h[ev]1 w #8recognise' a small & r\ghly execut$ draw+4 ,he seems 9 ?is respect to surpass ! p[]s ( savages1 "s ( :om1 at lea/1 are said to be sl[ 9 recognis+ pictorial semblances4 ,?is p[]1 :i* includes a delicate obs]vation ( =m & an acute s5se ( lik5ess1 is se5 mo/ /rik+ly 9 ! recognition ( individual portraits4 ,miss ,%9n's niece 9 h] f\rte5? mon? pick$ out h] fa!r's face 9 a gr\p ( n9e1 ! face be+ sc>cely m ?an a qu>t] ( an in* 9 diamet]4#baa ,i notic$ ! same f95ess ( recognition 9 my own *ildr54 ----- ,footnote #baj3 ,see ,romanes1 ,animal ,intellig5ce1 pp4 #caa & #dec ff4 ,! only exception is a photograph :i* is said to h be5 #8l>ge1' p4 #dec4 ,footnote #baa3 ,op4 cit41 i41 p4 #gd4 ----- ,"o po9t 9 ?is e>ly obs]vation ( pictures is curi\s en\gh to call = especial rem>k4 ,a fri5d ( m9e1 a psy*ologi/1 writes to me t 8 little girl1 ag$ ?ree & a half1 8does n m9d :e!r %e looks at a picture ! "r way up or ! wrong2 %e po9ts out :at y ask =1 eyes1 feet1 h&s1 tail1 etc41 ab\t equally well :i*ev] way up ! picture is1 & nev] asks to h x put "r t %e may see x bett]04 ,! same ?+ 0 notic$ 9 ! o!r *ildr5 ( ! family1 & ! "m tells me t h] "m obs]v$ x 9 h] *ildr54 ,i h f\nd a fur!r illu/ration ( ?is indiff]5ce to ! position ( a picture 9 ! two *ildr5 ( ano!r fri5d ( m9e4 ,pr(essor ,petrie tells me t he once wat*$ an ,arab boy look+ at a picture-book4 ,"o1 a draw+ ( horses & *>iot1 happ5$ to h a diff]5t position f ! re/1 s t ! book be+ held z be=e1 ! horses seem$ to be go+ upw>ds2 b ! boy 0 n 9 ! lea/ incommod$1 & )\t attempt+ to turn ! book r\nd easily made x out4 ,^! facts are curi\s z illu/rat+ ! skill ( ! "y eye 9 deciph]+4 ,!y may possibly h a fur!r significance z %[+ h[ :at we call position--! arrangem5t ( a =m 9 relation to a v]tical l9e--is a comp>atively artificial view ( :i* a *ild z yet takes little if any acc\nt4 ,he may be able to conc5trate 8 att5tion s well on =m prop] t he is indiff]5t to ! po9t h[ ! =m is plac$4 ,yet ?is matt] is "o :i* well des]ves fur!r inve/igation4#bab ----- ,footnote #bab3 ,pr(essor ,petrie rem9ds me t a l abs5ce ( ! p]ception ( position %[s itself 9 ! way 9 :i* lett]s are drawn 9 e>ly ,greek & ,phnician writ+s4 ----- ,a fur!r "q arises z to :e!r ?is #8recognition' ( pictures by *ildr5 t[>ds ! end ( ! fir/ ye> necess>ily implies a grasp ( ! idea ( a picture1 t is1 ( a repres5tation or copy ( some?+4 ,! fir/ reactions ( a *ild1 smil+1 etc41 on see+ mirror-images & pictures1 d n seem to %[ ?is1 b m]ely t he is affect$ mu* z he w\ld be by ! pres5ce ( ! real object1 or1 at mo/1 t he recognises ! picture z a k9d ( ?+4 ,! same is1 ,i ?9k1 true ( ! s-call$ recognition ( pictures by animals4 ,t *ildr5 d n1 at fir/1 seize ! pictorial or repres5tative function is se5 9 ! famili> fact t !y w t\* pictures z !y t\* %ad[s & o!rwise treat !m z if !y 7 tangible realities4 ,?us ,pollock's little girl attempt$ to smell at ! trees 9 a picture & #8pret5d$' to fe$ "s pictorial dogs4 ,:5 ! fir/ cle> appreh5sion ( ! pictorial function is rea*$1 x is difficult to say4 ,miss ,%9n ?\ght t h] niece 8und]/ood ! purport ( a picture q well0 at ! age ( =ty-five weeks4 ,%e draws ?is conclusion f ! fact t at ?is date ! *ild 9 answ] to ! "q #8,:]e are ! fl[]s8' lean$ ov] & t\*$ ! pa9t$ fl[]s on h] aunt's g[n1 & !n look$ out to ! g>d5 ) a cry ( desire4#bac ,b ?is inf]5ce seems to me v risky4 ,all t ! *ild's behavi\r proves is t %e #8class$' real & pa9t$ fl[]s toge!r1 :ile %e recognis$ ! sup]iority ( ! =m] z ! tangible & probably ! odor\s ones4 ,! /ronge/ evid5ce ( recognition ( pictorial function by *ildr5 is1 ,i ?9k1 _! ability to recognise ! portrait ( an individual4 ,b ev5 ?is is n q satisfactory4 ,x is conceivable1 at lea/1 t a *ild may look on a photograph ( 8 fa!r z a k9d ( #8d\ble'4 ,! boy ,c4 took 8 project$ photograph v s]i\sly z a k9d ( d\bl+ ( himself4 ,! /ory ( ! dog1 a ,d&y ,d9mont t]ri]1 t trembl$ & b>k$ at a portrait ( 8 dead mi/ress#bad seems to me to be> ?is out4 ,x w\ld surely be r absurd to say t ! demon/rations ( ?is animal1 :atev] !y may h meant1 prove t he took ! portrait to be a mem5to-lik5ess ( 8 dead mi/ress4 ----- ,footnote #bac3 ,op4 cit41 i41 p4 #gb4 ,footnote #bad3 ,romanes1 op4 cit41 p4 #dec4 ----- ,we are apt to =get h[ difficult & ab/ract a conception is t ( pictorial repres5tation1 h[ h>d x is to look at a ?+ z pure semblance hav+ no value 9 itself1 b only z /&+ = some?+ else4 ,a l sl[ness on ! "p ( ! *ild to grasp a sign1 z su*1 %[s itself "h z 9 ! case ( v]bal symbols4 ,*ildr5 w1 q late1 especially :5 feel+ is ar\s$ & imag9ation specially active1 %[ a disposition to trans=m ! semblance into ! ?+4 ,miss ,%9n h]self po9ts out t h] niece1 :o seems to h be5 decid$ly quick1 0 z late z ! tw5ty-fif? mon? t\*$ ) pity by a picture ( a lamb caught 9 a ?icket1 & tri$ to lift ! pa9t$ bran* t lay across ! lamb4 ,9 h] ?irty-fif? mon?1 aga91 :5 look+ at a picture ( a *amois def5d+ h] little "o f an eagle1 8%e ask$ anxi\sly if ! mamma w\ld drive ! eagle away1 & pres5tly q simply & unconsci\sly plac$ h] little h& edgewise on ! picture s z to make a f5ce betwe5 ! eagle & ! *amois04#bae ,su* ready confusion ( pictures ) realities %[s itself 9 ! f\r? ye> & lat]4 ,a boy ne>ly five 0 obs]v$ to /rike at ! figures 9 a picture & to exclaim3 8,i c't break !m04 ,! ,worce/] ,collection ( obs]vations illu/rates ! fir/ confus$ idea ( a picture4 8,"o day ,f41 a boy ( f\r1 call$ on a fri5d1 ,mrs4 ,c41 :o _h j receiv$ a picture1 repres5t+ a sc5e 9 w9t]1 9 :i* p 7 go+ to *ur*1 "s on foot & o!rs 9 sleighs4 ,f4 0 told :i!r !y 7 go+4 ,! next day he came & notic$ ! picture1 & look+ at ,mrs4 ,c4 & !n at ! picture said3 #8,:y1 ,mrs4 ,c41 !m p hav5't got !re yet1 h !y8'0 ----- ,footnote #bae3 ,op4 cit41 ii41 p4 #ajd4 ----- ,all ?is po9ts1 ,i ?9k1 to a sl[ & gradual em]g5ce ( ! idea ( repres5tation or lik5ess4 ,if a *ild is capable 9 mom5ts ( int5se imag9ation ( confus+ 8 batt]$ doll ) a liv+ reality1 he may be expect$ to act simil>ly ) respect to ! full] lik5ess ( a picture4 ,vividness ( imag9ation t5ds 9 ! *ild z 9 ! savage1 & inde$ 9 all ( u1 to inve/ a semblance ) some?+ ( reality4 ,we are able to control ! illusory t5d5cy & to keep x )9 ! limits ( an /hetic semi-illusion2 n s ! *ild4 ,is x too fanciful to suppose t ! belief ( ! savage 9 ! occasional visits ( ! real _s-god to 8 idol has = its psy*ological motive ! impulse :i* prompts ! *ild ev] & aga9 to id5tify 8 toys & ev5 8 pictures ) ! realities :i* !y repres5t8 ,z might be expect$ ?is impulse to confuse repres5tation & repres5t$ reality %[s itself v di/9ctly 9 ! fir/ reception ( dramatic spectacle4 ,if y dress up z ,fa!r ,*ri/mas1 y\r *ild1 ev5 ?\gh he is told t y are 8 fa!r1 w h>dly be able to resi/ ! illusion t y\r disguise s p[]fully induces4 ,cuvi] relates t a boy ( t5 on wat*+ a /age sc5e 9 :i* troops 7 drawn up = action1 broke out 9 l\d prote/ations to ! actor :o 0 tak+ ! "p ( ! g5]al1 tell+ him t ! artill]y 0 wrongly plac$1 & s =?4#baf ,?is rem9ds "o ( ! /ory ( ! sailors :o on a visit to a !atre happ5$ to see a repres5tation ( a mut9y on bo>d %ip1 & 7 s excit$ t !y ru%$ on ! /age & took sides ) ! au?orities 9 quell+ ! movem5t4 ----- ,footnote #baf3 ,quot$ by ,p]ez1 op4 cit41 p4 #baf4 ----- ,i believe t ?is same t5d5cy to take art-repres5tations = realities reappe>s 9 *ildr5's m5tal attitude t[>ds /ories4 ,a /ory by its n>rative =m seems to tell ( real ev5ts1 & *ildr51 z we all "k1 are wont to believe t5aci\sly t _! /ories are true4 ,i ?9k ,i h obs]v$ a disposition 9 imag9ative *ildr5 to g beyond ?is1 & to give pres5t actuality to ! sc5es & ev5ts describ$4 ,& ?is is little to be wond]$ at :5 "o rememb]s t ev5 gr[n p1 famili> ) ! devices ( art-imitation1 t5d n[ & aga9 to fall into ?is confusion4 ,only a few days ago1 z ,i 0 read+ an acc\nt by a fri5d ( m9e ( a p]il\s passage 9 an ,alp9e asc5t1 accompli%$ ye>s ago1 ,i sudd5ly caught myself 9 ! attitude ( propos+ to %\t out to /op him f v5tur+ f>!r4 ,a vivid imag9ative realisation ( ! situation _h made x = ! mom5t a pres5t actuality4 ,c>eful obs]vations ( ! fir/ attitudes ( ! *ild-m9d t[>ds repres5tative art are greatly ne$$4 ,we %\ld probably f9d consid]able div]sity ( behavi\r4 ,! pres5ce ( a true art-feel+ w\ld be indicat$ by a special quickness 9 ! appreh5sion ( art-semblance z su*4 ,9 ^! fir/ reactions ( ! "y m9d to ! /imulus ( art-pres5tation we may /udy o!r aspects ( ! /hetic aptitude4 ,v qua9t & int]e/+ is ! exact+ realism ( ^! fir/ appreciations4 ,a *ild is apt to insi/ on a p]fect detail$ reproduction ( ! famili> reality4 ,& "h "o may (t5 trace ! f9e obs]vation ( ^! e>ly ye>s4 ,li/51 = example1 to ! talk ( ! little critic be=e a draw+ ( a horse or a railway tra91 & y w be surpris$ to f9d h[ closely & m9utely he has /udi$ ! =ms ( ?+s4 ,x is ! same ) o!r modes ( art-repres5tation4 ,p]ez gives an amus+ in/ance ( a boy1 ag$ f\r1 :o :5 tak5 to a play 0 %ock$ at ! anomaly ( a *amb]-maid t\*+ glasses ) h] ma/] on a fte day4 8,9 our home10 exclaim$ ! /ickl] = regul>ities1 to ! great amusem5t ( ! neighb\rs1 8we don't let ! nurse dr9k l t40#bag ,x is ! same ) /ory4 ,*ildr5 are liable to be morally hurt if any?+ is describ$ greatly at v>iance ) ! daily cu/om4 /hetic rightness is z yet confus$ ) moral rightness or social propriety1 :i*1 z we h se51 has its in/9ctive support 9 ! *ild's m9d 9 respect = cu/om4 ----- ,footnote #bag3 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #bae1 #baf4 ----- ,c>eful obs]vation w disclose 9 ^! fir/ frankly express$ impressions ! special directions ( *ildi% ta/e4 ,! pref]5ces ( a boy ( f\r 9 ! matt] ( picture-books tell u :]e 8 special int]e/s lie1 :at ?+s he f9ds pretty1 & h[ mu* ( a g5u9e /hetic faculty he is likely to develop lat] on4 ,"h1 aga91 !re is ample room = m c>eful /udies direct$ to ! detection ( ! fir/ manife/ations ( a pure delight 9 ?+s z beautiful1 z *>m+ at once ! s5ses & ! imag9ation4 ,! fir/ appe>ances ( t complex int]e/ 9 life & p]sonality :i* fills s l>ge a place 9 our /hetic pleasures c be be/ not$ 9 ! behavi\r ( ! *ild's m9d t[>ds dramatic spectacle & /ory4 ,! awful ec/atic delight ) :i* a *ild is apt to greet any mov+ semblance c>ry+ ) x ! look ( life & action is some?+ :i* "s ( u1 l ,goe!1 c recall among our olde/ memories4 ,! old-fa%ion$ mov+ #8,s*att5-bild]1' = :i* ! gaudy b rigid pictures ( ! magic lant]n are b a poor sub/itute1 ! puppet-%[1 ) :at a delici\s wond] h ^! fill$ ! *ildi% he>t4 ,& z to ! entranc+1 en?rall+ delight ( ! /ory--well ,?ack]ay & o!rs h tri$ to describe ?is = u4 ,( v special int]e/ 9 ^! e>ly manife/ations ( a feel+ = art is ! appe>ance ( a crude =m ( ! two emotions to :i* all repres5tations ( life & "* make appeal--! feel+ = ! comic1 & = ! tragic side ( ?+s4 ,:at we may call ! adults fallacy1 ! t5d5cy to judge *ildr5 by gr[n-up /&>ds1 frequ5tly %[s itself 9 an expectation t _! laught] w foll[ ! directions ( our own4 ,i rememb] hav+ made ! mi/ake ( putt+ ^? delightful books1 ,tom ,sawy] & ,huckleb]ry ,f9n1 into ! h&s ( a small boy ) a consid]able s5se ( fun1 & hav+ be5 humiliat$ at discov]+ t !re 0 no response4 ,*ildr5's fun is ( a v elem5tal "*4 ,!y are mo/ly tickl$1 ,i suspect1 by ! spectacle ( "s upsett+ ( ! proprieties1 "s confusion ( ! e/abli%$ di/9ctions ( rank4 ,dress1 z we h se51 has an enorm\s symbolic value = ! *ild's m9d1 & any confusion "h is apt to be specially laught]-provok+4 ,"o *ild betwe5 ?ree & f\r 0 convuls$ at ! sight ( 8 baby bib fa/5$ r\nd ! neck ( 8 be>d$ sire4 ,!re is1 too1 a consid]able elem5t ( r[d9ess 9 *ildr5's s5se ( ! comical1 z may be se5 by ! endur+ popul>ity ( ! spectacle ( ,pun*'s successful misdemean\rs & brav+s ( ! legal au?ority4 ,s9ce *ildr5 are apt to take spectacles ) an exact+ s]i\sness1 x becomes int]e/+ to note h[ ! two moods1 reali/ic /ickl+ = correctness1 & rollick+ hil>ity at ! sight ( ! disord]ly1 behave 9 relation "o to ano!r4 ,m facts are ne$$ on ?is po9t4 ,x is probable t we h "h to d 9 "p ) a p]man5t diff]5ce ( temp]am5t4 ,!re are s]i\s matt]-(-fact little m9ds :i* are %ock$ by a k9d ( spectacle or n>rative t w\ld give b\ndless delight to a m ela/ic fun-lov+ _s4 ,b disc>d+ ^! p]man5t diff]5ces ( disposition1 ,i ?9k t 9 g5]al ! s5se ( fun1 ! delight 9 ! topsy-turv9ess ( ?+s1 is apt to develop lat] ?an ! s]i\s reali/ic attitude already ref]r$ to4 ,"h1 too1 x is probable t ! evolution ( ! individual foll[s t ( ! race3 ! solemnities ( cu/om & ritual weigh s heavily at fir/ on ! savage-m9d t !re is no *ance = sprightly laught] to %[ himself4 ,h[ev] ?is be1 mo/ "y *ildr5 appe> to be unable to appreciate true com$y :]e ! incongru\s co-exi/s ) & takes on "o half ( its *>m f s]i\s surr\nd+s4 ,_! laught] is be/ call$ =? by a broadly f>cical %[ 9 :i* all s]i\s rules are set at n\ght4 ,( no less int]e/ 9 ?is attitude ( ! *ild-m9d t[>ds ! repres5tations by art ( human "* & action are ! fir/ rude manife/ations ( ! feel+ = ! tragic side ( life4 ,a *ild ( f\r or six is f> f realis+ ! div9e necessity :i* controls our mortal lives4 ,yet he w display a c]ta9 crude feel+ = ?rill+ situation1 excit+ adv5ture1 & some?+1 too1 ( a sympa!tic int]e/ 9 ! woes ( mortals1 quadrup$s z well z bip$s4 ,! action1 ! situation1 may easily gr[ too pa9ful = an imag9ative *ild dispos$ to take all repres5tative spectacle z reality3 yet ! absorb+ int]e/ ( ! action :]e ! sadness is be>able atte/s ! e>ly developm5t ( t univ]sal feel+ = ! sorr[ful fatefulness ( ?+s :i* runs ?r\gh all imag9ative writ+s f ! #8p5ny dreadful' upw>ds4 ,beg9n+s ( ,art-production4 ,we h be5 try+ to cat* ! fir/ fa9t manife/ations ( /hetic feel+ 9 *ildr5's contemplative attitude t[>ds natural objects & ! pres5tations ( art4 ,we may n[ pass to :at is a /ill m int]e/+ dep>tm5t ( *ildi% /hetics1 _! fir/ rude attempts at art-production4 ,we are wont to say t *ildr5 are arti/s 9 embryo1 t 9 _! play & _! :ole activity !y manife/ ! g]ms ( ! art-impulse4 ,9 ord] to see :e!r ?is idea is correct we mu/ />t ) a cle> idea ( :at we mean by art-activity4 ,i w\ld def9e art-activity z includ+ all *ildi% do+s :i* are consci\sly direct$ to an ext]nal result recognis$ z beautiful1 z directly pleas+ to s5se & imag9ation4 ,?us a ge/ure1 or an intonation ( voice1 :i* is motiv$ by a feel+ = :at is #8pretty' or #8nice' is a mode ( art-activity z mu* z ! production ( a m p]man5t /hetic object1 z a draw+4 ,n[ if we look at *ildr5's activity we %all f9d t ?\gh mu* ( x implies a c]ta9 g]m ( /hetic feel+ x is n pure art-activity4 ,9 ! love ( p]sonal adornm5t1 = example1 we see1 z 9 ! case ( savages1 ! /hetic motive subord9at$ to ano!r & p]sonal or int]e/$ feel+1 vanity or love ( admiration4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 *ildr5's play1 :i* und\bt$ly has a k9%ip ) art1 we f9d ! /hetic motive1 ! desire to produce some?+ beautiful1 v mu* 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,we h !n to exam9e ^! primitive =ms ( activity s z to try to dis5gage ! g5u9e art-elem5t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ^! e>ly quasi-arti/ic l9es ( activity is t ( p]sonal adornm5t4 ,! impulse to ma9ta9 appe>ances appe>s to rea* f> d[n 9 animal life4 ,! animal's c>e ( its p]son is support$ by two in/9cts1 ! impulse to fright5 or ov]awe o!rs1 & especially ^? :o are1 or are likely to be1 enemies1 illu/rat$ 9 ! rais+ ( fea!rs & hair s z to increase size2 & ! impulse to attract1 :i* probably und]lies ! habit ( trimm+ fea!rs & fur among birds & quadrup$s4 ,^! same impulses are said to lie at ! root ( ! elaborate art ( p]sonal adornm5t develop$ by savages4 ,! an?ropologi/ divides su* ornam5t into allur+ & al>m+1 #8,reizs*muck' & #8,s*recks*muck'4#bah ----- ,footnote #bah3 ,see ,grosse1 ,die ,anfnge d] ,kun/1 pp4 #ajf1 #ajg4 ----- ,9 ! case ( *ildr5's att5tion to p]sonal appe>ance !re is no "q ( trac+ out ! work+s ( a pure in/9ct4 ,! c>e ( ! p]son is be=e all o!r ?+s inculcat$ & en=c$ by o!rs1 & =ms1 inde$1 a ma9 bran* ( ! nurs]y tra9+4 ,to a "m1 z is p]fectly natural1 a *ild is apt to pres5t himself z ! brighte/ ( ! h\sehold ornam5ts1 :i* has to be kept neat & spotless ) ev5 great] c>e ?an ! poli%$ table & o!r pretty ?+s4 ,?is e>ly drill+ is likely to be unpleasant4 ,_m *ildr5 res5t at fir/ n only soap & wat] & ! m]ciless comb1 b ev5 array+s 9 new f9]y4 ,adornm5t is =c$ on ! *ild be=e ! in/9ct has _h "t to develop itself1 & ! mann] ( ! adornm5t does n always accommodate itself to ! natural incl9ations ( ! *ildi% eye4 ,h5ce ! famili> fact t ) *ildr5 ! c>e ( p]sonal appe>ance :5 x is develop$ takes on ! air ( a respect = law4 ,x is m ?an half a moral feel+1 a read9ess to be %ock$ at a brea* ( a cu/om en=c$ f ! fir/ by example & precept4 ,aga91 ! in/9ct ( adornm5t 9 ! *ild is (t5 oppos$ by o!r impulses4 ,i h already t\*$ on a small *ild's feel+ ( uneas9ess at see+ 8 "m 9 new app>el4 ,a l appreh5siv5ess %[s itself 9 relation to 8 own dress4 ,_m little *ildr5 %[ a m>k$ dislike to new raim5t4 ,z ,i h rem>k$ above1 a *ange ( dress probably di/urbs & confuses _! s5se ( p]sonality4 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( ^! & o!r complicat+ circum/ances ,i believe t ! in/9ct to adorn ! p]son is obs]vable 9 *ildr54 ,!y l a bit ( f9]y 9 ! %ape ( a /r+ ( beads or ( daisies = ! neck1 a fea!r = ! hat1 a scrap ( brilliantly col\r$ ribbon or clo? z a b[ = ! dress1 & s =?4 ,imitation1 d\btless1 plays a "p "h1 b x is1 ,i ?9k1 possible to all[ = ?is1 & /ill to detect po9ts ( contact ) ! savage's love ( f9]y4 ,p]haps1 inde$1 we may disc]n ! play ( bo? ! impulses und]ly+ p]sonal ornam5t :i* 7 ref]r$ to above1 viz41 ! allur+ & al>m+4 ,all[+ = ! diff]5ces ( intellig5ce1 ( sexual developm5t & s =?1 we may say t *ildr5 betray a rudim5t ( ! in/9ct to w9 admiration by decorat+ ! p]son1 & also ( ! in/9ct to ov]awe4 ,a small boy's delight 9 add+ to 8 height & =midable appe>ance by donn+ 8 fa!r's tall hat is pretty c]ta9ly an illu/ration ( ?is la/4 ,?is is n ! place to inquire :e!r ! love ( f9]y 9 *ildr5--a v v>iable trait1 z ,m4 ,p]ez & o!rs h %[n--is :olly ! outcome ( vanity4 ,i w\ld1 h[ev]1 j rem>k t a *ild lo/ 9 ! vision ( himself reflect$ 9 a mirror deck$ out 9 new app>el may be v f> f feel+ vanity z we und]/& ! ^w4 ,! pure *ild-wond] at :at is new & my/]i\s may at su* a mom5t ov]p[] o!r feel+s1 & make ! :ole m5tal condition "o ( dream-l trance4 ,s9ce *ildr5 are left s little free to deck !mselves1 x is ( c\rse h>d to /udy ! developm5t ( /hetic ta/e 9 ?is doma9 ( art-l activity4 ,yet ! qua9t attempts ( ! *ild to improve 8 appe>ance ?r[ an int]e/+ light on 8 /hetic pref]5ces4 ,he is at he>t z mu* a lov] ( glitt]1 ( gaudy col\r1 z 8 savage prototype4 ,) ?is g5]al crudity ( ta/e1 individual diff]5ces soon beg9 to %[ !mselves1 a *ild develop+ a m>k$ b5t1 n[ to mode/ neatness & ref9em5t1 n[ to gaudy display1 & ?is1 x may be1 9 direct opposition to ! :ole tr5d ( home influ5ce4#bai ----- ,footnote #bai3 ,! :ole subject ( ! attitude ( ! *ild-m9d t[>ds dress & ornam5t is well dealt ) by ,p]ez1 op4 cit41 *ap4 i4 ----- ,ano!r & closely connect$ doma9 ( activity :i* is ak9 to art is ! manife/ation ( grace & *>m 9 action4 ,mu* ( ! beauty ( movem5t1 ( ge/ure1 ( intonation1 9 a "y *ild may be unconsci\s1 & z mu* a result ( happy physical conditions z ! pretty gambols ( a kitt54 ,yet "o may commonly detect 9 graceful *ildr5 ! rudim5t ( an /hetic feel+ = :at is nice1 & also ( ! in/9ct to please4 ,!re is1 inde$1 9 ^! fir/ actions & mann]s1 into :i* /upid conv5tionality has n yet import$ all k9ds ( awkw>d re/ra9ts1 z :5 ! little girl ,m4 w\ld kiss h] h& spontane\sly to o!r babies z %e pass$ !m 9 ! /reet1 some?+ ( ! simple grace & dignity ( ! m amiable savages4 ,n[ a feel+ = :at is graceful 9 movem5t1 c>riage1 spee* & s =? is no cle> pro( ( a specialis$ arti/ic impulse3 yet x atte/s ! exi/5ce ( a rudim5t>y appreciation ( :at is beautiful1 z also ( an impulse to produce ?is4 ,9 ! =ms ( *ildi% activity j ref]r$ to we h to d ) mix$ impulses 9 :i* ! true art-elem5t is v imp]fectly repres5t$4 ,!re is a lik+ = pretty effect1 & an ef=t to realise x1 only ! effect is n priz$ :olly = its own sake1 b p>tly z a means ( w9n+ ! smile ( approval4 ,! true art-impulse is *>act]is$ by ! love ( %ap+ beautiful ?+s = _! own sake1 by an absorb+ devotion to ! process ( creation1 into :i* !re ent]s no ?\ght ( any advantage to self1 & almo/ z little ( b5efit+ o!rs4 ,n[ !re is "o field ( *ildr5's activity :i* is m>k$ by j ?is absorption ( ?\ght & aim1 & t is play4 ,to say t play is art-l has almo/ become a commonplace4 ,any "o c see t :5 *ildr5 are at play !y are c>ri$ away by pleasurable activity1 are ?9k+ ( no useful result b only ( ! pleasure ( ! action itself4 ,!y build _! s& ca/les1 !y pret5d to keep %op1 to ent]ta9 visitors1 & s =?1 = ! sake ( ! enjoym5t :i* !y f9d 9 ^! actions4 ,?is cle>ly involves "o po9t ( k9%ip ) ! arti/1 = ! poet s+s & ! pa9t] pa9ts because !y love to d s4 ,x is evid5t1 moreov]1 f :at 0 said above on ! imag9ative side ( play t x has ?is fur!r circum/ance 9 common ) art-production1 t x is ! body+ =? ( a m5tal image into ! semblance ( outw>d life4 ,n only s1 play exhibits ! di/9ction betwe5 imitation & inv5tion--! reali/ic & ! ideali/ic t5d5cy 9 art--& 9 its =ms comes surpris+ly ne> repres5t+ ! *ief bran*es ( art-activity4 ,x ?us fully des]ves to be /udi$ z a doma9 9 :i* we may look = e>ly traces ( *ildr5's arti/ic t5d5cies4 ,if by play we und]/& all t spontane\s activity :i* is :olly su/a9$ by its own pleasurabl5ess1 we %all f9d ! g]m ( x 9 ^? aimless movem5ts & s\nds :i* are ! natural expression ( a *ild's joy\s life4 ,su* outp\r+s ( happ9ess h a quasi-/hetic "* 9 s f> z !y foll[ ! rhy?mic law ( all action4 ,:]e ! play becomes social activity1 t is1 ! conc]t$ action ( a numb]1 we get some?+ closely analog\s to ^? primitive h>moni\s co-ord9ations ( movem5ts & s\nds 9 :i* ! fir/ crude music1 poetry & dramatic action ( ! race are suppos$ to h _h _! common orig94 ,su* nave play-activity acquires a great] /hetic importance :5 x becomes significant or repres5tative ( some?+3 & ?is direction appe>s v e>ly 9 *ild-hi/ory4 ,! impulse to imitate ! action ( ano!r seems to be develop$ be=e ! completion ( ! fir/ half-ye>4#bbj ,9 its fir/ crude =m1 z reproduc+ a ge/ure or s\nd utt]$ at ! mom5t by ano!r1 x ent]s into ! :ole ( social or conc]t$ play4 ,a numb] ( *ildr5 f9d ! h>moni\s p]=mance ( a s]ies ( dance or o!r movem5ts1 su* z ^? ( ! k9d]g>t5 games1 natural & easy1 because ! impulse to imitate1 to foll[ ano!r's lead1 at once prompts !m & keeps !m f go+ f> a/ray4 ----- ,footnote #bbj3 ,prey] places ! fir/ imitative movem5t 9 ! f\r? mon? 7op4 cit41 cap4 #ab74 ,baldw91 h[ev]1 dates ! fir/ unmi/akable appe>ance 9 ! case ( 8 little girl 9 ! n9? mon? 7,m5tal ,developm5t1 p4 #aca74 ----- ,x is a high] & m intellectual k9d ( imitation :5 a *ild recalls ! idea ( some?+ he has se5 done & reproduces ! action4 ,?is is (t5 c>ri$ out "u ! sugge/ive =ce ( objects :i* happ5 to pres5t !mselves at ! "t1 z :5 a *ild sees an empty cup & pret5ds to dr9k1 or a book & simulates ! action ( read+ out ( x1 or a pair ( scissors & proce$s to execute snipp+ movem5ts4 ,9 o!r cases ! imitation is m spontane\s1 z :5 a *ild recalls & repeats "s funny say+ t he has he>d4 ,?is imitative action gr[s little by little m complex1 & 9 ?is way a prolong$ make-believe action may be c>ri$ out4 ,"h1 x is evid5t1 we get some?+ closely analog\s to hi/rionic p]=mance4 ,a *ild pantomimically repres5t+ "s funny action comes1 inde$1 v ne> to ! mimetic art ( ! com$ian4 ,mean:ile1 ano!r =m ( imitation is develop+1 viz41 ! production ( semblances 9 ?+s4 ,e>ly illu/rations ( ?is impulse are ! mak+ ( a riv] out ( ! gravy 9 ! plate1 ! p9*+ ( pellets ( bread till !y take on some?+ ( resemblance to kn[n =ms4 ,"o *ild1 ?ree ye>s old1 once occupi$ himself at table by turn+ 8 plate into a clock1 9 :i* 8 knife 7or spoon7 & =k 7 made to act z h&s1 & *]ry /ones put r\nd ! plate to repres5t ! h\rs4 ,su* table-pa/imes are kn[n to all obs]v]s ( *ildr51 & h be5 prettily t\*$ on by ,r4 ,l4 ,/ev5son4#bba ----- ,footnote #bba3 ,virg9ibus ,pu]isque1 #8,*ild's ,play'4 ----- ,su* =mative t\*es are1 at fir/1 r\gh en\gh1 ! trans=mation be+ effect$1 z we h se51 mu* m by ! al*emy ( ! *ild's imag9ation ?an by ! cunn+ ( 8 h&s4 ,yet1 crude z x is1 & %[+ at fir/ almo/ z mu* ( *ance z ( design1 x is a manife/ation ( ! same pla/ic impulse1 ! same /riv+ to produce images or semblances ( ?+s1 :i* possesses ! sculptor & ! pa9t]4 ,9 ea* case we see a m9d dom9at$ by an idea & lab\r+ to give x outw>d embodim5t4 ,! m elaborate con/ructive play :i* foll[s1 ! build+ ) s& & ) bricks1 ) :i* we may take ! fir/ spontane\s draw+s1 are ! direct desc5dant ( ?is rude =mative activity4 ,! k9d]g>t5 occupations1 mo/ ( all ! clay-modell+1 make direct appeal to ?is half-arti/ic pla/ic impulse 9 ! *ild4 ,9 ?is imitative play we see f ! fir/ ! t5d5cy to set =? :at is *>act]i/ic 9 ! ?+s repres5t$4 ,?us 9 ! act+ ( ! nurs]y ! nurse1 ! coa*man & s =? are giv5 by "o or two broad t\*es1 su* z ! pres5ce ( ! m$ic9e-bottle or its semblance1 or ( ! :ip1 toge!r1 p]haps1 ) "s *>act]i/ic mann] ( speak+4 ,9 ?is way *ild-play1 l primitive art1 %[s a c]ta9 unconsci\s selectiv5ess4 ,x pres5ts :at is con/ant & typical1 imp]fectly en\gh no d\bt4 ,! same selection ( broadly di/9ctive traits is se5 :]e "s individual seems to be repres5t$4 ,!re is a precisely simil> t5d5cy to a some:at bald typicalness ( outl9e 9 ! fir/ rude attempts ( *ildr5 to =m semblances4 ,?is w be fully illu/rat$ pres5tly :5 we exam9e _! mann] ( draw+4 ,z obs]vation wid5s & gr[s f9]1 ! fir/ bald ab/ract repres5tation becomes full] & m life-l4 ,a l>g] numb] ( di/9ctive traits is tak5 up into ! repres5tation4 ,?us ! coa*man's talk becomes ri*]1 full] ( rem9isc5ces ( ! /able1 etc41 & s col\r is giv5 to ! dramatic picture4 ,a precisely simil> process ( developm5t is noticeable 9 ! pla/ic activities4 ,! fir/ raw attempt to repres5t h\se or ca/le is improv$ ^u1 & ! image gr[s full] ( *>act]i/ic detail & m life-l4 ,"h1 aga91 we may note ! p>allelism betwe5 ! evolution ( play-activity & ( primitive art4 ,?is movem5t away f b>e symbolic indication to concrete pictorial repres5tation involves a t5d5cy to individualise1 to make ! play or ! %ap5 semblance life-l 9 ! s5se ( repres5t+ an individual reality4 ,su* individual concret5ess may be obta9$ by a me*anical reproduction ( "s p>ticul> action & sc5e ( real life1 & *ildr5 9 _! play n infrequ5tly attempt a fai?ful recital or portraiture ( ?is k9d4 ,su* close unyield+ imitation %[s itself1 too1 n[ & aga9 9 ! attempt to act out a /ory4 ,yet ) bright fanciful *ildr5 ! impulse to give full life & col\r to ! p]=mance r>ely /ops "h4 ,fre% individual life is be/ obta9$ by ! aid ( inv5tion1 by ! int]v5tion ( :i* "s new sc5e or situation1 "s new gr\p+ ( p]sonalities is realis$4 ,no?+ is /hetically ( m int]e/ 9 *ildr5's play ?an ! fir/ cauti\s intrusion into ! doma9 ( imitative repres5tation ( ?is impulse ( inv5tion1 ?is desire = ! new & fre% z di/9ct f ! old & cu/om>y4 ,p]haps1 too1 !re is no side ( *ildr5's play 9 :i* individual diff]5ces are m cle>ly m>k$ or m significant ?an ?is4 ,! *ild ( bold inv5tive fancy is %ock+ to 8 companion ^: :ole idea ( prop] play is a s]vile imitation ( ! sc5es & actions ( real life4 ,yet ! =m] w probably be f\nd to h m ( ! /uff ( :i* ! arti/ is compact$4 ,all su* inv5tion1 moreov]1 s9ce x aims at secur+ "s m vivaci\s & /irr+ play-exp]i5ce1 naturally comes "u ! influ5ce ( ! *ildi% in/9ct ( exagg]ation4 ,i mean by ?is ! untaught art ( vivify+ & /r5g!n+ a description or repres5tation by add+ t\* to t\*4 ,9 ! repres5tations ( play1 ?is love ( col\r1 ( /rong effect1 %[s itself n[ 9 a pil+ up ( ! beautiful1 gorge\s1 or wond]ful1 z :5 try+ to act "s fav\rite sc5e f fairy-/ory1 or "s gr& social function1 n[ 9 a br++ toge!r ( droll or pa!tic incid5ts s z to /r5g!n ! comic or ! tragic feel+ ( ! play-action4 ,9 all ?is--:i* has its c\nt]p>t 9 ! fir/ crude attempts ( ! art ( ! race to break ! tight bonds ( a s]vile imitation--we h1 ,i believe1 ! g]m ( :at 9 our m highly develop$ art we call ! idealis+ impulse4 ,i h1 p]haps1 said en\gh to %[ t *ildr5's play is 9 _m respects analog\s to art ( ! simpl] k9d1 also t x includes )9 itself l9es ( activity :i* repres5t ! *ief directions ( art-developm5t4#bbb ----- ,footnote #bbb3 ,! tell+ ( /ories to o!r *ildr5 does n1 ,i conceive1 fall "u my def9ition ( play4 ,x is *ild-art prop]ly s call$4 ----- ,yet ?\gh art-l ?is play is n fully art4 ,9 play a *ild is too self-c5tr$1 if ,i may s say4 ,! sc5es he acts out1 ! semblances he %apes ) 8 h&s1 are n produc$ z hav+ objective value1 b r z provid+ himself ) a new environm5t4 ,! peculi>ity ( all imag9ative play1 its puzzle = old] p1 is its cont5t$ privacy4 ,! idea ( a *ild play+ z an actor is said to #8play' 9 ord] to delight o!rs is a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,z ,i h rem>k$ above1 ! pleasure ( a *ild 9 :at we call #8dramatic' make-believe is :olly indep5d5t ( any appreciat+ eye4 8,i rememb]10 writes ,r4 ,l4 ,/ev5son1 8z ?\gh x 7 ye/]day1 ! expansion ( _s1 ! dignity & self-reliance1 t came ) a pair ( mu/a*ios 9 burnt cork ev5 :5 !re 0 none to see40#bbc ,! same ?+ is true ( conc]t$ play4 ,a numb] ( *ildr5 play+ at be+ ,indians1 or :at n1 d n #8p]=m' = "o ano!r4 ,! words #8p]=m1' #8act' & s =? all seem to be out ( place "h4 ,:at really occurs 9 ?is case is a conjo9t vision ( a new _w1 a conjo9t imag9ative realisation ( a new life4 ----- ,footnote #bbc3 ,virg9ibus ,pu]isque1 #8,*ild's ,play'4 ----- ,?is diff]5ce betwe5 play & art is sometimes pu%$ to ! po9t ( say+ t art has its root 9 ! social impulse1 ! wi% to please4#bbd ,?is ,i ?9k is simplify+ too mu*4 ,art is no d\bt a social ph5om5on1 z ,guyau & o!rs h %[n4 ,x has be5 well said t an individual art--9 ! /ricte/ s5se--ev5 if x 7 conceivable is n[h]e discov]able4#bbe ,t is to say ! arti/ is con/itut$ z su* by a p>ticipation 9 ! common consci\sness1 ! life ( 8 community1 & 8 creative impulse is controll$ & direct$ by a s5se ( common or objective values4 ,yet to say t art is born ( ! in/9ct to please or attract is to miss mu* ( its significance4 ,! ev]-r5ew$ cont5tion ( arti/s1 #8art = art's sake1' po9ts to ! fact t !y1 at lea/1 recognise 9 _! art-activity some?+ spontane\s1 some?+ ( ! nature ( self-expression1 self-realisation1 & ak9 to ! *ild's play4 ----- ,footnote #bbd3 ,accord+ to ,mr ,h4 ,rutg]s ,m>%all art-activity takes its rise 9 ! in/9ct to attract o!rs 7,pa91 ,pleasure1 & /hetics74 ,footnote #bbe3 ,grosse1 ,anfnge d] ,kun/1 p4 #dh4 ----- ,may we n say1 !n1 t ! impulse ( ! arti/ has its roots 9 ! happy semi-consci\s activity ( ! *ild at play1 ! all-engross+ ef=t to #8utt]1' t is1 give out] =m & life to an inn] idea1 & t ! play-impulse becomes ! art-impulse 7suppos+ x is /rong en\gh to survive ! play-ye>s7 :5 x is illum9$ by a gr[+ p>ticipation 9 ! social consci\sness1 & a s5se ( ! common wor? ( ?+s1 :51 9 o!r words1 x becomes consci\s ( itself z a p[] ( %ap+ semblances :i* %all h value = o!r eyes or e>s1 & %all br+ recognition & r5[n8 ,or1 to put x some:at diff]5tly1 may we n say t art has its tw9-rootlets 9 ! two directions ( *ildi% activity :i* we h consid]$1 viz41 ! desire to please s f> z ?is expresses itself 9 dress1 graceful action1 & s =?1 & ! entranc+ isolat+ impulse ( play8 ,h[ev] we express ! relation1 ,i feel sure t we mu/ acc\nt = ! orig9 ( art by "s ref]5ce to play4 ,a /udy ( ! art ( savages1 m especially p]haps ( ! repres5tations ( fight+ & hunt+ 9 _! pantomime-dances1 seems to %[ t art is cont9u\s ) play-activity4 ,to insi/ on ?is organic connexion betwe5 play & art is n to say t e lively play] is fitt$ to become an art-aspirant4 ,! arti/ic ambition implies too r>e a complex ( conditions = u to be able to pr$ict its appe>ance 9 ?is way4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be ?r[n out z a sugge/ion to ! inve/igator ( ! fir/ manife/ations ( arti/ic g5ius t he might d well to ca/ 8 eye on ! field ( imag9ative play4 ,x w possibly be f\nd t al?\gh n a romp+ riot\s play]1 nor inde$ mu* dispos$ to jo9 o!r *ildr5 9 _! pa/imes1 ! orig9al *ild has 8 own di/9ctive /yle ( play1 :i* m>ks him out z hav+ m ?an o!r *ildr5 ( t impulse to dream ( f>-(f ?+s1 & to br+ !m ne> 9 ! illusion ( out] semblance1 :i* ent]s m or less di/9ctly into all art4 ,i h left myself no space to speak ( ! *ild's fir/ attempts at art z we und]/& x4 ,"s ( ?is art-activity1 m p>ticul>ly ! e>lie/ weav+ ( /ories1 is *>act]i/ic en\gh to des]ve a special /udy4 ,i h made a small collection ( e>ly /ories1 & "s ( !m are int]e/+ en\gh to quote4 ,"h is a qua9t example ( ! fir/ halt+ mann] ( a *ild ( two & a half ye>s z inv5tion tries to get away f ! sway ( models3 8,?ree little be>s w5t out a walk & !y f\nd a /ick1 & !y pok$ ! fire ) x1 & !y pok$ ! fire & !n w5t a walk04 ,soon1 h[ev]1 ! "y fancy is apt to wax bold]1 & !n we get "s f9e inv5tion4 ,a boy ( five ye>s & a qu>t] liv+ at ! sea-side improvis$ z foll[s4 ,he relat$ 8t "o day he w5t out on ! sea 9 a lifeboat :5 sudd5ly he saw a big :ale1 & s he jump$ d[n to cat* x1 b x 0 s big t he climb$ on x & rode on x 9 ! wat]1 & all ! little fi%es laugh$ s04 ,) ?is comic /ory may be comp>$ a m s]i\s n to say tragic "o f ! lips ( a girl "o mon? y\ng]1 & *>act]is$ by an almo/ equal fondness = ! wond]ful4 8,a man want$ to g to heav5 be=e he di$4 ,he said1 #8,i don't want to die1 & ,i mu/ see heav56' ,jesus ,*ri/ said he mu/ be pati5t l o!r p4 ,he !n got s angry1 & scream$ out z l\d z he c\ld1 & kick$ up 8 heels z high z he c\ld1 & !y 7! heels7 w5t into ! sky1 & ! sky fell d[n & broke e>? all to pieces4 ,he want$ ,jesus ,*ri/ to m5d ! e>? aga91 b he w\ldn't1 s ?is 0 a good puni%m5t = him40 ,?is la/1 :i* is ! "w ( "o n[ gr[n into womanhood & no long] a /ory-tell]1 is int]e/+ 9 _m ways4 ,! wi% to g to heav5 )\t dy+ is1 z ,i "k1 a motive d]iv$ f *ild-life4 ,! manife/ations ( displeasure c\ld1 "o supposes1 only h be5 writt5 by "o :o 0 h]self exp]i5c$ 9 ! ways ( *ildi% #8tantrums'4 ,! nave conception ( sky & e>?1 & la/ly ! moral issue ( ! /ory1 are no less in/ructive4 ,^! samples may s]ve to %[ t 9 ! /ories ( by no means highly-gift$ *ildr5 we come face to face ) int]e/+ traits ( ! "y m9d1 & c /udy "s ( ! *>act]i/ic t5d5cies ( e>ly & primitive art4#bbf ,( ! lat] ef=ts to imitate old] art1 z v]se writ+1 ! same _c1 ,i ?9k1 be said4 ,*ildr5's v]ses s f> z ,i h come across !m are poor & /ilt$1 %[+ all ! signs ( ! cramp+ effect ( models & rules to :i* ! *ild-m9d _c easily accommodate itself1 & want+ all true *ildi% inspiration4 ,no d\bt1 ev5 9 ^! *ok+ circum/ances1 *ildi% feel+ may n[ & aga9 peep out4 ,! fir/ prose compositions1 lett]s be=e all if !y may be c\nt$ art1 give m scope = ! expression ( a *ild's feel+ & ! *>act]i/ic movem5ts ( 8 ?\ght1 & might well repay /udy4#bbg ----- ,footnote #bbf3 ,! *ild's feel+ = climax %[n 9 ^! is fur!r illu/rat$ 9 a *>m+ /ory tak5 d[n by ,miss ,%9n1 b un=tunately too long to quote "h4 ,see ,ov]l& ,mon?ly1 vol4 xxiii41 p4 #ai4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,p]ez deals ) *ildr5's lit]>y compositions 9 ! "w already quot$ 7*ap4 ix474 ,cf4 ,paola ,lombroso1 op4 cit41 cap4 viii4 & ix4 ----- ,!re is "o o!r dep>tm5t ( ?is *ild-art :i* cle>ly does des]ve to be /udi$ ) "s c>e--draw+4 ,& ?is = ! v good reason t x is n :olly a product ( our influ5ce & education1 b %[s itself 9 its ess5tial *>act]i/ics z a spontane\s self-taught activity ( *ildhood :i* takes its rise1 inde$1 9 ! play-impulse4 ,?is w be ! subject ( ! next essay4 ,x4 ,,! ,,"y ,,draughtsman4 ,fir/ ,attempts to ,draw4 ,a *ild's fir/ attempts at draw+ are pre-arti/ic & a k9d ( play1 an outcome ( ! in/9ctive love ( f9d+ & produc+ semblances ( ?+s illu/rat$ 9 ! la/ essay4 ,sitt+ at ! table & cov]+ a %eet ( pap] ) l9e-scribble he is :olly self-c5tr$1 #8amus+ himself1' z we say1 & c>+ no?+ ab\t ! production ( 8objective values04 ,yet ev5 9 ! e>ly /ages ( infantile draw+ ! social elem5t ( art is sugge/$ 9 ! impulse ( ! small draughtsman to make 8 l9es indicative ( some?+ to o!rs' eyes1 z :5 he bids 8 "m look at ! #8man1' #8gee-gee1' or :at else he fancies t he has del9eat$4#bbh ,& ?is1 ?\gh crude en\gh & apt to %ock ! /hetic s5se ( ! matur$ arti/ by its unsightl9ess1 is closely relat$ to art1 =m+1 inde$1 9 a mann] a prelim9>y /age ( pictorial design4 ----- ,footnote #bbh3 ,?is indicative or communicative function ( draw+ has1 we "k1 play$ a great "p 9 ! e>ly /ages ( human hi/ory4 ,mod]n savages employ draw+s 9 s& z a means ( imp>t+ in=mation to o!rs1 e4g41 ( ! pres5ce ( fi% 9 a lake1 see ,von d5 ,/e951 ,unt] d5 ,naturvlk]n ,brazili5s1 kap4 x41 s4 #bdc f4 ----- ,we %all !re=e /udy *ildr5's draw+s z a k9d ( rude embryonic art4 ,9 do+ ?is our special aim w be to describe & expla9 *ildi% *>act]i/ics4 ,?is1 aga91 w compel u to g to "s ext5t into ! e>ly =ms ( obs]vation & imag9ation4 ,x w be f\nd1 ,i ?9k1 t ! fir/ crude draw+s are valuable z ?r[+ light on ! work+s ( *ildr5's m9ds4 ,p]haps1 inde$1 x may turn out t ^! spontane\s ef=ts ( ! *ildi% h& to figure objects are = ! psy*ologi/ a m$ium ( expression ( ! :ole ( *ild-nature1 h>dly less in/ructive ?an t ( e>ly spee*4 ,9 c>ry+ out our inve/igation ( *ildr5's draw+s we %all ne$ to make a some:at full ref]5ce to ! relat$ ph5om5a1 ! draw+s ( mod]n savages & ^? ( e>ly art4 ,:ile important po9ts ( diff]5ce w disclose !mselves ! resemblances are important en\gh to make a comp>ison n only pr(itable b almo/ indisp5sable4 ,i h ?\ght x be/ to n>r[ ! range ( ! inquiry by keep+ to del9eations ( ! human figure & ( animals1 especially ! horse4 ,^! are ! fav\rite topics ( ! *ild's p5cil1 & examples ( !m are easily obta9able4 ,z f> z possible ,i h s\ght spontane\s draw+s ( q "y *ildr51 viz41 f betwe5 two & ?ree to ab\t six4#bbi ,9 a /rict s5se ( c\rse no *ild's draw+ is absolutely spontane\s & indep5d5t ( ext]nal /imulus & guidance4 ,! fir/ attempts to manage ! p5cil are commonly aid$ by ! "m1 :o1 moreov]1 is wont to pres5t a model draw+1 &1 :at is ev5 m important at ?is e>ly /age1 to supply model-movem5ts ( ! arm & h&4 ,9 mo/ cases1 too1 !re is "s slight am\nt ( critical inspection1 z :5 %e asks1 #8,:]e is papa's nose8' #8,:]e is doggie's tail8' ,yet p]fect spontaneity1 ev5 if obta9able1 is n necess>y "h4 ,! draw+s ( m5 & quadrup$s ( a *ild ( five & lat] disclose pla9ly en\gh ! *ildi% fa%ion1 ev5 ?\gh !re has be5 "s slight am\nt ( elem5t>y in/ruction4 ,h5ce ,i h n hesitat$ to make use ( draw+s s5t me by k9d]g>t5 tea*]s4 ,i may add t ,i h us$ by pref]5ce ! draw+s execut$ by *ildr5 9 elem5t>y s*ools1 z ^! appe> to illu/rate ! *ildi% mann] ) less ( p>5tal int]f]5ce ?an is wont to be pres5t 9 a cultur$ home4 ----- ,footnote #bbi3 ,only a few draw+s ( old] *ildr5 above sev5 h be5 includ$4 ----- ,a *ild's draw+ beg9s ) a free aimless sw++ ( ! p5cil to & fro1 :i* movem5ts produce a *aos ( slightly curv$ l9es4 ,^! movem5ts are purely spontane\s1 or1 if imitative1 are s only 9 ! s5se t !y foll[ at a consid]able di/ance ! movem5ts ( ! "m's p5cil4#bcj ,!y may be made expressive or significant 9 two ways4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a *ild may by v>y+ ! sw++ movem5ts accid5tally produce an effect :i* sugge/s an idea ?r\gh a remote resemblance4 ,a little boy :5 two ye>s & two mon?s1 0 "o day play+ 9 ?is wise ) ! p5cil1 & happ5+ to make a sort ( curl+ l9e1 %\t$ ) excit$ glee1 #8,puff1 puff6' i4e41 smoke4 ,he !n drew m curls ) a rudim5t>y int5tion to %[ :at he meant4 ,9 l mann] :5 a *ild happ5s to b5d 8 l9e into some?+ l a clos$ circle or ellipse he w cat* ! fa9t resemblance to ! r\nd$ human head & exclaim1 #8,mama6' or #8,dada6' ----- ,footnote #bcj3 ,e4 ,cooke gives illu/rations ( ^! 9 8 ?\ghtful & int]e/+ articles on 8,art-tea*+ & ,*ild-nature10 publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,education1 ,dec41 #ahhe1 & ,jan41 #ahhf4 ----- ,b int5tional draw+ or design+ does n always arise 9 ?is way4 ,a *ild may set himself to draw1 & make believe t he is draw+ some?+ :5 he is scribbl+4 ,?is is l>gely an imitative play-action foll[+ ! direction ( ! movem5ts ( ano!r's h&4 ,prey] speaks ( a little boy :o 9 8 second ye> 0 ask$ :5 scribbl+ ) a p5cil :at he 0 do+ & answ]$ #8writ+ h\ses'4 ,he 0 app>5tly mak+ believe t 8 jumble ( l9es repres5t$ h\ses4#bca ,almo/ any scribble may 9 ?is e>lie/ /age take on a mean+ ?r\gh ! play ( a vigor\s *ildi% imag9ation4 ----- ,footnote #bca3 ,prey]1 op4 cit41 p4 #dg4 ----- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a 7a7 & 7b74 ,! same play ( imag9ation is noticeable 9 ! *ild's fir/ endeav\rs to draw an object f memory :5 he is ask$ to d s4 ,?us a little girl 9 h] f\r? ye> ref]r$ to by ,mr4 ,e4 ,cooke :5 ask$ to draw a cat produc$ a longi% irregul>ly curv$ l9e cross$ by a numb] ( %ort] l9es1 :i* /range production %e proce$$ q complac5tly to dignify by ! "n #8cat1' nam+ ! :isk]s1 legs1 & tail 7,fig4 #a 7a72 comp>e ! slightly full] design 9 ,fig4 #a 7b774#bcb ----- ,footnote #bcb3 ,tak5 f ,e4 ,cooke's articles already quot$1 draw+s #ai & #bj4 ----- ,"h x is evid5t we h a phase ( *ildi% draw+ :i* is closely analog\s to ! symbolism ( language4 ,! repres5tation is arbitr>ily *os5 z a symbol & n z a lik5ess4 ,?is elem5t ( a non-imitative or symbolic mode ( repres5tation w be f\nd to run ?r\gh ! :ole ( *ildi% draw+4 ,ev5 ?is *aotic scribble %[s almo/ f ! beg9n+ g]ms ( =mative elem5ts1 n m]ely 9 ! fundam5tal l9e-elem5ts1 b also 9 ! loops1 & 9 ! m abrupt *anges ( direction or angles4 ,a t5d5cy to draw a loop-l rudim5t>y cont\r soon em]ges1 & ?us we get ! transition to a possible outl9+ ( objects4 ,miss ,%9n gives a good example ( an ovoid loop drawn by h] niece 9 h] hundr$ & n9? week4#bcc ,) practice ! *ild acquires by ! second or ?ird ye> ! usual /ock 9 trade ( ! juv5ile draughtsman1 & c draw a sort ( /raight l9e1 curv$ l9es1 a r\ghi% k9d ( circle or oval1 z well z dots1 & ev5 fit l9es toge!r at angles4#bcd ,:5 ?is /age is rea*$ we beg9 to see attempts at real ?\gh rude lik5esses ( m51 horses & s =?4 ,^! e>ly essays are among ! mo/ curi\s products ( ! *ild-m9d4 ,!y foll[ /&>ds & me?ods ( _! own2 !y are apt to get h>d5$ into a fix$ conv5tional mann] :i* may reappe> ev5 9 mature ye>s4 ,!y exhibit ) a c]ta9 range ( individual diff]5ce a curi\s uni=mity1 & !y h _! p>allels 9 :at we "k ( ! fir/ crude designs ( ! untutor$ savage4 ----- ,footnote #bcc3 ,op4 cit41 pt4 ii41 p4 #ig2 8fifty-six? week0 is1 %e in=ms me1 an error = hundr$ & n9? week4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,i am mu* indebt$ to ,mr4 ,cooke = ! sight ( a s]ies ( e>ly scribbles ( 8 little girl4 ,cf4 ,baldw91 ,m5tal ,developm5t1 *ap4 v41 :]e "s good examples ( e>ly l9e-trac+ are giv54 ,accord+ to ,baldw9 angles or zig-zag come e>ly1 & are probably due to ! cramp$1 j]ky mode ( movem5t at ?is e>ly /age4 ,prey] seems to me wrong 9 say+ t *ildr5 _c manage a circul> l9e be=e ! end ( ! ?ird ye> 7op4 cit41 p4 #dg74 ,mo/ *ildr5 :o draw at all manage a loop or clos$ curv$ l9e be=e ?is date4 ----- ,fir/ ,draw+s ( ! ,human ,figure4 ,x has be5 wittily obs]v$ by an ,italian writ] on *ildr5's art t !y rev]se ! ord] ( natural creation 9 beg9n+ in/ead ( end+ ) man4#bce ,x may be add$ t !y />t ) ! mo/ dignifi$ "p ( ?is cr[n ( creation1 viz41 ! human head4 ,a *ild's fir/ attempt to repres5t a man proce$s1 s f> z ,i h obs]v$1 by draw+ ! front view ( 8 head4 ,?is he effects by means ( a clumsy sort ( circle ) a dot or two ?r[n 9 by way ( indicat+ features 9 g5]al4 ,a c\ple ( l9es may be ins]t$ z a k9d ( support1 :i* d duty = bo? trunk & legs4 ,! circul> or ovoid =m is1 ,i ?9k1 by f> ! mo/ common4 ,! squ>e head 9 my collection appe>s only v occasionally & 9 *ildr5 at s*ool1 :o presumably h _h "s tra9+ 9 draw+ horizontal & v]tical l9es4 ,! accompany+ example 7,fig4 #b7 is ! "w ( a ,jamaica girl ( five1 k9dly s5t me by h] tea*]4 ----- ,footnote #bce3 ,corrado ,ricci1 ,l',arte dei ,bamb9i 7#ahhg71 p4 #f4 ----- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,?is fir/ attempt to outl9e ! human =m is1 no d\bt1 *>act]is$ by a high degree ( arbitr>y symbolism4 ,! use ( a rude =m ( circle to set =? ! human head rem9ds "o ( ! employm5t by liv+ savage tribes ( ! same =m z ! symbol ( a h\se 7hut871 a wrea?1 & s =?4#bcf ,yet !re is a measure ( resemblance ev5 9 ?is ab/ract symbolism3 ! circle does r\ghly resemble ! cont\r ( ! head3 z1 inde$1 ! squ>e or rectangle may be said less obvi\sly to d :5 hair & :isk]s & ! horizontal l9e ( ! hat break ! curv$ l9e4 ----- ,footnote #bcf3 ,see ,von d5 ,/e951 op4 cit41 p4 #bdg4 ----- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,b x is n ! m]e cont\r :i* repres5ts ! face3 x is a circle pick$ out ) features4 ,^!1 h[ev] vaguely indicat$1 are an integral "p ( ! facial s*eme4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 ! fact t among ! draw+s by savages & o!rs collect$ by ,g5]al ,pitt-,riv]s1 "o1 execut$ by an adult negro ( ,ug&a1 actually omits ! cont\r1 ! human head be+ repres5t$ m]ely by an arrangem5t ( d>k pat*es & circles = eyes1 e>s1 etc4 7,fig4 #c74bcg ----- ,footnote #bcg3 ,^! draw+s1 ( ! highe/ int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( *ild-art z well z to ! an?ropologi/1 are to be se5 9 ! ,g5]al's ,museum at ,f>nham 7,dorset7 7#g? room74 ----- ,com+ n[ to ! mode ( repres5t+ ! features1 we f9d at an e>ly /age ( ?is s*ematic del9eation an attempt to diff]5tiate & individualise features1 n only by giv+ def9ite position b by a r\gh imitation ( =m4 ,?us we get ! v]tical l9e z indicat+ ! direction ( ! nose1 ! horizontal l9e t ( ! m\?1 & ei!r a r\nd$ dot or a circul> l9e z repres5tative ( ! curv$ outl9e ( ! eye--:e!r t ( ! iris1 ( ! visible "p ( ! eyeball1 or ( ! orbital cavity4 ,a precisely simil> s*eme appe>s 9 ! draw+s ( savages4#bch ----- ,footnote #bch3 ,s*oolcraft has a good example ( ?is facial s*eme 9 ! draw+ ( a man %oot+ 7,! ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 i41 pl4 #dh74 ----- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d 7a74 ,fig4 #d 7b74 ,at fir/ ! *ild is gr&ly indiff]5t to complet5ess 9 ! enum]ation ( features4 ,ev5 #8! two eyes1 a nose & a m\?' are (t5 imp]fectly repres5t$4 ,?us :5 dots are us$ we may h "o or m specks rang+1 accord+ to ,m4 ,p]ez1 up to five4#bci ,! use ( a s+le dot = facial feature 9 g5]al has its p>allel 9 ! art ( savage tribes4#bdj ,x is1 h[ev]1 ,i ?9k1 mo/ common to introduce ?ree dots 9 a triangul> arrangem5t1 presumably = eyes & m\?1--a device aga9 :i* reappe>s 9 ! art ( uncivilis$ races4#bda ,ev5 :5 ! "y draughtsman has rea*$ ! /age ( di/+ui%+ ! features he may be q c>eless ab\t numb] & complet5ess4 ,?us a feature may be omitt$ altoge!r4 ,?is funnily en\gh happ5s mo/ frequ5tly 9 ! case ( t "o :i* seems to u #8gr[n-ups' mo/ self-ass]tive & mo/ res5tful ( indignity1 viz41 ! nose4 ,^! moon-faces ) two eyes & a m\? are v common among ! fir/ draw+s ( *ildr54 ,! m\?1 on ! o!r h&1 is mu* less frequ5tly omitt$4 ,! same ?+ seems to hold good ( ! draw+s ( savages4#bdb ,! eyes are r>ely omitt$4 ,! s+le dot may p]haps be said to /& = #8eye'4 ,"s draw+s ( savages h ! two eyes & no o!r feature1 z 9 ! accompany+ example f ,&ree1 plate #c 7,fig4 #d 7a774 ,on ! o!r h&1 a *ild w1 z we h se51 sometimes cont5t himself ) "o eye4 ,?is holds good n only :]e ! dot is us$ b aft] some?+ l an eye-circle is introduc$1 z 9 ! accompany+ draw+ by a ,jamaica girl ( sev5 7,fig4 #d 7b774 ----- ,footnote #bci3 ,l',art et la ,posie *ez l',enfant1 p4 #ahf4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,= an illu/ration see ,&ree1 ,e?4 ,p>allel5 und ,v]glei*e1 pl4 #c1 fig4 #ai4 ,footnote #bda3 ,see = an example1 ,s*oolcraft1 iv41 pl4 #ah4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,accord+ to ,/anley ,hall ! nose comes aft] ! m\?4 ,?is may be an approximate g5]alisation1 b !re are evid5tly exceptions to x4 ,on ! practice ( savage draughtsm5 see ! illu/rations ( ,au/ralian cave draw+s 9 ,&ree1 op4 cit41 p4 #aei4 ,cf4 ! draw+s ( ,brazilian tribes1 plate iii41 #ae4 ,9 "s cases !re seems a pref]5ce = ! nose1 c]ta9 ( ! ,brazilian draw+s repres5t+ facial features m]ely by a v]tical /roke4 ----- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d 7c74--,m\/a*e horizontal l9e above curve ( cap4 ,9 ^! fir/ attempts to sket* out a face we miss a s5se ( relative position & ( proportion4 ,x is a/oni%+ :at a *ild on fir/ attempt+ to draw a human or animal =m c d 9 ! way ( dislocation or putt+ ?+s into ! wrong place4 ,! little girl m5tion$ by ,e4 ,cooke on try+1 ab\t ! same age1 to draw a cat f a model actually put ! circle repres5t+ ! eye outside t ( ! head4 ,) ?is may be comp>$ ! draw+s ( ,von d5 ,/e95 & o!r ,europeans made by 8 ,brazil ,indian companions1 9 :i* :at 0 di/9ctly said by ! draughtsman to be ! m\/a*e 0 9 m ?an "o in/ance set above ! eyes 7,fig4 #d 7c774 ,:5 dots are ins]t$ 9 ! l9e> s*eme !y are apt at fir/ to be ?r[n 9 anyh[4 ,! two eyes1 ,i f9d1 :5 ^! only are giv51 may be put "o above ! o!r z well z "o by ! side ( ! o!r1 & bo? arrangem5ts occur 9 ! draw+s ( ! same *ild4 ,& mu* lat] :5 great] att5tion to position is obs]vable !re is a g5]al t5d5cy to put ! gr\p ( features too high up1 i4e41 to make ! =ehead or bra9 region too small 9 proportion to ! *9 region 7cf4 above1 ,fig4 #b1 p4 #ccf74bdc ----- ,footnote #bdc3 ,m4 ,passy calls att5tion to ?is 9 8 int]e/+ note on *ildr5's draw+s1 ,revue ,philosophique1 #ahia1 p4 #fad ff4 ,i f9d h[ev] t ?\gh ! error is a common "o x is n con/ant4 ----- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e 7a74 ,! want ( proportion is /ill m pla9ly se5 9 ! treatm5t ( ! sev]al features4 ,! eye1 z already rem>k$1 is apt to be absurdly l>ge4 ,9 ! draw+ ( ,mr4 ,cooke's little girl m5tion$ above x is actually l>g] ?an ! head outside :i* x lies4 ,?is enl>gem5t cont9ues to appe> frequ5tly 9 lat] draw+s1 m p>ticul>ly :5 "o eye only is introduc$1 z 9 ! accompany+ draw+ by a boy 9 8 sev5? ye> 7,fig4 #e 7a72 cf4 above1 ,fig4 #d 7b774 ,! m\? is apt to be ev5 m disproportionate1 ! *ild appe>+ to delight 9 mak+ ?is appall+ feature supreme1 z 9 ! foll[+ examples1 bo? by boys ( five 7,fig4 #e 7b7 & 7c774 ,! e>1 :5 x is add$1 is apt to be enorm\s1 & g5]ally ! introduction ( new details z e>s1 hair1 h&s1 is wont to be emphasis$ by an exagg]ation ( _! magnitude4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e 7b74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e 7c74 ,v int]e/+ is ! gradual arti/ic evolution ( ! features4 ,"h1 z 9 organic evolution1 !re is a process ( specialisation1 ! primordial indef9ite =m tak+ on m ( *>act]i/ic complexity4 ,9 ! case ( ! eye1 = example1 we may (t5 trace a gradual developm5t1 ! dot be+ displac$ by a small circle or ovoid1 ?is la/ supplem5t$ by a second circle outside ! fir/1#bdd or by "o or by two ar*es1 ! =m] plac$ above1 ! latt] above & bel[ ! circle4 ,! =m rema9s ?r\gh\t an ab/ract outl9e or s*eme1 !re be+ no attempt to draw ev5 ! l9es--e4g41 ^? ( ! lid-m>g9s--correctly1 or to indicate diff]5ces ( light & d>k1 save 9 ! case :]e a c5tral black dot is us$4 ,9 ?is s*ematic treatm5t s /rik+ & int]e/+ a feature z ! eye-la% only v r>ely f9ds a place4 ,a simil> s*ematic treatm5t ( ! eye 9 ! use ( a dot1 a dot 9 a circle1 & two circles1 is obs]vable 9 ! draw+s ( savages & ( ,egyptian & o!r ar*aic art4#bde ----- ,footnote #bdd3 ,9 "o case ,i f9d ! curi\s device ( two dots or small circles1 "o above ! o!r )9 a l>g] circle1 & ?is =m repeat$ 9 ! eye ( animals4 ,footnote #bde3 ,an example ( circle )9 circle occurs 9 a draw+ by a male ,zulu 9 ,g5]al ,pitt-,riv]s' collection4 ----- ,! evolution ( ! m\? is p>ticul>ly int]e/+4 ,x is wont to beg9 ) a horizontal l9e 7or :at seems int5d$ = su*7 :i* is frequ5tly drawn "r across ! facial circle4 ,b a transition soon takes place to a m di/9ctive repres5tation4 ,?is is naturally en\gh c>ri$ out by ! introduction ( ! *>act]i/ic & int]e/+ detail1 ! tee?4 ,?is may be done1 accord+ to ,m4 ,p]ez1 by keep+ to ! l9e> repres5tation1 ! tee? be+ indicat$ by dots plac$ ^u ! horizontal l9e4 ,9 all ! cases obs]v$ by me ! tee? are introduc$ 9 a m reali/ic fa%ion 9 connexion ) a cont\r to sugge/ ! p>t$ lips4 ,! cont\r--especially ! circul> or ovoid--occasionally appe>s by itself )\t tee?1 b ! tee? seem to be soon add$4 ,! commone/ =ms ( too?-cavity ,i h met ) are a n>r[ rectangul> & a curv$ sp9dle-%ap$ slit ) tee? appe>+ z v]tical l9es 7see ! two draw+s by boys ( six & five1 ,fig4 #f 7a7 & 7b774 ,^! two =ms are improv$ ^u & m lik5ess is introduc$ by mak+ ! d5tal l9es %ort]1 z 9 ,fig4 #e 7c7 7p4 #cdj74 ,) ?is may be comp>$ a draw+ by a boy ( five 7,fig4 #f 7c771 :]e h[ev] we see a movem5t f realism 9 ! direction ( a fre] decorative treatm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f 7a74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f 7b74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f 7c74 ,a some:at simil> process ( evolution is noticeable 9 ! case ( ! nose1 ?\gh "h ! movem5t is soon br\ght to a /&/ill4 ,?us ! v]tical l9e gives place to an angle1 :i* may po9t to ! side1 z 9 ! draw+ ( a c\ntry-boy betwe5 ?ree & f\r 7,fig4 #g 7a771 b m frequ5tly1 ,i ?9k1 po9ts upw>ds1 z 9 ! draw+ ( a boy ( six 7,fig4 #g 7b774 ,?is 9 its turn leads to an isosceles triangle ) an acute angle at ! apex1 z 9 ! draw+ ( a boy ( six 7,fig4 #g 7c774 ,9 a few cases a long sp9dle-%ap$ or rectangul> =m simil> to t ( ! m\? is employ$1 z 9 a draw+ ( a n]v\s *ild ( six 7,fig4 #g 7d774 ,ref9em5ts are introduc$ n[ & aga9 by an attempt at ! no/rils1 z 9 ! accompany+ curi\s draw+ by a sev5-ye>s-old ,jamaica girl 7,fig4 #g 7e774#bdf ----- ,footnote #bdf3 ,x is possible t 9 ?is draw+ ! two %ort l9es add$ to ! m\? are an orig9al attempt to give ! tee?4 ----- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g 7a74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g 7b74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g 7c74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g 7d74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g 7e74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h 7a74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h 7b74 ,! introduction ( o!r features1 m especially e>s & hair1 mu/1 accord+ to my obs]vations1 be look$ on z occasional only1 & z a m>k ( an advance to a m naturali/ic treatm5t4 ,diff]5ces ( treatm5t occur "h too4 ,?us ! e>s1 :i* are apt to be absurdly l>ge1 are n[ ins]t$ inside ! head circle1 n[ outside x4 ,! hair appe>s n[ z a d>k cap ( horizontal /rokes1 n[ z a k9d ( /unt$ fr+e1 n[ z a bundle or wisp on "o side1 :i* may ei!r fall or /& on end 7see above1 ,fig4 #g 7d71 & ! accompany+ draw+ by a girl ( ne>ly f\r1 ,fig4 #h 7a774 ,^! me?ods ( repres5tation are occasionally v>i$ by a m elaborate l9e-device1 z a curly loop$ l9e simil> to t employ$ = smoke1 z 9 ! annex$ draw+ by a girl ( sev5 7,fig4 #h 7b774 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,z impli$ 9 ?is acc\nt ( ! facial features1 a good deal ( conv5tion-l agreem5t ( me?od is enliv5$ by a measure ( div]sity ( treatm5t4 ,p]haps "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ in/ances ( d>+ orig9ality is se5 9 ! attempt by a girl ( f\r--:o 0 subject$ to a great deal ( in/ruction--to give sep>ate =m to ! *9 7,fig4 #i74 ,?is may be comp>$ ) ! attempt ( ! ,ug&a negro to indicate symbolically ! *eeks 7see above1 p4 #ccf1 ,fig4 #c74 ,z ,i h rem>k$1 to ! *ild b5t on repres5t+ #8man' ! head or face is at fir/ ! pr9cipal ?+1 "s e>ly draw+s cont5t+ !mselves ) ?is4 ,b 9 g5]al ! head receives "s support4 ,! simple/ device "h is ! ab/ract mode ( repres5tation by two support+ l9es1 :i* d duty = legs & body4 ,^! are = ! mo/ "p p>allel 7see above1 p4 #ccf1 ,fig4 #b71 ?\gh occasionally !y are unit$ at ! top1 mak+ a k9d ( t>get figure4 ,?is same arrangem5t1 fix+ ! head on two upright l9es1 meets u also 9 ! rude designs ( savages1 z may be se5 9 ! accompany+ rock inscription f ,s*oolcraft 7,fig4 #aj74bdg ----- ,footnote #bdg3 ,op4 cit41 pt4 iv41 plate #ah4 ----- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,! comp>ative indiff]5ce ( ! *ild to ! body or trunk is se5 9 ! ob/9ate p]si/5ce ( ?is simple s*eme ( head & legs1 to :i* two arms atta*$ to ! sides ( ! head are (t5 add$4 ,a *ild w complete ! draw+ ( ! head by ins]t+ hair or a cap1 & w ev5 add feet & h&s1 be=e he tr\bles to br+ 9 ! trunk 7see above1 p4 #ccf1 ,fig4 #b1 & p4 #cdb1 ,fig4 #g 7d71 also ! accompany+ draw+ by a boy ( six1 ,fig4 #aa 7a774 ,) ?is neglect ( ! trunk by *ildr5 may be comp>$ ! omission ( x--z if x 7 a =bidd5 ?+--9 "o ( ,g5]al ,pitt-,riv]s' draw+s1 execut$ by a ,zulu woman 7,fig4 #aa7;b774 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa 7a74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa 7b74 ,f ?is common way ( spik+ ! head on two =k$ or upright legs !re is "o important deviation4 ,! cont\r ( ! head may be left incomplete1 & ! upp] occipital "p ( ! curve be run on into ! leg-l9es1 z 9 ! accompany+ example by a ,jamaica girl ( sev5 7,fig4 #ab74 ,i h met ) no example ( ?is among ,engli% *ildr54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! draw+ ( ! trunk may comm5ce 9 "o ( two ways4 ,) ,engli% *ildr5 x appe>s (t5 to em]ge z an expansion or prolongation ( ! head-cont\r1 z 9 ! accompany+ draw+s ( ! front & side view 7,fig4 #ac 7a7 & 7b774#bdh ,or1 9 ! second place1 ! leg-s*eme may be modifi$1 ei!r by draw+ a horizontal l9e across !m & s mak+ a rectangle1 z 9 ! accompany+ draw+ by a boy ( six1 or by %ad+ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! space1 z 9 ! o!r figure by a girl ( five 7,fig4 #ac 7c7 & 7d774 ,a curi\s & int]e/+ v>iant ( ?is second mode ( introduc+ ! trunk is to be f\nd 9 ! draw+s ( ,von d5 ,/e95's ,brazilians1 :]e ! leg-l9es are ei!r kept p>allel = a :ile & !n made to div]ge1 or are p9*$ 9 bel[ :at may be call$ ! pelvis1 ?\gh n completely jo9$ 7,fig4 #ac 7e7 & 7f774 ----- ,footnote #bdh3 ,a draw+ giv5 by ,&ree1 op4 cit41 plate ii41 ,,ii1 seems to me to illu/rate a some:at simil> attempt to develop ! trunk out ( ! head4 ----- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac 7a74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac 7b74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac 7c74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac 7d74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac 7e7 & 7f74 ,:5 ! trunk is di/9ctly m>k$ (f1 x is apt to rema9 small 9 proportion to ! head1 z 9 ! foll[+ two draw+s by boys ( ab\t five 7,fig4 #ad 7a7 & 7b774 ,z to its %ape1 x is mo/ commonly circul> or ovoid l ! head4 ,b ! squ>e or rectangul> =m is also f\nd1 & 9 ! case ( c]ta9 *ildr5 x is expressly /at$ t ?is came lat]4 ,a triangul> cape-l =m also appe>s n[ & aga91 z 9 ! accompany+ draw+ by a boy ( six 7,fig4 #ad 7c774#bdi ,! treatm5t ( ! =m ( trunk (t5 v>ies 9 ! draw+s ( ! same *ild4 ----- ,footnote #bdi3 ,! opposite arrangem5t ( a triangle on its apex occurs among savage draw+s4 ----- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad 7a74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad 7b74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad 7c74 ,at ?is /age !re is no attempt to %[ ! jo9+ on ( ! head to ! trunk by means ( ! neck4 ,! oval ( ! head is ei!r laid on ! top ( t ( ! trunk1 or m commonly cuts (f ! upp] end ( ! latt]4 ,! neck1 :5 fir/ add$1 is apt to take ! exagg]at$ look ( c>icature4 ,x may be repres5t$ by a s+le l9e1 by a c\ple ( p>allel l9es1 or by a small oval or circle1 z 9 ! accompany+ draw+s by a girl ( six & a boy ( five respectively 7,fig4 #ae 7a7 & 7b72 cf4 above1 p4 #cdb1 ,fig4 #g 7b774 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae 7a74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae 7b74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af 7a74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af 7b74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af 7c74 ,x is noticeable t !re is sometimes a d\ble body1 two oval cont\rs be+ laid "o ^u ! o!r4 ,9 c]ta9 cases ?is looks v l an expansion ( ! neck1 z 9 ! accompany+ draw+ by ! same boy t drew ! r\nd neck above 7,fig4 #af 7a774 ,9 o!r cases ! arrangem5t pla9ly does n aim at diff]5tiat+ ! neck1 s9ce ?is "p is sep>ately dealt ) 7,fig4 #af 7b774 ,"h x may possibly mean a crude attempt to indicate ! division ( ! trunk at ! wai/1 z br\ght out especially by female attire1 z may be se5 9 ! accompany+ draw+ :]e ! dots = buttons on ea* oval seem to %[ t ! body is signifi$ 7,fig4 #af 7c72 cf4 above1 p4 #cdb1 ,fig4 #g 7c774#bej ,?is1 along ) ! triangul> cape-%ape ( ! trunk1 is "o ( ! few illu/rations ( ! effect ( dress on ! fir/ *ildi% treatm5t ( ! figure4 ,z a rule1 ?is primitive art is a /udy ( nature 9 s f> z ! artificial adjuncts ( dress are ignor$1 & ! r\nd$ =ms ( ! body are1 ?\gh crudely en\gh no d\bt1 h9t$ at4 ----- ,footnote #bej3 ,on ! o!r h& ,i f9d ! button dots sometimes omitt$ 9 ! l[] oval4 ----- ,com+ n[ to ! arms we f9d t _! introduction is v unc]ta94 ,to ! *ild1 z also to ! savage1 ! arms are :at ! ,g]mans call a ,neb5sa*e--side-matt] 7i4e41 figuratively z well z lit]ally71 & are omitt$ 9 r m ?an "o case out ( two4 ,aft] all1 ! div9e portion1 ! head1 c be support$ v well )\t _! help4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,! arms1 z well z ! legs1 be+ ! ?9 lanky memb]s1 are commonly repres5t$ by l9es4 ,! same ?+ is noticeable 9 ! draw+s ( savages4#bea ,! arms appe> 9 ! front view ( ! figure z /ret*$ out horizontally1 or1 at lea/1 rea*+ out f ! sides2 & _! appe>ance always gives a c]ta9 livel9ess to ! figure1 an air ( joy\s self-proclamation1 z if !y said 9 _! ge/ure-language1 #8,"h ,i am' 7see above1 p4 #cci1 ,fig4 #e 7a71 & ! accompany+ draw+ ( a boy ( six1 ,fig4 #ag74 ----- ,footnote #bea3 ,= examples1 see ,&ree1 op4 cit41 plate #c4 ,cf4 ! draw+s ( ,von d5 ,/e95's ,brazilians4 ----- ,9 respect ( %ape & /ructure a process ( evolution may be obs]v$4 ,9 c]ta9 cases ! ab/ract l9e> repres5tation gives place to cont\r1 ! arm be+ drawn ( a c]ta9 ?ickness4 ,b ,i f9d t ! l9e> repres5tation ( ! arm (t5 p]si/s aft] ! legs h receiv$ cont\r1 ?is be+ probably ano!r illu/ration ( ! comp>ative neglect ( ! arm2 z 9 ! accompany+ draw+ by a boy ( five 7,fig4 #ah 7a774 ,! primal rigid /raightness yields lat] on to ! fre$om ( an organ4 ,?us an attempt is made to repres5t by means ( a curve ! look ( ! b5t arm1 z 9 ! accompany+ draw+s by boys ( five 7,fig4 #ah 7b7 & 7c774 ,9 o!r cases ! angle ( ! elb[ is indicat$4 ,?is la/ comes comp>atively late 9 *ildr5's draw+s1 :i* "h1 too1 lag beh9d ! crude/ outl9e sket*es ( savages4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah 7a74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah 7b74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah 7c74--,a m9]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,! mode ( ins]tion or atta*m5t ( ! arms is notewor?y4 ,:]e !y are add$ to ! trunkless figure !y appe> z em]g+ ei!r f ! sides ( ! head1 z 9 ! accompany+ draw+ by a boy ( two & a half ye>s1 or f ! po9t ( junction ( ! head & legs 7,fig4 #ai2 cf4 above1 p4 #cdb1 ,fig4#g 7d7 & 7e774 ,9 ! case ( savage draw+s want+ ! trunk ! arm is also ins]t$ at ?is po9t ( junction 7see above1 pp4 #cdd1 #cdf1 ,figs4 #aj & #ac 7f774#beb ----- ,footnote #beb3 ,on ! treatm5t ( ! arm 9 ! draw+s ( savages1 see 9 addition to ! au?orities already m5tion$ ,! ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhc-d1 p4 #db ff4 ----- ,aft] ! trunk has be5 add$1 ! mode ( ins]tion v>ies /ill m4 ,9 a n inconsid]able numb] ( cases ! arms spr+ f ! bottom ( ! head-circle1 & sometimes ev5 f ! m$ian region1 z be=e ! trunk appe>$ 7cf4 above1 p4 #cdf1 ,fig4 #ad 7b774 ,9 ! la/ case ! mo/ grotesque arrangem5ts occur1 z if ! arms might spr\t at any po9t ( ! surface4#bec ,9 ! majority ( cases1 h[ev]1 & c]ta9ly among ! bett] draw+s1 ! arms spr+ f ! side ( ! trunk t[>ds ! m$ian level 7cf4 above1 p4 #cda1 ,fig4 #f 7a774 ----- ,footnote #bec3 ,! t5d5cy :i* appe>s 9 m ?an "o *ild's draw+s to put ! "r arm bel[ ! left is wor? not+1 ?\gh ,i am n prep>$ to (f] an explanation ( ! ph5om5on4 ----- ,! l5g? ( ! arm is frequ5tly exagg]at$4 ,?is adds to ! self-expansive & self-proclamatory look ( ! mannik91 z may be se5 9 ! accompany+ draw+s by boys ( five & ( six respectively 7,fig4 #bj 7a7 & 7b774 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj 7a74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj 7b74 ,?is arrangem5t ( ! arms /ret*$ /raight out1 or less commonly po9t+ obliquely upw>ds or d[nw>ds1 cont9ues until ! *ild gr[s bold en\gh to repres5t actions4 ,:5 ?is /age is rea*$ _! =m & l5g? may be mat]ially modifi$1 z also _! position4#bed ----- ,footnote #bed3 ,on ! treatm5t ( ! arm1 see ,p]ez1 op4 cit41 p4 #aij3 cf4 ,ricci1 op4 cit41 pp4 #f-h4 ,i h met ) no case ( ! arms be+ atta*$ to ! legs su* z ,/anley ,hall speaks (1 ,cont5ts ( ,*ildr5's ,m9ds1 p4 #bfg4 ----- ,! arm 9 ^! *ildi% draw+s e>ly develops ! int]e/+ adjunct ( a h&4 ,l o!r features ?is is apt at fir/ to be amus+ly =c$ into prom95ce by its size1 & n infrequ5tly by heav9ess ( /roke z well4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba 7a74--,humpty ,dumpty on ! wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba 7b74 ,! treatm5t ( ! h& illu/rates ! process ( arti/ic evolution1 ! movem5t f a bold symbolism 9 ! direction ( a m life-l mode ( repres5tation4 ,?us "o ( ! e>lie/ & rude/ devices ,i h met )1 ?\gh 9 a few cases only1 is t ( draw+ /rokes across ! l9e ( ! arm by way ( digital symbols4 ,"h we h m]ely a clumsy attempt to convey ! ab/ract idea ( bran*+ or bifurcation4 ,^! cross-/rokes are commonly cont9u$ upw>ds s t ! :ole visible "p ( ! arm becomes tree-l4 ,x is an important /ep f ?is to ! draw+ ( twig-l l9es :i* bifurcate ) ! l9e ( ! arm 7,fig4 #ba 7a7 & 7b774 ,x is a /ill m significant advance 9 ! process ( evolution :5 ! digital bifurcations are plac$ rightly1 be+ conc5trat$ 9 a bun*-l arrangem5t at ! extremity ( ! arm-l9e4 ,"h1 aga91 v>i\s modes ( treatm5t disclose !mselves1 m>k+ /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ! arti/4 ,! simple/ device w\ld seem to be to draw "o %ort l9e on ei!r side ( ! t]m9ation ( ! arm-l9e s z to produce a rude k9d ( bird's foot =m4 ,?is may be done clumsily by draw+ a /roke across at "r angles to ! l9e ( ! arm1 or bett] by two indep5d5t /rokes mak+ acute angles ) ?is l9e4 ,^! two modes ( del9eation manife/ly repres5t a re/riction ( ! two v>ieties ( diffuse or disp]s$ treatm5t ( ! f+]s already illu/rat$4 ,bo? =ms occur among *ildr5's draw+s4 ,!y may be f\nd among ! draw+s ( savages z well4#bee ----- ,footnote #bee3 ,see ,&ree's collection1 op4 cit41 ii41 ,,ii4 ----- ,9 ?is t]m9al f+]-arrangem5t ! numb] ( f+]-l9es v>ies greatly1 be+1 9 ! cases obs]v$ by me1 frequ5tly f\r & five1 & sometimes ev5 z great z t54 ,x v>ies1 too1 greatly 9 ! draw+s ( ! same *ild1 & 9 "s cases ev5 9 ! two h&s ( ! same figure1 %[+ t numb] is n att5d$ to1 z may be se5 9 ! two annex$ draw+s1 bo? by boys ( five 7,fig4 #bb 7a7 & 7b774 ,! idea seems to be to set =? a multiplicity ( bran*+ f+]s1 & multiplicity "h seems to mean ?ree or m4 ,! same way ( repres5t+ ! h& by a claw-=m1 9 :i* ! numb] ( f+]s is ?ree or m1 reappe>s 9 ! draw+s ( savages 7cf4 above1 p4 #cci1 ,fig4 #d 7c774#bef ----- ,footnote #bef3 ,examples may be f\nd 9 ,catl91 ,s*oolcraft1 ,&ree1 ,von d5 ,/e951 & o!rs1 also 9 ! draw+s 9 ! ,pitt-,riv]s ,museum1 ,f>nham4 ,von d5 ,/e95 gives a case ( sev5 f+]-/rokes4 ----- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb 7a74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb 7b74 ,an important advance on ^! crude devices is se5 :]e an attempt is made to indicate ! h& & ! relation ( ! f+]s to ?is4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ( ^! attempts takes ! =m ( ! well-kn[n toa/+-=k or rake h&4 ,"h a l9e at "r angles to t ( ! arm symbolically repres5ts ! h&1 & ! f+]s are set =? by ! prongs or tee? 7see above1 p4 #cda1 ,fig4 #f 7a71 & p4 #cdi1 ,fig4 #ah 7a774 ,numb] is "h z little att5d$ to z 9 ! radial arrangem5ts4 ,x is wor? not+ t ?is s*ema seems to be widely diffus$ among *ildr5 ( diff]5t nationalities1 & occurs 9 ! draw+s ( untaught adults4 ,i h n1 h[ev]1 notic$ any example ( x among savage draw+s4 ,ano!r way ( br++ 9 ! h& along ) ! f+]s is by draw+ a d>k c5tral pat* or knob4 ,?is n infrequ5tly occurs )\t ! f+]s z ! symbol = h&4 ,x becomes a complete symbol by arrang+ f+]-l9es aft] ! patt]n ( a burr ab\t ?is 7see above1 p4 #cdg1 ,fig4 #ae 7a774 ,a fur!r process ( arti/ic evolution occurs :5 ! f+]s take on cont\r4 ,?is gives a look ( bran*+ leaves to ! h&4 ,! leaf-l patt]n may be v>i$ 9 diff]5t ways1 among o!rs by tak+ on a floral aspect ( petal-l f+]s ab\t a c5tre1 z 9 ! two annex$ draw+s by boys ( six 7,fig4 #bc 7a7 & 7b72 cf4 above1 p4 #cej1 ,fig4 #bj 7a774 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc 7a74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc 7b74 ,"o curi\s arrangem5t by :i* a ?ick5$ arm is made to exp& into some?+ l a fan-%ap$ h& appe>s ) consid]able frequ5cy4 ,x is zoologically int]e/+ z be+ a k9d ( r\gh repres5tation ( ! fundam5tal typical =m f :i* h&1 f91 & w+ may be suppos$ to h be5 evolv$4 ,"h ! arm s9ks into insignificance1 ! :ole limb tak+ on ! aspect ( a prolong$ h&1 save :]e ! arti/ resorts to ! device ( mak+ ! d\ble organ g across ! body 7,fig4 #bd 7a7 & 7b774 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd 7a74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd 7b74 ,! legs come 9 = v mu* ! same v>iety ( treatm5t z ! arms4 ,! ab/ract /raight l9e "h1 z already po9t$ out1 soon gives place to ! pair ( l9es repres5t+ ?ickness4 ,!y are = ! mo/ "p p>allel & drawn at "s di/ance "o f ! o!r1 ?\gh 9 c]ta9 cases !re is a slight t5d5cy to give to ! figure ! look ( ! #8=k$ bip$' 7cf4 above1 p4 #cdb1 ,fig4 #g 7c774 ,9 a l>ge proportion ( cases !re is a m>k$ incl9ation ( ! legs1 z inde$ ( ! :ole figure1 :i* seems to be fall+ backw>ds 7see above1 pp4 #cdj1 #ceb1 ,figs4 #e 7c7 & #bb 7b774 ,9 _m in/ances1 9 front & pr(ile view alike1 "o ( ! legs is drawn "u ! body1 leav+ no room = ! second1 :i* is consequ5tly pu%$ beh9d1 & takes on ! look ( a tail 7see above1 p4 #ceb1 ,fig4 #bb 7b7s74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,bo? legs are regul>ly %[n alike 9 front & 9 pr(ile view4 ,yet ev5 9 ?is simple case att5tion to numb] may sometimes lapse4 ,among ! draw+s collect$ by me is "o by a boy ( five repres5t+ ! mon/]1 a ?ree-legg$ #8bip$' 7,fig4 #be74beg ----- ,footnote #beg3 ,unless ?is is a jocose sugge/ion ( a tail4 ----- ,! %ape ( ! leg v>ies greatly4 ,) "s *ildr5 x is made %ort & fat4 ,x develops a c]ta9 am\nt ( curvature long be=e x develops a knee-b5d4 ,?is is j :at we %\ld expect4 ,! /&+ figure ne$s /raight or approximately /raight legs z its support4 ,:5 ! knee-b5d is introduc$ x is v apt to be exagg]at$ 7cf4 above1 ,fig4 #bd 7b774 ,?is becomes /ill m noticeable at a lat] /age1 :]e actions1 z runn+1 are attempt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf 7a74 ,! treatm5t ( ! foot %[s a process ( evolution simil> to t se5 9 ! treatm5t ( ! h&4 ,at fir/ a bald ab/ract indication or sugge/ion is noticeable1 z :]e a %ort l9e is drawn across ! extremity ( ! leg4 ,9 place ( ?is a cont\r-=m1 m especially a circle or knob1 may be us$ z a designation4 ,v int]e/+ "h is ! diff]5tiation ( treatm5t accord+ z ! boot$ or nak$ foot is repres5t$4 ,*ildr5 br\ght up 9 a civilis$ community l ,engl&1 ?\gh !y sometimes give ! nak$ foot 7see p4 #cdb1 ,fig4 #g 7d71 :]e ! claw patt]n is adopt$71 are naturally m dispos$ to envisage ! foot "u its boot-=m4 ,among ! draw+s ( ! ,jamaica *ildr51 presumably m famili> ) ! =m ( ! nak$ foot1 ,i f9d bo? ! toa/+-=k & ! burr arrangem5t1 z also a rude claw1 or bir*-l device us$ = ! foot 7see above1 pp4 #ccf1 #cch1 #cde1 ,figs4 #b1 #d 7b71 & #ab74 ,! toa/+-=k arrangem5t appe>s 9 ,g5]al ,pitt-,riv]s' collection ( savage draw+s4 ,also a bird's foot treatm5t (t5 accompanies a simil> treatm5t ( ! h& 9 ! pictographs ( savage tribes1 & 9 ! draw+s ( ,von d5 ,/e95's ,brazilians 7see above1 pp4 #cch1 #cci1 ,fig4 #d 7a7 & 7c774 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf 7b74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf 7c74 ,an attempt to repres5t ! boot$ foot seems to be recognisable 9 ! e>ly use ( a triangul> =m1 z 9 ! accompany+ draw+ by a small arti/ ( five 7,fig4 #bf 7a774#beh ,v curi\s is ! way 9 :i* ! *ild seeks to indicate ! capital feature ( ! boot1 ! division ( toe & heel4 ,?is is v frequ5tly done by cont9u+ ! l9e ( ! leg s z to make a s+le or a d\ble loop-patt]n1 z 9 ! foll[+ 7,fig4 #bf 7b71 7c72 cf4 above1 p4 #cdb1 ,fig4 #g 7b774 ,a t5d5cy to a m re/ra9$ & naturali/ic treatm5t is sometimes se5 7see above1 p4 #ced1 ,fig4 #bd 7a7 & 7b774 ,x may be add$ t ! not* betwe5 toe & heel is almo/ always exagg]at$4 ,?is may be se5 by a glance at ,figs4 #ag & #bb 7a71 pp4 #cdh1 #ceb4 ,! same ?+ is noticeable 9 a draw+ by a "y ,zulu 9 ,g5]al ,pitt-,riv]s' collection4 ----- ,footnote #beh3 ,?is is h>dly conclusive1 z ,i f9d ! triangul> =m us$ = ! foot ( a quadrup$1 presumably a horse4 ----- ,front & ,side ,view ( ,human ,figure4 ,s f>1 ,i h dealt only ) ! treatm5t ( ! front view ( ! human face & figure4 ,new & highly curi\s *>act]i/ics come into view :5 ! *ild attempts to give ! pr(ile aspect4 ,?is comes consid]ably lat] ?an ! e>ly lun> repres5tation ( ! full face4 ,*ildr5 /ill m ?an adults are int]e/$ 9 ! full face ) its two fla%+ & fasc9at+ eyes4 #8,if1' writes a lady tea*] ( consid]able exp]i5ce 9 ! ,k9d]g>t51 #8"o makes draw+s 9 pr(ile = q little *ildr51 !y w n be satisfi$ unless !y see two eyes2 & sometimes !y turn a picture r\nd to see ! o!r side4' ,?is rem9ds "o ( a /ory told by ,catl9 ( ! ,indian *ief1 :o 0 s angry at a repres5tation ( himself 9 pr(ile t ! un=tunate arti/ 0 9 fe> ( 8 life4 ,at ! same "t *ildr5 d n re/ cont5t ) ?is front view4 ,!re is1 ,i believe1 ample reason to say t1 q ap>t f tea*+1 !y f9d _! own way to a new mode ( repres5t+ ! face & figure :i*1 ?\gh x w\ld be an error to call x a pr(ile draw+1 has "s ( ! *>act]i/ics ( :at we und]/& by ?is expression4 ,! fir/ cle> indication ( an attempt to give ! pr(ile aspect ( ! face is ! introduction ( ! angul> l9e ( ! side view ( ! nose into ! cont\r4 ,! little obs]v] is soon impress$ by ! *>act]i/ic1 well-m>k$ outl9e ( ! nose 9 pr(ile2 & z he _c make mu* ( ! front view ( ! organ1 he naturally beg9s at an e>ly /age1 c]ta9ly by ! fif? ye>1 to v>y ! s*eme ( ! lun> circle1 brok5 at mo/ by ! e>s1 by a projection answ]+ to a pr(ile nose4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,?is *ange is sometimes made )\t any o!r1 s t we get :at has be5 call$ ! mix$ s*eme1 9 :i* ! eyes & m\? reta9 _! front-view aspect4 ,?is ,i f9d v common among *ildr5 ( five4 ,x may be f\nd--ev5 9 ! trunkless figure--along ) a l9e> m\? 7see above1 pp4 #cdj-cdd1 ,figs4 #e 7c7 & foll[+1 also #aa 7a774 ,! nasal l9e is1 ne$less to say1 treat$ ) great fre$om4 ,!re is commonly a good deal ( exagg]ation ( size4 ,9 c]ta9 cases ! nose is add$ 9 ! =m ( a sp9dle to ! complet$ circle 7,fig4 #bg2 cf4 above1 p4 #cdj1 ,fig4 #e 7c774 ,x may well seem a puzzle to u h[ a normal *ild ( five or six c complac5tly set d[n ?is irrational & inconsi/5t s*eme ( a human head4 ,we mu/ see :at c be said by way ( explanation lat] on4 ,x is to be notic$1 fur!r1 t 9 c]ta9 cases ! self-contradiction goes to ! po9t ( d\bl+ ! nose4 ,t is to say1 al?\gh ! int]e/+ new feature1 ! pr(ile nose1 is introduc$1 e>li] habit ass]ts itself s t ! v]tical nasal l9e appe>s betwe5 ! two eyes 7see above1 p4 #cdi1 ,fig4 #ah 7c774 ,! fur!r process ( diff]5tiation ( ! pr(ile f ! primitive full-face s*eme is effect$ 9 "p by add+ o!r features ?an ! nose to ! cont\r4 ,?us a not* = ! m\? appe>s 9 "s cases bel[ ! nasal projection 7,fig4 #bh 7a771 ?\gh ! gr9n+ front view is apt to hold its own p]t9aci\sly4 ,a be>d1 especially ! %ort #8imp]ial1' z x us$ to be call$1 %oot+ out l ! nose f ! side1 also helps to m>k pr(ile4#bei ,less frequ5tly an e>1 & 9 a v few cases1 hair1 are add$ on ! h9d] side ( ! head1 & assi/ ! impression ( pr(ile4 ,adjuncts1 especially ! pipe1 & sometimes ! peak ( ! cap1 contribute to ! effect1 z 9 ! accompany+ draw+ by a boy ( six 7,fig4 #bh 7b72 cf4 above1 ,figs4 #f 7a71 #ah 7c71 & #bd 7b71 pp4 #cda1 #cdi1 #ced74bfj ----- ,footnote #bei3 ,i take ! long l9e 9 ,fig4 #bg to repres5t ! manly be>d4 ,footnote #bfj3 ,9 r>e cases ! pipe /icks out f ! side ( :at is cle>ly ! primitive full face4 ,s*oolcraft gives an example ( ?is1 too1 9 ,indian draw+1 op4 cit41 pt4 ii41 pl4 #da4 ----- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh 7a74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh 7b74 ,at ! same "t ! front features !mselves und]go modification4 ,! big gr9n+ m\? is dropp$ & "o ( ! eyes omitt$4 ,! exact way 9 :i* ?is occurs appe>s to v>y ) diff]5t *ildr54 ,9 c]ta9 cases x is cle> t ! front view ( ! m\? cavity disappe>s1 giv+ place to a r\gh attempt to r5d] a side view1 be=e ! second eye is expung$2 & 9 "o case ,i h detect$ a survival ( ! two eyes 9 :at o!rwise w\ld be a consi/5t pr(ile draw+ ( head & figure 7,fig4 #bi 7a72 cf4 above1 p4 #cdi1 ,fig4 #ah 7b774 ,?is late survival ( ! two eyes agrees ) ! results ( obs]vation on ! draw+s ( ! uncultur$ adult4 ,"o ( ,g5]al ,pitt-,riv]s' ,african boys ins]t$ ! two eyes 9 a pr(ile draw+4 ,von d5 ,/e95's ,brazilians drew by pref]5ce ! full face1 s t we _c well judge z to h[ !y w\ld h treat$ ! pr(ile4 ,yet x is curi\s to note t 9 :at is cle>ly a draw+ ( a side view ( a fi% "o ( ^! ,brazilians introduces bo? eyes 7,fig4 #bi 7b774 ,! ins]tion ( two eyes is said by "s nev] to occur 9 ! draw+s ( savages on /one1 hide1 etc4#bfa ,b ,i h come across :at seems to me a cle> example ( x1 & ?is 9 a fairly good sket* ( a pr(ile view ( ! human figure on an ,indian vase 7,fig4 #bi 7c774#bfb ,yet ?is late ret5tion ( ! two eyes 9 pr(ile1 ?\gh ! g5]al rule 9 *ildr5's draw+s1 is liable to exceptions4 ,?us ,i h f\nd a *ild reta9+ ! big front view ( ! m\? along ) a s+le eye4 ----- ,footnote #bfa3 ,ricci's rem>ks seem to me to come to ?is1 op4 cit41 p4 #be4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,f ,! ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhj-a1 p4 #djf4 ----- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi 7a74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi 7b74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi 7c74 ,x may be add$ t *ildr5 at a p>ticul> /age %[ a pref]5ce = "s "o arrangem5t2 = example1 ! pr(ile nose & m\?1 & ! two front-view eyes1 :i* t5ds to become ! habitual =m us$1 ?\gh a c]ta9 am\nt ( v>iation is obs]vable4 ,! diff]5ces noticeable among diff]5t *ildr5's draw+s sugge/ t all ( !m d n g ?r\gh ! same /ages4 ,?us "s may pass by ! two-ey$ pr(ile /age altoge!r1 or v soon rise above x1 :]eas o!rs may l+] 9 x4#bfc ----- ,footnote #bfc3 ,ricci says t sev5ty p] c5t4 ins]t two eyes 9 _! fir/ pr(ile draw+s 7op4 cit41 p4 #ag74 ,b ?is seems a r loose /atem5t4 ----- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,"o notices1 too1 curi\s div]g5ces ) respect to ! mixture ( incompatible features4 ,diff]5ces 9 ! degree ( intellig5ce %[ !mselves "h also4 ,?us 9 "o case a *ild1 ?r\gh\t ^: draw+s a c]ta9 feeble-m9d$ness seems to betray itself1 actually w5t s f> z to introduce ! d\ble nose )\t hav+ ! excuse ( ! two eyes 7,fig4 #cj74 ,9 su* odd ways d ! tricks ( habit ass]t !mselves4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca 7a74 ,! difficulty :i* ! *ild feels 9 ^! pr(ile repres5tations is se5 9 ! odd positions giv5 to ! eyes4 ,^! are apt to be pu%$ v high up1 to be plac$ "o above ! o!r1 &1 :at is m significant1 to be put f> ap>t & close to ! l9e ( cont\r 7see above1 ,fig4 #bi 7a774 ,9 ! foll[+ draw+ by a boy ( five "o ( ! eyes may be said to be on ?is l9e 7,fig #ca 7a774 ,9 ,g5]al ,pitt-,riv]s' collection we f9d a /ill m /rik+ in/ance ( ?is 9 a draw+ by a boy ( elev51 ! second eye appe>+ to be int5tionally put outside ! cont\r1 z if to sugge/ t we mu/ look r\nd to ! o!r side ( ! facial disc 9 ord] to see x 7,fig4 #ca 7b774 ,curi\s v>iations ( treatm5t appe>1 z 9 ins]t+ two eyes betwe5 ! same pair ( curves z 9 ,fig4 #bj 7b71 p4 #cej1 & 9 enclos+ two pairs ( dots or small circles 9 two l>g] circles z 9 ,figs4 #ad 7b71 & #bb 7a71 pp4 #cdf1 #ceb 7bo? by ! same boy74#bfd ----- ,footnote #bfd3 ,i assume t ^! are int5d$ = two eyes2 b ! s*eme is n easy to int]pret4 ----- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca 7b74 ,x may be add$ t ev5 :5 only "o eye is drawn1 a rem9isc5ce ( ! ant]ior view is se5 9 its =m4 ,x is ! r\nd or sp9dle-%ap$ cont\r ( ! eye z se5 9 front4 ,t is to say ! eye ( ! pr(ile l t ( ! full face looks directly at ! spectator1 s t 9 a mann] ! "o-ey$ pr(ile is a front view 7see = an example1 ,fig4 #e 7a71 p4 #cci74 ,! designs ( savages1 & ! ar*aic art ( civilis$ races1 includ+ a p s high up z ! ,egyptians1 %>e ?is t5d5cy ( *ildr5's draw+s ( ! pr(ile1 ?\gh we f9d sc>cely a trace ( ! t5d5cy to ins]t bo? eyes4 ,a l confusion or want ( diff]5tiation %[s itself 9 ! managem5t ( o!r features 9 ! pr(ile view4 ,z obs]v$1 a good l>ge e> at ! back sometimes helps to indicate ! side view 7see above1 p4 #cda1 ,fig4 #f 7a774 ,b ! wi% to br+ 9 all ! features1 se5 9 ! ob/9ate ret5tion ( ! two eyes1 %[s itself also 9 respect ( ! e>s4 ,?us "o occasionally f9ds ! two e>s z 9 ! front view 7see above1 p4 #cdf1 ,fig4 #ad 7a71 :]e ! aspect is cle>ly m front view ?an pr(ile71 & sometimes1 accord+ to ,m4 ,passy--z if ! pr(ile nose int]f]$ ) ?is arrangem5t--bo? plac$ toge!r on "o side4 ,! treatm5t ( ! m\/a*e :5 ?is is introduc$ foll[s t ( ! m\?4 ,s impos+ a feature mu/ be giv5 9 all ! glory ( ! front view 7see above1 p4 #cej1 ,fig4 #bj 7b774 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,o!r curi\s features ( ?is e>ly crude attempt to deal ) ! pr(ile %[ !mselves 9 ! h&l+ ( ! trunk & ! limbs4 ,i h met ) only "o or two in/ances ( a pr(ile head appe>+ be=e ! addition ( ! trunk z 9 ,fig4 #bh 7a7 7p4 #ceh74 ,9 ! l>ge majority ( cases ! trunk appe>s & reta9s ! circul> or oval =m ( ! primitive front view4 ,:51 z v frequ5tly happ5s1 ! int]e/+ v]tical r[ ( buttons is add$ x is apt to be ins]t$ 9 ! middle1 giv+ a /ill m def9itely frontal aspect4 ,! juxtaposition ( ?is ) ! head turn$ to ! left ne$ cause no difficulty to ! little draughtsman1 aft] :at he has com=tably swall[$ 9 ! %ape ( incompatibilities 9 ! face itself 7see above1 p4 #cdg1 ,fig4 #ae 7b774 ,9 r>e cases1 h[ev]1 "o may light on a di/9ctly lat]al treatm5t ( ! buttons4 ,9 "o in/ance ,i h f\nd x 9 a draw+ :i* w\ld be a consi/5t pr(ile b = ! ins]tion ( ! second eye1 & ! frontal treatm5t ( ! legs & feet 7,fig4 #cb74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,9 ! arrangem5t ( ! arms !re is m room = confusion4 ,! managem5t ( ^! 9 ! pr(ile view naturally gives difficulty to ! little arti/1 & 9 "s cases we f9d him %irk+ ! po9t by reta9+ ! front view or spread-eagle arrangem5t4 ,?is occurs z a rule :]e ! pr(ile modification is limit$ to ! introduction ( a lat]al nose or nose & pipe 7see1 e4g41 ,figs4 #bd 7a7 & #bh 7b71 pp4 #ced1 #ceh74 ,:at is m surpris+ is t x appe>s 9 r>e cases 9 draw+s :i* o!rwise w\ld be fairly consi/5t pr(ile sket*es4 ,fig4 #cc2 all ?is *ild's complet$ draw+s1 f\r 9 numb]1 adopt ! same front-view s*eme ( arms4 ,! view ( ! pr(ile ) bo? arms /ret*$ out 9 front seems1 h[ev]1 e>ly to impress itself on ! *ild's imag9ation1 & an attempt is made to introduce ?is /rik+ arrangem5t4 ,! addition ( ! =w>d-rea*+ arms helps greatly to give a pr(ile aspect to ! figure 7see above1 p4 #cdi1 ,fig4 #ah 7b774 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,! addition ( ! =w>d-rea*+ arms is c>ri$ out m especially :5 x is desir$ to repres5t an action1 z 9 ! draw+ giv5 above1 p4 #cdb1 ,fig4 #g 7c71 by a boy ( six1 :i* repres5ts a nurse app>5tly walk+ beh9d a *ild1 & 9 ! accompany+ figure1 by a boy ( eight & a half1 ( an ,iri%man knock+ a man's head inside a t5t 7,fig4 #cd74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce;a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce;b4 ,! crude/ mode ( repres5t+ ! side view ( ! =w>d-rea*+ arms is by draw+ ! l9es f ! cont\r1 z 9 ,fig4 #ce 7a74 ,difficulties arise :5 ! l9es are c>ri$ across ! trunk4 ,v (t5 bo? arms are drawn 9 ?is way1 z 9 ,fig4 #ce 7b74 ,!re is a c]ta9 analogy "h to ! ins]tion ( ! two eyes 9 ! pr(ile repres5tation1 a second feature be+ 9 ea* case add$ :i* 9 ! orig9al object is hidd54#bfe ----- ,footnote #bfe3 ,accord+ to ,ricci ! second arm is suppos$ to be se5 ?r\gh ! body4 ----- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,:5 ! two arms are ?us introduc$ _! position v>ies greatly1 :e!r !y />t f ! cont\r or are drawn across ! body4 ,t is to say1 !y may be f> "o f ! o!r 7z 9 ,fig4 #ce 7b771 or may be drawn close toge!r4 ,& aga9 ! po9t ( common orig9 may be high up at ! meet+ po9t ( trunk & *91 z 9 a draw+ by a boy ( five 7,fig4 #cf71 or at almo/ any po9t bel[ ?is4 ,9 ! cases ,i h exam9$ ! ins]tion ( bo? arms 9 pr(ile repres5tations is exceptional4 ,m frequ5tly1 ev5 :5 action is describ$1 "o arm only is introduc$1 :i* may set out f ! ant]ior surface ( ! trunk1 or1 z we h se51 />t f ! po/]ior surface & cross ! trunk 7see above1 pp4 #cec1 #cef1 ,figs4 #bc 7a7 & #bf 7c774 ,9 mo/ cases :]e no action su* z walk+ & hold+ a cane is signifi$ bo? arms are omitt$4 ,! unc]ta9ty ( ! arms is h>dly less "h ?an 9 ! front view4 ,) respect to ! legs1 we f9d1 z 9 ! primitive frontal view1 an ins]tion ( bo?4 ,an ord9>y *ild c /ill less repres5t a human figure 9 pr(ile ) only "o leg %[+ ?an he c repres5t x ) only "o eye4 ,z a rule1 s long z he is guid$ by 8 own inn] light only he does n attempt to draw "o leg ov] & p>tially cov]+ ! o!r1 b sets !m bo? out di/9ctly at a respectful di/ance "o f ! o!r4 ,! ref9em5t ( mak+ ! second foot or calf & foot peep out f beh9d ! fir/1 z 9 ,fig4 #bi 7a7 7p4 #cei71 & possibly also ,fig4 #ah 7c7 7p4 #cdi71 %[s ei!r an exceptional arti/ic eye1 or ! int]f]5ce ( ! preceptor4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,! treatm5t ( ! feet by ! *ildi% p5cil is int]e/+4 ,x is presumable t at fir/ no diff]5ce ( pr(ile & front view atta*es to ! position ( ! foot4 ,x has to be %[n1 & z ! "y arti/ kn[s no?+ ( p]spective & =e%ort5+1 &1 moreov]1 w\ld n be satisfi$ ) t mode ( del9eation if he c\ld accompli% x1 he proce$s naturally en\gh to draw ! memb] z a l9e at "r angles to t ( ! leg4 ,?is is done 9 "o ( two ways1 9 oppos$ directions outw>ds1 or 9 ! same direction1 answ]+ to :at we %\ld call ! front or ! side view4 ,at fir/1 ,i believe1 no significance ( front & side view is atta*$ to ^! arrangem5ts4 ,?us 9 "s sket*es by a little girl ( f\r & a half ,i f9d ! primitive front view ( ! head comb9$ ) ea* ( ^! arrangem5ts ( ! foot4 ,9 draw+s1 too1 ( old] *ildr5 ( six & upw>ds ,i h met ) cases bo? ( a pr(ile repres5tation ( head & trunk ) spread-eagle feet1 z also ( a side view ( ! feet ) a front face 7see ,figs4 #e 7a7 & #ac 7c71 pp4 #cci1 #cde74 ,?is la/ arrangem5t1 ,i f9d1 appe>s 9 a pr(ile treatm5t ( ! :ole leg & foot among ! draw+s ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians 7,fig4 #cg72 & ?is sugge/s t ! side view 9 :i* ! two feet po9t "o way is m easily rea*$ & fix$ by ! untutor$ draughtsman4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,a regul> & app>5tly intellig5t addition ( ! side view ( ! feet to ! *ild's crude pr(ile draw+ ( ! human figure produces a noticeable increase ( def9it5ess4 ,"o common arrangem5t1 ,i f9d1 9 ! h&l+ ( ! pr(ile is ! comb9ation ( ! side view ( ! feet ) a m or less consi/5t pr(ile view ( ! head1 :ile ! bu/ is drawn 9 front view 7see above1 ,figs4 #ce 7a71 #cf74 ,! effect is ( c\rse great] :]e ! side view ( ! b5t leg is add$ 7see ,fig4 #ch & comp>e ) ?is ,fig4 #cg74 ,i f9d a lik+ = ?is same arrangem5t 9 ! draw+s ( ! unskill$ adult4 ,an example may be se5 9 a draw+ by an ,engli% c>p5t] 9 ,g5]al ,pitt-,riv]s' ,museum at ,f>nham4 ,9 ! pictographs ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians we meet ) cases ( a simil> treatm5t4#bff ,9 ! draw+s on ! ,egyptian ,mummy cases 9 ! ,briti% ,museum in/ances ( a precisely simil> treatm5t are to be f\nd4 ,we seem to h "h a sort ( transition f ! fir/ crude impossible conception to a m naturali/ic & tru?ful conception4 ,?is twi/ ( ! trunk does n %ock ! eye ) an absolutely impossible po/ure1 z ! e>ly arti/ic solecisms %ock x1 & x is an arrangem5t :i* displays mu* t is *>act]i/ic & valuable 9 ! human =m4#bfg ----- ,footnote #bff3 ,annual ,report ( ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhb-c1 p4 #afj4 ,footnote #bfg3 ,pr(essor ,petrie has po9t$ out to me t ! ,egyptian ( to-day ) 8 m supple body easily ?r[s himself into ?is position4 ----- ,"o po9t to be notic$ among ^! draw+s ( ! pr(ile by *ildr5 is t 9 a l>ge majority ( cases ! figure looks to ! left ( ! spectator4 ,9 ! draw+s :i* ,i h exam9$ ?is appe>s l a rule to :i* !re is sc>cely any exception1 save :]e ! *ild wants to make two figures face "o ano!r 9 ord] to repres5t a fight or ! less s5sational incid5t ( a salute4 ,! way 9 :i* ! new direction ( ! figure is giv5 9 ^! cases %[s t *ildr5 are n absolutely %ut up to ! "o mode ( repres5tation by any insup]able difficulty4 ,!re is a l t5d5cy obs]vable 9 ! treatm5t ( ! quadrup$1 :i* ne>ly always looks to ! left4 ,x may be add$ t a simil> habit prevails 9 ! draw+s ( untutor$ adults1 z ! pictographs ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4 ,! explanation ( ?is1 z well z ( o!r g5]alisations "h rea*$1 w be t\*$ on lat]4 ,i conceive1 !n1 t !re reveals itself 9 *ildr5's draw+s ( ! human figure betwe5 ! ages ( ?ree or f\r & eight a process ( developm5t involv+ diff]5tiation & specialisation4 ,?is process1 in/ead ( lead+ to a full] & m detail$ treatm5t ( ! front view1 moves 9 ! direction ( a new & quasi-pr(ile repres5tation1 al?\gh few *ildr5 arrive at a cle> & consi/5t pr(ile s*eme4 ,diff]5t *ildr5 appe> to f9d _! way to diff]5t modifications ( a mix$ front & side view1 "s amaz+ly raw1 o!rs less s accord+ to ! degree ( natural intellig5ce1 & probably also ! am\nt ( good example put 9 _! way by draw+s 9 books1 & /ill m by model-draw+s ( "m or o!r in/ructor4 ,i h met ) only a few examples ( a contemporane\s & discrim9ative use ( front view & pr(ile4 ,"h & !re1 x is true1 "o may light on a case ( ! old lun> s*eme surviv+ side by side ) ! common] mix$ s*eme2 b ?is sporadic survival ( an e>li] =m does n prove cle> discrim9ation4 ,9 ! case ( "o boy ( five ! two =ms 7 cle>ly di/+ui%$1 b ?is *ild 0 f a cultur$ family1 & _h presumably enjoy$ "s am\nt ( home guidance4 ,9 ! case ( ! r\gh] & less sophi/icat$ class ( *ildr5 x appe>s to be a g5]al rule t ! draughtsman settles d[n to "s "o habitual way ( draw+ ! human face & figure1 :i* c be se5 to run ?r\gh all 8 draw+s1 ) only ?is diff]5ce1 t "s are made m complete ?an o!rs by ! addition ( m\?1 arms1 etc4 ,ev5 ! fact ( ! use ( "o or two eyes by ! same *ild at ! same date does n appe> to me to po9t to a cle> di/9ction 9 8 m9d betwe5 a front & side view4 ,! omissions 9 ^! cases may m readily be expla9$ z ! result ( occasional fatigue & c>elessness1 or1 9 "s cases1 ( want ( room1 or z indicat+ ! po9t ( transition f an old] & crud] to a lat] & m complete s*eme ( pr(ile4 ,?is conclusion is support$ by ! fact t a *ild ( six or sev51 :5 ask$ to draw f ! life1 w give ! same s*eme1 :e!r ! model pres5ts a front or a side view4 ,?is has be5 obs]v$ by ,m4 ,passy 9 ! draw+s ( himself :i* he obta9$ f 8 own *ildr51 by ,g5]al ,pitt-,riv]s 9 ! draw+s ( un$ucat$ adults1 & by o!rs4 ,we may say1 !n1 t *ildr5 left to !mselves are dispos$ ea* to adopt "s s+le /]eotyp$ mode ( repres5t+ ! human figure :i* happ5s to please 8 fancy4#bfh ----- ,footnote #bfh3 ,^! results d n seem to agree ) ^? ( ,m4 ,passy or ( ,pr(essor ,b>nes4 ,m4 ,passy di/+ui%es 9 *ildr5's draw+s a front & a side view1 bo? ( :i* may be us$ by ! same *ild at ! same "t4 ,! =m] consi/s ( nose & m\? ( pr(ile & eyes & e>s ( full face1 ! latt]1 ( nose & m\? ( pr(ile ) "o eye & "o e>2 t is to say ! two diff] only 9 ! numb] ( eyes & e>s 7,revue ,philosophique1 #ahia1 p4 #fad ff474 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k on h[ l>ge an exam9ation ?is g5]alisation is bas$4 ,z sugge/$ above1 ! occasional omission ( ! second eye & e> :]e bo? are commonly us$ c be expla9$ )\t suppos+ ! *ild to di/+ui% betwe5 pr(ile & full face4 ,pr(essor ,b>nes goes s f> z to /ate ) num]ical exactness ! relative frequ5cy ( pr(ile & full face by *ildr5 at diff]5t /ages4 ,he makes1 h[ev]1 no s]i\s attempt to expla9 ! crit]ion by :i* he w\ld di/+ui% ! two modes ( repres5tation 7see 8 article1 ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 ii41 p4 #dee ff474 ----- ,9 ?is nave *ildi% art ( pr(ile draw+ we h some?+ :i* at fir/ seems f> remov$ f ! art ( uncivilis$ races4 ,no d\bt1 z ,grosse urges1 ! draw+s ( savages discov]$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,africa1 ,au/ralia1 are te*nically greatly sup]ior to *ildr5's clumsy impossible p]=mances4 ,yet po9ts ( contact disclose !mselves4 ,if a ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian is incapable ( produc+ ! /upid s*eme ( a front view ( ! m\? & side view ( ! nose1 he may1 z we h se51 occasionally succumb to ! temptation to br+ bo? eyes into a pr(ile draw+4 ,we may see1 too1 h[ 9 try+ to repres5t action1 & to exhibit ! active limb z he mu/ d lat]ally1 ! untutor$ nature-man is apt to get odd results1 z may be obs]v$ 9 ! accompany+ draw+ by a ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian ( a man %oot+ 7,fig4 #ci 7a774#bfi ,?is may be comp>$ ) ! accompany+ ,egyptian draw+ 7,fig4 #ci 7b774#bgj ----- ,footnote #bfi3 ,tak5 f ,s*oolcraft1 vol4 i41 pl4 #dh4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,f ,masp]o's ,dawn ( ,civilisation1 p4 #dfi4 ----- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci 7a74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci 7b74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj 7a74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj 7b74 ,i h already t\*$ on ! modifications :i* appe> 9 a *ild's draw+ ( ! human figure :5 ! sculpturesque attitude ( repose gives place to ! dramatic attitude ( action4 ,?is transition to ! repres5tation ( action m>ks ! sub/itution ( a m reali/ic concrete treatm5t = ! e>ly ab/ract symbolic treatm5t4 ,v amus+ are "s ( ! devices by :i* a *ild tries to indicate ?is4 ,z ,ricci has po9t$ out1 ! arm w sometimes be curv$ 9 ord] to make x rea*1 say1 ! face ( an adv]s>y 7,fig4 #dj 7a774 ,a simil> introduction ( curvature appe>s 9 ! accompany+ draw+ f a scalp inscription 7,fig4 #dj 7b774 ,sometimes a curi\s symbolism appe>s1 z if to eke out ! defici5cies ( ! arti/'s te*nical res\rces1 z :5 a boy ( five repres5ts ! junction ( two p]sons' h&s by connect+ !m ) a l9e 7,fig4 #dj 7c774#bga ,) ?is may be comp>$ ! well-kn[n device ( indicat+ ! direction ( sight by draw+ a l9e f ! eye to ! object4#bgb ,! mo/ impossible attitudes occur :5 new positions ( ! legs are attempt$1 z 9 ! accompany+ endeav\rs to draw ! act ( runn+1 kneel+ to play m>bles1 & kick+ a football 7,fig4 #dj 7d71 7e71 & 7f774 ----- ,footnote #bga3 ,?is ,i take to be ! mean+ ( ?is odd arrangem5t4 ,footnote #bgb3 ,cf4 ,b>nes1 loc4 cit4 ----- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj 7c74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj 7e74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj 7d74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj 7f74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,"o o!r po9t ne$s to be ref]r$ to be=e we leave ! human figure1 viz41 ! treatm5t ( accessories4 ,z po9t$ out1 ! *ild :5 left to himself is = ! mo/ "p oblivi\s ( dress1 ?\gh ! triangul> cape-l =m ( ! body may be a rude attempt to del9eate a clo!d figure4 ,9 g5]al he c>es m]ely to cr[n 8 figure ) ! hat ( dignity1 &1 at mo/1 to ornam5t ! body ) a r[ ( buttons4 ,ev5 :5 he gr[s sophi/icat$ & attempts clo!s he /ill %[s 8 primitive respect = ! natural frame4 ,a well-kn[n an?ropologi/ tells me t 8 little boy on wat*+ 8 "m draw a lady insi/$ on h] putt+ 9 ! legs be=e %ad+ 9 ! petticoats4 ,9 ,g5]al ,pitt-,riv]s' collection !re is a draw+ by a boy ( t5 :i* 9 clo?+ ! figure navely indicates ! limbs ?r\gh _! cov]+ 7,fig4 #da74 ,?is agrees ) :at ,von d5 ,/e95 tells u ( ! way ! ,brazilian ,indians drew him & 8 companions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db 7a74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db 7b74 ,yet ! artificial culture :i* *ildr5 9 ! bett] classes ( a civilis$ community are wont to receive is apt to develop a precoci\s respect = raim5t1 & ?is respect is reflect$ 9 _! draw+s4 ,! e>ly introduction ( buttons has be5 illu/rat$ above4 ,"o boy ( six 0 s mu* 9 love ) ^! t he cov]$ ! bu/ ) !m 7,fig4 #db 7a774 ,girls are wont to lay great emphasis on ! lady's fea!r$ hat & p>asol1 z 9 ! accompany+ draw+ by a maid5 ( six 7,fig4 #db 7b774 ,?r\gh\t ?is use ( app>el 9 ! crude /age ( *ild-art we see ! desire to *>act]ise sex1 rank1 & (fice1 z :5 ! man is giv5 8 hat1 ! soldi] 8 milit>y cap1 & s =?4 ,?is applies1 too1 ( c\rse1 to su* frequ5t accessories z ! walk+-/ick 7or less frequ5tly ! :ip1 z 9 ,fig4 #ce 7b71 p4 #cfc7 & ! pipe1 ea* ( :i* is made ! mo/ ( 9 giv+ manl9ess ( look4 ,! pipe1 x may be add$1 figures bravely 9 a draw+ ( a ,european by "o ( ,von d5 ,/e95's ,brazilians4 ,fir/ ,draw+s ( ,animals4 ,_m ( ! *>act]i/ics obs]vable 9 ! *ild's treatm5t ( ! human figure reappe> 9 8 mode ( repres5t+ animal =ms4 ,?is doma9 ( *ild-art foll[s quickly on ! fir/4 ,*ildr5's int]e/ 9 animals1 especially quadrup$s1 leads !m to draw !m at an e>ly /age4 ,9 prescrib$ ex]cises1 moreov]1 ! cat & ! duck appe> to figure among/ ! e>lie/ models4 ,an example ( ?is e>ly attempt to draw animals has be5 giv5 above 7p4 #ccd1 ,fig4 #a74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc 7a74--,a duck4 ,! fir/ crude attempts ab\t ! age ( ?ree or f\r to draw animal =ms exhibit great incomplet5ess ( conception & want ( a s5se ( position & proportion4 ,9 "o case ! head seems to be drawn1 b no body--if1 inde$1 head & body are n confus$2 & 9 o!rs :]e a diff]5tiation ( head & trunk is attempt$ !re is no cle> local sep>ation1 or if ?is is attempt$ !re is no cle> indication ( ! mode ( connexion 7see1 = example1 ,fig4 #dc 7a774 ,9 ! case ( animals ! side view is = obvi\s reasons hit on f ! fir/4 ,b1 ne$less to say1 !re is no cle> repres5tation ( ! pr(ile head4 ,z a rule we h ! front view1 or at lea/ ! ins]tion ( ! two eyes4 ,bo? eyes appe> 9 ,mr4 ,cooke's illu/rations ( draw+s ( ! cat by *ildr5 betwe5 ?ree & f\r 7,fig4 #dc 7b771 z also commonly 9 draw+s ( horses4 ,! position ( ! eyes is (t5 odd en\gh1 ^! organs be+ 9 "o draw+ by a boy ( five pu%$ up into ! e>s 7,fig4 #dc 7c774#bgc ,! front view ( ! animal head along ) pr(ile body appe>s occasionally 9 savage draw+s also4#bgd ,9 "s ( *ildr5's draw+s we see traces ( a mix$ s*eme4 ,?us ,i h a draw+ by a boy ( five 9 :i* a front view is rea*$ by a k9d ( d\bl+ ( ! pr(ile 7,fig4 #dc 7d774 ----- ,footnote #bgc3 ,mr4 ,cooke k9dly in=ms me t 9 an e>ly ,greek draw+ 9 ! ,fir/ ,vase ,room 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! eye ( a fi% is plac$ 9 ! back "p ( ! m\?4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,an example is giv5 by ,s*oolcraft1 op4 cit41 pt4 iv41 pl4 #ah4 ----- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc 7b74--,two cats4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc 7d74--,a horse4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc 7c74--,a horse4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd 7a74--,a horse4 ,m rem>kable ?an all1 p]haps1 we h 9 "o case a cle> in/ance ( ! s*eme ( ! human face1 ! features1 eyes1 nose1 & m\? be+ arrang$ horizontally to suit ! new circum/ances 7,fig4 #dd 7a774 ,) ?is may be comp>$ ! accompany+ transf]5ce ( ! animal e> to ! human figure1 ?\gh ?is sugge/s--especially 9 view ( ! pipe--a bit ( jocosity on ! "p ( ! "y draughtsman 7,fig4 #dd 7b774 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd 7b74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd 7c74--,a dog4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd 7d74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd 7e74--,a horse4 ,! =ms ( bo? head & trunk v>y greatly4 ,9 a few draw+s ,i h f\nd ! extreme ( ab/ract treatm5t 9 ! draw+ ( ! trunk1 viz41 by means ( a s+le l9e1 a device :i*1 s f> z ,i h obs]v$1 is only resort$ to 9 ! case ( ! human figure = ! neck & ! limbs4 ,an example ( ?is 0 giv5 above 9 ,fig4 #a 7p4 #ccd74 ,! foll[+ draw+ ( a dog by a little girl betwe5 five & six ye>s old illu/rates ! same ?+ 7,fig4 #dd 7c774#bge ,on ! o!r h& we see sometimes a t5d5cy to give ! trunk abnormal ?ickness1 z if ! model us$ _h be5 ! wood5 toy-horse1 z 9 ! accompany+ draw+ by a boy ( five 7,fig4 #dd 7d774 ,rectil9e> in/ead ( r\nd$ =ms occur1 & ! head is (t5 triangul>1 ^! rectil9e> cont\rs be+ probably sugge/$ by ! tea*] 9 8 model s*emes 7see ,fig4 #dd 7e774 ----- ,footnote #bge3 ,l9e draw+s ( animals z well z ( m5 are f\nd 9 savage art3 see1 = example1 ,s*oolcraft1 op4 cit41 pt4 iv41 pl4 #ah4 ,mr4 ,cooke gives examples f draw+s ( ! ,trojans4 ,h5ce l9e draw+ may1 z he inf]s1 be ! primitive mode4 ----- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de 7a74--,a cat4 #a ,:isk]s2 #b ,tail4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de 7d74--,"s quadrup$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de 7b74--,a bird4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de 7c74--,a quadrup$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de 7e74--,a m\se4 ,! legs are ( c\rse all visible4 ,! /range/ inatt5tion to numb] betrays itself "h4 ,z we saw1 a *ild 9 beg9n+ 8 scribble-draw+ piles on l9es = ! legs 7see above1 p4 #ccd1 ,fig4 #a74 ,a girl betwe5 ?ree & f\r ye>s ( age end[$ a cat ) two legs & a bird ) ?ree 7see ,fig4 #de 7a7 & 7b774#bgf ,a boy 9 8 six? ye> drew a quadrup$ ) t5 legs 7,fig4 #de 7c774 ,!y are (t5 drawn absurdly out ( position4 ,9 m ?an "o case ,i f9d !m cr[d$ beh9d1 z 9 ! accompany+ draw+ ( "s quadrup$ by ! same little girl t drew ! cat & ! bird1 & 9 a draw+ ( a m\se by ano!r *ild ab\t ! same age1 viz41 ?ree & a half ye>s 7,fig4 #de 7d7 & 7e774 ,!y commonly rema9 ap>t f "o ano!r ?r\gh\t _! c\rse1 foll[+ r\ghly a p>allel direction4 ,b ?is simple s*eme is soon modifi$1 fir/ ( all by enl>g+ ! space betwe5 ! =e & ! h9d legs1 & !n by introduc+ "s *ange ( direction answ]+ to ! look ( ! animal 9 motion4 ,?is is mo/ easily effect$ by mak+ ! =e & ! h9d pair div]ge d[nw>ds1 z 9 ,fig4 #dc 7b7 & 7c7 7p4 #cgc74 ,9 r>] cases ! div]g5ce appe>s betwe5 ! two legs ( ! =e & ( ! h9d pair 7,fig4 #de 7f774 ,! knee-b5d is e>ly introduc$ z a means ( sugge/+ motion4 ,ei!r ! legs are all b5t backw>ds1 z 9 ,fig4 #de 7g7 7cf4 above1 ,fig4 #dd 7e772 or1 ) :at looks l a p]v]t$ feel+ = symmetry1 ea* pair is b5t inw>dly1 z 9 ,fig4 #de 7h74 ,! =ms are (t5 extraord9>y en\gh1 a pret]natural ?ickness ( leg be+ n infrequ5tly giv51 & ! knee-jo9t occasionally tak+ on grotesque %apes z if ! little draughtsman _h j be5 att5d+ a class on ! anatomy ( ! skeleton4 ,! ho( is drawn 9 a /ill fre] mann]1 v>i\s designs1 z ! bird-foot1 ! circle1 & ! loop$ patt]n1 appe>+ "h z 9 ! case ( ! human foot 7,fig4 #de 7i7 & 7j72 cf4 ,figs4 #dc 7c7 & #dd 7a7 7p4 #cgc774 ----- ,footnote #bgf3 ,?is is ! way 9 :i* ,mr4 ,cooke1 :o s5ds me ^! two draw+s1 expla9s !m to me4 ,! beak 787 9 ,fig4 #de 7b7 is add$ to ! cont\r1 z is ! human nose 9 a few cases4 ----- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de 7f74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de 7g74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de 7h74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de 7i74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de 7j74 ,9 ?is unle>n$ attempt to draw animal =ms ! *ild falls f> bel[ ! level ( ! untutor$ savage4 ,! draw+s ( animals by ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 by ,africans1 & o!rs1 h be5 ju/ly prais$ = _! arti/ic excell5ce4 ,a f9e p]ception ( =m is1 9 _m cases1 at lea/1 cle>ly recognisable1 ! due cov]+ ( "o "p by ano!r is repres5t$1 & movem5t is vigor\sly sugge/$4 ,lov] ?\gh he is ( animals1 ! *ild1 :5 comp>$ ) ! uncivilis$ adult1 %[s himself to be woefully ignorant ( 8 pets4 ,m5 on ,horseback1 etc4 ,*ildi% draw+ moves z ! dialectic progress ( ! ,hegelian ?\ght f di/9ction & anti!sis to a syn!sis or unity :i* embraces ! di/9ction4 ,aft] illu/rat+ ! human bip$ 9 8 contradi/9ction to ! quadrup$ he proce$s to comb9e !m 9 a high] arti/ic unity1 ! man on horseback4 ,! special int]e/ ( ?is dep>tm5t ( *ildi% draw+ lies 9 ! fre% & g5ial mann] ( ! comb9+4 ,to draw a man & a horse ap>t is "o ?+1 to fit ! two figures "o to ! o!r1 q ano!r4 ,at fir/ ! degree ( connexion is slight4 ,!re is no sugge/ion ( a composite or mix$ animal1 su* z may h sugge/$ to ! lively ,greek imag9ation ! my? ( ! c5taur4 ,! human figure is pit*$ on to ! quadrup$ 9 ! mo/ unc]emoni\s fa%ion4 ,?us 9 _m cases !re is no attempt ev5 to comb9e ! pr(ile aspects1 ! man appe>+ impud5tly 9 frontal aspect1 or :at w\ld be s b = ! lat]al nasal excresc5ce1 z 9 ! accompany+ draw+ by a boy ( five 7,fig4 #df74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,) ?is indiff]5ce to a consi/5t pr(ile !re goes amaz+ slov5l9ess 9 atta*+ ! man to ! animal1 & ?is :e!r ! front or side view ( ! human figure is introduc$4 ,no attempt is made 9 _m cases to %[ atta*m5t3 ! man is drawn j above ! quadrup$1 t is all4 ,x seems to be a *ance :e!r ! two figures meet1 :e!r ! feet ( ! man re/ circus-fa%ion on ! animal's back1 or1 la/ly1 :e!r ! human =m is drawn 9 "p ov] ! animal1 &1 if s1 at :at height x is to em]ge f ! animal's back4 ,v>i\s arrangem5ts occur 9 ! same %eet ( draw+s 7see ,fig4 #dg 7a71 7b7 & 7c774 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg 7a74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg 7b74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg 7c74 ,:5 ?is ov]lapp+ takes place ! pres5ce ( ! animal's trunk makes no diff]5ce 9 ! treatm5t ( ! man4 ,he is drawn ) 8 two legs j z if he 7 9 relief aga9/ ! horse2 & ?is arrangem5t is apt to p]si/ ev5 :5 a *ild c draw a rude semblance ( a horse & kn[s at :at level to place ! rid]4 ,s difficult to ! little arti/ is ?is idea ( "o ?+ cov]+ ano!r t ev5 :5 he comes to "k t bo? ! legs ( ! rid] are n se51 he may get confus$ & erase bo? 7see above 7p4 #cgf71 ,fig4 #de 7f774#bgg ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh 7a74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh 7b74 ,! savage is 9 g5]al z mu* above ! *ild 9 ! repres5tation ( ! rid] z he is 9 t ( ! animal ap>t4 ,yet traces ( simil> confusion d und\bt$ly appe>4 ,von d5 ,/e95 says t 8 ,brazilians drew ! rid] ) bo? legs %[+4 ,&ree gives an illu/ration1 among ! /one-c>v+s 7petroglyphs7 ( savages1 ( ! employm5t ( a front view ( ! human figure ris+ above ! horse ) no legs %[+ bel[ 7,fig4 #dh 7a774#bgh ,ev5 among ! draw+s ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 9 :i* ! horse is 9 g5]al s well outl9$1 we occasionally f9d :at appe> to be ! g]ms ( confusions simil> to ^? ( ! *ild4 ,?us ,s*oolcraft gives among draw+s f an inscription on a buffalo sk9 "o 9 :i* we h above ! pr(ile view ( a horse ! front view ( a man1 ) arms /ret*$ out lat]ally :ile ! legs are want+4#bgi ,a cle>] case ( confusion is suppli$ by ! foll[+ draw+1 also by a ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian1 9 :i* ! l9es ( ! horse's body cut ^? ( ! rid]'s legs 7,fig4 #dh 7b774#bhj ----- ,footnote #bgg3 ,cf4 ,ricci1 op4 cit41 ,fig4 #ba 7p4 #bg74 ----- ,footnote #bgh3 ,op4 cit41 pl4 #b2 cf4 pl4 #f1 :]e a draw+ f ,sib]ia ) ! same mode ( treatm5t is giv54 ,footnote #bgi3 ,op4 cit41 pt4 iv1 pl4 #ca 7p4 #bea74 ,footnote #bhj3 ,f ! ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhb-hc1 p4 #bjf4 ,! common appe>ance ( bo? legs 9 ^! ,indian draw+s means1 ,i take x1 t ! rid] is on ! side ( ! horse4 ----- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di 7a74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di 7d74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di 7b74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di 7c74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di 7e74 ,! same t5d5cy to %[ ! :ole man :]e ! circum/ances hide a "p appe>s 9 *ildr5's draw+s ( a man 9 a boat1 a railway c>riage & s =?4 ,ricci has %[n t ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* ! *ild-arti/ puts a human figure 9 a boat are z num]\s z ^? 9 :i* he sets x on a horse4 ,! figure may /& out above ! boat or ov]lap1 9 :i* la/ case x may be cut across by ! deck-l9e & its l[] "p %[n1 or be clapp$ :olly bel[ ! deck1 or aga9 be half imm]s$ 9 ! wat] bel[ ! boat1 or1 la/ly1 :]e an attempt to respect fact is made1 be truncat$1 ! trunk appe>+ ?r\gh ! side ( ! boat1 ?\gh ! legs are want+4#bha ,a man set 9 a h\se1 tra91 or tram c>1 is se5 9 8 totality 7,fig4 #di 7a7 & 7b774 ,x is mu* ! same ?+ :5 a *ild flatt5s out a h\se or o!r object s z to %[ u its ?ree sides1 t is to say "o :i* 9 reality is hidd5 7,fig4 #di 7c7 & 7d774 ,) ^! habits ( ! *ild may be comp>$ ^? ( ! savage4 ,! impulse to %[ ev]y?+1 ev5 :at is cov]$1 is illu/rat$ 9 a draw+ ( a s+] 9 8 wigwam by an ,indian 7,fig4 #di 7e774#bhb ,ev5 :]e col\r comes 9 & "o ?+ has to be hidd5 by a "p ( ano!r ?+ ! savage arti/1 l ! *ild insi/s on draw+ ! :ole4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 a curi\s cu/om1 ! draw+ ( two s]p5ts 79 dry1 col\r$ p[d]7 by ,nor? ,am]ican fire-danc]s4 ,!y are drawn across "o ano!r1 & ! arti/ has fir/ to draw completely ! "o p>tly cov]$1 & !n ! second ov] ! fir/4#bhc ----- ,footnote #bha3 ,see ,ricci1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ag-bc4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,&ree obs]ves t 9 ,au/ralian draw+s objects beh9d "o ano!r are put above "o ano!r z 9 a c]ta9 /age ( ,egyptian art 7op4 cit41 p4 #agb74 ,footnote #bhc3 ,annual ,report ( ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhc-hd1 p4 #ddd ff4 ----- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,! *ild's draw+ ( ! h\se1 ?\gh less rem>kable ?an t ( ! man & ! quadrup$1 has a c]ta9 int]e/4 ,x illu/rates1 z we h j se51 n m]ely 8 det]m9ation to r5d] visible :at is hidd51 b also 8 curi\s feel+ = position & proportion4 ,9 "o case ,i f\nd t 9 ! desire to display ! cont5ts ( a h\se a girl ( six _h actually set a table betwe5 ! *imneys4 ,! accompany+ draw+ done by ! boy ,c4 at ! age ( five ye>s five mon?s illu/rates ! f9e *ildi% contempt = proportion 7,fig4 #ej74 ,a curi\s feature 9 ^! draw+s ( ! h\se is ! c>e be/[$ on c]ta9 details1 pre-em95tly ! w9d[4 ,?is is ev5 a m important *>act]i/ic feature ?an ! *imney ) its loops ( smoke4 ,"s *ildr5 give a q lov+ c>e to ! w9d[1 draw+ ! lace curta9s1 ! fl[]s1 & s =?4 ,rsum ( ,facts4 ,we may n[ sum up ! ma9 results ( our /udy4 ,we f9d 9 ! draw+s ( untra9$ *ildr5 f ab\t ! age ( ?ree to t ( eight or t5 a curi\s mode ( deal+ ) ! mo/ famili> =ms4 ,at no /age ( ?is *ild-art c we f9d :at we %\ld reg>d z elem5ts ( arti/ic value3 yet x has its qua9t & its sugge/ive side4 ,! fir/ ?+ t /rikes u "h is t ?is *ild-del9eation1 crude & biz>re z x is1 illu/rates a process ( developm5t4 ,?us we h 7a7 ! /age ( vague =mless scribble1 7b7 t ( primitive design1 typifi$ by :at ,i h call$ ! lun> s*eme ( ! human face1 & 7c7 t ( a m sophi/icat$ treatm5t ( ! human figure1 z well z ( animal =ms4 ,?is process ( art-evolution has /rik+ analogies ) t ( organic evolution4 ,x is cle>ly a movem5t f ! vague or indef9ite to ! def9ite1 a process ( gradual specialisation4 ,n only s1 we may note t x beg9s ) ! repres5tation ( ^? r\nd$ or ovoid cont\rs :i* seem to con/itute ! basal =ms ( animal organisms1 & proce$s l organic evolution by a gradual diff]5tiation ( ! #8homog5e\s' /ructure ?r\gh ! addition ( detail$ p>ts or organs4 ,^! organs 9 _! turn gradually assume _! *>act]i/ic =ms4 ,x is1 p]haps1 wor? obs]v+ "h t "s ( ! e>ly draw+s ( animals are /rongly sugge/ive ( embryo =ms 7comp>e1 e4g41 ,fig4 #de 7b7 & 7d71 p4 #cge74 ,if n[ we exam9e ?is e>ly draw+ on its repres5tative side we f9d t x is crude & defective en\gh4 ,x proce$s by giv+ a b>e outl9e ( ! object1 ) at mo/ "o or two details ?r[n 94 ,! =m nei!r ( ! :ole nor ( ! p>ts is correctly r5d]$4 ,?us 9 draw+ ! foot x is en\gh = ! *ild to indicate ! angle3 ! direction ( ! foot-l9e is comp>atively immat]ial4 ,9 ?is respect a *ild's draw+ diff]s f a truly arti/ic sket* or sugge/ive indication by a few *>act]i/ic l9es1 :i* is absolutely correct s f> z x goes4 ,! *ild is cont5t ) a s*ematic treatm5t1 :i* involves an appreciable & ev5 consid]able dep>ture f tru?ful repres5tation4 ,?us ! primitive lun> draw+ ( ! human face is manife/ly r a diagrammatic s*eme ?an an imitative repres5tation ( a concrete =m4 ,9 ?is non-imitative & m]ely indicative treatm5t !re is room = all sorts ( te*nical inaccuracies4 ,=m is woefully misappreh5d$1 z 9 ! circul> trunk1 ! oblong m\?1 ! claw foot1 & s =?4 ,proportion--ev5 9 its simple aspect ( equality--is treat$ ) contempt 9 _m in/ances 7cf4 ! legs ( ! quadrup$ & ! bird 9 ,fig4 #de 7a71 7b71 & 7c7 7p4 #cge774 ,:at is no less important1 division ( space & relative position ( p>ts1 :i* seem vital ev5 to a diagrammatic treatm5t1 are apt to be ov]look$1 z 9 draw+ ! facial features high up1 9 atta*+ ! arms to ! head1 & s =?4 ,ev5 ! elem5t ( numb] is made light (1 & ?is1 too1 9 su* simple circum/ances z :5 draw+ ! legs ( an animal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea 7a74 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s ( ^! misrepres5tations comes into view 9 ! ?ird or sophi/icat$ /age1 viz41 ! introduction ( m ?an is visible4 ,?is error1 aga91 assumes a mild] & a grav] =m1 viz41 7a7 ! giv+ ( ! features m di/9ctly & completely ?an !y appe> 9 ! object repres5t$1 & 7b7 ! introduc+ ( features :i* h no place 9 ! object repres5t$4 ,examples ( ! fir/ are ! introduction ( ! nasal angle into ! front view ( ! human face2 ! sep>ation ?r\gh\t _! l5g? ( ! f\r legs ( ! horse2 & su* odd tricks z deta*+ ! re9s ( ! horse f ! animal1 z 9 ,fig4 #ea 7a74 ,illu/rations ( ! second are num]\s & v>i$4 ,!y include fir/ ( all ! nave introduction ( features ( an object :i* are n on ! spectator's side & s 9 view1 z ! second eye & ! second arm 9 :at are pr$om9antly pr(ile repres5tations4 ,) ^! may be class$ ! attempt to exhibit ?ree sides ( a h\se4 ,closely relat$ to ^! errors ( p]spective is ! exposure ( objects or p>ts ( objects :i* are cov]$ by o!rs4 ,x is possible t ! spread-eagle arrangem5t ( ! two jo9$ arms is an attempt to repres5t a feature ( *ildi% anatomy1 viz41 ! idea t ! arms run ?r\gh & jo9 9 ! middle ( ! trunk4 ,a cle>] example ( ?is attempt to expose to view :at is cov]$ is ! exhibition ( ! :ole human figure 9 a boat1 h\se or c>riage4 ,) ?is may be comp>$ ! disclosure ( ! :ole head ( a horse :5 dr9k+1 z 9 ! accompany+ draw+ by a boy ( five 7,fig4 #ea 7b771 ( ! :ole head ( ! man ?r\gh 8 hat 7see above1 p4 #cej1 ,fig4 #bj 7b771 & ( ! human limbs ?r\gh ! clo!s 7,fig4 #da1 p4 #cga74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea 7b74 ,a class ( confusions1 hav+ a c]ta9 simil>ity to "s ( ^!1 consi/s 9 ! transf]5ce ( ! features ( "o object to a second1 z :5 a man or quadrup$ is giv5 a bird-l foot 7,figs4 #g 7d7 & #dc 7c71 pp4 #cdb1 #cgc71 & /ill m manife/ly :5 ! facial s*eme ( ! man is transf]r$ to ! quadrup$ or vice v]s 7,fig4 #dd 7a7 & 7b71 pp4 #cgc1 #cgd74 ,^! la/ errors cle>ly illu/rate ! t5d5cy to a conv5tional treatm5t1 a t5d5cy :i*1 z ,i h obs]v$ already1 runs ?r\gh *ildr5's spontane\s draw+s4 ,?is free conv5tional h&l+ ( natural =ms has be5 illu/rat$ 9 ! habitual draw+ ( ! m\? & eyes1 & /ill m /rik+ly 9 t ( ! h&s & feet4 ,p>adoxical ?\gh x may seem1 ^! draw+s1 :ile 9 g5]al b>e & neglig5t ( details1 %[ 9 c]ta9 directions a q amus+ att5tion to !m4 ,?us1 we f9d at a v e>ly /age c]ta9 details1 z ! pipe ( ! man1 insi/$ on ) extravagant emphasis2 & may obs]ve at a some:at lat] /age 9 ! elaborate draw+ ( hair1 buttons1 p>asol1 & s =?1 a t5d5cy to give "s feature to :i* ! *ild atta*es value a special prom95ce & degree ( complet5ess4 ,! art ( *ildr5 is a ?+ by itself1 & mu/ n /raight away be class$ ) ! rude art ( ! untra9$ adult4 ,z adult1 ! latt] has k & te*nical res\rces above ^? ( ! little *ild2 & ^! po9ts ( sup]iority %[ !mselves1 = example1 9 ! f9e del9eation ( animal =ms by ,africans & o!rs4#bhd ,at ! same "t1 aft] all[+ = ^! diff]5ces1 x is1 ,i ?9k1 inconte/able t a numb] ( *>act]i/ic traits 9 *ildr5's draw+s are reflect$ 9 ^? ( untutor$ savages4 ----- ,footnote #bhd3 ,! t5d5cy to id5tify ! draw+s ( ! *ild & ! savage l$ to an amus+ error on ! "p ( a c]ta9 ,abb ,dom5e*1 :o 9 #ahfj publi%$ 8 s-call$ ,livre des ,sauvages1 :i* purport$ to conta9 ! graphic *>act]s & draw+s ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,aztecs1 b prov$ 9 reality to be no?+ b ! scribbl+ book ( a boy ( ,g]man p>5tage4 ,! draw+s are ( ! crude/1 & %[ ! arti/ to be mu* m na/y-m9d$ ?an ! savage draughtsm54 ----- ,explanation ( ,facts4 ,let u n[ see h[ we are to expla9 ^! *>act]i/ics4 ,9 ord] to d s we mu/ try to und]/& :at process a *ild's m9d goes ?r\gh :5 he draws some?+1 & to comp>e ?is ) :at passes 9 ! m9d ( an adult arti/4 ,! problem has1 x is evid5t1 to d ) draw+ f memory or out ( "o's head1 = ?\gh ! *ild may beg9 to draw by help ( models1 he develops 8 *>act]i/ic art 9 complete indep5d5ce ( ^!4 ,9 ord] to draw an object f memory two ?+s are obvi\sly necess>y4 ,we mu/ h at ! outset an idea ( ! =m we wi% to repres5t1 & ?is visual image ( ! =m mu/ someh[ translate itself into a s]ies ( manual movem5ts correspond+ to its sev]al p>ts4 ,9 o!r words1 x presupposes bo? an initial conception & a correlat$ process ( execution4 ,9 psy*ological language ?is correlation or co-ord9ation betwe5 ! idea ( a =m & ! c>ry+ out ( ! necess>y movem5ts ( ! h& is express$ by say+ t ! visual image1 say1 ( ! curve ( ! full face1 calls up ! associat$ image ( ! manual movem5t4 ,?is la/1 aga91 may mean ei!r ! visual image ( ! h& execut+ ! requir$ movem5t1 or ! image ( ! muscul> s5sations exp]i5c$ :5 ! arm is mov$ 9 ! requir$ way1 or possibly bo? ( ^!4 ,! process ( draw+ a :ole =m is ( c\rse m complex ?an ?is1 ea* /ep 9 ! op]ation be+ adju/$ to prec$+ /eps4 ,h[ f> ! movem5ts ( ! draughtsman's h&s are guid$ "h by a visual image ( ! =m1 :i* rema9s pres5t ?r\gh\t1 h[ f> by att5tion to :at has already be5 set d[n1 may n be q c]ta94 ,judg+ f my own case1 ,i %\ld describe ! process some:at aft] ?is fa%ion4 ,9 draw+ a human face we set out ) a visual image ( ! :ole1 :i* is incomplete 9 respect ( details1 b repres5ts r\ghly size & g5]al =m or outl9e4 ,?is image is project$ indi/9ctly & un/eadily1 ( c\rse1 on ! %eet ( pap] be=e u1 & ?is project$ image controls ! :ole op]ation4 ,b z we advance we pay m & m att5tion to ! visual pres5tation suppli$ by ! portion ( ! draw+ already produc$1 & only realise ) any di/9ctness t "p ( ! project$ visual image :i* is j 9 advance ( ! p5cil4 ,x is evid5t t ! c>ry+ out ( su* a prolong$ op]ation involves a p]fect$ me*anism ( eye1 bra9 & h& connexions2 = mu* ( ! manual adju/m5t is in/antane\s & sub-consci\s4 ,at ! same "t ! process illu/rates a v high measure ( volitional control or conc5tration4 ,unless we keep ! orig9al design fix$ be=e u1 & att5d at ea* /age to ! relations ( ! execut$ to ! unexecut$ "p1 we are c]ta9 to g wrong4 ,practice t5ds1 ( c\rse1 to r$uce ! consci\s elem5t 9 ! process4 ,9 ! case ( a p]son accu/om$ to draw ! outl9e ( a human head1 a cat or :at n1 ! op]ation is v mu* "o ( h&-memory into :i* visual repres5tations ent] only fa9tly4 ,! movem5ts foll[ "o ano!r ( !mselves )\t ! int]v5tion ( di/9ct visual images 7:e!r t ( ! l9e> =m or ( ! mov+ h&74 ,!re is an approa* "h to :at happ5s :5 we put la/ ye>'s date to a lett]1 ! h& foll[+ out an old habit4 ,n[ ! *ild has to acquire ! co-ord9ations "h briefly describ$4 ,he may h ! visual image ( ! human face or ! horse :i* he wi%es to depict4 ,?is p[] ( visualis+ %[s itself 9 o!r ways & c be indep5d5tly te/$1 z by ask+ a *ild to describe ! object v]bally4 ,b he has z yet no inkl+ ( h[ to reproduce 8 image4 ,t 8 inability at ! outset is due to a want ( co-ord9ation is se5 9 ! fact t at ?is /age he _c draw ev5 :5 a model is be=e 8 eyes4 ,! process ( le>n+ "h is v l :at takes place :5 a *ild le>ns to speak4 ,! requir$ movem5ts h someh[ to be p]=m$ & atta*$ to ! effects !y are !n f\nd to produce4 ,j z a *ild fir/ produces s\nds1 p>tly in/9ctively or spontane\sly1 p>tly by imitat+ ! se5 movem5ts ( ano!r's lips1 etc41 s he produces l9es by play-l scribble & by imitat+ ! visible movem5ts ( ano!r p]son's h&4 ,! t5d5cy to imitate is obs]vable 9 ! fir/ loop-=mations1 & possibly also 9 ! abrupt angul> *anges :i* give a zig-zag look to "s ( ^! e>ly trac+s4 ,9 ?is e>ly /age we see a m>k$ want ( control4 ,! ef=t is spasmodic & %ort-liv$3 ! little draughtsman pres5tly runs (f into nons5se scribble4 ,! want ( control is se51 too1 9 ! t5d5cy to prolong l9es unduly1 & to repeat or multiply !m1 ! primitive play-movem5ts be+ v mu* "u ! empire ( in]tia or habit1 i4e41 ! t5d5cy to repeat or g on ) an action4 ,! effect ( limitat+ natural conditions 9 ! motor app>atus is illu/rat$1 n only 9 ! slightly curv$ =m ( ^! fir/ scribble l9es1 b 9 ! g5]al obliquity or incl9ation ( ! l9e2 x be+ manife/ly easi] = ! h& :5 br\ght 9 front ( ! body to describe a l9e runn+ slightly upw>ds f left to "r 7or 9 ! rev]se direction7 ?an "o runn+ horizontally4 ,! want ( control by means ( a /eady visual image is fur!r se5 9 ! abs5ce ( any attempt at a plan1 at a mapp+ out ( ! available space1 & at an obs]vation ( proportion4 ,x might be ?\ght t1 ?\gh a *ild at ?is inexp]i5c$ /age 7 unable to produce ! correct =m ( a famili> object1 he w\ld at once detect ! incorrectness ( ! "o he sets d[n4 ,no d\bt1 if he 7 9 ! attitude ( cold critical obs]vation1 he w\ld d s3 9 fact1 z ,mr4 ,cooke & o!rs h %[n1 he sees ! absurdities ( 8 workman%ip z soon z !y are po9t$ out to him4 ,b :5 draw+ he is 9 ano!r sort ( mood1 ak9 to t imag9ative mood 9 :i* he traces =ms 9 ! pla/] ( ! ceil+1 or 9 ! lett]s ( 8 spell+-book4 ,he means to draw a man or a horse1 & consequ5tly ! =mless jumble ( l9es becomes1 to 8 fancy1 a man or a horse4 ,8 fir/ draw+s are ?us1 9 a s5se1 play?+s1 :i*1 l ! batt]$ /ump ( a doll1 8 imag9ative int5tion corrects1 supplem5ts1 & p]fects4 ,) repetition1 & t am\nt ( sup]vision & guidance :i* mo/ *ildr5 :o take a p5cil 9 h& manage to get f somebody1 he beg9s to note ! actual "* ( 8 l9e-effects1 & to associate ^! ) ! movem5ts :i* produce !m4 ,a /raight horizontal l9e1 a curv$ l9e return+ ^u itself1 & s =?1 come to be diff]5tiat$1 & to be co-ord9at$ ) _! respective manual movem5ts4 ,we may n[ pass to ! second /age1 ! beg9n+ ( true l9e> repres5tation1 z illu/rat$ 9 ! fir/ ab/ract s*ematic treatm5t ( ! human face & figure4 ,a "q arises at ! v outset "h z to :e!r1 & if s to :at ext5t1 *ildr5 re-discov] ?is me?od ( repres5tation = !mselves4 ,"h1 z 9 ! case ( *ild-language1 su* z #8b[-w[1' #8gee-gee1' tradition & example und\bt$ly play _! "p4 ,a p>5t1 or an old] bro!r & si/]1 9 sett+ ! fir/ models1 is pretty c]ta9 to adopt a simple s*eme1 z t ( ! lun> face2 & ev5 :]e !re is no in/ruction a *ild is quick at imitat+ o!r *ildr5's mann] ( draw+4 ,yet ?is does n affect ! cont5tion t su* mann] ( draw+ is em95tly *ildi%1 t is1 ! "o a *ild f9ds 8 way to mo/ readily1 any m ?an ! fact ( ! nurse's call+ ! horse #8gee-gee' 9 talk+ to baby affects ! cont5tion t #8gee-gee' is em95tly a baby-"n4 ,! scanty ab/ract treatm5t1 ! circle enclos+ two dots & ! v]tical & horizontal l9es1 po9ts to ! abs5ce ( any s]i\s attempt to imitate a =m closely & fully4 ,x seems absurd to suppose t a *ild ( ?ree or f\r does n image a human face bett] ?an he del9eates x2 & ev5 if ?is 7 d\btful x is c]ta9 t :5 he sets d[n a man )\t hair1 e>s1 trunk1 or arm1 8 execution is fall+ f> %ort ( 8 k4 ,h[ is ?is to be acc\nt$ =8 ,my explanation is t ! little arti/ is /ill mu* m ( a symboli/ ?an a naturali/1 t he does n 9 ! lea/ c>e ab\t a full & close lik5ess1 b wants only a b>ely suffici5t indication4 ,?is scant9ess ( treatm5t issu+ f want ( ! m s]i\s arti/ic int5tion is ( c\rse support$ by te*nical limitations4 ,! lun> face ) ! two propp+ l9es answ]s to :at ! *ild c d easily & com=tably4 ,mu* m ?an 8 eld] bre?r5 our small limn] is b\nd by ! law ( arti/ic economy1 ! ne$ ( produc+ 8 effects ) ! smalle/ exp5diture ( lab\r1 & ( mak+ e t\* tell4 ,defects ( executive res\rce & ( manual skill appe> pla9ly 9 o!r *>act]i/ics4 ,! common incl9ation ( ! l9es ( ! legs po9ts to ! unconsci\s selection ( easie/ directions ( manual movem5t4#bhe ,! unduly l5g!n$ arm & leg1 ! multiplication ( legs--z se5 mo/ /rik+ly 9 ! case ( ! quadrup$--illu/rate ! influ5ce ( motor or muscul> in]tia4 ,!re is1 too1 a noticeable want ( measurem5t & managem5t ( ! space to be cov]$1 z :5 "o eye is put 9 s l>ge z to leave no room = a second1 or :5 fill+ 9 details f above d[nw>ds ! eyes are put 9 too ne> ! occipital curve1 & s all ! features set too high up4 ,! same want ( measurem5t ( space may contribute to ! *ild's habit ( draw+ ! trunk s absurdly small 9 proportion to ! head2 = he beg9s ) ! head1 & by mak+ ?is l>ge f9ds he has n left1 )9 ! limits ( :at he consid]s ! "r size ( figure1 space en\gh = ! trunk4 ----- ,footnote #bhe3 ,?is is support$1 9 ! case ( *ildr5 :o h begun to wield ! p51 by ! ex]cises ( ! copy-book4 ----- ,v noticeable is ! influ5ce ( habit 9 ?is ab/ract treatm5t4 ,by habit ,i "h mean h&-memory1 or ! t5d5cy to comb9e movem5ts 9 ! old ways1 ?\gh ?is is commonly aid$1 z we %all see1 by 8association ( ideas04 ,?us a *ild falls into a /]eotyp$ way ( draw+ ! human face & figure2 l9e foll[s l9e 9 ! accu/om$ sequ5ce2 ! only v>iation %[+ itself is 9 ! ins]tion or omission ( nose1 e>s1 or arms2 ^! unc]ta9ties be+ due to fluctuations ( en]gy & conc5tration4 ,a *ild's art is1 9 respect ( its unyield+ sam5ess1 a /rik+ example ( a cons]vative conv5tionality4 ,he gets us$ to 8 p5cil-=ms1 & pron\nces !m "r1 to ! great] & great] neglect ( _! relation to natural =ms4 ,habit %[s itself 9 o!r ways too4 ,notice1 = example1 h[ a *ild1 aft] add+ ! trunk1 w g on ins]t+ ! arms into ! head z he us$ to d4 ,su* a habit is an affair n only ( ! h& b ( ! eye4 ,! arms h by repeat$ del9eation come 9 ! art-sph]e to belong to ! head4 ,com+ n[ to ! m elaborate & sophi/icat$ /age ( five or !reab\ts1 9 :i* ! %ape ( eyes1 m\?1 & nose is %ad[$ =?1 ! difficult app5dages z h&s & feet attempt$1 & ! pr(ile aspect introduc$1 we notice fir/ ( all a /ep 9 ! direction ( naturalism4 ,! *ild l ! race gets tir$ ( 8 bald primitive symbolism1 & essays to br+ m ( concrete fulness & life into 8 =ms4 ,only ?is fir/ attempt does n lead to a cont9u$ progress1 b /ops %ort at :at is rude & arbitr>y en\gh1 sub/itut+ m]ely a second rigid conv5tionalism = ! fir/4 ,?is transition indicates an advance 9 te*nical skill2 h5ce we f9d a measure ( free & bold inv5tion1 z 9 ! managem5t ( ! facial features1 e4g41 ! scissors-%ap$ nose1 & /ill m 9 ! treatm5t ( h&s & feet1 :i* is at once exagg]ative1 z 9 ! big burr =ms1 & freely conv5tional1 z 9 ! leaf-patt]n = ! h&1 & ! wondr\s loop-designs = ! foot4 ,yet ?\gh ?is fre] treatm5t %[s a c]ta9 te*nical advance x illu/rates ! effect ( ! limitations ( ! *ild's executive p[]4 ,?us ! new p>tially pr(ile figures are v apt to lean1 look+ z if !y 7 fall+ backw>ds4 ,x is probable t ! wide-spread t5d5cy to make ! pr(ile face look t[>ds ! spectator's left r ?an 8 "r is due to ! circum/ance t ! eye c mu* bett] foll[ & control ! p5cil 9 ?is case ?an 9 ! opposite "o4 ,9 ! latt] ! h& is apt to int]f]e ) see+ ! l9e ( ! face1 especially if ! p5cil is held ne> its po9t4 ,habit1 too1 cont9ues to ass]t its dom9ion4 ,! t5d5cy noticeable n[ & aga91 ev5 among ,engli% *ildr51 to treat ! feet aft] ! mann] ( ! h&s illu/rates ?is4 ,habit is fur!r illu/rat$ 9 ! t5d5cy to a transf]5ce ( =ms appropriate to ! man to ! animal2 or1 :5 7ow+ to ! int]position ( ! in/ructor7 ! draw+ ( animals is 9 advance ( ! o!r1 9 ! rev]se process2 z :5 a cat is drawn ) two legs1 or a horse is giv5 a man's face1 or ! human =m develops a horse's e>s1 or a bird's feet4 ,) ^! may be comp>$ ! transf]5ce ( a bird-l body & tail to a quadrup$ 9 ,fig4 #de 7i71 p4 #cgg4 ,! accompany+ two draw+s by a *ild ( six %[ h[ simil> =ms are apt to be us$ = ! man & = ! animal 7,fig4 #eb74 ,illu/ration3 ,man4 ,bird4 ,fig4 #eb4 ,b ! really noticeable ?+ 9 ?is lat] sophi/icat$ treatm5t is ! br++ into view ( :at 9 ! orig9al is invisible1 z ! front view ( ! eye z well z bo? eyes into :at o!rwise looks a side view ( ! face1 ! two legs ( ! rid] & s =?4 ,"h1 no d\bt1 we may /ill trace ! influ5ce ( te*nical limitations & ( habit4 ,! influ5ce ( ! =m] is se5 9 ! complet+ ( ! cont\r ( ! head be=e or aft] draw+ ! hat3 = ! *ild w\ld n "k h[ to />t ) ! l9es :i* =m ! comm5cem5t ( ! visible "p ( ! head4 ,! influ5ce ( habit is also recognisable "h4 ,a *ild hav+ le>n$ fir/ ( all to draw ! front view ( ! eye1 ! two eyes & ! two legs side by side1 t5ds p>tly z ! result ( organis$ h&-trick1 p>tly 9 consequ5ce ( #8association ( ideas1' to g on draw+ 9 ! same fa%ion 9 ! new circum/ances4 ,a specially cle> illu/ration ( ?is effect ( habit already allud$ to is ! introduction ( ! front view ( ! nose 9 ! mix$ s*eme4 ,^! cases are exactly p>allel$ by ! ,egyptian draw+ 9 :i* :ile "o %\ld] is pull$ r\nd ! o!r is left 9 squ>e front view 7see above1 p4 #cfi1 ,fig4 #ci 7b774 ,/ill1 habit does n acc\nt = ev]y?+ "h4 ,x does n1 = example1 expla9 :y ! *ild br+s into view ?ree sides ( a h\se4 ,! te*nical defici5cies ( ! small draughtsman1 8 want ( s]i\s arti/ic purpose1 seem an insuffici5t explanation ( ^! lat] sophi/ries4 ,!y appe> to po9t pla9ly to c]ta9 peculi>ities ( ! process ( *ildi% conception4 ,we are compell$ !n to inquire a little m closely into ! *>act]i/ics ( *ildr5's obs]vation & ( _! m5tal repres5tation ( objects4 ,we are apt to ?9k t *ildr5 :5 !y look at ?+s at all scrut9ise !m closely1 & aft]w>ds imag9e cle>ly :at !y h obs]v$4 ,b ?is assumption is h>dly ju/ifi$4 ,no d\bt !y (t5 surprise u by _! att5tion to small unimportant details ( objects1 especially :5 ^! are new & odd-look+4 ,b x is a long way f ?is to a c>eful me?odic inve/igation ( objects4 ,*ildr5's obs]vation is = ! mo/ "p caprici\sly selective & "o-sid$4 ,!y appreh5d "o or two /rik+ or especially int]e/+ features & are bl9d to ! re/4 ,?is is fully e/abli%$ 9 ! case ( ord9>y *ildr5 by ! wondr\s ignorance !y display :5 que/ion$ ab\t common objects4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to add t _! spontane\s untra9$ obs]vation is q unequal to t c>eful analytical att5tion to =m-elem5ts 9 _! relations :i* und]lies all cle> grasp ( ! direction ( l9e> elem5ts1 ! relative position ( ! sev]al p>ts ( a figure1 & proportion4 ,?is be+ s x maybe said t defects ( obs]vation are reflect$ 9 *ildr5's draw+ ?r\gh all its phases4 ,?us ! primitive b>e s*ematism ( ! human face answ]s to an incomplete obs]vation & consequ5tly incomplete mode ( imag9ation1 j z x answ]s to a want ( arti/ic purpose & to te*nical incapacity4 ,h[ f> defective obs]vation assi/s at ?is fir/ /age ,i d n feel sure4 ,fur!r exp]im5tal inquiries are ne$$ on ?is po9t4 ,i lean to ! view already express$1 t at ?is /age manual reproduction is f> beh9d visual imag9ation4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we come on to ! del9eation ( an object "u its diff]5t aspects ! defects ( m5tal repres5tation assume a mu* grav] "*4 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d t a *ild soon gets beyond ! /age ( recall+ & imag9+ ! p>ticul> look ( an object1 say ! front view ( 8 "m's face1 or ( 8 h\se4 ,he beg9s z soon z he und]/&s & imitates o!rs' language to syn!sise su* pictorial images ( p>ticul> visual pres5tations or appe>ances into ! :oles :i* we call ideas ( ?+s4 ,a *ild ( f\r or five ?9k+ ( 8 fa!r or 8 h\se probably recalls 9 a confus$ way disp>ate & incompatible visual aspects1 ! front view z on ! :ole ! mo/ impressive be+ pr$om9ant1 ?\gh /rik+ elem5ts ( ! side view may rise into consci\sness also4 ,) ?is process ( syn!sis+ aspects into ! concrete :ole we call a ?+ !re goes ! fur!r process ( b9d+ toge!r repres5tations ( ?is & t ?+ into g5]ic or typical ideas answ]+ to man1 horse1 h\se1 9 g5]al4 ,a *ild ( five or six1 s f> f be+ imm]s$ 9 individual pres5tations & concrete objects1 z is (t5 suppos$1 has c>ri$ out a respectable measure ( g5]alisation1 & ?is l>gely by ! help ( language4 ,?us a #8man' r$uc$ to visual t]ms has come to mean = him 7accord+ to 8 well-kn[n v]bal =mula7 some?+ ) a head1 two eyes1 etc41 etc41 :i* he does n ne$ to repres5t 9 a m5tal picture because ! v]bal =mula s]ves to connect ! features 9 8 memory4 ,h5ce :5 he comes to draw he has n ! arti/'s cle> m5tal vision ( ! actual look ( ?+s to guide him4 ,he is l$ n by a lively & cle> s5su\s imag9ation1 b by a mass ( g5]alis$ k embodi$ 9 words1 viz41 ! logical =m ( a def9ition or description4 ,?is1 ,i take x1 is ! ma9 reason :y ) su* supreme ins\ciance he ?r[s into "o design features ( ! full face & ( ! pr(ile2 = 9 sett+ d[n 8 l9e> s*eme he is aim+ n at draw+ a picture1 an imitative repres5tation ( some?+ we c\ld see1 b r at enum]at+1 9 ! new expressive m$ium :i* 8 p5cil supplies1 :at he kn[s ab\t ! p>ticul> ?+4 ,s9ce he is ?us b5t on a l9e> description ( :at he kn[s he is n 9 ! lea/ tr\bl$ ab\t ! laws ( visual appe>ance1 b sett+ p]spective at naught compels ! spectator to see ! o!r side1 to look ?r\gh "o object at ano!r1 & s =?4 ,s9ce ! process at ?is sophi/icat$ /age is controll$ by k ( ?+s z :oles & n by repres5tations ( concrete appe>ances or views1 we c und]/& :y ! visible result does n %ock ! draughtsman4 ,! little descriptor does n ne$ to comp>e ! look ( 8 draw+ ) t ( ! real object3 x is "r z a description anyh[4 ,h[ /rongly ?is idea ( description controls 8 views ( pictures has already be5 po9t$ out4 ,j z he objects to a correct pr(ile draw+ z an inadequate description1 s he objects to a draw+ ( ! h9d "p ( a horse ent]+ ! /able1 & asks1 #8,:]e is 8 head8' ,we may say !n t :at a lively fancy did 9 ! e>li] play-/ages *ildi% logic does n[1 x bl9ds ! arti/ to ! actual look ( :at 8 p5cil has creat$4 ,use soon adds its magic =ce1 & ! impossible comb9ation1 ! two eyes /uck on at ! side ( ! pr(ile nose1 ! two legs ( ! rid] untr\bl$ by ! capaci\s trunk ( ! animal :i* he /rides1 ! man :olly expos$ to view inside ! boat or c>riage1 gets /]eotyp$ into ! "r mode ( l9e> description4 ,all ?is %[s t ! *ild's eye at a surpris+ly e>ly p]iod loses its primal #8innoc5ce1' gr[s #8sophi/icat$' 9 ! s5se t in/ead ( see+ :at is really pres5t$ x sees1 or pret5ds to see1 :at k & logic tell x is !re4 ,9 o!r words 8 s5se-p]ceptions h = arti/ic purposes become corrupt$ by a too l>ge admixture ( intellig5ce4 ,?is corruption is closely analog\s to :at we all exp]i5ce :5 we lose ! primal simplicity ( ! eye = col\r1 & imp>t into our #8visual impressions1' z we call !m1 elem5ts ( memory & inf]5ce1 say+1 = example1 t a di/ant m\nta9 side is #8gre5' j because we c make out t x is grass-cov]$ & "k t grass :5 look$ at ne>] is ( a gre5 col\r4 ,i h dwelt on :at f our gr[n-up /&po9t we mu/ call ! defects ( *ildr5's draw+4 ,yet 9 br++ ?is /udy to a close x is only j to rem>k t !re are o!r & bett] qualities well des]v+ ( recognition4 ,crude1 defective1 self-contradictory ev51 z ^! e>ly designs und\bt$ly are1 !y are n :olly de/itute ( arti/ic qualities4 ,! ab/ract treatm5t itself1 9 spite ( its inadequacy1 is aft] all 9 ! direction ( a true art1 :i* 9 its ess5tial nature is selective & sugge/ive r ?an lit]ally reproductive4 ,we may disc]n1 too1 ev5 9 ^! rude s*emes a nasc5t s5se ( values1 ( a selection ( :at is *>act]i/ic4 ,ev5 ! primitive trunkless =m seems to illu/rate ?is1 = ?\gh1 z we h se5 9 a previ\s essay1 ! trunk plays an important "p 9 ! developm5t ( ! idea ( self1 x is = pictorial purposes less int]e/+ & valuable ?an ! head4 ,h[ev] ?is be1 x is cle> t we see ?is impulse ( selection at "w lat] on 9 ! addition ( ! buttons1 ! pipe1 ! /ick1 ! p>asol & s =?4 ,x is to be not$1 too1 t ev5 9 ^! untutor$ p]=mances1 :]e conv5tion & tradition ex]cise s great a sway1 !re are fa9t indications ( a fre] individual initiative4 ,witness1 = example1 ! v>y+ modes ( repres5t+ hair1 h&s1 & feet4 ,we may say !n t ev5 r\gh *ildr5 9 elem5t>y s*ools :o are nev] likely to develop arti/ic tal5t display a rudim5t ( art-feel+4 ,x is only fair to !m to te/ify t 9 spite ( ! limitations ( _! /iff wood5 treatm5t !y express a c]ta9 individuality ( feel+ & aim1 t l true arti/s !y convey a p]sonal impression4 ,^! traits appe> mo/ pla9ly 9 ! lat] repres5tations ( action1 b !y are n altoge!r abs5t f ! e>li] /atuesque figures4 ,comp>e1 = example1 ! look ( al]t vig\r 9 ,fig4 #e 7a7 7p4 #cci71 ( gr9n+ impud5ce 9 ,fig4 #f 7a7 7p4 #cda71 ( provok+ #8*eek9ess' 9 ,fig4 #bj 7b7 7p4 #cej71 ( a se$y #8swagg]' 9 ,fig4 #cb 7p4 #cfb71 ( inebriate gaiety 9 ,fig4 #ag 7p4 #cdh71 ( absurd skitti%ness 9 ,fig4 #bd 7b7 7p4 #ced71 ( insane flurry 9 ,fig4 #bf 7a7 7p4 #cee71 ( ,iri% easy-go+ness ev5 :5 somebody has to be kill$ 9 ,fig4 #cd 7p4 #cfc71 ( wiry resolut5ess 9 ,fig4 #bi 7a7 7p4 #cei71 ( sly villa9y 9 ,fig4 #ch 7p4 #cfe71 & ( demure simplicity 9 ,fig4 #bf 7c7 7p4 #cef72 & note ! delici\s v>iety ( equ9e "* 9 ,fig4 #de 7f7 7p4 #cgf7 & foll[+4 ,if a f9] /hetic feel+ is develop$ ! fir/ rude descriptive draw+ loses its attractions4 ,a fri5d1 a well-kn[n psy*ologi/1 has obs]v$ 9 ! case ( 8 *ildr5 t :5 !y try to draw some?+ pretty1 e4g41 a beautiful lady1 !y ab&on _! cu/om>y mode ( description & become aw>e ( ! look ( _! designs & criticise !m z bad4 ,?is seems to me a mo/ significant obs]vation4 ,x is ! feel+ = :at is beautiful :i* makes a *ild att5d closely to ! b>e look ( ?+s1 & ! beg9n+ ( a f9] obs]vation ( =ms commonly takes its rise 9 ?is nasc5t s5se ( beauty4 ,inde$1 may "o n say t only :5 a g]m ( ! /hetic feel+ = beauty arises1 & a *ild falls 9 love ) ! m]e look ( c]ta9 ?+s1 c !re appe> ! beg9n+s ( g5u9ely arti/ic "w1 ( a consci5ti\s endeav\r to r5d] on pap] ! aspect :i* pleases ! eye8 ,,xi4 ,,extracts ,,f ,a ,,fa!r',s ,,di>y4 ,!re has j come into my h&s a curi\s docum5t4 ,x is a sort ( di>y kept by a fa!r 9 :i* he *ronicles c]ta9 ( ! e>ly do+s & say+s ( 8 boy4 ,x makes no pret5ce to be+ a regul> & me?odical regi/] ( progress1 su* z ,mr4 ,f4 ,galton has %[n u h[ to c>ry out4 ,x may be said by way ( ext5uation t ! di>y sets out 9 ! ye> #ahhj1 t is to say1 two ye>s be=e ,pr(essor ,prey] publi%$ 8 model record ( an infant's progress4 ,en revan*e1 x is manife/ly ! "w ( a psy*ologi/ giv5 to speculation1 & ?is ( a some:at bold type4 ,9 ! pres5t pap] ,i propose to cull f ?is di>y :at seem to me "s ( ! *oic] obs]vations & comm5ts on ^!4 ,if ^! d n always come up to ! requirem5ts ( a rigidly sci5tific /&>d 9 respect ( complet5ess1 precision1 & grave imp>tiality1 !y may none ! less prove sugge/ive ( s]i\s sci5tific ?\ght1 :ile any extravagances ( fancy & any levity ( mann] may well be set d[n to ! play ( a humor\s s5tim5t1 :i* betrays ! fa!r b5ea? ! obs]v]4 ,i may beg9 my sket* ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ?is boy by rem>k+ t he appe>s to h be5 a normal & satisfactory specim5 ( 8 class1--heal?y1 good-natur$1 & giv5 to t infantile way ( reliev+ ! pressure ( 8 animal spirits :i* is1 ,i believe1 kn[n z cr[+4 ,n believ+ 9 ! classifications ( temp]am5t adopt$ by ! physiologi/s ( a pa/ age1 ! fa!r =be>s f describ+ 8 *ild's4 ,= my lady read]s ,i may add t he seems1 at lea/ by 8 fa!r's acc\nt1 to h be5 a good-siz$1 *ubby little fell[1 fair & rosy 9 t9t1 ) bright blue eyes1 & a limit$ crop ( gold5 hair ( an exceptionally ri*1 ,i don't "k h[ _m c>at gold1 hue4 ,i %all speak ( him "u 8 initial1 ,c4 ,fir/ ,ye>4 ,! e>ly pages ( ! record d n1 "o mu/ confess1 yield any v /rik+ obs]vations4 ,?is is1 no d\bt1 due to ! circum/ance t ! obs]v]1 n be+ a naturali/1 0 n specially int]e/$ 9 ! dim m9dless life ( ! fir/ weeks4 ,= ! fir/ few days ,ma/] ,c4 appe>s to h be5 cont5t to vegetate l o!r babies ( a simil> age4 ,al?\gh a bonny boy1 he began life 9 ! usual way--) a good cry2 ?\gh we n[ "k1 on sci5tific au?ority1 t ?is1 be+ a purely reflex act1 has n ! deep significance :i* c]ta9 pessimi/ic philosoph]s h attribut$ to x4 ,sci5ce w\ld probably expla9 9 a simil> way a numb] ( odd facial movem5ts :i* ?is baby w5t ?r\gh on ! second day ( 8 e>?ly c>e]1 & :i*1 ! fa!r *>act]i/ically rem>ks1 7 highly sugge/ive ( a cynical contempt = 8 new surr\nd+s4 ,yet1 ?\gh cont5t 9 ?is e>ly /age to d little b p]=m ! vegetal functions ( life1 ! infant comes end[$ ) a n]v\s sy/em & organs ( s5se1 & ^! are v soon br\ght into active play4 ,accord+ to ?is record1 ! s5se ( t\* is ! fir/ to manife/ itself4#bhf ,ev5 :5 only two h\rs old1 at a p]iod ( life :5 !re is c]ta9ly no s\nd = ! e> & possibly no light = ! eye1 ,c4 imm$iately clasp$ ! p>5tal f+] :i* 0 br\ght into ! holl[ ( its t9y h&4 ,! functional activity ( t\* 0 obs]v$ /ill m pla9ly on ! second day1 :5 ! *ild 0 se5 to c>ry out awkw>dly en\gh :at look$ l explor+ movem5ts ( ! h&s ov] 8 m\? & face4 ,?is e>ly developm5t 9 ! *ild ( ! tactual s5se agrees1 says ! biograph]1 ) :at ,ari/otle long s9ce taught respect+ ! fundam5tal "* ( ?is s5se1 an idea to :i* ! mod]n doctr9e ( evolution has giv5 a new significance4 ----- ,footnote #bhf3 ,ta/e1 z involv$ 9 ! necess>y act ( tak+ n\ri%m5t1 is probably at fir/ h>dly diff]5tiat$ f t\*4 ----- ,a di/9ct /ep is tak5 dur+ ! fir/ f\r days t[>ds acquir+ k ( ?+s ?r\gh a progressive use ( ! eyes & h&s4 ,c4's fa!r notic$ on ! second day t a good deal ( ocul> movem5t 0 =?com+4 ,mu* ( ?is 0 q irregul>1 ea* eye foll[+ its own pa?4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! eyes mov$ h>moni\sly or symmetrically n[ to ?is side1 n[ to t1 & n[ & aga9 seem$ to conv]ge & fix !mselves on "s ne> object 9 front ( !m4 ,suffici5tly l\d s\nds increas$ ^! ocul> movem5ts4 ,on ! ?ird day ! fa!r1 :5 *uckl+ & call+ to ! *ild at a %ort di/ance1 fondly suppos$ t 8 (fspr+ %[$ appreciation ( ^! att5tions by reg>d+ him ) a sweet expression & some?+ l ! play ( a smile ab\t ! lips & eyelids4 ,b x is possible t ?is app>5t amiability 0 no?+ b a purely animal satisfaction aft] a good meal4 ,z to see+ 8 fa!r's face at t e>ly age1 !re is room = s]i\s d\bt4 ,prey] f\nd t long be=e ! close ( ! fir/ day 8 *ild wore a diff]5t expression :5 8 face1 turn$ t[>ds ! w9d[1 0 sudd5ly depriv$ ( light by ! int]v5tion ( ! pr(essor's h&4 ,if ! *ild is ?us s5sible to ! pleasure ( light x is1 ( c\rse1 conceivable t ,c4's eyes1 happ5+ 9 _! aimless w&]+s to be br\ght toge!r opposite ! bright pat* ( ! fa!r's face1 might ma9ta9 t attitude "u ! /imulus ( ! pleasure4 ,! fa!r argues 9 fav\r ( ?is view by quot+ ! fact t ,c4's si/] 0 obs]v$ on ! f\r? day to h h] eyes arre/$ by a light or ! fa!r's face if br\ght pretty ne> ! *ild2 yet su* blank />+ at m]e brightness is1 ( c\rse1 a long way (f f di/9ct vision ( an object4 ,on ! f\r? day1 cont9ues ! sangu9e fa!r1 ! *ild %[$ a di/9ct advance 9 ! use ( ! h&s4 ,hav+ clasp$ 8 sire's f+] he n[ mov$ x 9 :at look$ l an abortive attempt to c>ry x to 8 m\?4 ,!re foll[ "s rem>ks on ! impulse ( infants to c>ry objects to _! m\?s1 9 :i* aga9 !re seems an approa* to frivolity 9 ! conjecture t ! human animal previ\s to education is all-dev\r+4 ,x is to be not$1 h[ev]1 t ^! e>ly movem5ts are probably q accid5tal4 ,z we %all see1 x is "s weeks be=e ! *ild le>ns to c>ry objects to 8 m\?4 ,z to ! connexion betwe5 ?is movem5t & infantile gre$ our obs]v] is n s poor a psy*ologi/ z n to see t x may be due to ! circum/ance t ! lips & ! tip ( ! tongue =m "o ( ! mo/ delicate p>ts ( ! tactual organ4 ,x is n improbable t 9 ! evolution ( man be=e ! tactual s5sibility ( ! h& 0 develop$ ^! p>ts 7 *iefly employ$ z a tactual app>atus 9 di/+ui%+ & reject+ :at is h>d1 gritty & s =? 9 food4 ,h[ev] ?is be1 x is probable t1 z ,/anley ,hall has sugge/$1 an infant may get a k9d ( 8/hetic0 pleasure by br++ objects into contact ) ! lips & ! gums4 ,at ?is p]iod1 ! di>y rem>ks1 ! *ild 0 v cross = "s weeks & n a good subject = obs]vation4 ,?is new difficulty1 add$ to t ( ov]com+ natural scruples 9 8 gu>dians1 appe>s to h baffl$ ! obs]v] = a "t1 = ! next obs]vations record$ take up ! ?read ( ! *ild's hi/ory at ! six? week4 ,ab\t ?is date1 ! fa!r notes1 ! p[] ( direct+ ! eyes _h greatly improv$4 ,! *ild c\ld n[ conv]ge 8 eyes com=tably & )\t go+ ?r\gh a numb] ( unpleasant squ9t+-l failures on a ne> object4 ,! range ( sight _h greatly increas$1 s t ! boy's univ]se1 in/ead ( consi/+ m]ely ( a t9y circle ( ne> objects1 z 8 "m's face held close to him1 began to embrace di/ant objects1 z ! clock1 ! w9d[1 & s =?4 ,he 0 obs]v$1 too1 to c>ry out m precise movem5ts ( ! head & eyes 9 correspond5ce ) ! direction ( s\nds4 ,?is ability to look t[>ds ! direction ( a s\nd is an important atta9m5t z imply+ t ! infant m9d has n[ come to le>n t ?+s may exi/ :5 n actually se54 ,?is new comm& ( ! visual app>atus l$ to a m>k$ increase 9 obs]vation4 ,! boy may inde$ be said to h begun ab\t ?is date some?+ l a s]i\s scrut9y ( objects4 ,l o!r *ildr5 he 0 greatly attract$ by brightly col\r$ objects4 ,:5 j sev5 weeks old he acquir$ a fondness = a *eap %[y c>d ) crudely brilliant col\r+ & gild$ bord]4 ,:5 c>ri$ to ! place :]e x hung1 above ! glass ov] ! fire-place1 he w\ld look up to x & greet 8 fir/-love 9 ! _w ( art ) a pretty smile4 ,by ! n9? or t5? week1 ! fa!r adds1 he began to notice ! patt]n ( ! wall-pap] & ! l4 ,9 ^! gr[+ int]vals ( obs]vation betwe5 ! dis*>ge ( ! vegetal functions ( fe$+ & sleep+1 ,c4 0 obs]v$ to exam9e n only any =eign object1 su* z 8 mamma's dress1 :i* happ5$ to be )9 sight1 b also ! visible p>ts ( 8 own organism4 ,9 ! n9? week ( 8 exi/5ce he 0 fir/ surpris$ 9 ! act ( survey+ 8 own h&s4 ,:y he %\ld at ?is p>ticul> mom5t h woke up to ! exi/5ce ( objects :i* _h all along la9 )9 easy rea* ( ! eye1 is a "q :i* has evid5tly greatly ex]cis$ ! fa!r's +5uity4 ,he h9ts1 b pla9ly 9 a half-he>t$1 sceptical way1 at a possible dim recognition by ! little contemplator ( ! fact t ^! objects belong to himself1 =m+1 inde$1 ! outly+ portion ( ! ,ego4 ,he also asks 7& "h he seems to gr[ positively frivol\s7 :e!r ! *ild is tak+ aft] ! some:at extravagant ways ( 8 "m & beg9n+ to dote on ! exquisite modell+ ( 8 t9y memb]s4 ,psy*ologi/s are n[ agre$ t our k ( ! prop]ties ( mat]ial objects is l>gely obta9$ by :at !y call active t\*1 t is1 by mov+ ! h&s ov] objects & explor+ ! space ar\nd !m4 ,?is is borne out by ! obs]vations made on ,c4 at ?is p]iod ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,:ile view+ ?+s ab\t him he actively manipulat$ !m4 ,! organs ( sight & t\* work$ inde$ 9 ! close/ connexion4 ,?us our little visitor 0 no m]e passive spectator ( 8 new habitat2 he actively took possession ( 8 surr\nd+s3 l ! ,roman g5]al1 he at once saw & conqu]$4 ,f ! eigh? to ! t5? week 8 manual p]=mances greatly improv$ 9 quality4 ,he 0 rapidly le>n+ to c>ry ! organ ( t\* to ! po9t ( :i* 8 eye told him4 ,an acc\nt ( 8 progress 9 rea*+ objects may h[ev] be po/pon$ till we come to speak ( ! developm5t ( 8 active p[]s4 ,! gr[+ habit ( look+ at1 rea*+ out to1 & manually inve/igat+ objects1 soon leads to ! accumulation ( a /ore ( mat]ials = ! con/ruction ( ^? complex m5tal products :i* we call p]ceptions4 ,& (t5-repeat$ p]ceptions1 :5 !y become m cle>ly di/+ui%$1 supply ! basis ( def9ite acts ( recognition4 ,! fir/ object t is cle>ly recognis$ ?r\gh a special act ( att5tion is1 ( c\rse1 ! face ( ! "m4 ,9 ! case ( ,c41 ! fa!r's face 0 app>5tly recognis$ ab\t ! eigh? week--at lea/1 ! y\ng/] fir/ greet$ 8 p>5t ) a smile ab\t ?is "t--an ev5t1 ,i ne$ h>dly say1 :i* is record$ 9 v l>ge & easily legible h&writ+4 ,! occurr5ce gives rise to a numb] ( odd reflexions 9 ! p>5tal m9d4 ,! obs]v]'s belief 9 ! necess>y co-op]ation ( sight & t\* 9 ! e>ly k ( mat]ial objects leads him to rem>k t ,c4's manual exp]i5ce ( 8 face1 & m p>ticul>ly ( ! be>d$ *91 has be5 ext5sive--an exp]i5ce :i*1 he adds1 has left its recollection 9 8 own m9d1 too1 9 ! %ape ( a c]ta9 sor5ess4 ,he !n goes on to consid] ! mean+ ( ! smile4 8,i _c10 he writes1 8be ( any int]e/ to him z a psy*ological /ud5t ( 8 ways4 ,no1 x mu/ be 9 ! light ( a be>d$ play?+ t he reg>ds my face40 ,fur!r obs]vation be>s out ?is argum5t by go+ to %[ t ! recognition 0 n individual b specific3 t x 0 simply a recognition ( "o ( a class ( be>d$ p2 = :5 a p]fect /rang] also end[$ ) ! ent]ta9+ app5dage pres5t$ himself1 ,c4 w\nd$ 8 fa!r's he>t by smil+ at him 9 exactly ! same way4 ,"h ! di>y goes (f into "s ab/ruse speculations ab\t ! fir/ m5tal images be+ :at ,mr4 ,galton calls g5]ic images--speculations into :i* we ne$ n foll[ ! writ]4 ,z we %all see1 ! fa!r takes up ! subject ( *ildi% g5]alisation m fully lat] on4 ,! p[] ( recognis+ objects appe>$ to und]go rapid developm5t t[>ds ! end ( ! f\r? mon?4 ,! fa!r rem>ks t ! *ild w\ld ab\t ?is "t recognise him 9 a some:at d>k room at a di/ance ( ?ree or f\r y>ds4#bhg ----- ,footnote #bhg3 ,! cle> recognition ( individual objects is said to %[ itself 9 av]age cases f ab\t ! six? mon? 7,tracy1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ae-af74 ----- ,! g]m ( true imag9ation1 ( ! =mation ( :at ,hffd+ calls a free or deta*$ image ( some?+ n se5 at ! mom5t1 appe>$ ab\t ! same "t4 ,! mom5t :5 ! baby's m9d fir/ passes on f ! sight ( 8 bottle to a =egrasp+ or imag9ation ( ! blisses ( preh5sion & deglutition--a mom5t :i* appe>s to h be5 rea*$ by ,c4 9 8 t5? week--m>ks an epo* 9 8 exi/5ce4 ,he n only p]ceives :at is actually pres5t to 8 s5ses1 he pictures or repres5ts :at is abs5t4 ,?is is ! mom5t at :i*1 to quote f ! p>5t's some:at high-fl[n obs]vations on ?is ev5t1 8m9d rises above ! limitations ( ! actual1 & beg9s to %ape = itself an ideal _w ( possibilities04 ,?is rise ( ! ideal to take ! place ( ! real appe>$ 9 o!r ways too4 ,?us :5 j eighte5 weeks old ! *ild _h be5 ly+ on 8 nurse's lap & gaz+ on "s pictures on ! wall ( :i* he 0 gett+ fond4 ,! nurse happ5+ to turn r\nd sudd5ly put an end to 8 happ9ess4 ,/ill ! *ild 0 n to be done1 b imm$iately began twi/+ 8 head back 9 ord] to br+ ! pictures once m into 8 field ( view4 ,"h we h an illu/ration ( a m5tal image appe>+ imm$iately aft] a p]ception1 a rude =m ( :at psy*ologi/s are n[ gett+ to call a prim>y memory-image4 ,! expression ( ! g\rmet's delight at ! sight ( ! bottle 7t5? week7 involves a simple process ( association4 ,betwe5 ! ages ( five & six mon?s ! *ild's progress 9 build+ up associations 0 v m>k$4 ,?us he w\ld turn f a reflexion ( ! fire on ! glass ( a picture to ! fire itself1 & a little lat] w\ld look t[>ds a p>ticul> picture1 ,*]ry ,ripe1 :5 ! "n 0 utt]$4 ,fur!r1 n only _h he n[ le>nt to connect ! sight ( ! bottle ) ! joys ( a repa/1 b on see+ ! bas9 9 :i* 8 food is prep>$ he w\ld glance t[>ds ! cupbo>d :]e ! bottle is kept4 ,! di>y conta9s b few obs]vations on ! gr[? ( ! p[] ( und]/&+ ?+s & reason+ ab\t !m dur+ ! fir/ ye>4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ^! relates to ! und]/&+ ( reflexions1 %ad[s1 etc4 ,we "k t ^! ?+s play$ a consid]able "p 9 ! developm5t ( ! fir/ racial ideas ( ! sup]natural1 & we might expect to see !m produc+ an impression on ! *ild's m9d4 ,c4 :5 he fir/ began to notice reflexions ( ! fire & o!r objects 9 a mirror %[$ consid]able m>ks ( surprise4 ,:at qua9t fancies he may h _h respect+ ?is odd d\bl+ ( ?+s we _c ( c\rse say4 ,:at is c]ta9 is t he di/9ctly connect$ ! reflexion ) ! orig9al1 z is %[n by ! fact already m5tion$1 8 turn+ f ! fir/ to ! second4 ,by ! end ( ! six? mon? ! m>ks ( surprise _h visibly less5$1 s t ! *ild 0 app>5tly gett+ us$ to ! miracle1 ev5 ?\gh he c\ld n z yet be said to und]/& x4 ,x is wor? notice t ?\gh ! exp]im5t ( %[+ him 8 own reflexion 0 repeat$ aga9 & aga9 he rema9$ app>5tly q indiff]5t to ! image4 ,p]haps1 sugge/s ! fa!r1 he did n z yet "k himself z visible object suffici5tly to recognise nature's portrait ( him 9 ! glass4 ,! above may p]haps s]ve z a sample ( ! obs]vations made on ! intellectual developm5t ( ?is privileg$ *ild dur+ ! fir/ ye> ( 8 e>?ly exi/5ce4 ,i w n[ pass on to quote a rem>k or two on 8 emotional developm5t4 ,i may add t ! record ( ?is phase ( ! boy's e>ly m5tal life is c]ta9ly ! mo/ curi\s "p ( ! docum5t1 conta9+ _m odd speculations on ! c\rse ( primitive human hi/ory4 ,! e>lie/ manife/ations ( ! life ( feel+ are ! elem5tal =ms ( pa9 & pleasure1 cry+ & incipi5t laugh+ 9 ! =m ( ! smile4#bhh ,9 ,c4's case1 z 9 o!rs1 cry+ ( ! g5u9e mis]able k9d prec$$ smil+ by a consid]able int]val4 ,! *ild1 rem>ks our obs]v]1 seems to ne$ to le>n to smile1 :]eas 8 cry+ app>atus is 9 good work+ ord] f ! fir/4 ----- ,footnote #bhh3 ,) ! smile !re ought p]haps to be tak5 ! infantile cr[4 ----- ,! gr[? ( ! smile is a curi\s *apt] 9 *ild-psy*ology1 & has be5 c>efully work$ out by ,prey]4 ,! obs]vations on ,c4 "u ?is head are incomplete4 ,! fa!r ?\ght he detect$ an attempt at a smile on ! ?ird day1 :5 ! *ild 0 ly+ replete ) food1 9 answ] to c]ta9 *uckl+ s\nds ) :i* he s\ght to amuse him4 ,! movem5ts con/itut+ ?is quasi-smile are said to h be5 ! foll[+3 a draw+ 9 ( ! "u lip2 a draw+ inw>ds & backw>ds ( ! corn]s ( ! m\?3 increase ( oblique l9e f ! corn] ( ! m\? upw>ds2 & a furr[+ or ridg+ ( ! eyelids4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t ?is 0 n a true smile1 i4e41 an expression ( pleasure4 ,he rem>ks1 moreov]1 t 9 ! case ( ! *ild's si/] ! fir/ approa* to a smile 0 n obs]v$ be=e ! t5? day1 ?is1 too1 by-!-bye1 9 t /ate ( blissful complaisance :i* foll[s a good meal4 ,x may be add$ t 9 ! case ( ! bro!r1 too1 ! smile seems to h gr[n noticeably bright & significant ab\t ! same "t 7eigh? to t5? week74 ,at ?is /age ! boy express$ 8 pleasure at see+ 8 fa!r's face n only by a 8bright0 smile1 b by c]ta9 coo+ s\nds4 ,at ! same date a playful t\* on ! *ild's *eek 0 suffici5t to provoke a smile4#bhi ----- ,footnote #bhi3 ,d>w9 puts ! fir/ true smile on ! =ty-fif? day4 ,! fir/ quasi-smiles are probably q me*anical & de/itute ( mean+4 ----- ,v e>ly 9 ! infant's c\rse ! g]ms ( "s ( our mo/ *>act]i/ic human feel+s beg9 to appe>4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ is ang]1 :i* ?\gh common to man & _m ( ! high] animals1 takes on a peculi> =m 9 8 case4 ,angry revolt aga9/ ! ord] ( ?+s %[$ itself e>ly 9 ,c4's case z 9 t ( 8 si/]1 ! occasion be+ 9 ea* in/ance a mom5t>y difficulty 9 seiz+ ! means ( appeas+ appetite4 ,x is ( c\rse difficult to say at :at mom5t ! m]e vexation ( disappo9tm5t passes into true wra?1 b 9 ?is boy's case ! fa!r is compell$ to admit t ! ugly emotion display$ itself di/9ctly by ! ?ird week4 ,to detect ! fir/ cle> signs ( a humane feel+1 ( k9dl9ess & sympa?y1 is /ill m difficult4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! signs ( pleasure1 ! smile & ! coo+ s\nds1 :i* ,c4 manife/$ at ! sight ( 8 fa!r's face4 ,ab\t ! same "t1 viz41 ! n9? & t5? weeks1 he began to %[ himself p>ticul>ly responsive to soo?+ s\nds4 ,! impulse to imitate s(t l[ s\nds 0 ( great s]vice 9 *eck+ 8 mis]y4 ,:5 utt]ly brok5 by grief he w\ld (t5 pull himself toge!r if appeal$ to by ! "r soo?+ s\nd & jo9 9 a %ort pla9tive duet4 ,su* responses l ! e>ly imitative smile may1 x is true1 be no?+ b a me*anical imitation1 de/itute ( any emotive significance4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t ! fir/ crude =m ( fell[-feel+1 ( ! impulse to accept & to give sympa?y 9 joy & grief1 takes its rise 9 su* simple imitative movem5ts4 ,! fir/ advance to signs ( a tru] fell[-feel+ 0 made :5 ! *ild 0 six & a half mon?s old4 ,8 fa!r pret5d$ to cry4 ,!reupon ,c4 b5t 8 head d[n s t 8 *9 t\*$ 8 brea/ & began to paw 8 fa!r's face1 v mu* aft] ! mann] ( a dog 9 a fit ( t5d]ness4 ,oddly en\gh1 adds ! *ronicl]1 !re 0 no trace ( sadness 9 ! *ild's face4 ,! exp]im5t 0 repeat$ & always ) a l result4 ,a smile on ! t]m9ation ( ! cry+ complet$ ! curi\s little play4 ,:o w\ld v5ture to int]pret t fall+ ( ! head & t c>ess+ movem5t ( ! h&8 ,! fa!r saw "h some?+ ( a div9e t5d]ness2 & ,i am n dispos$ to "q 8 int]pretation4 ,emotion soon beg9s to manife/ itself1 too1 9 connexion ) ! *ild's pe]+s into 8 new _w4 ,z ! little bra9 gr[s /rong] & ! organs ( s5se come "u bett] managem5t1 ! *ild sp5ds m "t 9 exam9+ ?+s1 & ?is exam9ation is accompani$ by a pr(\nd wond]4 ,c4 w\ld completely lose himself 9 m>vell+ at "s new my/]y1 z ! face ( a clock1 to :i* he appe>$ to talk z to some?+ alive1 or ! play ( ! sunlight on ! wall ( 8 room2 & ! clos5ess ( 8 att5tion 0 indicat$ by ! occurr5ce ( a huge sigh :5 ! /ra9 0 ov]4 ,! directions ( ?is e>ly *ildi% att5tion are1 z 9 ! example ( ! clock & ! sunlight1 t[>ds :at has "s attraction ( brightness1 or o!r /imulat+ quality4 ,! fasc9ation ( bright col\r = ,c4 has already be5 ref]r$ to4 ,s\nds1 too1 v soon began to capture 8 att5tion & hold x spellb\nd4 ,?us x is record$ t 9 ! t5? week ! s\nd produc$ by /rik+ a w9e-glass excit$ an agreeable wond]4 ,! s\nd ( ! piano1 by-!-bye1 made him cry ! fir/ "t he he>d x1 presumably because x 0 /range & disconc]t+ly volum9\s4 ,b he soon got to l x1 & 8 "m rem>k$ t :5 8 fa!r play$ ! *ild seem$ to gr[ heavi] 9 h] lap1 z if all 8 muscles 7 relax$ 9 a delici\s self-ab&onm5t4#bij ----- ,footnote #bij3 ,see above1 p4 #aie & p4 #cjh4 ----- ,c]ta9 ?+s became fav\rite objects ( ?is quasi-/hetic contemplation4 ,:5 six weeks old ! *ild got into ! way ( tak+ special note ( "o or two r %[y col\r$ pictures on ! wall4 ,9 ^! x seem$ to be p>tly ! brightness ( col\r+ 9 ! picture or ! frame1 p>tly ! reflexions ( objects 9 ! glass cov]+1 :i* attract$ him4 ,o!r ?+s :i* appe>$ to give him repeat$ & endless enjoym5t ( a quiet sort 7 ! play ( sunlight & ( %ad[ on ! walls ( 8 room1 ! reflexion ( ! %oot+ fire-flame s5t back by ! w9d[-pane or ! glass cov]+ ( a picture1 ! sway+ ( trees1 & ! l4 ,he soon got to "k ! locality ( "s ( 8 fav\rite works ( art1 & to look out expectantly1 :5 tak5 into ! "r room1 = 8 daily %[4 ,yet ! new does n always awak5 ?is pleasurable admiration4 ,! *ild's organism soon beg9s to adapt itself to :at is cu/om>y1 & sudd5 dep>tures f ! usual ord] ( ?+s come z a %ock1 j> ! n]ves1 & produce ! fir/ crude =m ( fe>4 ,c4's s5sitiv5ess to ! di/urb+ effect ( new & l\d s\nds has be5 ref]r$ to 9 speak+ ( ! fir/ impression ( ! piano4 ,a /rong w9d mak+ upro> 9 ! trees q upset him :5 he 0 ab\t five mon?s old1 ?\gh he soon got ov] 8 dislike & w\ld laugh at ! w9d ev5 :5 x blew cold4 ,9 l mann] he appe>$ to be mu* put out by ! voices ( /rang]s1 especially :5 ^! 7 l\d4 ,a simil> effect ( %ock %[$ itself :5 some?+ 9 ! famili> sc5e 0 sudd5ly transmut$4 ,= example1 :5 j twelve weeks old1 he 0 q upset by 8 "m donn+ a r$ jacket 9 place ( ! usual fl[]-spott$ dress4 ,he 0 j proce$+ to take 8 breakfa/ :5 he notic$ ! *ange1 at ! discov]y ( :i* all ?\ghts ( fea/+ des]t$ him1 8 lips quiv]$1 & he only became reassur$ ( 8 :]eab\ts aft] tak+ a good look at 8 "m's face4 ,?is cl++ to ! famili> & al>m at a sudd5 intrusion ( ! new into 8 little _w %[$ !mselves 9 a curi\s way 9 8 attitude t[>ds /rang]s4 ,:5 t5 weeks old he w\ld /ill greet new faces ) a graci\s smile4 ,b ?is amiable disposition soon und]w5t a *ange4 ,:5 he began to discrim9ate p "o f ano!r & to s+le out p>ticul> faces1 ^? ( ! "m1 fa!r1 si/]1 etc41 z famili>1 he took up :at look$ l a less hospitable attitude t[>ds /rang]s4 ,by ! fifte5? week he no long] greet$ _! adv5t ) 8 welcom+ smile4 ,a mon? lat] ! di>y *ronicles a new developm5t ( timidity4 ,he n[ turn$ away f a /rang] ) all ! signs ( %r9k+4#bia ----- ,footnote #bia3 ,comp>e :at 0 said above1 p4 #bja4 ----- ,t ?is repugnance to ! new dep5ds on a k9d ( %ock-l effect on ! n]v\s sy/em seems to be borne out by ! fact t ! same object w\ld produce n[ joy\s admiration1 n[ some?+ indi/+ui%able f fe>1 accord+ to ! boy's v>y+ condition ( heal? & spirits4 ,*anges ( s5tim5t analog\s to ^? :i* m>k$ 8 behavi\r t[>ds /rang]s occurr$ 9 8 treatm5t ( inanimate objects4 ,= in/ance1 a n v al>m+-look+ doll belong+ to 8 si/]1 aft] hav+ be5 a pleasant object ( reg>d1 sudd5ly acquir$ = him1 :5 he 0 ne>ly five mon?s old1 a repulsive aspect4 ,in/ead ( talk+ to x & mak+ a sort ( amiable deity ( x z h]et(ore1 he n[ %riek$ :5 x 0 br\ght ne>4 ,!re seems to h be5 no?+ 9 8 individual exp]i5ce :i* c\ld acc\nt = ?is sudd5 accession ( fe>4 ,^! obs]vations l$ ,c4's fa!r to "s *>act]i/ic speculations z to ! inh]itance ( c]ta9 feel+s4 ,?us he h9ts t ! e]ie sort ( int]e/ tak5 by 8 *ild 9 ! reflexions ( ?+s 9 ! glass may be a survival ( ! primitive feel+ ( awe = ! gho/s ( ?+s :i* c]ta9 an?ropologi/s tell u 0 fir/ develop$ 9 connexion ) ! ph5om5a ( reflect$ images & %ad[s4 ,he goes on to ask :e!r ! fe> call$ =? by ! doll & ! face ( /rang]s at a c]ta9 /age ( ! *ild's developm5t is n cle>ly due to an in/9ct n[ fix$ 9 ! race by ! c\ntless exp]i5ces ( p]il 9 its e>ly1 pre-social1 & ,i%maelitic condition4 ,b "h1 too1 p]haps1 8 speculations appe>1 9 ! light ( :at has be5 said above1 a little wild4 ,among o!r feel+s display$ by ! *ild 0 t ( amusem5t at :at is grotesque & comical4 ,:5 betwe5 f\r & five mon?s old he 0 accu/om$ to wat* ! antics ( 8 si/]1 an elfi% be+ giv5 to fly+ ab\t ! room1 scream+1 & o!r disord]ly proce$+s1 ) all ! signs ( a s5se ( ! comicality ( ! spectacle4 ,s f> z ! fa!r c\ld judge1 ?is si/] s]v$ z a k9d ( je/] to ! baby mon>*4 ,he w\ld take j t di/ant1 good-natur$ int]e/ 9 h] fool+s t ,%akespe>e's sov]eigns took 9 ! ecc5tric unpr$ictable ways ( _! je/]s4 ,! s5se ( ! droll became /ill m di/9ctly m>k$ at six mon?s4 ,ab\t ?is date ! *ild delight$ 9 pull+ 8 si/]'s hair1 & h] %rieks w\ld s5d him into a fit ( laught]4 ,among o!r provocatives ( laught] at ?is "t 7 sudd5 movem5ts ( "o's head1 a rapid succession ( %>p /accato s\nds f "o's vocal organ 7:5 ^! 7 n disconc]t+ by _! viol5ce71 & ( c\rse sudd5 reappe>ances ( "o's head aft] hid+ 9 ! game ( bo-peep4#bib ----- ,footnote #bib3 ,d>w9 tells u t 8 boy utt]$ a rude k9d ( laugh :5 only "o hundr$ & t5 days old1 aft] a p9a=e _h be5 ?r[n ov] 8 head & sudd5ly )drawn4 ,c4's s5se ( hum\r 0 h>dly z precoci\s z ?is4 ----- ,x is h>dly necess>y to foll[ ! di>y into its record ( ! fir/ /irr+s ( :at psy*ologi/s us$ to call ! ,w 7) capital ,w ( c\rse74 ,if a baby 9 ! fir/ mon?s c be said to h a w 9 any s5se x mu/ be t unconsci\s metaphysical 8w to live0 ab\t :i* we h rec5tly he>d s mu*4 ,on ! o!r h& x is c]ta9ly true t ! *ild manife/s 9 ! fir/ weeks c]ta9 active impulses1 ! work+ out ( :i* leads 9 ab\t f\r mon?s to ! acquisition ( ! p[] ( c>ry+ out movem5ts = a purpose4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ?is progress 9 motor activity :5 speak+ ( ! s5ses4 ,x may suffice to add "o or two fur!r obs]vations4 ,! fa!r rem>ks t ab\t ! end ( ! n9? week !re 0 a vigor\s use ( ! muscles ( ! arms & h&s 9 aimless movem5t4 ,?is sup]abundance ( muscul> activity is important1 z giv+ *ildr5 ! *ance ( f9d+ out ! results ( _! movem5ts4 ,c4 0 j t5 & a half weeks old :5 he fir/ %[$ himself capable ly+ on 8 back ( turn+ 8 head to ! side1 & ev5 ( half turn+ 8 body also1 9 ord] to h a good view ( 8 fa!r mov+ away to a di/ant "p ( ! room4 ,ab\t ! same date1 too1 purposive movem5ts began to be cle>ly diff]5tiat$ f expressive movem5ts2 su*1 = example1 z ! quick en]getic movem5t ( ! limbs :5 excit$ by pleasure4 ,= in/ance1 on ! sev5ty-second day ! fa!r 0 surpris$ & delight$ to see ! boy add to ! usual signs ( joy at 8 approa* ! movem5t ( lean+ =w>d & hold+ out ! arms z if to try to get ne>4 ,0 ?is1 he asks1 ! sudd5 em]g5ce ( an unle>nt in/9ct1 or 0 x an imitation 9 baby fa%ion ( 8 eld]s' behavi\r :5 !y took possession ( him8 ,! gradual gr[? ( a volunt>y movem5t into a p]fect arti/ic action nicely adju/$ to "s desir$ end 0 /rik+ly illu/rat$ 9 ! boy's ma/]y ( ! grasp+ movem5t1 ! movem5t ( /ret*+ out ! h& to seize an object se54 ,on ! sev5ty-six? day1 ! fa!r writes1 he _h c>efully wat*$ to see :e!r ! *ild c\ld volunt>ily direct 8 h& to an object4 ,he _h tri$ him by hold+ be=e him attractive objects1 z a bit ( col\r$ rag or 8 h&1 :i* he w\ld reg>d v att5tively4 ,= ! la/ week or t5 days he _h be5 v obs]vant ( objects1 includ+ 8 own h&s4 ,among ! objects t attract$ him 0 8 mamma's dress1 :i* _h a d>k gr\nd ) a small :ite fl[] patt]n4 ,on ?is memorable day 8 h& accid5tally came 9 contact ) "o ( ! folds ( h] dress ly+ ov] ! brea/4 ,imm$iately1 x seem$ to /rike him = ! fir/ "t t he c\ld rea* an object1 & = a doz5 times or m he repeat$ ! movem5t ( /ret*+ out 8 h&1 clut*+ ! fold & giv+ x a good pull1 v mu* to 8 own satisfaction4 ,a ha/y reason] might easily suppose t ! *ild _h n[ le>nt to rea* out to an object :5 only se54 ,b ! sequel %[$ t ?is 0 n ! case4 ,f\r weeks lat] ! di>y obs]ves t ! *ild z yet made no attempt to grasp an object (f]$ to him 7al?\gh !re 7 manife/ attempts to uncov] ! "m's brea/74 ,! clut*+ at ! dress 0 ?us a bl9d movem5t due to ! /imulus ( pleasurable elation4 ,yet x 0 d\btless a /ep 9 ! process ( le>n+ to grasp4 ,! next advance regi/]$ occurr$ :5 ! boy 0 a little ov] f\r mon?s old4 ,he w\ld n[ br+ 8 two h&s toge!r j above ! level ( 8 eyes & !n gaze on !m att5tively1 /rik+ out "o arm /raight 9 front ( him1 & upw>ds almo/ v]tically1 z if he 7 try+ "s new gymna/ic ex]cises1 :ile he accompani$ ea* movem5t ) 8 eye1 & %[$ ! deepe/ int]e/ 9 :at he 0 do+4 ,by su* ex]cises1 we may suppose1 he 0 explor+ space ) h& & eye conjo9tly & not+ ! correspond5ces betwe5 look+ 9 a giv5 direction & br++ 8 h& into ! l9e ( sight4 ,! next noticeable advance occurr$ at ! end ( ! n9ete5? week4 ,! boy's fa!r held a biscuit 7! value ( :i* 0 already kn[n7 j bel[ 8 face & well )9 8 rea*4 ,!re 0 a v e>ne/ look & !n a s]ies ( rapid j]ky movem5ts ( ! h&s4 ,^! 7 unc]ta9 at fir/1 b on repetition ( ! exp]im5t soon grew m precise4 ,at fir/ ! biscuit 0 dropp$ 7! *ild _h n yet le>nt to h&le ?+s74 ,b aft] repeat$ trials he manag$ to hold on to ! treasure & be> x triumphantly to 8 m\?4 ,! discov]y ( ! new delight ( ?us fe$+ himself l$ to m viol5t ef=ts to seize ! biscuit :5 pres5t$ aga94 ,inde$1 ! y\ng/]'s impati5ce l$ him to rea* =w>d ) ! upp] "p ( 8 body s z to seize ! biscuit ) 8 m\?4 ,x may be add$ "h z ?r[+ light on ! c>ry+ ( ! biscuit to ! m\? t ! *ild _h be=e ?is acquir$ consid]able facility 9 rais+ 8 h& to 8 m\? & to ! region ( 8 head g5]ally4 ,?us he _h be5 notic$ to scrat* 8 head ) a comical look ( sage reflexion :5 he 0 fifte5 weeks old4 ,! consummation ( ! act ( seiz+ an object involv+ a p]ception ( di/ance 0 obs]v$ :5 he 0 j six mon?s old4 ,! fa!r writes3 8,i held an object 9 front ( him two or ?ree in*es beyond 8 rea*4 ,! a/ute little fell[ made no movem5t4 ,i !n gradually br\ght x clos]1 & :5 x came )9 8 rea* he held out 8 h& & grasp$ x4 ,i repeat$ ! exp]im5t ) slight v>iations1 & satisfi$ myself t he c\ld n[ di/+ui% ) "s degree ( precision ! ne> & ! f>1 ! atta9able & ! unatta9able1 t 8 eyes c\ld n[ in=m him by :at ,bi%op ,b]keley call$ visual language ( ! exact limit1 ! #8,ultima ,?ule' ( 8 tangible _w40 ,x is natural1 no d\bt1 t ! fa!r %\ld g (f into ano!r high flight "h4 ,b be+ a psy*ologi/ he might h mod]at$ 8 p>5tal elation by reflect+ t 8 wond]ful boy _h aft] all tak5 six mon?s to le>n :at a *ick seems to "k z soon z x leaves ! %ell4 ,x is d\btful1 inde$1 :e!r ,ma/] ,c4's h& c\ld z yet aim ) ! precision ( ! beak ( ! newly hat*$ *ick4 ,if he _h only *anc$ on a lat] decade he might h kn[n t five mon?s is ! "t giv5 by a rec5t au?ority 7,raehlmann7 z ! p]iod commonly tak5 9 le>n+ ! grasp+ movem5ts1 & s _h 8 pride 9 8 boy's a*ievem5t :olesomely temp]$4#bic ----- ,footnote #bic3 ,prey]'s boy p]fect$ ! action 9 ! fif? mon?4 ,= diff]5ces 9 precocity "h1 see ,f4 ,tracy1 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,*ildhood1 pp4 #ab1 #ac4 ----- ,^! e>ly movem5ts are acquir$ "u ! /imulus ( c]ta9 impulses :i* con/itute ! in/9ctive basis ( volition4 ,?us x is obvi\s t ! movem5t ( c>ry+ to ! m\? z also t ( rea*+ & grasp+ 0 inspir$ by ! nutritive or fe$+ in/9ct1 t deep-seat$ impulse :i* is common to man & ! :ole animal k+dom1 & is ! secret spr+ ( s mu* ( 8 pr\d a*ievem5t4 ,! impulse to seize & appropriate may p]haps be reg>d$ z an in/9ct :i* has become deta*$ f its p>5tal /ock1 ! nutritive impulse4 ,our obs]v] rem>ks1 ) a t\* ( cynicism1 t ! pr$om9ance ( ! grasp+ prop5sities ( ! race 0 illu/rat$ by ! fact t 8 boy only manife/$ ! impulse to rel9qui% 8 hold on an object "s "t aft] he _h display$ 9 its p]fection ! impulse to seize or grasp an object4 ,?us x 0 "s mon?s lat] t he 0 fir/ obs]v$ delib]ately to ca/ aside1 z if tir$ ( x1 a ?+ ) :i* he _h be5 play+4 ,"o ( ! deepe/ & mo/ f>-rea*+ in/9cts is to get rid ( pa9 & to prolong pleasure4 ,9 ,c4's case ! work+ ( ! fir/ 0 illu/rat$ 9 a l>ge numb] ( movem5ts1 su* z twi/+ ! body r\nd1 scrat*+ ! head1 & s =?4 ,an illu/ration ( ! impulse to r5ew an agreeable effect occurr$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! eigh? mon?4 ,! *ild 0 sitt+ on 8 "m's lap close to ! table play+ ) a spoon4 ,he accid5tally dropp$ x & 0 impress$ ) ! effect ( s\nd4 ,he imm$iately repeat$ ! action1 n[1 no d\bt1 ) ! purpose ( ga9+ ! agreeable %ock = 8 e>4 ,aft] ?is :5 ! spoon 0 put into 8 h& he delib]ately dropp$ x4 ,n only s1 l a true arti/1 he w5t on improv+ on ! fir/ effect1 rais+ ! spoon high] & high] s z to get m s\nd1 & at l5g? us+ =ce 9 da%+ or bang+ x d[n4 ,*ildr51 z ev]ybody kn[s1 are wont to r5d] _! eld]s t highe/ =m ( flatt]y1 imitation4 ,our *ronicle is un=tunately r meagre 9 obs]vations on ! fir/ imitative movem5ts4 ,!re is no evid5ce t ! writ] w5t to "w 9 ,prey]'s c>eful way to te/ ?is capability4 ,he ?9ks he saw di/9ct traces ( imitation 7( ! po9t+ movem5t7 at ! end ( ! fifte5? week1 ?\gh he admits t a delib]ate attempt to copy a movem5t 0 only plac$ beyond d\bt "s "t lat]4 ,!re is1 ,i regret to say1 a t]rible gap 9 ! *ronicle betwe5 ! n9? & ! sixte5? mon?4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly un=tunate because ?is is j ! p]iod :5 ! *ild is mak+ a beg9n+ at "s ( ! mo/ difficult ( accompli%m5ts1 e4g41 ma/]+ ! spee* ( 8 ance/ors4 ,to make up = ?is loss1 ! record becomes full] & decid$ly m int]e/+ z we ent] ^u ! second ye>4 ,to ?is next /age ( ! hi/ory we may n[ pass4 ,second ,ye>4 ,! obs]vations f ! date ( ! resumption ( ! di>y1 at ! age ( sixte5 mon?s1 beg9 to h m ( human int]e/ ab\t !m4 ,x is n till ?is ye> has advanc$ t ! *ild makes headway 9 h&l+ ! knotty intricacies ( an elaborate language l ours1 & x is ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ?is ma/]$ spee* t he is be/ able to disclose himself to ! obs]v]4 ,! obs]vations on ,c4's progress dur+ ! second ye> relate l>gely to language & intellig5ce z express+ itself 9 language4 ,we may1 accord+ly1 beg9 ?is section by giv+ a brief sket* ( ! *ild's l+ui/ic progress4#bid ----- ,footnote #bid3 ,?is %\ld be read 9 connexion ) ,/udy ,v4 ----- ,dur+ ! fir/ six mon?s no?+ 0 obs]vable 9 ! way ( vocal s\nds b ! ord9>y baby-s++ utt]ances ( ! #8la-la' category4 ,9 ?is t5tative vocalisation v[el s\nds1 ( c\rse1 prepond]at$4 ,!re 0 q a gamut ( qua9t v[el s\nds1 rang+ f ! broad a to ! cockney ow1 t is1 a-oo4 ,^! s\nds 7 purely emotional signs4 ,?us a prolong$ s\nd indicat$ surprise ) a da% ( displeasure :5 ! *ild sudd5ly enc\nt]$ an ob/acle to 8 movem5ts1 z on cat*+ 8 dress or /rik+ 8 head g5tly4 ,aga91 a k9d ( or oo s\nd1 =m$ by suck+ 9 ! brea?1 appe>$ to indicate t ! small p]son 0 pleas$ ) "s new object ( contemplation1 z a fre%ly discov]$ picture4 ,a sudd5 enl>gem5t ( ! range ( articulatory excursion 0 noticeable on ! completion ( ! tw5ty-sev5? week1 :5 ,c4 a/oni%$ 8 p>5ts by break+ out into a s]ies ( #8da-da's' & #8ba-ba's' or #8pa-pa's'4 ,^! r$uplications 7 q 9 keep+ ) 8 e>li] s\nds1 e4g41 a-oo1 a-oo4 ,he soon foll[$ up ?is brilliant success by o!r exp]im5ts1 z 9 ! production ( ! s\nds ou-a & ditta1 also ung & ang4#bie ----- ,footnote #bie3 ,?is r bald acc\nt ( e>ly vocal s\nds %\ld be contra/$ ) ^? ( ,prey] & o!rs ref]r$ to 9 ,/udy ,v4 ----- ,com+ n[ to ! comm5cem5t ( ! true l+ui/ic p]iod1 t is to say1 :5 ,c4 _h atta9$ ! age ( sixte5 mon?s1 we f9d him by no means precoci\s 9 ! matt] ( spee*4 ,he reproduc$ v few ( ! _m names ! mean+ ( :i* he p]fectly und]/ood4 ,z to o!r v]bal signs he seems to h act$ on ! pr9ciple ( biological economy1 sav+ himself ! articulatory ef=t4 ,?us al?\gh he us$ s\nds = express+ ass5t1 viz41 8ey10 ) fall+ inflection1 he cont5t$ himself 9 ! case ( negation ) ! old decl9+ or refus+ ge/ure1 viz41 %ak+ ! head4 ,! movem5t ( nodd+ seems to h be5 fir/ us$ z an affirmative sign at ! age ( sev5te5 mon?s :5 he 0 ask$ :e!r 8 food 0 hot4#bif ----- ,footnote #bif3 ,p]ez speaks ( bo? ! affirmative & negative movem5t ( ! head appe>+ ab\t ! fifte5? mon? 7,fir/ ,?ree ,ye>s ( ,*ildhood1 ,engl4 transl41 p4 #ba74 ,d>w9 f9ds t ! sign ( affirmation 7nodd+7 is less uni=m among ! diff]5t races ( m5 ?an t ( negation4 ,accord+ to ,prey]1 :ile ! ge/ure ( negation appe>s "u ! =m ( a turn+ away or decl9+ movem5t z an in/9ct 9 ! fir/ days ( life1 ! accept+ ge/ure ( nodd+ 7:i* aft]w>ds becomes ! sign ( affirmation7 is acquir$ & appe>s mu* lat] 7see 8 full acc\nt ( ! gr[? ( ^! movem5ts1 ,die ,seele des ,k9des1 p4 #bdb74 ----- ,c4 illu/rat$ ! common *ildi% impulse to mimic natural s\nds4 ,?us :5 sixte5 mon?s old he spontane\sly imitat$ 9 a r\gh fa%ion ! puff+ s\nd produc$ by 8 fa!r :5 indulg+ 9 ! solace ( tobacco2 & he utt]$ a simil> explosive s\nd :5 he>+ ! w9d4 ,yet ?is *ild does n seem to h be5 a p>ticul>ly good illu/ration ( ! onomatopoetic impulse4 ,:ile ! imitative impulse ?us aids 9 ! gr[? ( an indep5d5t baby vocabul>y1 x contributes1 z we h se51 to ! adoption ( ! language ( ! community4 ,at fir/1 h[ev]1 ! little le>n] w n repeat a s\nd m]ely 9 response to ano!r's lead4 ,_m a "m is d\btless able to recall ! *agr9 :i* %e exp]i5c$ :5 on try+ to trot out h] baby's l+ui/ic p[]s by giv+ ! lead1 e4g41 8,say ta-ta to ! lady60 ! little autocrat obdurately refus$ to comply ) ! p>5tal injunction4 ,x is only :5 :at ! *ild himself consid]s to be ! appropriate circum/ances recur1 &1 :at is m1 :5 ! correspond+ feel+ is excit$ 9 8 brea/1 t he utt]s ! s\nd4 ,?us ,c4's fa!r obs]ves t ?\gh ! *ild w n say 8ta-ta0 :5 told to d s1 he w say x readily en\gh :5 he sees him1 hat 9 h&1 mov+ t[>ds ! door4 ,9 l mann] ! fa!r rem>ks3 8,he w say1 #8,ta' 7#8?ank y'71 on receiv+ some?+1 yet n d s 9 m]e response to me :5 ,i say x04 ,h]e91 x w\ld seem1 ! vocal imitation ( *ildr5 is less me*anical & m intellig5t ?an t ( animals1 z ! p>rot4 ,x 0 n until he 0 well on 9 8 second ye> t ,c4 condesc5d$ to let 8 "y spee*-organ be play$ on by ano!r's w4 ,by ?is "t1 x may be conjectur$1 associations betwe5 s\nds & vocal actions _h become firm en\gh to all[ ( su* imitation )\t a consci\sness ( ex]tion or /ra94 ,hav+ no special reason to refuse he v s5sibly fell 9 ) o!rs' sugge/ions4 ,x is n at all improbable1 too1 t at ?is /age ( developm5t ! little vocali/ f\nd a pleasure 9 try+ 8 in/rum5t & produc+ new effects4 ,( c\rse ^! fir/ t5tatives 9 v]bal imitation 7 f> f p]fect4 ,at fir/ !re 0 h>dly m ?an a reproduction ( ! rhy?m & ! rise & fall ( voice1 z 9 r5d]+ #8,all gone1' ! sign ( disappe>ance1 by a1 a1 ) rise & fall ( voice4 ,l o!r little p1 ,c4 display$ a lordly disposition to save himself tr\ble & to expect inf9ite pa9s f o!rs 9 ! way ( compreh5sion4 ,he 0 9 ! habit ( r$uc+ difficult words to fragm5ts1 ! compreh5sion ( :i* by ! mo/ loyal ( att5dants 0 a matt] ( consid]able difficulty4 ,9 ?us *opp+ (f spl9t]s ( words he %[$ ! greate/ caprice4 ,9 _m cases he select$ ! initial s\nds1 e4g41 8b0 = ball1 8n0 = nose1 8p0 = please4 ,9 o!r cases he pref]r$ ! end+1 e4g41 8k0 = cake1 8b0 = ,elizabe?4 ,x look$ z if c]ta9 s\nds & comb9ations1 e4g41 l1 s1 fl1 %1 etc41 lay altoge!r beyond 8 gamut4 ,& o!rs seem$ to be specially difficult1 & s 7 avoid$ z mu* z possible4#big ----- ,footnote #big3 ,cf4 above1 p4 #adh ff4 ----- ,:ile ,c4's p>5ts c\ld n help res5t+ at times an economis+ ( spee*-p[] :i* impos$ s heavy a burd5 on !mselves1 !y 7 (t5 amus$ at ! way 9 :i* ! a/ute little fell[ manag$ aft] s(t5+ d[n all ! asp]ities ( a "n to reta9 a c]ta9 r\gh semblance ( ! orig9al4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 sug> became 8ooga10 biscuit 8bk10 bread & butt] 8bup10 fi% 8gi%0 7) s(t g71 & bacon-fat1 t is bread dipp$ 9 ! same1 8ak04 ,9 "s cases x might h puzzl$ 8 fa!r to say :e!r ! s\nd 0 a reproduction or an indep5d5t creation4 ,?is rem>k applies ) p>ticul> =ce to ! "n he gave himself4 ,8 real "n z commonly us$ 01 ,i may say1 ,clif=d4 ,in/ead ( ?is he employ$ z ! "n = himself 8,+i0 or 8,n+i0 7) h>d g74 ,he /uck to 8 own inv5tion 9 spite ( _m ef=ts to lead him to adopt ! "n *os5 = him by 8 p>5ts4 ,& p]haps ! sov]eignty ( ! baby 0 nev] m cle>ly illu/rat$ ?an 9 ! fact t 9 "t he con/ra9$ 8 p>5ts & 8 si/] to adopt 8 self-*os5 prnom54 ,possibly 8 real "n 0 to 8 e> a hopelessly difficult mass ( s\nd1 & 8,n+i0 seem$ to him a fair equival5t )9 ! limits ( practicable l+ui/ics = s unc\? a comb9ation4#bih ,^! *anges are int]e/+ z illu/rat+ h[ ! *ild att5ds to ! g5]al =m ( ! ^w-s\nd r ?an to its con/itu5t elem5ts4#bii ,! same ?+ is se5 9 ! modifi$ =m ( 8,n+i10 :i* he adopt$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird ye>1 viz41 8,kikkie10 :]e1 too1 ! special impressiv5ess ( ! initial s\nd is illu/rat$4 ----- ,footnote #bih3 ,! supposition t #8,n+i' 0 easy seems reasonable4 ,fir/ ( all x is 9 "p a r$uplication l 8 lat] "n #8,kikkie'4 ,aga91 we "k t *ildr5 (t5 add ! f9al y or ie s\nd1 z 9 say+ #8d9nie' = d9n]1 #8b$die' = bread4 ,once m1 f ! e>ly appe>ances ( #8ng' s\nd 9 #8ang1' #8ung1' etc41 we may inf] x to be easy4 ,inde$1 "o obs]v] 7,dr4 ,*ampneys7 tells u t an infant's cry is exactly repres5t$ by ! s\nd #8ng' z pron\nc$ 9 ,g]many 7,m9d1 vi41 p4 #aje74 ,footnote #bii3 ,see above1 p4 #aeg f4 ----- ,x is n[ "t to pass to ! mo/ important phase ( baby-spee* f a sci5tific po9t ( view1 namely1 ! fir/ use ( s\nds z g5]al signs1 or z regi/]+ ! results ( a g5]alis+ process1 z :5 ! *ild beg9s to speak ( man or boy4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t our di>y does n give u mu* t is />tl+ 9 ! way ( orig9al g5]alisation4 ,s f> z we c judge1 ,c4 0 a /eady-go+ baby1 n giv5 to wanton caprices4 ,yet ?\gh n a g5ius he _h 8 mom5ts ( inv5tion4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ illu/rations ( a free work+ ( ! g5]alis+ impulse 0 ! ext5sion ( ! s\nd 8t0 7hot74 ,at fir/ he employ$ ?is sign 9 ! conv5tional mann] to indicate t 8 milk or o!r vi& 0 disagreeably w>m4 ,:51 h[ev]1 he 0 sev5te5 & a half mon?s old he /ruck out an orig9al ext5sion ( mean+4 ,he happ5$ to h plac$ be=e him cold milk4 ,on ta/+ ?is he at once exclaim$1 8,ot60 ,x looks z ?\gh ! s\nd n[ meant some?+ unpleasant to ta/e1 ?\gh1 z we %all see pres5tly1 ! boy _h ano!r s\nd 78kaka07 = express+ ?is idea4#cjj ,b 8ot0 0 be+ ext5d$ 9 ano!r way by a process ( association4 ,?is 0 illu/rat$ a mon? lat]1 :5 ! boy po9t$ to an engrav+ ( ,guido's ,aurora1 & exclaim$1 8,ot60 ,8 dull p>5ts c\ld n at fir/ compreh5d ?is bold metaphoric use ( language1 until !y be?\ght !m t ! cl\ds on :i* ! a]onauts are sail+ are a good deal l a volume ( asc5d+ /eam4 ----- ,footnote #cjj3 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! s5sations ( hot & cold are readily confus$ ev5 by adults4 ----- ,! s\nds 8k10 8k10 & 8kk0 7 employ$ by ,c4 f ab\t ! same age 7sev5te5 & a half mon?s7 to express :at is actually kn[n or simply suspect$ to be disagreeable to ta/e or smell1 su* z a pipe held ne> him1 a glass ( be]1 a v9eg> bottle1 & s =?4 ,he _h smelt ! be]1 & le>nt its disagreeable od\r1 & 9 pron\nc+ ! untri$ v9eg> 8kk0 he 0 really c>ry+ out a =m ( reason+ ( a simple k9d4 ,?is s\nd came to repres5t a mu* high] ef=t ( ab/raction "s weeks lat]1 :5 x 0 appli$ to ?+s s unlike 9 !mselves z milk spilt on ! clo?1 crumbs on ! floor1 soil$ h&s1 etc4 ,! idea "h seiz$ 0 pla9ly t ( some?+ soil$ or dirty4 ,b ?is half-/hetic1 half-e?ical idea 0 rea*$ l>gely by ! help ( o!rs1 m p>ticul>ly p]haps 8 si/]1 :o1 z eld] si/]s are wont to d1 supplem5t$ ! p>5tal discipl9e by a vigor\s inculcation ( ! well-recognis$ proprieties4 ,ano!r ext5sion ( ! range ( application ( names us$ by o!rs occurr$ ab\t ! same "t 7end ( tw5tie? mon?74 ,he employ$ ! s\nd #8ga' 7glass7 s z to include a plat$ dr9k+ cup1 :i* ( c\rse o!rs always call$ #8cup'4 ,?is 0 curi\s z %[+ at ?is /age ! sup]ior int]e/ ( use 7t ( dr9k+ ut5sil7 to t ( =m & col\r4 ,! g5]alisations j t\*$ on h to d ) ^? qualities & relations ( ?+s :i* /rongly impress ! baby m9d1 because !y be> on ! satisfaction ( 8 wants & 8 feel+s ( pleasure & pa94 ,9 ord] to wat* ! calm movem5ts ( ! intellect1 :5 no long] urg$ by appetite & s5se1 we mu/ turn to ! *ild's fir/ detection ( simil>ities 9 ! objective attributes ( ?+s1 z _! %ape1 size1 col\r1 & s =?4 ,"h ! fir/ g5]alisations respect+ ! =ms ( bodies are a matt] ( peculi> int]e/ to ! sci5tific obs]v]4 ,! "y ?9k]1 ) :om we are n[ specially conc]n$1 a*iev$ 8 fir/ success 9 geometric ab/raction1 or ! consid]ation ( pure =m1 :5 j sev5te5 mon?s old4 ,he _h le>nt ! "n ( 8 india-rubb] ball4 ,hav+ securely grasp$ ?is1 he w5t on call+ oranges 8b04 ,?is left ! fa!r 9 "s d\bt :e!r ! *ild 0 att5d+ exclusively to =m1 z a geometrician %\ld1 = he 0 wont to make a toy ( an orange1 z :5 roll+ x on ! floor4 ,?is unc]ta9ty 01 h[ev]1 soon remov$4 ,"o day ,c4 0 sitt+ at table beside 8 sire1 :ile ! latt] 0 p\r+ out a glass ( be]4 ,in/antly ! ready nam] ( ?+s po9t$ to ! bubbles on ! surface1 & exclaim$1 8,b60 ,?is 0 repeat$ on _m subsequ5t occasions4 ,z ! *ild made no attempt to h&le ! bubbles1 x 0 evid5t t he did n view !m z possible play?+s4 ,z he got lo/ 9 contemplation1 mutt]+1 8,b6 b60 8 fa!r tells u t he _h ! satisfaction ( feel+ sure t ! "y m9d 0 already le>n+ to turn away f ! co>s5ess ( matt]1 & fix itself on ! ref9$ attribute ( =m4 ,al?\gh ?is 0 ! mo/ /rik+ in/ance ( pure or ab/ract consid]ation ( =m1 att5tion to ! %ape ( ?+s 0 prov$ by _m ( ! simple ideas rea*$ at ?is /age4 ,x is obvi\s1 inde$1 t a ready recognition ( any memb] ( a species ( animals1 z dog1 9 spite ( consid]able v>iations 9 size & col\r1 implies a p[] ( s+l+ out = special att5tion :at we call relations ( =m4 ,& ?is conclusion is borne out by ! fact t by ! end ( ! eighte5? mon? ,c4 0 q an adept 9 recognis+ uncol\r$ draw+s ( animal & o!r famili> =ms4 ,col\r is ( c\rse 9 itself ( mu* m int]e/ to a *ild ?an =m1 s9ce x gives a ke5 s5su\s enjoym5t4 ,our di>y furni%es a curi\s illu/ration ( a prop5sity to classify ?+s accord+ to _! col\r4 ,9 8 n9ete5? mon? ,c4 0 obs]v$ to designate by ! s\nd 8appoo0 7apple7 a pat* ( r$di% col\r on ! mantelpiece1 :i* bore 9 its =m no discov]able resemblance to an apple4 ,at ! same "t1 ! effect ( gr[+ exp]i5ce & ( a deep] scrut9y ( ?+s 9 br++ out ! sup]ior significance ( =m is se5 9 ! fact t ?is same ^w 8appoo0 came subsequ5tly to be habitually appli$ to ?+s ( unlike col\rs1 namely1 apples1 oranges1 lemons1 etc4 ,x may be add$ t ! hi/ory ( ?is ^w 8appoo0 illu/rates a process analog\s to :at ,ar*bi%op ,tr5* 7if ,i rememb] rightly7 has call$ ! degradation ( words4 ,:5 ,c4 fir/ us$ ?is "n x designat$ objects simply z visible & tangible ones2 he knew no?+ ( _! ta/e4 ,aft] he 0 p]mitt$ to try _! flav\rs1 ! less wor?y s5sations n[ add$ naturally contribut$ a prom95t +r$i5t to ! mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,?us1 he began to use 8appoo0 = all edible fruits1 includ+ su* %apeless masses z /ew$ apples4 ,x is n to be expect$ t *ildr5 9 _! fir/ attempts at scrut9is+ objects %\ld be able to take 9 completely a complex =m1 z t ( an animal1 ) all its p>ts & _! relations "o to ano!r4 ,c4 gave ample pro( ( ! fact t ! fir/ g5]alisations respect+ =m are apt to be r\gh & ready1 gr\nd$ simply on a p]ception ( "o or two sali5t po9ts4 ,?us1 8 fir/ use ( 8b[-w[0 %[$ t ! "n meant = him simply a f\r-legg$ creature4 ,ab\t ! fifte5? mon? ?is ^w 0 ?r[n ab\t 9 ! mo/ reckless way4 ,lat] on1 :5 ! can9e =m began to be dis5gag$ 9 8 m9d f ^? ( o!r quadrup$s1 ! po9t$ nose ( ! animal seems to h become a prom95t feature 9 ! mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,?us1 9 8 eighte5? mon?1 ,c4 took to apply+ ! "n #8b[-w[' to objects1 su* z fragm5ts ( bread or biscuit1 z well z draw+s1 hav+ some?+ ( a triangul> =m ) a %>p angle at ! apex4 ,x is probable t if our little ?9k] _h be5 able at ?is /age to def9e 8 t]ms1 he w\ld h said t a 8b[-w[0 0 a f\r-legg$ ?+ ) a po9t$ nose4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 x is only fair to ,c4 to m5tion t 8 m9d _h at ?is "t become prepossess$ ) ! image ( 8b[-w[04 ,n long be=e ! date ref]r$ to he _h be5 fright5$ by a small dog1 :i* _h crept unobs]v$ into ! room beh9d a lady visitor1 la9 quiet = "s "t "u ! table1 & !n1 =gett+ good mann]s1 sudd5ly d>t$ out & b>k$4 ,!re 7 _m facts :i* support$ ! belief t ! *ild's m9d 0 at ?is p]iod haunt$ by images ( dogs :i* approximat$ 9 _! vividness to halluc9ations2 & ?is p]si/5ce ( ! can9e image 9 ! *ild's bra9 naturally dispos$ him to see ! 8b[-b[0 =m 9 ! mo/ unpromis+ objects4 ,! use ( ! ^w 8gee-gee10 :i* t[>ds ! end ( ! second ye> compet$ ) 8b[-w[0 = ! fir/ place 9 ,c4's vocabul>y1 illu/rates ! same fact4 ,a horse 0 fir/ ( all di/+ui%$ f o!r quadrup$s by ! l5g? ( 8 neck4 ,?us1 :5 tw5ty mon?s old1 ,c4 9 a slov5ly way1 no d\bt1 appli$ ! "n 8gee-gee0 to ! draw+ ( an o/ri*1 & also to a bronze figure repres5t+ a /ork-l bird4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly curi\s1 z %[+ h[ a comp>atively unimportant detail ( =m1 z l5g? ( neck1 ov]%ad[$ 9 8 m9d at ?is "t :at we %\ld consid] ! mu* m important feature1 ! possession ( f\r legs4 ,! foll[+ are select$ f among _m o!r illu/rations ( ! imp]fect obs]vation ( complex =ms4 ,:5 tw5ty-"o & a half mon?s old he took to call+ all triangul> objects1 includ+ draw+s1 8%ip04 ,! feature ( ! %ip--z se5 9 real life & 9 8 picture-books--:i* _h fix$ itself 9 8 m9d 0 ! triangul> sail4#cja ,a simil> prop5sity to select "o *>act]i/ic feature 0 illu/rat$ 9 ano!r qua9t obs]vation ( ! di>y4 ,:5 tw5ty-?ree mon?s old ,c4's "m %[$ him a numb] ( draw+s ( patt]ns ( dresses1 "s surm\nt$ by faces1 "s n4 ,he po9t$ to "o ( ! latt] & said3 8,no nose60 ,f ?is1 writes ! fa!r1 laps+ aga9 into 8 frivol\s ve91 x w\ld seem t at ?is e>ly age he _h acquir$ a dim pres5tim5t ( ! supreme dignity ( ! nasal organ among ! features ( ! human c\nt5ance4 ----- ,footnote #cja3 ,i ?9k ?is supposition m probable ?an t ! *ild saw ! :ole =m--hull1 ma/s & sails--z a triangle4 ----- ,progress 9 ! accurate use ( words 0 curi\sly illu/rat$ 9 ,c4's way ( look+ at & talk+ ab\t 8 fell[-creatures4 ,oddly en\gh he began app>5tly by confus+ 8 two p>5ts1 ext5d+ ! "n 8ma0 to 8 fa!r till su* "t z he le>nt 8papa04 ,!n he proce$$ aft] ! mann] ( o!r *ildr5 to embrace )9 ! t]m 8papa0 all male adults1 :e!r kn[n to him or n4 ,?us he appli$ ! "n to photographs ( di/+ui%$ savants1 arti/s1 & poets1 :i* he f\nd 9 8 fa!r's album4 ,:5 j eighte5 mon?s old he 0 obs]v$ to introduce ! ^w #8man'4 ,= in/ance1 he took to call+ an et*+ ( a rec5t ,briti% philosoph]1 & a t]ra-cotta ca/ ( an anci5t ,roman "o1 8man10 z well z 8papa04 ,oddly en\gh1 h[ev]1 memb]s ( ! o!r sex 7 /ill call$ exclusively by ! "n 8mamma10 ?\gh ! words 8woman0 & 8lady0 7 c]ta9ly us$ at lea/ z frequ5tly z 8man0 9 8 he>+4 ,?is e>li] discrim9ation ( individual m5 ?an ( individual wom5 leads ! fa!r into "s jocose obs]vations ab\t ! m /rongly m>k$ individuality ( m5 ?an ( wom51 obs]vations :i* w\ld d v well 9 ! m\? ( a misogyni/ ( ! old s*ool1 b are altoge!r out ( date 9 ?is advanc$ age4 ,by ! tw5tie? mon? ! ext5sion ( ! "n 8papa0 to o!r m5 0 discont9u$4 ,8 fa!r tri$ him at ?is date ) a photographic album4 8,man0 0 n[ in/antly appli$ to all male adults1 except old ones ) a grey be>d4 ,to ^! he inv>iably appli$ ! "n ( an old g5tleman1 a fri5d ( 84 ,a woman 0 /ill call$ 8mamma10 ?\gh ! t]m 8lady0 78'ady07 0 cle>ly beg9n+ to displace x2 & no di/9ction 0 drawn betwe5 wom5 ( diff]5t ages4 ,f9ally1 *ildr5 7 di/+ui%$ z boys or girls1 app>5tly accord+ z !y 7 or 7 n dress$ 9 petticoats4 ,! res]vation ( ! names 8papa0 & 8mamma0 = 8 p>5ts naturally gave pleasure to ^! wor?y p]sons4 ,x 0 some?+1 !y said1 to feel sure at l5g? t !y 7 individualis$ 9 ! consci\sness ( _! mu*-c>$-= (fspr+4 ,?is re/rict$ use ( ! t]ms may be suppos$ to h involv$ a dim appreh5sion ( a special relation ( ?+s to ! *ild4 8,papa0 n[ c>ri$ ) x ! idea ( ! man :o /&s 9 a p>ticul> connexion ) ,c4 or 8,n+i02 or1 to express x o!rwise1 8man0 began to signify ^? papas :o h no?+ specially to d ) ?is important p]sonage4 ,?is antec$5t conjecture is borne out by ! fact t ! act ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 8 fa!r & o!r m5 foll[$ rapidly1 c]ta9ly )9 two or ?ree weeks1 ! fir/ use ( 8 own "n 8,n+i04 ,9 o!r words1 z soon z 8 att5tion began to direct itself to himself1 z ! c5tre ( 8 little _w-circle1 he naturally w5t on to di/+ui% betwe5 ^? p]sons & ?+s t _h "s special connexion ) ?is c5tre & ^? t _h n4 ,! consci\sness ( self 0 notic$ to gr[ mu* m di/9ct 9 ! second half ( ?is ye>4 ,z might be expect$ ! fir/ idea ( #8self' 0 l>gely a m5tal picture ( ! body4 ,?us ! fa!r tells u t :5 eighte5 mon?s old ! *ild w\ld in/antly po9t to himself :5 he he>d 8 "n4 ,if 8 fa!r t\*$ 8 face ask+ :o t 01 he repli$1 #8,n+i'4 ,"h ! corporeal ref]5ce is manife/4 ,:5 j ov] n9ete5 mon?s1 h[ev]1 he %[$ t ! idea 0 becom+ full] & ri*] ) ! g]m ( :at we mean by ! ^w p]sonality4 ,?us :5 ask$ to give up some?+ he lik$1 z ! remnant ( a biscuit1 he w\ld say emphatically1 #8,no1 no6 ,n+i6' ,simil>ly1 :5 he saw 8 si/] wipe h] h&s1 he w\ld say #8,n+i6' & proce$ to imitate ! action4 ,by ! end ( ! tw5ty-fir/ mon? ! *ild began to sub/itute #8me' = #8,n+i'4 ,z we saw above1 ! *ild & ! poet h ?is 9 common1 t !y view ?+s directly z !y are1 free f ! sup]ficial & arbitr>y associations1 ! conv5tional trapp+s1 by ! additions ( :i* we prosaic p are wont to sep>ate !m into comp>tm5ts ) absolutely imp5etrable walls4 ,h5ce ! fre%ness1 ! *>m+ orig9ality ( _! utt]ances4 ,= example1 ,c41 :5 eighte5 mon?s old1 0 wat*+ 8 si/] z %e dipp$ h] cru/ into h] tea4 ,he 0 evid5tly surpris$ by ! r>e sight1 & aft] look+ a mom5t or two1 exclaim$1 8,ba60 7ba?71 laugh+ ) delight1 & try+1 z 0 8 wont :5 deeply int]e/$ 9 a spectacle1 to pu% 8 "m's face r\nd s t %e too might admire x4 ,! boy delight$ 9 su* a figurative use ( words1 n[ employ+ !m z g5u9e similes1 z :5 he said ( a dog pant+ aft] a run1 8,dat b[-w[ l puff-puff10 & ( ! fir/ real %ip :i* he saw sail+ ) a rock+ movem5t1 8,dat %ip g m>jory-daw0 7i4e41 l m>jory-daw 9 ! nurs]y rhyme74 ,l _m a poet he _h 8 recurr+ or /&+ metaphors4 ,?us1 z we h se51 8%ip0 0 ! figurative expression = all objects hav+ a pyramidal =m4 ,a pretty example ( 8 love ( metaphor 0 8 habit ( call+ ! ne$le 9 a small compass ( 8 fa!r's 8bir0 7bird74 ,x ne$s a baby m9d to detect "h ! fa9t resemblance to ! slight fragile =m & ! flutt]+ movem5t ( a bird pois$ on its w+s4 ,c4 illu/rates ! an?ropoc5tric impulse to look at natural objects z ?\gh !y specially aim$ at fur!r+ or h9d]+ our well-be+4 ,?us he w\ld %[ all ! signs ( k+ly displeasure :5 8 s]5ity ( m9d 0 di/urb$ by noises4 ,:5 he 0 tak5 to ! sea-side 7ab\t tw5ty-f\r mon?s old7 he greatly disappo9t$ 8 p>5t1 expectant ( *ildi% wond] 9 8 eyes1 by m]ely mutt]+1 8,wat] make noise04#cjb ,aga91 he happ5$ "o day 9 ! la/ week ( ?is ye> to be 9 ! g>d5 ) 8 fa!r :ile x 0 ?und]+4 ,on he>+ ! s\nd he said ) an evid5t tone ( annoyance1 8,tonna m ,n+i noi10 i4e41 ?und] makes noise = ,c41 & he in/antly add$ 8,notty tonna60 7naughty ?und]74 ,"h1 rem>ks ! fa!r1 he 0 evid5tly fall+ into t habit ( m9d aga9/ :i* philosoph]s h (t5 w>n$ u1 mak+ man ! measure ( ! univ]se4 ----- ,footnote #cjb3 ,he _h be5 at ! sea-side a ye> be=e ?is1 b !re 0 no evid5ce ( 8 hav+ rememb]$ x4 ----- ,! la/ qu>t] ( ?is ye> 0 m>k$ 9 ,c4's case by a great enl>gem5t ( l+ui/ic p[]4 ,a m>k$ advance 0 noticeable 9 ! ma/]+ ( ! me*anical difficulties ( articulation4 ,?us he w\ld surprise 8 fa!r by sudd5ly br++ out new & difficult comb9ations ( s\nd1 z #8fl[]1' #8wat]' & #8fet*'4 ,up to ab\t ! tw5ty-fir/ mon? ,c4's vocabul>y _h consi/$ almo/ entirely ( :at we %\ld call sub/antives1 su* z1 #8papa1' #8man1' :i* 7 us$ to express ! arrival on ! sc5e & ! recognition ( famili> objects4 ,a few adjectives1 z 8t0 7hot71 8co0 7cold71 8ni-ni0 7nice71 & 8goo0 7good71 7 frequ5tly us$1 & 7 app>5tly beg9n+ to h a prop] attributive function assign$ !m4 ,b ^! ref]r$ r to ! effect ( ?+s on ! *ild's feel+ ?an to _! inh]5t qualities4 ,8 fa!r fail$ be=e ?is date to convey to him ! mean+ ( 8black0 z appli$ to a dog4 ,x is notewor?y t ! *ild made consid]able advance 9 ! use ( 8me0 & 8my0 be=e he 0 capable ( qualify+ objects by app5d+ adjectives to !m4 ,! fir/ use ( an adjective = indicat+ "s objective quality 9 a ?+ occurr$ at ! end ( ! tw5ty-fir/ mon?1 :5 he exclaim$ on see+ a rook fly ov] 8 head1 8,big bir60 ,at ab\t ! same date o!r classes ( words came to be recognis$ & us$ z su*1 giv+ to ! *ild's language some?+ ( texture4 ,?us relations ( place began to be set =?1 z 9 us+ simple words l #8up1' #8d[n1' #8on'4 ,9 "s cases ! designation ( ^! relations 0 effect$ by orig9al artifices :i* (t5 puzzl$ ! fa!r4 ,= in/ance ! s\nd #8da' 7or #8d['7 0 us$ f ab\t ! sev5te5? mon? = ! dep>ture ( a p]son1 ! fall+ ( a toy on ! gr\nd1 ! completion ( a meal4 ,x seem$ to be a g5]al sign = #8ov]' or #8gone'4#cjc ,x is d\btful :e!r ?is impli$ a cle> consci\sness ( a relation ( place4 ,sometimes ! attempt to express su* a relation 9 ! abs5ce ( ! ne$$ words w\ld lead to a picturesque k9d ( circumlocution4 ,?us :5 ab\t tw5ty-"o mon?s old ,c4 saw 8 fa!r walk+ 9 ! g>d5 :5 he & 8 si/] 7 seat$ at ! lun*eon table4 ,he %\t$ out1 #8,papa 'at (f6' ?us express+ ! desirability ( 8 fa!r's ent]+ & tak+ "p 9 ! family meal4 ----- ,footnote #cjc3 ,comp>e above1 p4 #afb4 ----- ,simil> make-%ifts w\ld be resort$ to 9 designat+ o!r & m subtle relations4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 ! *ild w\ld expect 8 he>]s to supply ! sign ( relation1 z :5 aft] hav+ smelt ! pepp] box he put x away ) an emphatic #8,papa6' :i* seem$ to ! some:at biass$ obs]v] an admirably concise way ( express+ ! judgm5t t ! pepp] might suit 8 fa!r1 b x c]ta9ly did n suit him4 ,a mon? lat] 7t4 tw5ty-two mon?s7 he condesc5d$ to be m explicit4 ,hav+ be5 told by 8 fa!r t ! *eese 0 bad = ,n+i1 he indulg$ a gr[+ ta/e = anti!sis by add+1 #8,good1 papa6' ,8 ideas ( "t-relations 7 at ?is date ( ! hazie/4 ,he seems to h got a dim inkl+ ( ! mean+ ( #8by-&-by'4 ,8 fa!r _h manag$ to /op 8 cry+ = a ?+ by promis+ x #8by-&-by'4 ,aft] ?is :5 cry+ he w\ld sudd5ly pull up1 & ) a h]oic ef=t to cat* 8 brea? w\ld exclaim1 #8,by-'n'-by6' 8,:at 7asks ! fa!r7 0 ! equival5t ( ?is new symbol 9 ! *ild's consci\sness8 ,0 he already beg9n+ to seize ! big b\ndless future set ov] aga9/ ! fleet+ po9t ( ! pres5t mom5t & hold+ 9 its ample bosom consolatory promises = myriads ( ^! unhappy pres5ts80 & s =?2 b "h he seems to gr[ ev5 less sev]ely sci5tific ?an usual4 ,x may be add$ t ab\t ! same "t 7tw5ty-"o mon?s7 ! *ild began to use ! ^w #8n['4 ,?us aft] dr9k+ 8 milk he w\ld po9t to a little rema9d] at ! bottom ( 8 cup & say1 #8,milk d>e n[1' t is presumably #8!re is /ill milk !re'4 ,8 ideas ( numb] at ?is "t 7 equally rudim5t>y4 ,oddly en\gh x 0 j z he 0 atta9+ to plurality ( ye>s t he began to di/+ui% ) ! old ,greeks ! "o f ! _m4 ,"o 0 correctly call$ #8"o'4 ,any numb] l>g] ?an "o1 on ! o!r h&1 0 sometimes /yl$ #8two1'#cjd sometimes #8?ree1' & sometimes #8two1 ?ree1 f\r'4 ,he _h be5 taught to say #8"o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1' by 8 "m1 b ! fir/ lesson 9 c\nt+ _h cle>ly fail$ to convey m ?an ! diff]5ce betwe5 unity & multitude4 ,! s]ies ( v]bal s\nds1 #8two1 ?ree1 f\r1' probably help$ him to realise ! idea ( numb]1 & 9 any case x 0 a =cible way ( express+ x4 ----- ,footnote #cjd3 ,i f9d t ano!r little boy :5 two ye>s old us$ #8two' 9 ?is way = m ?an "o4 ----- ,z sugge/$ above1 primitive sub/antive-=ms probably d duty z v]bs 9 ! language ( ! *ild z 9 t ( primitive man4 ,true v]bs z diff]5tiat$ signs ( action came into use at ! date we are speak+ (1 & ^! began to give to ! boy's embryonic spee* some?+ ( ! /ructure1 ! s5t5ce4 ,z "o might naturally conjecture f ! disproportionate am\nt ( att5tion manife/ly be/[$ on ?is *ild1 he _h all ! ma/]fulness ( 8 k9d1 & ! fir/ =m ( ! v]b to be us$ 0 ! imp]ative4 ,?us by ! end ( ! tw5tie? mon? he _h q a little vocabul>y = giv+ effect to 8 sov]eign volitions1 su* z1 #8,on6' 7get on71 #8,ook6' 7look74 ,x 0 9 ! use ( comm&s t he %[$ "s ( 8 f9e/ inv5tiv5ess4 ,?us :5 j sev5te5 mon?s old he want$ 8 "m to get up4 ,he began by lift+ 8 h&s & say+1 #8,ta1 ta6' 7sign ( go+ out74 ,f9d+ ?is to be ineffective1 he tri$1 ) a comical simulation ( muscul> /r5g?1 to pull or pu% h] up1 at ! same "t exclaim+1 8,up60 ,! lift+ ( ! h&s look$ l a bit ( picturesque ge/ure-language4 ,9 8 tw5ty-fir/ mon? he acquir$ a new & tell+ ^w ( comm&1 viz41 #8,way' 7i4e41 out ( my way71 z well z ! invaluable sign ( prohibition1 #8,d' 7i4e41 don't71 bo? ( :i*1 x ne$ h>dly be said1 he began to b&y ab\t pretty freely1 especially 9 8 deal+s ) 8 si/]4 ,a l&m>k 9 ,c4's intellectual developm5t is set by ! fa!r at ! age ( n9ete5 & a half mon?s4 ,be=e ?is date he _h only made r a lame attempt at s5t5ce-build+ by sett+ 8 primitive names 9 juxtaposition1 e4g41 #8,tit1 mamma1 poo1' :i* be+ int]pret$ means1 #8,si/] & mamma1 h pudd+'4 ,b n[ he took a v decid$ /ep 9 advance1 & by a prop] use ( a v]b z su* con/ruct$ :at a logician calls a proposition ) its subject & pr$icate4 ,he happ5$ to obs]ve 8 si/] v5t+ "s tr\ble 9 ! usual girli% fa%ion1 & exclaim$1 #8,tit ki' 7si/] is cry+71 foll[+ up ! ass]tion by go+ t[>ds h] & try+ to /op h]4 ,ano!r example ( a s5t5ce r m complex 9 /ructure :i* occurr$ a =tnight lat] _h also to d ) 8 si/]4 ,he saw h] ly+ on h] back on ! grass1 & exclaim$ ) all ! signs ( joy\s wond]1 #8,tit d[ ga6' 7i4e41 si/] is d[n on ! grass74 ,evid5tly ! unpr$ictable behavi\r ( ?is memb] ( 8 family deeply impress$ ! "y obs]v]4 ,x is noticeable t ^! fir/ exceptional ef=ts 9 ass]tion 7 prompt$ by feel+4#cje ----- ,footnote #cje3 ,comp>e above1 p4 #aga f4 ----- ,^! fir/ t5tatives 9 v]bal ass]tion1 we are told1 s\nd$ v odd ow+ to ! sl[ness ( ! deliv]y & ! /ress imp>tially laid on ea* ^w4 ,c4 _h z yet no inkl+ ( ! subtleties ( rhetoric1 & 0 too mu* tak5 up ) ! weighty bus9ess ( express+ ?\ght someh[ to tr\ble ab\t su* niceties z relative emphasis1 & v>iation ( pit* & pace4 ,z a rule1 rem>ks ! fa!r1 x 0 surpris+ h[ sudd5ly1 z x seem$1 ! boy hit on ! "r succession ( v]bal s\nds4 ,only v r>ely w\ld he /umble1 z :5 aft] hav+ se5 a fly tak5 out ( 8 milk1 & on be+ subsequ5tly ask$ :e!r he w\ld n be glad to see 8 si/] on h] return f a visit1 he said1 #87,y7es1 tell ,n+i 'b\t fy' 7,yes1 ,n+i w tell h] ab\t ! fly74#cjf ----- ,footnote #cjf3 ,see above1 p4 #agc4 ----- ,! impulse to express himself1 to communicate 8 exp]i5ces & obs]vations to o!rs1 seem$ to be all-possess+ j n[1 & odd en\gh x 0 to note ! make-%ifts to :i* he 0 n[ & aga9 driv54 ,"o day1 :5 j tw5ty & a half mon?s old1 he sat 9 a *air ) a heavyi% book :i* he f\nd x h>d to hold up4 ,he turn$ to 8 "m & said solemnly1 8,boo g d[0 7! book is go+ d[n or fall+74 ,!n1 z if rem>k+ a look ( un9tellig5ce 9 8 audi5ce1 he ?rew x d[n & exclaim$1 8,dat60 by :i* vigor\s proce$+ he gave a vivid illu/ration ( 8 mean+4 ,x 0 noticeable t he w\ld at ?is "t play at s5t5ce-mak+ 9 a v>i$ imitation ( o!rs' ass]tions1 !reby hitt+ out "s qua9t fancy :i* appe>$ to amuse him4 ,?us :5 told t !re is a man on ! horse he w\ld say1 #8,n+i on horse1' #8,tit on horse1' & s =?4 ,su* playful practice 9 utt]ance probably fur!rs ! gr[? ( read9ess & precision 9 ! use ( s5t5ces4 ,! po9t 9 ! intellectual gr[? ( a *ild at :i* he acquires su* a ma/]y ( language z to c>ry on a su/a9$ conv]sation is a pr\d & happy "o = ! fond p>5t4 ,9 ! case ( ,c4 ?is date1 tw5ty-?ree mon?s & t5 days1 is1 ( c\rse1 m>k$ ) r$ lett]s4 ,he made a great noise runn+ ab\t & %\t+ 9 8 b$room4 ,8 "m came 9 & rebuk$ him 9 ! usual =m 7#8,naughty6 naughty6'74 ,he !reupon repli$1 8,tit mak noi0 7,si/] makes ! noise74 ,"m 7s]i\sly73 8,si/] is at s*ool04 ,c41 ) a /ill bold] look3 8,mamma make noi04 ,"m 7) convulsive ef=t to suppress laugh+1 /ill m emphatically73 8,no1 mamma 0 9 ! o!r room04 ,c4 7look+ ar*ly at 8 doll1 kn[n z ,may73 8,may make noi04 ,?is sally 0 foll[$ by a good peal ( boyi% laught]4 ,! fa!r evid5tly feels t ?is incid5t is highly sugge/ive ( a lack ( moral s5se4 ,s he ?9ks x well to add to ! obs]vation t ! *ild _h all ! normal moral s5sibility4 ,b ( ?is m pres5tly4 ,we may n[ pass to ! comp>atively few obs]vations 7o!r ?an ^? already dealt ) "u v]bal utt]ance7 :i* ref] to ! *ild's feel+s4 ,z already rem>k$1 he 01 l mo/ o!r *ildr51 peevi% & cross 9 ! fir/ ye>1 & ,i regret to say t ! di>y ref]s m ?an once to viol5t outbur/s ( infantile rage 9 ! second ye> also4 ,"h is "o sample entry 7t4 n9ete5 mon?s73 ,feel+s ( gre$9ess1 covet\sness & spite beg9 to manife/ !mselves ) al>m+ di/9ctness4 ,:5 ask$ to give up a bit ( pudd+ he says1 8,no10 9 a coy1 %y sort ( mann]1 turn+ away4 ,:5 fur!r press$ he gr[s angry4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he clam\rs = 8 si/]'s dolls1 & be>s refusal ) v ill grace4 ,:51 giv5 up z hopelessly naughty1 he is h&$ ov] to ! nurse1 & c>ri$ out ( ! room by ?is long-suff]+ p]son1 he f]oci\sly slaps h] on ! face4 ,?is slap appe>s n to be a pure inv5tion1 8 si/] hav+ be5 driv5 m ?an once to visit him ) ?is *a/isem5t4 ,he w also g up & slap 8 si/] :5 %e cries4 ,he probably puts ! nurse :o c>ries him out & ! si/] :o cries 9 ! same category ( naughty p4 ,sometimes he seems q ov]p[]$ by vexation ( _s1 & w lie d[n on ! floor on 8 face & h a good1 long1 satisfy+ cry4 ,! *ild's timidity has already be5 t\*$ on4 ,at ! age ( sixte5 mon?s1 we are told1 ! sight ( ! draw+ ( a lion accompani$ by ro>+ noises imitat$ by ! fa!r w\ld greatly t]rify him1 driv+ him to 8 "m1 9 ^: bosom he w\ld hide 8 face1 draw+ d[n 8 "u lip 9 an om9\s way4 ,two mon?s lat] ! di>y tells u t ! *ild has _h a fright4 ,"o day a lady call$ ) a dog1 :i* secret$ itself "u ! table1 & lat] on sudd5ly ru%$ out & made = ,ma/] ,c4 ,! %ock 0 su* t s9ce t "t :5ev] he he>s a /range noise he runs to 8 "m1 exclaim+1 #8,b[-w[6' 9 a t]rifi$ mann]4 ,be=e ! close ( ! ye>1 h[ev]1 he began to %[ a manli] temp]4 ,! sight ( a dog /ill made him run t[>ds 8 "m & cl+ to h]1 b z soon z ! animal mov$ (f he w\ld look up into h] face laugh+ly & repeat ! consolatory say+ :i* %e h]self _h taught him3 8,ni 7nice7 b[-w[6 b[-w[ l ,n+i04 ,9 ?is humble fa%ion did he make beg9n+ at ! big task ( mann+ himself to face ! t]rors ( ?+s4 ,z po9t$ out above1 he ext5d$ 8 dislike to sudd5 & l\d noises to inanimate objects4 ,?us 9 ! la/ week ( ! ye> he 0 evid5tly put out1 if n actually fright5$1 by he>+ di/ant ?und]2 & ab\t ! same date1 z we h se51 he %[$ a simil> dislike to ! sea :5 fir/ tak5 ne> x4 ,he w\ld n approa* x = "s days1 & he cri$ :5 he saw 8 fa!r swimm+ 9 x4 ,x is sad 9 go+ ?r\gh ! pages ( ! di>y to note t !re is sc>cely any obs]vation dur+ ?is second ye> on ! developm5t ( k9dly feel+s4 ,"o w\ld h suppos$ t ) all ! affection & c>e lavi%$ on him ,c4 might h manife/$ a little t5d]ness 9 response4 ,! only incid5t put d[n "u ! head ( social feel+ 9 ?is ye> is ! foll[+ 7t4 tw5ty mon?s73 8,:5 he eats porridge 9 ! morn+ at ! family breakfa/ he takes a look r\nd & says3 #8,mamma1 ,tit1 papa1 ,n+i1' appe>+ to be pleas$ at f9d+ himself %>+ 9 a common enjoym5t4 ,?is 7cont9ues ! n>rator7 is a /ep onw>d f ! anti-social attitude :i* he took up n long s9ce :5 "s ( 8 "m's egg 0 giv5 to 8 si/] & he %\t$ prohibitively3 #8,no6 no6'0 ,! wor?y p>5t appe>s to be mak+ ! mo/ ( v small m]cies "h4 ,yet 9 ju/ice to ?is *ild x mu/ be said t he seems to h %[n ev5 at ?is t5d] age ! rudim5t ( a consci5ce4 ,! fa!r is satisfi$1 inde$1 t he display$ an in/9ctive respect = comm& or law4 8,?us10 he says1 8:5 sixte5 mon?s old ! *ild hung d[n 8 head or hid x 9 8 "m's brea/ :5 = ! fir/ "t ,i scold$ him40 ,he goes on to say t aft] hav+ be5 =bidd5 to d a ?+1 z to t\* ! coal scuttle or to take up 8 food ) 8 f+]s1 he w /op j z he is go+ to d x1 & take on a curi\s look ( timidity or %amefac$ness4 ,he seem$1 too1 be=e ! end ( ! second ye>1 to be gett+ to und]/& some?+ ( ! mean+ ( t recurr5t nurs]y-^w #8naughty1' & ! less frequ5t #8good'4 ,:5 sev5te5 mon?s old 8 fa!r tri$ him1 on :at look$ l ! approa* ( an outbur/ ( temp]1 ) a #8,cliffy1 be good6' utt]$ 9 a firm p]emptory mann]4 ,! *ild's noise 0 at once arre/$1 & on ! fa!r's ask+3 #8,is ,cliffy good8' he answ]$1 #8,ea1' 8 sign = #8yes'4 ,a little lat] he %[$ t he /rongly dislik$ be+ call$ naughty1--vigor\sly remon/rat+ :5 s describ$ ) an emphatic1 #8,no1 no6 good6' ,he seems to h foll[$ ! usual *ildi% ord] 9 beg9n+ to apply 8naughty0 to o!rs1 8 si/] m p>ticul>ly1 mu* soon] ?an 8good04 ,x 0 n till ! middle ( ! tw5ty-fir/ mon? t he recognis$ moral des]t 9 ?is long-suff]+ si/]4 ,aft] a little upset ( temp] on h] "p1 :5 ! cry+ 0 ov]1 he rem>k$ 9 a quiet approv+ tone1 #8,goo6' & on be+ ask$ by 8 "m :o 0 good he answ]$1 #8,tit'4 ,z our example ( 8 dawn+ p[]s ( conv]sation may sugge/1 ,c4 e>ly develop$ ! *ildi% s5se ( fun4 ,mo/ if n all *ildr5 love pret5ce or make-believe4 ,"h is an example ( ?is *ildi% t5d5cy4 ,:5 ab\t eighte5 mon?s old dur+ a %ort visit to 8 fa!r's room ,c4 happ5$ to be walk+ 9 ! direction ( ! door4 ,8 fa!r at once said1 #8,ta ta1' j z if ! *ild 7 really go+ away4 ,c4 in/antly ent]$ into ! joke1 repeat+ ! #8ta ta1' mov+ t[>ds ! door1 !n return+1 & s r5ew+ ! pretty little fraud4 ,sometimes1 z p>5ts "k1 ?is impi% love ( make-believe comes v inconv5i5tly into conflict ) discipl9e & au?ority4 ,"o day1 ab\t ! same date1 he got hold ( a photograph portrait ( an uncle ( 84 ,8 "m bade him give x up to h]4 ,he walk$ t[>ds h] look+ s]i\s en\gh1 ne>ly put x into h] h&1 & !n sudd5ly drew 8 h&s back laugh+4 ,9 o!r examples ( laught] giv5 9 ?is *apt] we see some?+ v l contempt4 ,:5 two ye>s & eight mon?s old he 0 obs]v$ to laugh out l\dly on survey+ 8 small india-rubb] horse1 ! head ( :i* _h someh[ got twi/$ back & caught betwe5 ! h9d legs & ! tail4 ,he !n wax$ t5d] & said pity+ly1 8,poor gee-gee60 8,"h10 writes ! fa!r 9 8 mo/ pond]\s mann]1 8we see an excell5t example ( ! caprici\s & v>iable attitude ( ! *ildi% m9d t[>ds its toys1 an attitude closely p>allel$ by t ( ! savage t[>ds 8 feti*40 ,! two or ?ree notes on ! developm5t ( ! active p[]s h to d ) ! application ( intellig5ce to manual & o!r p]=mances4 ,"h is "o4 ,at ! age ( sev5te5 mon?s he 0 sitt+ at table ) ! family :5 he f\nd himself 9 want ( "s bread & butt]4 ,he tri$ 8 cu/om>y petition1 #8,bup1' b to no purpose4 ,he !n /ret*$ out 8 h& t[>ds ! bread knife1 repeat+ ! reque/4 ,a day or two aft] ?is ! fa!r put 8 inv5tive p[]s to a sev]] pro(4 ,he plac$ ! knife out ( 8 rea*4 ,:5 ! desire = m recurr$ he grew v impati5t1 look+ t[>ds 8 fa!r & say+ #8,bup' ) mu* vehem5ce ( mann]4 ,at l5g?1 gett+ m excit$1 he be?\ght him ( a new exp$i5t & po9t$ au?oritatively to 8 empty plate4 ,"s ( ^! practical t5tatives 7 r amus+4 ,"o day1 j a mon? aft] ! date ( ! la/ incid5t1 he _h two keys1 "o 9 ea* h&4 ,) "o ( ^! he proce$$ to try ! keyhole ( ! door1 oddly en\gh1 h[ev]1 hold+ x by ! wrong end & ins]t+ ! h&le4 ,n[ came ! difficulty ( turn+ x4 ,two h&s at ! v lea/ 7 ne$$1 b unhappily ! o!r h& 0 engag$ ) ! second key1 :i* 0 n to be rel9qui%$ = an in/ant4 ,s ! little fell[1 ) ! inv5tive res\rce ( a monkey 7! fa!r naturally says ( an #8eng9e]'71 proce$$ to use 8 tee? z p9c]s1 clut*+ ! ob/9ate key betwe5 ^! & try+ to turn x ) ! head4 ,at ?is date he _h acquir$ consid]able skill 9 ! manipulation ( door h&les & keys4 ,a c]ta9 cupbo>d 0 a peculi>ly fasc9at+ my/]y1 appeal+ at once to ! desires ( ! fle% & to a dis9t]e/$ curiosity1 & he 0 soon ma/] ( ! #8op5 sesame' to its spaci\s & obscure recesses4 ,by f> ! mo/ respectable exhibition ( w ab\t ?is "t 0 9 ! way ( self-re/ra9t4 ,i h already rem>k$ h[ he w\ld try to pull himself toge!r :5 pro/rat$ by fe> ( ! dog4 ,a simil>ly qua9t attempt at self-ma/]y w\ld occur dur+ 8 outbreaks ( temp]4 ,! fa!r says he _h got into ! way1 :5 ! *ild 0 incl9$ to be impati5t & teas+1 ( putt+ up 8 f+]1 l[]+ 8 br[1 & say+ ) emphasis3 #8,cliffy1 be good6' ,aft] ?is :5 incl9$ to be naughty he w\ld sudd5ly & q spontane\sly pull himself up1 hold up 8 f+] & l[] 8 br[ z if reprim&+ himself4 8,! obs]vation is curi\s10 writes ! fa!r1 9 8 grav] mann]1 8z sugge/+ t self-re/ra9t may beg9 by an imitation ( ! action ( extrane\s au?ority40#cjg ----- ,footnote #cjg3 ,comp>e ! simil> in/ances giv5 above1 p4 #bhg4 ----- ,?ird ,ye>4 ,"o _c help regrett+ on ent]+ ^u ! ?ird *apt] ( ,c4's biography t ! fa!r gives u no acc\nt ( 8 physical developm5t4 ,?is is a desid]atum n only f a sci5tific b f a lit]>y po9t ( view4 ,biograph]s rightly describe ! look ( _! h]o1 &1 if possible1 !y aid ! imag9ation ( _! read] by a portrait4 ,! read] ( ?is *ild's hi/ory has no?+1 n ev5 a b>e ref]5ce to height1 by :i* he c =m an image ( ! concrete p]sonality ^: say+s & do+s are "h record$2 & ^! say+s & do+s beg9 n[ to gr[ really int]e/+4 ,!re is v little 9 ! notes ( ?is ye> respect+ ! gr[? ( obs]vation4 ,:5 ! *ild 0 two ye>s five mon?s old ! fa!r appe>s to h made a r lame attempt to det]m9e ! ord] 9 :i* he le>nt ! col\rs4 ,he says t he plac$ ! sev]al col\rs be=e him & taught him ! names1 & f\nd z a result t ! ord] ( acquisition 0 ! foll[+3 r$1 blue1 yell[1 & gre54 ,x is add$ t blue 0 di/+ui%$ "s "t be=e gre54 ,8 obs]vations1 tak5 along ) ^? ( ,prey] & o!rs1 are int]e/+ z seem+ to sugge/ t ! ord] 9 :i* ! col\rs are le>nt diff]s consid]ably 9 ! case ( individual *ildr54#cjh ,9 ! eigh? mon? ( ?is ye> we f9d a note to ! effect t ! boy discrim9ates & recognises col\r well4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by ! fact t he at once calls grey ) a slightly gre5i% t+e #8gre5'4 ,! connexion betwe5 ! possession ( suitable vocables & explicit discrim9ation is se5 9 ! fact t :]eas he applies ! "n blue n only to ! sev]al v>ieties ( t col\r b also to violet1 he uses 8r$0 z ! "n = c]ta9 r$s only1 except+ p9k1 :i* is call$ 8p9k10 & deep purple r$1 :i* is call$ 8br[n04 ----- ,footnote #cjh3 ,see above1 p4 #ai f4 ----- ,! ?ird ye> is epo*-mak+ 9 ! hi/ory ( memory4 ,x is n[ t impressions beg9 to "w !mselves into ! "y consci\sness s deeply & firmly t !y become a "p ( ! p]man5t /ock-9-trade ( ! m9d4 ,! e>lie/ recollections ( mo/ ( u d n rea* back beyond ?is date1 if inde$ s f>4 ,9 ,c4's case ! fa!r 0 able to obs]ve ?is fix+ & consolidat+ ( impressions4 ,= in/ance1 :5 two ye>s & two mon?s old he _h be5 /ay+ = a mon? or s at a f>mh\se 9 a little sea-side village1 ,d----1 :]e !re 0 a %eep dog yclept ,bob4 ,"s ?ree & a half mon?s lat] he happ5$1 dur+ "o ( 8 walks 9 8 ,london suburb1 to see a %eep dog1 :]eupon he rem>k$1 #8,dat old ,bob1 ,i d9k'4 ,a week or two aft] ?is1 on see+ ! picture ( a w9d-mill1 he rem>k$1 ,dat l d[n at ,d----4 ,lat] on1 six mon?s aft] ?is visit1 on be+ ask$ :at honey 01 he rem>k$ t he _h _h "s at ,d----4 ,n9e mon?s aft] ?is visit 8 fa!r 0 talk+ to him ab\t ! game ( cricket4 ,he !n said1 ,oh1 yes 78 fav\rite expression j n[ :5 he und]/&s71 ,i 'memb]1 ,j+o ran aft] ball d[n at ,d----4 ,z a matt] ( fact 8 fa!r & fri5ds us$ to play t5nis at ,d----1 & ,j+o1 ! %eep dog1 did pret5d to #8field' ! balls1 (t5 9 a highly inconv5i5t fa%ion4 ,x is evid5t f ^! quotations t ! exp]i5ces at ,d----1 j at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird ye>1 _h wov5 !mselves into ! tissue ( 8 p]man5t memory4 ,! fa!r rem>ks 9 a footnote t ,c4 reta9s a c]ta9 recollection ( ,d---- at pres5t1 t is to say1 9 8 f\rte5? ye>4 ,^! lively recall+s %[ a gr[? ( imag9ative p[]1 & ?is 0 se5 9 o!r ways too4 ,?us x is rem>k$ by ! fa!r 9 ! f\r? mon? ( ! ye> t he 0 gett+ mu* com=t f anticipation4 ,if !re are apples or o!r ?+s on ! table :i* he likes b mu/ n h1 he w philosophically rem>k1 8,n+i h apples by-&-by :5 he big boy04 ,he says ?is ) mu* emphasis1 ris+ at ! end to a %\t+ tone1 & half break+ out into jubilant laught]4 ,! *ildi% p[] ( vivid imag9ative realisation 0 abundantly illu/rat$ 9 8 play4 ,"h is a sample 7end ( f\r? mon?74 ,8 si/] w5t to ! end ( ! room & said 7) a ref]5ce to _! rec5t visit to ! sea-side73 #8,i'm go+ f> away on ! bea*'4 ,he !n began to :isp] some?+1 & w5t "u ! table & said di/9ctly3 #8,n+i g away f ,tit1 f> away on bea*'4 ,he repeat$ ?is ) tremul\s voice1 & at l5g? bur/ out cry+4 ,he wept also :5 8 si/] pret5d$ to d ! same1 s t ^! little tragic repres5tations _h to be /opp$ z dang]\sly excit+4 ,x has (t5 be5 said t #8fibb+' 9 "y *ildr5 is ! outcome ( a vivid imag9ation4 ,c4 illu/rat$ ?is4 ,z ! example giv5 "u ! second ye> %[s1 8 d>+ 9 inv5t+ untru? & pass+ x (f z tru? 0 pure play1 & frankly %[n to be s by ! accompanim5t ( a he>ty laugh4 ,?is t5d5cy to inv5t cont9u$ to ass]t itself4 ,?us :5 79 ! eigh? mon?7 he is ask$ a "q1 z1 8,:o told y s80 & has no suitable answ] ready he w say1 #8,dolly1' %[+ 8 s5se ( ! fun ( ! ?+ by a m]ry laugh4 ,! fa!r rem>ks t x is a little difficult to br+ heavy moral artill]y to be> on ?is playful fibb+ :i* is evid5tly int5d$ mu* m to a/oni% ?an to deceive4#cji ----- ,footnote #cji3 ,comp>e above1 p4 #bed4 ----- ,we may n[ see :at progress ,c4 0 mak+ 9 ?9k+ p[] dur+ ?is ye>4 ,x is dur+ ! ?ird ye> t *ildr5 may be expect$ to get a mu* bett] hold on ! slipp]y =ms ( language1 & at ! same "t to %[ 9 connexion ) a fre] & m ext5sive use ( language a f9] & deep] insight into ! manifold relations ( ?+s4 ,9 ,c4's case1 to judge by ! j\rnal1 ! progress ( spee* advanc$ at a normal pace1 nei!r hurry+ nor yet greatly loit]+4 ,articulation1 ! fa!r rem>ks e>ly 9 ! ye>1 has got mu* m precise1 only a few s\nds seem+ to occasion difficulty1 z = example ! initial s1 :i* he trans=ms into an aspirate1 say+1 = example1 #8huga' = sug>4 ,a noticeable l+ui/ic advance is regi/]$ 9 ! f\r? mon? ( ! ye>1 viz41 a k9d ( sudd5 & en]getic raid on ! names ( objects & p]sons4 8,he is always ask+ ! names ( ?+s n[ 7writes our *ronicl]74 ,?us1 aft] call+ a common object1 z a bru%1 by its "n he w ask me1 #8,:at is ! "n ( ?is8' ,p]haps he ?9ks t ev]y?+ has its own exclusive or #8prop]' "n z he has4 ,he is beg9n+ to note1 too1 t "s ?+s h m ?an "o prop] "n1 t 8 "m1 = example1 ?\gh call$ #8ma' by himself1 is address$ by h] ,*ri/ian "n by me1 & s =?4 ,:5 ask$1 #8,:at is ,n+i's "n8' he n[ answ]s1 #8,kif=d'40 ,:at is f> m significant1 he n[ 7t4 two ye>s ?ree mon?s7 began to use #8y' 9 address+ 8 fa!r or "m1 also #8me' & #8,i'4 ,b ^! *anges are s mom5t\s & epo*-mak+ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! "y intellig5ce t !y w h to be specially consid]$ lat] on4 ,l o!r *ildr5 he %[$ a f9e contempt = ! grammatical di/9ctions ( pronom9al =ms4 ,?us #8me' 0 us$ = #8m9e1' #8h]' = #8%e1' #8%e's' = #8h]s1' #8him' = #8he' & = #881' #8u' = #8our1' & s =?4#caj ,x is pretty cle> t none ( ^! solecisms 0 due to an imitation ( o!rs' incorrect spee*1 & !y appe> to %[ ! action ( ! pr9ciple ( biological economy1 a few ^w-s\nds be+ made to d duty = a numb] ( relations 7e4g41 9 ! use ( #8me' = #8my'71 & famili> ^w-s\nds be+ modifi$ accord+ to analogy ( o!r modifications :]e old] p use a q new =m 7#8%e's' = #8h]s'74 ,a simil> disposition to simplify & rationalise ! tongue ( 8 ance/ors %[$ itself 9 ! use ( v]bs4 ,?us1 if 8 "m said1 #8,cliffy1 y are n good1' he w\ld reply 9 a p]fectly rational mann]1 8,yes1 ,i are04 8,x 0 odd10 writes ! fa!r1 8to he> him br+ out 9 solemn judge-l tones su* t]rible solecisms z #8,him hav5't1' yet !re 0 a c]ta9 logical me?od 9 8 lawlessness40 ,ano!r simplification on :i* he hit 9 common ) o!r *ildr5 0 ! use ( #8did' z a sign ( pa/ t5se1 ?us sav+ himself all ! tr\ble ( und]/&+ ! irregul> behavi\r ( our v]bs4#caa ----- ,footnote #caj3 ,lat] on t[>ds ! end ( ! ye> he oddly en\gh seem$ dispos$ to rev]se 8 e>ly practice1 us+ = example #8%e' = #8h]1' & ev5 go+ to ! l5g? ( correct+ 8 si/] = say+ #8,somebody gave h]1' by rem>k+ ) all ! dogmatism ( ! mo/ p$antic ( gramm>ians1 8,no1 ,e41 y mu/ say #8,gave %e'04 ,footnote #caa3 ,comp>e above1 p4 #agf f4 ,c4's fa!r probably makes too mu* ( ! pr9ciple ( economy "h4 ,?us1 l o!r *ildr51 ! boy 0 wont to use d\ble negatives1 e4g41 8,d>e isn't no wat] 9 dat cup10 :]e !re is cle>ly a r$undance4 ----- ,"o or two qua9t applications ( words are not$4 ,?us t[>ds ! end ( ! ?ird mon? ( ?is ye> he took to us+ #8cov]' 9 a some:at puzzl+ fa%ion4 ,?us he once po9t$ to ! back ( 8 h& & rem>k$1 #8,no milk on ?is cov]'4 ,! fa!r suspects t ! t]m connot$ = 8 consci\sness an outside "p or ! out] surface ( an object4 ,a v noticeable improvem5t took place 9 ! =m+ ( s5t5ces4 ,all sorts ( que/ions 7writes ! *ronicl]7 are n[ put correctly & neatly1 z1 #8,:]e are y go+ to8' #8,:]e did t come f8' ,he is n[ /rik+ out mo/ ambiti\sly 9 new & difficult directions1 n fight+ %y ev5 ( su* s*ool-horrors z conditional clauses 7z !y us$ to be call$1 at lea/74 ,v funny x mu/ h be5 to wat* ^! ef=ts1 & ! +5uities ( con/ruction to :i* ! little le>n] f\nd himself driv54 ,= example1 he happ5$ "o morn+ 7end ( f\r? mon?7 :5 9 8 fa!r's b$room to he> a knock+ 9 ! adjo9+ room4 ,he walk$ ab\t ! room rem>k+ to himself1 #8,i c't make out somebody1' :i* seem$ 8 own orig9al fa%ion ( avoid+ ! awkw>dness ( our elaborate =m1 8,i c't make out :o ! p]son is 7t is knock+704 ,a /ill qua9t] illu/ration ( ! skill ) :i* he f\nd 8 way out ( l+ui/ic difficulties is ! foll[+4 ,8 si/] once said to him 7fir/ week ( fif? mon?71 #8,y _h bett] n d t1' :]eupon he repli$1 8,i ?9k me bett] w04 ,"h is a sample ( 8 mode ( deal+ ) conditionals 7end ( sixte5? mon?71 8,if him 7a tree7 w\ld be small1 ,i w\ld climb up04 ,8 highly individualis$ language1 rem>ks ! fa!r1 0 r5d]$ m picturesque by ! recurr5ce ( c]ta9 odd expressions :i* he pick$ up & appli$ 9 8 own royal fa%ion4 ,"o ( ^! 01 8,well1 x might be diff]5t10 :i* he (t5 us$ :5 correct$ = a fault1 & on o!r occasions z a sort ( =mula ( prote/ation aga9/ :at he ?\ght to be an exagg]at$ /atem5t4 ,we may n[ notice "s new manife/ations ( ?9k+ p[]4 ,all ?\ght1 we are told1 proce$s by ! f9d+ out ( simil>ities & dissimil>ities4 ,c4 cont9u$ to note ! resemblances ( ?+s4 ,?us "o day 7end ( second mon?7 he notic$ ! dog ,j+o brea?+ quickly aft] a sm>t run & obs]v$1 #8,l puff-puff'4 ,b :at 0 mu* m noticeable ?is ye> 0 ! boy's impulse to draw di/9ctions & contra/s4 ,x may c]ta9ly be said 9 8 case t lik5ess 0 di/9ctly appreh5d$ be=e diff]5ce1 t 9 ! developm5t ( 8 rhetoric ! anti!sis foll[$ ! simile4 ,"o ( ! fir/ contra/s to impress ! t5d] consci\sness ( *ildr5 is t ( size4 ,?is comes out among o!r ways 9 _! habit ( sett+ _! own puny p]sons 9 anti!sis to big gr[n-up folk1 a habit suffici5tly atte/$ by ! recurr+ expressions1 8,:5 ,i am big10 8,:5 ,i am a man04 ,c41 l o!r *ildr51 took to d5ot+ a contra/ ( size by a figurative ext5sion ( ! relation1 mamma--baby4 ,?us x 0 not$ 7end ( sev5? mon?7 t he w\ld call a big tree 8mamma tree10 & a %rub 8baby tree04 ,"o day he po9t$ to ! clock on ! mantel-piece & talk$ ( ! #8big mamma clock'4 ,he _h1 x seems1 j be=e be5 play+ ) 8 fa!r's wat*1 :i* he also call$ clock4#cab ----- ,footnote #cab3 ,comp>e above1 p4 #afc f4 ----- ,?is love ( contra/+ appe>$ 9 a /rik+ mann] 9 connexion ) ! use ( propositions4 ,if1 = example 7?ird mon?71 8 fa!r says1 8,t's a little wat*10 he at once br+s out ! po9t ( ! /atem5t by add+1 #8,t n a big wat*'4 ,! same p]ception ( contra/ w\ld sometimes help him to take ! edge (f a disagreeable prohibition :5 ungu>d$ly word$4 ,?us :5 told "o day n to make mu* noise1 he consid]$ & rejo9$1 8,make little noise04 ,a m subtle p]ception ( contra/ betray$ itself t[>ds ! end ( ! n9? mon?4 ,8 fa!r _h be5 speak+ to him ( ! little calf :i* made a big noise4 ,he m5tally turn$ ov] ?is a/oni%+ bit ( contr>9ess 9 ! ord] ( ?+s1 & !n obs]v$ ) a sage gravity1 8,big calf n make little noise10 :i* s f> z ! limit$ faculties ( ! obs]v] c\ld say appe>$ to mean t ! contra/ betwe5 size & s\nd did n hold all r\nd1 t ! big s\nd em]g+ f ! little ?+ 0 an exception to ! ord] ( nature4 ,9 connexion ) ?is habit ( oppos+ qualities & /atem5ts ref]5ce may be made to ! curi\s mann] 9 :i* ! boy express$ negation4 ,x 0 evid5tly a difficulty = him to get hold ( ! negative p>ticle1 & to d5y /raight away1 s to speak4 ,at fir/ 7beg9n+ ( ! ye>7 he seem$ to indicate negation or rejection m]ely by tone ( voice4 ,?us he w\ld say ab\t some?+ :i* he evid5tly did n l1 #8,n+i l t1' ) a peculi> qu]ul\s tone :i* 0 app>5tly equival5t to ! app5dage #8,n4,b4 ironical'4 ,ab\t a =tnight lat] he express$ negation by fir/ mak+ ! correlative affirmation & add+ #8,no1' ?us3 ,n+i l g 9 wat]--no6 ,a week lat]1 x is not$1 #8no' 0 prefix$ to ! /atem5t1 z :5 he %\t$1 #8,no1 no1 naughty ,j+o1' 9 contradiction ( somebody :o _h call$ ! dog naughty4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! ?ird mon? #8n' came to be us$ z an alt]native = #8no' :i* little by little x displac$4 ,! fa!r rem>ks t ,c4's si/] _h _h a simil> trick ( oppos+ /atem5ts1 e4g41 8,dat ,e4's cup1 n mamma's cup04 ,he !n proce$s to obs]ve 9 8 some:at heavy didactic mann] t ^! facts are ( curi\s psy*ological & logical int]e/1 %[+ u t negation foll[s affirmation1 & c at fir/ only be c>ri$ out by a direct m5tal confront+ ( an affirmation1 & s =?4#cac ----- ,footnote #cac3 ,on ! use ( anti!sis 9 *ildr5's language & on ! e>ly =ms ( negation1 see above1 p4 #agd f4 ----- ,z already %[n by ! ref]5ce to ! use ( #8somebody' ,c4's ?\ght 0 gr[+ slightly m ab/ract4 ,yet h[ sl[ ?is advance 0 is illu/rat$ 9 8 way ( deal+ ) "t-relations1 "s ( ! mo/ difficult1 z x w\ld seem1 = ! "y m9d to grapple )4 ,at ! end ( ! second mon? ! ideas ( "t1 we are told1 7 gr[+ m exact1 s f> at lea/ t he 0 able to di/+ui% a pres5t "t f bo? a pa/ & a future4 ,he call$ ! pres5t v>i\sly #8n[1' #8a day' 7to-day7 or #8dis morn+'4#cad ,! pres5t seem$1 s f> z ! fa!r c\ld judge1 to be conceiv$ ( z a good slice ( "t4 #8,to-morr[' & #8by-&-by' n[ s]v$ to express ! idea ( futurity1 ! =m] ref]r+ to a ne>] & m def9itely conceiv$ tract ( "t ?an ! latt]4 ,t ! *ild _h no cle> appreh5sion ( our "t-divisions is se5 n only 9 8 loose employm5t ( #8dis morn+1' b 9 8 habitual confusion ( ! names ( meals1 z 9 call+ d9n] #8tea1' tea #8d9n]' or #8breakfa/1' & s =?4 ----- ,footnote #cad3 ,a note 9 ! di>y says t ,c4's si/] _h also us$ #8?is morn+' 9 a simil> way = any pres5t4 ,c ?is curi\s habit arise1 he asks1 f ! circum/ance t *ildr5 he> #8?is morn+' m frequ5tly ?an #8?is aft]noon' & #8?is ev5+1' or t !y are m wakeful & obs]vant 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! day8 ----- ,ano!r ab/ruse idea = ! *ild's m9d is t ( abs5ce4 ,x w\ld seem z if ?is 7 ?\ght ( at fir/ z a disappe>ance4 ,z all mo!rs "k1 :5 a *ild is ask$ :]e somebody is he answ]s1 #8,all gone'4 ,c41 on 8 return f ,d---- 7end ( second mon?71 :5 ask$ :]e ! p & ! highly int]e/+ ,j+o 71 w\ld say1 #8,all gone1' & sometimes add picturesquely1 #89 ! puff-puff'4#cae ----- ,footnote #cae3 7,note ( ! fa!r47 ,c41 on leav+ ,d----1 _h travell$ by ! tra94 ,he may1 !re=e1 h int5d$ m]ely to say 8remov$ f sight ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! locomotive04 ,f o!r examples1 h[ev]1 x w\ld look z if ! boy meant to expla9 all disappe>ance z a removal f 8 own local sph]e4 ----- ,! acquisition ( cle>] ideas ab\t self & o!rs has be5 t\*$ on 9 connexion ) ! gr[? ( ! boy's language4 ,! fir/ use ( #8,i' & ! contemporane\s fir/ use ( #8y' 7end ( ?ird mon?7 seem to po9t to a new awak5+ ( ! intellig5ce to ! my/]y ( self1 & ( its unique position 9 relation to o!r ?+s4 ,!re is to ! fa!r evid5tly some?+ pa!tic 9 ! gradual ab&onm5t ( ! self-*os5 "n1 #8,n+i1' ( ! e>ly days1 & ! adoption ( ! common-place #8,i' ( o!r p4 ,b we ne$ n att5d to 8 s5tim5tal mus+s on ?is po9t4 ,! ex*ange1 we are told1 0 effect$ gradually1 z if to make x easi] to 8 he>]s4 ,at fir/ 7beg9n+ ( ye>7 we h #8me' br\ght on ! sc5e1 :i*1 be x obs]v$1 did duty bo? = #8me' & = #8my'4#caf ,lat] on foll[$ #8,i1' z an occasional sub/itute = #8me1' z if he 7 beg9n+ to see a diff]5ce betwe5 ! two1 ?\gh unable to say :]e9 precisely x lay4 ,)9 less ?an a mon?1 we are told1 ! *ild 0 beg9n+ to use 8,kikkie0 z 8 "n 9 place ( 8,n+i10 :i* 8,kikkie0 0 aft]w>ds improv$ into 8,kif=d04 8,x 0 evid5t 7writes ! n>rator7 t 9 v5tur+ on ! slipp]y gr\nd ( #8,i' & #8y' he exp]i5c$ a sudd5 accession ( manly _s1 z a result ( :i* he began to despise ! #8,n+i' ( yore40 ,b de> old #8,n+i' did n g out all at once1 & we read s late z ! end ( ! ?ird mon? ( 8 amus+ 8 "m :5 /&+ on ! w9d[-sill ( ! nurs]y by rem>k+ ?\ghtfully1 8,h[ am ,i1 ,n+i1 come d[n80 ,"h1 x w\ld seem evid5t1 ! addition ( #8,n+i' 0 int5d$ to help ! faculties ( 8 "m 9 case ?is /ill puzzl+ 8,i0 %\ld prove too mu* = !m4 ,by ! end ( ! f\r? mon? we read t #8,i' 0 gr[+ less %y1 n m]ely com+ on ! sc5e 9 famili> & safe v]bal companion%ip1 z 9 expressions l #8,i c1' b boldly pu%+ its way alone or 9 new comb9ations4#cag ,by ! six? mon? 7t4 two & a half7 ! "n ,n+i may be said to h disappe>$ f 8 vocabul>y4 ,8 rejection ( x 0 =mally ann\nc$ at ! age ( two ye>s sev5 & a half mon?s4 ,on be+ ask$ at ?is date :e!r he 0 ,n+i he answ]$1 8,no1 my "n ,kiffie04 ,he !n add$1 8,n+i "n ( ano!r little boy10 v mu* z 9 a rem>kable case ( d\ble p]sonality describ$ by ,m4 ,pi]re ,janet1 ! trans=m$ p]sonality look+ back on ! orig9al obs]v$1 8,t good woman is n myself04 ,he look$ rogui% 9 say+ ?is1 z if !re 7 some?+ funny 9 ! idea ( alt]$ p]sonality4 ,! det]m9ation to be conv5tional 0 %[n at ! same date 9 ! fact t :51 = example1 ! "m or fa!r1 foll[+ ! old habit1 w\ld bid him g & ask ! nurse to wa% 8,cliffie's h&s10 he w\ld1 9 deliv]+ ! message1 sub/itute 8my h&s04 ,by ! end ( ! ye> #8,i' came to be habitually us$ = self1 z 9 answ]+ a "q1 e4g41 8,:o did ?is or t80 ,tyrann\s cu/om _h n[ completely prevail$ ov] infantile pref]5ces4 ----- ,footnote #caf3 ,! *ronicl] obs]ves "h t ,c4's si/] _h also us$ ! same expression = #8,i' & #8m9e1' viz41 8my04 ,x looks z if ! me & its belong+s 7 n at fir/ diff]5tiat$4 ,ev5 ( ! lat] & matur] ideas ( self a well-kn[n ,am]ican psy*ologi/ writes3 8,betwe5 :at a man calls me & :at he simply calls m9e ! l9e is difficult to draw04 ,comp>e above1 p4 #aha4 ,footnote #cag3 ,! same holds true ( #8me1' :i* 0 fir/ us$ only 9 p>ticul> connexions1 z #8,give me'4 ----- ,dur+ ! ?ird ye> ,c4 seem$ det]m9$ to prove to 8 p>5ts & si/] t he _h atta9$ ! age ( reason4 ,he began to ply ^! well-dispos$ p]sons ) all mann] ( que/ion+s4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 z :5 9 ! case already ref]r$ to he w\ld ask = ! names ( ?+s j aft] call+ !m by _! names1 ! long-suff]+ "m 0 half incl9$ to regret ! acquisition ( spee*1 s mu* did x pres5t itself at ?is /age 9 ! light ( an in/rum5t ( torture4 ,b ! *ild's que/ion+s 7 r>ely attributable to a _s ( p]secution or to %e] 8cuss$ness04 ,he began 9 ! usual mann] ( *ildr5 to ask3 #8,:o made ?is & t8' 7e>ly 9 ! f\r? mon?74 ,t !re is a simple process ( reason+ beh9d ?is "q is se5 9 8 sometimes sugge/+ an answ] ?us3 8,:o made papa poorly8 ,blackb]ries20 :]e !re 0 obvi\sly a ref]5ce to an unpleasant p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,8 m9d ab\t ?is "t seem$ greatly ex]cis$ 9 ! matt] ( sickness & heal?4 ,"o day 7middle ( six? mon?7 walk+ out ) 8 "m he met a man1 :]eupon ensu$ ?is dialogue3 ,c4 #8,is t a poorly g5tleman8' ,m4 #8,no4' ,c4 #8,is t a well g5tleman8' ,m4 #8,yes4' ,c4 #8,!n :o made him well8' ,f :i* 7writes ! fa!r7 x w\ld look z if1 j z ,plato c\ld only conceive ( pleasure z a transition f pa91 ,ma/] ,c4 c\ld only conceive ( heal? z a process ( convalesc5ce4#cah ----- ,footnote #cah3 ,?is rem9ds "o ( ! *ildi% use ( #8brok5' & #8m5d$1' illu/rat$ above1 p4 #ih4 ----- ,ano!r way ( pry+ into ! orig9 ( ?+s seems wor? m5tion+4 ,hav+ f\nd out t c]ta9 pretty ?+s 9 ! h\se _h be5 8b\ght10 he proce$$ ) ! *>act]i/ic recklessness ( ! *ildi% m9d to assume t all nice ?+s come to u ?is way4 ,"o day 7middle ( ?ird mon?7 he ask$ 8 fa!r1 8,:o b\ght lady80 lady be+ an alaba/] figure ( ,sappho4 ,! fa!r !n ask$ him1 & he answ]$3 8,mamma04 ,ask$ fur!r :]e1 he repli$3 8,9 t[n04 ,?is look$ l romanc+1 b x is h>d to draw ! l9e betwe5 *ildi% romanc+ & s]i\s ?\ght4 ,he may h really inf]r$ t ! alaba/] lady _h come to ! h\se t way4 ,a /ill funni] example ( ! application ( 8 pur*as+ idea occurr$ at ! date1 ?ree mon?s & "o week4 ,/rok+ 8 "m's face he said3 8,nice de> "m1 :o b\ght y80 ,:at1 asks ! fa!r1 did he und]/& by b\ght8 ,p]haps only "s my/]i\s way ( obta9+ possession ( nice pretty ?+s4 ,! o!r =m ( reason-hunt+ "q1 #8,:at =8' or #8,:y8' came to be us$ ab\t ! same "t z 8,:o made80 etc4 ,9 putt+ ^! que/ions he w\ld sometimes sugge/ answ]s ( a delici\sly *ildi% sort 7z ! writ] has x74 ,?us "o day 7beg9n+ ( f\r? mon?7 he saw 8 fa!r putt+ small numb]$ labels on a set ( draw]s1 & aft] 8 cu/om>y 8,:at dat =80 add$ half inquir+ly1 8,to deep draw]s nice & w>m80 ,c4 w\ld pe/] 8 p>5ts by ask+ n only :y ?+s 7 z !y 71 b :y !y 7 n diff]5t f :at !y 74 ,?us 7end ( ?ird mon?7 on see+ 9 a nurs]y book a picture ( ,reyn>d ! fox wav+ 8 hat he ask$ 9 8 sl[ emphatic way3 #8,:y n dat fox put on 8 hat8' ,9 a simil> way he w\ld ask 8 "m :y %e did n g to s*ool1 & s =?4#cai ----- ,footnote #cai3 ,comp>e above1 p4 #hf ff4 ----- ,) ?is que/ion+ !re w5t a c]ta9 am\nt ( confid5t ass]tion respect+ ! reasons ( ?+s4 ,at fir/ ,c4 proce$$ mode/ly1 reproduc+ reasons giv5 by an adequate au?ority4 ,?us :5 told dur+ 8 /ay at ,d---- t he w\ld n g into ! sea to-day1 he w\ld supplem5t ! ann\ncem5t by add+ ! reason z giv5 be=e by 8 "m1 e4g41 8',cause x's too cold10 or1 8',cause big waves to-day04 ,v soon1 h[ev]1 he took a /ep =w>d & discov]$ reasons = himself4 ,"o day 7end ( fif? mon?7 8 fa!r 0 seat+ him at table1 & 0 ab\t to add a second cu%ion to ! *air :5 he rem>k$ 9 8 grave/ ( mann]s1 8,i c't put my leg 91 y "k 7i4e41 "u ! table71 if me be high]04 ,"h is ano!r ( ^! specim5s ( reason+1 dat+ two weeks lat]1 & bas$ l ! fir/ on direct obs]vation4 ,8 fa!r 0 walk+ out ) him on ! fam\s ,hea? ( _! suburb4 ,! =m]1 probably m ?an half lo/ 9 "o ( 8 tra9s ( philosophic speculation1 obs]v$ abs5t-m9d$ly1 8,:y are ^! babas 7%eep7 runn+ away80 ,c4 promptly took up ! "q & answ]$ ) vig\r1 8',cause ! b[-w[ d>e ) man04 ,z a matt] ( fact a man 0 approa*+ ) a small dog1 :i* ! fa!r 9 8 rev]ie _h fail$ to see4 ,( c\rse1 ! reason+ 0 n always s consonant ) our /&>d z 9 ^! two examples4 ,c4 appe>s to h _h 8 own ideas ab\t ! way 9 :i* ?+s come ab\t4 ,= example1 he seems to h argu$1 l c]ta9 s*ola/ic logicians1 t ! effect mu/ resemble ! cause4 ,at lea/1 aft] f9d+ out t 8 milk came f ! c[1 he ref]r$ ! coldness ( 8 milk "o morn+ 7t[>ds end ( f\r? mon?7 to ! coldness ( ! c[1--:i* prop]ty ( t s]viceable quadrup$ 01 ( c\rse1 a pure inv5tion ( 8 own4 ,j ?ree mon?s lat] he came out "o morn+ ) ! mom5t\s ann\ncem5t1 ,milk comes f ! :ite c[ d[n at ,d----2 & on be+ ask$ by 8 ev]-att5tive fa!r :at sort ( milk ! br[n c[ gave1 in/antly repli$1 #8,br[n milk'2 :]e1 aga91 x mu/ be admitt$1 he came suspici\sly ne> romanc+4 ,he seems1 fur!r1 to h %[n slight respect = ! logical maxim t ! same effect may be br\ght ab\t 9 m ?an "o way4 ,= ,c4 nature 0 delightfully simple1 & ev]y?+ happ5$ 9 "o way1 & 9 "o way only4 ,s t1 = example1 :5 dur+ a walk 7end ( six? mon?7 8 glove happ5$ to slip (f1 he proce$$ 9 a mo/ ha/y & unfair mann] to set d[n ! cata/rophe to ! malignity ( ! w9d1 exclaim+1 8,naughty w9d to bl[ (f glove04 ,a l want ( maturity ( judgm5t 9 deal+ ) ! subtle connexions ( nature's processes %[$ itself 9 o!r ways4 ,?us he argu$ z if ! same ag5cy w\ld always br+ ab\t l results1 :atev] ! mat]ial dealt )4 ,an amus+ illu/ration ( ?is occurr$ 9 ! latt] half ( ! t5? mon?4 ,he 0 obs]v$ t[>ds ! end ( a meal p\r+ wat] on sundry bits ( bread on 8 plate1 & on be+ ask$ :y he 0 do+ ?is1 said3 #8,to melt !m1 ( c\rse'4 ,"o ( 8 ?or\ghly orig9al ideas 0 t o!r ?+s besides liv+ ones gr[ bigg] ) "t4 ,"o day 7middle ( six? mon?7 he began to use a %ort /ick z a walk+-/ick4 ,8 "m object$ t x 0 n big en\gh1 on :i* he obs]v$3 8,me use x = walk+-/ick :5 /ick be bigg]04 ,9 l mann] j a mon? lat] he rem>k$1 apropos ( a wat*-key :i* 0 too small = ! fa!r's wat*1 t x w\ld be able to w9d up ! wat* #8:5 x gr[ bigg]'4 ,s f> z ! fa!r c\ld obs]ve x 0 only little ?+s :i* he ?\ght w\ld increase 9 size4 ,x ?us look$1 adds ! fa!r1 l a k9d ( ext5sion ( ! supreme law ( 8 own small p]son to ! :ole realm ( wee & despis$ objects4#cbj ----- ,footnote #cbj3 ,comp>e above1 p4 #ig f4 ----- ,c4 foll[$ o!r *ildr5 & ! race :i* he s well repres5t$ 9 suppos+ t s5sation is n conf9$ to ! animal _w4 ,?us t[>ds ! end ( ! elev5? mon? :5 w>n$ 9 ! g>d5 n to t\* a bee z x might /+1 he at once obs]v$3 8,x might /+ ! fl[]04 8,x is odd10 int]polates ! fa!r "h1 8t ,c4's si/]1 :51 t[>ds ! end ( h] f\r? ye>1 %e 0 bidd5 n to t\* a wasp on ! w9d[-pane1 _h gone fur!r ?an ,c4 by sugge/+ t x might /+ ! glass4 ,ev]y?+ seems to live & to feel 9 ! *ild's fir/ fancy-creat$ _w40#cba ----- ,footnote #cba3 ,comp>e above1 p4 #if ff4 ----- ,t[>ds ! end ( ! ye>1 x appe>s1 ,c4 develop$ consid]able sm>tness 9 logical f5c+s ) 8 "m & o!rs1 w>d+ (f unpleasant prohibitions by a speci\s display ( argum5t4 ,= example1 :5 told t some?+ he want$ w\ld make him poorly1 he rejo9$3 #8,i am poorly1' evid5tly ?9k+ t he _h convict$ 8 e/imable p>5t ( :at logicians call irrelevant conclusion4 ,"o _c say t ^! fir/ incursions into ! doma9 ( logic d ,ma/] ,c4 p>ticul> cr$it4 ,p]haps we may see lat] on t he came to use 8 rational faculty ) m skill & precision1 & to turn x to nobl] uses ?an ! inv5tion ( subt]fuges :]eby he might get 8 wilful way4 ,! notes on ! developm5t ( ! feel+s cont9ue to be r scanty4 ,i w reproduce "o or two ( ! m note-wor?y4 ,! visit to ,d---- 0 att5d$ ) a great *ange 9 8 feel+ = animals4 ,he no long] fe>$ !m4 ,j+o1 spite ( 8 w>like "n1 0 an amiable creature1 & seems to h reconcil$ him to ! can9e species4 ,cats1 too1 n[ came 9 = special affection4 ,he w\ld wat* ! animals 9 ,d----1 horses1 c[s1 & especially ducks1 ) quiet delight = _m m9utes1 imitat+ _! s\nds4 ,/range to say1 n[ t fe> _h gone he %[$ himself dispos$ to take lib]ties ) animals4 ,?us he w\ld slap ,j+o & ev5 8 fav\rite cat 9 mom5ts ( displeasure1 j z he & 8 si/] be=e him us$ to slap _! dolls4 ,a new emotion %[$ itself t[>ds ! end ( ! f\r? mon?1 viz41 %yness4 ,if 8 p>5ts ungu>d$ly spoke ab\t him at table he w\ld hang d[n 8 head & put 8 h&s ov] 8 face4 ,s f> z ! fa!r c\ld obs]ve ?is expression ( %yness 0 unle>n$4 ,8 si/]1 x appe>s1 _h n be5 rem>kable = ! feel+4 ,! fa!r obs]ves t ! fact ( ?is new feel+ syn*ronis+ ) ! acquisition ( ! use ( #8,i1' #8my1' etc41 seems to %[ t x 0 connect$ ) ! gr[? ( self-consci\sness4 ,8 s5se ( fun cont9u$ to develop1 ?\gh x /ill _h a decid$ly rude & primitive "*4 ,:5 j f\r mon?s on 9 ! ye> 8 fa!r amus$ him by batt]+ 9 an old hat ( 8 own4 ,he broke into l\d laught] at ?is p]=mance4 ,we "k1 writes ! obs]v]1 h[ ! sight ( a hat 9 tr\ble convulses ! gr[n m9d4 ,c x be t ,c4 0 already =m+ associations ( dignity ) ?is completion & cr[n ( human app>el8 ,t5d] emotion1 z became a boy1 p]haps1 0 9 abeyance4 ,he r>ely indulg$ 9 manife/ations ( love1 or if he did1 x mu/ h be5 t[>ds 8 "m secretly 9 a confid5ce t 0 nev] violat$4 ,"h is "o ( ! few in/ances record$ 7beg9n+ ( eigh? mon?74 ,he happ5$ to see 8 own picture 9 8 "m's eye & said 9 a highly s5tim5tal tone3 8,de> pitty little picture1 ,i d love 'oo10 & !n proce$$ to kiss 8 "m's eyelid4 ,x 0 little ?+s1 z kitt5s1 fl[]s1 & s =?1 :i* seem$ to move him to ?is occasional melt+ mood4 ,! sympa!tic feel+s ?\gh /ill weak may be said to be sl[ly develop+4 ,?us 9 ! fir/ mon? ( ! ye> x is rem>k$ t he n[ ?9ks ( 8 si/] :5 abs5t1 s t if he has ! highly-priz$ enjoym5t ( a biscuit he w sugge/ t #8,tit h bisc too'4 ,?is ye> witness$ ! =mation ( m def9ite /hetic lik+s 9 ! matt] ( col\rs & =ms4 ,8 dislike = a black cat & black ?+s g5]ally1 may p]haps be call$ 9 a way a pref]5ce ( ta/e4 ,9 8 animal picture-books1 ( :i* he 0 n[ gr[+ v fond1 he %[$ a m>k$ dislike = a monkey ) an op5 m\?1 also = ! rh9oc]os1 & /rong lik+s1 on ! o!r h&1 = birds 9 g5]al1 also = horses & zebras4 ,he began to le>n nurs]y rhymes1 & %[$ a good e> = rhyme4 ,?us 9 say+3-- ,goosey goosey g&]1 ,:]e %all ,i w&]8 he 0 obs]v$ 7end ( t5? mon?7 to correct ! rhyme by fir/ pron\nc+ ! a 9 8w&]0 less broadly ?an is our wont1 j z 9 8g&]10 & !n sub/itut+ ! conv5tional pronunciation4 ,! moral side ( ! *ild's nature appe>s dur+ ?is ye> to h und]gone noticeable *anges4 ,! mo/ /rik+ fact :i* comes out 9 ! picture ( ! boy z pa9t$ 9 ! pres5t *apt] is ! sudd5 em]g5ce ( self-w4 ,he began n[ to %[ himself a v]itable rebel aga9/ p>5tal au?ority4 ,?us we read 7ab\t ! end ( ! six? week7 t :5 correct$ = slapp+ ,j+o1 or o!r fault1 he w\ld rema9 sil5t & half laugh 9 a cold contemptu\s way1 :i* mu/ h be5 %ock+ to 8 wor?y p>5ts4 ,a mon? lat] we he> ( an al>m+ increase ( self-w4 ,he w\ld n[ /rike ea* ( ^! augu/ p]sons1 & foll[ up ! sacrilege ) a pr(ane laugh4 ,z might be expect$ f 8 g5]al use ( subt]fuge ab\t ?is "t1 he %[$ a lam5table want ( moral s5sibility 9 try+ to %irk responsibility4 ,?us 7middle ( sev5? mon?7 he 0 notic$ by 8 "m putt+ a spill ( pap] ov] ! fire-gu>d into ! fire s z to light x4 ,8 "m at once said3 8,n+i mu/n't d t04 ,:]eupon he impud5tly retort$3 8,n+i n do+ t1 pap] do+ x04#cbb ----- ,footnote #cbb3 ,comp>e above1 p4 #bgc f4 ----- ,all ?is is dreadful en\gh1 yet x is probable t _m *ildr5 g ?r\gh a long] or %ort] /age ( rebellion1 :o aft]w>ds turn out to be well-behav$1 respectable p]sons4 ,&1 z 8 fa!r is n sl[ to po9t out1 ,c41 ev5 9 ^! rebelli\s outbur/s1 %[$ ! rudim5ts ( moral feel+ 9 ! %ape ( a deep s5sitiv5ess to injury & m def9itely to unju/ treatm5t4 ,?us we are told 7middle ( sev5? mon?7 t :5 8 si/] eats ! leav+s ( 8 pudd+ or o!r da9ty he %[s a well-m>k$ moral indignation4 ,he gets v excit$ at su* mom5ts1 8 eyes dilat+1 8 voice ris+ 9 pit*1 & 8 arms execut+ a good deal ( viol5t ge/iculation4 ,:5 scold$ by 8 "m = do+ a ?+ :i* he has only appe>$ to d1 he w turn & exclaim1 ) all ! signs ( righte\s wra?1 8,mamma naughty say dat60 ,"o day 7end ( sev5? mon?7 :51 aft] be+ v naughty1 8 "m _h to c>ry him up/airs1 he broke out into a m ?an usually viol5t fit ( cry+4 ,8 "m ask$ him :at he meant by mak+ su* a noise :5 be+ c>ri$ up/airs2 :]eupon he repli$1 8',cause y c>ry me up l a pig0 7z repres5t$ 9 "o ( 8 picture-books74 ,!re is no?+ p>ticul>ly m]itori\s 9 all ?is1 yet x is significant z %[+ h[1 9 ?is ?ird ye>1 ! consci\sness ( self 0 develop+ n only on its intellectual b on its moral side1 z a s5se ( p]sonal dignity & rightful claim1 :i*1 aft] all1 is a v ess5tial elem5t 9 a normal & robu/ moral s5tim5t4 ,f\r? ,ye>4 ,! reports ( progress dur+ ! f\r? ye> are /ill scanti] ?an _! pr$ecessors3 p]haps ! obs]v] 0 gett+ tir$ ( 8 half-playful "w4 ,nev]!less1 !re are "s int]e/+ obs]vations 9 ?is *apt] also4 ,c4's obs]vation seems to h be5 decid$ly good1 to judge by an incid5t t occurr$ at ! end ( ! ?ird week ( ! ye>4 ,he _h be5 to ! ,zoological ,g>d5s4 ,8 fa!r ask$ him ab\t ! seals1 & m p>ticul>ly z to :e!r !y _h legs4 ,he answ]$ at once1 8,no1 papa1 !y _h foot-w+s04 ,! *ronicl] is evid5tly pr\d ( ?is feat1 & ?9ks x w\ld h satisfi$ ,pr(essor ,huxley himself4 ,b all[ance mu/ "h z else:]e be made = p>5tal pride4 ,! *ild's col\r-s5se1 we are told ab\t ! same "t1 0 develop+ q satisfactorily4 ,he c\ld n[ 7end ( fif? week7 discrim9ate & "n int]m$iate %ades ( col\r4 ,?us he call$ a col\r betwe5 yell[ & gre5 q correctly #8yell[i% gre51' & ?is way ( nam+ col\rs 01 s f> z ! fa!r c\ld asc]ta91 q spontane\s4 ,lat] 7?ree & a half mon?s71 on be+ que/ion$ z to violet1 :i* he fir/ said 0 blue1 he repli$ correct+ 8 fir/ answ]1 8& purple04 ,lat] on 7beg9n+ ( la/ qu>t]71 he c\ld di/+ui% a #8purpli% blue' f a 8purpli% p9k04 ,along ) a f9] obs]vation we f9d a m active & inv5tive imag9ation4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is ye> t he began to create fictiti\s p]sons & animals1 & to surr\nd himself ) a _w1 unse5 by o!rs1 b t]ribly real to himself4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! ?ird mon? he made 8 fir/ essay 9 /ory-fabrication4 ,consid]+ t he _h a lively & imag9ative eld] si/]1 :o 0 con/antly regal+ him ) fairy & o!r /ories1 ?is argues no p>ticul> precocity4 ,8 fir/ /yle 9 fiction 0 crude en\gh4 ,he w\ld pile up epi!ts 9 a way t makes ! mo/ florid ( j\rnali/ic diction seem tame by comp>ison4 ,?us he w\ld beg9 ! description ( a dog by lay+ on a miscellane\s pile ( col\r-adjectives1 blue1 r$1 gre51 black1 :ite1 & s =?4 ,) a simil> disreg>d = v]isimilitude & conc5tration ( aim on /rong effect1 he w\ld pile up ! agony 9 a /ory1 relat+1 = example1 h[ ! dog t _h kill$ a rabbit 78bunny07 _h 8 head beat5 (f1 0 !n dr[n$1 & s on1 ?r\gh a :ole ,iliad ( can9e calamity4 ,"h is ano!r example ( 8 lit]>y s5sationalism 7middle ( n9? mon?74 ,:ile he & 8 fa!r 7 tak+ a walk 9 ! c\ntry1 :]e ! family 0 /ay+1 !y f\nd ! fea!rs & bones ( a bird 9 a t9y cleft 9 ! tree4 ,! fa!r !reupon began to weave = him a little /ory ab\t ! un=tunate bird1 h[ x _h tak5 %elt] !re "o cold w9t]'s day we>y & hungry1 & _h gr[n too weak to get away4 ,?is did n satisfy ! /rong palate ( our "y poet1 :o proce$$ to improve on ! trag$y4 8,p'haps a snake !re1 p'haps dicky bird flew !re "o cold w9t] day & snake ate x up1 & !n spit x out aga910 & s =?4 8,p'haps 7he end$ up7 he 7! bird7 ?\ght !re 0 no?+ b w9d 7air7 !re40 ,he _h1 ( c\rse1 8 sup]-s5sible _w1 made up ( my/]i\s be+s ( fairy-l nature1 :o1 l ! spirits ( primitive folk-lore1 7 turn$ to acc\nt 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! foll[+ incid5t 7sev5 mon?s "o week7 may illu/rate ! modus op]&i ( ! *ild's my?-mak+ impulse4 ,he 0 eag]ly look+ =w>d to go+ to a circus4 ,8 fa!r told him t if x ra9$ he w\ld n be able to g1 = nobody c\ld drive away ! ra94 ,:]eupon he in/antly rem>k$3 8,! ,ra9] c04 ,8 fa!r ask$ him :o ?is wond]ful p]son 01 & he repli$3 ,a man :o lives 9 ! =e/--my =e/--& has to drive ra9 away4 ,! expression 8drive away0 us$ by ! fa!r _h be5 en\gh to give ?is curi\s turn to 8 fancy4 ,8 fairy-_w 0 concoct$ f a m$ley ( mat]ials drawn f 8 obs]vations ( animals1 8 exp]i5ces at ! circus1 includ+ ! ladies 9 beautifully t9t$ %ort dresses1 :om1 ) *ildi% awe1 he nam$ #8fairies1' & ! book-lore t 8 si/] 0 imp>t+ to him f ,/ories ( ,uncle ,remus1 & o!r fav\rites4 ,9 ! n9? mon? he got into ! way ( talk+ ( 8 fairy-_w1 ( ! invisible fairies1 horses1 rabbits1 & s =?1 to :i* he gave a local habitation 9 ! wall ( 8 b$room4 ,:5 9 a difficulty he ?9ks 8 fairies c help him out4 ,no?+ is too wond]ful = _! p[]s3 !y c ev5 solace 8 pitiful he>t by mak+ a dead dog alive aga94 ,= ! re/1 l o!r imag9ative *ildr51 he peoples ! places he kn[s1 especially d>k & my/]i\s ones1 ) imag9>y be+s4 ,?us "o day1 on walk+ 9 a wood ) 8 "m1 he 0 ov]he>d by h] talk+ to himself dreamily 9 ?is wise3 8,"h !re us$ to be wolves1 b long1 long "t ago04 ,x is noticeable t at ?is same p]iod ( 8 my?-mak+ activity he began to speak ( 8 dreams4 ,he evid5tly takes ^! dream-pictures = s5sible realities1 & :5 relat+ a dream insi/s t he has actually se5 ! circus-horses & fairies :i* appe> to him :5 asleep4 ,possibly1 writes ! fa!r1 ?is dream+1 z 9 ! case ( ! primitive race1 _h mu* to d 9 develop+ 8 int5se belief 9 a sup]natural _w4 ,x may be add$ t dur+ ?is same p]iod he 0 9 ! habit ( see+ ! =ms ( 8 animals1 z lions1 8gee-gees10 9 su* irregul> & app>5tly unsugge/ive gr\p+s ( l9e z ^? made by ! cracks 9 ! ceil+ ( 8 nurs]y4#cbc ----- ,footnote #cbc3 ,comp>e above1 p4 #bh ff4 ----- ,!re is little to note 9 ! way ( v]bal inv5tion4 ,"h is "o amus+ specim5 7?ird week ( ?ird mon?74 ,8 fa!r ask$ him :e!r 8 toy-horse 0 tir$1 :]eupon he answ]$3 #8,no1 ,i make him untir$'4 ,?is leads (f ! writ] to an ab/ruse logical discussion ( 8negative t]ms10 & h[ x comes ab\t t we d n all ( u talk 9 ,c4's fa%ion & say #8untir$1' #8unfatigu$'4 ,ano!r qua9t inv5tion 0 ! use ( #8?9k' z a n\n4 ,x 0 funny1 writes ! fa!r1 to he> him reject+ 8 si/]'s /atem5ts by ! contemptu\s =mula3 8,t's only y\r ?9ks04 ,8 und]/&+ 0 sl[ly rip5+ 9 spite ( 8 free indulg5ce 9 ! intoxicat+ pleasures ( ! imag9ation4 ,he c\ld und]/& mu* t 0 said to him by ! aid ( a lib]al application ( metaphor4 ,?us "o day 7end ( ! ye>7 8 fa!r :5 walk+ ) him late 9 ! ev5+ 9 a p>k :]e %eep 7 graz+ told him t animals did n want b$-clo!s1 b c\ld lie on ! grass wet ) dew & aft]w>ds be dri$ ) ! sun4 ,he said3 8,yes1 ! sun is _! t[el to make !m dry04 ,! subtleties ( "t 7 /ill too mu* = him4 ,9 ! f\r? mon? ( ! ye> :5 8 si/] 0 n>rat+ an incid5t ( ! ev5+ be=e & us$ ! t]m #8ye/]day1' he correct$ h] say+3 8,no1 ,e41 la/ night04 ,yet he 0 n[ beg9n+ to p5etrate into ! my/]ies ( ! subject4 ,8 fa!r happ5$ "o day 7end ( sev5? mon?7 to speak ( to-morr[4 ,c4 !n ask$3 8,:5 is to-morr[8 ,to-morr[ morn+80 ,he !n notic$ t 8 he>]s 7 rem>k+ on 8 "q1 & proce$$ to exp\nd 8 own view ( ^! wond]ful ?+s4 8,!re are two k9ds ( to-morr[1 to-morr[ morn+ & ?is morn+20 & !n add$ ) ! sage/ ( looks3 8,to-morr[ morn+ is to-morr[ n[04 ,at ?is ! fa!r tells u bo? he & ! "m 7 sorely puzzl$1 & if "o may be all[$ to read betwe5 ! l9es1 x is n improbable t ! latt] mu/ h indulg$ 9 "s su* exclamation z ?is3 8,!re6 ?is comes ( y\r /imulat+ ! *ild's bra9s too mu*04 ,h[ev] ?is be1 x is c]ta9 t ! obs]v]'s m9d 0 greatly ex]cis$ ab\t ?is d>k & oracul> deliv]ance ( ! *ild4 ,:at c\ld he h meant8 ,at l5g? he be?\ght him t ! *ild 0 unable z yet to ?9k ( pure ab/ract "t4 ,to-morr[ _h to be fill$ 9 ) "s concrete exp]i5ce1 :]e=e 8 wi%+ to def9e x z 8to-morr[ morn+0 ) ! int]e/+ exp]i5ces ( ! e>ly h\rs ( ! day4 ,& if 8to-morr[0 means = 8 m9d to-morr['s exp]i5ce1 he is q logical 9 say+ t x becomes to-day's exp]i5ce4 ,:e!r ! fa!r has "h caught ! subtle ?read ( *ildi% ?\ght may be d\bt$4#cbd ,:o among ! wise/ ( m5 c\ld be sure ( seiz+ ! precise po9t :i* ! *ild makes su* praisewor?y ef=t to r5d] intelligible to u8 ----- ,footnote #cbd3 ,comp>e :at 0 said above1 p4 #aai4 ----- ,x w\ld appe> z if ,c4 7 /ill r muddl$ ab\t numb]s4 ,"o day 7end ( ?ird mon?7 he 0 look+ at "s big col\r$ beads on a necklace1 & t\*+ ! bigge/ he said to 8 "m3 8,^! are six10 !n "s small] ones3 8^! five10 !n "s /ill small] ones3 8^! f\r10 & s on4 ,he 0 app>5tly fail+ z yet to di/+ui% numb] f t o!r mode ( quantity :i* we call magnitude4 ,! use ( ! ^w 8self0 at ?is "t %[$ t x _h ref]5ce ma9ly to ! body1 & app>5tly to ! c5tral trunk4 ,?us "o ev5+ t[>ds ! end ( ! elev5? mon?1 aft] be+ put to b$1 he 0 he>d by 8 "m cry+ out peevi%ly4 ,ask$ by h] :at 0 ! matt] he answ]$1 8,i c't get my h&s out ( ! way ( myself02 :i*1 be+ int]pret$ by 8 "m1 0 8 way ( say+ t he c\ld n wriggle ab\t & get into cool places 7! ev5+ 0 a w>m "o7 z he w\ld l to d4 ,z might be inf]r$ f 8 essays 9 fictiti\s n>rative1 he 0 gett+ q an exp]t 9 ! matt] ( ass]tion4 ,x 0 odd sometimes1 obs]ves ! j\rnal1 to he> ! gu>d$ mann] 9 :i* he w\ld pr(f] a /atem5t4 ,?us1 on "o occasion 7beg9n+ ( twelf? mon?71 he report$ to 8 fa!r1 :o _h be5 f home = "s days1 t he _h be5 behav+ q satisfactorily dur+ 8 abs5ce1 & !n add$ cauti\sly1 8,i did n see mamma puni% me1 anyh[04 ,dur+ ?is ye> he foll[$ up 8 que/ion+ rel5tlessly1 (t5 dem&+ ! reasons ( ?+s1 z *ildr5 are wont to d1 9 a sorely p]plex+ fa%ion4 ,8 int]rogatory embrac$ all mann] ( objects1 bo? ( s5se-p]ception & ( ?\ght4 ,?us he once ask$ 8 "m 7sev5? mon?7 h[ x 0 t he c\ld put 8 h& ?r\gh wat] & n ?r\gh ! soap4 ,a matt] t came to puzzle him especially j n[ 0 gr[?4 ,?us1 :5 told by 8 fa!r 7t5? mon?7 t a little tree w\ld gr[ big by-&-by1 he ask$1 ,h[ is x t ev]y?+ gr[s--fl[]s1 trees1 horses1 & p8 or1 z he word$ x a few days lat]1 8,h[ c trees & %eep gr[ )\t anybody mak+ !m80 ,he seems n[ 7notes ! fa!r7 to h giv5 up 8 belief 9 ! gr[? ( lifeless ?+s4 ,! inequalities ( size among fully gr[n ?+s 7 also a puzzle to him4 ,?us1 :5 j f\r ye>s old1 he 0 mu* conc]n$ to "k :y ponies did n gr[ big l o!r horses4#cbe ----- ,footnote #cbe3 ,comp>e :at 0 said above1 pp4 #hh1 #ajd4 ----- ,! fa!r mu/ d\btless at ?is "t h _h 8 h&s full 9 satisfy+ ! intellectual crav+s ( ! *ild4 ,b1 happily1 ! small inquir] w\ld sometimes come =w>d to help out ! explanation4 ,"o day 7end ( ! ye>7 8 fa!r1 :5 walk+ out ) him1 po9t$ to a big dray-horse & said3 8,t is a /rong horse04 ,on :i* ! *ild obs]v$3 8,ah6 t horse c gallop fa/04 ,he 0 !n told t heavy horses did n g fa/4 ,he look$ puzzl$ = a mom5t & !n ask$3 8,d y mean c't lift !mselves up80 8,_h he10 asks ! fa!r1 8notic$ t :5 weight$ ) ?ick clo!s or o!r imp$im5ta he 0 less spr+y1 & s f\nd 8 way1 z is ! mann] ( *ildr51 f 8 own exp]i5ce to expla9+ ! app>5t contradiction ( ! /rong & sl[ horse80 ,o!r que/ion+s 7 less am5able to purposes ( in/ruction4 ,he w\ld (t5 get p>ticul>ly ?\ghtful imm$iately aft] go+ to b$1 & put pos]s to 8 "m4 ,= example1 "o ev5+ 7t5? mon?7 he ask$ 9 8 sl[1 e>ne/ way1 8,:]e 0 ,i a hundr$ ye>s ago80 & !n m precisely1 8,:]e 0 ,i be=e ,i 0 born80 ,^! are1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 /ock que/ions ( *ildhood1 &1 p]haps1 are h>dly wor? record+4 ,x is o!rwise ) a curi\s pos] :i* he set 8 fa!r ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ mon?3 8,:5 are all ! days go+ to end1 papa80 ,x is a pity t ! di>y does n record ! answ] giv5 to ! "q4 ,9 lieu ( ?is we h ! cu/om>y p$antic /yle ( speculation ab\t ! 8concept0 ( inf9ity ) ref]5ces to ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton & ,i don't "k :at o!r pr(\nd metaphysicians4 ,! answ]1 if any 0 attempt$1 does n appe> to h be5 v satisfactory to ,ma/] ,c41 = we read fur!r on t m ?an ?ree mon?s aft] ?is date he put ! same "q ab\t all ! days end+ to 8 "m4 ,) ?is que/ion+ ab\t ! causes ( ?+s !re w5t mu* assign+ ( reasons4 ,by ! end ( ! f\r? mon?1 x is rem>k$1 he 0 gett+ m accurate 9 8 ?9k+1 sub/itut+ limit$ g5]alisations su* z1 8,"s p d ?is10 = ! fir/ ha/y & sweep+ ones4 ,he appe>s1 fur!r1 to h gr[n mu* m ready 9 f9d+ reasons1 br++ out 8'cause0 7because7 on all mann] ( occasions1 mu* to 8 own satisfaction & h>dly less to t ( 8 obs]vant fa!r4 ,he cont9u$1 x is add$1 to display ! greate/ +5uity 9 f9d+ reasons = 8 own (t5 caprici\s-look+ behavi\r1 & especially 9 discov]+ excuses :]eby a veil ( propriety might be ?r[n ov] actions :i* he knew full well w\ld1 if left nak$1 h a naughty look4 ,! t5d5cy to give life to ?+s obs]vable 9 ! la/ ye> 0 less m>k$1 b broke out n[ & aga91 z :5 sitt+ "o day 7beg9n+ ( t5? mon?7 on 8 *air on a loose cu%ion & wriggl+ ab\t z 8 mann] 01 he felt ! cu%ion slipp+ f "u him & exclaim$3 8,hullo6 ,i d b'lieve ?is cu%ion is alive4 ,x moves itself40 ,ab\t a mon? aft] ?is ! fa!r set ab\t te/+ ! /ate ( 8 m9d by ask+ him :e!r trees did n feel pa9 :5 !y 7 cut4 ,?is 8lead+ "q0 0 n to entrap ,ma/] ,c41 :o answ]$ ) some?+ ( contempt 9 8 tone3 8,no1 !y only made ( wood04 ,he 0 n s sure ab\t dead rabbits1 h[ev]1 say+ fir/ 8yes0 & !n 8no04 ,! intricate relations ( ?+s cont9u$ to tr\ble 8 m9d4 ,8 fa!r *anc$ "o day 7end ( elev5? mon?7 to rem>k at table t ,c4 did n take 8 milk s nicely z he us$ to d4 ,c4 pond]$ ?is a:ile & !n said3 8,x's funny t little babies behave bett] ?an big boys4 ,!y don't "k s mu* z boys40 ,f :i* ! fa!r appe>s to h inf]r$ t *ildr51 l c]ta9 ,greek philosoph]s1 are wont to id5tify virtue ) cognition4 ,!re are n _m brilliant /rokes ( *ildi% rationality to record dur+ ?is ye>4 ,x is wor? not+1 p]haps1 t :5 j sev5 mon?s & "o week ( ! ye> _h pass$1 he %[$ t he _h f\nd 8 own way to an axiomatic tru? famili> to /ud5ts ( geometry4 ,he _h be5 to ! circus ! day be=e1 :]e a gorge\s pantomimic spectacle _h greatly delight$ him4 ,he talk$ to 8 fa!r ( ! beautiful ?+s1 & among o!rs1 ( 8! fairies go+ up 9 ! air04 ,8 fa!r ask$ him h[ !y 7 able to fly4 ,:]eupon ) t good-natur$ read9ess to enlight5 ! d>kness ( gr[n-up p :i* makes ! *ild ! mo/ *>m+ ( in/ructors1 he proce$$ to expla9 9 ?is wise3 8,!y _h w+s1 y "k4 ,angels h w+s l birds1 & fairies are l angels1 & s y see fairies are l birds40 ,! fir/ developm5t ( reason 9 ! *ild is apt to be try+ to p>5ts & o!rs1 on acc\nt n only ( ! ?ick hail-l pelt+ ( que/ions to :i* x gives rise1 b /ill m1 p]haps1 ( ! circum/ance t ! "y reason] w s readily turn 8 new in/rum5t to a confus+ criticism ( 8 eld]s4 ,! d>+ int]f]5ce ( *ildi% dialectic ) moral discipl9e 9 ,c4's case has already be5 t\*$ on4 ,sometimes he w\ld foll[ up a s]ies ( que/ions s z to put 8 logical antagoni/ into a corn]1 v mu* aft] ! mann] ( ! a/ute ,socrates4 ,"h is an example ( ?is highly inconv5i5t mode ( dialectical attack 7middle ( sev5? mon?74 ,he 0 at ?is "t l o!r *ildr51 mu* tr\bl$ ab\t ! kill+ ( animals = food4 ,aga9 & aga9 he w\ld ask ) some?+ ( fi]ce impati5ce 9 8 voice3 8,:y d p kill !m80 ,on "o occasion he _h pli$ 8 "m ) ^! que/ion+s4 ,he !n cont5d$ t p :o eat meat mu/ l animals to be kill$4 ,f9ally1 to cl5* ! matt]1 he turn$ on 8 "m & ask$3 8,d y l !m to be kill$80 ,"h is ano!r example ( 8 p]si/5t dialectical attack 7end ( elev5? mon?74 ,a small cat]pill> happ5+ to drop on ! %\ld] ( ! fa!r1 ! "m express$ ! common dislike = ^! creatures4 ,c4 0 j n[ *ampion+ ! :ole dumb creation aga9/ h>d-he>t$ man1 & he at once saw 8 opportunity4 #8,:y1' he dem&$ 9 8 p]emptory cate*is+ tone1 #8don't y l cat]pill>s8' ,to :i* ! "m1 amus$ p]haps ) 8 grave argum5tative mann]1 ?\ght to escape ! attack by answ]+ playfully3 8,because !y make ! butt]flies04 ,b !re 0 no room = jocosity 9 ,c4's m9d :5 x 0 a matt] ( lik+ or dislik+ a liv+ creature4 ,s he foll[$ up 8 que/ion+ ) ! true ,socratic irony1 ask+3 8,:y don't y l butt]flies80 ,on ?is bo? ! p>5ts appe> to h laugh$2 b he 0 n to be upset1 & ignor+ ! pat5t subt]fuge ( ! butt]fly return$ to ! cat]pill>4 8,cat]pill>s10 he obs]v$ ?\ghtfully1 8don't make a noise40 ,he _h d\btless g5]alis$ t ! pet av]sions ( 8 p>5ts1 m especially 8 fa!r1 7 dogs1 cocks & o!r noise-produc+ animals4 ,:e!r he return$ to ! subject ( ! cat]pill> is n /at$4 ,p]haps 8 "m's dislike = ! wee s(t noiseless ?+ 0 to be add$ to ! /ock ( unexpla9$ *ildi% my/]ies4 ,pass+ to manife/ations ( feel+1 we h a curi\s note on a new emotional expression4 ,x seems t :5 a suckl+ ! *ild _h got into ! way ( accompany+ ! bliss ( an ambrosial meal by s(t c>ess+ movem5ts ( ! =e-f+] along ! "m's eyebr[s4 ,:5 ?ree ye>s & t5 mon?s old he 0 sitt+ on 8 fa!r's lap 9 "o ( 8 s(t] moods :5 he t\*$ ?is p>5t's eyebr[s 9 ! same da9ty c>ess+ mann]4 ,! obs]v] suspects t we h "h an example ( a movem5t becom+ an emotional sign by association & analogy4 ,at fir/ associat$ ) ! ne plus ultra ( infantile happ9ess x came to indicate ! oncom+ ( any analog\s /ate ( feel+1 & especially ( ! luxuri\s mood ( t5d]ness4 ,two or ?ree curi\s examples ( fe> are record$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,9 ! second week ( ! f\r? mon? he w5t ) 8 "m to ! photograph]'s to h 8 lik5ess tak54 ,:5 he rea*$ ! h\se he /rongly object$1 clung to 8 "m & %[$ all ! signs ( a true fe>4 ,on ent]+ ! room he told ! photograph] 9 8 quiet au?oritative mann] t he 0 n go+ to h 8 lik5ess tak54 ,! process1 an in/antane\s "o1 0 accompli%$1 h[ev]1 )\t 8 kn[+ x4 ,next morn+ :5 ask$ by 8 si/] h[ he lik$ hav+ 8 lik5ess tak51 he answ]$ snappi%ly3 8,hav5't _h my lik5ess tak54 ,don't y see ,i c talk80 ,! fa!r suspects t ! *ild fe>$ he w\ld be trans=m$ by ! black art ( ! cam]a into a spee*less photograph4 ,x is curi\s t savages appe> to %[ a simil> dread ( ! photographic cam]a4 ,?us1 9 a rec5t numb] ( ! ,graphic 7,novemb]1 #ahic7 !re 0 a draw+ ( ,europeans & natives hav+ _! lik5ess tak5 9 a camp 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,"o native1 t]ror-/ruck1 is hid+ beh9d a tree s z n to be tak54 ,! text expla9s t ! draw+ repres5ts a real incid5t1 & t ! fe> ( ! native came f 8 belief t !re is an evil _s 9 ! cam]a1 & adds t1 on f9d+ out t aft] all he 0 9 ! gr\p1 ! poor fell[ in/antly disappe>$ f ! camp4 ,is !re n = all ( u some?+ uncanny 9 t black box turn$ t[>ds u b5t on snat*+ f u ! film or image ( our v self8 ,! o!r in/ances ( ,c4's fe> po9t to a l sup]/iti\s frame ( m9d at ?is "t4 ,?us 9 ! la/ mon? he happ5$ "o day to see "s :ite l95 sway+ 9 ! breeze on a hill n f> (f4 ,he took x = a light & 0 afraid1 say+ x 0 a wolf4 ,?is 01 we are told1 8 fir/ exp]i5ce ( gho/s4 ,at ! same date he %[$ fe> :5 pass+ ?r\gh a wood ) 8 fa!r ab\t n9e o'clock on a summ] ev5+4 ,?\gh 8 fa!r 0 c>ry+ him he said he c\ld n help be+ afraid ( ! d>k4 ,he fanci$ !re mu/ be wolves 9 ! d>k4 ,he aft]w>ds in=m$ 8 fa!r t 8 si/] _h told him s4 ,! wolf appe>s at ?is "t 7by a qua9t confusion ( zoology7 to h be5 ! desc5dant ( 8 old bte noire1 ! 8b[-w[04 8,h we10 writes ! fa!r1 8a sort ( p>allel "h to ! sup]/ition ( ! 7-wolf s famili> 9 folk-lore80 ,a new developm5t ( angry outbur/ is record$4 ,9 ! ?ird mon?1 to ! horror ( 8 p>5ts & ! disgu/ ( 8 si/]1 he positively took to bit+ o!rs1 an action1 x is ne$less to say1 :i* he c\ld n h pick$ up f 8 highly respectable human environm5t4 ,0 ?is1 asks ! fa!r1 ) praisewor?y deta*m5t ( m9d1 an in/9ct1 a survival ( primitive brute-l habit1 & happily de/9$ 9 ! case ( a *ild born into a civilis$ society1 l o!r in/9cts1 z pilf]+1 to be rudim5t>y & transi5t8 ,z impli$ 9 ! acc\nt ( 8 mu* que/ion+1 ! feel+ :i* 0 mo/ /rongly m>k$ & dom9ant dur+ ?is ye> 0 wond]4 ,8 fa!r w\ld surprise him sometimes /&+ on ! s(a & look+ at an engrav+ ( ,guido's 8,aurora0 hang+ on ! wall above4 ,! woman's figure 9 front1 p]fectly buoyant on ! air1 ! horses & *>iot firmly plant$ on ! cl\d1 all ?is fasc9at$ 8 att5tion & fill$ him ) delightful a/oni%m5t4 ,) wond] !re (t5 w5t 9 ^! days sore p]plexity ( _s4 ,! ord] ( ?+s 0 n only intricate & difficult to take ap>t1 x seem$ positively wrong4 ,t animals %\ld be beat51 slaught]$1 eat5 by 8 own ki? & k91 ?is1 z already h9t$1 fill$ him ) dismay4 ,9 odd contra/ to ?is1 he w\ld prote/ ) equal w>m? aga9/ any ord9ance :i* affect$ 8 own com=t4 ,?us1 hav+ on "o occasion 7middle ( sev5? mon?7 tak5 a lively int]e/ 9 ! manufacture ( jellies1 cu/>ds1 & o!r da9ties1 & hav+ le>n$ ! next day t !y _h be5 dispos$ ( by a company ( gue/s1 he ask$ 8 "m qu]ul\sly :y %e _h 8wisitors10 & !n add$ 9 a comical tone ( self-compassion1 8,didn't ! #8wisitors' "k y _h a little boy80 8,x is odd to note10 writes ! fa!r1 8h[ a humane conc]n = ! l[] creation coexi/$ ) utt] indiff]5ce to ! duties ( hospitality4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]10 he adds1 succumb+ to pat]nal weakness1 & say+ ! be/ he c = 8 boy1 8!re 0 no real contradiction "h4 ,! compassionat5ess ( *ildhood goes =? to weak1 def5celess ?+s1 & to ,c4's m9d ! #8wisitors' may v likely h appe>$ z ov]-f$1 gre$y mon/]s :o robb$ poor *ildr5 ( _! small p]quisites40 ,! wond]+ impulse ( ! *ild assum$ n[ & aga9 a quasi-religi\s =m 9 speculations ab\t dea? & heav54 ,e>ly 9 ! ye> he _h lo/ 8 gr&papa by sudd5 dea?1 & ! ev5t set 8 ?\ghts 9 ?is direction4 ,9 ! n9? mon? 8 "m read him ,wordswor?'s well-kn[n /ory1 8,lucy ,gray04 ,he 0 mu* sadd5$ by ! acc\nt ( ,lucy's dea?4 ,on he>+ ! l9e 8,9 heav5 we all %all meet10 he began que/ion+ 8 "m ab\t heav54 ,%e gave him ! popul> description ( heav51 b app>5tly 9 a way t left him unc]ta9 z to :e!r %e believ$ :at %e said4 ,:]eupon he exclaim$3 #8,we %all meet1' & !n aft] a mom5t's pause1 z ?\gh n q c]ta91 add$1 #8%an't we8' ,five weeks lat]1 :5 driv+ 9 ! c\ntry ) 8 "m on a lovely ,may day1 he 0 9 8 happie/ mood1 look+ at ! fl[]s 9 ! fields & h$g][s1 & sudd5ly exclaim$3 8,i %all nev] die60 ,! "q ( immortality 7obs]ves ! fa!r7 _h ?us e>ly begun to wr+ ! *ild's s\l4 ,!re are1 ,i regret to say1 9 ?is *apt]1 h>dly any rem>ks ab\t ! developm5t ( ! *ild's w & moral "*4 ,! fa!r appe>s to h be5 disproportionately int]e/$ 9 ! boy's intellectual advancem5t4 ,! read] is left to hope t ,ma/] ,c4 0 gr[+ a m ord]ly & law-abid+ *ild ?an ! incid5t ( ! bit+ w\ld sugge/4 ,! "o rem>k :i* c be br\ght "u ?is head ref]s to ! gr[? ( practical intellig5ce 9 apply+ rules to action4 ,c4 _h be5 told x 0 well to keep nice ?+s to ! end1 & he proce$$ to "w out ! consequ5ces ( ! rule 9 an amus+ fa%ion4 ,?us we read 7end ( elev5? mon?7 t he w\ld take all ! currants out ( 8 cake & /ick !m r\nd ! corn] ( 8 plate s z to eat !m la/4 ,a /ill m amus+ in/ance ( ! same ?+ occurr$ ab\t ! same date4 ,on putt+ him to b$ "o ev5+ 8 "m notic$ t he c>efully s\ght out ! middle ( ! b$1 say+ to himself1 8,i'll keep ^! la/04 ,que/ion$ by h] z to :at he meant by #8^!1' he expla9$1 8,^! nice cool places at ! edge ( ! b$04 8,*ildr510 rem>ks ! *ronicl]1 8d n drop _! orig9ality ev5 :5 !y make a %[ ( foll[+ our lead4 ,ob$i5ce w\ld be f> m t$i\s ?an x is b = ! occasional opportunities ( a play ( inv5tive fancy 9 ! application ( a rule to new & out-(-!-way cases40 ,fif? ,ye>4 ,) ! fif? ye> we ent] ^u a new phase ( ! di>y4 ,! fa!r appe>s n[ to h f9ally ab&on$ ! transp>5t pret5ce ( a me?odical record ( progress1 & he limits himself to a full] acc\nt ( a few select$ incid5ts4 ,v noticeable is ! introduction ( some?+ l prolong$ dialogue betwe5 ! *ild & "o ( 8 p>5ts4 ,! boy cont9u$ to take a lively int]e/ 9 objects & to note !m ) c>e4 ,"h is an illu/ration ( 8 att5tion to natural ph5om5a4 ,he 0 walk+ out 7end ( fif? mon?7 ) 8 fa!r on _! fav\rite ,hea? t[>ds sunset1 :5 he ask$3 8,:at are ^! pretty ?+s ,i see aft] look+ at ! sun8 ,:5 ,i move my eyes !y beg9 to move ab\t40 ,! fa!r said he might call !m fairy suns4 ,he !n want$ to "k :e!r !y 7 real4 ,he said3 8,:5 !y seem to be on ! pa? !y disappe> :5 ,i g up to !m04 ,lat] on he began to romance ab\t ! spectral discs t he saw aft] look+ at a r$ sun1 call+ !m fire balloons & say+ t !re 0 a fairy 9 ea* "o ( !m4#cbf ----- ,footnote #cbf3 ,comp>e above1 p4 #ajb f4 ----- ,a qua9t example ( 8 att5tion to ! =m ( objects1 z well z ( 8 odd *ildi% mode ( ?\ght1 comes out 9 a talk ) 8 "m 7end ( sev5? mon?74 ,%e _h be5 read+ to him f ,alice 9 ,wond]l&1 :]e ! cat]pill> tells ,alice t "o side ( a mu%room w\ld make h] gr[ tall]1 & "o side %ort]1 :i* set ,alice wond]+ :at ! side ( a mu%room c\ld be4 ,c4 c\ld n sympa?ise ) ,alice's p]plexity1 & said to 8 "m3 8,:y1 a mu%room is all ends & sides4 ,:]ev] y /& x's an end or a side40 ,! fa!r ?9ks he sees "h a dim appreh5sion ( ! idea t a circle is =m$ by an inf9ite numb] ( /raight l9es1 b he is possibly read+ too mu* into ! boy's ?\ght4 ,8 obs]vation ( col\r cont9u$4 ,"o day 7end ( sev5? mon?7 he 0 ov]he>d by 8 fa!r say+ to himself 7)\t any sugge/ion f ano!r7 t a p>ticul> col\r 8came next0 to ano!r4 ,8 fa!r !reupon que/ion$ him & elicit$ t orange came next to r$4 ,ask$ #8,:at else8' he answ]$ yell[4 ,d>k br[n came next to black1 a light] br[n to r$1 purple next to blue1 p9k to r$1 & s =?4 ,ask$ :at gre5 came next to1 he answ]$3 8,i don't "k02 f :i* x w\ld appe> t he _h pretty cle>ly obs]v$ ! aff9ities ( col\rs4 ,he %[$ himself obs]vant ( p's ways too4 ,"h is a funny example ( 8 att5tion to 8 si/]'s habits ( spee*4 ,"o ev5+ 7end ( six? mon?7 :5 8 si/] 0 out at a p>ty he _h a crack] :i* he wi%$ to give h] 8z a surprise04 ,s he told 8 "m to put x "u ! table1 & add$3 8,:5 ,e4 comes 91 & aft] %e says1 #8,well6 h['ve y be5 gett+ on8' !n y mu/ say3 #8,look "u ! table'04 ,8 memory1 z ! =ego+ incid5t may %[1 0 gr[+ t5aci\s & exact4 ,?is exactitude %[$ itself 9 almo/ a p$antic fa%ion ) respect to words4 ,"h is a funny example 7end ( six? mon?74 ,he _h a new /ory-book1 ,! ,pr9cess ,nobody1 illu/rat$ by ,r4 ,doyle4 ,8 "m _h read x to him ab\t f\r or five times dur+ ! ?ree weeks he _h possess$ x4 ,"o ,sunday ev5+ 8 fa!r read x to him z a treat4 ,9 "o place ! /ory runs3 8,"o day :5 ! k+ _h be5 c\nt+ out 8 money all day10 :i* ! fa!r c>elessly read z 8c\nt+ out all 8 money04 ,! *ild at once pull$ up & correct$ 8 sire1 say+1 8,no1 papa1 'tis #8c\nt+ out all ! day 8 money'04 ,he _h rememb]$ ! ideas & ! words ?\gh n ! precise ord]4 ,! jeal\s reg>d ( ! *ild = ! text ( 8 sacr$ books 9 ! face ( w\ld-be mutilators is "o ( ^? traits :i*1 :ile p]fectly *ildi%1 h a qua9t old-fa%ion$ look4 ,! dreamy wor%ip ( fairies pass$ into a new & ev5 m blissful phase ?is ye>4 ,be=e ! close ( ! ?ird mon? ,c4 0 actually br\ght into contact ) "o ( ^! da9ty :ite-clad be+s4 ,! memorable occasion 0 a girl's co/ume ball1 to :i* he 0 tak5 z a spectator4 ,among ! y\ng] girls pres5t 0 "o dress$ z a fairy1 9 %ort :ite gauze1 gold5 cr[n1 & ! re/4 ,c4 0 at fir/ daz$ by ! magnific5ce ( ! assembly & %rank back %yly to 8 "m's side2 b aft] ?is :ite sylph _h be5 po9t$ out to him z a fairy1 & :5 %e came up to him & spoke to him1 he 0 transport$ ) delight4 ,hi!rto ! fairy _h nev] be5 ne>] to him ?an on a circus /age3 n[ he _h "o close to him & actually talk$ ) h]6 ,he firmly believ$ 9 ! sup]natural "* ( ?is small p]son1 & on 8 return home proce$$ to tell cook ) radiant face h[ he _h se5 a live fairy & spok5 to h]4 ,he add$ t 8 si/] _h nev] spok5 to "o4 ,?is la/ might easily look l a t\* ( malici\s #8cr[+'3 yet ! fa!r appe>s to ?9k t ! boy meant only to deep5 ! my/]y ( ! revelation by po9t+ out t x 0 )\t prec$5t4 ,! weav+ ( fairy leg5d n[ w5t on vigor\sly4 ,sometimes :5 out on a walk & obs]v+ a sc5e he w\ld sudd5ly drop into 8 dream-mood & sp9 a pretty romance4 ,?is happ5$ "o ,sunday 9 w9t] 7beg9n+ ( sev5? mon?71 z he /ood & wat*$ ! skat]s on a pond4 ,he said 8 fairies c\ld skate1 & he talk$ m p>ticul>ly ( 8 fav\rite ,p9kbill1 :om1 he said1 he n[ saw skat+1 ?\gh nobody else 0 privileg$ to see h]1 & :o lov$ to skate at night on t9y pools :i* 7 q big = h]4 8,delightful days 7writes ! fa!r1 :o is r apt to gu% 9 ^! lat] *apt]s71 :5 "o holds a wondr\s _w ( beauty 9 "o's own brea/1 safe f all pry+ eyes1 to be :isp]$ ( p]haps to "o's de>e/1 b nev] to be %[n40 ,! full enjoym5t ( ?is sup]nal _w 0 dur+ sleep4 ,c4 (t5 spoke ( 8 lovely dreams4 ,"o morn+ 7middle ( f\r? mon?7 :5 /ill 9 b$1 he engag$ 8 "m 9 ! foll[+ talk3 ,c4 8,d y h beautiful dreams1 mamma80 ,"m4 8,no1 de>1 ,i don't dream mu*40 ,c4 8,oh1 if y want to dream y mu/ hide y\r head 9 ! pill[ & %ut y\r eyes tight40 ,"m4 8,is dream+ z good z he>+ /ories80 ,c4 8,oh1 yes1 ,i %\ld ?9k s4 ,"o gets to "k ab\t all sorts ( ?+s "o didn't "k any?+ ab\t be=e40 ,dreams 7writes ! fa!r7 came to him l 8 fire-balloons by %utt+ 8 eyes tight1 & p]haps 8 /ory-books 7 ! real suns ( :i* 8 dreams 7 ! #8aft]-images'4 ,z ! use ( ! gr[n-up & high-br$ vocable "o--! fir/ in/ance obs]v$1 by-!-bye1--sugge/s1 ,c4 0 mak+ rapid /rides 9 ! use ( language4 ,by ! middle ( ! ye>1 we are told1 he c\ld articulate all s\nds includ+ ! initial y & ? :5 he tri$ to d s4 ,he gave to ! a s\nd an unusual degree ( broadness1 a fact :i* l5t to 8 spee* a comical air ( le>n$ sup]iority4 ,?is 0 ( c\rse especially ! case :51 z /ill happ5$1 he w\ld slip into su* solecisms z #8,i 7' & #8,w]5't ,i8' ,he w\ld /ill use "s qua9t orig9al expressions4 ,x may int]e/ ! philologi/ to "k t he q spontane\sly got into ! way ( us+ #8sp5d' = #8co/1' z 9 ask+ "o day 7beg9n+ ( ?ird mon?71 on see+ a frill 9 a %op w9d[3 #8,h[ mu* does ?is frill sp5d8' & also ( mak+ #8le>n' d duty = #8tea*1' z :5 7end ( t5? mon?7 he ask$ 8 "m1 po9t+ to a globe3 8,:5 are y go+ to le>n me t ball80 ,he cont9u$ q s]i\sly & ) no ?\ght ( produc+ an effect to frame new words m or less aft] ! analogy ( ^? 9 use4 ,?us "o day 7middle ( ?ird mon?7 he surpris$ 8 p>5ts by br++ out ! v]b #8firework+' 9 ref]5ce to ! com+ fe/ivities ( ! fif? ( ,novemb]4 ,sometimes1 too1 he w\ld amuse !m by trott+ out "s #8gr[n-up' phrase :i* he g5]ally us$ ) cle> insight1 ?\gh n[ & aga9 he w\ld miss ! precise %ade ( mean+4 ,?us x happ5$ 7ab\t middle ( fif? mon?7 t he _h be5 tak+ tea at ! h\se ( "s girl fri5ds1 & on 8 return 8 "m que/ion$ him ab\t 8 do+s1 & 9 p>ticul> :at 8 ho/ _h said to him4 ,c4 pond]$ = a mom5t & !n said3 8,oh6 no?+ surpris+04 ,?is progress 9 ! use ( language indicat$ a high] p[] ( m5tal ab/raction4 ,?is 0 se5 among o!r ways 9 ! atta9m5t ( mu* cle>] ideas ab\t numb]4 ,9 ! second mon? ( ! ye> he 0 able1 we are told1 to def9e ! relations ( ! simpl] numb]s1 say+ t f\r 0 "o less ?an five1 & s on4 ,t he _h 8 own way ( c\nt+ is evid5t f ! foll[+ /ory1 :i* dates f ! middle ( ! same mon?4 ,:5 walk+ ) 8 "m on ! ,hea? he f\nd f\r crab apples4 ,he obs]v$ to h]3 8,h[ nice x w\ld be1 mamma1 if ,i c\ld f9d two m60 ,8 "m repli$3 8,yes4 ,h[ _m w\ld y h !n1 ,c480 ,to ?is ,c4 respond$ 9 8 grave bus9ess-l tone3 8,wait a m9ute10 !n got d[n on 8 knees1 put ! f\r apples 9 a r[1 & !n proce$$ to ! my/]i\s c]emony ( c\nt+4 ,he began by say+ #8"o1 two' to himself1 !n on rea*+ ! 8?ree0 he po9t$ to ! fir/ ( ! r[1 us+ ! apples to help him 9 add+ ! f\r la/ digits4 ,he appe>s1 says ! fa!r1 to h imag9$ or #8visualis$' ! fir/ two units1 & !n us$ ! visible objects = ! re/ ( ! op]ation--n a bad way1 "o w\ld say1 ( turn+ ! apples to ?is simple ari?metical use4 ,t he visualis$ di/9ctly :5 c\nt+ is illu/rat$ by ano!r incid5t dat+ ?ree weeks lat]4 ,8 "m1 z 0 h] wont1 0 see+ him into b$4 ,be=e climb+ on to ! b$ he put on ! cov]lid a numb] ( small toy treasures4 ,:5 tuck$ up he op5$ up ! foll[+ dialogue4 ,c4 8,put my toys 9 ! draw]1 mamma40 ,m4 8,i h done x1 de>40 ,c4 8,h[ _m 7 !re80 ,m4 #8,?ree4' ,c4 8,oh no1 !re 7 f\r40 ,m4 8,are y sure1 de>8 ,:at 7 !y80 ,c41 aft] sitt+ up & po9t+ successively to imag9>y objects on ! cov]lid3 ,"o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1--two dollies1 a t9 soldi]1 & a %ell4 ,8 int]e/ 9 physical ph5om5a cont9u$ to manife/ itself 9 que/ion+s4 ,he w\ld spr+ 8 problems 9 physics on 8 pati5t p>5ts at ! mo/ unexpect$ mom5ts4 ,= in/ance1 :5 sitt+ at table "o day 7end ( fir/ mon?7 he obs]v$ q sudd5ly1 & 9 no discov]able connexion ) :at _h be5 happ5+ be=e3 8,!re's "o ?+ ,i c't imag9e4 ,h[ is x1 papa1 t :5 we put our h& into ! wat] we don't make a hole 9 x80 ,x w\ld be curi\s to "k h[ ! fa!r dealt ) ?is hydro/atic problem4 ,! o!r inquiries record$ ab\t ?is "t h1 oddly en\gh1 to d ) wat]4 ,x looks z if wat] 7 divid+ ) numb] j n[ ! activity ( 8 bra94 ,?us he ask$ "o day :5 /ay+ at ! sea-side 7middle ( second mon?73 8,h[ does all ! wat] come into ! _w80 ,8 m9d 0 also greatly ex]cis$ ab\t ! hydro/atic puzzle ( ?+s s9k+ & swimm+ 7float+74 ,!re are h>dly any examples ( a reason+ process ?is ye>4 ,"o ( ^!1 h[ev]1 is p]haps *>act]i/ic en\gh to des]ve reproduction4 ,"o day 7middle ( f\r? mon?7 :5 8 m9d 0 runn+ on ! great problems ( c\nt+1 8 si/] happ5$ to speak ab\t a l>ge numb] ( *e/nuts 7ov] #bjj74 ,?is excit$ ,c4's imag9ation1 & he exclaim$3 8,:y1 ev5 ,golia? c\ldn't c\nt !m04 ,! idea t m]e bulk %\ld measure intellectual capacity 0 delici\s1 & ,c4's rem>k 0 no d\bt receiv$ ) a peal ( laught] to :i* ! bewild]$ little inquir] into ! my/]ies ( ?+s mu/ by ?is "t h be5 gett+ h>d5$4 ,& yet1 writes ! apologetic fa!r1 ,c4's reason+ 0 n s utt]ly silly z x looks1 = 9 8 daily measurem5t ( 8 own faculties ) ^? ( o!rs :at _h impress$ him mo/ deeply 0 t k is ! pr]ogative ( big folk4 ,) respect to ,c4's emotional developm5t dur+ ?is ye>1 ,i am pleas$ to be able to record a dim9ution 9 ! outbur/s ( angry passion4 ,!re seems to h be5 no m bit+1 & altoge!r he 0 gr[+ less homicidal & m human4 ,x is only to be expect$ t ! fa!r %\ld set d[n ^! p>oxysms ( rage to tempor>y physical conditions4 ,among feel+s :i* 7 /ill /rong & frequ5tly manife/$ 0 fe>4 ,he _h no fe> ( ! d>k1 & did n 9 ! lea/ m9d be+ left alone :5 put to b$4 ,b he 0 weakly timid 9 relation to o!r ?+s1 e4g41 ! tepid morn+ ba?1 f :i* he %rank z f a horror4 ,8 brav]y 0 z yet an inf9itesimal quantity1 z we may see f ! foll[+ anecdote4 ,8 "m 0 "o day 7end ( f\r? mon?7 talk+ to him ab\t ! self-d5y+ brav]y ( capta9s ( %ips :5 %ipwreck$4 ,%e ask$ him :e!r he w\ld n l to be brave too1 add+ = 8 enc\ragem5t t _m timid little boys l him _h gr[n up to be brave m54 ,^u ?is ,i regret to say t ,c4 ask$ sceptically1 8,d !y80 & !n add$1 ) a little impati5t wriggle ( 8 body1 8,i am go+ to be a pa9t]1 & pa9t]s don't ne$ to be brave04 ,! "m pursu$ ! subject say+3 8,b if :5 y are big we all g to sea & get %ipwreck$1 w\ldn't y wi% mamma & ,e4 to get into ! boat be=e y80 ,c4 manag$ to p>ry ev5 ?is home-drive1 answ]+3 8,oh1 yes1 b ,i %\ld get 9 ! v m9ute aft] y04 ,a noticeable *ange occurr$ dur+ ?is p]iod 9 :at ! ,g]mans call 8self-feel+04 ,a consci\sness ( gr[+ p[] gave a c]ta9 feel+ ( dignity & ev5 ( sup]iority :i* (t5 betray$ itself 9 8 words & actions4 ,al?\gh1 s f> z ,i c ga!r1 a pretty boy1 & a good deal admir$ = 8 gold5 hair1 he does n seem to h set mu* /ore by 8 good looks4 ,"o day 7t[>ds end ( six? mon?7 a gr[n-up c\s9 rem>k$ at table t he _h _h 8 hair cut3 :]eupon ensu$ ?is talk4 ,"m 7to c\s974 8,x looks bett] n[ t x is cut40 ,c4 8,oh1 no1 x 0 pretti] be=e40 ,c\s94 8,oh1 y ?9k y've got pretty hair40 ,c4 7unhesitat+ly74 8,oh1 yes40 ,c\s94 8,:o told y y\r hair 0 pretty80 ,c4 8,mamma40 8,all ?is10 writes ! fa!r1 80 said v quietly1 & )\t ! lea/ appe>ance ( vanity4 ,he might h be5 talk+ ab\t ! hair ( ano!r p]son1 or ( a head 9 "o ( 8 pictures4 ,8 int]e/ "h seem$ to be mu* m 9 correct+ 8 "m & br++ h] into consi/5cy ) =m] /atem5ts ?an 9 lay+ claim to prett9ess40 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! *ild does c]ta9ly appe> to h plum$ himself a good deal on 8 intellectual possessions4 ,x is to be not$ t ab\t ?is "t he grew unpleasantly ass]tive & controv]sial4 ,he w\ld ev5 sometimes /ick to 8 own view ( ?+s :5 contradict$ by 8 p>5ts4 ,he prid$ himself m p>ticul>ly on be+ 8s5sible10 z he call$ x4 ,8 eag]ness to be ?\ght s may be illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ incid5t4 ,he & 8 "m _h be5 read+ a /ory 9 :i* a little girl speaks ( h] "m z ! be/ "m 9 ! _w4 ,:]eupon 9 a weak mom5t 8 "m ask$ him1 8,d y ?9k y\r "m ! be/ 9 ! _w1 de>80 ,to ?is ,c4 repli$1 8,well1 ,i ?9k y are good1 b n ! be/ 9 ! _w4 ,t w\ld n be s5sible1 w\ld x1 mamma80 ,we are n told h[ ?is ,cordelia-l mod]ation 0 receiv$4 ,to _m p1 mo!rs especially1 !re might well seem to be a t\* ( ! prig 9 ?is exact weigh+ ( words :5 x 0 a "q only ( ! exagg]ation ( love4 ,i regret to say t ab\t ?is same "t a t5d5cy to priggi%ness did c]ta9ly %[ itself 9 a critical air ( sup]iority t[>ds girls ( 8 own age4 ,:5 ab\t f\r ye>s eight mon?s he 0 s5t to /ay = a few days at ! h\se ( a lady fri5d :]e !re 0 a girl ab\t 8 own age1 :o seems to h be5 a lively mis*iev\s "y p]son1 delight+ 9 #8draw+' h] grave boy comrade4 ,on 8 return home he ent]ta9$ 8 "m by express+ 8 feel+ respect+ 8 new companion4 ,he said3 8,i don't l ,e4's looks4 ,%e looks naughty4 ,h] *eeks look naughty0 7& he puff$ out 8 own *eeks by way ( illu/ration74 ,he add$3 8,%e looks naughty ab\t "h10 po9t+ to 8 =ehead j above ! eyes4 ,he !n proce$$ to describe ! measures he _h tak5 = correct+ h] naught9ess4 8,"o day10 he said1 8:5 %e 0 naughty1 ,i told h] ab\t dynamite m51 & %e 0 naughty aft] t4 ,& !n ,i told h] ab\t ! dynamite m5 be+ put 9 prison1 & %e 0 naughty ev5 !n40 ,on ?is 8 "m int]pos$3 8,:y ev] did y talk ab\t dynamite m51 de>80 ,c4 8,because ,i ?\ght x w\ld make h] bett]4 ,p]haps if ,i c\ld h told h] :at sort ( a place a prison 0 t w\ld h made h] bett]4 ,b ,i didn't "k40 ,!n aft] a pause3 8,:at d !y put p 9 prison =1 mamma80 ,m4 8,= /eal+1 hurt+ o!r p1 & tell+ /ories40 ,c4 7abruptly74 8,oh1 ,e4 tells a lot ( /ories40 ,m4 8,oh no1 ,e4 doesn't tell /ories40 ,c4 8,yes1 %e does4 ,:5 ,i say yes %e says no1 & ,i "k t ,i am "r40 ,he talk$ ( ?is same exp]i5ce ( fem99e frailty to o!rs1 rem>k+ to "o ( 8 lady fri5ds t ,e4 _h n said a s5sible ?+ all ! week he 0 /ay+ ) h]4 ,he also attack$ 8 fa!r on ! subject1 & aft] illu/rat+ h] odd way ( contradict+ o!rs1 he obs]v$3 8,%e's are nev] z s5sible z he's1 ,i suppose1 are !y1 papa8 especially if a boy is old]04 ,! fa!r ask$ him if he _h %[n 8 displeasure to 8 girl playmate1 to :i* he repli$3 8,i didn't %[ my angr9ess20 & aft] a pause3 8,i'd bett] n %[ h[ angry ,i c be1 ,i'm too /rong & too big1 a9't ,i80 ,z a matt] ( fact he _h once1 at lea/1 be5 s ungallant z to /rike 8 companion on h] nose ) "o ( 8 toys1 select+ ?is objective = 8 attack app>5tly = no o!r reason ?an t x 0 already disfigur$ by a scrat*4 ,he w\nd up ?is disquisition on ,e4's %ortcom+s by an attempt at a magnanim\s all[ance = h] weakness3 8,i b'lieve %e tries n to say ^! ?+s because %e kn[s !y w tease me1 b ,i ?9k %e c't help x20 & he repeat$ ?is z if to emphasise ! po9t4 ,ev5 our mu*-biass$ *ronicl] is oblig$ to own t all ?is is a lam5table exhibition ( boyi% swagg]1 & p>ticul>ly out ( place 9 "o born 9 ^! enlight5$ days1 :51 z we all "k1 #8%e's' are z good z #8he's1' if n a great deal bett]4 ,! only palliation ( ! unpleasant picture ( coxcombry :i* he (f]s is ! in=mation t a ye> or too lat] ,c4's views ab\t girls 7 pr(\ndly modifi$ :5 he f\nd himself 9 a s*ool :]e a girl ( 8 own age c\ld beat him at c]ta9 ?+s ( ! m9d4 ,! gr[+ vig\r ( 8 self-consci\sness 0 %[n 9 o!r ways too4 ,he 0 mu* hurt by any?+ :i* seem$ to him an invasion ( 8 lib]ty4 ,ab\t ! end ( ! six? mon?1 we read1 he _h got into #8f9ick+' ways ( tak+ 8 food4 ,?us he conceiv$ a /rong dislike = ! #8cream' on 8 boil$ milk4 ,if anybody attempt$ to cross him 9 ^! faddi% ways he w\ld be greatly (f5d$4 ,x looks z if he 7 at ?is "t gett+ a ke5 s5se ( private rights1 any int]f]5ce ) :i* he reg>d$ z an (f5ce4 ,! /ory ab\t :at he w\ld d if 8 family 7 %ip-wreck$ sugge/s t self-sacrifice 0 z yet n a /rong elem5t 9 ! boy's moral con/itution4 ,egoism1 x might well seem1 0 /ill ! f\ndation ( 8 "*4 ,?is egoism w\ld peep out n[ & aga9 9 8 talk4 ,"o day 7middle ( eigh? mon?7 :5 ! family 0 lodg+ 9 a cottage 8 "m _h reason to scold him = walk+ on ! fl[]-b$s 9 ! cottage g>d54 ,:]eupon he answ]$3 8,x isn't y\r g>d51 x's ,mr4 ,g4's04 ,to ?is ! "m obs]v$3 8,i "k1 de>1 b ,i h to be all ! m p>ticul> because x is n m9e02 :i* obs]vation drew =? ! foll[+3 8,i %\ld ?9k ,mr4 ,g4 w\ld be all ! m p>ticul> because x is 804 ,x 0 evid5t1 writes ! fa!r1 f ?is some:at cynical obs]vation t c>+ = ?+s & res5t+ any injury to !m seem$ to ,c4 to devolve on ! own] & on nobody else4 ,he himself c]ta9ly did repel any encroa*m5t on 8 rights4 ,"h is an amus+ illu/ration4 ,"o day 7! end ( sev5? mon?7 he 0 play+ on ! ,hea? "u ! eye ( 8 "m4 ,he _h put on "o ( ! seats a lot ( grass & s& z fodd] = 8 wood5 horse4 ,:ile he w5t away = a m9ute a /range nurse & *ildr5 arriv$1 mak+ a p]fectly legitimate use ( ! b5* by seat+ !mselves on x1 & 9 ord] to get room bru%+ away ! preci\s result ( 8 =ag+ exp$ition4 ,on com+ back & see+ :at _h happ5$ he turn$ to 8 "m & swell+ ) indignation exclaim$ l\dly3 8,:at d y mean by x1 lett+ ^! *ildr5 move away my ?+s80 ,( c\rse ?is 0 int5d$ to intimidate ! real culprits1 ! *ildr54 ,f9d+ t !y 7 n aba%$ at ?is1 b on ! contr>y 7 look+ at "o ano!r ) a look ( high-br$ a/oni%m5t1 he turn$ to !m & %\t$3 8,:at d y mean by x80 ,?is outbur/1 obs]ves ! fa!r1 %[$ a pret]natural heat ( indignation1 = 9 g5]al he 0 v di/ant & res]v$ t[>ds /range *ildr54 ,yet ,c4 0 v f> f be+ :olly absorb$ 9 himself & 8 own int]e/s4 ,x _c be said inde$ t self monopolis$ ! int5se/ ( 8 feel+s1 = he felt j z /rongly = o!rs too4 ,!re 01 we are told1 a m>k$ developm5t ( sympa?y dur+ ?is ye>4 ,8 si/] 0 n[ away f home at s*ool1 & ! abs5ce seems to h drawn out k9dly feel+4 ,s t :51 on "o occasion 7middle ( sev5? mon?71 8 fa!r & aunt 7 go+ to visit h]1 & to take h] to ! ,cry/al ,palace1 ?\gh he want$ dreadfully to g himself1 he made a great ef=t1 & 9 answ] to 8 fa!r's "q1 :at message he _h = 8 si/]1 answ]$ a little tremul\sly1 8,give h] my love10 & !n1 wax+ m valiant1 add$1 8,i hope %e w enjoy h]self at ,cry/al ,palace04 ,"s mon?s lat] 7end ( n9? mon?71 he prov$ himself consid]ate = 8 fa!r1 ^: repugnance to noises has already be5 allud$ to4 ,a man _h come to repair a w9d[ & 8 fa!r _h be5 =c$ to /op 8 "w & to g out4 ,on 8 return ,c4 met him 9 ! g>d5 & ask$ him l\dly1 evid5tly s t ! man might he>1 8,does t man di/urb y1 papa80 ,he _h previ\sly talk$ to 8 "m 9 an indignant way ab\t ! noises :i* di/urb$ 8 fa!r4 ,ab\t a =tnight aft] ?is1 on he>+ "s *ildr5 make an upro> 9 ! passage1 he ask$ indignantly1 8,:at are ^? *ildr5 ab\t1 mak+ papa n d 8 "w80 8,he 0 at ?is "t10 writes ! fa!r1 8transf]r+ "s ( t *ivalr\s protection :i* he fir/ be/[$ on animals to 8 own ki? & k94 ,he became to me j at ?is "t some?+ ( a gu>dian angel40 ,8 compassion = ! l[] creation _h mean:ile by no means less5$4 ,"h is a /ory :i* %[s h[ ! kill+ ( animals by human h&s /ill tortur$ 8 "y he>t4 ,"o day 7t[>ds end ( f\r? mon?7 he 0 look+ at 8 belov$ picture-book ( animals4 ,apropos ( a picture ( "s seals he began a talk ) 8 "m 9 ! usual way by ask+ h] a "q4 ,c4 8,:at are seals kill$ =1 mamma80 ,m4 8,= ! sake ( _! sk9s & oil40 ,c4 7turn+ to a picture ( a /ag74 8,:y d !y kill ! /ags8 ,!y don't want _! sk9s1 d !y80 ,m4 8,no1 !y kill !m because !y l to *ase !m40 ,c4 8,:y don't policem5 /op !m80 ,m4 8,!y c't d t1 because p are all[$ to kill !m40 ,c4 7l\dly & passionately74 8,all[$1 all[$8 ,p are n all[$ to take o!r p & kill !m40 ,m4 8,p ?9k !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 kill+ m5 & kill+ animals40 ,c4 0 n to be pacifi$ ?is way4 ,he look$ woe-begone & said to 8 "m pite\sly1 8,y don't und]/& me04 ,he add$ t he w\ld tell 8 fri5d ! ,hea?-keep] ab\t ^! ?+s4 ,! fa!r obs]ves on ?is3 8,!re 0 some?+ almo/ he>t-break+ 9 t cry #8,y don't und]/& me'4 ,h[ c we1 ) m9ds bl9d$ by our conv5tional habits & prejudices1 hope to cat* ! subtle & div9e light :i* is reflect$ f ! unt>ni%$ mirror ( a *ild's m9d80 ,someh[1 ! fa!r's s5tim5tal comm5ts seem less out ( place "h4 ,b already ! boy's wre/l+s ( _s ) ! dreadful #8mu/1' :i* turns m5 into kill]s1 7 prov+ too mu* = 8 "y /r5g?4 ,he 0 le>n+1 sull5ly en\gh1 to adju/ 8 eye to ! inevitable realities4 ,?is accommodation ( ?\ght to /]n necessity 0 illu/rat$ by an incid5t :i* occurr$ at ! end ( ! f\r? mon?4 ,he _h _h "s lead5 soldi]s giv5 him at ,*ri/mas4 ,"s "t aft] ?is he _h be5 obs]v$ to break (f _! guns4 ,8 "m n[ ask$ him :y he _h brok5 !m (f4 ,he repli$3 8,oh6 t 0 :5 ,i didn't "k :at soldi]s 7 =1 :5 ,i ?\ght !y 7 j naughty m5 :o lik$ to kill p04 ,on 8 "m !n ask+ him :at he n[ ?\ght soldi]s 7 =1 he expla9$3 8,oh6 :5 "s p want to d h>m to "s o!r p1 !n ^? o!r p mu/ s5d _! soldi]s to fight !m1 to /op !m f do+ h>m04 ,"o moral quality _h1 x seems1 always be5 di/9ctly m>k$ 9 ,c41 viz41 a scrupul\s reg>d = tru?4 ,8 fa!r believes ! *ild _h nev] kn[+ly made a false /atem5t1 save playfully1 :5 ?r[+ = a mom5t ! re9s on ! neck ( fancy & all[+ x to come dang]\sly ne> ! conf9es ( tru?4 ,?is scrupulosity ! fa!r connects1 reasonably en\gh1 ) c]ta9 intellectual qualities1 z close obs]vation & accurate description ( :at 0 obs]v$4 ,sometimes ?is scrupul\s v]acity w\ld display itself 9 a qua9t =m4 ,"o morn+ 7end ( t5? mon?7 ,c4 0 ob/9ate & w\ld n say 8 lesson to 8 "m1 s t %e _h to ?reat5 him ) =feiture ( 8 toys till ! lesson 0 got ?r\gh4 ,on ?is ,c4 said rebelli\sly3 8,v well1 ,i won't say !m04 ,8 "m !n talk$ to him ab\t 8 naught9ess4 ,he grew v unhappy1 & said sobb+ & look+ ! v picture ( mis]y3 8,x's a good deal worse to break my promise ?an n to say my lesson04 ,ano!r incid5t ( ab\t ! same date ?r[s a curi\s light on ! quality ( 8 moral feel+ at ?is p]iod4 ,he _h be5 out "o aft]noon 9 ! g>d5 ) a girl companion ( ab\t 8 own age1 & ! two little imps betwe5 !m _h manag$ to /rip t unpret5d+ g>d5 ( its spr+ glory1 to wit1 ab\t tw5ty buds ( peonies4 ,! sacrilege betray$ itself 9 ,c4's r$-dy$ f+]s4 ,a condign *a/isem5t 0 adm9i/]$ by ! "m1 & ! culprit 0 s5t to b$ imm$iately aft] tea 9 ! hope t solitude might br+ reflexion & remorse4 ,9 ord] to ensure s desirable a result ! "m be=e leav+ him 9 b$ enl>g$ on ! he9\sness ( ! (f5ce4 ,at la/ he began to get d[nright mis]able1 & ! "m1 expectant ( a confession ( guilt1 ov]he>d him say to himself3 8,i'm s sorry ,i pick$ ! fl[]s4 ,i didn't h half en\gh tea40 ,! next day1 ref]r+ to 8 mis*iev\s act1 8 "m happ5$ to say3 8,y 7 n sorry = x at ! "t04 ,:]eupon he bur/ out 9 a contemptu\s tone3 8,eh6 y didn't suppose ,i 0 sorry at ! "t8 ,i lik$ do+ x40 8,%ock+ en\gh1 no d\bt10 writes ! fa!r on ?is 9 8 *>act]i/ic mann]1 8yet may we n see 9 ?is defiant av[al ( enjoym5t 9 wrong-do+ ! g]m ( a true remorse1 :i* 9 its ess5ce is ! resolute confront+ ( ! l[] by ! high] self80 ,8 m9d 0 /ill occupi$ ab\t ! my/]ies ( ,god1 dea?1 & heav54 ,foll[+ ! example ( 8 si/] he w\ld occasionally on go+ to b$ q spontane\sly say 8 pray]s4 ,"o ev5+ at ! end ( ! elev5? mon?1 hav+ knelt d[n & mutt]$ ov] "s words1 he ask$ 8 "m :e!r %e _h he>d him4 ,%e said no1 & he rem>k$ t he _h n wi%$ h] to he>4 ,on h] ask+ :y n1 he rejo9$3 8,if anybody he>s :at ,i say p]haps ,god won't li/5 to me10 :i* seems to sugge/ t talk+ to ,god 0 to him some?+ p>ticul>ly confid5tial1 :at he himself once describ$ z tell+ ano!r a 8private secret04#cbg ----- ,footnote #cbg3 ,comp>e above1 p4 #bhc f4 ----- ,:5 8 "m ask$ him :at he _h be5 pray+ = he said x 0 = a f9e day on 8 bir?day4 ,he ?\ght mu* ( ,god z ! mak] ( ?+s1 & wond]$4 ,"o day 7middle ( t5? mon?7 he ask$ h[ ,god made u & 8put fle% on u10 & made 8:at is inside u04 ,he !n proce$$ to inv5t a little !ory ( creation4 8,i s'pose he made /one m5 & iron m5 fir/1 & !n made real m540 8,?is my?10 writes ! fa!r1 8might readily sugge/ t ! *ild _h be5 he>+ ab\t ! /one & ! iron age1 & ab\t sculptors fir/ modell+ _! /atues 9 ano!r mat]ial4 ,x seems probable1 h[ev]1 t x 0 inv5t$ by a purely *ildi% ?\ght z a way ( cle>+ up ! my/]y ( ! liv+ ?9k+ man40 ,!re is subsequ5t evid5ce t 8 !ory did n fully satisfy him4 ,9 ! elev5? mon? he cont9u$ to ask h[ ,god made ?+s1 & want$ to "k :e!r #8prea*]s' c\ld resolve 8 difficulty4 7,8 si/] appe>s ab\t ?is "t to h _h ! common *ildi% awe = ! cl]gy47 ,on le>n+ f 8 "m t ev5 ^! well-in=m$ p]sons might n be able to satisfy all 8 que/ions1 he obs]v$3 8,well1 anyh[1 if we g to heav5 :5 we die we %all "k10 & add$ aft] a pause1 8& if we don't x doesn't mu* matt]04 8,f ?is10 writes ! fa!r1 8x seems fully cle> t ! *ild 0 beg9n+ to adju/ 8 m9d to ! fact ( my/]y1 to ! exi/5ce ( an imp5etrable region ( ! unkn[n40 ,c4's deepe/ int]e/ j n[ 9 religi\s matt]s grew out ( ! feel+s awak5$ by ! ?\ght ( dea?4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ye> he pli$ 8 "m ) que/ions ab\t dea? & burial4 ,he 0 manife/ly tr\bl$ ab\t ! prospect ( be+ put "u gr\nd4 ,"o night 7end ( ?ird mon?7 :5 8 "m 0 see+ him to b$1 he said3 8,don't put e>? on my face :5 ,i am buri$04 ,! t\* ( ! b$-clo!s on 8 face _h no d\bt sugge/$ ! /ifl+ effect ( ! e>?4 ,ab\t ! same date he rem>k$ 9 8 *>act]i/ic abrupt mann]1 aft] mus+ = "s "t3 8,mamma1 p]haps ! wea!r w be v1 v f9e1 mu* f9] ?an we h ev] se51 :5 we are n !re04 ,! "m 0 n unnaturally puzzl$ by ?is d>k utt]ance & ask$ him :at he meant4 ,he repli$3 8,i mean :5 we are buri$1 & !n we %all be v sorry04 8,:o c tell10 writes ! fa!r1 8:at ?is fancy ( ly+ "u ! gr\nd1 yet cat*+ ! :isp]+ ( ! mo/ delici\s ( summ] breezes1 & ! f>-(f t\* ( ! gladde/ ( sunbeams1 & ! fa9t sc5t ( ! sweete/ ( fl[]s1 may h meant = ! wee dreamy s5sitive creature80 ,! foll[+ dialogue betwe5 ,c4 & 8 "m at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? mon? may fur!r illu/rate 8 feel+ ab\t ?is subject4 ,c4 8,:y mu/ p die1 mamma80 ,m4 8,!y get worn out1 & s c't live always1 j z ! fl[]s & leaves fade & die40 ,c4 8,well1 b :y c't !y come to life aga9 j l ! fl[]s80 ,m4 8,! same fl[]s don't come to life aga91 de>40 ,c4 8,well1 ! little se$ out ( ! fl[] drops into ! e>? & spr+s up aga9 into a fl[]4 ,:y c't p d l t80 ,m4 8,mo/ p get v tir$ & want to sleep = ev]40 ,c4 8,oh6 ,i %an't want to sleep = ev]1 & :5 ,i am buri$ ,i %all try to wake up aga92 & !re won't be any e>? on my eyes1 w !re1 mamma80 ,! difficulty ( c\pl+ ! fact ( burial ) aft]-exi/5ce 9 heav5 !n began to tr\ble him4 ,"o day 7middle ( eigh? mon?7 he & 8 "m 7 pass+ a *ur*y>d4 ,he look$ int5tly at ! grave/ones & ask$3 8,mamma1 x's only ! naughty p :o are buri$1 isn't x80 ,be+ ask$ :y he ?\ght s he cont9u$3 8,because auntie said all ! good p w5t to heav504 ,on 8 "m tell+ him t all p are buri$ he said3 8,oh1 !n heav5 mu/ be "u ! gr\nd1 or !y c\ldn't get !re04 ,ano!r way by :i* he tri$ to surm\nt ! difficulty 0 by suppos+ t ,god w\ld h to come up ?r\gh ! gr\nd to take u to heav54 ,he clung t5aci\sly to ! idea ( heav5 z an escape f ! horror ( dea?4 ,t ! hope ( heav5 0 ! core ( 8 religi\s belief is se5 9 ! foll[+ little talk betwe5 him & 8 "m & si/] "o ev5+ at ! end ( ! fir/ mon?4 ,c4 8,does ,god ev] die80 ,e4 7! si/]74 8,no1 de>1 & :5 we die ,god w take u to live ) him 9 heav540 ,c4 7to "m74 8,w he1 mamma80 ,m4 8,i hope s1 de>40 ,c4 8,well1 :at is ,god good = if he won't take u to heav5 :5 we die80#cbh ----- ,footnote #cbh3 ,on *ildr5's attempts to und]/& ab\t be+ buri$ & go+ to heav51 see above1 p4 #abj ff4 ----- ,six? ,ye>4 ,! six? ye>1 ! la/ ) :i* ! di>y attempts to deal1 is v meagrely repres5t$4 ,! obs]vation 0 pla9ly becom+ int]mitt5t & lax4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 ?\ght x wor? :ile to complete ?is sket* ( a *ild's m5tal developm5t by a ref]5ce to ?is fragm5t>y *apt]4 ,! *ild cont9u$ to be obs]vant ( ! =ms ( ?+s4 ,he began to att5d ! ,k9d]g>t5 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is ye>1 & ?is probably s]v$ to develop 8 visual obs]vation4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 no v /rik+ illu/rations ( 8 p]ceptual p[]s4 ,x might int]e/ ! naturali/ to "k t he comp>$ ! head ( ,mr4 ,d>w91 :i* he saw 9 a photograph1 to t ( an elephant1 & be+ ask$ :y he ?\ght !m l "o ano!r1 answ]$3 8,because x is s f> f ! top ( ! head to ! e>04 ,p]haps admir]s ( our great naturali/ may be ready to p>don ! lik5+ ( _! h]o's head to t ( "o ( ! mo/ intellig5t ( ! l>ge animal family :i* he %[$ to be our k9sfolk4 ,ano!r rem>k ( 8 at ab\t ! same date seems to %[ t he /ill ent]ta9$ a p>ticul>ly gross =m ( ! animi/ic conception t ?+s are d\ble1 & t !re is a second filmy body )9 ! solid tangible "o4 ,he 0 look+ at ! pictures 9 ,d>w9's ,desc5t ( ,man1 & came on "s draw+s ( ! human embryo4 ,8 "m ask$ him :at !y look$ l1 & he repli$3 8,:y1 l ! inside ( p]sons ( c\rse04 ,ask$ to expla9 ?is he po9t$ to ! head1 ! eye1 ! /oma*1 & s =?4 ,he spontane\sly began to talk 7middle ( eigh? mon?7 ab\t opposition ( col\rs4 ,he 0 look+ at 8 col\r$ soldi]s & talk+ to himself 9 ?is wise3 8,:i* col\r is mo/ opposite col\r to blue80 ,he said t r$ 0 its opposite1 n yell[ z sugge/$ by 8 fa!r1 9 :i* op9ion he probably has a good _m old] p on 8 side4 ,he also obs]v$ to 8 fa!r at ! same date3 8,i tell y1 papa1 :at two col\rs are v l "o ano!r1 blue & gre504 ,! fa!r rem>ks1 h[ev]1 t he 0 n[ mix+ pigm5ts & us+ !m1 & t ! k s ga9$ probably made him br+ blue & gre5 ne>] to "o ano!r ?an he us$ to d4 ,an opportunity ( te/+ 8 memory occurr$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! six? mon?4 ,he met a g5tleman :o _h be5 k9d to him dur+ t memorable visit to ! sea-side village ,d---- j ?ree & a half ye>s be=e1 & :om he _h n se5 s9ce4 ,8 fa!r ask$ ! *ild :e!r he knew ,mr4 ,s4 ,he look$ at him /eadily1 & answ]$ yes4 ,ask$ :]e he _h se5 him1 he answ]$3 ,d[n at ----4 ,he _h =gott5 ! "n ( ! place4 ,on 8 fa!r fur!r ask+ him :at he rememb]$ ab\t him he said3 8,he made me boats & sail$ !m 9 a pool04 ,?is 0 q correct4 ,s f> z ! fa!r c say ! fact _h n be5 spok5 ( to him s9ce ! "t4 ,if ?is is s1 x seems wor? record+ t a *ild ( five & a half %\ld recall su* di/9ct impressions ( :at _h occurr$ :5 he 0 only j two4 ,fancy1 ! old frisky1 wond]-work+ fancy1 0 n[ gett+ less active4 ,at lea/1 we meet ?is ye> ) none ( ! pretty fairy-my?s ( e>li] ye>s4 ,s f> z ! j\rnal tells u1 x 0 only 9 sleep t ,c4 ent]$ ! delightful region ( wond]l&4 ,"h is a qua9t dream ( 8 7end ( fif? mon?74 ,x 0 ,*ri/mas "t1 & he _h be5 see+ a huge prize-ox1 a %aggy ,highl& fell[ ) big head & curl$ horns4 ,he _h tak5 a viol5t fancy to x & want$ 8 fa!r to draw x = him4 ,a morn+ or two aft]w>ds he told 8 fa!r t he _h _h a funny dream4 ,bo? 8 fa!r & 8 "m 7 turn$ into ox51 & x 0 a 8v nice dream04 ,= ! re/1 ! bra9 ( our little ,k9d]grtn] 0 be+ engross$ ) ! bus9ess ( gett+ k1 &1 z a result ( ?is fancy1 0 be+ tak5 9 h& by sob] und]/&+ & drill$ to ! useful & necess>y task ( discov]+ tru?4 ,we get "o or two pretty glimpses ( ! boy trundl+ 8 hoop beside 8 fa!r 9 a late ev5+ walk & n[ & aga9 /opp+ to ask que/ions4 ,"h is "o 7end ( ?ird mon?73 ,!y 7 walk+ home toge!r across ! s&s at ,hun/anton at ! rosy sun-set h\r4 ,c4 0 mu* impress$ & began ask+ 8 fa!r h[ f> (f ! sun 04 ,on f9d+ out t ! cl\ds 7 n a h>d sub/ance b c\ld be pass$ ?r\gh1 he want$ to "k :at 0 on ! o!r side4 8,is x ano!r _w1 papa1 l ?is80 ,%ortly aft] ?is date he 0 talk+ ab\t ! size ( ! sun1 :5 he rem>k$3 8,i s'pose ! sun's big en\gh to put on ! _w & make see-saw04 ,he seem$ to ?9k ( ! sun z a disc1 & imag9$ t x might be balanc$ on ! e>?-globe4 ,:at ) home in/ruction & ! #8lessons' at ! ,k9d]g>t5 8 little bra9 0 be+ confront$ ) q a multitude ( new problems4 ,x 0 int]e/+1 rem>ks ! fa!r1 to note h[ he w\ld try to piece toge!r ! v>i\s scraps ( k he ?us ga!r$4 ,= in/ance1 we f9d him 9 ! n9? mon? try+ h>d to make some?+ out ( ! motley pres5tations ( ! #8_w' :i* he _h got f classical my?s z kn[n ?r\gh ! ,tanglewood ,tales & f 8 elem5t>y geography lessons4 ,he ask$ :e!r ,atlas c\ld /& 9 ! middle ( ! sea & n be dr[n$4 ,on 8 fa!r's try+ to evade ?is awkw>d "q1 ! boy inquir$ :e!r ! sea came half way up ! _w4 ,ask$ to expla9 :at he meant1 he cont9u$3 8,y "k ! %ore gets l[] & l[] or else ! sea w\ld n g out2 & out 9 ! middle x goes d[n v deep4 ,n[1 :]e ! sea comes 91 is t half way up ! _w80 ,"o w\ld l to "k h[ ! fa!r met ?is d>k inquiry4 ,he w\ld sometimes apply 8 newly-ga9$ k 9 an odd fa%ion4 ,"o day 7middle ( n9? mon?71 he obs]v$ t 8 porridge 0 hotte/ 9 ! middle1 & rem>k$3 8,t's j l ! e>?4 ,x's hotte/ 9 ! middle4 ,!re's real fire !re40 ,?is smacks j a little p]haps ( p$antry1 & ! *ild1 on ent]+ ! new _w ( s*ool-lore1 is1 we "k1 apt to display ! pride ( le>n+4 ,yet we mu/ bew>e1 writes ! ev]-apologetic fa!r1 ( judg+ ! *ild's ways too rigor\sly by our gr[n-up /&>ds4 ,! progress 9 ! m ab/ract k9d ( ?9k+ & 9 ! correlative use ( ab/ract language 0 v noticeable at ?is /age4 ,an odd example ( an orig9al way ( express+ a newly atta9$ relation ( ?\ght occurr$ t[>ds ! end ( ! ?ird mon?4 ,c4 0 at ?is "t mu* occupi$ ) ! subject ( ! be>+-re91 ! cruelty ( :i* he _h le>nt f a fav\rite /ory1 ! autobiography ( a horse1 call$ ,black ,beauty4 ,"o day :5 walk+ out1 &1 z 0 8 wont1 vigilantly obs]vant ( all pass+ horses1 he said3 8,t horse has be>+-re9 at all10 by :i* he seems to h meant t ! horse _h x some:]e or wore x sometimes4 ,! use ( expressions l ^!1 :i* at once made 8 /atem5ts m cauti\s & %[$ a bett] grasp ( ! full sweep ( a proposition1 0 v *>act]i/ic at ?is p]iod4 ,ev5 n[1 h[ev]1 he f\nd himself sometimes compell$ to eke out 8 sl5d] vocabul>y by concrete & pictorial descriptions ( ! ab/ract4 ,?us "o day 7end ( eigh? mon?7 he happ5$ to ov]he> 8 fa!r say t he %\ld oppose a proposal ( a memb] ( ! ,libr>y ,committee to :i* he belong$4 ,c41 boy-l1 int]e/$ 9 ! prospect ( a tussle1 ask$3 ,:o is ! greate/ man1 y or ,mr4 ----8 ,ask$ by 8 fa!r1 :o imag9$ t ! *ild 0 ?9k+ ( a physical conte/ ) ! hon\rable g5tleman1 8,d y mean tall]80 he answ]$3 8,no4 ,:o is mo/ l a k+80 ,9 ?is wise1 obs]ves ! *ronicl]1 did he try to express 8 new idea ( au?ority or influ5ce ov] o!rs4 ,:ile he ?us pu%$ 8 way into ! tangle ( ab/ract ideas1 he f\nd himself n[ & aga9 pull$ up by a ?orny ob/acle4 ,"s ( u c rememb] h[ :5 "y we _h mu* tr\ble 9 le>n+ to recognise ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! "r & ! left h&4 ,c4 exp]i5c$ ! same difficulty4 ,"o ev5+ 7t[>ds ! end ( ! elev5? mon?7 aft] be+ put to b$ he compla9$ ( a sore spot on 8 foot4 ,be+ ask$ on :i* foot1 ! "r or ! left1 he said3 8,i c't tell :5 9 b$4 ,i c't say :5 my clo!s are (f4 ,i "k my "r side by my pockets40 ,x w\ld seem z if ! diff]5ces 9 ! muscul> & o!r s5sations by help ( :i* we come to di/+ui% ! "o side ( ! body f ! o!r are too slight to be readily recognis$1 & t a cle> intuition ( ?is simple & fundam5tal relation ( position is ! "w ( a prolong$ exp]i5ce4#cbi ----- ,footnote #cbi3 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,baldw9's obs]vations ! infant %[s a decid$ "r-h&$ness1 t is1 a disposition to rea* out ) ! "r h& r ?an ) ! left1 by ! sev5? or eigh? mon? 7quot$ by ,tracy1 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,*ildhood1 p4 #ee74 ,b ( c\rse ?is is a long way f a def9ite intuition & idea ( ! "r & ! left h&4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,kratz f9ds t m ?an "o-f\r? ( *ildr5 ( five com+ to a prim>y s*ool _c di/+ui% ! "r h& f ! left4 ----- ,by ! end ( ! f\r? mon?--a mon? aft] jo9+ ! ,k9d]g>t5--he 0 able to c\nt up to a c5tury4 ,8 int]e/ 9 c\nt+1 :i* 0 p>ticul>ly lively j n[1 is illu/rat$ 9 ! fact t 9 ! fif? mon?1 aft] %[+ himself v curi\s ab\t ! ^w #8=tnight1' say+ aga9 & aga9 t x 0 a funny ^w1 & ask+ :at x meant1 he put ! "q3 8,does x mean f\rte5 nights80 ,ab\t ! same date he pr(f]$ a def9ition ( "o ( ! mo/ difficult ( subjects4 ,8 "m _h be5 try+ to expla9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 poetry & prose by say+ t ! =m] describes beautiful ?+s1 :5 he sudd5ly int]rupt$ h]1 exclaim+3 8,oh yes1 ,i "k1 x's language ) ornam5ts04 ,b "h ! di>y has1 x mu/ be confess$1 ! look ( wi%+ to display ! boy's accompli%m5ts1 a fault f :i*1 on ! :ole1 x is cr$itably free4 ,z might be expect$1 ! boy's reason+ 0 n[ mu* s\nd]1 t is to say1 m l our own4 ,yet n[ & aga9 ! old easy fa%ion ( induction w\ld crop up4 ,?us "o day 7t[>ds end ( n9? mon?7 he 0 puzzl$ by ! fact t boys ( ! same age might be ( unequal size4 ,?is br\ght him to ! old subject ( gr[?1 & he sugge/$ q s]i\sly t ! tall] boys _h _h m sun4 ,on 8 fa!r say+3 #8,! sun makes plants gr[1' he add$3 8,& p too04 ,8 que/ion+s took ab\t ?is "t ! direction ( orig9s or beg9n+s4 ,z ) o!r *ildr51 ,god did n appe> to be ! />t+-po9t 9 ! evolution ( ?+s1 & he once ask$ q s]i\sly 7end ( six? mon?73 8,:at 0 ,god l 9 8 y\ng] days80 ,) a l impulse to g back to absolute beg9n+s he inquir$ ab\t ! same date1 aft] le>n+ t *ick5-pox 0 only caught f o!r animals3 8,:at 0 ! p]son or ?+ t fir/ _h *ick5-pox80 ,a little lat] 7beg9n+ ( n9? mon?7 he & a boy companion ( ne>ly ! same age 7 talk+ ab\t ! beg9n+s ( human life4 ,c4 said 8,i c't make out h[ ! fir/ man 9 ! _w 0 able to speak4 ,a ^w1 y "k1 has a s\nd1 & h[ did he f9d out :at s\nd to make80 ,8 fri5d !n said t 8 puzzle 0 h[ ! fir/ babies 7 nurs$4 ,?is *ild seems to h set out ) ! supposition t ! hi/ory ( our race began ) ! arrival ( babies4 ,v little is told u 9 ?is unf9i%$ *apt] ( ! *ild's emotional & moral developm5t4 ,z might be expect$ f ! increase ( intellectual activity ! movem5ts expressive ( ! feel+s ( /ra9 & p]plexity :i* accompany ?\ght grew m di/9ct4 ,9 p>ticul> x 0 noticeable at ?is "t t dur+ ! fits ( ?\ght ! *ild's face w\ld take on a qua9t old-fa%ion$ look1 ! eye-br[s be+ puck]$ up & ! eye-lids twit*+4 ,he cont9u$ v s5sitive ab\t ! cruelties ( ! _w1 m especially t[>ds animals4 ,"o day 7at ! end ( ! fif? mon?7 8 "m _h be5 read+ to him 8 fav\rite1 ,black ,beauty1 9 :i* a w>-horse describes to ! equ9e au?or ! horrors ( w>4 ,c4 0 deeply affect$ by ! picture1 & at l5g? exclaim$ ) mu* emphasis1 8,oh1 ma6 :y d !y d su* ?+s8 ,x's a bea/ly1 bea/ly _w10 at ! same "t bur/+ into te>s & hid+ 8 face 9 8 "m's lap4 8,s h>d10 writes ! fa!r1 8did ! boy /ill f9d x1 not)/&+ 8 increas$ k1 to accept ?is human _w z a "r & j "o40 ,! religi\s ?\ght & s5tim5t rema9$ ?or\ghly *ildi%4 ,he 0 /ill puzzl$ ab\t ! relations ( heav5 & ! grave4 ,"o day 7end ( six? mon?7 8 fa!r obs]v$1 look+ at ! ,*ri/mas pudd+ on ! table wrea!d ) violet flame3 8,oh1 h[ ,i %\ld l to be burn$ aft] dea? in/ead ( be+ buri$04 ,on ?is ,c4 look+ al>m$ said3 8,i won't be burn$4 ,i %\ldn't g to heav5 !n40 ,on 8 fa!r rem>k+3 8',tisn't y\r body t goes to heav510 he cont9u$3 8,b my head does04 ,"h1 writes ! fa!r1 we seem to p]ceive a transition f ! old gross mat]ialism ( la/ ye> to a m ref9$ =m4 ,c4 0 n[1 x may be presum$1 localis+ ! s\l 9 ! head1 & cl++ to ! idea t at lea/ t limit$ portion ( our frame might manage to get away f ! d>k grave to ! bright cele/ial regions4 ,x may be too1 he adds1 t ?is fancy 0 aid$ by see+ pictures ( deta*$ *]ub heads4#ccj ----- ,footnote #ccj3 ,comp>e above1 p4 #abc4 ----- ,a mon? or two lat] 7beg9n+ ( n9? mon?7 he began to attack ! difficult problem ( ,div9e =e-k & free-w4 ,8 "m _h be5 remon/rat+ ) him ab\t 8 naughty ways4 ,he grew v mis]able & said3 8,i c't make out h[ x is ,god doesn't make u good4 ,i pray to him to make me good40 ,to ?is 8 "m repli$ t he mu/ help himself to be good4 ,?is only drew f ,c4 ! foll[+ prote/3 8,!n :at's ! use ( hav+ ,god if we h to help ourselves04 8,ev5 n[10 writes ! fa!r1 x looks z if ,god & heav5 7 = him in/itutions1 ! raison d'tre ( :i* 0 _! s]viceabl5ess to man4 ,he br\ght to ! consid]ation ( pray] a *ildi% s5se ( propriety :i* sometimes wore a qua9t aspect4 ,"o day 7end ( ?ird mon?7 on 8 return f ! ,k9d]g>t5 he ask$ 8 "m3 8,does ,god tea* u80 & :5 bidd5 expla9 8 "q cont9u$3 8,because !y said t at s*ool0 78,tea* u to be good074 ,he !n add$3 8,b anyh[ t isn't a prop] way to speak to ,god04 ,8 notion ( :at 0 ! prop] way 0 illu/rat$ 9 8 own practice4 ,"o ev5+ 7end ( six? mon?7 aft] 8 ba? he 0 kneel+ ) 8 head on 8 "m's lap s t %e might dry 8 hair4 ,he began to pray half audibly 9 ?is wise3 8,please1 ,god1 let me f9d out be=e my bir?day1 b at lea/ on my bir?day4444 ,s n[ good-bye60 ,?is end+1 obvi\sly borr[$ f 8 si/]'s lett]s1 0 v>i$ on ano!r occasion 9 ?is way3 8,) my love1 good-bye04#cca ----- ,footnote #cca3 ,comp>e above1 p4 #bhc4 ----- ,x seems /range t ! di>y %\ld break (f at a "t :5 !re 0 s mu* ( ! qua9t & pretty *ild-traits left to be obs]v$4 ,no explanation ( ! abrupt t]m9ation is (f]$1 & ,i am only able to conjecture t ! fa!r 0 at ?is "t press$ ) o!r "w1 & t :5 he aga9 f\nd ! ne$$ leisure he discov]$ to 8 *agr9 t "t1 aid$ by ! s*ool-drill1 0 already do+ its "w4 ,we "k t x is ab\t ?is "t t ! arti/1 ,nature1 is wont to rub out ! *>act]i/ic infantile l9es 9 h] fir/ crude sket* ( a human m9d1 & to elaborate a full] & matur] picture4 ,& :ile ! onlook+ p>5t may rejoice 9 ! unfold+ ( ! high] human l9eam5ts1 he _c altoge!r suppress a pang at ! disappe>ance ( :at 0 s delightfully fre% & lovely4 ,i w close ^! extracts1 foll[+ ! fa!r's own fa%ion1 ) a ^w ( apology4 ,c4's do+s & say+s h seem$ to me wor? record+1 n because _! au?or 0 9 any s5se a rem>kable *ild1 b solely because he 0 a true *ild4 ,9 spite ( 8 habitual association ) gr[n-up p he reta9$ ) *ildi% indep5d5ce 8 own ways ( look+ at ?+s4 ,no d\bt some?+ ( ! intellectual fop1 ( ! ass]tive prig1 peeps out n[ & aga94 ,yet if we consid] h[ mu* att5tion 0 giv5 to 8 utt]ances1 ?is is n surpris+4 ,= ! great] "p ! say+s appe> to me ! direct nave utt]ance ( g5u9e *ildi% conviction4 ,& x is possible t ! inevitable impulse ( ! p>5t to %[ (f 8 *ild has done ,c4 inju/ice by mak+ too mu*1 especially 9 ! la/ *apt] ( ! di>y1 ( :at looks sm>t4 ,heav5 grant t our obs]vations ( ! little ones may nev] de/roy ! delightful simplicity & unconsci\sness ( _! ways1 & turn !m into disagreeable little p]=m]s1 all consci\s ( _! rle1 & gre$y ( admiration4 ,,xii4 ,,george ,,s&',s ,,*ildhood4 ,! ,fir/ ,ye>s4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 ab\t ,george ,s&1 b s+ul>ly little ab\t h] *ildhood4 ,yet %e h]self1 :5 %e set to "w1 betwe5 =ty & fifty1 to write ! ,hi/oire de ma ,vie1 ?\ght x wor? :ile to fill ! be/ "p ( two volumes ( t "w ) e>ly rem9isc5ces2 & h]e9 surely %e judg$ wisely4 ,good descriptions ( *ildi% exp]i5ce are r>e en\gh4 ,george ,s& gives u a s+ul>ly full /ory ( *ildhood2 &1 all[+ = ! fact ( its au?or be+ a noveli/1 "o may say t ?is /ory reads on ! :ole l a record ( memory4 ,t a n>rative at once s *>m+ & s pa!tic %\ld h be5 neglect$1 by ,engli% writ]s at lea/1 c only be set d[n to ! circum/ance t x is n cle>ly m>k$ (f f ! t$i\sly full acc\nt ( ance/ors :i* prec$es x4#ccb ----- ,footnote #ccb3 ,a selection ( sc5es f ! /ory1 ) notes1 has be5 prep>$ = "y ,engli% /ud5ts by ,m4 ,eugne ,jol1 "u ! title1 ,l',enfance de ,george ,s& 7,riv+tons74 ----- ,! e>ly rem9isc5ces ( a great man or woman h a special int]e/4 ,s*op5hau] has +5i\sly trac$ out ! ess5tial simil>ity ( ! man ( g5ius & ! *ild4 ,:atev] ! value ( ?is analogy1 x is c]ta9 t ! gift$ *ild seems n less b m ( a *ild because ( 8 gifts4 ,?is is emphatically true ( ! little lady ) :om we are n[ conc]n$1 & ( :om1 s9ce we are int]e/$ 9 h] on h] own acc\nt & n m]ely z ! precursor ( ! great noveli/1 we %all speak by h] rightful "n1 ,aurore ,dup94 ,! read] ne$ n be told t ! *ild :o 0 to become ! repres5tative among mod]n wom5 ( ! d>+ irregul>ities ( g5ius 0 an uncommon *ild4 ,%e w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 set d[n z /range & z defici5t 9 *ildi% traits by a commonplace obs]v]4 ,yet close inspection %[s t ! untam$ & untamable #8oddities' 71 aft] all1 only c]ta9 common *ildi% impulses & t5d5cies exalt$1 or1 if ! read] pref]s1 exagg]at$4 ,h]e9 lies ! *ief value ( ! /ory4 ,to ?is x may be add$ t ?is exagg]ation ( *ildi% s5sibility 0 set 9 a milieu admirably fitt$ to /ir & /ra9 x to ! utmo/4 ,x 0 a motley turbul5t _w into :i* little ,aurore 0 unc]emoni\sly pit*$1 & makes ! *ronicle ( h] exp]i5ce a ?rill+ romance4 ,& all ?is exp]i5ce1 x may be said f9ally1 is set d[n ) ! untr\bl$ reg>d & ! pati5t h& ( "o ( ! old *ronicl]s4 ,! =ty ye>s _h left ! memory t5aci\s & cle> to a rem>kable degree--9 ?is respect ! /ory w be> comp>ison ) ! *ildi% recall+s ( ,goe! & ! o!r fam\s self-hi/orians2 at ! same "t ^! ye>s _h br\ght ! woman's p[] ( quiet retrospect & ! arti/'s habit ( calm complac5t envisagem5t4 ,h]e9 lies a fur!r elem5t ( value4 ,! writ] feels h] id5tity ) ! subject ( h] memoir3 %e lives ov] aga9 ! passion-/orms & ennuis1 ! rev]ies & hoyd5i% freaks ( little ,aurore2 yet %e c deta* h]self f h] h]o9e too1 & discuss h] & h] surr\nd+s ) p]fect arti/ic alo(ness4 ,aurore--or1 to give h] h] full appellation1 ,am&9e ,lucile ,aurore ,dup9--0 born 9 #ahjd4 ,h] fa!r1 a di/+ui%$ (fic] ( ! ,empire1 0 gr&son ( ,maurice de ,saxe1 natural son ( ,augu/us ,,ii41 ,k+ ( ,pol&4 ,h] "m 0 a daught] ( a ,p>isian bird-sell]1 & a true *ild ( ! p4 ,! /ud5t ( h]$ity may1 p]haps1 f9d 9 ?is comm+l+ ( noble & humble blood a key to mu* ( ! wild & biz>re 9 ! *ild z well z 9 ! lat] woman4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x is c]ta9 t ! disp>ate alliance gave ! sombre & almo/ tragic hue to ! *ild's de/9y4 ,?r\gh ! preci\s ye>s t %\ld be giv5 ov] to happy play & dreams1 %e 0 to he> ! h>% & dismal cont5tion ( classes1 & he> x1 too1 9 ! %ape ( a bawl+ /rife = ! possession ( h]self4 ,! fir/ home 0 a humble lodg+ 9 ,p>is4 ,! fa!r 0 away4 ,! "m1 disda9$ by ! fa!r's family1 _h to be h>d at "w1 & ! baby _h its irregul> c>e] =e%ad[$ by be+ (t5 h&$ ov] to a male nurse1 "o ,pi]ret1 an ugly & qu>relsome ?\gh really good-natur$ creature1 :om an accid5t sudd5ly made a devot$ fri5d ( ! small family1 fai?fully divid+ 8 "t betwe5 ! e/am9et & ! ,dup9 mnage4 ,beyond a recollection ( an accid5t1 a fall aga9/ ! corn] ( ! *imney-piece1 :i* %ock1 %e tells u1 #8op5$ my m9d to ! s5se ( life1' ! fir/ ?ree ye>s yield no rem9isc5ces4 ,f t date onw>ds1 h[ev]1 h] memory moves )\t a hit*1 & gives u a s]ies ( delightful vignette-l pictures ( *ild-life4 ,h] "m _h a fre%1 sweet voice1 & ! fir/ song %e sang to ,aurore 0 ! nurs]y rhyme3-- ,allons dans la grange ,voir la p\le blan*e ,qui pond un bel ut d'arg5t ,p\r ce *] petit enfant4 ,i 0 vividly impress$ %e writes ) t :ite h5 & t silv] egg :i* 0 promis$ me e ev5+1 & = :i* ,i nev] ?\ght ( ask+ ! next morn+4 ,! promise return$ always1 & ! nave hope return$ ) x4 ,! leg5d ( little ,fa!r ,*ri/mas1 a good old man ) a :ite be>d1 :o came d[n ! *imney exactly at midnight & plac$ a simple pres5t1 a r$ apple or an orange1 9 h] little %oe1 excit$ ! infantile imag9ation to unusual activity4 ,midnight1 t fanta/ic h\r :i* *ildr5 "k n1 & :i* we po9t out to !m z ! unatta9able limit ( _! wakefulness6 ,:at incr$ible ef=ts ,i made n to fall asleep be=e ! appe>ance ( ! little old man4 #a _h at once a great desire & a great fe> to see him2 b ,i c\ld nev] keep awake4 ,! love ( s\nd1 s /rong 9 *ildr51 f\nd an outlet 9 play+ ) "s brass wirework on ! doors ( an alcove ne> h] b$4 ,my special amusem5t be=e go+ to sleep 0 to run my f+]s ov] ! brass network4 ,! little s\nds t ,i drew !nce seem$ to me a heav5ly music1 & ,i us$ to he> my "m say1 8,!re's ,aurore play+ ! wirework40 ,h] vivid recollection enables h] to describe ) a sure t\* ! oddly mix$ & caprici\sly *angeful feel+ ( *ildr5 t[>ds _! dolls & o!r simulacra ( liv+ creatures4 ,%e someh[ _h pres5t$ to h] a sup]b ,pun*1 brilliant ) gold & sc>let1 ( :om %e 0 greatly afraid at fir/1 on acc\nt ( h] doll4 ,be=e go+ to b$ %e securely %ut up ?is la/ 9 a cupbo>d1 & laid ! brilliant mon/] on 8 back on ! /ove2 b h] anxieties 7 n yet ov]4 ,i fell asleep v mu* preoccupi$ ) ! mann] ( exi/5ce ( ?is wick$ be+ :o 0 always laugh+1 & c\ld pursue me ) 8 eyes into all ! corn]s ( ! room4 ,9 ! night ,i _h a frightful dream3 ,pun* _h got up1 8 hump _h caught on fire on ! /ove1 & he ran ab\t 9 all directions1 *as+ n[ me1 n[ my doll1 :i* fl$ di/ract$ly4 ,j z he 0 ov]tak+ u ) long jets ( flame1 ,i awoke my "m ) my cries4 ,h] *ildi% way ( look+ at dolls is ?us describ$ 9 ano!r place3-- ,i d n rememb] to h ev] believ$ t my doll 0 an animat$ be+2 nev]!less1 ,i h felt = "s ( my dolls a real mat]nal affection4444 ,*ildr5 are betwe5 ! real & ! impossible4 ,!y ne$ to c>e =1 to scold1 to c>ess1 & to break ?is feti% ( a *ild or animal t is giv5 !m = a play?+1 & ) :i* !y are wrongly accus$ ( gr[+ disgu/$ too quickly4 ,x is q natural1 on ! contr>y1 t !y %\ld gr[ disgu/$ ) !m4 ,9 break+ !m !y prote/ aga9/ ! lie4 ,%e only broke ^?1 %e adds1 t c\ld n /& ! te/ ( be+ undress$1 or t proclaim$ _! unfle%ly sub/ance by fall+ & break+ _! noses4 ,! fluctuations ( *ildi% feel+ 9 ?is matt]1 & ! triumph ( fai? ov] d\bt 9 ! case ( a real fav\rite1 are prettily illu/rat$ 9 a lat] /ory ( h[ %e p>t$ f h] doll :5 %e 0 go+ f home on a long j\rney4 ,at ! mom5t ( sett+ out ,i ran to give x a la/ look1 & :5 ,pi]ret promis$ to come & make x take s\p e morn+1 ,i began to fall into a /ate ( d\bt1 :i* *ildr5 are wont to feel respect+ ! reality ( ^! creatures1 a /ate truly s+ul>1 9 :i* nasc5t reason on "o side & ! ne$ ( illusion on ! o!r combat 9 _! he>t gre$y ( mat]nal love4 ,i took ! two h&s ( my doll & jo9$ !m ov] its brea/4 ,pi]ret rem>k$ t ?is 0 ! attitude ( a dead p]son4 ,!reupon ,i rais$ ! h&s1 /ill jo9$1 above ! head1 9 ! attitude ( despair or ( invocation4 ,) ?is ,i associat$ a sup]/iti\s idea1 ?9k+ t x 0 an appeal to ! good fairy1 & t ! doll w\ld be protect$1 rema9+ 9 ?is position all ! "t ( my abs5ce4#ccc ----- ,footnote #ccc3 ,:at ,george ,s& "h writes ab\t ! intrusion ( d\bt & disgu/ into ! *ild's feel+ = ! doll does n1 ,i ?9k1 contradict :at 0 said above 9 *apt] ii4 on ! int5sity & p]si/5ce ( 8 fai?4 ,9 tru? ^! are illu/rat$ 9 ! v resi/ance to ! occasional attack ( ! *ild's nasc5t reason1 j z !y are illu/rat$ 9 ! resi/ance to o!rs' sceptical assaults4 ----- ,! gift ( vivid imag9ation is probably q z mu* a torm5t z a joy to a *ild1 z ! /ory ( ,pun* sugge/s4 ,aurore's f9ely /rung n]v\s organisation expos$ h] to a pret]natural int5sity ( fe>1 & made any clumsy attempt to #8fright5' by sugge/ion ( #8black hole1' or o!r *ildi% horror1 m ?an ord9>ily cruel4 ,"o day %e _h be5 ) h] "m & ,pi]ret on a visit to h] aunt4 ,on return+ t[>ds ! ev5+ %e 0 lazy & want$ ! amiable ,pi]ret to c>ry h]4 ,s to spur h] on h] "m ?reat5$ 9 fun to leave h] alone if %e did n come on4 ,! *ild knew x 0 n meant1 & d>+ly /opp$ :ile ! o!rs made a fe9t ( mov+ on4 ,x happ5$ t a little old woman 0 j !n light+ a lamp h>d by1 &1 hav+ ov]he>d ! talk1 turn$ to ! *ild & said 9 a brok5 voice1 #8,bew>e ( me2 x is ,i :o take up ! wick$ little girls1 & ,i %ut !m 9 my lamp all ! night'4 ,x seem$ z if ! devil _h :isp]$ to ?is good woman ! idea t w\ld mo/ t]rify me4 ,i d n rememb] ev] exp]i5c+ su* a t]ror z %e caus$ me4 ,! lamp1 ) its glitt]+ reflector1 in/antly took on fanta/ic proportions1 & ,i saw myself already %ut 9 ?is cry/al prison consum$ by ! flame :i* ! ,pun* 9 petticoats made to bur/ =? at h] pleasure4 ,i ran t[>ds my "m utt]+ pi]c+ cries4 ,i he>d ! old woman laugh1 & ! grat+ s\nd ( ! lamp z %e rem\nt$ gave me a n]v\s %iv]4 ,at bottom ,aurore's nature 0 a happy "o1 & if x enc\nt]$ 9 ! real _w ! t]rors ( *ildhood1 x f\nd 9 ! ideal _w ( fiction its supreme delights4 ,be=e %e le>n$ to read 7ab\t f\r7 %e _h manag$ to /ock h] small bra9 ) an odd jumble ( sup]natural imag]y1 ! outcome ( fairy /ories recit$ to h]1 & ( picture-books sett+ =? incid5ts f classical my?ology & ! lives ( ! sa9ts2 & %e soon began to make arti/ic use ( ?is motley mat]ial4 ,h] "m1 %e tells u1 us$ to %ut h] )9 f\r /raw *airs 9 ord] to keep h] f play+ ) ! fire4 ,%e w\ld !n amuse h]self by pull+ out ! /raws ) h] h&s 7%e always felt ! ne$ ( occupy+ h] h&s7 & compos+ 9 a l\d voice int]m9able /ories4 ,!y 7 ( c\rse modell$ on ! famili> fairy-tale patt]n4 ,! pr9cipal *>act]s 7 a good fairy1 a good pr9ce1 & a beautiful pr9cess4 ,!re 7 b few wick$ be+s1 & nev] great mis=tunes4 #8,all arrang$ itself "u ! influ5ce ( a ?\ght1 smil+ & optimi/ic z *ildhood4' ,^! /ories1 c>ri$ on day aft] day1 7 ! subject ( amus+ comm5t4 #8,well1 ,aurore1' ! aunt us$ to ask1 #8hasn't y\r pr9ce got out ( ! =e/ yet8' ,to ,aurore's ard5t imag9ation1 play1 z ! /ory ( ! doll sugge/s1 0 m ?an ! half-he>t$ make-believe x (t5 is ) dull] *ildr54 ,%e 0 able to imm]se h] :ole consci\sness 9 ! sc5e1 ! occupation imag9$1 s z to lose all acc\nt ( h] actual surr\nd+s4 ,"o ev5+1 at dusk1 %e & h] c\s9 7 play+ at *as+ "o ano!r f tree to tree1 = :i* ! b$-curta9s did duty4 ,! room _h disappe>$ = ^! little day-dream]s2 !y 7 really 9 a gloomy c\ntry at ! oncom+ ( night & :5 !y 7 call$ to d9n] !y he>d no?+4 ,aurore's "m _h f9ally to c>ry h] to ! table1 & %e c\ld ev] aft] recall ! a/oni%m5t %e felt on see+ ! light1 ! table1 & o!r real objects ab\t h]4 ,ev5 at ?is t5d] age ! *ild came into contact ) ! l>ge my/]i\s out] _w4 ,at h] aunt's home at ,*aillot !re 0 a g>d51 ! "o g>d5 %e knew1 a small squ>e plot1 seem+ a va/ region to ,aurore1 %ut 9 by walls4 ,at ! bottom ( ?is g>d51 on a gre5 t]race1 %e & h] c\s9 us$ to play at fight+ battles4 ,"o day we 7 int]rupt$ 9 our games by a great commotion outside4 ,!re 7 cries ( #8,vive l',emp]eur6' m>*+s ) quick /ep1 & !n retir+s1 ! cries cont9u+ all ! :ile4 ,! emp]or 01 9 fact1 pass+ at "s di/ance1 & we he>d ! tread ( ! horses & ! emotion ( ! cr[d4 ,we c\ld n look ov] ! walls1 b ! :ole ?+ seem$ v beautiful to my fancy1 & we cri$ ) all our /r5g?1 #8,vive l',emp]eur6' transport$ by a sympa!tic en?usiasm4 ,%e fir/ saw ! ,emp]or 9 #ahjg1 f ! good ,pi]ret's %\ld]s1 :]e1 be+ a conspicu\s object1 %e attract$ ,napoleon's quick eye4 #8,i 01 z x 71 magnetis$ = a mom5t by t cle> look1 s h>d = an in/ant1 & sudd5ly s b5evol5t & s sweet4' ,! political /orm t 0 !n rag+ on ! sea ( ,europe made itself felt ev5 9 ! f>-(f & seem+ly %elt]$ creek ( ,aurore's small life4 ,h] fa!r 0 aide-de-camp to ,murat at ,madrid1 & 9 #ahjh ! "m resolv$ to betake h]self to him ) h] *ild4 ,x 0 a s+ul> exp]i5ce = a girl j complet+ h] f\r? ye>1 & ! n>rative ( x is romantic en\gh4 ,h] imag9ation 0 /rangely affect$ by ! sight ( ! great m\nta9s1 :i* seem$ to %ut !m 9 & to =bid _! mov+ =w>ds or backw>ds4 ,yet %e felt no fe> at ! po/illion's malici\s fictions ab\t brig&s :i* q horrifi$ h] "m4 ,9 ,madrid !y f\nd !mselves qu>t]$ 9 a l>ge & magnific5t palace4 ,! unaccu/om$ space & spl5d\r at fir/ tr\bl$ ! *ild4 ,%e 0 torm5t$ by ! huge pictures f :i* big heads seem$ to come out & foll[ h]1 & %e 0 fur!r al>m$ by a l[ mirror :i* gave h] ! fir/ sight ( h] :ole figure & made h] feel h[ big %e 04 ,murat 0 n ov] well pleas$ at ! arrival ( 8 aide-de-camp's wife & *ild1 s an attempt 0 made to propitiate him by deck+ ! little maid 9 a gay & coquetti% uni=m4 ,! *ild1 :o 0 no coquette1 seems to h c>$ b little = ?is p]=mance1 ?\gh %e soon began to f9d amusem5t 9 h] new sumptu\s dwell+4 ,z soon z ,i f\nd myself alone 9 ?is l>ge room ,i plac$ myself be=e ! l[ glass1 & ,i tri$ "s !atrical poses4 ,!n ,i took my :ite rabbit1 & tri$ to =ce x to d likewise2 or r ,i pret5d$ to (f] x z a sacrifice to ! gods1 us+ a foot/ool z alt>4444 ,i _h n ! lea/ feel+ ( coquetry2 my pleasure came f ! make-believe t ,i 0 play+ 9 a qu>tette sc5e 9 :i* 7 two little girls & two rabbits4 ,! rabbit & ,i address$1 9 pantomime1 salutations1 ?reats1 & pray]s to ! p]sonages ( ! mirror1 & we danc$ ! bol]o ) !m4 ,x 0 at ,madrid t %e fir/ made acqua9tance ) "o ( ,nature's mo/ fasc9at+ my/]ies1 ! e*o4 ,i /udi$ ?is ph5om5on ) an extreme pleasure4 ,:at /ruck me z mo/ /range 0 to he> my own "n repeat$ by my own voice4 ,!n !re occurr$ to me an odd explanation4 ,i ?\ght t ,i 0 d\ble1 & t !re 0 r\nd ab\t me ano!r 8,i0 :om ,i c\ld n see1 b :o always saw me1 s9ce he always answ]$ me4 ,%e !n comb9$ ) ?is /range ph5om5on ano!r1 viz41 ! r$ & blue balls 7ocul> spectra7 t %e got into h] eyes aft] look+ at ! gold5 globe ( a *ur* glitt]+ aga9/ ! sky1 & s f\nd h] way to a !ory t ev]y?+ _h its d\ble--a !ory :i*1 ,mr4 ,tylor & o!rs tell u1 0 excogitat$ 9 v mu* ! same way by uncivilis$ man4 ,%e sp5t days 9 try+ to get sight ( h] d\ble4 ,h] "m1 :o "o day surpris$ h] 9 ?is se>*1 told h] x 0 e*o1 #8! voice 9 ! air6' ,?is voice 9 ! air no long] a/oni%$ me1 b x /ill *>m$ me4 ,i 0 satisfi$ at be+ able to "n x1 & to call to x1 #8,e*o1 are y !re8 ,don't y he> me8 ,good-day1 ,e*o6'#ccd ----- ,footnote #ccd3 ,comp>e above1 p4 #aac4 ----- ,! next ev5t ( deep import = ,aurore 0 ! sudd5 dea? ( h] fa!r by a fall f 8 horse1 :i* occurr$ 9 ! autumn ( ! same ye>4 ,! fir/ visit ( ! ,k+ ( ,t]rors to a home has be5 a black l&m>k 9 _m a *ild's life4 ,aurore 0 at fir/ #8annihilat$' by excess ( grief & fe>1 =1 z %e says1 #8*ildhood has n ! /r5g? to suff]'4 ,! days t imm$iately foll[$ ! br++ 9 ( ! lifeless body 7 pass$ 9 a sort ( /upor4 ,cle> recollection dates only f ! mom5t :5 %e 0 to be clad 9 ! conv5tional black4 ,! black made a /rong impression on me4 ,i cri$ 9 submitt+ to x2 = ?\gh ,i _h worn ! black dress & veil ( ! ,spani>ds1 ,i _h c]ta9ly nev] put on black /ock+s1 & ! /ock+s fright5$ me t]ribly4 ,i w\ld h x t !y 7 putt+ on me ! legs ( dea?1 & my "m _h to %[ me t %e wore !m also4#cce ----- ,footnote #cce3 ,comp>e ?is ) o!r acc\nts ( ! fir/ impression ( dea? giv5 above1 p4 #bcg f4 ----- ,! fa!r's dea? br\ght a pr(\nd *ange into ! *ild's life4 ,! despis$ "m _h already be5 recognis$ by ! pat]nal gr&mo!r1 & a c]ta9 advance made t[>ds a %[ ( amity4 ,visits 7 paid to ! gr&mo!r's *teau at ,nohant1 & x 01 9 fact1 :5 !y 7 /ay+ !re t ! fatal accid5t occurr$4 ,! common loss drew ! two wom5 toge!r = a "t1 b ! contra/s ( temp]am5t & ( education 7 too p[]ful1 & ! jeal\sy :i* _h fir/ direct$ itself to ! fa!r n[ f\nd a new object 9 8 tal5t$ *ild4 ,%e has giv5 u m ?an "o excell5t description ( "m & gr&mo!r4 ,! latt]1 a blonde ) :ite & r$ complexion1 impos+ air1 always dress$ 9 a br[n silk robe & a :ite wig frizzl$ 9 front1 0 grave & quiet1 #8a v]itable ,saxon1' a fri5d ( ! anci5 rgime1 a disciple ( ,voltaire & ,r\sseau1 albeit a /ickl] = ! conv5tionalities ( high life4 ,! "m 0 a brunette1 ( an ard5t temp]am5t1 end[$ ) consid]able tal5t1 yet timid & awkw>d be=e gr& folk1 a ,spani% nature1 jeal\s & passionate1 a true democrat )al1 & a wor%ipp] ( ! ,emp]or4 ,! problem ( divid+ poor little ,aurore betwe5 two su* wom51 habit+ two di/9ct worlds1 w\ld h baffl$ ,solomon himself4 ,! gr&mo!r insi/$ on ! advantages ( br++ up ! *ild z a lady1 & ! "m1 aft] a h>d /ruggle1 rel9qui%$ h] claims1 ! girl be+ h&$ ov] to ! gr&mo!r & transport$ into ! new _w ( ,nohant4 ,! /ory ( ?is /ruggle1 :i* tore ! he>t ( ,aurore z mu* z t ( h] "m1 is a trag$y ( *ild-life4 ,aurore's in/9cts b\nd h] to h] "m4 ,%e implor$ h] n to give h] up = money--%e und]/ood %e 0 to be ! ri*] = ! *ange4 ,%e 0 beside h]self ) joy :5 h] gr&mo!r all[$ h] to visit ! mat]nal home1 & %e has giv5 u a *>m+ acc\nt ( ^! visits4 ,! rooms 7 poor & ugly en\gh by ! side ( h] gr&mo!r's salons2 yet-- ,h[ good my "m seem$1 h[ amiable my si/]1 h[ droll & agreeable my fri5d ,pi]ret6 ,i c\ld n /op repeat+1 #8,i am "h at home3 d[n !re ,i am at ! h\se ( my gr&mo!r'4 #8,z\nds6' said ,pi]ret2 #8don't let h] g & say *ez n\s be=e ,madame ,dup94 ,%e w\ld reproa* u ) tea*+ h] to talk z !y d aux-z-halles6' ,& !n ,pi]ret w\ld bur/ out into a fit ( laught]1 = he 0 ready to laugh at any?+1 & my "m made fun ( him1 & ,i cri$ out1 #8,h[ we are enjoy+ ourselves at home6' ,:5 %e f\nd t %e 0 to live at ,nohant %e 0 beside h]self ) grief1 & implor$ h] "m to take h] away1 & to let h] jo9 h] 9 "s bus9ess ent]prise4 ,! "m seem$ at fir/ to yield to ^! entreaties2 b ! b>ri]s ( rank prov$ to be inexorable1 & w\ld n let ! little orphan pass4 ,! n>rative ( ! f9al dep>ture ( ! "m f ,nohant is deeply pa!tic4 ,x 0 ! eve ( ! p>t+3 & ! *ild resolv$ to write a lett] to h] "m 9 :i* = ! la/ "t %e p\r$ out h] passionate love & h] implor+s to be tak5 ) h]4 ,b ! h\se 0 s5t9ell$ ) ho/ile maids1 & h[ to get ! lett] to its de/9ation8 ,at la/1 lov]-l1 %e be?\ght h] ( putt+ x beh9d a portrait ( h] gr&fa!r 9 h] "m's room4 ,to make sure ( h] f9d+ x1 %e hung h] nightcap on ! picture1 writ+ on x 9 p5cil #8,%ake ! portrait6' ,! "m came1 b a provok+ maid /ay$ a long half-h\r ) h]4 ,aurore d>$ n move4 ,!n1 hav+ wait$ ano!r half-h\r = ! maid to fall asleep1 %e crept to h] "m1 :om %e f\nd read+ ! lett] & weep+4 ,%e press$ h] *ild to h] he>t1 b w\ld li/5 to no m proposals ( flight f ,nohant4 ,i cri$ no m--,i _h no m te>s2 & ,i began to suff] f a tr\ble m pr(\nd & lac]at+ ?an abs5ce4 ,i said to myself1 #8,my "m does n love me z mu* z ,i love h]'4 ,9 ! di/raction ( h] grief %e resolv$ t if x 0 unbe>able %e w\ld walk to ,p>is & rejo9 h] "m2 &1 ) *>act]i/ic inv5tiv5ess1 ?\ght out1 by help ( h] fairy /ories1 h[ %e w\ld avoid ! angui% ( begg+ by dispos+ ( "s preci\s tr9kets4 ,b ! grief1 l _m ano!r t looks cru%+ at fir/1 prov$ n unbe>able4 ,9 "t ! *ild le>nt to take k9dly to h] new home1 & ev5 to love ! /ately & sev]e-look+ gr&mamma4 ,! ,gr&mo!r's ,regime4 ,x 0 v]ily a new home1 ?is c\ntry h\se at ,nohant4 ,besides ! grave gr&mamma b5t on drill+ ,aurore into ! proprieties1 !re 0 ano!r solemn figure 9 ,des*>tres1 h] fri5d & c\nsellor1 :o comb9$ ! functions ( /ew>d ( ! e/ate & tutor ( ! "y p4 ,8 pupils 7 ,aurore h]self1 a half-bro!r ,hippolyte1 ^: bir? add$ "o m irregul>ity to ! family hi/ory1 & ( :om ! ,hi/oire has mu* to say4 ,hippolyte 0 a wild-temp]$ y\?1 m giv5 to mis*iev\s adv5ture & practical jok+ ?an to s]i\s /udy1 & prov$ a consid]able set-(f to ! =mal gravity ( ! eld]s ( ! h\sehold4 ,a second y\?ful companion 0 suppli$ 9 ,clotilde1 a girl ( humble p>5tage1 :o 0 probably introduc$ by ! au?orities z a concession to ,r\sseau's tea*+1 & suppli$ a l9k betwe5 ! "y lady & ! peasant _w %e 0 to love & to portray4 ,beyond ! h\se 0 ! unpret5d+ c\ntry ( ,le ,bas ,b]ry1 ) its #8l&es' or wa/es1 ! #8,vale ,noire' ( ,aurore's e>ly descriptions1 :i* m ?an "o ( our writ]s h f\nd half ,engli% 9 "*1 & :i* 0 to become to ,aurore :at ! ,midl&s 7 to ,george ,eliot4 ,! fir/ effect ( ?is =c$ sep>ation f ! "m seems to h be5 to ?r[ ,aurore 9 ^u h]self1 & to confirm h] natural t5d5cy to rev]ie4 ,%e says mu* at ?is /age ( h] day-dream+1 :i* ov]took h] bo? :5 alone & :5 jo9+ h] companions 9 play4 ,x visit$ h] regul>ly z %e sat at h] "m's feet 9 ! ev5+ li/5+ to h] read+1 ) an old scre5 cov]$ ) gre5 taffeta betwe5 h] & ! fire4 ,i saw a little ( ! fire ?r\gh ?is worn taffeta1 & x =m$ on x little />s1 ^: radiation ,i increas$ by bl9k+ my eyes4 ,!n little by little ,i lo/ ! mean+ ( ! phrases :i* my "m read4 ,h] voice ?rew me into a k9d ( moral /upor1 9 :i* x 0 impossible = me to foll[ an idea4 ,images began to %ape !mselves be=e me1 & came & settl$ on ! gre5 scre54 ,!y 7 woods1 mead[s1 riv]s1 t[ns ( a grotesque & gigantic ar*itecture1 z ,i h (t5 se5 !m 9 dreams2 en*ant$ palaces ) g>d5s l no?+ t exi/s1 ) ?\s&s ( birds ( azure1 gold1 & purple1 :i* sprang on ! fl[]s & let !mselves be caught4444 ,!re 7 roses--gre51 black1 violet1 & especially blue4#ccf444 ,i clos$ my eyes & /ill saw !m1 b :5 ,i reop5$ !m ,i c\ld only f9d !m aga9 ^u ! scre54 ----- ,footnote #ccf3 ,a blue rose 0 = a long "t ! fav\rite dream ( ,balzac4 ----- ,z at ,madrid1 s at ,nohant3 ! spl5d\r ( h] new home caus$ h] al>m at fir/4 ,on ! wall-pap] ( h] b$room above ea* door 0 a l>ge m$allion ) a figure3 ! "o a joy\s danc+ ,flora2 ! o!r a grave1 sev]e ,bac*ante1 /&+ ) arm /ret*$ out lean+ on h] ?yrsus4 ,! fir/ 0 belov$1 ! second dread$4 ,! *ild's b$ 0 s plac$ t %e _h to turn h] back on h] fav\rite4 ,%e hid h] head "u ! b$-clo!s & tri$ n to see t t]ribly /]n ,bac*ante1 b 9 va94 ,9 ! middle ( ! night ,i saw x leave its m$allion1 glide along ! door1 gr[ z big z a real p]son 7z *ildr5 say71 &1 walk+ to ! opposite door1 try to snat* ! pretty nymph f h] ni*e4 ,%e utt]$ pi]c+ cries1 b ! ,bac*ante paid no he$ to !m4 ,%e pull$ & tore ! pap] till ! nymph deta*$ h]self & fl$ into ! middle ( ! *amb]4 ,! o!r pursu$ h] ?i!r1 & z ! poor fugitive ?rew h]self on my b$ 9 ord] to hide h]self "u my curta91 ! furi\s ,bac*ante came t[>ds me & pi]c$ u bo? ) h] ?yrsus1 :i* _h become a /eel$ lance1 ^: e /roke 0 to me a w\nd ( :i* ,i felt ! pa94 ,9 h] play ) ,ursule & ,hippolyte %e cont9u$ to indulge 9 h] passion = vivid imag9ative realisation4 ,:5 play+ at cross+ ! w9d+s ( a riv]1 rudely m>k$ ) *alk on ! floor1 five m9utes w\ld suffice to g5]ate ?is k9d ( halluc9ation4 ,i lo/ all notion ( reality1 & believ$ ,i c\ld see ! trees1 ! wat]1 ! rocks--a va/ c\ntry--& ! sky1 n[ bright1 n[ lad5 ) cl\ds :i* 7 ab\t to bur/ & increase ! dang] ( cross+ ! riv]4 ,9 :at a va/ space *ildr5 ?9k !y are act+ :5 !y ?us walk f table to b$1 f ! fireplace to ! door6 ,on "o ( ^! occasions1 ,hippolyte1 ) ! boy's b5t to realism1 took ! wat] jug1 & p\r+ its cont5ts on ! floor1 produc$ a clos] semblance ( ! riv]4 ,! natural consequ5ce foll[$3 ! *ildr51 :olly absorb$ 9 _! little drama1 7 caught by ,aurore's "m 9 ! v act ( paddl+ ) nak$ feet & legs 9 a dirty puddle =m$ by ! wat] & ! /a9+ ( ! floor1 & 7 visit$ ) summ>y *a/isem5t4 ,m d>+ pranks w\ld sometimes be v5tur$ on ) ,hippolyte4 ,"o day1 z ,des*>tres 0 away %oot+1 ! boy got "o ( 8 works on ,incantation1 & tri$1 mu* 9 ! fa%ion ( ,tom ,sawy] & ,huckleb]ry ,f9n1 to get a peep at ! sup]natural4 ,my/]i\s l9es1 digits1 etc41 7 duly trac$ on ! floor ) *alk1 & o!r prep>ations c>ri$ out4 ,!n !y await$ ) deep5+ agitation ! fir/ indication ( success1 ! d>t+ out ( a blue flame on c]ta9 digits or figures4 ,long m9utes pass$1 yet no blue flame1 no devil's horns1 appe>$ to ?rill ! eag] wat*]s4 ,at l5g? ,hippolyte1 9 ord] to keep up ! girl's excitem5t1 put 8 e> to ! floor & decl>$ t he c\ld he> ! crackl+ s\nd ( a flame4 ,b x 0 all 9 va94 ,aft] all x 0 b a game1 #8?\gh a game t made our he>ts beat'4 ,hippolyte 0 giv5 to dang]\s exp]im5ts1 :i* he dignifi$ by high-s\nd+ names4 ,?us he "o day put gunp[d] into a big log & ?rew ?is into ! fire1 ) ! view ( bl[+ ! saucepan into ! kit*51 an occupation :i* he *e]fully describ$ z /udy+ ! !ory ( volcanoes4 ,he succe$$ 9 lead+ on ,aurore into pranks ( a decid$ly hoyd5i% "*1 su* z mu/ h sadly griev$ ! decor\s gr&mamma _h %e kn[n ( !m4 ,!y "o day w5t s f> z to dig a tr\gh across ! g>d5-pa?1 fill ?is ) light wet e>?1 duly cov] x ) /icks & leaves1 & !n wat* ,des*>tres1 :o 0 p>ticul>ly va9 ( 8 :ite /ock+s1 z ) ! /iff1 pomp\s gait ( ! p$agogue he m>*$ /raight into ! trap4 ,su* a *ild z ,aurore1 ) h] fits ( rev]ie alt]nat+ ) some:at rude outbur/s ( animal spirits1 0 n easily drill$ into ^? proprieties on :i* ,madame ,dup9 set s high a value4 ,?is good lady took great pa9s to make ,aurore walk prop]ly1 we> h] gloves1 give up ! famili> #8?\1' & adopt ! /ilt$ mode ( address ( ! fa%ionable _w4 ,b %e did n appreciate ^! educational exp]im5ts4 #8,x seem$ to me t %e %ut me 9 ) h]self 9 a big box :5 %e said to me1 8,amusez-v\s tranquillem5t04' ,:ile1 = ! sake ( pleas+ h] gu>dian1 %e outw>dly con=m$ to ! rules ( society1 9 h] he>t %e rema9$ a rebel1 & 0 dreadfully bor$1 :5 %e ceas$ to be amus$1 by h] gr&mo!r's #8old ,c\ntesses'4 ,"o exception to h] g5]al dislike ( ! gr& p]sonages %e _h n[ to meet 0 made 9 ! case ( h] great-uncle1 ! ,abb ( ,beaumont4 ,he seems to h be5 a man ( ability & culture1 z well z ( amiable he>t1 & he prov$ a good fri5d ( ! family aft] ! dea? ( ,colonel ,dup9 by improvis+ ! di/raction ( a com$y at ,nohant1 9 :i* ,des*>tres' flute did duty z or*e/ra1 & ! little ,aurore 0 call$ on to dance a ballet all by h]self4 ,! ,abb's h\se1 :i* 0 decorat$ ?r\gh\t 9 ! /yle ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 fill$ h] ) admiration1 & %e lov$ to w&]1 c&le 9 h&1 alone ?r\gh its va/ salons :ile ! old] p 7 absorb$ 9 _! c>ds4 ,?is gr&-uncle1 by-!-bye1 s]v$ 9 "p z ! prototype ( ! ,canon 9 ,consuelo4 ,! =mal tea*+ 0 mo/ly h&$ ov] to ,des*>tres1 ?\gh ! gr&mo!r gave in/ruction 9 music4 ,aurore c h>dly be said to h be5 a backw>d *ild4 ,%e read well at f\r4 ,t[>ds five %e le>nt to write1 b n hav+ pati5ce to copy out ! alphabet1 /ruck out an orig9al or?ography ( h] own1 & indit$ lett]s 9 ?is to ,ursule & ,hippolyte4 ,x 01 %e tells u1 v simple & full ( hi]oglyphics4 ,%e dev\r$ a c]ta9 class ( books1 & f\nd delight = five or six mon?s 9 ! /ories ( ,madame d',aulnoy & ( ,p]rault1 :i* %e came across at ,nohant4 ,%e adds t ?\gh %e has nev] re-read !m s9ce1 %e c\ld repeat !m all f beg9n+ to end4 ,%e tri$1 out ( reg>d = h] gr&mamma1 to take k9dly to ari?metic1 ,lat91 & ,fr5* v]sification1 :i* ,des*>tres taught h]1 b %e c\ld n ma/] h] dislike4 ,aft] a little sc5e1 9 :i* ! passionate ,des*>tres ?rew a big diction>y at ! girl's head1 ! ,lat9 _h to be giv5 up altoge!r4 ,! /udy %e lik$ be/ 0 hi/ory1 s9ce x gave h] ! *ance ( indulg+ 9 ! pleasures ( imag9ation4 ,%e _h to prep>e extracts f a book = h] gr&mo!r1 & z %e soon f\nd t ^! 7 n comp>$ ) ! orig9al1 %e began to introduce additions ( h] own4 ,)\t alt]+ ess5tial facts1 %e tells u1 %e w\ld place ! hi/orical p]sonage 9 new imag9>y situations1 s z to develop ! "* m completely4 ,9 tru?1 %e seems to h us$ hi/ory v mu* aft] ! fa%ion :i* ,ari/otle1 & aft] him ,less+1 recomm5d to ! poets1 v>y+ ! situation1 b leav+ ! "* intact4 ,9 addition to ^! m solid /udies1 ! "y lady _h special lessons 9 danc+ & 9 calligraphy4 ,bo? ! danc+-ma/] & ! writ+-ma/] came 9 = h] ridicule4 ,! latt]1 %e tells u1 0 a pr(essor ( l>ge pret5sions1 capable ( spoil+ ! be/ h& ) 8 sy/ems4444 ,he _h inv5t$ v>i\s in/rum5ts by :i* he compell$ 8 pupils to hold up ! head1 to keep ! elb[ free1 ?ree f+]s ext5d$ on ! p51 & ! little f+] /ret*$ on ! pap] 9 su* a way z to support ! weight ( ! h&4 ,x mu/ h be5 a joy\s mom5t = ,aurore :5 %e 0 set free f ! re/ra9ts & impositions ( ! *teau = a c\ple ( h\rs' visit to "s adjo9+ f>m1 :]e %e c\ld %\t1 laugh1 & romp ) ! peasant girls4 ,"h %e w\ld climb ! trees1 ru% wildly d[n f ! top to ! bottom ( a m\nta9 ( %eaves 9 ! b>n1 & d o!r outrage\s ?+s2 or :5 ! dream-mood 0 on h] %e w\ld quietly contemplate h] ru/ic fri5ds z !y t5d$ ! lambs1 hunt$ = eggs1 or ga!r$ fruit f ! or*>d1 weav+ _! figures into "o ( h] int]m9able romances4 ,among ! *>m+ rural pictures t h] p5 has drawn = u 9 ^! recollections !re is "o ( a sw9eh]d1 call$ ,plaisir1 = :om %e conceiv$ a /range fri5d%ip4 ,%e lov$ to wat* 8 odd figure1 always clo!d 9 a bl\se & hemp tr\s]s1 #8:i* ) 8 h&s & nak$ feet _h tak5 ! col\r & ! h>dness ( ! e>?1' arm$ ) a triangul> iron in/rum5t1 #8! sceptre ( sw9eh]ds1' & look+ l #8a gnome ( ! glebe1 a k9d ( devil betwe5 man & w]wolf'4 ,z ! sw9e turn$ up ! soil ) _! sn\ts1 ! birds w\ld come to =age4 ,sometimes ^! birds p]*$ on ! hog m]ely to get w>m1 or 9 ord] ! bett] to obs]ve ! lab\r f :i* !y 7 to pr(it4 ,i h (t5 se5 an old a%y rook balanc+ himself !re on "o leg ) a p5sive & melan*oly air1 :ile ! hog bor$ deeply 9 ! soil1 & by ^! lab\rs caus$ x oscillations :i* di/urb$ x1 r5d]$ x impati5t1 & f9ally drove x to correct ?is clums9ess by /rokes ( its beak4 ,nor 0 x m]ely z playmates t ! "y lady f ! *teau deign$ to associate ) ! peasantry4 ,%e ?rew h]self ) ard5t sympa?y into ! h>d toilsome life ( ! p4 ,"o day1 z %e *anc$ to see an old woman /oop+1 z well z h] /iff limbs all[$ h]1 to ga!r /icks 9 h] gr&mo!r's g>d51 %e set vigor\sly to "w ) bill-hook cutt+ dry wood1 work+ late into ! ev5+1 & =gett+ all ab\t h] meal1 = %e 0 #8/rong z a peasant girl'4 ,%e !n set out ) blood-/a9$ face & h&s1 & ) a weight great] ?an t ( h] own body1 = ! poor woman's hut1 :]e %e enjoy$ a well-e>n$ slice f h] black loaf4 ,?is contact ) ! ru/ic m9d1 s oddly introduc$ into ! fa%ionable s*eme ( education1 ex]t$ a pr(\nd effect on ! *ild's imag9ation4 ,%e li/5$ eag]ly to ! sup]/iti\s /ories :i* ! hemp-dress]s relat$ :5 !y came to cru% ! hemp1 sitt+ 9 ! moonlight )9 view ( ! crosses ( a cemet]y4 ,among ^! 7 a sacri/an's gruesome /ories ( int]m5ts & ( ! rats t liv$ 9 ! belfry4 ,! do+s ( ^? rats1 %e tells u1 w\ld ( !mselves fill a volume4 ,he knew !m all1 & _h giv5 !m ! names ( ! m important among ! deceas$ villag]s4 ,!y 7 v clev]1 & c\ld1 among o!r exploits1 arrange gra9s or beans giv5 !m 9 ! =m ( a circle enclos+ a cross4 ,x is h>dly surpris+ to le>n t ^! /ories robb$ ,aurore ( h] sleep4 ,! ru/ic leg5d ( ! gr&e bte mu* ex]cis$ ! girl's bra94 ,%e tri$ to reconcile ! sup]/ition ) :at %e _h le>nt ab\t ! animal k+dom4 ,& 9 ?is way %e conclud$ t ! creature mu/ be a memb] ( a species almo/ entirely ext9ct4 ,%e imag9$ t x 0 lead+ a solit>y exi/5ce1 be+ able to survive ! re/ ( its species by hid+ dur+ ! day & w&]+ at night4 ,?is weird conception soon began to exp& into a zoological romance4 ,if ! girl's imag9ative impulse _h be5 excit$ by h] hi/orical /udies1 x c\ld n b be r\s$ to pret]natural activity by ! /irr+ political ev5ts ( ! "t4 ,9 #ahab1 :5 %e 0 j eight ye>s old1 occurr$ ,napoleon's disa/r\s invasion ( ,russia4 ,! abs5ce ( all news ( ! army = fifte5 days gave a new direction to h] rev]ie4 ,i imag9$ t ,i possess$ w+s1 t ,i d>t$ ?r\gh space1 & t pe]+ into ! abysses ( ! horizon ,i discov]$ ! va/ sn[s & ! endless /eppes ( ,:ite ,russia4 ,i hov]$1 took my be>+s 9 ! air1 & at la/ spi$ ! w&]+ columns ( our unhappy legions4 ,i guid$ !m t[>ds ,france--= t :i* torm5t$ me ! mo/ 0 t !y did n "k :]e !y 71 & t !y 7 mov+ t[>ds ,asia1 plung+ m & m into des]ts z !y turn$ _! backs on ! ,we/4 ,a qua9t illu/ration ( ! conflict ! *ild's m9d 0 pass+ ?r\gh "u ! contradictory impressions ( ,napoleon's "* receiv$ f h] "m & f h] new in/ructors at ,nohant1 is giv5 u 9 ! foll[+3-- ,once ,i dreamt ,i c>ri$ him 7! ,emp]or7 ?r\gh space & set him on ! cupola ( ! ,tuil]ies4 ,!re ,i _h a long talk ) him1 put him a ?\s& que/ions1 & said to him1 #8,if ?\ prove ?yself by ?y answ]s1 z p say1 a mon/]1 an ambiti\s man1 a dr9k] ( blood1 ,i w ca/ !e d[n & da% !e to pieces on ! ?re%old ( ?y palace2 b if ?\ ju/ify ?yself1 if ?\ be :at ,i h believ$1 ! good1 ! great1 ! j ,emp]or1 ! fa!r ( ! ,fr5*1 ,i w replace !e on ?y ?rone1 & ) my sword ( fire def5d !e f ?y enemies'4 ,he !reupon op5$ 8 he>t & confess$ t he _h committ$ _m faults f too great a love ( glory1 b he swore t he lov$ ,france1 & t h5ce=? he w\ld only ?9k ( ! happ9ess ( ! p4 ,on ?is ,i t\*$ him ) my sword ( fire1 :i* r5d]$ him invuln]able4 ,a ,self-evolv$ ,religion4 ,p]haps !re is no doma9 ( *ildr5's ?\ght & feel+ t is m remote f our old] exp]i5ce1 & consequ5tly less easily und]/ood by u1 ?an t ( religion4 ,_! fir/ ideas ab\t ! sup]natural are inde$1 z we h se5 above1 ?\gh suppli$ by u1 n controll$ by u4 ,to mo/ *ildr51 presumably1 religi\s in/ruction comes--at fir/ at lea/--) a comm&+1 au?oritative =ce4 ,! /ory ( ! sup]natural1 ( ! ,div9e ,fa!r1 ( ,heav51 & ! re/1 _c be scrut9is$ by ! *ild--save1 inde$1 9 respect ( its inn] consi/5cy--= x tells ( ?+s unobs]vable by s5se1 & s hav+ no direct contact ) *ildi% exp]i5ce4 ,_! natural t5d5cy is to believe1 9 a submissive1 *ildi% way1 n tr\bl+ ab\t ! pro( ( ! my/]y4 ,b ev5 9 ?is submissive acceptance !re lies ! g]m ( a subsequ5t trans=mation4 ,if ! *ild is to believe1 he mu/ believe 9 8 own fa%ion2 he mu/ give body & reality to ! ideas ( ,div9e maje/y & goodness1 & ( spiritual approa* & wor%ip4 ,h5ce ! way 9 :i* *ildr5 are apt to />tle ! rev]5t & amuse ! pr(ane by divulg+ _! crude mat]ial fancies ab\t ?+s spiritual4 ,su* mat]ialisation ( spiritual conceptions is apt to br+ tr\ble to ! "y m9d4 ,x is all s confus+--?is exalt$ ,p]sonage1 :o nev]!less is q unlike e>?ly dignit>ies1 ?is all-encompass+ & nev]-fail+ ,pres5ce1 :i* all ! "t refuses to reveal itself to eye or e>4 ,h[ mu* real suff]+ ?is may entail 9 ! case ( *ildr5 at once s]i\s & imag9ative we %all nev] "k4 ,! description ( ! boy ,waldo1 9 t /rangely fasc9at+ book1 ,! ,/ory ( an ,african ,f>m1 kneel+ b>e-head$ 9 ! blaz+ sun & (f]+ 8 d9n] on an alt> to ,god1 may look exagg]at$ to "s2 b x is ess5tially true to "s ( ! deepe/ in/9cts ( *ildhood4 ,! *ild t believes at all1 believes int5sely1 & 8 belief gr[s all-comm&+ & prolific ( action4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 x is ! common t5d5cy ( *ildr5 passively to adopt _! eld]s' religi\s beliefs1 m]ely inv5t+ _! own modes ( giv+ effect to !m1 !re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( orig9ality ex]cis$ 9 ! =mation ( ! beliefs !mselves4 ,/ories ( indep5d5t creations ( a religi\s cult by *ildr5 are no d\bt r>e2 & ?is = ! v good reason t x ne$s ! greate/ =ce ( self-ass]tion to resi/ ! pressure ( ! traditional fai? on ! *ildi% m9d4 ,! e>ly recollections ( ,george ,s& furni% :at is probably ! mo/ rem>kable in/ance ( *ildi% d>+ 9 fa%ion+ a new religion1 ) its cre$ & ritual all complete4 ,poor little ,aurore's religi\s difficulties & exp]im5ts at solution c only be und]/ood 9 ! light ( h] confus+ surr\nd+s4 ,f h] "m--ard5t1 imag9ative1 & ( a #8simple & confid+ fai?'--%e _h caught "s ( ! gl[ ( a f]v5t piety4 ,!n %e sudd5ly pass$ into ! *ill+ air ( ,nohant1 :]e ! gr&mo!r equall$ h] ma/] ,voltaire 9 cynical contempt ( ! rev]$ my/]ies4 ,! effect ( ?is sudd5 *ange ( temp]ature on ! w>m "y he>t 01 z might h be5 anticipat$1 extremely pa9ful4 ,madame ,dup9 at once recognis$ ! girl's temp]am5t1 & saw ) dismay ! lean+ to #8sup]/ition1' a trait :i* %e dislik$ none ! less = recognis+ 9 x a beque/ f ! despis$ grisette "m4 ,s %e appli$ h]self ) all ! en]gy ( h] /rong "* to c\nt]act ! *ild's religi\s t5d5cies4 ,n[ ?is might h prov$ nei!r a difficult nor l5g?y process if %e _h consi/5tly set h] face aga9/ all religi\s obs]vances4 ,b ?\gh a disciple ( ,voltaire1 %e 0 also a lady ) a conspicu\s social position1 & _h to make h] acc\nt ) ! polite _w & ! #8bi5sances'4 ,s ,aurore 0 n only all[$ b enc\rag$ to att5d ,mass & to prep>e = ! #8,fir/ ,communion' l o!r "y ladies ( h] /ation4 ,madame ,dup9 well knew ! risk %e 0 runn+ ) s inflammable a mat]ial1 b %e c\nt$ on h] own suffici5cy z a prompt ext+ui%] ( any inconv5i5tly atta*+ sp>k ( devotion4 ,9 ?is way ! "y girl und]w5t ! uncommon if n unique exp]i5ce ( a regul> religi\s in/ruction1 &1 concurr5tly ) ?is & f ! v h& t _h impos$ x1 a sev]e tra9+ 9 rational scepticism & contempt = ! fai? ( ! vulg>4 ,ev5 if ,aurore _h n be5 9 h] inmo/ he>t some?+ ( a dvote1 ?is p>allel discipl9e 9 outw>d con=mity & inw>d ridicule w\ld h be5 hurtful en\gh4 ,z x 01 x br\ght into h] "y life all ! pa9 ( contradiction1 all ! bitt]ness ( en=c$ rebellion4 ,! att5dance on ,mass c\ld h>dly h seem$ dang]\s to ,madame ,dup94 ,! old cur ( ,nohant 0 n tr\bl$ ) an excess ( rev]5ce4 ,:5 ord]+ a procession1 9 def]5ce to ! m&ate ( 8 ar*bi%op1 he w\ld seize ! occasion = express+ 8 contempt = su* mumm]ies4 ,9 8 congregation !re 0 a que] old lady1 :o us$ to utt] h] disapproval ( ! c]emony ) a frankness t w\ld h seem$ brutal ev5 9 a !atre1 by exclaim+1 #8,quelle diable de ,messe6' ,& ! object ( ?is criticism1 on turn+ to ! congregation to w9d up ) ! famili> ,dom9us vobiscum1 w\ld reply 9 an "u-tone1 yet l\dly en\gh = ,aurore's e>1 #8,allez au diable6' ,t ! *ild atta*$ little solemnity to ! ritual is evid5t f h] acc\nt to ! gr&mo!r ( h] fir/ visit to ! ,mass3 #8,i saw ! cur :o took 8 breakfa/ /&+ up be=e a big table1 & turn$ r\nd on u n[ & !n to call u names'4 ,! prep>ation = ! #8,fir/ ,communion' 0 a m s]i\s matt]4 ,! girl _h n[ to /udy ! life ( ,*ri/1 & h] he>t 0 t\*$ by ! /ory4 #8,! ,gospel 7%e writes7 & ! div9e drama ( ! life & dea? ( ,jesus drew f me 9 secret torr5ts ( te>s4' ,h] gr&mo!r1 by mak+ n[ & aga9 #8a %ort1 dry appeal to h] reason1' succe$$ 9 gett+ h] to reject ! notion ( miracles & ( ! div9ity ( ,jesus4 ,b ?\gh %e 0 ?us unable to rea* #8full fai?1' %e resolv$ en revan*e to d5y no?+ int]nally4 ,accord+ly %e le>nt h] cate*ism #8l a p>rot1 )\t seek+ to und]/& x1 & )\t ?9k+ ( mak+ fun ( its my/]ies'4 ,= ! re/1 %e felt a special repugnance t[>ds ! confessional4 ,%e 0 able to recall a few small *ildi% faults1 su* z tell+ a lie to h] "m 9 ord] to scre5 ! maid ,rose1 b fe>$ ! li/ w\ld n satisfy ! confessor4 ,happily1 h[ev]1 he prov$ to be m l5i5t ?an %e _h anticipat$1 & dismiss$ 8 "y p5it5t ) a nom9al p5ance4 ,! day t makes an epo* 9 ! ,ca?olic girl's life at l5g? arriv$1 & ,aurore 0 deck$ out l ! re/ ( ! c&idates4 ,! gr&mo!r1 hav+ giv5 a f9i%+ t\* to h] in/ructions by bidd+ ,aurore1 :ile go+ ?r\gh ! act ( decorum ) ! utmo/ dec5cy1 #8n to outrage ,div9e wisdom & human reason to su* an ext5t z to believe t %e 0 go+ to eat h] ,creator1' accompani$ h] to ! *ur*4 ,x 0 a h>d ordeal4 ,! incongru\s appe>ance ( ! dei/ic gr&mamma 9 ! place suffic$ 9 itself to ?r[ ! girl's ?\ghts into disord]4 ,%e felt ! holl[ness ( ! :ole ?+1 & ask$ h]self :e!r %e & h] gr&mo!r 7 n committ+ an act ( hypocrisy4 ,m ?an once h] repugnance rea*$ su* a pit* t %e ?\ght ( gett+ up & say+ to h] gr&mo!r1 #8,en\gh ( ?is3 let u g away'4 ,b relief came 9 ano!r %ape4 ,go+ ov] ! sc5e ( ! #8,la/ ,supp]' 9 h] ?\ghts1 %e all at once recognis$ t ! words ( ,jesus1 #8,?is is my body & my blood1' 7 no?+ b a metaphor4 ,he 0 too holy & too great to h wi%$ to deceive 8 disciples4 ,?is discov]y ( ! symbolism ( ! rite calm$ h] by remov+ all feel+ ( its grotesqu5ess4 ,%e left ! ,communion table q at peace4 ,h] cont5tm5t gave a new expression to h] face1 :i* did n escape ! anxi\s eyes ( ,madame ,dup93 #8,s(t5$ & t]rifi$1 divid$ betwe5 ! fe> ( hav+ made me dev\t & t ( hav+ caus$ me to lie to myself1 %e press$ me g5tly to h] he>t & dropp$ "s te>s on my veil'4 ,x 0 out ( ?is conflict+ & agitat+ exp]i5ce1 ! full s5se ( ! beauty ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? & ! equally full compreh5sion ( ! sceptic's de/ructive logic1 t !re 0 born 9 ,aurore's imag9ation ! idea ( a new private religion ) :i* nobody else %\ld m$dle4 ,%e gives u ! orig9 ( ?is /range conception cle>ly en\gh3-- ,s9ce all religion is a fiction 7,i ?\ght71 let u make a /ory :i* may be a religion1 or a religion :i* may be a /ory4 ,i don't believe 9 my /ories1 b !y give me j z mu* happ9ess z ?\gh ,i did4#ccg ,besides1 %\ld ,i *ance to believe 9 !m f "t to "t1 nobody w "k x1 nobody w dispel my illusion by prov+ to me t ,i am dream+4 ----- ,footnote #ccg3 ,%e "h ref]s to ! /ories %e _h long be5 accu/om$ to compose = h] own private delectation4 ----- ,! =m & ! "n ( h] new div9ity came to h] 9 a dream4 ,he 0 to be call$ #8,coramb'4 ,8 attributes mu/ be giv5 9 h] own words3-- ,he 0 pure & *>itable z ,jesus1 radiant & beautiful z ,gabriel2 b x 0 ne$ful to add a little ( ! grace ( ! nymphs & ( ! poetry ( ,orpheus4 ,accord+ly he _h a less au/]e =m ?an ! ,god ( ! ,*ri/ian1 & a m spiritual feel+ ?an ^? ( ,hom]4 ,& !n ,i 0 oblig$ to complete him by inve/+ him on occasion ) ! guise ( a woman1 = t :i* ,i _h up to ?is "t lov$ ! be/1 & und]/ood ! be/1 0 a woman--my "m4 ,& s x 0 (t5 "u ! semblance ( a woman t he appe>$ to me4 ,9 %ort1 he _h no sex1 & assum$ all sorts ( aspects4444 ,coramb %\ld h all ! attributes ( physical & moral beauty1 ! gift ( eloqu5ce1 ! omnipot5t *>m ( ! arts--above all1 ! magic ( musical improvisation4 ,i wi%$ to love him z a fri5d1 z a si/]1 :ile rev]+ him z a ,god4 ,i w\ld n be afraid ( him1 & to ?is end ,i desir$ t he %\ld h "s ( our errors & weaknesses4 ,i s\ght t "o :i* c\ld be reconcil$ ) 8 p]fection1 & ,i f\nd x 9 an excess ( indulg5ce & k9dness4 ,! religi\s idea took an hi/orical =m1 & ,aurore proce$$ to develop ! sev]al phases ( ,coramb's mundane exi/5ce 9 a s]ies ( sacr$ books or songs4 ,%e suppos$ t %e mu/ h compos$ n less ?an a ?\s& ( su* songs )\t ev] be+ tempt$ to write d[n a l9e ( !m4 ,9 ea* ( ^! ! deity ,coramb1 :o _h become human on t\*+ ! e>?1 0 br\ght into a fre% gr\p ( p]sons4 ,^! 7 all good p2 = al?\gh !re exi/$ wick$ ones1 "o did n see !m1 b only knew ( !m by ! effects ( _! malice & madness4 ,coramb always appe>s1 l ,jesus--& "o may add1 l ,buddha--z ! b5efic5t "o1 sp5d+ himself1 & suff]+ p]secutions & m>tyrdom1 9 ! cause ( humanity4 ,?is occupation ( ! imag9ation develop$ #8a k9d ( g5tle halluc9ation'4 ,aurore soon le>n$ to betake h]self to h] h]o-div9ity = com=t & delight4 ,ev5 :5 h] peasant companions *att]$ ar\nd h] %e 0 able to lose h]self 9 h] _w ( religi\s romance4 ,! idea ( sacr$ books 0 foll[$ by t ( a temple & a ritual4 ,= ?is purpose %e *ose a little wood 9 h] gr&mo!r's g>d51 a p]fect ?icket ( "y trees & und]gr[?1 into :i* nobody ev] p5etrat$1 & :i*1 dur+ ! season ( leaves1 0 pro( aga9/ any spy+ eye4 ,"h1 9 a t9y1 natural *amb] ( gre51 c>pet$ ) a magnific5t moss1 %e proce$$ to erect an alt> aga9/ a tree /em1 deck+ x ) %ells & o!r ornam5ts & cr[n+ x ) a wrea? ( fl[]s susp5d$ f a bran* above4 ,! little prie/ess1 hav+ made h] temple1 sat d[n on ! moss to consid] ! "q ( sacrifices4 ,to kill animals1 or ev5 insects1 9 ord] to please him1 appe>$ to me b>b>\s & unwor?y ( 8 ideal k9dl9ess4 ,i p]suad$ myself to d j ! opposite--t is1 to re/ore life & lib]ty on 8 alt> to all ! creatures t ,i c\ld procure4 ,h] (f]+ includ$ butt]flies1 liz>ds1 little gre5 frogs1 & birds4 ,^! %e w\ld put into a box1 lay x on ! alt>1 & !n op5 x1 #8aft] hav+ invok$ ! good g5ius ( lib]ty & protection'4 ,9 ^! mimic rites1 h>dly remov$ f g5u9e *ildi% play1 ! d\bt-agitat$ girl f\nd repose3 #8,i _h !n delici\s rev]ies1 & :ile seek+ ! m>vell\s1 :i* _h = me s great an attraction1 ,i began to f9d ! vague idea & ! pure feel+ ( a religion accord+ to my he>t'4 ,b ! sweet sanctu>y did n long rema9 inviolate4 ,"o day h] boy playmate came to look = h]1 & track$ h] to h] secret grove4 ,he 0 awe-/ruck at ! sight1 & exclaim$3 #8,ah1 miss1 ! pretty little alt> ( ! ,fte-,dieu6' ,he 0 = embelli%+ x /ill fur!r1 b %e felt ! *>m 0 de/roy$4 ,f ! in/ant t o!r feet ?an m9e _h trodd5 8 sanctu>y1 ,coramb ceas$ to dwell 9 x4 ,! dryads & ! *]ubim des]t$ x1 & x seem$ to me z if my c]emonies & my sacrifices 7 f ?is "t only *ildi%ness1 t ,i _h n 9 tru? be5 9 e>ne/4 ,i de/roy$ ! temple ) z mu* c>e z ,i _h built x2 ,i dug a hole at ! foot ( ! tree1 :]e ,i buri$ ! g>l&s1 ! %ells1 & all ! ru/ic ornam5ts1 "u ! ru9s ( ! alt>4 ,?is /ory ( ,aurore's religi\s exp]im5t _c fail to rem9d ! read] ( biography ( ! *ild ,goe!'s well-kn[n essays 9 ! same direction4 ,! boy's m9d1 x w be rememb]$1 _h be5 greatly ex]cis$ ) ! religi\s problem1 fir/ ( all "u ! impression ( horror caus$ by ! e>?quake at ,lisbon1 & lat] f hav+ to li/5 to acc\nts ( ! new sects--,sep>ati/s1 ,moravians1 & ! re/--:o s\ght a clos] communion ) ! deity ?an 0 possible ?r\gh ! some:at cold ritual ( ! e/abli%$ religion4 ,/irr$ by _! example1 he tri$ also to realise a clos] approa* to ! ,div9e ,be+4 ,he conceiv$ him1 he tells u1 z /&+ 9 imm$iate connexion ) ,nature4 ,s he inv5t$ a =m ( wor%ip 9 :i* natural products 7 to repres5t ! _w1 & a flame burn+ ov] ^! to symbolise ! aspirations ( man's he>t4 ,a h&some pyramid-%ap$ music-/& 0 *os5 = alt>1 & on ! %elves ( ?is ! successive /ages 9 ! evolution ( ,nature 7 to be indicat$4 ,! rite 0 to be c>ri$ out at sunrise1 ! alt>-flame to be secur$ by means ( fumigat+ pa/ils & a burn+-glass4 ,! fir/ p]=mance 0 a success1 b 9 try+ to repeat x ! boy-prie/ omitt$ to put ! pa/ils into a cup1 s ! lacqu]$ /&1 ) its beautiful gold fl[]s1 0 disa/r\sly burnt--a contretemps :i* took away all _s = new (f]+s4 ,9 comp>+ ^! two in/ances ( *ildi% wor%ip1 "o is /ruck p]haps m by _! contra/ ?an by _! simil>ity4 ,ea* ( ! two incid5ts illu/rates1 no d\bt1 a true *ildi% aspiration t[>ds ! great ,unse51 & also an impulse to inv5t a =m ( wor%ip :i* %\ld h>monise ) & express ! little wor%ipp]'s individual ?\ghts4 ,b "h ! resemblance ceases4 ,! boy-prie/ felt1 app>5tly1 no?+ ( ! human side ( religion3 he 0 ! true precursor ( ,goe!1 ! l>ge-ey$ man ( sci5ce & ! poet ( pan!ism1 & f\nd 8 delight 9 symbolis+ ! ord]l9ess ( ,nature's "w z a :ole1 & its ,div9e purpose & control4 ,aurore ,dup91 on ! o!r h&1 approa*$ religion on ! human & emotional side1 ! side :i* seems m appropriate to h] sex4 ,%e ?\ght ( h] deity z int5tly occupi$ ) humanity & its humble k9sfolk 9 ! s5ti5t _w2 & %e end[$ him above all o!r qualities ) g5]osity & pitifulness1 ev5 to excess4 ,goe! seems to repres5t ! speculative1 ,aurore ! humanit>ian1 elem5t 9 ! religi\s impulse ( ! *ild4 ,to foll[ ,aurore into h] lat] religi\s exp]i5ces 9 ! #8,c\v5t des ,anglaises' w\ld be cle>ly to g beyond ! limits ( ^! /udies ( *ildhood4 ,i hope ,i may h quot$ en\gh f ! fir/ *apt]s ( ! autobiography to illu/rate n only _! deep human & lit]>y int]e/1 b _! special value to ! psy*ological /ud5t4 ,,bibliography4 7,a7 ,,g5]al ,,works ,,on ,,*ild ,,psy*ology4 ,d4 ,ti$emann1 ,memoir5 7memoirs ( a two-ye>-old son1 ! biologi/ ,f4 ,ti$emann1 b4 #agha74 ,engli% ,translation3 ,record ( ,infant ,life1 ,syracuse1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,fr5* ,translation by ,b4 ,p]ez3 ,?4 ,ti$emann et la sci5ce de l'enfant1 #ahha4 ,j4 ,e4 ,lbis*1 ,entwicklungsges*i*te d] ,seele des ,k9des1 #ahea4 ,b4 ,sigismund1 ,k9d und ,welt1 #ahef4 ,c4 ,d>w91 8,biographical ,sket* ( an ,infant10 9 ,m9d1 vol4 ii41 #ahgg1 pp4 #bhe-bid4 ,b4 ,p]ez1 ,les trois premires annes de l'enfant1 #ahgh4 ,engli% ,translation by ,miss ,a4 ,m4 ,*ri/ie 7,sonn5s*e9 ,co41 ,london74 ,) ?is %\ld be read ! foll[+ by ! same au?or1 ,l',education ds le ,b]eau1 #ahhj2 ,l',enfant de trois sept ans1 #ahhf4 ,w4 ,prey]1 ,die ,seele des ,k9des1 #ahhb2 f\r? edition1 #ahie4 ,engli% ,translation1 by ,h4 ,w4 ,br[n1 9 two p>ts 7publi%$ by ,appleton ,co41 ( ,new ,york72 also selections f ! same "u ! title ,die gei/ige ,entwicklung 9 d] er/5 ,k9dheit4 ,engli% ,translation by ,h4 ,w4 ,br[n 7,appleton ,co474 ,f4 ,tracy1 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,*ildhood 7,bo/on1 ,u4,s41 #ahic2 second edition1 #ahid74 ,g4 ,compayr1 ,l',evolution intellectuelle et morale de l',enfant1 #ahic4 ,m4 ,w4 ,%9n1 ,notes on ! ,developm5t ( a ,*ild 7,b]keley1 ,u4,s4,a41 #ahic-id74 ,paola ,lombroso1 ,saggi di ,psicologia del ,bamb9o 7,roma1 #ahid74 ,j4 ,m4 ,baldw91 ,m5tal ,developm5t 9 ! ,*ild & ! ,race1 #ahie4 7,b7 ,,special ,,works4 7#a7 ,,imag9ation ,,& ,,play4 ,j4 ,klaib]1 ,das ,mr*5 und die k9dli*e ,phantasie1 #ahff4 ,f4 ,queyrat1 ,l'imag9ation et ses v>its *ez l',enfant1 #ahic4 ,ref]5ce may also be made to ! works ( ,p]ez & ,compayr already nam$1 to ,madame ,neck]'s ,l',education progressive1 to ,george ,s&'s ,hi/oire de ma vie1 & to ! writ+s ( ,froebel & 8 foll[]s on ! nature ( ,play4 7#b7 ,,?\ghts ,,& ,,reason+s4 ,e4 ,egg]1 ,obs]vations et reflexions sur le developpem5t de l'intellig5ce et du langage *ez les enfants1 #ahha4 ,?\ghts & ,reason+s ( ,*ildr54 ,classifi$ by ,h4 ,w4 ,br[n4 ,repr9t$ f ! ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 vol4 ii41 ,no4 #c 7,worce/]1 ,u4,s4,a474 ,see also ! works ( ,prey]1 ,p]ez1 & ,compayr m5tion$ above4 ,ref]5ce may fur!r be made to ! inquiries into ! cont5ts ( *ildr5's m9ds c>ri$ out 9 ,g]many & else:]e3 see ,b>?olmai1 8,psy*ologis*e ,/ati/ik10 9 ,/oy's ,allgem4 ,s*ulzeitung1 #ahga2 ,lange1 8,d] ,vor/ellungskreis uns]] se*sjhrig5 ,kle9510 9 ,/oy's ,allgem4 ,s*ulzeitung1 #ahgi2 ,h>tmann1 ,analyse des k9dis*5 ,g$ank5kreises1 #b;e auflage1 #ahij2 ,dr4 ,/anley ,hall1 #8,cont5ts ( ,*ildr5's ,m9ds1' ,pr9ceton ,review1 ,new ,s]ies1 vol4 ,,ii1 #ahhc4 p4 #bdi1 & ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 vol4 i41 ,no4 #b1 & ,! ,cont5ts ( ,*ildr5's ,m9ds on ent]+ ,s*ool1 #ahid4 7#c7 ,,language4 ,a4 ,keb]1 ,zur ,philosophie d] ,k9d]spra*e1 #ahfh2 #b;e ,aufgabe1 #ahij4 ,h4 ,ta9e1 8,on ! ,acquisition ( ,language by ,*ildr510 ,m9d1 ii41 #ahgg1 pp4 #beb-bei4 ,sir ,f4 ,pollock1 8,an ,infant's ,progress 9 ,language10 ,m9d1 iii41 #ahgh1 pp4 #cib-dja4 ,f4 ,s*ultze1 ,die ,spra*e des ,k9des1 #ahhj4 ,e4 ,egg]1 ,obs]vations et reflexions sur le developpem5t de l'intellig5ce et du langage *ez les enfants1 #ahha4 ,l4 ,treitel1 ,ueb] ,spra*/rung und ,spra*5twicklung1 ,b]l91 #ahib4 ,h4 ,gutzmann1 ,des ,k9des ,spra*e und ,spra*fehl]1 #ahid4 ,j4 ,dewey1 8,! ,psy*ology ( ,infant ,language10 ,psy*ological ,review1 #ahid4 ,o!r au?orities on *ildr5's language are quot$ by ,prey] 9 connexion ) 8 own full acc\nt ( ! subject1 ,die ,seele des ,k9des1 #d;e ,auflage1 ,dritt] ,!il1 vi4 7#d7 ,,fe>4 ,ref]5ce c be made "h to ,locke's ,?\ghts on ,education1 ,r\sseau's ,emile1 & to ! works ( ,madame ,neck]1 ,george ,s&1 ,prey]1 ,p]ez1 & ,compayr1 already nam$4 7#e7 ,,moral ,,*>act]i/ics4 ,^! are dealt ) by ,locke1 ,r\sseau1 ,madame ,neck]1 by ,p]ez & ,compayr 9 ! works already nam$1 also by ,p]ez 9 8 volume ,le ,c>actre de l'enfant l'homme1 & by mo/ writ]s on ,education4 ,! subject ( ,*ildr5's ,lies is m fully dealt ) by ,g4 ,/anley ,hall1 9 ,! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology1 vol4 iii41 #a1 & ,! ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 vol4 i41 #b1 & by ,g4 ,compayr1 ,l',evolution intell4 et morale de l'enfant1 *ap4 xiv4 7#f7 ,,art4 ,b4 ,p]ez1 ,l'art et la posie *ez l'enfant1 #ahhh4 7#g7 ,,draw+4 ,corrado ,ricci1 ,l'arte dei ,bamb9i 7,bologna1 #ahhg74 ,j4 ,passy1 8,note sur les dess9s d'enfants10 ,revue ,philosophique1 #ahia4 ,e>l ,b>nes1 8,a ,/udy ( ,*ildr5's ,draw+s10 ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 vol4 ii41 ,no4 #c1 p4 #dee ff4 ,! names ( o!r books on *ild-psy*ology may be f\nd 9 ,tracy's volume1 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,*ildhood1 p4 #afb ff42 9 ! ,h&book ( ! ,ill9ois ,society = ,*ild ,/udy1 #ahie2 9 ,b4 ,h>tmann's article1 8,alt]/yp510 9 ,re9's ,encyclop4 ,h&bu* d] ,pdagogik1 ,b& i41 p4 #di2 & 9 ,c4 ,%ub]t's ,essay1 8,elt]nfrag510 9 ,re9's ,aus dem pdagog4 ,univ]sittssem9> zu ,j5a1 #ahid4 ,,index4 ,a4 ,ab/raction1 ab/ract ideas1 beg9n+s (1 #ddc2 gr[? (1 #dhc4 ,act+1 relation (1 to play1 #cf1 #cbf2 z e>ly =m ( art1 #cbc2 fir/ attempts at1 #dcd1 #dif4 ,see ,dramatic repres5tation4 ,activity1 action4 ,see ,movem5t4 ,adjectives1 fir/ use (1 #aga1 #dbg4 ,adornm5t1 *ild's in/9ct (1 #cah4 ,see ,dress4 /hetic aspect ( *ild1 #b2 feel+s ( *ild1 #cjj1 #cig1 #dji1 #dea4 ,see ,art4 ,affirmation1 sign (1 #dag4 ,aft]-images1 *ild's ideas (1 #ajb1 #dfe4 ,altruism1 g]ms (1 9 *ild1 #bdb4 ,see ,sympa?y4 ,amiel1 ,h4 ,f41 #c4 ,&ree1 ,r41 #ccg note1 #cch1 #cde note1 #cdh note1 #ceb note1 #cgi1 #cha note4 ,ang]1 e>ly manife/ations (1 #bcb1 #djg1 #dcb4 ,animal1 *ild comp>$ )1 #e2 ideas ( *ild respect+1 #abc2 dread ( musical s\nds by1 #aie2 fe> ( uncaus$ movem5ts by1 #bje1 #bbj2 *ild's fe> (1 #bjg1 #dcc2 *ild's ill-treatm5t (1 #bci2 8 sympa?y )1 #bdg1 #dfj1 #dge1 #dhe2 recognition ( portraits by1 #cji2 c>e ( body by1 #cah2 *ild's mode ( draw+1 #cgb2 8 lik+ =1 #dej4 ,animism1 ( nature-man1 #ajd2 traces (1 9 *ild-?\ght1 #dhj4 ,an?ropoc5tric ideas ( *ild1 #hb1 #ih1 #ajb1 #dbg4 ,an?ropomorphic ideas ( *ildr51 #gi4 ,anti-social t5d5cies ( *ild1 #bcj4 ,anti!sis1 *ild's use (1 #agd1 #dbi1 #ddb4 ,argum5t4 ,see ,dialectic4 ,arms1 *ild's mann] ( draw+1 #cdh2 treatm5t (1 9 pr(ile repres5tation1 #cfb4 ,art2 art-impulse ( *ild1 #bih2 fir/ responses to natural beauty1 #cjj2 pleasure ( light & col\r1 #cjj2 g]m ( /hetic feel+ = =m1 #cjc2 feel+ = fl[]s1 #cje2 feel+ = sc5]y1 #cjf2 rudim5t>y appreciation ( art1 #cjg2 effects ( music1 #cjh2 int]pretation ( pictures1 #cji2 und]/&+ ( /ories1 #cad2 realism ( *ild1 #cad2 attitude t[>ds dramatic spectacle1 #cae2 feel+ = com$y & trag$y1 #caf2 beg9n+s ( art-production1 #cah2 love ( adornm5t1 #cah2 grace 9 action1 #cba2 relation ( art to play1 #cba1 #cbf2 g]m ( imitative art1 #cbc2 inv5tion1 #cbe2 roots ( arti/ic impulse1 #cbg4 ,artfulness ( *ildr51 #bgb4 ,articulation1 fir/ rudim5t>y1 #ace2 transition to true1 #ach2 defects ( e>ly1 #adh1 #dah2 process (1 #aed2 gr[? (1 #aeh1 #daf1 #dbg1 #dci1 #dfg4 ,see ,language4 ,ass]tion1 *ild's mann] ( mak+1 #deg1 #dga4 ,see ,s5t5ce4 ,assimilation4 ,see ,simil>ity4 ---- phonetic1 #aef4 ,association ( ideas1 9 imag9ative trans=mation ( objects1 #cb2 se5 9 ext5sion ( names1 #afd2 fir/ manife/ations (1 #dje4 ,assonance1 9 e>ly vocalisation1 #acg4 ,b4 ,baby1 new-born1 helpless condition (1 #e1 #djj4 ,baby-wor%ip1 #ag4 ,bagehot1 ,walt]1 #bhj4 ,baldw91 ,j4 ,m>k1 #aa note1 #bj1 #dj note1 #cce note1 #dhd note4 ,b>nes1 ,e>l1 #abe note1 #bbd1 #cfh note4 ,be>d1 draw+ (1 #ceh4 ,beauty4 ,see /hetic ,feel+ & ,art4 ,b9et1 ,a41 #ai1 #hb4 ,bir?1 *ild's ideas (1 #a1 #ajg1 #aag4 ,see ,orig9s4 ,black1 in/9ctive dislike (1 #bjb1 #bjd1 #bae1 #dea1 #dig4 ,body1 relation (1 to self1 #aaj1 #aac1 #aae1 #deg2 treatm5t (1 9 e>ly draw+s1 #cdd2 repres5tation (1 9 pr(ile1 #cfb2 draw+ ( animal1 #cgd2 fir/ exam9ation (1 #djc4 ,bridgman1 ,laura1 #afi1 #bdd4 ,bright objects1 attraction (1 #cjj1 #djc1 #dji4 ,br[n1 ,h4 ,w41 #bb note1 #gd1 #ie1 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,comp>ison1 beg9n+s (1 #ga4 ,compayr1 ,g41 #cg note1 #gf1 #afi note1 #agc note1 #bjh1 #bag1 #bdi4 ,concretism1 #afc4 ,contra/1 e>ly use (4 ,see ,anti!sis4 ,contra/ ( col\rs1 e>ly p]ception (1 #dha4 ,conv]sation1 *ild's fir/ attempt at1 #dca4 ,cooke1 ,e41 #ccc note1 #ccd1 #cch1 #cci1 #cgc1 #cgd note1 #cge note1 #chh4 ,c\rage1 attempt to inculcate1 #dgj4 ,creation4 ,see ,orig9 ( ?+s4 ,cruelty1 t[>ds *ildr51 #bbf1 #bib2 nature ( *ildr5's1 #bci4 ,cry+1 ( *ild at bir?1 #djj2 prec$es smil+1 #djf4 ,curiosity1 z *>act]i/ic ( *ild1 #hc2 z c\nt]active ( fe>1 #bbe2 z motive to maltreatm5t ( animals1 #bda4 ,see ,que/ion+4 ,cu/om1 *ild's respect =1 #bhj4 ,d4 ,d>k1 *ild's fe> (1 #baa1 #dfb4 ,de/ructiv5ess1 z *>act]i/ic ( *ild1 #bdj4 ,d>w91 ,c41 #aci1 #ada1 #adf1 #bcc note1 #djg note1 #daa note1 #dag note4 ,deaf-mutes1 ge/ure language (1 #agc1 #age4 ,dea?1 *ild's ideas respect+1 #abj1 #dfc2 8 feel+ on witness+1 #bcg1 #bch1 #dif2 dread ( los+ "m by1 #bde2 8 %r9k+ f1 #dgh4 ,defiance4 ,see ,law4 ,de ,qu9cey1 ,t41 #bea4 ,dialectic1 *ild's skill 91 #bge1 #ddi1 #dfj4 ,dick5s1 ,*>les1 #ec4 ,diff]5ce1 dissimil>ity1 p]ception (1 #fg1 #dda4 ,disappe>ance1 puzzle (1 = ! *ild1 #hd2 *ild's fir/ ideas (1 #ddd4 ,discipl9e1 moral1 ly+ z relat$ to1 #beh2 resi/ance to1 #bfh2 criticism (1 #bge1 #bhf2 *ild's imitation (1 #bhe2 problem (1 #bij4 ,discrim9ation4 ,see ,diff]5ce4 ,disob$i5ce1 *ild's attitude (4 ,see ,law4 ,di/ance1 *ild's inadequate ideas (1 #ii2 fir/ p]ception (1 #dad4 ,doll1 place (1 9 *ild's play1 #db2 treatm5t (1 by *ild1 #dc2 illusion (1 #dd1 #dib2 fe> (1 #bjd1 #daj4 ,dom5e*1 ,abb1 #che note4 ,dramatic repres5tation1 effects (1 on *ild1 #cae4 ,draw+s ( *ildr52 g5]al *>act]i/ics (1 #cca2 crude beg9n+s (1 #ccc2 fir/ attempts at human figure1 #cce2 treatm5t ( head1 #cce2 facial features1 #ccg2 evolution ( features1 #cdj2 treatm5t ( ! trunk1 #cdd2 ( ! arms1 #cdh2 ( ! h&1 #cea2 ( ! legs1 #ced2 ( ! foot1 #cee2 introduction ( pr(ile elem5ts1 #cef2 mix$ s*emes ( human figure1 #cfg2 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fe>1 #bjh2 on _! angry outbur/s1 #bcd2 illu/rat$ 9 *ild's draw+s1 #chb4 ,exagg]ation1 *ild's t5d5cy to1 #bee4 ,excuses1 *ild's inv5tion (1 #bga4 ,exp]im5t1 c>ry+ out (1 on *ild1 #ag4 ,expression ( feel+1 ?r\gh s\nds1 #acf2 orig9al =m (1 #dfa4 ,eyes1 draw+s (1 #cdj2 treatm5t (1 9 pr(ile1 #cei1 #cfj2 treatm5t ( animal1 #cgc2 le>n+ to control movem5ts (1 #dja1 #djb4 ,f4 ,fairies1 *ild's belief 91 #ei1 #abd1 #ded1 #dff4 ,fancy4 ,see ,imag9ation4 ,fatalism1 traces (1 9 *ild-?\ght1 #bgc4 ,fe>1 9 *ildr51 ! obs]vation (1 #aic2 />tl+ effects ( s\nds1 #aid2 feel+ ( bodily insecurity1 #aig2 ( visible objects1 #aih2 ( /range ?+s1 #aii2 ( /range p]sons1 #bja1 #daj2 ( new clo!s1 #bjb1 #daj2 ( ! sea1 #bjb2 ( ugly dolls1 #bjd1 #daj2 ( mov+ ?+s1 #bje2 ( %ad[s1 #bjf2 ( animals1 #bjg1 #dcc2 ( ! d>k1 #baa1 #dfb2 explanation (1 #bai2 comp>ison ( *ild's ) animal's1 #bbj2 ) savage's1 #bbj2 ) abnormal t]ror1 #bba2 action ( exp]i5ce ^u1 #bba2 palliatives (1 #bbc2 ( ba?1 #dgj2 ( lamp1 #dic4 ,feel+s ( *ild1 problem ( /udy+1 #aia2 expression (1 #aib4 ,fl[]s1 *ild's love (1 #cje4 ,folk-etymology1 #ahh4 ,foot1 *ild's mode ( draw+1 #cee2 repres5tation (1 9 pr(ile1 #cfd4 ,=m1 *ild's obs]vation (1 #fj1 #cic1 #dba1 #dfe4 ,fry1 ,i41 #bbd1 #bec4 ,fun1 *ild's s5se (1 #caf1 #daa1 #dcd1 #dej4 ,g4 ,galton1 ,f41 #de1 #djd4 ,games4 ,see ,play4 ,g5]al ideas1 g5]alisation1 fir/ rudim5ts (1 #ada1 #afa2 e>ly examples (1 #afb1 #djd1 #dbj4 ,ge/ure1 e>ly use (1 z signs1 #ach2 ( deaf-mutes1 #agc1 #age4 ,gho/s1 g]m ( fe> (1 9 *ild1 #dfb4 ,god2 *ild's ideas ( 8 =m1 #abf2 ( 8 dwell+-place1 #abf2 ( 8 creative activity1 #abg1 #dgh2 ( 8 omnisci5ce1 #abh2 ( 8 omnipres5ce1 #abi2 ( 8 goodness1 #acj2 ( 8 et]nity1 #aca2 ( 8 triune be+1 #cca4 ,goe!1 ,j4 ,w4 von1 #bda note1 #cae1 #eab4 ,goltz1 ,b41 #db1 #ec1 #ahe note1 #ahf note4 ,gov]nm5t4 ,see ,discipl9e4 ,grace ( *ild1 #cba4 ,grammatical =ms1 *ild's indiff]5ce to1 #afa1 #ddj4 ,grasp+1 movem5t (1 #dab4 ,grave4 ,see ,burial4 ,gre$ ( *ild1 #bca1 #dcb4 ,grosse1 ,e41 #cai1 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