,transcrib$ f ! #ahcc ,george ,wightman edition by ,david ,price1 email ccx#jgdpglaf4org ,picture3 ,public doma9 book cov] ,a ,,lett] ,,to ,,! ,,k5s+ton ,,canal ,,company1 ,,on ,,! ,,sub/itution ,,( ,,! ,,pneumatic ,,railway ,,= ,,! ,,common ,,railway ,,by ,,:i* ,,!y ,,contemplate ,,ext5d+ ,,_! ,,l9e ,,( ,,conveyance4 ,,by ,,john ,,valance4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,company4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,london3 ,,george ,,wightman1 #bd1 ,,pat]no/] ,,r[4 99 99 99 99 99 #ahcc4 99 99 99 99 99 8,"u circum/ances ( ?is sort1 !re c be no d\bt t ^? microcosmic m9ds1 :i*1 habitually occupi$ 9 ! consid]ation ( :at is little1 are incapable ( disc]n+ :at is great1 & :o already /igmatise ! proposition z a romantic s*eme1 w1 n unsp>+ly1 di/ribute ! epi!ts--absurd1 ridicul\s1 *im]ical4 ,! commission]s mu/1 nev]!less1 h ! h>dihood to brave ! sne]s & s>casms ( m5 :o1 ) too mu* pride to /udy1 & too mu* wit to ?9k1 und]value :at !y d n und]/&1 & condemn :at !y _c compreh5d40 ,report on ! ,practicability ( ! ,erie & ,hudson ,canal4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,s4 ,hodson1 ,pr9t]1 ,cross ,/reet1 ,hatton ,g>d54 ,a ,,lett]1 c4 ,,my ,,"l ,,& ,,g5tlem51 ,,! contemplat$ addition ( a railway to y\r l9e ( conveyance1 induces me to solicit ! hon\r ( y\r att5tion to a me?od ( effect+ y\r object1 :i* may1 p]haps1 prove ! *eape/ & be/ y c adopt4 ,f ! /atem5ts ( ! g5tlem5 :o gave explanations on ! subject at ! meet+1 y\r object appe>s to be1 to effect "s me?od ( communication betwe5 y\r bas9 at ,k5s+ton1 & "s po9t ( ! ,gr& ,junction ,canal1 & ! propos$ ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway1 :i* may enable y1 ei!r to take advantage ( ! ,gr& ,junction ,canal z a *annel to convey & receive goods to & f1 or ( ! propos$ railway to ,birm+ham2 s t y may be able to convey pass5g]s to & f t railway1 & to & f ! we/]n p>ts ( t[n1 %\ld x be put into op]ation4 ,y\r pres5t l9e be+ a wat] l9e1 ,i %\ld1 7 x n = ! int]v5tion ( ! high gr\nd :i* is betwe5 y\r bas9 & ! ,gr& ,junction ,canal1 recomm5d ! ext5sion ( ?is wat] l9e2 because an additional exp5diture ( #ijjl4 or #ajjjl41 to provide a c\ple ( ! gigs by :i* pass5g]s are n[ convey$ at ! rate ( t5 or twelve miles an h\r along ! ,paisley & ,ardrossan ,canal1 w\ld !n enable y to c>ry any numb] ( pass5g]s to & f ! ,birm+ham ,railway consid]ably fa/]1 & _m times *eap]1 ?an omnibuses1 c4 c4 w\ld convey !m to & f ! t[n end ( t railway4 ,b z ! num]\s locks1 :i* ! height ( t gr\nd r5d]s necess>y1 w\ld occasion ! loss ( all ! "t :i* ! newly-discov]$ me?od ( rapid conveyance on canals might save1 ! ext5sion ( y\r pres5t l9e appe>s to be incompatible ) y\r object ( r5d]+ su* ext5sion adapt$ to ! rapid conveyance ( pass5g]s1 z well z goods at ! usual rate4 ,?is imp$im5t is n1 h[ev]1 ! only circum/ance :i* w\ld make me pause 9 recomm5d+ ! ext5sion ( y\r canal4 ,x is publicly /at$ t ! e/imat$ exp5se ( ext5d+ y\r canal ! two & a half miles y contemplat$ 0 #aej1jjjl42 :ile ?is w\ld n be ! sole exp5se att5d+ x4 ,ow+ to !re be+ no wat] to supply ! wa/e ( ! num]\s locks :i* y mu/ con/ruct1 to raise b>ges to ! height y wi% to surm\nt1 y w\ld h1 9 addition to ext5d+ y\r canal1 to be also at ! exp5se ( lay+ d[n l>ge wat]-pipes all along x2 & ( erect+ /eam-eng9es1 & pumps1 to raise up f ! ,?ames1 e drop ( ! wat] y w\ld require to l[] y\r b>ges d[n to x4 ,! fir/ co/ ( do+ ?is w\ld be v consid]able3 s9ce1 9 addition to ! /eam-eng9es1 pumps1 & two & a half miles ( l>ge pipe :i* y mu/ lay d[n1 y mu/ also be at ! exp5se ( pur*as+ gr\nd at ! end ( y\r propos$ ext5sion1 = ! site (1 & excavat+ ! e>? to =m1 a l>ge res]voir1 = ! wat] to be pump$ up into to supply ! locks4 ,great1 h[ev]1 z w\ld be ! fir/ co/ ( ?us provid+ wat] to "w ! propos$ ext5sion ( y\r canal1 yet w\ld ?is fir/ co/ be less important ?an ! curr5t exp5ses ( x2 s9ce = e b>ge t pass$ ?r\gh y\r canal1 y w\ld h to pump above two hundr$ tons ( wat]1 ne>ly #ajj feet high3 ?an :i*1 no?+ c be conceiv$ m contr>y to pr9ciples ( economy2 x be+ tantam\nt to hav+ to lift a :ole hundr$ weight up1 e "t y ext5d$ y\r h& to put a qu>t] ( a hundr$ weight d[n4 ,7 x necess>y t ^? two hundr$ tons ( wat] %\ld be pump$ only :5 y rais$ a b>ge up ) 7or by means (7 !m1 x w\ld n be s vexati\s4 ,b to be =c$ to pump two hundr$ tons up1 9 ord] to float ! smalle/ load a b>ge c>ries #d;a d[n y\r canal1 w\ld be s contr>y to all pr9ciples ( economical conveyance1 z well z co/ly1 t x becomes unavoidable to seek = "s o!r means ( transmission4 ,t :i* fir/ /ruck y z applicable to y\r object1 0 a rail-way2 s9ce1 by means ( x1 pass5g]s may be convey$ z well z goods2 s t1 %\ld any circum/ance connect$ ) ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway ev] r5d] x desirable1 y might1 !n1 convey pass5g]s along y\r l9e4 ,b ?\gh ?is c\ld c]ta9ly be done1 yet w\ld ! atta9m5t ( t c]ta9ty be att5d$ ) an exp5se1 :i* might prove great] ?an ! value ( ! pur*ase4 ,! avoidance ( asc5ts :i* are at all abrupt1 is n[ /at$ to be ( su* consequ5ce z relates to ! dim9ution ( ! daily exp5ses ( railways1 & s important ) respect to :at locomotive eng9es c d ^u !m1 t x is curr5t z ! dictum ( ! pr9cipal eng9e] ( ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway1 t x is bett] to lay d[n six miles ( railway to avoid 7by go+ r\nd x7 a rise ( #agd feet 9 "o mile 7an asc5t ( ab\t an in* 9 a y>d1 t is7 ?an to c>ry "o mile ( railway ov] said rise4 ,& ! junior eng9e] to t railway /at$ be=e ! ,lords' ,committee1 t = a locomotive eng9e to get ov] a rise ( fifty feet 9 height1 0 8ne>ly equal to go+ f\r miles r\nd40 ,! fuel consum$ be+ ! pr9cipal item ( exp5se 9 locomotive eng9es1 & ! price ( fuel ) y be+ ne>ly t5 times great] ?an on ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] l9e1 #d;b ! atta9m5t ( ! desid]atum ( z regul> an asc5t z c be procur$1 becomes1 accord+ to ?is doctr9e1 m important z relates to y\r l9e1 ?an x w\ld be :]e fuel 0 *eap]1 9 proportion to ! de>ness ( t fuel4 ,a regul> plane ( asc5t may1 !re=e1 be consid]$ indisp5sable to ! prop] op]ation ( any railway y might lay d[n ,7 y to d ! utmo/ t c\ld be done t[>ds obta9+ ?is regul> plane ( asc5t1 betwe5 y\r propos$ po9ts ( dep>ture & arrival1 by cutt+ & embank+ s z to make y\r l9e "o cont9u\s incl9$ plane1 x w\ld /ill be s remote f a level1 z to rise at ! rate ( "o foot ( p]p5dicul> height = #aed feet ( horizontal di/ance2 :i* w\ld make ! p[] requir$ to draw any load along y\r l9e ne>ly twice z great z t :i* w\ld be requisite to draw ! same load on a level2 :ile x w\ld also pres5t a %>p] rise ?an "s railways :]e /ation>y eng9es are ! only mov+ p[] employ$1 ow+ to locomotives be+ consid]$ unfit = railways s incl9$4 ,suppos+ y\r l9e1 :i* mu/ h ! same numb] ( rails t ! ,birm+ham ,railroad is to h 7two l9es ( way t is7 to be no wid] ?an t railway is to be 9 ! n>r[e/ "p1 ! am\nt ( embank+ necess>y to r5d] y\r plane ( asc5t regul> to ?is degree w\ld n be s little z "o million ( cubic y>ds4 ,9 ! evid5ce be=e ! ,lords' ,committee on ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway x is /at$1 t on ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway !re are ab\t ?ree millions ( cubic y>ds ( cutt+s & embankm5ts4 ,x be+ kn[n t ! money paid by t ,company = ?is purpose has exce$$ two hundr$ ?\s& p\nds1 x may be presum$ t ! exp5se ( "o ?ird ( t am\nt ( cutt+ & embank+ on y\r l9e w\ld n be less ?an ab\t #gj1jjjl42 :ile1 z ! nature ( ! gr\nd y\r l9e mu/ pass ?r\gh1 w\ld r5d] ! proportion ( embankm5ts mu* great] ?an t ( excavations1 ?is am\nt ( #gj1jjjl4 w\ld be add$ to1 by y\r be+ actually compell$ to pur*ase ! e>? itself :i* w\ld be requir$ = ^? embankm5ts1 z well z to pay = ! lab\r ( digg+ & convey+ x to :]e y want$ x4 ,long l9es ( "w be+ done = mu* less exp5se p] mile ?an %ort ones2 ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway be+ a v long l9e 7#aab miles72 ! eng9e]s ( t railway hav+ ! v highe/ reputation z railway eng9e]s2 & ! e/imates laid be=e ,p>liam5t by ^? g5tlem5 = t railway1 be+ ! be/ au?ority x is possible to ref] to z relates to ! probable co/ ( a railway--,i %all1 = ^! reasons1 & 9 ord] to prev5t y\r suppos+ t my own op9ion affects my /atem5t1 adv]t to ! anticipat$ exp5se ( t railway p] mile z a measure ( ! co/ ( y\rs4 ,d$uct+ ! e/imat$ exp5se ( cutt+ & embank+1 f ! g5]al e/imate ( ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway1 ! av]age e/imat$ exp5se ( ! o!r "w ( ! two l9es ( way n[ propos$ = t road 7in/ead ( ! f\r l9es ( :i* x 0 to consi/7 is #bj1fcal4 p] mile4 #e ,& z x is n evid5t :y y\r %ort l9e %\ld be done = less comp>ative exp5se ?an ?is long "o 7:ile x is to be presum$ t x w\ld co/ mu* m71 x may be assum$ t ! actual exp5se ( attempt+ to make a railway1 on :i* ! tractive =ce requir$ = any load w\ld be ne>ly twice z great z on a level1 along ! l9e y propose1 w\ld n be s little z #ajj1jjjl4 ,&1 suppos+ t y %\ld be will+ to adopt ! less fav\rable me?od ( railway transmission--i4e4 levels & /eep incl9$ planes1 ) fix$ eng9es on ! summits--/ill might n exp5se be v greatly r$uc$8 ,! orig9al e/imate ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway 0 #djj1jjjl41 ab\t #ab1jjjl4 p] mile t is2 ) respect to :i* ! ,qu>t]ly ,review = ,m>* #ahbe says3 8,! e/imate = ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway we h und]/ood to be tak5 at #ab1jjjl4 p] mile4 ,b t road is meant to be execut$ on a magnific5t scale2 to be sixty-six feet wide2 #f ! rails to be laid d[n 9 ! be/ possible mann]2 & ! pur*ase ( l& at ! extremities mu/ be paid = at an enorm\s price4 ,?is e/imate also includes ! co/ ( eng9es1 waggons1 & w>eh\ses40 ,mo/ unwisely1 h[ev]1 z well z untruly1 ! advocates ( railways attempt to d5y1 t ! orig9al e/imate = ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway 0 s l[ z ?is1 or t x includ$ ! 8co/ ( eng9es1 waggons1 & w>eh\ses20 9 ord] to %[ t ! actual co/ ( ! railways n[ contemplat$ w n exce$ _! e/imat$ exp5se1 z ! actual co/ ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway has exce$$ t e/imate4 ,= ! facts ( ! case ,i appeal to ! orig9al prospectus ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 dat$ ,octob] #bi1 #ahbd2 ! #e? p>agraph ( :i* docum5t is z foll[s3-- 8,! gr\nd has be5 survey$ by em95t eng9e]s1 & ! e/imat$ exp5se ( a railroad ^u ! mo/ improv$ con/ruction1 includ+ ! *>ge = locomotive eng9es to be employ$ ^u ! l9e1 & o!r cont+5cies1 is #djj1jjjl4 :i* sum x is propos$ to raise 9 #djjj %>es ( #ajjl4 ea*40 ,x _c1 !re=e1 b be contr>y to good s5se z well z fact1 = ! advocates ( railways to attempt to d5y evid5ce ( ?is nature4 ,! fir/ l9e ( ! cr$it side ( ! acc\nt giv5 9 to ! ,lords' ,committee on ! propos$ ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway1 by ! ,treasur] ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 on ! #bd? ,june la/1 /&s ?us3 8,by am\nt exp5d$ 7up to ! #ca/ ,decemb]1 #ahca7 9 completion ( ! ways & works1 #iib1jedl4 #cs4 #f;d403 :ile ! same docum5t says1 8,by ! additional numb] ( locomotive eng9es & c>riages t w be requir$ = ! increas$ numb] ( dep>tures1 & especially by ! outlay ( capital = ! con/ruction ( ! new tunnel1 & ! unavoidable co/ ( w>m+1 light+1 & work+ ! same1 ! ,company w incur an increas$ annual exp5diture1 :i* w be v inadequately comp5sat$ by ! sav+ ( ! *>ge = omnibuses40 ,n[1 z exclusive ( ?is 8additional numb] ( locomotive eng9es & c>riages t w be requir$10 ! exp5se ( mak+ ?is tunnel is e/imat$ at #acj1jjjl4--:ile1 if ! degree to :i* ! actual co/ ( ! railway itself exce$$ its e/imat$ exp5se1 be tak5 z a rule1 ! actual co/ ( ?is tunnel may be ne>] #djj1jjjl4 ?an #acj1jjjl4--&1 z ! foll[+ extract f ! pamphlet entitl$ 8,rem>ks on ! ,birm+ham & ,london ,railroad1 by ,inve/igator10 %ews t an important item has be5 omitt$1 ! :ole exp5se ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 up to ! #ca/ ,decemb]1 #ahca1 w1 x appe>s1 exce$ #a1bjj1jjjl4 :i* is above #dj1jjjl4 p] mile4 8,!re is a mo/ important item entirely omitt$ 9 ! treasur]'s acc\nt4 ,ne>ly #gdj1jjjl4 7 exp5d$ previ\s to ,may1 #ahcj1 all ( :i* has n[ be5 exp5d$ = ne>ly "o ye>1 & diff]5t portions ( x 9 diff]5t ye>s1 ! fir/ six ye>s ago2 n "o %ill+ has yet be5 return$ back aga92 &1 !re=e1 ! am\nt mu/ be increas$ by ! int]e/ on ! successive sums exp5d$4 8,we %all n fatigue our read]s ) ! details2 b ! foll[+ ab/ract is v ne> ! tru?3-- 4 4 s4 d4 ,int]e/ ( #bj1cig #g1jcd #j #j ,ditto #bj1cig #e1fbi #j #j ,ditto #ajj1jjj #ba1bab #j #j ,ditto #aha1jfa #bh1hfh #j #j ,ditto #aii1bdj #bj1ibe #j #j ,ditto #gci1afe #aa1hbc #j #j ,total 7und]rat$7 #ie1dia #j #j 8,omitt+ ! odd hundr$s1 z we wi% to be "u1 r ?an to exce$ ! tru?1 !re mu/1 !re=e1 be #ie1jjjl4 all[$ = int]e/40 ,suppos+1 !re=e1 t y 7 to dim9i% ! exp5se ( levell+1 by adopt+ ! sy/em ( /eep incl9$ planes1 ) /ation>y eng9es on ! summits ( !m1 to drag ! loads up by means ( ropes1 c41 accord+ to ! usual c\rse ( ! /ation>y eng9e sy/em1 exp5se might n be v greatly r$uc$4 ,s9ce x appe>s1 f ! acc\nts laid be=e ,p>liam5t1 t1 d$uct+ ! money paid = cutt+ & embank+ on ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 z well z ! #acj1jjjl4 ( additional exp5diture1 :i* ,i h j m5tion$1 ! actual co/ ( t railway1 exclusive ( cutt+s & embankm5ts1 has really be5 s high z to am\nt1 v ne>ly1 to #bi1jjjl4 p] mile4 ,ev51 !re=e1 if !re 7 n a s+le y>d ( cutt+ & embank+ to be done on y\r l9e1 ! e/imat$ exp5se ( ! ,london & ,birm+ham1 & ! actual co/ ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 bid y prep>e y\rselves = an outlay ( n less ?an #bj1jjjl4 p] mile2 :ile ! money actually paid on ! latt]1 may well make y anticipate t x w\ld be ne>] #cj1jjjl4 p] mile2 & ?is1 z has j be5 /at$1 exclusive ( ! exp5se ( cutt+s & embankm5ts4 ,!re are p]sons :o w d5y ?is4 ,b in/ead ( occupy+ y\r "t by ent]+ on any discussion ( ! "q "h1 ,i w m]ely ref] y to ! p>agraph quot$ on ! la/ page f ! orig9al prospectus ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 & to ! foll[+ passage f ! second prospectus issu$ by t company on ! #bf? ,decemb]1 #ahbe1 :5 ! capital 0 rais$ to #eaj1jjjl4 in/ead ( #djj1jjjl41--t is1 to #ag1jjjl4 p] mile1 in/ead ( #ab1jjjl4 8,a v prom95t objection tak5 by ! oppon5ts ( ! bill1 0 f\nd$ on ! errors 9 ! section & levels1 z exhibit$ be=e ,p>liam5t4 ,^! errors1 ! ,committee at once ackn[l$g$ & regrett$2 &1 to avoid all *ance ( simil> compla9t 9 future1 !y h engag$ ! pr(essional s]vices ( mo/ em95t eng9e]s1 aid$ by assi/ants ( und\bt$ tal5ts & activity2 ^: comb9$ ef=ts ju/ify ! fulle/ assurance1 n only ( ! correctness ( ! plans & sections1 b t ! :ole l9e w be laid & arrang$ ) t skill & con=mity ) ! rules ( me*anical sci5ce1 :i* w equally *all5ge approbation1 :e!r consid]$ z a national und]tak+ ( great public utility1 or z a magnific5t specim5 ( art40 ,yet1 not)/&+ ! 8und\bt$ tal5t0 ( ^? 8mo/ em95t eng9e]s10 & _! 8assi/ants10 :om ! ,committee _h ?us 8engag$10 ! actual co/ ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 has m ?an d\bl$ ! sum :i* ! 8und\bt$ tal5t0 ( ^? eng9e]s & _! assi/ants e/imat$ x w\ld co/1 on ! second survey ( ! l9e4 ,! objections1 !re=e1 ( ^? :o w say t ,i ov]rate ! exp5se ( a railway1 may n be m consi/5t ) fact1 ?an ! "u e/imate ( ^! 8mo/ em95t eng9e]s10 & _! 8assi/ants ( und\bt$ tal5ts & activity30 :ile if1 aft] be+ a second "t survey$ & e/imat$1 ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway co/ a million & a qu>t]1 in/ead ( ! half million to :i* ! revis$ & reconsid]$ e/imates ( ^! 8mo/ em95t eng9e]s0 & _! 8assi/ants ( und\bt$ tal5t & activity10 rais$ x1 x becomes a simple rule ( ?ree "q to e/imate h[ mu* ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway w co/1 above ! two & a half millions1 :i* x is n[ /at$ w complete ! d\ble l9e t is to be laid d[n1 in/ead ( ! quadruple l9e :i* 0 /at$ to co/ ?ree millions4 ,( ! f\r sums :i* ?is railway has be5 e/imat$ to co/ 7"o & a half millions2 two millions2 ?ree millions2 & two & a half millions2 vide note on page #e71 nobody c tell :i* w be "r2 ?\gh !re are ^? :o h publicly /at$ 7& /ak$ _! critical accuracy on its correctness71 t ! :ole f\r add$ toge!r1 w n be mu* m ?an en\gh4 ,x is true1 t by hav+ ?ree v %>p inde$ incl9$ planes1 ( eight or t5 feet p]p5dicul> asc5t ea* an almo/ p]fect level might1 )\t v great exp5se = cutt+ & embank+1 be obta9$ = f\r-fif?s ( y\r l9e to ! ,gr& ,junction ,canal2 :ile1 by avail+ myself ( an asc5d+ p[] possess$ by locomotive eng9es1 :i* has 7to my v great surprise7 hi!rto be5 ov]look$1 n only by railway eng9e]s 9 g5]al1 b also by ! inv5tors & improv]s ( locomotive eng9es1 #h ,i c\ld get y\r eng9es & _! loads up ^! asc5ts )\t any difficulty4 ,b z ! rise1 dur+ ! sixty feet 7ne>ly71 ( asc5t1 :i* mu/ be surm\nt$ 9 ! rema9+ fif? ( y\r l9e to ! ,gr& ,junction ,canal1 mu/ be at ! rate ( "o 9 =ty-sev52 z ! p[] requir$ to get ! loads y mu/ be prep>$ to s5d up t asc5t1 at ! rate y mu/ also be prep>$ to raise !m1 w1 includ+ ! friction1 c41 ( ! ropes1 r5d] x necess>y t ! /ation>y eng9es %\ld1 ea* ( !m1 be1 r\ndly speak+1 #aej horses p[]--9 consequ5ce ( ^! ?+s1 & ow+ to ! delay & dang] att5dant on ! /eep incl9$ plane & /ation>y eng9e sy/em1 z well z = ! foll[+ reasons1 ?is conjo9t me?od ( levels & /eep incl9$ planes1 & ( locomotive & /ation>y eng9es1 might be little bett] = y ?an mak+ "o cont9u\s incl9$ plane ( y\r l9e2 s z to admit ( locomotives runn+ ov] ! :ole ( x2 &1 consequ5tly1 n ne$+ /ation>y eng9es at all4 ,not)/&+ ! efficacy ( /eep incl9$ planes ) /ation>y eng9es on ! summits1 :]e !y are absolutely unavoidable1 yet are !y s objectionable :]e x is any h[ possible to avoid !m1 t ! eng9e]s ( ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway h recomm5d$ cutt+s & embankm5ts to ! am\nt ( tw5ty-?ree millions ( cubic y>ds 7ne>ly7 9 ord] to avoid !m2 :ile evid5ce makes x appe>1 t ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway ,company pref] keep+ extra locomotives wait+ at ! foot ( _! incl9$ planes1 to draw ! tra9s up1 r ?an use ! /ation>y eng9es1 :i*1 x has be5 /at$1 !y fix$ at ! top ( ^? asc5ts = t purpose4 ,b ^! g5]al objections aga9/ /eep incl9$ planes & /ation>y eng9es1 are n ! only ones :i* w\ld op]ate to ! rejection ( ?is me?od on y\r propos$ l9e4 ,to connect x ) ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway1 x mu/ ei!r be c>ri$ ov] ! ,gr& ,junction ,canal1 or ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway mu/ be br\ght across t canal to come to x2 & z x may be div9$ t ,mahomet mu/ g to ! m\nta91 r ?an t ! m\nta9 %\ld come to ,mahomet1 x may be conclud$ t y\r cross+ ! canal is unavoidable2 especially :5 x is consid]$ t br++ ! ,birm+ham ,railway ov] to ! s\? side ( ! canal1 w\ld r5d] necess>y a second cross+ ( x1 9 ord] to take t railway back to ! nor? side aga94 ,& z1 exclusive ( ! exp5se ( ! wide bridge1 y mu/ provide to c>ry y\r l9e ( railway across ! canal1 x w\ld cause1 fir/1 a second break1 or v>iation1 9 y\r me?od ( draught1 by compell+ y1 aft] tak+ ! loads f ! locomotive eng9es :i* br\ght !m f y\r bas9 to ! foot ( ! asc5t1 & gett+ !m up t asc5t by means ( ! /ation>y eng9es1 ei!r to h o!r /ation>y eng9es adjo9+ ! ,birm+ham l9e1 to get ! loads f ! canal to t l9e1 or else to transf] !m = t purpose f ! /ation>y eng9es1 to locomotives aga92 :ile1 secondly1 & 9 addition to ?is1 !re w\ld be ! objection & opposition ( ! ,gr& ,junction ,company1 to ! l>ge /ation>y eng9es & build+s :i* y mu/ erect close to _! canal to be ov]come1 x w\ld appe> t a me?od :i* %\ld avoid !1 p]haps1 fatal objections1 & c]ta9ly mo/ enorm\sly exp5sive ,p>liam5t>y opposition ( ! ,gr& ,junction ,company to ! propos$ ext5sion ( y\r l9e1 w\ld be a desid]atum4 ,9 addition to ?is1 !re mu/ be ! bread? ( l& requir$ = a railway2 :i*1 look+ at ! wid? necess>y = ! embankm5ts1 w\ld1 consid]+ ! value ( ! gr\nd ?r\gh :i* y\r l9e mu/ run1 r5d] ! surface pur*ase 7comp>atively7 equally exp5sive z ! cutt+4 ,m]e exp5se ( pur*ase1 might n1 h[ev]1 be ! pr9cipal objection to a railway along ! l9e y contemplate4 ,accord+ to ! section ( t l9e1 ! height ( ! embankm5t x w\ld be necess>y to raise to give y a regul> plane ( asc5t1 w\ld s effectually divide ! gr\nds y pass$ ?r\gh1 z to prev5t y\r bridg+ across su* embankm5t = private roads1 & compel y to 8tunnel0 "u y\r own l9e1 9 ord] to admit ( communication betwe5 ! divid$ prop]ties y w\ld int]sect2 :ile1 9 ! m level "p1 consid]able exp5se = bridg+ across x = ! same purpose might be necess>y4 ,& let y d ! utmo/ t c\ld be done1 to inconv5i5ce l&[n]s & occupi]s z little z possible1 x is impossible to avoid giv+ !m real cause = objection on ?is gr\nd1 = ! reasons po9t$ out 9 ! foll[+ extract f a publication on ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway4 8,p>ts ( e/ates & ( fields w also be sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 by imm5se ga%es & m\nds2 ov] & "u :i* exp5sive bridges1 & long & wide tunnels1 mu/ ei!r be con/ruct$1 or ! value ( ! l& mu/ be /ill fur!r det]iorat$4 ,grant+ ^! to be con/ruct$ 7& !y too w\ld be an exp5se z great z ! o!r71 !y w\ld n be an adequate comp5sation2 = ! pass+ & repass+ ( ! num]\s flocks & h]ds by !m1 w\ld completely trample d[n & ru9 ! adjac5t fields4 ,!re w also be cutt+ ( ! ve9s t conta9 wat]2 ! spr+s & ponds w 9 consequ5ce be dri$1 & _m ( ! slop+ fields adjo9+ ! l9e s depriv$ ( wat]1 t !y w ei!r become unfit = ! purposes ( pa/urage1 or ! /ock w h to be driv5 to a di/ance = a supply1 at a consid]able injury to its own value1 & also at consid]able exp5se40 ,n[ z ! opposition :i*1 = ^! reasons only1 ! l&[n]s & occupi]s made to ! propos$ ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway la/ session1 0 ! cause ( ! bill be+ ?r[n out by ! ,lords' ,committee2 #aj;a :ile1 9 addition to ?us los+ !m _! bill1 ?is opposition ( ! l&[n]s & occupi]s also co/ t company #ej1jjjl4 9 p>liam5t>y exp5ses1 #aj;b x may behove y to calculate s]i\sly ! consequ5ces ( simil> opposition2 p>liam5t>y exp5ses be+ almo/ ! same1 :e!r a bill is = a railway ( #ajj miles1 or ( only "o mile 9 l5g?4 ,b ?is surface exp5se ( ! road may /ill =m its lea/ exp5se4 ,among ! evid5ce be=e ! ,"l's ,committee on ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 /&s ! foll[+ item3 8,ma9ta9ance ( way #f1eiil4 #abs4 #f;d40 ,?is be+ = ! six mon?s end+ on ! #ca/ ,decemb] la/1 x appe>s t ! exp5se ( keep+ t railway 9 condition1 not)/&+ t x has be5 op5$ only two ye>s1 0 at ! rate ( #dchl4 p] mile1 p] annum1 = ! la/ half ( la/ ye>2 an am\nt1 :i*1 on y\r propos$ l9e1 w\ld pay #e p] c5t4 on above #bj1jjjl4 ,9 ! la/ g5]al return made to ,p>liam5t1 x 0 /at$ t ! av]age exp5se ( keep+ ! :ole ( ! turnpike roads ( ,engl& 9 repair1 0 #fhl4 #acs4 #j;d41 p] mile p] annum4 ,!re=e1 x appe>s1 t ! exp5se ( keep+ ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway 9 repair1 is sev5 times z great z t ( ! av]age exp5se ( repair+ ! turnpike roads ( ,engl&4 ,= ! fir/ half ( ! pres5t ye>1 ^! exp5ses seem to h increas$ consid]ably 9 proportion4 ,s9ce1 not)/&+ t ! numb] ( pass5g]s c>ri$ betwe5 ! #a/ ( ,janu>y & ! #a/ ( ,july1 #ahcb1 is less by above #hb1jjj ?an dur+ ! prec$+ six mon?s 7be+ only #agd1abb in/ead ( #bef1cba71 ! repairs ( ! railway co/ #gccal4 9 t p]iod1 :i* is at ! rate ( #dhhl4 p] mile1 p] annum4 ,on ?is & a correspond+ subject1 ! ,=eign ,qu>t]ly ,review = ,octob]1 #ahcb1 9 its obs]vations on two ,fr5* publications on railways1 says1 speak+ ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 8,! rails are n support$ uni=mly by lay+ on ! surface ( ! road1 b re/ ^u /one pill>s1 or sleep]s1 z !y are call$1 plac$ at di/ances ( a y>d f ea* o!r2 & z ! great weights pass ov] !m ) consid]able velocity1 ^! sleep]s are driv5 deep] into ! gr\nd2 s t ! rail-road soon becomes unev51 "o rail hav+ "o direction1 & ! next a diff]5t "o4 ,?\gh ^! defects are n easily detect$ by ! eye1 yet !y are v s5sible ^u close inspection ) in/rum5ts2 & /ill m s by ! c>riages t pass ov] !m1 z ! :eels1 on pass+ ov] a jo9+ ( two rails1 receive a sev]e jolt1 & also a *ange ( direction4 ,driv5 fir/ on "o side ( ! road1 !n on ! o!r1 ! c>riage rocks l a %ip at sea2 :il/1 at e sw+1 "o :eel or ! o!r /rikes a rail ) consid]able viol5ce4 8,! damage su/a9$ by ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 f ^! causes1 is by no means trifl+4 ,on exam9+ ! la/ half ye>ly /atem5t pr9t$ = ! use ( ! subscrib]s1 we f9d t ! repairs ( ! railway co/ #gccal4 9 six mon?s2 be+ m ?an #ad1jjjl4 p] annum4 #aa ,b ! evil effects ( ?is action are by no means conf9$ to ! railway itself1 !y are /ill m de/ructive to ! eng9es t run ^u x1 z well z ! c>riages2 z ! =m]1 f _! delicate me*anism1 receive ! %ocks ) unmitigat$ viol5ce2 by :i* e bolt is %ak5 loose1 & ev5 ! /ronge/ p>ts ( ! ma*9]y1 are spe$ily torn to pieces4 8,! jolt+ !y receive is v viol5t4 ,we h /ood on "o ( !m = h\rs1 wat*+ ! action ( ! spr+s1 & h exp]i5c$1 on our own bodies1 e jolt ( ! railway4 ,! effect produc$ is mo/ s5sibly p]ceiv$1 :]e x is mo/ sorely felt1 9 ! rev5ue ( ! company2 = ev5 at ?is mom5t1 :5 _! eng9es are new1 & 9 ! be/ ord]1 ! exp5se incurr$ = _! support & repairs1 is #aj1ehbl4 9 six mon?s2 or above #ba1jjjl4 p] annum1 mak+1 ) ! ma9t5ance ( ! road1 #ce1jjjl4 ( ye>ly exp5diture2 ! great] "p ( :i* is occasion$ by ! imp]fections we h be5 describ+4 ,?is exp5se is easily acc\nt$ =1 :5 we consid] t ! company h tw5ty-f\r eng9es2 out ( :i* !re are seldom m ?an six fit = use2 ! o!rs1 und]go+ ! progress ( ?or\gh repair40 ,suppos+ ?is #aj1ehbl4 to be divid$ among ! :ole tw5ty-f\r locomotives :i* are kept to d ! "w1 ! exp5se ( _! repair is #hhbl4 p] eng9e1 p] annum4 ,b suppos+ x to be divid$ only by ! numb] ( ^? :i* actually d ! "w1 ?is exp5se = repairs am\nts to #cebgl4 p] eng9e1 p] annum4 ,! ,ed9burgh ,review = ,octob]1 #ahcb1 9 "s measure acc\nts = ?is enormity ( exp5se1 by say+1 8,x is said t 9 ! eng9es us$ on ! ,liv]pool ,railroad1 new grate-b>s h be5 melt$ 9 a s+le trip2 & ! projector ( a /eam c>riage has admitt$ t cyl9drical grate-b>s1 an in* 9 diamet]1 c\ld n la/ m ?an a week1 :5 ! c>riage is 9 con/ant "w40 ,n[ z y mu/ h two locomotives 7if n m7 9 con/ant "w1 ! money exp5d$ 9 _! repairs1 & 9 ^? ( y\r railway--suppos+ !m to be equal to ! simil> exp5ses ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway3 & any circum/ances :i* %\ld r5d] !m less rema9 yet to be made kn[n--?is money w\ld1 provid$ x c\ld be sav$1 pay #e p] c5t4 on a capital ( ne>ly #agj1jjjl43 an am\nt t may r5d] a me?od1 ! repairs & curr5t exp5ses ( :i*1 %\ld be importantly less ?an ?is1 n undes]v+ ( y\r att5tion4 ,9 addition to ^! reasons aga9/ a railway1 x may be obs]v$1 t1 suppos+ y 7 to lay d[n su* a l9e ( communication = ! purpose ( convey+ pass5g]s to ! ,birm+ham ,railway f ! we/ end ( ,london1 x w be necess>y1 n m]ely t ^? pass5g]s %\ld be will+ to be s convey$ by y1 b also t !y %\ld be will+ to pay1 n only y = c>ry+ !m to ! ,birm+ham ,railway1 b also o!r p]sons = br++ !m to y\r railway 7:i* w be two miles & a half f ,hyde ,p>k corn]71 9 ord] t !y may1 !reby1 be convey$ to ! ,birm+ham ,railway3 t is1 !y mu/ pay y = c>ry+ !m ?i!r1 ov] ! space ( two miles & a half1 & o!r p]sons = br++ !m two miles & a half m f ,hyde ,p>k corn]1 9 ord] t y may s c>ry !m4 ,n[ z ! ,birm+ham ,railway crosses ! ,edgew>e ,road only two miles & a half f ! bottom ( ,ox=d ,/reet1 x admits ( r m ?an d\bt1 :e!r1 ev5 if y 7 to lay a railway d[n1 pass5g]s = ! ,birm+ham ,railway w\ld take ! circuit\s1 five-mile c\rse1 ( ! ,k5s+ton ,road1 & ( y\r l9e to x1 :5 !y c\ld get ?i!r1 bo? = less money1 & 9 less "t by ! two & a half miles c\rse ( ! ,edgew>e ,road4 ,!re=e1 ) a view1 fir/1 to obviate ?is objection1 & r5d] ! c\rse by y\r propos$ l9e1 quick] 9 po9t ( "t1 z well z *eap] 9 po9t ( exp5se1 ?an ! %ort] c\rse by ! ,edgew>e ,road2 &1 9 consequ5ce1 cause pass5g]s to ! ,birm+ham ,railway to give y\r l9e ! pref]5ce3 second1 9 ord] importantly to r$uce ! co/ ( ! gr\nd requir$ = y\r propos$ l9e3 ?ird1 to remove ! objections ( ! own]s & occupi]s ( ?is gr\nd to a railway be+ c>ri$ ?r\gh _! prop]ties2 & !reby save y ! exp5se1 z well z ! dang] ( _! p>liam5t>y opposition3 f\r?1 to avoid ! opposition (1 & ! great p>liam5t>y exp5se y w\ld be put to by1 ! ,gr& ,junction ,canal ,company3 fif?1 to furni% y ) a *eap] 79 po9t ( curr5t exp5ses z well z fir/ co/71 & bett] me?od ( conveyance1 ?an ei!r canal or railroad w admit (3 &1 six?1 to possess y ( a s\rce ( income additional to1 & exclusive (1 all t ei!r canal or railway w\ld br+ 93--= ^! six reasons1 ,i solicit ! hon\r ( y\r att5tion to a me?od ( conveyance1 :i* ,i beg leave to introduce to y\r notice1 by ! foll[+ quotations3-- ,fir/1 f ! pamphlet ( ! g5tleman :o has in=m$ ! _w1 t :at all eng9e]s h hi!rto pron\nc$ an 8impossibility0--rapid conveyance on canals t is--is n[ prov$ p]fectly practicable by pass5g]s be+ daily c>ri$ f ,john/one to ,glasg[1 along ! ,paisley & ,ardrossan ,canal at rates ( t5 or twelve miles an h\r3 #ac &1 second1 f ,philip's ,hi/ory ( ,inl& ,navigation 9 ,engl&4 ,adv]t+ to ! aqu$ucts by :i* ! ,union ,canal is c>ri$ ov] ! v>i\s riv]s 9 its c\rse1 ,mr4 ,grahame says3-- 8,ea* & all ( ^! aqu$uct bridges are high] ?an any on ! ,liv]pool ,railway4 8,! ,sankey viaduct bridge1 :i* co/ ne>ly z mu* z all ! o!r railway bridges put toge!r1 consi/s ( n9e ar*es ( fifty feet span2 & is1 at ! highe/ po9t1 sixty feet 9 height4 ,! ,avon aqu$uct1 on ! ,union ,canal1 consi/s ( twelve ar*es1 ea* fifty feet span2 ! greate/ height eighty-five feet2 & ! av]age height sev5ty-f\r feet above ! valley & riv]40 ,!re=e1 x appe>s1 t to c>ry a wide & deep canal across riv]s1 is n[ a matt] ( z common occurr5ce1 z to build a susp5sion bridge1 or a *a9 pi]4 ,yet m>k h[ ! fir/ proposition = any ?+ ( ?is k9d 0 treat$ half a c5tury ago4 ,philips1 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ,canal ,navigation10 speak+ ( ! fir/ proposition ( ! great fa!r ( canal navigation 9 ,engl& to c>ry a canal across a riv]1 says3-- 8,:5 ! fir/ canal ev] cut 9 ,engl& 0 complet$ z f> z ,b>ton1 :]e ! ,irwell is navigable = l>ge vessels1 ,mr4 ,br9dsley propos$ to c>ry x ov] t riv]1 by an aqu$uct ?irty-n9e feet above ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! riv]4 8,?is1 h[ev]1 be+ consid]$ z a wild & extravagant project1 he desir$ 79 ord] to ju/ify 8 op9ion t[>ds 8 noble employ]7 t ! op9ion ( ano!r eng9e] might be tak52 believ+ t he c\ld easily conv9ce an intellig5t p]son ( ! practicability ( ! design4 ,an eng9e] ( em95ce 0 accord+ly call$2 :o1 be+ conduct$ to ! place :]e x 0 int5d$ t ! aqu$uct %\ld be built1 ridicul$ ! attempt2 &1 :5 ! height & dim5sions 7 communicat$ to him1 he exclaim$1 #8,i h he>d ( ca/les 9 ! air1 b nev] 0 %ewn be=e1 :]e any ( !m 7 to be erect$4' 8,?is unfav\rable v]dict did n det] ! duke f foll[+ ! op9ion ( 8 own eng9e]4 ,! aqu$uct 0 imm$iately begun2 & x 0 c>ri$ on ) su* rapidity & success1 z a/oni%$ all ^? :o1 b a little be=e1 ?\ght x impossible2 & )9 a twelvemon? did ! crews ( ! vessels navigat+ ! ,irwell see ! duke's b>ges sail+ ov] _! heads1 9 ! *annel1 upborne by ?is #8ca/le 9 ! air4'0 ,n[ z ! subject to :i* ,i solicit ! hon\r ( y\r att5tion1 ?\gh equally practicable z ! passages :i* ,i h quot$ prove x to be to c>ry canals across riv]s1 w1 at fir/ sight1 appe> /ill m a]ial ?an 0 ?is d5\nc$ 8ca/le 9 ! air0 ( ! great introduc] ( canal navigation 9 ,engl&2 &1 z ! eng9e]s ( ! pres5t day w pron\nce x /ill m 8absurd0 & 8impossible0 ?an 8 proposition 0 consid]$ to be1 x behoves me to entreat1 t y w v\*safe a correspond+ly increas$ portion ( =be>ance1 to :at ,i proce$ to submit4 ,_m ye>s ago1 a circum/ance :i* x is n necess>y ,i %\ld /ate1 caus$ me to turn my att5tion to ! be/ & *eape/ means ( convey+ our p]sons & goods f "o place to ano!r4 ,aft] mu* consid]ation1 a me?od ( atta9+ ^! objects sugge/$ itself1 :i* admitt$ ( a rate ( conveyance s enorm\sly rapid1 & unprec$5tly *eap1 z to be1 at fir/ sight1 reject$ z "o ( ^? utt]ly impracticable conceptions1 :i* ent] ! imag9ations ( only poets & vision>ies4 ,reflection1 h[ev]1 conv9c+ me1 t ?is idea 01 9 po9t ( fact1 no m absurd ?an /eam navigation1 /eam conveyance on l&1 & gas light+ 7 deem$ tw5ty ye>s ago1 ,i took ! same c\rse ) x :i* ,fulton took ) respect to /eam navigation1 :i* ,w9sor took ) gas light+1 & :i* ,trevi?ick & ,vivian took z relates to locomotive eng9es--t is1 ,i proce$$ to put x 9 practice4 ,= pro(s ( ! scale on1 & success ) :i* ,i did ?is1 ,i beg to ref] y to ! foll[+ evid5ces ( fact4 ,! fir/ evid5ce ,i submit1 is ! copy ( a circul> :i* 0 s5t to ! pr9cipal inhabitants ( ,brighton1 by a numb] ( g5tlem51 ^: incr$ulity _h be5 remov$ by witness+ & exp]i5c+ ! op]ation ( ! me?od ( conveyance ,i ref] to4 8,brighton1 ,may #e1 #ahbg4 8,,sir1 8,! und]sign$1 hav+ witness$ ! op]ation ( ,mr4 ,vallance's pr9ciple = convey+ p]sons & goods by atmosph]ic pressure2 & believ+ 7if :at we h se5 on a scale ( y>ds c be ext5d$ to miles #ad;a7 t x may be r5d]$ v advantage\s to ! t[n ( ,brighton1 beg to solicit y\r att5dance1 on ,saturday ! #ab? ,may1 at ! ,old ,%ip1 at ?ree o'clock4 8,t4 ,r4 ,,kemp4 #ad;b ,,philip ,l4 ,,/orey4 ,,david ,,scott4 #ad;c ,,?omas ,,yates1 ,m4,d4 ,,john ,,lawr5ce4 ,,william ,,k+1 ,m4,d4 ,,john ,,la%m>4 ,h4 ,m4 ,,wagn]4 #ad;d ,j4 ,s4 ,m4 ,,&]son4 #ad;e ,,john ,,glaisy]4 ,,isaac ,,bass40 ,meet+s1 9 consequ5ce1 took place1 f ! la/ ( :i* emanat$ ! foll[+ requisition to ! ,high ,con/able1 to conv5e a 8,t[n ,meet+0 on ! subject4 8,to ! ,high ,con/able ( ! ,t[n ( ,brighton4 8,,sir1 8,we1 ^: names are und]sign$1 d h]eby reque/ t y w call a meet+ ( ! inhabitants ( ! t[n ( ,brighton1 = ! purpose ( tak+ into consid]ation ! be/ means ( r5d]+ ! me?od inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,vallance1 = ! conveyance ( pass5g]s & goods by atmosph]ic pressure1 b5eficial to ! t[n ( ,brighton40 ,sign$ by ab\t eighty ( ! inhabitants4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is requisition1 ! ,high ,con/able took ! usual c\rse ( conv5+ t[n meet+s at ,brighton1 by adv]tisem5ts 9 ! newspap]s1 & by cry+1 & plac>d+ ! requisition all ov] ! place1 ) ! foll[+ addition at ! foot ( x3-- 8,9 compliance ) ! above reque/1 ,i d h]eby call a meet+1 to be hold5 at ! ,old ,%ip ,tav]n1 ,brighton1 on ,tuesday1 #e? ,june1 #ahbg1 at elev5 = twelve o'clock4 8,e4 ,h4 ,,creasy1 ,h4 ,c40 ,a 8t[n meet+0 accord+ly took place2 ?\gh1 prior to /at+ ! resolutions :i* 7 !n pass$1 ,i solicit y\r att5tion to ! foll[+ p>agraph f ! ,brighton ,h]ald ( ! #af? ,septemb] previ\s2 = ! reason1 t ! explanation :i* x gives ( ! me?od allud$ to1 may s]ve to r5d] m evid5t ! ju/ness ( ! decision to :i* ! said 8t[n meet+0 came4 8,,new ,,mode ,,( ,,conveyance4 8,our read]s may rememb] t ab\t two ye>s ago1 we discuss$1 some:at at l>ge1 a pr9ciple ( motion1 by :i*1 x 0 /at$1 we might be convey$ f "o place to ano!r t5 times z fa/ z we n[ travel2 t is1 "o hundr$ miles an h\r in/ead ( t54 ,x is unnecess>y to say t exp$ition su* z ?is1 appe>$ s utt]ly beyond :at 0 conceiv$ to be )9 ! b\nds ( possibility1 t ! !ory 0 consign$ to ! oblivion x seem$ to m]it2 & ! au?or ( x class$ among ^? = :om1 9 ! op9ion ( ! _w1 ,/4 ,luke's is ! only fitt+ resid5ce4 8,g5]al1 h[ev]1 z ?is op9ion 01 we h1 dur+ ! pa/ week1 witness$ t :i* mo/ importantly c\nt]acts x z relates to ourselves2 & c\ld ! d\bts :i* ! _w at l>ge ent]ta9 on ! subject1 h be5 conc5t]$ 9 a numb] ( individuals1 small en\gh to h bo? se5 & felt :at 0 exp]i5c$ by u1 we see n h[ ! :ole _w c\ld h avoid$ ent]ta9+ ! op9ion1 t x is z c]ta9ly 9 our p[] to cause ourselves to be convey$ f "o place to ano!r at ! rate ( #ajj miles an h\r1 by comb9+ ! op]ation ( ! necess>y app>atus1 z x is to cause ourselves to be convey$ at ! rate ( t5 miles an h\r1 by adapt+ wood & iron s z to =m ! comb9ation ( app>atus commonly designat$ a /age coa*2 & t too1 ) a degree ( safety & conv5i5ce at :i* /age coa*es c nev] arrive4 8,x may be recollect$ t ! pr9ciple1 or !ory allud$ to1 01 t by prop]ly comb9+ ! op]ation ( /eam-eng9es & air-pumps1 su* z are daily us$ = c]ta9 l>ge manufactur+ processes1 we might create a k9d ( artificial w9d2 :i* w9d1 if made to bl[ 9 a previ\sly con/ruct$ *annel1 w\ld draw1 or drive1 a prop]ly con/ruct$ c>riage1 at any rate n greatly exce$+ :at has be5 adv]t$ to4 ,s9ce1 z 9 manufactur+ processes1 air is daily caus$ to move at rates v>y+ f #bjj to ne>ly #gjj miles an h\r1 a prop] comb9ation ( ! same app>atus mu/ c]ta9ly enable u to cause x to move at ! l[] rate ( #ajj miles an h\r2 &1 z ! curr5t ( a riv] w c>ry a vessel d[n at ne>ly ! rate at :i* itself moves 9 its *annel1 s w\ld ?is curr5t ( air c>ry u along ) a velocity ne>ly equal to its own4 8,?is1 9 brief1 is ! !ory4 ,:at we h witness$ ( ! practice is z foll[s4 ,x be+ impossible to give motion to ! :ole atmosph]e1 z nature does :5 %e causes a w9d1 we 7 fir/ %[n into a con/ruction :i* =m$ a *annel1 )9 :i* ! motion ( air c\ld be s direct$ z to cause x to bl[ full aga9/ any object plac$ inside su* *annel4 8,?is *annel 7:i* is1 9 fact1 a v l>ge tunnel71 did n1 9 ?is in/ance1 connect any two di/ant t[ns3 x be+ ( a l5g? suffici5t only to illu/rate ! pr9ciple2 b x 0 self-evid5t t x 7or ano!r7 might be ext5d$ to any l5g? requir$4 ,on ! bottom ( ?is *annel 7or tunnel7 0 a railway1 on :i* ran a c>riage4 ,?is c>riage _h a circul> end1 compos$ ( ?9 bo>ds4 ,?is circul> end 0 z l>ge z ! tunnel1 except+ ab\t an in* all r\nd1 & 0 fix$ to ! c>riage1 s z to /& across ! tunnel2 z ! sail ( a %ip /&s across ! l9e ( h] l5g?4 ,consequ5tly1 if motion 7 giv5 to ! air )9 ! tunnel1 x w\ld press1 or bl[1 full aga9/ ?is end ( ! c>riage1 & t5d to pu% ! c>riage =w>d2 z ! sails ( a vessel go+ "r be=e ! w9d are press$ aga9/ by ! atmosph]e at l>ge4 ,ea* end ( ?is tunnel 0 s connect$ to l>ge air-pumps1 t air c\ld be drawn f "o end ( x1 :ile ! atmosph]e 0 at ! same "t p]mitt$ to ent] freely at ! o!r4 8,aft] exam9+ ! con/ruction ( ! app>atus suffici5tly to give u to und]/& z above1 we got into ! c>riage2 &1 on ! air-pumps be+ set 9 motion1 we 7 mov$ along ! railway f "o end ( ! tunnel to ! o!r4 ,:5 we arriv$ !re ! motion ( ! c>riage 0 rev]s$1 & we 7 mov$ back aga94 8,we cont9u$ rid+ 9 ?is way1 until we became s conv9c$ t ! invisible & intangible m$ium we brea!1 might be r5d]$ a safe & mo/ exp$iti\s means ( gett+ f "o place to ano!r1 z to be tir$ ( rid+4 8,fur!r inve/igation gave u to p]ceive t ! c>riage might be /opp$1 & its motion rev]s$ at pleasure2 t s trivial 0 ! degree ( exhau/ion 7or vacuum7 necess>y to enable ! atmosph]e to drive ! c>riage =w>d1 z ! air-pumps drew ! air f be=e x1 t ?\gh we 7 expos$ to ?is 8vacuum0 7z x is call$7 at e o!r turn ( ! c>riage1 yet did we exp]i5ce no inconv5i5ce f x4 ,9 fact1 our feel+s gave u no intimation on ! subject1 & we 7 :olly ignorant ( x until x 0 po9t$ out to u4 ,we 7 satisfi$ t p]sons or goods might be tak5 up1 or set d[n1 9 any place ?r\gh :i* ! tunnel ran1 or ^: trade or population 7 at all important4 ,&1 z we 7 also conv9c$ t x w\ld be impossible to be ov]turn$1 x 0 out ( our p[] to resi/ ! belief t we _h witness$ ! op]ation ( a pr9ciple by :i* we may be convey$ m safely1 m *eaply1 & _m times m exp$iti\sly1 ?an we n[ travel4 8,we _c expect to c>ry to ! m9ds ( ^? :o h n witness$ ! op]ation ( ?is pr9ciple1 ! conviction felt by u :o h4 ,b ( ?is we are satisfi$1 t :oev] sees x1 w1 ) u1 be satisfi$1 t we c r5d] ! pr9ciple practically effective1 :5ev] we *oose to be at ! exp5se ( do+ s4 8,x /&s n[1 exactly z ! /eam-eng9e /ood1 :5 ,watt _h complet$ ! fir/ "o he made3 t is1 c]ta9 9 its effect1 provid$ we w be at ! *>ge ( comb9+ ! necess>y app>atus4 ,we h /eam-eng9es & air-pumps amply l>ge en\gh = ! purpose4 ,s f> f !re be+ any insup]able difficulty 9 ! con/ruction ( ! tunnel1 !re are p>ties ready to contract =1 & gu>antee ! execution ( x1 z relates to be+ air-tight2 &1 al?\gh we %\ld beg9 by go+ only at ! rate ( t51 fifte51 or tw5ty miles an h\r1 yet h we no d\bt t1 9 ! "t necess>y to in/ruct u h[ to manage ! c>riage "u high] velocities 7z sailors get ! 8trim0 ( a new %ip71 we %\ld be able to g sev]al 7& we see n :y t57 times fa/] ?an we n[ travel4 ,! *ief1 if n ! only1 difficulty to surm\nt 9 ?is1 z 9 mo/ sci5tific improvem5ts 9 _! orig91 is public incr$ulity4 ,?is difficulty 0 felt & exp]i5c$1 at ! outset1 9 respect to ! con/ruction ( /eam-eng9es2 9 cutt+ canals2 9 lay+ d[n rail-roads2 9 r5d]+ /eam-eng9es locomotive on !m2 & sup]ior to ! tempe/ & ! wave1 at sea4 8,b z ! same _s ( p]sev]ance :i* enabl$ u to ov]come ^! pa/ difficulties1 w cause u to triumph ov] ^? be=e u ) ref]5ce to ?is pr9ciple ( motion1 we are satisfi$1 t x is necess>y only to g on1 & prosp]40--,brighton ,h]ald1 #af? ,septemb]1 #ahbf4 ,?is quotation f ! ,brighton ,h]ald s]v+ to convey an idea ( ! me?od ( op]ation1 ,i may return to ! 8,t[n ,meet+03 ) ref]5ce to :i* ! ,brighton ,gazette ( ! #g? ,june1 #ahbg1 /ates3-- 8,a t[n meet+1 :i* we nev] saw surpass$ 9 respectability1 & seldom m num]\s1 0 held at ! ,old ,%ip ,assembly ,rooms1 on ,tuesday la/1 at ! requisition ( ne>ly eighty ( our mo/ respectable inhabitants1 = ! purpose ( tak+ into consid]ation ! be/ means ( r5d]+ ! me?od inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,vallance1 = ! conveyance ( pass5g]s & goods by atmosph]ic pressure1 b5eficial to ! t[n ( ,brighton4 ,! ,high ,con/able 0 9 ! *air40 ,! c\rse ( ! bus9ess n be+ important1 ,i beg to ref] y to ! columns ( ! ,brighton ,gazette = x1 & /ate only ! result2 :i* w be f\nd (ficially adv]tis$ 9 all ! ,brighton pap]s ( t week1 to ! foll[+ effect3-- 8,,t[n ,,( ,,brighton4 8,at a num]\s & highly respectable ,meet+ ( ! ,inhabitants & ,visitors ( ! ,t[n ( ,brighton1 held at ! ,old ,%ip ,tav]n1 on ,tuesday1 ! #e? day ( ,june1 #ahbg1 = ! purpose ( tak+ into consid]ation ! be/ means ( r5d]+ ! me?od inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,vallance = ! conveyance ( pass5g]s & goods by atmosph]ic pressure1 b5eficial to ! ,t[n ( ,brighton3 8,! ,high ,con/able 9 ! *air4 8,a ,committee hav+ be5 appo9t$ at a =m] ,g5]al ,meet+ ( ! ,inhabitants1 to inve/igate ! m]its ( ! measure n[ "u consid]ation1 & _! ,report hav+ be5 read to ?is ,meet+1 express+ a decid$ approbation ( ! und]tak+-- 8,resolv$1 unanim\sly1 t ! ,report be sanction$ & adopt$ by ?is ,meet+4 8,resolv$1 t 9 ! op9ion ( ?is ,meet+ ! me?od ( transmission propos$ by ,mr4 ,vallance w\ld be productive ( ! mo/ important advantages to ! ,t[n ( ,brighton2 & t ! application ( x1 ei!r z x relates to ! transit ( goods f ,%oreham ,h>b\r1 or to ! conveyance ( pass5g]s betwe5 ,brighton & ! ,metropolis1 is entitl$ to ! mo/ cordial support ( ! ,t[n4 8,resolv$1 t ! ?anks ( ?is ,meet+ be giv5 to ,mr4 ,vallance = br++ 8 important inv5tion be=e ! ,inhabitants ( ! ,t[n4 8,resolv$1 t ! proce$+s ( ?is day be adv]tis$ 9 ! ,brighton pap]s4 8,e4 ,h4 ,,creasy1 ,*airman4 8,resolv$1 t ! ?anks ( ?is ,meet+ be giv5 to ! ,*airman = 8 imp>tial conduct 9 ! ,*air40 99 99 99 99 99 8,report ( ! ,committee appo9t$ at a ,meet+ ( ,inhabitants ( ,brighton1 held at ! ,old ,%ip1 on ,saturday1 ,may #ai1 #ahbg3 8,9 pursuance ( a ,resolution pass$ at a ,meet+ held "h1 on ,saturday1 ! #ab? in/ant1 y\r ,committee h inspect$ ,mr4 ,vallance's app>atus = ! conveyance ( pass5g]s & goods by atmosph]ic pressure2 & c be> te/imony to ! success ( x2 hav+ be5 repeat$ly convey$ ?r\gh ! cyl9d] #ah laid d[n by t g5tleman 9 ,devon%ire ,place4 8,y\r ,committee are ( op9ion1 t1 9 ! ev5t ( su* a me?od ( conveyance be+ e/abli%$ f "o t[n to ano!r :]e mu* traffic exi/s1 ! advantages w\ld be incalculable1 bo? z reg>ds ! ready transit1 & sav+ ( "t & exp5se to ! travell] & m]*ant1 z comp>$ ) ! ord9>y mode ( conveyance4 ,y\r ,committee are in=m$ t #ge1jjj tons ( mat]ials are annually import$ into ,brighton coa/ways1 ! great] "p ( :i* is l&$ at ,%oreham1 & f !nce br\ght into ,brighton1 at a l& c>riage v>y+ f #es4 to #hs4 #d;d4 p] ton3 & y\r ,committee hav+ be5 assur$ by ,mr4 ,vallance1 t by 8 pr9ciple ( conveyance1 ! c>riage ( all goods f ,%oreham might be r$uc$ to a sum n exce$+ #cs4 p] ton1 & yet a net annual pr(it ( t5 p] c5t4 be return$ on ! sum exp5d$1 are ( op9ion t if su* a communication 7 e/abli%$ betwe5 ,brighton & ,%oreham1 x w\ld mat]ially b5efit ! inhabitants ( bo? t[ns2 & y\r ,committee feel confid5t x w\ld receive ! mo/ cordial & g5]al support4 8,y\r ,committee beg fur!r to report1 t ! op9ions ( "s ( ! highe/ sci5tific au?orities ^u ! pr9ciple ( ,mr4 ,vallance's proposition1 h be5 submitt$ to !m2 & !y h ! satisfaction to /ate1 t ^! au?orities concur 9 ! practicability ( ! measure to ! fulle/ ext5t2 & ! illu/ration ( x :i* y\r ,committee h exam9$1 appe>s to be on a scale ( suffici5t magnitude to demon/rate ! tru? ( su* op9ions4 ,%\ld x1 !re=e1 be adopt$ betwe5 ! t[n ( ,brighton & ,london1 x is impossible to calculate ! important & b5eficial *anges to :i* x may lead4 8,y\r ,committee1 9 conclusion1 ?9k t a successful mode ( transit by ,mr4 ,vallance's app>atus1 w\ld be att5d$ ) ! mo/ important advantages to ?is great m]cantile nation1 & deem x entitl$1 n only to ! att5tive consid]ation ( ! inhabitants ( ,brighton 9 p>ticul>1 b ! community at l>ge4 8,y\r ,committee1 !re=e1 recomm5d1 t a requisition be address$ to ! ,high ,con/able1 to conv5e a ,meet+ ( ! ,inhabitants ( ,brighton1 to take into consid]ation ! be/ means ( fur!r+ s important an object4 87,sign$ by ! ,committee740 ,9 pro( ( ! above /atem5ts1 ,i beg to ref] y to ! ,records & ,(ficial ,au?orities ( ,brighton4 ,&1 z a summ>y ( ! o!r p]sons :o h witness$ & exp]i5c$ ! effect ( ?is me?od ( conveyance1 additional to ! p>ties already m5tion$1 ,i beg to submit ! foll[+ extracts f a ,petition :i* ,i pres5t$ to ,p>liam5t on ! subject4 8,to ! ,hon\rable ! ,commons ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& 9 ,p>liam5t assembl$2 ! humble ,petition ( ,john ,vallance1 ( ,brigh!lm/one1 9 ! ,c\nty ( ,sussex1' 8,%ewe?1 8,t y\r ,petition] ha? inv5t$ a me?od ( conveyance1 by :i* he c prove t p]sons may be c>ri$ f "o place to ano!r v mu* fa/]1 *eap]1 & m safely1 9 ref]5ce to security f p]sonal dang]1 ?an c be done on turnpike roads1 or railways2 & :]eby be c also prove t goods may be convey$ = less exp5se ?an by canal c>riage4 8,t to %ew ! public importance ( ?is me?od ( conveyance1 y\r ,petition] ha? put x 9 op]ation1 on a scale capable ( c>ry+ tw5ty p]sons at once1 ov] a space suffici5t to demon/rate its practicability2 z ha? be5 prov$ by ,8 ,grace ! ,duke ( ,b$=d1 ! ,"r ,hon\rable ! ,e>l ( ,laud]dale1 ! ,noble ,b>on ,holl&1 & ,"l ,william ,russell2 :o1 ) sev]al o!r p]sons ( di/9ction1 at "o & ! same "t1 rode 91 & exp]i5c$ ! effect ( x1 on ! #bnd ,decemb]1 #ahbf4 8,t on ! #af? ,may1 #ahbg1 a ,committee ( sev5 ,g5tlem51 nom9at$ at a ,meet+ ( ,inhabitants ( ,brighton1 also rode 91 & exp]i5c$ ! op]ation ( ?is me?od ( conveyance4 8,t ,8 ,grace ! ,duke ( ,rutl&1 ! ,"r ,hon\rable ! ,e>l ( ,egremont1 "o ( ! hon\rable memb]s = ,york%ire1 "o ( ! hon\rable memb]s = ,lewes1 ,pr(essor ,leslie1 & _m o!r g5tlem51 h s9ce witness$ & exp]i5c$ ! effect ( x4 8,t x has also be5 se5 by ! ,hon\rable ,memb] = ,dundalk1 by "o ( ! ,hon\rable ,memb]s = ,essex1 = ,london1 = ,s\?w>k1 = ,b>n/able1 = ,call+ton1 = ,/af=d1 = ,pet]sfield1 = ,b$=d1 = ,cambridge1 = ,boss9ey1 & = ,weym\?2 ) o!r noblem5 & g5tlem5 too num]\s to m5tion4 8,t ! :ole ( ^! noble & hon\rable g5tleman :om y\r petition] ha? m5tion$1 appe>$ to be1 & x is y\r ,petition]'s belief1 7 conv9c$1 t ?is me?od ( conveyance is equally practicable z /eam navigation1 gas light+1 or locomotive /eam-eng9es2 not)/&+ t be=e !y witness$ & exp]i5c$ ! effect ( x1 !y deem$ x m absurd & impossible ?an ^? n[ well kn[n triumphs ( art 7 consid]$ tw5ty ye>s ago4 8,t ! tunnel & o!r works :]eby y\r ,petition] ha? produc$ ?is conviction1 comb9e ! op]ation ( ! l>ge/ pneumatic ma*9]y 9 ! _w2 ! air pumps be+ capable ( exhau/+ above #ej1jjj cubic feet #bj ( air 9 a m9ute2 & ( convey+ #ajj tons weight ov] a space equal to ! di/ance betwe5 ,man*e/] & ,liv]pool1 9 ?ree h\rs2--:ile ! tunnel is1 9 po9t ( calibre & /r5g?1 equal to ! conveyance ( ! :ole #ajjj tons ( goods daily pass+ betwe5 ^? places1 at "o "t4 8,y\r ,petition] humbly begs leave fur!r to repres5t1 t ! in=mation he ha? obta9$ dur+ five ye>s :i* he ha? devot$ to inve/igations relative to ! practicability1 co/1 & advantages1 ( putt+ ?is me?od ( conveyance into op]ation betwe5 our pr9cipal manufactur+ t[ns1 ! outports1 & ! metropolis1 w enable him to prove t x may be done ( ca/ iron1 = an exp5se :i* w\ld n exce$ :at canals co/2 :ile he c also prove1 t 9 addition to comb9+ ! trade ( ! turnpike road ) t ( ! canal1 x w\ld admit ( goods be+ c>ri$ = less ?an half :at !y c be c>ri$ = on canals2 & pass5g]s 9 less ?an half ! "t1 v mu* less ?an half ! exp5se1 & f> m safely ) ref]5ce to security f p]sonal dang]1 ?an c be done on turnpike roads or railways2 x be+ alike impossible to be ov]turn$1 to be driv5 aga9/ any ?+1 or to break d[n40 ,! la/ evid5ce ,i adduce1 is t ( a ,major ( ,eng9e]s 9 ! ,russian s]vice2 :om ! late ,emp]or ,alex&]1 aft] he visit$ ,engl&1 s5t ov] to inspect & report ^u our canals & railroads4 ,?is (fic] 0 direct$ by ! ,russian ,ambassador to visit ,brighton1 expressly to inspect my plan2 ) ref]5ce to :i* he address$ to 8 gov]nm5t a report1 ( :i* he fav\r$ me ) ! foll[+ copy3-- ,,report ,,to ,,! ,,russian ,,gov]nm5t4 8,to ,8 ,royal ,highness ,pr9ce ,alex&]1 ,duke ( ,wirtemburg1 ,*ief ( ! ,corps ( ,eng9e]s = ! ,inl& ,communications ( ,russia1 ,g5]al ( ,cavalry1 c4 c4 8,y\r ,royal ,highness hav+ comm&$ me to report ^u all ! inv5tions ( importance t h be5 br\ght =w>d 9 ,engl& ( late ye>s1 :e!r su* 71 or 7 n nam$ 9 ! in/ructions ,i _h ! hon\r to receive f y\r ,royal ,highness 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburgh 9 ,june #ahbd1a beg leave mo/ humbly to submit ! foll[+ p>ticul>s1 relative to a propos$ mode ( conveyance2 diff]+ f e exi/+ sy/em1 z mu* z x w surpass !m 9 po9t ( exp$ition & ultimate economy4 8,9 ,m>*1 #ahbe1 ,i 0 in=m$ t a ,mr4 ,vallance _h inv5t$ a me?od ( conveyance1 by :i* goods might be =w>d$ f place to place t5 times fa/] ?an c n[ be done2 or equal to #ajj miles p] h\r4 ,! app>5t absurdity ( ! proposition1 & ! undef9$ explanation !n giv51 induc$ me to consid] ! s*eme z "o ( ! nef>i\s & /ock-jobb+ bubbles ( ! day2 consequ5tly ,i took no measures to become correctly in=m$ on ! subject2 p>ticul>ly z ,i 0 ab\t leav+ ,london = an ext5sive j\rney 9 ! int]ior4 ,rec5t circum/ances h1 h[ev]1 caus$ me to ent]ta9 s diff]5t an op9ion to t :i* ,i !n held on ! subject1 t ,i c n[ confid5tly submit to y\r ,royal ,highness an acc\nt ( a me?od ( conveyance1 :i* w1 9 my humble op9ion1 )9 a few ye>s1 op]ate a *ange 9 ! condition ( ! :ole civiliz$ _w2 & :i* w\ld be productive ( ! mo/ important b5efits to ! ,russian ,empire4 8,! !ory ( ?is me?od is /at$ 9 ! ,treatise m>k$ ) ! lett] ,a4 ,! practice1 ,i h exp]i5c$ p]sonally3 hav+ be5 convey$ ov] a space suffici5t to demon/rate ! practicability ( ! pr9ciple2 & al?\gh t space 0 n suffici5t to admit ( any su* velocity be+ atta9$ z is adv]t$ to 9 ! ,treatise1 yet !re is suffici5t evid5ce ( ! velocity ) :i* air may be made to move1 to satisfy any "o1 t on a l9e ( prop] l5g?1 ! only limit to ! rate at :i* p]sons or goods may be convey$1 w be t at :i* :eels w revolve4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 fir/ adv]t to ! g5]al object ( ! ,treatise1 & !n comm5t on ^? p>ts ( x :i* ,i conceive to require fur!r illu/ration4 8,y\r ,royal ,highness w p]ceive1 ^u a p]usal ( ! treatise1 t ! g5]al object ( ! au?or is to prove1 8#a4 ,t x is practicable to r5d] air a means by :i* we may cause a peculi> sort ( :eel c>riage to convey bo? pass5g]s & goods t5 times fa/] ?an horses c draw any vehicle n[ 9 use4 8#b4 ,t ?is may be done ) p]fect safety & conv5i5ce4 8#c4 ,t we may1 at "o & ! same "t1 move a weight exce$+ t ( #ajj1jjj infantry or #aj1jjj cavalry2 &1 consequ5tly1 t a :ole army may1 9 an h\r1 be transport$ ov] a space ( #ajj miles4 8#d4 ,t ?is me?od ( transmission may be put 9 practice1 = an exp5se p] mile1 f> less ?an :at sev]al canals h co/1 z w be app>5t f ! am\nts ( ! sev]al inl& navigations ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 /at$ 9 my ,report ( ,janu>y la/4 8#e4 ,t ! exp5se ( transport by x w be s _m times less ?an by any pres5t me?od1 t milit>y z well z comm]cial b5efits w result f x ( ! mo/ important nature2 & 8#f4 ,t ! /oppages1 inconv5i5ces1 & delays1 :i* w\ld o!rwise arise f ^? :o h *>ge ( ! exhau/+ app>atus at ea* end ( ! l9e ( transit1 sett+ x 9 op]ation at an improp] "t1 may be prev5t$ by ! new mode ( telegraphic communication describ$ 9 ! la/ section ( ! ,treatise1 :i*1 be+ equally effici5t dur+ ! mo/ foggy wea!r & d>kness1 z 9 day light & cle> wea!r1 w admit ( in/antane\s communication betwe5 ^? :o direct ! op]ations at ea* end2 s t any ?+ :i* x may be necess>y %\ld be kn[n at "o end1 may be in/antane\sly communicat$ f ! o!r1 indep5d5t ( ! me?od ( conveyance itself2 an arrangem5t1 )\t :i*1 ! op]ation ( ! pr9ciple w\ld ev] be att5d$ ) d\bt1 delay1 & dang]4 8,! va/ importance :i* a me?od ( transmission1 comb9+ ! advantages ( t5fold exp$ition & *eapness1 mu/ be1 to an empire s ext5sive z t ( ,russia1 ,i w n presume to po9t out to y\r ,royal ,highness1 b pass to ^? p>ticul>s :i* appe> to me to require fur!r elucidation ?an ! au?or's object all[$ ( 8 giv+4 8,! fir/ ?+ is1 ! velocity at :i* ! cause ( motion1 9 ?is me?od ( transmission1 viz4 ! air1 w\ld move u1 provid$ we c\ld con/ruct :eel c>riages to g s fa/4 ,?is velocity w\ld1 if rais$ to its maximum1 be betwe5 #ijj & #ajjj miles an h\r4 ,b z sav+ n9e-t5?s ! "t n[ wa/$ 9 travell+ po/1 w\ld r5d] ! sav+ ( portions ( ! rema9+ t5?1 v unimportant1 x w be unnecess>y to tr\ble y\r ,royal ,highness ) pro( t x might be possible to d s1 9 p]haps a l>ge proportion2 & ,i !re=e pass to ! adduction ( evid5ce1 :i* %[s t x is c]ta9ly 9 our p[] to save n9e-t5?s4 8,f ! exam9ation ,i h giv5 to ! con/ruction1 & :at ,i h exp]i5c$ z to ! effect ( ! cyl9d]1 or l>ge tube1 9 :i* ,i 0 convey$1 accord+ to ?is pr9ciple ( transmission1 ,i am conv9c$ t exhau/ion1 to a degree :i* %\ld give fifte5 in*es ( m]cury1 may be effect$--t is1 half a vacuum2 & z ?is w\ld give an initial velocity ( betwe5 #bjj & #cjj miles an h\r1 !re is no reason to d\bt b t a rate ( motion equal to #ajj miles an h\r may be atta9$1 provid$ :eels c revolve s fa/ )\t ignit+4 ,! op]ations ( nature frequ5tly imp>t to air a velocity ( above #ajj miles an h\r2 & 9 ! process ( fus+ iron1 x is artificially caus$ to move at rates v>y+ f #bjj to ne>ly #gjj miles an h\r4 ,at ! l[] rate ( #ajj miles an h\r1 x mu/ !re=e be fully practicable to make x move4 8,! second ?+ ,i adv]t to1 is1 ! quantity 9 :i* air may be exhau/$1 or tak5 out ( a cyl9d]1 or l9e ( l>ge pipe1 su* z is adv]t$ to4 ,! bla/ cyl9d]s us$ in/ead ( bell[s1 = fus+ iron1 are all air pumps1 & x is requisite only to arrange ! valves prop]ly1 to r5d] !m cond5s+ or exhau/+ pumps at pleasure4 ,_m ( ^! pumps are l>ge en\gh to exhau/ #aj1jjj cubic feet ( air p] m9ute4 ,assum+ ! area ( ! cyl9d] to be #ajj squ>e feet1 #bb;a & ! velocity at :i* we are to be convey$ to be #ajj miles an h\r1 ! comb9$ op]ation ( eighty-eight ( ^! pumps w\ld be requir$4 ,b ! "o ref]r$ to 9 page #ah1 w take out #bb1jjj cubic feet p] m9ute2 !re=e1 only =ty su* pumps z t w\ld be requir$ to exhau/ air f ! cyl9d] at ! rate ( #ajj miles an h\r--a numb]1 ! op]ation ( :i* !re w be no difficulty 9 comb9+4 8,! pressure requisite to cause air to move at ! rate ( #ajj miles an h\r1 appe>s1 by all exp]im5ts t h be5 made on ! subject1 to be less ?an half a p\nd p] squ>e in*4 ,calculat+ f ?is datum ! p[] requisite to move a column ( air equal to ! area ( ! cyl9d]1 at ! rate ( #ajj miles an h\r1 w\ld be t ( #aijj horses4 #bb;b 8,a /eam eng9e ( fifty horses' p[] w\ld1 !re=e1 be requir$ to ea* air pump1 to cause ! air to move at ! rate ( #ajj miles an h\r1 indep5d5t bo? ( ! load to be mov$1 & ( ! friction ( ! air aga9/ ! inside ( ! cyl9d]4 ,) ref]5ce to ! fir/ ( ^!--! load to be mov$--x is to be obs]v$1 t1 ow+ to ! pr9ciple comb9+ ! op]ation ( by f> ! be/ railway ,i h ev] se51 or1 inde$1 c conceive1 ) c>riage :eels six times z high z ^? us$ on ! pat5t s+le l9e railway1 friction is dim9i%$ to a degree :i* w admit ( ! same p[] mov+ a consid]ably great] weight ?an on t railway4 ,x w1 !re=e1 be q safe to calculate only on ! same effect be+ produc$2 &1 accord+ to ?is ! extra p[] requisite to move #ajj tons at ! rate ( #ajj miles an h\r1 w\ld be only #bjj horses4 ,) ref]5ce to ! friction ( ! air aga9/ ! inside ( ! cyl9d]1 z ref]r$ to at pages #fh to #gd1 sev]al times ! p[] w be requir$2 s t1 7 !re no o!r means ( p[] & exhau/ion ?an /eam eng9es & air pumps1 objection might arise 9 po9t ( exp5se4 ,b1 by :at is /at$ at pages #ej & #ea1 x appe>s t nei!r air pumps nor /eam eng9es w\ld be indisp5sably necess>y2 & al?\gh ,mr4 ,vallance does n at pres5t deem x prud5t to give full explanation on ?is p>ticul>1 he in=ms me1 t :5ev] x may be requisite1 he is prep>$ to prove t e purpose ( exhau/ion may be effect$ )\t o!r app>atus ?an :at he c con/ruct out ( r\gh hewn trunks ( trees2 s t ! "q may be consid]$ free f any objections :i* ! necessity = co/ly ma*9]y w\ld give rise to 9 ,russia4 8,?irdly1 t a vehicle capable ( c>ry+ bo? pass5g]s & goods1 c be s adapt$ to ! inside ( ! cyl9d] z to be mov$ 9 x by ! air :5 op]at$ ^u by ! air pump1 ,i c v\*1 f hav+ se5 & exp]i5c$ x2 & z ! rate at :i* ?is vehicle moves1 is exactly comm5surate ) t at :i* ! pumps exhau/ air f ! cyl9d]1 x foll[s1 t1 at :atev] rate air c be pump$ out ( ! cyl9d]1 ! vehicle w be c>ri$ =w>d1 provid$ t velocity does n exce$ ! rate at :i* :eels c revolve on _! axes )\t ignition3 ) ref]5ce to :i*1 x is to be obs]v$1 8,f\r?ly1 t ! numb] ( revolutions made by a c>riage :eel dep5ds on ! size ( t :eel1 z well z on ! motion ( ! vehicle4 ,! =e :eels ( ! coa*es :i* travel ) ! greate/ exp$ition1 revolve1 on an av]age1 ab\t #ajj times 9 a m9ute4 ,"o ( ! peculi> advantages ( ! me?od ,mr4 ,vallance proposes1 is1 t x admits ( ! :eels ( ! vehicles :i* move 9 ! cyl9d] be+ sev]al times l>g] ?an ! :eels ( c>riages :i* run on roads2 ow+ to _! be+ always kept 9 an exactly p]p5dicul> position1 & consequ5tly free f ! /ra9 ?r[n on ! spokes ( a common c>riage :eel1 by ! deflections f ! p]p5dicul>1 :i* ! nature ( & ob/ructions ^u roads cont9ually occasion4 ,ow+ to ?is1 ! :eels ( ! vehicles :i* move 9 ! propos$ cyl9d] may be f t5 to twelve feet 9 diamet]2 or ne>ly f\r times z l>ge z ! =e :eels ( a coa*4 ,! same numb] ( revolutions1 !re=e1 :i* ! =e :eel ( a coa* makes 9 an h\r1 w\ld move ! vehicle 9 ! cyl9d] =ty miles2 & twice & a half t numb] ( revolutions w\ld give #ajj miles an h\r4 ,n[ if a common coa* :eel :i* moves "u ! disadvantages ( be+ con/antly expos$ to all ! clogg+ & imp$im5ts aris+ f ! du/ & dirt ( ! road1 c revolve = h\rs toge!r at ! rate ( #ajj times a m9ute1 )\t be+ greas$1 except+ at ! end ( its j\rney ( p]haps "o hundr$ miles1 x may fairly be presum$1 t a :eel :i* w\ld be n only free f all du/ & dirt1 b also mov+ 9 a res]voir ( oil w\ld revolve #bej times a m9ute )\t heat+1 ev5 _h we no su* evid5ce z t ref]r$ to 9 page #cf4 ,b :5 t is tak5 into ! consid]ation1 all anxiety ) ref]5ce to ! effect a velocity ( #ajj miles an h\r w\ld h on ! axes ( ! :eels1 may be dismiss$4 8,fif?ly1 nor is x necess>y t any anxiety %\ld be ent]ta9$1 z to ! effect su* a velocity w\ld h on respiration2 = 9 addition to :at is urg$ on ?is matt] at pages #bh1 #bi1 & #ce1 ,i h to /ate t1 ?\gh ,i 0 purposely expos$ to ! #8vacuum' z x is t]m$1 _m times dur+ my exam9ation (1 & rid+ 9 ! cyl9d]1 yet ,i did n exp]i5ce ! lea/ inconv5i5ce f x4 ,inde$1 ,i %\ld n h be5 aw>e ( x1 _h my att5tion n be5 direct$ to x2 ! degree ( exhau/ion necess>y to move a c>riage1 n be+ mu* m ?an ! t5-?\s&? "p ( a vacuum3 a dim9ution ( d5sity1 :i* w\ld n l[] ! b>omet] s mu* z ! two-hundr$? "p ( an in*4 8,six?ly1 a degree ( exhau/ion1 or vacuum1 :i* is n suffici5t visibly to affect ! b>omet]1 be+ en\gh to move ! c>riage ) p]sons 9 x1 s z = !m to exp]i5ce ! effect1 & fully compreh5d ! op]ation ( ! pr9ciple1 x becomes evid5t t ! idea at fir/ ent]ta9$ ( a p]fect vacuum be+ indisp5sable1 is mo/ errone\s2 & ! objections :i* at fir/ pres5t !mselves to u1 relative to ! difficulty ( con/ruct+ ! cyl9d]--( mak+ ! jo9ts air tight1 & ( s adapt+ ! ends ( ! vehicle to ! cyl9d]1 z %\ld prev5t ! passage ( any important quantity ( air1 )\t occasion+ great friction1 are all se5 to exi/ only 9 imag9ation4 ,9 ! cyl9d] :i* ,mr4 ,vallance has 9 op]ation at ,brighton1 !re is a space ( above an in* 9 wid?1 purposely left all r\nd betwe5 ! cyl9d] & ! end ( ! c>riage :i* =ms ! pi/on1 aga9/ :i* ! air presses to drive ! c>riage along2 yet does n ! air :i* ru%es ?r\gh ?is crevice 7?\gh x is 9 ! :ole equal to an ap]ture ( two squ>e feet71 prev5t ! op]ation ( ! pr9ciple3 its sole effect be+ a loss ( a proportion ( ! p[] employ$ to drive ! air pumps2 a loss :i* ,mr4 ,vallance int5tionally submits to1 = ! sake ( prov+ t a v l>ge portion ( air may ru% by ! pi/on end ( ! c>riage1 )\t prev5t+ ! effect ( ! pr9ciple4--,vide pages #cj & #ca4 8,sev5?ly1 nor w ! degree to :i* x may be necess>y to exhau/1 or1 z x may 9 o!r words be t]m$1 ! degree ( #8vacuum' requir$1 to move ev5 a v great weight1 int]pose any insup]able difficulty4 ,9 ! cyl9d] at ,brighton1 a p>ty1 consi/+ ( 8 ,grace ! ,duke ( ,b$=d1 ! ,e>l ( ,laud]dale1 ,"l ,holl&1 ,"l ,w4 ,russell1 ,lady ,w4 ,russell1 & ano!r lady & g5tleman1 7 all at ! same "t exp]i5c+ ! op]ation ( ! pr9ciple1 on ! day ,i 0 la/ at ,brighton1 ) a degree ( exhau/ion n exce$+ two dra*ms p] squ>e in*2 a proportion ( vacuum :i* w\ld l[] ! b>omet] ab\t "o-hundr$? ( an in*4 ,practice !re=e proves1 z well z ! argum5ts 9 pages #dg & #dh1 t a v trivial degree ( exhau/ion w be suffici5t to move a consid]able load2 & z x w be p]fectly practicable to exhau/ to a degree1 t %\ld r5d] a b>omet] expos$ to ! vacuum inside ! cyl9d]1 sev]al1 if n _m in*es l[] ?an "o w\ld /& expos$ to ! atmosph]e1 ,i d n ?9k ! am\nt /at$ 9 page #cg m ?an x may be possible to move at "o "t4 ,& ) ref]5ce to weights ( #ej or #ajj tons1 su* z locomotive eng9es draw at once1 !re w c]ta9ly be no difficulty at all1 let ! velocity !y are mov$ at be :at x may4 8,eigh?ly1 "u ! trivial degree ( exhau/ion :i* w ?us1 g5]ally speak+1 be necess>y1 y\r ,royal ,highness w p]ceive1 t r5d]+ ! cyl9d] suffici5tly air-tight = ! purpose1 w be f> less difficult ?an x is at fir/ suppos$4 ,inde$1 ,i see s _m diff]5t ways ( do+ x1 t ,i am satisfi$ x w\ld n1 9 practice1 prove m difficult1 nor inde$ s difficult1 z caus+ "s canals ,i h se51 to reta9 ! wat] let into !m4--,vide p4 #de4 8,n9?ly1 nor w !re be any difficulty 9 regulat+ ! motion (1 & /opp+ ! vehicle4 ,! %orte/ way ( r5d]+ ?is evid5t to y\r ,royal ,highness1 w be to suppose ! end ( ! c>riage :i*1 :5 9 motion1 /&s across ! cyl9d]1 at a "r angle ) its c\rse1 to be capable ( turn+ on a pivot2 s t x may be mov$ "o qu>t] ( a circle1 & plac$ 9 a l9e ) ! c\rse ( ! cyl9d]3 or edge to w9d1 l a sail :5 x %iv]s4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is w\ld be1 t z ! air w\ld pass by )\t press+ aga9/ x1 ! p[] :i* mov$ ! c>riage =w>d w\ld be tak5 (f2 & z ! :eel c\ld at ! same "t be dragg$ by a friction lev]1 :ile o!r lev]s caus$ friction aga9/ ! side ( ! cyl9d]1 ! progress ( ! c>riage c\ld be comm&$ & /opp$ at pleasure4 ,?is me?od ( remov+ ! effect ( ! pressure ( ! air aga9/ ! c>riage1 n be+ t :i* w\ld be made use ( 9 practice1 my reason = adv]t+ to x1 is solely to enable y\r ,royal ,highness to p]ceive1 t a v simple arrangem5t w admit ( its be+ done4 ,= ! same reason1 ,i only /ate1 t to ! axis ( ea* c>riage1 w\ld be connect$ clock "w1 :i* w\ld %ew ! p]son :o has *>ge ( ! c>riage h[ f> he has gone1 & :]e he is1 to a y>d2 s t !re w be no unc]ta9ty z to :5 & :]e to prep>e = /opp+1 by gradually dim9i%+ ! motion ( ! c>riage4 ,!re w be e facility = p]fect vision1 z at ea* end ( e c>riage w be fix$ a portable gas light4 8,t5?ly1 ?is pr9ciple possesses an advantage ov] common roads1 z well z rail-roads & canals1 :i* w1 "u all circum/ances1 be g5]ally1 &1 9 "s cases1 highly important4 ,?is advantage is1 t ! cause ( motion 7! atmosph]ic pressure7 w act v]tically z well z horizontally2 & t 9 consequ5ce ( x1 ! fill+ up ( holl[s1 & also deep cutt+1 z = canals & rail-roads1 is unnecess>y4 ,n t x w\ld be advisable to select hilly gr\nd2 ?\gh p]fectly possible to g ov] any1 ! mo/ abrupt rises1 ev5 7 !y ne>ly p]p5dicul>4 ,b t any rise or fall ov] :i* a c>riage road c be cut1 w\ld be q level en\gh = ! op]ation ( ! pr9ciple4 8,elev5?ly1 ,i n[ m5tion ! exp5se p] mile1 :i* ,i ?9k w n1 9 ,russia1 exce$ #aj1jjjl4 ,! calculations on :i* ?is op9ion is f\nd$1 ,i d n "h submit to y\r ,royal ,highness2 b at su* "t z may be necess>y !y w be ready = transmission4 8,twelf?ly1 ! exp5se ( transit1 or c>riage1 by ?is pr9ciple4 ,assum+ t ! comb9$ effect ( ! improv$ railway 9 ! cyl9d]1 & ! six-fold diamet] ( ! :eels1 %\ld n r5d] any giv5 p[] capable ( mov+ m ?an on ! s+le-l9e railway 7vide my ,report ( ,augu/1 #ahbe71 "o horse w\ld move tw5ty tons2 b indep5d5t ( ! effect :i* ! :eels1 be+ six times l>g]1 w\ld h 9 dim9i%+ friction1 ! exp5se ( transmission w\ld be dim9i%$ _m times1 f ! foll[+ circum/ances3--,on ! s+le-l9e railway1 ! p[] employ$ is t ( horses2 &1 consid]+ ! con/ruction ( t railway1 & ! height ! rail mu/ be 9 "s situations above ! gr\nd1 ,i d n conceive t locomotive eng9es c be ev] us$ ^u x4 ,horse-p[] is tw5ty-f\r times z de> z elem5t>y p[]1 employ$ 9 ! way ! ,treatise po9ts out4 ,assum+1 !re=e1 t ! friction ( ! r>ifi$ air aga9/ ! inside ( ! cyl9d]1 z /at$ at pages #fh & #gd1 %\ld increase ! p[] requir$ t5 times1 /ill w\ld ! exp5se ( c>riage be less ?an by ! s+le l9e railway1 :ile we %\ld atta9 ! important advantage ( be+ able to transmit #aj1jjj tons1 at any rate betwe5 :at railways n[ transmit at1 & #ajj miles p] h\r1 = an exp5se :i*1 z relates to p[]1 w\ld be only ! tw5ty-fif? "p ( a f>?+ p] ton p] mile4 8,b ev5 7 ! friction ( ! r>efi$ air aga9/ ! inside ( ! cyl9d] to increase ! p[] requir$ t5 times1 z ,i h suppos$1 x is n imp]ative t ! exp5se ( transmission mu/ be increas$ 9 a simil> degree4 ,ow+ to its be+ well-kn[n & univ]sally receiv$1 /eam is ! fir/ mov]1 or p[]1 ,mr4 ,vallance has ref]r$ to4 ,! rese>*es ( m5 ( sci5ce 9 ,engl& h1 h[ev]1 be5 = "s ye>s direct$ to means ( r5d]+ ! gases fir/ mov]s1 in/ead ( /eam1 "u ! hope ( obta9+ an ag5t1 :i* %\ld s]ve z a me*anical fir/ mov]1 )\t fuel4 ,f ! ye> #ahbj1 ! att5tion ( ,mr4 ,vallance has be5 direct$ to ?is subject1 ) a view ( r5d]+ ! me?od ( conveyance ! ,treatise ref]s to p]fect1 9 ! p>ticul> ( *eapness ( transmission2 & ab\t two ye>s ago he obta9$ a pat5t = a fir/ mov]1 :i* w give t5 times ! p[] ( /eam1 )\t any exp5se = fuel2 ! pr9ciple ( :i* is /at$ 9 ! ,tract1 m>k$ lett] ,b1 :i* ,i h obta9$ f him1 = ! p]usal ( y\r ,royal ,highness4 ,! p[] !re9 ref]r$ to1 propos$ to be us$ in/ead ( /eam1 w\ld s greatly r$uce ! exp5se ( transmission1 t ! co/ ( p[] w\ld be t5 times less ?an by ! s+le l9e rail-road4 8,x w also be equally sup]ior 9 po9t ( safety & security f accid5ts1 z x is 9 po9t ( economy & exp$ition3 x be+1 z /at$ 9 page #ha1 absolutely impossible to be ov]turn$4 8,?us comb9+ exp$ition exce$+ t ( po/+1 ) economy equal to t ( canal transmission1 x mu/ appe> t ?is pr9ciple is mo/ importantly advantage\s to an empire s va/ 9 its ext5t z t ( ,russia1 &1 consequ5tly1 fully au?orizes me mo/ /rongly to recomm5d t ! ,gov]nm5t %\ld imm$iately contract ) ,mr4 ,vallance1 to s5d a practical illu/ration ( ! pr9ciple1 su* z he has 9 op]ation at ,brighton1 :i*1 be+ capable ( c>ry+ y\r ,royal ,highness1 ! ,memb]s ( ! ,c\ncil1 & ,g5]als ( ! ,arrondissem5ts1 ov] a space suffici5t to demon/rate ! practicability ( ! proposition1 w place )9 comm& a reply to all objections f ignorant or int]e/$ p]sons4 8,x has be5 deem$ ess5tially important to ! welf>e ( ,russia to promote int]nal communication by canals1 & imm5se sums h be5 exp5d$ 9 cutt+ !m2 b ow+ to ! long duration ( w9t]1 !y are useless dur+ half ! ye>2 & s sl[ is ! rate ( transmission by !m1 t1 ev5 :5 9 full op]ation1 !y c h>dly s]ve to convey goods f "o "p ( ! empire to ! o!r1 be=e w9t] locks !m up aga94 ,railways also1 ow+ to ! p]iod ! sn[ lays on ! gr\nd1 & ! cont9ual drift+ ( x :i* takes place1 w\ld be available sc>cely m ?an half ! ye>4 ,b ! pr9ciple "h adv]t$ to1 be+ liable to int]ruption f nei!r fro/ nor sn[1 & equally effective by night z by day1 (f]s a means ( r5d]+ ! extremities ( ! empire contigu\s to ea* o!r2 & w d ?is at a mu* less *>ge ?an c ev] be done by canals1 or any o!r mode ( conveyance4 8,! va/ importance ( ?is pr9ciple to ,russia1 bo? 9 a milit>y & comm]cial po9t ( view1 x is unnecess>y = me to /ate to y\r ,royal ,highness2 b ,i consid] ! manifold advantages x pres5ts suffici5tly demon/rat$1 to prompt me to recomm5d its spe$y adoption f ,/4 ,pet]sburgh to ,ts>sko-selo1 ! riv] ,volga1 ,mosc[1 & ! ,black ,sea4 8,,william ,,c\l+1 ,k4 ,v4 c4 8,london1 ,dec4 #ba1 #ahbf40 ,) ^! evid5ces t ,i d n presume to reque/ y\r att5tion relative to a m]e !ory1 ,i tru/ ,i may be p]mitt$ to hope1 t ! foll[+ obs]vations relative to effect+ a communication betwe5 y\r canal at ,k5s+ton & ! po9t ( t]m9ation y propose1 may be deem$ n :olly undes]v+ att5tion4 ,7 y to pur*ase l& = ei!r a canal or a railway1 ! wid? requir$ w\ld n be less ?an sixty or sev5ty feet1 :ile 9 "s p>ts x w\ld be mu* m on acc\nt ( ! cutt+s & embankm5ts4 #bf ,suppos+ ! me?od :i* ,i submit to y 7 to be adopt$1 a wid? ( only eight feet w\ld be necess>y1 ev5 7 ! tunnel to be c>ri$1 z a canal or railway mu/ be1 along ! surface ( ! gr\nd2 s t my proposition has1 to recomm5d x1 ?is fir/ feature1 t only "o-eigh? ( ! gr\nd w\ld be want$ t mu/ be requir$ = ei!r a canal or railway2 :ile ?is recomm5dation w\ld be att5d$ ) ! additional advantage1 t1 in/ead ( ! tunnel r5d]+ ! l&s ?r\gh :i* x w\ld pass1 op51 & liable to ! depr$ations ( ! b>gem5 & driv]s1 z canals or railways d1 x w\ld1 ow+ to communication go+ on inside ! tunnel1 leave !m /ill z private1 untr5*$ ^u1 & un9vad$1 z a wat] or gas pipe w\ld d4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 /ill m to obviate objections z to ! c\rse1 & additionally to r$uce exp5se z to ! nature ( ! gr\nd requir$ = ! l9e ( communication :i* ,i sugge/1 ,i propose c>ry+ ! tunnel "u gr\nd1 9 lieu ( ^u x2 :ile1 in/ead ( tak+ its c\rse across fields & cultivat$ gr\nds--z a canal or railway mu/ d--,i propose tak+ x along ! l9e ( 7?\gh buri$ und]nea?7 c]ta9 bye-roads & 7to co9 a ^w7 uncultivatible gr\nds ly+ betwe5 y\r bas9 & ! ,gr& ,junction ,canal1 & ! l9e ( ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway2 by do+ :i*1 ,i anticipate t v great exp5se1 & /ill m important opposition1 w be avoid$2 :ile1 z ! f>m-roads & tracks1 along & und]nea? :i* ,i propose to c>ry ! tunnel1 w\ld be s importantly improv$ by x1 z to be r5d]$ almo/ equal to turnpike roads1 ! execution ( ! "w w\ld be an actual b5efit1 in/ead ( an injury to ! l& "u :i* x 0 c>ri$4 ,9 addition to ^! ?+s1 ! l9e ,i propose w\ld save five p] c5t4 on ! :ole co/2 ow+ to its be+ 9 t proportion %ort] ?an ! l9e po9t$ out on ! plan = ! railway :i* 0 laid be=e ! meet+4 ,! c\rse ,i propose is z foll[s4 #a/4 ,along ! road on ! ea/ ( y\r bas91 to ! turnpike road2 9 :i* l5g? ,i %\ld s9k x s z to g "u ! turnpike4 #bnd4 ,diagonally across ! turnpike to ! bottom ( ,addison ,road2 up & und]nea? :i* x w\ld be cont9u$ to ! ,uxbridge ,road4 #crd4 ,"u t road1 & ! f>m y>d & gr\nd opposite ,addison ,road1 to ! ,gre5 lane :i* runs upw>ds by ! side ( ,morl& ,hall2 :]e w\ld be ! only cultivat$ gr\nd 7& t only two or ?ree furlongs7 :i* x might be necess>y to pur*ase4 ,f ?is po9t x w\ld g "u ! track to ,nott+ ,b>n ,f>m2 & f !nce "u t f>m y>d up ! track to ! bridge n[ cross+ ! ,gr& ,junction ,canal2 :]e ,i propose obviat+ any opposition ( ! ,gr& ,junction company1 by fix+ ! bridge :i* mu/ be ?r[n across to c>ry ! tunnel1 close to t bridge2 s t !re w\ld /ill be1 z x 71 b "o bridge = _! b>ges to pass "u4 ,f ?is po9t x might be c>ri$ "u ! %ort piece ( road lead+ to ! ,h>r[ ,road2 & !nce1 "u & across t road1 up 7?\gh "u7 ,kilburn ,lane1 to ! l9e ( ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway4 ,!re be+ only betwe5 ?ree & f\r furlongs1 :i* are cultivatible ?r\gh\t ?is r\te2 & z ! tunnel 7be+ c>ri$ "u !m7 w\ld be no imp$im5t to ! usual op]ations ( agriculture 7unless "s repair %\ld1 by *ance1 be necess>y1 :ile ! crops 7 on ! gr\nd7 ! exp5se ( ! gr\nd l9e1 w\ld1 comp>atively1 be n wor? speak+ (2 in/ead ( prov+ ! co/ly matt] x w\ld be1 z relates to a canal or railway4 ,& ! f\ndation :i* ! wid? ( ! 8l5g?s0 ( ! tunnel w\ld give = ! railway inside x1 be+ ?irty times great] ?an ^? ( ! bases on :i* ! rails ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway are laid 7^? bases too1 be+ ( an extra & unusual size7 ! tunnel w\ld be less likely to ne$ repair z relates to its f\ndation1 ?an ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway is1 by ?irty times4 ,inde$1 ow+ to ! less weight !re w be on ea* 8l5g?0 ( ! tunnel1 9 comp>ison ) t ?r[n on ! railway bases1 ! probability ( repair prov+ necess>y w be less ?an ?is4 ,! /one blocks1 or bases1 :i* c>ry ! rails ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway are two feet squ>e4 ,! weight ( ! l>ge locomotive eng9es on t railway1 is above t5 tons2 m ?an half ( :i*1 be+ ?r[n on two ( ! :eels1 ea* block has ?ree tons weight on x :5 ^? :eels pass ov] x4 ,! pressure on e squ>e in* ( ! f\ndations ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 is1 consequ5tly1 above f\r times z mu* z on ! boil]s ( ,b\lton & ,watt's /eam-eng9es2 f :i* result ! s9k+s1 8driv+s into ! gr\nd10 & ! tw5ty-fold m exp5sive repairs ?an 7 orig9ally calculat$ on1 allud$ to 9 ! extract f ! ,=eign ,qu>t]ly ,review1 giv5 at page #aa4 ,n[ z ! con/ruction ( ! c>riages :i* w\ld g 9 ! tunnel1 w\ld prev5t m ?an ?ree tons be+ ?r[n on a 8l5g?0 ( ! tunnel2 & z ea* ( ^! 8l5g?s0 w\ld expose a base ( #abj squ>e feet to ! gr\nd1 ! pressure on ea* squ>e in* ( ! f\ndation ( ! tunnel1 w\ld n be "o-?irtie? ( :at x is on ! bases ( ! ,man*e/] & ,liv]pool ,railway2 :i*1 tak5 9 conjunction ) ! sup]ior bases expos$ by ! tunnel1 w\ld1 p]haps1 r5d] ! probability ( s9k+ less ?an "o hundr$?4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be presum$ t aft] ! tunnel 0 once fairly set 9 its place1 x nev] w\ld be necess>y to di/urb ! gr\nd ov] x4 ,nei!r w ! height to be surm\nt$ by y\r ext5sion1 prove an at all s]i\s imp$im5t to ! effect ( ! pr9ciple :i* ! tunnel w enable u to put 9 op]ation4 ,z ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 act+ 9 all directions1 admits ( a tunnel be+ effective ev5 7 x fix$ v]tically1 all gradations ( asc5t1 fall1 necess>ily1 )9 9 its range2 ) v>ieties ( effect1 increas+ 9 proportion z _! angles approa* ! horizon4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 ! height to be surm\nt$ 9 ! c\rse ( y\r ext5sion1 is m]ely an imp$im5t ( degree2 :ile ! foll[+ circum/ance w r5d] t degree comp>atively unimportant4 ,few ?+s are bett] kn[n ?an t a ,/age ,coa*man1 :5 he approa*es a rise ( ! road1 pu%es 8 horses to a gallop2 because 8! sw+ ( ! coa*0 7z he expresses x7 8c>ries 8 cattle up ! hill40 ,! pr9ciple is kn[n to e "o2 :ile x is almo/ equally well kn[n t ! law ( its op]ation1 is accord+ to ! squ>e ( ! velocity2 s t ! mom5tum ( a coa* :i* meets ! hill ) ! horses pu%$ into a gallop t causes ! rate ( ! vehicle to be #af miles an h\r1 w 7friction ab/ract$7 rise f\r times z high z "o t meets ! hill :5 go+ at ! rate ( #h miles an h\r3 ! cont9uance ( ! op]ation ( ! p[] :i* ov]came friction on ! level1 be+ 7s f> z relates to its c\nt]active effect7 equival5t to an annihilation ( friction4 ,?is law is well kn[n4 ,n[ let u see h[ ?is k has be5 tak5 advantage (1 by ^? :o h _h ! exp5diture ( hundr$s ( ?\s&s1 plac$ at _! discretion4 ,rates ( f #ce to #dj miles an h\r1 h be5 atta9$ on ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway = ^! f\r ye>s4 ,suppos+ friction to be c\nt]act$ & neutraliz$1 ! mom5tum ( a vehicle t 0 mov+ on a level at ! rate ( #cf miles an h\r1 w\ld 8sw+0 & cause x to rise up an incl9$ plane to ! height ( #dc feet p]p5dicul>1 let ! angle ( asc5t1 or rate ( rise1 be :at x might2 :ile1 z a velocity ( #bj miles an h\r1 w\ld1 "u simil> circum/ances1 8sw+0 a c>riage up #ac feet p]p5dicul>1 & a velocity ( #aj miles an h\r1 #c feet p]p5dicul>1 x ne$s n1 nor ev] has ne$$ any ?+ m ?an a prop] arrangem5t ( levels & incl9$ planes1 to avoid all deep cutt+1 high embank+1 or tunnell+1 9 ! l9e ( a railway1 except :]e a precipit\s rise or holl[ int]pos$ itself4 ,x is true t x may1 ) ref]5ce to ! deep cutt+s & high embankm5ts ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway be repli$1 t at ! "t ^! works 7 execut$1 x 0 n kn[n t su* great velocities c\ld be atta9$ on railways4 #bi;a ,b ?\gh x 0 n !n kn[n t ^! rates ( motion c\ld be atta9$1 yet 0 x z well kn[n z x is n[1 t rates ( t5 miles an h\r c\ld be atta9$ by horses3 :ile1 ?\gh ! fir/ l9e ( ! railway 0 laid out 9 #ahbd1 & ! pres5t l9e 9 #ahbe1 x 0 n till ,octob]1 #ahbh1 t x became decid$ :e!r horse or elem5t>y p[] %\ld be employ$3 vide pages #fb1 #fg1 #fh1 & #fi ( ,mr4 ,treasur] ,boo?'s 8,acc\nt ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway40 ,& not)/&+ t in/ances ( velocities equal to t5 miles an h\r hav+ be5 atta9$ by locomotive eng9es1 7 n v common at ! "t ! l9e ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway 0 laid out1 yet d ! "u-quot$ extracts f v>i\s publications ( ! p]iod prove1 bo? t !y _h be5 atta9$1 & t mu* high] velocities 7 confid5tly anticipat$3 :ile ,mr4 ,treasur] ,boo?1 at page #cg ( 8 book1 says1 t 8! e>? "w 7compris+ ! cutt+s & embank+s along ! :ole l9e7 0 n comm5c$ till ,janu>y1 #ahbg40 #bi;b ,su* /atem5ts be+ 7z x 71 (ficially7 promulgat$1 & su* op9ions ent]ta9$ relative to ! velocities atta9able by locomotive eng9es3--! "q z to ! employm5t ( horses be+1 ?us1 an op5 "o1 n only dur+ ! survey = ! second l9e1 b also = two ye>s & a half aft] ! ,act = ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway 0 obta9$2 & x be+ equally well kn[n z x is t ! sun gives light1 t = ! gallop :i* coa*m5 pu% _! horses to j be=e t\*+ a hill1 9 ord] to give _! vehicles ! mom5tum :i* imp>ts ! 8sw+ t c>ries _! horses up ! hill01 rates ( #ae or #af miles an h\r c\ld be atta9$--x be+ ?us kn[n at ! "t ! l9e ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway 0 laid out1 t av]age velocities ( #aj1 & occasional velocities ( #ae miles an h\r c\ld be atta9$3 & x be+ unque/ionable t if friction be c\nt]act$ 7z x is by ! cont9uance ( ! op]ation ( ! mov+ p[]7 ! mom5ta imp>t$ by ^? velocities w c>ry any vehicle up any incl9$ plane to ! heights ( #c & #g feet1 x 0 necess>y only to h laid out ! railway 9 %ort levels1 ) %>p incl9$ planes ris+ a foot or two betwe5 !m1 to h avoid$ all deep cutt+ or high embank+4 ,x is true t ow+ to velocities ( t5 miles an h\r1 hav+ at t "t1 be5 only occasionally atta9$ by locomotive eng9es1 x might h be5 prop] to keep ^! ranges ( levels1 & incl9$ planes )9 ! limit prescrib$ by t rate4 ,b z ?is limit is n )9 a v]tical rise ( #c feet #d in*es1 x w\ld h be5 p]fectly possible1 by arrang+ %ort levels ) %>p incl9$ planes ( ?ree feet 9 height betwe5 !m1 to h avoid$ ! :ole ( ^? deep cutt+s & high embankm5ts ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 ( :i* ! "u-quot$ extract f ,mr4 ,treasur] ,boo?'s book gives su* gl[+ descriptions4 #cj ,admitt+1 h[ev]1 7= ! "q's sake7 t ! 8mo/ em95t eng9e]s0 & _! 8assi/ants ( und\bt$ tal5ts10 by :om ^! 8,pelion-^u-,ossa-l spoil banks1 t[]+ ov] ! adjac5t l&0 7 ord]$--& ( :i* ,mr4 ,boo? says1 9 addition1 8?is aggregate mass has be5 remov$ to v>i\s di/ances1 f a few furlongs to betwe5 ?ree & f\r miles2 & no inconsid]able portion ( x has be5 hoi/$ up by ma*9]y f a dep? ( #cj to #fj feet0--admitt+ t ^! g5tlem5 %\ld h be5 w>rant$ 9 exp5d+ ! hundr$s ( ?\s&s :i* 7 paid = mak+ ^! m\nta9s betwe5 ,liv]pool & ,man*e/]1 by ! unc]ta9ty !n preval5t z to :at velocities 7 atta9able by locomotive eng9es1 x _c be said t ! eng9e]s ( ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway h any simil> ju/ification to plead4 ,t l9e 0 n1 ,i believe1 laid out till #ahca1 :ile ! velocities atta9$ on ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 & ! %ort "t )9 :i* ,london & ,birm+ham c\ld1 9 consequ5ce1 be br\ght ( ea* o!r1 =m ! ma9 features ( ! prospectus3 rates ( f #ce to #dj miles an h\r hav+ be5 7!n7 long atta9$ on ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] railway4 ,yet does ! 8,e/imate0 laid be=e ,p>liam5t %ew no less a sum ?an #dbi1bhfl4 appropriat$ to 8,excavations1 ,embankm5ts1 & ,tunnell+10 :i*1 ) 8! increase 9 ! numb] ( ar*es 9 ! ,wolv]ton viaduct10 w give an e/imat$ exp5diture ( ne>ly half a million to d t1 :i*1 tak+ prop] advantage ( ! law ( motion ,i am adv]t+ to1 w\ld entirely h sav$2 except :]e a hill z p]p5dicul> z a wall1 or a holl[ z precipit\s z a well1 r5d]$ tunnell+1 deep cutt+1 or fill+ up1 absolutely unavoidable4 ,at ! "t ! ,birm+ham ,railway 0 be=e ,p>liam5t la/ session1 maps ( x 7 issu$ f ! (fice ( t company1 :i* gave ! 8,section ( ! l9e ( railway2 %ew+ ! rises & falls40 ,?is section is on too small a scale to %ew ei!r ! height ( ! embankm5ts or ! dep? ( ! cutt+s3 & ?\gh x has n suit$ my conv5i5ce to sp>e ! "t necess>y = exam9+ ! section deposit$ 9 ,p>liam5t1 yet z ! cubic y>ds ( cutt+s & embankm5ts am\nt to ne>ly tw5ty-?ree millions3 z ! map & section ,i h j m5tion$ %ew t5 tunnels 7"s ( :i* are a mile & upw>ds 9 l5g?73 & incl9$ planes1 9 unbrok5 rises ( #f1 #h1 #aj1 #aa1 #ac1 #bj1 & #be miles1 !re c be no d\bt b t mu* deep cutt+ & high embank+ is includ$ 9 x4 ,n[ ?\gh ,i d n mean to imply t ! exp5se ( all cutt+ & embank+ c\ld h be5 sav$1 by tak+ prop] advantage ( ! p[] ( asc5d+ heights1 :i* is imp>t$ by ! mom5ta ( ! velocities :]eat locomotive eng9es n[ g1 yet ,i d mean to /ate x z my full conviction1 t _h ?is railway be5 7z ! second prospectus ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 /at$ t l9e %\ld be7 8laid d[n & arrang$ ) t skill & con=mity ) ! rules ( me*anical sci5ce1 :i* w equally *all5ge approbation1 :e!r consid]$ z a national und]tak+ ( great public utility1 or z a magnific5t specim5 ( art0 ! :ole ( ! anticipat$ exp5ses ( deep cutt+ & high embank+ w\ld h be5 expung$ f ! e/imates2 x be+ c]ta91 t deep cutt+s1 high embankm5ts1 & long incl9$ planes are no m evid5ces ( eng9e]+ skill1 ?an w9n+ a battle by h>d fight+ is ( g5]al%ip3 :ile ! exp5se ( ! num]\s 8v small cutt+s v>y+ f #h to #aj feet10 :i* are spok5 ( 9 ! 8,m9utes ( ,evid5ce tak5 be=e ! ,lords' ,committees10 might z c]ta9ly h be5 sav$1 & ^? rises pass$ ov] by ! vehicles 9 consequ5ce ( _! mom5tum2 z a cricket ball w roll ov] a mole-hill4 ,b if ^! rem>ks are applicable to ! ,birm+ham ,railway--! l9e ( :i*1 0 ,i believe1 laid out 9 #ahca--:at mu/ be said relative to ! n[ propos$ ,london & ,bri/ol ,railway8 ,= ne>ly twelve mon?s ! pr9ciple ( avoid+ level1 & con/ruct+ 8undulat+ railways0 has be5 discuss$1 9 consequ5ce ( ,mr4 ,badnall hav+ tak5 out a pat5t =1 & publi%$ a "w1 propos+ su* 8undulat+ railways03 & ?\gh1 ow+ to ! fall on y\r l9e be+ :olly 7z well z greatly7 "o way1 x is n necess>y to express any op9ion "h on a proposition1 :i* appe>s to h = its object ! con/ruction ( unlevel railways 9 pref]5ce to level ones1 & ! lab\r ( toil+ up hill = ! sake ( ! mom5tum to be obta9$ by runn+ d[n hill1 yet z1 9 consequ5ce ( x1 ! effect ( mom5tum 9 c>ry+ mov+ bodies up asc5ts1 has be5 l>gely & widely adv]t$ to = ! la/ twelve mon?s 7ne>ly71 x mu/ h be5 )9 ! expectation ( e "o1 t1 let ! g5tleman :o has be5 employ$ to lay out ! l9e ( ! ,bri/ol ,railway be anxi\s z he might1 to avoid any 8undulat+0 proposition1 he w\ld be equally anxi\s to call 9 ! aid ( all kn[n & e/abli%$ pr9ciples1 to dim9i% ! exp5se ( ! l9e he 0 requir$ to lay d[n4 #cb ,n[1 no?+1 ,i believe1 is m c]ta91 ?an t if a vehicle be mov+ along a level at ! rate ( #b 7#b4gbgb7 miles an h\r1 x w1 on com+ to an incl9$ plane1 & provid$ ! op]ation ( ! p[] :i* ov]came friction on ! level1 be cont9u$1 s z to neutralise & 7z relates to c\nt]active effect7 annihilate friction dur+ ! asc5t1 8sw+0 itself up1 & rise to ! height ( 7t is1 its mom5tum w cause x to rise to ! height (7 ?ree in*es p]p5dicul>2 let ! angle ( asc5t1 or rate ( rise ( ! plane1 be :at x may4 ,equally c]ta9 is x1 t if ! velocity ( ! vehicle be twice #b miles an h\r1 t is #e4dedd miles1 ! mom5tum w 7"u simil> circum/ances z to c\nt]action ( friction7 !n cause ! vehicle to rise up said incl9$ plane to f\r times ! height to :i* ! =m] velocity rais$ x2 or to ! height ( "o foot4 ,& x is equally c]ta91 t ! mom5ta imp>t$ by increas$ velocities w1 "u ! circum/ance ( ! friction ( ! vehicle be+ ov]come1 neutralis$1 & 7z relates to c\nt]active effect7 annihilat$1 by ! cont9u$ op]ation ( ! mov+ p[] dur+ ! asc5t1 cause ! vehicle to rise up any incl9$ plane to ! p]p5dicul> heights /at$ 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ,c>riages mov+ on levels1 at ! ,h mom5ta1 :i* 7friction "u-m5tion$ velocities1 ! be+ c\nt]act$ & motions ( :i* are *ang$ f neutralis$7 w cause !m horizontal to asc5d+1 by means1 to rise to ! ei!r ( circul> or angul> "u-m5tion$ heights asc5ts4 7p]p5dicul>7 above ! level :]e ^? velocities 7 atta9$3 let ! rate ( rise1 or angle ( asc5t1 be :at x may4 ,,miles4 ,,miles ,,p] ,,h\r4 ,,p]p5dicul>4 #b or #b4gbgb #c in*es4 #e or #e4dedd #a4j foot4 #aa or #aj4ijhh #d4j feet4 #bb or #ba4hagf #af4j d4 #dd or #dc4fceb #fd4j d4 #hh or #hg4bgjd #bef4j d4 #agf or #agd4edjd #ajbd4j d4 #ceb #cc or #cdi4jhjh #djif4j d4 ,n[1 let x h be5 prop] z x may1 t ! g5tleman ^: "n appe>s z 8,eng9e]0 to ! ,bri/ol ,railway1 %\ld 79 lay+ out t l9e7 h avoid$ encumb]+ ! subject ) ! 8undulat+0 "q1 !re c be no d\bt t x 0 incumb5t on him to dim9i% exp5se 9 e way :i* e/abli%$ pr9ciples admitt$4 ,& z ! usual railway rate is n[ #bj miles an h\r1 :ile t rate w give mom5tum en\gh to cause any vehicle to rise up any incl9$ plane to ! height ( #ac feet 7p]p5dicul>7 above ! level on :i* x 0 runn+ at ! rate ( #bj miles an h\r1 x is necess>y only to lay out ! l9e ( ?is railway 9 levels1 & rises ( #aj feet ea*1 to avoid 7v ne>ly1 if n q7 all necessity = cutt+1 or embank+2 :ile deep cutt+1 high embank+1 & tunnell+1 might 7except 9 v peculi> cases7 h be5 z c]ta9ly avoid$1 z erect+ a susp5sion bridge w obviate ! necessity = pi]s & ar*es ov] a riv]4 ,yet does n ?is g5tleman appe> to h any m call$ 9 ! aid ( ?is law ( motion1 ?an did ^? equally 8em95t eng9e]s0 :o laid out ! l9e ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway2 or ^? :o h laid out t ( ! ,birm+ham ,railway3 ! 8,report0 ( ! public meet+ held at ,bri/ol1 on ! #cj? ,july la/1 /at+ t 8al?\gh ! l9e ( c\ntry 7except = ab\t #cj miles at ! ,bri/ol end7 is v advantage\s1 yet ! comp>ative levelness ( ! railway w be atta9$ by a great deal ( deep cutt+1 & sev]al tunnels20 :ile ! prospectus issu$ f ! ,london (fice ( ! ,company /ates1 t 8! con/ruction ( a road s ne>ly level1 9 ! hilly c\ntry ab\t ,ba? & ,bri/ol1 w1 unavoidably1 be a co/ly "w40 ,! l5g? ( ! ,birm+ham ,railway is #aab miles2 t ( ! ,bri/ol ,railway 8f #aae to #aah or #abj miles10 av]age #aag4 ,! e/imat$ exp5se ( ! cutt+s1 embankm5ts1 & tunnels1 ( ! ,birm+ham ,railway is #dbi1bhfl4 or #c1ahel4 p] mile4 ,! same exp5se on ! ,bri/ol ,railway is 7#hce1cjjl4 #ae1jjjl47 #hej1cjjl4 or #g1bcfl4 p] mile2 t is1 above twice z mu*3 & ?is too1 not)/&+ t ! ,report /ates t 8?is exp5sive "p ( ! "w1 =tunately1 lies pr9cipally 9 two ( ! mo/ fav\rable mat]ials--! *alk & ! free/one20 & also not)/&+ t ! e/imate ( ! ,birm+ham ,railway has und]gone two ye>s' scrut9y1 & ! mo/ rigid inve/igation1 by sev]al ,p>liam5t>y ,committees2 :ile t = ! ,bri/ol ,railway is ! result ( only a 8prelim9>y survey10 direct$ by a 8,provisional ,committee30 s t 7 x to be increas$ z ! e/imate = ! ,birm+ham ,railway has be5 increas$1 x w\ld be _m times z mu* z ! simil> "w on t railway4 ,inde$1 ! p>ties !mselves h made a consid]able increase already3 #aj p] c5t4 be+ add$ to ! above am\nt ( #hej1cjj by ! ,bri/ol ,committee1 & #g p] c5t4 by ! ,london ,committee2 #cd;a s t #igh1didl4 is ! :ole am\nt at pres5t all[$ = works1 :i* tak+ prop] advantage ( ! mom5tum ( ! vehicles w\ld h sav$4 ,yet1 ) well-kn[n laws ( motion ?us set at n\ght & neglect$1 & ) exp5se ?us unnecess>ily z well z mo/ enorm\sly add$ to1 are ! ,committee--g5tlem5 :o 71 unavoidably1 z entirely dep5dant on ! op9ion ( _! eng9e]s1 z ! ,m9i/ry ( #aghi 7 ^u t ( ! 8,insanity ,doctors10 relative to ! m5tal affliction ( ,george ,,iii42 or z ^? ( #ahcj 7 on t ( ! physicians :o att5d$ ,george ,,iv4 dur+ 8 long illness--"u circum/ances ( su* entire dep5d5ce on ! op9ion ( _! eng9e]s1 are ! 8,provisional ,committee0 ( ! ,bri/ol ,railway l$ into ! foll[+ expressions ( approbation 9 _! ,report3 8,! ,committee ?9k x b ju/ice to say1 t ! zeal1 ! dilig5ce1 ! ability & o!r valuable qualities manife/$ by ^! g5tlem51 h giv5 !m ample reason to congratulate !mselves on _! *oice062 & 8,! ,committee1 9 conclusion1 repeat t !y h c>efully avail$ !mselves ( ! res\rces ( skill & exp]i5ce 9 inve/igat+ ! probable co/ ( ! railway40 #cd;b ,n[ z1 7 ,i to presume to manife/ 8skill1 exp]i5ce1 ability1 & o!r valuable qualities10 su* z ^!1 ) respect to y\r l9e1 or ?us to ?r[ away1 n only hundr$s ( ?\s&s1 b also half millions1 on any o!r1 ,i %\ld be sure to exp]i5ce ! tru? ( t prov]b1 :i* says t m]ely look+ ov] ! h$ge %all subject "o man to ! op]ations ( 8! f9i%] ( ! law10 :ile ano!r man may /eal ! horse ) impunity1 ,i mu/ avail myself ( ?is law ( motion1 :i* 8skill1 ability1 exp]i5ce1 & o!r valuable qualities0 s neglect & despise1 to get loads up ! rise :i* y wi% to surm\nt1 )\t resort+ to deep cutt+ or high embank+4 ,sixty feet ( ! rise to be surm\nt$1 occurr+ 9 ! la/ half-mile ( y\r l9e1 ,i %all h ne>ly two miles to acquire ! necess>y velocity 93 & z ! cont9uation ( ! action ( ! p[] :i* ov]came friction on ! level1 w neutralise1 &1 z relates to c\nt]active effect1 annihilate ! friction ( ! c>riages :ile asc5d+ ^! sixty feet1 ,i h only to cause !m to atta9 a velocity some:at great] ?an has yet be5 atta9$ on railways1 t is1 #db miles an h\r dur+ ! two miles1 to enable !m to 8sw+0 !mselves up ^! sixty feet1 9 consequ5ce ( ! mom5tum :i* t velocity w imp>t3 :ile1 let ! height ( ,rodway ,hill 7:i* is adv]t$ to z s desirable to avoid1 9 ! ,report ( ! ,provisional ,committee ( ! ,bri/ol ,railway7 be :at x may1 all t w\ld be requisite to obviate ! necessity = ! 8incl9$ plane & /ation>y eng9e0 spok5 ( z unavoidable !re1 w\ld be to atta9 ! velocity due to ! altitude ( said hill1 to enable my vehicles to surm\nt x f _! mom5tum4 ,nor w\ld ! asc5d+ p[] imp>t$ by ! v]tical op]ation ( ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 be mu* less important ) respect to dim9i%+ ! exp5se ( bridg+1 on ! l9e ( ?is ,bri/ol ,railway1 ?an w\ld 8mom5tum0 z relates to ! exp5se ( cutt+ & embank+4 ,f ! map issu$ f ! ,london (fice ( t ,company1 x appe>s t t railway is to be c>ri$ five times across ! ,avon2 twice across ! ,k5net & ,avon ,canal2 ?ree times across ! ,wilts & ,b]ks ,canal2 & f\r times across ! ,?ames4 ,^! v>i\s cross+s are n = ! sake ( approa*+ places ( magnitude1 or comm]cial importance2 b solely because ! pr9ciple ( railway transmission compels ! level to be s]vilely adh]$ to3 :ile1 ?\gh ! "r l9e di/ance betwe5 ,london & ,bri/ol is only #ajh miles1 yet is ! l9e ( railway !re laid d[n1 %ewn z be+ #abj miles long2 ! #ab additional miles be+ add$ by ! curves tak5 9 ?us cross+ ^! wat]s = ! sake ( ! level4 ,n[ ?\gh ,i d n mean to say t x w\ld be possible1 by lay+ d[n a tunnel in/ead ( ?is railway1 to avoid all bridg+ :atsoev]1 yet ow+ to hills & rises be+ no imp$im5t to ! op]ation ( ?is pr9ciple1 ! l9e = a tunnel might be sev]al miles %ort] ?an ?is l9e ( ! railway1 & yet ! :ole ( ^! bridges be sav$1 except+ "o ov] ! ,avon2 :ile n a qu>t] ( ! exp5se w\ld be incurr$ = c>ry+ a tunnel ov] ! wat]s :i* its c\rse mu/ cross1 :i* w be incurr$ 9 bridg+ ! railway ov] ^? o!r wat]s t int]sect its c\rse1 :i* are n laid d[n 9 ! map %ew+ its l9e4 ,! e/imat$ exp5se ( bridg+ = ! railway is #dgd1hjjl42 :i*1 :5 increas$ by ! p] c5tages all[$ by ! ,committees1 am\nts to #eef1aidl4 z ! :ole e/imat$ exp5se ( bridg+4 ,:at proportion ( ?is am\nt is = bridg+ ov] wat]s1 & :at = bridg+ ov] roads1 is n /at$4 ,on ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway #ajh1efel4 #aas4 #i;d4 0 exp5d$ on #fc bridges2 ( :i* only five 7 ov] wat]s3 ! o!r #eh be+ ov] roads1 or to c>ry roads ov] ! railway4 ,on ! ,birm+ham ,railway ! numb] ( bridges is #cjj2 ( :i* only n9e are /at$ to be ov] wat]s1 ! o!rs be+ = roads4 ,! e/imat$ am\nt ( !m is #cej1egdl4 ,"o bridge alone 7! ,sankey viaduct7 on ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] l9e1 co/ ne>ly #ej1jjjl4 ,n[ z ! p[] ( go+ up or d[n1 imp>t$ by ! v]tical op]ation ( ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 w\ld r5d] x :olly immat]ial :e!r ! level 0 pres]v$ 9 ! l9e ( a tunnel2 z bury+ x "u gr\nd1 9 ! mann] propos$ at page #bg1 w\ld equally d away ) any occasion = ! _m hundr$s ( bridges1 :i*1 on ! ?ree l9es ,i h m5tion$1 mu/ be provid$ to c>ry ^? railways cle> ( roads1 z x w\ld save bridg+ ov] ! roads on y\r l9e2 & z a tunnel c\ld h be5 c>ri$ "u ! ,sankey1 = almo/ "o-t5? ( ! exp5se x co/ to con/ruct ! viaduct by :i* ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway is c>ri$ ov] t canal--z my pr9ciple (f]s facilities ( ?is k9d = obviat+ ! necessity ( bridg+--,i d n hesitate to say1 t1 on ! :ole ?ree l9es1 & consid]+ h[ mu* ! actual1 w exce$ ! e/imat$ am\nts1 above "o million /]l+ might be sav$ 9 ! item ( bridg+ alone1 by sub/itut+ tunnels = railways2 :i*1 :5 add$ to1 z x w\ld be1 by ! almo/ equal am\nt t w\ld be sav$ 9 ! exp5se ( ! l&1 9 consequ5ce ( my plan requir+ a wid? ( only t5 or a doz5 feet "u gr\nd1 in/ead ( f #fj to #cjj on ! surface1 w admit ( my say+ t 79 r\nd numb]s7 ne>ly two millions might be sav$ by my plan1 9 ^! two items ( bridg+ & l&1 on ! l9es ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/]1 ! ,london & ,birm+ham1 & ! ,london & ,bri/ol ,railways3 :ile1 if :at my plan w\ld save ( ! #cih1bhfl4 all[$ = ! co/ ( l&1 & ( ! #bfa1ibhl4 all[$ = t ( ! entrances to ,london1 ,ba?1 & ,bri/ol1 be add$ to ! sav+s ,i h /at$ x w\ld effect 9 bridg+1 cutt+1 embank+1 & tunnell+1 ,i may say t x w\ld also save ne>ly two millions 7( ! pres5t e/imat$ exp5se7 on ! ,bri/ol ,railway alone4 ,! t5 times great] heights ?an ,i h yet specifi$1 :i* may be surm\nt$ by comb9+ ! op]ation ( ! mom5tum ( ! air itself ) t ( ! vehicles1 x is n necess>y = me to tr\ble y )1 ow+ to ! %ortness ( y\r l9e1 & ! small height to be asc5d$3 ?\gh x may be p]mitt$ me to obs]ve1 t z atta9+ only equal velocities to ^? :i* h be5 spok5 ( z atta9able by locomotive eng9es & /eam-coa*es1 w enable my vehicles1 ( !mselves1 to surm\nt hills ( _m hundr$ feet 9 height2 :ile comb9+ ) _! mom5tum1 ! mom5tum ( ! air itself 7t :i* is be=e ! vehicles2 ! friction :]e( w be ov]come1 & neutralis$ by ! op]ation ( ! exhau/+ app>atus7 9 tunnels ( prop] l5g?1 & loads ( correspond+ weight1 w enable me to asc5d m ?\s&s ( feet1 ?an ! mom5tum ( ! vehicles alone w c>ry !m up hundr$s1 ,i may be able to ext5d ,l\is le ,gr&'s exclamation1 8,il n'y a plus des ,pyr5nes10 to 8il n'y a plus des montagnes sur la t]re10 s f> z relates to _! long] prev5t+ int]c\rse betwe5 c\ntries2 & consequ5tly r5d] ! :ole e>? level to u1 9 po9t ( effect4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! =ce requir$ to ov]come ! friction ( ! m$ium by :i* ! mov+ p[] op]at$ to impel ! c>riages1 w\ld a tunnel be also sup]ior to a railway4 ,f ,messrs4 ,r4 ,/eph5son & ,locke's reply to ,mr4 ,walk]'s ,report to ! ,directors ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 x appe>s t ! friction ( ! ropes by :i* /ation>y eng9es draw waggons up incl9$ planes1 is "o-twelf? ( _! weight3 :ile1 z ! latt] "p ( y\r l9e gives a %>p] rise ?an t ( ! ,liv]pool tunnel1 ! weight ( ! rope y mu/ use %\ld n be less ?an #glbs4 p] y>d2 ! friction & gravitation ( :i* w\ld be #j4gcbca;b4 p] y>d1 or #abhilbs4 p] mile4 ,! l9e 9 ! plan = ! railway1 :i* 0 laid be=e y\r meet+1 be+ #b miles long1 ! :ole resi/ance ( friction & gravitation ^u x w\ld be #cbbb lbs4 ,f exp]im5ts on ! friction ( air 9 tubes1 ,i am enabl$ to /ate t bo? ! in]tia & friction ( ! air aga9/ ! inside ( an equal l5g? ( ! tunnel ,i propose to y to lay d[n w\ld n1 :5 said air 0 mov$ by exhau/ion1 & convey+ #ej tons at ! same rate at :i* ! same quantity is drawn up ! tunnel ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway 7i4e4 t5 miles an h\r71 be s mu* z "o sixte5? "p ( ?is2 :ile x w\ld h ?is important advantage1 t ! heavi] ! load 01 ! less w\ld be bo? ! in]tia & friction ( ! air4 ,= in/ance3 ! degree ( exhau/ion requisite to admit ( an equal load to :at is drawn up ! ,liv]pool tunnel 7i4e4 #ej tons7 be+ mov$ up a tunnel ( ! same size z t ,i con/ruct$ at ,brighton1 & ris+ at ! same rate y\r's mu/ rise 7#a 9 #dg7 by ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 w\ld be ab\t ! #dj? "p ( a vacuum4 ,b suppos+ t5 times ?is load 7 to be rais$1 ! degree ( exhau/ion mu/ be t5 times z great1 or ab\t ! f\r? ( a vacuum4 ,&1 z ! great] ! exhau/ion1 ! less ! expansive p[]1 &1 consequ5tly ! less ! in]tia & friction ( ! air inside ! exhau/$ "p ( ! tunnel1 ?is 8rope ( air0 z x has1 d]isively1 be5 call$1 possesses ! important advantage ( decreas+ z relates to ! d5sity1 in]tia1 & friction1 :i* itself opposes1 9 proportion to ! increase ( ! load drawn by x3 :ile1 z ! valves ,i %\ld place at e qu>t]1 or half1 or :ole mile1 to be op5$ by ! c>riages z !y pass !m1 & admit air imm$iately beh9d said c>riages1 w\ld prev5t !re be+ ! in]tia & friction ( m ?an a few hundr$ y>ds ( air ( ! natural d5sity beh9d ! c>riages to be ov]come1 ! imp$im5t :i* pres5ts an insup]able ob/acle 9 ! op9ion ( ! numb]s :o h condemn$ ! proposition 7because !y deem$ op]at+ by exhau/ion ! same z op]at+ p] pl5um7 dim9i%es1 9 po9t ( fact1 to a f> less important h9drance1 ?an t :i* is occasion$ by ! old sy/em ( draw+ loads by means ( /ation>y eng9es & ropes2 s9ce1 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 ! in]tia & friction w\ld n be ! "o-hundr$-&-sixtie? "p ( :at x w\ld be1 to move an equal quantity by ! /ation>y eng9e1 & rope sy/em4 ,& not)/&+ t ! sup]iority :i* ! tunnel possesses ov] ! locomotive sy/em is n s great at ?is1 yet is x important4 ,9 ! in/ructions giv5 to ,mr4 ,walk] by ! ,directors ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway 7& :i* call$ f him ! ,report criticis$ by ,messrs4 ,r4 ,/eph5son & ,locke71 x is /at$ t 8! quantity ( traffic = :i* x w be exp$i5t to provide ! p[] ( conveyance0 is ab\t #djjj tons1 f ea* to ! o!r ( ^? places1 daily4 ,9 8 publication on ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 ,dr4 ,l>dn] says1 8,9 ! exp]im5ts :i* ,i h detail$1 x appe>s t a /eam eng9e is capable ( draw+ #ij tons at ! rate ( ab\t #bj miles an h\r2 & t x c\ld transport t weight twice betwe5 ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] 9 ab\t ?ree h\rs40 #ch;a ,! weight ( ?is eng9e alone be+ #h4a tons1 ! :ole weight ( itself1 & its t5d]1 ) ! necess>y supplies ( fuel & wat]1 w n be less ?an twelve tons4 ,!re=e1 ! friction ( ! eng9es 7& _! t5d]s7 requisite to c>ry ^! #djjj tons at ! rate ( #bj miles an h\r1 w\ld be #dbfg lbs4 ,! friction ( "o mile ( air 9 a tunnel eight feet 9 diamet]1 :5 mov$ at ! rate ( #bj miles an h\r by exhau/ion be+ #bhhlbs41 ! friction ( x 9 a tunnel ext5d+ f ,liv]pool to ,man*e/]1 w be #hfdjlbs43 :i*1 ?\gh d\ble ! friction ( ^! locomotive eng9es1 might be f> *eap] = ! foll[+ reason2 & indep5d5t ( ! circum/ance1 t ,i c\ld lay d[n a tunnel capable ( c>ry+ all ^! #djjj tons at "o & ! same "t1 f ,liv]pool to ,man*e/]1 = "o-f\r? ( :at t railway has co/2 #ch;b & also indep5d5t ( ! circum/ance t ! enorm\s exp5se n[ incurr$ = ! repairs ( ! locomotives 7z /at$ on page #aa7 w\ld also be sav$4 ,x is well kn[n t ! small] a /eam-eng9e is1 ! l>g] is ! proportionate quantity ( fuel x requires1 & ! great] ! proportionate exp5se ( work+ x2 :ile x is equally well kn[n t1 ow+ to ! imp]ative importance ( lightness & effici5cy ov] economy 9 locomotive eng9es1 ?is disadvantage increases 9 a mo/ rapid ratio ) respect to !m4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 a quantity ( fuel1 :i*1 9 l>ge /ation>y eng9es1 su* z ,i %\ld use = exhau/+ air f ! tunnel1 w\ld d a giv5 quantity ( "w1 w\ld1 9 ! be/ ( ! locomotives on ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 d only "o-sixte5? z mu* "w4 ,!re=e x results1 t1 not)/&+ ! friction ( ! air 9 a tunnel #cj miles long w\ld1 at ! rate ( #bj miles an h\r1 be twice z mu* z ! friction ( ! locomotive eng9es1 yet1 ow+ to ! fuel consum$ by ! latt]1 to move !mselves & _! t5d]s1 be+ sixte5 times z great z l>ge /ation>y eng9es1 su* z ,i %\ld use1 w\ld require to d ! same "w1 ! tunnel w\ld1 suppos+ ! :ole quantity ( goods 7 to be c>ri$ at once1 be eight times ! *eape/ mean ( conveyance1 9 po9t ( curr5t exp5ses only1 & )\t ref]5ce to its fir/ co/ be+ only "o-f\r? t ( ! railway2 & also )\t ref]5ce to ! :ole ( ! enorm\s exp5se n[ occasion$ by ! repairs ( ! locomotive eng9es be+ sav$4 ,b ?is is n ! only proportion 9 :i* a tunnel might be *eap]4 ,! #ac? p>agraph ( ! ,russian ,eng9e] ,(fic]'s ,report1 /ates1 t he is 8conv9c$ t exhau/ion to a degree :i* %\ld give a pressure ( fifte5 in*es ( m]cury may be effect$ 9 ! tunnel40 ,n[1 not)/&+ t mu* m ?an ?is may be done 9 an iron tunnel1 yet w ,i calculate on ?is only4 ,fifte5 in*es ( m]cury be+ #g4c lbs4 t pressure on ! area ( ! tunnel1 w\ld move above twice ! #djjj tons :i* ! ,directors ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway e/imat$ w\ld be c>ri$ f "o to ! o!r ( ^? places e day2 :i*1 suppos+ t weight to be convey$ at "o "t1 w\ld r$uce ! exp5se 7p] ton ( goods c>ri$7 ( ov]com+ ! friction ( air mov+ 9 a tunnel f ,liv]pool to ,man*e/]1 at ! rate ( #bj miles an h\r1 to "o-sixte5? ( :at ! p[] requir$ to ov]come ! friction ( ! locomotive eng9es requir$ to draw ! same weight w\ld co/4 ,& ?\gh1 ow+ to its be+ a receiv$ op9ion t ! p[] requir$ to ov]come ! friction ( fluids increases accord+ to ! squ>e ( ! velocity1 we are to suppose t at #dj miles an h\r1 ! fuel requir$ to ov]come ! friction ( ! air w\ld be "o-f\r? t ( ! locomotive eng9es1 :ile at #hj miles an h\r x w\ld be equal to t ( ! eng9es1 /ill w\ld a quadruple velocity be atta9$1 by ! exp5diture ( only an equal quantity ( fuel4 ,! am\nt ( ! p[] requir$ to ov]come ! friction ( ! locomotive eng9es 7& _! t5d]s7 necess>y to c>ry #djjj tons weight f ,liv]pool to ,man*e/] daily1 at ! rate ( #bj miles an h\r1 is1 :5 express$ 9 8horse' p[]0 equal to ! p[] ( #bbe horses work+ = an h\r & a half4 ,9 o!r words1 ^! locomotives mu/ ex]t p[] to ?is am\nt1 beyond :at is requir$ to draw ! #djjj tons weight4 ,! p[] requir$ to ov]come ! friction ( air1 :i* 0 mov+ 7by exhau/ion7 at ! rate ( #bj miles an h\r1 9 a tunnel ( eight feet diamet]1 ext5d+ f ,liv]pool to ,man*e/]1 w\ld be equal to t ( #def horses3 :i*1 ?\gh d\ble ! prec$+1 w\ld yet be eight times *eap]1 ow+ to l>ge /ation>y eng9es1 su* z ,i %\ld use1 requir+ only "o-sixte5? "p ( ! fuel requir$ by locomotives to d equal "w4 ,at #dj miles an h\r 7suppos+ locomotives c\ld g s fa/7 ! numb] ( horses' p[] requir$ to ov]come ! friction ( ! air 9 ! tunnel w\ld 7accord+ to ! receiv$ op9ion ( t friction increas+ to ! squ>e ( ! velocity7 be #cfej3 :i*1 ?\gh sixte5 times great] ?an t ( ! locomotive eng9es & _! t5d]s1 yet1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is p[] be+ ex]t$ only = ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r1 in/ead ( an h\r & a half1 & ( fuel do+ sixte5 times z mu* "w 9 l>ge /ation>y eng9es z 9 locomotives1 w\ld be only half s exp5sive z ! locomotives & _! t5d]s w\ld prove4 ,at #hj miles an h\r 7:i* is twice z fa/ z locomotives c g7 ! p[] requir$ to ov]come ! friction ( ! air 9 ! tunnel1 w\ld 7on ! calculation t x increases accord+ to ! squ>e ( ! velocity7 be equal to t ( #bi1aif horses2 :i* is ne>ly #acj times z mu* z ! locomotive eng9es w\ld require3 ?\gh1 ow+ to ?is p[] op]at+ only #bb m9utes1 in/ead ( an h\r & a half1 & to fuel 9 l>ge /ation>y eng9es do+ sixte5 times z mu* "w z 9 locomotives1 ! exp5se w\ld be only twice z great z 9 ! locomotives1 exclusive ( ! :ole ( ! mo/ enorm\s exp5se n[ incurr$1 by ! repairs ( ! locomotives be+ sav$ 7:i* w\ld1 alone1 m ?an make up ! diff]5ce7 & also exclusive ( ! tunnel co/+ only "o qu>t] ( :at ! railway has co/1 & ( ! rate ( conveyance be+ f\r times z fa/4 ,b x is n ) respect to a tunnel only1 t ! resi/ance ( ! air opposes an imp$im5t3 ?is resi/ance be+ f\nd s s]i\s an ob/acle to ! progress ( ! locomotive eng9es & _! loads1 t 9 all trials (1 or exp]im5ts ) !m1 ! /ate & direction ( ! w9d is not$ & all[$ =4 ,9 ! 8,acc\nt ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway10 publi%$ by ! ,treasur] ( t ,company 7,h4 ,boo?1 ,esq471 he says3 8,moreov]1 at great velocities1 ! resi/ance ( ! air mu/ n be left out ( ! calculation4 ,at t5 miles p] h\r1 x has be5 f\nd by exp]im5t1 t ! resi/ance ( ! atmosph]e is ab\t half a p\nd weight on a squ>e foot ( flat surface2 at fifte5 miles1 ! resi/ance is #alb4 p] squ>e foot2 & at tw5ty miles1 ab\t #blbs4 p] squ>e foot3 ! increas$ resi/ance be+1 ne>ly1 z ! squ>es ( ! velocities40 #dj ,! surface oppos$ to ! air by a /eam-coa*1 ! eng9es ( :i* its proprietor told me 7 equal to t5 horses p[]1 ,i f\nd to be #cj squ>e feet4 ,t1 oppos$ by ano!r1 ! eng9es ( :i* 7 said to be equal to tw5ty horses p[]1 ,i f\nd to be above #ej squ>e feet3 :ile1 :5 c>ry+ f\r outsides on ! front ( ! ro(1 ?is coa* expos$ ne>ly #gj squ>e feet to ! action ( ! air4 ,! surface oppos$ to ! air by ! l>ge locomotive eng9es n[ us$ on ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 ,i und]/& 7:5 *imney1 axle-tree1 :eels1 & e ?+ t cuts ! air1 is tak5 into acc\nt7 to be ab\t #dj feet squ>e4 ,suppos+ x to be s1 at #bj miles an h\r1 ! air w oppose resi/ance equal to #hjlbs4 to ! progress ( ! eng9e2 :i* resi/ance hav+ to be ov]come at ! rate ( #agfj feet p] m9ute1 is equal to #d horses p[]4 ,at #dj miles an h\r1 ?is resi/ance w\ld be #cbjlbs42 :i* resi/ance hav+ to be ov]come at ! rate ( #cebf feet p] m9ute1 w\ld be equal to #cd horses p[]4 ,at #hj miles an h\r1 ! resi/ance ( ! air w\ld be #abhjlbs42 :i* resi/ance1 hav+ to be ov]come at ! rate ( #g1jdj feet p] m9ute1 w\ld be equal to #bgj horses p[]2 :ile at #ajj1 & #abj miles an h\r1 ! p[] requir$ w\ld be1 respectively1 t ( #ebh & #iab horses4 ,n[1 z ! =ce requir$ at #hj miles an h\r1 is a few times m ?an ! :ole p[] ( ^? eng9es1 & z ,dr4 ,hutton f\nd t giv+ ! mov+ body ! =m ( a cone1 ! height ( :i* equall$ ! diamet] ( its base1 dim9i%$ ! resi/ance ( ! air only half1 x may s]ve to %ew t ! /atem5ts ( ^? :o h giv5 curr5cy to ! op9ion t we may be convey$ at any velocity on railways1 are promulgat$ by p]sons :o pron\nce ^u que/ions )\t exam9+ !m3 s9ce1 9 addition to ?is resi/ance ( ! air to ! locomotive eng9es !mselves1 w\ld be its resi/ance to ! t5d]s1 & coa*es or waggons !y drew2 & t1 too1 indep5d5t (1 & additional to1 ! resi/ance oppos$ by ! railway friction ( ! eng9es1 t5d]s1 & loads1 beh9d !m4 ,t some?+ ( ?is k9d prev5ts v high velocities f be+ atta9$ on railways1 is evid5t4 ,at ! locomotive eng9e competition on ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway f\r ye>s ago1 velocities ( f #ce to #dj miles an h\r1 7 atta9$ by eng9es :i* 7 n "o-t5? ! p[] ( "s ( ^? n[ us$2 :ile1 at ! op5+ ( t railway1 ?ree ye>s ago1 ! eng9e by :i* ! surgeon 0 br\ght to ,mr4 ,huskisson1 aft] 8 deplorable accid5t1 w5t #ae miles 9 #be m9utes1 :i* is at ! rate ( #cf miles an h\r4 ,yet d n ! s mu* m p[]ful locomotives n[ us$ on t road1 g fa/] ?an ?is3 a circum/ance :i* may prove t ! limit to ! velocity ( railway conveyance1 w arise f a s\rce n calculat$ on4 8,b10 x may be obs]v$1 8?is objection to ! possibility ( v high velocities on railways1 is c\nt]balanc$ by ! dilemma 9 :i* y place y\rself1 by suppos+ x to be possible t any su* p[] z t ( #bi1aif horses1 c1 at "o "t1 be made to op]ate on a tunnel2 s9ce1 z relates to practical application1 x w\ld prove #8an impossible quantity4'0 ,! inf]5ce ,i d5y2 &1 :5 necess>y1 w disprove4 #da ,b ! t]m ,i accept2 & w avail myself (1 to %ew t x is equally 8an impossible quantity0 t ev5 if a tunnel 7 t5 times z long z "o betwe5 ,man*e/] & ,liv]pool1 ! friction ( air :i* is caus$ to move 9 x1 9 consequ5ce ( exhau/ion tak+ place at ! opposite end1 c ev] oppose an imp$im5t su* z is "h adv]t$ to4 ,accord+ to ! op9ion t ! friction ( ! air w\ld increase z ! squ>e ( ! velocity1 ! friction ( ! column ( air1 :i*1 :5 mov$ by exhau/ion at ! rate ( #bj miles an h\r1 9 a tunnel eight feet diamet] & a mile long1 0 #bhhlbs41 w\ld1 :5 mov$ at ! rate ( #hj miles an h\r1 be #dfjhlbs42 :i*1 on ! :ole area ( ! tunnel1 w\ld be equal to #a4c in*es ( m]cury4 ,!re=e1 suppos+ t at e mile ( a tunnel ext5d+ f ,liv]pool to ,man*e/]1 b>omet] tubes 7 to be ins]t$1 ! bottoms 7or bas9 ends7 ( :i* %\ld be op5 to ! atmosph]e1 & ! tops op5 to ! inside ( ! tunnel1 ! m]cury 9 ea* successive tube w\ld 7reckon+ t[>ds ! end at :i* ! exhau/ion took place7 rise #a4c in*es high] ?an t 9 ! prec$+4 ,n[ z #a4cbc gives #cj1 :ile #a4ccj gives #ci1 x appe>s t at #bc miles f t end ( ! tunnel at :i* ! atmosph]e 0 admitt$1 & sev5 f t :]e ! exhau/ion took place1 !re w\ld be su* a vacuum z w\ld raise m]cury ! :ole height ( ! b>ometric column2 :ile1 at ! end ( ! #cj miles !re w\ld be--or r ought to be1 accord+ to ?is calculation--#ci in*es ( m]cury2 or a vacuum & a ?ird2 :i*1 9 addition to its be+ 8an impossible quantity10 places ^? :o cont5d t ! resi/ance ( ! friction ( air :i* is caus$ to move ?r\gh a tunnel by ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e 9 consequ5ce ( exhau/ion tak+ place at ! opposite end1 increases accord+ to ! squ>e ( ! velocity1 9 ! dilemma ( assum+ t !re is a c]ta9 place 9 a tunnel #cj miles long1 :]e1 not)/&+ t a man1 a horse1 or ev5 an elephant1 might walk z freely & unob/ruct$ly along1 z a m\se c\ld ?r\gh a rat-hole1 t subtle1 p]meat+1 & all-p]vad+ elem5t :i* we brea!1 w\ld1 l ! /ream ( ! ,jordan :5 "u ! influ5ce ( ! miracle by :i* ! ,israelites pass$ ov] t riv]1 /op1 /ick fa/1 & be unable to move f>!r2 a position1 :i* necess>ily ?r[s u = an escape f ?is dilemma1 on ! conclusion t1 ?\gh x is c]ta9 t ! friction ( air aga9/ ! inside ( ! tunnel w be an imp$im5t1 & ?\gh x is probable t ?is imp$im5t w be ( "s importance1 yet mu/ x be equally c]ta9 t x w n be ! s]i\s imp$im5t :i* x is suppos$ x w prove3 & x may !re=e1 safely be assum$1 t ! objection :i* pres5ts an insup]able ob/acle 9 ! m9ds ( ! _m :o h condemn$ ! me?od ( op]ation by exhau/ion :i* ,i propose 7because !y deem$ x analog\s to op]at+ p] pl5um7 becomes remov$1 & is f\nd to be :at all ! o!r 8insup]able objections0 :i* h be5 array$ aga9/ ! proposition are f\nd to be :5 grappl$ )2 i4e4 baseless & unreal3 x be+ necess>y only to put a valve at e half1 or qu>t] ( a mile1 :i* %\ld be op5$ by ! c>riages z !y pass$1 to r5d] ! l5g? ( ! column ( air ( ! natural d5sity1 :i* mu/ be beh9d ! c>riages to drive !m along1 only a few hundr$ y>ds1 & its friction consequ5tly unimportant2 said valves be+ 7z c easily be done7 s arrang$1 z to close !mselves aga9 ! mom5t ! c>riage _h arriv$ at1 op5$1 & pass$ by1 ! next succe$+ "o4 ,b ?\gh ,i freely admit t ! friction ( ! air aga9/ ! inside ( ! tunnel may wa/e p[] to a degree :i* %all prove n unimportant1 yet may x be d\bt$ :e!r x w be m important ?an ! wa/e ( p[] occasion$ by ! pres5t me?od ( railway transmission by locomotive eng9es4 ,9 ! docum5ts laid be=e ! ,lords' ,committees on ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway1 by ! ,treasur] ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 on ! #bh? ,june1 #ahcb1 x is /at$ t ! 8numb] ( trips ( ?irty miles0 p]=m$ 7or travell$7 by ! locomotive eng9es betwe5 ,liv]pool & ,man*e/]1 9 ! half ye> end+ ! #ca/ ,decemb]1 #ahca1 0 8#ecib03 :i*1 z ! same docum5t %ews t ! :ole am\nt ( pr(itable weight convey$ ov] ^? #cj miles dur+ t half ye> 0 less ?an #ia1jjj tons1 gives an av]age ( only #ag tons z ! pr(itable weight c>ri$ ea* 8trip40 ,! weight ( ! eng9es by :i* ^! loads 7 drawn x may be difficult to fix ^u3 ?\gh1 z ! locomotives n[ us$ on t railway1 are1 "s ( !m1 above six tons1 o!rs above eight1 & o!rs above t5 tons 9 weight1 x may1 p]haps1 be fair to take eight tons z ! av]age weight4 ,! weight ( ! t5d]s ) fuel & wat]1 appe>s to be r a delicate subject4 ,! weight ( ! t5d] ( ! ,rocket1 ) its load ( fuel & wat]1 at ! gr& locomotive eng9e competition 9 ,octob]1 #ahbi1 0 ?ree-f\r?s t ( ! eng9e itself4 ,!re h s9ce be5 _m acc\nts ( imm5se loads drawn on ! railway1 ( :i* ^? by ,dr4 ,l>dn]1 9 8 8,lectures on ! ,/eam ,eng9e10 are consid]$ z 8by au?ority40 ,b ?\gh we f9d ! weights ( ! eng9es1 z well z ( ! loads1 & v>i\s o!r p>ticul>s 7ev5 to ! /ate ( ! w9d7 giv51 yet does x happ5 t ! weights ( ! t5d]s1 ) _! supplies ( fuel & wat]1 are 8unasc]ta9$0 & omitt$1 ?r\gh\t4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ,i c d no o!r ?an act on ! be/ in=mation ,i h obta9$1 & suppose ! weight ( ! eng9es & t5d]s ) _! c>goes ( fuel & wat] to be twelve tons = ea* 8trip40 ,assum+ x to be s1 ! weight ( ! mov+ p[] w be above two-?irds ( ! pr(itable weight convey$2 :ile1 suppos+ ! same proportion to obta9 z to ! #djjj tons j m5tion$1 ! am\nt ( ! effect ( ! friction ( ! p[] by :i* !y 7 convey$ at ! rate ( #bj miles an h\r1 w\ld be twice & a half z mu* z ! friction ( ! air w\ld be 9 a tunnel :5 twice ! tonnage 0 convey$ f ,liv]pool to ,man*e/] 9 x1 at ! same rate2 :i*1 = equal quantities1 is five times ! friction :ile1 z relates to ! fuel consum$1 x w\ld be v _m m times ?an ?is1 de>]4 ,!re is "o class1 :o1 above all o!rs1 might d]ive b5efit f prop]ly consid]+ :at ,i ?us submit1 relative to ! friction ( ! air4 ,:5 :at 0 t]m$ 8! railway mania0 0 at its height1 x 0 calculat$ t no body ( m5 w\ld be s mu* b5efit$ by x z ! iron trade2 9 pro( ( :i* ! foll[+ /atem5t 0 circulat$3-- 8,we are au?oris$ to /ate1 t ! rail-roads already project$1 w require consid]ably m ?an two millions ( tons ( iron4 ,n[1 z iron has rec5tly advanc$ f #gl4 to #adl4 p] ton1 x appe>s t ! iron ma/]s 7by ! way1 ! orig9ators (1 or pr9cipals 91 _m ( ^! s*emes7 w receive f ! subscrib]s tw5ty-eight millions /]l+40 ,b1 in/ead ( ! iron trade hav+ be5 b5efit$ by ! pr9cipal portion ( :at is exp5d$ on railways be+ = _! article1 sc>cely m ?an "o-tw5tie?-"p has be5 exp5d$ = iron2 ! rema9d] hav+ gone = lab\r 9 8cutt+ & embank+10 c4 c4 ,9 ! acc\nt 9 ,mr4 ,treasur] ,boo?'s book1 ( ! exp5ses ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 ! l9e :i*1 9 ! /atem5t1 runs 8,iron rail acc\nt10 gives only #ff1hcjl4 z paid to ! iron ma/]s3 ! o!r hundr$s1 :i* make up ! aggregate ( #fg1iabl4 !re m5tion$1 be+ = 8oak plugs1 freights1 und c>tages20 :i* is little m ?an "o-tw5tie? "p ( ! :ole t has be5 exp5d$ on ?is railway4 ,! rails ( ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway are to be half z heavy aga9 z ^? ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway4 ,yet does ! exp5se ( ! 8rails1 *airs1 keys1 & p9s10 9 ! e/imate ( t railway laid be=e ,p>liam5t1 am\nt to only #bab1idj3 "o twelf?1 t is1 ( ! two millions & a half1 :i* =m ! aggregate ( ! e/imate !re giv5 94 ,"o ( ! inducem5ts :i* railway advocates h held out to ! l&$ proprietors ( ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 9 ord] to lead !m to support railway bills1 has be5 ! degree to :i* poor rates1 c4 w\ld be dim9i%$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! lab\r]s !re w\ld be employ$ 9 digg+ out ! e>? = ! cutt+s & embankm5ts1 9 ! diff]5t p>i%es ?r\gh :i* ! l9es ( railway w\ld run2 & 9 ! pap]s ( ! end ( ,june & ! beg9n+ ( ,july 7#ahcb7 is a v long adv]tisem5t ( ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway ,company1 "o "p ( :i* /ates t 8,! l&$ int]e/ w be b5efitt$ by ! exp5diture ( upw>ds ( two millions ( ! capital ( ! ,company 9 lab\r40 ,accord+ to _! own %ew+1 !re=e1 ! exp5diture = ! b5efit ( ! l&$ int]e/ w be 8upw>ds ( two millions10 :ile ! co/ ( ! iron rails1 c4 w be only upw>ds ( two hundr$ ?\s& p\nds4 ,& z bo? ?is1 & o!r adv]tisem5ts1 & ! evid5ce be=e ,p>liam5t1 ann\nce ! ext5sion ( ! railway f ,birm+ham to ,liv]pool1 :5 ?is fir/ half ( x f ,london to ,birm+ham is done--:i* ext5sion w be ab\t ! same l5g? z ?is fir/ half--! /atem5ts ( ! railway advocates !mselves1 give ! iron ma/]s to see1 t ! result ( ! "t1 tr\ble1 & exp5se1 :i* !y 7! iron ma/]s7 h devot$ to br+ =w>d railways1 is1 to put m ?an a %ill+ into ! pockets ( ! agricultural int]e/ 7by ! degree to :i* !y w save p>i% rates1 c4 c47 = e f>?+ !y put into ! pockets ( ! iron ma/]s !mselves2 all t is sav$ to c\ntry p>i%es1 be+ actual ga9 to ! agricultural int]e/2 :ile ! #ab? or #af? paid to ! iron trade is = value 9 iron2 out ( :i* ! usual trade pr(it is all t ! iron ma/]s w ga94 ,9 o!r words1 ab\t f\r millions /]l+ w be paid = ! p>i%es betwe5 ,london & ,liv]pool1 9 ! %ape ( wages = lab\r]s1 :ile only ab\t f\r hundr$ ?\s& p\nds w be paid to ! iron ma/]s = ! iron rails1 c42 out ( :i* ! iron ma/]s w h to pay ! wages ( _! m5 :o smelt c4 ! iron1 & ! royalties 7or r5t7 = ! ore1 coal1 c4 c4 us$ 9 mak+ x4 ,! diff]5ce !re is 9 ! specific gravities ( ore1 coal1 & lime/one1 9 diff]5t places1 w r5d] any e/imate n correct = e place2 ?\gh1 g5]ally speak+1 ,i believe x may be receiv$ t ! quantity ( iron /one1 coal1 & lime /one1 :i* x is necess>y to raise to produce a ton ( pig iron1 w be ab\t #f cubic y>ds4 ,9 ! evid5ce laid be=e ! ,lords' ,committees ^u ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway1 x is /at$ t ! :ole am\nt ( 8e>? "w0 requir$ = t railway1 am\nts to #bb1ggi1dca cubic y>ds2 ( :i* a detail$ /atem5t is giv5 9 ! m9utes ( evid5ce4 ,divid+ ! tw5ty-?ree 7ne>ly7 millions ( cubic y>ds ( 8e>? "w0 :i* are to be excavat$ & embank$ on ! ,birm+ham ,railway1 by ! numb] ( cubic y>ds ( ore1 c4 :i* x is necess>y to dig to make a ton ( iron1 w %[1 t if ! wages :i* w be paid = levell+ on t railway1 7 to be exp5d$ 9 digg+ iron ore1 c4 ! nation w\ld be b5efitt$ by hav+ ?ree millions & a half tons ( iron m ?an x n[ possesses2 :ile ! lab\r exp5d$ on ! railway w be n only wor? no?+ to ! nation1 b also worse2 insomu* z x appe>s by ! evid5ce be=e ! ,lords' ,committees t x w r5d] #abej acres ( l&1 :i* are n[ cultivat$ & productive1 /]ile z a turnpike road4 ,x is suppos$ by ,mr4 ,treasur] ,boo?1 9 8 book on ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 t ?ree ?\s& miles ( rail-road1 w1 ev5tually1 be laid d[n 9 ,engl&4 ,suppos+ ^! #cjjj miles to require 8e>? "w0 7cutt+s & embankm5ts1 i4e47 9 ! same proportion t ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway w d s1 & also suppos+ t ! wages :i* w be paid to ! ,iri%1 c4 lab\r]s1 :o d ! digg+ = ?is 8e>? "w10 71 in/ead1 to be paid to ! workm5 ( ! iron ma/]s = rais+ ore1 c4 c4 & conv]t+ x into iron1 ! nation w\ld be ri*] by ne>ly "o hundr$ million tons ( iron1 ?an x w be if ^! said wages are paid m]ely = 8cutt+ & embank+0 = railways4 ,n[ ?\gh ,i d n mean to ins9uate t ?is hundr$ million tons ( metallic wor?1 w\ld increase :at is n[ t]m$ ! 8monet>y weal?0 ( ! nation1 yet1 z surely z _! ignorance 7& consequ5t want7 ( iron1 r5d]$ ,mexico & ,p]u su* easy conque/s to ! iron ( ! ,spani>ds1 z to make !m mo/ /rik+ examples ( ! tru? ( ,solon's w>n+ to ,crsus1 8,he :o has m iron1 w soon be ma/] ( all ?is gold10 s surely w\ld ! possession ( ?is hundr$ million tons ( iron1 be enorm\sly m advantage\s to ! nation1 ?an ! cutt+s & embankm5ts requir$ = ^! #cjjj miles ( railway w be4 ,al?\gh iron be n1 at ! pres5t day1 ei!r ) ourselves1 or 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w1 ! symbol ( value1 m$ium ( ex*ange1 & money1 :i* ,lycurgus made x 9 ,sp>ta1 :5 t /ate 0 9 h] glory1 yet has x1 z a commodity :i* w obta9 u ! gold & silv] ( ,mexico & ,p]u 9 ex*ange = x1 a value1 :i* w procure u ! am\nt ( its wor? 9 ^? metals1 z c]ta9ly z any o!r commodity t we export4 ,9 :atev] proportion1 !re=e1 ?is hundr$ million tons ( iron w\ld procure u ei!r ! gold or silv]1 ! corn & fl\r1 ! silks & cottons1 ! w9es & wools1 ! tea & c(fee1 ! sug> & spices1 c4 c4 ( o!r c\ntries1 w\ld devot+ ! wages :i* w be exp5d$ 9 cutt+ & embank+ = ^! #cjjj miles ( railway1 to ! rais+ & smelt+ ( iron ore1 be m valuable to ! nation at l>ge1 ?an if s employ$4 ,nor is ?is all2 s9ce ! sub/itute ,i propose = railways1 w\ld give u food = "o hundr$ ?\s& p1 :i* ^! railways w deprive u (4 ,! docum5ts laid be=e ! ,lords' ,committees1 /ate1 t ?is ,birm+ham railway w cov] & ?r[ out ( cultivation1 #abej acres ( l&4 ,suppos+ ! proportion ?r[n out by ! #cjjj miles ( railway to be ! same1 ! :ole am\nt w be #cc1ccc acres4 ,all[+ ^! acres to produce ?ree qu>t]s ( corn ea*1 is no v excessive all[ance4 #de ,& ea* individual ( ! k+dom be+ e/imat$ to consume a qu>t] ( corn e ye>1 "h is l& t w\ld produce bread = "o hundr$ ?\s& p ?r[n out ( cultivation by ! railway sy/em4 ,n[ z1 9 addition to its be+ p]fectly practicable = my tunnels to be buri$ und]gr\nd1 x w\ld be decid$ly be/ = !mselves1 & = ! op]ation ( ! pr9ciple1 t !y %\ld be s2 & z pl\gh+1 s[+1 reap+1 m[+1 & all o!r op]ations ( agriculture1 may g on ov] !m1 z ov] any dra91 or wat]-pipe1 !re is1 9 addition to ! metallic diff]5ce :i* my plan w\ld make to ! ri*es ( ! nation1 ! circum/ance1 t1 besides provid+ ?is ex*angeable metallic weal?1 or exportable value1 x w\ld also provide u1 e ye>1 ) food = "o hundr$ ?\s& m p1 ?an ! railway sy/em c provide =4 ,! metallic "p ( ! "q be+1 h[ev]1 t :i* conc]ns ! iron trade1 ,i w keep to t4 ,"o ( my e>ly views ( ?is me?od ( conveyance1 01 t x might prove important to ! iron trade1 f ! mu* great] quantity ( _! production :i* x w\ld consume1 ?an railways require3 & x has1 = ^! sev5 ye>s1 be5 an object ) me1 to awak5 ! att5tion ( ! iron ma/]s to 7z ,i conceiv$7 its importance to !m1 & to endeav\r to conv9ce !m ( ! propriety ( giv+ to a plan1 :i* w\ld consume tons ( _! article1 :]e railways consume only hundr$ weights1 ! same fo/]+ & support :i* !y gave to br++ =w>d railways4 ,b x has n pleas$ ! iron ma/]s to see ! case 9 ! same light 9 :i* x pres5t$ itself to me4 ,x is well kn[n to !m1 t 9 ! ye> #ahaj we _h nei!r a /eam-vessel nor a gas-"w 9 ! k+dom3 ! propositions to adopt bo? ^? important inv5tions be+ !n t]m$ & treat$1 j z ?is proposition ( m9e is n[ t]m$ & treat$1 i4e4 z 8impossible1 absurd1 & madness to ?9k (40 ,yet h !y se5 t a sum ( 7r\ndly speak+7 t5 millions1 has1 s9ce t p]iod1 be5 sunk 9 ! con/ruction ( gas-works & /eam-vessels4 ,) pro(s su* z ^! be=e !m 7& :i* h l$ to ! consumption ( s mu* ( _! production z gas-works & ma9s require71 t1 :at !y1 a few ye>s ago1 deem$ utt]ly impossible1 may1 nev]!less1 be q ! rev]se--x might h be5 suppos$ t ! iron ma/]s w\ld n prove1 ei!r incr$ul\s to1 or bigot$ aga9/1 ! belief t a /ill m important ext5sion ( ! use ( _! article 0 ab\t to op5 to !m4 ,b1 to my great surprise1 ,i h f\nd1 t ( all unbeliev]s1 ! iron ma/]s h prov$ ! mo/ unbeliev+4 ,o!r p d\bt$ only because ! want ( k on ! subject1 :i* !y op5ly av[$1 left !m no alt]native4 ,b1 9 ! iron ma/]s1 ,i h _h 8to cont5d ) ! pride ( false k40 ,! _w at l>ge said1 8,we _c believe1 because we _c und]/&40 ,b ! iron ma/]s say1 8,we d n believe1 because we "k bett]40 ,on ask+ !m h[ & :y !y 8knew bett]10 ,i f\nd t x 0 n1 z "s might suppose1 f any d\bt or difficulty z to ! tunnel itself2 :i* !y admitt$ c\ld be ca/ & laid d[n1 ( any size or dim5sions t might be requir$4 ,nei!r 0 x f any d\bt z to /eam-eng9es or air-pumps be+ l>ge & p[]ful en\gh to d :at 0 necess>y2--! t5s ( ?\s&s ( gallons ( air eject$ p] m9ute1 f ! air-pumps :i* !y use to bl[ ! fires ( _! smelt+-furnaces1 & ! hundr$s ( horses p[] !y "k /eam-eng9es are made equal to1 remov+ all "q on ^! po9ts4 #df ,b _! incr$ulity arose f a difficulty :i* "o ( !m _h met )1 9 =c+ air ?r\gh a pipe2 & ( :i* !y suppos$ me ignorant2 b to :i* ,i _h adv]t$1 9 a publication ye>s be=e1 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,x is too well kn[n1 to be at all affect$ 9 po9t ( v]acity1 by an inability to m5tion ei!r ! exact "t or place1 t ! proprietor ( an iron "w 9 ,wales _h1 "s ye>s ago1 occasion to erect an additional furnace1 at ! di/ance 7recollection /ates7 ( ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile f 8 old ones4 ,! bla/ app>atus ( ^! old works be+ l>ge en\gh to supply ?is new furnace 9 addition to ! old ones1 he conceiv$ x w\ld prove mu* *eap]1 if1 in/ead ( hav+ p[] & bla/ cyl9d]s erect$ at ! new "w1 he 7 to lay a pipe f ! old ones1 to convey to ! new "o ! sup]flu\s bla/4 ,?is he accord+ly did2 & z soon z ! pipe 0 complet$1 set ! app>atus go+1 to asc]ta9 ! /r5g? ( ! bla/ he c\ld ?us apply to ! new furnace4 ,to 8 great surprise1 h[ev]1 no bla/ 0 produc$2 a g5tle curr5t1 :i* w\ld h>dly bl[ a c&le out1 be+ all t 0 p]ceptible4 ,= a result s adv]se to 8 expectation1 he c\ld acc\nt 9 no way b by suppos+ t1 f accid5t or design1 ! pipe 0 /opp$ up4 ,z ! readie/ way to asc]ta9 :e!r x 0 s1 he put a cat 9 at "o end1 & block$ x up1 leav+ h] to f9d h] way to ! o!r4 8,?us situat$1 puss _h no alt]native b t ( seek+ an exit at ! o!r end3 ?is %e accord+ly did1 &1 contr>y to 8 expectations1 soon made h] appe>ance !re4 ,conv9c$ by ?is t ! pipe 0 n /opp$ up1 he conclud$ t ! disappo9tm5t he _h exp]i5c$ arose f ! friction ( ! air aga9/ x2 & f9d+ t he c\ld 9 no way obviate ?is difficulty1 he 0 oblig$ to ab&on ! design1 & be at ! additional exp5se ( bla/ app>atus = 8 new furnace4 8,n[1 _h ! proposition ?is treatise submits1 be51 t we %\ld convey ourselves ?r\gh a tunnel su* z has be5 adv]t$ to1 by employ+ app>atus on ! pr9ciple ( bla/ furnaces1 to bl[ u ?r\gh1 by =c+ air 9 beh9d u1 ! circum/ance :i* has j be5 /at$ w\ld be fatal to t proposition4 ,b :51 in/ead ( be+ bl[n ?r\gh1 by air =c$ 9 beh9d u1 x is propos$ to cause ! air :i* is beh9d ! vehicle to op]ate to pu% x =w>d1 9 consequ5ce ( "s be+ tak5 f be=e x1 ! case is widely diff]5t4 ,air :i* is =c$ to move 9 a pipe1 9 consequ5ce ( o!r air be+ driv5 into t pipe beh9d x1 op]ates 79 degree7 z a w$ge1 & opposes to ! p[] :i* moves x1 resi/ance1 aris+ f becom+1 z x 71 w$g$ aga9/ ! pipe1 ?r\gh its :ole l5g?4 ,b air :i*1 in/ead ( be+ =c$ to move by an impulse f beh9d1 t1 z x 71 w$ges x aga9/ ev5 ! v end ( ! pipe x ent]s at1 is all[$ to move1 ow+ to "s be+ tak5 out f be=e x in/ead ( be+ =c$ 9 beh9d x1 becomes affect$ z any ?+ f :i* a w$ge is )drawn is affect$2 t is1 fre$om ( motion is all[$1 & its p>ts play s mu* m freely1 t friction is dim9i%$ in/ead ( increas$4 ,! imp$im5t w\ld prove1 !re=e1 less important 9 ?is case ?an 9 ! o!r1 ev5 7 !re no me?od ( altoge!r obviat+ x2 happily1 h[ev]1 ! means ( do+ ?is are 9 our p[]4 ,betwe5 driv+ a vehicle ?r\gh ! propos$ tunnel by =c+ air 9 beh9d x1 & accord+ to ! me?od :i* has be5 /at$1 !re is ?is diff]5ce1--t 9 ! =m] case ! impulse c be giv5 only f ! end :]e ! mov+ p[] op]ates2 :ile1 9 ! latt]1 arrang+ valves1 :i* %\ld be op5$ by ! vehicle z x pass$ ov] !m1 w\ld admit ( t impulse be+ r5ew$ at e hundr$ y>ds1 c\ld x be necess>y to d x s frequ5tly4 ,let ! friction ( ! air aga9/ ! pipe be :at x may1 !re=e1 a valve at e mile1 or at e half or qu>t] ( a mile1 :i* 7z may be done7 %\ld be op5$ by ! vehicle z x pass$ along1 & caus$ to rema9 op5 till x 7! vehicle7 _h arriv$ at ! next valve1 w\ld prev5t any dim9ution ( ! velocity at :i* we might be convey$1 t w\ld prove important4 8,?is reason+ may be illu/rat$ by a figure relat+ to an exp]im5t4 ,air 0 =c$ ?r\gh a pipe #ef feet long1 at ! rate ( #bj miles an h\r1 "u a pressure :i* is equal to #b4b in*es ( wat]2 & z x requir$ a pressure :i* is equal to #j4f in*es ( wat] to make air move at t rate ?r\gh a hole 9 ! side ( a vessel1 !re 0 consequ5tly #a4f in*es great] pressure at t end ( ! pipe at :i* ! air ent]$1 ?an at ! end f :5ce x issu$4 8,n[ if ! l5g? ( ! pipe--! t5?s ( pressure at ! ent]+--& ^? at ! issu+ end1 be express$ by two l9es approximat+ ea* o!r1 z %ewn bel[1 x may be conceiv$ h[ #8air :i* is =c$ to move 9 a pipe 9 consequ5ce ( o!r air be+ driv5 into t pipe beh9d x1 op]ates z a w$ge2 & opposes to ! p[] :i* moves x1 resi/ance1 aris+ f becom+ z x 7 w$g$ aga9/ ! pipe1 ?r\gh its :ole l5g?4'0 ,picture3 ,two l9es illu/rat+ ! above po9t 8,s9ce ! l5g? ( ^! two l9es be>s ! same proportion 9 hundr$?s ( an in* to #ef feet1 z ! spaces betwe5 ! ends ( !m be> 79 t5?s ( an in*7 to #b4b in*es ( wat]1 & #j4f in*es ( wat]2 #dh;a & if we conceive t =c+ air to move 9 ?is way1 is1 9 "s degree1 analog\s to draw+ an ela/ic endless rope1 ! size ( :i* %\ld be equal to ! l>g] end ( ! pipe1 ?r\gh x1 & out at ! small] end1 we may =m "s idea ( ! degree to :i* p[] w\ld be absorb$ 9 op]at+ by a pl5um4 ,& n only ?is2 s9ce1 rev]s+ ! op]ation1 & suppos+ ! rope to be drawn f ! small] to ! l>g] end1 w also give u "s idea ( ! effect ( op]at+ by exhau/ion1 or vacuum2 & enable u to conceive t #8air :i* is all[$ to move1 ow+ to "s be+ tak5 out f be=e x1 in/ead ( be+ =c$ 9 beh9d x1 becomes affect$1 z any ?+ f :i* a w$ge is )drawn is affect$2 t is1 fre$om ( motion is all[$1 & its p>ts play s mu* m freely1 t friction is dim9i%$ in/ead ( increas$4'0 ,unconv9c$1 h[ev]1 by argum5ts ( ?is k9d1 ! iron ma/]s p]si/ 9 ma9ta9+ :at ,i propose to be impossible1 because "o ( !m f\nd t ! exactly rev]se process is s4 ,9 o!r words1 !y act j z ^? 8impossiblei/s0 did1 :o1 9 _! ignorance t high /eam w\ld admit ( ! vacuum1 air-pump1 pond]\s cond5s+ *e/1 & ton ( cold wat] p] horse p[] p] h\r1 :i* are insep>able f l[-pressure eng9es1 be+ disp5s$ ) 9 high-pressure eng9es1 pron\nc$ x to be utt]ly impossible ev] to make /eam-eng9es capable ( runn+ ^u roads1 because su* eng9es c\ld nei!r c>ry ! pond]\s app>atus insep>able f ! cond5s]1 nor ! imm5se quantity ( cold wat] requir$ to produce ! vacuum :i*1 alone1 r5d]s l[-pressure eng9es effici5t4 ,9 va9 did ,i po9t out to !m1 n only t ,i _h n ov]look$ _! objection1 b t my e>lie/ views ( ! subject1 _h adv]t$ to1 & expressly gu>d$ aga9/ x4 ,x 0 ( no use3 = no 8,demetrius0 or o!r 8craftsman0 ( t day ev] vocif]at$1 8,great is ,diana ( ! ,ephesians60 m p]sev]+ly1 ?an ! pr9cipal iron ma/]s ( ! pres5t day h exclaim$ 9 hon\r ( ! idol 8,impossible10 :om x pleas$ !m to set up & wor%ip1 9 opposition to ! 7z !y deem$ x7 h]esy ,i presum$ to attempt to tea* !m4 ,_h !y done me ! hon\r to prove me h]etical1 & t !irs 0 ! true fai?1 ,i %\ld h be5 importantly b5efitt$1 z well z conv9c$3 insomu* z x w\ld h prev5t$ me f devot+ at lea/ sev5 additional ye>s ( "t1 & all ! means 9 my p[] dur+ t p]iod1 to ! subject4 ,b :5 !y w\ld n tr\ble !mselves to exam9e1 & condemn$1 solely because !y proclaim$ 8impossible10 a me?od ( op]ation1 :i* ,i n only did n advocate1 b :i* my publications prov$ ,i _h long & op5ly disclaim$1 ,i c\ld n b feel1 fir/1 ! tru? ( ,dr4 ,rob]tson's obs]vation1 8,z 9 ,g5oa ignorance _h oppos$ & disappo9t$ ,columbus1 9 ,lisbon he _h to combat ) prejudice1 an enemy no less =midable20 &1 secondly1 t j z ! reason+ ( ! pilot :o 0 *os5 to execute ! trea*]y plann$ aga9/ ,columbus1 fail$1 because he _h c\rage only to g half-way1 s did ! reason+ ( ^! g5tlem5 fail1 because !y h done only half :at is necess>y to disprove ! practicability ( :at ,i propose4 #dh;b ,9 publications1 besides t j quot$1 ,i h n only /at$ my conviction t ! me?od ( op]ation :i* ! iron ma/]s condemn w\ld be impracticable1 b also h endeav\r$ to analyse ! "q1 & %[ :y x w\ld be s4 ,b z ,i d n1 l !m1 /op !re1 & 79 effect7 say t x mu/ ev] be impossible to discov] a 8,nor?-,we/ ,passage10 or rea* ! ,nor? ,pole1 because ,capta9 ,cook c\ld n get )9 #cj ( ! ,s\? ,pole1 ^! g5tlem5 are pleas$ to act ! "p ( 8,alex&] ! copp]smi?10 aga9/ me1 r ?an to give !mselves ! tr\ble ( exam9+ :e!r ! "p ( ano!r ,alex&] might n prove m hon\rable1 z well z m advantage\s to !m4 ,! quotation giv5 a few pages back1 /ates t ! price ( iron 0 rais$ f #gl4 to #adl4 9 #ahbe1 9 consequ5ce ( :at 0 !n call$ 8! railway mania40 ,b1 s f> f ma9ta9+ ?is price1 ! foll[+ extract f a ,memorial1 :i* 0 agre$ to at a meet+ ( ! ,/af=d%ire ,iron ,trade1 held at ,dudley1 on ! #d? ,octob]1 #ahca1 %ews1 t 9 six ye>s ! price ( iron _h fall5 l[] ?an ev] be=e 0 kn[n4 8,memorial to ! ,"r ,hon\rable ,e>l ,grey1 ,fir/ ,"l ( ,8 ,maje/y's ,treasury4 8,we1 ! und]sign$ ,iron ,ma/]s1 ( ! ,/af=d%ire ,iron & ,coal di/rict1 ?9k x our duty respectfully to repres5t to ,8 ,maje/y's ,gov]nm5t ! foll[+ facts3 8#a4 ,t = ! la/ five ye>s1 ev] s9ce :at is call$ ! panic ( #ahbe1 we h f\nd1 ) v slight int]missions1 a cont9ually increas+ depression 9 ! prices ( ! products ( indu/ry1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 ,pig ,iron & ,b> ,iron1 :i* h fall5 respectively f upw>ds ( #hl4 p] ton to "u #cl4 p] ton1 & f #ael4 p] ton to "u #el4 p] ton4 8#b4 ,aga9/ ?is al>m+ & long-cont9u$ depression1 we h us$ e possible ef=t 9 our p[] to make head4 ,we h practis$ all mann] ( economy1 & h _h rec\rse to e possible improvem5t 9 ! work+ ( our m9es & manufactories4 ,our workm5's wages h1 9 _m in/ances1 be5 greatly r$uc$1 & su* r$uction has be5 att5d$ )1 & effect$ by1 v great suff]+ & di/ress3--b ! royalties1 r5ts1 contracts1 & o!r engagem5ts1 "u :i* we hold our respective works & m9es1 h sc>cely be5 r$uc$ at all1 nor c we get !m effectually r$uc$1 because ! law en=ces _! paym5t 9 full4 8#c4 ,! prices ( ! products ( our indu/ry hav+ ?us fall5 )9 ! range ( ! fix$ *>ges & exp5ses :i* ! law compels u to dis*>ge1 ! j & necess>y pr(its ( our respective trades h ceas$ to exi/3 & 9 _m cases a positive loss att5ds !m4 8#d4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 we h long hesitat$ 9 det]m9+ :at l9e ( conduct our int]e/ & our duties require u to adopt3--,if we %\ld ab&on our respective trades1 our l>ge & exp5sive outlays 9 ma*9]y & erections mu/ be sacrific$1 at an enorm\s loss to ourselves1 & our hone/ & m]itori\s workm5 mu/ be ?r[n 9 ?\s&s ^u p>i%es1 already too mu* impov]i%$ by _! pres5t burd5s1 to support !m3--& if we %\ld cont9ue our respective trades1 we see no?+ b ! prospect ( increas+ di/ress1 & c]ta9 ru9 to all ar\nd u40 ,! rema9+ "p ( ?is 8,memorial0 t\*+ on politics1 ne$ n be quot$ "h4 ,if ! iron ( ! #cjjj miles ( railway :i* ,mr4 ,treasur] ,boo?1 9 8 book on ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway supposes may ev5tually be laid d[n 9 ,engl&1 %\ld be ( ! same weight :i* ,i und]/& t ( ! ,birm+ham ,railway is to be1 ! :ole quantity consum$ w be ab\t #hjj1jjj tons4 ,suppos+ an equal application ( ! sy/em "h advocat$1 & t only t5 times z mu* iron %\ld be us$ 9 ! tunnels z is us$ 9 ! railways1 eight millions ( tons1 in/ead ( eight hundr$ ?\s&1 w be ! aggregate consumption4 ,n[ z iron1 ?\gh unque/ionably ! be/1 is nei!r ! only1 nor ! *eape/ mat]ial ( :i* tunnels c be con/ruct$1 x may n1 possibly1 be unp>donably presumptu\s 9 me to submit to ! iron ma/]s1 t if !y p]si/ 9 do+1 by ?is proposition1 z ! ,g5oese did by t ( ,columbus1 !y w also lose an opportunity1 :i* w\ld1 to !m1 prove equally important1 z w\ld h be5 t ( ,columbus to ,g5oa4 ,i h ask$1 & ,i /ill ask ( !m only "o ?+3 a full1 & fair inve/igation4 ,by ! result ( t ,i am cont5t to abide2 ?\gh ,i mu/1 9 common ju/ice /ipulate1 t ?is inve/igation %all be ent]$ on 9 a diff]5t _s to :at x has hi!rto be5 my lot to meet )4 8,!re is always a pron5ess0 says ,wa%+ton ,irv+1 8to consid] a man "u exam9ation z a k9d ( del9qu5t1 or impo/or1 ^: faults & errors are to be detect$ & expos$40 ,mo/ truly c ,i say t ,i h 8always0 exp]i5c$ ! effects ( ?is 8pron5ess0 9 ref]5ce to ?is subject3 & t ! object ( ^? :o deem$ my proposition wor?y ?r[+ away a fragm5t ( _! "t ^u1 0 inf9itely less to asc]ta9 its tru? & ju/ice1 ?an to display _! own p5etration & wit1 9 discov]+ & turn+ to ridicule1 e "p :i* admitt$ 7z !y ?\ght7 ( be+ sne]$ at & made ! subject ( a je/4 ,_h x be5 my good =tune to h met ) b "o c&id exam9ant ( influ5ce1 ,i _h be5 sp>$ ye>s ( tr\ble & anxiety4 ,b my proposition be+ deem$ des]v+ only ( contempt1 c&id exam9ation has no m be5 v\*saf$ me1 ?an to ! w&]+s ( a lunatic4 ,%\ld1 h[ev]1 ! iron ma/]s1 in/ead ( grant+ me ?is c&id inve/igation1 cont9ue1 89 ! pride ( half k10 7z ,dr4 ,wells t]ms x7 to condemn :at ,i propose1 because !y h f\nd t a some?+ has fail$1 :i* is z diff]5t f x1 z w\ld be1 say+ t x is impossible we c ev] get to ! ,nor? ,pole1 because ,capta9 ,cook c\ld n get )9 #cj ( ! ,s\?1 ,i v5ture to commit myself to ! pr$iction t !y w rep5t x1 z bitt]ly z ,g5oa rep5t$ h] rejection ( ,columbus's proposition1 to discov]1 & possess h] ( ,am]ica4 8,!y inconsid]ately reject$ 8 proposal1 z ! dream ( a *im]ical projector10 says ,dr4 ,rob]tson1 ( ! ,g5oese1 8& lo/1 = ev]1 ! opportunity ( re/or+ _! commonweal? to its anci5t spl5d\r40 ,=1 equally c]ta9 z x is t iron1 ?\gh ! be/1 is n ! only mat]ial ( :i* tunnels c be con/ruct$1 is x1 t unless ?is proposition is v diff]5tly treat$ by !m to :at x has hi!rto be51 w !y drive ! manufactur+ ( tunnels f _! own l9e into ano!r3 & t1 too1 not)/&+ t opportunities are aris+ :i*1 9 addition to br++ !m to _! own doors1 w\ld give su* facilities z relates to ! transmission ( ! l>ge /ocks ( iron :i* ! unc]ta9ty1 & occasional long int]ruptions ( ! pres5t me?od ( conveyance1 compel !m to keep 9 ,london1 z to d away ) ! necessity = keep+ ^? /ocks4 ,! ,wel* pap]s ann\nce ! plan ( a railway :i* is to connect ! iron di/ricts & ports ( t c\ntry ) ,london4 ,9 ?is plan1 ,m]?yr ,tydvil1 ! c5tre ( ! ,s\? ,wales iron manufacture1 is /at$ to be #agf miles f ,london4 ,n[1 ev5 suppos+ t ?is railway1 in/ead ( co/+ ! _m ?\s&s p] mile :i* x mu/ co/1 c\ld be laid d[n = no?+1 /ill1 ! circum/ance ( ! b>e exp5ses ( conveyance on ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 am\nt+ to #d;d4 p] ton1 p] mile1 exclusive ( ! *>ges necess>y to pay "o f>?+ ( int]e/1 or return on ! capital sunk 9 lay+ t railway d[n--& = :i* #c;d4 p] ton1 p] mile1 is *>g$1 9 addition to ! #d;d4 requir$ to cov] ! b>e exp5ses--! m]e exp5ses ( railway conveyance1 exclusive ( int]e/ or return on ! capital inve/$1 be+ s great z ?is1 x appe>s t1 ev5 7 ?is railway laid f _! own doors to ! metropolis1 ! iron ma/]s c\ld n1 includ+ ! *>ge to pay int]e/ or return ^u ! money sunk 9 lay+ ! railway d[n1 get _! mat]ial to ,london = less ?an #dl4 #ajs4 p] ton2 :i*1 on an article ! sell+ price ( :i* 7pigs7 9 ,london is only ab\t ! same am\nt1 is 9 effect a prohibition2 especially ) ! exp5se ( freight = coa/ conveyance1 only #abs4 p] ton f ,s\? ,wales to ,london4 ,b z ! exp5se ( c>riage by a tunnel w\ld be z mu* less ?an ?is ov]-sea freight1 z t is less ?an railway conveyance2 :ile1 9 addition to ?is sup]iority ov] bo?1 a tunnel w\ld save all ! risk z well z ! delays & unc]ta9ty ( ov]-sea transmission1 ,london & ! iron di/ricts might be br\ght )9 s few h\rs ( ea* o!r1 z to obviate ! necessity ( ! iron ma/]s keep+ ! heavy /ocks ( _! article 9 ,london :i* !y are n[ oblig$ to ma9ta91 & ! capital s lock$ up become1 9 consequ5ce1 lib]at$ = o!r purposes3 :ile1 7 ! tunnel ext5d$ to ,mil=d ,hav51 z x has be5 ann\nc$ ! railway w\ld be1 t port1 z well z ,swansea1 might be br\ght )9 a few h\rs ( ,london2 & ! advantages ( its 7p]haps7 unequall$ h>b\r1 r5d]$ fully available to ! nation at l>ge = comm]cial purposes1 z well z to ,gov]nm5t = our fleets4 ,?is consid]ation m]its ! s]i\s att5tion ( ! advocates ( ! ,bri/ol ,railway4 ,swansea & ,mil=d ,hav5 be+ bo? m advantage\sly situat$ = all vessels f =eign ports t w\ld make ,bri/ol _! port ( deliv]y2 & _! h>b\rs be+ 7p>ticul>ly ! latt]7 incomp>ably sup]ior to t ( ,bri/ol1 a tunnel w\ld1 7 x to be laid d[n betwe5 ei!r ( !m & ! metropolis1 be ! c]ta9 ru9 ( any railway f ,bri/ol to ,london4 ,! m]e exp5ses ( c>riage on ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway be+ #d;d4 p] ton p] mile1 & ! :ole *>ge #h;d41 x is evid5t t1 suppos+ ! ,bri/ol ,railway 7 to co/ only half :at ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] has co/ 7! 8,capital1 #c1jjj1jjjl40 plac$ at ! head ( ! prospectus ( ! ,bri/ol ,railway1 all[s #be1jjjl4 p] mile = ea* ( ! #abj miles ! map accompany+ said prospectus %ews ! l9e w be 9 l5g?7 ! :ole *ange = c>riage along its l9e c\ld n be less ?an #f;d4 p] ton p] mile3 ! aggregate ( :i*1 #cl41 w\ld be equal to :at c>goes h be5 br\ght f ! ,ea/ ,indies =2 & m ?an equal to freights f ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,m$it]ranean1 c4 c42 s t only su* c>goes or freights1 z /ress ( wea!r drove into ,bri/ol1 w\ld be s5t to ,london by ! railway2 :ile1 by a tunnel f ,mil=d or ,swansea1 !y might be s5t s *eaply1 z actually to comm& ! trade :i* x is suppos$ ! ,bri/ol ,railway w comm&4 ,b to return f ! long digression1 into :i* ! consid]ation ( ! "q relative to ! effect ( ! friction ( ! air1 & ! importance ( ! subject to ! iron trade1 has l$ me4 ,suppos+ ! possibility ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] railway prov+ a failure1 t company w\ld h sc>cely any m saleable value 9 _! possession1 9 ex*ange = ! million & a qu>t] :i* x has already co/1 & ! million & a half :i* x w co/ !m1 ?an ! 7ab\t7 #ejjj tons ( iron :i* is 9 _! rails4 ,_! long1 n>r[1 slip ( gr\nd1 de> z x has be5 to !m1 w\ld be wor? no?+2 :ile ! lab\r ( tak+ up ! betwe5 two & ?ree hundr$ ?\s& /one blocks 7or bases7 !y h laid d[n to c>ry ! rails1 w\ld be m ?an ^? blocks are wor?4 ,also w\ld ! #dej1jjjl4 exp5d$ 9 levell+ ! l9e & =m+ ! road1 be utt]ly lo/4 #eb ,:]eas1 _h a tunnel be5 laid d[n1 n only w\ld ! :ole ( ! hundr$s ( ?\s&s exp5d$ 9 levell+ h be5 sav$1 b z n "o-t5? ( ! lab\r w\ld h be5 requir$ to lay a tunnel d[n1 comp>$ ) :at ! railway requir$1 a l>ge sum w\ld h be5 sav$ = t also2 :ile :at 0 laid out1 be+ = metal1 in/ead ( lab\r1 !re w\ld h be5 f t5 to tw5ty times m saleable value 9 _! h&s1 ?an !y n[ h4 ,& z ! same circum/ances w\ld1 9 a simil> case1 apply to ! ,birm+ham1 & ,bri/ol 7& inde$ to all7 ,railways1 z well z to y\r l9e1 x w\ld1 comp>atively1 be almo/ z mu* bett]1 9 ?is p>ticul>1 to h a tunnel in/ead ( a rail-road or canal1 z x w\ld be to hold specie in/ead ( pap]1 dur+ a run on ! bank3 ?\gh ?is advantage w\ld be greate/ 9 relation to a canal2 ! great] proportion ( ! exp5se ( :i*1 is = t irrecov]able outlay1 lab\r4 ,9 po9t ( ! friction ( ! :eels w\ld ! c>riages t mov$ 9 ! tunnel be importantly sup]ior to railway c>riages4 ,ow+ to circum/ances :i* x is n necess>y to discuss1 ! height ( ! :eels ( ! coa*es & waggons on railways is conf9$ to ab\t ?ree feet4 ,:eels ( twice t diamet] h be5 tri$1 b ?r[n aside 9 consequ5ce ( _! liability to cause accid5ts by runn+ (f ! rails3 ! only ?+ by :i* ! :eels ( all vehicles runn+ on edge railways are kept on !m1 be+ a rim1 :i*1 project+ "o in* beyond ! be>+ "p ( ! tire ( ! :eels1 keeps !m on ! rails2 z ! brim ( a hat w keep ! body ( x f ris+ on a table1 ov] ! edge ( :i* said brim hangs4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 all c>riages runn+ on op5 railways are liable to accid5ts1 su* z ^? m5tion$ 9 ! notes bel[1 _m ( :i* h occurr$2 ?\gh1 ow+ to _! hav+ happ5$ ei!r 9 ! excavations1 on ! levels1 or on ! l[ embankm5ts1 ! da%+s-to-pieces :i* w take place :5 !y occur on ! high embankm5ts h1 hi!rto1 be5 avoid$4 #ec;a ,b z ! c>riages inside ! tunnel _c get (f ! railway 9 x1 z !y d on common railways1 :ile1 ow+ to ! con/antly v]tical position 9 :i* ! :eels c be kept1 !y may be twice1 or ?ree times1 z high z on common railways1 s great a dim9ution 9 ! p[] requir$ to move any load w take place1 z to admit ( any weight be+ mov$ 9 ! tunnel ) less ?an half ! p[] requir$ to move x on ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway4 ,9 po9t ( repairs1 too1 w\ld ! tunnel be importantly *eap] ?an a railway4 ,suppos+ y 7 to h a railway1 !re w\ld be1 9 e mile ( x1 above sev5 ?\s& /one blocks1 or bases1 to c>ry ! rails2 e "o ( :i* bases w\ld be liable to s9k1 & dis>range ! level ( ! l9e1 z !y are s con/antly do+ 7vide page #aa72 :ile ! rails !mselves w\ld be liable to b5d1 & break1 betwe5 ^! bases4 ,s9k+s ( ! bases1 & b5d+s & break+s ( ! rails1 c4 c4 be+ 7l fractures ( ! h>ness & app>atus ( /age-coa*es1 or ! ropes ( %ips7 matt]s ( con/ant occurr5ce1 !re are1 9 ! :ole1 & includ+ e liability to dis>rangem5t & repair1 above eighty ?\s& p>ts or places1 9 e mile ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 :]e adju/m5t or repair may daily be requir$2 :ile1 7 t railway to be made a quadruple "o1 by hav+ two m l9es ( road 7f\r m l9es ( rails1 i4e47 laid d[n1 ^! liabilities w\ld increase to above "o hundr$ & sixty ?\s& p] mile2 ?\gh1 = ! pres5t1 ,i ref] only to fractures & loos5+s ( ! *airs1 c4 b5d+s & break+s ( ! rails1 & s9k+s1 c4 ( ! bases1 :i* are n[ possible to ! am\nt ( above #dj1jjj p] mile2 :]eas1 9 a tunnel1 ! correspond+ dis>rangem5ts w\ld be possible to ! am\nt ( only #ajef p] mile3 an advantage :i* "t w prove to be ( mu* great] importance ?an x may at fir/ be consid]$2 ow+ to ! small exp5se ( repair x w occasion4 ,suppos+ ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway 7 to h ! 8quadruple l9e0 adv]t$ to :5 ! capital 0 rais$ to ?ree millions1 !re w\ld1 9 its :ole l5g?1 be ne>ly tw5ty millions ( p>ts or places :]e repair1 or adju/m5t1 might1 daily1 be necess>y3 a numb] :i* might well d\ble ! #dhhl4 p] mile1 p] annum1 *>g$ "u ! item 8,ma9ta9ance ( way10 9 ! half-ye>ly acc\nts ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railroad4 ,b nei!r is ?is ! la/ circum/ance ) respect to :i* a tunnel w\ld be sup]ior to a railway4 ,f ! /atem5ts laid be=e ,p>liam5t1 x appe>s t 9 ! half-ye> end+ ! #ca/ ,decemb]1 #ahca1 8! numb] ( trips ( #cj miles0 made on ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway 0 #ecib4 ,n[ z ! :ole weight c>ri$ dur+ ?is half-ye> 0 "u #ia1jjj tons1 x appe>s t ! av]age pr(itable weight 7pass5g]s1 or m]*&ise7 c>ri$ ea* trip1 0 less ?an #ag tons4 ,! av]age weight ( an eng9e & its t5d]1 ) fuel & wat]1 be+1 ,i believe1 n less ?an #ab tons1 :ile !re is ! weight ( ! coa*es & waggons additional to ?is1 x w\ld appe> t = e ton :i* pays any ?+1 t is c>ri$ on ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 !y also c>ry a ton :i* pays no?+4 ,n[1 ow+ to ! mann] 9 :i* ! c>riages t move 9 ! tunnel c be con/ruct$1 & ow+ to !re be+ no locomotive eng9es1 & t5d]s c>ry+ fuel & wat]1 requir$ to move !m1 ?is proportion ( dead & unpr(itable weight w be s mu* r$uc$1 z = x n to am\nt to m ?an "o-fif? ( ! simil> weight on ! railway4 ,! :ole exp5se ( conveyance on ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway dur+ ! six mon?s end+ ! #ca/ ,decemb]1 #ahca1 01 x appe>s by ! /atem5t laid be=e ! ,lords' ,committees on ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway bill1 f\rp5ce f>?+ p] ton1 p] mile2 :ile ! :ole *>ge = x 0 eightp5ce p] ton1 p] mile4 ,coal be+ ne>ly t5 times de>] "h ?an x is !re1 !re is no reason to suppose t :at x might co/ y = conveyance along a l9e ( railway w\ld be less ?an ?is2 :ile x may be presum$ t x w\ld be s mu* m z1 p]haps1 & ( itself1 totally to c\nt]act ! advantages af=d$ by ! %ortness ( y\r l9e1 comp>$ ) ! pres5t r\te4 ,9 addition to ! advantages :i* ,i h /at$ a tunnel w\ld hold out to ! ,company ,i h ! hon\r to address1 !re w\ld be "o ( a peculi> nature4 ,x is g5]ally und]/ood1 & appe>s f evid5ce to be ! fact1 t a consid]able portion ( ! income ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway ,company has aris5 f p]sons :o h visit$ & paid = rid+ ov] _! l9e1 solely f curiosity2 :ile x is well kn[n t ! income d]iv$ f visitors to _! tunnel1 by ! ,?ames ,tunnel ,company1 is consid]able2 ! av]age annual am\nt hav+ be5 #abjjl4 p] annum4 ,! curiosity excit$ by ! public relative to ! tunnel ,i con/ruct$ at ,brighton1 surpris$ me4 ,?\s&s manife/$ a desire to see x3 hundr$s appli$ to be p]mitt$ to d s2 & :5 !y f\nd ,i w\ld n let !m1 (f]$ gu9ea aft] gu9ea to be all[$ to gratify _! curiosity1 "u ! idea t m]c5>y motives gave rise to ! ord]s ,i left t no "o %\ld be admitt$2 :ile _m ( ! v highe/ rank 7includ+ e class ( our nobility7 made p]sonal application to me to oblige !m ) a sight ( x4 ,z ,i c\ld convey p]sons 9 y\r tunnel 7suppos+ y 7 to h "o7 mo/ safely at ! rate ( a mile 9 a m9ute1 & z a velocity ( t k9d be+ atta9$ ne> ! metropolis1 by a me?od s novel z ?is1 w\ld induce v _m ?\s&s to visit & ride ?r\gh x = curiosity1 x may be expect$ t a consid]able "p ( :at x w\ld co/ to lay a tunnel d[n w\ld be return$ f ?is s\rce2 en\gh 79 ! end7 ,i am bold to say1 to pay = ! co/ ( ! iron :]e( x w\ld be con/ruct$4 ,! ,?ames ,tunnel1 suppos+ x nev] %\ld be complet$1 w = ye>s br+ 9 ! #abjjl4 p] annum1 :i* is ! av]age ( :at has be5 receiv$ f p visit+ x2 & ,i am fully satisfi$ t prop] measures w\ld1 9 ! end1 br+ 91 f ?is s\rce alone1 p]haps1 m ?an w\ld cov] ! coat ( ! iron1 ( :i* ! tunnel ,i propose to y w\ld be con/ruct$4 ,9 ! prospectus ( ! ,gre5wi* ,railway ,company is ! foll[+ p>agraph3--8,moreov]1 :5 x is consid]$ t ! population ( ,london1 ,we/m9/]1 & ! ,bor\gh1 is ab\t "o million & a half1 & t ! population ( ! surr\nd+ t[ns & villages1 )9 a circuit ( f =ty to fifty miles r\nd ! ,capital1 am\nts to ne>ly d\ble t numb]2 & t1 9 %ort1 ! numb] ( p]sons visit+ ,london dur+ ea* ye>1 make up a total exce$+ five millions ( p]sons1 x is n unreasonable to expect t1 ?r\gh m]e curiosity alone1 two millions ( p]sons w gratify ! same1 :5 x c be accompli%$ at a l[ price1 suppose only "o %ill+1 to g & return1--yet if s1 t item alone w\ld produce #ajj1jjjl40 ,n[1 z suppos+ t ! curiosity excit$ by my novel proposition1 w produce only "o qu>t] ( :at ! ,gre5wi* ,railroad ,company calculate may come into _! pockets f ! same s\rce1 w1 ,i ?9k1 be all[+ suffici5t pre-em95ce to ! sup]ior curiosity :i* an old me?od ( conveyance mu/ excite1 ,i tru/ t my idea1 t ! co/ ( ! iron compos+ ! tunnel may be repaid f ?is s\rce1 w be consid]$ a n immod]ate "o4 ,9 ! ,?ames ,tunnel !re is no?+ b ! b>e ar* to see2 :ile 9 ?is !re w\ld be ! tunnel itself1 ! l>ge/ air-pumps1 c4 c4 9 ! _w1 & a ride to & fro at ! rate ( sixty1 or m1 miles an h\r4 ,nor w\ld ! objection :i*1 x may be imag9$1 mu/ arise f ! want ( daylight 9 ! tunnel1 prove an objection 9 po9t ( fact4 ,s trifl+ is ! degree ( exhau/ion & pressure requir$ to move a load ( #ajj tons1 t1 b t ! advantages :i* w\ld arise1 z relates to *eapness ( site1 & evasion ( opposition on ! "p ( ! l&-own]s & occupi]s1 f c>ry+ ! tunnel "u gr\nd1 prev5t x1 ,i c\ld w9d[ light ! tunnel ?r\gh\t its :ole1 l5g?3 t :i* ,i con/ruct$ at ,brighton hav+ light admitt$ into x ?r\gh w9d[s ( common ?9 glass2 /rong plate-glass n be+ requir$4 ,inde$1 s f> z relates to possibility1 ! upp] half ( ! tunnel might be "o cont9u$ w9d[ 7l ! top ( a gre5-h\se71 ?r\gh\t its :ole l5g?4 ,b z1 ev5 if ?is 0 done1 artificial light mu/ be _h = sixte5 h\rs out ( ! tw5ty-f\r 9 ! w9t]2 z ! tunnel might be gas-light$ ?r\gh\t its :ole l5g?2 or z1 in/ead ( ?us wa/+ light unnecess>ily1 ea* c>riage might c>ry lights be=e & beh9d1 ! objection t ! tunnel be+ und]gr\nd w\ld r5d] x d>k z midnight1 is no m a s]i\s objection ?an x w\ld be1 7 ! ,?ames tunnel f9i%$1 t x w\ld be bett] to cross ! riv] by ,london ,bridge1 ?an ?r\gh t tunnel1 because on ! bridge y w\ld h natural1 :ile 9 ! tunnel y mu/ h artificial light4 ,x is true t !re c\ld be no 8view ( ! c\ntry0 by ?is me?od ( conveyance4 ,b1 z ! object ( x is ! p]fection ( travell+1 9 ! ?ree p>ticul>s ( safety1 exp$ition1 & economy2 z ev5 ! comp>atively l[ rates atta9$ on ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway prev5t objects t are by ! road-side be+ di/9ctly se51 ow+ to ! velocity ) :i* ! pass5g]s are :irl$ by !m2 & z ! mu* great] velocity at :i* conveyance may be effect$ 9 ! tunnel1 w\ld r5d] any attempt to look on :at 0 pass$ productive ( ! effects exp]i5c$ by a *ild :o looks on ! gr\nd :ile lean+ out ( ! w9d[ ( a coa*1 no real loss1 z relates to 8see+ ! c\ntry10 w\ld result f transmission tak+ place inside ! tunnel in/ead ( outside x3 ?\gh1 ev5 if x %\ld1 x might be submitt$ to1 :5 economy ( bo? "t & money1 & complete obviation ( ! dang]s att5dant on break+ d[n1 be+ ov]turn$1 run away )1 or driv5 aga9/ any ?+1 became ! equival5ts4 ,h we occasion to travel to ,ed9burgh by ! mail1 we unrep9+ly submit to ! inconv5i5ce ( pass+ two nights 7#cb h\rs 9 mid w9t]7 n only 9 total d>kness1 b also 8cab9n$1 cribb$1 conf9$0 to a degree :i* prev5ts u ev5 f 8*ang+ a leg10 except by previ\s arrangem5t ) our opposite fell[-pass5g]4 ,b :5 x is propos$ t we %all g 9 vehicles :i*1 9 addition to be+ z l>ge & commodi\s z ! cab9s ( _m /eam-vessels1 w be z mu* %ort] a "t 9 go+1 z !y are l>g] & m conv5i5t ?an ! inside ( mail-coa*es1 & 9 :i* ! mo/ brilliant light may be enjoy$1 we proclaim x to be 8impossible0 to cons5t to g by su* vehicles1 because !y w\ld move inside a tunnel3 n consid]+ t ?is v circum/ance1 ( be+ inside said tunnel1 w\ld z c]ta9ly secure u f be+ ov]turn$1 driv5 aga9/ any ?+1 run away )1 break+ d[n1 or any o!r ( ! dang]s to :i* turnpike-road travell+ is liable1 z x w\ld give u ! ease1 com=t1 & accommodations ( ! cab9 ( a /eam-vessel1 in/ead ( ! privations & endurances exp]i5c$ 9 mail-coa*es4 ,& z ! valves :i* h be5 adv]t$ to z fix$ at e qu>t]1 or half1 or :ole mile1 w\ld1 9 po9t ( effect1 be doors1 by means ( :i* exit f ! tunnel c\ld be effect$1 ! bugbe> ( be+ 8%ut up 9 a tunnel _m miles long1 ) no place to get out ( x1 if any ?+ %\ld happ510 ne$ n be s]i\sly repli$ to4 ,su* are "s ( ! b5efits :i* lay+ d[n a tunnel1 in/ead ( a railway w\ld procure y4 ,b ! mo/ important ( all is yet to be m5tion$4 ,z x does n foll[ t1 because y may ?9k prop] to lay a railway d[n1 ! public w ?9k prop] to use x1 x becomes vital to y\r int]e/1 t "s inducem5t :i* %all lead !m to use x1 & cause !m to pref] ! m circuit\s r\te to ! ,birm+ham ,railway by y\r l9e1 to ! m direct "o by ! ,edgew>e ,road1 %\ld be laid be=e !m4 ,?is inducem5t w be furni%$ by ! tunnel :i* ,i propose to y\r adoption4 ,! c>riages :i* w\ld g 9 said tunnel1 may be r5d]$ s sup]ior 9 po9t ( size1 ( ! room !y w give to ea* pass5g]1 ( com=t1 & ( g5]al accommodation1 z to be m l ! cab9 ( a /eam-vessel1 r ?an any ?+ else ,i c comp>e !m to4 ,9 "o ( ^? ,i us$ 9 ! tunnel ,i con/ruct$ at ,brighton1 above tw5ty p h sat ) a table betwe5 !m1 cov]$ ) provisions1 plates1 di%es1 c4 c4 :i* provisions 7 consum$ accord+ to ! usual c\rse ( a d9n] table3 s t accommodations 7ev5 to t ( a s(a = ea* p]son7 :i* c\ld n be ?\ght ( 9 coa* or omnibus travell+1 might be giv5 to pass5g]s4 ,ow+ also to ! size & con/ruction ( ^! c>riages admitt+ ( my us+ ! air = spr+s1 _! motion w\ld be s(t & 7z relates to ! avoidance ( all jolt+7 air-balloon-l1 to a degree :i* y _c conceive2 & :i* no railway c>riage1 f> less any common road vehicle1 c\ld comp>e )4 ,9 po9t ( safety1 too1 w\ld !y be incomp>ably sup]ior2 s9ce1 in/ead ( be+ liable to break d[n1 to be driv5 aga9/ any ?+1 to be run away )1 or to be ov]turn$1 c4 c4 ^! accid5ts w\ld be s impossible1 t absolute immunity f dang]1 & c]ta9 security to life & limb1 w\ld be consequ5t on ?is me?od ( conveyance2 :ile ! rate ( transit "u :i* ?is safety w\ld be secur$1 be+ s great z to admit ( ! j\rney be+ effect$ 9 z few m9utes z y ?\ght prop]1 y\r r\te might be r5d]$ z mu* %ort] z y pleas$ 9 po9t ( "t1 ?an ! r\te by ! ,edgew>e road c\ld be r5d]$4 ,! exp5se ( ! p[] too1 by :i* y\r pass5g]s w\ld be convey$1 be+ above tw5ty times *eap] ?an coa*es or omnibuses c\ld convey !m along ! ,edgew>e ,road1 y w\ld h a /ill great] advantage 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,x rema9s1 !re=e1 only to po9t out h[ ! public may be caus$ to take y\r circuit\s l9e1 9 pref]5ce to ! ne>] r\te by ! ,edgew>e ,road4 ,9 ord] to effect ?is1 & to save ! public f hav+ to g f ,hyde ,p>k ,corn] to y\r l9e1 z mu/ be done 7 y to lay a railway d[n1 ,i propose br++ y\r l9e to ,hyde ,p>k ,corn]1 by ext5d+ ! tunnel2 bran*+ x ea/w>d f y\r bas91 ei!r ?r\gh ,k5s+ton & ,knightsbridge1 "u ! turnpike road2 or 79 ord] to avoid all int]f]5ce )1 or opposition f1 ! ,turnpike ,commission]s7 along ! %ort] l9e across ! vacant gr\nds to ! s\? ( ! road1 at ! back ( ,k5s+ton & ,knightsbridge2 across 7?\gh b5ea?1 & inde$ und]gr\nd all ! way7 ,e>l's ,c\rt ,lane1 ,gl\ce/] ,road1 ,grove ,lane1 ! ,brompton ,road1 & ,sloane ,/reet1 to ! vacant gr\nd on ! ,nor? & ,ea/ ( ,wilton ,cresc5t4 ,i am n1 at pres5t1 prep>$ to po9t out ei!r ! be/ r\te1 or ! be/ spot = ! t]m9ation t[>ds ,hyde ,p>k ,corn]2 hav+ inve/igat$ only s = z to satisfy myself t su* a c\rse is practicable4 ,y w1 at fir/1 be />tl$ at1 & dispos$ to object to ?is ext5sion1 because y w suppose t x involves ! outlay :i* w\ld be requir$ = two additional miles ( tunnel1 )\t br++ 9 any m return ?an w\ld be receiv$ f pass5g]s to ! ,birm+ham ,railway4 ,?is conception1 h[ev]1 is an errone\s "o4 ,7 a me?od ( conveyance 9 op]ation1 by :i* ! inhabitants ( ! we/ end ( ,k5s+ton1 ( ,e>l's ,c\rt1 ( ,nor? ,end1 ( ,walham ,gre51 ( ,brook ,gre51 ( ,hamm]smi?1 ( ,turnham ,gre51 ( ,*iswick1 c4 c4 c\ld be c>ri$ 7m safely ?an by coa*es7 f y\r bas9 to ,hyde ,p>k ,corn] 9 two or ?ree m9utes1 in/ead ( ! tw5ty m9utes or ne>ly half an h\r :i* x n[ takes to get ov] t gr\nd1 !y w\ld s pref] y\r me?od ( conveyance1 z to r5d] ! additional outlay requir$ = said two extra miles ( tunnel1 ! mo/ remun]at+ portion ( y\r :ole l9e2 :ile1 9 addition to enabl+ y ?us to convey pass5g]s1 said bran* w\ld enable y also to deliv] coals1 & o!r goods at ,hyde ,p>k ,corn] f y\r canal1 = an exp5se ( less ?an a p5ny p] ton c>riage f y\r canal ?i!r2 s t y w\ld rival ! ,grosv5or ,canal1 & add importantly to ! tonnage trade ( y\r own canal by x4 ,%\ld ! ,birm+ham & ,bri/ol ,railways be complet$1 ?is bran* w\ld also enable y to convey goods1 z well z pass5g]s1 to & f !m1 & to & f ! we/]n p>ts ( t[n1 m *eaply ?an c\ld any h[ else be done2 an accommodation :i* lay+ d[n y\r railway c\ld n give4 ,& z ,i c\ld s con/ruct ^! two extra miles ( tunnel1 z to r5d] _! co/--! co/ ( ! tunnel itself1 i4e4--n m ?an ab\t five ?\s& p\nds p] mile1 ! exp5se ( ?is bran* w\ld n prove any ru9\s addition to y\r contemplat$ outlay4 ,!re=e1 = ^! reasons1 ,i recomm5d y to prev5t its be+ necess>y t p %\ld pay omnibus 7or o!r7 proprietors1 to c>ry !m f ,hyde ,p>k ,corn] to y\r bas9 at ,k5s+ton1 9 ord] t y may !n convey !m to ! ,birm+ham 7or ,bri/ol7 ,railway1 by ext5d+ y\r l9e t[>ds ,hyde ,p>k ,corn]1 9 ! mann] ,i h po9t$ out4 ,y\r case1 br\ght into a focus1 is z foll[s4 ,y h exp5d$ a l>ge sum 9 op5+ a l9e ( conveyance :i*1 ow+ to its n be+ c>ri$ f> en\gh at fir/1 does n comb9e all ! advantages y\r situation admits (4 ,y are1 naturally1 desir\s t x %\ld d ?is4 ,if y op5 a communication = goods ) ! ,gr& ,junction ,canal1 by ext5d+ y\r own canal1 y w d ?is 9 degree4 ,y h1 !re=e1 = "s ye>s1 contemplat$ c>ry+ y\r canal up ! height betwe5 y\r bas9 & ! ,gr& ,junction ,canal4 ,b ! enorm\s exp5se ( ?is has prev5t$ y f do+ x4 ,be+ n[ in=m$ t y\r object may be bett] effect$ by a railway1 y ent]ta9 t idea2 & z1 7 y to lay a railway d[n1 pass5g]s1 z well z goods1 might be convey$ by x1 y are desir\s (1 if possible1 br++ ! 8pass5g] trade10 betwe5 ! ,birm+ham ,railway & ! we/ end ( ,london1 to y\r l9e4 ,ow+1 h[ev]1 to ! di/ance ( y\r l9e f ! we/ end ( ,t[n2 & to ! ,edgew>e ,road1 (f]+ a %ort] & *eap] communication f ! ,birm+ham ,railway to t "p ( ! metropolis1 y\r lay+ d[n a railway1 w1 = ! reasons ,i h po9t$ out1 c]ta9ly prove a los+ speculation4 ,z ! me?od ,i propose w\ld be mo/ importantly *eap] ?an a railway1 9 po9t ( fir/ co/1 & /ill m importantly *eap] 9 po9t ( curr5t exp5ses1 ,i v5ture to (f] x to y\r notice4 ,& z x w\ld obviate ! objection :i* y\r di/ance f ,hyde ,p>k ,corn] w\ld occasion1 suppos+ y 7 to h a railway1 ,i presume to recomm5d x to y\r consid]ation1 z m wor?y notice ?an any ?+ else y c h laid be=e y2 = ! reasons1 t x w1 9 ! fir/ place1 be mu* *eap] 9 po9t ( fir/ co/ ?an any o!r me?od ( conveyance y c lay d[n3 second1 because x w be /ill m economical 9 po9t ( curr5t exp5ses3 ?ird1 because1 9 addition to be+ incomp>ably saf]1 z relates to life & limb1 ?an any o!r me?od ( conveyance1 x w be s mu* m exp$iti\s z to r5d] y\r circuit\s r\te quick]1 9 po9t ( "t1 ?an ! %ort] r\te by ! ,edgew>e ,road1 z well z *eap]1 9 po9t ( *>ge3 &1 f\r?1 because x w be productive ( an important pr(it1 additional to1 & exclusive (1 :at a railway w br+ 92 & :i* w return no inconsid]able proportion ( :at x co/s to lay x d[n4 ,7 ! /atem5ts ,i h giv5 relative to ! co/ & exp5ses ( a railway1 f my own e/imates only1 !y might be d\bt$ by y4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to avoid ?is1 ,i h be5 c>eful to quote only ! 8evid5ce10 :i* 0 laid be=e ,p>liam5t1 & o!r docum5ts2 :i* leave no d\bt t ! fir/ co/ & curr5t exp5ses w be1 at lea/1 equal to :at ,i h /at$1 ?\gh !y by no means prove t !y w n be m4 ,inde$1 x appe>s susceptible ( pro( t !y w be m4 ,mr4 ,grahame1 9 8 8,lett] to ! ,trad]s & ,c>ri]s on ! ,navigations1 connect+ ,liv]pool & ,man*e/]10 relative to t railway1 says1 8,i pl$ge myself1 h[ev]1 to prove 79 case ! fact be d5i$ by ! ,directors7 t ! aggregate exp5diture ( ! half ye>1 end+ on ! #ca/ ,decemb]1 #ahcb1 be>s a high] proportion to ! income ( t p]iod ?an ! exp5ses ( any prec$+ half-ye> be> to ! income ( ! same40 ,mr4 ,graham also says1 8,! ,railway ,corporation keep two sep>ate acc\nts ( exp5diture1 8ord9>y0 & 8extraord9>y40 ,! 8ord9>y exp5diture0 is paid f ! annual returns receiv$ f work+ ! railway2 & ! 8extraord9>y0 is paid by borr[+ money1 or a creation & sale ( %>es2 :i* is t]m$ 8add+ to ! capital acc\nt40 ,! ord9>y exp5diture1 only1 affects ! divid5d2 & x is ! int]e/ ( e "o conc]n$ to make t exp5diture appe> z l[ z possible2 &1 :5ev] ! outlays are comm+l$1 or d\btful1 to ?r[ ! burd5 on ! obnoxi\s %\ld]4 ,?is 8extraord9>y outlay10 or1 z x is t]m$1 8outlay on ! railway & works10 or 8,capital ,acc\nt10 has be5 z great s9ce ! railway 0 op5$1 z dur+ ! p]iod :5 x 0 =m+4 ,! am\nt ?us laid out 9 ! fir/ fifte5 mon?s aft] ! op5+ ( ! railway1 am\nt$ to ne>ly #bjj1jjjl4 ,! outlay on ?is acc\nt 9 #ahcb is n /at$2 b ! int]e/ on borr[$ money paid 9 t ye>1 is giv5 z #aj1ebbl4 #ajs4 #f;d41 :ile ! int]e/ paid 9 #ahca 0 only #efdgl4 #gs4 #f;d40 ,railway advocates may dispute ?is2 b t ,i %all n he$4 ,%\ld !y1 h[ev]1 disprove x1 ,i %all n be able to d5y t ,i am liable to ! c5sure due to him :o inve/igates 9 ! _s ( a p>tisan1 r ?an 9 t ( a c&id exam9ant4 ,x may be object$1 9 answ] to ! advantages :i* ,i h /at$ w\ld result f y\r sub/itut+ ?is ,pneumatic ,railway = ! common railway y contemplate1 t y h nev] he>d ( x be=e1 except 9 ! way ( ridicule & contempt2 :ile n only h ! eng9e]s ( ! day condemn$ x1 b also d ev5 "s ( y\rselves ent]ta9 d\bts z to ! sanity ( ! man :o c propose su* a ?+ to y4 ,9 allusion to objectors ( ?is latt] description1 ! ,m4 ,d4 :o did me ! hon\r to propose ! fir/ ,resolution at ! 8,t[n ,meet+0 at ,brighton1 said1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 spee* on ! occasion1 t 8,mr4 ,vallance _h _h to cont5d ) ! greate/ difficulties2 su* z 7 en\gh to appal any man3 he _h be5 d]id$ & ridicul$3 8 sy/em _h be5 treat$ z vision>y1 !oretical1 & fanta/ic3 he _h be5 call$ a wild projector--nay1 "s _h ev5 gone s f> z to say t he 0 mad4 ,if s1 he 7,dr4 ,yates7 mu/ say1 ) ,polonius1 #8!re 0 me?od 9 8 madness4' ,& to su* ins9uations he 7,dr4 ,y47 w\ld reply1 9 ! words ( ,hamlet1 !re 0 t :i* #8s5se & sanity sc>ce c\ld be deliv]$ (4'0 ,) my def5ce aga9/ ins9uations ( ?is k9d ?us provid$1 ,i may turn to ! m s]i\s objections ( ! eng9e]s :om y may consult3 :o1 ,i am well aw>e1 w treat ! proposition only z ,br9dsley's proposal to c>ry ! canal ov] ! ,irwell 0 treat$ by ! eng9e]s ( 8 day4 ,7 ?is any ?+ new1 ,i might feel x4 ,b :5 we h x on record t ! pr(ess$ eng9e]s ( ! p]iod h done ! same by e proposition t has be5 br\ght =w>d1 until its be+ e/abli%$ by o!rs1 caus$ !m to see t money might be made by imitat+1 in/ead ( cont9u+ to decry ! inv5tor1 _! exclamations ( 8impossible10 8absurd10 & 8madness to ?9k (10 may well be disreg>d$4 ,_h ,tel=d1 or ,/ev5son1 or ,r5nie1 or ,brunel1 or any o!r fir/-rate man1 orig9at$ ! proposition1 !n1 inde$1 !y might h _h "s fai? 9 x6 ,b = an unkn[n nobody to d su* a ?+1 is ( itself en\gh to prove t x _c be wor? att5tion4 ,to ^! g5tlem5 ,i reply1 by ask+ !m--to :om are we indebt$ = ! /eam-eng9e 9 its application to /eam-vessels1 & locomotive purposes1 z well z a fir/ mov] = ma*9]y8 ,sav>y1 its fir/ inv5tor1 0 a m9]4 ,newcom5 & ,beighton1 its fir/ improv]s1 71 "o ( !m a c\ntry blacksmi?1 & ! o!r a plumb]1 :ile its gr& improv]1 ! great ,watt1 0 a ma!matical-in/rum5t mak]4 ,to :om are we indebt$ = our canals--= our nationally-important cotton ma*9]y--= ! public application ( ! gas-light pr9ciple--= ! sy/em ( railway transmission--= ! hydro/atic press--& ! o!r manifold improvem5ts1 :i* h rais$ u to ! /ation we fill8 ,is x to m51 :o1 at ! p]iods :5 ^! improvem5ts 7 fir/ devis$1 7 ( high "n1 & e/abli%$ reputation z civil eng9e]s8 ,he> :at "o ^: situation enabl$ him to decide1 says on ! subject3-- 8,:at has be5 ! means ( rais+ our native c\ntry to t em95ce 9 civilization :i* r5d]s h] ! admiration ( ! _w8 ,h] improvem5ts 9 ! arts & sci5ces4 8,f :om h ^? improvem5ts *iefly sprung8 ,f m5 :o h em]g$ f ! humbl] walks ( life4 8,:at 0 ,sir ,ri*>d ,arkwright2 a man to ^: g5ius ?is c\ntry is indebt$ = v mu* ( its comm]cial prosp]ity2 to ^: improvem5ts 9 ! ma*9]y = sp9n+ cotton1 we are indebt$ = be+ enabl$ to keep ! cotton trade *iefly conf9$ to ourselves4 ,:at1 ,i say1 0 ! great ,arkwright8 ,a b>b]4 ,yet d we owe our pr\d sup]iority 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( our national greatness to ! unassi/$ ef=ts ( ,dick ! b>b]4 8,:o 0 ,f]guson8 ,a simple peasant2 a man1 :o1 wrapp$ 9 8 plaid1 pass$ ! w9t] nights on ! gr\nd 9 contemplat+ ! heav5s2 & :o1 by arrang+ 8 /r+ ( beads on ! cold hea?1 at l5g? complet$ a map ( ! />s1 & rais$ himself to ! k ( our late sov]eign4 8,:o 0 ,dr4 ,h]s*el1 ! discov]] ( s _m important a/ronomical facts8 ,a boy :o play$ ! pipe & tabor 9 a =eign regim5tal b&4 ,:o 0 ! great ,watt8 ,a ma!matical in/rum5t mak]4 8,:o 0 ,smeaton1 ! build] ( ! ,eddy/one ligh?\se1 & ! fir/ eng9e] ( 8 day8 ,an attorney4 8,:o 0 ! great ,br9dsley1 ^: canals h giv5 su* an accession ( p[] to our comm]ce1 by ! facilities ( int]nal communication8 ,a c\ntry millwright4 8,ni*olson 0 a cab9 boy3 & ,ramadge1 ! be/ mak] ( reflect+ telescopes 9 ! _w1 0 a cutl]40 ,9 cont9uation ( ?is li/ ( 8nobodies10 to :om we owe s mu* ( our national greatness1 ,i ask1 to :om are we indebt$ = ! v inv5tions :i* ! eng9e]s ( ! pres5t day claim z _! own1 ) ju/ice equal to t :]e) ! organ-bl[] consid]$ ! tones ( ! in/rum5t 88 ,railways h be5 9 use among u = a c5tury & a half2 &1 not)/&+ t ^? ( ?is remote date1 7 no m comp>able ) ^? ( ! pres5t day1 ?an ! mat*locks ( ! same p]iod are ) a mod]n gun1 ! pr9ciple 0 equally develop$ 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r4 ,yet is !re no eng9e] :o c claim ! cr$it ( hav+ said 8,z ?is pr9ciple admits ( mo/ important b5efits be+ conf]r$ on society1 provid$ x be work$ out1 & c>ri$ to ! p]fection x admits (1 ,i w devote myself to su* work+ out & p]fect+40 ,locomotive eng9es h be5 se5 among u = ^! ?irty ye>s4 ,yet did ! eng9e]s ( ! day no m p]ceive & seize _! advantages ?an !y did ^? ( railways4 ,b1 aft] ! p]ception & tal5t ( v>i\s p]sons1 :o 7 9 bus9ess _h1 = ! purpose ( adapt+ !m to ! necessities ( _! diff]5t trades1 s improv$ railways & locomotive eng9es1 z to h r5d]$ ! latt] capable ( runn+ regul>ly ^u ! =m]1 at rates ( f five to elev5 miles an h\r1 =? came our eng9e]s1 &1 claim+ bo? inv5tions z _! own1 set !mselves up z hav+ enl>g$ ! b\nd>ies ( sci5ce1 enabl$ man to out/rip ! fleete/ animals1 & almo/ to vie ) ! w9ds6 ,&1 la/ ( all1 ,i ask1 to :om are we indebt$ = ! late/ important discov]y1 by :i* unpr(essional p]ception has %ewn1 t :at e eng9e] ( ! pres5t day _h pron\nc$ to be1 n only a ma!matically-demon/rat$1 b also a practically-prov$ 8impossibility10 is z p]fectly1 & z easily practicable1 z x 0 = ,columbus to make ! egg /& on its end4 ,we h ne>ly #cjjj miles ( canals 9 ! isl&2 ! draught on :i* be+ tw5ty times easi] ?an on common roads1 & ! 8we> & te>0 equally less1 x has1 ev] s9ce !y 7 fir/ cut1 be5 an important object to r5d] ! rate ( conveyance along !m rapid en\gh to induce p]sons to travel f place to place on !m1 z well z to s5d _! goods by !m4 ,?is became m p>ticul>ly important1 :51 9 consequ5ce ( ! rapidity atta9$ on railways1 x 0 f\nd t !y c\ld comb9e ! conveyance ( pass5g]s ) t ( goods2 & ,i d n hesitate to say1 t any eng9e]1 :o _h1 9 #ahbe1 in=m$ ! ,canal int]e/ t he _h discov]$ a me?od by :i* conveyance c\ld be effect$ on canals at ! same rate z by mail-coa*es1 or po/-*aises on turn pike-roads1 & = "o-t5? ( _! exp5se ( draught1 might h made t]ms ) !m = ! adoption ( ?is me?od1 :i* %\ld h br\ght him 9 above #ajj1jjjl4 /]l+4 ,b1 s f> f ! eng9e]s ( ! day in=m+ ! canal int]e/ t !y c\ld d any ?+ = !m 9 ?is case1 !y univ]sally prea*$ despair ) respect to x2 satisfy+ !m1 by ma!matical demon/ration1 t1 ow+ to ! resi/ance ( fluids to bodies mov+ ?r\gh !m1 increas+ accord+ to ! squ>e ( ! velocity1 rapidity ( transmission along canals 0 no m possible ?an = a coal-b>ge to beat to w9dw>d l a cutt]4 ,x is true !y admitt$ t ! /eam-eng9e gave !m p[] en\gh to m vessels on canals z rapidly z /eam]s move on riv]s4 ,b1 !y said1 ow+ to ! surge :i* x 0 unavoidable su* rapid motion mu/ create1 ! banks ( ! canals w\ld be s soon wa%$ d[n1 t x 0 impossible to avoid ru9+ ! canals1 if rapid conveyance 7 attempt$ on !m4 ,!re=e1 ?\gh /eam has be5 9 use z a mov+ p[] on our riv]s = above ^! tw5ty ye>s1 x has nev] yet be5 employ$ = a simil> purpose on our canals1 except 9 ! way ( exp]im5t4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ^! ?+s1 !y c\ld d no?+ to meet ! wi%es ( ! canal int]e/3 &1 9 ! evid5ce on ! ,birm+ham ,railway1 be=e ! ,lords' ,committees1 on ! #bi? ,june1 #ahcb1 x is /at$1 9 answ] to an inquiry z to :at 0 ! quicke/ k9d ( canal communication betwe5 ,london & ,birm+ham1 t 8,! fly boats g by ! %orte/ r\te1 & !y are ?ree days & ?ree nights on ! road40 ,n[ z ?is 8%orte/ r\te0 is #aeb miles1 x appe>s t ! quicke/ rate ( canal conveyance by 8fly boats0 0 less ?an #b? miles an h\r2 :ile 9 answ] to ! "q1 8,:at "t is occupi$ by ! sl[ boats80 x is repli$1 8,ab\t six or sev5 days3 !y seldom travel at night40 ,9 ?is /ate ( despair on ! "p ( ! canal int]e/1 & amid ?is *orus ( 8impossible10 on ! "p ( ! :ole ( ! eng9e]s ( ! pres5t day1 a private g5tleman 7,william ,h\/on1 ,esq4 ( ,john/one ,ca/le7 became impress$ ) ! op9ion t1 equally z we c1 by giv+ x rapid motion1 cause a flat /one to skim ov] ! surface ( ! wat] 7z boys d1 :5 play+ at :at !y call 8mak+ ducks & drakes07 s might we1 by giv+ rapid motion to a prop]ly con/ruct$ boat an a canal1 cause x1 n only to skim ov] ! wat]1 s z to avoid rais+ ! wave :i* ! eng9e]s _h pron\nc$ equally unavoidable z x w\ld be fatal to ! banks ( canals1 b also mu* m easily ?an boats c be drawn ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,on putt+ ?is ?\ght into practice1 ,mr4 ,h\/on f\nd ! result to be :at he _h anticipat$2 & ! consequ5ce is1 t x is n[ e/abli%$ by actual & daily practice on ! ,paisley & ,ardrossan ,canal1 t boats :i* c>ry m pass5g]s ?an 7on an av]age7 ! locomotive eng9es1 ( tw5ty & ?irty horse p[] ea*1 draw on ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 at rates ( f #ae to #bj miles an h\r1 #fb are drawn f ,john/one to ,glasg[ at ! rate ( t5 miles an h[ by two horses only2 :ile a velocity s high z #ae miles an h\r has be5 atta9$3 8& ?is spe$ 0 n limit$ by ! lab\r ( ! draught1 b by ! p[] ( spe$ ( ! horses40 ,9 o!r words1 t :i* ! :ole ( ! eng9e]s ( ! pres5t day _h pron\nc$ & demon/rat$ to be utt]ly impossible1 is n[ con/antly done1 sev]al times e day1 z a regul> pass5g]-c>ry+ bus9ess1 on ! ,paisley & ,ardrossan ,canal4 ,&1 al?\gh ! *>ges = ?is rate ( conveyance are 8j "o-half1 & "o-?ird1 ( ! f>es 9 ! ,liv]pool ,railway coa*es1 ! pr(its are su*1 z to h induc$ ! proprietors to quadruple ! numb] ( boats on ! canal20 :ile ! pass5g]s1 in/ead ( be+ box$ up z 9 ! railway coa*es1 & expos$ to ! wea!r1 z 9 ! railway 8second class c>riages10 may ei!r take ex]cise on ! decks1 or seat !mselves 9 ! long cab9s ( ^! pass5g]-boats4 ,z ?is me?od ( rapid canal conveyance is becom+ g5]ally adopt$1 ?is simple idea ( a private g5tleman1 has n only put to %ame ! :ole ( ! eng9e]+ tal5t ( ! pres5t day1 b has also possess$ ! k+dom ( ne>ly #cjjj miles ( liquid way1 :i*1 z if by ! /roke ( a w&1 are rais$ f ! l[ value ( heavy1 miry1 cross c\ntry roads1 on :i* no great] velocity ?an t ( a c>ri]'s waggon c\ld be atta9$1 to ! high value1 n m]ely ( ! be/ turnpike-roads1 on :i* ! conveyance ( p]sons1 at mail-coa* & po/-*aise rates1 c be effect$1 b also ( r\tes on :i* two horses c 7& daily d7 draw "o hundr$ p z fa/ & 7,i und]/&7 m easily ?an f\r draw sixte5 p]sons on our be/ mail-coa* roads1 ) less ?an "o-tw5tie? ! we> & te> to ! vehicles ?an takes place z to coa*es on roads3 on advantage1 ! money value ( :i* w be inadequately express$ by say+1 t z x w\ld co/ above ?irty ?\s& p\nds p] mile to give u roads on :i* ! same p[] c\ld d ! same "w1 ) ! same small exp5se ( we>1 te>1 & curr5t exp5ses1 ! simple ?\ght ( a private g5tleman1 :om ! eng9e]s ( ! day w\ld h pron\nc$ a 8nobody0 9 po9t ( sci5tific au?ority1 has possess$ ! nation ( :at x w\ld h co/ above "o hundr$ millions /]l+ to pur*ase1 _h said eng9e]s be5 employ$ to procure an equal am\nt ( roads1 ( equally easy draught1 & little 8we> & te>0 = u4 ,yet are ^! g5tlem5 look$ up to z infallible2 & all[$ to fulm9ate _! ana!mas ) respect to :at !y please to pron\nce 8impossible0 z if !y 7 omnisci5t4 ,! actual *>ges ! pass5g]-boats1 :i* n[ run daily 7at ! rate ( t5 miles an h\r7 betwe5 ,john/one & ,glasg[1 are1 "o p5ny p] head p] mile 9 ! fir/ cab91 & ?ree f>?+s p] head p] mile 9 ! second cab94 ,h[ mu* less ^! *>ges are ?an turnpike-road f>es1 ne$ n be po9t$ out3 my object be+ to submit1 t equally z our canals hav+ = ^! ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury rema9$ only r\tes = goods at c>ri]s'-waggon rates1 :5 !y might1 all along1 h be5 r\tes = pass5g]s at ! highe/ rates :]eat x is possible = horses to g1 proves t ! eng9e]s ( ! day knew no?+ :atev] ( a subject :i* !y pr(ess$ fully & entirely to und]/&--s may !y be equally ignorant ( ! m]its ( ! proposition :i* !y h s ridicul$ & condemn$ me = presum+ to br+ =w>d2 & :i* is1 z exactly :at !y t]m x1 z !y demon/rat$ x to be 8impossible0 to be convey$ at mail-coa* & po/+-rates along canals4 ,n[1 great z is ! hon\r due to ! eng9e]s ( ! pres5t day1 = ?us p]mitt+ ! accid5tal ?\ght ( a private g5tleman to possess ! nation 7z x 7 by ! /roke ( a w&7 ( #cjjj miles ( liquid way1 ov] :i* conveyance may take place at rates ( f #aj to #ae miles an h\r1 = "o-t5? ! exp5se1 & less ?an "o-t5? ( ! we> & te> t takes place on roads1 aft] !y _h demon/rat$ t no great] rate ?an two or ?ree miles an h\r c\ld be atta9$ on said r\tes2 &1 greatly z ! canal int]e/ mu/ be indebt$ to !m1 = suff]+ !m 7! canal int]e/71 9 consequ5ce ( said demon/ration1 to lose ! millions ^u millions !y might h receiv$ ( ! public1 = conveyance at ^! rates ( #aj or #ae miles an h\r1 dur+ ! ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury canals h be5 9 op]ation among u--equally z ! eng9e]s ?us des]ve public gratitude1 d !y also des]ve x = ! mann] 9 :i* !y h suff]$ ! law ( motion1 by means ( :i* ! /age-coa*man 8sw+s0 8 vehicle up ! fir/ "p ( a hill1 to rema9 useless ) respect to t improvem5t ( our turnpike-roads :i* x admits (2 & :i*1 ?\gh n equal 9 money-value to ! 8idea0 ( ,mr4 ,h\/on1 :i* has j be5 describ$1 is yet highly important4 ,! law itself is 8old z ! hills20 &1 not)/&+ t ! advantage tak5 ( x by /age-coa*m5 :5 com+ to ! bottom ( a rise1 is n q ( su* long /&+1 yet is x old en\gh to h po9t$ out an advantage\s alt]ation 9 ! arrangem5t ( all our turnpike roads1 _h ! eng9e]s "u ^: direction said roads 7 laid out1 b avail$ !mselves ( x4 ,by ! table giv5 on page #cc x appe>s1 t if a vehicle be mov+ on a level ) a velocity ( #b miles an h\r1 its mom5tum w 7"u ! circum/ances !re /at$7 c>ry x up a rise to ?ree in*es ( p]p5dicul> height3 :ile1 if ! rate ( motion be twice1 & f\r times #b miles an h\r--i4e4 #e & #aa miles--! mom5tum w c>ry x up heights ( "o foot & f\r feet respectively3 & ! foll[+ table gives ! altitudes due to e int]m$iate mile ( rate3 ,bodies mov+ on levels at ! "u ,h mom5ts1 :i* m5tion$ velocities1 ! motions ( :i* 7friction be+ are *ang$ f horizontal to asc5d+1 by c\nt]act$7 w means1 ei!r ( angul> or circul> asc5ts4 cause !m to rise to ! "u-m5tion$ heights above ! level :]e ^? velocities 7 atta9$1 let ! rate ( rise1 or angle ( asc5t1 be :at x may4 ,,miles ,,p] ,,h\r4 ,,feet4 ,,in*es4 #c #j #c #d #j #f #e #j #aj #f #a #b #g #a #g #h #b #a #i #b #h #aj #c #d #aa #d #j #ab #d #i #ac #e #g #ad #f #f #ae #g #f #af #h #f #ag #i #g #ah #aj #i #ai #ab #j #bj #ac #d ,a velocity ( six miles an h\r be+ ?us capable ( giv+ mom5tum suffici5t to enable any vehicle to surm\nt an asc5t ( above "o foot 9 p]p5dicul> height1 let ! angle ( asc5t or rate ( rise1 be :at x might1 x has be5 necess>y only to lay out our turnpike-roads 9 alt]nate %ort levels1 ) %>p rises ( "o foot 9 height betwe5 !m1 simil> to ! l9e bel[1 to r5d] all our roads level1 9 po9t ( effect1 to e vehicle :i* w5t at ! rate ( six miles an h\r2 s9ce1 z ! cont9u$ draught ( ! horse w\ld ov]come1 neutralise1 & 7z relates to its c\nt]active effect7 annihilate ! friction ( ! :eels & axes dur+ ! asc5t1 ! mom5tum imp>t$ by t velocity w\ld enable ! vehicle ( itself to rise up1 & surm\nt ! asc5t1 )\t any extra ef=t on ! "p ( ! horse3 :ile1 suppos+ t ! practice ( /age-coa*m5 7 to be imitat$1 & ! horses ( ^! six-miles-an-h\r vehicles pu%$ to a pace ( twelve miles an h\r = a few y>ds be=e ! :eels actually t\*$ ^! rises1 s z to give ! vehicle a velocity ( #ab miles an h\r at ! mom5t ( its beg9n+ to asc5d !m1 ! mom5tum imp>t$ by ?is velocity w\ld c>ry ! vehicle up f\r feet n9e in*es p]p5dicul>1 in/ead ( "o2 s t ! road might be laid out 9 alt]nate levels & rises ( f\r feet4 ,x is true t1 suppos+ ?is pr9ciple to be act$ on1 half ! wid? ( ! road mu/ be left 9 ! usual mann]1 9 ord] to enable waggons1 :i* d n move fa/] ?an two or ?ree miles an h\r1 to pass ov] x4 ,b z ! sl[ rate ( two miles an h\r w give mom5tum en\gh to admit ( a rise ( #a in*es be+ surm\nt$1 ! pr9ciple might be tak5 "s advantage (1 ev5 on ! half ( ! road appropriat$ to waggons2 s9ce rises n exce$+ #a in*es ea*1 c\ld be surm\nt$ by vehicles :i* did n move fa/] ?an two miles an h\r4 ,h[ev]1 leav+ ! waggon-half ( ! road to ! usual arrangem5t1 ! advantage (1 z x 71 do+ away ) all hills & rises1 & r5d]+ all our roads level 79 po9t ( effect7 to all vehicles travell+ at ! rate ( six miles an h\r1 might h amply repaid ! exp5se ( ?is sugge/$ alt]ation 9 ! =m ( ! roads1 _h ! eng9e]s "u ^: direction !y 7 cut1 b laid !m out 9 t mann]3 :ile1 suppos+ t a rate ( #af miles an h\r c\ld be atta9$ by pu%+ ! horse to a gallop j be=e rea*+ ! asc5t1 ! levels & rises might be laid out 9 gradations ( eight feet ea* in/ead ( f\r feet4 ,b let ! heights ( ^! propos$ elevations be :at !y might1 ! advantage ( 79 effect7 do+ away ) all hills & rises1 & ( r5d]+ our roads level to u all ov] ! k+dom w\ld be atta9$2 :i* might prove ample rew>d = v>y+ ! m]e =m ( ! roads2 & w\ld n1 ,i ?9k1 h be5 unwor?y ! notice ev5 ( our omnisci5t eng9e]s2 not)/&+ t ! way 91 & degree to :i* !y h neglect$ & slight$ ?is law ( motion1 ) respect to its application to railways z well z to turnpike-roads1 proves !m1 "o & all1 to h be5 equally p]cipi5t ( its advantages1 z !y 7 ( ! practicability ( rapid conveyance on canals2 & z !y are ( ! m]its ( ! me?od ( transmission :i* ! individual :o has n[ ! hon\r ( address+ y is presumptu\s en\gh to ?9k des]v+ ev5 ( ,,_! att5tion3 omnisci5t z !y deem !mselves relative to x2 & omnipot5t z !y h1 hi!rto1 prov$1 ) respect to its condemnation & rejection4 ,%\ld ,i1 h[ev]1 be =tunate en\gh to meet ) any :o w measure ! compet5ce ( ^! g5tlem5 ?us to condemn1 by ! foll[+ /&>ds1 ,i _c b tru/ t my appeal f _! decision w be fav\rably receiv$4 ,! "q1 dive/$ ( te*nicalities1 resolves itself into ! ?ree foll[+ consid]ations4 ,fir/1 c we con/ruct iron 7or any o!r k9d (7 tunnels1 su* z w\ld be requisite = ! op]ation ( ! pr9ciple8 ,secondly1 c we con/ruct air-pumps l>ge en\gh to exhau/ f ! said tunnels ) ! necess>y rapidity8 ,&1 ?irdly1 c we make /eam-eng9es p[]ful en\gh to "w ^! air-pumps8 ,n[ z !re is no "o :o d5ies t we h ! p[] ( mak+ tunnels ( any size1 n exce$+ 7say7 twelve feet 9 diamet]1 nor t we c =m ! sep>ate segm5ts1 or pieces1 9 :i* su* tunnels might be ca/1 into cyl9drical 8l5g?s10 ( f t5 to fifte5 feet ea*1 s z to lay !m d[n & connect !m z 7suppose = ! pres5t7 gas ma9s are laid d[n & unit$--z no "o d5ies ?is1 ! second "q1 relat+ to ! air-pumps1 is ! fir/ to be repli$ to4 ,9 #ahbg !re 71 9 ,great ,brita91 #bhd smelt+ furnaces2 ! quantity ( iron made dur+ t ye> by :i*1 0 #fij1jjj tons4 ,bla/ app>atus be+ z indisp5sable app5dages to smelt+ furnaces1 z ! flux is to ! iron/one :i* is to be smelt$ 9 ^? furnaces1 x foll[s1 t 7) ! possibility ( exception :]e "o bla/ app>atus may be made to s]ve m ?an "o furnace7 !re mu/1 sev5 ye>s ago1 h be5 #bhd sets ( pneumatic app>atus = urg+ ! fires ( ^! furnaces to ! necess>y int5sity1 by =c+ curr5ts ( air into !m4 ,^! app>atus =m]ly v>i$ 9 =m1 f common bell[s on a l>ge scale1 to ! div]sities ( ! 8wat] bla/40 ,b ! :ole ( ^! v>ieties ( bla/ app>atus are n[ f\nd s inf]ior to :at are t]m$ 8bl[+ cyl9d]s0 t no "o :o erects a smelt+ furnace ev] ?9ks ( apply+ to x any o!r means = urg+ its fire ?an ?is latt] description ( app>atus4 ,^! 8bl[+ cyl9d]s0 are all air-pumps on a l>ge scale2 diff]+ f ! common air-pump only 9 be+ ( iron in/ead ( brass2 9 hav+ _! valves s arrang$ z to cause !m1 in/ead ( exhau/+ air f ! vessel !y op]ate on1 to bl[ into x2 & 9 _! be+ z mu* l>g] ?an a common air-pump z ! 8mon/] mort>0 us$ at ! late r$uction ( ! citadel ( ,antw]p is ?an a boy's sixp5ny cannon4 ,! l>ge/ ( ?is k9d ( air-pumps t ,i h se5 0 n9e feet 9 diamet]1 by an equal or r sup]ior height2 ?\gh an iron-f\nd] has in=m$ me t he once ca/ "o ( elev5 feet 9 diamet]4 ,& x is unque/ionable1 t x w require only ! prep>ation ( ! necess>y m\ld+ & bor+1 c4 c4 app>atus1 to make any numb]1 ( any diamet] we please1 n exce$+ 7say7 twelve feet4 ,suppos+ !m to be #aa4c feet 9 diamet]1 _! area w\ld be equal to #ajj squ>e feet2 &1 suppos+ ! velocity ) :i* _! pi/ons mov$1 to be only half t ( ! av]age velocity ( ! pi/ons ( /eam-eng9es1 ea* ( ^! air-pumps w\ld cause #aa1jjj cubic feet 7i4e4 ab\t #gj1jjj gallons7 ( air1 to pass ?r\gh ea* ( !m p] m9ute2 :i* air w\ld be drawn out (1 or =c$ into1 any ?+1 accord+ z ! valves 7 arrang$4 ,e "o ( su* pumps t 0 us$ to exhau/ air f a tunnel ( eight feet 9 diamet] w\ld produce a curr5t 9 x1 mov+ at ! rate ( two miles & a half an h\r2 :ile1 suppos+ t its pi/on mov$ at ! same velocity :]eat ! pi/ons ( /eam-eng9es 9 g5]al move1 ?is curr5t w\ld pass ?r\gh ! tunnel at ! rate ( five miles an h\r4 ,x be+ evid5t1 !n1 t x is necess>y only prop]ly to arrange ! size & numb] ( ! pumps1 to cause ! atmosph]e to ru% along ! tunnel at any rate we desire2 & x be+ a fact t we h1 9 daily op]ation1 ab\t #cjj su* air-pumps z ^! 7?\gh n q s l>ge7 !re is only "o rema9+ %elt] beh9d :i* ^! 8impossiblei/s0 c pret5d to scre5 !mselves4 ,! fir/ /eam-eng9e :i* ,b\lton & ,watt erect$ 9 _! manufactory ( ,soho z a specim5 = ! exam9ation ( ^? :o want$ su* ma*9es1 0 ab\t ! ye> #aghj4 ,! exact numb] we n[ h among u !re are no means ( asc]ta9+4 ,b ! au?ority :i* ,i h quot$ = ! exi/5ce ( #ae1jjj /eam-eng9es 9 ,great ,brita91 /ates !m to be ( ! av]age p[] ( tw5ty-five horses4 ,if ?is may be receiv$1 ! :ole am\nt ( 8horse p[]0 9 op]ation among u 9 #ahca 0 equal to t ( #cge1jjj horses4 ,& ev5 ?\gh x %\ld be necess>y to l[] ?is d[n to ,m4 ,dup9's e/imate ( #bjj1jjj horses 9 #ahbd1 !re w\ld rema9 an aggregate ample = our purpose4 ,s9ce1 if !re 0 n 9 #agij "o /eam-eng9e 9 ,man*e/]1 :ile !re are n[ ne>ly #cjj !re1 x may safely be assum$ t s mu* ! l>g] proportion ( ! ?\s&s ( !m :i* are n[ spread ov] ! k+dom h be5 made )9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 z to admit ( its be+ fairly inf]r$ t we h1 = _m ye>s pa/1 con/ruct$ !m at a rate equal to t5 ?\s& horses' p[] p] annum4 ,yet1 ) ^! facts almo/ z easily v]ifi$ z x w\ld be to obta9 copies ( all ! newspap]s publi%$ 9 ! k+dom1 & ) "s ( ^! eng9es s l>ge z to be equal to #cjj1 or #ejj1 or 7z quot$ 9 page #df7 ev5 #ajjj horses' p[]1 d ^! 8impossiblei/s0 say we _c obta9 p[] en\gh to "w ! air-pumps we %\ld require to pump ! air out ( ! tunnel4 ,j z1 tw5ty ye>s ago1 !y said we c\ld n use /eam to c>ry u across ! seas1 nor gas to light our /reets4 ,9 reply to a dem& ( ! great ,"l ,*a?am t a c]ta9 naval =ce %\ld be ready by a c]ta9 day = an exp$ition be contemplat$2 & :i*1 ! nature ( ! s]vice r5d]$ x necess>y %\ld be despat*$ z promptly z x 0 det]m9$ on1 ! !n fir/ "l ( ! admiralty /at$1 z an int5d$ conclusion to sev]al notes 7or messages7 :i* _h pass$ betwe5 ! two dep>tm5ts on ! subject1 t 8x c\ld n be done1 because x 0 impossible40 8,in=m ! fir/ "l f me10 said ! m9i/]1 8t ! s]vice ( ! /ate requires ! imm$iate despat* ( ! exp$ition3 & t if he1 ) ! milit>y m>9e ( ! k+dom at 8 ord] by virtue ( 8 (fice1 & ! comm]cial m>9e at 8 comm& by ! c\rse ( hir+ transports1 delays ! dep>ture ( ! exp$ition because he deems x impossible1 ,i w impea* him40 ,"u ?is alt]native1 ! 8impossibility0 vani%$1 & ! exp$ition sail$4 ,n[ z ! facts :i* ,i h adduc$ relative to ! exi/5ce ( all ! necess>y means = r5d]+ importantly available to g5]al use ! pr9ciple "h describ$1 prove t ! g5tlem5 ( t pr(ession :i* is devot$ to ! practical application ( me*anical sci5ce to ! public s]vice h1 = ^! sev5 ye>s1 proclaim$ to be 8impossible0 t :i* is z easily practicable z x 0 = ! fir/ "l ( ! admiralty to prep>e ! naval "p ( ! exp$ition ref]r$ to1 ,i leave x to !mselves to make evid5t :y !y %\ld n be impea*$1 z equally traitors to ! cause ( practical sci5ce1 z ! fir/ "l ( ! admiralty w\ld h be5 to ! /ate1 _h ! exp$ition n sail$ at ! p]iod ! m9i/] requir$4 ,^? :o w give !mselves ! tr\ble ( ! calculations necess>y to e/abli% ! tru? ( ! prec$+ /atem5ts relative to ! effect ( mom5tum1 x w be unnecess>y to rem9d ( any ( ! occurr5ces :i* prove x4 ,b ^? :o d n *oose to take t tr\ble1 may be rem9d$1 t a circum/ance (t5 witness$1 gives practical demon/ration ( ! accuracy ( ^! /atem5ts4 ,dur+ c]ta9 adhesive /ates ( ! cru/ ( ! road1 x is frequ5tly se5 :5 travell+1 t ! pressure ( ! :eels causes p>ticles ( e>? to adh]e to1 & rise f ! gr\nd1 /ick+ to ! tire ( ! :eel4 ,! adhesion ( ^! p>ticles ( e>? be+1 h[ev]1 soon de/roy$ by ! c5trifugal =ce imp>t$ by ! revolution ( ! :eel1 !y become1 ! mom5t x loos5s !m f ! :eel1 & all[s ! o!r influ5ce to op]ate1 project$ 9 directions v>y+ accord+ to ! position ( ! "p ( ! :eel to :i* !y adh]$1 at ! mom5t ( _! quitt+ x4 ,"s ( !m1 be+ c>ri$ to ! top ( ! :eel1 fly =w>d2 b ! majority1 leav+ ! :eel at ab\t ! height ( ! axle-tree1 become project$ v]tically1 & are se5 bobb+ up & d[n by ! w9d[s ( ! c>riage1 some:at l motes 9 ! sunbeam4 ,_! ?us ris+ & fall+ may1 p]haps1 hi!rto h be5 obs]v$1 )\t be+ reg>d$ z demon/rative ( any pr9ciple :i* may be r5d]$ subs]vi5t to our purposes4 ,b z !y are1 9 po9t ( fact1 evid5ces1 t ! mom5tum imp>t$ by ! velocity at :i* ! tire ( ! :eels is revolv+1 w cause bodies to rise to ! height ( ?ree or f\r feet p]p5dicul>1 above ! po9t ( ! :eel f :i* !y fly2 & z ?is velocity is exactly comm5surate ) t at :i* ! c>riage goes ov] ! gr\nd1 !y are unque/ionable pro(s1 t1 provid$ friction be annihilat$ z relates to c\nt]active effect1 by ! cont9u$ op]ation ( ! mov+ p[]1 ! vehicle itself w\ld asc5d an incl9$ plane ( any rate ( asc5t1 to ! same height to :i* !y rise above ! position ( ! "p ( ! :eel !y adh]$ to1 at ! mom5t ( _! fly+ f x4 ,b1 to leave ?is "q relative to mom5tum1 & return to t ( ! /eam-eng9es & air-pumps4 ,x be+ ! prop]ty ( air to neutralise1 or absorb1 a small] portion ( :atev] impulse may be imp>t$ to x1 ?an1 p]haps1 any o!r pond]able m$ium nature (f]s u1 ! p[] ( ! /eam-eng9es :i* op]at$ on ! air-pumps t exhau/$ air f ! tunnel1 might be br\ght to be>1--& t too1 )\t _! en]gy be+ s dim9i%$ z ev5 to approa* an insup]able objection--on ! vehicles 9 x2 & an effect 9 consequ5ce produc$1 :i* we _c1 at fir/1 conceive to be possible4 ,x is evid5t1 t x w n require ! p[] ( ! eng9es 7ea* equal to sev]al hundr$ horses' p[]71 by :i* ! air-pumps w\ld be work$1 to move "o1 or ev5 _m vehicles4 ,:at !n w become ( ! surplus p[]8 ,w x be lo/ 9 ov]com+ ! friction ( ! air1 z adv]t$ to at page #da2 or1 r1 may x n op]ate to increase ! rate at :i* ! vehicles w move8 ,& if s1 h[ _m times w ! rate at :i* we may be convey$1 exce$ t at :i* we n[ travel1 & :at is ! limit t w be atta9$ 9 ?is p>ticul>8 ,x is well kn[n t air w ru% into a vacuum at ! rate ( ne>ly a ?\s& miles an h\r4 ,n[ al?\gh x is no m expect$ we %\ld be convey$ at any su* rate z t1 ?an x is int5d$ we %\ld be plac$ 9 a vacuum1 yet are1 bo? ?is almo/ inconceivable velocity1 & :at is g5]ally express$ by ! t]m 8vacuum10 s connect$ ) ! subject ( consid]ation1 t x becomes unavoidable to adv]t to !m1 injuri\s z !y mu/ prove1 & /rongly z !y w array our preconceiv$ notions & prejudices aga9/ ! proposition4 ,x _c be d5i$ t we h ! p[] ( lay+ d[n a tunnel1 su* z has be5 ref]r$ to1 & ( adapt+ a railway to ! inside ( x1 = any di/ance we please3 &1 ?\gh x may n be 9 our p[] s to connect ! sep>ate 8l5g?s0 or cyl9d]s :i* compose x1 z to r5d] ! jo9ts p]fectly air-tight aga9/ a vacuum1 yet1 ) ref]5ce to ! trivial degrees ( exhau/ion necess>y = ! purpose "h contemplat$1 e jo9t may mo/ easily be made 8air-tight03 s9ce1 suppos+ ! degree ( exhau/ion to be equal to ! pressure at :i* gas is =c$ ?r\gh ! ma9s ( a public company ^: works ,i "k1 a load ( above #ajj tons w\ld be c>ri$ along a tunnel ( eight feet 9 diamet]1 at :atev] rate ! air 0 pump$ out ( x4 ,equally c]ta91 z x !re=e becomes1 t we h ! p[] ( ext5d+ ?is tunnel at pleasure1 is x1 t ! p[] ( mak+ & work+ any numb] ( air-pumps1 su* z h be5 ref]r$ to1 w enable u to exhau/ f1 & consequ5tly cause air to ru% ?r\gh x1 at rates s va/ly exce$+ any at :i* we n[ travel1 t our preconceiv$ notions & prejudices cause u to look on ! proposition z bo? impossible & absurd4 ,"o ( ! circum/ances :i* at fir/ /rikes u z fatal to ! proposition1 is ! inability to respire1 :i* we all feel we %\ld be liable to1 if convey$ rapidly ?r\gh ! air4 ,a mom5t's reflection w1 h[ev]1 enable u to see t ?is objection has no application :atev] to ! case4 ,x is n propos$ t we %all be convey$ rapidly ?r\gh ! air1 b t we %all cause air1 :i* we h fir/ set 9 rapid motion1 to convey u along ) x1 z fa/ z itself goes3 a /ate ( ?+s s diff]5t f go+ ?r\gh1 or aga9/1 & meet+ ! air1 t our suppos$ objection does n apply to ! case4 ,/at+ facts w1 h[ev]1 be ! be/ way ( settl+ ?is "q2 & = ?is purpose ! exp]i5ce ( our a]onauts is ref]r$ to4 ,mu* z !y h sometimes be5 inconv5i5c$ f ! r>ity ( ! air1 at ! heights to :i* !y h asc5d$1 yet h we nev] he>d !m compla9 ( be+ unable to brea! freely1 ow+ to ! velocity ) :i* !y 7 c>ri$ along ov] ! e>?'s surface1 not)/&+ t !y h be5 convey$ at rates ( #gj1 #hj1 &1 9 "o in/ance1 #afj miles an h\r4 ,& :y8 because t :i* 0 ! cause ( motion w5t ) !m4--8,i _h n10 says ,lun>di1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! fir/ asc5t ev] made 9 ,engl&1 8! slighte/ s5se ( motion f ! ma*9e4 ,i knew n :e!r ,i w5t swiftly or sl[ly--:e!r x asc5d$ or desc5d$--:e!r x 0 agitat$ or tranquil1 b by ! appe>ance or disappe>ance ( objects on ! e>?40 ,rapidly1 !re=e1 z !y h mov$1 yet h !y felt z if 9 a calm4 ,n[ exactly simil> 9 po9t ( respiration1 w\ld be ! feel+ ( ^? :o might be convey$ 9 ! propos$ tunnel4 ,! air1 be+ ! cause ( motion1 mu/ g1 at lea/1 equally fa/ z x drove !m1 & necess>ily be :]ev] !y 74 ,let ! rate ( motion !re=e1 be :at x might1 ! feel+ ( ^? :o exp]i5c$ x1 mu/ prove t ( be+ 9 a p]fect calm4 ,nor are ! objections we at fir/ conceive1 relative to ! effect :i* pump+ air f ! tunnel1 & produc+ :at only ! ^w vacuum 7inapplicable z x is7 w enable u to convey ! idea (1 at all m t5able4 ,! degree to :i* air w\ld be exhau/$ f ! tunnel might sc>cely ev] be suffici5t to s9k a b>omet] two in*es l[] ?an "o expos$ to ! atmosph]e /ood at2 s t ev5 7 we expos$ to x no inconv5i5ce w\ld be felt4 #fi ,b we nev] %all be expos$ to x1 any m ?an ^? :o witness ! cruel exp]im5t ( putt+ a m\se "u ! receiv] ( an air-pump1 & !n exhau/+ x1 are expos$ to :at ! little animal suff]s4 ,betwe5 ^? :o see & ! poor creature :i* feels ! effect ( ! app>atus1 is ! side ( ! receiv]4 ,& betwe5 ! "p ( ! tunnel 9 :i* ! exhau/ion1 or r ! diff]5ce ( d5sity is1 & ! pass5g]s 9 ! vehicle1 w\ld be ! end ( ! vehicle2 s t ?\gh close to !m w\ld be an atmosph]e r>] ?an 7we w suppose7 x might prove pleasant to be 91 yet w\ld ! atmosph]e !y actually 7 9 be ! same z t ( ! air at l>ge4 ,no inconv5i5ce1 !re=e1 c be exp]i5c$ 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,equally unt5able is ! idea we take up1 t x w be impossible s to adapt ! ends ( ! vehicles to ! inside ( ! tunnel1 z to cause !m to act z pi/ons 9 prev5t+ ! passage ( ! air by !m1 )\t occasion+ friction to a degree :i* %\ld deprive u ( all ! advantages ! air w\ld o!rwise give1 z a mean ( communicat+ motion4 ,9 ! la/ c>riage :i* ,i _h = ! tunnel ,i con/ruct$ at ,brighton1 !re 0 a space ( above an in* & a half 9 wid? left all r\nd betwe5 ! pi/on "p ( ! c>riage & ! tunnel1 ?r\gh :i* air ru%$ unimp$$4 ,yet did n ?is 8w9dage10 or leak1 ?\gh equal 9 ! aggregate1 to an ap]ture ( ?ree squ>e feet1 prev5t ! c>riage f spr++ =w>d to ! impulse ( ! air-pumps1 ) a read9ess ,i 0 surpris$ at4 ,nor did x ev] cause ! lea/ p]ceptible dim9ution 9 _! effect2 ow+ to ! small quantity ( air t pass$ ?r\gh x1 9 comp>ison ) ! imm5se quantity exhau/$ by ! pumps4 ,:5 ! ,brighton ,committee rode 9 t tunnel1 "o ( !m br\ght ) him a m\nta9 b>omet]1 t he might asc]ta9 ! degree ( 8vacuum0 or exhau/ion necess>y to move ! c>riage4 ,?is b>omet] 0 accord+ly susp5d$ 9 ! "p :]e ! 8vacuum0 0 to be produc$1 & ! v]ni] adju/$ ) ! greate/ accuracy4 ,b to 8 surprise ! degree ( exhau/ion 0 n suffici5t to l[] ! b>omet] 9 ! lea/ degree4 ,be+ aw>e ( ?is1 ,i _h _s gauges previ\sly prep>$1 "o ( :i* 0 fix$ 9 ! end ( ! c>riage4 ,b ev5 ?is gauge1 ?\gh ne>ly fifte5 times m s5sitive ?an ! b>omet]1 0 affect$ h>dly en\gh to be visible1 ! am\nt ( 8vacuum0 indicat$ by x1 be+ only ab\t t5 gra9s p] squ>e in*1 or less ?an ! t5-?\s&? "p ( a vacuum4 ,nor w\ld ! quantity ( air t ru%$ by ! pi/on-end ( ! c>riage be at all important1 ev5 :5 travell+ at v great velocities1 & ) heavy loads4 ,9 a tunnel ( ! diamet] :i* w\ld be prop] = su* l9es z ^? to ,bri/ol1 or ,s\? ,wales1 ! pressure requisite to move a load ( #ajj tons w\ld n be m ?an ab\t #ajj gra9s p] squ>e in*2 :i* w\ld cause air to ru% pa/ ! pi/on-end ( ! c>riage at ! rate ( ab\t #cj feet p] second4 ,!re=e1 ev5 c\ld no bett] adju/m5t ( ! pi/on-end ( ! c>riage & ! inside ( ! tunnel be effect$1 ?an took place ) respect to t at ,brighton1 only #ij cubic feet ( air p] second w\ld ru% pa/1 ev5 7 ! c>riages /&+ /ill2 :i* is only "o-t5? ( :at ! air-pumps ,i us$ !re 7 capable ( exhau/+ 9 ! same "t2 :ile1 on su* a l9e z ! ,bri/ol1 or ,s\? ,wales1 x w\ld n be "o-hundr$? ( :at ! exhau/+ app>atus w\ld take out 9 ! same p]iod2 s t n "o-hundr$? ( ! p[] w\ld be lo/ by x3 & ev5 ?is hundr$? c\ld easily be r$uc$ to a ?\s&?3 ! space left betwe5 ! pi/on-end ( ! c>riage 9 ! tunnel at ,brighton be+ purposely an in* & a half 9 wid?1 9 ord] t ,i might %ew1 by actual pro(1 h[ utt]ly unimportant 0 t objection :i* eng9e]s ( ! highe/ "n & reputation _h assur$ me mu/1 inevitably1 prove fatal to ! motion ( any c>riage 9 any tunnel4 ,& z ! c>riage1 in/ead ( /&+ /ill1 w\ld be mov+ =w>d1 ! loss ( p[]1 :i* w\ld1 o!rwise1 result f ! pressure requisite to give ! velocity z well z move ! load1 w\ld be equally unimportant z t aris+ f ! pressure requisite to move ! load alone4 ,) pressures s trivial z ^! capable ( produc+ practical effects1 & ) x fully practicable s to adju/ ! 8pi/on0 "p ( ! c>riages to ! tunnel1 z to r5d] ?is 8w9dage10 or leak1 p]haps less ?an "o-hundr$? ( t :i* ,i purposely caus$ 9 ! tunnel at ,brighton1 !re c be no difficulty1 ei!r 9 prev5t+ any important quantity ( air f ru%+ pa/ ! c>riages2 or 9 s connect+ ! 8l5g?s0 ( :i* ! tunnel w\ld be compos$1 z to r5d] ! jo9ts air-tight4 ,& z !re are no objections :i* ! eng9e]s c br+ =w>d1 t _c be repli$ to 9 an equally satisfactory mann]1 ,i ne$ n tr\ble y ) any additional answ] to !m4 ,x is n[ f\r ye>s ago s9ce ! locomotive eng9e competition took place on ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway4 ,9 all probability no proprietor ( ! ,k5s+ton ,canal happ5$ to be pres5t at t conte/2 yet is x equally probable t all 7 z fully conv9c$ ( ! fact f ! acc\nts :i* appe>$ 9 ! newspap]s1 z if y _h se5 x4 ,n[ ?\gh ,i _c give ! conviction aris+ f ! evid5ce ( y\r s5ses1 yet c ,i give /rong] evid5ce ?an ! public vehicles ( intellig5ce gave z to t competition1 by ref]r+ y to ! public au?orities & records ( ,brighton1 to "k :e!r ,i did n c>ry an appo9t$ numb] ( its inhabitants to & fro1 z ! locomotive eng9es w5t dur+ t competition2 8:510 says ,mr4 ,treasur] ,boo?1 9 8 8,acc\nt ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway10--8! prescrib$ di/ance1 x %\ld be und]/ood1 01 ow+ to ! circum/ances ( ! railway1 oblig$ to be accompli%$1 by mov+ backw>ds & =w>d on a level plane ( "o mile & ?ree qu>t]s 9 l5g?40 ,i did n1 x is true1 c>ry ^? g5tlem5 s f> z ^? eng9es w5t4 ,nor1 inde$1 0 !re any occasion = x4 ,_h x be5 necess>y1 !y c\ld h cont9u$ rid+ to & fro 9 my tunnel1 z long z ! locomotives ran to & fro on ! railway4 ,b1 z :5 !y _h satisfi$ !mselves t !re 0 no trick]y 9 ! motion ( ! c>riage1 & t x 0 really mov$ by ! air1 !y _h1 !n1 se5 all t x 0 necess>y to see1 to conv9ce !m t a long] tunnel w\ld enable me to move a c>riage equally f>1 z a long] railway w\ld h admitt$ ( ! locomotive eng9es go+1 !y gave ov] rid+1 8because10 z ! ,editor ( ! ,brighton ,h]ald says1 9 ! extract :i* ,i h quot$ f t pap]1 8because !y became s conv9c$ t ! invisible & intangible m$ium we brea!1 might be r5d]$ a safe & exp$iti\s means ( gett+ u f "o place to ano!r1 z to be tir$ ( rid+40 ,7 x necess>y = y\r int]e/ t a gas-pipe %\ld be laid ?r\gh\t ! l9e y propose1 y\r inquiry ( ! eng9e] y might employ w\ld be1 n :e!r ! gas w\ld pass ?r\gh su* a l5g? ( pipe1 because y "k t to h be5 long e/abli%$1 & to be e day act$ ^u1 b :at w\ld be ! exp5se ( x2 t is1 x w\ld be a money "q1 n a "q ( practicability4 ,! tunnel ,i con/ruct$ at ,brighton 0 ne>ly eight feet 9 diamet]1 :ile ! air-pumps ,i adapt$ to x 7 l>ge en\gh to make an artificial w9d bl[ ?r\gh x at ! rate ( t5 miles an h\r4 ,& d\bl+1 tripl+1 quadrupl+1 c4 c4 ! size1 or numb] ( ! pumps1 w\ld h d\bl$1 tripl$1 c4 c4 ! rate at :i* ?is w9d blew4 ,a common size = gas ma9s is eight in*es4 ,7 x prop\nd$ to y--8,c a m\se run ?r\gh a rat-hole1 let t bole be z long z x may80 y\r answ] w\ld n be dubi\s4 ,:y1 !n1 if x be prov$1 t we c1 ) pneumatic app>atus ( an almo/ inf9itely less effici5t nature ?an t :i* ,i purpose us+1 make air move ?r\gh small] pipes five1 fifte51 or ev5 fifty miles long1 #gb %\ld any d\bt be ent]ta9$ :e!r air-pumps w cause x to move ?r\gh "o ( eight feet 9 diamet]2 m p>ticul>ly1 :5 x is well kn[n1 t ! l>g] ! pipe ! less ! proportionate friction2 & :5 y\r l9e w be little m ?an two miles long4 ,! pressure by :i* ! gas is driv5 ?r\gh ! pipes ( ! "w ,i "k ! mo/ (1 is equal to an ounce & a half p] squ>e in*4 ,a simil> pressure on ! c>riage 9 my tunnel w\ld h mov$ above "o hundr$ tons4 ,! l5g? ( y\r l9e w\ld be only ab\t eighty times long] ?an ! tunnel ,i con/ruct$2 & z ! area ( y\r tunnel w\ld be ne>ly #aej times l>g] ?an ! eight-in* ma9s ?r\gh :i* ! gas is c>ri$ _m times f>!r ?an ! l5g? ( y\r l9e1 !re ne$ be no m "q z to :e!r1 or n1 ! pr9ciple w act ?r\gh\t y\r l9e1 m]ely because x is eighty times long] ?an my tunnel1 ?an !re is :e!r gas w\ld pass ?r\gh eighty l5g?s ( gas-pipe4 ,& z ! jo9ts :i* connect ! diff]5t 8l5g?s0 ( gas-pipes c easily be made air-tight1 s c\ld ! 8l5g?s0 & jo9ts ( ! tunnel4 8,"u ! trivial degree ( exhau/ion :i* w be necess>y10 says ! ,report ( ! ,russian ,eng9e] ,(fic]1 8r5d]+ ! tunnel suffici5tly air-tight w be f> less difficult ?an is at fir/ suppos$4 ,inde$1 ,i see s _m diff]5t ways ( do+ x10 cont9ues ! ,report1 8t ,i am satisfi$ x w\ld n1 9 practice1 prove m difficult ?an1 nor1 inde$1 s difficult z1 caus+ "s canals ,i h se51 to reta9 ! wat] let into !m40 ,foll[+ up ! illu/ration :i* ?is g5tleman ?us gives1 ,i beg to assure y ,i w gu>antee t ! tunnel %all n leak1 or let air improp]ly 91 s mu* z ,i see ! bas9 ( y\r canal leaks wat] out4 ,adv]se z 7 ! orig9al circum/ances ( ! great fa!r ( canal navigation 9 ,engl&1 yet did he put to signal %ame ! opposition & pr$ictions ( ! eng9e]s :o proclaim$ him a madman = pret5d+ t x 0 possible to c>ry a canal ov] a navigable riv]4 ,t5 ?\s& times m mad z ! eng9e]s ( ! pres5t day proclaim me1 & a hundr$ ?\s& times m absurd & 8impossible0 z !y h pron\nc$ my proposition to be1 yet1 ow+ to hav+ 9 my fav\r 7:at ,br9dsley _h n 9 87 ! circum/ance ( my pr9ciple hav+ be5 tri$1 ,i am enabl$ to oppose to _! ridicule & sne]s ! ,,fact t ,i h prov$ x on a scale1 :i*1 z relates to size1 0 fully1 & 9 e p>ticul> practical2 :ile x 0 less ?an practical 9 po9t ( l5g?1 only because no individual c\ld d t :i* x requires a public company & an act ( p>liam5t to d1 t is1 lay x d[n betwe5 places = actual trade4 ,%ort1 h[ev]1 z x 01 yet 0 x _m times long] ?an ! pipes ?r\gh :i* gas 0 fir/ c>ri$1 to prove ! practicability ( light+ our /reets ) t illum9ator3 :ile its l5g? 0 great en\gh to be equally conclusive1 z ! movem5t ( ! fir/ /eam-vessel built by ! introduc] ( /eam-navigation4 8,:510 says ,fulton1 8,i 0 build+ my fir/ /eam-boat at ,new ,york1 ! project 0 view$ by ! public ei!r ) indiff]5ce or ) contempt1 z a vision>y s*eme4 ,my fri5ds1 inde$1 7 civil1 b !y 7 %y4 ,!y li/5$ ) pati5ce to my explanations2 b ) a settl$ ca/ ( incr$ulity on _! c\nt5ances4 ,i felt ! full =ce ( ! lam5tation ( ! poet3 #8,tru?s w\ld y tea*1 to save a s9k+ l&1 ,all fe>1 none aid y1 & few und]/&4' 8,at l5g? ! day arriv$ :5 ! exp]im5t 0 to be put into op]ation4 ,to me x 0 a mo/ try+ & int]e/+ occasion4 ,i invit$ _m fri5ds to g on bo>d1 to witness ! fir/ successful trip4 ,_m ( !m did me ! fav\r to att5d z a matt] ( p]sonal respect2 b x 0 manife/ t !y did x ) reluctance1 fe>+ to be ! p>tn]s ( my mortification1 & n ( my triumph4 8,! mom5t arriv$ 9 :i* ! ^w 0 to be giv5 = ! vessel to move4 ,my fri5ds 7 9 gr\ps on ! deck4 ,!re 0 anxiety1 mix$ ) fe>1 among !m4 ,!y 7 sil5t1 & sad1 & we>y4 ,i read 9 _! looks no?+ b disa/]2 & almo/ rep5t$ ( my ef=ts4 ,! signal 0 giv52 & ! boat mov$ on a %ort di/ance1 & !n /opp$--& became immoveable40 ,:5 my oppon5ts c prove1 t because ,fulton's fir/ /eam-vessel w\ld1 on its fir/ trial1 move only ! 8%ort di/ance0 /at$ 9 ! above quotation1 x 01 !re=e1 impossible to move any o!r vessel f>!r by means ( /eam1 ,i may he$ ! clam\r !y raise ab\t my proposition n be+ practicable ?r\gh a long l9e ( tunnel4 ,until !n1 ,i c consid] x only z a pro( ( _! k be+ on a p> ) ! wisdom ( t mo/ le>n$ oppon5t ( ,galileo's !ory t day & night are occasion$ by ! revolution ( our planet on its axis1 :o1 9 answ] to ! qu]y1 8,h[ !n is x t ! sun gets back to1 & always rises 9 ! ea/ ( a morn+80 repli$1 t he w5t back by night1 :5 nobody c\ld see him4 ,9 conclud+1 ,i w endeav\r to gu>d aga9/ a circum/ance t may o!rwise be injuri\s to me1 by an obs]vation4 ,y w p]ceive t ! evid5ces :i* ,i h quot$ h be5 9 exi/5ce six or sev5 ye>s4 ,h[ !n1 x may be inquir$1 is x1 t a me?od :i* is spok5 ( s highly z ^? evid5ces speak ( ?is mode ( conveyance1 %\ld h rema9$ sev5 ye>s )\t hav+ be5 put into actual practice1 or br\ght any ne>] to t consummation ?an x 0 :5 ^? docum5ts 7 writt58 ,dur+ ! _m ye>s :i* elaps$ betwe5 ! p]iod ( ,columbus's fir/ propos+ to ,f]d9& & ,isabella ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 & _! actually sett+ him afloat to d x1 he s5t 8 bro!r ,b>?olomew to ,engl&1 to lay ! proposition be=e our ,sev5? ,h5ry1 :o1 he expect$1 w\ld ent]ta9 x4 ,h5ry did ent]ta9 x2 & w\ld h possess$ ,engl& ( ! s\!rn m firmly ?an %e aft]w>ds became possess$ ( ! nor!rn half ( ,am]ica1 b = ! mis=tune :i* prev5t$ ,b>?olomew ,columbus f approa*+ him1 till ,isabella _h agre$ )1 & dispat*$ ,columbus himself4 8,9 8 voyage to ,engl&10 says ! hi/orian ( ,am]ica1 8,b>?olomew ,columbus _h be5 s un=tunate z to fall into ! h&s ( pirates2 :o1 hav+ /ripp$ him ( e ?+1 deta9$ him a prison] = sev]al ye>s30 r$uc+ him to su* pov]ty1 t :5 releas$ f captivity1 he c\ld 9 no o!r way obta9 ! means ( procur+ a dress fit = 8 appe>ance be=e ! k+1 ?an by employ+ himself 9 draw+ maps4 ,circum/ances :i*1 morally speak+1 are exactly simil> to ?is captivity & imprisonm5t ( ,b>?olomew ,columbus--except+ t !y fail$ 9 compell+ me to sign away ! pat5t rights1 to wre/ :i* f me !y 7 in/itut$--h equally h9d]$ & r$uc$ me3 occasion+ ! de/ruction ( ! tunnel :i* ,i con/ruct$ to demon/rate1 practically1 ! tru? ( ! proposition2 & depriv+ me ( all means ( prov+ x1 except by c>ry+ small ?+s on an exp]im5tal scale1 in/ead ( p]sons on a practical "o4 ,z relates to myself1 ,i h no desire to obtrude ! details ( ! oppression & inju/ice practis$ ^u me1 on any "o4 ,b ) respect to ! subject ,i advocate1 ,i am mo/ anxi\s t ! :ole _w %\ld "k t ,i c\rt ! fulle/ inquiry1 & am ready to answ] e "q4 ,z "o pro( ( ?is1 & to %ew t !re is no?+ :i* ,i ne$ to blu% =1 any m ?an ,b>?olomew ,columbus _h cause to blu% = be+ imprison$ by ! pirates1 ,i beg to direct y\r att5tion to ! annex$ copy ( ! ,petition ,i pres5t$ to ,p>liam5t2 ( :i* only an extract is giv5 9 page #ai4 ,solicit+ ! fav\r ( y\r p]us+ x1 ,i h ! hon\r to be1 ,my ,lords1 & ,g5tlem51 ,y\r v ob$i5t1 ,& mo/ humble ,s]vant1 ,,john ,,vallance4 ,,app5dix4 ,,z ! fir/ evid5ce t 8! obs]vations :i* w be f\nd 9 ! c\rse ( ?is lett] relative to ! effects ( mom5tum1 are n ( su* rec5t orig9 9 my m9d1 z ,mr4 ,badnall /ates 8 idea relative to ! undulatory railway to h be5 9 810 ,i obs]ve1 t 9 ! specification ( my pat5t1 aft] decl9+ to level = ! c\rse ( my tunnel by cutt+ ?r\gh hills or fill+ up vallies1 z is done = railways1 ,i /ate1 t ,i c>ry x up & d[n !m 7provid$ !y are n precipit\sly abrupt7 = ! reason1 t 8! mom5tum x 7! c>riage7 may ?us acquire1 w be advantage\s 9 o!r ways ?an m]ely c>ry+ itself =w>d40 ,secondly4 ,! la/ s5t5ce ( ! p>agraph comm5c+ 8,t5?ly10 9 ! ,report ( ! ,russian ,eng9e] ,(fic]1 implies t t g5tleman _h und]/ood :at ,i h /at$ relative to ?is effect ( mom5tum1 f my communications to him4 ,?irdly4 ,! plan & section ( ! ,brighton & ,%oreham ,pneumatic ,railway1 :i* ,i deposit$ 9 ! ,c\nty ,c\rt 9 #ahbg1 & 9 ,p>liam5t at ! beg9n+ ( ! session ( #ahbh1 prove t ! :ole rise f ,%oreham ,h>b\r to ! spot on ! top ( ! hill above ,brighton 7old7 ,*ur*1 :]e ,i int5d$ said ,pneumatic ,railway %\ld t]m9ate1 0 7,i =get ! exact am\nt1 b7 ab\t #ahj feet3 ( :i* rise1 ab\t #aej feet took place 9 ! la/ half mile2 giv+ a rate ( ab\t #a 9 #ah3 up :i* rise ,i look$ to mom5tum1 z ! pr9cipal means ( gett+ ! #ajj1jjj tons ( goods ,i calculat$ on c>ry+ betwe5 ^? places4 ,f\r?ly4 ,9 my lett] to ,mr4 ,ric>do1 9 answ] to 8 pamphlet aga9/ me1 ,i obs]ve1 t aft] totally omitt+ to take into consid]ation ! important effect :i* mom5tum 7z well ( ! air itself z ( ! vehicle7 w\ld h 9 modify+ ! motion1 & prev5t+ ! /oppage ( ! c>riage1 9 ! way y describe at page #ba1 y exclaim1 8,?is !n1 is a true philosophical explanation1 ( :at w take place 9 ! action ( a c>riage impell$ by atmosph]ic pressure60 ,aga9/ su* philosophy z ?is ,i prote/1 9 ju/ice bo? to myself & ! public4 ,z ! basis ( lectures deliv]$ at y\r ,me*anics' ,in/itution1 :]e --8words ( le>n$ l5g? & ?und]+ s\nd ,amaze ! op]atives rang'd ar\nd10 x may h suffic$4 ,b :5 held up z a crit]ion by :i* ! public m9d is to take its tone = my condemnation1 ,i am compell$ to pron\nce x philosophy ( :i* its au?or ought to be a%am$4 ,^! evid5ces be+ all ( dates sev]al ye>s ant]ior to ! p]iod :5 ,mr4 ,badnall /ates ! idea ( 8 8,undulat+ ,railway0 fir/ occurr$ to him1 ,i %all be liable to no *>ge ( propos+ to avail myself ( mom5tum 9 consequ5ce ( 8 hav+ propos$ 8,undulat+ ,railways40 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,s4 ,,hodson1 ,pr9t]1 #ae1 ,cross ,/reet1 ,hatton ,g>d54 ,,footnotes4 #d;a ,i h kn[n a b>ge ( 7app>5tly7 fifty tons bur!n1 come up ! :ole l5g? ( y\r canal1 ) no?+ b f\rte5 tons ( coal to l& at y\r bas94 #d;b ,9 8 ,report on ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 ,mr4 ,walk] /ates ! price ( ! #dj1jjj tons ( coal1 :i* he suppos$ might be requir$ = ! locomotive eng9es1 at #es4 #aj;d4 p] ton4 ,! #be1jjj tons :i* he suppos$ might be requir$ = ! /ation>y eng9es1 he /ates at ! price ( #bs4 #f;d4 p] ton4 ,9 _! review ( ?is ,report1 ,messrs4 ,/eph5son & ,locke /ate ! price ( coal at #ds4 #f;d4 p] ton = #cg1bbb tons4 #e ,! capital requisite to complete ?is railway 0 fir/ ann\nc$ to be a million & a half4 ,!n x 0 rais$ to two millions4 ,!n x 0 rais$ to ?ree millions1 9 ord] to admit ( a 8quadruple l9e0 7t is1 eight l9es ( rails17 be+ laid d[n4 ,& cr$it is n[ tak5 = its *eapness1 because1 aft] ann\nc+ t ?ree millions w\ld be suffici5t to lay d[n a 8quadruple0 railway1 two millions & a half are /at$ z ! e/imat$ exp5se ( a 8d\ble0 railway4 ,t is1 aft] hav+1 by adv]tisem5t ^u adv]tisem5t1 ann\nc$ t ?ree millions w\ld be en\gh to lay d[n eight l9es ( rails1 cr$it is tak5 = f9d+ out t f\r l9es w co/ two millions & a half3 :5 ! fact is1 t ! e/imat$ exp5se is r$uc$ only "o-six?1 :ile ! "w :i* said ?ree millions 7 /at$ to be en\gh to d1 is r$uc$ "o half4 ,9 o!r words1 twop5ce-halfp5ny is *>g$ = half ! loaf1 aft] x _h be51 9 e possible way trumpet$ =?1 t ! :ole loaf w\ld be sold = ?reep5ce3 :ile ev5 ?is twop5ce-halfp5ny is liable to additions su* z ! foll[+ pages adv]t to4 #f ,i believe t ! av]age wid? is n ! half ( #ff feet3 & t x is1 9 p>ts1 mu* less ?an half1 is prov$ by v>i\s circum/ances2 "o ( :i* is ! foll[+ acc\nt ( an 8,accid5t on ! railway4--,an accid5t fatal to a poor man nam$ ,?omas ,ryans1 took place on ! railway on ,monday la/4 ,ryans 0 employ$ by ! ,railway ,company z a breaksman2 & 0 engag$ 9 8 bus9ess on a small tra9 ( goods drawn by ! ,vulcan eng9e4 ,:5 )9 a %ort di/ance ( a bridge1 he1 = "s purpose1 project$ 8 head ov] ! side ( ! waggon1 &1 melan*oly to relate1 x came 9 contact ) ! buttress ( ! bridge4 ,! poor fell['s bra9s 7 knock$ out on 8 *eek2 b he l+]$ "s "t be=e dea? end$ 8 suff]+s4--,man*e/] ,c\ri]40--,morn+ ,h]ald1 #bg? ,sept4 #ahca4 #h ,mr4 ,badnall's rec5t pat5t may make x advisable to /ate t ?is p>agraph1 z well z ! f> great] "p ( ! ,lett]1 0 writt5 prior to1 & got ready = deliv]y at a meet+ ( ! ,k5s+ton ,canal ,company1 :i* 0 fix$ = ! #bf? ( ,septemb]1 #ahcb4 ,ow+1 h[ev]1 to ?is meet+ hav+ be5 def]r$1 s9e die1 by an adv]tisem5t 9 ! ,times ( ! #ba/ ( t mon?1 opportunity has be5 giv5 = additions2 ?\gh ! p>agraph to :i* ?is note ref]s1 has nei!r be5 add$ to1 nor alt]$1 s9ce x 0 fir/ writt54 #aj;a ,! decision ( ! ,committee report$ to ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 01 t 8,x does n appe> to ! ,committee t ! promot]s ( ! bill h made out su* a case z w\ld w>rant ! =c+ ( ! propos$ railway ?r\gh ! l&s & prop]ty ( s great a proportion ( diss5ti5t l&[n]s & proprietors40 #aj;b 8,! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway1 9 seek+ an act1 sp5t #ej1jjjl43 &1 z !y did n get ! act1 t sum 0 lo/ to !m40 ,mr4 ,hodgson's spee*1 at ! ,liv]pool & ,birm+ham ,railway meet+1 held at ,liv]pool on ! #ba/ ( ,septemb] la/4 #aa #dhhl4 p] mile1 p] annum4 #ac ,vide ,grahames' ,lett] to ,wood on ,*apt] ,,ix4 ( 8 ,practical ,treatise on ,railways3 & 8 8,lett] to ! ,trad]s & ,canal ,c>ri]s1 on ! ,navigations connect+ ,liv]pool & ,man*e/]40 #ad;a ,?is allusion is to ! numb] ( miles betwe5 ,brighton & ,london3 :i* 0 ! comp>ative l5g? ( :at !y saw4 #ad;b ,memb] = ,lewes1 & pr9cipal gr\nd l&lord ( ,brighton4 #ad;c ,b>onet & magi/rate = ! c\nty4 #ad;d ,vic>4 #ad;e ,curate4 #ah ,?is ^w 8cyl9d]0 means ! tunnel4 #bj ,t is1 betwe5 ?ree & f\r hundr$ ?\s& gallons4 #bb;a ,t is1 #aa4c feet 9 diamet]4 #bb;b ,9 ! be/ ( ! l>ge /ation>y eng9es n[ made1 a bu%el ( coal w d ! "w ( #dd horses = an h\r4 ,!re=e to make a curr5t ( air :i* %\ld be capable ( convey+ #aj1jjj tons #ajj miles 9 an h\r1 w\ld require #dc bu%els ( coal3 :i* is n twice s mu* z "s /eam vessels burn 9 ! same "t4 #bf ,! propos$ ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway is to be sixty feet wide 9 ! n>r[e/ places2 not)/&+ t x is to h only ! same numb] ( l9es ( rails :i* y mu/ h2 :ile1 9 "s p>ts1 x w be betwe5 two & ?ree hundr$ feet wide4 ,! av]age wid? ( its :ole l9e w be #ib feet4 #bi;a ,an idea ( ! am\nt ( ^! cutt+s & embankm5ts may be giv5 by ! foll[+ /atem5t4 ,e "o rememb]s :at our s*ool days taught u1 relative to ! 8,great ,pyramid30 ! _m ye>s x 0 9 build+3 ! multitudes ( workm5 employ$3 & ! va/ sums exp5d$ to supply ^? workm5 ) m]ely 8g>lic & onions40 ,! excavations ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] railway1 w\ld1 if put 9 "o lump1 h =m$ a mass l>g] ?an t ( ! 8,great ,pyramid30 its cubical cont5ts be+ only #b1ihc1bfc y>ds2 :ile ! excavations = t railway am\nt 7accord+ to its treasur]'s /atem5t7 to #c1dje1jjj cubic y>ds3 or #aa1chf1hii cubic feet m ?an ! :ole mass ( ! 8,great ,pyramid40 #bi;b 8,a locomotive eng9e ( t5-horses p[] w draw #abj tons at ! rate a draught-h\se g5]ally travels2 or #ej tons at ! rate ( six miles an h\r4 ,i may "h rem>k t ! rate ( travell+ may be increas$ to surpass t ( mail coa*es2 & t ! locomotive eng9e w z readily convey #be tons 7includ+ its own weight7 at ! rate ( twelve miles an h\r1 z d\ble ! weight 9 twice ! "t40--,mr4 ,jessop's ,second ,report to ! ,committee ( ! ,propos$ ,railway f ,crom=d to ! ,peak ,=e/ ,canal1 at ,:aley ,bridge4 ,dat$ #bi? ,novemb]1 #ahbd4 8,an eng9e ( f\r horses' p[]1 employ$ by ,mr4 ,bl5k9sop1 impell$ a c>riage1 lightly load$1 at ! rate ( t5 miles an h\r2 & :5 connect$ ) #cj coal waggons1 ea* weigh+ m ?an ?ree tons1 x w5t at ab\t "o-?ird ( t pace40--,obs]vations on a ,g5]al ,iron ,railway1 by ,?omas ,gray4 #ahbe4 8,!y saw two locomotive eng9es1 = draw+ along ^! roads2 b !y 7 n at "w4 ,! boil]s ( ^! eng9es 7 eight feet long1 & f\r feet diamet]3 & !y usually took d[n f\rte5 waggons1 c>ry+ #ec cwt4 ( coals ea*1 at ab\t f\r miles an h\r4 ,! eng9e] said t he once took n9e load$ waggons1 "o mile 9 five m9utes & a half1 :i* is equal to elev5 miles an h\r40--,report ( a numb] ( g5tlem51 :o 7 deput$ to inspect ! rail-roads 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&1 relative to ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway4 #ahbd4 8,! ,company are also fully p]suad$1 t by means ( ! same p[]1 !y w be enabl$ to convey pass5g]s ) p]fect security1 & at a spe$ ( at lea/ twelve miles an h\r40--,report relative to ! ,liv]pool & ,birm+ham ,railway giv5 9 ,cumm+'s 8,illu/rations ( ! ,orig9 & ,progress ( ,rail & ,tram ,roads1 & ,/eam-,c>riages40 #ahbd4 8,x is e/imat$1 t on a level railway1 a well-con/ruct$ locomotive eng9e ( t5 horse p[] w1 )\t difficulty1 convey fifty tons ( goods at ! rate ( five miles an h\r1 & light] weights at a proportion$ increase ( spe$4 ,a p[]ful eng9e w "w goods ov] an elevation ( "o-eigh? ( an in* 9 ! y>d4 ,nor is !re ! lea/ d\bt b c>riages = ! conveyance ( pass5g]s1 or light packages1 may1 ) p]fect ease & security1 be propell$ at ! rate ( twelve miles an h\r40--,cumm+s' ,illu/rations ( ! ,orig9 & ,progress ( ,railways4 #ahbd4 8,by ! locomotive eng9e1 fifty tons ( goods may be convey$ by a t5-horse-p[] eng9e1 on a level-road1 at ! rate ( six miles an h\r2 & light] weights at a proportion$ increase ( spe$4 ,c>riages = ! conveyance ( pass5g]s1 at ! rate ( twelve or f\rte5 miles an h\r40--,c\ri]'s prelim9>y rem>ks to ! 8,memorial ( ! ,subscrib]s to ! project$ ,railway betwe5 ,liv]pool & ,man*e/]30 dat$ #a/ ,june1 #ahbd4 8,"o ( ! railway companies at pres5t contemplates a spe$ ( only eight miles an h\r2 b ano!r1 9 its prospectus1 speaks ( convey+ pass5g]s at twice ! spe$ ( ! pres5t /age-coa*es2 & we look =w>d1 pretty confid5tly to ! atta9m5t1 9 a few ye>s1 ( a velocity ( #bj miles an h\r4 ,sev]al millions /]l+ are already subscrib$ = accompli%+ ^! great projects40--,le$s ,m]cury1 #bd? ,decemb]1 #ahbd4 #cj 8,! railway a little beyond ,wav]tree-lane is c>ri$ ?r\gh a deep m>le cutt+1 "u sev]al massive /one ar*ways1 ?r[n across ! excavation to =m ! requisite communications betwe5 ! roads & f>ms on ! opposite sides ( ! railway4 ,beyond ! m>le cutt+ is ! great rock excavation ?r\gh ,olive ,m\nt1 ab\t half a mile to ! nor? ( ! village ( ,wav]tree4 ,"h ! travell] passes ?r\gh a deep & n>r[ rav9e1 #gj feet bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 little m space be+ op5$ out ?an suffici5t = two tra9s ( c>riages to pass ea* o!r2 & ! road w9d+ g5tly r\nd t[>ds ! s\?-ea/1 ! prospect is b\nd$ by ! p]p5dicul> rock on ei!r side1 ) ! blue vault above1 reliev$ at int]vals by a bridge high ov] head1 connect+ ! opposite precipices4 ,at night1 :5 ! natural gloom ( ! place is fur!r deep5$1 ! sc5e f ! bridges above w readily be imag9$ to be novel & /rik+4 ,! light ( ! moon illum9at+ ab\t half ! dep?1 & ca/+ a d>k] %ade on ! area bel[--! g5]al sil5ce int]rupt$ at int]vals by a noise l di/ant ?und]--pres5tly a tra9 ( c>riages1 l$ on by an eng9e ( fire & /eam1 ) h] lamps l two furnaces1 ?r[+ _! light onw>d 9 dazzl+ signal ( _! approa*--) ! /r5g? & spe$ ( a w>-horse ! eng9e moves =w>d ) its glori\s cavalcade ( m]*&ize f all c\ntries & pass5g]s ( all nations4 ,b ! spectacle is transi5t z /rik+2 9 a mom5t ! pageant is gone--! meteor is pass$2 ! fl>+ ( ! lamps is only se5 9 ! di/ance1 & ! obs]v]1 look+ d[n f ! battlem5t above1 p]ceives t all aga9 is /ill1 & d>k1 & solit>y4 8,em]g+ f ! ,olive ,m\nt cutt+1 y approa* ! great ,roby embankm5t1 =m$ ( ! mat]ials dug out ( ! excavation we h describ$4 ,?is embankm5t /ret*es across ! valley = ab\t two miles1 v>y+ 9 height f #ae to #de feet1 & 9 bread? at ! base f #fj to #ace feet4 ,"h ! travell] f9ds himself affect$ by s5sations ! v rev]se ( :at he felt a few m9utes be=e4 ,m\nt$ above ! tops ( ! trees1 he looks ar\nd him ov] a wide expanse ( c\ntry1 9 ! full enjoym5t ( ! fre% breeze1 f :atev] qu>t] x may bl[4 8,?is va/ embankm5t /rik+ly exhibits h[ mu* may be accompli%$ :5 our ef=ts are conc5trat$ on "o gr& object4 ,!re is a feel+ ( satisfaction by no means common-place1 9 ?us ov]com+ ob/acles & surm\nt+ difficulties1 9 mak+ ! high places l[ & ! r\gh places pla91 & advanc+ 9 "o /raight & direct c\rse to ! end 9 view2 :ile ! pleasure af=d$ by ! contemplation ( ?is great "w is fur!r enhanc$1 :5 consid]$ 9 contra/ ) ord9>y & e-day impressions40 p4 #ej-eb4 8,a few miles beyond ,newton is ! great ,k5yon excavation1 f :i* ab\t #hjj1jjj cubic y>ds ( clay & s& h be5 dug out1 "p be+ c>ri$ to =m ! l9e ( embankm5t to ! ea/ & we/ ( ! cutt+2 & ! rema9d]1 deposit$ z spoil banks1 may be se5 heap$ up1 l ,pelion ^u ,ossa1 t[]+ ov] ! adjac5t l&40 p4 #ee4 8,beyond ,*at ,moss we trav]se ! ,b>ton embankm5t1 cross+ ! l[ l&s = ab\t a mile betwe5 ! ,moss & ! ,worsley ,canal1 ov] :i* ! railway is c>ri$ by a neat /one bridge40 p4 #eg4 #cb ,9 evid5ce t ! obs]vations :i* w be f\nd 9 ! c\rse ( ?is lett]1 relative to ! effects ( mom5tum1 are n ( su* rec5t orig9 9 my m9d1 z ,mr4 ,badnall /ates 8 idea relative to ?is 8undulat+ railway0 to h be5 9 81 ,i beg to direct att5tion to ! te/imony giv5 by ! ,app5dix4 #cc ,i give ?is latt] d\bl+ to 8excite ! en]gies0 ( a r5[n$ /eam-coa* proprietor2 :o1 9 answ] to ! "q1 8,if y\r /eam-coa* has1 z y say1 gone at ! rate ( betwe5 ?irty & =ty miles an h\r ov] common roads1 h[ fa/ w\ld x run on a rail-road80 repli$1 8,at lea/ #bej miles an h\r40 #cd;a ,by head+ _! prospectus1 8,capital1 #c1jjj1jjjl40 #cd;b ,!re is "o manife/ation ( 8skill & exp]i5ce0 #cd;c 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,committee h be5 induc$ to l5d _! sanction to /atem5ts 9 _! ,report1 :i* m]its obs]vation4 ,! p>agraph imm$iately prec$+ ! ab/ract ( ! e/imate1 /ates t 8,! locomotive eng9es w1 9 no "p ( ! l9e1 h to surm\nt an incl9ation great] ?an #a 9 #cdj2 & = ! fir/ #ej miles out ( ,london1 none great] ?an #a 9 #ebh4 ,?is degree ( approa* to a level1 w r5d] ! locomotive eng9es mu* m effective1 & subject !m to less we> & te> ?an !y are on ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 "p ( :i* has an incl9ation ( #a 9 #ih40 ,at page #fj ( ,mr4 ,treasur] ,boo?'s 8,acc\nt ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway10 is giv5 a 8,section ( ! l9e ( ,railway1 f ,liv]pool to ,man*e/]10 :i* /ates t = #e-i?s ( a mile 7f ,liv]pool7 x is 8level20 t = ! next #e miles x has a fall ( #a 9 #ajib2 = ! next #a mile1 a rise ( #a 9 #if1 c4 c4 accord+ to ! foll[+ table3-- ,,miles4 #e_/i ,level4 #e ,fall1 #a 9 #ajib2 or #a foot 9 ab\t l-#e? ( a mile4 #a ,rise1 #a 9 #if2 or #a foot 9 #if feet4 #a ,level4 #a ,fall1 #a 9 #if4 #b ,fall1 #a 9 #bfdj2 or #a foot 9 half a mile4 #f ,fall1 #a 9 #hhj2 or #a foot 9 #a-f? ( a mile4 #d ,rise1 #a 9 #abjj2 or1 #a foot 9 ab\t ( a mile4 #d ,level4 ,n[ z x appe>s f ?is1 t1 ) ! exception ( ! mile & half :i* rises at ! rate ( #a 9 #if 7up f l-#f? to l-#crd ( :i* _! mom5tum c>ries !m7 ! "p ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway ov] :i* ! locomotive eng9es "w1 has no rise t is half s %>p z ! #a 9 #cdj1 nor any :i* is ne> s %>p z ! #a 9 #ebh1 adv]t$ to on ! ,bri/ol l9e1 x surpasses my compreh5sion to conceive :at !re c possibly be to 8r5d] ! locomotive eng9es mu* m effective1 & subject !m to less we> & te> ?an !y are on ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway02 :ile ,i am beyond measure surpris$1 t ! confid5ce ( g5tlem5 c\ld be s misl$1 z to expose !m to a refutation s palpable1 z ! /atem5t !y h ?us be5 betray$ into admits (4 #cd;c 8,conf\nd t ^w6 my un=tunate p5 ,_h well nigh prefix$ to x i & n40 #ch;a 8,extraord9>y ,p]=mance by ,/eam ,p[]4--,on ! occasion ( a sci5tific g5tleman lately visit+ ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 "s v extraord9>y p]=mances 7 effect$4 ,on two occasions1 a load am\nt+ to #ajj tons1 0 drawn by "o eng9e f ,liv]pool to ,man*e/]1 a di/ance ( above #cj miles 9 an h\r & a half2 be+ at ! av]age rate ( #bj miles an h\r4 ,x is said no =m] p]=mance effect$ on ! rail-road has come ne> ?is result40--,liv]pool ,adv]tis]4--,times1 #be? ,june1 #ahcb4 #ch;b ,! tunnel :i* ,i con/ruct$ at ,brighton1 0 /rong en\gh to be> ! pressure ?r[n on x by "o-?ird ( a vacuum4 ,"o-f\r? ( a vacuum w\ld move above #djjj tons 9 a tunnel #h feet 9 diamet]1 :ile any tunnel ,i might n[ lay d[n1 w\ld be t5 times /rong] ?an t ,i laid d[n at ,brighton4 #dj ,dr4 ,hutton1 at ! end ( a table ( resi/ances to bodies mov+ ?r\gh /ill air1 at rates v>y+ f two to ?irte5 miles an h\r1 says1 8,! resi/ance to ! same surface is ne>ly z ! squ>e ( ! velocity2 b gradually increas+ m & m above t proportion z ! velocity increases40 #da ,a h9t on ?is po9t4 ,! eng9e ) :i* ,watt fir/ prov$ 8 pr9ciple 0 n equal to a dog's p[]4 ,!re is "o n[ 9 ,cornwall said to be ( #ajjj horses p[]4 ,9 our fir/ /eam-boats1 eng9es ( only two or ?ree horses p[] c\ld be employ$2 & ! proposition to use l>g] ones 0 met by ! usual exclamation1 8,impossible60 ,we h n[ _m /eam vessels 9 :i* eng9es ( #bjj hones p[] are employ$2 :ile !re is "o 9 :i* !y are above #cjj horses p[]4 #de ,! av]age produce p] acre1 ?r\gh\t ! isl&1 is e/imat$ at #b qu>t]s = :eat1 #d = b>ley1 & #d = oats2 av]age1 #crds4 #df 8,/eam-,eng9es4--,x has be5 asc]ta9$ t !re are n[ 9 ,great ,brita9 n less ?an #ae1jjj /eam-eng9es at "w2 "s ( almo/ incr$ible p[]4 ,9 ,cornwall !re is "o ( "o ?\s& horses p[]40--,new ,mon?ly ,magaz9e1 = ,july1 #ahca4 ,indep5d5t ( ! l>ge air-pumps :i* ! iron ma/]s !mselves use1 ^? ,i put up to exhau/ air f ! tunnel :i* ,i con/ruct$ at ,brighton w\ld1 if work$ at an extraord9>y rate1 h pump$ five hundr$ ?\s& gallons p] m9ute ?r\gh x4 #dh;a ,! limits ( ! page r5d] x necess>y t ! scale ( l5g? %\ld be 9 hundr$?s ( an in*2 b z ! wid? w\ld h be5 imp]ceptible _h ! same scale be5 obs]v$1 t5?s are adv]t$ to = x4 #dh;b 8,hav+ p]=m$ :at 0 due to 8 c\ntry1 ,columbus 0 s little disc\rag$ by ! repulse :i* he _h receiv$1 t1 in/ead ( rel9qui%+ 8 und]tak+1 he pursu$ x ) fre% ard\r4 ,he made 8 next ov]ture to ,john ,,ii4 k+ ( ,portugal1 9 ^: dom9ions he _h be5 long e/abli%$1 & :om he consid]$1 on t acc\nt1 z hav+ ! second claim to 8 s]vice4 ,"h e circum/ance seem$ to promise him a m fav\rable reception4 ,he appli$ to a mon>* ( an ent]pris+ g5ius1 no incompet5t judge 9 naval affairs1 & pr\d ( patronis+ e attempt to discov] new c\ntries4 ,8 subjects 7 ! mo/ exp]i5c$ navigators 9 ,europe1 & ! lea/ apt to be intimidat$1 ei!r by ! novelty or boldness ( any m>itime exp$ition4 ,9 ,portugal1 ! pr(essional skill ( ,columbus1 z well z 8 p]sonal good qualities1 7 ?or\ghly kn[n2 & z ! =m] r5d]$ x probable t 8 s*eme 0 n altoge!r vision>y1 ! latt] exempt$ him f ! suspicion ( any s9i/] int5tion 9 propos+ x4 ,accord+ly1 ! k+ li/5$ to him 9 ! mo/ graci\s mann]1 & ref]r$ ! consid]ation ( 8 plan to ,diego ,ortiz1 bi%op ( ,ceuta1 & two ,jewi% physicians1 em95t cosmograph]s1 :om he 0 accu/om$ to consult 9 matt]s ( ?is k9d4 ,z 9 ,g5oa1 ignorance _h oppos$ & disappo9t$ ,columbus2 9 ,lisbon1 he _h to combat ) prejudice1 an enemy no less =midable4 ,! p]sons1 accord+ to ^: decision 8 s*eme 0 to be adopt$ or reject$1 _h be5 ! *ief directors ( ! ,portuguese navigations1 & _h advis$ to se>* = a passage to ,india1 by /e]+ a c\rse directly opposite to t :i* ,columbus recomm5d$ z %ort] & m c]ta94 ,!y c\ld n1 !re=e1 approve ( 8 proposal1 )\t submitt+ to ! d\ble mortification1 ( condemn+ _! own !ory1 & ( ackn[l$g+ 8 sup]ior sagacity4 ,aft] teas+ him ) capti\s que/ions1 & />t+ innum]able objections1 ) a view ( betray+ him into su* a p>ticul> explanation ( 8 sy/em1 z might draw f him a full discov]y ( its nature1 !y def]r$ pass+ a f9al judgm5t ) respect to x4 ,9 ! mean "t1 !y conspir$ to rob him ( ! hon\r & advantages :i* he expect$ f ! success ( 8 s*eme1 advis+ ! k+ to dispat* a vessel secretly1 9 ord] to attempt ! propos$ discov]y1 by foll[+ exactly ! c\rse :i* ,columbus seem$ to po9t out4 ,john1 =gett+ on ?is occasion1 ! s5tim5ts becom+ a mon>*1 meanly adopt$ ?is p]fidi\s c\nsel4 ,b ! pilot1 *os5 to execute ,columbus's plan1 _h nei!r ! g5ius1 nor ! =titude ( its au?or4 ,contr>y w9ds arose1 no sight ( approa*+ l& appe>$1 8 c\rage fail$1 & he return$ to ,lisbon1 execrat+ ! project z equally extravagant & dang]\s40--,rob]tson's ,am]ica1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #hf-hh4 #eb ,items3 up to ! #ca/ ,may1 #ahcj4 s4 d4 ,bridge acc\nt #ii1jfe #aa #i ,f5c+ #aj1bjb #af #e ,*at ,moss acc\nt #bg1gai #aa #aj ,cutt+s & ,embankm5ts #aii1gfc #h #j ,=mation ( ,road #bj1efh #ae #e ,l& acc\nt #ie1cje #h #h #deb1fbe #ab #a ,& ?is1 exclusive bo? ( ! #cjj1jjjl4 7ne>ly7 :i* has be5 exp5d$ s9ce1 & ( ! #acj1jjjl4 :i* is ! e/imat$ exp5se ( ! tunnel n[ 9 c\rse ( con/ruction4 #ec;a 8,railway ,accid5t4--,we are sorry to h to m5tion a v s]i\s accid5t1 :i* occurr$ on ,saturday1 on ! railway betwe5 ,k5yon & ,bolton4 ,! locomotive eng9e 0 go+ up ! l[] incl9$ plane1 ) a heavy load ( goods1 & at ! turn-(f at ,colonel ,flet*]'s coll]ies1 ran (f ! road1 & 0 un=tunately ov]turn$ aga9/ a bank1 & fell ^u ! eng9e] & fireman1 :o 7 kill$ on ! spot4 ,two o!r m5 7 rid+ on ! t5d]1 "o ( :om 0 dang]\sly hurt1 ! o!r scald$4 ,?is eng9e1 we und]/&1 0 ! only "o :i* 0 ev] work$ on a railway ) :eels ( six feet diamet]2 &1 on t acc\nt1 _h nev] be5 all[$ to take ! coa*es40--,times1 #bf? ,july1 #ahca4 8,on ,w$nesday morn+1 ! eng9e draw+ ! fir/-class tra9 ( c>riages f ,man*e/] to ,liv]pool1 on ! railway1 _h ! mis=tune to break an axle-tree1 :5 at full spe$1 ne> ,*at ,moss2 :i*1 aft] pl\gh+ ! gr\nd = "s "t1 w5t (f ! rails1 & drew ! :ole tra9 ov] ! embankm5t1 #ec;b :51 mo/ provid5tially1 out ( two hundr$ pass5g]s1 n a life 0 lo/1 or a limb brok54 ,sev]al p]sons 7 bruis$1 & "s s]i\sly40--,morn+ ,h]ald1 #i? ,decemb]1 #ahca4 #ec;b ,!re1 only a foot or two above ! gr\nd4 #fb ,! av]age numb] ( pass5g]s drawn by ! locomotive eng9es betwe5 ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] dur+ ! mo/ successful half ye> s9ce t railway has be5 op5$1 is #hg ea* j\rney4 ,^! boats c & h c>ri$ #aaj pass5g]s at "o "t1 ?\gh #ajj may be consid]$ an av]age numb]4 #fi ,air ( only ?ree-f\r?s1 two-?irds1 half1 & 9 ,joliffe & ,cornillot's asc5t1 ( less ?an half ! usual d5sity 7! b>omet] s9k+ to #ab4ae7 has frequ5tly be5 respir$1 )\t any s]i\s consequ5ces4 #gb 8,railroads1 9 _m in/ances light$ ) gas = a consid]able di/ance 79 "o in/ance = sixte5 miles7 are1 m or less1 trav]s+ e di/rict ( ! c\ntry40--,new ,mon?ly ,magaz9e1 ,july1 #ahcj4 8,! ,liv]pool & ,le$s ,railway4--,a bill is n[ "u ! consid]ation ( a select committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 = ! purpose ( connect+ by rail-roads ,liv]pool ) ! ports on ! ,humb]1 & !reby to br+ ! ,g]man ,ocean & ! ,iri% ,sea1 ! ea/]n & we/]n sides ( ! isl&1 )9 six h\rs' j\rney ( ea* o!r4 ,x is propos$ to h f\r l9es ( railway1 two = swift c>riages1 go+ & return+ ) light goods & pass5g]s1 & two = sl[] c>riages1 ) heavy goods & animals4 ,! :ole is to be light$ ) gas1 s z to be trav]sable by night z well z day1 & ! plan ( ! iron rails w secure ! c>riages f ob/ruct+ "o ano!r40--,times1 #ag? ,m>*1 #ahca4 8,! outl9e ( a plan has be5 /at$ to u1 = light+ up ! int5d$ l9e ( railway f ?is city to ,london ) gas4 ,our correspond5t says1 #8,( ! practicability ( ! ?+ !re c be no d\bt2 & x c]ta9ly w\ld be an improvem5t1 & create a great dem& = coals2 z ! gas might be cont9u$ f ! p>5t l9e to any ext5t4'0--,felix ,f>ley's ,bri/ol ,j\rnal1 #crd ,augu/1 #ahcc4