,transcriber's ,notes3 #a4 ,footnotes have been renumbered and placed at the end of the associated grammar article4 #b4 ,obvious typographical errors have been corrected4 #c4 ,in the text version only1 italicized letters are contained within braces 1 bold letters within _/4 #d4 ,the original book is available at the ,hathi,trust ,digital ,library4 #e4 ,additional transcriber's notes are placed at the end of this text4 ,,lessons ,,in ,,the ,,shanghai ,,dialect ,,by ,,rev4 ,f4 ,l4 ,,hawks ,,pott1 ,d4,d4 ---------- ,,revised ,,edition ---------- ,,printed ,,at ,,the ,,commercial ,,press1 ,,ltd4 ,,shanghai1 ,,china #aibd ,,table ,,of ,,contents4 ,page ,no4 ,ability to do #ci1 #ef1 #gc ,abstract ,nouns formed of two ,adjectives #aji ,adjectives #h ,adjectives ,comparison of #hb ,adverbs1 ,interrogative #bb1 #cj ,adverbs of ,place and ,time #ce ,aspirates vi ,classifiers #a ,comparison of ,adjectives #hb ,compass1 ,points of #hf ,compound ,verbs #ajd ,connectives #ai ,dzak1 ,use of #bg ,family ,relations #ii ,finals vii ,gender #ij ,importance1 ,expressions as to #ef ,initials vi ,interrogatives #aa1 #bb ,necessity1 ,expressions of #di1 #fa ,negatives #aa 8,not ,at ,all0 #fa ,numerals #f1 #eb ,numerals ,ordinals #gh ,passive ,voice #ce ,polite ,language #abj ,postpositions #ai ,potential ,mood #bb ,prepositions #ai ,pronouns #c1 #eb ,proverbs #abe ,questions1 ,asking #fi ,reduplication of ,verbs #bg ,reflexive ,pronouns #bg ,siang1 ,use of #fe ,subjunctive ,mood #bb ,time #cj1 #gh 8,time1 ,there is or is not0 #ef ,tones ix ,useful ,phrases #aac1 #aag ,verbs #ae ,verbs1 ,auxiliary #dd ,verbs1 ,compound #ajd ,verbal ,idioms #ci1 #ef1 #fa1 #fe1 #gc1 #gh ,vocabulary--,chinese-,english #abh ,vocabulary--,english-,chinese #adi ,weights and ,measures #ie ,,preface ,at a time when there is much discussion in ,china as to the desirability and possibility of the adoption of a uniform language all over the ,empire1 it may seem strange to put forth a book on the ,shanghai ,dialect4 ,the writer sympathizes fully with the aims of those who would make ,mandarin the ,medium of ,communication throughout ,china1 but at the same time feels very strongly that a great many years must pass before this can be accomplished4 ,local ,dialects die hard1 as witness the still existing varieties of speech found in ,great ,britain4 ,even more perfect means of communication binding the parts of a country closely together1 and even the introduction of a common language into the ,school ,system1 are not able of themselves to do away with the speaking of the old local dialect4 ,men cling persistently to the speech of their forefathers4 ,when we reflect that the so-called ,shanghai ,dialect is in reality the ancient language of the ,wu ,kingdom1 and is perhaps more closely akin to the original language of the ,chinese people than ,mandarin1 we can understand why it will last for many years4 ,further1 it has a very wide range4 ,although local varieties occur every few miles1 yet in the main the ,shanghai ,dialect is understood by at least #bj1jjj1jjj of people4 ,for the missionary working is the ,kiangsu ,province a knowledge of the local dialect is indispensable1 and the acquisition of it would be most useful for all those whose lot is cast to this part of ,china4 ,foreigners living in ,shanghai would find it a great advantage to speak the native language1 and in their business relations with the ,chinese would be greatly helped if they could converse is something better than the jargon known as 8,pidgin0 ,english4 ,it is for the purpose of making the attainment of a speaking knowledge of the language somewhat less difficult that the writing of this book has been undertaken4 ,it has seemed to the writer that the acquisition of a knowledge of the written characters1 and of the spoken language are two distinct things4 ,it is possible for one to learn to speak the language without being able to read the characters4 ,by the use of the clear and simple ,system of ,romanization1 adopted by missionaries in ,shanghai1 it is possible to represent approximately all the sounds employed in the dialect4 ,in these lessons this system is adopted1 and the student is urged to master it thoroughly4 ,if he will do so1 he can use these lessons and learn to speak the language even without knowing the characters4 ,the characters of all the words and sentences employed are given1 but they are put in the book for the benefit of the ,chinese teacher4 ,it would be unwise to trust entirely to the ,romanization4 ,the student in using the book should have a teacher by his side1 who by reading the ,chinese corresponding to the romanized sounds can give him a clearer idea of the pronunciation4 ,although in a sense the book is a short cut to learning the spoken language1 of course it is not meant to discourage the student from mastering the written language4 ,this is however1 a distinct study1 and should be undertaken in a different way4 ,the best method for this will be to use a primer in vernacular containing the most familiar characters1 and then to advance from it to the reading of the ,new ,testament or other books in the vernacular4 ,vernacular books should be read first1 for the reading of them will be a great assistance in learning the spoken language4 ,after the first year1 books in the literary style 7,wn-li7 should be begun4 ,in using this book1 the first thing to be mastered thoroughly is the introductory matter4 ,the student must get this first1 for it is the key to the rest of the book4 ,he must also learn to distinguish the tones1 and the inflections of the voice which they imply4 ,then he will be ready to go on with the lessons4 ,although the book is divided into thirty lessons1 it is not expected that the student will be able to master a lesson a day4 ,some of the lessons will require three or four days' work4 ,in putting the ,english sentences into ,chinese1 the best plan would be to write out in the ,romanization what the student thinks the proper way of translating them would be4 ,then these sentences may be read to the teacher1 who will correct them1 and from the ,chinese text will be able to tell the right way to say them4 ,at present only thirty lessons are published4 ,the writer hopes1 however1 if the method proves to be useful1 to extend these lessons still further in the future4 ,in preparing these lessons1 many books have been consulted1 especially the lessons by ,dr4 ,yates1 which contain a most useful collection of words and sentences1 and have long been the standard book for learning the ,dialect1 the ,grammar by ,dr4 ,edkins which contains a mass of useful information in regard to the structure of the language1 and the ,mandarin ,lessons by ,dr4 ,mateer1 a most exhaustive work on spoken ,chinese4 ,the writer's thanks are due especially to ,rev4 ,j4 ,a4 ,silsby for the permission to make use of his clear statement of the ,shanghai ,system of ,romanization1 and to ,prof4 ,f4 ,c4 ,cooper for many suggestions and the trouble he has taken in reading the proofs4 ,the unfailing courtesy of ,rev4 ,g4 ,f4 ,fitch1 ,d4,d41 ,messrs4 ,gilbert ,mc,intosh and ,c4 ,w4 ,douglass has been much appreciated1 in the care they have taken in seeing the book through the ,press4 ,f4 ,l4 ,h4 ,p4 ,january #ast1 #aijg4 ,,the ,,revised ,,edition4 ,the compiler of these lessons is gratified to find that they have proved useful to students of the ,shanghai ,dialect4 ,he regrets that he has been too much occupied to prepare additional lessons4 ,in reprinting them care has been taken to make the necessary corrections4 ,the copy used by the late ,prof4 ,w4 ,o',b4 ,harding has been of great service in the work of revision1 as in it almost all the errors in tone marks1 punctuation1 and typography had been noted4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,tucker has very kindly compiled the vocabularies at the end of the book1 and in this way has enhanced its value4 ,the author's thanks are due to all those who have given him suggestions and pointed out mistakes4 ,f4 ,l4 ,h4 ,p4 ,april #bhth1 #aiji4 ,,new ,,edition4 ,in preparing the new edition1 the author has received most valuable help from his colleague1 ,prof4 ,f4 ,c4 ,cooper4 ,the two new lessons were suggested by him1 and the one containing more useful words and phrases is the result of his experience1 gained through teaching the book to a class of beginners4 ,my thanks are also due to him for the time and care he has spent in correcting the proofs1 and seeing the book through the press4 ,the author hopes the book will continue to be a useful stepping-stone in the acquisition of a knowledge of the ,shanghai ,dialect4 ,inasmuch as ,davis's ,shanghai ,dialect ,exercises may be used as a second book after the completion of this1 it has not been deemed necessary to add many new lessons4 ,f4 ,l4 ,h4 ,p4 ,october #bith1 #aiac4 ,in putting out this new edition1 the author has made necessary corrections1 and added a few new terms4 ,the ,chinese language is changing rapidly at the present time4 ,some expressions and terms formerly used have become obsolete and new ones have taken their place4 ,the ,french ,fathers at ,siccawei1 with the author's permission1 have published a ,french edition1 and it is gratifying to think that the influence of this book has in this way been further extended4 ,attention is called to a very good little book1 8,conversational ,lessons in the ,shanghai ,dialect10 prepared by ,dr4 ,frank ,rawlinson and ,rev4 ,j4 ,w4 ,crofoot1 which has as its subtitle 8,a ,supplement to ,dr4 ,pott's ,lessons40 ,the author would recommend it as a second book in the course on the study of the ,shanghai dialect4 ,f4 ,l4 ,h4 ,p4 ,november #ahth1 #aibd4 ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,shanghai ,,romanized ,,system4 ,nearly all the syllables are represented by the combination of an initial and a final1 a system which has been found to be well adapted to the ,chinese language4 ,,initials ,chinese sounds are divided into upper and lower series4 ,the initials to represent the ,,upper ,,series are--p1 'm1 'v1 t1 ts1 s1 'l1 'n1 'ny1 'ng1 k1 ky1 kw1 i and 'w4 ,these initials are pronounced in most cases much the same as in ,english1 but without aspiration1 higher in pitch and with very little vibration of the larynx4 ,the apostrophe before a letter indicates that the letter belongs to the 8higher series40 ,pure vowel initials also belong to this series4 ny has a sound similar to that of ni in spaniel4 ky ch in chuk with all aspiration eliminated4 i as an initial has the sounds of i in dahlia4 ,the ,,aspirates are--ph1 f1 th1 tsh1 ky1 ch1 khw1 h1 hy1 and hw 7th as in ,thomson--not as in thing74 ch ch in church4 hy is nearly like ti in ,portia4 ,the other aspirates are like the corresponding initials of the higher series with the addition of a strong aspiration 7indicated by h74 ,the initials to represent the ,,lower ,,series are--b1 m1 v1 d1 dz1 z1 l1 n1 ny1 ng1 g1 j1 gw1 y1 and w4 ,their pronunciation is much the same as in ,english4 ,they are lower in pitch than corresponding initials of the 8higher series10 and have more 8voice10 being pronounced with more decided vibration of the larynx4 ,the lower vowel initials1 indicated by an inverted comma 7#87 and attended with a slight aspiration1 belong to this series4 ,it will be noted that this sign differs from that employed to indicate that a consonant initial belongs to the upper series1 an apostrophe being used to denote the 8upper initial40 ,this inverted comma is used only before vowels1 and if1 by mistake1 this sign is used before a consonant instead of the apostrophe1 this need not confuse the reader1 for the sign of the upper series is properly used only before the initial consonants m1 v1 l1 n1 ny1 ng1 w1 and r4 ,it should be noted well that the difference between the corresponding initials of the upper and lower series is not so much a difference in consonantal quality as a difference in pitch1 but there is a real consonantal difference4 ,the higher series may be classified as surd and the lower as sonant4 ,,finals #a4 ,the ,,vowel ,,endings are--a1 e1 i1 au1 o1 oo1 eu1 u1 ui1 ia1 iau1 ieu1 and ie4 #b4 ,the ,,nasal ,,endings are--7a7 an1 en1 ien and oen1 in which the n is not sounded1 but lengthens out and imparts a nasal quality to the preceding vowel2 7b7 ang1 aung1 oong1 ung and iang1 in which ng has the value of ng in song2 7c7 uin1 in which n is sonant and has a value varying between n and ng4 #c4 ,the ,,abrupt ,,vowel ,,endings are--ak1 ah1 eh1 ih1 auh1 ok1 oeh1 uh1 and iak1 in which h and k are the signs of the zeh-sung 771 and the vowel is pronounced in a short1 abrupt manner4 ,the sounds of the vowels are-- a as in far1 except when followed by n or h1 when it has the sound of a is man or mat4 e as in prey2 before h it has the sound of e as in met4 i as in caprice2 before h or ng it is shortened to i as in mit or sing4 au as in ,august4 o as in so4 oo as in oo in too4 oe as in ,goethe 7,german 74 eu as in ,french ,monsieur4 u as in oo in foot 7always preceded by an s sound74 ui as in fruit 7or rather1 ,french 74 ,in ia1 iau1 ieu and ie1 we have short i followed closely by a1 au1 eu1 and e1 as described above4 ,of course it is understood that the ,chinese sounds in a majority of cases vary somewhat from the ,english sounds which are given as the nearest equivalent4 ,the true pronunciation of ,chinese sounds should be learned from a ,chinese teacher1 and the student should always bear it in mind that any ,romanization used does not represent ,english sounds1 but ,chinese sounds4 ,this fact can not be too strongly emphasized4 ,the ,,dok-,,yoong ,z-,,moo--8,initials used alone10 i4e41 without vowels1 are--ts1 tsh1 dz1 s1 z1 m1 ng1 and r4 ,the first five are followed by the vowel sound in the second syllable of able--prolonged4 ,mateer and ,baller use for this sound and the new ,mandarin ,romanized uses i,c#j4 ,it is not written1 but understood in the ,shanghai system4 m has the sound of m in chasm and ng the sound of ng in hanger4 r is a sound between final r and l4 ,,tones ,the tones are four in number1 each occurring in the upper and lower series4 ,as has been stated1 the upper and lower series can be distinguished by the initials4 ,sounds in the upper series are of higher pitch and those in the lower series of a lower pitch4 ,the names of the tones are3-- ,bing sung ,even sound 4 ,zang sung ,rising sound 4 ,chui-sung ,going sound 4 ,zeh-sung ,entering sound 4 ,,tone ,,signs to the left of a word indicates the tone to be zang-sung4 to the right indicates the chui-sung4 ,final h or k indicate the zeh-sung4 ,all other words are in the bing-sung4 ,,sounds ,,of ,,the ,,tones ,the sounds of the tones of course can only be learnt from the ,chinese teacher4 ,the ,bing-sung is an even tone1 the voice being level1 with a slight falling inflection1 as when we say 8,come10 8,hear10 in our imperatives4 ,the ,zang-sung in the upper series is a twanging sound1 and sounds something like the vibration of a string of a musical instrument4 ,in the lower series it has a wave sound which can be symbolized to the eye by the curve illustration3 horizontal line with a dip in middle2 the voice first falls and then rises4 ,the ,chui-sung has the same sound in both the upper and lower series4 ,the voice rises much as it does when we ask a question4 ,the students should practise with the teacher on the following table of sounds1 and in time will be able to distinguish the tones clearly and to make the proper inflection himself4 ,foreigners are seldom able to perfect themselves in the use of tones1 but this is due not so much to inability as to the lack of attention paid to the matter at the beginning of the study of the language4 ,it should be understood that the names of the tones are those of the original tones and often bear no relation to the inflection now used1 which varies in different localities4 ,complete ,list of ,initials and ,finals used in the ,shanghai ,dialect4 ,,zaung-,,he ,,loo-,,mo ,z4 ,z-,,moo4 4 ,initial ,sounds ------------------ ,p p ,ph ph ,b b ------------------ ',m 'm ,m m ------------------ ',v 'v ,f f ,v v ------------------ ,t t ,th h ,d d ------------------ ,ts ts ,c#a ,tsh tsh ,dz dz ------------------ ,s s ,z z ------------------ ',l 'l ,l l ------------------ ',n 'n ,n n ------------------ ',ny 'ny ,ny ny ------------------ ',ng 'ng ' ,ng ng ------------------ ,k k ,kh kh ,g g ------------------ ,ky ky ,ch ch ,j j ------------------ ,kw kw ,khw khw ,gw gw ------------------ ,i i ,y y ------------------ ',w 'w ,w w ------------------ ,h h ,hy hy ,hw hw ------------------ #8 #8 ,,iung-,,yuin4 4 ,vowel sounds and finals4 ------------------ ,a a ,ang ang ,ak ak ------------------ ,an an ,ah ah ------------------ ,e e ,en en ,eh eh ------------------ ,i i ,ien ien ,ing ing ,ih ih ------------------ ,au au ,aung aung ,auh auh ------------------ ,o o ,ok ok ------------------ ,oo oo ,oong oong ------------------ ,oe oe ,oen oen ,oeh oeh ------------------ ,eu eu ,ung ung ,uh uh ------------------ ,u u ------------------ ,ui ui ,uin uin ------------------ ,ia ia ,iang iang ,iak iak ,iau iau ,ieu ieu ------------------ ,,dok ,,yoong ,z-,,moo4 4 ,constants used as words4 ------------------ ,m m ,ts ts ,tsh tsh ,dz dz ,s s ,z z ',r 'r ,r r ,ng ng ,the student should practise repeating after the teacher the pronunciation of the characters in which these sounds occur4 ,exercise in ,tones4 ,upper ,bing-sung4 ,tau1 ,pa1 ,si1 ,lower ,bing-sung4 ,dau1 ,ba1 ,zi1 ,upper ,zang-sung4 ,tau1 ,pa1 ,si1 ,lower ,zang-sung4 ,dau1 ,ba1 ,zi1 ,upper ,chui-sung4 ,tau1 ,pa1 ,si1 ,lower ,chui-sung4 ,dau1 ,ba1 ,zi1 ,upper ,zeh-sung4 ,tauh1 ,pah1 ,sih1 ,lower ,zeh-sung4 ,dauh1 ,bah1 ,zih1 ,the student should practise upon the sounds illustrating the different tones4 ,the columns should be read from the top down4 ,the teacher can guide him by first pronouncing the ,chinese characters4 ,,lesson ,i ,the ,classifier ,a or an is translated into ,chinese by the numeral ih_/ 77 one1 and a classifier placed between the numeral and the noun4 ,there are over forty classifiers1 different nouns taking different ones1 according to the class to which they belong4 ,nouns being generally used with classifiers accounts for the fact that in ,pidgin ,english we have the oft recurring expression1 8one piecee40 ,most concrete nouns take classifiers1 but not all4 ,exceptions will be pointed out later on4 ,sometimes when the object spoken of is quite definitely known1 the noun is used without the classifier4 ,in this lesson1 the two most common classifiers will be introduced1 and in succeeding lessons the others will appear gradually4 ,it must be remarked that some nouns may take more than one classifier1 sometimes one being used and sometimes another4 ,the most common classifier is kuh_/ 774 8,it is applied to such nouns as have no special classifier1 and may upon occasion be applied to almost any noun as a substitute for the special classifier0 7,mateer74 ,the classifier tsak_/ 77 is used with animals1 birds1 fowls1 insects2 also with articles of furniture having legs or resting on a base2 also with vessels1 boats1 etc4 ,,vocabulary ,a man1 ih kuh nyung_/ 4 ,a woman1 ih kuh nyui-nyung_/ 7lit4 female human being7 4 ,a teacher1 ih kuh sien-sang_/ 7lit4 born before7 4 ,a child1 ih kuh siau-noen_/ 4 ,an egg1 ih kuh dan_/ 4 ,a cash1 ih kuh doong-dien_/ 4 ,a dollar1 ih kuh yang-dien_/ 4 ,a servant1 ih kuh yoong-nyung_/ 4 ,a table1 ih tsak de-ts_/ 4 ,a chair1 ih tsak iui-ts_/ 4 ,an orange1 ih tsak kyoeh-ts_/ 4 ,a pupil1 ih kuh #8auh-sang-ts_/ 4 ,to want1 to wish1 iau_/ 4 ,also used in forming the future tense of verbs1 as will be explained later4 ,,exercises 7,translate into ,english7 7#a7 ,ih kuh nyung iau ih tsak de-ts4 7#b7 ,ih kuh nyui-nyung iau ih tsak iui-ts4 7#c7 ,ih kuh siau-noen iau ih kuh doong-dien4 7#d7 ,ih kuh #8auh-sang-ts iau ih kuh sien-sang4 7#e7 ,ih kuh yoong-nyung iau ih kuh dan4 7#f7 ,ih kuh yoong-nyung iau ih kuh yang-dien4 7#g7 ,ih kuh siau-noen iau ih tsak kyoeh-ts4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 7,translate into ,chinese7 7#a7 ,a pupil wants an orange4 7#b7 ,a woman wants a dollar4 7#c7 ,a servant wants a cash4 7#d7 ,a teacher wants a table4 7#e7 ,a man wants an egg4 7#f7 ,a pupil wants a chair4 7#g7 ,a teacher wants a pupil4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 ,notes4 7#a7 ,it is difficult to form idiomatic sentences in ,chinese until a larger vocabulary has been given4 7#b7 ,with yang-dien 77 the classifier generally used is kwhe 771 a piece or slice4 7#c7 ,it will be noticed how many words are formed from the combination of two or more words4 ,this is a characteristic of the ,chinese language2 for instance the word yoong-nyung 77 is composed of the verb yoong 77 use1 and the word nyung 77 man1 and means the man whom you use or employ4 7#d7 ,with sien-sang 771 the classifier we 77 is generally used4 7#e7 ,nouns take no change in form for the plural1 but the classifier is omitted4 7#f7 ,with iui-ts 771 the classifier po 77 is sometimes used4 ,,lesson ,,ii ,demonstrative1 and ,personal ,pronouns4 ,the definite article the is not expressed directly in ,chinese1 but the demonstrative pronoun takes its place4 ,the demonstrative pronouns are3 ,this or these1 di kuh_/ 4 ,that or those1 i-kuh_/ 4 ,the demonstrative pronouns change their forms with different nouns1 being formed by the di_/ 77 or i_/ 77 and the classifier belonging to the noun4 ,thus 8this table0 is not di-kuh de-ts_/ but di-tsak de-ts_/ 774 ,when the demonstrative is used with a numeral it retains the form di-kuh_/ 77 or i-kuh_/ 77 and the classifier of the noun comes between the numeral and the noun4 ,thus 8this one table0 is di-kuh ih tsak de-ts_/ 774 ,the personal pronouns are as follows3 ,,singular ,,number ,nominative and ,objective ,i4 ,person3 ,i or me1 ngoo_/ 4 ,,ii4 ,person3 ,thou1 thee or you1 noong_/ 4 ,,iii4 ,person3 ,he1 she1 it1 him1 her1 yi_/ 4 ,possessive ,i4 ,person3 ,my or mine1 ngoo-kuh_/ 4 ,,ii4 ,person3 ,thy1 thine or yours1 noong-kuh_/ 4 ,,iii4 ,person3 ,his1 hers1 its1 i-kuh_/ 4 ,,plural ,,number ,nominative and ,objective ,i4 ,person3 ,we1 or us1 nyi_/ or ngoo-nyi_/ 4 ,,ii4 ,person3 ,you or ye1 na_/ ,,iii4 ,person3 ,they or them1 yi-la_/ 4 ,possessive ,i4 ,person3 ,ours1 nyi-kuh_/ or ngoo-nyi-kuh_/ 1 4 ,,ii4 ,person3 ,your1 or yours1 na-kuh_/ 4 ,,iii4 ,person3 ,their1 or theirs1 yi-la-kuh_/ 4 ,the use of kuh_/ 77 in the possessive case must be noted4 ,kuh_/ 77 serves to form the possessive case of nouns as it does of pronouns4 ,thus to say 8a man's table0 would be ih kuh nyung kuh de-ts_/ 774 ,exercises in possessive case formation will be found in this lesson4 ,,vocabulary ,a son1 ih kuh #8eu-ts_/ or ih kuh nyi-ts_/ 4 ,a daughter1 ih kuh noen_/ 4 ,a friend1 ih kuh bang-yeu_/ 4 ,a sheep1 ih tsak yang_/ 4 ,a bird1 ih tsak tiau_/ 4 ,a bed1 ih tsak zaung_/ 4 ,po_/ 77 is the classifier used with tools1 instruments or articles grasped in the hand4 ,a knife or sword1 ih po tau_/ 4 ,a fork1 ih po tsho_/ 4 ,a spoon1 ih po tshau_/ 4 ,an umbrella1 ih po san_/ 4 ,to have1 or has1 yeu_/ 4 ,,exercises 7,translate into ,english7 7#a7 ,ngoo iau ih po tau4 7#b7 ,di-kuh nyung yeu ih kuh yang-dien4 7#c7 ,noong-kuh bang-yeu kuh #8eu-ts yeu ih tsak yang4 7#d7 ,i-kuh nyui-nyung kuk noen iau ih tsak tiau4 7#e7 ,yi iau ih po san4 7#f7 ,ngoo iau ih po tsho4 7#g7 ,nyi iau ih tsak zaung4 7#h7 ,na yeu ih kwhe yang-dien4 7#i7 ,di-kuh sien-sang yeu ih tsak kyoeh-ts4 7#aj7 ,i-kuh yoong-nyung yeu ih kuh dan4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 7,translate into ,chinese7 7#a7 ,your teacher has a table4 7#b7 ,my friend has a son4 7#c7 ,their daughter has an umbrella4 7#d7 ,they want a bed4 7#e7 ,that servant wants a knife4 7#f7 ,this pupil's teacher has a chair4 7#g7 ,my son wants a dollar4 7#h7 ,he wants a fork4 7#i7 ,she wants a spoon4 7#aj7 ,the woman's daughter has an orange4 7#aa7 ,he has mine4 7#ab7 ,he has yours4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 ,notes4 7#a7 ,verbs undergo no change in form for the singular and plural number4 ,tense formation will be explained later4 7#b7 ,the verb yeu is often used for the expression 8there is40 ,thus1 yeu ih-kuh nyung iau doong-dien 77 means1 8,there is a man who wants cash40 7#c7 yeu kuh 77 means 8some40 ,thus yeu kuh nyung 77 is 8some men40 7#d7 ,sometimes the kuh is omitted and we have yeu nyung4 ,thus yeu nyung iau yang-dien 77 means1 8some man want dollars40 ,,lesson ,,iii ,the ,numerals up to one ,hundred ,one1 ih_/ 4 ,two1 nyi_/ or liang_/ 1 4 ,three1 san_/ 4 ,four1 s_/ 4 ,five1 ng_/ 4 ,six1 lok_/ 4 ,seven1 tshih_/ 4 ,eight1 pah_/ 4 ,nine1 kyeu_/ 4 ,ten1 zeh_/ 4 ,from ten to twenty the numerals are formed by adding the digits after ten4 ,eleven1 zeh-ih_/ 4 ,twelve1 zeh-nyi_/ 1 etc4 ,fifteen1 zeh-ng_/1 pronounced se-ng_/ 4 ,twenty1 nyan_/ 4 7,in speaking of the day of the month nyi-seh_/ is used7 4 ,thirty1 san-seh_/ 4 7,lit4 three tens4 ,the ,z sound in zeh becomes ,s when preceded by another word47 ,forty1 s-seh_/ 4 ,fifty1 ng-seh_/ 4 ,sixty1 lok-seh_/ 4 ,seventy1 tshih-seh_/ 4 ,eighty1 pah seh_/ 4 ,ninety1 kyeu-seh_/ 4 ,one ,hundred1 ih pak_/ 4 ,the intervening numbers between twenty and thirty1 etc41 are formed regularly by adding the digits to the decimals4 ,thus twenty-one is nyan-ih_/4 ,thirty-one1 is san-seh-ih_/1 etc4 ,thirty-five is pronounced san-so-ng_/4 ,in using the numeral with the noun1 the classifier of the noun is introduced between the numeral and the noun4 ,thus 8,four men0 is s kuh nyung_/ 77 not s nyung_/4 8,six chairs0 is lok tsak iui-ts_/ 77 not lok iui-ts_/4 ,in speaking of a thing well understood the noun is often omitted1 and we have simply the numeral with the classifier1 as lok kuh_/1 tshih tsak_/1 etc4 ,,vocabulary ,a cow1 ih tsak nyeu_/ 4 ,a native1 ih kuh pung-di-nyung_/ 4 ,a foreigner1 ih kuh nga-kok-nyung_/ 4 7,literally1 outside kingdom man74 ,children1 siau-noen_/ 4 ,a large box or trunk1 ih tsak siang-ts_/ 4 ,a small box1 ih tsak #8ah-ts_/ 4 ,a fan1 ih po sen-ts_/ 4 ,a broom1 ih po sau tseu_/ 4 ,a tea pot1 ih po dzo-#8oo_/ 4 ,to be1 is1 are1 z_/ 4 ,,exercises 7,translate into ,english7 7#a7 ,ngoo iau san tsak siang-ts4 7#b7 ,di po sen-ts z noong-kuh4 7#c7 ,yi-kuh #8eu-ts yeu ih tsak #8ah-ts4 7#d7 ,ngoo-kuh sien-sang iau ih po dzo-#8oo4 7#e7 ,san-seh-ih tsak yang z i-kuh4 7#f7 ,nyan-tshih tsak nyeu z i-kuh4 7#g7 ,i-kuh nga-kok-nyung yeu liang tsak iui-ts4 7#h7 ,san-seh1 z san kuh zeh4 7#i7 ,ih pak1 z zeh kuh zeh4 7#aj7 ,so-ng kuh nyung yeu so-ng tsak de-ts4 7#aa7 ,sien-sang z pung-di-nyung1 ngoo z nga-kok-nyung4 7#ab7 ,yoong-nyung iau ih po sau-tseu4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 7,translate into ,chinese7 7#a7 ,he wants three tea pots4 7#b7 ,four pupils want four fans4 7#c7 ,this large box is my friends4 7#d7 ,he has thirty knives4 7#e7 ,these five dollars are the pupils'4 7#f7 ,the teacher has twenty-five pupils4 7#g7 ,these two fans are his4 7#h7 ,that small box is the foreigner's4 7#i7 ,six tens are sixty4 7#aj7 ,my friend has five children1 three sons and two daughters4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 ,note4 #8,ah-ts is a small box in distinction from ,siang-ts1 a large box1 but as will be seen later the adjectives for large and small may also be used with both of these words4 ,,lesson ,,iv ,adjectives ,certain words in ,chinese are distinctly used as adjectives1 but many other words1 such as nouns1 verbs and adverbs may be used to qualify nouns4 ,in the expression dok su-nyung_/ 771 meaning 8a scholar10 we have the verb dok_/ 771 8to read10 and the noun su_/ 771 8book10 qualifying nyung_/ 77 8man20 the whole expression being literally 8the reading-book-man40 ,adjectives may be compared as follows3 tien_/ 77 is added after the adjective to make the comparative degree1 and ting_/ 77 is placed before the adjective to form the superlative degree4 ,thus1 ,positive ,degree1 8,good10 is hau_/ 774 ,comparative ,degree1 8,better10 is hau tien_/ 774 ,superlative ,degree1 8,best10 is ting hau_/ 774 ,there are1 however1 many other ways of expressing the ,superlative4 ,thus we may have hau-le-si_/ 771 which is literally 8good-come death0 that is1 8good to the death40 ,this is a very frequent expression4 ,we have also tsoe hau_/ 77 or juh hau_/ 774 ,very good is usually 'man hau_/ 774 ,hau-tuh-juh_/ 77 means superlatively good4 ,the adjective hau_/ 77 has a very wide use4 ,everything that is good1 suitable1 correct1 or proper1 may be said to be hau_/ 774 ,,vocabulary ,good1 hau_/ 4 ,bad1 cheu_/ 774 ,more often 'veh hau_/ 771 ',veh_/ means 8not40 ,cold1 lang_/ 4 ,hot1 nyih_/ 4 ,white1 bak_/ 4 ,black1 huh_/ 4 ,large1 doo_/ 4 ,small1 siau_/ 4 ,a scholar1 ih kuh dok-su-nyung_/ 4 ,a dog1 ih tsak keu_/ 4 ,water1 s_/ 1 7,generally used without a classifier74 ,a horse1 ih tsak mo_/ 774 phih_/ is sometimes used as the classifier of horses4 ,pung_/ 77 is the classifier for book4 ,a book1 ih pung su_/ 4 ,diau_/ 77 is the classifier with long1 winding or limber objects4 ,a bridge1 ih diau jau_/ 4 ,a street1 ih diau ka_/ 4 ,a road1 ih diau loo_/ 4 ,to read1 to study1 dok_/ 4 ,to come1 le_/ 4 ,to go1 chi_/ 4 ,,exercises 7,translate into ,english7 7#a7 ,di-tsak keu z hau kuh4 7#b7 ,ngoo iau dok su4 7#c7 ,ngoo iau lang s4 7#d7 ,di-tsak yang z huh kuh4 7#e7 ,i-tsak nyeu z bak kuh4 7#f7 ,i-kuh pung-di-nyung yeu liang tsak huh kuh mo4 7#g7 ,ngoo yeu ih kuh bang-yeu iau le4 7#h7 ,i-kuh sien-sang iau chi4 7#i7 ,di-kuh s z nyih kuh4 7#aj7 ,di-diau jau z doo kuh4 7#aa7 ,di-kuh ih diau ka z siau kuh4 7#ab7 ,di-kuh ih diau loo z 'veh hau4 7#ac7 ,i-pung su z sien-sang kuh1 di-pung su z ngoo kuh4 7#ad7 ,di-tsak de-ts z siau tien4 7#ae7 ,di-tsak zaung z ting doo4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 7,translate into ,chinese7 7#a7 ,these five oranges are bad4 7#b7 ,the teacher wishes me to study4 7#c7 ,the native's cows are good4 7#d7 ,i have a white bird4 7#e7 ,i want warm water4 7#f7 ,the dog is very black4 7#g7 ,that bed is smaller4 7#h7 ,this box is larger4 7#i7 ,the tea pot is very white4 7#aj7 ,my teacher will come4 7#aa7 ,the foreigner will go4 7#ab7 ,i want a large dog4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 ,notes4 7#a7 ,adjectives generally take kuh after them2 the kuh standing between the adjective and the noun4 ,in some cases the kuh is omitted1 as in the expression lang s 771 8cold water40 ,we do not say lang kuh s4 7#b7 ,dok-su 77 is the common expression for 8to study40 7#c7 ,in such a sentence as 8,i want warm water0 the ngoo 77 may be omitted4 ,in speaking to a servant one would say iau nyih s 771 8,i want hot water40 ,,lesson ,v ,interrogatives1 and ,negatives ,va_/ 77 is used as the sign of a direct question1 expecting the answer 8yes0 or 8no40 ,it is added at the end of the sentence4 ,thus di-kuh z noong kuh va8_/ 77 means1 8is this yours80 ,di-kuh hau va8_/ 77 means1 8is this good80 7the verb z_/ being omitted74 ,the ,chinese do not use a rising inflection of the voice to indicate that a question is being asked4 ,meh_/ 77 is used for asking a question when the action is presumed to have been completed4 ,thus van chuh meh8_/ 77 means1 8have you eaten your rice80 or 8have you dined80 ,sien-sang chi meh8_/ 77 means1 8has the teacher gone80 ,nyi_/ 77 is used for asking a question implying the alternative4 ,thus noong chi nyi 'veh chi8_/ 77 means1 8are you going or not going80 noong le nyi 'veh le8_/ 77 means1 8are you coming or not coming80 ,nyi_/ 77 is also used in a question expecting a negative answer1 but the explanation of this must be reserved until later4 8,who0 is sa_/ 774 ,in this sense it is always joined to the noun nyung_/ 774 ,thus sa nyung8_/ 77 means1 8who80 ,pidgin ,english1 8who man80 ,sa_/ 77 is also used in the sense of 8what40 ,it sometimes precedes the noun as sa sang-i8_/ 774 8what business80 ,in a sentence like 8what do you want10 it follows the verb4 ,thus noong iau sa_/ 774 ,literally1 8you want what80 ,sa_/ is also used with va_/ in the sense of 8any10 in asking a question1 ,thus noong iau sa va8_/ 77 means1 8do you want anything80 ,yeu sa nyung iau chi va8_/ 77 means1 8does any one wish to go80 ,noong yeu sa doong-dien va8_/ 77 means1 8have you any cash80 ,which is #8a-li_/ 774 ,it is always used with numeral and classifier4 ,thus #8a-li ih kuh nyung8_/ 77 means1 8which man80 #8,a-li ih diau loo8_/ 77 means1 8which road80 #8,a-li ih pung su8_/ 7 7 means1 8which book80 #8,a-li liang po tau8_/ 77 means1 8which two knives80 ,when the subject is understood about which you are conversing1 the noun may be omitted1 and #8a-li_/ with the numeral and the classifier are sufficient4 ,thus in speaking of roads #8a-li ih diao8_/ would be enough4 8,no0 or 8not01 is expressed by 'veh_/ 774 ,thus yi 'veh iau chi_/ 77 means1 8he does not wish to go40 ,m-meh_/ 77 is used in the sense of 8not any0 in answering a question asking whether you have any1 thus noong yeu sa yang-dien va8_/ 77 8have you any dollars801 the answer might be m-meh_/4 ,sometimes m-sa_/ 77 is used in answering questions in the negative4 ,thus noong yeu sa tsoo va8_/ 77 8have you anything to do80 7,have you any employment87 ,the answer might be m-sa tsoo_/ 77 8not anything to do40 ,no one is m-sa-nyung_/ 774 ,thus yeu sa nyung le va8_/ 771 8has any one come80 ,the answer might be m-sa nyung_/ 774 ,,vocabulary ,rice 7growing71 dau_/ 4 ,rice 7uncooked71 mi_/ 4 ,rice 7cooked71 van_/ 4 ,a hat1 cap or bonnet4 ih ting mau-ts_/ or ih tsak mau-ts_/ 4 ,a carpenter1 ih kuh mok-ziang_/ 4 ,lit4 ,wood worker4 ,a hand1 ih tsak seu_/ 4 ,a foot1 ih tsak kyak_/ 4 ,kung_/ 77 ,is the classifier denoting objects long and generally stiff4 ,a cane or stick1 ih kung baung_/ 4 ,zoo_/ 77 is the classifier for hills and buildings4 ,a house1 ih zoo vaung-ts_/ 4 7,sometimes ih zak vaung-ts_/ 7 ,sen_/ 77 is the classifier for broad objects4 ,a door1 ih sen mung_/ 4 ,to eat1 eats1 eat1 chuh_/ 4 ,to invite1 invites1 invite1 tshing_/ 4 7,also used in the sense of please1 when making a request of any one74 ,to take1 tan_/ 77 or nau_/ 774 ,to call1 calls1 call1 kyau_/ 4 ,to open1 opens1 open1 khe_/ 4 ,to shut1 shuts1 shut1 kwan_/ 4 ,to do1 does1 perform1 make1 tsoo_/ 4 ,to enter1 enters1 come in1 tsing_/ 4 ,,exercises 7,translate into ,english7 7#a7 ,i-kuh sien-sang van chuh meh8 7#b7 ,ngoo iau tshing ih we sien-sang4 7#c7 ,khe khe mung4 7#d7 ,di-kuh kyau sa8 7#e7 ,kwan mung4 7#f7 ,di-pung su sa nyung tan-le kuh8 7#g7 #8,a-li kung baung z noong-kuh8 7#h7 #8,a-li ih zoo vaung-ts z i-kuh8 7#i7 ,sa nyung tan-chi kuh8 7#aj7 ,nyung yeu liang tsak seu1 liang tsak kyak4 7#aa7 ,noong yeu sa sang-i tsoo va8 7#ab7 ,ngoo m-sa sang-i tsoo4 7#ac7 ,noong kyau sa8 7#ad7 ,yeu sa nyung tsing-le va8 ,m-sa nyung4 7#ae7 ,noong mau-ts yeu va8 ,m-meh4 77 8 77 4 77 4 77 8 77 4 77 8 77 8 77 8 77 8 77 4 77 8 77 4 77 8 77 8 4 77 8 4 7,translated into ,chinese7 7#a7 ,have the children eaten their rice8 7#b7 ,which cow is yours8 7#c7 ,which bird is black8 7#d7 ,bring the hot water4 7#e7 ,bring the boiling water4 7#f7 ,please come in4 7#g7 ,who did it8 7#h7 ,who brought it8 7#i7 ,who took it away8 7#aj7 ,who wants it8 7#aa7 ,who entered8 7#ab7 ,who opened the door8 7#ac7 ,who shut the door8 7#ad7 ,which table is yours8 7#ae7 ,what do you want8 7#af7 ,have you anything to eat8 7#ag7 ,i have nothing to eat4 7#ah7 ,have you any oranges8 7#ai7 ,i have4 7#bj7 ,i have none4 77 8 77 8 77 8 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 77 8 77 8 77 8 77 8 77 8 77 8 77 8 77 8 77 8 77 4 77 8 77 4 77 4 ,notes4 7#a7 ,note the difference between tshing 771 kyau 77 and han 774 ,tshing is used in speaking to an equal or to a superior4 ,kyau in speaking to a servant4 ,han in even more curt than kyau4 ,thus tshing yi le 77 means1 8invite him to come10 and is the polite form of speech if you wish an equal to come to you4 ,kyau yi le 77 or han yi le 77 would be used if you tell some one to call your servant or a workman to you4 7#b7 ,notice the repetition of the khe 77 in the third sentence of the first exercise4 ,this makes it more emphatic4 7#c7 ,the verbs tan 77 8take0 and le 77 8come0 are often used together in the sense of 8bring40 ,literally 8take-come40 ,so also with tan 77 and chi 772 this means1 8,take away40 ,literally 8,take-go40 ,sometimes the tan and the le1 and the tan and the chi are separated from one another by other words in the sentence4 ,thus tan su le 77 means 8bring the books40 ,the above remarks also hold true of nau4 7#d7 ,in the sixth sentence of the first exercise the words di-pung su stand first4 ,this is because they are emphatic4 ,it is difficult to give any hard and fast rule in regard to the order of words in a ,chinese sentence1 but generally speaking1 we may say that the most emphatic word is placed first4 ,in this sentence it is the book which is being talked about1 and so it occurs first4 7#e7 ,the words in the thirteenth sentence of the first exercise would only be addressed to a servant or to a child4 8,what are you called80 means1 8what is your name80 not 8what is your surname80 ,in polite phraseology1 in speaking to a person the pronoun noong is never employed4 ,the third person is used instead of the second4 ,to ask your teacher his name1 you would say ,tsung sing8 771 which means1 8what is your honorable name80 7surname74 ,if you wish to inquire further as to his other name1 you would say tshing kyau da #8au8 77 which means1 8please tell me your great official name80 ,the requirements of etiquette as to the use of words will be explained later somewhat fully4 7#f7 ,in the fifth sentence of the second exercise1 the expression boiling water is used4 ,for this the words khe 77 8open10 and s 77 8water0 are used4 ,it signifies that boiling water is open water on account of the bubbles which proceed from it4 ,,lesson ,,vi ,some ,remarks on the ,verb ,in a monosyllabic language like the ,chinese the words themselves are never inflected1 and therefore the ,moods and ,tenses of the ,verbs are formed by the addition of auxiliary words to mark the change of meaning4 ,we will take the verb chuh_/ 77 to illustrate4 ,,indicative ,,mood ,present ,tense1 ,simple ,form1 ,i eat1 ngoo chuh_/ 4 ,present ,tense1 ,continuous1 ,i am eating1 ngoo leh-li chuh_/ 1 ngoo la chuh_/ 4 ,past ,tense1 ,simple ,form1 ,i ate1 ngoo chuh kuh_/ 4 ,past ,tense1 ,continuous1 ,i was eating1 ngoo leh-la chuh_/ 4 ,past ,tense1 ,emphatic ,form1 ,i did eat1 ngoo z chuh kuh_/ 4 ,perfect ,tense1 ,i have eaten1 ngoo chuh tse_/ 4 ngoo chuh la tse_/ 1 ngoo chuh koo tse_/ 4 ,past ,perfect1 ,i had eaten4 ngoo i-kyung chuh tse_/ 1 ngoo i-kyung chuh la tse_/ 1 ngoo i-kyung chuh koo hyih tse_/ 4 ,future ,tense1 ,i will or shall eat1 ngoo iau chuh_/ 4 ,the ,future ,perfect ,tense cannot be expressed directly4 ,the only change for the different persons is the above will be in the use of the pronouns of the different persons4 ,,imperative ,,mood ,eat1 chuh_/ 771 chuh meh tse_/ 774 ,,participles ,present1 ,eating1 chuh_/ 771 ,past1 ,having eaten1 chuh-ts_/ 774 ,a few words of explanation are necessary4 ,the use of leh-li_/ and leh-la_/ are a little difficult to understand at first4 ,as stated ngoo leh-li chuh_/ 77 means1 8,i am eating40 ,if1 however1 a third person asked your servant ,sien-sang van chuh meh8_/ 7 71 8,has the ,teacher eaten his rice801 the servant would answer1 if you were still eating1 yi leh-la chuh_/ 77 meaning 8he is eating40 ,if you yourself said ngoo leh-la chuh_/1 it would mean1 8,i was eating40 ,in the ,perfect ,tense the word koo_/ 77 means literally 8to pass over40 ,in the ,past ,perfect the words i-kyung_/ 77 mean 8already40 ,the real force of leh-li_/ 77 is 8here10 and the real force of leh-la_/ 77 is 8there40 ,there are a great many ways of expressing completed action in ,chinese4 ,these will be explained later4 ,in this lesson one of the most common will be explained4 ,it is by the use of the adjective hau_/ after the verb4 ,thus chuh hau tse_/ 77 means1 8,i have finished eating40 ,dok hau tse_/ 77 means1 8,i have finished reading40 ,hau_/ 771 8good10 is also used before the verb to qualify it4 ,thus we have the expressions hau chuh kuh_/ 77 meaning 8good to eat40 ,hau dok kuh_/ 771 8,easy to read40 ,hau tsoo kuh_/ 771 8,easy to do10 etc4 ,,vocabulary ,to arrive1 tau_/ 4 ,to give by hand1 peh_/ 4 ,to buy1 ma_/ 4 ,to speak1 wo_/ 4 ,to burn or cook1 sau_/ 4 ,to learn1 #8auh_/ 4 ,a table boy1 ih kuh si-tse_/ 4 ,a horse boy or coachman1 ih kuh mo-foo_/ 4 ,a pear1 ih tsak sang-li_/ 4 ,a peach1 ih tsak dau-ts_/ 4 ,a tailor1 ih kuh ze-voong_/ 4 ,china or ,chinese1 ,tsoong-kok_/ 771 ,lit4 ,middle ,kingdom4 ,shanghai1 ,zaung-he_/ 4 ,jien_/ is the classifier denoting garments1 pieces of baggage and merchandize1 and also an affair4 ,a garment1 ih jien i-zaung_/ 4 ,saung_/ 77 is the classifier denoting pairs4 ,a pair of shoes1 ih saung #8a-ts_/ 4 ,a pair of socks or stockings1 ih saung mah_/ 4 ,new1 sing_/ 4 ,old1 jeu_/ 1 or lau_/ 4 7,of persons1 only lau_/ is used47 ,lau_/is old as to time4 ,jeu_/ generally means worn out1 in bad condition4 7,lau_/ is often used as a title of respect1 meaning venerable74 ,,exercises 7,translate into ,english7 7#a7 ,ngoo iau #8auh wo tsoong-kok wo4 7#b7 ,ngoo iau #8auh dok tsoong-kok su4 7#c7 ,noong iau dok su va8 7#d7 ,i-tsak siang-ts tan-chi meh8 7#e7 ,kyau yi chi meh tse4 7#f7 ,i-kuh mo-foo iau ma san tsak mo4 7#g7 ,ngoo peh yi ng kwhe yang-dien kyau yi chi ma ih tsak yang4 7#h7 ,ngoo i-kyung wo koo tse4 7#i7 ,zaung-he tau koo hyih meh8 7#aj7 ,tau koo hyih tse4 7#aa7 ,ngoo-kuh i-zaung ze-voong tsoo hau meh8 7#ab7 ,yi leh-la tsoo4 7#ac7 ,noong chuh-hau-ts van iau tsoo sa8 7#ad7 ,chuh-hau-ts van iau dok su4 7#ae7 ,ngoo iau chi ma ih saung sing kuh #8a-ts4 7#af7 ,van sau hau meh8 7#ag7 ,sau hau tse4 7#ah7 ,lau sien-sang kyau si-tse chi ma sang-li4 7#ai7 ,kyau yi le tsoo meh tse4 7#bj7 ,di-kuh tsoo koo hyih meh8 ,tsoo koo hyih tse4 77 4 77 4 77 8 77 8 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 77 4 77 8 77 4 77 8 77 4 77 4 77 8 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 4 7,translate into ,chinese7 7#a7 ,i have already read this book4 7#b7 ,do you want to buy a dog8 7#c7 ,when ,i arrive at ,shanghai1 ,i wish to buy an umbrella4 7#d7 ,has my friend come8 7#e7 ,i gave him four dollars and told him to buy a table4 7#f7 ,the teacher is eating his dinner4 7#g7 ,i have already given him ten dollars4 7#h7 ,come along4 7#i7 ,when the teacher has come1 call me4 7#aj7 ,have you ever eaten ,chinese peaches8 7#aa7 ,i have eaten them4 7#ab7 ,those pupils are studying ,chinese4 7#ac7 ,the foreign teacher is learning to speak ,chinese4 77 4 77 8 77 4 77 8 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 77 4 77 4 77 4 ,notes4 7#a7 ,china is known by many different names4 ,the most common is ,tsoong-kok 774 ,we also have ,da tshing kok 771 8the great pure kingdom10 ,tsoong-wo 771 8the middle civilized kingdom10 and ,zeh pah sang 77 8the eighteen provinces0 7used of ,china ,proper1 without its dependencies74 ,a modern name is ,ts-na 774 ,it represents the sound of ,china1 and was much used by the reform party4 ,the name adopted for ,the ,republic of ,china is ,tsoong-wo ming kok 77 8,the middle civilized people's kingdom40 7#b7 ,in the ninth sentence of the first exercise the force of the ,tau 77 is visiting the place for the first time4 7#c7 ,in the twentieth sentence of the first exercise the meaning is1 8,have you ever done this before80 7#d7 ,in the ninth sentence of the second exercise1 you use the past participle1 le-ts 774 ,after it meh 77 is often used for euphony1 thus the sentence would be ,sien-sang le-ts meh1 le kyau ngoo 774 7#e7 ,in the twelfth sentence of the second exercise su 77 is added after tsoong-kok 774 ,the meaning is 8,the pupils are studying ,chinese books40 7#f7 ,in the thirteenth sentence of the second exercise1 the foreign teacher would be nga-kok sien sang 774 ,nga-kok is used as an adjective4 ,,lesson ,,vii ,prepositions and ,postpositions1 and ,common ,connectives ,the words expressing the relations of nouns to one another are placed1 some of them before and some of them after the governed substantive4 #8,at' or #8to' is expressed by la_/ 774 ,thus ngoo peh la yi_/ 771 8,i gave it to him40 #8,to' or #8towards' in the sense of direction is expressed by tau_/ 774 ,thus3 ngoo iau tau ,zaung-he chi_/ 771 8,i wish to go to ,shanghai40 #8,to' or #8towards' is also expressed by te_/ 771 as in the expression to speak to a person4 ,thus3 ngoo te yi wo_/ 771 8,i said to him40 #8,from' is expressed by dzoong_/ 774 ,thus3 ngoo dzoong ,zaung-he le_/ 771 8,i came from ,shanghai40 #8,with' is expressed by tah_/ or doong_/ 4 ,thus3 ngoo tah yi bak wo_/ 77 or ngoo doong yi bak wo_/ 771 8,i talked with him40 #8,instead of' is thi_/ 77 or de thi_/ 774 ,thus3 ngoo de thi yi tsoo_/ 771 8,i do it instead of him40 ,the idea of doing it for a person is expressed by theh_/ 774 ,thus3 ngoo theh yi tsoo_/ 771 8,i will do it for him40 #8,in' is expressed by placing la_/ 77 or leh-la_/ 77 before the noun and li_/ 77 or li-hyang_/ 77 after the noun4 ,thus3 la vaung-ts li_/ 77 means1 8,in the house40 ,la siang-ts li_/ 77 means 8,in the box40 #8,on' is expressed by placing la_/ or leh-la_/ before the noun and laung_/ 77 after it4 ,thus3 la loo laung_/ 77 means1 8,on the road40 ,la de-ts laung_/ 77 means1 8,on the table40 ,nga_/ 77 means 8out40 ,the usual expression is nga-deu_/ 77 8outside40 ,it follows the noun4 ,other prepositions will be introduced later4 ,the most common connective is lau_/ 77 and corresponds quite closely to our use of 8and40 ,thus ngoo iau ma #8a-ts lau mah_/ 77 means1 8,i wish to buy shoes and stockings40 ,nouns are often placed beside one another without any connective between them4 ,tah-ts_/ 77 is used much in the same sense as lau_/ 774 #8,also' is #8a-z_/ 77 or #8a_/ 774 ,thus3 di-kuh #8a-z hau kuh_/ 77 means1 8,this also is good40 ,ngoo #8a iau ma_/ 77 means1 8,i also wish to buy40 ,ngoo wan iau ma_/ 77 means1 8,i still wish to buy40 ,,vocabulary ,a city1 ih zoo dzung_/ 4 ,a school1 ih kuh #8auh-daung_/ 4 ,a hat1 ih ting mau-ts_/ 4 ,a head1 ih kuh deu_/ 4 ,a foot1 ih tsak kyak_/ 4 ,a hand1 ih tsak seu_/ 4 ,a heart1 ih kuh sing_/ 4 ,father1 ya_/ 4 ,mother1 nyang_/ 4 ,a body1 ih kuh sung-thi_/ 4 ,home1 ok-li_/ 4 ,to sit1 zoo_/ 4 ,to live1 dwell1 dzu_/ 4 ,to wear1 tsak_/ 4 ,to place1 faung_/ 1 pa_/ 4 ,to use1 yoong_/ 4 ,to wear on the head1 ta_/ 4 ,,exercises 7,translate into ,english7 7#a7 ,sa nyung peh la yi kuh8 7#b7 ,i-kuh ya peh la yi kuh4 7#c7 ,di-kuh iau tan tau ok-li chi4 7#d7 ,mau-ts iau ta la deu laung4 7#e7 #8,a-ts iau tsak la kyak laung4 7#f7 ,i-zaung iau tsak la sung laung4 7#g7 ,sien-sang dzu la dzung li va8 7#h7 #8,auh-sang-ts iau tau #8auh-daung li chi4 7#i7 ,ngoo kyau si-tse pa ngoo-kuh i-zaung la siang-ts li4 7#aj7 ,sien-sang dzoong nga-kok tau ,tsoong-kok le4 7#aa7 ,sien-sang kyau siau-noen yoong sing dok su4 7#ab7 ',veh iau zoo la zaung laung1 iau zoo la iui-ts laung4 7#ac7 ,su faung la de-ts laung4 7#ad7 ,bang-yeu i-kyung le koo-ts lau chi tse4 7#ae7 ,sang-li z hau chuh kuh1 dau-ts #8a-z hau chuh kuh4 7#af7 ,di-kuh siau noen 'm ya nyang kuh4 7#ag71 ,sa nyung la #8auh-daung li8 ,sien-sang tah-ts #8auh-sang-ts4 7#ah7 ,noong wan iau ma sa va8 ',veh iau4 77 8 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 4 77 8 4 7,translate into ,chinese7 7#a7 ,i placed the knives and the forks on the table4 7#b7 ,who lives in this house8 ,mr4 ,tsang4 7#c7 ,the father and mother wish the child to study4 7#d7 ,do you live in the city or out of the city8 7#e7 ,the cat is on the table4 7#f7 ,take it in your hand4 7#g7 ,keep it in mind 7place it on your heart74 7#h7 ,the heart is in the body4 7#i7 ,that child has no shoes on his feet 7#aj7 ,that man has no hat on his head4 7#aa7 ,to whom do the cows and sheep belong8 7#ab7 ,when you have put on your clothes1 come and eat4 7#ac7 ,the horse boy wishes to feed the horse also4 7#ad7 ,you and ,i are friends4 7#ae7 ,have you ever been to foreign countries8 77 4 77 8 4 77 4 77 8 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 ,notes4 7#a7 ,there are many different ways of saying 8father0 and 8mother10 but these will have to be explained later4 7#b7 ,laung is really the character ,zaung4 ,it has the latter sound when used in the adverb 8above10 which is ,zaung-deu1 4 7#c7 ,the seventh sentence of the first exercise is correct grammatically1 but would not be used in polite speech4 ,the usual way of asking a gentleman where he lives is to say ,sien-sang foo laung la #8a-li1 4 7#d7 ,in the eleventh sentence of the first exercise the expression yoong sing means 8to be diligent0 or 8to pay attention40 7#e7 ,in the second sentence of the second exercise ,mr4 ,tsang is translated ,tsang ,sien-sang4 ,tsang is a common surname in ,chinese4 ,the ,sien-sang follows the surname4 7#f7 ,doong 77 is generally used with ih-dau 771 ,doong coming before the noun1 and ih-dau after it4 ,thus ,ngoo doong ngoo kuh bang-yeu ih-dau tau ,zaung-he chi4 ,,lesson ,,viii ,potential and ,subjunctive ,moods1 and some ,interrogative ,adverbs 8,may0 or 8can0 is expressed by khau-i_/ 774 ,thus 8,i may or can eat0 is ngoo khau-i chuh_/ 774 ,when physical ability is implied nung-keu_/ 77 is frequently used4 ,thus 8,i have the physical ability to do10 is ngoo nung-keu tsoo_/ 774 ,when acquired ability is to be expressed we_/ 77 is generally used4 ,thus3 8,i have the ability to speak ,chinese0 is ngoo we wo ,tsoong-kok wo_/ 774 ,the ,subjunctive ,mood is expressed exactly like the ,indicative ,mood except that some word meaning 8,if0 is placed at the beginning of the clause1 and that the particle meh_/ 77 is generally placed at the end of the clause4 8,if0 is zak_/ 771 zak-s_/ 771 zak-zen_/ 771 thaung-zen_/ 771 thaung-s_/ 774 ,thus 8,if ,i go1 ,i will call you10 is expressed zak-zen ngoo chi meh1 ngoo iau kyau noong_/ 774 ,very often the word implying 8,if0 is omitted at the beginning of the clause1 and the condition is implied simply by the use of the meh_/ 77 the end of the clause4 ,thus3 8,when he has finished it1 come and tell me0 is yi tsoo hau meh1 le te ngoo wo_/ 774 8,how0 is na-nung_/ 774 ,thus 8,how do you know04 is noong na-nung hyau-tuh8_/ 774 8,when80 is kyi-z_/ 774 ,thus 8,when did you come80 is noong kyi-z le kuh8_/ 774 8,when did you arrive801 is noong kyi-z tau8_/ 774 ,beginners in ,chinese often make the mistake of using kyi-z_/ as the ordinary adverb of time4 ,to express such a sentence as 8,when ,i come he will go10 we say ngoo le-ts meh yi iau chi_/ 771 the past participle being used1 and meh_/ implying that it is conditional4 ,it is incorrect to say ngoo kyi-z le1 yi iau chi_/4 ,let it be remembered that kyi-z_/ is only used in asking a question4 ,we have the kyi-z_/ used after the verb in such a sentence as noong tau-ts kyi-z tse8_/ 77 meaning1 8,how long since you arrived80 or yi chi-ts kyi-z tse8_/ 77 meaning1 8,how long since he went80 ,,vocabulary ,to sell1 ma_/ or ma-theh_/ 4 ,to see1 khoen_/ or khoen-kyien_/ seen 4 ,to walk1 tseu_/ 4 ,to run1 bau_/ 4 ,to know1 hyau-tuh_/ 4 ,to know a person1 nyung-tuh_/ 4 ,to understand1 toong_/ or ming-bak_/ 4 ,a pagoda1 ih zoo thah_/ 4 ,a sedan chair1 ih ting jau-ts_/ 4 ,a visitor or guest1 ih we khak-nyung_/ 4 ,a doctor1 ih we laung tsoong_/ or ih we i-sung_/ 4 ,a grave mound1 ih kuh vung-san_/ 4 ,a mouth1 ih kuh kheu_/ or ih tsang ts_/ 4 ,a doorway1 ih kuh mung-kheu_/ 7,mouth of the door7 or mung-kheu-deu_/ 4 ,an ear1 ih tsak nyi-too_/ 4 ,a nose1 ih kuh bih-deu_/ 4 ,an eye1 ih tsak ngan-tsing_/ 4 ,a face1 ih kuh mien-khoong_/ 4 ,boo_/ 77 is the classifier used with carriages1 and vehicles on wheels4 ,a carriage1 ih boo mo-tsho_/ 4 ,a ricsha1 ih boo toong-yang-tsho_/ 4 7,lit4 ,east of the ,ocean carriage47 ,japan is known as the land ,east of the ,ocean1 and ricshas were first used there4 ,a wheelbarrow1 ih boo tsho-ts_/ or siau-tsho_/74 ,short1 toen_/ 4 ,long1 dzang_/ 4 ,fast1 kwha_/ 4 ,slow1 man_/ 4 ,to-morrow1 ming-tsau_/ 4 ,,exercises 7,translate into ,english7 7#a7 ,noong ming-bak va8 ',veh ming-bak4 7#b7 ,tsoong-kok wo1 noong we wo va8 ,ngoo 'veh we wo4 7#c7 ,tsoong-kok su noong we dok va8 ,ngoo 'veh we dok4 7#d7 ,tshing sien-sang ming-tsau le4 7#e7 ,noong kyi-z khau-i chi8 ,ngoo ming-tsau khau-i chi4 7#f7 ,di-tsak mo 'veh nung-keu bau le kwha4 7#g7 ,zak-zen sien-sang le meh1 noong te yi wo ngoo ,zaung-he chi tse4 7#h7 ,chi kyau ih boo toong-yang-tsho4 7#i7 ,di-zoo thah noong khoen-kyien hyih meh8 7#aj7 ,mok-ziang zoo-ts siau-tsho-ts tau ,zaung-he chi tse4 7#aa7 ,di-kuh nyung noong nyung-tuh va8 ',veh nyung-tuh4 7#ab7 ,noong na-nung chi kuh8 ,ngoo zoo-ts mo-tsho chi kuh4 7#ac7 ,iau noong chi tshing i-sung le4 7#ad7 ,tshing sien-sang wo le man tien4 7#ae7 ,zah-zen sien-sang wo le kwha meh1 ngoo 'veh toong4 7#af7 ,di-kung baung z dzang kuh1 di-po tau z toen kuh4 7#ag7 ,khak-nyung tau-ts mung-kheu-deu iau tshing yi li-hyang zoo4 7#ah7 ,i-kuh siau-noen kuh mien-khoong 'man hau khoen4 7#ai7 ,nyung yeu liang tsak nyi-too1 liang tsak ngan-tsing1 ih kuh bih-deu1 lau ih tsang-ts4 7#bj7 ,di-zoo vaung-ts i-kyung ma-theh tse4 77 8 4 77 8 4 77 8 4 77 4 77 8 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 77 4 77 8 4 77 8 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 1 4 77 4 77 4 77 1 1 4 77 4 7,translate into ,chinese7 7#a7 ,please take a seat4 7#b7 ,when will that teacher come8 7#c7 ,he said he will come to-morrow4 7#d7 ,have you seen my dog8 7#e7 ,ask the visitor to come in4 7#f7 ,the sheep is on the grave mound4 7#g7 ,i wish to ride in a sedan chair1 and go into the city4 7#h7 ,when the doctor comes1 come and call me4 7#i7 ,call two ricshas4 7#aj7 ,how long have you been in ,china8 7#aa7 ,if men had no eyes they would not be able to see4 7#ab7 ,if the pupil is not diligent he will not be able to learn ,chinese4 7#ac7 ,i do not know how to say this4 7#ad7 ,when will the doctor come8 7#ae7 ,to-morrow he will come4 7#af7 ,the road to ,shanghai is very long4 7#ag7 ,if you do not understand you can ask the teacher to speak more slowly4 7#ah7 ,the ears of that dog are very long4 7#ai7 ,the child runs very fast4 7#bj7 ,do you know my friend8 ,i do not4 77 4 77 8 77 4 77 8 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 4 ,notes4 7#a7 ,in the sixth sentence of the first exercise1 notice that the adjective kwha is turned into an adverb by the le coming before it4 ,adjectives are often used with verbs in this way4 7#b7 ,in the twelfth sentence of the first exercise1 notice the expression for travelling in a carriage4 ,in ,chinese you 8sit a carriage40 7#c7 ,in the first sentence of the second exercise we have the usual polite expression for asking one to be seated ,tshing zoo4 ,this should be said as soon as a guest or stranger enters the room1 but of course is not used in speaking to inferiors1 ,in such cases it is enough to say zoo-zoo 774 7#d7 ,notice the difference between ma 77 to buy1 and ma 77 to sell4 ,to our ears the sounds are hard to distinguish4 ,the only difference is in the tones4 7#e7 ,the new term for ricsha is ih boo waung bau tsho 1 a yellow running carriage4 ,,lesson ,,ix ,the ,use of ,dzak1 ,reduplication of ,verbs1 ,reflexive ,pronouns ,in expressing the carrying of the action of the verb into effect dzak_/ 77 is often used after it4 ,thus3 zing-dzak_/ 77 means that a thing has been actually found4 ,zing_/ means #8to find'4 ,there are a great many active verbs which can take the dzak_/ after them4 ,for example we have tuh-dzak_/ 771 meaning a thing has been obtained4 ,tuh_/ means #8to get4 ,bang-dzak_/ 77 means a person or thing has been met4 ,bang_/ 77 means #8to strike against4 ,verbs are often repeated for emphasis4 ,we have had an example of this in the expression zoo zoo_/1 meaning 8sit down0 ,thus khoen khoen_/ 77 means 8,look1 look40 ,in many cases ih_/ 77 is inserted between the verbs1 as khoen ih khoen_/4 ,in such cases the last verb is changed into a verbal noun4 ,literally it would be 8,look a look40 ,the ,reflexive ,personal ,pronouns hardly require any explanation4 ,they are formed by adding z-ka_/ 77 after the ,personal ,pronouns4 ,thus 8,i myself0 would be ngoo z- ka_/ 774 8,you yourself0 would be noong z-ka_/ 77 and so on for the rest4 ,,vocabulary ,to teach1 kau_/ 4 ,to write1 sia_/ 4 ,to ask1 mung_/ 4 ,to pay1 foo_/ 4 ,to build1 zau_/ 4 ,to look for1 zing_/ 4 ,to hear1 thing_/ or thing kyien_/ 7heard7 4 ,to know a ,chinese character1 suh_/ 4 ,to strike against1 bang_/ 4 ,to get1 tuh_/ 4 ,a mason1 ih kuh nyi-s ziang_/ 4 ,a water buffalo1 ih tsak s-nyeu_/ 4 ,an apple1 ih tsak bing koo_/ 4 ,a dining table1 ih tsak chuh-van-de-ts_/ 4 ,an office desk1 ih tsak sia-z-de-ts_/ 4 ,a ,chinese character1 ih kuh z_/ 4 ,a drawer of a table1 ih tsak tsheu-thi_/ 2 ih tsak tsheu-teu_/ 4 ,an unmarried woman1 ih kuh siau-tsia_/ 4 ,tea1 dzo_/ 4 ,now1 yien-dze_/ 4 ,not yet1 'veh zung_/ 4 ,still not yet1 wan 'veh zung_/ 4 ,why8 we-sa_/ or we-sa-lau_/ 4 ,because1 iung-we_/ or we-ts_/ 4 ,in using iung-we_/ the particle lau_/ 77 is generally added at the end of the clause4 ,thus3 8,why did you not go8 ,because ,i did not want to go0 is noong we- sa 'veh chi8 ,iung we ngoo 'veh iau chi lau_/ 78 47 ,,exercises 7,translate into ,english7 7#a7 ,tshing sien-sang kau ngoo dok ,tsoong-kok su4 7#b7 ,yien-dze ngoo iau #8auh sia ,tsoong-kok z4 7#c7 ,noong ma-ts ih tsak sia-z-de1 doong-dien foo meh8 ',veh zung4 7#d7 ,di-kuh z ngoo 'veh suh4 7#e7 ,zak-zen noong 'veh suh meh khau-i mung sien-sang4 7#f7 ,vaung-ts zau hau meh8 ,wan 'veh zung4 7#g7 ,ngoo kuh sen-ts tshing noong theh ngoo zing zing-khoen4 7#h7 ,sen-ts i-kyung zing-dzak tse4 7#i7 ,noong we-sa-lau 'veh zung chi8 ,iung-we ngoo iau dok su lau4 7#aj7 ,tshing sien-sang chuh dzo4 7#aa7 ,tshing sien-sang yoong dzo4 7#ab7 ,zak-zen nyung m-meh nyi-too1 yi-la 'veh nung-keu thing4 7#ac7 ,ngoo 'veh zung tau ,tsoong-kok le1 s-nyeu 'veh zung khoen-kyien hyih4 7#ad7 ,nyi-s-ziang bang-dzak hyih meh8 ',veh zung4 7#ae7 ,sia-z-de-ts laung kuh su z sa nyung kuh8 ,z ngoo-z-ka kuh4 7#af7 ,ngoo kyau noong faung ngoo-kuh i-zaung la tsheu-thi li1 noong we-sa 'veh zung faung kuh8 7#ag7 ,chi khoen khoen sien-sang le meh4 7#ah7 ,ngoo kuh san noong zing-dzak meh8 ,zing-'veh-dzak4 7#ai7 ,zak-zen m-meh sien-sang meh1 noong z-ka khau-i dok su4 7#bj7 ,iau ngoo foo doong-dien meh1 kyau yi-la z-ka le nau4 77 4 77 4 77 8 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 4 77 4 77 4 77 1 4 77 1 4 77 8 4 77 8 4 77 1 8 77 8 77 8 4 77 1 4 77 1 4 7,translate into ,chinese7 7#a7 ,why don't you pay it8 7#b7 ,why do you do this8 7#c7 ,when will you do it8 7#d7 ,i don't want it now4 7#e7 ,when did you go8 7#f7 ,i do not want to go now1 but ,i will go to-morrow4 7#g7 ,does the teacher teach well8 7#h7 ,does the pupil write well8 7#i7 ,why do you not look for my fan8 ,because ,i have already found it4 7#aj7 ,this carpenter can make a dining table4 7#aa7 ,go1 see if the doctor has come4 7#ab7 ,they themselves said they wished to build a new house4 7#ac7 ,i told the table boy to go to the city and buy me four chairs1 a trunk1 a bed1 and an office desk4 7#ad7 ,when the teacher comes1 ask him please to be seated and to take some tea4 7#ae7 ,if one does not study he is unable to know characters4 7#af7 ,my office desk has three drawers4 7#ag7 ,this unmarried girl also wishes to study4 7#ah7 ,have you bought the apples8 ,they cannot be obtained4 7#ai7 ,do you know whether the guest has already arrived8 ,i do not know4 7#bj7 ,can you obtain these8 ,they are unobtainable4 77 8 77 8 77 8 77 4 77 8 77 1 4 77 8 77 8 77 8 4 77 4 77 4 77 1 4 77 1 1 1 4 77 4 77 1 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 4 77 8 4 77 8 4 ,notes4 7#a7 ,in the seventh sentence of the first exercise notice the khoen after the reduplicated verb zing4 ,this gives the force of try to look for it4 8,look1 look1 see40 ,khoen is used after many verbs in this way4 ,thus3 ,tsoo tsoo khoen means 8try to do it40 ,sia sia khoen means 8try to write it40 ,wo wo khoen means1 8try to say it40 ,s ,s khoen means 8try to do it40 7#b7 ,in the tenth and eleventh sentences of the first exercise we have two ways of asking a person to drink tea4 ,the second is the polite form4 ,literally it means that you ask a person 8to use tea40 7#c7 ,in the nineteenth sentence of the first exercise1 notice the use of meh for euphony after sien-sang1 and so also in the twentieth after doong-dien4 7#d7 ,in the eighteenth sentence of the first exercise1 notice the way in which 'veh comes between the zing and the dzak4 ,this means 8seek not find0 or 8it can not be found40 ,so also in the second exercise in the eighteenth sentence 8,they cannot be obtained0 should be translated ma-'veh dzak8 and in the twentieth sentence 8,they are unobtainable0 should be tuh-'veh-dzak4 ,,lesson ,x ,divisions of ,time4 ,more ,adverbs 8,an hour0 in ,chinese is ih tien tsoong_/ 77 or ih kuh tsoong-deu_/ 774 ,literally 8one point of the clock40 ,this is a foreign division of time4 ,the ,chinese divide the day into twelve periods of two hours each1 known as z-zung_/ 774 ,now1 the divisions into hours has become very familiar4 ,ih tien tsoong_/ may also mean 8one o'clock10 and the other hours are indicated in the same way by the change of the numeral4 ,thus 8,two o'clock0 is liang tien tsoong_/ 774 ,two hours would be liang kuh tsoong deu_/ 77 or liang tien tsoong koong foo_/ 774 8,three o'clock0 is san tien tsoong_/ 771 etc4 8,a day0 is usually ih nyih_/ 4 ,the character nyih_/ literally means 8sun40 ,in speaking of the heavenly body1 in the colloquial1 deu_/ is added to the nyih_/1 making the expression nyih-deu_/ 774 ,sometimes the word thien_/ 771 meaning 8,heaven10 is used for 8day40 ,thus san thien_/ means 8three days40 ,no classifier is introduced between the numeral and the nyih_/ or the thien_/4 ,thus we have for 8four days0 s nyih_/ 77 or s thien_/ 774 8,a week0 is ih kuh li-pa_/ 77 or ih li-pa_/ 774 ,this1 of course1 is a foreign division of time which has been adopted into ,chinese4 ,it takes its name from the name of ,sunday1 which is usually li-pa-nyih_/ 774 ,lit4 8the day of ceremonial worship40 ,li_/ means ceremony1 pa_/ is to worship4 ,the other days of the week are formed with the addition of the numerals as follows3 ,monday is li-pa-ih_/ 774 ,tuesday is li-pa-nyi_/4 ,wednesday is li-pa-san_/4 ,thursday li-pa-s_/4 ,friday li-pa-ng_/ and ,saturday li-pa-lok_/4 ,a new way of expressing the days of the week is by the use of the words sing-ji_/ 77 meaning the star period4 ,thus3 ,sunday is sing-ji nyih_/ 771 ,monday1 sing-ji ih_/ 771 ,tuesday1 sing-ji nyi_/ 771 and so on for the other days4 8,a month0 is ih kuh nyoeh_/ 774 ,lit4 8a moon40 ,the ,chinese year is made up of twelve lunar months4 ,the first month is called tsung nyoeh_/ 771 the second1 nyi nyoeh_/ 771 the third1 san nyoeh_/ 77 and so forth4 8,a year0 is ih nyien_/ 774 ,no classifier is used between the numeral and the word 8year01 nyien_/4 8,how many80 or 8,how much80 is kyi-hau8_/ 774 ,thus kyi-hau nyung le8_/ 77 means 8,how many men came80 ,kyi-hau s_/ 77 means 8,how much water80 ,kyi_/ is often used without the hau_/4 ,in such cases it is followed by the classifier of the noun4 ,thus 8,how many men came80 might be kyi kuh nyung le8_/ 774 8,how many horses have you80 noong yeu kyi tsak mo8_/ 774 8,where80 is #8a-li_/ 774 ,thus 8,where are you going80 is noong tau #8a- li chi8_/ 774 8,where are you80 is noong la-#8a-li8_/ 774 ,sa_/ meaning 8what0 with di-faung_/ meaning 8place0 also expresses 8,where80 ,thus sa di-faung8_/ 774 ,we also have sa dzang-hau8_/ 77 meaning 8,what place80 or 8,where80 but this refers to a more circumscribed area than di- faung_/4 ,we also have sa #8oo-daung_/ 77 used much in the same way as sa dzang-hau_/4 ,,vocabulary ,a fish1 ih diau ng_/ 4 ,to return1 tsen-le_/ 1 ,lit4 ,to come back2 tsen-chi_/ 1 ,lit4 ,to go back4 ,to come out or forth1 tsheh-le_/ 4 ,to go out1 tsheh chi_/ 4 ,to thank1 zia_/ 4 ,near1 jung_/ 4 ,to-day1 kyung-tsau_/ 4 ,yesterday1 zau-nyih_/ 4 ,a painter1 ih kuh tshih-ziang_/ 4 ,thus1 zeh-ke_/ or zeh-ke-nung_/ 4 ,then 7used as a conjunction71 nan-meh_/ 4 ,only1 pi-koo_/ 4 ,south1 nen_/ 4 ,immediately1 zieu_/ 4 ,time1 z-#8eu_/ 1 zung-kwaung_/ or koong-foo_/ 4 ,but1 dan-z_/ 1 dok-z_/ 4 ,,exercises 7,translate into ,english7 7#a7 ,tshing sien-sang ming-tsau kyeu tien-tsoong le4 7#b7 ,kyung-tsau z li-pa-ih1 ming-tsau z li-pa-nyi4 7#c7 ,di-kuk nyoeh yeu san-seh nyih4 7#d7 ,ih li-pa yeu tshih nyih4 7#e7 ,noong-kuh bang-yeu dzu la sa di-faung8 ,la dzung li4 ,la dzung li1 sa dzang-hau8 ,jung nen mung4 7#f7 ,ngoo-kuh tau noong faung la-#8a-li8 7#g7 ,zau-nyih ngoo dok-ts ng tien-tsoong su1 nan-meh tsheh-chi tseu loo4 7#h7 ,kyi pung su z noong-kuh lau kyi pung z yi-kuh8 7#i7 ,i-kuh nyung yeu kyi-kuh #8eu-ts8 ,yi pih-koo yeu ih-kuh4 7#aj7 ,noong tau-ts ,tsoong-kok kyi-kuh nyoeh tse8 ,ngoo le-ts san kuh nyoeh4 7#aa7 ,noong kyi-z iau tsen-chi8 ,li-pa-san iau tsen-chi4 7#ab7 ,zaung-he kyi-z tsen-le kuh8 ,zau-nyih tsen-le kuh4 7#ac7 ,noong we-sa-lau 'veh tsheh-chi tseu tseu8 ,iung-we m-meh koong-foo lau4 7#ad7 ,zia zia noong chi tshing i-sung le4 7#ae7 ,ngoo dok-hau-ts su zieu iau chuh van4 7#af7 ,z zeh-ke va8 ,z zeh-ke kuh4 77 4 77 1 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 4 8 4 77 8 77 1 4 77 8 77 8 4 77 8 4 77 8 4 77 8 4 77 8 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 4 7,translate into ,chinese7 7#a7 ,where have you put my shoes8 7#b7 ,i put them in the box4 7#c7 ,i do not want to study on ,sunday1 but ,i will study on ,monday4 7#d7 ,how many weeks are there in a month8 7#e7 ,how many peaches have you eaten8 7#f7 ,how many dollars did you give your servant8 7#g7 ,what time is it now8 7#h7 ,where do you live8 7#i7 ,when you have bought the fish1 return immediately4 7#aj7 ,the guest will stay here four months1 and then will return4 7#aa7 ,please tell the painter to come4 7#ab7 ,the teacher1 having taught for three hours1 left immediately4 7#ac7 ,why do you do it this way8 ,because the teacher told me to do it thus4 7#ad7 ,i wish to do it1 but ,i have no time to do it4 7#ae7 ,go see what time it is now4 77 8 77 4 77 1 4 77 8 77 8 77 8 77 8 77 8 77 4 77 1 4 77 4 77 1 4 77 8 4 77 1 4 77 4 ,notes4 7#a7 8,thank you0 is expressed by repeating the ,zia4 ,thus 8,thank you0 is ,zia-zia noong4 ,in speaking to an equal or superior1 the ,noong would be dropped4 ,often in ,chinese when you ask a person to do a thing for you1 you preface the request by thanking the person4 ,thus ,zia-zia noong chi tan ngoo-kuh san le 77 means 8,thank you1 go bring my umbrella40 7#b7 ,koong-foo has the double sense of 8work0 or 8time40 ,thus3 ,tsoo koong-foo means to do work4 ,but ,m-meh koong-foo means 8,i have no time40 ,you never say ,sa koong-foo1 meaning 8,what time80 but ,sa s-#8eu8 or ,sa zung-kwaung8 ,in asking what time it is by the clock the usual expression is ,kyi tien-tsoong8 7#c7 ,the force of the question in the third sentence of the ,first ,exercise is due to the fact that some ,chinese months have thirty days and some have twenty-nine4 ,a month of thirty days is called ,doo nyoeh 771 8a large month10 and one with twenty-nine days is called a small month ,siau nyoeh 774 ,in order to make the seasons come right1 an intercalary month is put in about every three years4 ,this in ,chinese is called ,nyung nyoeh 774 7#d7 ,notice the elliptical form of expression in the seventh sentence of the ,first ,exercise4 ,literally it means 8,yesterday ,i read five hours' book40 7#e7 ,in the third sentence of the ,second ,exercise the ,chinese idiom is peculiar4 ,you say ,li-pa nyih 'veh iau dok su1 li-pa-ih lau dok kuh4 ,literally 8,sunday not want to study1 ,monday and study40 7#f7 ,in the eleventh sentence of the ,second ,exercise1 the 8please0 should be translated ,zia-zia noong4 ,,lesson ,,xi ,the ,passive ,voice1 and ,adverbs of ,place and ,time ,peh_/ 77 7,mandarin 7 is used to form the ,passive1 and is the regular and proper form of the ,passive4 ,thus3 the verb tang_/ 77 means to 8,strike40 ,ngoo tang yi_/ 77 means 8,i strike him40 ,to put this into the ,passive we would say ngoo peh yi tang_/ 774 ,literally 8,i gave him strike10 or 8,i was struck by him40 8,here0 is expressed by leh-li_/ or tsh-di_/ 71 7 or di-deu_/ 774 ,tsh-di_/ means literally 8this place40 8,there0 is leh-la_/ 77 or i-deu_/ 77 or i-kwhe_/ 774 8,i am here0 is ngoo leh-li_/ 774 8,i am there0 is ngoo leh-la_/ 774 ,these adverbs are often used as adverbial nouns and may take prepositions before them4 ,thus ,tau di-deu le_/ 77 means 8,come here40 ,lit4 8,to here come40 ,tau i-deu chi_/ 77 means 8,go there40 ,lit4 8,to there go40 ,pa la tsh-di_/ 77 means 8,place it here10 ,lit4 8,place it at here40 ,pa la i-kwhe_/ 77 means 8,place it there40 ,lit4 8,place it at there40 ,,vocabulary ,half an hour1 pen tien-tsoong_/ 1 7pen_/ means half74 ,quarter of an hour1 ih khuh_/ 4 ,a minute1 ih fung_/ 4 ,in the morning1 zaung-pen-nyih_/ 4 ,lit4 ,above half day4 ,in the afternoon1 #8au-pen-nyih_/ 4 ,lit4 ,lower half day4 ,night1 ya_/ 4 ,at night1 ya-deu_/ or ya-li_/ 4 ,day before yesterday1 koo-nyih-ts_/ 1 zien-nyih-ts_/ 1 i-nyih-ts_/ 4 ,day after to-morrow1 #8eu nyih_/ 4 ,early in the morning1 tsau-zung-deu_/ 4 ,tsau_/ is early4 ,in the evening1 ya-kwha_/ 4 ,lit4 ,night coming fast4 ,in the middle of the day or noon1 nyih-tsoong_/ 4 ,to cook1 sau_/ 4 ,to strike1 tang_/ 4 ,to wait1 tung_/ 4 ,tung-ih-tung_/ means 8,wait a little40 ,to rest1 hyih_/ 4 ,hyih-ih-hyih_/ means 8,wait a little40 ,we also have tung-ih-hyih_/4 ,to remember1 kyi_/ or kyi-tuh_/ 4 ,to forget1 maung-kyi_/ 4 ,an affair 7abstract71 ih jien z-thi_/ or ih tsaung z-thi_/ 4 ,a thing or object 7concrete71 ih-kuh meh-z_/ 4 ,wind1 foong_/ 4 ,a loaf of bread1 ih-kuh men-deu_/ 4 ,a mosquito1 ih tsak mung-ts_/ or ih kuh mung-ts_/4 ,a boat1 ih tsak zen_/ 4 ,many1 much1 too-hau_/ 1 or too_/ 4 ,to sting1 ting_/ 4 ,to bite1 ngau_/ 4 ,to spoil1 wa_/ 1 or wa-theh_/ 7completely spoil74 ,a snake1 ih diau zo_/ 4 ,,exercises 7,translate into ,english7 7#a7 ,van sau hau meh8 ,sau hau tse4 7#b7 ,ngoo-kuh i-zaung tan tau tsh-di le4 7#c7 ,i-zaung tsoo hau meh8 ',veh zung1 iau hyih liang nyih tsoo hau4 7#d7 ,tshing sien-sang ming-tsau zaung-pen-nyih zeh tien-tsoong le4 7#e7 ,van sau-hau-ts meh zieu iau chuh4 7#f7 ,ngoo nyih-li dok tsoong-kok su1 ya-li dok nga-kok su4 7#g7 ,i-tsak mo we-ts tseu le man lau peh la mo-foo tang4 7#h7 ,zien-nyih-ts ngoo la ,zaung-he ma-ts too-hau meh-z4 7#i7 ,di tsaung z-thi ngoo theh noong wo1 dan-z 'veh iau peh i-kuh nyung hyau-tuh4 7#aj7 ,tsau-zung-deu z ting hau dok su kuh zung-kwaung4 7#aa7 ,tung-ih-hyih ngoo zieu iau le4 7#ab7 ,noong dok koo hyih kuh su kyi-tuh va8 7#ac7 ,ih pen kyi-tuh1 ih pen maung-kyi4 7#ad7 ,ngoo peh la mung-ts ting4 7#ae7 ,men-deu peh la siau-noen chuh theh tse4 7#af7 ,ngoo-kuh kyak peh la zo ngau-ts ih kheu4 7#ag7 ,zen peh la doo foong tang wa4 7#ah7 ,tshing sien-sang di-deu zoo4 77 8 4 77 4 77 8 1 4 77 4 77 4 77 1 4 77 4 77 4 77 1 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 7,translate into ,chinese7 7#a7 ,when will you come1 in the morning or in the afternoon8 7#b7 ,i do not know2 if ,i have no affairs to attend to1 ,i will come in the morning4 7#c7 ,has the carpenter finished making the table8 ,if so1 ,i will come and look at it4 7#d7 ,place the bed here and the table there4 7#e7 ,these fish are cooked badly4 7#f7 ,the day after to-morrow ,i have invited some guests to dinner4 7#g7 ,it is already twenty minutes past ten1 and my teacher has not ye come4 7#h7 ,do you remember what ,i told you yesterday8 ,i have forgotten it4 7#i7 ,in studying ,chinese1 you must not forget what you have already learnt4 7#aj7 ,please sit down a little while2 there are many things ,i want to say to you4 7#aa7 ,how did you come8 ,i came in a carriage4 7#ab7 ,my child was struck by your child4 7#ac7 ,my face and hands were bitten by mosquitoes4 77 1 8 77 1 1 4 77 8 1 4 77 1 4 77 4 77 4 77 1 4 77 8 4 77 1 4 77 1 4 77 1 4 77 4 77 4 ,notes4 7#a7 ,it will have been noticed that in ,lesson ,,vi4 ,leh-li was used in the ,present ,tense ,continuous of the ,verb1 and that ,leh-la was used for the ,past ,continuous4 ,it was pointed out then that these words really signify 8,here0 and 8,there40 ,the literal sense would be 8,i am here eating10 and 8,i was there eating40 7#b7 ,it is very important that beginners should distinguish clearly between meh-z and z-thi4 ,any concrete object may be called a meh-z4 ,but an abstract action or affair is always z-thi4 ,in mandarin-speaking districts toong-si 7,lit4 8,east-,west07 is often used for meh-z1 and sometimes it is heard in the ,shanghai ,district4 7#c7 ,in the fifth sentence of the ,first ,exercise1 notice how the ts is tacked on to the hau1 and not to the sau4 7#d7 ,in the tenth sentence of ,first ,exercise notice how the dok su has become a verbal adjective4 ,lit4 8,reading book time40 7#e7 ,in the fifteenth sentence of the ,first ,exercise the force of the theh after chuh is that it has been entirely eaten up4 ,theh often comes after verbs to express completed action4 7#f7 ,in the sixteenth sentence of the ,first ,exercise1 ,ngau-ts ih kheu means literally 8,bitten a mouthful40 7#g7 ,in the seventeenth sentence we have two verbs used together--tang and wa4 ,literally 8,beat0 or 8strike spoil40 7#h7 ,in the seventh sentence of the ,second ,exercise twenty minutes past ten is expressed zeh tien koo nyan fung4 ,tien is a shortened form for tien-tsoong4 ,koo means 8passed over0 or 8beyond40 7#i7 ,in the twelfth sentence of the ,first ,exercise notice the use of kuh1 ,it has the force of the relative pronoun1 and the translation would be 8the books which you have read40 7#aj7 ,in the sixth sentence of the ,second ,exercise 8some0 may be translated by kyi-kuh4 ,,lesson ,,xii ,some ,verbal ,idioms ,we have already explained the use of khau-i_/1 nung-keu_/1 and we_/4 ,there are other ways of expressing the possibility and impossibility of doing things in ,chinese4 ,for instance one way is by the addition of tuh le_/ or 'veh le_/ after the verb4 ,thus3 ,dok-tuh-le_/ 77 means 8,able to read40 ,dok-'veh-le_/ 77 means 8,unable to read it40 ,many verbs of one character admit of this construction4 ,thus3 ,wo-tuh-le_/ means 8,able to speak40 ,wo-'veh-le_/ means 8,unable to speak40 ,tsoo-tuh-le_/ 771 8,able to do40 ,tsoo-'veh-le_/ 771 8,unable to do40 ,verbs made up of two characters do not take tuh-le_/ and 'veh-le_/ after them4 ,thus we do not hear hyau-tuh-'veh-le_/ for 8,unable to know10 but 'veh we hyau-tuh_/ 774 ,the literal meaning of tuh-le_/ is 8,obtain1 come10 and the literal meaning of 'veh-le_/ is 8,not come40 ,we also have the use of tuh-kuh_/ after verbs1 expressing possibility1 and 'veh-tuh_/1 expressing impossibility4 ,thus we have tsoo-tuh-kuh_/ 771 meaning 8it is possible to do a thing10 and tsoo-'veh-tuh_/ 771 meaning 8it is impossible to do a thing40 ,with verbs of physical action1 we have tuh-doong_/ 77 and 'veh-doong_/ 77 used after the verb implying possibility and impossibility4 ,thus we have tseu-tuh-doong_/ 771 meaning 8,i have the physical ability to walk10 and tseu-'veh-doong_/ 771 meaning 8,i have not the physical ability to walk40 ,in the same way we have tsoo-tuh-doong_/ 77 and tsoo-'veh-doong_/ 774 ',veh-doong_/ literally means 8,not move40 ,strange to say we have zoo-'veh-doong_/ 771 meaning 8,i have not the physical ability to sit up10 and zoo-tuh-doong_/ 771 meaning 8,i have the physical ability to sit up40 ,ma-tuh-doong_/ 77 means 8,possible to buy40 ,ma-'veh-doong_/ 77 means 8,impossible to buy40 ,with verbs of hearing and seeing impossibility is expressed in still another way4 ,thus we have khoen-tuh-kyien_/ 771 meaning 8,it is possible to see10 and khoen-'veh-kyien_/ 77 meaning 8,it is impossible to see it40 ,literally translated these expressions are 8,see1 obtain1 behold10 and 8,see1 not behold40 ,we also have khoen-tuh-tsheh_/ 771 meaning to see a thing clearly4 ,literally 8,see1 obtain1 come forth10 and khoen-'veh-tsheh_/ 771 meaning not to be able to see1 or literally 8,see1 not come forth40 ,in the same way we have thing-tuh-tsheh_/ 77 and thing-'veh-tsheh_/ 77 in regard to hearing4 ,instead of thing-tuh-kyien_/ and thing-'veh-kyien_/ we have thing-tuh-dzak_/ 77 and thing-'veh-dzak_/ 774 ,literally 8,hear1 obtain0 and 8,hear1 not obtain40 ,we have already explained the use of hau _/after verbs expressing completed action4 ,we also have other words used much in the same way4 ,thus dok-hau-tse_/ 771 dok-wen-tse_/ 77 or dok-ba-tse_/ 77 all mean the same thing4 ,the verb wen_/ means 8to finish40 ,accordingly in asking a question tsoo-hau-meh_/ 771 tsoo-wen-meh_/ 77 and tsoo-ba-meh_/ 771 all mean 8,have you finished it80 ,verbal nouns are often formed by the addition of deu_/ 77 or fah_/ 77 after the verb4 ,thus tsoo-deu_/ 77 or tsoo-fah_/ 77 means the manner of doing a thing4 ,,vocabulary ,to move1 to excite1 doong_/ 4 ,to hear1 thing_/ 774 ,heard1 thing-kyien_/ ,to knock1 to strike1 khau_/ 4 ,to finish1 wen_/ 4 ,kan_/ 77 is the classifier used with rooms4 ,a room1 ih kan_/ 4 ,a bed room1 ih kan vaung-kan_/ 4 ,a guest room1 ih kan khak-daung-kan_/ 4 ,an office1 ih kan sia-z-kan_/ 4 ,a shroff's room1 ih kan tsang-vaung-kan_/ 4 ,a study1 ih kan su-vaung_/ 4 ,a dining room1 ih kan chuh-van-kan_/ 4 ,a kitchen1 ih kan sau-van-kan_/ or dzu-vaung_/ or tsau-kan_/ 4 ,all1 loong-tsoong_/ or koong-tsoong_/ 4 ,all in general1 most1 da-ke_/ 4 ,few1 sau_/ 4 ,each1 me_/ 4 ,every1 kauh_/ 4 ,other1 bih_/ 4 ,high1 kau_/ 4 ,low1 ti_/ 4 ,broad1 khweh_/ 4 ,narrow1 #8ah_/ 4 ,deep1 sung_/ 4 ,shallow1 tshien_/ ,too 7denoting excess71 thuh_/ 4 ,above1 zaung-deu_/ 4 ,below1 #8au-deu_/ 1 #8au-ti-deu_/ 1 #8au-ti_/ 4 ,under1 beneath1 ti-#8au_/ 4 ,outside1 nga-deu_/ 4 ,after1 #8eu_/ 4 ,behind1 #8eu-ti_/ 1 #8eu-ti-deu_/1 #8eu-deu_/ 4 ,before1 zien_/ 1 zien-deu_/ 4 ,earth1 di_/ or di-jeu_/ 4 ,,exercises 7,translate into ,english7 7#a7 ,zaung-deu yeu thien1 #8au-deu yeu di4 7#b7 ,yeu too-hau z ngoo sia-'veh-le4 7#c7 ,noong we-sa-lau tseu le man-le-si8 ,iung-we ngoo tseu 'veh-doong lau4 7#d7 ,tsoong-kok wo zak-zen nyung wo le kwha meh1 ngoo thing-'veh-tsheh4 7#e7 ,yeu-kuh su ngoo dok 'veh le4 7#f7 ,di-zak vaung-ts kyi-hau kau1 kyi-hau kwheh8 7#g7 ,di-zak vaung-ts yeu kyi kan8 7#h7 ,yeu ih kan khak-daung1 ih kan sia-z-kan1 ih kan chuh-van-kan1 lau s kan vaung-kan4 7#i7 ,di-kuh meh-z yeu sa yoong-deu va8 ',m-sa yoong-deu4 7#aj7 ,sa nyung la khau mung8 ,ngoo 'veh zung thing-kyien yeu sa nyung la khau mung4 7#aa7 ,di diau loo thuh #8ah1 ting hau noong tseu la zien-deu1 ngoo tseu la #8eu-deu4 7#ab7 ,tshing khak-nyung khak-daung li zoo4 7#ac7 ,dzoong ,zaung-he tau tsh di yeu kyi-hau loo8 7#ad7 ,vaung-ts nga-deu z lang tien1 vaung-ts li-hyang z nyih tien4 7#ae7 ,di-diau #8oo yeu-kuh di-faung z sung tien1 yeu-kuh di-faung z tshien tien4 7#af7 ,noong na-nung hyau-tuh di tsaung z-thi8 ,iung-we ngoo thing-tuh yeu nyung wo lau4 7#ag7 ,ze-voong tsoo le 'veh hau1 loong-tsoong kuh i-zaung thuh doo4 7#ah7 ,kauh nyung yeu kauh nyung kuh z-thi4 77 1 4 77 4 77 8 4 77 1 4 77 4 77 1 4 77 4 77 1 1 1 4 77 8 4 77 8 4 77 1 1 4 77 4 77 8 77 1 4 77 1 4 77 8 4 77 1 4 77 4 7,translate into ,chinese7 7#a7 ,where is your teacher8 ,he is in the study writing4 7#b7 ,did you tell the table boy to bring the tea8 7#c7 ,if the carpenter does not make it well1 ,i shall call another man4 7#d7 ,this manner of doing it is bad2 ,i want you to do it better4 7#e7 ,i walked to ,shanghai1 and then ,i could walk no further4 7#f7 ,then what did you do8 ,i called a ricsha and came back4 7#g7 ,is the ,master in8 ,he has gone out4 7#h7 ,three days ago ,i went to see the pagoda4 7#i7 ,there is water beneath the earth4 7#aj7 ,the cat is under the chair4 7#aa7 ,when ,i have finished reading the book1 ,i want to learn to write characters4 7#ab7 ,tell him to come inside4 7#ac7 ,this table is too low2 ,i cannot write characters on it4 7#ad7 ,may ,i come in8 ,come right in4 77 8 4 77 1 8 77 1 4 77 1 4 77 4 77 8 4 77 8 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 1 4 77 8 4 ,notes4 7#a7 ,in regard to sau1 meaning 8few10 it should be noted that it never occurs before a noun4 ,if you wish to say a few men the idiomatic expression would be yeu 'veh too kyi-kuh nyung 77 or m-meh kyi-hau nyung 774 ,the men are few would be nyung sau 774 ,sau is often used to qualify verbs4 ,thus we have sau dok kuh1 meaning 8to read less40 7#b7 ,as already pointed out in a previous lesson what correspond to prepositions in ,english are really postpositions in ,chinese1 as they come after the nouns instead of before them4 ,when used as adverbs1 however1 they generally precede the verbs4 ,thus we have li-hyang zoo for 8,sit inside10 zaung-deu zoo 77 for 8take a higher seat40 ,this is the usual polite phrase said to a guest when he enters your guest room4 ,he will take a seat near the door1 and you ask him 8to be seated higher40 7#c7 ,the first sentence of the ,first ,exercise is really an oath1 and is used when one is calling ,heaven and ,earth to witness that his words are true4 7#d7 ,note the impersonal use of yeu in the second sentence of the ,first ,exercise4 ,literally it is 8,there are many characters40 7#e7 ,in the seventh sentence of the ,second ,exercise you have the usual form of inquiring whether the gentleman you wish to see is at home4 ,you say ,sien-sang leh-la va8 8is the master there80 ,the answer is leh-la1 if he is at home1 meaning 8,he is there40 ,if he is not at home1 the answer may be tsheh chi la1 8he has gone out10 or 'veh leh-la1 8he is not there40 ,,lesson ,,xiii ,auxiliary ,verbs ,the verb chi_/ 77 is often used as an auxiliary verb after the principal verb to express the idea of inception4 ,thus dok-chi_/ 77 means 8,begin to read40 ,chi_/ also expresses the idea of erectness1 but when used in this sense1 le_/ 77 follows the chi_/4 ,thus ,lih-chi-le_/ 77 means 8,stand up40 ,lok-chi-le_/ 77 means 8,get up40 ,it also has a progressive meaning1 as when you say ,doh-chi-le_/ 77 it means 8read on10 8go on reading40 ,we have the chi_/1 also used in combination with tuh_/ 774 ,thus ,lok-tuh-chi_/ 77 means 8,able to get up40 ,lok-'veh-chi_/ 77 means 8,unable to get up40 ,ma-tuh-chi_/ 77 means 8,can afford to buy it40 ,ma-'veh-chi_/ 77 means 8,cannot afford to buy it40 ,kwhung-'veh-chi_/ 77 means 8unable to sleep40 ,khoen-'veh-chi_/ 77 means 8to look down upon10 8to disdain40 ,zaung_/ 77 and #8,au_/ 77 are used both as principal verbs and as auxiliaries4 ,thus we have the expressions ,zaung san_/ 771 meaning 8to go up hill40 #8,au san_/ 771 8to go down hill40 #8,au zen_/ 771 8to go on board a boat10 ,zaung su_/ 771 8to take an advanced lesson in a book10 etc4 ,in these cases they are used as principal verbs4 ,as auxiliary verbs1 they express motion upwards and motion downwards4 ,they are not confined to verbs of motion1 but are used freely with other verbs4 ,to both of them le_/ 77 and chi_/ 77 are frequently added4 ,thus we have dok-#8au-chi_/ 771 meaning 8,read on down40 ,tsoo-#8au-chi_/ 771 meaning 8,go on doing it40 ,thiau-#8au-le_/ 771 meaning 8,jump down40 ,thiau-zaung-chi_/ 771 meaning 8,jump up to that place40 ,thiau-zaung-le_/ 77 8,jump up to this place40 ,although the ,chinese language is1 strictly speaking1 a monosyllabic language1 yet as has already been noticed there is a strong tendency to use two or more words together forming as it were disyllables or trisyllables4 ,in this lesson some verbs are used1 composed of two characters occurring together4 ,,vocabulary ,to like1 to enjoy1 hwen-hyi_/ 4 ,to play1 take recreation1 beh-siang_/ 4 ,to converse1 bak-wo_/ or dan-dan_/ 1 4 ,to believe1 siang-sing_/ 4 ,to fall1 lauh_/ 7of things7 or tih_/ 7of men or animals74 ,to stand up1 lih_/ 4 ,to get up1 lok_/ 4 ,to be willing1 khung_/ 4 ,to back the book1 pe_/ ,to think1 siang_/ 4 ,to sleep1 kwhung_/ ,to wipe1 kha_/ 4 ,to fly1 fi_/ 4 ,to reckon1 soen_/ 4 ,to build1 zau_/ 4 ,a stove1 ih kuh hoo-loo_/ 1 or ih tsak hoo-loo_/4 ,a rat1 ih tsak lau-ts_/ 1 or ih tsak lau dzoong_/ 4 ,a washstand1 ih tsak kha-mien-de-ts_/ 4 ,a temple1 ih zoo miau_/ 4 ,a window1 ih sen tshaung_/ 4 ,ban_/ 77 is the ,classifier for firms1 shops1 etc4 ,a tea shop1 ih ban dzo-kwen_/ 4 ,a pair of chop-sticks1 ih saung kwhan_/ 4 ,words1 seh-wo_/ or wo-deu_/ or 4 ,a sentence1 ih kyui seh-wo_/ 4 ,only1 pih-koo_/ 1 or dok-z_/ 1 or tsuh-tuh_/ 4 ,not only1 'veh-dan-z_/ 1 or 'veh-dan_/ 1 or 'veh-ba_/ 4 ,heavy1 dzoong_/ 4 ,light 7in weight71 chung_/ 4 ,cheap1 jang_/ ,dear 7in price71 kyui_/ 4 ,happy1 kha-weh_/ 4 ,clear or distinct1 tshing-saung_/ 4 ,soochow1 ,soo-tseu_/ 4 ,therefore1 soo-i_/ or keh-lau_/ 4 ,first1 sien_/ 4 ,together ih-dau_/ 1 ih-doong 4 ,,exercises 7,translate into ,english7 7#a7 ,di-kuh liang we bang-yeu hwen-hyi ih-dau bak-wo4 7#b7 ,ngoo dok-ba-ts su iau tsheh-chi beh-siang4 7#c7 ,zak-zen yi khung ma meh1 noong ma-meh-tse4 7#d7 ,di zoo vaung-ts zau-chi-le 'man kwha4 7#e7 ,ngoo kyau i-kuh siau-noen lih-chi-le pe su4 7#f7 ,ngoo siang di-kuh #8auh-sang-ts kyung-tsau 'veh zung kha mien4 7#g7 ,tsoong-kok nyung chuh van yoong ih saung kwhan1 nga-kok nyung yoong tau lau tsho4 7#h7 ,zauh ya-deu la vaung-kan-li ngoo thing-tuh ih tsak lau-ts leh-la kyau4 7#i7 ,zak-zen yi wo yi 'veh zung tan meh1 i-kuh seh-wo ngoo khung siang-sing4 7#aj7 ,thien hau meh ngoo iau tau dzo-kwen-li chi zoo-zoo dan-dan chuh dzo4 7#aa7 ,yeu bih saung-#8a-ts va8 ,ngoo pih-koo yeu di-saung4 7#ab7 ,zauh-ya-deu ngoo kwhung-'veh-dzak1 soo-i kyung-tsau lok-'veh-chi4 7#ac7 ,thien nyih kuh zung-kwaung iau khe tshaung lau mung1 lang meh iau kwan4 7#ad7 ,tsoong-kok wo1 wo le 'veh tshing-saung meh bih nyung 'veh toong kuh4 7#ae7 ,di-tsak kha-mien-de-ts noong ma le jang va8 ',veh hau soen jang1 ngoo siang 'man kyui4 7#af7 ,noong kyi kwhe yang-dien ma le kuh8 ,zeh kwhe yang-dien la4 7#ag7 ,noong we-sa-lau ma le zeh-ke kyui8 ,iung-we tsuh-tuh di-kuh ih tsak4 7#ah7 ,ngoo tsheh-chi bau loo 'veh-dan khoen-kyien ih zoo miau1 miau mung zien #8a yeu ih zoo thah4 7#ai7 ,di-tsak hoo-loo z dzoong kuh nyi chung kuh8 ,z 'man dzoong kuh4 7#bj7 ,tshing sien-sang zoo zaung chi4 7#ba7 ,sien-sang kyau #8auh-sang-ts dok-#8au-chi4 7#bb7 ,i-pung su dzoong de-ts laung lauh-#8au-le4 7#bc7 ,siau-noen dzoong iui-ts laung tih-#8au-le4 7#bd7 ,ngoo khoen-kyien ih tsak tiau dzoong thien laung fi-#8au-le4 7#be7 ,ngoo ming-tsau iau #8au zen tau ,soo-tseu chi4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 4 77 8 4 77 8 4 77 4 77 8 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 7,translate into ,chinese7 7#a7 ,do you like to eat this8 7#b7 ,in the day time men work1 in the night time they sleep4 7#c7 ,the cat came in by the window and the rat ran out by the door4 7#d7 ,i conversed with him1 and he taught me many words in ,chinese4 7#e7 ,i want you to wipe the windows4 7#f7 ,last night ,i only slept four hours4 7#g7 ,i not only bought a washstand1 ,i also bought a stove and three chairs4 7#h7 ,children like to play1 men like to study4 7#i7 ,why do you go to the tea shop8 ,because there ,i can hear many men conversing1 and so learn many ,chinese words4 7#aj7 ,are you willing to go with me to see the temple8 7#aa7 ,to-day ,i am very happy1 because ,i have finished the book4 7#ab7 ,the child jumped down from the table4 7#ac7 ,please write on down4 7#ad71 ,when will you go up the hill with me to take a look8 7#ae7 ,the teacher first hears the scholars back the book1 and then gives them an advanced lesson4 77 8 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 4 77 8 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 77 4 ,notes4 7#a7 ,note that siang-sing means 8to like0 as well as to believe4 ,ngoo siang-sing ih kuh nyung 77 means1 8,i like him40 7#b7 ,the expression 8to back the book0 arises from the old ,chinese custom of the pupil turning his back upon the teacher when he recites his lesson4 7#c7 ,notice the order of the words in the eleventh sentence of the ,first ,exercise4 ,the verb ,yeu comes first in the sentence4 7#d7 ,the word la is added at the end of the sixteenth sentence of the ,first ,exercise merely for euphony4 7#e7 ,in the twentieth sentence of the ,first ,exercise we have another polite way of asking a person to take a higher seat in the guest room4 7#f7 ,in sentences twenty-two and twenty-three of the ,first ,exercise we have the use of lauh and tih for 8fall04 ,it is difficult to distinguish between the two1 but tih is used always when we speak of a person falling down4 7#g7 ,the correct way of translating the first sentence of the ,second ,exercise is ,di-yang meh-z nong hwen-hyi chuh va8 ,di-yang means 8this sort40 7#h7 ,the thirteenth sentence of the ,second ,exercise of course refers to the fact that the ,chinese write from the top down and not across the page4 7#i7 ,the last clause of the fifteenth sentence of the ,second ,exercise should be nan-meh theh yi-la zaung su4 8,then for them1 advances in the book40 ,,lesson ,,xiv ,causality1 and ,necessity ,the idea of causality1 in the sense of causing a person to do a thing1 is expressed in ,chinese by the use of the auxiliary verbs kau_/ 77 and tsha_/ 774 ,thus 8,i caused him to do it10 would be ngoo kao yi tsoo_/ 774 8,i caused him to go10 would be ngoo tsha yi chi_/ 774 ,the word tsha_/ literally means 8to send40 ,the word kau_/ is the same as kyau_/1 but used with different pronunciation and different tone4 ,when one of higher rank causes a person of lower rank to do a thing the word s_/ 77 is used4 ,thus ,s ngoo ieu-mung_/1 8,caused me to sorrow40 8,must0 is expressed by the expressions tsoong-iau_/ 771 pih-ding iau_/ 771 ih-ding iau_/ 774 8,it must be0 is tsoong z_/ 774 ,thus 8,it must be so0 is tsoong-z zeh-ke_/ 774 8,ought0 implying obligation1 is expressed by iung-ke_/ 774 ,thus 8,you ought to do it0 is noong iung-ke tsoo kuh_/ 774 ,,vocabulary ,perhaps1 khoong-pho_/ 4 ,just now1 a little while ago1 khan khan_/ 1 or 'veh too kyi-z_/ 4 ,quickly1 #8au-sau_/ 1 or kwha-kwha_/ 4 ,moreover1 ping-tshia_/ 1 or r-tshia_/ 1 or hwaung-tshia_/ 4 ,although1 soe-zen_/ 1 or soe-z_/ 4 ,yet1 zen-r_/ 4 ,still 7in the sense of in addition71 wan_/ 1 or wan-iau_/ 4 ngoo wan-iau ma_/ 1 8,i still wish to buy more40 ,on the contrary1 or on the other hand1 tau_/ 4 ,to complete1 dzung-koong_/ 4 ,to light 7a lamp or candle71 tien_/ 4 ,to light 7a fire71 sang_/ 4 ,to take with you1 ta chi_/ 4 ,to bring with you1 ta le_/ 4 ,to kill1 sah_/ 1 or sah-theh_/ 4 ,to kill with a blow1 tang sah_/ 4 ,to die1 si_/ 1 or si-theh_/ 4 ,to live1 weh_/ 4 ,a lamp1 ih tsan tung_/ 4 ,to tell1 narrate1 kau-soo_/ 4 ,to sweep the ground 7floor71 sau-di_/ 4 ,foong_/ 77 is the classifier used for letters and other sealed parcels4 ,a letter1 ih foong sing_/ 4 ,an envelope1 ih foong sing khauh_/ 1 or ih foong sing foong_/ 4 ,a candle1 ih kung lah tsok_/ _/4 ,fire1 hoo_/ 4 ,tsang_/ 77 is the classifier denoting sheets4 ,a sheet of paper1 ih tsang ts_/ or ih tsang ts-deu_/ 4 ,a fowl1 ih tsak kyi_/ 4 ,,exercises 7,translate into ,english7 7#a7 ,ngoo-nyi iung-ke tsoo-kuh z-thi1 tau 'veh tsoo4 7#b7 ,thien lang-ts meh pih-ding iau sang hoo4 7#c7 ,ya-deu iau dok su meh1 tsoong-iau tien tung4 7#d7 ,ngoo 'veh hyau-tuh na-nung tsoo-deu1 ngoo-kuh bang-yeu i-kyung si-theh tse4 7#e7 ,tan ih tsang ts-deu le1 ngoo iau sia ih foong sing4 7#f7 ,ngoo la su-vaung li zing ngoo-kuh mau-ts1 soe-zen tien-ts lah-tsok #8a zing-'veh-dzak kuh4 7#g7 ,ngoo iau #8auh dok tsoong-kok z ping tshia iau #8auh sia tsoong-kok z 7#h7 ,soe-zen noong wo 'veh zung tan tsheh chi zen-r ngoo 'veh khung siang-sing4 7#i7 ,kwha-tien chi kyau i-sung le1 khoong pho yi iau si tse4 7#aj7 ,sien-sang leh-la va8 ,yi khan-khan leh-li1 yien-dze 'veh hyau-tuh a-li chi tse4 7#aa7 ,zak-zen yi wan 'veh zung le1ngoo tung yi 'veh tuh4 7#ab7 ,ngoo kyau yoong-nyung sah ih tsak kyi1 la chuh van kuh zung-kwaung iau chuh kuh4 7#ac7 ,di-tsak de-ts mok-ziang tsoo le wan hau4 7#ad7 ,ngoo 'man kha-weh thing-tuh noong wo ngoo yeu ih foong sing le1 khoong-pho z ngoo-kuh bang-yeu sia le kuh4 7#ae7 ,nyung iau sien tsoo dzung-koong ih tsaung z-thi1 nan-meh khau-i tsoo bih yang4 7#af7 ,m-meh ih kuh nyung hwen-hyi si4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 7,translate into ,chinese7 7#a7 ,i told you a little while ago that ,i did not want you to open the window2 why do you not listen to me8 7#b7 ,light the lamp and put it on the table in the study4 7#c7 ,if a guest comes1 ,i want you to light the fire in the reception room4 7#d7 ,do not strike the dog2 perhaps you will kill him4 7#e7 ,you must study diligently1 and then you can learn to speak ,chinese4 7#f7 ,how many hours a day ought ,i to study8 ,i think you should study at least four hours a day3 two in the morning and two is the afternoon4 7#g7 ,if your letter has been written1 ,i will send the servant to take it4 7#h7 ,early in the morning ,i want you to sweep the floor and wipe the table and chairs4 7#i7 ,although the carpenter works quickly1 he cannot finish it in a week4 7#aj7 ,when you have finished this do not think there is nothing more to do1 but come and tell me4 7#aa7 ,i did not tell you to take it away1 but on the contrary told you to put it in the office4 7#ab7 ,if the doctor does not come immediately1 this man cannot live4 7#ac7 ,who caused you to do it8 ,he caused me to do it4 77 8 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 4 ,notes4 7#a7 ,wan is sometimes used to qualify adjectives4 ,thus ,wan hau 77 means 8fairly good0 or 8pretty good40 7#b7 ,soe-zen and ,zen-r are generally used together2 the first introducing the first clause1 and the second1 the second clause4 7#c7 ,in the first sentence of the ,first ,exercise notice the formation of the verbal noun1 8the things which we ought to do40 7#d7 ,in the ninth sentence of the ,first ,exercise notice that kwha tien does not mean 8faster10 but is used for 8quickly40 7#e7 ,in the eleventh sentence of the ,first ,exercise ,tung yi 'veh tuh means lit41 8,wait him not get20 that is1 8,i cannot wait for him40 7#f7 ,in the fourteenth sentence of the ,first ,exercise notice the use of le4 ,le and chi are frequently used with other verbs to make the direction of the action clear4 ,thus ,sia le is1 8,write come to me02 ,sia chi is1 8,write send away10 or 8,write go40 7#g7 ,in the fifth sentence of the ,second ,exercise1 ,diligently can be expressed by ,yoong sing1 8,use heart or mind40 7#h7 ,in this lesson frequent use has been made of the verb ,si 774 ,in speaking of a person dying the more euphonious expression is ,koo-s 774 ,lesson ,,xv ,further ,remarks on ,numerals1 the ,relative ,pronoun4 ,numbers above one hundred are expressed as follows3 ,one hundred and one1 is ih pak ling ih1_/ and so on to ih pak ling kyeu2_/ then the ling_/ is dropped1 and we have ih pah zeh_/ 771 ih pak zeh ih1 ih pak zeh nyi1 ih pak zeh san1_/ etc4 ,ling_/ really means 8in addition40 ,the hundreds are expressed simply by nyi pak_/ 771 8two hundred10 san pak_/ 771 8three hundred10 etc4 8,one thousand0 is ih tshien_/ 774 ,in expressing 8one hundred and one10 we say ih pak ling ih_/ 774 ,in expressing 8one thousand and one10 we say ih tshien ling ling ih_/4 8,ten thousand0 is ih man_/ 774 8,one million0 is ih pak man_/ 774 ,the ordinal numerals are expressed in ,chinese by prefixing di_/ 77 before the cardinal4 ,thus 8the first0 is di ih_/ 77 or deu-ih_/ 771 8the second0 di nyi_/ 771 and so forth4 ,soo_/ 7lit4 a place7 is often used as a relative pronoun4 ,it translates the ,english 8who10 8which10 8what10 8that10 and 8the things which40 ,the clause it introduces usually comes before the subject of the sentence4 ,thus 8,all which you do1 ,i am able to do also10 would be noong soo tsoo kuh z-thi ngoo #8a nung-keu tsoo kuh4_/ ,as has already been pointed out kuh_/ often has the force of the relative4 ,,vocabulary ,to wonder1 be surprised1 hyi-ji_/ 4 ,to wear1 tsak_/ 4 ,to take off1 thoeh_/ or thoeh-theh_/ 4 ,to wear a hat1 ta_/ 4 ,to take off a hat1 dzu_/ 4 ,to laugh1 siau_/ 4 ,to ridicule1 lang-siau_/ 7,lit4 ,cold laugh7 1 or hyi-siau_/ 4 ,laughable1 hau-siau_/ 4 ,very laughable1 siau-sah-tse_/ 4 ,by the side of1 pien-deu_/ 1 or baung-pien_/ 4 ,place1 han deu_/ 4 ,my place1 ngoo han-deu_/ 4 ,right 7,direction71 yeu_/ 4 ,right hand1 yeu seu_/ 4 ,left1 tsoo_/ 4 7,sometimes pronounced tsi_/47 ,left hand1 tsi seu_/ 4 ,right side1 yeu pien_/ 771 yeu pan-pan_/ 774 ,early1 tsau_/ 4 ,late1 an_/ 4 ,sharp1 kwha_/ 4 7,same character as that used for fast47 ,dull1 dung_/ 4 ,sweet1 dien_/ 4 ,bitter1 khoo_/ 4 ,ugly1 pho_/ 4 7,same character as that used for fear47 ,pretty1 tshui_/ 4 ,a shop1 ih ban tien_/ 4 ,take care1 taung-sing_/ 1 or siau-sing_/ 4 ,take great care1 too-taung-sing_/ 4 ,tools1 implements1 ka-sang_/ 4 ,furniture1 ka-hoo_/ 4 ,a tea pot1 ih po dzo-#8oo_/ 4 ,a class 7in a school71 ih pan_/ 4 ,to sing1 ts'aung_/ 4 ,,exercises 7,translate into ,english7 7#a7 ,ngoo tau tien li chi khoen-kyien too-hau meh-z1 dan-z ma-'veh-chi kuh4 7#b7 ,taung sing tseu hau4 7#c7 ,taung sing di-kuh yang-dien1 faung hau la siang-ts li4 7#d7 ,zung-kwaung an tse1 zieu chi kwhung4 7#e7 ,kyung-tsau ngoo 'm-sa hau1 lok-'veh-chi4 7#f7 ,ngoo soo kau-soo noong kuh ih tsaung z-thi 'veh iau te bih nyung wo4 7#g7 ,yoong-nyung wan 'veh zung le z peh ngoo hyi-ji4 7#h7 ,taung-sing di-po tau z 'man kwha kuh4 7#i7 ,yi te ngoo wo kuh z-thi z hau-siau kuh4 7#aj7 ,ngoo loo laung bang yi 'veh dzak1 'veh hyau-tuh tau #8a-li chi tse4 7#aa7 ,di-po dzo-#8oo tan tau sien-sang han-deu chi4 7#ab7 ,i-kuh nyung tsi seu sia z1 da-ke nyung yeu seu sia kuh4 7#ac7 ,nyih-li soo tsak kuh i-zaung1 ya-li kwhung kuh z-eu iau thoeh-theh kuh4 7#ad7 ,nga-kok sien-sang tsing mung-kheu thoeh-theh mau-ts1 tsoong-kok nyung 'veh thoeh-theh kuh4 7#ae7 ,i-tsak mau 'man hau khoen1 dan-z i tsak keu z pho-le-si4 7#af7 ,too-hau nyung hwen-hyi chuh dien kuh meh-z1 'm-nyung hwen-hyi chuh khoo kuh4 7#ag7 ,dzung li yeu kyi-hau nyung8 ,khoong-pho yeu zeh man4 7#ah7 ,di-kuh #8auh-sang-ts1 'man yoong sing dok su1 la ih pan li z deu ih4 7#ai7 ,ih kuh nyung tan le ih pak ling san kuh doong-dien4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 4 77 4 77 4 7,translate into ,chinese7 7#a7 ,when ,i was in the carriage1 ,i told the coachman to take care4 7#b7 ,the clothes which that maiden wears are very pretty4 7#c7 ,the boat is by the side of the river4 7#d7 ,yesterday ,i met a man who told me that he saw a carpenter kill a man with a sharp knife4 7#e7 ,although ,i do not speak ,chinese well1 please do not laugh at me4 7#f7 ,i asked a man which road to take2 he told me to go to the right4 7#g7 ,i did not meet a single person on the road4 7#h7 ,this bird is very beautiful2 can it sing8 7#i7 ,when it is warm you do not want to wear many clothes4 7#aj7 ,this tea is bitter and not good to drink4 7#aa7 ,yesterday ,i walked very far1 and so could not get up to-day4 7#ab7 ,take this letter to the teacher4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 ,notes4 7#a7 ,han-deu is very frequently used with persons and personal pronouns4 ,thus you do not say ,tan tau yi for take it to him1 but ,tan tau yi han-deu chi4 8,leave it with me0 would be ,pa la ngoo han-deu4 7#b7 ,the second sentence of the ,first ,exercise is often used in speaking to a guest when he is departing4 ,when he is about to go1 he announces the fact by saying ,chi tse 771 meaning 8,i am going40 ,you say ,man chi 771 meaning 8,go slowly10 and then when he is walking away1 ,taung sing tseu hau 774 7#c7 ,in the fifth sentence of the ,first ,exercise ,m-sa hau means 8not at all well40 7#d7 ,in the tenth sentence of the ,first ,exercise notice how the object yi splits up the verb into two parts4 7#e7 ,in the sixth sentence of the ,second ,exercise 8to the right0 is expressed by yeu seu 774 ,,lesson ,,xvi ,verbal ,idioms ,the idea of there being time to accomplish a thing is expressed by adding the words tuh-ji_/ 77 after the principal verb4 ,if there is not sufficient time to do a thing you add 'veh-ji_/ 77 after the principal verb4 ,thus1 ,tsoo-tuh-ji_/ 77 means 8there is time to do a thing40 ,tsoo-'veh-ji_/ 77 means 8there is not time40 ,this expression is used most frequently with the verb le_/ 774 ,le-tuh ji_/ means 8there is time10 and le-'veh-ji_/ means 8there is not time40 ,the idea of a thing being important is expressed by the words iau-kyung kuh_/ 774 8,not being important10 by the words 'veh iau kyung_/ 771 or 'veh nge sa_/ 774 8,is it important80 or 8,does it make any difference80 would be nge sa va_/ 774 ',veh lauh_/ is often used after verbs giving the idea of inability to do a thing4 ,thus ,chuh 'veh lauh_/ 77 means 8unable to eat40 ,zoo 'veh lauh_/ 77 8,unable to sit because of lack of room40 ,we also have the affirmative forms zoo tuh lauh_/ 77 and chuh tuh lauh_/ 774 ,,vocabulary ,lest1 sang-ts_/ 4 ,either1 or1 ok-z_/ 1 ok-tse_/ 4 ,difficult1 van-nan_/ 1 or nan_/ 4 ,easy1 yoong-yi_/ 4 ,slowly1 gently1 man-man-nung_/ 4 ,walk slowly1 man-man-ts tseu_/ 4 ,besides1 in addition1 ling-nga_/ 1 dze-nga_/ 1 or wan_/ 4 ,how much more1 #8oo-hwaung_/ 7with nyi_/ at the end of the clause74 ,still more1 kung-ka_/ 1 yoeh-ka_/ 4 ,to start 7on a journey71 doong-sung_/ 4 7,lit4 to move the body47 ,to become ill1 sang bing_/ 4 ,to heal1 i-hau _/1 or khoen-hau_/ 4 ,to welcome 7a guest71 nyung-tsih_/ 4 ,to return 7a debt or thing borrowed71 wan_/ 4 ,to cry1 khok_/ 4 ,to lead1 ling_/ 4 ,to borrow or to lend1 tsia_/ 4 7,see ,note74 ,to wash1 zing_/ 4 ,illness1 mau-bing_/ 4 ,a sedan coolie1 ih kuh jau-pan_/ 1 or ih kuh jau-foo_/ 4 ,a star1 ih kuh sing_/ 4 ,a grave mound1 ih kuh vung-san_/ 4 ,a goat1 ih tsak san-yang_/ 4 ,a hog or pig1 ih tsak ts-loo_/ 4 ,a stool1 ih tsak ngeh-ts_/ 4 ,a chest of drawers1 ih tsak tsheu-deu_/ 4 ,a drawer1 ih tsak tsheu thi_/ 4 ,a wash bowl1 ih tsak mien-bung_/ 4 ,a plate1 ih tsak bung-ts_/ 4 ,a ,chinese eating bowl1 ih tsak wen_/ 4 ,a farmer1 ih kuh tsoong-dien nyung_/ 4 ,kwen_/ 77 is the classifier for tubular things4 ,a ,chinese or foreign pen1 ih kwen pih_/ 4 ,a ,chinese ink tablet1 ih kuh nyien-ts_/ 1 or nyien-de_/ 4 ,a piece of ink1 ih khwe muh_/ 4 ,foreign ink1 muh-s_/ 4 ,clean1 koen-zing_/ 4 ,stop1 ding_/ 4 ,moon1 nyoeh-liang_/ 4 ,precious1 pau-pe_/ 4 ,,exercises 7,translate into ,english7 7#a7 ,di-kuh z iau kyung kuh1 tshing noong 'veh iau maung-kyi4 7#b7 ,di-kuh siau-noen van chuh 'veh lauh1 khoong-pho yeu mau-bing4 7#c7 ,kyung-tsau le-'veh-ji1 ming-tsau lau tsoo4 7#d7 ,liang kuh nyung ih tsak iui-ts laung zoo-'veh-lauh4 7#e7 #8,auh-sang-ts mung sien-sang #8a-li-deu dok chi lau #8a-li-deu ding4 7#f7 ,tshau zing-hau-ts meh1 faung la tsheu-thi li4 7#g7 ,tsoong-dien-nyung i-kyung ma-ts san tsak san-yang1 i-kuh bang-yeu ling-nga wan iau ma s tsak4 7#h7 ,noong iung-ke de loong-tsoong nyung hau1 #8oo-hwaung de z-ka nyung hau nyi4 7#i7 ,bung-ts lau wen iau kung-ka koen-zing4 7#aj7 ,noong iung-ke tsau-zung-deu doong-sung1 #8au-pen-nyih doong-sung le-'veh-ji tau kuh4 7#aa7 ,noong kyi-z wan peh la ngoo8 ,ok-tse kyung-tsau #8au-pen-nyih1 ok-tse ming-tsau tsau-zung-deu4 7#ab7 ,ngoo-kuh bang-yeu sang-bing soo-i iau tshing i-sung khoen khoen4 7#ac7 ,ya-li la thien laung khau-i khoen too-hau sing lau nyoeh-liang1 nyih-li pih-koo khoen-kyien nyih-deu4 7#ad7 ,di-kuh siau-noen nyih-li 'veh khok1 dan-z ya-deu doo khok4 7#ae7 ,ngoo tsia-peh yi san-seh kwhe yang-dien1 'veh hyau tuh yi kyi-z wan4 7#af7 ,kyau jau-foo man-man-ts tseu iung-we di-diau ka #8ah lau4 7#ag7 ,iung-we loo 'veh nyung tuh soo-i ngoo tshing bih nyung ling loo4 7#ah7 ,ngoo la bang-yeu han-deu tsia-ts nyan kwhe yang-dien iung-we iau ma ih tsak kha-mien-de lau s tsak ngeh-ts4 7#ai7 ,kha hau-ts mien1 mien-bung iau faung hau4 7#bj7 ,ngoo tseu tau mung-kheu-deu nyung-tsih khak-nyung4 7#ba7 ,ngoo mung i-sung di-kuh mau-bing i-tuh-hau va1 yi wo man-man nung we hau kuh4 7#bb7 ,ts-deu1 muh1 pih1 nyien-de1 tsoong-kok nyung soen dok-su-nyung kuh s yang pau-pe4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 1 4 77 1 1 1 1 4 7,translate into ,chinese7 7#a7 ,which is easier1 to learn to read ,chinese or to learn to write ,chinese8 7#b7 ,i told you there was not time to do it2 why do you still want to do it8 7#c7 ,why do you cry8 ,because ,i have heard that my friend is dead4 7#d7 ,we will go early to-morrow morning to meet our friends1 who have come from abroad4 7#e7 ,goats like to stand on the tops of the grave mounds4 7#f7 ,you say that this temple is so fine to see1 that ,i want to go more than ever to see it4 7#g7 ,please1 teacher1 do not speak so fast4 ,if you will speak more slowly1 ,i can understand4 7#h7 ,if you do not return it immediately1 no matter1 ,i can wait two or three days4 7#i7 ,why did not the pupil come to school8 ,because he was sick4 7#aj7 ,i told the servant to put my clothes in the drawer4 7#aa7 ,the ,chinese when they eat1 use bowls2 the foreigners use plates4 7#ab7 ,this fan belongs either to the teacher or to the pupil4 7#ac7 ,if you want to learn to write you must buy a pen1 a piece of ink1 and an ink tablet4 7#ad7 ,if you borrow money from another person1 and do not return it1 he will be unhappy4 7#ae7 ,i told the driver to stop the carriage at my friend's house4 77 4 77 8 77 8 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 1 1 4 77 1 4 77 8 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 ,notes4 7#a7 ,the word for 8to borrow0 and 8to lend0 is exactly the same in ,chinese4 ,the only way you can distinguish between them is by auxiliary words used in connection with them4 ,thus ,tsia peh 77 means 8to lend40 ,tsia le 77 means 8to borrow40 ,again ,tsia chi 77 means 8to lend40 ,but we have such constructions as ,ngoo tsia la yi 771 meaning 8,i lend to him10 and ,ngoo la yi han-deu tsia kuh 771 meaning 8,i borrowed it from him40 7#b7 ,in the fifth sentence of the ,first ,exercise ,dok chi means 8read begin10 and ding means 8stop40 ,this is an ordinary form for asking where to begin the lesson and where to end it4 7#c7 ,in the fourteenth sentence of the ,first ,exercise notice how doo qualifies the verb khok4 7#d7 ,the twenty-second sentence of the ,first ,exercise is a paraphrase of a ,chinese proverb4 ,,lesson ,,xvii ,more ,verbal ,idioms ,in asking questions yeu tuh8_/ 77 sometimes precedes a verb with the sense1 8is there to be had80 ,thus ,yeu-tuh ma va8_/ 77 means1 8,is there to be bought80 ,yeu-tuh chuh va8_/ 77 means1 8,is there anything to eat80 ,the answers to these questions would be yeu-tuh ma kuh_/ 771 yeu tuh chuh kuh_/ 771 8,it can be bought40 8,there is something to eat40 ',veh pih_/ 77 means 8,it is not necessary40 ,thus ',veh pih khok_/ 771 8,it is not necessary to cry40 ',veh pih chi_/ 771 8,it is not necessary to go40 ,ih ngan 'veh_/ 77 before the verbs means1 8,not at all40 ,thus ,ngoo ih ngan 'veh hyau-tuh_/ 77 means1 8,i do not know at all40 ,ih ngan 'veh zung khoen-kyien hyih_/ 77 means1 8,i have not seen it at all40 ,ih ngan 'veh iau khoen_/ 77 means1 8,i do not want to see it at all40 ,,vocabulary ,to visit1 to pay respects to1 maung_/ 1 or pa maung_/ 4 ,to worship1 pa_/ 4 ,to pay a ceremonial visit1 pa khak_/ 4 ,to bathe1 zing yok_/ 4 ,to catch1 seize1 arrest1 tsauh_/ 4 ,to prepare1 to provide1 yui-be_/ 4 ,to move a thing1 doong_/ 4 ,loose1 unstable1 doong lau doong_/ 4 ,immovable1 doong-#8a 'veh-doong_/ 4 ,to remove 7a residence71 pen_/ 1 or pen-dzang_/ 4 ,to commence work1 doong seu_/ 1 or khe koong_/ 4 ,to open school1 khe #8auh_/ 4 ,to dismiss school1 faung #8auh_/ 4 ,a finger1 ih tsak tsih-deu_/ 4 ,a toe1 ih tsak kyak-tsih-deu_/ 4 ,a cup1 ih tsak pe-ts_/ 4 ,a clock1 ih tsak z-ming-tsoong_/ 4 ,a watch1 ih tsak piau_/ 4 ,a well1 ih tsak tsing_/ 4 ,a basket1 ih tsak lan_/ 4 ,an apple1 ih tsak bing-koo_/ 4 ,a crab apple1 ih tsak hwo-#8oong_/ 4 ,a towel1 ih diau seu-kyung_/ 4 ,a life1 ih diau sing-ming_/ 4 ,a hill1 mountain1 ih zoo san_/ 4 ,a board1 ih kwhe pan_/ 4 ,fok_/ 77 is the classifier of paintings or engravings4 ,a painting1 ih fok wo_/ 4 ,a chart or map1 ih fok doo_/ 1 or ih fok di-li-doo_/ 4 ,a picture1 ih fok wo doo_/ 4 ,one time1 ih we_/ 1 ih thaung_/ 4 ,two times1 twice1 liang we_/ 1 or liang thaung_/ 4 ,whosoever1 van-i_/ 4 ,no matter who1 'veh lung sa nyung_/ 4 ,whatsoever1 no matter what1 'veh lung sa_/ 1 dzoe-bien-sa_/ 1 or 'veh kyui-sa_/ 4 ,whichever1 dzoe-bien_/ 4 ,whatever time you please1 dzoe-bien kyi-z_/ 4 ,wet1 sak_/ 4 ,dry1 koen_/ 4 ,always1 dzang-tsaung_/ 1 or dzang-dzang_/ 4 ,,exercises 7,translate into ,english7 7#a7 ,z-ming-tsoong kuh yoong-deu z peh nyung hyau-tuh zung-kwaung4 7#b7 ,i-tsak mau 'm-sa yoong-deu1 ih ngan 'veh we tsauh lau-ts4 7#c7 ,ming-tsau ngoo iau tsheh chi maung bang-yeu4 7#d7 ,ngoo thing-tuh sien-sang 'm-sa hau soo-i le maung maung4 7#e7 ,ngoo mung mok-ziang zau vaung-ts kyi-z iau doong-seu4 7#f7 ,liang tsak seu yeu zeh tsak tsih deu1 liang tsak kyak yeu zeh tsak kyak-tsih-deu4 7#g7 ,sang bing meh tsoong-iau tshing i-sung we-ts nyung kuh sing-ming z iau kyung kuh4 7#h7 ,zaung san z van-nan1 #8au san z yoong-yi4 7#i7 ,di-foong sing iau sa nyung tan chi8 ',veh lung sa nyung khau-i tan chi4 7#aj7 ,kyung-ya-deu iau yui be hau1 we-ts ming-tsau tsau-zung-deu iau doong-sung4 7#aa7 ,yien-dze chi ok-tse ming-tsau chi1 dzoe-bien noong meh tso4 7#ab7 ,tsing li s i-kyung koen tse1 'veh hyau-tuh na-nung tsoo-deu4 7#ac7 ,zing-ts yok iau yoong seu-kyung kha koen sung-thi4 7#ad7 ,khan-khan ngoo faung nyan tsak bing-koo la lan li1 yien-dze pih-koo yeu so-ng tsak1 'veh hyau-tuh sa nyung tan-theh kuh4 7#ae7 ,tsh-di piau yeu-tuh ma va8 ,tsh-di yang yang yeu tuh ma kuh4 7#af7 ,loong-tsoong kuh z-thi ngoo i-kyung hyau-tuh1 noong 'veh pih te ngoo wo4 7#ag7 ,di-pung su ih ngan m-meh wo-doo4 7#ah7 ,i-tsak pe-ts li yeu sa meh-z8 ,pih-koo lang s4 7#ai7 ,tsoo di-tsak de-ts iau yoong kyi kwhe pan8 7#bj7 ,di sen tshaung tsoo le ih ngan 'veh hau1 dzang-tsaung doong-lau doong4 7#ba7 ,chi koo hyih meh8 ,chi koo-ts liang we4 7#bb7 ,sien-sang wo ming-tsau 'veh hau le1 we-ts iau pen-dzang lau4 7#bc7 ,van-i nyung yoong sing meh khau-i dzung-koong z-thi4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 4 77 4 77 4 7,translate into ,chinese47 7#a7 ,when ,i have finished studying1 ,i shall go to visit my friends4 7#b7 ,no matter who comes2 tell him ,i am busy 7have affairs74 7#c7 ,when the weather is wet ,i cannot go out to walk4 7#d7 ,the pupils should not eat apples in the school room4 7#e7 ,children like to play the game of catching men4 7#f7 ,the pupils read badly to-day2 ,i think they did not prepare4 7#g7 ,at what time does the school open1 and at what time does it close8 7#h7 ,i shall be pleased to have a conversation with you whenever you come4 7#i7 ,this child does not want to study a bit2 ,i think it would be best for him to go and do business4 7#aj7 ,i have already told you two or three times2 do not forget4 7#aa7 ,next month we shall remove our residence4 7#ab7 ,near ,shanghai there are no high hills1 only grave mounds4 7#ac7 ,i cannot open this window2 it is immovable4 7#ad7 ,has the clock already struck8 7#ae7 ,how many eggs are there in the basket8 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 1 8 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 ,notes4 7#a7 ,in the fourth sentence of the ,first ,exercise 'm-sa hau means 8not at all well40 7#b7 ,in the eleventh sentence of the ,first ,exercise the expression ,dzoe-bien noong meh tse is one very frequently used4 ,it implies1 8do it whenever and however you please0 7#c7 ,in the fourteenth sentence of the ,first ,exercise ,tan theh means 8take away40 ,we have already had the use of ,theh after verbs1 as ,thoeh-theh1 8to take off clothes40 ,it can be used with almost any verb of motion4 ,we have ,peh theh1 8to give away40 ,chuh-theh1 8to eat up40 ,chi-theh1 8to cast off1 disown40 ,ma-theh1 8to sell away1 etc40 7#d7 ,in the fifteenth sentence of the ,first ,exercise ,yang yang repeated means1 8,things of every sort40 7#e7 ,note that the usual expression in ,chinese to say you are busy is ,ngoo yeu z-thi4 ,it is never very polite to tell any one that you are busy4 ,a person asking whether you were busy would say maung va8 8,are you busy80 7#f7 ,in the fifth sentence of the ,second ,exercise the game ,tsauh nyung1 frequently played by ,chinese children1 is referred to4 7#g7 ,in the eighth sentence of the ,second ,exercise the clauses should be reversed4 ,noong dzoe-bien kyi-z-le should come first4 7#h7 ,in the ninth sentence of the ,second ,exercise 8to go and do business0 is ,chi tsoo sang-i4 7#i7 ,in the fourteenth sentence of the ,second ,exercise ,tsoong khau koo meh is the usual way of asking the question4 ,tsoong is shortened form of ,z-ming tsoong4 ,,lesson ,,xviii ,more ,verbal ,idioms ,siang_/ 77 is often placed before transitive verbs and usually gives the idea of mutual or reciprocal4 ,in some cases it is reflexive4 ,as instances of reciprocal action we have siang-tang_/ 771 8to fight with one another40 ,siang-mo_/ 771 8to revile one another40 siang-lien_/ 771 8to be connected together40 ,siang-paung_/ 771 8to help one another40 ,khe_/ 77 or ,khe-le_/ 77 is used with many verbs to give the idea of spreading wide open4 ,thus ,than-khe-le_/ 77 means 8to unroll a bundle40 ,hyih-khe-le_/ 77 means 8to open a box40 ,fung-khe_/ 771 8to divide10 san-khe_/ 771 8to scatter wide cast40 ,tshih-khe_/ 77 or tshih-khe-le_/ 77 means 8to cut open1 etc40 ,not inclined to do a thing is expressed by the phrase 'veh kau-hyung_/ 774 ,thus ',veh kau-hyung chi_/ 771 8not inclined to go40 ,,vocabulary ,to follow1 kung_/ 4 ,to tie1 vok_/ 4 ,to tie firmly1 vok-lau_/ 1 or vok lau-dzu_/ 4 ,to desire1 to expect1 maung_/ 1 or po-maung_/ 4 ,to bite1 ngau_/ 4 ,to bark1 kyau_/ 4 ,to blow1 tsh_/ 4 ,to blow out1 to extinguish1 tsh iung_/ 4 ,to blow into a blaze or flame1 tsh yaung_/ 4 ,to fly1 fi_/ 4 ,to explain1 ka-seh_/ 4 ,to forsake1 desert1 depart from1 li-khe_/ 4 ,to permit1 hyui_/ 4 ,to allow1 nyang_/ 4 ,colour1 ngan-suh_/ 4 ,variegated colours1 ng-ngan-loh-suh_/ 4 ,thought or meaning1 i-s_/ 4 ,a thief1 ih kuh zuk_/ 4 ,mien_/ 77 is used as the classifier for flat objects4 ,a drum1 ih mien koo_/ 4 ,hope1 maung-deu_/ 4 ,wind1 foong_/ 4 ,wine1 tsieu_/ 4 ,rope1 ih diau zung_/1 or ih kung zung_/ 4 ,tsung_/ 77 is the classifier denoting idols or cannon4 ,a ,buddhist idol1 ih tsung veh_/ 1 or ih tsung boo-sah_/ 4 ,a ,taoist god or idol1 ih tsung zung-dau_/ 4 ,a piece of bread1 ih kwhe men-deu_/ 4 ,a piece of meat1 ih khwe nyok_/ 4 ,khoo_/ 77 is the classifier used with plants1 trees and flowers4 ,a tree1 ih khoo zu_/ 4 ,a flowering plant1 ih khoo hwo_/ 4 ,cotton seed1 hwo-ts_/ 4 ,a ,chinese mile1 ih li_/ 1 or ih li-loo_/ 4 ,to regret1 to be placed in an embarrassing position1 nan-we-dzing_/ 4 ,,exercises 7,translate into ,english7 7#a7 ,di-kuh liang kuh #8auh-sang-ts ngoo 'veh hyui tsheh chi beh-siang we-ts la #8auh-daung li siang mo lau4 7#b7 ,di kyui seh-wo kuh i-s ngoo 'veh toong tshing sien-sang ka-seh4 7#c7 ,di-tsak tiau fi le kau-le-si4 7#d7 ,tsauh-dzak-ts i-kuh zuh iau yoong ih kung zung vok-lau-ts4 7#e7 ,di khoo hwo kuh ngan suh 'man tshui4 7#f7 ,ya-li kwhung kuh z-#8eu tung iau tsh iung4 7#g7 ,ngoo faung la tshaung-kheu laung kuh ih tsang ts-deu peh foong tsh-theh tse4 7#h7 ,zak-zen tshing khak lau m-meh tsieu z nan-we-dzing kuh4 7#i7 ',veh iau pho1 di-tsak keu 'veh ngau kuh4 7#aj7 ,ngoo tau miau li khoen-kyien ih tsung veh lau too-hau boo-sah4 7#aa7 ,ngoo thing-tuh yeu nyung la khau koo4 7#ab7 ,di-deu tau ,zaung-he yeu so-ng li-loo4 7#ac7 ,soe-zen di khoo zu 'man hau khoen1 zen-r 'veh khe hwo kuh4 7#ad7 ,zak-zen noong iau tau san laung1 nyang ngoo kung noong chi4 7#ae7 ,men-deu tshing noong tshih-khe-le peh ih kwhe la ngoo chuh4 7#af7 ,bing sang le 'man dzoong1 yien-dze i-sung m-meh maung-deu4 7#ag7 ,tsoong-dien-nyung nau hwo-ts san-khe-le4 7#ah7 #8,auh-sang-ts beh-siang 'man kau-hyung1 dok su 'veh da kau-hyung4 7#ai7 ,li-khe-ts ,zaung-he nan-meh ngoo tau ,soo-tseu chi tse4 7#bj7 ,ngoo po-maung yi le1 'veh hyau-tuh yi na-nung wan 'veh zung le4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 7,translate into ,chinese7 7#a7 ,the dog bit the sheep two or three times2 it will probably die4 7#b7 ,to-day there is no wind1 and so it is not cold4 7#c7 ,men ought not to drink too much wine4 7#d7 ,i have eaten a slice of meat and drunk a cup of tea1 and now am able to walk4 7#e7 ,men can walk1 only birds can fly4 7#f7 ,there are many trees and flowers on the hill4 7#g7 ,many ,chinese worship ,buddhist and ,taoist idols4 7#h7 ,i wanted to follow you1 but the teacher would not permit me4 7#i7 ,let me go and tell him that you have already returned4 7#aj7 ,i will use my knife and cut open the pear4 7#aa7 ,i heard the dogs barking in the night and so could not sleep4 7#ab7 ,children like to play at beating the drum4 7#ac7 ,these flowers are of many different colours4 7#ad7 ,how many miles is it to ,soochow8 7#ae7 ,when the pupils take an advanced lesson1 the teacher should first explain it to them4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 ,notes4 7#a7 ,in the ,buddhist religion in ,china a ,buddha or one of his manifestations is known as a 'veh1 the bodhisattvas are known as ,boo-sah4 7#b7 ,a ,chinese mile is about one-third of an ,english mile4 7#c7 ,in the sixteenth sentence of the ,first ,exercise notice the expression 'man dzoong1 8very heavy40 ,this is the way the ,chinese speak of a serious illness4 ,they also speak of a disease being light1 chung1 just as we do4 7#d7 ,in the eighteenth sentence of the ,first ,exercise 'veh da means 8not very10 ,this is a very frequent expression4 7#e7 ,in the seventh sentence of the ,first ,exercise1 tshaung-kheu laung means 8on the window sill40 ,,lesson ,,xix ,asking ,questions1 ,expecting ,negative and ,affirmative ,answers ,in addition to the interrogative forms already given there are ways of asking questions when a negative1 or when an affirmative answer is expected4 ,thus when the negative answer is expected1 the clause begins with chi_/ 77 and ends with nyi_/ 774 ,thus ,chi yeu sa yoong-deu nyi_/ 774 8,is it of any use80 ,it implies that it is not of any use and expects the negative answer4 ,chi_/ 77 corresponds to the ,latin num_/1 and implies ,no1 or a negative of the proposition conveyed4 ,when the affirmative answer is expected the clause begins with chi 'veh_/ 77 and ends with the usual interrogative va_/ 774 ,thus ,chi 'veh iung-ke tsoo va_/ 771 8,ought you not to do it80 ,implies that you ought to do it and expects the affirmative answer4 ,it will be seen that in this case also the chi_/ 77 expects the negative of the proposition conveyed1 that is1 the negative of a negative proposition which is an affirmative4 ,in other words the answer is1 8,that you ought not not to do it10 or 8,you ought to do it40 ,,vocabulary ,every place or everywhere1 kauh tshu_/ 1 or kauh-tau-lauh-tshu_/ 4 ,of course1 z-zen_/ 4 ,afterwards1 hereafter1 #8eu-seu_/ 1 #8eu-le_/ 1 or i-#8eu_/ 4 ,until1 dzuk-tau_/ 2 wait until1 tung-tau 4 ,daily1 nyih nyih_/ 1 or nyih-dzok_/ 4 ,about1 iak-kwe_/ 1 or iak-tsak_/ 4 ,about the same 7not much difference71 tsho-'veh-too_/ 4 ,secretly1 #8en-#8en-li_/ 4 ,true1 tsung_/ 4 ,false1 ka_/ 4 ,secure1 #8wung-taung_/ 4 ,a long time1 dzang-yoen_/ 1 dzang-yoen-tse_/ 1 or ta-z-tse_/ 4 ,phih_/ 77 is the classifier denoting whole pieces of dry goods4 ,a piece of cloth1 ih phih poo_/ 4 ,a piece of shirting1 ih phih yang poo_/ 4 ,a piece of silk1 ih phih dzeu_/ 4 ,a piece of satin1 ih phih doen-ts_/ 4 ,grass1 tshau_/ 4 ,vegetation in general1 hwo-tshau-zu-mok_/ 4 ,coal1 me_/ 4 ,to add1 ka_/ 4 ,to add a little1 ka-thien_/ 4 ,honest1 lau-zeh _/4 ,a piece of land1 ih kwhe di-bi_/ 4 ,a piece of stone1 ih kwhe zak-deu_/ 4 ,to pawn1 taung_/ 1 or taung-theh_/ 4 ,to mortgage1 ah_/ 1 or ah-theh_/ 4 ,to change a dollar into cash1 de_/ 4 ,a ten cent piece1 ih kauh_/ 4 ,one cent1 ih fung_/ 4 ,twenty cents1 liang kauh_/ 1 si khe_/ 4 ,a half a dollar1 pen kwhe yang-dien_/ 4 ,small money1 siau kauh-ts_/ 1 or siau yang-dien_/ 4 ,change1 tsau-deu_/ 4 ,ricksha coolie1 tsho-foo_/ 4 ,a great many1 kyau-kwan_/ 4 ,,exercises 7,translate into ,english7 7#a7 ,we-ts lang lau hoo-loo li iau ka-thien me4 7#b7 ,ma hau-ts1 tsau-deu iau peh ngoo4 7#c7 ',veh zung zoo toong-yang-tsho iung-ke tah tsho-foo sien kaung ding peh yi kyi kauh4 7#d7 ,i-kuh nyung i-kyung taung-theh-ts i-kuh i-zaung4 7#e7 ,ngoo iau ma i-kwhe di-bi dan-z ngoo thing-tuk i-kyung ah-theh tse4 7#f7 ,mo 'man hwen-hyi chuh tshau4 7#g7 ,ngoo pih-koo yeu pen kwhe yang-dien soo-i ma-'veh-chi4 7#h7 ,yi 'veh khung lau-zeh wo soo-i ngoo 'veh hau siang-sing4 7#i7 ,noong chi 'veh iung-ke tsoo dzuk-tau tsoo hau va8 7#aj7 ,ngoo soe-zen kauh-tau lauh-tshu zing #8a zing-'veh-dzak4 7#aa7 ,noong wo lau-zeh wo1 nyung z-zen siang-sing kuh4 7#ab7 ,nyih nyih dok su z-zen khau-i #8auh kuh4 7#ac7 ,tung tau noong dok-wen ts di-pung su nan-meh noong we wo tsoong-kok wo4 7#ad7 ,di-kuh liang phih poo kuh ngan-suh tsho-'veh-too ih yang kuh4 7#ae7 #8,en-#8en-li tsoo z-thi chi yeu sa yoong-deu nyi8 7#af7 ,di-deu tau ,soo-tseu yeu kyi-hau li soo8 ,iak-kwhe yeu san pak li-loo4 7#ag7 ,di-kwhe zak-deu iau pa le 'wung-taung tien4 7#ah7 ,yi chi-ts dzang-yoen-tse wan 'veh zung tsen le4 7#ai7 ,ngoo sien iau #8auh dok su #8eu-le #8auh sia z4 7#bj7 ,hwo-tshau-zu-mok nyung nyung hwen-hyi khoen4 7#ba7 ,doo yang-dien de-ts siau yang-dien iau taung sing iung-we yeu too-hau siau kauh-ts z ka kuh4 7#bb7 ,tsung lau ka van-nan khoen-tuh-tsheh4 7#bc7 ,di-pung su yeu kyau-kwan z ngoo suh-'veh-tsheh kuh4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 77 8 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 7,translate into ,chinese7 7#a7 ,i do not know where the child has gone to2 ,i have looked for him everywhere and do not know where to find him4 7#b7 ,call the servant to come and add some coal4 7#c7 ,i told the pupil to sit here until the teacher returned4 7#d7 ,i was almost beaten to death by him4 7#e7 ,take the dollar and change it into cash4 7#f7 ,an honest man speaks true words4 7#g7 ,i thought he was coming1 but afterwards he wrote a letter to me and told me he could not come4 7#h7 ,the children have played for a long time and now they should go to sleep4 7#i7 ,can you say that you did not know this8 7#aj7 ,is it not good to do things so as to please others8 7#aa7 ,i had to walk here because ,i had no small money1 and so could not call a ricksha4 7#ab7 ,if he said he would do it1 of course he will do it4 7#ac7 ,how many cash can you get for a dollar8 7#ad7 ,that man is not at all honest1 and he has already pawned a lot of clothes which were not his own4 7#ae7 ,this man wears silk and satin2 he must have a lot of money4 77 1 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 77 8 77 4 77 4 77 8 77 4 77 4 ,notes4 7#a7 ,in the third sentence of the ,first ,exercise the expression kaung ding 77 means 8to settle the price40 ,literally it signifies declaiming to a fixed point4 7#b7 ,in the sixteenth sentence of the ,first ,exercise ,soo 77 is added after li 77 for the sake of euphony4 7#c7 ,in the twenty-third sentence of the ,first ,exercise suh 77 is used4 ,this is always used of knowing characters in the ,chinese language4 ,sometimes it is used in the expression ,suh hoo kuh 771 meaning 8to understand affairs40 ,a man who does not suh hoo is a stupid fellow4 ,,lesson ,,xx ,more ,verbal ,idioms ,tuk dzu_/ 77 and 'veh dzu_/ 77 are often used after the verb ,lih_/ 77 to stand1 and give the sense of 8able to stand10 or 8unable to stand40 ,thus ,lih-tuh-dzu_/ 77 means 8able to stand10 and ,lih-'veh-dzu_/ 77 unable to stand4 ,the same words are used after other verbs also4 ,thus we have ,khau-tuk-dzu_/ 771 meaning 8,worthy to be trusted0 and ,khau-'veh-dzu_/ 771 meaning 8,unworthy to be trusted40 ,tuh-koo_/ 77 is also used after verbs1 and ',veh-koo_/ 774 ,thus we have ,tang-tuh-koo_/ 771 meaning 8,able to beat him40 ,literally 8,beat1 obtain surpass40 ,tang-'veh-koo_/ 77 means 8,unable to beat him40 ,literally 8,beat1 not surpass40 ,the expressions ,i-tuh-koo_/ 77 and ,i-'veh-koo_/ 77 are also idiomatic4 ,the former means1 8,within the range of pity20 the latter 8,beyond the range of pity10 or 8greatly to be commiserated40 ,,vocabulary ,year1 nyien 1 or soe 4 ,to steal1 theu_/ 4 ,to beg1 thau_/ 4 ,a beggar1 thau-van-kuh_/ 4 ,lit4 8,to beg rice10 or kau-hwo-ts_/ 4 ,to marry a wife1 thau-nyang-ts_/ 4 ,lit4 8,to beg for a wife40 ,see note4 ,to tie 7as a small parcel71 tsah_/ 4 ,to bind with a cord1 paung_/ ,to command1 fung-foo_/ 4 ,price1 ka-dien_/ 77 or #8aung-dzing_/ 4 ,most frequently used is the market4 ,how much is it1 or what is the price8 ,sa ka-dien_/8 or sa #8aung-dzing_/8 ,a soldier1 ih kuh ping-ting_/ 4 ,a thief1 ih kuh zuh_/ 4 ,a robber1 ih kuh jang-dau_/ 4 ,a magistrate or mandarin1 ih kuh kwen-foo_/1 or ih kuh kwen_/ 4 ih we_/ 77 is often used as the classifier4 ,mandarin dialect1 kwen wo_/ or kok-nyui_/ 4 ,shanghai dialect1 ,zaung-he thoo-bak_/ 4 ,a ,buddhist priest1 ih kuh oo-zaung_/ 4 ,a ,taoist priest1 ih kuh dau-z_/ 4 ,a nun1 ih kuh nyi-koo_/ 4 ,number1 soo-mak_/ 4 ,tsang_/ 77 is the classifier used for sheets of things4 ,a newspaper1 ih tsang sing-vung-ts_/ 4 ,a proclamation1 ih tsang kau-z_/ 4 ,a sheet of paper1 ih tsang ts-deu_/ 4 ,pau_/ 77 is the classifier used for bales of things4 ,a bale of merchandize1 ih pau hoo-suh _/4 ,te_/ 77 is the classifier used for piles of things4 ,a pile of timber1 ih te mok-deu_/ 4 ,a pile of bricks1 ih te lok-tsen_/ 4 ,kwen_/ 77 is the classifier for tubular things4 ,a flute1 ih kwen dih_/ 4 ,a pen1 ih kwen pih_/ 4 ,a pencil1 ih kwen khan-pih_/ 4 ,green1 lok_/ 4 ,red1 #8oong_/ 4 ,blue1 lan_/ 4 ,yellow1 waung_/ 4 ,black1 huh_/ 4 ,few1 sau_/ 4 ,truly1 zeh-dze_/ 4 ,more than1 'veh ba_/ 4 ,more than a hundred men is 'veh ba ih pak nyung_/ 4 ,less than1 'veh siau_/ 1 or 'veh men_/ 4 ,a small quantity of1 tien_/ 7used after the verb7 4 ,people1 pak-sing_/ 4 ,tea1 dzo_/ 4 ,tea leaf1 dzo-yih_/ 4 ,the whole of a thing1 ih tshih_/ 4 ,a man or two1 koen-po-nyung_/ 4 ,about 7used with a number71 po_/ 4 ,about a hundred1 pak po_/ 4 ,nearly1 mau_/ 4 ,nearly three miles1 mau san li-loo_/ 4 ,a queue1 ih diau bien-ts_/ 4 ,hair on the head1 deu-fah_/ 4 ,news1 sing-sih_/ 4 ,to take things by force1 tsiang_/ 1 or tsiang doeh_/ 4 ,to tie up1 paung_/ 1 or vok 4 ,to put forth a proclamation1 tsheh kau-z_/ 4 ,,exercises 7,translate into ,english7 7#a7 ,i-kuh zuh dzang-tsaung le theu meh-z1 tsauh dzak-ts meh iau paung yi chi-le4 7#b7 ,ngoo khoen-kyien sing-vung-ts laung wo kwen-foo i-kyung tsheh kau-z tsha ping-ting chi tsauh jang-dau4 7#c7 ,noong na-nung lau peh yi tang1 iung-we ngoo tang-'veh-koo yi lau4 7#d7 ,ngoo la miau li khoen-kyien too-hau #8oo-zaung la pa boo-sah4 7#e7 ,noong iau #8auh kwen-wo nyi #8auh ,zaung-he thoo-bak4 7#f7 #8,oo-zaung tah-ts dau-z z liang yang kuh1 #8oo-zaung m-meh deu-fah1 dau z yeu bien-ts kuh4 7#g7 ,ngoo dzang-yoen 'veh khoen sing-vung-ts tse1 kyung-tsau yeu sa sing-sih va8 7#h7 ,di-kuh ih pau hoo-suh sa-ka dien8 7#i7 ,i-kuh siau-noen kyi soe tse8 ,lok soe4 7#aj7 ,nyi-s-ziang i-kyung ma-ts ih te lok-tsen yui-be zau vaung-ts4 7#aa7 ,ya-li yeu nyoeh-liang1 nyung hwen-hyi tsh dih4 7#ab7 ,di-kuh ih pau li-hyang yeu kyi kwen pih8 ,yeu ih pak kwen4 7#ac7 ,yi we-sa-lau 'veh thau-nyang-ts8 ,iung-we yien-dze thau-'veh-chi lau4 7#ad7 ,san laung ,ngoo khoen too-hau hwo1 yeu #8oong lau waung lau bak1 zeh-dze khau-i wo ng-ngan-loh-suh kuh4 7#ae7 ,nga-kok nyung hwen-hyi yoong khan-pih sia z4 7#af7 ,tau ,zaung-he 'veh men nyan li-loo1 lau 'veh ba zeh-nyi li-loo4 7#ag7 ,iung-we ngoo khoen-kyien i-kuh thau van-kuh dzang-yoen 'veh chuh sa1 keh-lau kyau yoong-nyung peh tien meh-z yi chuh4 7#ah7 ,di kuh pau iau tsah hau tan tau tien li chi4 7#ai7 ,lau-zeh kau-soo ngoo z zeh-ke ka-dien 'va8 7#bj7 ,s lau tshih lau pah z sa kuh soo-mak8 ,z zeh kyieu4 7#ba7 ,nyi-koo z1 'veh tsheh ka kuh siau-tsia4 77 4 77 4 77 8 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 77 8 77 8 4 77 4 77 1 4 77 8 4 77 8 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 4 77 4 7,translate into ,chinese7 7#a7 ,if you do not read the newspaper1 you will not know the news1 and then when you converse with others1 you will have nothing to say4 7#b7 ,when a man dies the ,chinese invite ,buddhist and ,taoist priests to the house to perform funeral ceremonies4 7#c7 ,i put my pen and pencil on my writing table1 but now ,i cannot find them2 has any one been in and taken them8 7#d7 ,which do you think is the pleasanter to listen to1 mandarin or the ,shanghai dialect8 7#e7 ,when ,i was young ,i very much liked to play the flute4 7#f7 ,a thief enters secretly and steals things1 a robber kills men and enters and takes things by force4 7#g7 ,chinese are called yellow men1 foreigners white men4 7#h7 ,when you go to the shop1 ask the price of the boots1 and come and tell me4 7#i7 ,i caught the thief and bound him to the tree4 7#aj7 ,if you use a foreign pen to write ,chinese characters1 they do not look well2 you must learn to use a ,chinese pen4 7#aa7 ,the ,chinese beggars in the city are numberless4 7#ab7 ,when the ,mandarin has important things to announce to the people1 he puts forth a proclamation4 7#ac7 ,i saw more than a thousand soldiers4 7#ad7 ,the merchant bought more than five hundred chests of tea4 7#ae7 ,are three hundred dollars sufficient to buy the house8 ,less than three hundred will do4 77 4 77 4 77 1 8 77 8 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 4 ,notes4 7#a7 ,to marry a wife is expressed by ,thau nyang-ts4 ,when we speak of a woman being married we use the expression ,tsheh ka 771 literally to go forth from the house or family4 ,the woman leaves her own family entirely and joins the family of the husband whom she marries4 7#b7 ,the words ',veh-ba 771 more than1 and ',veh siau 771 less than1 are used in answer to questions4 ,the words ',veh-men 77 are often used for less than1 meaning literally 8,not full40 7#c7 ,in the second sentence of the ,second ,exercise 8to perform funeral ceremonies0 should be translated ,tsoo koong-tuh 771 or ,nyan-kyung 774 ,it means to say masses for the soul of the departed4 7#d7 ,in the thirteenth sentence of the ,second ,exercise1 8,more than a thousand soldiers0 can be expressed ,ih tshien too 77 and in the fourteenth sentence 8,more than five hundred chests of tea0 ,ng pak too 774 7#e7 ,in the fifteenth sentence of the ,second ,exercise the answer would be ',veh siau san pak kwhe 774 7#f7 ,in the fifth sentence of the ,second ,exercise 8,when ,i was young0 is translated ,nyien kyi chung kuh z-#8eu 771 literally 8,the time when my years were light04 7#g7 ,in the eleventh sentence of the ,second ,exercise 8,numberless0 is translated m-soo-mak 771 literally 8,without number40 ,,lesson ,,xxi ,verbal ,idioms1 ,ordinals1 and ,remarks on the ,expression of ,time ,to express the idea of 8about to do a thing0 in ,chinese you can use the words tsiang-iau_/ 774 ,tsiang-iau-chi_/ 77 means 8about to go40 ,tsiang-iau si_/ 77 means 8about to die40 ,another way of expressing the same idea is by adding kwha tse_/ after the verb4 ,kwha_/ means 8fast40 ,chi kwha tse_/ 77 means 8,i will go fast10 that is1 in a moment4 ,le kwha tse_/ 77 means 8will come fast10 that is1 in a few minutes4 ,thih-tsung_/ is often used1 meaning 8just on the point of doing a thing40 ,thus ,ngoo thih-tsung iau chi_/ 77 means 8,i was just going40 ,the expression 8,according to10 or 8as it seems to me10 is expressed in ,chinese by the words tsau ngoo khoen_/ 774 ,tsau ngoo_/ 77 used alone would mean 8,follow me10 8,follow my example40 ,the ,ordinals are formed from the ,numerals in a very simple way4 ,the word deu_/ 77 is prefixed before the first numeral and di_/ 77 before all the others4 ,thus 8the first0 is deu ih_/ 771 the second is di nyi_/ 771 the third is di san_/ 771 and so on4 ,when first is used with the verb in the sense of the action being prior to some other action the word sien_/ 77 is used4 ,thus we have ,noong veh zung tsheh chi kuh zien-deu ngoo sien iau kau-soo noong ih tsaung z-thi_/ 771 meaning1 8,before you go ,i first want to tell you something40 ,again ,sien-tsoo di yang nan-meh tsoo i-yang_/ 77 means 8,first do this and then do that40 ,again we have for the same expression ,sien tsoo di kuh1 man tsoo i-kuh_/ 7 71 8,first do this1 slowly do that40 ,,remarks ,,on ,,time ,about midnight1 pen-ya-po_/ 4 ,just before daylight1 thien-liang-kwha_/ 4 ,in the evening1 waung-hwung-deu_/ 1 or waung-hwung-doong_/ 4 ,last month1 zien-nyoeh_/ 1 or zien kuh nyoeh_/ 4 ,next month1 #8au-nyoeh_/ 1 or #8au kuh nyoeh_/ 4 ,first part of the month1 nyoeh deu_/ 1 or nyoeh-deu-laung_/ 4 ,the end of the month1 nyoeh ti_/ 4 ,the middle of the month1 nyoeh-pen_/ 4 ,every month1 nyoeh-nyoeh_/ 1 nyoeh-too_/ 1 or 'me-nyoeh_/ 4 ,first day of the month1 tshoo-ih_/ 2 second day of the month1 tshoo nyi_/ 1 and so on up to the tenth day of the month1 which is tshoo zeh_/4 ,after that di_/ is used instead of tshoo_/4 ,thus the thirteenth of the month would be di zeh-san_/ 4 ,a year1 ih-nyien_/ 4 ,half a year1 pen-nyien_/ 4 ,this year1 kyung-nyien_/ 4 ,last year1 jeu-nyien_/ 4 ,next year1 khe-nyien_/ 1 le-nyien_/ 1 ming-nyien_/ 4 ,every year1 nyien-nyien 1 each year1 'me-nyien_/ 4 7,see note74 ,the new year1 sing-nyien_/ 4 ,new year's day1 nyien-tshoo-ih_/ 4 ,the end of the year1 nyien ya_/ 1 literally 8the night of the year40 ,also we have nyien-ti_/ 4 ,at the beginning of the year1 nyien-deu-laung_/ 4 ,to pass from the old year to the new1 koo nyien_/ 4 ,zaung-pen_/ and #8au-pen_/ are used with year1 month1 and night1 just as they are used with day to denote the first half and the second half4 ,thus we have zaung-pen-nyien_/ for the first half of the year1 and #8au-pen-nyien_/ for the second half4 ,rice 7bought in the shop71 mi_/ 4 ,work1 sang-wei_/ 4 ,answer1 we-sing_/ 4 ,beginning1 chi-deu_/ 4 ,again1 tse_/ 4 ,,exercises 7,translate into ,english7 7#a7 ,leh-la nyoeh-pen1 nyoeh-liang ting hau khoen4 7#b7 ,hoo-loo iau iung kwha tse soo-i iau ka-thien me4 7#c7 ,tsau ngoo khoen1 di kuh nyung z khau-'veh-dzu kuh4 7#d7 ,tsau-zung-deu nyih-deu tsheh le1 ya-kwha lauh-san4 7#e7 ,di-kuh z ngoo di nyi kuh nyi-ts1 deu ih kuh i-kyung tsheh mung tse4 7#f7 ,nyien tshoo ih too-hau nyung chi pa nyien4 7#g7 ,jeu nyien mi kyui-le-si1 kyung nyien jang tse4 7#h7 ,noong #8a-li-deu koo nyien8 ,ngoo siang la ok-li koo nyien4 7#i7 ,noong su dok-ts kyi-z tse8 ,pih-koo pen nyien4 7#aj7 ,nyien ya nyung nyung yeu z-thi1 sing-nyien li loong-tsoong nyung beh-siang4 7#aa7 ,yi tsiang-iau chi kuh z-#8eu yeu nyung le kyau yi 'veh iau chi4 7#ab7 ,tshing zoo ih hyih1 sien-sang iau le kwha tse4 7#ac7 ,thien-liang-kwha z ting lang kuh z-#8eu4 7#ad7 #8,au kuh nyoeh ngoo iau tsheh mung1 tau ,soo-tseu chi4 7#ae7 ,jeu-nyien sang-i ih ngan 'veh hau kyung-nyien po-maung yi hau-tien4 7#af7 ,zaung-pen-nyien di kuh #8auh-sang-ts su dok le man hau1 #8au-pen-nyien ih ngan 'veh hau4 7#ag7 ,i-zak vaung-ts kyi-z khau-i zau hau8 ,ngoo siang khe-nyien khau-i zau hau4 7#ah7 ,lok nyoeh tshoo-san ngoo sia ih foong sing peh la yi1 yien-dze z tshih nyoeh tshoo-ih dan-z wan 'veh zung yeu we-sing le4 7#ai7 ,noong 'veh zung tsheh chi1 sang-weh iau sien tsoo hau4 7#bj7 ,nyoeh-deu laung peh doong-dien1 yien-dze 'veh hau peh kuh4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 4 77 8 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 7,translate into ,chinese7 7#a7 ,we will close the school on the fifth of next month4 7#b7 ,for how many weeks will you close the school8 ,for about six weeks4 7#c7 ,sometimes in the evening as the sun is sinking there are many beautiful colours in the sky4 7#d7 ,as it appears to me you can finish this book in six months4 7#e7 ,just as ,i was about to go to sleep1 ,i heard some one call out that the house was on fire4 7#f7 ,the thief enters about midnight4 7#g7 ,before you go to school you should first wash your face and hands4 7#h7 ,on the first day of the year all the shops close their doors4 7#i7 ,when will you begin to study ,chinese again8 ,i think next year4 7#aj7 ,a year has twelve months1 a month has thirty days or twenty-nine days4 ,if it has thirty days1 it is called a large month2 if it has twenty-nine days1 it is called a small month4 7#aa7 ,last month ,i was sick1 but now ,i am better4 7#ab7 ,where were you yesterday afternoon8 ,i had gone out to pay ,new ,year's calls4 7#ac7 ,at ,new ,year's time every one wears their best clothes4 7#ad7 ,now ,i have no money2 ,i will pay you at the end of the month4 77 4 77 8 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 4 77 1 4 77 4 77 8 4 77 4 77 4 ,notes4 7#a7 ,in regard to the expressions ,nyien-nyien and ,nyoek-nyoeh it may be remarked that a very common way of forming the plural in ,chinese is by the repetition of the noun4 ,thus ,nyung-nyung means men in general4 7#b7 ,in the sixth sentence of the ,first ,exercise the expression ,pa nyien means 8to pay respects at ,new ,year's time40 ,pa1 to worship1 is used of worshipping deities1 and also of worshipping or paying respect to men4 7#c7 ,in the fifth sentence of the ,second ,exercise the expression for a house to be on fire is ,hoo-dzak tze1 774 7#d7 ,in the eighth sentence of the ,second ,exercise 8all the shops0 is translated loong-tsoong kuh tien zen 772 the zen 77 makes the assertion more emphatic4 ,,lesson ,,xxii ,on ,comparison ,the usual way of forming the ,comparative ,degree of ,adjectives has already been stated4 ,when two things are compared with one another in ,chinese the words pi_/ 77 or pi-ts _/ 77 are used between them4 ,thus ,mo pi-ts keu doo_/ 77 means1 8the horse is larger than the dog40 ,yi pi noong hau_/ 771 8,he is better than you40 ,there are a good many other ways of expressing comparison4 ,thus ',veh jih_/ 77 means1 8not equal to40 ,also we have ',veh zu_/ 771 meaning1 8not equal to1 or not up to40 ,,vocabulary ,to present or send1 to escort a person on the way1 soong_/ 4 ,to count1 soo_/ 4 ,to reckon1 soen_/ 4 ,to send 7a person71 tsha_/ 4 ,to send a letter1 kyi_/ 4 ,to deport oneself1 to treat others1 de_/ 4 ,to treat rudely1 de man_/ 4 ,to keep1 observe1 seu_/ 4 ,to knock the head on the ground1 to kowtow1 kheh-deu_/ 4 ,a loaf1 ih kuh men-deu_/ 4 ,a stone mason1 ih kuh zak-ziang_/ 4 ,a hammer1 ih kuh laung-deu_/ 1 or ih po_/ 4 ,a wine shop1 ih ban tsieu tien_/ 4 ,te_/ 77 is the classifier denoting a pair or a brace4 ,a pair of fowls1 ih te kyi_/ 4 ,a pair of candles1 ih te lah-tsok_/ 4 ,a husband and wife1 ih te foo-tshi_/ 4 ,kheu_/ 77 is the classifier for some articles of furniture1 and for a well4 ,a book case1 ih kheu su-dzu_/ 4 ,convenient1 bien-taung_/ 4 ,clever1 wise1 tshoong-ming_/ 4 ,propriety1 custom1 kwe-kyui_/ 4 ,coffin1 ih kheu kwen-ze_/ 4 ,sometimes1 dzang-z_/ 4 ,as if1 like1 hau-ziang_/ 4 ,to compare1 pi_/ 4 ,an account1 tsang_/ 4 ,reason1 yoen-koo_/ 4 ,,exercises 7,translate into ,english7 7#a7 ,la nyien ya kauh nyung iau soen tsang4 7#b7 ,noong we-sa-lau iau chi8 iung-we yi tsha ngoo chi lau4 7#c7 ,sing kyi-tsheh chi meh8 ',veh zung1 zieu iau kyi chi4 7#d7 ,zak-ziang iau yoong kyi kwhe zak-deu8 ,ngoo 'veh hyau-tuh 'veh-zung soen koo hyih4 7#e7 ,yi dzang-tsaung de ngoo 'man hau1 soo-i ngoo iau soong tien meh-z la yi4 7#f7 ,su-dzu li noong pa-ts kyi pung su8 ',veh hyau-tuh we-ts 'veh zung soo lau4 7#g7 ,khak nyung tsheh chi meh iung-ke soong yi tau mung-kheu4 7#h7 ,di-kheu kwen-ze sa nyung tsoo kuh8 ,mok-ziang tsoo kuh4 7#i7 ,noong kuh mo pi ngoo kuh kwha too-hau4 7#aj7 ,di-kuh #8auh-sang-ts pi-ts i-kuh tshoong-ming tien4 7#aa7 ,di-kuh ih te lah-tsok khau-i pi pi khoen1 ih ngan m-meh doo siau4 7#ab7 ,i-kuh liang kuh nyung siang-mo kuh yoen-koo z we-ts la tsieu tien li too-chuh-ts tsieu lau4 7#ac7 ,yien-dze foo tsang 'veh bien-taung1 tung tau #8au kuh nyoeh4 7#ad7 ,di-kuh ih te foo-tshi 'man hau ih ngan 'veh siang-mo4 7#ae7 ,di-kuh nyung tsoo z-thi1 'veh jih i-kuh nyung hau4 7#af7 ,pa nyien kuh z-#8eu siau-noen iung-ke te doo nyung kheh-deu4 7#ag7 ,nga-kok nyung chuh van kuh zung-kwaung hwen-hyi chuh men-deu4 7#ah7 ,di-kuh nyung ih ngan 'veh toong sa1 z hau-ziang 'veh zung dok hyih su4 7#ai7 ,sien-sang dzang-tsaung kyau #8auh-sang-ts seu kwe-kyui4 7#bj7 ',veh iau de man bih nyung4 77 4 77 8 4 77 8 1 4 77 8 4 77 4 77 8 4 77 4 77 8 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 7,translate into ,chinese7 7#a7 ,the ,chinese use rice to make wine4 7#b7 ,this man treats his servants very well4 7#c7 ,according to ,chinese custom before a man dies his coffin is made4 7#d7 ,if ,i wish you to come1 ,i will send you a letter4 7#e7 ,to take the child along with us will not be convenient4 7#f7 ,he is older than you4 7#g7 ,the stone mason uses stones1 the carpenter uses wood4 7#h7 ,i pay my bills at the end of the month4 7#i7 ,he and ,i have had a quarrel because he treated me rudely4 7#aj7 ,i wish the carpenter to come and make a book case4 7#aa7 ,because ,i have forgotten so many characters1 it is as if ,i had not read this book before4 7#ab7 ,a scholar is wiser than a farmer4 7#ac7 ,if a man takes too much wine he can not do his work4 7#ad7 ,my friend came to visit me1 and then ,i escorted him to his home4 7#ae7 ,this book ,i will present to you1 do not return it4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 ,notes4 7#a7 ,in the fifth sentence of the ,first ,exercise notice the use of ,soong tien4 ,tien means 8a few things40 7#b7 ,in the ninth sentence of the ,first ,exercise kwha too-hau means 8very much faster40 7#c7 ,in the sixteenth sentence of the ,first ,exercise the expression ,kheh-deu refers to the most formal salute of the ,chinese4 ,it is used by an inferior before a superior4 ,the usual polite salutation is to clasp the hands together and move them from the feet to the forehead4 ,this is called ,tshaung zo 77 or ,tsauh-ih 774 7#d7 ,in the nineteenth sentence of the ,first ,exercise we have the expression ,seu kwe-kyui 774 ,this is very frequently used4 ,it means to act according to the laws of propriety4 ,it is a command frequently given to children4 ,,lesson ,,xxiii ,the ,points of the ,compass ,the four cardinal points of the compass in ,chinese are expressed3 ,toong1 nen1 si1 pok_/ 71 1 1 7 ,east1 ,south1 ,west1 ,north4 ,thus it will be seen that they do not follow the same order as we4 ,north ,east is ,toong-pok_/ 771 lit4 ,east ,north4 ,north ,west is ,si-pok_/ 771 lit4 ,west ,north4 ,south ,east is ,toong-nen_/ 771 and ,south ,west is ,si-nen_/ 774 ,the word pien_/ 77 is generally added when direction or place is indicated4 ,thus we have for the ,north ,pok-pien_/1 for the ,west ,si-pien_/4 ,pien_/ literally means 8side10 and is a shortened form of pien-deu_/ 774 ,in giving directions as to locality1 the ,chinese make very frequent use of the points of the compass4 ,if you wish a person to go towards the ,north you say dzau pok_/ 77 8towards the ,north40 ,,vocabulary ,to break1 smash1 se_/ 1 tang-se_/ 1 or khau-se_/ 4 ,to beget to nourish1 yang_/ 1 or sang yang_/ 4 ,to lose1 to forfeit1 seh_/ 1 or seh-theh_/ 4 ,to arrange1 to attend to matters1 to direct ban_/ 4 ,a ,compradore1 ma-ban_/ 4 ,to consult1 saung-liang_/ 1 tsung-tsak_/ 4 ,to point with the hand1 tien_/ 1 or ts-tien_/ 4 ,to separate1 fung_/ 1 or fung-khe_/ 4 ,to hinder1 oppose1 tsoo_/ 1 or tsoo-taung_/ 4 ,to answer1 we-deu_/ 1 or we-tah_/ 4 ,to exchange1 to barter1 wen_/ 1 or diau_/ 4 ,to attend to a thing to make it right1 loong_/ 1 or loong-hau_/ 4 ,to distinguish1 fung-pih_/ 4 ,a difference1 ih kuh fung-pih_/ 4 ,wages1 koong-dien_/ 4 ,salary1 sok-sieu_/ 1 sing-foong_/ 1 or sing-soe_/ 4 ,misery1 khoo-nau_/ 4 ,rain1 yui_/ 1 ,to rain1 lauh yui_/ 4 ,coolie1 tsheh-tien_/ 4 ,a duck1 ih tsak ah_/ 4 ,a broom1 ih po sau-tseu_/ 4 ,a snake1 ih diau zo_/ 4 ,a stick of bamboo1 ih kung tsok-deu_/ 4 ,glass1 poo-li_/ 4 ,a glass 7for the table71 ih tsak poo-li pe-ts_/ 4 ,doong_/ 77 is the classifier for casks1 tubs and buckets4 ,a bucket of water1 ih doong s_/ 4 ,bing_/ 77 is the classifier for bottles4 ,a bottle of medicine1 ih bing yak_/ 4 ,siang_/ 77 is the classifier for boxes of things4 ,a box of dollars1 ih siang yang-dien_/ 4 ,a box of tea1 ih siang dzo-yih_/ 4 ,tired1 sa-doo_/ 4 ,square1 faung_/ 4 ,round1 yoen_/ 4 ,little 7to a small extent71 sau-we_/ 4 ,thick1 #8eu_/ 4 ,thin1 bok_/ 4 ,instead of1 de-thi_/ 4 ,sufficient1 keu-z_/ 1 keu-z-tse_/ 1 or yeu-tse_/ 4 ,together with 7two persons doing a thing71 da-ka_/ 4 ,to get wet1 ling-sak_/ 4 ,,exercises 7,translate into ,english7 7#a7 ,tsoong-kok tsok-deu doo yeu yoong-deu1 khau-i tsoo lan lau de-ts lau iui-ts lau too-hau meh-z4 7#b7 ,ngoo mung-ts yi san we1 dan-z yi ih kyui 'veh we-deu4 7#c7 ,tsoong-dien-nyung yang too-hau kyi lau ah4 7#d7 ,hau-la-va8 ,hau-la zia-zia4 7#e7 ,kyung-tsau hau-tien va8 ,zauh-ya-deu chuh-ts yak lau kyung-tsau sau-we hau-tien4 7#f7 ,nyih-deu toong-pien tsheh lau si-pien lauh4 7#g7 ,pok-pien lang lau nen-pien noen4 7#h7 ,ngoo-nyi iau da-ka saung-liang na-nung tsoo-deu4 7#i7 ,di-kuh poo-li 'man bok kuh1 yoong-yi tang-se4 7#aj7 ,khoen-kyien nyung iau tsoo 'veh hau kuh z-thi meh1 iung-ke tsoo-taung yi4 7#aa7 ,khoen-yang-nyung seh-theh-ts ih tsak yang lau iau chi zing yi4 7#ab7 ,sien-sang iau kyi-hau sok-sieu8 ,iau san-seh kwhe yang-dien ih nyoeh4 7#ac7 ,noong-kuh yoong-nyung kyi-hau koong-dien ih nyoeh8 ,zeh kwhe yang-dien ih nyoeh4 7#ad7 ,toong-pok foong iau lauh yui4 7#ae7 ,yien-dze la lauh yui1 tsoong-iau tan ih ting san sang-ts ling sak4 7#af7 ,zauh-nyih ngoo tseu-ts san-seh li-loo1 soo-i kyung-tsau 'man sa-doo4 7#ag7 ,ngoo tien peh yi khoen ih diau zo4 7#ah7 ,di-kuh kwen-foo 'veh we ban z-thi 7#ai7 ,noong tau le-tse1 ngoo thih-tsung iau tau noong han-deu chi4 7#bj7 ,di-kuh nyung seh-theh-ts yi-kuh sang-i lau sang-ts dzang-yoen kuh bing zeh-dze khoo-nau tuh-juh4 7#ba7 ,di-tsak siang-ts z faung kuh1 di-tsak doong z yoen-kuh4 7#bb7 ,tsheh-tien le wo iau doong-dien we-ts iau chi ma ih po sau-tseu lau4 7#bc7 ,di-kuh ts-deu thuh bok iau noong chi wen #8eu-tien kuh4 7#bd7 ,noong thuh sa-doo1 ngoo le de noong tsoo4 7#be7 ,di-sen mung 'veh hau khe1 chi kyau mok-ziang loong hau4 7#bf7 ,yi-kuh seh-wo tah-ts noong-kuh seh-wo yeu fung-pih4 7#bg7 ,di-kuh liang kuh nyung dzang-tsaung siang-mo1 fung-khe meh hau4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 4 77 8 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 4 77 84 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 7,translate into ,chinese7 7#a7 ,is there any answer8 ,yes1 please wait until ,i write it4 7#b7 ,the cold wind blows from the ,north2 you ought to wear more clothes4 7#c7 ,the scholar was unable to answer what the teacher asked him4 7#d7 ,i want to consult with you on an important matter4 7#e7 ,when it rains the children cannot go out to play4 7#f7 ,i have a fan1 you have a knife1 ,i want a knife1 you want a fan1 let us exchange4 7#g7 ,i killed the snake with a stick4 7#h7 ,tell the compradore what you want to buy and he can buy it for you4 7#i7 ,i have lost my watch and am willing to give five dollars to the man who finds it and returns it to me4 7#aj7 ,my salary is not sufficient2 ,i must ask you to increase it4 7#aa7 ,this coolie wipes and sweeps very clean4 7#ab7 ,i pointed out the river to him on the map4 7#ac7 ,i cannot go away until ,i have arranged this matter4 7#ad7 ,i could not study diligently to-day because ,i was too tired4 7#ae7 ,how many bottles of medicine have you taken8 ,i have already finished three4 77 8 1 4 77 4 77 1 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 4 ,notes4 7#a7 ,those learning to speak ,chinese must be careful never to refer to the remuneration given to their teachers as koong-dien 771 but to use the polite form of speech1 sok-sieu or sing-foong 71 74 ,sok-sieu means literally 8dried meat10 and comes from the ancient custom of paying a teacher in kind4 ,the teacher himself could refer to remuneration as sing soe 774 7#b7 ,eu 77 and ,bok 77 refer to things4 ,in speaking of a person being thin we use the word seu 771 and of being fat1 the word tsaung 4 7#c7 ,the fourth sentence of the ,first ,exercise is the usual salutation meaning1 8,how do you do80 8,does it go well with you80 ,the answer is also the usual one4 7#d7 ,in the ninth sentence of the ,second ,exercise ,zing nyoen 77 means 8to be willing40 7#e7 ,in the seventh sentence of the ,first ,exercise ,noen means 8warm0 774 7#f7 ,in the eleventh sentence of the ,first ,exercise ,koen-yang-nyung means 8shepherd40 ,literally 8,look-sheep-man40 7#g7 ,in the twenty-fifth sentence of the ,first ,exercise the word ,loong has a very wide meaning4 ,there is hardly anything in ,china that you cannot ,loong-hau1 that is1 8put to rights40 ,,lesson ,,xxiv ,some ,remarks on ,gender ,as already remarked1 words in ,chinese do not change their form to indicate gender4 ,sometimes1 however1 words indicating gender are placed before them4 ,nen_/ 771 8,male0 and ,nyui_/ 771 8female01 are used with human beings in this way4 ,thus we have ,nen nyung_/ 77 for 8man01 and ,nyui nyung_/ 77 for 8woman04 ,nen noen_/ 77 means 8a male child10 and ,nyui noen_/ 77 8a female child40 ,when speaking of the male and female of animals ,yoong_/ 77 and ,tsh_/ 77 are used4 ,thus we have ,yoong kyi_/ 77 for 8cock10 and ,tsh kyi_/ 77 for 8hen10 ,yoong s-ts_/ 77 for 8lion10 and ,tsh s-ts_/ 77 for 8lioness40 ,,vocabulary ,to crow1 di_/ 4 ,to offend1 tuh-dzoe_/ 4 ,to hide oneself1 ben-loong_/ 4 ,to hide a thing1 khaung-loong_/ 1 or khaung_/ 4 ,to gain or make a profit1 dzan_/ 4 ,profits in business1 dzan-deu_/ 4 ,to lose in business1 zeh_/ 1 zeh-theh_/ 1 zeh-pung_/ 4 ,to congratulate a person1 koong-hyi_/ 4 ,to become rich1 fah-dze_/ 4 ,to lock1 soo_/ 4 ,to bar or bolt the door1 sen_/ 4 ,the bar1 or bolt of the door1 sak_/ 4 ,to plant1 tsoong_/ 4 ,to examine carefully1 dzo_/ 1 or dzo-khau_/ 4 ,to examine a class1 khau-su_/ 4 ,to fall1 tih_/ 4 ,to save1 kyeu_/ 4 ,to stop1 ding_/ 4 ,stop a minute1 ding-ih-ding_/ 4 ,garden1 hwo-yoen_/ 4 ,college1 su-yoen_/ 4 ,university1 da-#8auh_/ 4 ,a lock1 ih po soo_/ 4 ,a key1 ih po yak-dz_/ 4 ,a creek or canal1 ih diau pang_/ 4 ,a two story house1 ih zoo leu_/ 1 or leu-vaung_/ 4 ,dzung_/ 77 is the classifier for a story of a house or for anything like a ladder4 ,a three-storied house1 san dzung leu_/ 4 ,a ladder1 ih dzung voo-thi_/ 4 ,dzaung_/ 77 is the classifier denoting things piled one on top of the other4 ,a pile of clothes1 ih dzaung i-zaung_/ 4 ,da_/ 77 is the classifier for rows of things4 ,a row of trees1 ih da zu_/ 4 ,spring 7the first of the seasons71 tshung_/ 4 ,summer1 #8au_/ 4 ,autumn1 tshieu_/ 4 ,winter1 toong_/ 4 ,a season1 kyi_/ 4 ,the four seasons1 s-kyi_/ 4 ,politeness1 khak-chi_/ 4 ,happiness1 fok-chi_/ 4 ,slippery1 wah_/ 4 ,hard1 ngang_/ 4 ,soft1 nyoen_/ 4 ,smooth1 kwaung_/ 4 ,rough1 mau_/ 4 ,good 7moral71 zen_/ 4 ,wicked1 auh_/ 4 ,fierce1 hyoong_/ 4 ,precious1 pau-pe_/ 4 ,clear1 tshing_/ 4 ,muddy1 wung_/ 4 ,level1 bing_/ 4 ,light 7opposite of dark71 liang_/ 4 ,dark1 en_/ 4 ,at last 7in the end71 tau-ti_/ 4 ,,exercises 7,translate into ,english47 7#a7 ,di-laung wah lau1 taung-sing tien tseu4 7#b7 ,s-kyi kyau tshung #8au tshieu toong4 7#c7 ,ngoo bang-dzak-ts ih kuh nyung lau iau yi nyang loo1 soo-i te yi wo tuh-dzoe1 tuh dzoe4 ,yi wo 'veh iau khak-chi4 7#d7 ,noong tsoo di-kuh sang-i1 ih nyien iau dzan kyi-hau8 m-sa dzan-deu tau zeh-pung4 7#e7 ,nyien tshoo ih1 bang-dzak-ts nyung tsau kwe-kyui iung-ke te yi wo koong-hyi1 fah-dze4 7#f7 ,nyung tsoo auh kuh z-thi1 z la en-li tsoo kuh4 7#g7 ,we-ts pho bih nyung iau dzo-dzak lau1 i-kuh nyung chi ben-loong4 7#h7 ,ya-li tsoong-iau soo mung1 khoong-pho zuh tsing le theu meh-z4 7#i7 ,tsoong-kok mung yoong sak le sen kuh1 nga-kok mung yoong yak-dz le soo kuh4 7#aj7 ,siau-noen la beh-siang kuh z-#8eu tih la pang li1 kwha-tien chi kyeu yi4 7#aa7 ,yoong tiau we kyau1 tsh tiau 'veh we kyau4 7#ab7 ,tsh s-ts pi-ts yoong s-ts kung-ka hyoong4 7#ac7 ,di-kuh nyung yeu san kuh nen-noen1 lau ih kuh nyui-noen1 zeh-dze yeu fok-chi4 7#ad7 ,di-kuh meh-z z pau-pe kuh1 iau khaung hau4 7#ae7 #8,au-li-pa1 su-yoen li iau khau-su4 7#af7 ,di-kuh ih da vaung-ts kau-le-si1 loong-tsoong z s dzung leu4 7#ag7 ,di-diau loo 'veh bing1 van-nan tseu kuh4 7#ah7 ,tshing s hau chuh kuh1 wung s 'veh hau chuh4 7#ai7 ,zak-deu z ngang kuh1 men-deu z nyoen kuh4 7#bj7 ,tau-ti meh zen nyung ih ding iau tuh-dzak fok-chi4 77 4 77 77 1 1 4 77 8 4 77 4 77 4 77 1 4 77 1 4 77 1 4 77 1 4 77 1 4 77 4 77 1 4 77 1 4 77 1 4 77 1 4 77 1 4 77 1 4 77 1 4 77 4 7,translate into ,chinese7 7#a7 ,in the garden the gardeners have planted three rows of apple trees4 7#b7 ,after the cock crows in the morning ,i am unable to sleep any more4 7#c7 ,this man is very polite1 and so every one likes him4 7#d7 ,in the winter we close all the doors and windows and light a fire1 in the summer we open all the doors and windows4 7#e7 ,the water in the creek is muddy and not fit to drink4 7#f7 ,some men become rich in business1 and some lose money4 7#g7 ,lock the door and do not let the cat come in4 7#h7 ,the child fell off the chair and therefore cries4 7#i7 ,yesterday ,i went to see a seven storied pagoda4 7#aj7 ,this account is not right2 it is not reckoned clearly4 7#aa7 ,i cannot find out that this man has done anything wicked4 7#ab7 ,when ,i met the robber ,i cried out to others to come and save my life4 7#ac7 ,this man is very fierce2 he is always fighting4 7#ad7 ,at the end of the year1 all the scholars in the college must be examined4 7#ae7 ,i have lost my key and cannot open my box4 7#af7 ,i think you have not lost it1 but you have hidden it away somewhere1 and have forgotten where you put it2 let me go and look for it4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 1 4 ,notes4 7#a7 ,tuh-dzoe1 tuh-dzoe 77 is the usual expression for making an apology in ,chinese1 ,it literally meant1 8,i have sinned against you40 7#b7 ,a two storied house is generally called leu vaung 774 7#c7 ,in the fifth sentence of the ,first ,exercise we have the formal salutation used on ,new ,year's ,day ,koong-hyi1 fah-dze 77 meaning1 8may you be happy and grow rich40 7#d7 ,in the twelfth sentence of the ,second ,exercise the expression to save life should be ,kyeu ming 774 7#e7 ,in the tenth sentence of the ,second ,exercise 8this account is not reckoned right0 should be translated di-kuh tsang 'veh te kuh 772 te means 8not in agreement40 ,,lesson ,,xxv ,weights and ,measures4 ,the following three ,tables are very commonly used in ,china1 and the speaker of the language should be familiar with them4 ,,measure ,,of ,,weight ,one ounce1 ih liang_/ 4 ,one catty 7#af ounces71 ih kyung_/ 4 ,one picul 7#ajj catties71 ih tan_/ 4 ,,measure ,,of ,,distance #aajth of an inch1 ih fung_/ 4 ,one inch1 ih tshung_/ 4 ,one foot 7ten inches in ,chinese measure71 ih tshak_/ 4 ,tea feet1 ih dzang_/ 4 ,,measure ,,of ,,area ,one square foot1 ih faung tshak_/ 4 ,one hundred square feet1 ih faung_/ 4 ,a mow1 ih m_/ 7one sixth of an acre74 ,,currency ,until recently1 aside from copper cash1 the ,chinese had no regular system of currency4 ,an ounce of silver was taken as a standard4 ,the following ,table is based upon that3-- ,an ounce of silver1 ih liang nyung-ts_/ 4 #aajth of an ounce1 ih dzien_/ 4 #aajth of a dzien1 ih fung_/ 4 #aajth of a fung1 ih li_/ 4 #aajth of a li1 ih #8au_/ 4 ,,vocabulary ,to expound1 explain1 kaung_/ 4 ,to preach1 kaung-su_/ 4 ,to exhort1 choen_/ 1 choen-mien_/ 1 or choen-#8oo_/ 4 ,to gather1 as fruit or flowers1 tshe_/ 4 ,to boil zah_/ 1 7used in regard to water71 or kwung_/ 4 ,to weigh1 tshung_/ 4 ,to measure1 liang_/ 1 or ien_/ 4 ,to carry in arms like a child1 bau_/ 4 ,to carry a load 7one man1 with load suspended on two ends of a bamboo71 thiau_/ 4 ,to carry a load 7load suspended on a bamboo pole between two men71 kaung_/ 4 ,to carry a load on the back1 pe_/ 4 ,to carry a load on the shoulder1 jien_/ 4 ,to carry a load in one hand1 ling_/ 4 ,a tiger1 ih tsak lau-hoo_/ 4 ,a dish1 ih tsak dzang bung-ts_/ 4 ,a saucer1 ih tsak dzo bung-ts_/ 4 ,a wine glass1 ih tsak tsieu pe_/ 4 ,a cooking stove1 ih tsak thih-tsau_/ 7foreign71 1 tsau-deu 7,chinese71 4 ,gold1 kyung-ts_/ 4 ,silver1 nyung-ts_/ 4 ,iron1 thih_/ 4 ,tin1 sih_/ 4 ,brass1 doong_/ 4 ,lead1 khan_/ 4 ,a railroad carriage1 ih boo hoo-tsho_/ 4 ,a steam boat1 ih tsak hoo-lung-zen_/ 4 ,a pair of spectacles1 ih foo ngan-kyung_/ 4 ,a set of tools or instruments1 ih foo ka-sang_/ 4 ,a cannon1 ih tsung phau_/ 4 ,cotton1 hwo_/ 4 ,cotton stalks1 hwo-ji_/ 4 ,cotton 7already ginned71 mien-hwo_/ 4 ,a plant of wheat1 ih khoo mak_/ 4 ,a plant of rice1 ih khoo dau_/ 4 ,vegetables1 tshe_/ 4 ,dishes of vegetables and meat placed on the table for meals1 siau-tshe_/ 4 ,a shoulder1 ih tsak kyien ka_/ 4 ,a bag1 ih tsak de_/ 4 ,back1 pe_/ 4 ,a field1 ih khwe dien_/ 4 ,soil1 mud1 lan-nyi_/ 4 ,poor man1 joong-nyung_/ 4 ,rich man1 dze-tsu-nyung_/ 4 ,kwhung_/ 77 is the classifier denoting bundles of things4 ,a bundle of fuel1 ih kwhung za_/ 1 ih kwung dau-za_/ 4 ,still1 yet1 dzung-jeu_/ 4 ,among1 taung-tsoong_/ 4 ,all 7collective71 zen_/ 4 ,,exercises 7,translate into ,english7 7#a7 ,noong choen-choen yi 'veh iau doong-chi4 7#b7 ,khoen-kyien liang kuh nyung siang-tang meh iung-ke choen-#8oo yi-la4 7#c7 ,di-tsak siang-ts ngoo i-kyung liang-koo-hyih-tse z san tshak dzang lau nyi tshak s tshung kwheh4 7#d7 ,la hwo-yoen li tshe hwo z 'man hau beh-siang4 7#e7 ,di-kuh liang tsak siang-ts ih kuh nyung thiau-'veh-chi z iung-ke kaung kuh4 7#f7 ,kyung1 nyung1 doong1 thih1 sih1 ,tsoong-kok nyung kyau ng kyung4 7#g7 ,tsoong-dien-nyung la toong li tsoong mak1 la tshung laung tsoong hwo4 7#h7 ,la ng kyung taung-tsoong thih z ting yeu yoong-deu1 doo lau siau kuh meh-z zen khau-i tsoo kuh4 7#i7 ,ngoo-kuh bang-yeu z jung-z-ngan soo-i iau ta ngan-kyung4 7#aj7 ,s faung la thih-tsau laung1 kwung-ih-kwung4 7#aa7 ,dze-tsu-nyung tsak dzeu-doen lau joong-nyung tsak poo4 7#ab7 ,di-kuh nyung kaung-su kaung le 'man hau thing4 7#ac7 ,dih la kuh mi tshung-tshung khoen kyung-liang te va4 7#ad7 ,di kwhe di-be yeu kyi m8 iak-tsak yeu lok m4 7#ae7 ,la ya-seu taung-tsoong ,tsoong-kok nyung ting pho kuh z lau-hoo4 7#af7 ,we-ts siau-noen la khok lau1 nyui-nyung bau la seu li4 7#ag7 ,nyok lau tshe ih-dau kyau siau-tshe4 7#ah7 ,lok-tsen z lan-nyi tsoo la kuh1 zau vaung-ts ting yeu yoong-deu4 7#ai7 ,di-kuh yang-dien 'veh hau1 'veh z nyung-ts1 z khan kuh4 7#bj7 ,ngoo wan iau ma dzang-bung-ts1 dzo-bung-ts1 lau tsieu-pe4 7#ba7 ,tung-loong khau-i ling la seu li1 ih kung mok-deu khau-i jien la kyien-ka laung1 de meh pe la pe laung4 7#bb7 ,ng-seh nyien zien-deu1 ,tsoong-kok m-meh hoo-tsho lau hoo-lung-zen1 yien-dze zen yeu-kuh4 7#bc7 ,tsau-zung-deu ngoo thing-tuh ping-ting faung phau4 7#bd7 ,yien-dze m-meh za1 'veh hau sang hoo1 iau noong chi ma liang san kwhung4 7#be7 ,nyeu lau mo la dien li chuh tshau4 77 4 77 4 77 1 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 1 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 77 8 4 77 1 4 77 1 4 77 4 77 1 4 77 1 4 77 4 77 1 1 4 77 1 4 77 4 77 1 4 77 4 7,translate into ,chinese7 7#a7 ,the ,chinese make most of their clothing out of cotton4 7#b7 ,among the pupils this one is the brightest4 7#c7 ,i will tell you a wonderful thing3 two men were fighting1 and a woman came and exhorted them to peace4 7#d7 ,among the metals1 gold is the most precious4 7#e7 ,the dollars used in ,china are made of silver4 7#f7 ,how many men will it take to carry the stove8 7#g7 ,i think four men can carry it4 7#h7 ,how much ought ,i to give the ricksha coolie8 7#i7 ,i think thirty cents is sufficient4 7#aj7 ,there are still many men in ,shanghai who have never been in a railway carriage4 7#aa7 ,most of the ,chinese scholars wear spectacles4 7#ab7 ,i have been gathering apples and peaches in the garden4 7#ac7 ,the carpenter has not brought his tools1 and so can do no work4 7#ad7 ,a ,chinese foot has ten inches1 a foreign foot has twelve4 7#ae7 ,in ,china1 wood and rice and cotton stalks are used as fuel4 77 4 77 4 77 1 1 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 ,notes4 7#a7 ,in the fifth sentence of the ,first ,exercise ,thiau 'veh-chi means 8unable to carry40 7#b7 ,in the sixth sentence of the ,first ,exercise ,ng-kyung is generally pronounced as oo kyung1 as it is a vung-li expression4 7#c7 ,in the ninth sentence of the ,first ,exercise ,jung-z-ngan means 8near-sighted40 7#d7 ,in the thirteenth sentence of the ,first ,exercise notice that 8to buy rice0 is dih mi not ma mi4 7#e7 ,in the ninth sentence of the ,second ,exercise 8sufficient0 may be translated yeu-tse 4 ,,lesson ,,xxvi ,family ,relations ,the relations in ,chinese are exceedingly complex4 ,here only the simplest will be given4 ,to be able to understand the complicated ramifications will take a long time1 and can only be learnt by long experience4 ,it must be noted that different words are used when one speaks of his own relations from what are used when another person is referring to them4 ,in the latter case more polite language is employed4 ,thus the following words for 8father0 are used3 ,if you yourself are speaking of your father1 you might call him ,ya_/ 771 or ,lau-nyang-ka_/ 771 or ,kya-voo_/ 771 or ,voo-tshing_/ 771 or ,kya-nyien_/ 774 ,other people would refer to your father if they were polite as ,tsung-da-zung_/ 77 ,lit4 8,the honorable great man40 ,kya_/ 77 or ,ling-tsung_/ 774 ,children often call their father ,tia-tia_/ 771 or ,ya-ya_/ 771 or ,pak-pak_/ 774 ,so in regard to mother4 ,if you speak of her you say ,nyang_/ 771 or ,kya-moo_/ 771 or ,moo-tshing_/ 771 or ,kya-dz_/ 774 ,if you speak of the mother of another person you may say ,ling-daung_/ 774 ,brother is different as to whether you refer to an older or a younger one4 ,an older brother is ,ak-koo_/ 774 ,a younger brother is ,hyoong-di_/ 774 ,brothers 7plural7 is ,di-hyoong_/ or hyoong-di_/ 774 ,a familiar term for a younger brother is ,di-di_/ 774 ,an older sister is ,ah-tsi_/ 774 ,a younger sister is ,me-me_/ 774 ,tsi-me_/ 77 means sister or sisters4 ,in referring to a son a father would call him ,nyi-ts_/ 77 or ,siau-noen_/ 772 others would refer to your son by saying ,ling-laung_/ 77 or 77 ,koong-laung_/4 ,in speaking of one's own daughter you would say ,siau-nyui_/ 772 others would refer to her as ,tshien-kyung_/ 77 ,lit4 8,a thousand catties of gold10 or ,ling- e_/ 774 ,,vocabulary ,to love1 e_/ 4 ,to love reciprocally1 siang-e_/ 4 ,to injure1 #8e_/ 4 ,to be injured1 zeu-#8e_/ 4 ,to begin1 chi_/ 4 ,a beginning1 chi-deu_/ 1 or khe-dzang_/ 4 ,to repair1 sieu_/ 1 or seu-tsauh_/ 4 ,repairs1 sieu-li_/ 4 ,to take hold of1 to grasp1 nyah_/ 4 ,to receive or accept1 zeu_/ 4 ,to suffer1 zeu-khoo_/ 1 or zeu-nan_/ 4 ,to hand1 to deliver in person1 dzeu_/ 4 ,to save1 be economical1 sang_/ 1 or tsoo nyung-ka_/ 4 ,to save time1 sang koong-foo_/ 4 ,to waste1 to be extravagant1 saung_/ 4 ,to seal officially1 or to seal an envelope2 to deify2 to exalt to a high station1 foong_/ 4 ,to rely upon1 to entrust1 khau_/ 1 khau-thauh_/ 1 or thauh_/ 4 ,a battery or a fort1 ih kuh phau-de_/ 4 ,a deer1 ih tsak lok_/ 4 ,to hunt1 tang-lih_/ 4 ,a hare1 ih tsak thoo-ts_/ 4 ,a fox1 ih tsak #8oo-li_/ 4 ,a wolf1 ih tsak za-laung_/ 4 ,a squirrel1 ih tsak soong-su_/ 4 ,a weasel1 ih tsak waung-laung_/ 4 ,a pheasant1 ih tsak ya-kyi_/ 4 ,a goose1 ih tsak ngoo_/ 4 ,a set of dice1 ih foo deu-ts_/ 4 ,to gamble with cash1 too doong-dien_/ 4 ,to gamble with dice1 zak deu-ts_/ 4 ,a set of dominoes1 ih foo ba_/ 4 ,to gamble with dominoes1 teu ba_/ 4 ,again1 tse_/ 4 ,medicine1 yak_/ 4 ,tobacco1 ien_/ 4 ,a gun1 ih kwen yang-tshiang_/ 4 ,powder1 hoo-yak_/ 4 ,lit ,fiery medicine4 ,tide flowing out1 lauh-s_/ 4 ,tide coming in1 tsang-s_/ 4 ,firmly1 lau_/ 4 ,as1 ziang_/ 4 ,all 7collective71 thok_/ 4 ,,exercises 7,translate into ,english7 7#a7 ,zauh-nyih ngoo tan-ts yang-tshiang tau san laung chi tang-lih1 tang-dzak-ts san tsak lok lau s tsak thoo-ts lau ih tsak soong-su4 7#b7 ,ngoo bang-dzak-ts ih kuh nyung la tang tiau1 yi i-kyung tang-dzak-ts s tsak ya-kyi lau ih tsak ya-ngoo4 7#c7 ,teu ba lau zak deu-ts thok z 'veh hau4 7#d7 ,di-kuh phau-de yeu ng tsung phau lau too-hau hoo-yak4 7#e7 ,zauh-ya-deu yeu waung-laung theu kyi1 'veh hyau-tuh z waung-laung nyi wan-z #8oo-li1 kyung-ya-deu ting hau tung yi le lau yoong yang-tshiang tang-sah yi4 7#f7 ,ngoo la yi han-deu zeu-ts too-hau meh-z1 iau soong-tien sa la yi4 7#g7 ,di-foong sing iau foong-hau dzeu peh la i-sung4 7#h7 ,seu-tsauh vaung-ts zieu iau chi-deu1 iung-we yeu too-hau di-faung iau sieu-li1 zak-zen tse an meh khoong-pho le-'veh ji4 7#i7 ,too chuh tsieu lau too chuh ien z saung sung-thi4 7#aj7 ,di-kuh bing dzoong-tuh-juh1 chuh yak #8a m-yoong-deu4 7#aa7 ,tsoo nyung-ka meh1 khau-i nyih-nyih sang doong-dien4 7#ab7 ,di-kuh si-tse hwen-hyi too doong-dien lau chuh tsieu1 zeh-dze khau-'veh-dzu kuh4 7#ac7 ,ngoo thauh noong tsoo ih tsaung z-thi1 noong we-sa 'veh zung tsoo8 7#ad7 ,zeh-ke tsoo-deu saung koong-foo1 iau tsau ngoo wo meh hau4 7#ae7 ,di-hyoong iung-ke da-ka siang-e1 'veh iau siang-mo lau siang-tang4 7#af7 ,tsung-da-zung hau-la-va8 ,zia-zia1 lau-nyang-ka hau-la4 7#ag7 ,ya-nyang i-kyung tsheh mung1 pih-koo ak-koo la ok-li4 7#ah7,ngoo yeu ih kuh ah-tsi lau liang-kuk me-me4 7#ai7 ,kyi-z iau khe zen8 ,lauh-s zieu khe4 7#bj7 ,za-laung z 'man hyoong-kuh ya-seu1 hwen-hyi chuh yang4 7#ba7 ,di-kuh ih pe yak iau peh la bing nyung chuh4 7#bb7 ,noong yeu kyi-we ling-laung8 ,yeu liang-kuh siau-noen4 77 1 4 77 1 4 77 4 77 4 77 1 1 4 77 1 4 77 4 77 1 1 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 1 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 4 7,translate into ,chinese7 7#a7 ,you should do to others as you would they should do to you4 7#b7 ,if we do not call the carpenter and mason to repair this house1 we shall not be able to live in it4 7#c7 ,when ,i began ,i considered the study of ,chinese very difficult2 now ,i consider it easier4 7#d7 ,the younger brother should listen to the older brother's words4 7#e7 ,you should love others as yourself4 7#f7 ,on the other side of the river there are many forts4 7#g7 ,this man wastes his money in drinking wine4 7#h7 ,where did you get the money to buy these clothes8 ,i saved it from my wages4 7#i7 ,the deer can run faster than the dog1 but gets tired sooner4 7#aj7 ,the father is head of the house4 7#aa7 ,hand this bowl of tea to the guest4 7#ab7 ,i trust to you to help me do the work4 7#ac7 ,the fox comes at night to steal chickens4 7#ad7 ,pheasants are fine birds to look at and are very good to eat4 7#ae71 ,geese and ducks like to remain in the water4 7#af7 ,the older sister takes care of her little sister4 7#ag7 ,take hold of it firmly in your hand and do not let it fall on the ground4 7#ah7 ,according to what ,chinese say1 to become a good man you must repair your heart4 77 77 1 77 1 77 77 77 77 77 8 77 1 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 ,notes4 7#a7 ,in the sixth sentence of the ,first ,exercise notice the expression ,soong-tien-sa 1 meaning 8to make a small present40 7#b7 ,in the eighth sentence of the ,first ,exercise notice the expression ,tse an 774 ,lit4 8again late20 the idea is 8if we wait any longer40 7#c7 ,in the fourteenth sentence of the ,first ,exercise notice the expression ,tsau ngoo wo meh hau 771 ,lit4 8,follow my saying then good40 7#d7 ,in the first sentence of the ,second exercise the sentence would be turned round in ,chinese1 and we would say1 ,noong iau nyung na-nung de noong1 noong a iung-ke na-nung de bih nyung 71 74 ,,lesson ,,xxvii ,compound ,verbs ,by compound verbs we mean those made up of more than one verb4 ,as we have already seen1 ,chinese words having a distinct meaning when used by themselves also form part of larger compound words4 ,this is true especially of verbs4 ,a good example is the verb ,tang_/ 77 to strike4 ,it enters into combination with many other words to form compound verbs4 ,thus3 ,to fight a battle1 tang-tsang_/ 4 ,to attack an enemy1 koong-tang_/ 4 ,to gain a victory1 tang-yung_/ 1 or tang-sung-tsang_/ 4 ,to suffer a defeat1 tang-su_/ 1 tang-ba_/ 1 or tang-ba-tsang_/ 4 ,to wound1 tang-saung_/ 4 ,to make inquiries1 tang-thing_/ 4 ,to fool with one another1 tang-bang_/ 4 ,to injure by striking1 tang-wa_/ 4 ,to consider1 tang-soen_/ 4 ,to dress in a showy manner1 tang-pan_/ 4 ,,vocabulary ,to collect1 to receive payment1 seu_/ 4 ,to collect accounts1 seu-tsang_/ 4 ,to receive payment for a lease1 seu-tsoo_/ 4 ,to be imprisoned1 seu-kan_/ 4 ,to build a wall1 tshi_/ 771 or tshi ziang_/ 4 ,to build a partition1 tshi pih_/ 4 ,to mend a path1 tshi ka_/ 4 ,to be wounded1 zeu-saung_/ 4 ,to prosecute at law1 tang-kwen-s_/ 4 ,to cut with a sharp knife1 koeh_/ 4 ,to cut in two1 koeh-doen_/ 4 ,to cut with sword1 or heavy knife or axe1 tsan_/ 4 ,to split1 phih_/ 4 ,to saw1 zih_/ or ka_/ 4 ,to boil1 zah_/ 4 ,to grill1 to broil1 tsien_/ 4 ,to smoke 7meat71 hyuin_/ 4 ,to bake1 hoong_/ 4 ,to sew1 to stitch1 ling_/ 4 ,to take a stitch1 ling-ih tsung_/ 1 7tsung_/ means needle74 ,to iron1 to burn1 to scald1 thaung_/ 4 ,to brush1 seh_/ 4 ,to rise 7as the tide71 tsang_/ 4 ,to fall1 lauh_/ 4 ,duty1 ming-vung_/ 4 ,rumours1 yau-yien_/ 4 ,receipt1 seu-phiau_/ 1 or seu-diau_/ 4 ,a bell1 tsoong_/ 4 ,piles 7such as are driven into the ground71 tsaung_/ 4 ,tide1 dzau_/ 1 or dzau-s_/ 4 ,a cake1 ih kuh kyi dan-kau_/ 4 ,japanese4 ,toong-yang-nyung_/ 1 or ,zeh-pung-nyung_/ 4 ,pain1 thoong_/ 4 ,wheat1 mak_/ 4 ,dirty1 auh-tshauh_/ 4 ,miserable1 khoo-nau_/ 4 ,russians1 ,ngoo-kok nyung_/ 4 ,a biscuit1 ih kuh thah-ping_/ 4 ,a grate1 ih kuh hoo-khaung_/ 4 ,a sparrow1 ih tsak mo-tshiak_/ 1 or mo-tsiang_/ ,c#b4 ,a swallow1 ih tsak ien-ts_/ 4 ,a pigeon1 ih tsak keh-ts_/ 4 ,an ax1 ih po foo-deu_/ 4 ,a saw1 ih po ke-ts_/ 4 ,a file1 ih po tshoo-tau_/ 4 ,a plane1 ih tsak bau_/ 4 ,a quilt or blanket1 ih diau bi-deu_/ 4 ,a sheet1 ih diau tan-bi_/ 4 ,unripe or raw1 sang_/ 4 ,ripe1 zok_/ 4 ,also used in the sense of being thoroughly cooked4 ,shameful1 than-tshoong_/ 4 ,face 7cheek71 nyi-kwaung_/ 4 ,spread out1 than_/ 1 than-khe_/ 4 ,,exercises 7,translate into ,english7 7#a7 ,kyau tsoong-hwo-yoen-kuh la hwo-yoen li tsan-theh i-kuh liang khoo zu4 7#b7 ,di-diau ka ih ngan 'veh bing1 iau tse tshi4 7#c7 ,sing-vung-ts laung ngoo khoen tang-tsang kuh zung-kwaung1 ,toong-yang-nyung dzang-tsaung tang sung-tsang1 lau ,ngoo-kok-nyung dzang-tsaung tang-ba4 7#d7 ,di-po tau kwha-le-si1 khoong-pho siau-noen iau koeh thoong seu4 7#e7 ,nyui-nyung kuh ming-vung la ok-li sau van1 tsoo i-zaung1 taung-sing siau-noen2 nen-nyung kuh ming-vung la nga-deu tsoo sang-i4 7#f7 ,i-zaung koen-ts meh nan-meh iau thaung-ih-thaung4 7#g7 ,la ka laung yi-la tsauh-ts ih kuh zuk1 yien-dze soong tau kwen han-deu seu-kan4 7#h7 ,di-saung #8a-ts noong seh le 'veh hau1 ih ngan 'veh liang4 7#i7 ,khau-ts tsoong loong-tsoong kuh #8auh-sang-ts zieu iau tsing chi dok su1 #8auh-daung-li iau zoo-ding1 tung sien-sang le1 'veh iau da-ka tang-bang4 7#aj7 ,iau tshi ziang meh sien iau tang tsaung4 7#aa7 ,dzau tsang meh zieu iau khe zen #8ang tau bing s lau ding4 7#ab7 ,di-kuh mok-za iau yoong foo-deu le phih-khe-le4 7#ac7 ,noong foo-ts yang-dien meh1 ngoo peh seu-diau noong4 7#ad7 ,di-kuh dan zah le thuh sang1 iau zok-tien4 7#ae7 ,kyung-tsau yeu khak-nyung le1 iau noong tsoo kyi-dan-kau lau thah-ping4 7#af7 ,peh bih nyung tang nyi-kwaung meh soen ting than-tshoong kuh z-thi4 7#ag7 ,dien-li kuh mak seu hau meh8 ,wan 'veh zung we-ts dzang-tsaung lauh yui lau4 7#ah7 ,iau noong chi tang-thing tang-thing sa nyung zau di-kuh yau-yien4 7#ai7 ,di-kuh men-deu tan tau hoo-khaung pien-deu chi hoong-hoong4 7#bj7 ,kyau mok-ziang le yoong ke-ts ka-khe di-kuh mok-deu4 7#ba7 ,tau mok-ziang han-deu chi tsia ih po tshoo-tau lau ih tsak bau4 7#bb7 ,mo-tshiak lau ien-ts z siau kuh tiau1 'veh hau chuh1 keh-ts meh hau chuh kuh4 7#bc7 ,tan-bi lau bi-deu than hau la zaung laung4 7#bd7 ,ng hyuin hau meh tan le peh ngoo chuh chuh khoen4 7#be7 ,i-kuh nyung koong-tang le1 ngoo dih-'veh-dzu yi1 peh yi tang-saung4 7#bf74 ,tsheh-chi pa khak kuh z-#8eu sien iau tang-pan4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 1 4 77 4 77 1 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 1 4 77 4 77 4 77 1 1 4 77 4 7,translate into ,chinese7 7#a7 ,in cold countries the swallows fly away in the winter and return in the spring4 7#b7 ,to have a lawsuit is a miserable affair1 for you must use as much money4 7#c7 ,my clothes were very dirty1 so ,i told my servant to brush them well4 7#d7 ,in the summer when it is warm you do not need a quilt1 but in the winter you do4 7#e7 ,the mandarin gave orders to cut off the robber's head4 7#f7 ,some wicked people do not fear shame4 7#g7 ,has the school bell rung8 ,if so ,i am late4 7#h7 ,what is the matter with your foot8 ,it was scalded by hot water4 7#i7 ,when the tide rises the boat can travel very fast4 7#aj7 ,in front of my house ,i want to erect a fence4 7#aa7 ,put some coal in the grate2 probably to-night ,i will want to light a fire4 7#ab7 ,when you have split the fuel1 tie it up in a bundle4 7#ac7 ,at the beginning the boys were only fooling1 but afterwards they began to fight1 and one of them was hurt4 7#ad7 ,a hammer1 a saw1 a plane1 and a file are useful implements4 7#ae7 ,these pears and apples are unripe2 if you eat them you will become ill4 7#af7 ,at the end of the month the man goes out to collect his accounts4 7#ag7 ,every one should do his duty4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 4 77 1 4 77 4 77 4 77 1 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 1 4 77 77 ,notes4 7#a7 ,in the ninth sentence of the ,first ,exercise1 notice the expression zoo-ding 771 8to sit quiet40 7#b7 ,in the eleventh sentence of the ,first ,exercise ,khe zen 77 means 8to start the boat40 ,literally it is 8to open the boat40 ,in the same sentence bing s 77 means 8slack water40 7#c74 ,in the eighteenth sentence of the ,first ,exercise zau-yau-yien 77 means 8to start a rumor40 7#d7 ,in the twenty-fifth sentence of the ,first ,exercise dih-'veh-dzu 77 means 8unable to oppose40 7#e7 ,in the fifth sentence of the ,second ,exercise1 8to cut off the robber's head10 is sah-theh di-kuh jang-dau kuh deu 774 7#f7 ,in the ninth sentence of the ,second ,exercise 8to travel0 is #8ang 774 7#g7 ,in the tenth sentence of the ,second ,exercise 8to erect a fence10 is tang-po 774 ,,lesson ,,xxviii ,abstract ,nouns formed from two ,adjectives of opposite meaning ,very often two adjectives of opposite meaning are joined together to form an abstract noun of quality4 ,naturally the ,chinese language is defective in abstract nouns1 and their lack is partially supplied is this way4 ,thus ,too-sau_/ 771 8,much-little10 means 8quantity40 ,dzang-toen_/ 771 8,long-short10 means 8length40 ,yoen-jung_/ 771 8,far-near10 means 8distance40 ,kau-ti_/ 771 8,high-low10 means 8height40 #8,eu-bok_/ 771 8,thick-thin10 means 8thickness40 ,kwheh-#8ah_/ 771 8,broad-narrow10 means 8breadth40 ,lang-nyih_/ 771 8,cold-hot10 means 8temperature40 ,sung-tshien_/ 771 8,deep-shallow10 means 8depth40 ,chung-dzoong_/ 771 8,light-heavy10 means 8weight40 ,tshoo-si_/ 771 8,coarse-fine10 means 8texture0 7of cloth74 ,verbs are also used in much the same way4 ,thus we have ,le-waung_/ 774 8,come-go10 meaning 8intercourse10 or ,le-chi_/ 771 8,come-go10 meaning1 8going back and forth40 ,it generally occurs as ,le-le-chi-chi_/4 ,ma-ma_/ 771 8,buy-sell10 means 8business40 ,,vocabulary ,to kneel1 jui_/ 4 ,to forgive1 nyau-so_/ 1 kwhen-an_/ 1 nyoen-liang_/ 1 or kwhen-yoong_/ 4 ,to comfort1 oen-we_/ 4 ,to sharpen1 moo_/ 4 ,to drive away1 koen_/ 1 koen-theh_/ 4 ,to criticize1 phi-bing 1 or phi-thah 4 ,to roll1 kwung_/ 1 or kwung #8au chi_/ 4 ,to plaster1 fung_/ 4 ,to plaster a partition1 fung pih_/ 4 ,to string1 7as cash71 tshen_/ 4 ,to thread a needle1 tshen yung-sien_/ 4 ,to slander1 wo-liau_/ 1 hwe-paung_/ 1 or wo-wa_/ 4 ,to accompany1 or stay with a person1 be_/ 4 ,to nurse1 su-tsang_/ 4 ,to crawl1 ban_/ 4 ,to climb1 bo_/ 4 ,to jump1 to leap1 thiau_/ 4 ,to reject1 the_/ 1 or the-theh_/ 4 ,to feel1 to touch1 mok_/ 4 ,to hoist 7as a sail or flag71 tsha_/ 4 ,to run1 as water1 lieu_/ 4 ,to turn over1 fan_/ 1 or fan-tsen-le_/ 4 ,to upset 7as water71 tang-fan_/ 4 ,to turn round1 zien_/ 1 or zien-tsen-le_/ 4 ,to manage1 kyung-seu_/ 4 ,to pray1 jeu_/ 4 ,to offer prayer1 tau-kau_/ 4 ,to repent1 hwe-ke_/ 4 ,to regret1 au-lau_/ 4 ,a crow1 ih tsak lau-au_/ 4 ,a hawk1 ih tsak iung_/ 1 or lau-iung_/ 4 ,a butterfly1 ih tsak #8oo-dih_/ 4 ,a pair of scissors1 ih po tsien-tau_/ 4 ,so that1 i-ts_/ 4 ,a screen1 ih sen bing-foong_/ 4 ,a sail1 ih sen boong_/ 4 ,scales1 thien-bing_/ 4 ,a gong1 ih mien kyung-loo_/ 4 ,flour1 koen-mien_/ 4 ,butter1 na-yeu_/ 4 ,milk1 nyeu-na_/ 4 ,sugar1 daung_/ 4 ,,exercises 7,translate into ,english7 7#a7 ,di-sen bing-foong kyi-hau kwheh-#8ah8 7#b7 ,di-tsak siang-ts iau liang-liang-khoen dzang-toen1 kau-ti lau kwheh-#8ah4 7#c7 ,iau noong chi ma ih tsang ts-deu theh di tsang ih yang #8eu-bok4 7#d7 ,thien-bing z iau-kyung kuh ka-sang1 khau-i tshung meh-z kuh chung-dzoong4 7#e7 ,ngoo jui la yi mien-zien jeu yi nyau-so4 7#f7 ,siau-noen sang bing meh1 nyang 'veh li-khe yi1 zoo la zaung pien-deu su-tsang yi4 7#g7 ',veh phi-bing bih nyung1 keh-meh 'veh zeu bih nyung kuh phi-bing4 7#h7 ,we-ts khoong-pho loo 'veh zok1 soo-i tshing bih nyung be ngoo chi4 7#i7 ,di-po tsien-tau ih ngan 'veh kwha1 iau chi moo-moo4 7#aj7 ,kyau sau-van-kuh nau tien koen-mien1 dan1 nyeu-na1 lau daung1 tsoo kyi-dan-kau4 7#aa7 ,thah tien na-yeu la men-deu laung1 keh-meh hau chuh tien4 7#ab7 #8,auh-sang-ts la khok we-ts bih nyung wo-liau yi1 sien-sang kyau yi 'veh iau khok1 lau oen-we yi4 7#ac7 ,ngoo kyau-ts yi meh1 yi zieu zien-tsen-deu le khoen4 7#ad7 ,di-kuh ih tsaung z-thi sa nyung kyung-seu kuh4 7#ae7 ,bo zu meh 'veh da wung-taung1 khoong-pho iau tih thoong lau tih saung4 7#af7 ,iung-ke koen-theh i-tsak keu1 khoong-pho iau ngau siau-noen4 7#ag7 ,tsha boong meh1 zen #8ang le kwha4 7#ah7 ,tsoong dien-nyung 'veh hwen-hyi lau-au1 we-ts yi-la chuh-theh yi-la san la-kuh ts4 7#ai7 ,dzang-z lau-iung dzoong thien laung fi-#8au-le chuh-theh-ts siau kyi4 7#bj7 ,tshen-hau di-kuh doong-dien1 lau soen-soen khoen yeu kyi-hau4 7#ba7 ,ping-ting tsheh-chi tang-tsang1 khau koo lau kyung-loo4 7#bb7 ,di-kuh zak-deu dzoong san ting laung kwung #8au-le4 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 7,translate into ,chinese7 7#a7 ,these two men constantly have intercourse with one another4 7#b7 ,the servant did not take care1 and so upset a bucket of water4 7#c7 ,butterflies are very pretty1 and children like to catch them4 7#d7 ,children before they learn to walk can first crawl on the ground4 7#e7 ,if a man wants to be forgiven he should first repent4 7#f7 ,what is the depth of this creek8 7#g7 ,if you wish to know the texture of the cloth1 you must feel it with your hand4 7#h7 ,if you do not wear spectacles when you are old1 you will be unable to thread your needle4 7#i7 ,i drove away that beggar1 because he followed after me calling out4 7#aj7 ,what is the distance between the sun and the earth8 ,about ninety-two millions of miles4 7#aa7 ,the cat climbed up the tree and the dog could not catch it4 7#ab7 ,the little girl has no time to study1 because her mother is sick1 and she must stay at home and nurse her4 7#ac7 ,the water flows down from the top of the hill4 7#ad7 ,i regret that ,i told him1 because he went and told everyone1 and now every one knows it4 7#ae7 ,when you pray you should kneel down4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 ,notes4 7#a7 ,in the seventh ,sentence of the ,first ,exercise notice how phi-bing is used both as a noun and as a verb4 7#b7 ,in the eighth sentence of the ,first ,exercise ,zok 771 which means 8ripe0 of fruit1 also means 8well-known40 ,it also has the meaning of 8thorough0 as in the expression dok-zok 77 meaning 8to read thoroughly40 7#c7 ,in the thirteenth sentence of the ,first ,exercise notice the position of the deu 771 8head0 between the ,tsen 77 and the le 774 ,this is usual in ,chinese4 ,verbs are often broken up in this way4 7#d7 ,in the fifteenth sentence of the ,first ,exercise wung-taung 77 means 8safe40 ,,lesson ,,xxix ,some ,useful ,phrases ,as will be seen from the lessons already gone over ,chinese is very largely composed of idiomatic phrases4 ,the only way to become acquainted with these phrases is by the constant hearing of the spoken language4 ,we shall introduce in this lesson a few useful phrases and show how they occur in sentences4 8,all one's life10 ih sang-ih-s_/ 774 ,lit4 8,one life1 one world40 8,to run about10 ,bau-le-bau-chi_/ 774 ,lit4 8,run come1 run go40 8,to decide10 ,lih-ding-tsu-i_/ 774 ,lit4 8,to stand still the will40 ,good-bye 7,french1 au-revoir71 ,an-hyih-we_/ 774 ,lit4 8,we will meet later10 or ,tse-we_/ 774 ,lit4 8,i will see you again40 ,the ordinary way of saying 8good-bye0 when you have been to call on a person is to say ,chi-tse_/ 774 ,lit4 8,i am going40 ,your host will say ,man-chi_/ 771 meaning 8,go slowly40 ,the expression4 ,kan-nyih-we_/ 77 would mean3 8,i will see you in a day or two40 8,universal0 ,phoo-thien-#8au_/ 771 or #8,eh-thien-ti-#8au_/ 774 ,lit4 8,beneath the whole of heaven40 8,useless1 in vain10 ,bak-bak-li_/ 774 8,indispensable0 is ,ba-'veh-tuk_/ 774 ,,vocabulary ,if it be so1 kyi-zen zeh-ke_/ 4 ,by chance1 ngeu-zen_/ 4 ,purposely1 yeu-i_/ 1 or koo-i_/ 4 ,at the point of1 kyi-oo_/ 4 ,for the most part1 generally1 da-liak_/ 4 ,suddenly1 hweh-zen_/ 4 ,instantaneous1 lih-khuh_/ 4 ,advantage1 profit1 iuh-tshu_/ 1 or hau-tshu_/ 4 ,lord1 ,tsu_/ 4 ,master1 tsu-nyung_/ 1 or toong-ka_/ 4 ,heavenly ,lord 7a term used for ,god71 ,thien-tsu_/ 4 ,god1 ,zung_/ ,zang-ti 4 ,omnipotent1 voo-soo-peh-nung_/ 4 ,omnipresent1 voo-soo-peh-dze_/ 4 ,omniscient1 voo-soo-peh-ts_/ 4 ,life1 sing-ming_/ 4 ,a dragon1 ih diau loong_/ 4 ,an account book1 ih pung tsang-boo_/ 4 ,a small blank book1 ih pung boo-ts_/ 4 ,carefully1 ts-si_/ 4 ,to waste1 fi-theh_/ 4 ,a carpet1 ih diau mau-than_/ 4 ,boo_/ 77 is the classifier for sets of books4 ,a set of books1 ih boo su_/ 4 ,a flag1 ih mien ji_/ 4 ,angry1 doong-chi 4 ,still1 dzung-jeu 4 ,originally1 pung-le 4 ,drowned1 dzung-sah 4 ,sign1 symbol1 #8au 4 ,a mirror1 ih mien kyung-ts_/ 4 ,,exercises 7,translate into ,english7 7#a7 ,noong zeh-ke tsoo meh1 khoong-pho ih-sang-ih-s iau au-lau tse4 7#b7 ,ngoo bak-bak-li te yi wo1 yi dzung-jeu 'veh thing4 7#c7 ,sien-sang tsiang iau chi yi te ngoo wo1 chi-tse1 lau ngoo te yi wo1 man-chi4 7#d7 ,noong iung-ke lih-ding-tsu-i 'veh tsoo zeh-ke than-tshoong kuh z-thi4 7#e7 ,thien-tsu z voo-soo-peh nung1 voo-soo-peh-dze1 lau voo-soo-peh-ts4 7#f7 ,nyung iau khoen z-ka mien-khoong meh1 ih mien kyung-ts z ba-'veh-tuk-kuh4 7#g7 ,tuh-dzak phoo-thien-#8au lau se-theh-ts z-ka-kuh sing-ming meh yeu sa iuh-tshu nyi8 7#h7 ,di-tsak mo la dien li bau-le-bau-chi1 van-nan tsauh-dzak kuh4 7#i7 ,di boo su yeu kyi pung8 ,yeu nyan pung4 7#aj7 ,kyi zen zeh-ke-nung1 nan-meh ngoo 'veh hau wo sa4 7#aa7 #8,auh-sang-ts tang-se poo-li z yeu-i nyi wan-z ngeu-zen kuh z-thi8 7#ab7 ,i-kuh nyung tih la pang li1 kyi-#8oo dzung-sah1 dan-z yeu ih kuh nyung le thoo yi chi-le4 7#ac7 #8,au-pen-nyih hweh-zen fah-chi doo foong le4 7#ad7 #8,auh-daung-li loong-tsoong yeu kyi-kuh #8auh-sang-ts8 ,da-iak yeu san pak kuh4 7#ae7 ,ngoo kyau yi lih-khuh doong-sung4 7#af7 ,tsoong-kok ji-#8au z 'man hau khoen4 7#ag7 ,di-kuh nyung pung-le z auh nyung1 yien-dze hwe-ke-tse4 7#ah7 ,ngoo au-lau ma-ts di-diau mau-than1 we-ts than la khak-daung li thuh siau4 7#ai7 ,noong seu-tsing-le lau foo-tsheh-chi-kuh loong-tsoong iau kyi la tsang-boo laung4 7#bj7 ,di-kuh #8auh-sang-ts iau the-theh1 iung-we su dok-'veh zaung4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 7,translate into ,chinese7 7#a7 ,the man is very sick1 even at the point of death4 7#b7 ,one should not only think how to get profit for oneself1 but how to give advantage to others4 7#c7 ,in the evening the master gave the servants their wages4 7#d7 ,i think that he offended me purposely1 and therefore ,i am angry4 7#e7 ,a student should not only learn while in school1 but should be learning all his life4 7#f7 ,i saw a dragon come up suddenly out of the water4 7#g7 ,truly all men under heaven are brethren1 and ought to love one another4 7#h7 ,a business man can see from his account book how much he has gained in his business or how much he has lost4 7#i7 ,if you really ran very fast1 how is it that you did not arrive sooner8 7#aj7 ,i have looked over this book in a general way1 but ,i have not read it carefully4 7#aa7 ,if you wish to repent and become a good man1 the first thing is to make up your own mind4 7#ab7 ,i knew the boat was a ,chinese one1 because they hoisted the ,chinese flag4 7#ac7 ,a man's life is most precious1 so he ought to take care of his body4 7#ad7 ,when ,i had finished the work ,i found he had already done the same thing1 and so ,i had wasted my time to no purpose4 7#ae7 ,the children like to run about and play in the garden4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 1 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 77 4 77 1 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 ,notes4 7#a7 ,thien-tsu is the term used for ,god by the ,romanists and by some ,protestants4 ,the other terms used for ,god are ,zung 771 ,lit4 8a ,spirit0 and ,zang-ti 771 ,lit4 8,the ,celestial ,ruler40 7#b7 ,in the fourteenth sentence of the ,second ,exercise for 8to no purpose10 one can say ,bak-bak-li-fi-theh1 or the bak 77 can be used with the verb4 ,thus we can say ,bak fi-theh 774 ,bak is often need in this way with verbs4 ,thus ,bak-tsoo 771 8to do in vain10 ,bak siang 771 8to think in vain1 to no purpose10 etc4 7#c7 ,in the eleventh sentence of the ,first ,exercise ,wan-z may be translated 8or40 ,,lesson ,,xxx ,more ,useful ,words and ,phrases ,in the preceding lessons emphasis has been laid upon idiom and construction4 ,here a few useful words and phrases are given for the purpose of increasing the vocabulary of the student4 ,,vocabulary ,sound of a character1 z-iung_/ 4 ,to aspirate1 tsheh-foong_/ 4 ,baggage1 #8ang-li_/ 4 ,bank1 nyung-#8aung_/ 4 ,bedding1 phoo-ke_/ 4 ,button1 nyeu-ts_/ 4 ,charcoal1 than_/ 4 ,chimney1 ien-tshoong 4 ,post ,office 7,foreign7 su-sing-kwen_/ 1 or sing-jok_/ 1 or yeu-tsung-jok_/ 4 ,church1 li-pa-daung_/ 4 ,cook1 7head7 da-s-voo_/ 4 ,cook1 7ordinary7 sau-van-kuh_/ 4 ,dust1 boong-dzung_/ 4 ,coal1 7hard7 bak-me_/ 4 ,coal1 7soft7 ien-me_/ 4 ,enough1 yeu-tse_/ 1 or keu-z_/ 4 ,farmer1 tsoong-dien nyung_/ 4 ,fresh1 7of meat or fish7 sing-sien_/ 4 ,hospital1 i-yoen_/ 4 ,jetty1 mo-deu_/ 4 ,kerosene1 hoo-yeu_/ 4 ,kettle1 7copper7 doong-#8oo_/ 4 ,market1 z-mien_/ 4 ,marks or signs1 kyi-#8au_/ 4 ,mistake1 not correct1 veh-te_/ 1 or tsho_/ 4 ,relative1 7family7 tshing-kyoen_/ 4 ,salt1 7noun7 yien_/ 4 ,salt1 7adj47 #8an_/ 4 ,soup1 thaung_/ 4 ,trousers1 khoo-ts_/ 4 ,washerman1 da i-zaung-kuh_/ 1 or zing i-zaung-kuh_/ 4 ,postage stamp1 nyung-deu_/ 1 or yeu-phiau_/ 4 ,i supposed1 ngoo dau-nyung-ts_/ 4 ,,exercises 7,translate into ,english7 7#a7 ,di-kuh z-iung iau tsheh foong nyi 'veh iau tsheh-foong4 7#b7 ,ngoo-kuh #8ang-li iau tsaung la tsho-ts laung4 7#c7 ,di-kuh san pak kwhe yang-dien iau dzung la nyung-#8aung li4 7#d7 ,da-s-voo di-kuh nyoeh li sau-ts pen tung ien me4 7#e7 ,kyung-ya-deu kuh thaung thuh #8an1 ming-tsau sau faung-tien yien4 7#f7 ,zaung-he li-pa-daung lau i-yoen 'veh sau4 7#g7 ,tsoong-dien-nyung thiau too-hau siau-tshe tau z-mien laung chi ma-kuh4 7#h7 ,di-foong sing iau nau tau yeu-tsung-jok li1 iau ma nyung-deu thih la laung4 7#i7 ,di-diau khoo-ts peh la da-i-zaung kuh zing4 7#aj7 ,too-hau nyung tau mo-deu laung soong bang-yeu tau nga-kok chi4 7#aa7 ,di-kuh tsang 'veh-te tse iau khe ih tsang tshing-saung-tien kuh4 7#ab7 ,de-ts laung kuh boong-dzung iau kha theh4 7#ac7 ,hoo-yeu keu meh8 ,keu-tse4 7#ad7 ,di-kuh ien-tshoong 'veh thoong4 7#ae7 ,ngoo hyau-tuh di-tsak doong-#8oo z ngoo-kuh iung-we ngoo tsoo kyi-au la laung4 77 8 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 8 4 77 4 77 4 7,translate into ,chinese7 7#a7 ,my relative is sick in the hospital4 7#b7 ,salt is good1 but if it has lost its savour1 wherewithal shall it be salted8 7#c7 ,i told the cook to buy some stamps at the ,post ,office4 7#d7 ,how much money have you in the bank8 7#e7 ,when you are going on a journey1 you should take your bedding along with you4 7#f7 ,to-day is ,sunday1 and ,i went to church in the morning4 7#g7 ,i told him to buy some charcoal1 some hard coal and some soft coal4 7#h7 ,there is much dust in the market place4 7#i7 ,in the summer time it is important to eat only these things which are fresh4 7#aj7 ,if there is no oil in the lamp1 how can you light it8 7#aa7 ,your pronunciation of this word is not correct4 ,it is aspirated4 7#ab7 ,i met a friend on the jetty1 who had just come from ,america4 7#ac7 ,put the kettle on the stove4 7#ad7 ,the farmers are busy in the spring of the year4 7#ae7 ,if the wind blows down the chimney1 the room will be full of smoke4 77 4 77 8 77 4 77 8 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 77 4 ,notes4 7#a7 ,in the third sentence of the ,first ,exercise the verb dzung 77 means deposit4 7#b7 ,in the fourth ,sentence of the ,first ,exercise tung 77 means ton4 7#c7 ,in the tenth sentence of the ,first ,exercise ,soong bung-yeu 77 means to send on his way1 or as we put it 8to see off40 ,,lesson ,,xxxi ,polite ,language ,in the ,chinese language there are a great many polite phrases used in conversation4 ,the ability to use these is a sign of education4 ,every student of the language should become acquainted with the most common ones1 for he will have occasion to use them constantly4 ,some of these phrases have been introduced and explained in these lessons already1 but here an attempt will be made to gather together all those that would be ordinarily used is conversation4 ,when you meet any one for the first time1 according to ,chinese etiquette you are at liberty to ask him what his honorable name may be4 ,the expression for this is ,tsung sing_/ 771 or ,kwe-sing_/ 774 ,in answer he will tell you his surname1 but in doing so he will refer to it as his humble name4 ,thus he will say ,bi-sing ,tsang_/ 77 7if his surname is ,tsang74 ,next you might proceed to inquire what his other name was1 that is1 his private name in distinction from his surname4 ,this you would ask by saying ,tshing kyau da #8au_/ 771 8,please teach me your great appellation0 or ,the foo_/ 774 ,in answer he might say ,tshau-z ,kya-foo_/ 771 meaning 8the grass characters are ,kya-foo_/10 or he might say ,siau-ming_/ 774 7,kya-foo_/ is taken as an example of a name74 ,then you might proceed to ask his age4 ,this you would do by saying ,too-sau kwe-kang_/ 774 ,the answer would be ,ngoo hyui doo san seh soe_/ 774 ,lit4 8,i have vainly passed thirty years40 ,if you ask an old gentleman his age1 you would say ,kyi-hau kau-zeu_/ 774 ,lit4 8,what is your high longevity80 ,if you ask a person how he is1 as has been already intimated1 you would say ,hau-la-va_/ 774 ,the answer might be ,khau fok_/ 771 meaning 8,i depend upon you for my happiness40 ,if a person asked you how many years you had been in ,china1 he would say ,tau-ts bi-kok kyi z-tse_/ 774 ,you would answer ,ngoo tau-ts kwe-kok nyan nyien_/ 774 8,i arrived in your honorable country twenty years ago0 7or any length of time you had been in the country74 ,when you are asking a guest to take a seat1 if he is at all an honorable guest1 you must request him to take an honorable seat4 ,this you do by saying ,tshing zaung-deu zoo_/ 771 meaning 8,please sit up higher40 ,in asking how many children you have your guest would say ,kyi-we sau-kyuin_/ 771 8,how many little princes have you40 ,your answer is ,san kuh siau-koen_/ 771 or san kuh siau-noen_/ 771 or san kuh siau-choen_/ 774 ,at table1 if you finish before others1 you raise your chop-sticks and say to the others ,man-yoong_/ 771 8use slowly40 ,then place the chop-sticks on top of the bowl4 ,your host could answer ,yoong-pau_/ 771 meaning1 8,take plenty40 ,when a guest is leaving1 in addition to saying ,chi-tse_/1 he may say ,kyung-tshau_/ 71 meaning1 8,i have troubled you40 ,your answer may be ,de-man de-man_/ 771 meaning1 8,i have treated you without proper respect40 ,or he may say1 as he is walking away ,tshing lieu kyung-boo_/ 771 meaning1 8,please restrain your orderly footsteps02 or simply ,lieu-boo_/1 meaning 8,don't trouble to come out40 ,if you have to excuse yourself after a short stay1 you should say ,sau-be_/ 774 ,,vocabulary ,england1 ,iung-kok_/ 4 ,america1 ,me-kok_/ 1 or ,hwo-ji-kok_/ 4 ,lit41 ,kingdom of the ,flowery ,flag4 ,france1 ,fah-kok_/ 4 ,germany1 ,tuh-kok_/ 4 ,russia1 ,ngoo-kok_/ 4 ,antiquity1 anciently1 koo-z-kan_/ 4 ,neighbor1 ling-so_/ 4 ,a godown1 dzan-vaung_/ 4 ,inconceivable1 siang-'veh-tau_/ 4 ,lazy1 lan-phok_/ 1 or lan-doo_/ 4 ,tricky1 diau-bi_/ 4 ,communication1 intercourse1 le-waung_/ 4 ,matches1 z-le-hoo_/ 4 ,next 7juxtaposition71 kah-pih_/ 4 ,promise1 iung-hyui_/ 4 ,recently1 jung-le_/ 4 ,to meet with misfortune1 chuh khoo_/ 4 ,literally1 8,eat bitterness40 ,comfortable1 suh-i_/ 4 ,the earlier the better1 yoeh-tsau yoeh-hau_/ 4 ,to relax the mind1 san sing_/ 4 ,soap1 bi-zau_/ 4 ,to strike a match1 wak_/ 4 ,,exercises 7,translate into ,english7 7#a7 ,di-foong sing iau noong tan tau yeu-tsung-jok li chi4 7#b7 ,koo-z-kan ,tsoong-kok tah-ts bih-kuh kok-doo ih ngan 'veh le-waung4 7#c7 ,jung-le ,ngoo-kok tah-ts ,toong-yang da-ka tang-tsang4 7#d7 ,dzu la kah-pih kuh nyung z kyau ling-so4 7#e7 ,di-kuh nyung 'veh ba z lan-phok1 #8a-z diau-bi4 7#f7 ,sang-i-nyung la dzan-vaung li tsaung-ts too-hau hoo-suh4 7#g7 ,tshing zoo la bih-kuh iui-ts laung1 i-tsak 'veh da suh-i4 7#h7 ,ngoo iung-hyui ngoo kuh si-tse1 zak-zen tsoo le hau meh iau ka yi-kuh koong-dien4 7#i7 ,i-kuh nyung we-ts chuh tsieu1 too doong-dien1 lau 'veh lau-zeh i-kyung chuh-ts too-hau khoo4 7#aj7 ,tsoong-kok tah ,me-kok tsho-'veh-too ih yang doo-siau4 7#aa7 ,pung-le ,me-kok nyung z dzoong ,iung-kok le kuh4 7#ab7 ,di-foong sing kyi-z iau ngoo sia kuh8 ,yoeh-tsau yoeh-hau4 7#ac7 ,i-kuh nyung zeh-ke diau-bi zeh-dze siang-'veh-tau-kuh4 7#ad7 ,seu lau mien-khoong iau kha le koen-zing meh tsoong iau yoong bi-zau4 7#ae7 ,iau wak z-le-hoo tsoong iau wak la #8ah-ts laung1 'veh zen meh 'veh we yaung4 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 8 77 77 77 7,translate into ,chinese7 7#a7 ,you should love your neighbor as yourself4 7#b7 ,all over ,china now there are post offices1 and you can send a letter to any part of ,china for three cents4 7#c7 ,america is called the ,kingdom of the ,flowery ,flag1 because its flag is very beautiful4 7#d7 ,a lazy man likes to get up late in the day1 and during the day he likes to go to sleep4 7#e7 ,germany and ,france are next to one another on the map4 7#f7 ,the fox is one of the most tricky of all the animals4 7#g7 ,how long have you been in my humble country8 ,i arrived in your honorable country only about one year ago4 7#h7 ,since ,i have promised it1 ,i will certainly do as ,i said4 7#i7 ,in ancient times most men were unable to read and write2 now a large portion of the people can do so4 7#aj7 ,children should not play with matches because they might set the house on fire4 7#aa7 ,men can not always be using their minds2 they must at times relax their minds4 7#ab7 ,yesterday ,i felt very wretched1 and was in bed all day2 to-day ,i am more comfortable4 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 8 77 77 77 77 77 ,notes4 7#a7 ,in the third sentence of the ,first ,exercise da-ka 77 means 8together40 7#b7 ,in the fifteenth sentence notice the ',veh zen meh 771 meaning1 8,if not so40 7#c7 ,in the tenth sentence of the ,second ,exercise 8to set the house on fire10 may be translated ,loong khe hoo le 4 7#d7 ,in the eleventh sentence of the ,second ,exercise ,yoong-sing 77 and ,san-sing 77 are just the opposite of one another4 ,,lesson ,,xxxii ,proverbs ,as is well known1 the ,chinese are very fond of proverbs4 ,their language is exceedingly rich with sententious sayings4 ,they also make use of many felicitous expressions on ,new ,year's ,day1 at marriages1 etc4 ,here is a short list of those in common use4 ,most of them are in literary style1 but are used in ordinary speech4 4 ih nyan ts tsho tsoong sung ts hwe_/4 ,the evil done in a moment's thought may entail the repentance of a life time4 4 ,ih yien i tsheh1 s mo nan tsoe_/4 ,when a word has gone forth1 four horses cannot overtake it4 4 ,ih sing kyui nyan_/4 ,a heart holding one thought2 a mind set on one purpose4 4 ,ih thah oo-doo_/4 ,everything in confusion4 1 4 ,chuh zung wen pen1 yeu 99zung s hwen_/4 ,if you eat half a bowl of rice of another man1 you thereby are placed under obligations4 99,note that the character for man is pronounced ,nyung in the vernacular and ,zung in the literary language4 4 ,waung ,thien peh veu khoo zung sing_/4 ,great ,heaven never forgets the desire of a person in misery4 4 ,ba-ts we deu kyung peh wen_/4 ,the repentance of a prodigal is more precious than gold4 4 ,the tsho dzaung ts pih_/4 ,to wheel the cart against the wall1--equivalent to knock your head against a stone wall4 4 ,so jung r jeu yoen_/4 ,to forfeit what is near and seek what is far4 ,it implies the folly of giving up the bird in the hand for the bird in the bush4 4 ,vaung ung veu nyi_/4 ,to forget benefits received4 4 ,zung foong tsha ji_/4 ,to float the flag in the wind4 ,this implies 8to follow the crowd10 and applies to a person of weak character4 4 ,zung sing kya doong_/4 ,human nature is one4 1 1 1 4 ,auh yeu auh pau1 zen yeu zen pau1 zak-s 'veh pau1 z khuk vi tau_/4 ,evil has an evil recompense--virtue has a good recompense4 ,if the recompense does not appear1 it is because the time has not yet arrived4 1 4 ,ioen yeu deu1 tsa yeu tsu_/4 ,enmity has a source1 just as debt has a creditor4 4 ,chi zung z chi z_/4 ,to cheat others is to cheat oneself4 1 4 ,zu kau tshien dzang1 yih lauh kwe kung_/4 99,although the tree may be ten thousand feet high1 its leaves fall down to the roots4 99,this means that all1 sooner or later1 return to their original homes4 4 ,zung mien sen sing_/4 ,he has the face of a man and the heart of an animal4 4 ,khoen si nyah pih-deu_/4 ,to catch hold of the note of a man who is dying4 ,equivalent to the expression 8,to hit a man when he is down40 4 ,lauh s chung_/4 ,to press a drowning man down in the water4 ,this has much the same meaning as the preceding4 1 4 ,jung tsu tse tshuh1 jung muh tse huh_/4 ,contact with red ink makes you red4 ,contact with black ink makes you black4 4 ,sung zung li kyi tsung siau zung_/4 ,to injure another to benefit yourself1 is the part of a mean fellow4 4 ,chi tsoong peh chi ih_/4 ,in dealing harshly with all1 you do not deal harshly with any one in particular4 4 ,keu khoen men thien sing_/4 ,the dog looks at the sky full of stars4 ,this describes a stupid person who does not understand what he sees4 4 ,s tsoong xu ih_/4 ,to continue the same from the beginning to the end4 4 ,pen doo r fi_/4 ,to give up half-way4 1 4 ,meu z dze zung1 dzung z dze thien_/4 ,man contrives1 ,god accomplishes4 ,equivalent to 8,man proposeth1 ,god disposeth40 4 ,boo-boo sang kau_/4 ,may you rise step by step4 1 4 ,zeu pi nen san1 fok zu toong he_/4 ,may your longevity be like the ,southern ,mountain1 and your happiness like the ,eastern ,sea4 4 ,jung seh diau #8oo_/4 ,may the harp and guitar harmonize4 ,note4 ,this is a wedding wish1 the harp and guitar signifying the bride and groom4 4 ,pak nyien kya lau_/4 ,may you have happiness for a hundred year4 ,a wedding wish4 4 ,dzung saung tau lau_/4 ,may the couple remain united until old age4 ,a wedding wish4 4 ,tshung sing zu-i_/4 ,may everything be according to your own wishes4 4 ,zeu nyien tshien soe_/4 ,may you have a long life of a thousand years4 4 ,ih loo zung foong_/4 ,may you have favorable winds journey4 4 ,koong-hyi fah ze_/4 99,may wealth and happiness both be yours4 99,this wish is often used at ,new ,year's time4 4 ,s kyi bing-oen_/4 ,may you have peace through the four seasons4 ,,chinese-,,english ,,vocabulary ,a_/ ,ah_/1 1 to mortgage4 ,ah_/1 1 a duck4 ,ah-koo_/1 1 an older brother4 ,ah-theh_/1 1 to mortgage4 ,ah-tsi_/1 1 an older sister4 ,an_/1 1 late4 #8,ang-li_/1 1 baggage4 ,an-hyih-we_/1 1 good-by4 ,au-lau_/1 1 to regret4 ,auh_/1 1 wicked4 ,auh-tshauh_/1 1 dirty4 #8,a-ts_/1 1 shoes4 #8,a_/1 or 1 also4 #8,a-li_/1 1 which4 #8,a-z_/1 1 also4 #8,ah_/1 1 narrow4 #8,ah-ts_/1 1 a small box4 #8,an_/1 1 salt 7adj474 #8,au_/1 1 #aaj of a li 7in currency74 #8,au-sau_/1 1 quickly4 #8,au_/1 1 down4 #8,au-deu_/1 1 below4 #8,au-kuh-nyoeh_/1 1 next month4 #8,au-le_/1 1 to come down4 #8,au-nyoeh_/1 1 next month4 #8,au-pen-nyien_/1 1 last half of year4 #8,au-pen-nyih_/1 1 afternoon4 #8,au-pen-nyoeh_/1 1 last half month4 #8,an-pen-ya_/1 1 last half night4 ,au-ti_/1 1 below4 ,au-ti-deu_/1 1 below4 #8,au-zen_/1 1 to go on board a ship4 #8,au_/1 1 summer4 #8,auh_/1 1 to learn4 #8,auh-daung_/1 1 school4 #8,auh-sang-ts_/1 1 a scholar1 a pupil4 #8,aung-dzing_/1 1 price4 ,b_/ ,ba_/1 1 to arrange in order4 ,ba-tse_/1 1 7after verb71 gives force of completed action4 ,ba-'veh-tuh_/1 1 indispensable4 ,bak_/1 1 white4 ,bak-bak-li_/1 1 useless1 in vain4 ,bak-me_/1 1 hard coal4 ,bak-wo_/1 1 to converse4 ,ban_/1 1 a classifier for shops4 ,ban_/1 1 to crawl4 ,ban_/1 1 to direct1 to attend to a matter4 ,bang-yeu_/1 1 a friend4 ,bang_/1 1 to strike against4 ,bang-dzak_/1 1 to meet4 ,bau_/1 1 to run4 ,bau-le-bau-chi_/1 1 to run about4 ,bau_/1 1 to carry in the arms4 ,bau_/1 1 a plane4 ,baung-pien_/1 1 by the side of4 ,baung_/1 1 a cane1 a stick4 ,be_/1 1 to accompany1 to stay with a person4 ,beh-siang_/1 1 to play1 to take recreation4 ,ben_/1 1 to hide4 ,ben-loong_/1 1 to hide oneself4 ,bi-zau_/1 1 soap4 ,bi-deu_/1 1 a quilt1 a blanket4 ,bien-ts_/1 1 a queue4 ,bien-taung_/1 1 convenient4 ,bih_/1 1 other4 ,bih-deu_/1 1 the nose4 ,bing_/1 1 a bottle4 ,bing_/1 1 level4 ,bing-foong_/1 1 a screen4 ,bing-koo_/1 1 an apple4 ,bo_/1 1 climb4 ,bok_/1 1 thin4 ,boo_/1 1 classifier of carriages4 ,boo_/1 1 classifier for sets of books4 ,boo-sah_/1 1 a ,buddhist idol4 ,boo-ts_/1 1 a small blank book4 ,boong_/1 1 a sail4 ,boong-dzung_/1 1 dust4 ,bung-ts_/1 1 a plate4 ,c_/ ,cheu_/1 1 bad4 ,chi_/1 1 to begin4 ,chi_/1 1 an interrogative particle4 ,chi-deu_/1 1 the beginning4 ,chi-le_/1 1 to arise2 expresses action going on4 ,chi-lih_/1 1 to stand up1 standing4 ,chi_/1 1 to go4 ,chi-lih_/1 1 strength4 ,chi-tse_/1 1 good-by1 gone4 ,choen_/1 1 to exhort4 ,choen-mien_/1 1 to exhort4 ,choen-#8oo_/1 1 to exhort4 ,chung_/1 1 light 7in weight74 ,chung-chung-nung_/1 1 gently4 ,chung-dzoong_/1 1 weight4 ,chuh_/1 1 to eat4 ,chuh-khoo_/1 1 to meet with misfortune4 ,chuh-van_/1 1 eat a meal4 ,chuh-van-de-ts_/1 1 a dining table4 ,chuh-van-kan_/1 1 a dining room4 ,d_/ ,da_/1 1 classifier of rows of things4 ,da-i-zaung-kuh_/1 1 a washerman4 ,da-ka_/1 1 together4 ,da-ke_/1 1 all in general1 most4 ,da-liak_/1 1 for the most part1 generally4 ,da-s-voo_/1 1 the chief cook4 ,da-tshing-kok_/1 1 7,former name of7 ,china4 ,dan_/1 1 an egg4 ,dan-z_/1 1 but4 ,dau-nyung-ts_/1 1 to suppose2 to think4 ,dau-ts_/1 1 a peach4 ,dau-za_/1 1 a bundle of fuel4 ,dau_/1 1 a plant of rice4 ,dau-z_/1 1 ,taoist priest4 ,daung_/1 1 sugar4 ,de-ts_/1 1 a table4 ,de_/1 1 to exchange a dollar into cash4 ,de_/1 1 to deport oneself1 to treat others4 ,de-man_/1 1 to treat rudely4 ,de-thi_/1 1 instead of4 ,deu_/1 1 head1 the chief1 the first4 ,deu-fah_/1 1 hair on the head4 ,deu-ts_/1 1 dice4 ,di_/1 1 to crow4 ,di_/1 1 this1 the1 a series4 ,di-deu_/1 1 here4 ,di-di_/1 1 young brethern4 ,di-hyoong_/1 1 brothers4 ,di-ih_/1 1 the first4 ,di-kuh_/1 1 this1 these4 ,di-mien_/1 1 the side1 here4 ,di-yang_/1 1 this sort4 ,di_/1 1 the earth4 ,di-faung_/1 1 place4 ,di-jeu_/1 1 the earth4 ,di-li-doo_/1 1 a map1 a chart4 ,diau_/1 1 classifier for long1 winding1 or limber objects4 ,diau_/1 1 to exchange1 to barter4 ,diau-bi_/1 1 tricky4 ,dien_/1 1 sweet4 ,dih_/1 1 a flute4 ,dih-'veh-dzu_/1 1 to unable to oppose4 ,ding_/1 1 to stop4 ,ding-ih-ding_/1 1 stop a minute4 ,doen-ts_/1 1 a piece of satin4 ,dok_/1 1 to read4 ,dok-su_/1 1 to study4 ,dok-su-nyung_/1 1 a scholar4 ,dok-z_/1 1 but1 only4 ,doo_/1 1 a map1 a chart4 ,doo_/1 1 large4 ,doo-siau_/1 1 size4 ,doong_/1 1 classifier for tubes and buckets1 a bucket4 ,doong-#8oo_/1 1 a copper kettle4 ,doong_/1 1 brass4 ,doong_/1 1 with4 ,doong-dien_/1 1 a cash4 ,doong_/1 1 lift1 to move1 to excite4 ,doong_/1 1 to move a thing4 ,doong-#8a-'veh-doong_/1 1 immovable4 ,doong-lau-doong_/1 1 loose1 unstable4 ,doong-seu_/1 1 to commence work4 ,doong-sung_/1 1 to start 7on a journey74 ,dung_/1 1 dull4 ,dzan-vaung_/1 1 a godown4 ,dzan_/1 1 to gain or make a profit4 ,dzan-deu_/1 1 profit in business4 ,dzang_/1 1 long4 ,dzang-bung-ts_/1 1 a dish4 ,dzang-dzang_/1 1 always4 ,dzang-toen_/1 1 length4 ,dzang-tsaung_/1 1 always4 ,dzang-yoen_/1 1 a long time4 ,dzang-yoen-tse_/1 1 a long time4 ,dzang-z_/1 1 sometimes4 ,dzang_/1 1 ten feet4 ,dzau_/1 1 tide4 ,dzau-s_/1 1 tide4 ,dzaung_/1 1 classifier denoting things piled one on top of the other4 ,dze-nga_/1 1 besides1 in addition4 ,dzeu_/1 1 silk4 ,dzeu_/1 1 to hand1 to deliver in person4 ,dzien_/1 1 #aaj ,of an ounce of silver4 ,dzo_/1 1 tea4 ,dzo_/1 1 examine carefully4 ,dzo-bung-ts_/1 1 saucer4 ,dzo-khau_/1 1 to examine carefully4 ,dzo-kwen_/1 1 a tea shop4 ,dzo-#8oo_/1 1 a teapot4 ,dzo-yih_/1 1 tea leaves4 ,dzoe-bien_/1 1 whichever4 ,dzoe-bien-kyi-z_/1 1 whatever time you please4 ,dzoe-bien-sa_/1 1 whatever1 no matter what4 ,dzoong_/1 1 from4 ,dzoong_/1 1 heavy4 ,dzu_/1 1 to take off 7a hat74 ,dzu-vaung_/1 1 a kitchen4 ,dzu_/1 1 to live4 ,dzu-la_/1 1 to live4 ,dzuh-tau_/1 1 until4 ,dzung_/1 1 classifier for stories of a house or ladder4 ,dzung_/1 1 a city4 ,dzung-jeu_/1 1 still1 yet4 ,dzung-koong_/1 1 to complete4 ,e_/ ,e_/1 1 to love4 ,en_/1 1 dark4 ,en-en-li_/1 1 secretly4 #8,e_/1 1 to injure4 #8,eh-thien-#8au_/1 1 universal4 #8,eu-ts_/1 1 a son4 #8,eu_/1 1 after4 #8,eu_/1 1 thick4 #8,eu-bok_/1 1 thickness4 #8,eu-deu_/1 1 behind4 #8,eu-le_/1 1 afterwards4 #8,eu-nyih_/1 1 day after to-morrow4 #8,eu-seu_/1 1 afterwards4 #8,en-ti_/1 1 behind4 #8,eu-ti-deu_/1 1 behind4 ,f_/ ,fah-dze_/1 1 to become rich4 ,fah-kok_/1 1 ,france4 ,fan_/1 1 to turn over4 ,fan-tsen-le_/1 1 to turn over4 ,faung_/1 1 square4 ,faung_/1 1 one hundred square feet4 ,faung-tshak_/1 1 a square foot4 ,faung_/1 1 to place1 let go4 ,faung-#8auh_/1 1 to dismiss school4 ,fi_/1 1 to fly4 ,fi-theh_/1 1 to waste4 ,fok_/1 1 classifier for paintings or engravings4 ,fok-chi_/1 1 happiness4 ,foo-tshi_/1 1 husband and wife4 ,foo-deu_/1 1 an ax4 ,foo_/1 1 to pay4 ,foong_/1 1 classifier of letters and sealed parcels4 ,foong_/1 1 wind4 ,foong_/1 1 to seal officially1 to seal1 to exalt to a high position4 ,fung_/1 1 a cent4 ,fung_/1 1 to separate4 ,fung_/1 1 #aaj of an inch1 #aaj of a dzien4 ,fung-khe_/1 1 to separate4 ,fung-bih_/1 1 a difference2 to distinguish4 ,fung_/1 1 to plaster4 ,fung-pih_/1 1 to plaster a wall4 ,h_/ ,han-deu_/1 1 place4 ,han_/1 1 to call4 ,hau1_/ 1 good1 very1 superlative4 ,hau-siau_/1 1 laughable4 ,hau-tse_/1 1 completed action4 ,hau-tshu_/1 1 advantage1 profit4 ,hau-ziang_/1 1 as if1 like4 ,hoo_/1 1 fire4 ,hoo-dzak-tse_/1 1 on fire4 ,hoo-khaung_/1 1 a grate4 ,hoo-loo_/1 1 a stove4 ,hoo-lung-tsho_/1 1 a railway engine4 ,hoo-lung-zen_/1 1 a steam boat4 ,hoo-yak_/1 1 gunpowder4 ,hoo-suh_/1 1 merchandize4 ,hoo-yeu_/1 1 kerosene4 ,hoong_/1 1 to bake4 ,huh_/1 1 black4 ,hwaung-tshia_/1 1 moreover4 ,hwe-ke_/1 1 to repent4 ,hwe-paung_/1 1 to slander4 ,hweh-zen_/1 1 suddenly4 ,hwen-hyi_/1 1 to like1 to enjoy4 ,hwo_/1 1 a flowering plant4 ,hwo_/1 1 cotton1 flower4 ,hwo-ji_/1 1 cotton stalks4 ,hwo-ji-kok_/1 1 ,america4 ,hwo-#8oong_/1 1 a crab apple4 ,hwo-ts_/1 1 cotton seed4 ,hwo-tshau-zu-mok_/1 1 vegetation in general4 ,hwo-yoen_/1 1 a garden4 ,hyau-tuh_/1 1 to know4 ,hyi-ji_/1 1 to wonder1 to be surprised4 ,hyi-siau_/1 1 to ridicule4 ,hyih_/1 1 to rest4 ,hyih-ih-hyih_/1 1 to wait a little4 ,hyih-khe-le_/1 1 to open a box4 ,hyoong_/1 1 fierce4 ,hyoong-di_/1 1 a young brother1 brothers4 ,hyui_/1 1 to permit4 ,hyuin_/1 1 to roast 7meat74 ,i_/ ,i-deu_/1 1 there4 ,i-hau_/1 1 to heal4 ,i-kuh_/1 1 that1 those4 ,i-khwe_/1 1 there4 ,i-kyung_/1 1 already4 ,i-nyih-ts_/1 1 at that time4 ,i-s_/1 1 thought1 meaning4 ,i-sung_/1 1 a doctor4 ,i-#8eu_/1 1 afterwards1 hereafter4 ,i-ts_/1 1 so that4 ,i-tuh-koo_/1 1 permissible and proper1 leading to no embarrassment4 ,i-'veh-koo_/1 1 unpermission1 because very embarrassing4 ,i-yoen_/1 1 hospital4 ,i-zaung_/1 1 a garment4 ,iak-kwe_/1 1 about4 ,iak-tsak_/1 1 about4 ,iau_/1 1 to want1 to wish1 will4 ,iau-kyung-kuh_/1 1 it is important4 ,ien_/1 1 tobacco4 ,ien-me_/1 1 soft coal4 ,ien-tshoong_/1 1 a chimney4 ,ien-seu_/1 1 to make motions4 ,ien-ts_/1 1 a swallow4 ,ih_/1 1 a1 one4 ,ih-dau_/1 1 together1 with4 ,ih-ding-iau_/1 1 must4 ,ih-fung_/1 1 one cent4 ,ih-kauh_/1 1 ten cents4 ,ih-ngan-'veh_/1 1 not at all4 ,ih-pak_/1 1 one hundred4 ,ih-sang-ih-s_/1 1 all one's life4 ,ih-thaung_/1 ,c#c1 one time4 ,ih-we_/1 1 one time4 ,iuh-tshu_/1 1 advantage1 profit4 ,iui-ts_/1 1 a chair4 ,iung_/1 1 a hawk4 ,iung-hyui_/1 1 a promise4 ,iung-ke_/1 1 ought4 ,inng-kok_/1 1 ,england4 ,iung-we_/1 1 because4 ,j_/ ,jang_/1 1 cheap4 ,jang-dau_/1 1 a robber4 ,jau_/1 1 a bridge4 ,jau-foo_/1 1 a sedan chair coolie4 ,jau-don_/1 1 a sedan chair coolie4 ,jau-ts_/1 1 a sedan chair4 ,jeu_/1 1 to pray4 ,jeu_/1 1 old4 ,jeu-nyien_/1 1 the last year4 ,ji_/1 1 a flag4 ,jien_/1 1 carry on the shoulder4 ,jien_/1 1 classifier of garments1 baggage and affairs1 an affair4 ,juh_/1 1 forms superlative degree4 ,jui_/1 1 to kneel4 ,jung_/1 1 near4 ,jung_/1 1 recently4 ,jung-z-ngan_/1 1 near-sighted4 ,k_/ ,ka_/1 1 a street4 ,ka_/1 1 to add4 ,ka-hoo_/1 1 furniture4 ,ka-sang_/1 1 tools1 implements4 ,ka-thien_/1 1 to add4 ,ka_/1 1 false4 ,ka-seh_/1 1 to explain4 ,ka_/1 1 to saw4 ,ka-dien_/1 1 price4 ,kah-pih_/1 1 next 7juxtaposition74 ,kan_/1 1 a room4 ,kan-nyih-we_/1 1 will see you in a day or two4 ,kau_/1 1 high4 ,kau-ti_/1 1 height4 ,kau_/1 1 to teach4 ,kau-hwo-ts_/1 1 a beggar4 ,kau-soo_/1 1 to tell1 to narrate4 ,kau-z_/1 1 a proclamation4 ,kauh_/1 1 a ten cent piece4 ,kauh_/1 1 every4 ,kauh-tau-lauh-tshu_/1 1 everywhere4 ,kauh-tshu_/1 1 everywhere4 ,kaung_/1 1 to carry 7two men with bamboo pole74 ,kaung_/1 1 to expound1 to explain4 ,kaung-ding_/1 1 to settle the price4 ,kaung-su_/1 1 to preach4 ,ke-ts_/1 1 a saw4 ,keh-lau_/1 1 therefore4 ,keh-ts_/1 1 a pigeon4 ,keu_/1 1 a dog4 ,keu-z_/1 1 sufficient1 enough4 ,keu-z-tse_/1 1 sufficient4 ,kha_/1 1 to wipe4 ,kha-mien-de-ts_/1 1 a washstand4 ,kha-weh_/1 1 happy4 ,kha-chi_/1 1 politeness4 ,khak-daung-kan_/1 1 a guest room4 ,khak-nyung_/1 1 a guest1 a visitor4 ,khan_/1 1 lead4 ,khan khan_/1 1 just now1 a little while ago4 ,khan-pih_/1 1 a lead pencil4 ,khau_/1 1 to knock1 strike4 ,khau-i_/1 1 can1 may4 ,khau-su_/1 1 to examine a class4 ,khau_/1 1 to rely upon1 to trust4 ,khau-thauh_/1 1 to rely upon1 to trust4 ,khaung_/1 1 to hide a thing4 ,khaung-loong_/1 1 to hide a thing4 ,khe_/1 1 to open1 open1 opens4 ,khe-#8auh_/1 1 to open school4 ,khe-dzang_/1 1 a beginning4 ,khe-koong_/1 1 to commence work4 ,khe-le_/1 1 to open wide4 ,khe nyien_/1 1 next year4 ,khe-s_/1 1 boiling water4 ,kheh-deu_/1 1 to kowtow4 ,kheu_/1 1 classifier of furniture4 ,kheu_/1 1 a mouth4 ,khoen_/1 1 to see4 ,khoen-hau_/1 1 to heal4 ,khoen-kyien_/1 1 seen4 ,khok_/1 1 to cry4 ,khoo_/1 1 classifier of plants1 trees1 and flowers4 ,khoo_/1 1 bitter4 ,khoo-nau_/1 1 misery4 ,khoo-ts_/1 1 trousers4 ,khoong-pho_/1 1 perhaps4 ,khung_/1 1 to be willing4 ,koeh_/1 1 to cut 7with a sharp knife74 ,koeh-doen_/1 1 to cut in two4 ,koen_/1 1 dry4 ,koen-mien_/1 1 flour4 ,koen-po-nyung_/1 1 a man or two4 ,koen-zing_/1 1 clean4 ,koen_/1 1 to drive away4 ,koen-theh_/1 1 to drive away4 ,koo_/1 1 a drum4 ,koo-z-kan_/1 1 antiquity1 anciently4 ,koo_/1 1 to pass over4 ,koo-i_/1 1 purposely4 ,koo-nyien_/1 1 to pass from the old to the new year4 ,koo-nyih-ts_/1 1 some past time4 ,koo-s_/1 1 to die4 ,koo-tse_/1 1 forms past tense4 ,koong-dien_/1 1 wages4 ,koong-foo_/1 1 time1 work4 ,koong-hyi_/1 1 to congratulate4 ,koong-laung_/1 1 a son4 ,koong-tang_/1 1 to attack an enemy4 ,koong-tsoong_/1 1 all4 ,kuh_/1 1 or 1 of2 sign of the genitive2 a general classifier2 a final particle4 ,kung_/1 1 to follow4 ,kung_/1 1 a classifier denoting objects long and generally stiff4 ,kung-ka_/1 1 still more4 ,kwan_/1 1 to shut1 shut4 ,kwaung_/1 1 smooth1 bright4 ,kwe-kyui_/1 1 custom1 propriety4 ,kwen_/1 1 a classifier of tubular things4 ,kwen_/1 1 a mandarin1 a magistrate4 ,kwen-foo_/1 1 a mandarin1 a magistrate4 ,kwen-wo_/1 1 mandarin dialect4 ,kwen-ze_/1 1 a coffin4 ,khwa_/1 1 fast1 sharp4 ,khwa-khwa_/1 1 quickly4 ,khwa-tse_/1 1 about to do a thing4 ,khwan_/1 1 chop-sticks4 ,khwe_/1 1 a piece1 a slice4 ,khweh_/1 1 broad4 ,khweh-#8ah_/1 1 breadth4 ,khwen-#8eu_/1 1 to forgive4 ,khwen-yoong_/1 1 to forgive4 ,khwung_/1 1 a classifier denoting bundles of things4 ,khwung_/1 1 to sleep4 ,kwung_/1 1 to boil4 ,kwung_/1 1 to roll4 ,kwung-#8au-chi_/1 1 to roll4 ,kya-dz_/1 1 a mother4 ,kya-moo_/1 1 mother4 ,kya-nyien_/1 1 father4 ,kya-voo_/1 1 father4 ,kyak_/1 1 a foot4 ,kyak-tsih-deu_/1 1 a toe4 ,kyau-kwan_/1 1 a great many4 ,kyau_/1 1 to call4 ,kyeu_/1 1 nine4 ,kyeu-seh_/1 1 ninety4 ,kyeu_/1 1 to save4 ,kyi_/1 1 a fowl4 ,kyi-dan-kau_/1 1 a sponge cake4 ,kyi_/1 1 how many8 ,kyi-hau_/1 1 how many ,kyi -#8oo_/1 1 on the point of4 ,kyi-z_/1 1 when8 ,kyi_/1 1 remember4 ,kyi_/1 1 to send a letter4 ,kyi_/1 1 season4 ,kyi-#8au_/1 1 signs or marks4 ,kyi-tuh_/1 1 to remember4 ,kyi-zen-zeh-ke_/1 1 if that be so4 ,kyoeh-ts_/1 an orange4 ,kyui_/1 1 dear 7in price74 ,kyui seh-wo_/1 1 a sentence4 ,kyung_/1 1 a catty4 ,kyung-loo_/1 1 a gong4 ,kyung-nyien_/1 1 this year4 ,kyung-seu_/1 1 to manage4 ,kyung-ts_/1 1 gold4 ,kyung-tsau_/1 1 to-day4 ,kyung-ts_/1 1 a mirror4 ,l_/ ,la_/1 1 at1 in1 on1 to1 sign of past tense4 ,lah-tsok_/1 1 a candle4 ,lan_/1 1 a basket4 ,lan_/1 1 blue4 ,lan-doo_/1 1 a lazy4 ,lan-phok_/1 1 lazy4 ,lang_/1 1 cold4 ,lang-nyih_/1 1 temperature4 ,lang-siau_/1 1 to ridicule4 ,lau_/1 1 firm4 ,lau-zeh_/1 1 honest4 ,lau_/1 1 and4 ,lau_/1 1 old1 venerable4 ,lau-au_/1 1 a crow4 ,lau-dzoong_/1 1 a rat4 ,lau-hoo_/1 1 a tiger4 ,lau-iung_/1 1 a hawk4 ,lau-nyung-ka_/1 1 a father4 ,lau-ts_/1 1 a rat4 ,lauh_/1 1 to fall4 ,lauh-s_/1 1 tide going out4 ,lauh-yui_/1 1 to rain4 ,laung-deu_/1 1 a hammer4 ,laung-tsoong_/1 1 doctor4 ,laung_/1 1 above1 upon 7used after a noun74 ,le_/1 1 to come4 ,le-chi_/1 1 going back and forth4 ,le-nyien_/1 1 next year4 ,le-si_/1 1 used in forming the superlative4 ,le-tuh-ji_/1 1 there is time4 ,le-'veh-ji_/1 1 there is not time4 ,le-'waung_/1 1 intercourse4 ,leh-la_/1 1 there1 in1 on1 sign of past tense4 ,leh-li_/1 1 here1 sign of present tense4 ,leu_/1 1 a two-storied house4 ,leu-vaung_/1 1 a two-storied house4 ,leu_/1 1 to leak4 ,li_/1 1 a li 7in currency74 ,li-khe_/1 1 to forsake1 desert1 depart from4 ,li_/1 1 a ,chinese mile4 ,li_/1 1 in 7used after noun74 ,li-hyang_/1 1 in 7used after noun74 ,li-loo_/1 1 a ,chinese mile4 ,li-pa_/1 1 a week4 ,li-pa-daung_/1 1 a church4 ,li-pa-ih_/1 1 ,monday4 ,li-pa-lok_/1 1 ,saturday4 ,li-pa-ng_/1 1 ,friday4 ,li-pa-nyi_/1 1 ,tuesday4 ,li-pa-nyih_/1 1 ,sunday4 ,li-pa-s_/1 1 ,thursday4 ,li-pa-san_/1 1 ,wednesday4 ,liang_/1 1 to measure4 ,liang_/1 1 two4 ,liang_/1 1 an ounce4 ,liang-kauh_/1 1 twenty cents4 ,liang-thaung_/1 ,c#c1 two times1 twice4 ,liang-we_/1 1 two times1 twice4 ,liang_/1 1 light 7opposite of dark74 lih_/1 1 to stand up4 ,lih-ding_/1 1 to stand still4 ,lih-ding-tsu-i_/1 1 to decide4 ,lih-khuh_/1 1 instantaneous4 ,ling_/1 1 to carry a load in one hand4 ,ling_/1 1 to sew1 to stitch4 ,ling-ih-tsung_/1 1 to take a stitch4 ,ling-sak_/1 1 to get wet4 ,ling-so_/1 1 a neighbor4 ,ling_/1 1 to lead4 ,ling-daung_/1 1 a mother4 ,ling-e_/1 1 a daughter4 ,ling-laung_/1 1 a son4 ,ling-nga_/1 1 besides1 in addition4 ,ling-tsung_/1 1 a father4 ,lok_/1 1 six4 ,lok_/1 1 to get up4 ,lok_/1 1 green4 ,lok_/1 1 a deer4 ,lok-seh_/1 1 sixty4 ,lok-tsen_/1 1 a brick4 ,loo_/1 1 a road4 ,loong_/1 1 a dragon4 ,loong-tsoong_/1 1 all4 ,loong_/1 1 to attend to a thing1 to make it right4 ,loong-hau_/1 1 to attend to a thing1 to make it right4 ,loong-khe-hoo-lo_/1 1 to set a house on fire4 ,m_/ ,m-meh_/1 1 not any4 ,m-sa_/1 1 not any4 ,m-sa-nyung_/1 1 no one4 ,m_/1 1 a mow4 ,ma_/1 1 to buy4 ,ma-ban_/1 1 a compradore4 ,ma-ma_/1 1 business4 ,ma_/1 1 to sell4 ',ma-theh_/1 1 to sell4 ,mah_/1 1 socks1 stockings4 ,mak_/1 1 a plant of wheat4 ,man_/1 1 slow4 ,man_/1 1 ten thousand4 ,man-chi_/1 1 good-by4 ,man-man-nung_/1 1 slowly1 gently4 ,man-man-ts-tseu_/1 1 walk slowly4 ',man_/1 1 very4 ,mau_/1 1 nearly4 ,mau_/1 1 rough4 ,mau_/1 1 a cat4 ,mau-bing_/1 1 illness4 ,mau-san-li-loo_/1 1 nearly three miles4 ,mau-tsen_/1 1 a carpet4 ,mau-ts_/1 1 a hat1 cap4 ,maung_/1 1 to desire1 to expect4 ,maung_/1 1 to visit1 to pay respects to4 ,maung-deu_/1 1 hope4 ,maung-kyi_/1 1 to forget4 ,me_/1 1 coal4 ',me_/1 1 each4 ,me-kok_/1 1 ,america4 ',me-nyien_/1 1 every year4 ',me-nyoeh_/1 1 every month4 ,me-me_/1 1 a younger sister4 ,meh_/1 1 at last1 end1 interrogative particle1 a negative1 a conditional particle4 ,meh-z_/1 1 an affair 7concrete71 a thing4 ,men-deu_/1 1 bread4 ,mi_/1 1 rice 7bought in shop74 ,miau_/1 1 a temple4 ,mien-hwo_/1 1 cotton4 ,mien_/1 1 classifier of flat objects4 ,mien bung_/1 1 a washbowl4 ,mien-khoong_/1 1 a face4 ,ming-bak_/1 1 to understand4 ,ming-nyien_/1 1 next year4 ,ming-tsau_/1 1 to-morrow4 ,ming-vung_/1 1 duty4 ,mo-tshiak_/1 1 a sparrow4 ,mo-tsiang_/1 ,c#b1 a sparrow4 ,mo_/1 1 a horse4 ,mo-deu_/1 1 a jetty4 ,mo-foo_/1 1 a coachman4 ,mo-tsho_/1 1 a carriage4 ,mok_/1 1 to feel1 to touch4 ,mok-deu_/1 1 wood1 lumber4 ,mok-ziang_/1 1 a carpenter4 ,moo_/1 1 to sharpen4 ,moo-tshing_/1 1 a mother4 ,muh_/1 1 ink4 ,muh-s_/1 1 foreign ink4 ,mung_/1 1 a door4 ,mung-kheu_/1 1 doorway4 ,mung-kheu-deau_/1 1 a doorway4 ,mung-ts_/1 1 a mosquito4 ,mung_/1 1 to ask4 ,n_/ ,na-nung_/1 1 how4 ,na-yeu_/1 1 butter4 ,na_/1 1 you1 ye4 ,na-kuh_/1 1 your1 yours4 ,nan_/1 1 difficult4 ,nan-meh_/1 1 then4 ,nan-we-dzing_/1 1 to regret1 to be placed in an embarrassing position4 ,nau_/1 1 to take4 ,nau-ehi_/1 1 to take away4 ,nau-le_/1 1 to bring here4 ,nau-theh_/1 1 to take off4 ,nen_/1 1 south4 ,nen_/1 1 male4 ,ng_/1 1 five4 ,ng-ngan-lok-suh_/1 1 variegated colours4 ,ng-seh_/1 1 fifty4 ,nga_/1 1 out4 ,nga-deu_/1 1 out1 outside4 ,nga-kok_/1 1 foreign4 ,nga-kok-nyung_/1 1 a foreigner4 ,ngan-suh_/1 1 colour4 ,ngan-kyung_/1 1 spectacles4 ,ngan-tsing_/1 1 an eye4 ,ngang_/1 1 hard4 ,ngau_/1 1 to bite1 to bark4 ,nge-sa-va_/1 1 is it important8 ,ngeh-ts_/1 1 a stool4 ,ngeu-zen_/1 1 by chance4 ,ngoo_/1 1 a goose4 ,ngoo-kok_/1 1 ,russia4 ,ngoo-kok-nyung_/1 1 ,russians4 ,ngoo_/1 1 ,i1 me4 ,ngoo-han-deu_/1 1 my place4 ,ngoo-kuh_/1 1 mine1 my4 ,ngoo-nyi_/1 1 we1 us4 ,ngoo-nyi-kuh_/1 1 ours1 our4 ,noen_/1 1 warm4 ,noen_/1 1 daughter4 ,noong_/1 1 thou1 thee1 you4 ,noong-kuh_/1 1 they1 thine1 yours4 ,nung-keu_/1 1 can1 may4 ,nung-koen_/1 1 ability1 power4 ,nyah_/1 1 to take bold of1 to grasp4 ,nyan_/1 or 1 twenty4 ,nyan-kyung_/1 1 perform funeral ceremonies4 ,nyang_/1 1 mother4 ,nyang_/1 1 to allow4 ,nyau-so_/1 1 to forgive4 ,nyeu_/1 1 a cow4 ,nyeu-na_/1 1 milk4 ,nyeu-ts_/1 1 a button4 ,nyi_/1 1 interrogative particle4 ,nyi-kwaung_/1 1 face 7cheek74 ,nyi-koo_/1 1 nun4 ,nyi-s-ziang_/1 1 a mason4 ,nyi-ts_/1 1 a son4 ,nyi-too_/1 1 the ear4 ,nyi_/1 1 we1 us4 ,nyi_/1 1 two4 ,nyi-kuh_/1 1 ours1 our4 ,nyi seh_/1 1 twenty4 ,nyien_/1 1 a year4 ,nyien-deu-laung_/1 1 the beginning of the year4 ,nyien-nyien_/1 1 every year4 ,nyien-ti_/1 1 the end of the year4 ,nyien-tshoo-ih_/1 1 ,new ,year's day4 ,nyien-ya_/1 1 the end of the year4 ,nyien-de_/1 1 a ,chinese ink tablet4 ,nyien-ts_/1 1 a ,chinese ink tablet4 ,nyih_/1 1 a day1 the sun4 ,nyih_/1 1 hot4 ,nyih-dzok_/1 1 daily4 ,nyih-nyih_/1 1 daily4 ,nyih-tsoong_/1 1 noon1 in the middle of the day4 ,nyoeh_/1 1 a month1 a moon4 ,nyoeh-deu_/1 1 first part of a month4 ,nyoeh-deu-laung_/1 1 first part of a month4 ,nyoeh-liang_/1 1 the moon4 ,nyoeh-nyoeh_/1 1 every month4 ,nyoeh-pen_/1 1 the middle of the month4 ,nyoeh-ti_/1 1 the end of a month4 ,nyoen_/1 1 soft4 ,nyoen-liang_/1 1 to forgive4 ,nyok_/1 1 meat4 ,nyui-nyung_/1 1 a woman4 ,nyung_/1 1 man4 ,nyung-'aung_/1 1 a bank4 ,nyung-deu_/1 1 a postage stamp4 ,nyung-tsih_/1 1 to welcome4 ,nyung-ts_/1 1 silver4 ,nyung-tuh_/1 1 to know a person4 ,o_/ ,oen-we_/1 1 to comfort4 ,ok-li_/1 1 home4 #8,ok-tse_/1 1 either1 or4 #8,ok-z_/1 1 either1 or4 #8,oh-hwaung_/1 1 how much more8 #8,oo-zaung_/1 1 a ,buddhist priest4 #8,oo_/1 1 a kettle4 #8,oo_/1 1 river4 #8,oo-dih_/1 1 a butterfly4 #8,oo-li_/1 1 a fox4 #8,oong_/1 1 red4 ,p_/ ,pa_/1 1 to place4 ,pa_/1 1 to worship4 ,pa-khak_/1 1 to pay a ceremonial visit4 ,pa-maung_/1 1 to visit1 to pay respects to4 ,pah_/1 1 eight4 ,pah-seh_/1 1 eighty4 ,pak_/1 1 a hundred4 ,pak-pak_/1 1 father4 ,pak-po_/1 1 about a hundred4 ,pan_/1 1 a class 7in school74 ,pan_/1 1 a board4 ,pang_/1 1 a canal1 a creek4 ,pau_/1 1 a bale1 classifier of bales of things4 ,pau-pe_/1 1 precious4 ,paung_/1 1 to tie up1 to bind with a cord4 ,pe-ts_/1 1 a cup4 ,pe_/1 1 to carry on the back4 ,pe_/1 1 to back a book1 to recite a lesson4 ,peh_/1 1 to give4 ,peh_/1 1 used to form passive4 ,pen_/1 1 to remove 7a residence74 ,pen-dzang_/1 1 to remove 7a residence74 ,pen_/1 1 half4 ,pan-kwhe-yang-dien_/1 1 a half of a dollar4 ,pen-nyien_/1 1 half a year4 ,pen-ya-po_/1 1 about midnight4 ,phau_/1 1 a cannon4 ,phau-de_/1 1 a fort1 a battery4 ,phi-bing_/1 1 to criticize1 criticism4 ,phi-thah_/1 1 to criticize1 criticism4 ,phih_/1 1 to split4 ,phih_/1 1 a classifier of whole pieces of dry goods4 ,phih_/1 1 classifier of horses4 ,pho_/1 1 ugly4 ,phoo-ke_/1 1 bedding4 ,phoo-thien-#8au_/1 1 universal4 ,pi_/1 1 to compare4 ,pi-faung_/1 1 for instance1 an illustration4 ,pi-ts_/1 it to compare4 ,piau_/1 1 a watch4 ,pien-deu_/1 1 by the side of4 ,pih_/1 1 a pen4 ,pih_/1 1 certain4 ,pih-ding-iau_/1 1 must4 ,pih-koo_/1 1 only4 ,ping-ting_/1 1 a soldier4 ,ping-tshia_/1 1 moreover4 ,po-maung_/1 1 to desire1 to expect1 to hope4 ,po_/1 1 about4 ,po_/1 1 classifier of tools and articles grasped in the hand4 ,pok_/1 1 north4 ,pok-pien_/1 1 north4 ,poo-li_/1 1 glass4 ,poo-li-pe-ts_/1 1 a tumbler1 a glass4 ,poo_/1 1 cloth4 ,pung_/1 1 classifier of books4 ,pung-di_/1 1 native4 ,pung-di-nyung_/1 1 a native4 ,pung-le_/1 1 originally4 ,r_/ ,r-tshia_/1 1 moreover4 ,s_/ ,s_/1 1 water4 ,s-nyeu_/1 1 a water buffalo4 ,s_/1 1 to cause4 ,s_/1 1 four4 ,s-kyi_/1 1 the four seasons4 ,s-seh_/1 1 forty4 ,sa-doo_/1 1 tired4 ,sa_/1 1 who8 what8 any8 interrogative particle4 ,sa-#8aung-dzing_/1 1 how much is it8 what is the price8 ,sa-di-faung_/1 1 where8 ,sa-dzang-hau_/1 1 where8 ,sa-ka-dien_/1 1 how much is it8 ,sa-nyung_/1 1 who8 ,sa-#8oo-daung_/1 1 where8 ,sah_/1 1 to kill4 ,sah-theh_/1 1 to kill4 ,sak_/1 1 the bolt or bar of a door4 ,sak_/1 1 wet4 ,san_/1 1 three4 ,san_/1 1 a mountain1 a hill4 ,san-dzung-leu_/1 1 a three-storied house4 ,san-seh_/1 1 thirty4 ,san-yang_/1 1 a goat4 ,san_/1 1 an umbrella4 ,san-khe_/1 1 to scatter wide cast4 ,san-sing_/1 1 to relax the mind4 ,sang_/1 1 to light 7a fire71 to beget4 ,sang_/1 1 unripe1 raw4 ,sang-bing_/1 1 to become ill4 ,sang-i_/1 1 business4 ,sang-li_/1 1 a pear4 ,sang-yang_/1 1 to beget1 to nourish4 ,sang_/1 1 to save1 to be economical4 ,sang-koong-foo_/1 1 to save time4 ,sang-ts_/1 1 lest4 ,sau_/1 1 to burn1 to cook4 ,sau-van-kan_/1 1 a kitchen4 ,sau-van-kuh_/1 1 a cook4 ,sau_/1 1 few4 ,sau-tseu_/1 1 a broom4 ,saung_/1 1 classifier for pairs of things4 ,saung_/1 1 to waste1 to be exhausted4 ,saung-liang_/1 1 to consult4 ,se_/1 1 to smash4 ,seh_/1 1 to lose1 to forfeit4 ,seh_/1 1 to brush4 ,seh-theh_/1 1 to lose1 to forfeit4 ,seh-wo_/1 1 words4 ,sen_/1 1 to bar or bolt a door4 ,sen_/1 1 classifier for broad objects4 ,sen-ts_/1 1 a fan4 ,seu_/1 1 to collect4 ,seu-diau_/1 1 a receipt4 ,seu-kan_/1 1 to be imprisoned4 ,seu-phiau_/1 1 a receipt4 ,seu-tsang_/1 1 to collect accounts4 ,sen-tsoo_/1 1 to receive payment for a lease4 ,seu_/1 1 to keep1 to observe4 ,seu_/1 1 a hand4 ,seu-kyung_/1 1 a towel4 ,seu_/1 1 thin1 lean4 ,si_/1 1 west4 ,si-nen_/1 1 southwest4 ,si-pien_/1 1 west4 ,si-pok_/1 1 northwest4 ,si_/1 1 to die4 ,si-theh_/1 1 to die4 ,si-tse_/1 1 a table boy4 ,sia_/1 1 to write4 ,sia-z-de_/1 1 an office desk4 ,sia-z-de-ts_/1 1 an office desk4 ,sia-z-kan_/1 1 an office4 ,siang_/1 1 classifier for boxes of things4 ,siang-e_/1 1 to love reciprocally4 ,siang-lien_/1 1 to be connected together4 ,siang-mo_/1 1 to quarrel4 ,siang-paung_/1 1 to help one another4 ,siang-sing_/1 1 to believe4 ,siang-tang_/1 1 to fight one another4 ,siang-ts_/1 1 a trunk1 a large box4 ,siang_/1 1 to think4 ,siang-'veh-tau_/1 1 inconceivable4 ,siau_/1 1 small4 ,siau-kauh-ts_/1 1 small money4 ,siau-noen_/1 1 a child4 ,siau-sing_/1 1 to take care4 ,siau-tsho_/1 1 wheelbarrow4 ,siau-tshe_/1 1 vegetables1 dishes of food on table4 ,siau-tsia_/1 1 an unmarried woman4 ,siau-yang-dien_/1 1 small money4 ,siau_/1 1 to laugh4 ,siau-sah-tse_/1 1 very laughable4 ,sien_/1 1 first4 ,sien-sang_/1 1 a teacher4 ,sieu_/1 1 to repair4 ,sieu-li_/1 1 repairs4 ,sieu-tsauh_/1 1 to repair4 ,sih_/1 1 tin4 ,sing_/1 1 new4 ,sing_/1 1 the heart4 ,sing_/1 1 a star4 ,sing-foong_/1 1 salary4 ,sing-nyien_/1 1 the new year4 ,sing-sien_/1 1 fresh4 ,sing-soe_/1 1 salary4 ,sing-vung-ts_/1 1 a newspaper4 ,sing_/1 1 a letter4 ,sing-foong_/1 1 an envelope4 ,sing-jok_/1 post office 7foreign74 ,sing-khauh_/1 1 an envelope4 ,sing-ming_/1 1 a life4 ,sing-sih_/1 1 news4 ,so-ng_/1 1 fifteen4 ,soe-z_/1 1 although4 ,soe-zen_/1 1 although4 ,soen_/1 1 to reckon4 ,sok-sieu_/1 1 salary4 ,soo-tseu_/1 1 ,soochow4 ,soo_/1 1 a lock4 ,soo_/1 1 relative pronoun--who1 which1 what4 ,soo_/1 1 to lock4 ,soo_/1 1 to count4 ,soo-i_/1 1 therefore4 ,soong-su_/1 1 a squirrel4 ,soong_/1 1 to present1 send1 to escort a person on the way4 ,su_/1 1 a book4 ,su-dzu_/1 1 a bookcase4 ,su-sing-kwen_/1 1 post office 7foreign74 ,su-tsang_/1 1 to nurse4 ,su-vaung_/1 1 a study4 ,su-yoen_/1 1 a college4 ,suh_/1 1 to know a ,chinese character4 ,suh-i_/1 1 comfortable4 ,sung_/1 1 deep4 ,sung-thi_/1 1 the body4 ,sung-tshien_/1 1 depth4 ,t_/ ,ta-z-tse_/1 1 a long time4 ,ta_/1 1 to wear 7a hat74 ,ta-chi_/1 1 to take away with you4 ,ta-le_/1 1 to bring with you4 ,tah_/1 1 with4 ,tah-ts_/1 1 and4 ,tan_/1 1 to take4 ,tan-bi_/1 1 a sheet4 ,tan-chi_/1 1 to take away4 ,tan-le_/1 1 to bring here4 ,tan-theh_/1 1 to take away4 ,tan_/1 1 a picul4 ,tang_/1 1 to strike4 ,tang-ba_/1 1 to suffer a defeat4 ,tang-ba-tsang_/1 1 to suffer a defeat4 ,tang-bang_/1 1 to fool with another4 ,tang-fan_/1 1 to upset 7water74 ,tang-kwen-s_/1 1 to prosecute at law4 ,tang-lah_/1 1 to hunt4 ,tang-lih_/1 1 to hunt4 ,tang-pan_/1 1 to dress in a showy manner4 ,tang-sah_/1 1 to kill by a blow4 ,tang-saung_/1 1 to wound4 ,tang-se_/1 1 to smash1 to break4 ,tang-soen_/1 1 to consider4 ,tang-su_/1 1 to suffer a defeat4 ,tang-sung-tsang_/1 1 to gain a victory4 ,tang-thing_/1 1 to make inquiries4 ,tang-tsang_/1 1 to fight a battle4 ,tang-wa_/1 1 to injure by striking4 ,tang-yung_/1 1 to gain a victory4 ,tau_/1 1 knife4 ,tau_/1 1 on the contrary1 on the other hand4 ,tau_/1 1 to1 to arrive4 ,tau-kau_/1 1 to offer prayer4 ,taung-tsoong_/1 1 among4 ,taung-sing_/1 1 to take care4 ,taung_/1 1 to pawn4 ,taung-theh_/1 1 to pawn4 ,te_/1 1 classifier for piles of things4 ,te_/1 1 classifier of a brace1 a pair4 ,te_/1 1 to4 ,teu-ba_/1 1 to gamble 7with dominoes74 ,thah_/1 1 a pagoda4 ,thah-ping_/1 1 a biscuit4 ,than-khe-le_/1 1 to unroll4 ,than-tshoong_/1 1 shameful4 ,than_/1 1 charcoal4 ,thau_/1 1 to beg4 ,thau-nyang-ts_/1 1 to marry a wife4 ,thau-vah-kun_/1 1 a beggar4 ,thauh_/1 1 to rely upon1 to entrust4 ,thaung_/1 1 soup4 ,thaung-s_/1 1 if4 ,thaung-zen_/1 1 if4 ,thaung_/1 1 to iron1 to burn1 to scald4 ,the_/1 1 to reject4 ,the-theh_/1 1 to reject4 ,theh_/1 1 after verb a sign of completed action4 ,theu_/1 1 to steal4 ,theu-ben-ts_/1 1 secretly4 ,thi_/1 1 instead of4 ,thiau_/1 1 to carry 7a load suspended from ends of a pole74 ,thiau_/1 1 to jump1 to leap4 ,thien_/1 1 heaven1 a day4 ,thien-bing_/1 1 scales4 ,thien-liang-khwa_/1 1 just before daybreak4 ,thien-tsu_/1 1 ,the ,heavenly ,lord4 ,thih_/1 1 iron4 ,thih-tsau_/1 1 a cooking stove 7foreign74 ,thih-tsung_/1 1 on the point of 7doing a thing74 ,thing_/1 1 to hear4 ,thing-kyien_/1 1 heard4 ,thoeh_/1 1 to take off4 ,thoeh-theh_/1 1 to take off4 ,thok_/1 1 all4 ,thoo-ts_/1 1 a hare4 ,thoong_/1 1 pain4 ,thuh_/1 1 for 7for a person74 ,thuh_/1 1 too 7excess74 ,ti_/1 1 low4 ,ti-#8au_/1 1 under1 beneath4 ,tia-tia_/1 1 father4 ,tiau_/1 1 a bird4 ,tien_/1 1 to point with the hand4 ,tien_/1 1 a small quantity of 7after verb74 ,tien_/1 1 to light 7a candle74 ,tien_/1 1 sign of comparative degree4 ,tien-tsoong_/1 1 an hour4 ,tien_/1 1 a shop4 ,tih_/1 1 to fall4 ,ting_/1 1 to sting4 ,ting_/1 1 sign of superlative degree4 ,toen_/1 1 short4 ,too_/1 1 many1 much4 ,too-hau_/1 1 many1 much4 ,too-sau_/1 1 quantity4 ,too-taung-sing_/1 1 take much care4 ,too_/1 1 to gamble4 ,toong_/1 1 east4 ,toong_/1 1 winter4 ,toong-ka_/1 1 master4 ,toong-nen_/1 1 southeast4 ,toong-pien_/1 1 east4 ,toong-pok_/1 1 northeast4 ,toong-yang-nyung_/1 1 ,japanese4 ,toong-yang-tsho_/1 1 a ricksha4 ,toong_/1 1 to understand4 ,ts-loo_/1 1 a pig1 a hog4 ,ts-na_/1 1 ,china4 ,ts_/1 1 a sheet of paper4 ,ts-deu_/1 1 a sheet of paper4 ,ts-si_/1 1 carefully4 ,ts-tien_/1 1 to point 7with the hand74 ,tsah_/1 1 to tie 7as a small bundle74 ,tsak_/1 1 to wear4 ,tsak_/1 1 classifier of animals1 birds1 bugs1 boats1 furniture on legs1 etc4 ,tsan_/1 1 to cut 7with sword1 ax1 or heavy knife74 ,tsang_/1 1 classifier for sheets of things4 ,tsang_/1 1 an account4 ,tsang_/1 1 to rise 7as the tide74 ,tsang-boo_/1 1 an account book4 ,tsang-s_/1 1 a rising tide4 ,tsang-vaung-kan_/1 1 shroff's room4 ,tsau_/1 1 early4 ,tsau-deu_/1 1 change4 ,tsau-zung-deu_/1 1 early in the morning4 ,tsau_/1 1 according to4 ,tsau-deu_/1 1 a ,chinese cooking stove4 ,tsau-kan_/1 1 a kitchen4 ,tsau-ngoo_/1 1 follow my example4 ,tsau-ngoo-khoen_/1 1 as it seems to me4 ,tsauh_/1 1 to catch1 to seize2 to arrest4 ,tsaung_/1 1 piles 7as driven in ground74 ,tsaung_/1 1 fat 7person74 ,tse_/1 1 final article denoting completed action4 ,tse_/1 1 again4 ,tse-we_/1 1 good-by1 an revoir4 ,tsen-chi_/1 1 to return to a place4 ,tsen-le_/1 1 to return from a place4 ,tseu_/1 1 to walk4 ,tsh_/1 to blow4 ,tsh-iung_/1 1 to blow out1 to extinguish4 ,tsh-yaung_/1 1 to blow into a blaze4 ,tsh-di_/1 1 here4 ,tsha_/1 1 to send 7person71 to cause4 ,tsha_/1 1 to hoist 7as a sail74 ,tshak_/1 1 a foot 7#aj inches74 ,tshau_/1 1 a spoon4 ,tshau_/1 1 grass4 ,tshaung_/1 1 a window4 ,tshe_/1 1 to gather 7as fruit74 ,tshe_/1 1 vegetable4 ,tsheh-chi_/1 1 to go out4 ,tsheh-ka_/1 1 to marry 7a husband74 ,tsheh-kau-z_/1 1 to put forth a proclamation4 ,tsheh-le_/1 1 to come out4 ,tsheh-tien_/1 1 a coolie4 ,tshen_/1 1 to string 7as cash74 ,tshen-yung-sien_/1 1 to thread a needle4 ,tsheu-deu_/1 1 a chest of drawers4 ,tsheu-thi_/1 1 a drawer 7of a table74 ,tshi_/1 1 to build a wall4 ,tshi-ziang_/1 1 to build a wall4 ,tshi-pih_/1 1 to build a partition4 ,tshi-ka_/1 1 to mend a path4 ,tshiang_/1 1 to take by force4 ,tshiang-doeh_/1 1 to take by force4 ,tshien_/1 1 a thousand4 ,tshien-kyung_/1 1 a daughter4 ,tshien_/1 1 shallow4 ,tshieu_/1 1 autumn4 ,tshih_/1 1 seven4 ,tshih-khe_/1 1 to cut open4 ,tshih-khe-le_/1 1 to cut open4 ,tshih-seh_/1 1 seventy4 ,tshih-ziang_/1 1 a painter4 ,tshing_/1 1 clear4 ,tshing-kyoen_/1 1 a relative 7family74 ,tshing-saung_/1 1 clear1 distinct4 ,tshing_/1 1 to invite1 please4 ,tsho_/1 1 fork4 ,tsho_/1 1 mistake1 not correct4 ,tsho-foo_/1 1 ricksha coolie4 ,tsho-ts_/1 1 a wheelbarrow4 ,tsho-'veh-too_/1 1 about same1 not much difference4 ,tshoo-ih_/1 1 the first day of the month4 ,tshoo-si_/1 1 texture4 ,tshoo-tau_/1 1 a file4 ,tshoong-ming_/1 1 clever1 wise4 ,tshui_/1 1 pretty4 ,tshung_/1 1 spring4 ,tshung_/1 1 to weigh4 ,tshung_/1 1 an inch4 ,tsi-me_/1 1 a younger sister4 ,tsi_/1 1 left4 ,tsi-seu_/1 1 left hand4 ,tsia_/1 1 to borrow1 to lend4 ,tsiang-iau_/1 1 about to do a thing4 ,tsien_/1 1 to grill1 to broil4 ,tsien-tau_/1 1 scissors4 ,tsieu_/1 1 wine4 ,tsieu-pe_/1 1 a wine glass4 ,tsieu-tien_/1 1 a wine shop4 ,tsih-deu_/1 1 a finger4 ,tsing_/1 1 a well4 ,tsing_/1 1 to enter1 come in4 ,tsoe-hau_/1 1 form of the superlative degree4 ,tsok-deu_/1 1 a bamboo stick4 ,tsoo_/1 1 to hinder1 to oppose4 ,tsoo-taung_/1 1 to hinder1 to oppose4 ,tsoo_/1 1 left4 ,tsoo_/1 1 to do1 to make1 to perform4 ,tsoo-koong-tuh_/1 1 to perform funeral ceremonies4 ,tsoo-nyung-ka_/1 1 to be economical4 ,tsoong_/1 1 a bell4 ,tsoong-dien-nyung_/1 1 a farmer4 ,tsoong-iau_/1 1 must4 ,tsoong-kok_/1 1 ,china4 ,tsoong-wo_/1 1 ,china4 ,tsoong-z_/1 1 it must be4 ,tsoong-z-zeh-ke_/1 1 it must be so4 ,tsu_/1 1 a lord1 master4 ,tsu-nyung_/1 1 a master4 ,tsuh-tuh_/1 1 only4 ,tsung_/1 1 classifier for idols and cannons4 ,tsung_/1 1 needle4 ,tsung_/1 1 true4 ,tsung-da-zung_/1 1 a father 7in addressing their father politely74 ,tsung-tsak_/1 1 to consult4 ,tuh_/1 1 to get4 ,tuh-chi_/1 1 after verb expresses ability4 ,tuh-doong_/1 1 after verb expresses possibility4 ,tuh-dzoe_/1 1 to offend4 ,tuh-dzu_/1 1 worthy1 ability4 ,tuh-ji_/1 1 time to do a thing4 ,tuh-kok_/1 1 ,germany4 ,tuk-koo_/1 1 ability4 ,tuh-kuh_/1 1 7after verb7 it is possible4 ,tuh-kyien_/1 1 possible of seeing4 ,tuh-lauh_/1 1 ability4 ,tuh-le_/1 1 able4 ,tuh-tsheh_/1 1 ability to hear4 ,tung_/1 1 a lamp4 ,tung_/1 1 to wait4 ,tung-ih-hyih_/1 1 wait a little4 ,tung-ih-tung_/1 1 wait a little4 ,tung-tau_/1 1 wait until4 ,v_/ ,va_/1 1 interrogative particle4 ,van-i_/1 1 whosoever4 ,van-nan_/1 1 difficult4 ,van_/1 rice 7boiled74 ,vaung-kan_/1 1 a bedroom4 ,vaung-ts_/1 1 a house4 ',veh_/1 1 not1 no4 ,veh_/1 1 a ,buddhist idol4 ',veh-ba_/1 1 not only4 ',veh-ba_/1 1 more than4 ',veh-chi_/1 1 after verb expresses inability4 ',veh-da_/1 1 not very4 ',veh-dan_/1 1 not only4 ',veh-dan-z_/1 1 not only4 ',veh-doong_/1 1 after verb expresses impossibility4 ',veh-hau_/1 1 bad4 ',veh-iau-kyung_/1 1 not important4 ',veh-jih_/1 1 not equal to4 ',veh-kau-hyung_/1 1 not inclined to do a thing4 ',veh-koo_/1 1 inability4 ',veh-kyien_/1 1 7after verb7 impossible4 ',veh-kyui-sa_/1 1 no matter what1 whatsoever4 ',veh-lauh_/1 1 inability4 ',veh-le_/1 1 7after verb7 impossible4 ',veh-lung-sa_/1 1 no matter what1 whatsoever4 ',veh-lung-sa-nyung_/1 1 no matter who4 ',veh-men_/1 1 less than4 ',veh-nge-sa_/1 1 not important4 ',veh-pih_/1 1 it is not necessary4 ',veh-siau_/1 1 less than4 ',veh-te_/1 1 mistake1 not correct4 ',veh-too-kyi-z_/1 1 just now1 a little while ago4 ',veh-tsheh_/1 1 7after verb7 impossible4 ',veh-tuh_/1 1 7after verb7 impossible4 ',veh-zen-meh_/1 1 if not so4 ',veh-zu_/1 1 not equal to4 ',veh-zung_/1 1 not yet4 ,vok_/1 1 to tie4 ,vok-lau_/1 1 to tie firmly4 ,vok-lau-dzu_/1 1 to tie firmly4 ,voo-soo-peh-dze_/1 1 omnipresence4 ,voo-soo-peh-nung_/1 1 omnipotent4 ,voo-soo-peh-ts_/1 1 omniscient4 ,voo-thi_/1 1 a ladder4 ,voo-tshing_/1 1 father4 ,vung-san_/1 1 a grave mound4 ,w_/ ,wa_/1 1 to spoil4 ,wa-theh_/1 1 to spoil4 ,wah_/1 1 slippery4 ,wak_/1 1 to strike 7a match74 ,wan_/1 1 besides1 in addition4 ,wan_/1 1 still1 7addition74 ,wan_/1 1 to return 7a debt74 ,wan-iau1_/ 1 still4 ,wan-'veh-zung_/1 1 still not yet4 ,waung_/1 1 yellow4 ,waung-hwung-deu_/1 1 in the evening4 ,waung-hwung-doong_/1 1 in the evening4 ,waung-laung_/1 1 a weasel4 ,we-deu_/1 1 to answer4 ,we-tah_/1 1 to answer4 ,we_/1 1 may1 can4 ,we-sa_/1 1 why8 ,we-sa-lau_/1 1 why8 ,we-ts_/1 1 because4 ,weh_/1 1 to live4 ',wen_/1 1 a ,chinese eating bowl4 ,wen_/1 1 to finish4 ,wen-tse_/1 1 expresses completed action4 ,wen_/1 1 to exchange1 to barter4 ,wo_/1 1 to speak4 ,wo_/1 1 a painting4 ,wo-deu_/1 1 words4 ,wo-liau_/1 1 to slander4 ,wo-wa_/1 1 to slander4 ,wung_/1 1 muddy4 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,yoen-jung_/1 1 distance4 ,yoong-yi_/1 1 easy4 ,yoong_/1 1 to use4 ,yoong-nyung_/1 1 a servant4 ,yoong-sing_/1 1 to pay attention1 to be diligent4 ,yui-be_/1 1 to prepare1 to provide4 ,yui_/1 1 rain4 ,z_/ ,z-#8eu_/1 1 time4 ,z_/1 1 to be4 ,z-mien_/1 1 a market4 ,z_/1 1 a ,chinese character4 ,z-iung_/1 1 sound of a character4 ,z-ka_/1 1 self4 ,z-le-hoo_/1 1 a match4 ,z-ming-tsoong_/1 1 a clock4 ,z-thi_/1 1 an affair4 ,z-zen_/1 1 of course4 ,za_/1 1 fuel4 ,za-laung_/1 1 a wolf4 ,zah_/1 1 boil4 ,zak_/1 1 if4 ,zak-deu_/1 1 a stone4 ,zak-deu-ts_/1 1 to gamble 7with dice74 ,zak-s_/1 1 if4 ,zak-zen_/1 1 if4 ,zak-ziang_/1 1 a stone mason4 ,zau_/1 1 to build4 ,zauh-nyih_/1 1 yesterday4 ,zaung_/1 1 a bed4 ,zaung_/1 1 up4 ,zaung-chi_/1 1 to go up4 ,zaung-deu_/1 1 above4 ,zaung-he_/1 1 ,shanghai4 ,zaung-he-thoo-bak_/1 1 ,shanghai dialect4 ,zaung-le_/1 1 to come up4 ,zaung-pen-nyien_/1 1 first half of the year4 ,zaung-pen-nyih_/1 1 before noon4 ,zaung-pen-nyoeh_/1 1 first half of the month4 ,zaung-pen-ya_/1 1 first half of night4 ,zaung-san_/1 1 to go up a hill4 ,zaung-su_/1 1 to take an advanced lesson4 ,ze-voong_/1 1 tailor4 ,zeh_/1 1 ten4 ,zeh_/1 1 to lose 7in business74 ,zeh-dze_/1 1 truly4 ,zeh-ke_/1 1 thus4 ,zeh-ke-nung_/1 1 thus4 ,zeh-pah-sang_/1 1 ,china4 ,zeh-pung_/1 1 to lose 7in business74 ,zeh-pung-nyung_/1 1 ,japanese4 ,zeh-theh_/1 1 to lose 7in business74 ,zen_/1 1 all 7collective74 ,zen_/1 1 a boat4 ,zen-r_/1 1 moreover1 yet4 ,zen_/1 1 good 7moral74 ,zeu_/1 1 to receive1 accept4 ,zeu-#8e_/1 1 to be injured4 ,zeu-khoo_/1 1 to suffer4 ,zeu-nan_/1 1 to suffer4 ,zeu-saung_/1 1 to be wounded4 ,zia_/1 1 to thank4 ,zien_/1 1 before4 ,zien-deu_/1 1 before4 ,zien-kuh-nyoeh_/1 1 last month4 ,zien-nyih-ts_/1 1 day before yesterday4 ,zien-nyoeh_/1 1 last month4 ,zien-tsen-le_/1 1 to turn around4 ,zieu_/1 1 immediately4 ,zih_/1 1 to saw4 ,zing_/1 1 to look for4 ,zing_/1 1 to wash4 ,zing-i-zaung-kuh_/1 1 a washerman4 ,zing-yok_/1 1 to bathe4 ,zo_/1 1 a snake4 ,zok_/1 1 ripe1 thoroughly cooked1 well known1 thorough4 ,zoo_/1 1 to sit4 ,zoo_/1 1 classifier for hills and buildings4 ,zu_/1 1 a tree4 ,zuh_/1 1 a thief4 ,zung_/1 1 ,god4 ,zung_/1 1 a rope4 ,zung-dau_/1 1 a ,taoist god or idol4 ,zung-kwaung_/1 1 time4 ,,english-,,chinese ,,vocabulary ,a_/ ,a or an_/ is expressed by the use of a classifier1 e4g41 ih-kuh1 1 ih-diau1 4 ,able_/1 nung1 1 we1 1 nung-keu1 4 ,about_/1 iak-kwe1 1 iak-tsak1 1 da-iak1 1 when used with a number1 1 a hundred1 pak-po1 1 the same1 tsho-'veh-too1 1 to do a thing1 tsiang-iau1 1 khwa-tse1 1 7used after the verb71 midnight1 pen-ya-po1 4 ,above_/1 zaung-deu1 4 ,accept1 to_/1 zeu1 1 seu1 4 ,accompany1 to_/1 be1 1 a friend on leaving1 soong1 4 ,according1 to_/1 tsau1 1 tsau-ngoo-khoen1 4 ,account1 an_/1 tsang1 1 to collect 1 seu-tsang1 1 on of1 iung-we1 4 ,account book1 an_/1 ih pung tsang-boo1 4 ,add1 to_/1 ka1 1 thien1 1 ka-thien1 1 to a little1 ka-tien1 4 ,advantage_/1 iuh-tshu1 1 hau-tshu1 4 ,affair1 an_/1 ih jien z-thi1 or ih tsaung z-thi1 4 ,after_/1 #8eu1 1 #8eu-deu1 1 this1 i-#8eu1 1 day to-morrow1 #8eu-nyih1 4 ,afternoon_/1 #8au-pen-nyih1 4 ,afterwards_/1 #8eu-seu1 1 #8eu-le1 1 i-#8eu1 4 ,again_/1 tse1 1 yi1 4 ,age_/1 kwe-kang1 1 or kau-zeu1 4 ,ago_/1 a little while 1 khan-khan1 1 'veh-too kyi-z1 4 ,all_/1 loong-tsoong1 1 koong-tsoong1 1 ih tshi1 1 7collectively71 zen1 1 thok1 1 in general1 da-ke1 4 ,allow1 to_/1 nyang1 4 ,already_/1 i-kyung1 4 ,also_/1 #8a-z1 1 #8a1 4 ,although_/1 soe-zen1 1 soe-z1 4 ,always_/1 dzang-tsaung1 1 dzang-dzang1 4 ,am_/1 z1 4 ,america_/1 ,me-kok1 1 ,hwo-ji-kok1 4 ,among_/1 taung-tsoong1 4 ,anciently_/1 koo-z-kan1 4 ,and_/1 lau1 1 tah-ts1 1 one hundred one1 ih pak ling ih1 4 ,answer1 to_/1 we-deu1 1 we-tah1 4 ,antiquity_/1 koo-z-kau1 4 ,anyone_/1 dzoe-bien sa-nyung1 1 have you any8 noong yeu sa va8 1 not any1 m-meh1 4 ,anywhere_/1 dzoe-bien #8a-li1 1 'veh lung #8a-li1 4 ,apple1 an_/1 ih tsak bing-koo1 4 ,are_/1 z1 4 ,arrange1 to_/1 ban1 4 ,arrest1 to_/1 tsauh1 4 ,arrive1 to_/1 tau1 4 ,as_/1 for example1 like1 hau-ziang1 1 it seems to me1 tsau ngoo khoen1 1 you please1 dzoe-bien noong1 4 ,ask1 to_/1 mung1 1 jeu1 1 tshing1 4 ,aspirate1 to_/1 tsheh-foong1 4 ,at_/1 leh-la1 1 la1 1 first1 chi deu1 1 night1 ya deu1 1 ya-li1 4 ,attack1 to_/1 koong-tang1 4 ,attend1 to_/1 to heed1 taung-sing1 1 yoong-sing1 1 lieu-sing1 1 to to matters1 ban1 to to a thing to make it right1 loong1 1 loong-hau1 4 ,autumn_/1 tshieu1 4 ,ax1 an_/1 ih po foo-deu1 4 ,b_/ ,back1 the_/1 pe1 1 to come 1 tsen le1 1 kyui le1 1 to the book1 pe1 4 ,bad_/1 cheu1 1 'veh hau1 1 weather1 thien 'veh hau1 4 ,bake1 to_/1 hoong1 4 ,baggage_/1 #8ang-li 4 ,bale_/1 a 1 ih pau1 1 7used as a classifier71 a of merchandize1 ih pau hoo-suh1 4 ,bamboo_/1 a stick of 1 ih kung tsok-deu1 4 ,bar_/1 of a door1 sak1 4 ,bar_/1 to a door1 sen1 4 ,bark1 to_/1 ngau1 1 kyau1 4 ,barrow1 a_/1 ih boo siau tsho1 4 ,barter1 to_/1 wen1 1 diau1 4 ,basket1 a_/1 ih tsak lan1 4 ,bathe1 to_/1 zing yok1 4 ,battery1 a_/1 ih kuh phau-de1 4 ,battle_/1 to fight a 1 tang-tsang1 4 ,be1 to_/1 z1 1 leh la1 4 ,beat1 to_/1 tang1 1 to one another1 siang-tang1 1 to a drum1 khau koo1 4 ,because_/1 iung-we1 1 we-ts1 4 ,bed1 a_/1 ih tsak zaung1 room1 ih kan vaung-kan1 4 ,bedding_/1 phoo-ke1 4 ,before_/1 zien1 1 zien-deu1 1 day yesterday1 koo-nyih-ts1 1 zien-nyih-ts1 1 i-nyih-ts1 4 ,beg1 to_/1 thau1 4 ,beget1 to_/1 yang1 1 sang yang1 4 ,beggar1 a_/1 thau-van-kuh1 1 kau hwo-ts1 4 ,begin1 to_/1 chi1 1 to work1 khe-koong1 1 doong-koong1 1 to journey1 doong-sung1 4 ,beginning1 a1_/ chi-deu1 1 chi-tshoo1 1 khe-dzang1 1 of the year1 nyien-deu1 4 ,behind_/1 #8eu-ti1 1 #8eu-ti-deu1 1 #8eu-deu1 4 ,believe1 to_/1 sing1 1 siang-sing1 4 ,bell1 a_/1 tsoong1 4 ,below_/1 #8au-deu1 1 #8au-ti-deu1 4 ,beneath_/1 ti-#8au1 4 ,beside_/1 baung-pien1 1 pien-deu1 4 ,besides_/1 ling-nga1 1 dze-nga1 1 wan1 4 ,best_/1 ting hau1 1 man hau1 4 ,better_/1 hau tien1 1 the quicker the 1 yoeh khwa yoeh hau1 4 ,between_/1 taung-tsoong1 4 ,beyond_/1 koo1 4 ,big_/1 doo1 4 ,bill_/1 ih tsang tsang1 4 ,bind1 to_/1 with a cord1 paung1 4 ,bird1 a_/1 ih tsak tiau1 4 ,biscuit_/1 ih kuh thah-ping1 4 ,bite_/1 ngau1 4 ,bitter_/1 khoo1 4 ,black_/1 huh1 4 ,blanket1 a_/1 ih diau bi-deu1 1 woolen1 nyoong-than1 4 ,blow1 to_/1 tsh1 1 to out1 tsh iung1 1 to into a flame or blaze1 tsh yaung1 4 ,blue_/1 lan1 4 ,board1 a_/1 ih khwe pan1 4 ,board1 to_/1 a ship1 zaung zen1 4 ,boat1 a_/1 ih tsak zen1 1 steam 1 ih tsak hoo-lung-zen1 1 to start a 1 khe zen1 4 ,body1 a_/1 ih kuh sung-thi1 4 ,boil1 to_/1 zah1 1 to water1 kwung1 4 ,boiling water_/1 khe s1 4 ,bolt_/1 of a door1 sen1 1 of cloth1 ih phih poo1 4 ,bolt_/1 to a door1 sak1 4 ,bonnet1 a_/1 ih ting mau-ts1 1 ih tsak mau-ts1 4 ,book1 a_/1 ih pung su1 1 a set of s1 ih boo su1 1 an account 1 ih pung tsang-boo1 1 a small blank 1 ih pung boo-ts1 4 ,book-case1 a_/1 ih kheu su-dzu1 4 ,borrow1 to_/1 tsia1 4 ,both_/1 liang-kuh1 4 ,bottle1 a_/1 7used as a classifier7 bing1 4 ,bowl_/1 a ,chinese eating 1 ih tsak wen1 1 a wash 1 ih tsak mien-bung1 4 ,box_/1 a large 1 ih tsak siang-ts1 1 a small 1 ih tsak #8ah-ts1 1 7as a classifier71 siang1 4 ,boy1 a_/1 ih kuh siau-noen1 1 a table 1 ih kuh si-tse1 1 a horse 1 ih kuh ma-foo1 1 a school 1 ih kuh auh-sang-ts1 4 ,brace1 a_/ 7used as a classifier71 ih te1 4 ,brass_/1 doong1 4 ,bread_/1 a loaf of 1 ih kuh men-deu1 1 a piece of 1 ih khwe men-deu1 1 a slice of 1 ih phien men-deu1 4 ,breadth_/1 khweh-#8ah1 4 ,break1 to_/1 se1 1 tang-se1 1 khau-se1 4 ,breakfast_/1 tsau-van1 4 ,brick1 a_/1 ih khwe tsen-deu1 1 or lok-tsen1 1 a pile of 1 ih te lok-tsen1 4 ,bridge_/1 ih diau jau1 4 ,bring1 to_/1 tan-le1 1 nau-le1 1 to with you1 ta le1 1 to out1 nau-tsheh-le1 1 tan-tsheh-le1 1 to back1 nau tsen le1 1 tau-tsen-le1 4 ,broad_/1 khweh1 4 ,broil1 to_/1 tsien1 4 ,broom1 a_/1 ih po sau-tseu1 4 ,brother_/1 di-hyoong1 1 elder 1 ak-koo1 1 younger 1 hyoong-di1 1 di-di1 4 ,brush1 to_/1 seh1 4 ,bucket1 a_/1 7used as a classifier71 ih doong1 4 ,buddhist_/1 a idol1 ih tsung veh1 1 boo-sah1 1 a priest1 ih kuh oo-zaung1 4 ,buffalo_/1 a water 1 ih tsak s-nyeu1 4 ,build1 to_/1 zau1 1 to a partition1 tshi pih1 1 to a wall1 tshi1 1 tshi ziang1 4 ,bundle1 a_/1 7used as a classifier71 ih khwung1 4 ,burn1 to_/1 sau1 1 thaung1 4 ,business_/1 sang-i1 1 ma-ma1 4 ,but_/1 dau-z1 1 dok-z1 4 ,butter_/1 na-yeu1 4 ,butterfly1 a_/1 ih tsak #8oo-dih1 4 ,button1 a_/1 nyeu-ts1 4 ,buy1 to_/1 ma1 4 ,by_/1 7the agent71 peh1 1 peh-la1 1 means of1 yoong1 1 the side of1 pien-deu1 1 chance1 ngeu-zen1 1 what means1 na-nung1 1 and 1 tung-ih-tung1 1 hyih-ih-hyih1 4 ,c_/ ,cake1 a_/1 ih kuh kyi-dan-kau1 4 ,calculate1 to_/1 soen1 1 tang-soen1 1 to accounts1 soen-tsang1 4 ,call1 to_/1 kyau1 1 han1 1 to on1 maung-maung1 4 ,can_/1 permission or ability1 khau-i1 1 physical ability1 nung-keu1 1 acquired ability1 we1 1 do it1 tsoo-tuh-le1 1 not do it1 tsoo-'veh-le1 4 ,canal1 a_/1 ih diau kaung1 4 ,candle1 a_/1 ih kung lah-tsok1 4 ,candles1 a_/1 pair of s1 ih te lah tsok1 4 ,cane1 a_/1 ih kung baung1 4 ,cannon1 a_/1 ih tsung phau1 4 ,cap1 a_/1 ih ting1 or ih tsak mau-ts1 4 ,car_/1 a steam 1 ih boo hoo-tsho1 4 ,careful_/1 taung-sing1 4 ,carefully_/1 ts-si1 4 ,carpenter1 a_/1 ih kuh mok-ziang1 4 ,carpet1 a_/1 ih diau mau-than1 4 ,carriage1 a_/1 ih boo mo-tsho1 1 steam 1 ih boo hoo-tsho1 1 to go in a 1 zoo mo-tsho1 4 ,carry1 to_/1 tan1 1 nau1 1 to in one hand1 ling1 1 nau1 1 to in the arms like a child1 bau1 1 to on the shoulder1 jien1 1 to on the back1 pe1 1 to with bamboo pole on shoulder1 one man1 thiau1 1 to with bamboo pole by two men1 kaung1 1 to a letter1 ta ih foong sing1 4 ,case_/1 a book 1 ih kheu su-dzu1 1 in any 1 dzoe-bien na-nung1 4 ,cash1 a_/1 ih kuh doong-dieu1 4 ,cask1 a_/1 7used as a classifier71 ih doong1 4 ,cat1 a_/1 ih tsak mau1 4 ,catch_/1 tsauh1 1 to fire1 seh-hoo1 1 hoo-dzak1 4 ,catty1 a_/1 ih kyung1 4 ,cent_/1 a 1 ih fung1 1 ten s1 ih kauh1 1 twenty s1 liang kauh1 1 s khe1 4 ,chair1 a_/1 ih tsak iui-ts1 1 a sedan 1 ih ting jau-ts1 4 ,chance_/1 by 1 ngeu-zen1 4 ,change_/1 tsau-deu1 4 ,change1 to_/1 a dollar1 de yang-dien1 1 to residence1 pen-dzang1 4 ,character_/1 a ,chinese 1 ih kuh z1 1 to know a 1 suh1 1 sound of a 1 z-iung1 4 ,charcoal_/1 than1 4 ,chart1 a_/1 ih fok doo1 1 ih fok di-li-doo1 4 ,cheap_/1 jang1 4 ,cheat1 to_/1 chi1 1 phien1 1 chi-phien1 4 ,chicken1 a_/1 ih tsak kyi1 4 ,child1 a_/1 ih kuh siau-noen1 4 ,chimney_/1 ien-tshoong1 4 ,china_/1 ,tsoong-kok1 1 ,tsoong-wo1 1 zeh-pah-sang1 1 ,ts-na1 1 ,tsoong-wo ming-kok 4 ,chinese_/1 ,tsoong-kok1 1 a character1 ih kuh z1 1 to know a character1 suh1 4 ,church1 a_/1 li-pa-daung1 4 ,city1 a_/1 ih zoo dzung1 4 ,class1 a_/ 7in school71 ih pan1 4 ,clause1 a_/1 ih kyui1 4 ,clean_/1 koen-zing1 4 ,clear1_/ tshing1 1 tshing-saung1 4 ,clever_/1 tshoong-ming1 4 ,climb1 to_/1 bo1 1 ban zaung-chi1 4 ,clock1 a_/1 ih tsak z-ming-tsoong1 4 ,cloth_/1 a piece of 1 ih phih poo1 4 ,clothe1 to_/1 tsak1 4 ,clothes_/1 i-zaung1 1 pile of 1 ih-dzaung i-zaung1 1 to take off 1 thoeh theh i-zaung1 4 ,coachman_/1 ih kuh mo-foo1 4 ,coal_/1 me1 1 7hard7 bak-me1 1 7soft7 ien-me1 4 ,coffin1 a_/1 ih kheu kwen-ze1 4 ,cold_/1 lang1 4 ,collect1 to_/1 seu1 1 to accounts1 seu-tsang1 4 ,college1 a_/1 su-yoen1 4 ,colour_/1 ngan-suh1 1 the five s1 ng-suh1 1 variegated s1 ng-ngan-lok-suh1 4 ,come1 to_/1 le1 1 back1 tsen-le1 1 forth1 tsheh-le1 1 down1 #8au-le1 1 in1 tsing-le1 1 up1 zaung-le1 4 ,comfort1 to_/1 oen-we1 4 ,comfortable_/1 suh-i1 4 ,command1 to_/1 fung-foo1 4 ,commence1 to_/1 chi-deu1 1 khe-koong1 1 to work1 doong-seu1 1 khe-dzang1 1 to journey1 doong-sung1 4 ,compare1 to_/1 pi1 4 ,complete1 to_/1 dzung-koong1 4 ,compradore1 a_/1 ih kuh ma-ban1 4 ,congratulate1 to_/1 a person1 koong-hyi1 4 ,connect_/1 to be ed together1 siang-lien1 4 ,conquer1 to_/1 tuh-sung1 4 ,consider1 to_/1 tang-soen1 4 ,consult1 to_/1 saung-liang1 1 tsung-tsak1 4 ,convenient_/1 bien-taung1 1 bien1 1 when 1 bien-z1 4 ,converse1 to_/1 bak-wo1 1 dan-dan1 4 ,cook_/ 7a chief71 da-s-voo1 1 7an ordinary7 sau-van-kuh1 4 ,cook1 to_/1 sau1 1 sau-van1 1 ed roughly1 zok 4 ,cooking_/1 a stove 7,chinese71 ih tsak tsau-deu1 a stove 7foreign71 ih tsak thih-tsau1 4 ,coolie1 a_/1 tsheh-tien1 1 a ricksha 1 tsho-foo1 1 a sedan 1 ih kuh jau-pan1 1 jau-foo1 4 ,cord_/1 to bind with a 1 paung1 4 ,cotton_/1 hwo1 1 7already ginned71 mien-hwo1 1 a bale of 1 ih pau mien-hwo1 1 cloth1 poo1 1 seeds1 hwo-ts1 stalk1 hwo-ji1 4 ,count_/1 soo1 1 soen1 4 ,cow_/1 ih tsak nyeu1 4 ,crab apple1 a_/1 ih tsak hwo-#8oong1 4 ,crawl1 to_/1 ban1 4 ,creek1 a_/1 ih diau pang1 1 ih diau siau-#8oo1 4 ,criticise1 to_/1 phi-bing1 1 phi-thah1 4 ,crow1 a_/1 ih tsak lau-au1 4 ,crow1 to_/ 7as a cock71 di1 4 ,cry1 to_/1 khok1 4 ,cup1 a_/1 ih tsak pe-ts1 4 ,custom_/1 kwe-kyui1 4 ,cut1 to_/1 with a sharp knife1 koeh1 1 to with a sword1 heavy knife or ax1 tsan1 1 to in two1 koeh-doen1 1 to open1 tshih-khe1 1 tshih-khe-le1 4 ,d_/ ,daily_/1 nyih-nyih1 1 nyih-dzok1 1 me-nyih1 4 ,dark_/1 en1 1 nearly 1 thien en khwa tse1 4 ,daughter_/1 ih kuh noen1 1 ih kuh siau-nyui1 1 tshien-kyung1 1 ling-e1 4 ,day_/1 ih nyih1 1 thien1 1 to-day1 this 1 kyung-tsau1 1 the first of month1 tshoo ih1 1 every 1 nyih-nyih1 1 nyih-dzok1 1 the #aeth 1 nyoeh-pen1 1 and night1 nyih-ya1 1 all 1 tsoong-nyih1 1 half a 1 pen-nyih1 1 after to-morrow1 #8eu-nyih1 1 before yesterday1 koo-nyih-ts1 1 zien-nyih-ts1 1 i-nyih-ts1 1 in the middle of the 1 nyih-tsoong1 1 time1 nyih-li1 4 ,dead_/1 si-tse1 4 ,deal1 a great_/1 too-bau1 4 ,dear_/ 7costly71 kyui1 1 child1 pau-pe kuh siau-noen1 4 ,decide1 to_/1 lih-ding-tsu-i1 4 ,deep_/1 sung1 4 ,deer_/1 ih tsak lok1 4 ,defeat1 to_/1 tang-ba1 1 to be ed1 tang-su1 1 tang-ba1 1 tang-ba-tsang1 4 ,deify1 to_/1 foong zung1 4 ,deliver_/1 to in person1 dzeu1 4 ,depart_/1 to from1 li-khe1 4 ,depend on1 to_/1 i-khau1 1 khau-thauh1 4 ,deport_/1 to oneself1 de1 4 ,depth_/1 sung-tshien1 4 ,descend1 to_/1 #8au-chi1 1 to a hill1 #8au-san1 4 ,desert1 to_/1 li-khe1 4 ,desire1 to_/1 maung1 1 po-maung1 1 iau1 4 ,desk_/1 an office 1 ih tsak sia-z-de-ts1 4 ,dialect_/1 thoo-bak1 1 ,shanghai 1 ,zaung-he thoo-bak1 1 mandarin 1 kwen-wo1 4 ,dice1 a set of_/1 ih foo deu-ts1 1 to gamble with 1 zak deu-ts1 4 ,die1 to_/1 si1 1 si-theh1 4 ,difference1 a_/1 fung-pih1 1 not much 1 tsho-'veh-too1 4 ,difficult_/1 van-nan1 1 nan1 4 ,diligent_/1 to be 1 yoong-sing1 4 ,dining_/1 a room1 ih kan chuh-van-kan1 1 a table1 ih tsak chuh-van-de-ts1 4 ,direct1 to_/1 ban1 4 ,dirty_/1 auh-tsauh1 4 ,dish1 a_/1 ih tsak dzang bung-ts1 4 ,dismiss_/1 to school1 faung #8auh1 4 ,distance_/1 yoen-jung1 4 ,distinct_/1 tshing-saung1 4 ,distinguish1 to_/1 fung-pih1 4 ,divide1 to_/1 fung1 1 fung-khe1 4 ,do1 to_/ 1 tsoo1 1 cannot it1 tsoo-'veh-le1 1 how you 8 noong-hau-la va8 1 for1 theh1 4 ,doctor_/1 ih we laung-tsoong1 1 ih we i-sung1 4 ,dog_/1 ih tsak keu1 4 ,dollar1 a_/1 ih kuh1 1 or ih khwe yang-dien1 1 half a 1 pen khwe yang-dien1 1 a box of s1 ih siang yang-dien1 4 ,dominoes_/1 a set of1 ih foo ba1 1 to gamble with 1 teu-ba1 4 ,door1 a_/1 ih sen mung1 1 shut the 1 kwan mung1 1 open the 1 khe mung1 1 lock the 1 soo mung1 4 ,doorway1 a_/1 ih kuh mung-kheu1 1 ih kuh mung-kheu-deu1 4 ,down_/1 #8au1 1 put it 1 faung-la1 1 pa-la1 1 please sit 1 tshing-zoo1 4 ,dragon1 a_/1 ih diau loong1 4 ,drawer_/1 ih tsak tsheu-thi1 4 ,drawers_/1 a chest of 1 ih tsak tsheu-teu1 4 ,dress1 to_/1 tsak1 1 to in a showy manner1 tang-pan 1 4 ,drive_/1 to away1 koen1 1 koen-theh1 4 ,drum1 a_/1 ih mien koo1 4 ,dry_/1 koen1 4 ,duck_/1 ih tsak ah1 4 ,dull_/1 dung1 4 ,dust_/1 boong-dzung1 4 ,duty_/1 ming-vung1 4 ,dwell1 to_/1 dzu1 4 ,e_/ ,each_/1 me1 4 ,ear1 a_/1 ih tsak nyi-too1 4 ,earlier_/1 the the better1 yoeh tsau yoeh hau1 4 ,early_/1 tsau1 1 in the morning1 tsau zung-deu1 4 ,earn1 to_/1 dzan 4 ,earth1 the_/1 di1 1 di-jeu1 1 the whole 1 phoo-thien-#8au1 4 ,east1 the_/1 toong1 1 side1 toong-pien1 4 ,easy_/1 yoong-yi1 1 to read1 hau dok kuh1 4 ,eat1 to_/1 chuh1 1 to rice or meal1 chuh van1 1 unable to 1 chuh-'veh-lauh1 1 good to 1 hau chuh kuh1 4 ,eating_/1 a ,chinese bowl1 ih tsak wen1 4 ,ebb-tide_/1 the-dzau1 4 ,economical1 to be_/1 sang1 1 tsoo nyung-ka1 4 ,egg1 an_/1 ih kuh dan1 4 ,eight_/1 pah1 4 ,eighteen_/1 zeh-pah1 4 ,eighty_/1 pah-zeh1 4 ,either_/1 #8ok-tse1 1 #8ok-z1 4 ,eleven_/1 zeh-ih1 4 ,else_/1 ling-nga1 1 wan-yeu1 4 ,embarrassing_/1 to be placed in an -- position1 nan-we-dzing1 4 ,emblem1 an_/1 kyi-#8au1 4 ,enemy_/1 to attack an 1 koong-tang1 4 ,england_/1 ,iung-kok1 4 ,enjoy1 to_/1 hwen-hyi1 4 ,enough_/1 yeu-tse1 1 or keu-z1 4 ,ensign_/1 kyi-#8au1 4 ,enter1 to_/1 tsing1 4 ,entrust1 to_/1 khau1 1 khau-thauh1 1 thauh1 4 ,envelope1 an_/1 ih kuh sing-khauh1 1 ih kuh sing-foong1 4 ,equal_/1 ih yang1 1 not to1 'veh-jih1 1 'veh zu1 4 ,erect_/1 to a fence1 tang-po1 4 ,error_/1 tsho1 4 ,escort_/1 to a person to the way1 soong1 4 ,evening_/1 ya-khwa1 1 waung-hwung-deu1 1 waung hwung-doong1 4 ,every_/1 kauh1 1 me1 1 day1 me-nyih1 1 place1 khauh tshu1 1 khauh-tau lauh tshu1 4 ,examine_/1 to carefully1 dzo1 1 dzo-khau1 1 to a class1 khau-su1 4 ,exalt_/1 to to a high position1 foong1 4 ,exchange1 to_/1 wen1 1 diau1 4 ,excite1 to_/1 doong1 4 ,exhort1 to_/1 choen1 1 choen-mien1 1choen-#8oo1 4 ,except1 to_/1 maung1 1 po-maung1 4 ,explain1 to_/1 ka-suh1 1 khaung1 4 ,expound1 to_/1 khaung1 4 ,extinguish1 to_/1 tsh-iung1 4 ,extra_/1 ling-nya1 4 ,extravagant1 to be_/1 1 saung-fi1 4 ,eye1 an_/1 ih tsak ngan-tsing1 4 ,f_/ ,face_/1 ih kuh mien khoong1 1 7cheek71 nyi-kwaung1 4 ,fall1 to_/1 lauh1 1 tih1 1 to down1 lauh-#8au-le1 1 tih-#8au-le1 1 the tide is ing1 lauh-dzau1 4 ,false_/1 ka1 4 ,fan1 a_/1 ih po sen-ts1 4 ,farmer_/1 tsoong-dien-nyung1 4 ,fast_/1 khwa1 4 ,fat_/1 7a person being 71 tsaung1 4 ,father_/1 ya1 1 lau-nyung-ka1 1 kya-voo1 1 tsung-da-nyung1 1 kya1 1 ling-tsung1 1 tia-tia1 1 ya-ya1 1 pak-pak1 4 ,feel1 to_/1 mok1 4 ,female_/1 7human71 nyui1 1 7animal71 tsh1 4 ,fence_/1 to erect a 1 tang-po1 4 ,few_/1 sau1 4 ,fierce_/1 hyoong1 4 ,fifteen_/1 so-ng1 4 ,fifty_/1 ng-seh1 4 ,fight_/1 to with each other1 siang-tang1 1 to a battle1 tang-tsang1 4 ,file1 a_/1 ih po tshoo-tau1 4 ,find1 to_/1 zing1 1 zing-dzak1 1 cannot 1 zing-'veh-dzak1 4 ,finger1 a_/1 ih tsak tshih-deu1 4 ,finish1 to_/1 wen1 4 ,fire_/1 hoo1 1 to light the 1 sang-hoo1 1 on 7as a house71 hoo-dzak1 4 ,firm_/1 lau1 4 ,first_/1 sien1 1 deu ih1 1 di ih1 1 the month1 tsung nyoeh1 1 the day of a month1 tshoo-ih1 1 the part of a month1 nyoeh-deu1 1 nyoeh deu laung1 1 the half of a month1 day1 or year1 zaung-pen1 4 ,fish1 a_/1 ih diau ng1 4 ,five_/1 ng1 4 ,flag_/1 ih mien ji1 4 ,flour_/1 koen-mien1 1 mien-fung1 4 ,flower_/1 hwo1 1 a ing plant1 ih khoo hwo1 4 ,flute_/1 ih kwen-dih1 4 ,fly1 to_/1 fi1 4 ,follow1 to_/1 kung1 4 ,food_/1 van1 1 chuh-kuh meh-z1 4 ,fool_/1 to with one another1 tang-bang1 4 ,foot1 the_/1 ih tsak kyak1 1 a measure of #aj inches1 ih tshak1 1 ten feet1 ih dzang1 1 a square 1 ih faung tshak1 1 #ajj square feet1 ih faung1 4 ,for_/1 iung-we1 1 we-ts1 1 7instead of71 theh1 1 de-thi1 4 ,force_/1 to take a thing by 1 tshiang1 1 tshiang-doeh1 4 ,foreigner_/1 ih kuh nga-kok nyung1 4 ,forfeit1 to_/1 seh1 1 seh-theh1 4 ,forget1 to_/1 maung-kyi1 4 ,forgive1 to_/1 nyau-so1 1 khwen-yoong1 1 nyoen-liang1 4 ,fork_/1 ih po tsho1 4 ,forsake1 to_/1 li-khe1 4 ,fort1 a_/1 ih kuh phau-de1 4 ,forth_/1 tsheh1 1 to come 1 tsheh-le1 4 ,forty_/1 s-seh1 4 ,four_/1 s1 4 ,fowl_/1 ih tsak kyi1 1 a pair of s1 ih te kyi1 4 ,fox_/1 ih tsak #8oo-li1 4 ,france_/1 ,fah-kok1 4 ,fresh_/ 7of meat or fish71 sing-sien1 4 ,friend_/1 ih kuh bang-yeu1 4 ,friday_/1 li-pa-ng1 4 ,from_/1 dzoong1 4 ,fuel_/1 a bundle of 1 ih khwung za1 1 ih khwung dau-za1 4 ,furniture_/1 classifier for articles of 1 kheu1 4 ,g_/ ,gain1 to_/1 1 dzan1 1 to a victory1 tang-yung1 1 tang-sung-tsang1 4 ,gamble1 to_/1 too1 1 to with dice1 zak deu-ts1 1 to with dominoes1 teu-ba1 4 ,garden_/1 hwo-yoen1 4 ,garment_/1 ih jien i-zaung1 4 ,gate_/1 mung1 4 ,gateway_/1 mung-kheu1 4 ,gather_/1 7as fruit1 flowers71 tshe1 4 ,generally_/1 da-liak1 4 ,germany_/1 ,tuh-kok1 4 ,gentleman_/1 sien-sang1 4 ,gently_/1 man-man-nung1 1 chung-chung-nung1 4 ,get1 to_/1 tuh1 1 tuh-dzak1 1 to up1 lok1 lok chi le1 4 ,give1 to_/1 peh1 1 soong1 4 ,glad_/1 kha-weh1 1 hwen-hyi1 4 ,glass_/1 poo-li1 1 a 1 ih tsak poo-li pe-ts1 1 a wine 1 ih tsak tsieu pe1 4 ,go1 to_/1 chi1 1 to out1 tsheh chi1 1 to on shore1 zaung-ngoen1 1 to on board1 zaung-zen1 4 ,goat_/1 ih tsak san-yang1 --4 ,god_/1 ,zang-ti1 1 ,thien-tsu1 1 ,zung1 1 a ,taoist 1 ih tsung zung-dau1 4 ,godown1 a_/1 ih zoo dzan-vaung1 4 ,gold_/1 kyung-ts1 4 ,gong_/1 ih mien kyung-loo1 4 ,good_/1 hau1 1 7moral71 zen1 4 ,good-by_/1 an-hyih-we1 1 tse-we1 1 chi-tse1 1 man-chi1 1 kan-nyih-we1 4 ,goose1 a_/1 ih tsak ngoo1 4 ,grasp1 to_/1 nyah1 4 ,grass1 a_/1 tshau1 4 ,grate1 a_/1 ih kuh hoo-khaung1 4 ,grave_/1 a1 mound1 ih kuh vung-san1 4 ,great_/1 doo1 1 a great many1 too hau1 1 kyau-kwan1 4 ,green_/1 lok1 4 ,guest1 a_/1 ih we khak nyung1 1 a room1 ih kan khak-daung kan1 4 ,grill1 to_/1 tsien1 4 ,gun1 a_/1 ih kwen yang-tshiang1 4 ,h_/ ,hair_/1 on the head1 deu-fah1 4 ,half1 a_/1 ih pen1 1 an hour1 pen tien-tsoong1 1 a dollar1 pen khwe yang-dien1 4 ,hammer1 a_/1 ih kuh1 1 or po laung-deu1 4 ,hand1 the_/1 ih tsak seu1 1 the right 1 yeu-seu1 1 the left 1 tsi-seu1 4 ,hand1 to_/1 dzeu1 4 ,handful1 a_/1 ih po1 4 ,happiness_/1 fok-chi1 4 ,happy_/1 kha-weh1 4 ,hard_/1 ngang1 1 7difficult71 nan1 4 ,hare1 a_/1 ih tsak thoo-ts1 4 ,hat_/1 ih ting man-ts1 4 ,have_/1 yeu1 4 ,hawk1 a_/1 ih tsak iung1 1 ih tsak lau-iung1 4 ,he_/1 yi1 4 ,head_/1 ih kuh deu1 1 to wear on the 1 ta1 1 to bow the 7as to kowtow71 kheh-deu1 4 ,heal1 to_/1 i-hau1 1 khoen-hau1 4 ,hear_/1 thing1 1 thing-kyien1 1 cannot 1 thing-'veh-tsheh1 4 ,heart_/1 ih kuh sing1 4 ,heaven_/1 thien1 4 ,heavy_/1 dzoong1 4 ,height_/1 kau-ti1 4 ,help_/1 paung-dzoo1 1 to one another1 siang-paung1 4 ,hen1 a_/1 ih tsak ths kyi1 4 ,her_/1 yi1 4 ,here_/1 leh-li1 1 ths-di1 1 di-deu1 4 ,hereafter_/1 #8eu-seu1 1 #8eu-le1 1 i-#8eu1 4 ,hers_/1 yi-kuh1 4 ,hide_/1 to oneself1 ben-loong1 1 to a thing1 khaung-loong1 1 khaung1 4 ,high_/1 kau1 4 ,hill_/1 ih zoo san1 4 ,him_/1 yi1 4 ,himself_/1 yi z-ka1 4 ,hinder1 to_/1 tsoo1 1 tsoo-taung1 4 ,his_/1 yi-kuh1 4 ,hit1 to_/1 tang1 4 ,hog1 a_/1 ih tsak ts-loo1 4 ,hoist1 to_/1 as a flag or a sail1 tsha1 4 ,hold1 to_/1 nyah1 1 to in the arms1 bau1 4 ,hole_/1 doong1 4 ,house_/1 ok-li1 4 ,honest_/1 lau-zeh1 4 ,hope1 a_/1 maung-deu1 4 ,hope1 to_/1 po-maung1 4 ,horse1 a_/1 ih phih mo1 1 ih tsak mo1 1 a boy1 ih kuh mo-foo1 1 to ride a 1 ji-mo1 4 ,hospital_/1 i-yoen1 4 ,hot_/1 nyih1 4 ,hour_/1 ih tien tsoong1 1 or ih kuh tsoong-deu1 1 half an 1 pen tien tsoong1 1 quarter of an 1 ih khuh1 4 ,house_/1 ih zoo1 1 or ih zak vaung-ts1 1 two storied 1 ih zoo leu1 1 ih zoo leu-vaung1 1 three storied 1 san dzung leu1 4 ,how8_/ na-nung1 8 many8 kyi-hau1 8 kyi kuh1 8 much8 kyi hau1 8 much is it 7price78 sa ka-dien1 8 sa #8aung-dzing1 8 much more8 #8oo-hwaung1 8 nyi1 1 7at end of clause7 are you8 noong hau la va1 8 old are you8 kyi hau nyien-kyi1 8 kyi soe1 8 kyi-hau kwe-kang1 8 kyi-hau kau-zeu1 4 ,however_/1 zen-r1 4 ,hundred_/1 ih pak1 4 ,hunt1 to_/1 tang-lih1 4 ,husband_/1 a and wife1 ih te foo-tshi1 4 ,i_/ ,i_/1 ngoo1 1 myself1 ngoo z-ka1 4 ,idol_/1 a ,buddhist 1 ih tsung veh1 1 boo-sah1 1 a ,taoist 1 ih tsung zung-dau1 4 ,if_/1 zak1 1 zak-s1 1 zak-zen1 1 thaung-zen1 1 thaung-s1 1 meh1 7at end of the clause71 not so1 'veh zen meh1 1 'veh zeh-ke meh1 1 it be so1 kyi-zen zeh-ke1 1 as 1 hau-ziang1 4 ,ill_/1 to become1 sang-bing1 4 ,illness_/1 mau-bing1 4 ,immediately_/1 zieu1 4 ,immovable_/1 doong-#8a-'veh-doong1 4 ,implement_/1 ka-sang1 4 ,imprison_/1 to be ed1 seu-kan1 4 ,in_/1 la1 1 or leh-la1 1 7before noun7 li1 1 or li-hyang1 1 7after noun71 is he 8 yi leh-la va8 8 come 1 tsing-le1 1 go 1 tsing-chi1 1 addition1 ling-nga1 1 dze-nga1 1 wan1 1 order to1 i-ts1 1 vain1 bak-bak-li1 4 ,inch1 an_/1 ih tshung1 4 ,inconceivable_/1 siang-'veh-tau1 4 ,indispensable_/1 ba-'veh-tuh1 4 ,injure_/1 #8e1 1 to be ed1 zeu-#8e1 1 to be ed by striking1 tang-wa1 4 ,ink_/1 a piece of1 ih khwe muh1 1 foreign 1 muh-s1 1 a ,chinese tablet1 ih kuh nyien-ts1 1 ih kuh nyien-de1 4 ,inquire_/1 to make ies1 tang-thing1 4 ,inside_/1 li-hyang1 4 ,instantaneous_/1 lih-khuk1 4 ,instead of_/1 thi1 1 de-thi1 4 ,instruments_/1 a set of1 ih foo ka-sang1 4 ,intercourse_/1 le-waung1 4 ,invite1 to_/1 tshing1 4 ,iron_/1 thih1 4 ,iron1 to_/1 thaung1 4 ,is_/1 z1 1 there 1 yeu1 1 there to be had8 yeu-tuh1 8 ,it_/1 yi1 1 is not necessary1 'veh pih1 4 ,its_/1 yi-kuh1 4 ,j_/ ,japanese_/1 ,toong-yang-nyung1 1 zeh-pung-nyung1 4 ,jetty1 a_/1 mo-deu1 4 ,journey_/1 to start on1 doong-sung1 4 ,jump1 to_/1 thiau1 4 ,just now_/1 khan-khan1 1 'veh too-kyi-z1 1 on the point of doing a thing1 thih-tsung1 1 before daylight1 thien-liang-khwa1 4 ,k_/ ,keep1 to_/1 seu1 4 ,kerosene_/1 hoo-yeu1 4 ,kettle_/1 s-#8oo1 4 ,key1 a_/1 ih po yak-dz1 4 ,kill1 to_/1 sah1 1 sah-theh1 1 to with a blow1 tang-sah1 4 ,kitchen1 a_/1 ih kan sau-van-kan1 1 dzu-vaung1 1 tsau-kan1 4 ,kneel1 to_/1 jui1 4 ,knife1 a_/1 ih po tau1 4 ,knock1 to_/1 khau1 4 ,know1 to_/1 hyau-tuh1 1 to a person1 nyung-tuh1 1 to a ,chinese character1 suh1 4 ,kowtow1 to_/1 kheh-deu1 4 ,l_/ ,ladder1 a_/1 ih dzung voo-thi1 4 ,lamp1 a_/1 ih tsan-tung1 4 ,large_/1 doo1 4 ,late_/1 an1 4 ,laugh1 to_/1 siau1 4 ,laughable_/1 hau-siau1 1 very 1 siau-sah-tse1 4 ,lazy_/1 lan-phok1 1 lan-doo1 4 ,lead_/1 khan1 4 ,lead1 to_/1 ling1 4 ,leap1 to_/1 thiau1 4 ,learn1 to_/1 #8auh1 4 ,left_/1 tsoo1 7sometimes pronounced tsi71 hand1 tsi seu1 4 ,lend1 to_/1 tsia1 4 ,length_/1 dzaug-toen1 4 ,less than_/1 'veh siau1 1 'veh men1 4 ,lest_/1 sang-ts1 4 ,letter1 a_/1 ih foong sing1 4 ,level_/1 bing1 4 ,life_/1 ih diau sing-ming1 1 all one's 1 ih-sang ih-s1 4 ,light_/ 7not dark71 liang1 4 ,light_/ 7in weight71 chung1 4 ,light1 to_/1 7a lamp or candle71 tien1 1 to a fire1 sang1 4 ,like_/1 hau-ziang 1 ziang1 1 yeu-z 1 tsho-'veh-too1 4 ,like1 to_/1 hwen-hyi1 1 siang-sing1 1 as you 1 dzoe noong1 1 dzoe bien noong1 4 ,lion1 a_/1 ih tsak s-ts1 4 ,little_/1 siau1 1 7in quantity71 sau1 1 7to a small extent71 sau-we1 1 a 1 ih ngan1 1 ih ngan-ngan1 1 differs but 1 tsho-'veh-too1 4 ,live1 to_/1 dzu1 1 weh1 sung1 4 ,loaf_/1 a of bread1 ih kuh men-deu1 4 ,lock1 a_/1 ih po soo1 4 ,lock1 to_/1 soo1 4 ,long_/1 dzang1 1 a time1 dzang-yoen1 1 dzang-yoen-tse1 1 ta-z-tse1 4 ,look1 to_/1 khoen1 1 to for1 zing1 1 take a 1 khoen-ih-khoen1 1 to around1 tseu-we-khoen1 1 s well1 hau khoen1 1 to for 7expect71 maung1 1 after 7to lake care of71 tsau-koo1 1 taung-sing1 4 ,loose_/1 doong-lau-doong1 4 ,lord_/1 ,tsu1 1 the heavenly 1 ,thien-,tsu1 4 ,lose1 to_/1 seh1 1 seh-theh1 1 to in business1 zeh1 1 zeh-theh1 1 zeh-pung1 4 ,love1 to_/1 e1 1 to mutually1 siang-e1 4 ,low_/1 ti1 4 ,m_/ ,magistrate1 a_/1 ih kuh1 1 7or ih we1 71 kwen-foo1 4 ,make1 to_/1 tsoo1 1 to a profit1 dzan1 4 ,male_/1 nen1 1 of animals1 yoong1 4 ,man_/1 ih kuh nyung1 1 a or two1 deu-liang-kuh-nyung1 4 ,manage1 to_/1 kyung-seu1 1 ban1 1 kwen1 4 ,mandarin1 a_/1 ih kuh kwen1 1 ih kuh kwen-foo1 1 dialect1 kwen-wo1 4 ,many_/1 too-hau1 1 how 1 kyi-hau1 1 a great 1 kyau-kwan1 4 ,map1 a_/1 ih fok doo1 1 ih fok di-li-doo1 4 ,market_/1 z-mien1 4 ,marks or signs_/1 kyi-'au1 4 ,marry_/1 to a wife1 thau nyang-ts1 1 a woman to 1 tsheh-ka1 4 ,mason1 a_/1 ih kuh nyi-s-ziang1 4 ,master1 a_/1 tsu-nyung1 1 toong-ka1 4 ,matches_/1 z-le hoo1 1 strike a 1 wak1 4 ,may_/1 khau-i1 4 ,me_/1 ngoo1 4 ,meaning_/1 i-s1 4 ,measure1 to_/1 liang1 1 ien1 4 ,meat_/1 a piece 1 ih khwe nyok1 4 ,medicine_/1 yak1 4 ,meet1 to_/1 bang-dzak1 1 to go to 1 nyung-tsih1 1 to a misfortune1 chuh-khoo1 4 ,men_/1 nyung1 4 ,mend1 to_/1 sieu1 1 poo1 1 to a path1 tshi ka1 4 ,merchandise_/1 hoo-suh1 4 ,method_/1 fah-tsuh1 4 ,midday_/1 nyih-tsoong1 4 ,middle_/1 kyui-tsoong1 1 of a month1 nyoeh-pen1 4 ,midnight_/1 pen-ya po1 4 ,might_/1 khau-i1 4 ,mile_/1 a ,chinese 1 ih li1 1 ih li-loo1 4 ,milk_/1 nyeu-na1 4 ,mind_/1 to relax the 1 san-sing1 4 ,mine_/1 ngoo-kuh1 4 ,minute1 a_/1 ih fung1 4 ,mirror1 a_/1 ih mien kyung-ts1 4 ,misery_/1 khoo-nau1 4 ,misfortune_/1 to meet with a 1 chuh-khoo1 4 ,mistake_/1 'veh-te1 1 or tsho1 4 ,miss1 a_/1 ih kuh siau-tsia1 4 ,mister_/1 sien-sang1 4 ,mistress1 ,mrs4_/1 nyang-nyang1 4 ,moan1 to_/1 than-chi1 4 ,moist_/1 sak1 4 ,monday_/1 li-pa-ih1 4 ,money_/1 small1 siau kauh-ts1 1 siau yang-dien1 4 ,month1 a_/1 ih kuh nyoeh1 1 the #ast day of a 1 tshoo ih1 1 the beginning of a 1 nyoeh-deu1 1 the middle of a 1 nyoeh-pen1 1 the end of a 1 nyoeh-ti1 1 last 1 zien-nyoeh1 1 zien-kuh-nyoeh1 1 next 1 #8au nyoeh1 1 #8au kuh nyoeh1 1 every 1 me nyoeh1 1 nyoeh-nyoeh1 4 ,moon_/1 ih kuh nyoeh1 1 nyoeh-liang1 4 ,more_/1 too1 1 too-tien1 1 how much 1 oo-hwaung1 1 than1 'veh-ba1 4 ,moreover_/1 ping-tshia1 1 r-tshia1 1 hwaung-tshia1 4 ,morning_/1 tsau-zung-deu1 1 zaung-pen nyih1 4 ,mosquito1 a_/1 ih kuh mung-ts1 4 ,most_/1 ting1 1 tsoe1 1 juh1 1 da-ke1 4 ,mostly_/1 da-ke1 4 ,mother_/1 nyang1 1 moo-tshing1 1 my 1 ka 7kya7-moo1 1 your 1 ling-daung1 4 ,mound_/1 a grave 1 ih kuh vung-san1 4 ,mountain1 a_/1 ih zoo san1 4 ,mouth1 a_/1 ih kuh kheu1 1 ih tsang ts1 4 ,move1 to_/1 doong1 4 ,mow1 a_/1 ih m1 4 ,much_/1 too1 1 too-hau1 1 how 8 kyi-hau1 8 how is it 7price78 sa ka-dien1 8 sa #8aung-dzing1 8 ,muddy_/1 wung1 4 ,my_/1 ngoo-kuh1 4 ,n_/ ,name_/1 ming-z1 1 ming-deu1 1 your honorable 1 kwe sing1 1 tsung sing1 1 my humble 1 bi-sing1 1 please give your 7style71 tshing kyau the-foo1 1 my is8 tshau-z1 1 what is your 8 ming-deu kyau-sa8 8 ,narrate1 to_/1 kau-soo1 4 ,narrow_/1 #8ah1 4 ,native1 a_/1 ih kuh pung-di-nyung1 4 ,near_/1 jung1 1 siang-jung1 4 ,nearly_/1 tsho-'veh-too1 1 mau1 1 three miles1 man san li1 4 ,near-sighted_/1 jung-z-ngan1 4 ,necessary_/1 pih iau yoong kuh1 1 or important1 iau-kyung-kuh1 4 ,necessity_/1 iau-kyung1 4 ,needle_/1 tsung1 1 thread a 1 tshen yung sien1 4 ,neighbor_/1 ling-so1 4 ,new_/1 sing1 1 sing-fah1 4 ,new ,year's day_/1 nyien tshoo ih1 4 ,news_/1 sing-sih1 1 sing-vung1 4 ,newspaper_/1 ih tsang sing-vung-ts1 4 ,next_/1 7juxtaposition71 kah-pih1 4 ,night_/1 ya1 1 at 1 ya-deu1 1 ya-li1 4 ,nine_/1 kyeu1 4 ,nineteen_/1 zeh-kyeu1 4 ,ninety_/1 kyeu-seh1 4 ,no_/1 'veh1 1 m-sa1 7in answer to question71 one1 m-sa-nyung1 1 matter1 'veh nge-sa1 1 matter who1 'veh lung sa nyung1 1 matter what1 'veh lung sa1 1 dzoe bien sa1 1 'veh kyui sa1 4 ,noise_/1 hyang-sung1 1 sung iung1 4 ,noon_/1 nyih-tsoong1 4 ,north_/1 pok1 1 pok-pien1 4 ,north-east_/1 toong-pok1 1 west1 si-pok1 4 ,nose1 a_/1 ih kuh bih-deu1 4 ,not_/1 'veh1 1 any1 m-meh 1 yet1 'veh zung1 1 still yet1 wan 'veh zung1 1 only1 'veh dan-z1 'veh-dan1 1 'veh ba1 1 at all1 ih ngan 'veh1 1 inclined1 'veh-kau-hyung1 1 very1 'veh da1 4 ,nourish1 to_/1 yang1 1 sang-yang1 4 ,now_/1 yien-dze1 4 ,nun1 a_/1 ih kuh nyi-koo1 4 ,nurse1 to_/1 su-tsang1 4 ,o_/ ,object1 an_/1 ih kuh meh-z1 4 ,obtain1_/ tuh-dzak1 4 ,of_/1 7sign of possession71 kuh1 1 course1 z-zen1 4 ,offend1 to_/1 tuh-dzoe1 4 ,office1 an_/1 ih kan sia-z-kan1 4 ,often_/1 hau-kyi-we1 4 ,oil_/1 yeu1 4 ,old_/ 7not new71 jeu1 1 7not young71 lau1 1 7antique7 koo-z-kan1 4 ,omnipotent_/1 voo-soo-peh-nung1 4 ,omnipresent_/1 voo-soo-peh-dze1 4 ,omniscient_/1 voo-soo-peh-ts1 4 ,on_/1 la1 1 or leh-la1 1 7with laung after noun71 the table1 la de-ts laung1 1 account of1 we-ts1 1 the contrary1 tau1 1 the other hand1 tau1 4 ,once_/1 ih we1 4 ,one_/1 ih1 1 no 1 m-sa nyung1 1 cent1 ih fung1 1 time1 ih we1 1 ih thaung1 ,c#c4 ,only_/1 pih koo1 1 dok-z1 1 tsuh-tuh1 4 ,open1 to_/1 khe1 1 to school1 khe #8auh1 1 to 7as a book71 hyih-khe-le1 1 to cut 1 tshih khe1 1 tshih khe le1 4 ,oppose1 to_/1 tsoo1 tsoo-taung1 1 unable to 1 dih-'veh-dzu1 4 ,or_/1 ok-tse1 4 ,orange_/1 ih tsah kyoeh-ts1 4 ,originally_/1 pung-le1 4 ,other_/1 bih1 4 ,ought_/1 iung-ke1 4 ,ounce1 an_/1 ih liang1 1 an of silver1 ih liang nyung-ts1 4 ,our_/1 nyi-kuh1 1 ngoo-nyi-kuh1 4 ,ours_/1 nyi-kuh1 1 ngoo-nyi-kuh1 4 ,out_/1 nga1 1 tsheh1 1 nga-deu1 1 to go 1 tsheh-chi1 1 to come 1 tsheh-le1 4 ,outside_/1 nga-deu1 4 ,over_/1 zaung1 4 ,own_/1 z-ka-kuh1 4 ,p_/ ,package1 a_/1 ih bau1 4 ,pagoda1 a_/1 ih zoo thah1 4 ,pain_/1 thoong1 4 ,painter1 a_/1 ih kuh tshih ziang1 4 ,painting1 a_/1 ih fok wo1 4 ,pair_/1 ih saung1 1 ih te1 1 ih foo1 4 ,pane_/1 a of glass1 ih khwe poo-li1 4 ,paper_/1 ts-deu1 1 a sheet of 1 ih tsang ts-deu1 4 ,pardon_/1 nyau-so1 4 ,part_/1 a portion1 ih vung1 1 for the most 1 da-liak1 4 ,partition_/1 pih1 1 to build a 1 tshi pih1 4 ,pass_/1 to from the old year to the new1 koo1 4 ,path_/1 ih diau ka1 1 to mend a 1 tshi ka1 4 ,pawn1 to_/1 taung1 1 taung-theh1 4 ,pay1 to_/1 foo1 1 to attention1 yoong sing1 1 to ceremonial visit1 pa khak1 1 to respects to1 pa maung1 1 maung 1 to respects to a new year1 pa nyien1 4 ,payment_/1 to receive 1 seu1 1 to receive for a lease1 seu-tsoo1 4 ,peace_/1 bing-oen1 4 ,peach1 a_/1 ih tsak dau-ts1 4 ,pear1 a_/1 ih tsak sang-li1 4 ,pen1 a_/1 ih kwen pih1 4 ,pencil1 a_/1 ih kwen khan-pih1 4 ,people_/1 pak-sing1 4 ,perform1 to_/1 tsoo1 1 to a funeral ceremony1 tsoo-koong-tuh1 1 nyan-kyung1 4 ,perhaps_/1 khoong-pho1 1 ok-tse1 4 ,permit1 to_/1 hyui1 4 ,person_/1 ih kuh nyung1 4 ,phrase1 a_/1 ih kyui seh wo1 4 ,pheasant1 a_/1 ih tsak ya-kyi1 4 ,picul1 a_/1 ih tan1 4 ,piece1 a_/1 ih khwe1 1 a whole 7dry goods71 ih phih1 1 a ten cent 1 ih kauh1 4 ,pig1 a_/1 ih tsak ts-loo1 4 ,pigeon1 a_/1 ih tsak keh-ts1 4 ,pile_/1 a heap1 ih te1 4 ,piled_/1 one on top of another1 dzaung1 4 ,piles_/1 tsaung1 1 tsaung-mok1 4 ,pity_/1 e-lien1 1 within the range of 1 i tuh-koo1 1 beyond the range of 1 i-'veh-koo1 4 ,place_/1 di-faung1 1 dzang-hau1 1 han-deu1 1 what 8 sa di-faung1 8 ,place1 to_/1 pa1 1 faung1 1 to be d in an embarrassing position1 nan-we-dzing1 4 ,plane1 a_/1 ih tsak bau1 4 ,plaster1 to_/1 fung1 4 ,plate1 a_/1 ih tsak bung-ts1 4 ,play1 to_/1 beh-siang1 4 ,please_/1 tshing1 4 ,point_/1 tsien deu1 1 at the of1 kyi oo1 4 ,point1 to_/1 tien1 1 ts-tien1 4 ,politeness_/1 khak-chi1 4 ,poor_/1 joong1 1 joong-khoo1 4 ,post office_/1 sing-jok1 1 su-sing-kwen1 1 yeu-tsung-jok1 4 ,pot_/1 a tea 1 ih po dzo-#8oo1 4 ,powder_/1 gun1 hoo-yak1 4 ,power_/1 authority1 joen-ping1 1 1 might1 lih-liang1 1 1 ability1 nung-koen1 1 1 strength1 chi-lih1 4 ,pray1 to1_/ jeu1 4 ,prayer_/1 tau-kau1 4 ,preach1 to_/1 kaung-su1 4 ,precious_/1 pau-pe1 4 ,prepare1 to_/1 yui-be1 4 ,present1 to_/1 soong1 4 ,pretty_/1 tshui1 1 hau-khoen1 4 ,price_/1 ka-dien1 #8aung-dzing1 1 what is the 8 sa ka-dien1 8 sa #8aung-dzing1 8 to settle the 1kaung-ding1 4 ,priest_/1 a ,buddhist1 ih kuh oo-zaung1 1 a ,taoist 1 ih kuh dau-z1 4 ,proclamation_/1 ih tsang kau-z1 1 to put forth a 1 tsheh kau-z1 4 ,profit_/1 iuh-tshu1 1 hau-tshu1 1 to make a 1 dzan1 1 s in business1 dzan-deu1 4 ,promise_/1 iung-hyui1 4 ,propriety_/1 kwe-kyui1 4 ,prosecute1 to_/1 at law1 tang kwen-s1 4 ,protect_/1 pau-#8oo1 1 pau-yeu1 4 ,provide1 to_/1 yui-be1 4 ,pupil_/1 ih kuh #8auh-sang-ts1 4 ,purposely_/1 yeu-i1 1 koo-i1 4 ,q_/ ,quantity_/1 a small 1 tien1 4 ,quarrel1 to_/1 siang-mo1 4 ,quarter_/1 a of an hour1 ih khuh1 4 ,queue_/1 ih diau bien-ts1 4 ,quickly_/1 #8au-sau1 1 khwa-khwa1 4 ,quiet_/1 to sit 1 zoo-ding1 4 ,quilt1 a_/1 ih diau bi-deu1 4 ,r_/ ,railroad_/1 a carriage1 ih boo hoo-tsho1 4 ,rain_/1 yui1 4 ,rain1 to_/1 lauh-yui1 4 ,rat1 a_/1 ih tsak lau-ts1 1 lau-dzoong1 4 ,raw_/1 sang1 4 ,read1 to_/1 dok1 4 ,receipt_/1 seu-phiau1 1 seu-diau1 4 ,receive1 to_/1 zeu1 1 to payment1 seu1 to payment for a lease1 seu-tsoo1 1 to a guest1 tsih-khak1 4 ,recently_/1 jung-le1 4 ,reckon1 to_/1 soen1 4 ,recognize_/1 nyung-tuh1 4 ,recreation_/1 to take 1 beh-siang1 4 ,red_/1 #8oong1 4 ,regret1 to_/1 au-lau1 1 nan-we-dzing1 4 ,reject_/1 the1 1 the-theh1 4 ,relative_/ 7family71 tshing-kyoen1 4 ,relax_/1 to the mind1 san-sing1 4 ,rely_/1 to upon1 khau1 1 khau-thauh1 1 thauh1 4 ,remember1 to_/1 kyi1 1 kyi-tuh1 4 ,remove_/1 to a residence1 pen1 1 pen-dzang1 4 ,rent1 to_/1 tsoo1 1 tsia1 4 ,repair1 to_/1 sieu1 1 sieu-tsauh1 4 ,repairs_/1 sieu-li1 4 ,repent1 to_/1 hwe-ke1 4 ,reply_/1 we-wo1 1 we-sing1 1 we-deu1 4 ,rest1 to_/1 hyih1 1 hyih-sih1 4 ,return1 to_/1 tsen-le1 1 tsen-chi1 1 kyui-le1 1 kyui-chi1 4 ,revile1 to_/1 mo1 1 to one another1 siang-mo1 4 ,rice_/1 hulled1 mi1 1 growing 1 dau1 1 cooked 1 van1 1 to buy 1 dih mi1 4 ,rich_/1 to become 1 fah-dze1 4 ,ricksha1 a_/1 ih boo toong-yang-tsho1 1 ih boo waung-pau-tsho1 1 a coolie1 tsho foo1 4 ,ride_/1 ji1 1 to a horse1 ji mo1 1 to in a vehicle1 zoo-tsho-ts1 1 to in a sedan chair1 zoo-jau-ts1 4 ,right_/ 7direction71 yeu1 1 hand1 yeu seu1 1 side1 yeu pien1 4 ,ripe_/1 zok1 4 ,rise_/1 to up1 lok-chi-le1 1 to as the tide1 tsang1 4 ,river1 a_/1 ih diau kaung1 4 ,road1 a_/1 ih diau loo1 4 ,robber1 a_/1 ih kuh jang-dau1 4 ,roll1 to_/1 kwung1 1 kwung-#8au-chi1 4 ,room1 a_/1 ih kan1 1 guest 1 khak-vaung-kan1 1 bed 1 vaung-kan1 1 shroff's 1 tsang-vaung-kan1 1 dining 1 chuh-van-kan1 4 ,root_/1 kung1 4 ,rope1 a_/1 ih diau zung1 4 ,rough_/1 mau1 4 ,round_/1 yoen1 4 ,row_/1 classifier of things1 da1 1 a of trees1 ih da zu1 4 ,rumours_/1 yau-yien1 1 to start a 1 zau-yau-yien1 4 ,run_/1 to 1 bau1 1 to 7as water71 lieu1 1 to about1 bau-le-bau-chi1 4 ,russia_/1 ,ngoo-kok1 4 ,russian_/1 ngoo-kok-nyung1 4 ,s_/ ,safe_/1 #8wung-taung1 4 ,sail1 a_/1 ih sen boong1 4 ,sail1 to_/1 #8ang zen1 1 khe zen1 4 ,sake_/1 for the of1 we1 1 we-ts1 4 ,salary_/1 sok-sieu1 1 sing-foong1 1 sing-soe1 4 ,salt_/ 7noun7 yien1 1 7adj471 #8an1 4 ,same_/1 ih yang1 1 siang-doong1 4 ,satin_/1 doen-ts1 4 ,saturday_/1 li-pa-lok1 4 ,saucer1 a_/1 ih tsak dzo bung-ts1 4 ,save1 to_/1 kyeu1 1 to life1 kyeu-ming1 1 to time1 sang-koong-foo1 1 to money1 sang1 1 sang doong-dien1 1 tsoo nyung-ka1 4 ,saw1 a_/1 ih po ke-ts1 1 ka1 1 zih1 4 ,say1 to_/1 wo1 1 to him1 te yi wo1 1 kau soo yi1 1 nothing to 1 m-sa wo-deu1 4 ,scald1 to_/1 thaung1 4 ,scales_/1 balance1 thien-bing1 4 ,scholar_/1 ih kuh #8auh-sang-ts1 1 a learned man1 dok-su-nyung1 4 ,school1 a_/1 ih kuh #8auh-daung1 1 to open 1 khe-#8auh1 1 to dismiss 1 faung-#8auh1 4 ,scissors_/1 a pair of1 ih po tsien-tau1 4 ,scorch1 to_/1 hyuin1 1 tsiau1 4 ,screen1 a_/1 ih sen bing-foong1 4 ,sea_/1 he1 4 ,seal_/1 to a letter1 foong1 4 ,season1 a_/1 kyi1 1 the four s1 s-kyi1 4 ,seat1 a_/1 zoo-we1 1 please take a 1 tshing zoo1 4 ,second1 the_/1 di nyi1 4 ,secretly_/1 #8en-#8en-li1 1 theu-ben-ts1 4 ,secure_/1 #8wung-taung1 1 bing-oen1 4 ,sedan_/1 a chair1 ih ting jau-ts1 1 a coolie1 jau-pan1 1 jau-foo1 4 ,see1 to_/1 khoen1 1 khoen-kyien1 4 ,seek1 to_/1 zing1 4 ,seize1 to_/1 tsauh1 1 nau1 4 ,self_/1 z-ka1 4 ,sell1 to_/1 ma1 1 ma-theh1 4 ,send1 to_/1 soong1 1 to a person1 tsha1 1 to a letter1 kyi1 4 ,sentence1 a_/1 ih kyui seh-wo1 4 ,separate1 to_/1 fung1 1 fung-khe1 1 li-khe1 1 fung-bih1 4 ,servant1 a_/1 ih kuh yoong-nyung1 4 ,settle_/1 to the price1 kaung-ding1 4 ,seven_/1 tshih1 4 ,seventy_/1 tshih-seh1 4 ,sew1 to_/1 ling1 4 ,shall_/1 iau1 1 pih-iau1 4 ,shallow_/1 tshien1 4 ,shameful_/1 than-tshoong1 4 ,shanghai_/1 ,zaung-he1 4 ,sharp_/1 khwa1 4 ,sharpen1 to_/1 moo1 4 ,she_/1 yi1 4 ,sheep_/1 yang1 4 ,sheet1 a_/1 ih diau bi-tan1 1 a of paper1 ih tsang ts-deu1 4 ,ship_/1 zen1 4 ,shirting_/1 a piece of1 ih phih yang-poo1 4 ,shoes_/1 a pair of1 ih saung #8a-ts1 4 ,shoot_/1 to with a gun1 faung1 1 to birds1 tang tiau1 4 ,shop1 a_/1 ih ban tien1 1 a tea 1 ih ban dzo-kwen1 4 ,shore_/1 ngoen1 1 to go on 1 zaung ngoen1 4 ,short_/1 toen1 1 a time1 ih hyih koong-foo1 4 ,should_/1 khau-i1 1 iung-ke1 4 ,shroff1 a_/1 seu yang-dien kuh1 1 a 's room1 ih kan tsang-vaung-kan1 4 ,shut1 to_/1 kwan1 4 ,sick_/1 yeu bing1 4 ,side_/1 pien1 1 pien-deu1 1 baung-pien1 1 right 1 yeu pien1 1 left 1 tsi-pien1 4 ,sign1 a_/1 kyi-#8au1 1 #8au1 4 ,silk_/1 s1 1 dzeu1 4 ,silver_/1 nyung-ts1 4 ,sin_/1 dzoe1 1 dzoe-nyih1 4 ,since_/1 kyi-zen1 1 i-#8eu1 1 it is so1 kyi-zeu zeh-ke1 1 then1 di-kuh i-#8eu1 4 ,single_/1 tan1 1 dok1 4 ,sink1 to_/1 dzung-#8au-chi1 4 ,sister_/1 older1 ah-tsi1 1 younger 1 tsi-me1 1 me-me1 4 ,sit1 to_/1 zoo1 1 to --down1 zoo zoo1 1 to quiet1 zoo-ding1 4 ,six_/1 lok1 4 ,sixty_/1 lok-seh1 4 ,size_/1 doo-siau1 4 ,skin_/1 bi1 4 ,sky_/1 thien1 4 ,slack_/1 water1 bing-s1 4 ,slander1 to_/1 wo-liau1 1 hwe-paung1 1 wo-wa1 4 ,sleep1 to_/1 khwung1 4 ,slippery_/1 wah1 4 ,slow_/1 man1 1 ly1 man-man-nung1 1 to walk 1 man-man-nung-tseu1 4 ,small_/1 siau1 1 very 1 ih ngan-ngan doo1 1 a quantity of1 tien1 1 yeu-yien1 1 money1 siau kauh-ts1 1 siau yang-dien1 4 ,smash1 to_/1 se1 1 tang-se1 1 khau-se1 4 ,smoke_/1 ien1 1 to meat1 hyuin1 1 to tobacco1 chuh-ien1 4 ,smooth_/1 kwaung1 4 ,snake_/1 ih diau-zo1 4 ,snow_/1 sih1 1 lauh sih1 4 ,so_/1 zeh-ke1 1 that1 i-ts1 1 about 1 tsho-'veh-too1 4 ,soap_/1 bi-zau1 4 ,socks_/1 a pair of1 ih saung mah1 4 ,soft_/1 nyoen1 4 ,soldier1 a_/1 ih kuh ping-ting1 4 ,some_/1 yeu kuh1 1 kyi-kuh1 4 ,somebody_/1 yeu nyung1 4 ,somehow_/1 dzoe-bien na-nung1 4 ,sometimes_/1 dzang-z1 1 yeu kuh z-eu1 4 ,son_/1 ih kuh nyi-ts1 1 ih kuh #8eu-ts1 1 your 1 ling-laung1 1 my 1 siau-noen1 4 ,soochow_/1 ,soo-tseu1 4 ,soon_/1 tsau1 1 'veh too ih-hyih1 4 ,sorrow_/1 ieu-dzeu1 4 ,sort_/1 ih yang1 1 ih le1 4 ,sound_/1 sung-iung1 4 ,soup_/1 thaung1 4 ,south_/1 nen1 1 east1 toong-nen1 1 west1 si-nen1 4 ,southern_/1 nen-pien1 4 ,sparrow_/1 ih tsak moo-tshiak1 1 ih tsak moo-tshiang1 4 ,speak1 to_/1 wo1 1 bak-wo1 4 ,spectacles_/1 a pair of 1 ih foo ngan-kyung1 4 ,split1 to_/1 phih1 4 ,spoil1 to_/1 wa1 1 wa-theh1 4 ,spoon_/1 ih po tshau1 4 ,spring_/1 tshung1 1 tshung-kyi1 4 ,square_/1 faung1 4 ,squirrel_/1 ih tsak soong-su 7tshu71 4 ,stairs_/1 voo-thi1 4 ,stamp_/ 7postage71 nyung-deu1 1 or yeu-phiau1 4 ,stand1 to_/1 lih1 1 still1 lih-ding1 1 up1 lih-chi-le1 4 ,star_/1 ih kuh sing1 4 ,start_/1 to commence1 khe seu1 1 to on a journey1 doong-sung1 1 to a boat1 khe zen1 1 to a rumour1 zau yau-yien1 1 to a fire1 sang-hoo1 4 ,stay1 to_/1 tung-la1 1 dzu1 1 to with a person1 be1 4 ,steal1 to_/1 theu1 4 ,steam_/1 a boat1 ih tsak hoo-lung-zen1 4 ,step1 a_/1 ih boo1 4 ,stick1 a_/1 ih kung baung1 4 ,still_/1 yet1 wan1 1 dzung-jeu1 1 more1 kung-ka1 1 yoeh-ka1 1 7not yet71 wan-'veh-zun1 4 ,sting1 to_/1 ting1 4 ,stitch1 to_/1 ling 1 to take a 1 ling-ih-tsung1 4 ,stockings_/1 a pair of 1 ih saung mah1 4 ,stone1 a_/1 ih khwe zak-deu1 1 a mason1 ih kuh zak-ziang1 4 ,stool1 a_/1 ih tsak ngeh-ts1 4 ,stop1 to_/1 ding1 1 a minute1 ding-ih-ding1 4 ,story_/1 classifier for stories of a house1 dzung1 4 ,stove1 a_/1 ih tsak hoo-loo1 1 a cooking 7foreign71 ih tsak thih-tsau1 1 a cooking 7,chinese71 ih tsak tsau-deu1 4 ,street_/1 ih diau ka1 4 ,strike1 to_/1 tang1 1 khau1 1 to against1 bang-dzak1 1 to a match1 wak1 1 to injure by ing1 tang-wa1 4 ,string1 to_/ 7as cash71 tshen1 4 ,study1 a_/1 ih kan su-vaung1 1 dok1 1 dok su1 4 ,such_/1 zek-ke1 4 ,suddenly_/1 hweh-zen1 4 ,suffer1 to_/1 zeu-khoo1 1 zeu-nan1 1 to an injury1 zeu-#8e1 1 to a defeat1 tang-su1 1 tang-ba-tsang1 1 tang-ba 4 ,sufficient_/1 keu-z1 1 keu-z-tse1 1 yeu-tse1 4 ,sugar_/1 daung1 4 ,summer_/1 #8au1 1 #8au-kyi1 4 ,sun_/1 nyih-deu1 4 ,sunday_/1 li-pa-nyih1 4 ,supper_/1 ya-van1 4 ,suppose_/1 khoong-pho1 4 ,suppose1 to_/1 or to think1 tau-nyung-ts1 4 ,surprised_/1 to be1 hyi-ji1 4 ,swallow1 a_/1 ih tsak ien-ts1 4 ,sweet_/1 dien1 4 ,sword1 a_/1 ih po tau1 4 ,t_/ ,table1 a_/1 ih tsak de-ts1 1 a dining 1 chuh-van de-ts1 1 a boy1 ih kuh si-tse1 4 ,tablet_/1 a ,chinese ink 1 ih kuh nyien-ts1 1 ih kuh nyien-de1 4 ,tailor_/1 ih kuh ze-voong1 4 ,take1 to_/1 tan1 1 nau1 1 to 7by force71 tshiang1 1 tshiang-doeh1 1 to away1 tan-chi1 1 nau-chi1 1 to off 7remove71 nau-theh1 1 to off 7clothes71 thoeh1 1 thoeh-thoeh1 1 to off 7hat71 dzu1 1 to hold of1 nyah1 1 to with one1 ta-chi1 1 to care1 taung-sing1 1 siau-sing1 1 to great care1 too taung-sing1 1 to a wife1 thau nyang-ts1 4 ,talk1 to_/1 wo1 1 bak-wo1 1 to to1 te 7yi7 wo1 774 ,tall_/1 dzang1 4 ,taoist_/1 a priest1 dau-z1 1 a idol or god1 ih tsung zung-dau1 4 ,tea_/1 dzo1 1 a box of 1 ih siang dzo-yih1 1 a shop1 ih ban dzo-kwen1 1 ih po dzo-oo1 4 ,teach1 to_/1 kau1 1 a er1 ih kuh sien-sang1 4 ,tell1 to_/1 kau-soo1 4 ,temperature_/1 lang-nyih1 4 ,temple_/1 ih zoo miau1 4 ,ten_/1 zeh1 1 a cent piece1 ih kauh1 4 ,texture_/1 tshoo-si1 4 ,than_/1 pi1 1 more 1 'veh ba1 4 ,thank1 to_/1 zia1 4 ,that_/1 i-kuh1 4 ,thee_/1 noong1 4 ,their_/1 theirs1 yi-la-kuh1 4 ,them_/1 yi-la1 4 ,then_/1 nan-meh1 4 ,there_/1 leh-la1 1 i-deu1 1 i-khwe1 1 is1 yeu1 4 ,therefore_/1 soo-i1 1 keh-lau1 4 ,these_/1 di-kuh1 4 ,they_/1 yi-la1 4 ,thick_/1 7not thin71 #8eu1 4 ,thickness_/1 #8eu-bok1 4 ,thief_/1 ih kuh zuh1 4 ,thin_/1 bok1 1 7in reference to person7 seu1 4 ,thine_/1 noong-kuh1 4 ,thing_/ 7concrete71 ih kuh meh-z1 1 7an affair71 z-thi1 1 s of every sort1 yaug-yang1 4 ,think_/1 to1 siang1 4 ,thirty_/1 san-seh1 4 ,this_/1 di-kuh1 4 ,those_/1 i-kuh1 4 ,thou_/1 noong1 4 ,though_/1 soe-zen1 4 ,thought_/1 i-s1 4 ,thousand_/1 ih tshien1 4 ,thread1 a_/1 sien1 1 to a needle1 tshen yung-sien1 4 ,three_/1 san1 4 ,through_/1 koo1 4 ,throw1 to_/1 tieu1 4 ,thursday_/1 li-pa-s1 4 ,thus_/1 zeh-ke1 1 zeh-ke-nung1 4 ,thy_/1 noong-kuh1 4 ,tide_/1 dzau1 1 dzau-s1 1 flowing in1 tsang-s1 1 flowing out1 lauh-s1 4 ,tie1 to_/1 vok1 1 to 7a small parcel71 tsah1 1 to up1 paung1 1 to firmly1 vok lau1 1 vok lau dzu1 4 ,tiger_/1 ih tsak lau-hoo1 4 ,timber_/1 a pile of 1 ih te mok-deu1 4 ,time_/1 z-#8eu1 1 zung-kwaung1 1 koong-foo1 1 what --81 kyi tien-tsoong1 1 a long 1 dzang-yoen1 1 dzang-yoen-tse1 1 ta-z-tse1 4 ,tin_/1 sih1 4 ,tired_/1 sa-doo1 4 ,to_/1 tau1 1 say him1 te yi wo1 1 give 7it7 me1 peh ngoo1 1 and fro1 le-le chi-chi1 1 no purpose1 bak-bak-li1 4 ,tobacco_/1 ien1 4 ,to-day_/1 kyung-tsau1 4 ,toe1 a_/1 ih tsak kyak-tsih-deu1 4 ,together_/1 da ka1 1 ih dau1 1 ih doong1 4 ,to-morrow_/1 ming-tsau1 4 ,tongue_/1 zeh-deu1 4 ,to-night_/1 kyung-ya1 4 ,too_/1 thuh1 4 ,tools_/1 a set of1 ih foo ka-sang1 4 ,touch1 to_/1 mok1 4 ,towards_/1 tau1 4 ,towel_/1 ih diau seu-kyung1 4 ,town_/1 dzung1 4 ,travel1 to_/1 #8ang1 4 ,treat_/1 de1 1 to rudely1 de-man1 4 ,tree1 a_/1 ih khoo zu1 4 ,tricky_/1 diau-bi1 4 ,trousers_/1 khoo-ts1 4 ,true_/1 tsung1 1lau-zeh1 4 ,truly_/1 zeh-dze1 4 ,trunk1 a_/1 ih tsak siang-ts1 4 ,trust1 to_/1 khau1 1 thauh1 1 worthy to be ed1 khau-tuh-dzu1 1 unworthy to be ed1 khau-'veh-dzu1 4 ,try1 to_/1 s-s-khoen1 4 ,tub_/1 doong1 4 ,tubular_/1 classifier for things1 kwen1 4 ,tuesday_/1 li-pa-nyi1 4 ,turn1 to_/1 tsen1 1 zien-tsen-le1 1 to over1 fan1 1 fan tsen-le1 1 to around1 zien1 1 zien tsen le1 4 ,twelve_/1 zeh-nyi1 4 ,twenty_/1 nyan1 4 ,twice_/1 liang-we1 1 liang-thaung1 ,c#c4 ,two_/1 nyi1 liang1 4 ,u_/ ,ugly_/1 pho1 1 pho-le1 4 ,umbrella1 an_/1 ih po san1 4 ,unable_/1 'veh nung-keu1 4 ,under_/1 ti-#8au1 4 ,understand1 to_/1 toong1 1 ming-bak1 1 hyau-tuh1 4 ,universal_/1 phoo-thien-#8au1 1 #8eh-thien-#8au1 4 ,unmarried_/1 an woman1 siau-tsia1 4 ,unripe_/1 sang1 4 ,unroll1 to_/1 than-khe-le1 4 ,unstable_/1 doong lau doong1 4 ,until_/1 dzuh-tau1 1 tung-tau1 4 ,up_/1 zaung1 4 ,upon_/1 la laung1 4 ,upset_/1 tang-fan1 4 ,us_/1 ngoo-nyi1 1 nyi1 4 ,use1 to_/1 yoong1 4 ,useful_/1 yeu yoong-deu1 4 ,useless_/1 bak-bak-li1 4 ,v_/ ,vain_/1 in 1 bak-bak-li1 4 ,value_/1 7price71 ka-dien1 4 ,variegated_/ 7colours71 ng-ngan-lok-suh1 4 ,vegetables_/1 tshe1 1 7served on table71 siau-tshe1 4 ,vegetation_/ 7general71 hwo-tshau-zu-mok1 4 ,venerable_/1 lau1 4 ,very_/1 'man1 1 tsoe1 1 ting1 4 ,victory_/1 to gain a 1 tang-sung-tsang1 1 tang-yung1 4 ,visit1 to_/1 maung1 1 pa maung1 1 to return a 1 we pa1 1 wan pa1 1 to pay ceremonial 1 pa khak1 4 ,visitor1 a_/1 ih we khak-nyung1 4 ,w_/ ,wages_/1 koong-dien1 4 ,wait1 to_/1 tung1 1 a minute1 tung-ih-tung1 1 hyih-ih-liyih1 1 tung-ih-hyih1 4 ,walk1 to_/1 tseu1 1 tseu-loo1 1 to slowly1 man-man-ts-tseu1 4 ,wall_/1 ziang1 1 build a 1 tshi1 1 tshi ziang1 4 ,want1 to_/1 iau1 4 ,warm_/1 noen-nyih1 4 ,wash1 to_/1 zing1 1 to the face1 kha mien1 4 ,washbasin_/1 or bowl1 a1 ih tsak mien-bung1 4 ,washerman_/1 zing-i-zaung-kuh1 1 da-i-zaung-kuh1 4 ,washstand_/1 ih tsak kha-mien de-ts1 4 ,waste1 to_/1 saung1 1 fi1 1 fi-theh1 4 ,watch1 a_/1 ih tsak piau1 4 ,water_/1 s1 1 a bucket of 1 ih doong s1 1 boiling 1 khe s1 1 hot 1 nyih s1 1 cold 1 lang s1 1 a buffalo1 ih tsak s-nyeu1 4 ,way_/1 loo1 4 ,we_/1 ngoo-nyi1 1 nyi1 4 ,wear1 to_/1 tsak1 1 to a hat1 ta mau-ts1 4 ,weasel_/1 ih tsak waung-laung1 4 ,wednesday_/1 li-pa-san1 4 ,week1 a_/1 ih li-pa1 4 ,weigh1 to_/1 tshung1 4 ,weight_/1 chung-dzoong1 4 ,welcome1 to_/1 7guest71 nyung-tsih1 4 ,well1 a_/1 ih kheu tsing1 1 hau1 4 ,west1 the_/1 si1 1 si-pien1 4 ,wet_/1 sak1 4 ,what_/1 sa1 1 sa-kuh1 1 na-nung1 1 is the matter8 sa-z-thi1 8 is the price8 sa ka-dien1 8 sa #8aung-dzing1 8 is your honorable name8 tsung-sing da-ming1 8 is your honorable age8 kwe-kang too-sau1 8 kyi-hau kwe-kang1 8 ,whatever_/1 whatsoever1 'veh lung sa1 1 dzoe-bien sa1 1'veh kyui-sa1 1 time you please1 dzoe bien kyi-z1 4 ,wheat_/1 mak1 4 ,wheelbarrow1 a_/1 ih boo tsho-ts1 1 siau-tsho1 4 ,when_/1 kyi-z1 1 sa z-#8eu1 4 ,whence_/1 #8a-li1 1 sa-di-faung1 1 sa dzang-hau1 1 sa #8oo-daung1 4 ,which_/1 #8a-li1 1 soo1 4 ,whichever_/1 dzoe-bien1 4 ,white_/1 bak1 4 ,who_/1 sa nyung8 1 7relative71 soo1 4 ,whole_/1 the of a thing1 ih tshih1 4 ,whosoever_/1 van-i1 4 ,why_/1 we-sa1 1 we-sa-lau1 4 ,wicked_/1 auh1 4 ,wide_/1 khweh1 4 ,wife_/1 to marry a 1 thau-nyang-ts1 1 a husband and 1 ih te foo-tshi1 4 ,will1 the_/1 tsu-i1 1 1 auxiliary1 iau1 1 tsiang-iau1 4 ,willing_/1 to be1 khung1 4 ,wind_/1 foong1 4 ,window1 a_/1 ih sen tshaung1 4 ,wine_/1 tsieu1 1 a shop1 ih ban tsieu-tien1 4 ,winter_/1 toong1 4 ,wipe1 to_/1 kha1 4 ,wise_/1 tshoong-ming1 4 ,wish1 to_/1 iau1 4 ,with_/1 tah1 1 doong1 1 ih dau1 4 ,wolf_/1 ih tsak za-laung1 4 ,woman_/1 nyui-nyung1 1 unmarried 1 siau-tsia1 4 ,wonder1 to_/1 hyi-ji1 4 ,wood_/1 mok-deu1 4 ,word_/1 seh-wo1 1 wo-deu1 4 ,work_/1 koong-foo1 1 sang-weh1 1 to commence 1 doong-seu1 1 khe-kong1 1 tsoo sang-weh1 4 ,worship1 to_/1 pa1 4 ,wound1 to_/1 tang-saung1 1 to be ed1 zeu-saung1 4 ,write1 to_/1 sia1 4 ,y_/ ,ye_/1 na1 4 ,year1 a_/1 ih nyien1 1 half a 1 pen-nyien1 1 this 1 kyung-nyien1 1 last 1 jeu nyien1 1 next 1 khe-nyien1 1 ming-nyien1 1 le-nyien1 1 ,new 1 sing-nyien1 1 ,new 's day1 nyien tshoo ih1 1 every 1 nyien-nyien1 1 'me-nyien1 1 the end of the 1 nyien-ya1 1 nyien-ti1 1 at the beginning of the 1 nyieu deu laung1 1 to pass from the old to the new1 koo-nyien1 4 ,yellow_/1 waung1 4 ,yes_/1 z-kuh1 4 ,yesterday_/1 zau nyih1 1 day before 1 koo-nyih-ts1 1 zien-nyih-ts1 1 i-nyih-ts1 4 ,yet_/1 dzung-jeu1 1 not 1 'veh zung1 1 still not 1 wan 'veh zung 4 ,you_/1 noong1 1 7pl471 na1 4 ,your_/1 yours1 noong-kuh1 1 7pl471 na-kuh1 4 ,additional ,transcriber's ,notes4 99 ,the #aiac edition of this book was used to help read illegible letters and characters in this version4 99 ,characters not found in the ,unicode #ac set are replaced by #8,cn' where #8n' is a unique number4 ,descriptions of the unknown characters are at the end of the book4 99 ,tones marks for given words are inconsistent throughout the book4 ,they were corrected when possible4 99 ,hyphenation of ,romanized text has been left unchanged4 ,english text hyphenation has been standardized4 99 ,tone marks were standardized to be placed before leading apostrophes 7i4e4 #8 rather than #874 99 ,the book uses rather than for the past participle4 ,the earlier editions of this book used and that use is still visible in some examples in this book4 ,edkins' #ahfh grammar book uses 4 99 ,the book uses rather than 4 ,the earlier editions of this book used and that use is still visible in some examples in this book4 ,edkins' #ahfh grammar book uses 4 99 ,the book uses rather than 4 ,the earlier editions of this book used and that use is still visible in some examples in this book4 ,edkins' #ahfh grammar book uses 4 99 ,some character usage is inconsistent in this text3 99 ,sometimes the variant has been used for 4 99 ,sometimes the variant has been used for 4 99 ,sometimes the variant has been used for 4 99 ,sometimes the variant has been used for 4 99 ,sometimes the variant has been used for 4 99 ,sometimes the variant has been used for 4 99 ,sometimes the variant has been used for 4 99 ,sometimes the variant has been used for 4 99 ,sometimes the variant has been used for 4 99 ,sometimes the variant has been used for 4 99 ,sometimes the variant has been used for 4 99 ,sometimes the variant has been used for 4 99 ,sometimes the variant has been used for 4 99 ,sometimes the variant has been used for 4 99 ,sometimes the variant has been used for 4 99 ,sometimes the variant has been used for 4 99 ,sometimes the variant has been used for 4 99 ,sometimes the variant has been used for ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,unknown ,characters4 ,c#j ,the actual representation is an i with a double dot underneath4 ,c#a on left1 with horizontal line on right4 ,ideographic ,description ,sequence3 ,c#b tsiang1 stacked over 4 ,ideographic ,description ,sequence3 ,c#c thaung1 as one character4 ,ideographic ,description ,sequence3