,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,equal signs 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate bold 9 ! orig9al text4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,antiquat$ spell+s h be5 pres]v$4 ,typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,illu/ration ,,on ,,! ,,processes ,,= ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,ex ,,libris 7,,book-,,plates7 ,by ,john ,v9ycomb1 ,m4,r4,i4,a4 ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,antiqu>ies ( ,irel& ,presid5t ( ! ,belfa/ ,art ,society1 #ahia-ib ,memb] ( ,c\ncil ( ! ,ex ,libris ,society ,repr9t$ f ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,ex ,libris ,society ) additional illu/rations4 ,illu/ration ,,london3 ,a4 ,c4 ,,black1 ,,soho ,,squ>e #ahid ,,to ,,ar?ur ,,vic>s1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,,ul/] ,,k+ ,,( ,,arms ,a ,,vice-,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,ex ,,libris ,,society ,,& ,,an ,,em95t ,,collector ,i ,,respectfully ,,d$icate ,,?is ,,little ,,book4 ,illu/ration3 ,,frankl9 ,,press4 ,n[ at ,philadelphia1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,preface4 ,9 acc$+ to ! au?or's reque/ t ,i w\ld add a few words ( introduction to ^! repr9t$ articles1 ,i d s ) pleasure1 al?\gh ent]+ a mild prote/ !reon1 inasmu* z ! writ] has h&l$ 8 subject s well t x leaves v little to say1 except 9 comm5dation ( ! "w to ! fav\rable consid]ation ( ^? = :om x 0 writt54 ,mr4 ,v9ycomb has 9 ^! articles aim$ to give 8 read]s a practical diss]tation ^u ! modes ( execution1 r ?an ^u ! hi/ory & classification ( /yles 9 ! production ( book-plates2 & 9 ?is he has c]ta9ly dep>t$ f ! beat5 track1 & has furni%$ a v concise & cle> acc\nt ( ! v>i\s processes by :i* our book-plates are produc$ & reproduc$1 & ! num]\s & +5i\s me?ods ( manipulation resort$ to 9 _! manufacture4 ,"s p may take exception to ! ^w manufacture1 us$ 9 ?is connection1 z be+ inappropriate to a description ( :at may be def9$ z "o ( ! mod]n arts4 ,b ! t]ms1 ?\gh by no means synonym\s1 are at any rate ak92 = d\btless ! majority ( book-plates are arti/ically design$1 b = _! reproduction & f9al manipulation ! aid ( sci5ce mu/ be resort$ to4 ,mr4 ,v9ycomb1 9 8 op5+ rem>ks1 says3 8,! production ( book-plates1 by :atev] means1 is b a side bran* ( ! art by :i* pictorial & decorative illu/rations ( e k9d are execut$1 & copies multipli$ by "s ( ! ord9>y processes ( pr9t+40 ,he !n tells u t :]eas 9 =m] times wood engrav+ & copp] engrav+ 7 responsible = mo/ ( ! book-plates exi/+1 8! advance ( mod]n sci5ce has1 h[ev]1 *ang$ all t1 & we may n[ possess a *>m+ book-plate1 :i* is nei!r engrav$ on wood or on copp]1 & yet may pass = ei!r ! "o or ! o!r1 or h *>act]i/ics entirely its own40 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t _m p]sons h a great abhorr5ce ( processes ( all k9ds1 & _c be satisfi$ ) any?+ %ort ( an ,ex ,libris work$ direct f ! copp]4 ,9 ! highe/ int]e/s ( ,art1 !y are d\btless "r2 b :]eas x is only ! ri* man :o c pur*ase ! "w ( an old ma/] or ( a mod]n pa9t]1 by means ( ! despis$ process blocks ^! same works ( art c be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ev]yone4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is too wide a subject to be dealt ) "h2 yet a glance at ! pages ( ! ,/udio & o!r curr5t p]iodicals %\ld conv9ce ! mo/ sceptical t ! mo/ beautiful "w may be produc$ by ^! same processes4 ,x is ! same ) book-plates1 ! arti/'s h&iwork be+ reproduc$ 9 absolute fac-simile4 ,mr4 ,v9ycomb leads u1 9 ^! pages1 by easy /ages1 ?r\gh ! v>i\s developm5ts ( engrav+1 f ! r\gh woodcuts :i* are to be f\nd 9 ! e>lie/ pr9t$ books to ! beautifully f9i%$ "w ( ,dr] & o!r ma/]s ( engrav+4 ,!n comes ! engrav+ on metals & et*+2 & la/ we are let into ! secrets ( ! v>i\s means adopt$ = ! duplication ( arti/s' sket*es by means ( blocks or transf]s1 f :i* any numb] ( copies may be tak54 ,he has1 z we h already /at$1 treat$ 8 subject 9 an em95tly practical mann]1 s t ! v]ie/ tyro may be able to und]/& ! me?ods us$ 9 ! multiplication ( ,ex ,libris2 & by means ( ! well-select$ illu/rations1 & ! h9ts s freely scatt]$ ov] ^! pages1 x is an easy matt] = ^? :o h n /udi$ ! art ( engrav+ & process-work+ to ga9 a fair k ( ! subject4 ,"s ( ! illu/rations h already appe>$ 9 connection ) ^! articles 9 ! ,ex ,libris ,j\rnal 7,vol4 ,,iii41 pp4 #aea1 #agj2 ,vol4 ,,iv41 pp4 #ag1 #dc1 #eg1 #ib72 o!rs are introduc$ "h = ! fir/ "t2 b !y are all well calculat$ to enhance ! value ( ,mr4 ,v9ycomb's "w1 & to %[ :at c be done by ! v>i\s me?ods 9 use4 ,fur!r1 x may be safely assum$ t all sy/ematic collectors ( book-plates w be glad to h 9 ?is h&y & indep5d5t =m an essay ^u ! practical side ( a subject 9 :i* !y h up to ! pres5t tak51 p]haps1 b a g5]al or s5tim5tal int]e/4 ,?anks to ! =mation ( ! ,ex ,libris ,society1 ! collection & pres]vation ( book-plates has n[ rea*$ some?+ ak9 to a sci5tific position1 & 9 l>ge & valuable collections x has become m & m necess>y to "k h[ be/ to classify & arrange our acquisitions4 ,?is k c !re=e be/ be secur$ by /udy+ su* works z ! pres5t1 by means ( :i* ! collector is able to judge ( ! age & value ( a plate1 or at any rate to fix an approximate date to ^? 7& !y are _m7 :i* h no pr9t$ date to fix _! id5tity4 ,?is little "w comes z a valuable companion to ,mr4 ,hamilton's rec5tly publi%$ "w on 8,dat$ ,book-plates10 9 :i* he deals ) almo/ all ! bran*es ( ! subject ( mo/ int]e/ or value to collectors1 b has1 naturally1 little to say ^u ! practical production ( ,ex ,libris--leav+ t to an exp]t 9 ! p]son ( ! writ] ( ! pres5t essay4 ,= practical engrav]s ,mr4 ,v9ycomb has probably said too mu*1 or n en\gh1 or has1 p]haps1 only told !m :at !y knew already2 b z ! majority ( collectors _c be class$ 9 ?is category1 x may fairly be assum$ t ! au?or has fill$ a gap 9 book-plate lit]ature :i* no previ\s writ] has attempt$ to supply1 & t 8 "w w be f\nd ( great value to memb]s ( ! ,ex ,libris ,society1 & to collectors ( book-plates 9 g5]al4 ,w4 ,h4 ,k4 ,,wright1 ,editor ,ex ,libris ,j\rnal4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page ,,preface v4 ,,introduction #a ,,wood ,,engrav+ #i ,,engrav+ ,,on ,,copp] ,,& ,,/eel #bg ,,li?ography #eh ,,*romo-,,li?ography #fe ,,photo-,,li?ography #fe ,,draw+ ,,= ,,photo-,,li?o4 ,,& ,,process ,,"w #fg ,,process ,,blocks--,l9e ,"w #fi 0 ,half-tone ,blocks #hc ,,h9ts ,,to ,,collectors ,,( ,,ex ,,libris #ia 8,,au ,,revoir0 #ie ,illu/ration ,,ex ,,libris ,,illu/rations4 ,r4 ,s4 ,mans]gh--,armorial1 pr9t$ 9 t9ctures by ,*romo-,li?ography ,frontispiece ,,mod]n ,,engrav$ ,,plates-- ,fac+ ,page ,r4 ,day1 ,f4,s4,a41 engrav$ by ,c4 ,w4 ,%]born1 pr9t$ f ! copp]-plate #bg pr9t$ by ,r4 ,day1 ,f4,s4,a4--,vesica ,armorial li?ography #a ,r4 ,s4 ,mans]gh--,armorial 0 #db ,edw>d ,cox--,circul> ,armorial 0 #de ,w4 ,h4 ,k4 ,wright1 ,f4,r4,,hi/4,,soc4 --,libr>y ,int]ior 0 #dg ,r4 ,day1 ,f4,s4,a4--,pictorial1 ,et*+ 0 #dh ,r4 ,j4 ,well&1 ,bi%op ( ,d[n & ,connor & ,dromore 0 #eb ,j4 ,f4 ,wilson--,circul> ,armorial 0 #ed ,j4 ,neville ,cross--,circul> ,seal ,armorial 0 #ef ,,li?ograph$ ,,& ,,photo-,,li?ograph$ ,,examples-- ,joseph ,mc,chesney--,pictorial #eh ,rob]t ,day1 ,f4,s4,a4--,libr>y ,int]ior #fj ,fr$k4 ,ar?ur ,beale--,armorial #fb ,wood ,in/itute1 ,rugby--,decorative #fd ,rob]t ,day1 ,f4,s4,a4--,ogham1 ,l&scape1 etc4 #ff ,free ,public ,libr>y1 ,belfa/--,decorative ,arm4 #gj ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,bibby--,libr>y ,int]ior #gb ,rob]t ,co*rane1 ,c4,e41 ,f4,r4,i4,b4,a41 ,f4,s4,a41 etc4 --,armorial #hj ,,ex ,,libris ,,illu/rations ,,9 ,,! ,,text1 ,reproduc$ by ,process ,blocks4 ,page ,j4 ,h4 ,fry]--,et*+1 ,l&scape1 by ,lamb]t1 ,newca/le #a ,br&5burg or ,buxheim plate--,e>ly wood engrav+ #h ,hans ,igl] plate--,e>ly wood engrav+ 7d\ble-page7 #ad ,kress ( ,kress5/e91 by ,alb]t ,dr] #ag ,wm4 ,taylor1 by ,bewick--,wood engrav+ #ai 7,no "n7 0 0 #ba ,kress ( ,kress5/e91 by ,hans ,tros*el1 engrav$ on copp] #bh ,samuel ,pepys--,portrait plate by ,r4 ,:ite1 engrav$ on copp] #ca ,h54 ,ja4 ,pye--,*ipp5dale plate by ,playn] #cc ---- ,b>r[--,armorial ,book-pile1 by ,lightb\ne1 engrav$ on copp] #cf ,william ,c[p]--,decorative ,armorial1 engrav$ on copp] #ci ,ellis ,gamble--,decorative ,armorial1 by ,william ,hog>?1 engrav$ on copp] #dj ,william ,hog>?--,decorative ,monogram plate1 engrav$ on copp] #da ,edw4 ,lov$5 ,lov$5--,engrav$ on copp] #dd ,h4 ,/am=d--,pictorial1 et*+ on copp] #di ,james ,neild ,two ,pictorial ,et*+s by ,bewick #ea ---- ,sp5ce ,joseph ,poll>d 0 0 #ec ,*as4 ,f5wick ,*>les ,bragge--,urn ,armorial1 et*+ #eg ,ar?ur ,vic>s1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,ul/] ,k+ ( ,arms-- ,p5 & ink1 by ,rev4 ,w4 ,fitz,gerald #fh ,francis ,joseph ,bigg]1 ,m4,r4,i4,a4--7,old ,belfa/7 ,p5 & ink #gj ,rob]t ,day1 ,f4,s4,a4--,armorial ,masonic #gb ,walt] ,besant1 ,m4,a4--,libr>y ,int]ior #gd ,francis ,joseph ,bigg]--,armorial #gf ,george ,rollo--,smi?y ,int]ior #gh ,f4 ,d4 ,w>d1 ,j4,p41 ,m4,r4,i4,a41 ,,*4,l4,h4--,armorial #hj ,i4 ,m4 ,f4 ,h4 ,/one1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,c4,s4--,armorial #hb ,ar?ur ,acton--,emblematic #hd ,belfa/ ,art ,society1 #c sizes--,emblematic #hf ,dubl9 ,naturali/s' ,field ,club #hh ,masonic ,prov9ce ( ,d[n--,armorial ,masonic #ij ,john ,v9ycomb1 ,m4,r4,i4,a4--,armorial #if ,,f9e ,,half-,,tone ,,process ,,blocks-- ,fac+ ,page ,antiqu>ian subject1 reproduc$ f ,mono-t9t ,draw+ #hc ,virg9 & ,*ild1 reproduc$ by ,aquat9t ,engrav+ #hi ,george ,g4 ,w>d1 reproduc$ f ,design 9 ,col\rs = ,/a9$ ,glass #ic ,v9icombe ,bey1 reproduc$ f ,s(t-gr\nd ,et*+ #id ,,illu/rative ,,cuts ,,9 ,,text4 ,frankl9 ,press1 n[ at ,philadelphia iv4 ,caxton's 8,pr9t]'s ,m>k0 #i ,=m-,s*neid] at ,"w #ac ,engrav]'s ,knife1 f ,papillon's ,treatise1 #agff #ae ,press ( ,asc5sius #af ,engrav]'s ,tools #bd ,mode ( ,engrav+ #be ,copp]-plate ,pr9t+ ,press #df ,li?ographic ,pr9t+ ,press #eh ,illu/ration3 ,transf]1 direct f ,engrav$ plate to /one4 ,illu/ration3 ,et*+ on copp] by ,lamb]t1 ,newca/le1 reproduc$ by process block4 ,f ! collection ( ,w4 ,h4 ,k4 ,wright4 ,,on ,,! ,,processes ,,= ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,ex ,,libris4 ,by ,john ,v9ycomb1 ,m4,r4,i4,a4 ,,introductory4 ,! production ( book-plates1 by :atev] means1 is b a side bran* ( ! ,art by :i* pictorial & decorative illu/rations ( e k9d are execut$1 & copies multipli$ by "s ( ! ord9>y processes ( pr9t+4 ,)\t1 at ?is /age1 go+ m9utely into ! hi/ory ( pictorial illu/ration & pr9t+1 x may be briefly /at$ t 9 times pa/1 ! only available modes ( reproduction 7 ei!r by engrav$ wood blocks ) ! l9es 9 relief to pr9t ) lett]press1 or by engrav$ copp]-plates hav+ ! l9es cut into ! poli%$ surface ( ! metal & pr9t$ by ! copp]-plate press 7! modus op]&i 9 ea* me?od w be expla9$ lat] on74 ,! processes = ! production ( ,ex ,libris--z x is n[ ! fa%ion to t]m ^! da9ty little works ( art we s delight to collect & pres]ve--are to-day s num]\s & s v>i$ 9 _! /yle & "* ( "w z to be :olly dissimil>1 yet 9 v _m in/ances we f9d ! results to be s ne>ly alike t only a practical exp]t c1 ) any degree ( c]ta9ty1 /ate h[ & by :at means !y h be5 execut$4 ,x is n !re=e surpris+ t ! collector--t pick]-up ( unconsid]$ trifles--h[ev] deeply v]s$ he may be 9 ! lit]ature ( ! subject1 = want ( "s te*nical k %\ld sometimes be my/ifi$ & unable to decl>e h[ a p>ticul> specim5 has be5 produc$4 ,9 ! old] examples !re is little or no difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 a woodcut & a pr9t f a copp]-plate2 to "o or ! o!r ( ^! two me?ods x mu/ ( necessity belong4 ,! advance ( mod]n sci5ce has1 h[ev]1 *ang$ all t1 & we may n[ possess a *>m+ book-plate1 :i* is nei!r engrav$ on wood nor on copp]1 & yet may pass = ei!r ! "o or ! o!r1 or h *>act]i/ics entirely its own4 ,"s acc\nt ( ^! two old] me?ods & _! lat] developm5ts1 z well z a sket* ( "s ( ! mod]n processes aris+ out ( ! inv5tion ( li?ography & photography1 w be ( int]e/ to collectors ( ,ex ,libris2 p>ticul>ly ! process blocks s mu* 9 vogue at ! pres5t "t = high-class book illu/rations1 magaz9es1 ! illu/rat$ weeklies1 etc41 by means ( :i* ! arti/'s draw+1 ?r\gh a happy union ( ^! lat] arts & *emical sci5ce1 may be translat$ into a pr9t+ surface ( metal or o!r mat]ial = giv+ (f impressions by ! type press1 ! copp]-plate press1 by li?ography1 or by "o ( ! photo-me*anical processes1 su* z calotype1 etc4 ,by ref]5ce to repres5tative examples1 x is hop$ to enable ! collector to =m a pretty accurate idea ( ! mode ( execution ( simil> works4 ,:atev] m]it ( orig9ality or ( fancy ! e>li] examples may possess1 x is int]e/+ to obs]ve h[ l>gely book-plates p>take ( ! prevail+ /yle or fa%ion ( ! times4 ,by ?is te/ alone1 collectors are l$ almo/ to a c]ta9ty to fix an approximate date :5 !y 7 design$ & engrav$4 ,aga91 h[ cle>ly ! "* ( ! arti/ appe>s ^u ! face ( ea* example1 :e!r he 0 a 8base me*anick0 at 8 trade1 or a true arti/1 :o l5t 8 ?\ght & skilful h& to embelli% ! libr>y ( 8 fri5d or cli5t4 ,! arti/ himself1 9 old times1 g5]ally a v]satile _m-sid$ man1 adapt$ himself to 8 "w & wr\ght out 8 ideas con amore 9 :atev] direction he might be call$ ^u1 :e!r x 0 to pa9t "s great picture1 to draw & p]haps engrave on wood or copp] "s ( 8 immortal conceptions1 or x may be only a simple book-plate = 8 fri5d & patron4 ,su* a man 0 ,albre*t ,dr]4 ,a book-plate by him1 cut on wood1 = 8 fri5d1 ,bilibaldi ,pirckheim]1 =ms ! frontispiece to ! ,hon4 ,leice/] ,w>r5's book on 8,! ,/udy ( ,book-plates40 ,m5 l ,mi*ael ,angelo1 :o c\ld v>y 8 occupation to e phase ( ,art1 n[ z an ar*itect1 conceiv+ & c>ry+ out ! erection ( ! great ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome1 pa9t+ ! gr&e/ & mo/ sublime pictures1 & 9 sculpture )\t a rival1 b :o c\ld also br+ 8 l(ty m9d to ! consid]ation ( works ( less importance4 ,to him1 to ,hans ,holbe91 & o!rs ( highe/ rank z arti/s1 we are indebt$ = ! imm5se advancem5t ( ! f9e arts at ?is p]iod1 :i*1 />t+ ) ! ,r5aissance ( ,lit]ature & ,art 9 ! #ae? & #af? c5turies1 gradually disp]s$ ! d>kness ( ! middle ages4 ,draw+ & engrav+ on wood 7 br\ght to a high degree ( p]fection1 & a race ( arti/s 0 educat$1 :o devot$ !mselves exclusively to illu/rat+ books :i* ! rec5tly inv5t$ art ( pr9t+ _h call$ into requisition4 ,wood engrav+1 z an adjunct to pr9t$ books1 0 ! e>lie/ =m 9 :i* good art became popul>is$3 book illu/ration by engrav$ copp]-plates 0 a lat] developm5t1 ?\gh ! art 0 n unkn[n3 at a lat] p]iod1 copp]-plate illu/rations almo/ entirely sup]s$$ wood = ! purpose4 ,"o :o has c>efully /udi$ ! illu/rations 9 e>ly-pr9t$ books--f pr9t]'s m>k on title-page to colophon--_c fail to be /ruck ) ! manly & vigor\s /yle ( draw+ 9 ! cuts1 %ew+ a real grasp ( ! subject & ma/]y ( detail1 & :ile we may be amus$ at ! qua9t conceits1 & some:at crude l9es1 we _c b be *>m$ ) ! natural simplicity ( ! draw+1 ?\gh lack+ almo/ entirely 9 local col\r4 ,9 ! infancy ( ! art ( engrav+ on wood1 x necess>ily foll[$ t !re %\ld be "s want ( ref9em5t 9 ! execution4 ,! engrav] on wood 0 born v "y1 & _h to grope 8 way by t$i\s practice to acquire skill & k = 8 "w4 ,! arti/1 on ! contr>y1 l ,m9]va1 came into be+ fully equipp$1 or1 to be lit]al1 he already exi/$2 ) mature exp]i5ce he adapt$ 8 skill to ! requirem5ts ( ! new art1 ! fir/ & mo/ important be+ t1 z ! tools ( ! engrav] & ! wood he us$ 7 unfitt$ = small details1 ! l9es to be drawn by ! arti/ on ! wood mu/ necess>ily be few & well *os54 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,br&5burg1 or ,buxheim plate1 circa #adhj4 ,! olde/ ,ex ,libris actually connect$ ) a pr9t$ book4 ,see ,ex ,libris ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #ga4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,,device ,,commonly ,,attribut$ ,,to ,,caxton4 ,,caxton',s ,,m>k4 ,,wood ,,engrav+4 ,beyond giv+ "s idea ( :at wood engrav+ is & h[ x is produc$1 x is n int5d$ to d m ?an ref] to ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! art--a subject on :i* bulky volumes h be5 writt5--or to ent] m9utely into ! details & modes ( execution ( mod]n "w4 ,to ^? :o desire fur!r in=mation1 special works on ! subject may be consult$4#a ,footnote #a3 ,jackson's 8,hi/ory & ,practice ( ,wood ,engrav+02 ,firm9 ,didot's 8,essai sur l',hi/oire de la ,gravure sur ,bois02 8,! ,book1 its ,pr9t]s1 ,illu/rators1 & ,b9d]s10 by ,h5ri ,b\*ot2 8,wood ,engrav+3 a ,manual ( ,in/ruction10 by ,w4 ,j4 ,l9ton4 ,,wood ,,engrav+ ,,& ,,copp]-,,plate ,,engrav+--,,! ,,diff]5ce4 ,copp]-plate engrav+1 :i* almo/ entirely sup]s$$ wood 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 diff]s 9 pr9ciple f wood engrav+ 9 ?is--t a woodcut has ! l9es ( ! design /&+ up 9 relief1 ! wood betwe5 ! l9es incis$ or cut away1 s t :5 ! surface is ink$ ! l9es s *>g$ w give (f an impression ^u pap] by rubb+ ! back1 or by ! use ( ! type press4 ,9 ! copp]-plate ! l9es are cut into ! poli%$ surface ( ! metal1 :i*1 :5 sme>$ ov] ) pr9t+ ink1 & ! surface wip$ clean1 leaves ! incis$ l9es fill$ ) ink2 an impression is tak5 by ! use ( a press specially adapt$ to ! purpose4 ,x w be se5 t surface pr9t+ is ! necessity & *>act]i/ic ( wood engrav+4 ,simple & crude 9 its beg9n+s1 ow+ *iefly to ! imp]fect me*anical means ( cutt+ ! wood 9 suffici5tly f9e or exact l9es2 x 0 employ$ fir/ 9 ! production ( play+ c>ds1 ! outl9es ( :i* 7 =m$ by impressions f wood blocks1 & ! col\r+ fill$ 9 by h& or /5cil4 ,9 ,europe ! e>lie/ application ( ! art to pictorial illu/ration took place 9 ,g]many ab\t ! close ( ! f\rte5? or beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! olde/ woodcut ) a date kn[n is ( #adbc4 ,x repres5ts ,/4 ,*ri/oph] c>ry+ our ,savi\r on 8 %\ld]s across a riv]4 ,o!r specim5s1 ?\gh undat$1 f _! great] rud5ess1 h be5 held to h sup]ior claims to antiquity4 ,) ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ ! art soon made rapid /rides1 & on ! introduction ( moveable types to pr9t 9 conjunction ) engrav$ blocks1 a new impetus 0 giv5 to ! production ( engrav$ wood blocks4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 sev]al arti/s ( celebrity 7 ei!r design]s on wood or engrav]s4 ,books at ?is p]iod 7 pr(usely illu/rat$4 ,among ! mo/ di/+ui%$ 9 ?is l9e 0 ,alb]t ,dr]1 ^: productions z a pa9t] & an engrav] on copp] & wood are s num]\s t he c\ld n possibly h engrav$ a ti! ( ! wood engrav+s attribut$ to him2 probably he only put ! design on ! blocks1 leav+ !m to o!rs to execute4 ,! art 0 *iefly practis$ 9 ,g]many1 :]e x 0 patronis$ by ! ,emp]or ,maximilian1 = :om ,burgmair produc$ ! great "w1 8,! ,triumphs ( ,maximilian40 ,! next great "n 9 ! annals ( wood engrav+ is t ( ,hans ,holbe91 ^: 8,dance ( ,dea?0 0 pr9t$ 9 ,lyons 9 #aech4 ,9 ,engl& ,caxton br\ght out 8 8,game & ,playe ( ,*esse0 9 #adgf1 ) cuts4 ,!re are woodcuts also 9 ! 8,gold5 ,leg5d10 #adhc2 8,fables ( sop10 #adhd2 ,*auc]'s 8,cant]bury ,tales10 & o!r books ( 8 pr9t+--all sc>ce & poor 9 execution1 b noticeable 9 ! hi/ory ( ,art4 ,f #aede to #aehj wood engrav+ cont9u$ to be mu* us$ = illu/rat+ books 9 ,engl&1 *iefly by ,john ,daye4 ,f ?is p]iod !re is little to be record$ ( ess5tial importance till ! appe>ance ( ,bewick1 to :om ! revival ( wood engrav+ is *iefly to be attribut$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,=m-,,s*neid]4 ,,e>ly ,,me?od ,,( ,,engrav+ ,,on ,,! ,,side ,,( ,,! ,,wood ,,) ,,knives4 ,9 e>ly days ( wood engrav+ a close-gra9$ slab ( wood ( a suitable ?ickness to pr9t ) type 0 us$ = ! purpose by ! engrav]--cut ! long way ( ! tree1 & n ^u ! end or section ( ! wood z 9 mod]n "w2 & ! cutt+ 0 necess>ily execut$ ) ! knife4 ,! qua9t & rude cut on ! accompany+ d\ble page is a fair example ( ! e>lie/ species ( woodcut1 & is ! mo/ anci5t ,ex ,libris kn[n4 ,reg>d+ ! knife z a cutt+ in/rum5t1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,l9ton1 9 8 8,manual ( ,wood ,engrav+10 p4 #bh1 says3 8,z f> z ,i h be5 able to asc]ta91 ) ! "o possible exception ( ! cuts to ,croxall's ,fables1 #agbb1 all engrav+s on wood f ! e>lie/ "t to ! "t ( ,bewick 7 done ) ! knife in/ead ( grav]s40 ,illu/ration3 ,rude ,e>ly ,woodcut4 7,actual size47 ,! mo/ anci5t ,ex ,libris kn[n4 ,x is ,jean ,knab5sb]g1 call$ ,igl]1 *apla9 to ! family ( ,s*n/ett4 ,x repres5ts a h$gehog ) a fl[] 9 its m\?4 ,9 ! b&]ole we read1 8,hanns ,igl] das di* e9 ,igel ,kuss40 ,its approximate date is #adej4 ,h]r ,ludwig ,ros5?al1 antiqu>iat1 ,muni*1 has a copy ( ?is r>e plate 9 8 possession1 :i* he values at #fjj m>ks4 ,see ,w>necke's 8,die deuts*5 ,b*]zei*50 7,ex ,libris71 #ahij4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,papillon's ,treatise1 #agff4 ,we c to "s ext5t realise ! difficulties ! e>ly wood engrav]s lab\r$ "u 9 ?is respect 9 produc+ f9e "w1 b :5 we exam9e ! lat] works ( ! ,g]man engrav]s1 & obs]ve ! gradual improvem5t f crud5ess to really excell5t "w1 we are amaz$ t ) su* disabilities su* spl5did results 7 atta9able by ! knife4 ,! ,=m-s*neid]1 z ! engrav] ( block pictures 0 t]m$1 increas$ 9 skill & dext]ity 9 deftly cutt+ ! design exactly z x 0 drawn on ! wood1 & ) exce$+ tru?fulness2 us+ a f9] gra9$ & h>d] wood & tools m p]fectly adapt$ = ! "w1 s w\ld ! art advance by leaps & b\nds1 until 9 ! "t ( ,dr] & ,holbe9 x _h rea*$ its high-wat] m>k ( excell5ce4 ,boxwood 0 !n1 z n[1 9 use1 b = delicate "w only1 & cut plank-wise4 ,= l>g] "w s(t] woods 7 good en\gh3 pe> & apple woods1 privet1 sycamore1 & any :ite wood ^u :i* a draw+ c\ld be se5--ev]y?+ be+ drawn l9e = l9e on ! plank2 ! engrav]'s bus9ess simply to cut away ! :ite spaces betwe5 ! l9es1 cutt+1 z be=e said1 ) knives 9 ! small] spaces1 & ) *isels & g\ges cle>+ away ! l>g] to a suffici5t dep? to escape ! ink 9 pr9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,press ,,( ,,asc5sius4 ,illu/ration3 ,small ,d,,r] ,woodcut1 ( ! ,nuremb]g family ( ,kress ( ,kress5/e94 ,at ! pres5t day1 9 ! skilfully drawn & engrav$ block books ( ! ,japanese1 ! illu/rations w be f\nd to be drawn ) ! bru% ^u ! side ( ! wood1 & cut ) a knife2 b we are n n[ a/oni%$ at any?+ done by ?is wond]ful p1 :o h knock$ ! w9d out ( u 9 s _m =ms ( art4 ,,mod]n ,,wood ,,engrav+4 ,to und]/& ! scope & practice ( wood engrav+1 x w be necess>y to glance ?r\gh ! illu/rat$ publications ( a few ye>s ago1 be=e process blocks _h to s l>ge ext5t sup]s$$ ! "w ( ! grav]4 ,! imm5se popul>ity ! art has obta9$ 9 ?is c\ntry ow+ to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news1 ,graphic1 ,art ,j\rnal1 ,magaz9e ( ,art1 & simil> publications1 n to speak ( book illu/rations1 has be5 rem>kable4 ,! excell5ce ( ! "w & ! inf9ite v>iety ( /yle introduc$ by ! be/ arti/s & engrav]s %[ x to be capable ( repres5t+ e arti/ic quality suppos$ to be peculi> to copp] & /eel engrav+2 o!r qualities x has1 su* z p[] & =ce 9 ! d>k] portions1 & ! use ( :ite-l9e "w on t9t1 or solid gr\nd--effects obta9$ ) extreme difficulty ^u ! metal plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,ex ,libris engrav$ on wood by ,bewick1 reproduc$ by process block4 ,wood engrav+ = pictorial "w may be divid$ into two k9ds3-- ,i4--,,black-,,l9e or ,,fac-,,simile ,,"w4--,! draw+ on wood is engrav$ exactly z x is drawn1 l9e = l9e4 ,all examples up to ! "t ( ,bewick1 & a great _m s9ce1 are ( ?is k9d4 ,z illu/rat+ ! be/ qualities ( ?is /yle ( wood engrav+1 no m apt examples c\ld be nam$ ?an ! c>toons & draw+s 9 ,pun* by ,t5niel1 ,doyle1 ,lee*1 & o!rs1 be=e ! introduction ( photo-et*$ process blocks4 7,bewick himself1 an arti/ z well z an engrav]1 made a dep>ture f ! old crude mann] ( wood engrav+ by introduc+ a new /yle ( "w1 imitat+ m truly ! local col\r & ! textures ( nature3 draw+ ! subject ( ! design on wood 9 p5cil & aft]w>ds t9t+ 9 ! masses ( %ade & local col\r ) wa%es ( *9a ink2 & ) ! grav] giv+ all ! *>act]i/ic m>k+s & m9ut] details by :ite l9es ^u ! d>k gr\nd4 ,9 8 ,natural ,hi/ory ,cuts he imitat$ 9 ! mo/ m>vell\s mann] ! textures ( trees1 grass1 & natural sc5]y1 ! plumage ( birds1 ! %aggy or smoo? coats ( animals1 etc4 ,a numb] ( ,ex ,libris execut$ by him on wood h ! same *>act]i/ic h&l+74 ,! two wood engrav+s by ,bewick are reproduc$ by process blocks4 ,?\gh inf]ior to _m ( 8 ,natural ,hi/ory ,cuts1 !y fairly %[ ! /yle & "* ( 8 h&iwork--! c>eful execution ( details & ! use ( :ite-l9e "w ^u solid black gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 7,f ! ,collection ( ,w4 ,h4 ,k4 ,wright1 ,esq474 ,wood ,engrav+ by ,bewick4 ,,ii4--,,t9t$ ,,"w4--,9 ?is mode ! subject is drawn 9 ,,t9ts ,,or ,,wa%es1 & p>tly ) ! p5cil4 ,to be successful 9 "w ( ?is k9d1 to int]pret ! arti/'s ideas truly1 ! engrav] mu/ himself be an arti/ ( consid]able ability1 z he has to adapt ! l9es to ! "w1 & 9 ?is lies r>e judgm5t & discretion1 z n only ! direction ( ! l9e mo/ conducive to develop ! =m1 b ! wid? & ?ickness ( ! l9es & spaces mu/ be accurately judg$2 ! v>i\s qualities ( surfaces mu/ likewise be sugge/$ by ! engrav$ l9es4 ,,mat]ials ,,& ,,mode ,,( ,,proce$+4 ,! wood us$ by engrav]s is boxwood1 on acc\nt ( its close gra9 & firm texture2 x is pr9cipally import$ f ,turkey1 cut transv]sely or across ! gra9 7s t ! engrav+ is done ^u ! end way ( ! wood74 ,x is made sev5-eigh?s ( an in* 9 ?ickness 7type height74 ,x takes a beautifully smoo? surface1 & cuts "u ! grav] ) ! utmo/ cle>ness & f95ess4 ,! poli%$ surface ( ! wood be+ unsuitable = draw+ on1 a slight 8too?0 is giv5 to x by a little wat]-col\r :ite rubb$ ov] ! face ( ! block ) ! ball ( ! ?umb until ne>ly dry1 :5 x pres5ts a pleasant surface = ! p5cil4 ,! draw+ or design hav+ be5 sket*$ out & p]fect$ on pap]1 x is !n trac$ ! rev]se way ^u ! wood block1 & ! draw+ !n work$ out1 ei!r 9 black-l9e fac-simile or 9 t9ts1 z may be int5d$4 ,! black lead p5cil1 ( suffici5t h>dness ( lead to /& ! pressure ^u ! solid surface1 is ! fav\rite in/rum5t = draw+4 ,= t9t+1 ei!r ! p5cil or ! bru% ) wa%es ( *9a ink c be us$4 ,illu/ration ,! tools us$ are grav]s1 t9t-tools1 & scoop]s1 or cutt+ out tools--9 all ab\t a doz5 diff]5t sizes2 ! sev]al k9ds are "h indicat$4 ,) ! grav]s ! outl9e & all ! details are cut2 ! t9ts1 by :i* ! prop] tones or light & %ade are obta9$1 c be/ be r5d]$ ) t9t-tools ( v>i\s wid?s ( cut4 ,! p>ts n requir$ to be pr9t$ are holl[$ out ) scoop]s4 ,x w be und]/ood t all ! blanks or :ite p>ts ( an engrav+ h be5 cut away 9 ! block4 ,illu/ration3 ,mode ( ,engrav+ on ,wood4 ,!re are sev]al et cet]as also requir$ by ! engrav]1 z1 an oil-/one to %>p5 8 grav]s2 an eye-glass1 :5 engrav+ v f9e "w2 a small circul> s&-bag1 on :i* ! block is held :ile be+ engrav$2 an in/rum5t call$ a burni%]1 ) :i* to take pro(s4 ,a glass globe fill$ ) wat]1 to conc5trate ! light f lamp or gas jet ^u ! block1 is us$ at night4 ,! engrav+ be+ complet$1 ! surface ( ! block is ink$ v lightly ) pr9t+ ink1 & a piece ( ,india pap]1 or any f9e pap] ( simil> quality1 be+ laid ^u x1 an impression is tak5 by rubb+ ! pap] ) ! burni%] until x is fully pr9t$4 ,f ?is pro( ! engrav] c judge :e!r any alt]ations are requir$ & :at improvem5ts c be effect$4 ,! revival ( wood engrav+ by ,bewick & o!rs1 & ! high /ate ( p]fection to :i* x _h be5 br\ght by 8 imm$iate successors1 to a v great ext5t sup]s$$ copp]-plate engrav+ = book illu/rations1 ?\gh = ,ex ,libris1 copp]-plate held1 & /ill holds its place z ! *ief & des]v$ly fav\rite /yle4 ,illu/ration3 ,cre/ ,ex ,libris ( ,r4 ,day1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,cork4 ,engrav$ by ,c4 ,w4 ,%]born1 & pr9t$ direct f ! ,copp]-,plate4 ,,engrav+ ,,on ,,copp] ,,& ,,/eel4 ,:]e be ! equal n[ ( ^? glori\s editions ( ! poets1 ! 8,annuals10 8,keepsakes10 8,books ( ,beauty10 & o!r delightful volumes t /ill *>m ! eyes & glad ! he>ts ( ^? :o h ! ta/e & ! wit to possess !m8 ,z works ( ! highe/ art quality1 !y h nev] s9ce be5 equall$ = beauty ( "w1 ) _! engrav$ titles1 frontispieces1 & illu/rations 9 ! text1 drawn by ,/o?>d1 ,turn]1 ,creswick1 ,/anfield1 ,h>d+1 & a ho/ ( ! fir/ names 9 ,briti% ,art1 & engrav$ 9 ! r>e/ & mo/ exquisite mann] by m5 equally em95t 9 _! l9e4 8,woodcuts10 h[ev]1 cut !m out = ! "t1 ow+ to ! excell5ce to :i* ! art _h atta9$1 & ! great] rapidity & *eapness 9 pr9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,kress ,,book-,,plate4 7,see ,ex ,libris ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 ,,iv41 p4 #i47 ,engrav$ on ,copp] by ,hans ,tros*el1 #afii4 ,reproduc$ by process block4 ,9 all ! *anges & inv5tions 9 ! modes ( art reproduction ! engrav$ plate has /eadily held its own z ! mo/ f9i%$ & p]fect4 ,= ,ex ,libris x is p>ticul>ly suitable2 x is p> excell5ce ,,! ,,/yle = ! atta9m5t ( ! highe/ art quality4 ,! ,art ,j\rnal1 support$ by "o or two simil> publications1 has h]oically endeav\r$ to ma9ta9 ! traditions ( ! be/ p]iod ( ! ,art 9 its /eel-plate illu/rations1 b1 except = pictures ( ?is k9d1 & ( l>g] size = fram+1 illu/rations on /eel & copp] = books may be said to be practically ext9ct4 ,"t1 h[ev]1 has its rev5ges3 wood engrav+1 9 its turn1 is be+ rapidly displac$ by 8process blocks0 7( :i* m anon71 & n[1 if we take up any rec5t illu/rat$ book or j\rnal1 we f9d ! bulk ( ! pictures & designs n wood engrav+s b process blocks4 ,9 e good collection ( ,ex ,libris ! majority ( examples w be f\nd to be pr9t$ f engrav$ plates1 v few relatively be+ f wood blocks4 ,! reason is n f> to seek4 ,! wood engrav+ z practis$ 9 ,engl& previ\s to ! op5+ ( ! pres5t c5tury 0 poor 9 execution1 & did n l5d itself suffici5tly to work+ out m9ute details ) ! same ease & read9ess ) :i* !y c be execut$ on copp]4 ,illu/ration3 ,pure ,l9e ,engrav+ by ,rob]t ,:ite1 f a ,pa9t+ by ,sir ,godfrey ,knell]4 ,reproduc$ by process block4 ,t x 0 ! fav\rite mode ( produc+ ^! da9ty little works is evid5t also f ! fact t copp]-plate pictures = book illu/rations ( e k9d _h almo/ entirely sup]s$$ wood engrav+1 :i* _h inde$ fall5 completely into disfav\r4 ,until ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 :5 ,bewick & o!rs _h elevat$ x into a f9e art1 wood engrav+ 0 9 an exce$+ly rude condition1 & little fitt$ = small works4 ,copp]-plate engrav+1 on ! contr>y1 _h = sev]al c5turies fl\ri%$ successfully2 e goldsmi? 0 able to 8*ase0 & engrave ! decorative & h]aldic "w ^u silv] plate & goldsmi?s' "w1 or ^u metal ( any k9d1 9 relief1 or intaglio1 z 9 m$als1 co9s1 etc4 ,t ?is is no m]e assumption we "k f hi/orical evid5ce1 z well z f a c>eful comp>ison ( ! 8h&l+10 or ! mann] ( cutt+ ! l9es ^u silv] "w1 :i* is id5tical ) ! /yle ( cutt+ ! l9es 9 s v _m engrav$ book-plates ( ! la/ & e>ly "p ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( ! vag>ies ( ! accessories 9 ! ,jacobean1 ,*ipp5dale1 & o!r k9dr$ /yles--:i* are ess5tially silv] engrav+ patt]ns--mu* ( ?is class ( "w %[s at lea/ a true h]aldic _s 9 ! treatm5t ( ! *>ges4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,*ipp5dale patt]n4 ,silv] ,engrav]'s /yle ( "w1 reproduc$ by process block4 ,b5v5uto ,cell9i1 ^: works n[ br+ fabul\s prices 9 goldsmi? "w1 0 an exp]t engrav] z well1 z 7 probably mo/ ( ! work]s 9 ! preci\s metals ( 8 "t4 ,hog>?1 9 ! e>li] "p ( 8 c>e]1 did mu* 9 ! way ( engrav+ arms1 cre/s1 etc41 = ! silv]smi?s2 s did ,bewick1 :o work$ on wood & on metal indiff]5tly4 ,! writ] has done a fair %>e ( simil> "w 9 8 y\ng] days2 & to 8 k x 0 ! cu/om 9 _m e/abli%m5ts = ! engrav]s to d bo?1 z ! exig5cies ( bus9ess requir$1 ?\gh ! t5d5cy :5 "w 0 pl5tiful 0 to specialise1 ea* man do+ t "p = :i* he seem$ to h an aptitude4 ,?is ref]s p>ticul>ly to grav] "w2 ! pictorial engrav] execut+ 8 "w pr9cipally by means ( ! et*+ process1 & only f9i%+ up ) ! grav]4 ,no d\bt a life-long practice 9 "o p>ticul> class ( "w ( ?is k9d is calculat$ to eng5d] a /iff & =mal mann]1 & set patt]ns to become /]eotyp$1 7 x n = ! caprici\s *anges ( fa%ion2 sometimes sl[ly develop$1 at o!r times1 a new fa%ion sudd5ly sets 9 & *anges all2 ! lat] *as+ ! e>li] out ( ! field1 only to be elb[$ aside 9 its turn4 ,/yles ( ornam5t1 z !y c\rse ea* o!r d[n ! /ream ( "t1 inv>iably leave _! high-wat] m>ks on ! m>g91 :i* s]ve z valuable data = ! /ud5t2 ! prevail+ /yles ( decorative & h]aldic art1 hav+1 l all mundane ?+s1 _! p]iods ( developm5t1 full-blossom+1 & decad5ce1 ! dates ( :i*1 book-plate collectors1 aid$ by dat$ specim5s1 arrive at ) tol]able c]ta9ty4 ,! preval5ce ( a p>ticul> /yle1 its vogue & duration1 w acc\nt 9 a great measure = ! family lik5ess obs]vable 9 s _m book-plates2 ! *ief factors1 h[ev]1 may be set d[n to ! g5]al l[ /ate ( ! art1 ! paucity ( design]s & engrav]s ( m]it1 & ! ample supply ( ! ord9>y article--! me*anical craftsman4 ,illu/ration3 ,pure ,l9e ,engrav+1 reproduc$ by process block4 ,z to ! hi/ory & developm5t ( /yles 9 ,ex ,libris1 a ref]5ce to ! works ( ! ,hon4 ,j4 ,leice/] ,w>r51 ,j4 ,paul ,ryl&s1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,eg]ton ,ca/le1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a41 ,w4 ,j4 ,h>dy1 & ! pages ( ! ,ex ,libris ,j\rnal1 w f9d ! subject fully & pla9ly set =?4 ,a ^w z to ! orig9 & hi/ory ( ,copp]-,plate ,engrav+4 ,! art ( engrav+ on metal plates1 = tak+ impressions on pap]1 0 fir/ practis$ by ,tommaso ,f9egu]ra1 a ,flor5t9e goldsmi?1 ab\t ! ye> #adfj4 ,"s writ]s h claim$ ! inv5tion = ,g]many1 b x is g5]ally consid]$ t ! art 0 fir/ practis$ 9 ,italy1 & _h its orig9 9 ! work%ops ( ! goldsmi?4 ,an assi/ant is said to h sugge/$ to ,f9egu]ra ! possibility ( tak+ an impression f an engrav$ design ) ink on moi/5$ pap]4 ,! fir/ book pr9t$ at ,rome 0 illu/rat$ by ! fir/ plate engrav+4 ,?is "w is dat$ #adgh1 b 0 comm5c$ 9 #adgb4 ,engrav+ made rapid /rides t[>ds excell5ce 9 ,g]many4 ,alb]t ,dr] 0 a man ^: univ]sality ( tal5t ext5d$ ! b\nd>ies ( e dep>tm5t ( art1 & c>ri$ all to a degree ( p]fection previ\sly unkn[n4 ,he _h great comm& ( ! grav]1 & c>ri$ 8 plates to a high] /ate ( f9i% ?an 8 ,italian contempor>ies4 ,he is also believ$ to h inv5t$ ! art ( et*+ by corrosion3 on exam9+ 8 et*+s1 we see t !y h all be5 corrod$ at "o 8bit+-910 :i* suffici5tly expla9s _! monoton\s appe>ance1 & proves t 8/opp+-out0 0 n !n und]/ood4 ,to ! ,dut* & ,flemi% s*ools we owe _m improvem5ts 9 ! art4 ,! celebrity ( ! ,fr5* s*ool dates f ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,g]>d ,audran 0 ! fir/ engrav] :o successfully unit$ to any ext5t ! use ( ! grav] & ! et*+ po9t4 ,! ,engli% s*ool ( engrav+ dates only f ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 previ\s to :i* ^? :o practis$ ! art 9 ,engl& 7 *iefly =eign]s4 ,hog>? engrav$ _m ( 8 own designs4 ,francis ,viv>es introduc$ ! art ( l&scape et*+3 he1 ,woollet1 & ,br[n produc$ "s ( ! fir/ l&scape engrav+s extant4 ,sir ,rob]t ,/range excell$ 9 portrait engrav+4 ,( ! mod]ns :o h atta9$ em95ce 9 ! v>i\s bran*es ( ! art1 ! v enum]ation ( !m w\ld lead to ne$less l5g?1 ! pres5t purpose be+ *iefly to describe ! processes4 ,illu/ration3 ,pure ,l9e ,engrav+1 reproduc$ by process block4 ,illu/ration3 ,l9e ,engrav+ by ,william ,hog>?1 reproduc$ by process block4 ,illu/ration3 ,william ,hog>?'s own book-plate4 ,l9e ,engrav+1 reproduc$ by process block4 ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,modes ,,( ,,engrav+ ,,on ,,copp] ,,& ,,/eel-,,plate4 ,!re are _m k9ds ( engrav+ on /eel & copp] = ! purpose ( pr9t+ by ! copp]-plate press4 ,we w specify ^? pr9cipally 9 use & indicate _! *ief *>act]i/ics2 aft]w>ds1 "s fur!r explanation may be necess>y4 ,x may be "h /at$ t ! v>i\s processes are ( su* a te*nical nature t x w\ld be impossible 9 a %ort compass to expla9 all ! details ( execution2 we may1 h[ev]1 ref] ^? :o desire to pursue ! subject fur!r to an excell5t little h&book 7price "o %ill+7 publi%$ by ,w9sor & ,newton1#b :i*1 z /at$ 9 ! preface1 w1 by means ( any ( ! modes ( engrav+ on copp] !re9 treat$ (1 enable anyone 8skill$ 9 p5 & ink draw+ to reproduce _! designs ) great] delicacy & add$ dep? ( effect40 ,o!r books on ! subject !re are1 ( great] co/1 z ,ham]ton's spl5did "w1 b = ! amateur ! h&y little manual j nam$ is an admirable guide4 ,footnote #b3 8,! ,art ( ,et*+ expla9$ & illu/rat$1 ) rem>ks on ! alli$ processes ( ,dry-po9t1 ,mezzot9t1 & ,aquat9t40 ,by ,h4 ,r4 ,rob]tson1 ,fell[ ( ! ,society ( ,pa9t]-,et*]s2 ,au?or ( 8,life on ! ,upp] ,?ames10 etc4 ,w9sor & ,newton1 ,limit$1 #ch ,ra?bone ,place1 ,london4 ,illu/ration3 ,transf]1 direct f ,engrav$ plate to /one4 ,illu/ration3 ,pure ,l9e ,engrav+1 reproduc$ by process block4 ,illu/ration3 ,transf]1 direct f ,engrav$ plate to /one4 ,to "o skill$ 9 draw+1 & ) "s leisure & en?usiasm = ! "w1 ,,et*+ (f]s a delightful field = ! ex]cise ( ! arti/ic m9d4 ,!re are no te*nical difficulties t may n be surm\nt$ by c>e & pati5ce4 ,! few tools & necess>y appliances are n ( a co/ly nature1 if we except ! copp]-plate pr9t+ press4 ,!re are diff]5t k9ds or me?ods ( engrav+1 ! six pr9cipal v>ieties ( :i* ne$ only be consid]$1 namely3-- 7#a7 ,,l9e ,,engrav+4 7#b7 ,,et*+4 7#c7 ,,s(t-,,gr\nd ,,et*+4 7#d7 ,,aquat9t ,,engrav+4 7#e7 ,,mezzot9t ,,engrav+4 7#f7 ,,/ipple ,,engrav+4 ,! di/9ctive features ( all copp]-plate & /eel-plate engrav+ consi/ 9 ?is1 t ! l9es or /rokes compos+ ! design are cut or pl\gh$ into ! surface ( ! metal ) a f9e tool t]m$ a grav]1 et*$ or corrod$ out ) acid or by o!r means4 ,a ,pr9t is obta9$ by fill+ ! l9es s made ) a special ink compos$ ( a dry+ oil & col\r-pigm5t4 ,dur+ ! process ( ink+ ! plate is kept w>m1 ! sup]flu\s ink be+ wip$ (f ) a co>se musl9 rag1 & made p]fectly clean4 ,! plate1 plac$ 9 ! travell+ b$ ( ! copp]-plate press1 is cov]$ ) a %eet ( pap] slightly damp2 on turn+ ! press1 x is subject$ to su* pressure z =ces ! pap] into ! l9es2 by ?is means ! ink is transf]r$ to ! pap]1 & ! result is an impression or pro(4 ,illu/ration3 ,,copp]-,,plate ,,pr9t+ ,,press4 ,illu/ration3 ,transf]1 direct f ,engrav$ plate to /one4 #a4--,,l9e ,,engrav+4 ,! majority ( ! e>li] book-plates are engrav$1 or cut into ! plate entirely ) ! grav]1 & may prop]ly be t]m$ l9e engrav+ p> excell5ce4 ,z e>ly examples ( ?is /yle ( "w we are enabl$ to give reproductions ( sev]al book-plates1 viz41 ,kress ( ,kress5/e91 by ,hans ,tros*el1 #afii1 p4 #bh2 ! portrait plate ( ,samuel ,pepys1 by ,rob]t ,:ite1 p4 #ca2 two plates engrav$ by ,hog>?1 pp4 #dj-da4 ,! ,ex ,libris ( ,,william ,,c[p]1 ,cl]k ( ! ,p>liam5ts2 ,,edw>d ,,lov$5 ,,lov$52 ---- ,,b>r[2 & ,,h5 ,,jam ,,pye1 also illu/rate ! quality ( l9e or grav] "w alone4 ,! examples int]sp]s$ 9 ! text c>ry _! own explanation4 ,z mod]n examples ( ?is /yle we are enabl$ to give sev]al *>act]i/ic v>ieties--! libr>y int]ior ( ,w4 ,h4 ,k4 ,wright1 by ,j4 ,e4 ,wood1 ( ,plym\?1 & a numb] design$ by ! writ] & engrav$ by ,m>cus ,w>d ,co41 ,limit$1 pr9t$ by li?ography--all ( :i* w be f\nd useful z keys to ! /yle ( h&l+ ( grav] "w alone1 & 9 comb9ation ) et*+4 ,among ! *ief expon5ts ( ! art may be m5tion$ ! "n ( ,c4 ,w4 ,%]born1 :o is facile pr9ceps z an engrav] ( h]aldic subjects4 ,"o ( 8 small] works1 engrav$ 9 pure l9e1 appe>s fac+ page #bg1 ! da9ty cre/ plate ( ,r4 ,day1 ,f4,s4,a41 pr9t$ direct f ! copp]-plate2 a fav\rite old toa/1 9 playful allusion to ! w+s 9 ! cre/1 do+ duty z a motto4 #b4--;,,et*+4 ,?is me?od admits great] fre$om ( h&l+ ?an grav] "w4 ,! design is drawn ?r\gh a resi/+ gr\nd ) ! et*+ po9t1 & ! expos$ l9es on ! surface ( ! copp] corrod$ to ! requisite dep? ) aqua=tis1 ! f9i%+ ( ! "w be+ usually done ) ! grav]4 ,illu/ration3 ,transf]1 direct f ,engrav$ plate to /one4 ,illu/ration3 ,et*+ on ,copp] reproduc$ by process block4 ,f ! collection ( ,w4 ,h4 ,k4 ,wright4 ,ma*9e rul+ or t9t+ is n[ mu* us$ 9 conjunction ) l9e engrav+ & et*+1 = ! ev5 t9ts ( skies & level surfaces 9 pictorial "w1 & = ! symbolical l9es d5ot+ t9ctures 9 h]aldry1 ( :i* sev]al examples are giv54 ,/eel-plates 7 us$ = engrav+ v f9e "w1 or :5 l>ge numb]s ( copies 7 requir$ to be pr9t$ f ! plate4 ,any advantage ov] copp] :i* /eel =m]ly possess$ is n[ neutralis$ by ! process kn[n z /eel fac+1 t is1 coat+ ! copp] plate ) an electro deposit ( iron4 ,copp]-plate pr9t+1 z x is t]m$1 ?\gh giv+ ! mo/ p]fect result1 is sl[ & t$i\s1 & necess>ily co/ly4 ,a mu* spe$i] me?od ( pr9t+--by ,li?ography--is n[ mu* us$ in/ead1 transf]s f ! engrav$ plate be+ put on ! li?ographic /one & pr9t$ !refrom1 ! orig9al plate be+ reta9$ intact4 7,see examples "u ,li?ography74 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,two ,et*+s on ,copp] by ,bewick1 reproduc$ by process block4 ,f ! collection ( ,w4 ,h4 ,k4 ,wright4 ,"s e>ly examples ( et*$ plates are giv54 ,! urn design ( ,*>les ,bragge1 ,armorial ,l&scape1 & ,bewickian ,l&scape %[ ! "* & h&l+ ( et*$ "w z di/+ui%$ f l9e engrav+4 ,o!r examples illu/rate ! comb9ation ( ,l9e1 ,et*+1 & ,ma*9e ,rul+ "w4 #c4--,,s(t-,,gr\nd ,,et*+4 ,a v *>m+ /yle ( "w :i* 0 mu* us$ by ,b>tolozzi & o!r engrav]s ( 8 "t1 b n[ gone entirely out ( use4 ,a suitable book-plate engrav$ 9 ?is mann] n turn+ up 9 "t1 ! pres5t f9e example ( ! /yle 0 select$ to illu/rate ! "* ( ! "w1 :i* be>s a close resemblance to a *alk draw+1 & on t acc\nt (f]s consid]able difficulties 9 ! way ( reproduction by ! half-tone process4 ,! result is1 h[ev]1 successful 9 a rem>kable degree 9 translat+ ! peculi> texture ( ! orig9al4 ,illu/ration3 ,transf]1 direct f ,engrav$ plate to /one4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,two ,et*+s on ,copp] by ,bewick1 reproduc$ by process block4 ,f ! ,collection ( ,w4 ,h4 ,k4 ,wright4 ,! allegorical device repres5ts ! turret-cr[n$ goddess ,cybele1 8"m ( a hundr$ gods10 /&+ ^u an isolat$ rock 9 ! sea1 hold+ out an olive-bran*1 & ) h] attribute1 ! rudd]1 z guide & director ( ! de/9ies ( cities & /ates2 y\?ful figures repres5t+ ! ,arts & ,sci5ces--:i* are ! glory ( a ,/ate--are disport+ !mselves 9 ! cl\ds4 ,?\gh n orig9ally int5d$ = a book-plate1 a fri5d is desir\s ( adopt+ x1 ) ! motto f ,virgil1 8,fato prud5tia major0--to intimate t1 9 8 op9ion1 prud5ce is great] ?an fate4 #d4--;,,aquat9t ,,engrav+4 ,a /yle ( "w hav+ all ! appe>ance ( a *9a ink draw+1 & frequ5tly us$ by arti/s 9 conjunction ) et*+1 to give body & consi/5cy to ! t9ts4 ,an admirable example ( ?is comb9ation ( et*+ & aquat9t is ! *>m+ book-plate ( ! ,hon4 ,leice/] ,w>r51 by ,w4 ,bell ,scott1 well kn[n to collectors4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 l5d itself well to reproduction4 ,illu/ration3 ,transf]1 direct f ,engrav$ plate to /one4 ,! texture1 :i* may be ( v>i\s degrees ( f95ess1 is produc$ on ! plate by a solution ( res9 7dissolv$ 9 pure _s71 :i* is p\r$ ov] ! surface2 z ! _s evaporates x leaves ! res9 9 m9ute isolat$ p>ticles adh]+ to ! plate4 ,! design is trac$ or transf]r$ ^u x1 ! highe/ lights 8/opp$ out0 ) engrav]s' v>ni%4 ,! et*+ 7or bit+-9 ) acid7 is !n proce$$ )2 repeat$ /opp+s out & et*+s are made z ! deep] %ades are atta9$4 #e4--,,mezzot9t ,,engrav+4 ,produc$ by r\gh5+ ! surface ( ! plate by a rock+ tool1 & ! lights & %ades atta9$ by scrap+ & burni%+4 ,seldom us$ = small "w1 b l>gely us$ comb9$ ) ,nos4 #a & #b = pr9ts & pictures4 ,! small ,fr5* pr9t ( ! ,virg9 & ,*ild1 reproduc$ by half-tone process block1 repres5ts fairly well ! "* ( ! "w4 7,see example "u 8,half-tone ,process ,blocks407 #f4--,,/ipple ,,engrav+4 ,p]=m$ ) ! grav] or o!r tool1 :i* is s manag$ z to produce ! t9ts by small dots4 ,?is me?od is mu* us$ = /atu>y & = portraits p>ticul>ly1 ! re/ ( ! picture be+ g5]ally execut$ by "s ( ! o!r me?ods1 ,nos4 #a & #b especially4 ,illu/ration3 ,transf]1 direct f ,engrav$ plate to /one4 ,illu/ration3 ,et*+ on ,copp]1 reproduc$ by process block4 ,illu/ration3 ,,li?ographic ,,pr9t+ ,,press4 ,,li?ography4 ,li?ography1 z "o ( ! mod]n arts1 dates only f ab\t ! end ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,! inv5tor1 ,,aloys ,,s5efeld]1 ! son ( an actor1 0 born at ,muni* 9 #agga1 & di$ !re on ! #bf? ,febru>y1 #ahcd4 ,int5d$ = ! pr(ession ( ! ,law1 he1 on ! dea? ( 8 fa!r1 0 oblig$ to retire f ! ,univ]sity4 ,illu/ration3 ,drawn on transf] pap] & transf]r$ to /one direct4 ,?r[n on 8 own res\rces at ! age ( eighte51 he turn$ to 8 fa!r's pr(ession1 b met ) little success4 ,writ+ = ! /age1 he f\nd difficulty1 ow+ to 8 pov]ty1 9 gett+ 8 writ+s publi%$1 & x 0 9 try+ to f9d out "s ready process to atta9 ?is end t he arriv$ at :at we n[ t]m ! ,art ( ,li?ography4 ,s5efeld] liv$ to p]fect 8 art to a high degree1 & to see x br\ght into g5]al use1 b )\t br++ mu* pr(it to himself4 ,s9ce 8 "t _m advances h tak5 place1 & new developm5ts 9 v>i\s directions1 z 9 ! beautiful art ( *romo-li?ography & photo-li?ography4 ,! t]m ,li?ography is d]iv$ f ! ,greek1 li?os1 a /one1 & grapho1 to write4 ,li?ographic /one is a species ( lime/one1 ! be/ qualities ( :i* are obta9$ f ! qu>ries at ,sol5h(51 ne> ,muni*1 & f ,pap5heim1 on ! ,danube4 ,! /ones are cut into slabs or blocks ( v>i\s sizes to suit ! "w requir$2 to pr9t an octavo page1 qu>to1 etc41 up to sixty in*es by =ty1 & ev5 l>g]4 ,! ?ickness v>ies f an in* & a half 9 ! small]1 to f\r or five in*es 9 ! l>g] sizes4 ,! /ones are gr\nd p]fectly level ) s& & wat]1 & f9i%$ (f ) a f9e /one until a p]fectly smoo? poli%$ surface is produc$1 :5 x is ready to receive ! draw+1 or to h transf]r$ to its surface a draw+ or writ+ made ^u specially prep>$ pap] 7li?ographic transf] pap]74 ,= *alk or crayon draw+s1 ! smoo? surface ( ! /one is gra9$ ) sift$ silv] s&1 :i* gives a beautifully ev5 granul> texture1 & ! draw+ is made ^u x ) li?ographic *alk4 ,= draw+ ^u ! smoo? /one1 or ^u transf] pap]1 li?ographic ink is us$4 ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,und]ly+ ,,! ,,process ,,( ,,li?ography is simply ?is3--,! nature ( ! /one is su* t x reta9s ) great t5acity ! res9\s & oily sub/ances conta9$ 9 ! ink or ! crayon employ$ to =m ! design4 ,! li?ographic /one also absorbs wat] freely2 ?is1 comb9$ ) ! peculi> aff9ity betwe5 res9\s sub/ances & _! mutual p[] ( repell+ wat]1 causes ! ink on ! pr9t+ roll] to adh]e to ! design & to leave unt\*$ ! damp surface ( ! /one4 ,illu/ration3 ,drawn on transf] pap] & transf]r$ to /one direct4 ,,! ,,process ,,( ,,li?ographic ,,pr9t+ is z foll[s3--,aft] ! draw+ on ! li?o4 /one is complet$1 x receives a wa% ( dilute acid & gum arabic1 & ?is1 by remov+ ! alkali f ! ink1 leaves ! design on x 9 a p]man5t =m1 at ! same "t t x et*es away a m9ute portion ( ! surface ( ! /one1 & r5d]s x m absorb5t ( wat]4 ,aft] et*+1 all trace ( ! acid is remov$ ) a sponge & wat]1 ! /one is rubb$ ov] ) a damp musl9 clo? to equalise ! moi/ure ^u ! surface1 ! li?ographic roll] *>g$ ) pr9t+ ink is pass$ ov] ! surface1 ! l9es ( ! design alone tak+ ink2 ! pap] is !n laid ^u ! /one1 & a copy is obta9$ by means ( ! li?ographic press4 ,! damp+ ( ! /one & ink+ is repeat$ = e impression4 ,,li?ographic ,,writ+ ,,& ,,draw+ ,,ink & ,,li?ographic ,,crayons = *alk draw+ on /one1 are simil> 9 composition1 b diff]5t 9 proportions1 suit$ to ! p>ticul> k9d ( "w1 :ite wax1 %ell-lac1 h>d soap1 tall[1 & lamp black be+ ! *ief +r$i5ts4 ,= writ+ & draw+ all k9ds ( l9e "w on /one or transf] pap]1 ! ink is made 9 /icks1 & rubb$ d[n ) wat] to a prop] consi/5cy = use1 & us$ ) a p5 or sable p5cil4 ,= *alk draw+s ^u a gra9$ /one1 ! ink is ca/ into ! =m ( crayons1 & us$ 9 a port-crayon = conv5i5ce 9 draw+1 %>p5+ ! po9t z requir$4 ,,*alk ,,draw+ ,,on ,,/one is r>ely us$ = su* small "w z book-plates4 ,we ne$ n !re=e m p>ticul>ly ref] to x1 ?an to say t excell5ce 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( ,li?ography may be atta9$ m readily ?an 9 f9e-l9e "w1 = :i* con/ant practice1 & a v delicate h&l+ ( ! implem5ts1 ! li?ographic p5 & f9e sable p5cil1 is requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,drawn on transf] pap] & transf]r$ to /one direct4 ,! te*nical difficulties to be ov]come 9 ,li?ography are v great2 to ! unpractis$ !y seem insup]able3 ! magic ( h&l+ acquir$ by long-cont9u$ practice 9 ! use ( ! mat]ials1 z se5 9 good examples1 exhibits a degree ( te*nical skill :i* ! amateur may n hope to rival4 ,to draw ) ! p5 or small sable p5cil ) ! requisite degree ( f95ess ( l9e ( ! exp]t1 & ) ! precision & app>5t fre$om ( ! accompli%$ arti/1 is a ?+ ( difficult atta9m5t4 ,?is is a disadvantage to arti/s g5]ally1 :o are oblig$ to entru/ ! translation ( _! draw+s to ! pr(essional li?ograph]--n always ) a satisfactory result767 ,,gra9$ ,,or ,,textur$ ,,pap]1 ( :i* !re are _m v>ieties specially made ) a *alky surface = photo-li?ography1 are n[ mu* us$1 on :i* ! arti/ makes 8 draw+ 9 li?o-*alk or suitable black lead p5cil4 ,z ! knife po9t may be us$ to scrape out lights on ! *alky surface1 x admits ( v effective "w = pictorial illu/rations4 ,a photo-li?o transf] is !n put to /one1 or a process block made f x1 z may be requir$4 ,draw+s made on ?is prep>$ textur$ pap] ) li?ographic *alk may also be transf]r$ to /one direct1 & pr9t$ f4 ,extreme beauty & f95ess are1 h[ev]1 ga9$ by ! photo-r$uction4 ,v beautiful ,pictorial & ,h]aldic ,ex ,libris h be5 execut$ by ! li?ographic process1 h>dly to be di/+ui%$ f plate engrav+4 ,,engrav$ ,,plates may h transf]s tak5 f !m & pr9t$ f /one4 ,a numb] ( examples1 ) explanatory titles1 are giv5 ( ! v>i\s modes ( li?ographic & photo-li?ographic reproduction4 ,illu/ration3 ,drawn on transf] pap] & transf]r$ to /one direct4 ,,*romo-,,li?ography4 ,"s v da9ty examples ( ,ex ,libris emblazon$ 9 h]aldic t9ctures are met )1 v *>m+ 9 _! way1 pr9cipally ,g]man ones4 ,col\r 9 ! h]aldry ( book-plates has n f\nd ! same fav\r 9 ?is c\ntry z on ! ,cont95t2 = :at reason x is h>d to und]/&4 ,?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ,mr4 ,r4 ,s4 ,mans]gh1 ,fri>sfield1 co4 ,tipp]>y1 we are enabl$ to pr9t z a frontispiece ! plate newly design$ by ! writ]1 & execut$ by ,messrs4 ,m>cus ,w>d ,co41 ( ,belfa/4 ,,photo-,,li?ography4 ,photo-li?ography is n[ s l>gely employ$ = ! reproduction ( all classes ( "w t a few words 9 explanation ( x may be v desirable4 ,! process is ( a some:at te*nical nature1 b simplicity itself :5 und]/ood6 ,x is f\nd$ ^u ! fact t gelat9e1 by ! addition ( a c]ta9 *emical1 is r5d]$ insoluble on exposure to light4 ,a negative photograph f ! orig9al draw+ 9 black l9es hav+ be5 tak5 by ! wet or collodion plate1 x is int5sifi$ to ! requir$ degree1 s t ! l9es ( ! design appe> p]fectly cle> ^u a d5se1 opaque1 black film4 ,x is !n 8expos$0 9 ! pr9t+ frame1 ^u pap] t has be5 coat$ 79 ! d>k7 ) ! prep>$ gelat9e--n[ extremely s5sitive to light4 ,tak5 out ( ! pr9t+ frame 9 ! d>k room1 ! expos$ pr9t 7:i* b>ely %[s any trace ( ! design at ?is /age7 is !n cov]$ ) a ?9 film or coat+ ( pr9t]s' transf] ink4 ,! l9es expos$ to ! light h be5 r5d]$ insoluble1 :ile ! :ite gr\nd ( ! design protect$ by ! negative is /ill 9 a soluble condition4 ,float$ 9 a ba? ( w>m wat]1 ! soluble gelat9e 7n act$ on by ! light71 ) its coat+ ( ink1 is wa%$ away--! insoluble l9es ( ! design alone rema9+1 coat$ ) pr9t]s' transf] ink4 ,?is 8photo-transf]0 is !n ready to be put d[n to ! li?ographic /one & pr9t$ f1 or x may be transf]r$ to a poli%$ z9c plate1 & et*$ to ! requisite dep? z a block = type pr9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,drawn on /one direct1 ) me*anical rul+ add$4 ,,draw+ ,,= ,,photo-,,li?o1 ,,& ,,= ,,process ,,l9e-,,blocks4 ,! inv5tion ( photo-li?ography enables ! arti/ to make 8 own draw+s or designs 9 black & :ite on a l>g] scale 7usually "o-?ird or "o-half l>g] ?an requir$71 :i* w be photo-li?o'd d[n to ! size requir$1 ?us pres]v+ intact e t\* & flexture ( l9e 9 ! orig9al1 &1 by ! r$uction1 ga9+ a f95ess ( l9e & beauty ( f9i% :i* ! arti/ c\ld n himself produce on ! r$uc$ size4 ,,ma*9e ,,rul+ may aft]w>ds be transf]r$ into ! design :5 x is ^u ! /one1 z 9 "s ( ! designs 9 ! accompany+ examples4 8,process blocks10 :i* reproduce s admirably all k9ds ( draw+s & engrav+s1 are1 :5 c>efully pr9t$1 sometimes v difficult to detect f direct li?ographs4 ,illu/ration3 ,ul/] ,k+ ( ,arms4 ,p5 & ,ink ,draw+ by ,rev4 ,wm4 ,fitz,gerald1 reproduc$ by process block4 ,mu* r$uc$4 ,,process ,,blocks4 ,,l9e ,,"w4 ,!re are q a numb] ( processes t h be5 br\ght into use ) m or less success1 z ,graphotype1 ,dallas-type1 etc41 to :i* x is n necess>y to ref]1 z = all practical purposes ,z9c ,et*+ holds ! field aga9/ all o!rs1 ei!r = ,,half-,,tone ,,blocks1 or = ,,l9e-,,blocks ( e k9d1 ( :i* la/ a numb] ( examples are "h giv51 ) an explanatory title to ea* specim54 ,= "w ( ! v f9e/ k9d1 ! ,photogravure or ,heliogravure1 pr9t$ by ! copp]-plate press1 be>s ! palm1 b x has ! disadvantage ( be+ v exp5sive4 ,^? desir\s ( kn[+ m fully conc]n+ ! v>i\s processes 9 use may be ref]r$ to a v excell5t volume 9 ! 8,book ,lov]s' ,libr>y0--8,,mod]n ,,me?ods ,,( ,,illu/rat+ ,,books10 by ,h4 ,trueman ,wood1 ,m4,a41 ,secret>y to ! ,society ( ,arts1 & publi%$ by ,elliot ,/ock4 ,illu/ration3 ,p5 & ,ink ,draw+1 reproduc$ by process block4 ,slightly r$uc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,p5 & ,ink ,draw+ reproduc$ by ,photo-li?ography4 ,^! mod]n me?ods provide a mo/ important & valuable means ( produc+ illu/rations = pr9t+ purposes4 ,by _! aid1 any photograph1 draw+1 design1 or engrav+ ( any k9d c be translat$ into a block1 & ) su* success t1 ) suitable subjects1 x is (t5 h>dly possible to tell ! orig9al f ! copy2 & n only d !y enable surface blocks to be produc$ ) great rapidity & at slight co/1 b !y give blocks capable ( produc+ effects :i* c\ld n be obta9$ at all by wood engrav+s1 or1 if at all1 only at great exp5se4 ,_m arti/s h hail$ ) delight ! process ( ,z9c ,et*+1 z by its means !y obta9 a p]fect fac-simile ( _! "w1 m especially p5 & ink draw+1 :i* c\ld nev] be reproduc$ by any o!r me?od ) ! same accuracy & delicacy ( f9i% :i* ! z9c process gives1 & :i* c\ld n by wood engrav+ be an absolute fac-simile4 ,illu/ration3 ,p5 & ,ink ,draw+1 reproduc$ by process block4 ,slightly r$uc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,p5 & ,ink ,draw+ reproduc$ by ,photo-li?ography4 ,illu/ration3 ,p5 & ,ink ,draw+1 reproduc$ by process block4 7,same size47 ,mr4 ,c>l ,h5ts*el1 head ( an em95t firm ( photo-et*]s1 to :om we appli$ = in=mation ^u c]ta9 po9ts 9 ! manipulation ( 8 process1 c\rte\sly (f]$ "s v int]e/+ /atem5ts z to ! developm5t ( z9c et*+4 ,he says ! process ( ,z9c ,engrav+ 0 introduc$ into ,engl& ab\t ?irty ye>s ago1 b really did n 8cat* on10 z ! ,yankees w\ld say1 = tw5ty ye>s aft]2 nor 0 !re any real value atta*$ to x f a comm]cial po9t ( view until ab\t twelve ye>s ago1 :51 z ,mr4 ,h5ts*el assures u1 ! sy/em he adopt$ r5d]$ x possible to h blocks ( all k9ds = newspap]s1 books1 magaz9es1 & j\rnals ( e description produc$ 9 su* "t t _! deliv]y c\ld be reli$ ^u = ! mo/ urg5t publication1 &1 only !n1 ! va/ possibilities ( ! z9c process began to dawn ^u publi%]s1 & soon ! me?od 0 gradually adopt$ = all purposes ( engrav+4 ,"s idea ( ! ext5t to :i* x is made use ( may be ga!r$ f ! fact t ?is firm alone deliv]s weekly ab\t ?ree ?\s& blocks = v>i\s publications ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & ev5 to f>-(f ,india1 :]e ! plates ( :ole volumes ( educational works h be5 despat*$ by ?is ent]pris+ firm4 ,to keep pace ) ! requirem5ts ( ! times x has be5 f\nd necess>y rec5tly to add l>gely to ! facilities = ! execution ( half-tone blocks1 us+ eng9e p[] to ! ext5t ( =ty horse = ! production ( ! electric light1 ess5tial = ?is bran* ( ! bus9ess1 s t 9 ?is respect !y are practically indep5d5t ( sunlight4 ,9 cases ( em]g5cy x is no unusual ?+ to deliv] half-tone blocks 9 five to sev5 h\rs1 & ,l9e "w1 f transf]s1 "o & half h\rs1 & 9 ! case ( hav+ to photo ! subject1 two & half to ?ree h\rs4 ,?is w\ld h be5 impossible "u ! old sy/em1 tru/+ to daylight1 & ?is fact1 c\pl$ ) ! *eap] rate ( co/1 has giv5 an impetus to illu/rat$ j\rnalism t c\ld h>dly h be5 dreamt ( "u ! old regime4 ,illu/ration3 ,p5 & ,ink ,draw+1 reproduc$ by process block4 ,slightly r$uc$4 ,"u ! head ( photo-li?ography1 ! initiatory /age 9 ! mak+ ( :at are t]m$ 8,process ,blocks0 0 expla9$1 namely1 ! mak+ ( photo-transf] f ! orig9al draw+--9 pr9t]'s ink--= transf]5ce to ! li?ographic /one & pr9t$ =m4 ,! metal ,z9c possesses ! same or simil> prop]ties z li?ographic /one1 & may be us$ to pr9t f 9 ! same way4 ,! t]m ,z9cography is appli$ to ! process1 ?\gh practically x is ! same z li?ography4 ,illu/ration3 ,drawn 9 p5 & ink1 reproduc$ by process block4 ,to conv]t ! design ^u ! z9c plate into a relief block to pr9t ) type is only "o /ep f>!r--to s protect ! l9es ( ! design on ! z9c plate1 z to resi/ ! corrosive action ( acid1 & by et*+ ! plate1 produce a relief block4 ,= ?is purpose1 a res9\s or bitum9\s sub/ance is introduc$ into ! composition ( ! pr9t+ ink4 ,"h1 !n1 we h ! l9es ( ! design 9 an acid-resi/+ mat]ial ^u ! surface ( a metal plate exce$+ly susceptible to ! action ( acids4 ,if ! prep>$ plate is n[ plac$ 9 an acid ba?1 ! entire surface ( ! z9c1 except ! protect$ l9es1 w become et*$1 or dissolv$ away1 leav+ ! design 9 its integrity1 ) ! l9es /&+ up 9 relief3 ! et*$ plate has n[ only to be m\nt$ ^u wood to ! height ( type to be ready = ! pr9t]'s use4 ,illu/ration3 ,p5 & ,ink ,draw+1 reproduc$ by process block4 ,illu/ration3 ,p5 & ,ink ,draw+ reproduc$ by ,photo-li?ography4 ,su* is a brief outl9e ( ! process 9 ! production ( ,,l9e ,,blocks4 ,! design may be put on ! metal plate 9 any ( ! foll[+ ways3-- 7a7 ,by direct draw+ on ! z9c plate4 7b7 ,by a draw+ on transf] pap] to z9c or /one4 7c7 ,by transf]5ce ( a photo-transf]4 7d7 ,by transf] f an engrav$ plate4 7e7 ,by transf] f a li?ographic /one4 7f7 ,by direct photography ^u z9c4 ,! mo/ p]fect "w is said to be obta9$ by ! latt] me?od4 ,!re are _m te*nical difficulties to be enc\nt]$ 9 work+ ! process1 difficulties :i* = tw5ty ye>s kept x at ! exp]im5tal /age1 & ( little practical utility1 z1 = in/ance1 aft] et*+ ! plate = a %ort "t ! acid has a t5d5cy to bite lat]ally z well z v]tically1 & s und]m9e & weak5 ! l9es int5d$ to be left /&+4 ,?is is obviat$ by "s photo et*]s 9 us+ c]ta9 *emicals1 & o!rs by an +5i\s mann] 9 ! work+ by et*+ 9 /ages4 ,?is is done by re-ink+ & du/+ ) bitum51 heat+ ! plate aft] ea* 8et*+10 :i* has ! effect ( melt+ & spread+ ! res9\s or bitum9\s ink on ! face1 & slightly d[n ! sides ( ! l9es4 ,successful "w is only atta9$ by att5tion to ! v>i\s delicate te*nical manipulations1 :i* only exp]i5ce c give4 ,illu/ration3 ,p5 & ,ink ,draw+1 reproduc$ by process block4 ,illu/ration3 ,reproduc$ by half-tone process block1 f a ,mono*rome ,sket*1 r$uc$ 9 size4 ,,half-,,tone ,,process ,,blocks4 ,! subject1 :e!r x is a draw+1 engrav+1 pa9t+1 or a photo pr9t1 mu/ 9 ea* case be photograph$ to obta9 ^u ! negative ! texture :i* is ! means ( produc+ ! gradations ( light & d>k we f9d 9 ! f9i%$ block4 ,! !ory is simple en\gh1 b ! practice is extremely difficult1 & "o requir+ great skill & c>e4 ,a glass scre5 hav+ cross l9es rul$ ^u x1 ) p]fect me*anical regul>ity 7ab\t sev5ty l9es to ! in* = l>ge "w1 up to two hundr$ l9es to ! in* = v f9e half-tone blocks1 z may be be/ suit$ to ! subject 9 h&74 ,! scre5 is fix$ 9 ! cam]a betwe5 ! l5s & ! negative to be expos$4 ,! f9e black l9es ( ! scre5 are reproduc$ ^u ! negative z :ite l9es1 break+ up ! picture into a s]ies ( m9ute squ>e dots1 ( v>y+ size accord+ to ! light & %ade ( ! orig9al picture4 ,a photo-transf] is !n tak5 z previ\sly expla9$4 7,9 ,h5ts*el's process ! secret ( ! prep>$ transf] pap] is 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,h5ts*el solely47 ,aft] be+ transf]r$ to ! z9c1 & manipulat$ ) c]ta9 *emicals1 ! plate is gradually et*$ until a suffici5t dep? has be5 obta9$4 ,x is !n trimm$ & m\nt$ type height ready = ! pr9t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,p5 & ,ink ,draw+1 reproduc$ by process block4 ,illu/ration3 ,orig9al size4 ,p5 & ,ink ,draw+1 reproduc$ by process block 9 ?ree sizes4 ,,p5 ,,& ,,ink ,,draw+4 ,draw+s = reproduction by ! mod]n processes ( photo-li?ography & photo-et*+ may be prep>$ 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,! mo/ frequ5tly us$ is t]m$ ,,p5 ,,& ,,ink ,,draw+ 7(t5 mi/ak5ly call$ 8et*+10 :i* is engrav+ by means ( an acid74 ,?is class ( "w is ! mo/ popul> ( all1 & ! mo/ easily got at by arti/s & amateurs2 x is translat$ ) mu* great] ease1 & at less co/1 ?an photographs or %ad$ draw+s ( any k9d4 ,z ! t]m indicates1 x is execut$ ) ! p52 _m arti/s1 h[ev]1 h a pr$ilection = ! bru% 7a f9e sable p5cil71 :i*1 ?\gh x requires consid]able practice to ma/] its use1 becomes 9 ma/]ly h&s a valuable in/rum5t1 capable ( great] & m v>i$ effects ?an ! p54 ,good black ink1 & smoo? :ite pap] or c>dbo>d1 are ! ess5tials4 ,mu* may be said on ! /yle or modes ( diff]5t arti/s 9 draw+1 ! k9d or quality ( ! ink1 ! p5s & pap] to be us$4 ,! relative values ( ?ick & ?91 op5 & close l9es1 ! direction ( ! l9es1 etc41 9 produc+ ! v>i$ "* & quality ( good expressive draw+2 ! v>i\s textures ( surfaces--r\ghness1 smoo?ness1 etc4--h all to be consid]$1 m especially if ! draw+ is made ^u a l>g] scale1 to be r$uc$ 9 ! photo-et*+ process ( translation4 ,we he>tily comm5d ! %ill+ h&book on ,p5 & ,ink draw+ publi%$ by ,w9sor & ,newton4 ,x is an excell5t introduction to ! art2 x gives full in/ructions on ! be/ means ( work+1 & ! mat]ials to be us$4#c ,footnote #c3 8,! ,art ( ,p5 & ,ink ,draw+1 commonly call$ ,et*+40 ,by ,h4 ,r4 ,rob]tson1 ,fell[ ( ! ,society ( ,pa9t]-,et*]s1 ,au?or ( 8,! ,art ( ,et*+10 etc4 ,w9sor ,newton1 ,limit$1 ,london4 ,illu/ration3 ,,club ,,device ,,& ,,ex ,,libris4 ,p5 & ,ink ,draw+1 reproduc$ by process block4 ,illu/ration3 ,reproduc$ by half-tone process block1 f an ,aqua-,t9t engrav+1 same size4 ,= ,,half-,,tone ,,%ad$ ,,blocks ! design may be execut$ 9 wa%es z a *9a ink draw+1 or 9 any o!r way4 ,! illu/rations are reproductions f v>i\s k9ds ( orig9als1 z expla9$ "u ea* example4 ,messrs4 ,c>l ,h5ts*el ,co41 #ahb-c ,fleet ,/reet1 h be5 good en\gh to prep>e sev]al examples to illu/rate ! half-tone process2 ea* block hav+ be5 made f an orig9al execut$ 9 a diff]5t way1 z indicat$ by ! explanatory title2 & may be consid]$ r sev]e te/s ( :at ! process is capable4 ,= ^! fav\rs we are mu* oblig$2 we t5d] also our ?anks = _! k9dness & c\rtesy 9 supply+ mu* ( ! =ego+ in=mation4 ,illu/ration3 ,p5 & ,ink ,draw+1 reproduc$ by process block4 ,,h9ts ,,to ,,collectors ,,( ,,ex ,,libris4 ,to di/+ui% h[ a book-plate may h be5 produc$4 ,a li?ograph or a photo-li?ograph may be di/+ui%$ f a woodcut1 or f a copp] engrav+1 by ! foll[+3 ,by ! quality ( ! l9es1 :e!r cut ) ! grav] or et*$ ^u copp]2 drawn ) ! p5 or ) ! f9e sable p5cil4 ,ea* has a "* ( h&l+ & mann] ( its own by :i* x may be recognis$4 ,a little obs]vation ( admitt$ examples ) ! aid ( a /rong magnify+ glass w g5]ally resolve ?is4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ex ,,libris4 ,reproduc$ by half-tone process block1 f ,col\r$ ,design = ,/a9$ ,glass ,w9d[4 ,,! ,,diff]5ce ,,9 ,,engrav$ ,,or ,,cut ,,l9es1 ,,& ,,et*$ ,,l9es4 ,l9es cut ) ! grav] are inv>iably smoo? & ev51 & h a cle> silv]y appe>ance2 9 isolat$ l9es or cuts x w be obs]v$ t ! beg9n+ ( ! l9es are f9] :]e ! grav] has ent]$ ?an :]e x /ops4 ,et*$ l9es1 on ! contr>y1 d n possess ! same smoo?-edg$ rigid "* z ^? cut ) ! grav]2 & :]e great] /r5g? ( l9e is obta9$ x is by deep] et*+ ) ! acid ba?1 & 9 ?is ! diff]5ce 9 ! quality ( l9e is m p]ceptible4 ,,to ,,di/+ui% ,,an ,,impression ,,f ,,plate4 ,9 a plate engrav+ ! l9es are slightly 9 relief 7&1 if /rongly engrav$1 or ! pap] ?91 obs]vable on ! back74 ,a s5sitive f+] w detect ! /rong] rais$ l9es ( ! engrav+4 ,! m>k ( ! plate1 unless cut (f1 also betrays x2 ! engrav$ plate by ,mr4 ,%]born1 fac+ page #bg1 w illu/rate ?is4 ,,to ,,di/+ui% ,a ,,woodcut1 ,,or ,,l9e ,,process ,,block4 ,9 a block ! l9es ( ! design are ind5t$ slightly into ! pap]1 :i* %[s itself on ! back ( ! pr9t 7unless ?or\ghly roll$ out "u heavy pressure74 ,close obs]vation ) ! magnify+ glass w %[ ! edges ( ! l9es to be slightly r\gh--by ! ink f ! face ( ! l9e be+ squeez$ ov] ! edge2 9 good pr9t+ ?is is n s app>5t4 ,a weakness ) ne>ly all process blocks is t ! edges ( f9e t9ts & outly+ f9e l9es are apt to pr9t heavi] ?an !y %\ld1 unless v c>efully work$4 ,,to ,,di/+ui% ,a ,,li?ograph4 ,9 a li?ograph ! surface ( ! pap] is p]fectly smoo?1 & n ind5t$ 9 any way4 ,! examples ( engrav$ plates pr9t$ f /one1 & ! li?o4 & photo-li?o's pr9t$ 9 br[n ink1 w s]ve to illu/rate ! qualities ( li?ography4 ,unless well pr9t$1 ! f9e l9es are apt to %[ weak & rott51 or to h become ?ick & blurr$1 ei!r 9 transf]r+ to ! /one or by too mu* ink on ! pr9t+ roll]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fato ,,prud5tia ,,major4 ,,ex ,,libris ,,v9icombe ,,bey1 ,colonel d' ,artill]ie ,tophan1 ,con/ant9ople4 ,example ( s(t-gr\nd et*+--,reproduc$ by half-tone process block4 8,,au ,,revoir40 ,hav+ n[ rehe>s$1 ,i hope cle>ly & concisely1 ! v>i\s modes by :i* ,ex ,libris are & h be5 produc$1 & hav+ reveal$ z _m trade secrets z ! limit$ space at comm& w\ld all[1 ,i beg to ?ank ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,ex ,libris ,society = p]mission to repr9t f ! pages ( ! ,j\rnal ! s]ies ( articles on ! subject--n[ some:at exp&$--& = ! use ( ! blocks by :i* !y 7 illu/rat$4 ,to ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,k4 ,wright1 ,f4,r4,,hi/4,,soc41 ! able ,editor & ,secret>y ( ! ,ex ,libris ,society 7to :om all collectors are inf9itely indebt$71 my ?anks are due = 8 valu$ aid & c\nsel2 & on ^: %\ld]s ,i h n[ laid ! fur!r obligation ( a preface4 ,z a special fav\r ,i h reque/$ 8 8libr>y int]ior0 plate to appe>4 ,a simil> fav\r ,i h desir$ f ,ar?ur ,vic>s1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,ul/] ,k+ ( ,arms1 to :om ,i d$icate ?is little book4 ,) ! exception ( ^! two 8libr>y int]iors0 & ! cre/ plate ( ,r4 ,day1 ,f4,s4,a41 by ,%]born1 all ! mod]n ,ex ,libris designs "h pr9t$ h be5 made by1 or "u ! sup]9t5d5ce (1 ! writ]1 & execut$ by ,m>cus ,w>d ,co41 ,limit$1 :om ,i beg to ?ank mo/ he>tily = _! k9d co-op]ation1 p>ticul>ly 9 pr9t+ ! li?ograph$ specim5s1 & ! use ( additional blocks4 ,i h also to ?ank sev]al p]sonal fri5ds :o h be5 good en\gh to l5d me _! copp]-plates & process blocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,john ,,v9ycomb1 ,m4,r4,i4,a4 ,,riv]side1 ,,holywood1 ,,co4 ,,d[n1 #ahid4 ,,! ,j\rnal ,,( ,,! ,ex ,libris ,society1 ,,publi%$ ,,mon?ly1 ,price1 #as4 #f;d4 ,po/ ,free1 #as4 #i;d4 ,illu/ration ,,also1 ,,volume ,i4 ,out ( ,pr9t ,,volume ,,ii4 ,out ( ,pr9t ,,volume ,,iii4 ,price1 #bas4 ,po/ ,free1 #bas4 #h;d4 ,cases = ! above ,volumes-- ,price1 #as4 #f;d4 ,po/ ,free1 #as4 #i;d4 ,,adam ,,& ,,*>les ,,black1 ,,soho ,,squ>e1 ,,london4 ,,dat$ ,,book-,,plates 7,ex ,libris71 ,) a ,treatise on _! ,orig9 & ,developm5t4 ,,by ,,walt] ,,hamilton1 ,*airman ( ,c\ncil ( ! ,ex ,libris ,society2 ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,socit ,franaise des ,collectionneurs d',ex ,libris4 ,,) ,,num]\s ,,illu/rations4 ,a li/ ( ,dat$ ,plates prior to #agjj appe>s 9 ,"p ,i41 ) fac-similes ( ,ex ,libris specially select$ z typical examples ( e>ly "w4 ,"p ,,ii4 w conta9 ,dat$ ,plates ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,"p ,,iii4 w conta9 ,dat$ ,plates ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,! "w w be pr9t$ on pap] ( ! same size z ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,ex ,libris ,society1 s z to range ) x4 ,! price ( ea* "p w be ,sev5 ,%ill+s & ,sixp5ce net4 ,po/ free1 #gs4 #aa;d4 ,"p ,i4 is n[ ready4 ,p>ts ,,ii4 & ,,iii4 w be issu$ v %ortly1 z all ! mat]ials are ready = ! press4 ,,adam ,,& ,,*>les ,,black1 ,,soho ,,squ>e1 ,,london4 ,book-,plate ,annual ,,& ,,armorial ,,ye> ,,book1 #ahid4 ,edit$ by ,,john ,,leighton1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,price1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,po/ ,free1 #bs4 #i;d4 ,,cont5ts-- #a4--;,half ,title1 ! ,au?or1 ! ,pr9t]1 ! ,bookb9d]1 & ! lov] ( ,books4 #b4--,memor&um ,%eet = ! entry ( ,loans & ,ex*anges4 #c4--,! ,ex ,libris ( ! ,duke ( ,york & ,pr9cess4 7,by graci\s p]mission47 #d4--;,description ( ! ,royal ,w$d+ ,book-plate4 ,by ,ar?ur ,jew]s1 ,f4,s4,a4 #e4--,portrait ( ! ,great ,ma/] ( ,symbolical ,h]aldry1 ,alb]t ,dr]4 #f4--,%\ld ,wales h a place on ! ,royal ,/&>d ( ,engl&4 #g4--,sugge/ions = a ,wel% ,ord] ( ,knigh?ood4 ,! ,coll> & ,jewel ( ,/4 ,david4 #h4--;,cambria ^u ! ,curr5cy 9 ! f\r? qu>t]4 #i4--,! ,libr>y1 ,books & ,b9d+s4 ,_! ,re/oration & ,pres]vation4 #aj4--;,h[ to keep ,ex ,libris "u any classification or arrangem5t4 #aa4--,! ,process ( ,b9d+4 ,a ,book f ! ,%eets to ! ,volume4 #ab4--,taxes ^u ,vanity4 ,armorial1 ,s]vants1 ,horses1 & ,c>riages4 #ac4--;,arms ( ,p>ticipation4 ,an ,economy 9 a high ,luxury4 #ad4--,reb9d+ ,old ,books ( value2 :at %\ld be done8 #ae4--,! ,f9d ( ! ,ye>4 ,! ,virg9ian ,book-plate confirm$ 9 ,am]ica4 #af4--;,cut & come aga94 ,! ,trimm+ ( ,books & ,cutt+ ,d[n4 ,,adam ,,& ,,*>les ,,black1 ,,soho ,,squ>e1 ,,london4 ,,! ,,dryburgh ,,edition ,,( ,,! ,wav]ley ,novels4 ,) #bej ,page ,illu/rations1 specially ,drawn = ?is ,edition by ! well kn[n ,arti/s ^: names are giv5 bel[1 & engrav$ on wood by ,mr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,,coop]4 ,9 ,tw5ty-five ,volumes4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ,clo?4 ,price1 #es4 ea*4 ,,*>les ,,gre5 ,,wav]ley4 ,,gordon ,,br[ne ,,guy ,,mann]+4 ,,paul ,,h>dy ,,! ,,antiqu>y4 ,,lockh>t ,,bogle ,,rob ,,roy4 ,,walt] ,,paget ,,black ,,dw>f4 ,,lockh>t ,,bogle ,,leg5d ,,( ,,montrose4 ,,frank ,,dadd1 ,r4,i4 ,,old ,,mortality ,,william ,,hole1 ,r4,s4,a4 ,,he>t ,,( ,,midlo?ian4 ,,john ,,williamson ,,bride ,,( ,,lamm]moor4 ,,gordon ,,br[ne ,,ivanhoe4 ,,john ,,williamson ,,! ,,mona/]y4 ,,john ,,williamson ,,! ,,abbot4 ,h4 ,m4 ,,paget ,,k5ilwor?4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,ov]5d ,,! ,,pirate4 ,,godfrey ,c4 ,,h9dley ,,=tunes ,,( ,,nigel4 ,,/anley ,,b]keley ,,pev]il ,,( ,,! ,,peak4 ,h4 ,m4 ,,paget ,,qu5t9 ,,durw>d4 ,,hugh ,,?omson ,,/4 ,,ronan',s ,,well4 ,,george ,,hay1 ,r4,s4,a4 ,,r$gauntlet4 ,,godfrey ,c4 ,,h9dley ,,! ,,betro!d4 ,,highl& ,,wid[4 ,,godfrey ,c4 ,,h9dley ,,! ,,talisman4 ,,/anley ,,b]keley ,,wood/ock4 ,c4 ,m4 ,,h>die1 ,a4,r4,s4,a4 ,,fair ,,maid ,,( ,,p]?4 ,,paul ,,h>dy ,,anne ,,( ,,gei]/e94 ,,gordon ,,br[ne ,,c\nt ,,rob]t ,,( ,,p>is4 ,,paul ,,h>dy ,,! ,,surgeon',s ,,daught]4 ,,walt] ,,paget ,,ca/le ,,dang]\s4 ,,adam ,,& ,,*>les ,,black1 ,,soho ,,squ>e1 ,,london4