,,sanitation ,,of ,,mofussil ,,bazaars ,,by ,g4 ,w4 ,,disney ,,associate1 ,,king',s ,,college1 ,,london2 ,,member1 ,,institute1 ,,civil ,,engineers2 ,,fellow ,,royal ,,sanitary ,,institute2 ,,late ,,sanitary ,,engineer ,,to ,,government1 ,,eastern ,,bengal ,,and ,,assam ,,third ,,edition ,,calcutta ,,simla ,,thacker1 ,,spink ,,co #aiad ,,printed ,,by ,,thacker1 ,,spink ,,and ,,co41 ,,calcutta4 ,,third ,,edition ,,dedicated ,,to ,sir ,lancelot ,hare1 ,k4,c4,s4,i41 ,c4,i4,e1 ,,late ,,lieutenant-,,governor ,,of ,,eastern ,,bengal ,,and ,,assam4 ,under whom the ,author had the honour of serving for many years4 ,,ranchi1 ,the #agth ,june #aiad4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,preface ,,to ,,third ,,edition4 ,the ,second ,edition of this work being now out of print for some years it has been suggested to me that ,i should re-write the ,manual and bring it up to date4 ,it does not purport to be a highly technical work1 but will1 ,i trust1 indicate to those requiring fuller information where to look for it4 ,two ,chapters have been added on ,road ,making and ,building ,construction which1 it is hoped1 will make the book more useful to those for whom it is written4 ,the arrangement of the ,chapters has also been altered4 ,my acknowledgments are again due to many friends who have helped me in revising the ,second ,edition of this ,manual4 ,,ranchi1 ,g4 ,w4 ,d4 #agth ,june #aiad4 ,,introduction4 ,a concise handbook dealing with the most important points of the sanitation of ,indian ,bazaars is much needed2 this is an endeavour to supply the want and put the information available on the subject in a convenient form1 so as to facilitate the organization1 and control the working of the sanitary department of a municipality4 ,it is not within the scope of this work to allude to large waterworks or drainage schemes1 but merely to show how existing arrangements can be improved4 ,the real secret of sanitation is the prompt removal of fcal matter and refuse from the neighbourhood of inhabited buildings before it has time to decay1 as in the early stages of putrefaction emanations are evolved which are highly dangerous to health2 it is also an admitted fact that the common fly is a considerable factor in disseminating disease1 as it conveys germs on the pads of its feet from infected matter to the food-supply of the inhabitants4 ,my thanks are due to many who have been good enough to assist me in this work1 and especially to ,lieutenant-,colonel ,whitwell and ,captain ,j4 ,c4 ,vaughan of the ,indian ,medical ,service2 to ,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,silk1 ,sanitary ,engineer to the ,government of ,bengal2 and to ,captain ,d4 ,meagher1 the ,officer in charge of the ,government ,farm at ,allahabad4 ,g4 ,w4 ,d4 ,november #aija4 ,,preface ,,to ,,second ,,edition4 ,the ,first ,edition of this work was favourably received and1 being entirely disposed of within five months of its issue1 indicates that a want was met4 ,the ,manual has been patronised by the ,government of ,india1 the ,secretary of ,state for the ,colonies1 the ,local ,governments of ,bengal1 ,madras1 ,burma1 ,punjab1 the ,united ,provinces of ,agra and ,oude1 ,assam1 the ,central ,provinces1 the ,north-,west ,frontier ,provinces1 ,baluchistan1 and other ,administrations1 as well as by several ,native ,states1 and by the ,nepal ,durbar4 ,a ,second ,edition with a good deal of additional matter added1 has therefore been prepared1 but this has been called for before the ,author was ready for it1 and estimated results have in consequence been given in several instances instead of recorded facts4 ,the science of sanitation is1 however1 progressing so rapidly1 that a good deal of useful information is available1 and advantage has been taken of criticisms to amplify several points4 ,additional information has been given on the ,biological ,system of ,disposal of ,sewage1 on ,markets1 and ,drain ,flushing among other subjects1 and ,appendices ,c to ,f have been added4 ,i take this opportunity of again thanking many who have assisted me1 and for the generous tone of the criticisms in the public press4 ,,muzaffarpur1 ,g4 ,w4 ,,disney4 #aeth ,november #aijb4 ,,contents4 ,,page4 ,,introduction v ,,chapter ,i4 ,,drainage #a-e ,,ii4 ,,water-,,supply #f-ag ,,iii4 ,,road ,,making #ah-ba ,,iv4 ,,building ,,construction #bb-bd ,v4 ,,latrines ,,and ,,urinals #be-cj ,,vi4 ,,collection ,,and ,,removal ,,of ,,night-,,soil #ca-cf ,,vii4 ,,disposal ,,of ,,night-,,soil ,,and ,,trenching ,,grounds #cg-da ,,viii4 ,,collection ,,and ,,disposal ,,of ,,refuse #db-di ,,ix4 ,,biological ,,system ,,for ,,disposal ,,of ,,night-,,soil #ej-ea ,x4 ,,general ,,sanitation #eb-ef ,,appendix ,a4 ,,model ,,rules1 ,,privies ,,and ,,urinals #eg-fj ,b4 ,,form ,,for ,,regulating ,,removal ,,of ,,town ,,sweepings #fa ,c4 ,,well ,,register #fb ,d4 ,,model ,,building ,,regulations #fc-fg ,e4 ,,table ,,for ,,the ,,repayment ,,of ,,loans #fh ,f4 ,,rules ,,for ,,the ,,preparation1 ,,submission ,,and ,,execution ,,of ,,projects ,,of ,,water-,,supply1 ,,sewerage ,,or ,,drainage1 ,,by ,,local ,,authorities #fi-gc ,g4 ,,form ,,for ,,annual ,,report ,,on ,,bridges ,,and ,,culverts #gd ,h4 ,,specification ,,for ,,tar-,,macadam #ge-gg ,,sanitation ,,of ,,mofussil ,,bazaars4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,surface ,,or ,,storm-,,water ,,drainage4 ,owing to the fact that earth for the construction of most of the huts in a bazaar has been excavated from the immediate vicinity of the buildings1 it is a matter of much consideration to determine the most suitable levels the surface drains should start at1 as it is of importance that these should be as shallow as circumstances admit of in order that they may obtain the full benefit of purification by sun and air4 ,by adopting as high a level as possible at the head of the drain it enables better gradients1 or falls1 to be given which aids much in self-cleansing4 ,the greatest care should be taken not to lose1 or waste what little fall there is in the plains1 as this is simply invaluable4 ,deep drains rapidly become foul at the sides and bottom1 are difficult to flush owing to the quantity of water required to do so effectively1 and great temptation is also given to adjacent house-holders to bridge them over with wide platforms1 the consequence being that1 sooner or later1 the storm-water drain1 designed as an open one1 and for which it may originally have been more or less suitable1 soon changes its character1 and becomes a badly designed sewer1 which imprisons and concentrates noxious effluvia4 ,when a drain runs beneath a road1 provision should be made for a part of it being easily uncovered to admit of examination and cleaning4 ,all drains should open into others at acute1 and not at right angles1 and must join at top to top1 and not at base level2 where necessary the difference of level can be made up by falls4 ,sidenote3 ,surface drainage of small roads4 ,the surface drainage of small roads and paths in a bazaar is best provided for by the construction of a central drain down the middle1 to which the ground is made to slightly slope from each side2 this prevents the accumulation of filth in the so-called side drains1 which are generally merely long pits2 and1 provided a slight fall be given1 they are self-cleaning at every shower of rain4 ,in paths or gullies a small concrete saucer drain can be constructed1 at a cost not exceeding four annas a lineal foot1 into which the house connections can be made1--the paths being paved with bricks1 set flat1 not costing more than ,rs4 #b-h per #ajj square feet4 ,these should be laid at a good slope to the drain1 and as only foot traffic need be provided for1 is amply strong enough4 ,in many cases it will be found that adjacent house-holders are quite willing to pay for this work1 when once a commencement is made1 and the advantage is obvious to them4 ,sidenote3 ,kutcha roadside drains4 ,in kutcha roadside drains care must be taken that1 in the process of cleaning1 which generally consists in the removal of the bed1 they do not in time become permanent roadside trenches without fall2 it is much better to have no drains at all than this2 mere depressions which1 when dry1 can be swept1 and which will be washed clean after a heavy shower of rain1 are much preferable4 ,the proper bed-level of a kutcha drain should be permanently marked by wooden pegs driven well into the earth1 and built into a masonry pillar1 #a foot #aj inches square1 or by masonry profiles1 at intervals of #ajj feet apart2 this shows at once if the bed-level or section has been unduly lowered during the process of cleaning out4 ,sidenote3 ,flushing4 ,when designing a drainage system for a town it is essential that provision for flushing be made at the same time1 otherwise the drains become receptacles for filth for about two-thirds of the year4 ,this can be arranged by the construction of flushing tanks1 which1 when full automatically discharge into the drains1 by water mains laid underground discharging into the head or summits of the drains2 and also by the drains being divided up into convenient sections by stops or sluices1 which are lifted automatically1 or by manual labour1 when the section is full of water1 thus ensuring an effective flush4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,automatic ,,flushing ,,tank ,a type design of an automatic flushing tank is shown in ,fig4 #a4 ,these cost about ,rs4 #ajj each complete1 the syphon pipe alone representing some ,rs4 #cj4 ,where sufficient head is not unavailable for this type1 ,adams' ,patent ,adamic ,flusher may be suitable4 ,these cost about ,rs4 #gj for a #d pipe size1 and works with a head of #aj inches4 ,where sullage water is discharged into storm-water drains this should be treated in sullage filters at convenient intervals4 ,see ,fig4 #ah1 page #cf4 ,sidenote3 ,masonry drains4 ,the most suitable form for surface drains is the semi-circular base1 with side slopes of #a to #bd1 as the discharge is only slightly less than that of the ovoid section1 and the drains are more easy to construct4 ,they can be easily swept clean1 or run through with a wooden board made to fit the section1 and pushed along by a boy4 ,the ,dacca type rectangular drain1 as shown in ,fig4 #b1 page #e1 is very suitable for narrow lanes4 ,the dimensions can be altered to suit local conditions4 ,much useful information as to the preparation of drainage projects1 and tables of discharges of different sections1 will be found in ,practical ,instructions in ,surface ,drainage1 by ,mr4 ,h4 ,a4 ,gubbay1 ,executive ,engineer1 ,public ,works ,department1 published by the ,government of ,bengal4 ,in most cases1 when designing a system of drainage1 it is advisable merely to take the general surface level of the bazaar as the level to be drained1 leaving artificially caused depressions to be filled up with the dbris of old buildings1 and any available suitable material as opportunity occurs4 ,it is also generally unnecessary to provide for a very heavy rainfall4 ,the usual provision in this part of ,india is for a run off due to an inch of rainfall per hour from densely built over1 and th of an inch from suburban areas4 ,it is more scientific to design the drains with reference to the possible flushing power and facilities available1 rather than that of the maximum rainfall4 ,the importance of proper drainage1 especially in connection with checking the spread of malarial fever by anopheles mosquitoes has1 owing to recent researches1 been fully recognised4 ,these are found to breed most extensively in the earth-lined drains alongside streets4 ,where brick-lined1 the current should be strong enough to wash away the larv1 but it is quite otherwise on the numerous kutcha ones in every bazaar4 ,it is also essential1 in ,bengal1 to make use of the powers conferred by the ,municipal ,act 7,section #aie7 to compel owners to fill up small depressions which1 during the rains1 form extensive and numerous breeding-grounds4 ,every attempt should be made each year to brick-line a section of the roadside drains as money is available1 where funds do not admit of much being done4 ,grass and weeds in the earthen drains must be cleared out at regular intervals during the rains1 and the oftener the better4 ,mosquitoes of the culex tribe cannot also be disregarded1 as these have been proved to convey elephantiasis and other diseases1 and stegomyia1 which abound in ,lower ,bengal1 are the hosts of yellow fever4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,cross ,,section ,,of ,,street ,,side ,,drain4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,water-,,supply ,,from ,,wells ,,and ,,tanks4 ,sidenote3 ,registering wells4 ,sidenote3 ,cleaning and repairing wells4 ,in order to obtain a comparatively pure water-supply1 under circumstances existent in most bazaars1 it is essential that the spill water from wells be led away by properly constructed drains beyond what is known as the cone of filtration2 this may be described as a circle drawn round the mouth of the well1 the radius being equal to the depth of it4 ,owing to ,indian customs1 there is always a considerable quantity of spill water in the vicinity of a well1 and this1 when proper platforms and drains are not constructed1 finds its way back1 after contamination1 by the line of least resistance1 either down the sides of the masonry lining1 or by cracks and fissures in the ground4 ,for water supplies from wells and tanks the main object is to prevent any water once drawn out1 again1 after probable contamination1 flowing back into the source of supply4 ,arrangements should be made for registering every well in a municipality where this has not already been done1 and for taking over1 or closing all those the owners refuse1 or fail to put in a proper sanitary state4 ,in ,bengal this can be enforced under section #bjj of the ,bengal ,municipal ,act 7#ahid74 ,a copy of the map of a ward showing the position of all wells and tanks therein is given in ,fig4 #c4 ,the ,well ,register1 which should be corrected yearly1 is given in ,appendix ,c1 page #fb4 ,it is impossible in most cases1 owing to large numbers1 for a ,municipality to take over1 repair1 and conserve all the wells 7in the town of ,muzaffarpur1 there were #gah wells7 but much good can be done by acquiring a certain number of the most useful unowned ones1 and making the owners of others1 when in a position to do so1 put and maintain them in a sanitary state4 ,when new wells are sunk1 the owner must be made to construct them according to a standard design4 ,fig4 #d shows an inexpensive and good form of open well1 top1 and platform4 ,from the experience of ten years in the ,muzaffarpur ,district 7from #ahia to #aija71 where wells on the sides of main roads were so treated1 this is possible4 ,some #djj wells on #gbe miles of road were taken over by the ,district ,board1 put in a proper state of repair1 suitable platforms and spill-water drains constructed1 and arrangements made for annual cleaning out and disinfecting with permanganate of potash during the hot weather months4 ,these were eventually greatly appreciated1 and1 whereas in the first instance difficulties were experienced in getting hold of suitable ones1 it was of late years necessary to make careful selections from the applications received4 ,in addition to this1 the owners of numerous ones1 on whom notice was served that if they did not put them in a sanitary condition1 they would be taken over and repaired by the ,district ,board1 elected to do the work on the prescribed lines at their own expense4 ,it is a notable fact that cholera when prevalent in villages close by1 frequently is not found in those where these wells are situated4 ,this organization is being extended to villages which have an especially bad sanitary record4 ,for easy reference the ,instructions for ,repairing1 ,cleaning and ,disinfecting ,wells are quoted4 ,illustration3 ,,muzaffarpur ,,municipality ,,ward ,n #aa ,,fig4 #c4 ,repairing4 #a4 ,the ground round a well must first be excavated to a depth of at least #e feet below surface level1 and for a width of #e feet round the well and sealed with puddled clay1 the well lining being first rebuilt from this level where necessary1 and continued up for a height of #b feet #f inches above ground-level2 the top of the well must be sloped off to prevent vessels being placed on it1 and consequent splashing getting back into the well4 ,a properly made platform resting on suitable foundations1 must be built round the well at #a foot above at its highest point1 and sloping off to ground-level at its lowest1 with a ridge round it to prevent spill-water draining away indiscriminately and an opening at its lowest point1 leading into a pucca drain1 constructed with a suitable fall1 and continued until natural drainage is reached1 or outside the cone of filtration1 so as to prevent any water lodging in the vicinity of the well4 #b4 ,a closed-in top prevents dust1 which may convey pathogenic germs1 gaining access to the water4 ,cleaning4 #c4 ,wells should be dewatered1 and cleaned out at least once every year4 ,the sides must be scraped1 and all mud1 broken earthen vessels1 etc41 removed2 quicklime must then be applied to the sides and bottom of the wells4 #d4 ,the only suitable time to clean out wells is during the hot weather as the water in them is then at its lowest level4 #e4 ,all wells must be cleaned out down to the well-curb or 8,jamot40 ,disinfecting4 #f4 ,permanganate of potassium is a crystalline salt-like substance of a purple colour1 in the preparation of which only mineral substances are employed4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,well ,top ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4 #g4 ,put one or two ounces of the solid substance into a dol1 or bucket1 which has been filled with water drawn from the well about to be treated4 ,stir it up1 and pour the red solution thus produced into the well1 leaving the portion of permanganate that is not yet dissolved at the bottom of the dol4 ,lower the dol into the well1 fill it with water1 draw it up1 pour back the water as before1 and repeat the process till all the permanganate has been dissolved4 ,in all cases enough permanganate should be added to produce a faint red colour lasting for #bd hours4 #h4 ,if the water in the well is bad1 more permanganate will be necessary4 ,in such a case it will be found that the strong red colour at first produced quickly changes to brown1 and then fades away4 ,this is because the permanganate destroys dirt and is destroyed by it4 ,therefore1 if the water in the well is clean1 a smaller quantity of permanganate will be necessary4 ,from one to four ounces of permanganate will be found to be enough for ordinary wells4 ,if more permanganate is added than is enough to produce a faint permanent red colour1 it is likely that frogs1 that may be in the well1 will be killed4 ,this will1 in a few days1 give the water a putrid taste4 ,if the quantity of permanganate is not enough to produce a faint permanent red colour1 it is unlikely to do good4 ,if possible1 the permanganate should be added at night1 in order to leave the wells undisturbed as long as possible4 ,the water will be fit to drink on the following morning4 ,if then a red colour is still present1 the water may have an unpleasant taste1 but it is perfectly harmless4 ,figure #d is an illustration of the latest pattern of well adopted4 ,sidenote3 ,new ,wells4 ,when a new well is proposed1 and local conditions are suitable1 a safe form is that designed by ,dr4 ,cameron of ,wigton1 ,n4 ,b4 ,this arrangement is shown in ,fig4 #e4 ,the well should be in the centre of a reserved area of at least #bj yards in diameter1 and the lead pipe leading from it to the pump must be fitted by brass screw joinings4 ,this is a suitable design for the vicinity of cutcherries1 where an open space for a reserved area is generally available4 ,another excellent design for a new well1 and one more generally suitable1 is shown in ,fig4 #f4 ,this prevents any danger of the water being contaminated by dirty vessels being lowered into it for the purpose of drawing water4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,sidenote3 ,tube ,wells4 ,tube wells answer admirably in many localities2 it is1 however1 always essential to have a bore hole made first to determine the stratum which has to be tapped1 as the point of the tube may be easily driven through this4 ,an improved form of pump is shown in ,fig4 #g2 this obviates the danger of impure water being put in the mouth of the pitcher spout pump in order to make it draw4 ,the great advantage of tube wells is that they enable a stratum1 underlying that of impermeable stiff clay which exists in many cases1 to be tapped1 thus avoiding the danger of contamination by subsoil water4 ,the supply from a tube well is1 however1 limited in quantity4 ,where wells are founded on a clay stratum their efficiency can generally be largely increased at a trifling cost1 by driving a pipe lined boring down until water-borne sand is met4 ,great care must1 however1 be taken that1 when the boring is going on1 this stratum be not passed through1 and constant tests of the discharge obtained at the various depths are therefore necessary4 ,sidenote3 ,water drawing utensils4 ,in all cases it is advisable either to provide a pump on a public well1 or iron buckets with light chains and wooden pullies1 so that private water drawing vessels be not lowered into the water4 ,the pump should be fixed on the platform surrounding the well1 and not on the top4 ,a light corrugated iron roof over the mouth of a well is also useful in preventing leaves1 and other impurities falling in1 and also in affording shelter to the water-drawers4 ,illustration3 ,,plan ,,of ,,dome ,,for ,,well ,,fig4 #h4 ,an effective and economical well cover designed for ,ranchi is shown in ,fig4 #h1 page #aa4 ,this1 for a #h diameter well1 costs about ,rs4 #ij4 ,sidenote3 ,tanks4 ,a large proportion of the water-supply of a ,municipality is usually taken from tanks1 into most of which the drainage water from the neighbouring vicinity is washed during the rainy season4 ,this can be prevented by raising the banks4 ,the sullage water of a bazaar is indescribably filthy1 and if in-drainage is prevented the tanks will fill up by percolation as the level of the subsoil water rises--a bad enough source of supply1 but infinitely purer than the surface water combined with filth from a crowded area4 ,the excavation of new tanks in a ,municipality should be discouraged as much as possible1 and attention paid to conserving the existing ones4 ,small pumps and masonry platforms for washing purposes draining away from the tanks will improve matters4 ,in the late ,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,silk's book on 8,municipal ,engineering in ,bengal0 the following classification of comparative purity of water-supply is adopted3-- #a4 ,deep spring water4 #b4 ,subterranean or deep well water4 #c4 ,upland surface water4 #d4 ,subsoil water4 7,if distant from any collection of houses74 #e4 ,land springs4 #f4 ,river water4 #g4 ,surface water from cultivated land4 #h4 ,subsoil water under villages or towns4 ,surface water from a bazaar is classified as sullage4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,where tanks are used as a source of drinking water-supply1 they should be properly fenced and conserved1 and the water drawn by a pump4 ,recent researches have proved that polluted water1 if stored in a tank or reservoir where it can be preserved from subsequent contamination1 rapidly becomes pure4 ,the ,type plan1 approved by the ,sanitary ,board of ,behar and ,orissa1 is shown in ,fig4 #i1 page #ac4 ,this for an existing tank of #ajj yards square area is estimated to cost ,rs4 #b1gjj4 ,the pumps1 provided in duplicate1 are ,kite double action pattern and cost about ,rs4 #dbe each4 ,the fencing provided is the ,ideal ,woven wire fence1 #aj strands1 #dh high1 and can be fixed at about #ab annas per yard4 ,another and a cheaper method is shown in ,fig4 #aj1 page #ae4 ,here the tank is completely fenced in with the exception of an entrance to a platform which extends towards the centre of the tank from which the water can be drawn by hand4 ,model rules for clearing out and re-excavating tanks are as follows3-- ,sidenote3 ,excavation4 #a4 ,tanks should be cleared out and re-excavated during the dry weather months when the level of the subsoil water is at its lowest4 ,work should be commenced in ,january or ,february and completed before the middle of ,may1 but these dates must depend more or less on the locality1 as in some parts of the ,province the prevalence of heavy thunderstorms in ,may might make it advisable to complete the work before then4 #b4 ,the re-excavation1 until water-level is reached1 should be carried out in regular layers of #a foot in depth1 an offset of #a foot being left on the bank side for each layer4 ,this1 when dressed off1 will give a regular side slope of #a to #a to the tank4 ,when water-level is reached1 if it be considered necessary to excavate below this1 and if pumping machinery to dewater the tank is unavailable1 the area must be divided up into compartments of suitable size1 separated by bunds1 one1 or more of which1 can be dewatered by bailing into the adjacent ones1 when the excavation can be continued to the required depth1 the other compartments being similarly treated in turn4 ,illustration3 ,,type ,,design ,,for ,,fencing ,,in ,,tanks ,,fig4 #aj4 ,sidenote3 ,disposal of ,spoil4 #c4 ,the spoil from the excavations should be placed on the outside of the embankment formed round the tank when originally made1 and should be deposited in such a position to preclude1 as far as possible1 its being washed back again by rain water4 ,sidenote3 ,dressing and ,turfing4 ,the crest of the embankment should be dressed off to a slope of #a in #ab away from the tank1 with side slopes on the outside of #b to #a4 ,this will prevent direct contamination of the tank by spill water from the crest1 where persons or carts1 may have encamped4 ,all slopes should be neatly dressed off2 all those above highest water-level being turfed during the commencement of the ensuing rainy season4 ,this is very important as it prevents the chance of a considerable quantity of the excavated earth being washed back into the tank4 ,water-supply for ,municipal and ,rural areas is a subject which is1 at the present day1 receiving much attention4 ,it is being encouraged by contributions from ,government and from ,local ,authorities1 by gifts from wealthy ,indian gentlemen1 and by loans from ,government redeemable in a fixed period4 ,for rules for the preparation of projects in the ,province of ,behar and ,orissa see ,appendix ,f1 page #fi1 and for the table of instalments for the repayment of loans1 ,appendix ,e1 page #fh4 ,the comparative death-rate from ,cholera and ,intestinal diseases in ,municipalities which possess a pipe water-supply1 and those without1 need only be glanced at to prove the vital importance of a pure water-supply1 and even these figures do not adequately indicate the true position1 as further loss of life due to water-borne diseases1 cannot be traced out from the statistics published4 ,major ,s4 ,a4 ,harris1 ,i4,m4,s41 ,sanitary ,commissioner1 ,united ,provinces1 in his paper on the effect of a pipe water-supply on the reduction of ,cholera in urban areas1 read at the ,second ,all-,india ,sanitary ,conference at ,madras1 in ,november #aiab1 quotes the reduction of death-rate per mille before and after the provision of a pipe water-supply for the following places3-- ,before4 ,after4 ,dehra ,dun #ajai #bbe ,meerut #gdi #cjb ,naini ,tl #ajai #bhf and stated that the number of years in which the ,cholera death-rate rose above #a per mille is seen to have been reduced by the filtered water-supply to about in ,dehra ,dun1 ,meerut1 ,benares1 ,lucknow and ,naini ,tl4 ,the cost of ,water ,works must vary considerably according to local conditions4 ,where the supply is derived from a source not liable to contamination1 from spring wells1 tube wells and infiltration galleries1 where subsequent filtration is unnecessary1 the capital expenditure may vary from ,rs4 #c per head for a tube well1 ,rs4 #d-h from an infiltration gallery supply1 such as ,congeeveram 7,madras71 to ,rs4 #aj and over for a filtered water-supply derived from a river4 ,the cost of the distribution system must necessarily vary according to its size1 and the density of population in the area served1 but this1 under normal circumstances1 may be assumed at #ej per cent4 of that of the ,water ,works4 ,as each ,province in ,india has a ,sanitary ,engineer1 and as the subject of the preparation of a ,water ,works project is a highly technical one1 it is beyond the scope of this work to go further than to impress its importance4 ,any efficient ,water ,works started means a large saving of human life and of much misery4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,road ,,making4 ,one of the most important points towards obtaining a good metalled road is to ensure a proper foundation for the metal to be consolidated on1 and to see that the sides are well confined or tied in4 ,where bricks are used for this foundation they should be whole ones1 not bats1 be tightly packed together and then rammed with a wooden rammer4 ,the edging should consist of bricks-on-end well backed up with earth on the out1 or berm side4 ,the same applies where stone is used for the soling4 ,these must have flat surfaces1 be of fair size1 and be well hand-packed together and rammed4 ,it is not much use doing metalling work on a raised road until the embankment has at least #b rains over it to properly consolidate it4 ,this equally applies to the approaches to bridges on a kutcha road where the metalled portion should be extended to a length of at least #aj feet beyond the toe of the approach slope4 ,sidenote3 ,stone ,metal4 ,in most municipalities it is financially impossible to thoroughly repair all the roads each year1 nor is it necessary to do so1 if the work has been properly done4 ,a system of biennial or triennial repairs should therefore be evolved4 ,a diagram showing how this can be arranged is shown in ,fig4 #aa1 page #ai4 ,in the selection of stone metal it is of great importance to see that stone of equal grade and hardness is used1 and that surface1 or weathered rock1 is not mixed up with the harder material lying underneath it in the quarries4 ,the stone should be broken to the size that the largest piece shall pass freely through a #a diameter ring4 ,when repairing existing metalled roads it is essential that all old metal be picked up1 and any rounded1 or traffic-worn portions re-broken1 as it is impossible to ensure good consolidation unless the edges and corners of the stone metal be sharp4 ,consolidation should be done by a heavy roller4 ,a steam roller for preference4 ,the cost of a #f-ton steam roller is about ,rs4 #f1jjj and the working cost about ,rs4 #d per day1 but this must necessarily vary considerably in different localities1 depending on the cost of fuel and labour4 ,illustration3 ,,diagram ,,fig4 #aa4 ,for ,oiling ,roads4 ,sidenote3 ,oiling ,roads4 ,the roadway must first be swept clear of dust and foreign material1 when the mixture composed of one part of coal-tar to #bj parts of oil 7liquid fuel71 mixed cold1 must be sprinkled on through a watering cart4 ,men with hard long handled brushes follow the cart1 and brush the mixture into the roadway1 and repeat this operation for the second time in the reverse direction1 when of a mile has been done4 ,the oiling lasts for about #b months1 and costs about ,re4 #a per hundred square feet4 ,sidenote3 ,tar-,macadam4 ,although tar-,macadam may be somewhat ambitious for mofussil municipalities1 an abstract of the specification for ,mac,cabe's tar-,macadam1 which was kindly supplied to me by the ,chief ,engineer of the ,calcutta ,corporation1 is of interest1 see specification ,appendix ,h1 page #ge4 ,the cost of a road so laid is ,rs4 #b-b-j per square yard1 and although sufficient experience is not available to predict its life1 some has been down for #c years and is still good4 ,the materials consist of two parts ,pakoor ,stone metal1 ,mac,cabe's patent ,bituminous binder of ,gas ,co4's ,coal-tar1 and ,stagg brand ,english coal-pitch1 in the proportion of #a of tar to #c of pitch by weight1 with stone chipping1 and sand as a top binder4 ,sidenote3 ,kunkar ,metal4 ,all kunkar metal required for metalling or repair work should be collected1 screened1 and stacked by the middle of ,may at latest2 screening must be done in the dry weather1 otherwise the meshes of the screen soon clog up when the kunkar is damp1 and the operation is more or less a farce4 ,a specification for this is given below3-- 7#a7 ,all kunkar must be washed1 cleaned1 and screened during the dry weather months2 and must be of such quality that1 being re-washed and rescreened through an expanded metal screen of mesh1 set at an angle of #de1 shall leave a residue of #hj per cent4 pure kunkar4 ,if kunkar of a lower standard is stacked it must either be rejected1 or the cost of bringing the metal up to specification1 deducted from the price paid4 7#b7 ,no kunkar should be measured after the #ast ,june4 ,all kunkar collection must be completed by #aeth ,may4 ,sidenote3 ,brick ,metal4 ,brick metalled roads are rarely successful owing to the difficulty of ensuring that the metal is of equal hardness throughout1 and especially so in a dry climate1 as under heavy traffic the metal soon wears into brick dust1 which either blows away in the dry season in the form of dust1 or is washed away in the rains2 on no account should jhama1 or vitrified brick1 and red brick metal be mixed1 as their degree of hardness is so different4 ,sidenote3 ,morhum ,kutcha ,roads4 ,it is of great importance that excessive slope be not given in morhum or kutcha roads1 otherwise they will rapidly gutter during heavy rain4 ,a rise of #a in #ej to the centre of the road will generally be found to be ample4 ,sidenote3 ,stacking ,metal4 ,in order to control the collection of material it is essential that all be stacked to gauge1 or in boxes1 and that the stacks be of equal size1 thus facilitating measurements4 ,sidenote3 ,consolidation of ,metal4 ,consolidation of metal must invariably be done as soon after the rainy season sets in as possible1 and especially so for kunkar4 ,any heavy rainfall in a water-bound road after the metal is once laid is invaluable in helping consolidation1 as it fills up all the interstices which may be left after rolling or ramming2 kunkar should be consolidated by ramming with heavy wooden rammers1 although on a new road a roller will be of use in forcing the kunkar in between the joints of the soling bricks1 and jamming them into the earth1 thus making a solid foundation4 ,a plentiful supply of water should be used in the process of consolidation2 this is most essential4 ,stone and brick metalling should be consolidated by heavy rollers1 a minimum quantity of surfacing material being used4 ,it is of great importance to keep the berms well made up against the metalled portion of a road1 otherwise the metal will rapidly spread out under traffic4 ,in all cases it is of the greatest importance that the natural aid afforded by climatic conditions be utilised in making roads2 this is a subject the importance of which is frequently overlooked4 ,when the consolidation of metal is seen to be going on after the end of the rains1 unless there are exceptional circumstances to justify this1 the official in charge may be condemned at sight as being ignorant or incompetent4 ,long lengths of road should not be taken up for repairs at a time1 as this causes much inconvenience to traffic4 ,a furlong is the uttermost limit admissible4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,building ,,construction4 ,sidenote3 ,materials4 ,sidenote3 ,kunkar ,lime4 ,kunkar lime should be burnt near the site of works from clean kunkar with coal or charcoal4 ,when the burnt kunkar is taken out of the kiln it must not be slaked1 but after any clinker has been removed1 should be ground fine enough to pass through a screen of #djj meshes to the square inch1 and must be used freshly ground4 ,it should contain over #dj per cent4 of ,oxide of ,calcium4 ,sidenote3 ,stone ,lime4 ,stone lime should be obtained unslaked4 ,before being used it must be slaked and sifted through a screen of #djj meshes to the square inch4 ,sidenote3 ,lime ,mortar4 ,lime mortar to consist of fresh lime mixed by measure with sand or soorki in one of the following proportions1 as may be directed3-- 7a7 #a ,kunkar lime4 #b ,soorki4 7b7 #a ,kunkar lime4 #a ,soorki4 #a ,sand4 7c7 #a ,kunkar lime4 #b ,sand4 7d7 #a ,stone lime4 #b ,soorki4 #b ,sand4 7e7 #a ,stone lime4 #c ,soorki4 #a ,sand4 7f7 #a ,stone lime4 #d ,soorki4 7g7 should not be used in the dry season as it sets too quickly4 ,the materials should be spread in layers not exceeding #c inches in thickness1 and then incorporated in a steam mortar mill1 or bylechuki1 with sufficient water to make it into a stiff paste4 ,mortar which has once commenced to set should on no account be used in any work4 ,kunkar or ,hydraulic lime must invariably be used for waterworks and for wet foundations4 ,sidenote3 ,soorki4 ,soorki must be made from well burnt brick-bats1 and must pass through a sieve of #aaf #aaf mesh4 ,freshly burnt bats must only be used4 ,sidenote3 ,sand4 ,sand must be clean1 sharp1 and free from dirt4 ,sidenote3 ,khoa4 ,khoa must be broken from thoroughly burnt bricks to pass through a ring of #a diameter4 ,sidenote3 ,cement4 ,portland cement must be of the best quality of ,english manufacture and comply with the standard tests4 ,sidenote3 ,cement ,plaster4 ,cement plaster to be made of one part of ,portland cement to two parts of sand1 and must be properly mixed and applied fresh1 the thickness of each layer to be finished4 ,the surface must be kept covered with wet bags or straw for at least three days1 after it has been completed4 ,sidenote3 ,bricks4 ,bricks must be hard1 well burnt1 sound1 true to shape and size1 and free from flaws and other imperfections1 and to be of approved sample4 ,sidenote3 ,brick-,work4 ,bricks must be laid true to line and level1 with joints not exceeding in thickness1 and of approved bond4 ,they must be soaked in water for at least four hours before being used4 ,all joints must be raked out to a depth of 1 while the mortar is fresh4 ,sidenote3 ,pointing4 ,all joints to be at least in depth1 and thoroughly cleaned out by watering and rubbing with a brush4 ,mortar for pointing to be composed of one part of lime and one part of soorki1 ground very fine in a mill1 or strained through coarse cloth4 ,flush pointing to be lined off true horizontally and vertically with a string1 the lines thus made to be deepened by a rule made for the purpose4 ,sidenote3 ,culverts4 ,the type of culverts adopted must be dependent on the depth of the drain below the surface of the road4 ,where arching can be done it is preferable4 ,where impracticable1 the top should be covered with stone slabs4 ,parapets should be provided with stone copings4 ,all culverts on a road or street should be numbered1 and registered in the form given in ,appendix ,g1 page #gd4 ,the system of quadrennial repairs to bridges and culverts is an essential towards efficient administration1 and when once successfully introduced1 is economical4 ,in masonry buildings a damp-proof course1 which may be made with either asphalte1 or with a layer of ,portland cement #a in thickness1 laid at the top of the plinth1 and just above floor-level1 is most desirable in order to prevent damp rising in the walls1 if for no other reason than that it prevents damage to the masonry1 and to the plastering1 or pointing4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,latrines ,,and ,,urinals4 ,in dealing with the sanitation of a bazaar1 the provision of scientifically designed latrines and urinals is a matter of the greatest importance4 ,there are numerous patterns of these1 some very well arranged as regards the necessary requirements for efficient working1 but many more not so4 ,the selection of the pattern adopted is frequently a mere matter of chance1 and the attention paid to the subject by the ,municipal ,commissioners a minimum quantity2 badly arranged ones are probably just as expensive to construct in the first instance as good ones1 which are much more useful4 ,sidenote3 ,distribution of ,latrines and ,urinals4 ,sidenote3 ,ventilation4 ,sidenote3 ,drainage4 ,a large number of small latrines and urinals suitably distributed are more effective than a few large ones1 and are not much more costly to construct and maintain2 they should not be grouped together1 or placed back to back1 as light and air should be allowed to play on all sides2 for convenience a small covered annexe may be provided for the carts4 ,for ventilation purposes it must be remembered that1 owing to the friction of the air on the sides1 a number of small openings are not nearly of as great value as a large one of the same area4 ,where good drainage is unavailable1 storm-water from the roofs should discharge into moveable buckets which can be easily emptied1 thus avoiding saturation of the soil4 ,care must however be taken to put these in places where they cannot be misused4 ,sidenote3 ,latrines at ,police ,barracks and private houses4 ,latrines should be provided at all ,police barracks or out-posts2 the prevention of nuisance in a ,municipality is under the control of the local police1 and the out-posts are1 in many cases1 either unprovided with latrines1 or have them of such a description that the men are driven to commit the nuisance they are supposed to prevent4 ,similarly1 house-owners should be made to provide suitable arrangements for their servants4 ,sidenote3 ,bailey's ,patent ,latrines4 ,a good latrine in the ,indian market is #8,bailey's ,patent1' ,fig4 #ab1 page #bg4 ,this combines efficient ventilation of the latrine1 with an arrangement of double trays1 thus preventing saturation and consequent pollution of the soil on which it stands4 ,the superstructure is made of corrugated iron strongly braced1 and can be made of any number of compartments required2 the patent latrine seat inside is independent of the superstructure1 and can be easily taken out and cleaned4 ,the seats however are inconveniently small4 ,they cost from ,rs4 #aad for a two-seat to ,rs4 #cbd for an eight-seat one4 ,sidenote3 ,donaldson's ,separation ,latrine4 ,donaldson's ,separation ,latrine1 in which the urine and solid matter are kept separate1 is also an excellent pattern4 ,separation latrines are1 however1 unsuitable where it is proposed to deal with the night-soil by bacteriological agency1 and must seriously decrease its manurial value also4 ,it is merely a handy way of disposing of solid fces4 ,sidenote3 ,alipore ,pattern ,latrine4 ,the ,alipore pattern latrine is a good type4 ,stoneware seats set in brick-work are preferable to iron ones4 ,septic tank latrines are very useful under suitable circumstances4 ,a design for a #ab-seated one with a separate flushing tank for each seat is shown in ,fig4 #ac1 page #bh1 the estimated cost being ,rs4 #d1ehf1 or ,rs4 #chb per seat4 ,before deciding on adopting a latrine of this description1 8,sewage ,disposal in the ,tropics10 by ,major ,clemesha1 ,i4,m4,s41 ,sanitary ,commissioner1 ,bengal1 should be consulted4 ,illustration3 ,,bailey',s ,,patent ,,latrines1 ,,with ,,superstructure 8,,standard ,,pattern40 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,illustration3 ,,plan ,,of #ab ,,seated ,,septic ,,tank ,,latrine ,,longitudinal ,,section ,,plan ,,fig4 #ac4 ,sidenote3 ,masonry ,latrines4 ,sidenote3 ,disadvantages of ,tarring4 ,where masonry latrines or urinals are provided1 the walls and floor should be smooth and well polished to allow of easy cleaning1 and should be white or some light colour1 so that if there is dirt1 it can be at once seen and removed4 ,in latrines for hospitals1 and also in public ones which are much frequented1 it would be an advantage to line the walls to a height of #c feet1 and also the floors1 with glazed tiles or bricks4 ,this will make them much cleaner and less forbidding looking4 ,it is an obvious mistake to coat the lower part of a latrine wall with tar1 the antiseptic value of which1 especially in a hot climate1 is soon lost1 and which hides and retains dirt in its composition4 ,the usual practice is to cover a dirty latrine wall with a fresh layer of tar1 thus preserving an old coat of filth and forming a fresh bed for a new one4 ,in all latrines it is of great importance to have the rear openings of convenient size for the efficient removal of the buckets from their seats on the level platform4 ,sidenote3 ,urinals4 ,a cart urinal in the vicinity of cutcherries will be found useful4 ,this is merely a receptacle of convenient size resting on a masonry floor and placed under a raised and enclosed platform on which the squatting plate is fixed2 the receptacle can be easily removed and replaced by an empty one2 the form is a convenient one and can be efficiently ventilated4 ,sidenote3 ,hindu ,patent ,urinal4 ,sidenote3 ,disinfectants4 ,bailey's ,patent ,urinal1 ,fig4 #ad1 page #cj1 is very suitable4 ,this costs from ,rs4 #dh for a two-seat to ,rs4 #bbb for a six-seat one4 ,the patent urinal stands inside the compartment and can be taken out and cleaned without difficulty4 ,for disinfecting purposes chlorinated lime is very useful4 ,it should have #cc of free chlorine1 and must be used fresh as it rapidly decomposes4 ,phenyle is also very useful4 ,sidenote3 ,red ,hand ,marks4 ,an ingenious way of making ,hindus face the right way1 when using latrines1 is to make the mark of an outspread hand in red on the wall which they should face1 as no ,hindu will turn his back on this sign4 ,sidenote3 ,model ,rules4 ,a set of model rules for private privies and urinals is given in ,appendix ,a1 page #eg4 ,illustration3 8,,hindu0 ,,patent ,,urinal1 ,,with ,,corrugated ,,iron ,,superstructure4 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,collection ,,and ,,removal ,,of ,,night-,,soil4 ,in mofussil towns in ,bengal the night-soil is generally collected from public and private latrines by conservancy carts drawn by bullocks1 and varying in capacity from #fj to #bjj gallons4 ,these1 as a rule1 begin work early in the morning so as to avoid causing a nuisance in the thoroughfares1 travel at a very low rate of speed1 not over #b miles an hour1 and only make one trip a day1 in the majority of cases1 owing to the distance the trenching grounds are away from the centre of the town4 ,this means that a large proportion of the human excreta remains at least #bd hours in the receptacles of the latrines in the immediate vicinity of densely populated localities4 ,in the temperate climate of ,england it is accepted as an axiom that sewage should never be more than #bd hours in finding its way to the outfall1 as it is1 when it has begun to decompose1 more dangerous than when fresh and decomposition sets in much more quickly in the semi-tropical climate of ,bengal4 ,in many cases the quantity of night-soil collected per head per diem is exceedingly small2 the average amount of solid matter evacuated by natives may be taken at #aj ounces1 and of urine #cj ounces1 whereas returns from several municipalities show a quantity varying from #jdg to #cg of a gallon removed by the conservancy carts4 ,these quantities are1 however1 calculated on the entire area of the municipalities1 including the suburbs1 where1 owing to the custom of ,indians1 the gardens and adjacent fields dispose of a large quantity4 ,in order to obtain reliable results1 the densely crowded areas should be divided up into blocks or sections1 keeping the figures well separated in the municipal books1 the density of population per block calculated and the quantity of night-soil removed registered daily4 ,many of the ,indian bazaars are long narrow ones1 situated on a high ridge of ground1 in which case it is desirable to have several trenching grounds1 one for each block or group of blocks1 instead of having one large one situated at a considerable distance from the centre of the town4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--;,,crawley',s ,,patent ,,night-,,soil ,,cart4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #af4--,,receptacle ,,carts4 ,sidenote3 ,conservancy ,carts4 ,sidenote3 ,receptacle ,carts4 ,in order to effect the speedy removal of fcal matter1 the provision of suitable conservancy carts is of vital importance4 ,fig4 #ae1 page #cb1 is an illustration of ,crawley's ,patent ,night-,soil ,cart1 and is a good one for general purposes4 ,it is made entirely of wrought iron1 with an air-tight door for filling and emptying2 the latter is done by releasing a clip from the front of the barrel which connects it to the shafts and opening the lid1 when the barrel turns on its centre and shoots out the contents4 ,a #ge-;gallon capacity cart costs ,rs4 #acj2 a #aaj-;gallon1 ,rs4 #afj2 and a #bjj-;gallon one ,rs4 #bbe4 ,small carts are preferable to large ones1 as they take a shorter time to fill1 and therefore tend to the more speedy removal of night-soil from crowded localities4 ,they are also more easy to handle at the trenching grounds4 ,it will sometimes be found advisable to provide receptacle carts for removing receptacles from latrines4 ,fig4 #af1 page #cc1 shows this arrangement4 ,these1 however1 owing to their weight1 and to the difficulties of placing and removing the receptacles when full cannot1 excepting under special conditions1 be recommended for municipal purposes4 ,they cost1 including #ab-;gallon receptacles1 about ,rs4 #bge4 ,each latrine must be provided with a receptacle1 into which the buckets are emptied1 this being placed in a convenient position at the back of the latrine2 the cart starts on its rounds with six empty receptacles1 visits the latrines where it picks up the full ones1 and replaces them by clean ones4 ,they are supplied in #f1 #ab and #bd-;gallon sizes to suit requirements1 and the arrangement avoids the nuisance of transferring the contents to a second utensil4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--,,night-,,soil ,,receptacles ,,and ,,hand ,,trucks4 ,sidenote3 ,hand ,carts4 ,hand carts are necessary in order to remove night-soil from houses built in narrow lanes and places where it is impossible to get bullock carts into4 ,fig4 #ag1 page #cd1 shows a convenient arrangement for this4 ,the receptacles vary in size from #ab to #cc-;gallons1 and cost from ,rs4 #cg to ,rs4 #fh each2 the bodies are detached from the hand truck by simply raising the handles and disengaging the two-forked bearings with the trunnion2 they are fitted with a hinged lid and are made of strong galvanized iron2 the hand truck is of strong and light design1 the whole being of wrought iron4 ,sidenote3 ,cesspools4 ,where regularly-flushed masonry-lined side drains are unavailable1 the drainage from houses must be led into masonry-lined cesspools1 which will be cleaned out daily by the municipal sweepers1 and the contents removed in conservancy carts4 ,these cesspools should be semi-circular in shape1 and plastered on the inside with ,portland cement4 ,in many cases1 where masonry drains exist1 it will be found possible to intercept this sullage1 and purify it through ,biological ,agency in small tanks1 filled with pieces of vitrified brick1 broken so as to pass through a #b-;inch ring4 ,the broken bricks will last for about a year1 when they should be renewed4 ,sidenote3 ,sullage ,filter4 ,a drawing of a small ,sullage ,filter is given in ,fig4 #ah1 page #cf4 ,the estimated cost of which is ,rs4 #ahj4 ,sidenote3 ,prompt ,disposal4 ,it is of the very greatest importance to insist on the prompt disposal of night-soil and refuse1 and all means which aid this1 good roads1 proper care and feeding of animals1 good carts1 and the provision of houses for sweepers1 help to a great extent4 ,sidenote3 ,registering ,private ,latrines4 ,in order to systematise the removal of night-soil from private latrines1 all these should be registered and numbered according to the beats of the attendant1 or otherwise definitely indicated and located1 and the sweepers told off accordingly4 ,sidenote3 ,wheels and ,axles4 ,when purchasing carts especial attention should be paid to the quality of the wheels and axles4 ,the carts should not be too heavy and must be of a convenient height to facilitate working4 ,illustration3 ,,sullage ,,filter ,,fig4 #ah4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,disposal ,,of ,,night-,,soil ,,and ,,trenching ,,grounds4 ,night-soil is generally disposed of by being buried in trenches1 but these are frequently too deep3 purification largely depends on the action of the robic bacilli1 that is1 the group of microbes which live close to the surface of the soil and require air for their existence2 these swarm in the top layers of the earth1 but are not found at a greater depth than #a foot and diminish enormously in number as this is approached4 ,in order to obtain the best results1 both from a purificative as well as a manurial point of view1 the burial should be merely superficial and not exceeding in depth the limit of ordinary cultivation1 in order to ensure the ground being thoroughly arated4 ,sidenote3 ,selection of ,site4 ,the sites for trenching grounds should be carefully selected2 light sandy soil unshaded by trees and well open to the south and west will give the best results4 ,they should be well above flood level1 at least #e feet above the highest known flood1 situated on the down stream side of the bazaar1 connected by good pucca roads with it to allow of quick carriage1 as time is the most important factor in the disposal of night-soil1 and should not be in the direction of the prevailing winds with the town4 ,a fringe or belt of bamboos between the town and trenching grounds will be found of the greatest use in keeping off flies which might be blown into inhabited neighbourhoods1 and which are a most dangerous factor in disseminating disease4 ,sidenote3 ,burdwan ,trenching ,ground4 ,at ,burdwan in ,bengal there is a successful example of what can be done with trenching grounds from a financial point of view4 ,there the night-soil of the ,northern ,section of the ,municipality1 where the latrine system is in force1 and which has a population of about #bc1jjj1 is mainly disposed of in a permanent trenching ground of #ah bighas in area4 ,this is collected from private latrines in covered buckets and deposited in the conservancy carts at the public latrines1 whence it is removed to the trenching grounds1 where trenchers are told off for each latrine group1 who excavate the trenches and are in charge of them2 these trenches are #c feet wide1 #a feet wide1 #ab to #ae feet in length and #a foot apart4 ,the carts empty the night-soil in from one end until a height of #i inches of liquid is attained1 the excavated earth being then replaced4 ,during the rainy season ,indian corn is grown1 and in the cold weather cabbage1 cauliflower1 ,bengal pumpkin1 and other kitchen vegetables1 for which there is a ready sale in the local bazaar4 ,the trenching ground during the current year #aiac-ad has been leased out for ,rs4 #fjj4 ,sidenote3 ,cultivation of ,jute4 ,in the damp climate of ,bengal jute has been found to grow very luxuriantly on newly-trenched ground and yields an abundant crop2 it exhausts the soil so much that after the crop has been cut the field can be re-trenched1 an important point when the subsoil water is practically #ab or #ah inches from the surface while the jute is growing4 ,another advantage in growing jute is that in certain localities there is a difficulty in finding a market for vegetables grown on a trenching ground4 ,sidenote3 ,muzaffarpur ,jail4 ,in ,muzaffarpur ,jail the trenches were made #a foot deep1 #a foot wide1 and #a foot apart1 and varying in length according to requirements2 #c inches of night-soil are filled in and covered over with the excavated earth2 #bj trenches are always kept ready1 being excavated the day before4 ,corn is found to grow luxuriantly after the trench has been filled in for a month1 and other kinds of vegetables1 excepting potatoes1 after two months4 ,urine and sullage water are buried in different fields and at a considerably greater depth4 ,sidenote3 ,allahabad4 ,at the ,government ,farm at ,allahabad 7,united ,provinces7 the system known as the ,allahabad ,shallow ,trench was in successful operation1 and provided for the whole of the cantonment and half the municipal population2 there is an unlimited area of land available1 the soil being of various kinds1 black cotton1 sandy loam and stiff clay4 ,the only crops grown are grass and sorghum1 and it is found that the manurial value of the night-soil is not exhausted for three or four years4 ,trenching can1 however1 be done every third year on the same land without making it 8sewage sick20 land which was worth ,rs4 #b will1 after trenching1 fetch about ,rs4 #aj per bigha for seven or eight years4 ,at ,meerut for the year #aiaa-ab the sale-proceeds of night-soil and city sweepings amounted to ,rs4 #ab1hga1 and at ,furrakhabad cum ,fatehgarh to ,rs4 #ah1cag4 ,sidenote3 ,allahabad ,shallow ,trench ,system4 ,the area required for the contents of a #fj-;gallon conservancy cart is #hj sq4 ft41 the most suitable dimensions being #af feet long by #e feet wide2 #c inches of the top surface of this space is removed and placed on the embankments of the plot near which the first line of trenches is dug2 the subsoil thus exposed is then well cultivated and pulverized to a depth of #i inches1 when the contents of the cart are tipped into the centre of the trench2 the liquid matter rapidly sinking into the loosened soil1 while the solid excreta remains on the top in a layer less than inch in thickness2 #c inches of earth are then similarly removed from the next trench which is parallel to the first1 no intervening space being left1 and thrown over the night-soil in the latter4 ,the practical working is very simple1 as all that has to be done1 is to see that a sufficient number of trenches for the daily supply are dug the day before and the earth from them placed over the filled ones4 ,it has been found from experience that night-soil1 thus treated1 decomposes in less than a week and1 if dug then1 no trace is observable2 the effluvium disappears after three days1 and crops are successfully grown immediately after trenching4 ,the ,shallow ,trench ,system is by far the most scientific one1 but requires a large area of land1 working out to #ede sixty-gallon carts per acre4 ,at ,muzaffarpur during #aiab-ac1 part of the night-soil was sold for ,rs4 #a1bjj1 and part of it trenched in the municipal trenching ground1 which was leased out for ,rs4 #a1jde4 ,the practical objection to this system is the fly pest4 ,it is therefore only applicable where the trenching grounds are remote1 and to the leeward side of the town4 ,sprinkling chloride of lime or quicklime on the top of the trenches prevents the breeding of flies4 ,the researches of ,majors ,firth and ,horrocks1 ,r4,a4,m4,c41 published in the ,british ,medical ,journal1 however1 show that the enteric bacilli is capable of surviving in soil for much longer periods than has been believed possible4 ,these can exist apparently in ordinary soil for #fe days1 in sewage-polluted soil for at least #ec days1 while in soil sufficiently dry to be blown about in dust for #be days1 and for about a similar period when exposed to a hot summer's sun4 ,the authors of this note have also proved experimentally the translation of infective material from sun-dried and dusty soil by means of wind1 as also by flies which have walked over or fed on polluted earth1 indicating the advisability of treating night-soil1 especially from ,military ,cantonments1 in septic tanks and filter beds before applying it to soil--vide ,chapter ,,ix1 page #ej4 ,sidenote3 ,area of ,trenching ,ground4 ,in order to arrive at the area necessary for a deep trenching ground for a bazaar of #aj1jjj inhabitants1 and assuming that not more than th of a gallon of night-soil per head per diem is removed1 provision will have to be made for #a1bej gallons or1 say1 #bjj cub4 ft4 ,if the trenches are made #a foot wide1 #a foot deep1 and #a foot apart1 and are filled with #f inches of night-soil1 #djj cub4 ft4 will be required daily1 or allowing for roads and divisions between the plots1 say #ab acres1 for a year's work1 or1 in other words1 the area required is1 one acre for #hcc persons4 ,the trenches should be divided up into plots or sections for each latrine circle1 excavated1 when weather permits1 at least a week before they are used so as to arate the earth2 the bottom of the trench should also be dug up to a depth of #i inches for the same reason4 ,the following extract describes somewhat forcibly what may1 and undoubtedly does frequently occur in many instances3-- 8,trenching again is a success in dry soils1 but a good deal of ground is required1 and sufficient trenching ground is not always available within practically workable distances of the night-soil producing areas 7public and private latrines71 and often enough1 whereas it may be quite successful in a given ground in the hot weather1 it will1 in the same ground1 however fresh1 prove an absolute failure in the rains1 when1 owing to the high water-level in the subsoil1 everything trenched is brought to the surface by the gases of putrefaction1 and the entire area trenched becomes a pestilential bog1 crawling with maggots1 bubbling with the foulest odours and swarming with blue-bottle flies1 whose chief delight is to frequent the houses in the neighbourhood and infect both food and drink40 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,collection ,,and ,,disposal ,,of ,,refuse4 ,the scavenging of a town and the disposal of the refuse has probably more effect on its sanitary state than anything else2 dirty rags1 dead grass and other refuse lying about1 are ideal homes for germs of disease to live and flourish in1 and these1 when a shower of rain falls1 very frequently get washed into the water-supply4 ,the modern system of cremation in specially constructed incinerators is the only safe method of disposal of town sweepings4 ,even in ,england1 where the water-supply is1 in the majority of cases1 not affected1 careful observations have proved that there is an increased liability to enteric fever in the localities of refuse heaps4 ,in an ,indian bazaar dependent on wells and tanks for its water-supply1 anything more barbarously insanitary than the filling up of deep tanks with town refuse is hard to imagine4 ,deep burial keeps the germs of disease alive1 probably for years1 in the very stratum the drinking water is frequently taken from4 ,sidenote3 ,dust-bins4 ,in order to facilitate the collection of refuse1 dust-bins are of great use2 they should1 however1 not be so large as to become unwieldy1 as it is much more preferable to have numerous small ones conveniently placed1 than a few large ones2 the simplest shape is a circular one of corrugated iron1 open at both ends1 provided with a pair of handles1 and resting on a brick on edge platform1 with a groove therein into which the bin fits1 on the same level as the street4 ,when the collecting cart comes round1 the bin is lifted1 the contents shovelled into the cart1 and the bin then replaced2 these should be cleared at certain fixed hours1 and house-holders ought to be encouraged to have private ones of small size near their doors if space permits4 ,fig4 #ai is an illustration of these bins1 and being made of galvanized iron are not liable to rust4 ,they vary in price--for bins #b feet #i inches in height and #b feet in diameter from ,rs4 #f each1 without angle iron rings at top and bottom1 to ,rs4 #ab-h each with rings4 ,these receptacles should not be placed within #ej feet of any well or tank4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--;,,corrugated ,,dust ,,or ,,refuse ,,bins4 ,the selection of strong and serviceable refuse carts is also a matter of importance1 especially as regards the axles and wheels4 ,fig4 #bd1 page #dh1 is an illustration of a cheap but effective type4 ,the cost is ,rs4 #abj for a cart of #cj cub4 ft4 capacity1 ,rs4 #aej for #ej cub4 ft41 and ,rs4 #bjj for #ij cub4 ft4 ,all the working parts should be of standard size1 duplicates of which can be economically purchased and kept in stock in the event of a breakdown1 when they can be easily fitted by unskilled labour4 ,this is important1 as few municipalities have good workshops4 ,the axle box in the wheels should invariably be the full width of the hub4 ,a new axle1 with axle box and sleeve or jacket to take the wear and tear off the axle1 can be made up at a small cost1 ,fig4 #bj4 ,in the ,patna ,municipality this is supplied complete for ,rs4 #i-b-j4 ,illustration3 ,,axle1 ,,collar1 ,,and ,,bush ,,fig4 #bj4 ,in ,municipalities where the quality of work warrants it1 it will be found economical to maintain a small workshop where repairs can be done1 but this must be properly organized4 ,the following cart ,register kept up in ,patna ,city will simplify control of the carts1 and ensure proper repairs being done4 ,it commences with an ,index1 each cart is numbered consecutively1 whether it be water1 conservancy or refuse cart1 and the number permanently marked on it4 ,at the ledger folios referring to any cart appears-- #a4 ,the number of cart4 #b4 ,date when made4 #c4 ,maker's name4 #d4 ,where worked 7ward and by whom7 and below that ,date4 ,note of repairs4 ,cost4 ,,remarks4 #aijb ,new axle ,rs4 #i-b-j #ab #aa ,this is of course separate from the ,stock ,register1 and may appear to be a mere detail of organization1 but is very useful in administration4 ,for towns and small ,municipalities ,incineration is by far the safest1 and in most cases1 the most economical method of getting rid of rubbish4 ,if night-soil be mixed with the rubbish nuisance generally arises4 ,there are various types of incinerators1 but for burning town refuse only a very simple one1 merely a furnace and chimney1 is quite enough1 and several of these can be constructed at a very small cost outside a municipality at convenient centres1 where the smoke will not cause a nuisance4 ,many of the existing incinerators have been designed to burn night-soil as well as refuse1 as is generally done in military camps and forts on the frontier4 ,sidenote3 ,madras ,incinerator4 ,the ,madras type ,incinerator is shown in ,figs4 #ba and #bb1 page #df4 ,these were designed to suit local conditions by ,mr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,griffith1 while ,engineer of the ,corporation1 and cost ,rs4 #ajj for masonry and ,rs4 #be for ironwork4 ,there are a considerable number of these at work1 distributed throughout the ,municipal area1 so as to reduce the load for carting to a minimum1 a very important factor in a straggling town4 ,illustration3 ,,half ,,section ,,elevation ,,fig4 #ba4 ,,plan ,,of ,,an ,,incinerator ,illustration3 ,,plan ,,fig4 #bb4 ,the ,sealkot ,improved ,type ,incinerator is also a suitable and economical one4 ,a #d diameter one is capable of burning about #cjj cub4 ft4 of rubbish daily1 and it costs about ,rs4 #djj4 ,see ,fig4 #bc4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,sidenote3 ,harrington's ,improved ,incinerator4 ,harrington's ,improved ,refuse ,incinerator has been in use for several years4 ,each furnace burns from #ejj to #a1ejj cub4 ft4 of refuse in #bd hours1 and is attended by one man who works in #h-;hour shifts1 and who charges the furnace at the top and removes the ashes from below the fire bars4 ,the fires do not die out when the furnace is properly charged1 and no coal or other fuel is required4 ,it was patented by ,mr4 ,r4 ,r4 ,harrington4 ,sidenote3 ,horsfield ,incinerator4 ,the ,horsfield ,back feed continuous grate type with #f cells1 designed to dispose of #aj tons each in #bd hours1 has been adopted for ,colombo1 the cost of destruction varying from ,rs4 #acj cents to ,rs4 #aej cents per ton4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--;,,corrugated ,,iron ,,refuse ,,cart4 ,sidenote3 ,burning ,refuse in ,stacks4 ,a large amount of town refuse can be satisfactorily disposed of by stacking it judiciously and setting fire to it from the windward side1 when it gradually and steadily burns away4 ,this is1 of course1 only practicable during the dry weather months when the sweepings are comparatively dry4 ,in this1 as in every case of removal1 the beats of the carts should be systematised and a fixed area allowed to each cart4 ,sidenote3 ,filling hollows with refuse4 ,where incineration is not practicable the only method of disposing of street sweepings is by filling up hollows or old tanks1 when the following rules should be observed3-- #a4 ,the hollow or pit should first be pumped out quite dry2 if wet1 a horrible nuisance is caused4 #b4 ,where the hollow or pit is a large one a section of it should be bunded in1 staked off1 and filled up to surface level before the rest is proceeded with4 #c4 ,the sweepings1 as soon as ground-level is attained1 must be at once covered over with earth1 or the dbris from old houses1 walls1 etc41 so as to prevent them being exposed and acting as breeding-grounds for flies4 ,a rapid and effective method of filling a tank when land is available round its border is to excavate shallow pits parallel to its sides1 the earth from which is thrown into the tank1 and the pits then filled in with sweepings4 ,a form for regulating the progress of the work of filling up depressions or tanks is given in ,appendix ,b1 page #fa4 ,unless1 under exceptional circumstances1 it is most undesirable to fill up any hollow or tank in the vicinity of any well from which drinking water is obtained4 ,it may possibly be found the lesser of two evils to fill up small tanks or hollows in the interior of a bazaar with refuse1 as these are frequently in an undescribable state2 the charge made by a ,municipality for doing this should1 however1 be so adjusted as to admit of the surface being well covered in with earth1 which must1 in all cases1 be insisted on4 ,if no charge is made1 and no dept for the refuse selected1 it will be found that the cartmen will sell it by the cartload to irresponsible persons1 when reasonable precautions as to covering in with earth and selection of site are not possible1 the consequence being that innumerable breeding-places for flies are well distributed throughout the heart of a densely populated neighbourhood1 in places where earth has been from time to time excavated for building huts4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,biological ,,system ,,for ,,the ,,disposal ,,of ,,night-,,soil4 ,since this chapter was written1 some #ab years ago much research work has been carried out in #aijf4 ,this was in ,india first systematised by ,dr4 ,fowler in his report on 8,septic ,tanks in ,bengal0 and has been carried on by ,major ,clemesha1 ,i4,m4,s41 ,sanitary ,commissioner1 ,bengal1 whose work on 8,sewage ,disposal in the ,tropics0 published by ,messrs4 ,thacker1 ,spink ,co41 ,calcutta1 is a most useful one and should be consulted by those interested in the subject4 ,in the present state of knowledge of the science1 it would be unsafe to discharge the effluent into a water-supply of small volume used for drinking purposes below the point of discharge1 or in fact into any water which may be a potential source of water-supply1 unless it be first sterilised4 ,this can be easily and economically done with chloride of lime4 ,in dealing with the resultant liquid of bacteriological treatment it is safest to consider it as a possible source of danger1 and to discharge it either into the storm-water drains of a town1 on land for irrigation purposes1 for which it is most valuable1 or into a large volume of running water1 as circumstances admit of4 ,the great advantage of bacteriological treatment of night-soil1 and one which it is impossible to overestimate1 is1 that it enables the excreta to be disposed of when fresh1 eliminates the necessity of stale night-soil being carted through crowded thoroughfares at a very low rate of speed1 and consequent danger of the food and water-supply of the people being contaminated by the germs of disease conveyed by flies1 or blown on in the dust4 ,latrines can be constructed over septic tanks1 the home of the anrobic bacilli1 where the excreta at once passes in1 or dumping septic tanks can be worked at the night-soil depts1 where the stuff is at present collected1 as at ,darjeeling4 ,in ,military ,cantonments1 where enteric is generally more or less epidemic1 it is most important that the night-soil be treated by biological methods before it be applied to the soil1 as installed at most of the mills on the banks of the ,hooghly1 and at the ,east ,indian ,railway ,workshops at ,jamalpore4 ,sidenote3 ,septic ,tanks4 ,of the various methods of bacteriological disposal1 the closed septic tank is1 for climatic reasons1 the most generally suitable for ,india4 ,in this the anrobic bacilli are provided with a congenial working place in the closed tank2 and the robic ones are similarly provided for in the filter beds2 the open septic tank1 however1 gives equally good results1 as the scum1 which rapidly forms on the surface1 and which generally attains a considerable thickness1 enables anrobic conditions to obtain in the tank itself1 but care must be taken that this scum is not broken4 ,sidenote3 ,filter ,beds4 ,the robic ,contact ,bed filters are merely open tanks filled with coal1 coke1 or large cinders1 through which the liquid is allowed to percolate at intervals4 ,the bacilli live and flourish in these1 and do their work during the periods from #b to #d hours the tanks are charged4 ,the percolating continuous filters are those over which the effluent is continuously sprinkled and through which the fluid slowly percolates4 ,experiments have conclusively proved that good results can be obtained from either when a suitable sewage is applied4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,general ,,sanitation4 ,sidenote3 ,trees and tall crops4 ,all the lower branches of trees in crowded areas should be pruned2 these are useless or superfluous for shade1 and only impede the free circulation of air4 ,this should be done by sawing off any branch flush with the main trunk1 or with its main branch4 ,in no case should a ragged stump be left1 and1 if possible1 the wound should be smeared with tar4 ,lopping must be done with a handsaw and in no case with an axe2 the best season for doing this is at the end of the cold weather1 but it can also be done at the end of the rains4 ,the final form of a tree should be a straight stem up to #ae or #ah feet1 without a bough1 and above that height its natural shape whatever that may be4 ,this will allow of free ventilation of the roads and streets4 ,for the same reason no tall crops1 such as ,genera1 or ,indian corn1 should be allowed near houses1 and jungle should be kept cleared as far as possible4 ,sidenote3 ,tanks4 ,householders should not be allowed to excavate small tanks in their compounds to procure earth from for the plinths of their houses1 as these become in time mere cesspools1 where the inmates bathe1 wash their clothes1 and often drink the water4 ,further1 these become suitable breeding-places for mosquitoes4 ,plots of ground should be set aside by ,municipalities1 where1 for proper reasons1 earth can be taken4 ,these common excavations will in time become large tanks1 which can be properly conserved and utilized4 ,for the same reason earth for roads and railways should not be removed from isolated pits1 but should be taken so that the resultant excavation forms one continuous channel running parallel with the road1 or should be taken in shallow layers so as to avoid the formation of a pit or hollow1 the existence of which is especially objectionable in the light of recent research as mosquitoes breed and generate in them1 and so spread malarial fever4 ,where such hollows exist1 the growth of fish should be encouraged1 as they feed on the mosquito larv when present4 ,sidenote3 ,cultivation within urban limits4 ,from the experience of troops on service1 it is found that camping near recently turned-up soil is usually followed by fever4 ,ploughing up of land for agricultural purposes should1 if possible1 be prevented within municipal urban limits4 ,in most municipalities there is a suburban area which is pretty well all cultivated1 but cultivation in densely populated areas1 as often occurs1 should be discouraged4 ,sidenote3 ,dhobies4 ,dhobies should not be allowed to wash clothes in stagnant tanks1 as it has been proved that the spread of parasitic eczema1 or dhobies' itch1 is thereby facilitated4 ,where a water-supply exists a small washing platform with taps should be provided free of charge by the ,municipality4 ,where not1 they should be made to wash in running water1 or in tanks specially passed by the medical officer4 ,it is most important that all dhobies be registered1 licensed and told off to the different ghats2 it may be free of cost to them in the first instance1 but after the system has been successfully introduced1 well-to-do employees can easily be induced to pay a small annual fee for superior accommodation4 ,this will eventually fully cover the cost of the necessary supervising establishment and incidental expenditure4 ,sidenote3 ,markets4 ,the importance of the regular inspection and control of markets1 through which the food-supply of a large proportion of the inhabitants passes1 can hardly be over-estimated4 ,in these1 special accommodation and water-supply suitable for the articles for sale1 e4g41 fish1 vegetables1 meat1 and livestock should be provided1 and a staff employed to see that the existing laws are duly enforced1 and that the quality of the food-stuff exhibited for sale is such as should be permitted4 ,public slaughterhouses for animals1 the inspection of meat1 and the disposal of offal should also be systematically regulated and inspected4 ,the cost of erecting suitable market accommodation will soon be repaid and the investment become a source of income to a ,municipality if the scheme is properly worked4 ,the great point is the provision of good ventilation1 drainage1 and of a water-supply for flushing purposes4 ,a design of an inexpensive market of #dj stalls for the ,muzaffarpur ,municipality constructed in #aijb1 at a cost of ,rs4 #d1ghf1 is given in ,fig4 #be1 page #ee4 ,this for the past three years gave an average income of ,rs4 #bec4 ,a loan of ,rs4 #d1hjj at #d per cent41 repayable in #cj years1 would entail an annual expenditure of say ,rs4 #bgh 7see ,table of calculations of repayment of loans by equal instalments1 ,appendix ,e1 page #fh71 so the results there are not satisfactory from a financial point of view4 ,sidenote3 ,disposal of ,dead4 ,burning ,ghts4 ,the scarcity of timber generally prevailing1 and its consequent expense1 makes the process of cremation among the poorer ,hindus frequently a farce1 the corpse being generally merely charred1 and then thrown into the nearest river1 which thereby may be contaminated by the germs of disease2 often the professional cremator does nothing more than throw the body into the water4 ,it is time that rich ,hindus came forward and constructed proper crematoria in the towns on the banks of the ,ganges for the suitable disposal of their dead4 ,coal should be used and the burning ghts be looked after by ,brahmins1 as at ,kalighat in ,calcutta4 ,in ,muzaffarpur1 a new burning ght on the banks of the river1 down stream of the town1 was opened under the control of the ,municipality4 ,a waiting-room to shelter the persons accompanying the corpse will be constructed at the cost of a leading zemindar2 and the sale of fuel was regulated4 ,for the cremation of an adult corpse this is supplied for about ,rs4 #b and for child ,re4 #a1 varying with the seasons1 but private supply was allowed1 provided it be sufficient for perfect combustion of the body4 ,at least #i maunds of mango wood is required to burn an adult corpse properly1 the rate for this being about #e maunds for a rupee4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,,municipal ,,market #dj ,,stalls ,,end ,,elevation ,,part ,,plan ,,cross ,,section ,sidenote3 ,burial-grounds4 ,mahommedan burial-grounds should not be allowed near crowded areas1 or the sources of water-supply4 ,in most towns these will be found to be overcrowded2 new ones should be opened under municipal control1 as provided for in sections #bed to #bfj;,a1 ,part ,,vi of the ,bengal ,municipal ,act4 ,an area of half an acre for every #a1jjj ,mahommedan inhabitants is desirable if land is available1 but may be reduced to quarter of an acre where such is very expensive4 ,this allows of the graves being undisturbed for a period of seven years4 ,sidenote3 ,ruined houses4 ,where a house has been dismantled1 or is in ruins1 the owner should be made either to repair it or remove the materials2 the remains of walls serve as a cover for the committal of nuisances and the deposit of refuse4 ,sidenote3 ,building ,regulations4 ,building ,regulations should be adopted in all ,municipalities4 ,those framed for ,patna ,city under section #bda1 ,part ,,vi1 of the ,bengal ,municipal ,act1 are given in ,appendix ,d1 page #fc4 ,the rule that no building in any street shall be higher than the distance from its base to the opposite side of the street is a very essential one to observe4 ,in the ,bombay ,improvement ,trust the angle of #fc from the opposite side of any street or lane1 regulates the height permissible in any building4 ,,appendix ,a4 ,,model ,,rules ,,as ,,to ,,private ,,privies ,,and ,,urinals4 7,,government ,,of ,,bengal47 ,see ,act ,,iii of #ahhd1 ,section #cej 7c74 #a4 7#a7 ,no privy shall be placed in the space required by this ,act to be left at the back of a building-- 7a7 unless the total height of the privy does not exceed eleven feet2 and 7b7 unless there is a space of at least four feet between the nearest wall and the service aperture of the privy4 7#b7 ,no privy situated in1 or adjacent to1 a building shall be placed at a distance of less than-- 7a7 six feet from any other building which is a public building2 or 7b7 four feet from any other building which is1 or is likely to be1 used as a dwelling-place1 or as a place in which any person is1 or is intended to be1 employed in any manufacture1 trade or business4 ,sidenote3 ,provisions of access to service privy from street4 #b4 7#a7 ,no privy shall be placed on any upper floor of a building4 #c4 7#a7 ,if there is no convenient access from a street to any privy1 the ,commissioners may1 if they think fit by written notice1 require the owner of the privy to form a passage giving access to the privy from the street4 ,sidenote3 ,models and type-plans4 7#b7 ,every notice served under sub-rule 7#a7 must require that such passage be formed at ground-level1 but not less than four feet wide1 and be provided with a suitable door1 and must inform the said owner that the passage may1 at his option1 be either open to the sky or covered in4 #d4 ,models and type-plans of privies and urinals1 approved by the ,commissioners1 with estimates of the cost of constructing privies and urinals in accordance therewith1 shall be kept in the ,municipal office and shall be open to inspection by any person at all reasonable times without charge2 but no person shall be bound to construct any privy or urinal in accordance with any such model or type plan if the same be constructed in accordance with the other rules contained in this ,schedule4 ,sidenote3 ,drain4 #e4 7#a7 ,a drain must be provided for every privy and every urinal4 7#b7 ,such drain must be constructed of some impervious material1 and must connect the floor of the privy or urinal-- 7a7 with a drain communicating with a municipal drain or sewer2 or 7b7 if permitted by the ,commissioners1 with an impervious cesspool1 the contents of which can be removed either by hand1 or by flow after filtration4 ,sidenote3 ,floor4 #f4 7#a7 ,the floor of every privy and urinal-- 7a7 must1 if the ,commissioners in any case so direct1 be made of one of the following materials to be selected by the owner of the privy or urinal1 that is to say1 glazed tiles1 artificial stone or cement2 or 7b7 if no such direction is given1 must be made of thoroughly well burnt earthen tiles or bricks plastered1 and not merely pointed1 with cement2 and 7c7 must be in every part at a height of not less than six inches above the level of the surface of the ground adjoining the privy or urinal4 7#b7 ,the floor of every privy and every urinal must have a fall or inclination of at least half an inch to the foot towards the drain prescribed by rule #e2 and the platform must be similarly sloped towards the aperture4 ,sidenote3 ,walls and roof4 #g4 ,the walls and the roof 7if any7 of every privy and urinal shall be made of such materials as may be approved by the ,commissioners3 ,provided that-- 7a7 in the case of privies1 the entire surface of the walls below the platform shall either be rendered in cement or be made as prescribed in clause 7a7 or clause 7b7 of rule #f4 ,sidenote3 ,platform4 #h4 ,the platform of every privy or urinal must either be plastered with cement or be made of some water-tight nonabsorbent material as prescribed in rule #f4 ,sidenote3 ,ventilation of privies in1 or adjacent to1 buildings4 #i4 ,every privy or urinal situated in1 or adjacent to1 a building must have an opening1 of not less than three square feet in area1 in one of the walls of the privy1 as near the top of the wall as may be practicable1 and communicating directly with the open air4 ,sidenote3 ,regulation of service privies constructed for use in combination with a moveable receptacle for sewage4 #aj4 ,every privy must be constructed in accordance with the following provisions3-- 7a7 the space beneath the platform of the privy must be of such dimensions as to admit of one or two moveable receptacles for sewage of a capacity not exceeding one cubic foot1 being placed and fitted beneath the platform in such manner and position as will effectually prevent the deposit1 otherwise than in such receptacle of any sewage falling or thrown through the aperture of the platform2 7b7 the privy must be so constructed as to afford adequate access to the said space for the purposes of cleansing such place and of placing therein and removing therefrom proper receptacles for sewage2 7c7 the said receptacles must be water-tight1 and must be made of metal if their capacity is over half a cubic foot1 or of well-tarred earthenware or glazed stoneware if their capacity is less than half a cubic foot2 7d7 the door for the insertion and removal of the receptacles must be made so as to completely cover the aperture4 ,sidenote3 ,enforcement of the foregoing rules in the case of future privies or urinals4 #aa4 7#a7 ,if any privy or urinal erected or re-erected after the passing of these rules is so constructed as to contravene any of the provisions of this ,schedule1 the ,commissioners may1 by written notice1 whether or not the offender be prosecuted under the ,municipal ,act before a ,magistrate1 require-- 7a7 the occupier of the building to which the privy or urinal belongs1 or 7b7 7if the privy or urinal does not belong to a building7 the owner of the land on which the privy or urinal stands1 to make such alterations as may be specified in the notice with the object of bringing the privy or urinal into conformity with the said provisions4 ,,appendix ,b4 ,,removal ,,of ,,town ,,sweeping4 ,muzaffarpur ,municipality4 ,,wards ,,nos4 #a ,,and #b4 ,name of ,dept1 ,juran-,chupra4 ,quantity required to fill up tank or hollow1 #fg1egj cub4 ft4 ,november #aijb4 ,serial ,capacity number ,name of of cart of carter4 in cub4 ,,number ,,of ,,trips ,,daily4 cart4 ft4 #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #iajaaabacadae #a;,bechn #bd #b #b #c #b #c #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #c #b #c #b;,jhoomak #bd #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b ,dome #c,mangl #bd #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #c #b #b #b #b #d;,jamn #bd #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b ,bar #e,musamat #bd #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b ,rukmini #f;,bhdai #bd #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #g,musamat #bd #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b ,rebia #h;,akloo #bd #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b ,chot #i,musamat #bd #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b ,bhagwni ,total#ahahaiahaiaiahahahaiaiahaiahai ,quantity ,quantity of of ,serial rubbish rubbish number in cub4 in cub4 of ,,number ,,of ,,trips ,,daily4 ft4 ft4 cart4 depositeddeposited by each by each cart cart in daily4 month4 #afagahaibjbabbbcbdbebfbgbhbicjca #a #c #b #b #b #c #b #b #b #b #b #b #c #b #b #c #edd #a1fcb #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #dhj #a1ddj #c #c #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #c #b #b #b #b #eab #a1ecf #d #b #b #b #b #b #b #c #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #dhf #a1ddj #e #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #dhj #a1ddj #f #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #dij #a1dhh #g #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #dhj #a1ddj #h #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #dhj #a1ddj #i #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #dhj #a1ddj #aiaiahahaiahaiahahahaiaiahahai #ac1bif ,total quantity of rubbish deposited at ,dept during month in cub4 ft4 #ac1bif4 ,cubical capacity of hollow still remaining to be filled up1 #ed1bgd4 ,,appendix ,c4 ,,muzaffarpur ,,municipality4 ,,well ,,register4 #aijb4 ,ward ,,ii4 ,serial ,population number ,mahulla4 of ,name of ,condition,depth4 ,by whom on ,mahulla4 ,well4 of well4 owned4 map4 #aci ,sarayagunj ,bulaki #cc ft4,hiraman ,sahoo ,sahoo #adj ,jadoo ,baboo #di ft4,jadoo ,baboo #ada ,laljee #cg ft4,laljee ,chowdhry ,chowdhry ,rai ,babu ,rai ,babu ,permeshar ,permeshar #adb ,narayan #cj ft4 ,narayan ,mahtha ,mahtha ,bahadoor4 ,bahadoor4 #adc ,ditto #be ft4 ,ditto #add ,ditto #bg ft4 ,ditto #ade ,do4 in #ed ft4 ,ditto ,dharmasalla #adf ,ditto #cg ft4 ,ditto #adg ,barhamdeo #bg ft4,barhamdeo ,narain ,narain ,b4 ,buldeo ,buldeo #adh ,prosad #cj ft4 ,prosad ,sahoo #adi ,ditto #be ft4 ,ditto #aej ,ditto #bc ft4 ,ditto ,serial ,date ,date of number when ,by whom notice ,,remarks4 on last cleaned4 to map4 cleaned4 owner4 #aci #aija #cj-e-jb #adj #bj-e-jb #ada ,do4 #adb ,do4 #adc ,do4 #add ,do4 #ade #aija ,do4 #adf #aija ,do4 #adg #aija #b-f-jb #adh #bj-e-jb #adi ,do4 #aej ,do4 ,,appendix ,d4 ,,building ,,regulations ,,framed ,,under ,,section #bda1 ,,bengal ,,municipal ,,act4 ,,introductory4 #a4 ,any powers of the ,chairman under these ,rules can be delegated by him to the ,vice-,chairman4 ,,part ,i4--,,building ,,sites4 ,sidenote3 ,conditions as to use of building sites4 #b4 ,no piece of land shall be used as a site for the erection of a building4 7#a7 ,if the building is to abut on a road1 unless the site is of such a shape that the face of the building can be made parallel to the line of the road1 or as nearly parallel to the said line as the ,chairman may consider practicable2 and1 7#b7 ,if the building to be erected is a public building1 or a dwelling-house-- 7a7 ,unless the site is certified by the ,overseer to be dry and well-drained1 or to be capable of being dried and well-drained1 in which latter case instruction should be furnished to the applicant as to what improvements are necessary before a certificate can be granted4 ,it rests with the ,chairman to decide in each case whether any certificate is necessary at all4 7b7 ,if the site is a tank filled up with earth1 unless the site has been filled up for at least five years1 with the proviso that if the foundations reach to the original ground there is no limit as to time4 7c7 ,if the site has been filled up with or used for depositing rubbish1 offensive matter1 or sewage1 unless the site was so filled up or last so used more than five years previously and unless the ,chairman has examined the site and granted a certificate to the effect that it is1 from a sanitary point of view1 fit to be built upon4 ,,part ,,ii4--,,buildings ,,generally4 ,sidenote3 ,height4 #c4 7#a7 ,if a building is situated at the side of a road no portion of the building shall be higher than the distance from its base to the opposite side of the street4 ,explanation4--,if a building be placed at the edge of the road its height must not exceed the width of the street2 but if the building or one or more of its stories be set back1 the height of the building may be increased as much as the basement of the increased portion is distant from the adjoining edge of the road4 7#b7 ,in the case of any building which is re-erected in a road in existence at the time when these rules come in force which is less than #be feet wide but more than #bj feet1 the proportion of height to width may be as five to four up to a limit of #be feet4 7#c7 ,notwithstanding anything contained in sub-rule 7#a7 or sub-rule 7#b7 the ,chairman may give permission for building houses in the cases of roads or lanes of less than #bj feet wide1 after personal inspection in each case4 7#d7 ,if a building is situated on a corner plot1 the height of the building shall be regulated by the wider of the intersecting streets4 ,sidenote3 ,level of floor4 #d4 ,the floor or lowest floor of every building erected or re-erected from the ground-level must be constructed at such level as will admit of-- 7a7 ,the construction of a drain sufficient for the effectual drainage of the building1 and placed at such level as will admit of the drainage being led into some ,municipal drain at the time existing or projected4 7b7 ,the provision of the requisite communication with some drain into which the drainage may lawfully be discharged1 at a point in the upper half of such drain1 or with some other outfall into which the drainage may lawfully be discharged4 ,sidenote3 ,building over ,municipal drain4 #e4 ,no foundation of any building shall be placed over any ,municipal drain1 nor shall any superstructure whatever1 whether verandah1 balcony1 eave1 or any other portion of the building1 project beyond a vertical line drawn through the centre of the drain1 and if there be no drain1 not beyond #a foot #f inches from the edge of the road4 ,but no material or structure of any kind at or below the level of #f feet from the ground1 with the exception of entrance culverts1 allowed under ,rule #g1 shall project over any part of a drain4 ,sidenote3 ,entrance culverts4 #f4 ,the applications which are filed for entrance culverts must contain the following particulars3-- 7#a7 ,length4 7#b7 ,breadth beyond drain4 7#c7 ,ventage allowed4 7a7 ,ordinarily the following dimensions will be allowed for foot traffic3-- 7#a7 two feet4 7#b7 ten inches4 7#c7 same size as area of drain up to a maximum of three square feet4 ,the number of entrance culverts in any building shall not exceed the number of separate shops or dwelling-houses4 ,the intervening space between culverts over a drain shall not be covered over by planks1 stone slabs or any other substance4 7b7 ,for wheel traffic the size and the nature of the entrance culverts are left to the discretion of the ,chairman4 ,balcony4 #g4 ,no balcony shall be erected in any road1 street1 or lane which is not maintained by supports which in the opinion of the ,chairman are sufficiently strong4 ,sidenote3 ,distance between building line and street alignment4 #h4 ,in any road laid out after these rules come into force in which continuous building is allowed1 the distance between the building line and the street alignment shall not be less than #d feet4 ,,part ,,iii4--,,masonry ,,buildings ,,generally4 ,sidenote3 ,plinth4 #i4 ,the plinth of any new building must be at least one foot above the level of the centre of the nearest road1 provided no one is required to build a plinth higher than three feet above the ground4 ,sidenote3 ,outer walls4 #aj4 ,the outer walls of a masonry building must be constructed of burnt brick or some other hard and incombustible substance4 ,sidenote3 ,walls in building of more than one storey4 #aa4 ,if a masonry building exceeds #cj feet in height1 all except the topmost storey should be built of well burnt bricks and lime mortar4 ,sidenote3 ,terrace roof4 #ab4 ,no part of a flat terrace roof or part of a parapet shall extend beyond the outer face of the wall on which it is supported4 ,,part ,,iv4--,,dwelling-,,houses ,,and ,,other ,,domestic ,,buildings4 ,sidenote3 ,proportion of site for dwelling-house which may be built upon4 #ac4 ,the total area covered by all the buildings 7including verandahs erected or re-erected on any site used for a dwelling-house7 shall not exceed three-fourths of the total area of the site4 ,but in the case of rebuilding this rule will not apply in a case in which the site is less than #ejj square feet4 ,sidenote3 ,open space in rear of building4 #ad4 ,except in localities where the erection of only detached buildings is allowed1 there must ordinarily be1 in the absence of any specific permission of the ,chairman to the contrary1 in the rear of every domestic building an open space extending along the entire width of the building of not less than #aj feet4 ,sidenote3 ,interior courtyards and outwards open spaces to be raised and kept open4 #ae4 ,every interior courtyard and every open space prescribed by rule #ae must be raised at least six inches above the level of the centre of the nearest street or road so as to admit of easy drainage into the street4 #af4 ,all living rooms should be so placed as to get light and air4 ,for that object all such rooms should have at least one window opening to the outer air direct1 or into a verandah4 ,sidenote3 ,height of room4 #ag4 ,the height of the room on the basement floor shall be not less than nine feet4 ,sidenote3 ,water spouts4 #ah4 ,water spouts should be so arranged as to discharge water in a ,municipal drain or on land belonging to the proprietor of the house to which the water spout is attached4 ,,part ,v4--,,applications ,,for ,,approval ,,of ,,sites ,,for1 ,,and ,,for ,,permission ,,to ,,erect ,,or ,,re-,,erect1 ,,masonry ,,buildings4 ,sidenote3 ,application for approval of site for erection or re-erection of masonry buildings4 #ai4 7#a7 ,every notice under section #bcg of the ,bengal ,municipal ,act for the erection or re-erection of a house not being a hut must be in writing and should state the boundaries of the site1 the number assigned to it in the assessment book1 and its dimensions4 7#b7 ,the site plan sent with such an application must be drawn to a scale of not less than #acjth of an inch to a foot1 must be sent in duplicate1 and must show-- 7a7 the boundaries of the site2 7b7 the position of the site in relation to neighbouring roads2 7c7 the circle and holding number in which the building is proposed to be situated2 7d7 the position of the building in relation to its own site1 the proposed means of access1 the proposed drains1 privies1 and cesspools1 the purpose for which it is to be used1 the elevation of the proposed building1 the materials of the walls and of the roof1 and the level of plinth4 ,an elevation is not required in the case of a one storied tiled house4 7#c7 ,the application and site plan must be signed by the applicant4 #bj4 ,after the receipt of any application for approval of site1 or for permission to execute work or both1 the ,chairman may require the applicant-- 7a7 to furnish him with any information on matters referred to above which has not already been given in the documents received under these rules2 or 7b7 to satisfy him that there are no objections which may lawfully be taken1 on any of the grounds mentioned above1 to the approval of the site or to the grant of permission to execute the work4 #ba4 ,the ,chairman should ordinarily take action under section #ba within fifteen days of the receipt of the application4 #bb4 ,the ,chairman shall sign all passed plans in token of his approval4 ,,part ,,vi4--,,kucha ,,houses ,,or ,,huts4 #bc4 ,the building of all huts can be regulated by the ,commissioners under the powers vested in them by ,sections #bcf1 #bdc1 #bdd and following ones of the ,bengal ,municipal ,act4 ,,appendix ,e4 ,,calculation ,,of ,,re-,,payments ,,of ,,loans ,,by ,,equal ,,instalments4 ,the annexed table shows the instalments by which a loan of one lakh of rupees will be refunded by periodical instalments in a given number of years1 interest being calculated at #d1 #d1 #e1 #e1 #f and #f per cent4 ,in the left-hand column1 under each term1 interest is added1 and recovery of the instalments due made at the end of each year2 in the right-hand column interest and instalment are supposed to be due half-yearly3-- ,per ,five ,years4 ,ten years4 ,fifteen years4 cent4 ,year4 ,year4 ,year4 ,year4 #d #bb1dfcjaa1acbdab1cbibf1aaefeh1iidadd1df dif #d #bb1ggicaa1bghiab1fcgif1bfdaii1caadad1fa iid #e #bc1jigfaa1dbegab1iejcf1dadfii1fcdbad1gg ggfc #e #bc1dagfaa1egdeac1bffgf1efgb #i1ifbf #d1ichf #f #bc1gdjjaa1gbcjac1ehfhf1gabf #aj1bif #ce1ajai #f #bc1ijacaa1gihaac1gdhbf1giie #aj1dfeje1ahdg ,per ,twenty years4 ,twenty-five ,thirty years4 cent4 years4 #d #g1cehahc1feeeef1djabac1ahbcbe1ghcjab1hg fgh #d #g1fhgfdc1hagfif1gdcibc1ceahdf1aciaec1je cec #e #h1jbdbec1ihefbg1jiebcc1ebehjf1ejeaec1bc ecec #e #h1cfgi #d1aecb #g1dedi #c1gjdb #f1hhje #c1dbbj #f #h1gahd #d1cbfb #g1hbbf #c1hhfe #g1bfdi #c1facc #f #h1ihfb #d1dadj #h1jjie #c1igic #g1dfjc #c1gajf ,,appendix ,f4 ,,rules ,,for ,,the ,,preparation1 ,,submission ,,and ,,execution ,,of ,,projects ,,of ,,water-,,supply1 ,,sewerage ,,or ,,drainage ,,by ,,local ,,authorities 7,,as ,,modified ,,up ,,to ,,the #ca,,st ,,july #aiac74 ,notification4 ,no4 #hah,t4-,m4--,the #acth ,september #aiaj4--;,in exercise of the powers conferred by clauses 7i7 and 7ii7 of sub-section 7#a7 of section #fi of the ,bengal ,municipal ,act1 #ahhd 7,bengal ,act ,,iii of #ahhd71 and by clauses 7e7 and 7m7 of section #ach of the ,bengal ,local ,self-,government ,act of #ahhe 7,bengal ,act ,,iii of #ahhe71 the ,lieutenant-,governor is pleased to direct that the following rules for the preparation1 submission and execution of projects for water-supply1 sewerage or drainage by local authorities shall be substituted for the like rules published with ,government ,notification ,no4 #agab,m41 dated the #gth ,july #aijf1 at pages #aaa to #aac1 ,part ,,ib of the ,calcutta ,gazette of the #aath idem1 namely3-- ,sidenote3 ,preparation of sketch of project4 #a4 7#a7 ,whenever a local authority desires to undertake a project for water-supply or sewerage or a comprehensive scheme of surface drainage1 it shall first cause to be drawn up a sketch of the project roughly showing its scope and approximate cost4 7#b7 ,such sketch may be drawn up either by the ,sanitary ,engineer at the special request of the local authority and with the approval of the ,sanitary ,board and on payment of the fees prescribed in ,rule #h1 or by any firm or person approved by the ,sanitary ,engineer4 7#c7 ,the ,sanitary ,engineer shall1 in all cases1 act as adviser of the local authority4 ,sidenote3 ,submission of sketch1 statement and application4 ,sidenote3 ,government of ,bihar and ,orissa ,notification ,no4 #gfhb,m41 dated the #hth ,july #aiac4 #b4 ,when the sketch of the project has been drawn up under ,rule #a1 and it is estimated to cost ,rs4 #aj1jjj or more1 or in the case of an estimate of less than ,rs4 #aj1jjj if the financial assistance of ,government is desired1 the local authority shall submit it to the ,sanitary ,engineer1 who shall make such recommendations as he may think fit4 ,after the approval of the ,sanitary ,engineer has been obtained1 the sketch project shall be submitted by the local authority through the ,sanitary ,board to the ,municipal ,department of ,government1 together with a statement wherein shall be shown the amount of the funds available to meet the cost of the project1 either from current revenue or by way of loan or from any other source4 ,in the case of schemes the total estimated cost of which is less than ,rs4 #aj1jjj1 not being part of a larger scheme and for which financial assistance from ,government is not required1 the sanction of ,government need not be obtained1 but if the local authorities so desire the scheme will be examined by the ,sanitary ,engineer4 ,sidenote3 ,conditions precedent to grant of administrative approval4 #c4 ,in order to obtain administrative approval to the execution of the project the local authority shall satisfy ,government-- 7#a7 that the cost of maintenance of the projected work can be met by the local authority from revenue2 7#b7 that any loan required to meet the cost of the work can be repaid1 together with the interest thereon1 within the period that may be prescribed by the ,government2 and 7#c7 that the work can be done effectually in the manner and for the cost proposed4 ,sidenote3 ,procedure after grant of administrative approval4 ,preparation of detailed plans and estimates4 #d4 ,when the administrative approval of ,government has been obtained1 and in no case before1 the local authority may arrange for the preparation of detailed plans and estimates1 and for this purpose may-- 7a7 cause the plans and estimates to be prepared by its own officers or by an officer specially appointed for the purpose and apply to the ,sanitary ,engineer for assistance in the selection and engagement of surveyors to carry out the work2 or 7b7 apply to the ,sanitary ,board for the services of the ,sanitary ,engineer2 or 7c7 apply to ,government in the ,public ,works ,department for the services of their officer2 or 7d7 apply to the ,district ,board for the services of the ,district ,engineer2 or 7e7 with the previous sanction of the ,sanitary ,board entrust the work to a private firm of established reputation4 ,in cases of 7a71 7c71 7d7 and 7e71 the plans and estimates while in course of preparation shall be subject to the examination and control of the ,sanitary ,engineer4 ,sidenote3 ,submission of detailed plans and estimates to ,government through ,sanitary ,board4 #e4 ,the plans and estimates shall1 on completion1 be forwarded in duplicate1 to the ,sanitary ,board1 together with a full report on the financial aspect of the scheme and the state of public feeling in regard to it1 and1 if a loan is required1 with an application in the prescribed form4 ,in the case of drainage schemes the estimates must be submitted in ,sanitary ,board's forms ,nos4 #ba and #bb1 copies of which may be obtained from the office of the ,sanitary ,engineer1 and when the scheme has not been prepared in the ,board's ,office they shall be accompanied by full details of the calculations of the sizes and strength of the various works1 and complete information as to the prices on which the estimates have been framed4 ,the ,sanitary ,board1 after examining the plans1 estimates1 report and application1 shall submit them to the ,municipal ,department of ,government with an expression of their opinion on the merits of the scheme as finally drawn up4 ,,construction4 ,sidenote3 ,conditions as to detailed engineering supervision4 #f4 ,where the cost of the projected work is estimated to amount to ,rs4 #aj1jjj or more an adequate provision for detailed engineering supervision shall be a condition precedent to the grant of sanction by the ,government4 ,in the absence of special sanction to the contrary1 the local authority shall agree to such one of the following conditions as may be considered suitable in each case3-- 7a7 that the work shall be carried out by the ,public ,works ,department if that ,department can undertake it3 in such cases an extra charge of #ae per cent4 on the sanctioned estimates shall be made for supervision1 unless the case is one of extraordinary difficulty1 under which circumstances a higher charge may be imposed under the orders of ,government2 or 7b7 that arrangements shall be made with the ,district ,board for the carrying out of the work under the supervision of the ,district ,engineer and his staff2 or 7c7 that the work shall be carried out under the supervision of an ,engineer qualified for appointment as a ,district ,engineer according to the rules under the ,local ,self-,government ,act of #ahhe 7,ben4 ,act ,,iii of #ahhe7 specially employed for the purpose2 or 7d7 that the work shall be carried out by private engineering firm of established reputation3 ,provided that the local authority shall not advertise for tenders or enter into any contract or agreement for the execution of any works in connection with schemes or parts of schemes which have been sanctioned by ,government under conditions 7b71 7c7 or 7d71 until the specification and form of tender for such contract have been examined and approved by the ,sanitary ,engineer4 ,no tender or contract for any such work shall be accepted until it has been submitted to the ,sanitary ,board and they have approved the acceptance thereof2 ,and further provided that when the work is carried out under condition 7d71 it shall be supervised by an officer appointed for the purpose by the local authority with the approval of the ,sanitary ,board1 and shall1 while in progress1 be periodically inspected by the ,sanitary ,engineer4 ,sidenote3 ,report by local authority to the ,commissioner in case of small works4 #g4 ,where the estimated cost of works amounts to less than ,rs4 #aj1jjj1 the local authority shall report1 for the information of the ,commissioner of the ,division1 the agency by which it is proposed to have the works carried out1 and shall follow the instructions issued by him in the matter4 ,,fees4 ,sidenote3 ,bengal ,government ,notification ,no4 #ccc,t4,m41 dated the #bcrd ,may #aiaa4 #h4 ,the following fees shall be leviable by the ,sanitary ,board from local authorities for the work specified against each3-- 7a7 a fee of two per cent4 on the estimated cost 7excluding cost of surveys7 of all projects and schemes1 for which detailed estimates and drawings are prepared by the ,sanitary ,engineer2 7b7 a fee of one-half per cent4 on the first ,rs4 #bj1jjj and one-quarter per cent4 of the balance of the estimated cost of schemes and projects1 the detailed plans and estimates of which are examined by the ,sanitary ,engineer2 7c7 a fee of two per cent4 on the estimated cost of the works1 when contract1 drawings1 specifications and forms of tender are prepared by the ,sanitary ,engineer3 ,provided that when both detailed estimates and drawings and contract drawings1 specifications and forms of tender are prepared by the ,sanitary ,engineer1 an inclusive fee shall be charged of three per cent4 on the estimated cost of the works4 ,sidenote3 ,bengal ,government ,notification ,no4 #hai,m41 dated the #ajth ,april #aijh4 ,sidenote3 ,government of ,bihar and ,orissa ,notification ,no4 #gfhb,m41 dated the #hth ,july #aiac4 #h;,a4 ,as soon as the services for which fees are leviable under the preceding rule are rendered1 the ,sanitary ,board shall through the ,district ,magistrate1 demand from the local authority concerned payment of the fees leviable therefor1 and the ,magistrate on receipt of notice of such demand shall recover the said fees and credit them in the local treasury in favour of the ,public ,works ,department and inform the ,accountant-,general1 ,bihar and ,orissa1 and the ,examiner of ,local ,accounts1 ,bihar and ,orissa4 ,sidenote3 ,bengal ,government ,notification ,no4 #ccc,t4,m41 dated the #bcrd ,may #aiaa4 #i4 ,when sketch projects are prepared by the ,sanitary ,engineer1 no charge will be made for his services or those of his assistants1 ,government surveyors1 draftsmen1 and tracers2 drawing materials and the instruments required for the work will also be provided at ,government expense4 ,but the local authorities will be required to render reasonable assistance on the spot in the way of survey coolies1 supply of survey pegs1 fixing bench marks1 etc41 and to pay the actual cost of the same4 ,they will also be expected in each case to provide a suitable office properly furnished for the use of the surveyors and draftsmen4 ,,appendix ,g4 ,,muzaffarpur ,,district4 ,,shiuhar ,,road ,no4 #be1 ,,class ,,ia ,,iia4 ,report1 ,bridges ,culverts4 ,number of ,consecutive spans ,lineal ,height ,square ,number4 ,mileage4,description4 feet of of ,h4 feet of lengthwater-way4,f4 ,l4 water-way4 of each4 #a #c ,masonry #b #h #af #e #hj ,culvert4 ,general ,when condition ,are any ,consecutive,width ofconstructed ,dated of urgent ,number4 roadway4 or arched when last ,bridges repairs ,,remarks4 over4 repaired4 or necessary4 ,culverts4 #a #af arched #ahhh-hi ,,appendix ,h4 ,,corporation ,,of ,,calcutta4 ,specification and conditions for surfacing roads ,mac,cabe's ,tar-,macadam4 ,,materials4 #a4 ,mac,cabe's tar-mac consists of #b inches ,pakoor stone metal1 ,mac,cabe's patent bituminous binder of ,gas ,co4's coal-tar and 8,stag0 brand ,english coal pitch in the proportion of one of tar to three of pitch by weight1 with stone chippings and sand as top binder4 ,,preparation ,,of ,,the ,,foundation4 #b4 ,prior to resurfacing an old stone road with the composition all irregularities in its surface1 gradients or crow-fall should be corrected1 and special care taken to rectify defects1 if any1 in all its drainage and water adjuncts1 and also remedy any weakness in the foundation due to bad restoration by the road cutting agencies4 ,,rules ,,for ,,surfacing ,,roads4 #c4 7i7 ,collect all necessary aforesaid materials including tools and implements for laying them in situ4 7ii7 ,sketch out the road area to be treated in convenient sections4 7iii7 ,suspend road watering on the previous day in the section to be treated first and barricade or fence it off4 7iv7 ,thread out the area to be treated with the patent composition1 as this will avoid feather edge in the centre tar-mac joint4 7v7 ,form separate labour gangs for-- 7a7 ,weighing1 mixing1 and heating pitch and tar--three men for each tar-heating boiler or cylinder4 7b7 ,general cleaning and sweeping with rough country or ,english bass brooms1 and removing fine dust off the road surface before treatment by means of soft floor brush4 7c7 ,carrying pitch and tar composition in pails or buckets and laying it hot half inch thick on dry and clean road surface4 7d7 ,carrying stone metal in cane baskets1 spreading and hand-packing the same carefully to the required chamber1 one man for every three feet of road width to be so treated4 ,,rolling4 #d4 ,the work of rolling the surface should be commenced as soon as a section of about #bj or #cj yards in length has been laid1 the metalling gang being kept as busily employed as possible in laying a further length of materials in the way specified above4 ,the prepared road surface is to be rolled with a light six or ten-ton roller when the composition is soft1 as it is absolutely necessary to press the aggregate gently down into the bituminous sub-binder1 and at the same time to entice 7rather than to force7 the latter in an upward direction1 so as to fill the voids in the metal and finally cover the metalled surface4 ,under no circumstances should the rolling be carried to such a point that the metal exhibits signs of crushing or disintegration4 ,the roller should be driven over the newly laid materials at its lowest speed from the side towards the centre and after a few journeys over the surface if it is found that the sub-binder is not working up between the voids in the metal and does not cover the metal surface1 then such defective places have to be painted and the whole surface sealed with composition to prevent the admission of moisture or of any foreign substance into the road4 ,during the process of consolidation stone chippings at the rate of #d cubic feet per hundred square feet should be used and especially where the floated composition is too soft4 ,if it is found that any material sticks to the roller wheels a little water sprinkled on the wheels will at once stop the sticking4 ,the dry surface may be also sanded if it becomes slippery for horses4 #e4 ,all materials to be supplied must be to the satisfaction of the ,engineer4 ,inferior materials supplied shall be rejected and the contractor must make good such supply within #bd hours4 ,in default it shall be competent to the ,engineer to procure a supply of the same at the risk and cost of the contractor from the market or any other agency4 #f4 ,the contractor must maintain the roadway for three months after completion and keep men in attendance to promptly spread stone chips and road dust on the soft portions and nurse the area cut up by the traffic4 #g4 ,the contractor must be careful not to injure existing gas1 water or any other pipes or drains or other underground fixtures4 ,any damage so caused must be forthwith reported to the ,district ,engineer1 and the contractor shall make good the same forthwith at his own cost and shall indemnify and keep indemnified the ,corporation from all claims made therefor4 ,when necessary he shall take up and carefully relay drains and pipes and lay any additional length that may be ordered by the ,engineer at the cost of the ,corporation4 #h4 ,the contractor must keep the work properly fenced and lighted from sun-set to sun-rise1 and place such watchmen at any portion of the road and footpath in which the work is in progress and is still incomplete1 and also round the repairing materials for use1 as may be necessary to protect the public against accidents4 ,he shall indemnify and keep indemnified the ,corporation and its officers and servants from all liability in respect of any claims for damages or otherwise to person or property which may be made by any person or persons on account of any act1 misfeasance or neglect on the part of the contractor in carrying on the work or in connection therewith4 #i4 ,the contract will be for four months and the contractors must carry out all works in accordance with the full programme of work prepared by the ,engineer and take in hand such street or streets as the ,engineer may direct and complete the same within such period as the ,engineer may fix therefor4 ,in default he shall pay to the ,corporation liquidated or settled damages of ,rs4 #aj 7ten7 per diem for each and every day beyond the said period without prejudice to the rights of the ,chairman to cancel the contract and take possession of the work and have it carried on and completed at the contractor's risk and cost by any agency whatever4 #aj4 ,all damages or other sums due and payable by the contractor may be received from any moneys due to the contractor by the ,corporation4 #aa4 ,payments will be made in accordance with the terms of the agreement4 #ab4 ,the ,commissioners do not bind themselves to accept the lowest or any tender1 but reserve the right of accepting the whole or part of the tender4 ,,index4 ,a ,allahabad ,shallow ,trench ,system1 #ci ,appendix ,a1 ,model ,rules1 ,privies and ,urinals1 #eg ---- ,b1 ,removal of ,town ,sweepings1 #fa ---- ,c1 ,well ,register1 #fb ---- ,d1 ,building ,regulations1 #fc-fg ---- ,e1 ,table ,repayment of ,loans1 #fh ---- ,f1 ,preparation of projects1 #fi-gc ---- ,g1 ,annual ,bridge ,report ,form1 #gd ---- ,h1 ,specification for ,tar-,macadam1 #ge-gg ,b ,bailey's ,patent ,latrines and ,urinals1 #bf ,beds1 ,filter1 #ea ,biological ,system for the ,disposal of ,night-,soil1 #ej-ea ,burdwan ,trenching ,ground1 #cg ,building ,regulations1 #fc-fg ,burial-,grounds1 ,mahommedan1 #ef ,c ,carts1 ,conservancy1 #cc ---- ,crawley's ,patent1 #cc ---- ,hand1 #cd ---- ,receptacle1 #cd ---- ,register1 #de ---- ,refuse1 #dc ---- ,wheels and ,axles of1 #dd ,cesspools1 #ce ,collection and ,disposal of ,refuse1 #de ,cremation of ,dead ,bodies1 #ed ---- ,town ,refuse1 #de ,cultivation within ,urban ,limits1 #ec ,d ,dbris of ,ruined ,houses1 #ef ,dead1 ,disposal of the1 #ed ,dhobies' ,water for ,washing1 #ec ,disinfectants1 #bi ,donaldson's ,separation ,latrine1 #bf ,drainage1 ,flushing1 #c ---- ,kutcha roadside1 #b ---- ,masonry1 #d ---- ,storm-,water1 #d ,dust-,bins1 #dc ,f ,filter ,beds1 #ea ---- ,sullage1 #ce ,flushing ,drains1 #c ,food-,supply ,markets1 #ed ,g ,ghats1 ,burning1 #ed ---- ,dhobies'1 #ec ,grounds1 ,trenching1 #cg ,h ,hand carts for removing ,night-,soil1 #cd ,harrington's ,incinerator1 #dg ,houses1 ,ruined1 #ef ,i ,incinerators1 ,harrington's1 #dg ---- ,sealkot1 #de ---- ,madras1 #de ,j ,jails1 ,muzaffarpur1 ,trenching ,ground1 #ch ,k ,kutcha ,road-side ,drains1 #b ,l ,latrines1 #bf ---- ,bailey's ,patent1 #bf ---- ,donaldson's1 #bf ---- ,masonry1 #bf ---- ,model ,rules for ,privies and ,urinals1 #eg ,m ,mahommedan ,burial-,grounds1 #ef ,markets1 #ed ,masonry ,drains1 #d ,model ,rules for ,privies and ,latrines1 #eg ,n ,new ,wells1 #i ,night-,soil1 ,biological ,system of ,disposal1 #ej ---- ,removal of1 #ca ---- ,trenching1 #cg ,o ,openings for ,ventilation in ,latrines1 #be ,p ,permanganate of ,potassium1 #h ,privies1 ,model ,rules for1 #fi ,pumps for ,wells1 #i ,r ,receptacle ,carts for ,removing ,night-,soil1 #cc ,refuse ,carts1 #dc ---- ,filling ,tanks with1 #di ---- ,incineration of1 #de ---- ,removal of1 #db ,ruined ,houses1 #ef ,s ,sanitation1 ,general1 #eb ,septic ,tanks1 #ej ,surface ,drainage1 #b ---- ,kutcha ,drains1 #b ---- ,masonry ,drains1 #d ---- of small ,roads1 #b ,sweepings--,removal of--,form for1 #fa ,t ,tanks1 ,septic1 #ej ---- ,water1 #f ,tarring ,latrines1 ,disadvantages of1 #bi ,trenching ,grounds1 ,allahabad ,system1 #ci ---- ,area of1 #dj ---- ,crops on1 #ch ---- ,description of bad ones1 #da ---- ,selection of ,site for1 #cg ,trees1 ,pruning of1 #eb ,tube ,wells1 #aj ,u ,urban ,limits1 ,cultivation within1 #eb ,urinals1 ,cart1 #bi ---- ,hindu ,pattern1 #bi ,utensils1 ,water drawing1 from ,wells1 #aj ,v ,ventilation of ,latrines1 #be ,w ,water drawing ,utensils1 #bi ---- for ,dhobies1 #ec ---- ,supply from ,wells1 #aj ---- ,new ,wells1 #aj ---- ,tanks1 #ab ,wells1 ,rules for ,cleaning and ,repairing1 #g ---- ,registrations of all1 #f ,well ,register ,form1 ,appendix ,c1 #fb ,wells1 ,tube1 #aj ---- ,pumps for1 #ad ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,extracts ,,from ,,some ,,opinions ,,of ,,the ,,press4 ,the ,morning ,post1 ,delhi4 8,a very useful little work1 which every ,municipality in ,india ought at once to possess0 99 99 99 and is accurately described by the author as 8a concise handbook dealing with the most important points of sanitation of ,indian ,bazaars10 and 8an endeavour to put the information available on the subject in a convenient form1 so as to facilitate the organisation and control the working of the ,sanitary ,department of a ,municipality40 ,from the first page to the last there is not a superfluous word in the manual4 ,the ,bengal ,times4 8,a work sadly needed in this country1 and one everybody concerned in sanitation1 especially if he be a mofussil resident1 should possess4 ,we should think ,mofussil ,municipal ,commissioners and ,district ,board ,members could hardly wish for a better guide40 ,the ,pioneer4 8,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,disney1 ,district ,engineer1 ,muzaffarpur1 has just published an excellent pamphlet on ,sanitation of ,mofussil ,bazaars1 in which he deals with many problems of urban sanitation in a brief but satisfactory manner40 ,the ,indian ,daily ,news4 8,mr4 ,disney does not pretend to do more than deal with broad principles of sanitation1 and puts the information available on the subject in a convenient form1 so as to facilitate the organization1 and control the working of the ,sanitary ,department of a ,municipality4 ,this1 we think1 in the course of his thirty-five pages of carefully compiled information he may fairly claim to have done40 ,the ,englishman1 ,calcutta4 99 99 99 8,an admirable little work4 ,it ought to be in the hands of every ,municipal ,commissioner and all the local authorities in the smaller towns4 ,mr4 ,disney states he is not writing for the big ,municipalities1 where special conditions have to be dealt with4 ,at the same time the little volume contains suggestions that even those responsible for the good government of ,calcutta might read with profit4 ,mr4 ,disney is especially strong on the necessity of a good drainage system4 ,with regard to town sweepings the author is in favour of incineration40 ,civil and ,military ,gazette4 8,this is a very useful manual 99 99 99 ,the author does not lay down expensive and therefore impracticable schemes of sewage disposal1 etc41 but rather directs attention to the possibility of improving the resources already at the disposal of local bodies4 ,he gives much useful information and advice as to latrines and urinals1 the collection and removal of night-soil1 trenching grounds1 disposal of refuse1 surface water drainage1 and so forth4 ,the book is illustrated with plans and drawings40 ,the ,indian ,planters' ,gazette4 8,in his introduction ,mr4 ,disney truly says3--#8,the real secret of ,sanitation is the prompt removal of fcal matter and refuse from the neighbourhood of inhabited buildings before it has time to decay1 as in the early stages of putrefaction emanations are evolved which are highly dangerous to health2 it is also an admitted fact that the common fly is a considerable factor in disseminating disease1 as it conveys germs on the pads of its feet from infected matter to the food-supply of the inhabitants4' ,his little brochure deals learnedly and sensibly with latrines1 urinals1 the collection1 removal1 disposal and trenching of every description of town refuse1 with the water-supply from wells1 and finally adds some simple rules for observance of the authorities on the break out of plague on villages or small towns40 ,the ,bengal ,times4 99 99 99 8,seeing then how deplorably backward we are in mofussil places1 district1 town1 suburbs1 and country1 it seems to us we can hardly do better than adopt ,mr4 ,disney's system in ,bengal districts4 ,indeed1 why should ,government hesitate to buy up his first edition of ,sanitation of ,mofussil ,bazaars for gratuitous distribution to all ,bengal ,municipalities1 in view to adopting his project in its entirety60 ,dharam and ,karam1 ,calcutta4 7,published in ,bengalee47 8,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,disney has written a book on ,sanitation of ,mofussil ,bazaars4 ,there are many large books on the subject of ,sanitation1 but in a short pamphlet of #dj pages ,mr4 ,disney has treated the subject-matter1 giving useful rules and instructions in such a brief and concise manner that we have been pleased to peruse them4 ,mr4 ,disney deserves our thanks for his earnest sympathy with and thought after the inhabitants of the mofussil towns and bazaars40 ,the ,indian ,medical ,gazette4 8,an excellent little pamphlet on #8,the ,sanitation of ,mofussil ,bazaars1' has been recently published by ,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,disney4 ,a concise handbook of this kind was certainly needed1 and this should be of great value to the ,health ,officer1 the ,engineer and the ,chairman of ,local ,boards and ,municipalities4 8,the first chapter deals with latrines and urinals1 and how sound ,mr4 ,disney's views are may be understood from the following extract from the preface3-- #8,the real secret of sanitation is the prompt removal of fcal matter and refuse from the neighbourhood of inhabited buildings before it has time to decay1 as in the early stage of putrefaction emanations are evolved which are dangerous to health2 it is also an admitted fact that the common fly is a considerable factor in disseminating disease as it conveys germs on the pads of its feet from infected matter to the food-supply of the inhabitants4' 8,the whole little volume is eminently practical2 it is well printed1 fully illustrated1 and can be strongly recommended to our readers who will find many hints of use to them in their capacity as ,health ,officers4 ,our only fault with the little book is that it is too short4 ,it might well have been expanded40 ,the ,indian ,municipal ,journal and ,sanitary ,record1 ,bombay4 99 99 99 8,the author does not branch out into any startling theories2 his work is more a handbook for those whose business embraces any matter connected with public cleanliness1 and these will find that one of the most useful features of the book is the information concerning the makers and the price of every sanitary appliance mentioned4 ,this will be found very handy by small municipalities who have here a reasonable standard of cost that will enable them to adjust their expenditure much more rapidly and avoid the useless trouble and delay of sending out for tenders--a system not always satisfactory to the purchasing body1 and always troublesome to the tradesman4 ,mr4 ,disney very sensibly advises a wide distribution of small latrines rather than the construction of a few big ones--it being obvious that the general population will not walk far for the sake of cleanliness and decency4 ,mr4 ,disney preaches the doctrine of #8little and often' in the removal of waste matter1 and it is a point in which every ,indian sanitarian will agree with him40 8,true to his theories1 ,mr4 ,disney deals with drainage before water-supply4 ,his recommendations that the water should be pumped from wells and delivered at some distance from the well-mouth are particularly sound1 for there is no more fruitful source of contamination than the percolation into the well of dirty water used for washing in its immediate vicinity40 99 99 99 8,altogether1 ,mr4 ,disney's book is an indication of the progressive tendency of sanitation in ,india--it represents good work done1 and will encourage the doing of more4 ,it is sure to find a handy place on the desk of municipal secretaries and small town authorities40 ,extract from letter from the ,inspector-,general of ,jails1 ,bengal1 ,july #hth1 #aijb4 8,i have just got your little book on mofussil sanitation4 99 99 99 ,it is altogether admirable1 and ,i am strongly recommending it4 ,it might well have been longer40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcriber',s ,,notes #a4 ,silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling4 #b4 ,archaic1 non-standard1 and uncertain spellings retained as printed4 #c4 ,enclosed italics font in underscores4