,transcrib]'s ,notes3      ,equal signs 
80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate  
bold      9 ! orig9al text4    ,small   
capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid       
capitals4    ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s 
!y d n break up p>agraphs4              
,typographical errors h be5 sil5tly     
correct$4                               
,,/ate ,,( ,,new ,,york                 
,,/ate ,,wat] ,,supply ,,commission     
,,h5ry ,h4 ,,p]sons1 ,presid5t4         
,,milo ,m4 ,,ack]1                      
,,*>les ,,davis1                        
,,john ,a4 ,,slei*]1                    
,,rob]t ,h4 ,,full]1                    
,,commission]s                          
,,david ,r4 ,,coop]1                    
,eng9e]-,secret>y4                      
,,walt] ,,mcculloh1                     
,consult+ ,eng9e]4                      
,,lyon ,,block1 ,,albany1 ,n4 ,y4       
,wat] ,p[]                              
,,= ,,!                           ,f>m &
 ,c\ntry ,home                          
,,by ,,david ,r4 ,,coop]                

,eng9e]-,secret>y                       
,new ,york ,/ate ,wat] ,supply          
,commission                             
,second ,edition                 ,,pr9t$
 ,,= ,,! ,,/ate ,,wat] ,,supply         
,,commission                   ,,by ,j4 
,b4 ,,lyon ,,company1 ,,/ate ,,pr9t]s   
,,albany    ,illu/ration          ,,wat]
 ,,p[] ,,= ,,! ,,f>m ,,& ,,c\ntry ,,home
      ,,by ,,david ,r4 ,,coop]    ,9 !  
c\rse ( its g5]al inve/igations ( ! wat]
 p[]s  ( ! ,/ate1 ! ,wat] ,supply       
,commission has h]et(ore conf9$  its    
att5tion to ! possibilities = l>ge      
developm5ts1 & !  regulation ( ! fl[ (  
riv]s & l>ge creeks4 ,no previ\s or     
g5]al inve/igation ( small creeks &     
brooks & _! p[]  possibilities has be5  
made1 n because !y 7 consid]$           
unimportant1 b because ! ,commission    
believes t if ! ,/ate  decides to take  
an active "p 9 ! regulation ( ! fl[ (   
/reams  & ! developm5t & cons]vation (  
wat] p[]s1 x %\ld  conf9e its fir/      
activities to ! l>g] units1 leav+ !     

small]  opportunities = lat] exam9ation 
& = private & individual  developm5t4   
,h[ev]1 no compreh5sive sy/em (         
cons]vation c meet  ) univ]sal favor    
unless x contemplates ! prev5tion (     
wa/e1  great or small1 & :]ev] f\nd4    
,accord+ly1 ! ,commission desires to    
call att5tion to !  valuable p[] :i* is 
n[ runn+ to wa/e 9 ?\s&s ( small  creeks
 & brooks 9 all sections ( ! ,/ate4 ,_m 
( ^! m9or  /reams pres5t possibilities =
 small individual developm5ts (  p[]    
suffici5t to supply all ! requirem5ts ( 
! own] at a  comp>atively small co/4    
,num]\s f>ms 9 ! ,/ate h on !m  brooks  
or creeks capable ( supply+ p[]         
suffici5t to furni%  electric light =   
all ! build+s4 ,o!rs w\ld also furni%   
p[]  en\gh to drive a fe$ gr9d]1 a *urn 
or cream sep>ator1 or to run a  wood    
saw1 sew+ ma*9e or o!r ma*9es &         
implem5ts requir+ a  small am\nt ( p[] =
 _! op]ation4 ,9 %ort1 !re are num]\s   
small /reams n[ tumbl+ ov] l$ges 9      
b>ny>ds or pa/ures ^:  wa/$ en]gy might 

readily be trans=m$ & appli$ to useful  
"w  by ! in/allation ( small &          
inexp5sive wat]-p[] plants4 ,if !  p[] (
 m ( ^! 7 develop$ & sub/itut$ = manual 
labor1  a great sav+ ( "t & en]gy w\ld  
be accompli%$1 & f9ancial  pr(it w\ld   
result4    ,illu/ration3 ,mod]n         
,application ( ,hydro-electric ,p[]     
,vacuum  ,milk+ ,ma*9es    ,aft] !      
initial exp5se ( in/all+ ! plant is     
paid1 ! co/  ( a small wat] p[] is      
inconsid]able1 ! plant requir+ little   
p]sonal att5tion & small exp5se =       
supplies & repairs4 ,h[ev]1  :ile ! p[] 
( "s /reams may be develop$ at an       
amaz+ly  small co/1 9 o!r in/ances ! co/
 may be prohibitive4 ,9 ?is  connection1
 "o fact t is p]haps n fully appreciat$ 
is t  ! p[] ( a wat]fall is comp>atively
 p]man5t1 only its rate (  availability 
be+ limit$4 ,:ile ! /ream may %r9k 9 !  
dry  summ] & fall1 x is q c]ta9 to swell
 aga9 9 ! spr+ &  to cont9ue ! process1 
ye> aft] ye>1 z ! s\rce ( supply is     
cont9ually r5ew$4 ,b ! p[] :i* might h  

be51 b 0 n  develop$ 9 ! ye> #aiaj1 _c  
be reclaim$ 9 #aiaa or ev] aft]4  ,mu* (
 ! p[] t is wa/$ by inequality ( ! fl[ (
 !  /ream may be sav$ by cons]vation    
?r\gh wat] /orage2 b ?is  sometimes     
involves a l>ge outlay & !re=e1 g5]ally 
speak+1  ! fulle/ use ( ! p[] ( a small 
/ream c be/ be obta9$ by  us+ ! /ream z 
x runs1 or at be/ aft] tempor>y /orage  
beh9d  inexp5sive dams4    ,illu/ration3
 8,lum9\s0 ,electric ,radiator    ,!    
,wat] ,supply ,commission believes t !  
possibilities = small  wat] p[]s %\ld be
 po9t$ out to ! p ( ! ,/ate 9 ord]  t   
!re may be a bett] realization ( !      
usefulness & value (  ?is rem>kable     
natural res\rce & t ! f>m]s & resid5ts (
  rural di/ricts may take advantage ( ! 
opportunities to cons]ve &  utilize !m4 
,x is believ$ t "s facts relat+ to !    
utility  ( p[] 9 g5]al & small wat] p[]s
 9 p>ticul>1 toge!r  ) descriptions ( "s
 typical small wat]-p[] developm5ts  t  
are n[ 9 actual op]ation1 & brief notes 
z to h[ su* a  p[] may be develop$ &    

appli$1 w suffice to br+ ! subject      
=cibly to ! att5tion ( ^? mo/ int]e/$1 &
 furni% at  lea/ a beg9n+ = obs]vations 
9 ?is comp>atively new field1  &        
/imulate a t5d5cy to a m g5]al          
utilization ( ?is s\rce  ( p[]1 & a     
consequ5t sav+ ( mu* en]gy n[ secur$ f  
coal1 wood & o!r exhau/ible produc]s (  
p[]4 ,accord+ly1 !  foll[+ discussion ( 
! _m & v>i$ uses = p[] on !  mod]n f>m1 
toge!r ) descriptions ( developm5ts n[ 9
 use1 &  notes on develop+ a small wat] 
p[]1 are submitt$ 9 ! hope t  !y may be 
( int]e/ & s]vice to ^? :o h *os5 f>m+  
= _! livelihood or pleasure1 especially 
by assi/+ !m 9 !  consid]ation z to :e!r
 or n x may be wor? :ile to develop !   
p[] ( any p>ticul> /ream4 ,^!           
discussions & descriptions are  n int5d$
 to suffice z a practical h&book = lay+ 
out a p[]  plant1 b m]ely to po9t ! way 
to an intellig5t consid]ation (  !      
possibilities1 by %[+ :at o!rs h done & 
lay+ d[n  a few fundam5tal pr9ciples1   
:i* %\ld prop]ly be tak5 into           

consid]ation 9 det]m9+ ^u ! developm5t (
 a small wat]  p[]4          ,,uses ,,= 
,,p[] ,,on ,,! ,,f>m      ,!            
impossibility ( secur+ a suffici5t numb]
 ( capable &  satisfactory f>m h&s 9 ^! 
days1 :5 ! majority ( "y m5  are turn+  
to ! popul\s c5t]s = _! livelihood1 is  
p]haps  ! mo/ compell+ reason :y ma*9es 
:i* c be sub/itut$ =  manual labor are a
 decid$ advantage to ! up-to-date f>m]4 
,_!  adoption z a "p ( ! p]man5t        
equipm5t = ! f>m %\ld  r5d] _! own]     
comp>atively indep5d5t ( "s ( ! problems
 (  supply & dem& = f>m labor1 !        
solution ( :i* problems is  an important
 factor 9 det]m9+ ! success or failure (
 !  f>m] :o disposes ( 8 produce 9 op5  
m>ket4 ,?is condition is  supplem5t$ by 
a comm5dable t5d5cy = f>m]s to live     
bett]1 to  place ! home life ( ! f>m on 
a high] plane1 & to make f>m+  a means (
 pleasurable livelihood r ?an ! m]e ek+ 
out (  a b>e subsi/5ce f ! products ( ! 
soil4 ,^! conditions1  toge!r ) !       
greatly improv$ quality ( illum9ation & 

conv5i5ce :i* electricity af=ds1 are    
creat+ a gr[+ dem&  = a reliable &      
reasonably economical s\rce ( en]gy )   
:i* to  supply bo? light & p[] on ! l>g]
 e/ates & f>ms4    ,illu/ration3 ,motor 
,lift+ a ,ton ( ,hay1 ,hydro-electric   
,p[]    ,illu/ration3 ,electric ,toa/]  
,t electric light is mu* clean] & m     
conv5i5t ?an k]os5e  lamps mu/1 ( c\rse1
 be admitt$ by all4 ,x mu/ also be      
admitt$  t a k]os5e lamp ( any          
consid]able illum9at+ p[] has also      
c]ta9 heat+ prop5sities :i* r5d] x an   
unpleasant companion  on a w>m summ]    
ev5+4 ,h[ev]1 :5 x comes to a           
consid]ation  ( m]e doll>s & c5ts1 !re  
seems to be a widespread belief t       
k]os5e z a s\rce ( illum9ation is *eap] 
?an electricity4  ,/atem5ts to ?is      
effect are too (t5 all[$ to g           
uncontradict$1  & too _m p accept ?is   
view )\t tak+ ! tr\ble to  inve/igate4  
,x is a comp>atively simple matt] to    
comp>e ! co/ ( ! two  k9ds ( light1 kn[+
 z we d exactly h[ mu* curr5t an        

electric  lamp ( a c]ta9 filam5t &      
c&le-p[] w consume4 ,su* a  comp>ison w 
frequ5tly result 9 a *oice ( electricity
 z !  *eap] light4 ,9 _m cases !        
selection ( electricity to supplant     
k]os5e lamps w\ld result 9 no           
consid]able sav+ ( money1 b  w\ld d away
 ) consid]able inconv5i5ce & furni% mu* 
bett]  illum9ation4 ,if co/ is !        
controll+ consid]ation1 ! comp>ison  _c 
always be s mu* 9 favor ( electricity4  
,an important  consid]ation1 (t5        
ov]look$1 is t ) electric lights !      
int]iors ( liv+ rooms d n require su*   
frequ5t repap]+ or  ref9i%+ z !y w\ld   
require ) k]os5e illum9ation4           
,illu/ration3 ,motor-driv5 ,sew+ ,ma*9e 
,h[ev]1 ! conv5i5ce & cleanl9ess (      
electricity are fairly well  kn[n &     
appreciat$1 b ! means by :i* electric   
curr5ts may be  g5]at$ economically1 &  
by :i* ?is =m ( en]gy may be appli$  to 
br+ ab\t suffici5t returns1 f9ancial &  
o!rwise1 to w>rant  ! in/allation ( an  
isolat$ plant = a f>m or c\ntry home1   

are  n s g5]ally und]/ood4    ,electric 
curr5t may be g5]at$ by means ( a       
dynamo1 or g5]ator1  ) any k9d ( a      
p[]-produc+ plant4 ,all t ! dynamo      
requires  to enable x to produce        
electric curr5t is p[] ( "s k9d t  may  
be appli$ 9 su* mann] & quantity z w    
cause ! armature1  or 8int]ior core10 ( 
! ma*9e to rotate at a suffici5tly high 
& uni=m rate ( spe$4 ,!re are v>i\s k9ds
 ( p[] g5]ators  :i* w p]=m ?is "w      
satisfactorily = isolat$ plants4 ,)9  ! 
la/ few ye>s ! small int]nal combu/ion  
eng9e1 supplem5t$  by ! electric /orage 
batt]y1 = /ation>y s]vice1 h be5 s  mu* 
improv$ & simplifi$ z to cause !m to    
comp>e v favorably  ) ! bett]-kn[n types
 ( p[]-produc+ app>atus 9 fir/ co/  & 9 
reliability ( op]ation4 ,! extreme      
simplicity ( bo? ?is  type ( eng9e & ( !
 /orage batt]y1 toge!r ) ! great        
economy 9 fuel consumption ( ^! eng9es1 
! l[ price ( fuel1  & ! effici5cy ( !   
batt]y z a device = /or+ ! en]gy  &     
deliv]+ x 9 ! =m ( electric curr5t :5   

ne$$ & 9  ! quantity requir$1 result 9 a
 l[ op]at+ co/4 ,! adv5t (  tax-free    
alcohol into ! field ( available fuels =
 use 9 int]nal  combu/ion eng9es1 & !   
gr[+ dem& = ?is class ( fuel1  indicate 
t x w become1 9 "t1 a /rong competitor (
 k]os5e  & gasol5e4 ,at pres5t1 gasol5e 
is ! fuel mo/ g5]ally us$ =  eng9es (   
?is type & small-size gas eng9es are n[ 
manufactur$ by  _m firms4    ,/eam p[]  
is probably ! be/ und]/ood ( all classes
 ( p[]4 ,9  _m cases1 especially :]e !  
fuel is v *eap1 ?is is ! be/  p[] = a   
f>m] to h4 ,/eam-p[] plants1 z well z   
gasol5e1  k]os5e & alcohol plants1 all  
require p]sonal att5dance dur+  op]ation
 & necessitate m or less frequ5t        
applications ( fuel4  ,w9d p[] is also a
 s\rce ( en]gy :i* may well be consid]$ 
by  ! f>m] :o ne$s a small am\nt ( p[]4 
,p]haps ! mo/ promis+ s\rce ( p[] =     
f>m]s 9 ,new ,york  ,/ate is ! p[] t may
 be develop$ f fall+ wat]4 ,?is k9d  ( a
 p[] plant requires comp>atively little 
p]sonal att5tion  :ile 9 op]ation1 &    

ne$s no repl5i%+ ( fuel except su* z    
,nature h]self provides 9 ! fl[+ brook4 
,n only are !re _m  ( ^! p[]s t are     
undevelop$ z yet1 b !re are _m o!rs  :i*
 h be5 develop$ at "s previ\s "t & h    
rec5tly be5  all[$ to fall into disuse =
 v>i\s reasons4 ,_m old sawmills 7      
ab&on$ :5 ! surr\nd+ hills 7 all lumb]$ 
(f4 ,a small  inve/m5t w\ld enable _m   
su* old p[]s to be reviv$ & appli$  to  
"s useful purpose4 ,su* a wat]-p[] plant
 c\ld frequ5tly be  made to s]ve ! own] 
or a gr\p ( us]s ( electric curr5t at v 
small fir/ co/ = ea* individual1 & at an
 op]at+ co/ :i*  w\ld be inconsid]able4 
,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t mu*    
dep5ds on ! *oice (  ! be/ p[] = any    
p>ticul> purpose1 & a c>eful            
consid]ation  ( :at is ne$$1 & !        
conditions "u :i* ! p[] mu/ be  suppli$1
 is ess5tial to insure satisfaction ) a 
p[] plant4  ,9 any p>ticul> in/ance a   
manufactur] ( small wat]:eels w         
*e]fully submit an e/imate = a wat]-p[] 
plant1 :ile !  mak]s ( /eam & gasol5e   

eng9es w q z readily furni% any         
in=mation to be bas$ on data furni%$ by 
! int5d+ pur*as]4    ,illu/ration3      
,motor-driv5 ,ice ,cream ,freez]    ,!  
ext5t ( ! applications ( p[] to         
practical purposes on !  f>m is v broad4
 ,:ile p]haps electric light+ is ! use  
mo/  frequ5tly ?\ght (1 x is1 h[ev]1 9 !
 application ( electric  curr5t or p[]  
to ! op]ation ( labor-sav+ devices t !  
greate/ ga9 is to be d]iv$ on ! l>ge f>m
 or c\ntry place4 ,fe$  gr9d]s1 root    
cutt]s1 fodd] cutt]s1 fann+ mills1      
gr9d/ones1  circul> saws1 corn %ell]s1  
drill presses1 ensilage cutt]s &        
elevators1 horse clipp]s1 milk+ ma*9es1 
gra9 sep>ators1  ?re%+ ma*9es1 cream    
sep>ators1 *urns1 vacuum clean]s1  ice  
cream freez]s1 d\gh mix]s1 fe$ mix]s1   
*ick5 hat*]s1  & num]\s o!r ma*9es &    
implem5ts op]at$ by p[]1 are  obta9able 
9 ^! days ( labor-sav+ devices4 ,! am\nt
 ( p[]  requir$ to op]ate _m ( ^! is    
small4 ,! pres5ce ( a plant (  suffici5t
 capacity to op]ate "o or two p>ticul>  

ma*9es (t5  makes x possible to use !   
p[] = _m ( ! o!r purposes4  ,! am\nt (  
"w t a small p[] w d may be judg$ f !   
foll[+ brief /atem5ts ( :at is actually 
be+ done3    ,illu/ration3 ,motor-driv5 
,cream ,sep>ator    ,note small size (  
motor    ,six horsep[] w drive a gra9   
sep>ator & ?re% #bejj bu%els (  oats 9  
t5 h\rs4    ,?ree horsep[] furni%es all 
p[] ne$$ to make #fjjj p\nds ( milk     
into *eese 9 "o day4    ,six horsep[] w 
run a fe$ mill gr9d+ tw5ty bu%els ( corn
 an  h\r4    ,five horsep[] gr9ds       
tw5ty-five to =ty bu%els ( fe$1 or t5 to
  twelve bu%els ( e> corn1 an h\r4      
,sev5 horsep[] drives an eighte5-in*    
sep>ator1 burr mill & corn  & cob cru%] 
& corn %ell]1 gr9d+ f twelve to fifte5  
bu%els ( fe$ an h\r1 & five to eight    
bu%els ( good1 f9e meal4    ,six        
horsep[] runs a heavy apple grat]1 gr9d+
 & press+ #bjj to  #bej bu%els ( apples 
an h\r4    ,five horsep[] w drive a     
?irty-in* circul> saw1 saw+ f  fifty to 
sev5ty-five cords ( /ovewood f h>d oak 9

 t5 h\rs4    ,illu/ration3 ,electric    
,iron+    ,six horsep[] saws all ! wood 
f\r m5 c pile 9 cords4    ,twelve       
horsep[] w drive a fifty-in* circul>    
saw1 saw+ #djjj  feet ( oak1 or #ejjj   
feet ( popl>1 9 a day4    ,t5 horsep[] w
 run a sixte5-in* ensilage cutt] & bl[]1
 &  elevate ! ensilage into a silo ?irty
 feet high at ! rate ( sev5  tons p]    
h\r4    ,"o horsep[] w pump wat] f a    
well ( ord9>y dep? 9  suffici5t quantity
 to supply an ord9>y f>mh\se & all !    
build+s ) wat] = all ! ord9>y uses4     
,9 det]m9+ ! size ( p[] plant requir$ 9 
any p>ticul>  in/ance ! use requir+ !   
l>ge/ am\nt ( p[] mu/ be  consid]$4 ,x  
foll[s t !re w !n be pl5ty ( p[] = !    
small] requirem5ts4 ,9 consid]+ a wat]  
p[] x %\ld also be  borne 9 m9d t ! full
 !oretical am\nt ( a wat] p[] c  nev] be
 realiz$1 a c]ta9 portion be+ tak5 up 9 
friction 9 !  wat]:eel & 9 losses 9 !   
electric g5]ator1 transmission l9es1    
motors1 etc4 ,! "q z to h[ mu* may be   
made available w be  discuss$ h]e9aft]4 

,foll[+ are descriptions ( "s typical   
wat]-p[] developm5ts 9  use 9 ?is ,/ate 
at ! pres5t "t4          ,,f>m          
,,wat]-,,p[] ,,developm5t ,,9 ,,oneida  
,,c\nty      ,illu/ration3 ,electric    
,hot ,plate    ,on ! outskirts ( !      
village ( ,oriskany ,falls1 9 ,oneida   
c\nty1  ,n4 ,y41 is a f>m ( ab\t #ajj   
acres1 belong+ to ,mr4 ,e4 ,burdette    
,m9]4 ,?is community 0 at "o "t "o ( !  
pr9cipal hop-rais+  di/ricts ( ! ,/ate4 
,mr4 ,m9] has be5 engag$ 9 rais+ hops = 
fifty ye>s1 & rais$ #aj1jjj p\nds ( hops
 on sev5 acres ! pa/  season4 ,9 rec5t  
ye>s he has divid$ 8 att5tion betwe5    
mix$  f>m+ & dairy+1 keep+ f tw5ty to   
tw5ty-five c[s4    ,be=e ! in/allation (
 8 wat] p[]1 n ! lea/ ( !  irksome tasks
 ab\t ! f>mh\se 0 ! daily fill+ & clean+
  ( k]os5e lamps & lant]ns2 & ! wood 0  
saw$1 & ! cream  sep>ator & *urn 9 !    
dairy room 7 op]at$1 by h&4 ,five sons  
contribut$ 9 no small measure to !      
prompt disposal ( ! daily  tasks4 ,b !  
boys w5t =? into ! _w & acquir$ l9es (  

activity & int]e/ ( _! own4 ,only !     
olde/ son rema9$ to  live on ! f>m4     
,ano!r son /udi$ electrical eng9e]+1 a  
?ird  *ose me*anical pursuits1 a f\r?   
became a civil eng9e]1 & a  fif? took up
 comm]cial "w4    ,illu/ration3         
,electric ,c(fee ,p]colator    ,aft]    
com+ 9 t\* ) ! out] _w & ! great mod]n  
a*ievem5ts ( sci5ce & inv5tion1         
especially ( a me*anical or  eng9e]+ "*1
 ! boys q naturally set _! wits to "w   
to devise "s way 9 :i* ! daily labors ( 
^? at home might be  made less          
burd5some4    ,?r\gh ! f>m fl[s         
,oriskany creek1 :i* ripples ov] its    
gravelly  b$ 9 a *annel f tw5ty to ?irty
 feet wide4 ,! boys said to  _! fa!r1   
8,:y n h>ness ! creek & make x d "s ( ! 
"w80 ,!re 0 no precipit\s fall ( ! creek
 on ! f>m1 b  ! boys propos$ to         
conc5trate at lea/ a portion ( ! fall by
  con/ruct+ a dam4 ,?is !y int5d$ to d  
prim>ily = ! purpose  ( develop+ en\gh  
p[] to light ! home/ead & f>m build+s  )
 electricity & to saw ! wood & d away ) 

"s ( ! o!r  tiresome f>m tasks4    ,!   
eld] ,m9] 0 n en?usia/ic at fir/1 b 0   
f9ally  p]suad$ by ! boys1 :o made      
surveys & plans = a wat]-p[]            
developm5t1 & 9 ,octob]1 #aije1 ) !     
assi/ance ( ?ree ( 8  boys & two day    
labor]s1 ,mr4 ,m9] began ! con/ruction (
 a dam  across ! creek4 ,?is 0 to be no 
ord9>y /ructure4 ,! creek1  :ile        
peaceful en\gh at mo/ times1 _h a habit1
 well kn[n to ,mr4  ,m9]1 ( bur/+ its   
b\nds e spr+ & ru%+ ?r\gh ! f>m  9 a    
torr5t4 ,s ! dam 0 built 9 su* a way t1 
:ile x w\ld  raise ! wat] to a c]ta9    
height dur+ p]iods ( ord9>y fl[1 x  w\ld
 n cause ! floods to rise p]ceptibly    
high] ?an be=e !  dam 0 built4          
,accord+ly1 x 0 design$ s t a "p ( x    
c\ld  be l[]$ at flood times to all[    
free passage = ! swoll5 /ream4          
,illu/ration3 ,dam ( ,e4 ,b4 ,m9]1      
,oriskany ,falls1 ,n4 ,y4    ,ma9 dam at
 left2 flood spillway at "r    ,! b$ ( !
 /ream at ! site select$ = ! dam is     
compos$ (  solidly pack$ gravel4 ,x 0 n 

consid]$ advisable to lay timb]s  on su*
 a f\ndation1 s a dit* ab\t two feet    
deep & "o &  "o-half feet wide 0 dug    
across ! creek b$ & fill$ )  concrete1  
to :i* a heavy timb] 0 securely bolt$1  
to =m !  up/ream sill = ! sup]-/ructure4
 ,! d[n/ream side 0  support$ on a sill 
( heavy timb] ^: ends 7 emb$d$ 9 !      
concrete walls1 or abutm5ts1 at ei!r end
 ( ! dam & ^: middle  portion 0 support$
 by po/s1 spac$ six feet ap>t1 :i* 9    
turn  re/$ on l>ge blocks ( concrete    
plac$ 9 ! b$ ( ! creek4  ,?is d[n/ream  
sill 0 ab\t two & "o-half feet high] ?an
 !  up/ream sill4 ,a horizontal floor ( 
d\ble plank ext5d+ twelve  feet d[n/ream
 f ! up/ream sill & support$ by !       
concrete  f\ndations "u ! d[n/ream sill 
=m$ an apron = ! wat] to  fall on4 ,?is 
prev5ts back-wa%+ "u ! dam4 ,a d\ble    
lay] (  heavy plank 0 !n fa/5$ on ! two 
sills1 =m+ a slop+ face  on ! wat] side 
( ! dam4 ,on ! upp] edge ( ?is          
plank-fac+1  at ! cre/ ( ! dam1 are     
plac$ fla%bo>ds1 "o foot high &  ext5d+ 

! full l5g? ( ! dam1 ?irty-six feet1 b  
divid$ into  six sections1 ea* six feet 
long4 ,ea* ( ^! sections is h+$ by  !   
l[] edge to ! cre/ ( ! dam1 :ile ! upp] 
edge is held  f tipp+ ov] by *a9s fa/5$ 
to ca/-iron lugs locat$ ab\t  halfway   
d[n ! plank+4 ,! *a9 is held 9 ^! lugs  
by p9s  :i* are connect$ by rod & *a9 to
 a cap/an1 or sp9dle1 locat$  at "o end 
( ! dam1 & are s arrang$ t by turn+ !   
sp9dle  ! p9s w be drawn successively1  
!reby lett+ ! fla%bo>ds  d[n "o at a "t4
 ,! idea ( ?is arrangem5t is t1 :5 a    
flood  is ris+1 ! cap/an may be turn$ ) 
a heavy lev] crank1 w9d+  up ! *a9 &    
pull+ d[n ! fla%bo>ds "o at a "t1 to    
give  m space = ! flood to pass ?r\gh s 
z to prev5t ! wat]  up/ream f ! dam f   
ris+ too high4 ,?is plan has prev5t$ !  
wa%+ away ( ,mr4 ,m9]'s p[] h\se on     
sev]al occasions4    ,illu/ration3 ,f>m 
,p[] ,h\se on ,oriskany ,creek    ,dam 9
 left backgr\nd2 tail-race 9 "r =egr\nd 
,! slop+ face ( ! dam receives ! direct 
pressure ( ! wat]  & transf]s x to !    

sills1 :i* 9 turn transf] x to !        
concrete f\ndation4 ,! reason = slop+ ! 
up/ream face ( !  dam is t ! pressure ( 
wat] is always normal1 or p]p5dicul>1   
to ! surface aga9/ :i* x presses2 !re=e1
 if ! face ( !  dam is slop+1 ! pressure
 is d[nw>d1 r ?an outw>d1 z w\ld  be !  
case ) a v]tical face4 ,?is results 9   
great] /ability =  ! dam1 due to !      
less5$ t5d5cy to tip ov]4 ,) a dam ( ?is
  type ! high] ! wat] rises aga9/ or ov]
 x1 ! m ne>ly  v]tical is ! l9e (       
pressure1 & ! dam is held tightly d[n on
  its f\ndation in/ead ( t5d+ to tip    
ov]4 ,x foll[s t !  flatt] ! face ( !   
dam ! m /able x w be4 ,mr4 ,m9]'s dam   
rais$ ! wat] ab\t f\r feet4    ,b 9     
spite ( 8 provision = floods1 ,mr4 ,m9] 
did n want to be  "u ! necessity ( lett+
 d[n 8 dam = e fre%et1 s he  provid$ an 
additional p]man5t spillway4 ,?is is a  
simple concrete  b>ri]1 or wall1 :i*    
flanks "o end ( ! dam4 ,9 plan x 0      
built at an angle ) ! dam prop]1 &      
ext5ds d[n/ream along  ! side ( !       

natural bank4 ,x 0 built ) its cre/ a   
few in*es  high] ?an ! ma9 dam1 s t dur+
 p]iods ( ord9>y fl[ !  surplus wat] all
 passes ov] ! ma9 dam1 b z soon z !     
creek  rises a few in*es ov] ! ma9 dam1 
wat] beg9s to fl[ ov] ?is  extra        
spillway1 :i*1 be+ ab\t =ty feet long1 w
 dis*>ge a  consid]able volume al?\gh ! 
wat] fl[+ ov] x is only a few  in*es 9  
dep?4    ,?is spillway is /r5g!n$ on !  
d[n/ream end by a concrete  abutm5t1 :i*
 consi/s ( a simple heavy block (       
concrete ext5d+  above ! top ( !        
spillway4 ,a simil> abutm5t flanks !    
up/ream  end & also con/itutes an       
abutm5t = "o end ( ! ma9 dam4 ,!  o!r   
end ( ! ma9 dam is set aga9/ ! opposite 
bank ( ! creek  & is protect$ f wa%+ &  
is /r5g!n$ by a simil> concrete         
abutm5t4    ,x 0 consid]$ desirable to  
place ! little p[] h\se away f  ! ma9   
*annel ( ! /ream1 s an e>? embankm5t 0  
built1  ext5d+ f ! d[n/ream end ( !     
flood spillway1 a di/ance (  ab\t sixty 
feet4 ,?is embankm5t1 or dyke1 is curv$ 

9 su* mann]  z to div]t ! wat] beh9d x  
across a l[ place to a safe di/ance  f !
 ma9 *annel4 ,"s excavat+ _h to be done 
beh9d ?is  embankm5t 9 ord] to secure a 
*annel ( suffici5t dep? to prev5t  !    
wat] f freez+ to ! bottom & to provide a
 smoo? *annel  ( approa* to ! p[] h\se4 
,?is div]sion ( ! wat] to "o side  f !  
ma9 *annel prev5ts ! accumulation (     
debris & silt1  :i* is a h9drance to !  
prop] op]ation ( a wat]:eel4 ,! pool    
?us =m$ is call$ a 8=ebay0 & is v quiet 
wat]4 ,! velocity  ( ! wat] fl[+ ?r\gh x
 is s slight t x w n c>ry  mu* debris4  
,at ! d[n/ream end ( ! =ebay ! div]t+   
embankm5t  approa*es a /eep bank4 ,at   
?is po9t ,mr4 ,m9] built a small p[]    
h\se4 ,"u ! p[] h\se is ! :eel-box1 :i* 
consi/s ( a  box-l comp>tm5t hav+ "o    
side op5 to ! =ebay4 ,?is op5+  is cov]$
 ) a co>se scre5 to prev5t leaves or o!r
 debris f  ent]+ ! :eel1 b ! wat] fl[s  
?r\gh x readily4 ,9 !  :eel-box a       
wat]:eel1 ( ! type kn[n z a turb9e1 0   
plac$4  ,?is revolves on a v]tical %aft1

 or axle1 :i* is guid$ by be>+s  9 a    
metal case surr\nd+ ! :eel & re/+ on !  
bottom ( !  box-l comp>tm5t4 ,!         
:eel-case is op5 at ! bottom to all[ !  
free escape ( ! wat] aft] x has pass$   
?r\gh ! :eel4 ,!  con/ruction ( !       
turb9es is su* t ! pressure ( ! wat] on 
! curv$ vanes causes ! :eel to revolve1 
j z ! pressure (  w9d causes a w9dmill  
to revolve4 ,! wat] mu/ h a free escape 
f ! op5+ 9 ! bottom ( ! :eel-case &     
:eel-pit & to  provide = ?is a *annel1  
call$ a 8tail-race10 0 excavat$ to  c>ry
 ! wat] back to ! creek4 ,natural       
conditions 7 favorable  "h & a tail-race
 jo9+ ! ma9 *annel ab\t #ajj feet bel[ !
  p[] h\se 0 con/ruct$ ) little         
difficulty4 ,at ! po9t :]e  ! tail-race 
jo9s ! creek ! elevation is two feet l[]
 ?an !  p[] h\se1 s t !re is little     
t5d5cy = wat] to back up f  ! creek into
 ! tail-race4 ,!re is a c]ta9 am\nt (   
back-wat]  dur+ fre%ets b ! increas$    
height ( ! wat] 9 ! =ebay at  su* times 
p>tially (fsets x4    ,illu/ration3     

,int]ior ( ,e4 ,b4 ,m9]'s ,p[] ,h\se    
,! v]tical %aft ( ! turb9e ext5ds up    
?r\gh & ab\t two feet  above ! floor ne>
 "o end ( ! p[] h\se1 :]e x is support$ 
on ball-be>+s :i* enable x to be revolv$
 ) v little  friction4    ,at ! o!r end 
( ! p[] h\se1 :i* is twelve feet by     
sixte5  feet 9 plan & sev5 feet high to 
! eaves1 0 plac$ an electric  g5]ator1  
or dynamo1 rat$ at #ab kil[atts1 :i* is 
equival5t to  ab\t #ag horsep[]4 ,?is   
ma*9e is int5d$ to op]ate at ab\t #aajj 
revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! wat]:eel1 "u ! 
pressure ( ab\t  six feet1 w\ld n       
revolve at su* a high rate ( spe$4 ,x 01
  !re=e1 impracticable to connect !     
g5]ator %aft directly to !  wat]:eel    
%aft & x became necess>y to magnify !   
revolutions by  connect+ ! two %afts by 
belt1 us+ diff]5t-siz$ pulleys4 ,a  l>ge
 wood5 pulley1 sev5ty-six in*es 9       
diamet]1 0 key$ on  ! end ( ! wat]:eel  
%aft4 ,a mu* small] pulley1 ab\t eight  
in*es 9 diamet]1 0 plac$ on ! driv+ %aft
 ( ! g5]ator4  ,a lea!r belt connects ! 

two1 & s9ce ! :eel %aft is v]tical  & ! 
g5]ator %aft is horizontal1 x is        
necess>y to pass !  belt ov] an         
int]m$iate pulley1 or 8idl]40 ,?is idl] 
is set )  its axis at an angle ) bo? !  
horizontal & v]tical1 s t  ! transition 
( ! belt f ! horizontal to v]tical is   
made  gradually4 ,s9ce ! driv+ pulley on
 ! g5]ator %aft is s mu*  small] ?an !  
pulley on ! :eel %aft1 !re are ab\t n9e 
revolutions ( ! g5]ator %aft = e        
revolution ( ! :eel  %aft4    ,! am\nt (
 p[] :i* ?is equipm5t w g5]ate dep5ds to
 a  consid]able ext5t ^u ! am\nt ( wat] 
fl[+4 ,oriskany creek  at ?is po9t has a
 tribut>y dra9age area ( ab\t f\rte5    
squ>e  miles1 & ! fl[ requir$ to drive !
 turb9e to full capacity is  ab\t #bijj 
cubic feet p] m9ute4 ,?is volume is     
probably available  dur+ mo/ ( ! ye>1 b 
is n available 9 ! drie/ seasons1  at   
:i* times ! fl[ is probably r$uc$ to    
ab\t #fjj cubic feet  p] m9ute4 ,!      
wat]:eel probably has an effici5cy (    
ab\t eighty  p] c5t1 t is1 x w probably 

develop ab\t eighty p] c5t (  !         
!oretical en]gy ( ! fall+ wat]4 ,!      
rema9d] is lo/  9 friction 9 ! :eel-box 
at ! entrance to ! :eel & 9 !  velocity 
/ill rema9+ 9 ! wat] aft] x leaves !    
:eel4 ,five  p] c5t ( ! p[] g5]at$ on ! 
:eel %aft is probably lo/ by  friction (
 ! belt+1 s t1 at rat$ load1 ab\t       
sev5ty-six p]  c5t ( ! !oretical p[] ( !
 wat] is probably deliv]$ to !  %aft ( !
 g5]ator4    ,mr4 ,m9] realiz$ t !re    
w\ld be times :5 he w\ld n require  all 
or any ( ! p[] :i* w\ld be produc$4 ,at 
! same "t !  pond =m$ by ! dam 0 n l>ge 
en\gh to /ore any consid]able  am\nt (  
wat]1 & he _h all ! p[] he w\ld require 
at any "o  "t1 s x 0 n consid]$ necess>y
 to provide /orage batt]ies  to /ore !  
electricity4 ,on ! o!r h& he did n wi%  
to be  compell$ to turn ! wat] on & (f  
at frequ5t int]vals1 z w\ld  be necess>y
 unless "s auxili>y regulat+ app>atus 7 
provid$4  ,!re=e1 x 0 decid$ to provide 
= ! plant to run cont9u\sly  & to devise
 "s means to consume ! electric curr5t  

:5 n  9 use4 ,a s]ies ( resi/ance coils 
7 m\nt$ on a frame 9 !  p[] h\se1 &     
connect$ ) ! g5]ator4 ,:5 ! dem& =      
electric curr5t is less ?an ! capacity (
 ! g5]ator1 a small  electric device    
automatically ?r[s "o or m ( ^! coils   
into  ! circuit1 & ! surplus curr5t is  
conv]t$ into heat by !  resi/ance ( !   
coils4 ,by means ( ?is arrangem5t x 0   
plann$  to run ! plant cont9u\sly1 s t  
:5ev] electric curr5t 0  want$ x c\ld be
 _h simply by turn+ a swit* at ! h\se or
 b>ns4    ,! p[] plant1 includ+ ! dam & 
all ! features ?us f>  describ$1 0      
complet$ & 9 op]ation be=e ,*ri/mas ( ! 
ye>  9 :i* ! con/ruction 0 begun4    ,we
 h ?us f> se5 h[ ,mr4 ,m9] develop$ 8   
wat] p[] &  trans=m$ x into electricity4
 ,x rema9s to see h[ he gets x to  8    
h\se & f>m build+s1 & h[ he uses x aft] 
he gets x !re4    ,! p[] h\se is situat$
 ab\t #agjj feet f ! h\se1 :]e !        
electric curr5t 0 mo/ want$4 ,?is       
necessitat$ ! con/ruction (  a          
transmission l9e4 ,= ?is purpose a d\ble

 l9e ( b>e alum9um  wire 0 /ret*$ on a  
r[ ( poles ab\t tw5ty feet high & ab\t  
"o hundr$ feet ap>t4 ,! poles are       
provid$ ) ord9>y cross>ms  at ! top on  
:i* are m\nt$ ! insulators c>ry+ !      
wires4  ,z ! transmission l9e leaves !  
p[] h\se x crosses a highway  & runs 9 a
 p]fectly /raight l9e to ! h\se4 ,ov] ! 
highway  insulat$ wires 7 us$ z a safety
 precaution1 b b>e alum9um  wire 0 us$ =
 ! rema9d] because x 0 *eap]4    ,!     
build+s are all 9 a clu/] & a bran* f ! 
transmission  l9e runs into ea* "o :]e !
 curr5t is us$4 ,all ! wires :i*  are   
inside ( any ( ! build+s1 or are close  
to ! woodwork1 are  cov]$ ) insulation1 
&1 :]e conceal$1 are fur!r protect$ by  
be+ plac$ 9 twi/$ metal tubes4    ,!    
fir/ actual use ( ?is hydro-electric p[]
 0 = light+4 ,!  h\se 0 illum9at$ )     
electric lights1 z 7 also ! b>n &  o!r  
build+s1 !re be+ ultimately ab\t sev5ty 
#af-;c&le-p[]  lamps 9 use4 ,ev5 ! pig  
/y has its electric light1 & !re is no  
m grop+ 9 ! d>k any:]e ab\t ! ,m9] f>m  

build+s4    ,illu/ration3 ,la! 9 ,e4 ,b4
 ,m9]'s ,ma*9e ,%op    ,b !re 0 m p[] 9 
! creek ?an 0 necess>y to run !         
electric lights4 ,a circul> saw 0 br\ght
 into use1 belt$ to a  motor1 & ! supply
 ( firewood 0 cut 9 a fraction ( ! "t   
previ\sly requir$4 ,! same motor is us$ 
to drive a la! & a  drill 9 a ma*9e %op 
:i* ! ,m9] boys built & equipp$4 ,?is   
motor is belt$ to a c\nt]%aft f :i*     
additional ma*9e tools  c be driv54 ,"o 
( ! ,m9] boys has develop$ ?is ma*9e %op
 z  a comb9$ means ( pleasure & pr(it4  
,9 addition to a consid]able  am\nt (   
exp]im5tal ma*9e "w1 he does all ! f>m  
repairs & a  consid]able am\nt ( ma*9e  
"w = neighbor+ knitt+ mills1 z  well z  
g5]al & automobile repair "w1 all ( :i* 
has be5 made  possible by ! h>ness+ ( ! 
creek4    ,ano!r motor1 two-horsep[]1   
driv5 by ! electric curr5t1 is  belt$ to
 a vacuum pump1 :i* is connect$ ) a     
"o-in* pipe  runn+ to ! h\se & ! b>n4 ,9
 ! h\se !re are two taps1 "o  on ea*    
floor1 to :i* ! hose ( a vacuum clean]  

may be atta*$1  & ,oriskany creek does !
 re/2 ! floors are clean$ 9 ! mo/       
mod]n1 sanit>y & ?or\gh mann]4 ,9 ! b>n 
! pipe f !  vacuum pump runs above ! c[ 
/an*ions ) a tap at alt]nate  /an*ions4 
,! tubes ( ! milk+ ma*9es are atta*$ & !
  creek milks tw5ty or tw5ty-five c[s   
twice ea* day4    ,illu/ration3 ,drill 9
 ,e4 ,b4 ,m9]'s ,ma*9e ,%op    ,note !  
electric motor 9 backgr\nd belt$ to     
c\nt]%aft ne> !  ceil+    ,9 ! dairy    
room is a "o-half-horsep[] motor1 :i*   
may be belt$  to ! cream sep>ator or    
*urn1 & on ! hot summ] days x is        
frequ5tly belt$ to ! ice cream freez]4  
,an +5i\s float device  9 ! sep>ator    
turns (f ! p[] :5 ! cream is all sep>at$
  f ! milk & trips a c ( cle> wat] into 
! heavy1 revolv+  b[l ( ! sep>ator1 :i* 
/ill reta9s en\gh mom5tum to r9se       
itself ?or\ghly be=e com+ to re/4    ,9 
a simil> mann] o!r applications ( ! p[] 
h foll[$ f  "t to "t1 & "o at a "t mo/ (
 ! h& cranks on ! ,m9]  f>m h be5       
relegat$ to ! scrap heap2 ev5 ! gr9d/one

 is  op]at$ by a long1 n>r[ belt runn+ f
 ! little motor 9 !  dairy out ?r\gh !  
door to an adjo9+ comp>tm5t4    ,9 !    
,m9] resid5ce are five electrical       
heat]s1 :i* ,mr4 ,m9]  /ates w raise !  
temp]ature to #ge degrees :5 x is z]o   
outside4 ,s9ce ^! heat]s 7 in/all$ !re  
has n be5 mu* use  = ! wood saw4 ,!re   
are also 9 ! h\se "s electric fans :i*  
/ir up a breeze on ! hot days4 ,an      
electric v5tilator fan 9 !  attic       
insures good v5tilation at all times4 ,9
 ! kit*5 ! ,m9]s  cook = a family ( f   
five to t5 ) an electric range1 & iron  
) an electric iron atta*$ by a cord to  
an ord9>y electric lamp  socket4 ,a     
small] motor op]ates ! egg beat] & cream
 :ipp]2  ano!r small motor drives ! sew+
 ma*9e4    ,illu/ration3 ,e4 ,b4 ,m9]'s 
,dairy ,room    ,vacuum milk+ ma*9es 9  
backgr\nd2 also small motor :i* drives  
! cream sep>ator & *urn 9 ! =egr\nd     
,! little motor 9 ! dairy room also     
drives a s+le-act+ plung]  pump1 :i*    
=ces wat] up to a galvaniz$ iron tank 9 

! attic  ( ! h\se1 :5ce wat] is pip$ &  
furni%$ by gravity to !  ba?room &      
kit*54 ,an electric heat] 9 ! kit*5     
heats ! wat]  = ! ba? & kit*54          
,illu/ration3 ,electric ,cook+ ,outfit1 
,e4 ,b4 ,m9]'s ,home    ,o!r            
miscellane\s uses are made ( !          
nev]-fail+ p[] (  ! creek1 su* z fill+ !
 silo1 & ! p[] plant requires           
practically no att5tion4 ,self-oil+     
devices on ! wat]:eel  & g5]ator1 & !   
use ( ! resi/ance coils to consume !    
sup]flu\s electricity1 obviate !        
necessity = att5tion1 except to  fill ! 
oil cups e few weeks4 ,practically no   
tr\ble has be5  exp]i5c$ 9 ! op]ation1 !
 only int]ruption s f> be+ due  to !    
=mation ( an*or ice 9 ! =ebay1 :i*      
causes a little  tr\ble on extremely    
cold days4 ,! wat]:eel is run           
cont9u\sly1  night & day1 summ] & w9t]1 
& electric light or curr5t is  always   
available at ! t\* ( a button or by ?r[+
 a swit*4    ,z to ! co/ ( 8 plant ,mr4 
,m9] w\ld give no figures4 ,8 motto     

seems to be1 8,n h[ *eap1 b h[ good10 & 
he /ates t x w\ld  require sev]al times 
! co/ to induce him to give up 8        
wat]-p[]  plant4 ,eng9e]s e/imate ! co/ 
( reproduc+ 8 plant1 includ+  ! dam1 p[]
 h\se1 wat]:eel1 g5]ator & transmission 
l9e1 at  ab\t #ahjj4          ,,summ]   
,,home ,,p[] ,,plant1 ,,nor?we/ ,,bay1  
,,lake ,,george      ,among ! attractive
 summ] homes on ! %ores ( ,lake ,george 
is  t ( ,mr4 ,/eph5 ,lo9es ( ,brooklyn1 
locat$ at ! upp] end (  ,nor?we/ bay1   
ab\t f\r miles above ,bolton ,l&+4 ,on 8
 prop]ty  !re 0 a small lake kn[n z ,w+ 
pond1 hav+ an area ( ab\t  sev5 acres & 
situat$ at an elevation ( ab\t #ahj feet
 above ,lake  ,george4 ,! outlet 0 a    
small brook1 :i* runs ?r\gh ,mr4 ,lo9es'
  prop]ty & fl[s into ,nor?we/ bay4     
,9 ! summ] ( #aijb1 ,mr4 ,lo9es built a 
dam across ! outlet ( ,w+  pond1 rais+  
its surface ab\t two feet4 ,he ran a    
galvaniz$ iron pipe  l9e f ! dam1 d[n ! 
side ( ! hill & along ! brook4 ,x  0 f\r
 in*es 9 diamet] = a %ort di/ance1 !n   

r$uc$ to ?ree  in*es & f9ally to two    
in*es1 & 0 ab\t #abjj feet long 9 all1  
) a fall ( ab\t #aaj feet4 ,a           
tw5ty-f\r-in* wat]:eel ( !  impulse type
 0 in/all$ 9 a small p[] h\se to :i* !  
pipe  l9e 0 run4 ,! wat]:eel develop$   
ab\t ?ree horsep[] & 0  belt$ to an     
electric g5]ator4    ,illu/ration3 ,dam 
at ,outlet ( ,w+ ,pond    ,! p[] 0 f\nd 
to be insuffici5t to supply ,mr4 ,lo9es'
 ne$s  at t "t4 ,he desir$ to burn      
?irty-five #af-;c&le-p[] c>bon  filam5t 
lamps & to *>ge a #dj-;cell batt]y = an 
electric laun*4    ,accord+ly1 9 ! fall 
( #aijh1 ,mr4 ,lo9es rais$ 8 dam two    
feet  high] & in/all$ a six-in* spiral  
rivet$ /eel pipe l9e1 runn+  f ! dam d[n
 a gulley on ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 = ab\t
  #afjj feet1 to a po9t a %ort di/ance f
 ! place :]e ! creek  fl[s into ,lake   
,george4 ,at ?is po9t he built a small  
p[] h\se &  in/all$ a tw5ty-f\r-in*     
wat]:eel ( ! impulse type4 ,?is :eel    
op]ates "u a head ( #afe feet & is      
directly connect$ by a  %aft to a six & 

"o-half kil[att g5]ator1 :i* op]ates at 
#ejj  revolutions p] m9ute4 ,?is g5]ator
 supplies a #fj-;cell h\se batt]y  7#de 
lamps71 an #hd-;cell batt]y = a         
#ce-;foot cab9 laun*1 a #dh-;cell       
batt]y = a #bj-;foot op5 laun* & a      
#dj-;cell batt]y = an electric  road/]1 
all ( :i* are 9 pretty cont9u\s use f   
ab\t !  fir/ ( ,june to ! fir/ (        
,novemb] ( ea* ye>4    ,illu/ration3    
,p[] ,transmission ,l9e1 ,nor?we/ ,bay1 
,lake ,george    ,z ?is new developm5t  
sup]s$$ ! old] "o & prov$ entirely      
adequate = ! ne$s ( ,mr4 ,lo9es' c\ntry 
place1 ! old  developm5t 0 made ov] s t 
x c\ld be utiliz$ = saw+  firewood to   
supply ! sup]9t5d5t's cottage & ! o!r   
build+s  dur+ ! w9t]4 ,a c\nt]%aft 0    
erect$ on ! wall ( ! old  p[] h\se1 :i* 
is a build+ #g feet by #aj feet 9 plan &
 ab\t  #h feet high4 ,?is c\nt]%aft has 
?ree c\nt]pulleys1 by means (  :i* !    
spe$ ( ! wat]:eel may be d\bl$ or       
trebl$4 ,= !  purpose ( saw+ firewood a 
lea!r belt is plac$ on "o ( !  pulleys (

 ! c\nt]%aft & run ?r\gh a small ap]ture
 9 !  side ( ! p[] h\se to ! driv+      
pulley ( a circul> saw1 :i*  /&s on a   
small por* at "o end ( ! p[] h\se       
build+4    ,mr4 ,lo9es' sup]9t5d5t /at$ 
t by op]at+ ! saw  cont9u\sly = eight   
h\rs x w\ld be possible to saw twelve   
cords  ( wood1 :i* he e/imat$ to be     
suffici5t to supply 8 cottage1 &  su*   
o!r ( ! build+s z ne$ wood1 = ! entire  
w9t]4 ,?is  illu/rates v aptly ! l>ge   
am\nt ( "w t a small p[] is  capable (  
do+ 9 a %ort "t4    ,9 addition to      
light+ 8 h\se & build+s by means ( ! p[]
  develop$ at 8 new p[] h\se1 ,mr4      
,lo9es also has a r unusual  application
 ( p[] on 8 summ] place4 ,he is an      
en?usia/ic /ud5t  ( a/ronomy & has built
 a small b elaborately equipp$          
obs]vatory  on ! hillside above !       
cottage4 ,! obs]vatory is s con/ruct$  t
 ! ro( c be remov$ entirely f ! build+  
to a support  at ! back ( ! obs]vatory4 
,! ro( is m\nt$ on :eels & ,mr4  ,lo9es 
uses 8 electric p[] to d ! "w ( mov+ !  

ro( :5  he wi%es to make a/ronomical    
obs]vations ) 8 telescope4 ,?is is      
accompli%$ by means ( a small           
#a-;horsep[] motor :i* op]ates at  #abge
 revolutions p] m9ute & is connect$ by  
belt to a c\nt]%aft1  :i* 9 turn is     
connect$ by a worm ge> & a *a9 drive to 
!  c>riage on :i* ! ro( is support$4 ,9 
?is mann] ! ro( may be  mov$ ! requir$  
di/ance 9 two or ?ree m9utes by simply  
?r[+  ! swit* :i* is inside ! obs]vatory
 build+4    ,illu/ration3 ,/eph5 ,lo9es'
 ,p[] ,h\se1 ,nor?we/ ,bay1 ,lake       
,george    ,at left1 #d-;94 wat] pipe2  
at "r1 transmission l9e connection      
,mr4 ,lo9es' new p[] h\se is a /one     
masonry build+1 ! masonry  be+ unc\rs$  
rubble1 con/ruct$ 9 a v arti/ic &       
attractive  mann]4 ,! build+ is #i feet 
by #ae feet 9 plan & is ab\t #i feet    
high to ! eaves4 ,x has a concrete      
f\ndation & ! floor is (  fir/-class    
concrete4 ,a concrete f\ndation1 ab\t #c
 feet by #e feet1  provides a p]man5t   
support = ! wat] motor & ! g5]ator4     

,?is f\ndation projects #f in*es above !
 level ( ! concrete  floor4 ,on "o end (
 ! f\ndation /&s ! wat]:eel1 !re be+  an
 op5+ ab\t #h in*es by #ah in*es ?r\gh !
 concrete base "u  ! wat] motor to c>ry 
(f ! wat] aft] x has pass$ ?r\gh  !     
:eel4 ,! supply pipe = ! wat]:eel ent]s 
! side ( !  build+ on a level ab\t "o   
foot above ! floor4 ,j inside1 !  pipe  
r$uces to a diamet] ( ab\t #b in*es & is
 fitt$ ) a  gate valve by means ( :i* ! 
wat] may be turn$ on or (f4 ,!  nozzle (
 ! wat]:eel is also equipp$ ) an adju/+ 
device  by means ( :i* ! size ( ! jet   
issu+ f ! nozzle may be  v>i$ 9 ord] to 
secure v>i\s spe$s or ! maximum         
effici5cy  ( ! wat]:eel4 ,! sett+       
requir$ to give ! desir$ spe$ is        
det]m9$ by exp]im5t by ! op]ator4       
,,f>m ,,p[] ,,developm5t ,,9 ,,s*oh>ie  
,,c\nty      ,at ! entrance to !        
driveway approa* to ! f>mh\se ( ,j>$    
,van  ,wag551 ,jr41 at ,lawy]sville1    
,s*oh>ie c\nty1 ,n4 ,y41 /& two l>ge1   
/one gateway po/s4 ,on ! cap/one ( "o ( 

^! po/s is engrav$1  8,agriculture !    
,olde/ ,occupation10 & on ! o!r1        
8,agriculture  ! ,greate/ ,sci5ce40 ,9  
keep+ ) ! latt] s5tim5t1 ,mr4 ,van      
,wag55 has conduct$ 8 agricultural      
op]ations 9 su* a mann]  t he is look$  
^u z "o ( ! mo/ sci5tific & progressive 
agriculturi/s 9 ! ,/ate4 ,he takes an   
active int]e/ 9 su*  affairs z f>m]s'   
in/itutes & is consid]$ an au?ority on !
  sci5ce ( agriculture4 ,8 f>m & build+s
 are equipp$ ) !  mo/ mod]n conv5i5ces &
 labor-sav+ devices4    ,!re is a small 
/ream :i* runs ?r\gh ! f>m & fl[s into !
  ,cobleskill4 ,?is /ream is s small t  
"o may easily /ep across x  9 !         
summ]-"t4 ,ab\t half a mile f ! f>mh\se 
is an old mill  dam :i* =ms a pond ) an 
area ( m ?an an acre4 ,! dam 0  built   
long ago :5 small sawmills dott$ t      
section ( ! ,/ate4  ,! timb] hav+ be5   
practically all cut (f1 ?is mill1 along 
)  hundr$s ( o!rs1 0 long s9ce ab&on$4  
,mr4 ,van ,wag55 conceiv$  ! idea (     
h>ness+ its wa/+ en]gy & mak+ x d "s ( 8

  f>m "w = him4 ,! /ory ( h[ he         
accompli%$ ?is is be/ giv5  9 8 own     
words1 z foll[s3    8,ab\t eight ye>s   
ago ,i began to figure on h[ to get ?is 
p[] to  ! h\se :]e x c\ld d a little "w4
 ,my fir/ ?\ght 0 to  c>ry x !re by belt
 cables1 b figures prov$ t ! friction   
w\ld eat up ! five horsep[] available4  
,electric p[]1 easily  transmitt$ )     
little loss1 0 ! only solution4 ,i talk$
 ) _m  :o und]/ood electricity & its    
eng9e]+ features & mo/ (  !m laugh$ at !
 idea ( su* a small in/allation4 ,_h ,i 
want$ to  con/ruct a million-doll> plant
 !re w\ld h be5 :ole libr>ies  ( advice2
 b a small plant to run entirely alone &
 be controll$ by  a                     
sev5-hundr$-foot-wire 0 evid5tly a      
novelty4 ,aft] a good deal (  /udy+ &   
feel+ my way ! plans 7 made & ! "w      
begun4    8,! /ream be+ s small1 ! mo/  
rigid economy ( wat] _h to be  obs]v$1 s
 ,i in/all$ a n9e-in* upright turb9e 9  
an upright  wood5 case1 build+ ! case   
myself1 :]e x w\ld get ! mo/  b5efit ( !

 fifte5-foot head4 ,?is turb9e1 furni%+ 
ab\t five  horsep[]1 ,i belt$ to a      
?ree-kil[att1 or f\r-horsep[]1 "o       
hundr$ & tw5ty-five volt direct curr5t  
g5]ator1 :i* w\ld  easily take c>e (    
sev5ty-five metal filam5t inc&esc5t     
lamps4  ,i next in/all$ a wat]:eel      
gov]nor to insure a /eady fl[ (         
electricity4 ,x took ab\t sev5ty-f\r    
hundr$ feet ( wea!rpro(  copp] wire1    
/rung on wood5 poles1 :i* 7 cut on !    
f>m1 to  c>ry ! electricity to my home &
 ! f>m build+s & to !  h\se ( a         
neighbor4 ,z x is m ?an half a mile f ! 
h\se to  ! plant x is out ( ! "q to g   
!re e night & morn+  to /op & />t !     
ma*9]y4 ,( c\rse x is possible to let   
?is  plant run night & day dur+ ! wet   
season1 b 9 dry times x is  be/ to save 
! wat] :5 ! p[] is n ne$$4 ,a neighbor  
liv+  ab\t sev5 hundr$ feet f ! p[]     
/ation k9dly />ts & /ops  ! ma*9]y ) a  
wire /ation$ at 8 b$room w9d[4 ,?is wire
  controls a valve & c\nt]weight4 ,at   
five o'clock 9 ! morn+ he  pulls ! wire 

& ! lights come on & at a c]ta9 h\r ( ! 
night he releases ! wire & !y g out4 ,9 
paym5t = ?is s]vice  ,i light 8 h\se &  
b>ns free ( *>ge4    8,our ma9t5ance    
*>ges are v small2 almo/ negligible4 ,i 
?9k our  wat]:eel behaves bett] e ye>4  
,c>bon bru%es = ! g5]ator  la/ a long   
:ile & oil is a v small item4 ,ea* ye>  
,i am  improv+ ! plant1 & v soon ,i     
expect to in/all a motor-driv5  wa%+    
ma*9e & wr+] to prep>e ! clo!s = !      
electric  iron & to put a vacuum clean+ 
outfit 9 ! h\se4    8,al?\gh ,i consid] 
! co/ ( our plant ab\t #ejj1 x 0 in/all$
  "u ! mo/ rigid economy 9 e respect &  
ma9ly by my own  h&s4 ,! dam 0 already  
built & ne$$ only "s trifl+ repairs4  ,!
 gate control is my own get-up1 &1 :ile 
! co/ is trifl+1  x took consid]able    
/udy to get x to "w "r4 ,i did mo/ ( !  
h\se wir+1 us+ conceal$ knob & tube = ! 
liv+ rooms ( !  h\se2 m\ld+ & op5 wir+ =
 ! o!r rooms & = ! b>ns4  ,?is mat]ial  
co/ me ab\t #dj4 ,( c\rse1 ,i d n 9 any 
in/ance  figure 9 my own labor1 z ! "w 0

 all done at odd times40    ,?is small  
p[] developm5t1 us+ ! dam already built1
 co/ ,mr4 ,van  ,wag55 ab\t #ejj z      
foll[s3        ,dynamo1 #c k4w4         
7second-h&7                  #ej        
,wat]:eel1 #d h4p4 7nak$ :eel7          
#ee      ,gov]nor 7new7                 
#ge      ,wire 7#gdjj feet7             
#baj      ,labor 7in/all+ wat]:eel7     
#dj      ,fixtures 7lamps & ! l7        
#ch      ,"o small motor1 #b h4p4 7new7 
#ej                                     
----            ,total                  
#eah                                    
,! plant furni%es p[] suffici5t to light
 ! f>mh\se & all  ( ! build+s )         
electricity1 z well z ^? ( ! neighbor   
:o turns ! wat] on & (f4 ,9 ! dairy a   
small electric motor (  ab\t #c         
horsep[]1 actuat$ by ! electric curr5t1 
drives ! cream  sep>ator & also furni%es
 p[] = runn+ ! gr9d/one1 fe$  cutt]s1   
hay =k & fann+ mill1 9 addition to :i* !
 p[] is  also us$ to milk ! c[s & cut ! 
ensilage & to d num]\s  o!r bits ( "w   

ab\t ! place4 ,mr4 ,van ,wag55 /ates t 8
  wat] p[] does "w equival5t to t ( a   
hir$ man ! ye> r\nd  & does away )      
num]\s *ores & labori\s duties ab\t !   
place4    ,! arrangem5t :i* ,mr4 ,van   
,wag55 devis$ to turn on ! wat]  at 8   
plant & to %ut x (f aga9 is unique &    
int]e/+4 ,x  consi/s ( a triangul> frame
 lev] ab\t two feet wide & sev5 feet    
high1 h+$ at "o ( ! bottom corn]s4 ,!   
o!r bottom corn]  is connect$ to a slid+
 gate :i* fits ov] ! fe$ pipe = !       
wat]:eel4 ,at ! top are fa/5$ two wires1
 "o ( :i* runs to !  h\se ( ,mr4 ,van   
,wag55's accommodat+ neighbor1 & ! o!r  
runs  ov] a pulley & has a c\nt]weight  
atta*$ to x4 ,:5 ! wat]  is to be turn$ 
on1 ! neighbor pulls ! wire & ! gate is 
rais$  by ! lev]age ( ! frame2 :5 ! wat]
 is to be %ut (f1 he  releases ! wire & 
! c\nt]weight pulls ! lev] back1 all[+  
! gate to fall 9 place aga94            
,illu/ration3 ,wa%+ ,ma*9e1 ,driv5 by   
,electric ,motor          ,,o!r ,,small 
,,p[] ,,developm5ts      ,mr4 ,john ,t4 

,mc,donald1 :o has a f>m ab\t five miles
 f ,delhi1  ,delaw>e c\nty1 ,n4 ,y41 "s 
t5 ye>s ago began mak+ good use ( a  p[]
 developm5t f a small /ream on 8 f>m4   
,he lights 8 h\se  & build+s1 runs saws1
 gr9d]s & v>i\s ma*9es 9 a little  %op  
on ra9y days & 9 ! w9t]4 ,8 dam 0 made f
 /one &  e>? f ! ne>by fields & co/ v   
little4 ,x =ms a pond1  cov]+1 :5 full1 
ab\t f\r & "o-half acres ( l&4 ,! pond  
is  well /ock$ ) tr\t & o!r fi%1 & ea*  
w9t] ,mr4 ,mc,donald  cuts ab\t #ejj    
tons ( ice f x4 ,mr4 ,mc,donald turns on
 ! wat]  at 8 dam by means ( an electric
 swit* at ! h\se & regulates  ! voltage 
also 9 a simil> mann]4 ,f ! pond ! wat] 
is l$  ?r\gh a hydraulic race1 or canal1
 ab\t #ijj feet long1 to "o ( !  f>m    
build+s :]e ! wat]:eels are in/all$4 ,! 
head1 or fall1  at ?is po9t is ab\t #ae 
feet & !re are ?ree wat]:eels ( !       
turb9e type3 "o t develops #be horsep[]1
 ano!r t develops  #f horsep[] & a ?ird 
t develops ab\t #c horsep[]4 ,! l>ge    
:eel is us$ to run a sawmill & fe$ mill4

 ,! #f-;horsep[] :eel  drives an        
electric g5]ator1 or dynamo1 :i*        
furni%es ! electric  lights1 & also     
electricity = driv+ ! small motors ab\t 
!  place4 ,! #c-;horsep[] :eel runs !   
small saws1 ma*9e tools1 etc41  9 ,mr4  
,mc,donald's %op4    ,a few miles ea/ f 
,mr4 ,van ,wag55's f>m 9 ,s*oh>ie c\nty 
is  ano!r small p[] developm5t own$ by  
,mr4 ,frank ,casp>4 ,he has  in/all$ two
 wat]:eels on a small creek & uses ! p[]
 f  !m to drive ! ma*9]y 9 a table &    
furniture factory4 ,he has  ano!r small 
wat]:eel ( ! turb9e type driv+ a little 
dynamo  :i* g5]ates electricity =       
electric light4 ,mr4 ,casp> lights 8    
factory build+s1 8 home1 a neighbor+    
*ur* & ! ma9 /reet  9 ! village )       
electricity f ?is little dynamo4 ,an    
+5i\s  device ( 8 own inv5tion makes x  
possible to />t & /op !  p[] f ! h\se by
 simply pull+ a wire :i* op]ates a valve
  9 a small wat] pipe1 f :i* wat] "u    
pressure is let into a  hydraulic       
cyl9d]4 ,?is causes ! pi/on ( ! cyl9d]  

to rise1  & ! pi/on be+ directly        
connect$ to a gate 9 ! wat] pipe  inlet1
 all[s ! wat] to fl[ into ! wat]:eel4   
,:5 x is desir$  to /op ! plant1 a pull 
on ! companion wire causes ! rev]se     
op]ation to take place & ! p[] is %ut   
(f4    ,illu/ration3 ,f>m ,p[]          
,developm5t ( ,john ,t4 ,mc,donald1     
,delaw>e ,co41  ,n4 ,y4    ,ne> !       
village ( ,b]l91 9 ea/]n ,r5ssela]      
c\nty1 ,n4 ,y41 !re  is a small p[]     
developm5t own$ by ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,c[ee4 ,8
 s\rce (  p[] is a small tr\t brook :i* 
fl[s ?r\gh ! f>m4 ,mr4 ,c[ee is  a      
produc] ( fancy gladiolus bulbs1 on a   
l>ge scale4 ,8 pr9cipal  p[] developm5t1
 consi/+ ( a #cf-;in* impulse wat]:eel1 
"u  a pressure due to a fall ( ab\t #baj
 feet1 is us$ mo/ly = !  purpose (      
op]at+ a circul> saw & o!r ma*9]y       
connect$ )  a sawmill4 ,! wat] is div]t$
 f ! natural *annel ( ! brook  at a     
consid]able di/ance f ! place :]e !     
wat]:eel is  in/all$ & is c>ri$ 9 an    
artificial *annel1 ab\t f\r feet wide  &

 ?ree feet deep1 ar\nd ! side ( ! hill1 
:]e x runs into  a %all[ bas9 :i* has   
be5 excavat$ by ,mr4 ,c[ee at a suitable
  location4 ,by means ( ?is bas91 or    
artificial pond1 practically all  ( !   
fl[ ( ! brook may be /or$ dur+ ! night &
 us$ to  op]ate ! wat]:eel dur+ ! day4  
,9 ?is mann] ! full p[]  value ( ! brook
 is realiz$4 ,!re is a t5-in*1 ca/-iron 
pipe  l9e1 ab\t #afhj feet long1 :i*    
runs f ! pond d[n ! side (  ! hill to ! 
wat]:eel4 ,?is pipe l9e 0 plac$ "u gr\nd
 f  ?ree to f\r feet 9 ord] to avoid    
freez+ 9 ! w9t]4 ,mr4 ,c[ee  e/imates t 
! developm5t1 includ+ ! div]t+ dam &    
canal1  pond1 pipe l9e1 wat]:eel1       
circul> saw & accessories1 co/ him  a   
total ( ab\t #gjjj4 ,he /ates t he c saw
 ab\t #djjj feet (  lumb] 9 a day ) ?is 
p[]4    ,9 addition to ?is developm5t1  
,mr4 ,c[ee also has a small impulse     
wat]:eel 9 8 bulb h\se4 ,?is :eel is    
op]at$ by wat] furni%$  f ! sy/em ( !   
local wat] company4 ,x is directly      
connect$  to a small electric g5]ator   

:i* furni%es electricity suffici5t  =   
#aeg sixte5-c&le-p[] c>bon-filam5t lamps
 :i* are in/all$  ?r\gh\t ! bulb h\se4  
,! g5]ator does n produce en\gh         
electric curr5t to run all ( ^! lights  
at ! same "t1 b x  w op]ate z _m z      
=ty-five or fifty lights at "o "t1 :i*  
is all t is necess>y to meet !          
requirem5ts4    ,mr4 ,d4 ,f4 ,pa9e (    
,wadhams1 ,essex c\nty1 ,n4 ,y41 has a  
dam at !  outlet ( ,l9coln pond4 ,! wat]
 surface1 :5 ! pond is full1 is  ab\t   
twelve feet above ! normal & spreads ov]
 an ext5sive tract  ( l[1 m>%y l&4 ,!   
pond ?us =m$ is ab\t ?ree miles long  & 
f "o-qu>t] to ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile wide4
 ,! wat] is  conduct$ f ! dam to !      
p5/ock1 a di/ance ( ab\t a mile  & a    
half1 secur+ a fall ( #cbj feet4 ,at ?is
 po9t ,mr4 ,pa9e has  con/ruct$ a p[]   
h\se1 :]e he g5]ates electricity :i* he 
transmits to ,m9eville = use 9 ! m9es4  
,?is p[] is transmitt$  a di/ance ( ab\t
 eight miles4    ,at ,*azy1 ,n4 ,y41 ne>
 ! we/]n %ore ( ,lake ,*ampla9 & at a   

po9t ab\t fifte5 miles nor? ( ! city (  
,plattsburg1 !re  is locat$ a mod]n /ock
 & dairy f>m :i*1 9 its op]ation1       
exemplifies ! manifold advantages to be 
d]iv$ f ! use (  hydro-electric p[] =   
electric light+ & = ! v>i\s p[]         
requirem5ts ( ! f>m4 ,?is f>m1 :i* is   
own$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4  ,m9] & is call$   
8,he>t's ,delight10 cov]s an area (     
#eafj acres4  ,ab\t #abjj acres are     
cultivat$1 #abjj acres are 9 pa/ure & ! 
rema9d] 9 woodl&4 ,! output consi/s (   
live /ock & dairy  products1 all crops  
gr[n on ! f>m be+ f$ to ! /ock & only   
f9i%$ products be+ %ipp$ out4 ,! live   
/ock includes regi/]$  ,p]*]on &        
,belgian horses1 pure-br$1 %ort-horn    
,durham & ,gu]nsey  cattle1 ,dorset %eep
 & high-grade hogs = ! production (     
sausage1  hams & bacon4 ,!re are also   
p\ltry & squabs1 & a fi% hat*]y  = !    
propagation ( tr\t4 ,! entire output    
goes directly to  high-grade hotels 9   
,new ,york1 ,wa%+ton & ,*icago4         
,illu/ration3 ,p[] ,h\se1 8,he>t's      

,delight0 ,f>m    ,two /reams pass ?r\gh
 ! s\!rn portion ( ! f>m1 ! small]  "o  
be+ kn[n z ,tracy brook & ! l>g] "o z   
,*azy riv]4 ,x  0 decid$ to provide !   
f>m ) electricity = light & p[]4  ,en\gh
 wat] p[] 0 f\nd 9 ^! /reams to furni% a
 *eap &  reliable s\rce ( en]gy4        
,accord+ly1 a hydro-electric plant 0    
in/all$ sev]al ye>s ago & has giv5 su*  
satisfaction t  ! equipm5t has be5      
increas$ f "t to "t1 & "s novel         
applications h result$4 ,?ree small     
concrete dams 7 built across  ,tracy    
brook to =m /orage res]voirs4 ,a        
concrete p5/ock1 or pipe1  #dd in*es 9  
diamet] & #fgj feet long1 c>ries ! wat] 
f !  d[n/ream res]voir to a concrete p[]
 h\se1 :]e a fall ( #ai feet  is secur$4
    ,illu/ration3 ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t     
,transmission ,l9e1 8,he>t's ,delight0  
,f>m    ,! p[] h\se equipm5t consi/s (  
two wat] turb9es automatically  gov]n$ &
 directly connect$ respectively to "o   
#cj-kil[att &  "o #ab-kil[att1          
#bbj-volt1 direct curr5t g5]ators4 ,!   

curr5t is  transmitt$ ov] a pole l9e1 a 
mile & a qu>t] long1 to a c5tral  /ation
 9 ! ma9 gr\p ( f>m build+s4            
,illu/ration3 ,electric ,cook+ ,outfit  
,ano!r dam 0 built across ! ,*azy riv]4 
,?is is ( concrete1 &1  aft] pass+ ?r\gh
 scre5s at ! intake gate h\se1 built    
into !  dam1 ! wat] fl[s ?r\gh a        
concrete p5/ock1 #dh in*es wide by #fj  
in*es high & #fcj feet long1 to ! p[]   
h\se :]e a fall (  #cj feet is obta9$4  
,!re are two turb9es "h1 belt connect$  
to  alt]nat+ curr5t g5]ators1 & ! curr5t
 is transmitt$ ov] a  pole l9e1 ne>ly   
?ree miles long1 to ! c5tral /ation4    
,an auxili>y to ! wat]-p[] developm5t   
consi/s ( two hydraulic  rams1 pump+    
wat] f "o ( ! ,tracy brook res]voirs to 
a  #fj1jjj-;gallon tank1 #ajj feet above
 ! gr\nd1 = fire protection =  !        
build+s4    ,!re are 9 all ab\t         
tw5ty-five motors in/all$ 9 ! v>i\s     
build+s4 ,! electric curr5t actuates ^! 
motors1 :i* are us$  to drive or op]ate 
num]\s ma*9es & labor-sav+ devices4     

,illu/ration3 ,motor-driv5 ,vacuum ,pump
    ,= milk+ ma*9es & vacuum clean]s    
,an entire load ( hay is lift$ f ! wagon
 & /or$ 9 ! m[  by a t5-horsep[] motor4 
,a root-cutt+ ma*9e is op]at$ by  a     
two-horsep[] motor m\nt$ on ! ceil+4 ,a 
"o & "o-half  horsep[] motor drives a   
vacuum pump1 :i* op]ates ! milk+        
ma*9es2 five ma*9es are us$1 ea* ( :i* w
 milk two c[s  simultane\sly4 ,a "o &   
"o-half horsep[] motor runs ! cream     
sep>ator1 & a ?ree-horsep[] motor drives
 ! big *urn2  & motors are us$ = driv+ !
 wat] pumps1 z well z !  br9e-circulat+ 
pumps 9 ! ice-mak+ plant4 ,a gri/ mill1 
driv5 by electric motor1 is "p ( ! f>m  
equipm5t1 & !  sausage-*opp+ & mix+     
ma*9es are driv5 by a f\r-horsep[]      
motor4 ,roots = ! %eep are cut by a     
ma*9e driv5 by motors (  "o & "o-half & 
two horsep[]1 & food = ! fi% is prep>$  
by a gr9d+ ma*9e driv5 by a two-horsep[]
 motor4 ,wood-work+  ma*9es & ma*9e     
tools are driv5 by motors 9 ! c>p5t] &  
ma*9e %ops4 ,9 addition to ! uses       

already m5tion$1 ! electric  p[] is also
 us$ to pump wat]1 %e> ! %eep1 clip !   
horses1  wa%1 dry & iron ! clo!s1 heat !
 h\se1 cook ! food1 freeze  ! ice cream1
 cool ! h\se 9 ! summ]1 curl ! ladies'  
hair &  play ! piano4    ,! 8,he>t's    
,delight0 f>m p[] equipm5t is mu* m     
ext5sive ?an  w\ld be w>rant$ on a f>m (
 ord9>y size1 b ! in/allation  s]ves to 
illu/rate ! ext5t to :i* ! application (
 p[] may  be c>ri$1 on an unusually l>ge
 produce f>m4 ,9 _m in/ances a          
community ( f>m]s c\ld develop su* a    
wat] p[] & di/ribute  ! p[] among       
!mselves to mutual advantage & pr(it4   
,,develop+ ,a ,,small ,,wat] ,,p[]      
,! prime requisite to ! creation ( a    
wat] p[] is ! exi/5ce  ( fall+ or fl[+  
wat]4 ,! am\nt ( p[] :i* may be         
available  v>ies2 fir/1 ) ! am\nt ( wat]
 fl[+1 & second1 ) !  am\nt ( fall4 ,x  
requires ab\t "o cubic foot ( wat] p]   
second1  fall+ ?r\gh a height ( t5 feet1
 to make available "o !oretical         
horsep[]4 ,! fall may be ei!r naturally 

conc5trat$ at "o po9t  9 a cascade or x 
may be artificially conc5trat$1 = !     
purpose  ( developm5t1 by comb9+ ! fall 
( sev]al cascades or a s]ies  ( rapids4 
,?is may be accompli%$ by ei!r ( two    
me?ods2 fir/1  by build+ a dam at !     
d[n/ream end ( ! rapids to imp\nd !     
wat] s t ! entire fall is conc5trat$ at 
! dam1 or second1  by build+ a dam at ! 
up/ream end ( ! rapids & conduct+  !    
wat] ?r\gh a clos$ pipe to ! l[] end ( !
 rapids1 :]e  ! result+ wat] pressure w 
be exactly ! same z 9 ! fir/  in/ance4  
,a v>iation ( ! latt] me?od consi/s (   
div]t+ !  wat] f ! natural *annel at !  
head ( ! rapids & c>ry+  x 9 a canal1 on
 a slight d[n grade1 along ! side ( a   
hill to a  suitable po9t at :i* ! wat]  
is turn$ into p5/ocks :i* run  directly 
d[n ! slope to ! /ream1 :]e ! p[]       
developm5t may  be made4 ,! latt] me?od1
 involv+ ! con/ruction ( a canal1 is    
op5 to ! objection t consid]able tr\ble 
is usually exp]i5c$  f ! accumulation ( 
ice 9 ! w9t] "t4 ,! fir/ two me?ods     

describ$ are ! mo/ common4              
,illu/ration3 ,cascade on ,indian       
,creek1 ,w>r5 ,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,typical    
,example ( ,undevelop$ ,wat] ,p[]    ,! 
am\nt ( wat] :i* fl[s 9 a /ream1 9 ,new 
,york ,/ate1 :e!r  l>ge or small1 is    
subject to rem>kable v>iation4 ,only "o 
:o has  obs]v$ v c>efully & cont9u\sly1 
by actual measurem5t1 !  extremes (     
fluctuation to :i* a fl[+ /ream is      
subject1 is 9 a  position fully to      
appreciate ?is4 ,"s ( ! l>g] riv]s (    
,new  ,york ,/ate are subject to su*    
fluctuations ( fl[ t ! am\nt  ( wat]    
dis*>g$ dur+ flood p]iods is sev]al     
hundr$ times z  mu* z ! am\nt t fl[s 9 !
 extreme dry p]iod4 ,also 9 _m  in/ances
 f "o-half to ?ree-f\r?s ( ! total run(f
 ( !  /ream dur+ ! ye> occurs dur+ a    
p]iod ( a few weeks 9 !  spr+ mon?s1 :5 
! accumulat$ sn[ & ice is melt$ & runs  
(f  9 conjunction ) ! w>m spr+ ra9s4    
,un=tunately1 reliable data  relat+ to !
 fluctuations ( small /reams 9 ?is ,/ate
 are v  meag]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a matt] (  

record t ! small] /reams =  :i* records 
are available are subject to great]     
fluctuations p]  unit ( tribut>y wat]%$ 
area ?an are ! l>g] /reams4 ,x seems    
logical1 !re=e1 to assume t ! v small   
creeks & brooks  are subject to         
fluctuations relatively great] ?an ^?   
record$ =  /reams ( only relatively     
small size4 ,?is fact mu/ be borne 9 m9d
  by any "o :o proposes to develop ! p[]
 on a /ream1 = if x is  ov]look$ !      
project is n s assur$ ( success4 ,= mo/ 
purposes  p[] is requir$ 9 ab\t ! same  
am\nt = all seasons ( ! ye>1  :ile1 z   
previ\sly /at$1 ! /reams run (f mo/ ( _!
 wat]s  9 ! spr+4 ,!re=e1 9 develop+ !  
p[] ( any p>ticul>  /ream1 if ! p[] is  
requir$ to be fairly con/ant at all     
seasons  ( ! ye> z is usually ! case1   
!re are two consid]ations :i*  mu/ n be 
ov]look$3    ,fir/--,w ! m9imum fl[ ( ! 
/ream--t is1 ! fl[ :i*  occurs 9 ! drie/
 season ( a dry ye>--be suffici5t to    
furni% !  am\nt ( p[] requir$8          
,second--,if ! m9imum fl[ is n          

suffici5t1 :at means are available  =   
/or+ ! surplus wat] f ! wet season until
 ! dry season8    ,! subject ( equaliz+ 
/ream fl[ ?r\gh\t ! ye> by means (      
/orage res]voirs has be5 s ?or\ghly     
discuss$ 9 ! reports (  ! ,commission t 
fur!r discussion 9 ?is connection does n
 seem  w>rant$4    ,tak+ a g5]al av]age 
?r\gh\t ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 l>ge      
/reams may be dep5d$ ^u to produce f    
"o-tw5tie? to  "o-qu>t] ( a cubic foot (
 wat] p] second p] squ>e mile (         
tribut>y dra9age area1 dur+ ! drie/     
p]iod4 ,/reams hav+  only "o or two     
squ>e miles ( dra9age frequ5tly dry up  
entirely  9 ! dry seasons4 ,if a p[]    
developm5t is propos$ ( su* a  "* t "s  
consid]able sacrifice ( p[] might be    
made  9 ! dry seasons ) no s]i\s loss1  
mo/ small /reams may be  develop$ to    
provide = z mu* z "o-qu>t] to "o-half ( 
a cubic  foot p] second p] squ>e mile4  
,on ! o!r h& x is (t5 f\nd  practicable 
to provide a small auxili>y p[] plant1  
su* z gasol5e  or k]os5e1 to fall back  

^u 9 dry wea!r1 or to supply extra p[]  
occasionally1 9 :i* case ! wat]-p[]     
developm5t ne$ n be  limit$ to ! m9imum 
fl[ ( ! /ream4    ,! p[] ( fall+ wat]   
may be appli$ to practical purposes 9   
sev]al ways4 ,"o ( ! simple/ ways1 %\ld 
x be desir$ to use  ! p[] ( ! /ream to  
pump wat]1 is by means ( :at is kn[n z  
a hydraulic ram4 ,?is is a device :i*   
op]ates on ! pr9ciple (  ! impact due to
 ! sudd5 /oppage ( fl[ ( a column (     
wat]4 ,by  means ( ?is device1 or eng9e1
 wat] fall+ ?r\gh a v small  height may 
be us$ to raise a portion ( ! same1 or a
 comp>atively  small am\nt ( o!r wat]1  
to an elevation consid]ably high]  ?an !
 supply4 ,! me*anical effici5cy ( !     
hydraulic ram is  comp>atively high "u  
c]ta9 conditions b g5]ally is v l[1     
useful "w :i* manufactur]s claim may be 
realiz$ v>y+ f  #ch p] c5t to #hj p]    
c5t4 ,! m9imum fall "u :i* a ram w      
effectively elevate wat] is ab\t two    
feet4 ,?is fall w elevate  ab\t         
"o-?irte5? ( ! supply to a height (     

tw5ty feet4 ,"u  ! mo/ favorable        
conditions & a fair am\nt ( fall1 a ram 
may  elevate wat] z high z #abj feet4 ,!
 proportion ( wat] :i* may be  elevat$  
v>ies f "o-tw5tie? to two-sev5?s ( !    
total  suppli$2 &1 accord+ly1 !         
proportion ( wat] :i* mu/ be  wa/$ at ! 
impetus valve ( ! ram v>ies f           
five-sev5?s to  n9ete5-tw5tie?s4 ,^!    
proportions bo? dep5d ^u ! ratio (  !   
am\nt ( supply to ! am\nt to be elevat$1
 t is1 a small  proportion may be       
elevat$ to a consid]able height & vice  
v]sa4 ,9  cases :]e a small brook (     
suitable quality is available = dome/ic 
wat] supply1 x is (t5 entirely          
practicable to in/all a hydraulic  ram  
:i* w pump a suffici5t proportion ( !   
am\nt ( supply to  furni% a h\sehold )  
all ! wat] necess>y = ord9>y dome/ic    
purposes1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! brook may
 be on a l[] level  ?an ! h\se4 ,ow+ to 
! fact t a hydraulic ram may be appli$  
only to ! purposes ( elevat+ wat]1 x is 
n g5]ally consid]$  z a means ( develop+

 wat] p[]1 al?\gh 9 ! broade/ s5se x    
does con/itute su* a developm5t4    ,on 
! o!r h&1 ! purposes = :i* p[] is       
usually requir$  are n only = !         
elevation ( wat] = a wat] supply1 b =   
_m o!r & v>i$ requirem5ts4 ,9 su* cases 
! p[] mu/ be  develop$ 9 su* mann] t x  
may be utiliz$ to op]ate ma*9]y  ne> !  
site ( ! developm5t1 or transmitt$ = "s 
di/ance1 &  !re us$ to op]ate ma*9]y or 
= light+ or heat+4 ,to develop  wat] p[]
 9 ?is mann] requires "s k9d ( a        
wat]:eel4    ,!re are sev]al types (    
wat]:eels1 ! pr9cipal ones be+ kn[n  z  
8und]%ot10 8ov]%ot10 8brea/:eel10       
8turb9e0 & 8impulse40 ,!  ov]%ot :eel is
 a type v famili> to mo/ read]s1 be+    
usually  ( home manufacture4 ,x consi/s1
 usually1 ( a wood5 :eel ) wat]         
comp>tm5ts arrang$ at regul> int]vals   
ar\nd ! p]iph]y4 ,!  wat] is f$ into !  
:eel at ! top1 j (f ! c5t]4 ,x fl[s     
into ! comp>tm5t at ! top & ! weight be+
 ex]t$ on "o  side ( ! support+ axle    
causes ! :eel to revolve1 ! wat]  spill+

 out :5 ! comp>tm5t1 or wat] pocket1    
rea*es ! bottom4  ,?is type ( :eel      
dep5ds entirely = its p[] ^u ! weight ( 
! wat] :i* causes ! :eel to revolve4    
,! und]%ot :eel is v simil> 9           
con/ruction to ! ov]%ot  type b dep5ds m
 = its p[] on ! velocity ( ! fl[+  wat] 
:i* /rikes ! blades1 or buckets1 on ! "u
 side ( !  :eel4    ,illu/ration3       
,turb9e ,type ( ,wat]:eel    ,phantom   
view ( :eel-case    ,! brea/:eel is also
 simil> 9 con/ruction b is 9 reality an 
improvem5t ^u ! ov]%ot & und]%ot types4 
,x dep5ds = its  p[] on a comb9ation ( !
 action ( gravity & ! impulse (  ! wat] 
/rik+ ! blades1 or buckets4 ,! wat] is  
f$ into !  :eel a little bel[ ! height (
 ! axle & usually ent]s )  consid]able  
velocity1 a "p ( :i* is trans=m$ into   
useful "w  by ! :eel4    ,! turb9e is a 
type ( :eel :i* is v ext5sively us$4 ,x 
is  usually con/ruct$ ( metal & consi/s 
prim>ily ( a s]ies (  curv$ vanes1 or   
runn]s1 ^: arrangem5t is simil> to a    
screw4 ,!  action ( ! wat] fl[+ ?r\gh ^!

 curv$ vanes causes ! vanes  & %aft to  
revolve1 ! vanes be+ solidly connect$ to
 ! %aft1  :i* may be ei!r horizontal or 
v]tical4    ,! fundam5tal work+ pr9ciple
 ( an impulse wat]:eel is !  turn+ into 
useful "w ( ! impulse due to ! velocity 
( a jet (  wat] issu+ f a contract$     
orifice4 ,?is is accompli%$ usually  by 
convey+ ! wat] f ! dam or o!r s\rce (   
supply to !  wat]:eel 9 a pipe (        
comp>atively l>ge size & !n gradually   
r$uc+ ! size ( ! pipe imm$iately 9 front
 ( ! :eel to a  comp>atively small size 
by means ( a r$uc] section1 :i* is fitt$
  ) a nozzle ! op5+ ( :i* may or may n  
be regulat$ 9 size4  ,?is contraction ( 
! /ream ( fl[+ wat] causes a sp\t+ (  ! 
wat] "u pressure & ! wat] issues 9 a jet
 ) v high  velocity4 ,! jet ?us issu+ f 
! nozzle /rikes ! cups (  ! impulse :eel
 :i* are arrang$ at regul> int]vals     
ar\nd !  circumf]5ce ( a metallic disc  
:i* is c5t]$ on an axle4 ,! cups        
transf] ! velocity ( ! jet to ! :eel1 & 
! wat] drops f  !m ) v little velocity  

left 9 x4    ,illu/ration3 ,impulse     
,type ( ,wat]:eel    ,%[+ jet ( wat]    
/rik+ cups4 ,:eel illu/rat$ is v p[]ful1
  b pr9ciple ( small :eels is ! same    
,9 g5]al1 ! turb9e type ( :eel is be/   
adapt$ to l[ heads1 or  falls1 & ! use (
 comp>atively l>ge volumes ( wat]1 & !  
impulse :eel is be/ adapt$ to ! use ( a 
comp>atively high head1  or fall1 & a   
comp>atively small am\nt ( wat]4 ,!re   
are c]ta9  int]m$iate conditions = :i* !
 manufactur]s ( ea* type claim  _! :eel 
is be/ suit$ & 9 su* in/ance a /udy (   
local  conditions is always necess>y to 
det]m9e :i* type ( :eel is be/  adapt$4 
,! developm5t ( a wat] p[] by means (   
any k9d ( a wat]:eel  results 9 !       
conv]sion ( ! en]gy ( ! fall+ wat] into 
me*anical p[] :i* is ex]t$ 9 a m or less
 rapidly revolv+  %aft4 ,9 ord] to apply
 ?is p[] ( ! revolv+ %aft to "s  useful 
purpose1 !re are sev]al me?ods :i* may  
be us$4 ,! %aft  may be directly        
connect$ to ! %aft ( an electric        
g5]ator1 or  dynamo1 to g5]ate electric 

curr5t1 or x may be directly connect$   
to a ma*9e :i* x is desir$ to op]ate1   
provid$ ! ma*9e1  or dynamo1 is requir$ 
to op]ate at ! same spe$ z t ( !  :eel  
%aft4 ,?is is frequ5tly n ! case1 s t "u
 ord9>y  conditions ! %aft ( ! :eel is  
fitt$ ) a pulley1 :i* 9  turn is        
connect$ by belt to ano!r pulley on !   
ma*9e :i* is to  be driv54              
,illu/ration3 ,motor-driv5 ,mangle      
,by us+ pulleys ( diff]5t diamet]s on ! 
%aft ( ! wat]:eel  & ! %aft ( ! ma*9]y  
to be driv51 ! spe$ ( ! ma*9e  may be   
sev]al times m or less ?an ! spe$ ( !   
wat]:eel4  ,= in/ance1 if ! wat]:eel    
revolves #bjj revolutions p] m9ute  & x 
is desir$ to op]ate a ma*9e1 connect$ by
 belt1 at a spe$  ( #ajjj revolutions p]
 m9ute1 a pulley ( comp>atively small   
size1  say f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 is plac$
 on ! %aft to be driv51 &  a pulley (   
five times ! diamet]1 or tw5ty in*es1 is
 plac$ on  ! %aft ( ! wat]:eel4 ,?is    
causes ! %aft ( ! ma*9e to  revolve at a
 spe$ five times z great z ! wat]:eel4  

,if ! spe$  ( ! wat]:eel is great] ?an t
 requir$ = ! ma*9]y to  be op]at$1 !n ! 
rev]se op]ation is foll[$ out1 plac+ a  
small pulley on ! %aft ( ! wat]:eel & a 
l>g] "o on !  %aft ( ! ma*9]y to be     
driv54 ,if ! spe$ ( ! wat]:eel  is to be
 magnifi$ m ?an ab\t six times1 x       
usually requires !  in/allation ( a     
c\nt]%aft & ano!r s]ies ( pulleys 9 ord]
  to avoid ! use ( v l>ge & v small     
pulleys4 ,a pulley :i*  has a v small   
diamet] does n op]ate satisfactorily )\t
  consid]able loss ( p[]1 & a v l>ge    
pulley is objectionable on  acc\nt ( !  
space :i* x requires4    ,:5 a wat] p[] 
is once develop$ x may be appli$ to     
practical use  ei!r ne> ! place (       
developm5t or at a consid]able di/ance4 
,if x is to be us$ = p[] only1 & n =    
light+1 & c be  us$ :]e x is develop$1  
!re is no ne$ ( conv]t+ x into          
electricity4 ,b if x is to be us$ =     
light+1 or = p[] to  be appli$ at a     
consid]able di/ance f ! wat]-p[] site1  
!n x becomes necess>y to conv]t ! p[]   

into electricity1 9  :i* =m x may be mo/
 conv5i5tly transmitt$ f "o place to    
ano!r4 ,?is requires an electric        
g5]ator1 or dynamo1 to be driv5  by !   
wat]:eel1 & a transmission l9e1         
pref]ably ( copp] or  alum9um wire1 to  
c>ry ! curr5t :]e x is to be us$4 ,9    
ord] to  reconv]t ! curr5t into p[] at !
 end ( ! transmission l9e1  :]e ! p[] is
 to be us$1 x is necess>y to run !      
curr5t into  an electric motor1 ! %aft (
 :i* is made to revolve by ! action  ( !
 electric curr5t4 ,?is motor may !n be  
connect$ directly1 or  by belt1 ge>s or 
*a9 drive1 to ! ma*9e to be driv54    ,x
 %\ld be borne 9 m9d t 9 ea* ( ^! /eps (
 *ang+ f  wat] p[] to electric curr5t1 9
 transmitt+ ! curr5t ov] !  wires1 9    
reconv]t+ x into p[]1 & 9 transf]r+ ?is 
p[]  f a motor to a p[]-op]at$ ma*9e1   
!re are losses ( en]gy4  ,^! losses v>y 
consid]ably 9 diff]5t in/ances4 ,assum+1
 =  illu/ration1 t a wat] p[]1 ^:       
!oretical p[] is t5  horsep[]1 is       
requir$ to drive a p[] ma*9e at a       

di/ance1 !  effici5cies & losses w be   
some:at z foll[s3        ,wat]:eel1     
effici5cy #hj1  ,loss #bj1  g5]ates     
#h4j horsep[]4      ,connections1      8
      #ie1   8    #e1  transf]s  #g4f   
8      ,dynamo1           8      #ij1   
8   #aj1  g5]ates  #f4h     8           
,transmission1     8      #ij1   8      
#aj1  transmits  #f4b     8      ,motor1
            8      #ij1   8   #aj1      
develops   #e4e     8      ,connections1
      8      #ie1   8    #e1  deliv]s   
#e4j     8    ,!re=e1 only five horsep[]
 w\ld be actually deliv]$ to !  ma*9e to
 be driv54 ,?is am\nts to only half ( ! 
!oretical  p[] ( ! fall+ wat] :i* is    
actually realiz$ 9 useful "w  ( ! ma*9e 
be+ driv54 ,if ! p[] f ! wat]:eel is to 
be appli$ directly )\t g5]at+           
electricity a mu* high]  effici5cy w be 
realiz$4      ,,ackn[l$gm5t    ,on      
behalf ( ! ,/ate ,wat] ,supply          
,commission & ! writ]1 grateful         
ackn[l$gm5t is made to ! foll[+ nam$    
p]sons :o h ext5d$  c\rtesies to me by  

furni%+ in=mation or illu/rations = use 
9  connection ) ! prep>ation ( ?is      
pamphlet3        ,mr4 ,e4 ,burdette     
,m9]1 ,oriskany ,falls1 ,n4 ,y4         
,mr4 ,r4 ,k4 ,m9]1 ,little ,falls1 ,n4  
,y4      ,mr4 ,j>$ ,van ,wag551 ,jr41   
,lawy]sville1 ,n4 ,y4      ,mr4 ,john   
,t4 ,mc,donald1 ,delhi1 ,n4 ,y4         
,mr4 ,edw>d ,r4 ,taylor1 ,p5n ,yan1 ,n4 
,y4      ,mr4 ,john ,li/on1 ,g5]al      
,electric ,company1 ,s*5ectady1 ,n4 ,y4 
,mr4 ,r4 ,e4 ,/rickl&1 ,g5]al ,electric 
,company1 ,s*5ectady1 ,n4 ,y4      ,mr4 
,/eph5 ,lo9es1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4       
,mr4 ,george ,e4 ,dunham1 ,utica1 ,n4   
,y4      ,pelton ,wat] ,:eel ,company1  
,new ,york & ,san ,francisco4           
,james ,leffel  ,company1 ,spr+field1   
,ohio4                                  
,d4 ,r4 ,,coop]4      ,,albany1 ,,janu>y
 #be1 #aiaa4                            
,,publications ,,(                      
,,/ate ,,wat] ,,supply ,,commission     
,,/ate ,,( ,,new ,,york                 
,,reports        ,fir/ ,annual ,report  

,publi%$ ,febru>y #a1 #aijf4            
,includes ,commission's annual report on
 applications          = approval (     
plans = public wat] supplies2 also      
summ>iz$ /ati/ics ( public wat] supplies
 &          sewage disposal 9 ,new ,york
 ,/ate4                                 
,edition exhau/$4        ,second ,annual
 ,report            ,publi%$ ,febru>y   
#a1 #aijg4            ,includes         
,commission's annual report & decisions 
on applications = approval ( plans =    
public          wat] supplies2 also     
summ>iz$ /ati/ics ( public          wat]
 supplies & sewage disposal 9 ,new ,york
 ,/ate1          supplem5t>y to /ati/ics
 publi%$ 9 ,fir/ ,annual                
,report2 also report on ,riv]           
,improvem5ts = !          b5efit (      
public heal? & safety4                  
,edition exhau/$4        ,?ird ,annual  
,report             ,publi%$ ,febru>y   
#a1 #aijh4            ,includes         
,commission's annual report & decisions 
on          applications = approval (   

plans = public wat]          supplies2  
also report on ,riv] ,improvem5ts = !   
b5efit ( public heal? & safety2 also    
conta9s          ,commission's fir/     
,progress ,report on ,wat] ,p[] &       
,wat] ,/orage ,inve/igations made "u    
*apt] #efi (          ,laws ( #aijg1    
includ+ details ( ,sac&aga & ,g5esee    
riv] /udies4                            
,edition exhau/$4        ,progress      
,report on ,wat] ,p[] ,developm5t       
,publi%$ ,m>* #a1 #aijh4            ,?is
 is a revis$ repr9t ( ! "p ( !          
,commission's regul> ,?ird ,annual      
,report relat+ to          ,wat] ,p[] & 
,wat] ,/orage ,inve/igations1 %[+       
results ( eng9e]+ /udies up to date (   
publication4        ,f\r? ,annual       
,report            ,publi%$ ,febru>y #a1
 #aiji4            ,includes            
,commission's annual report & decisions 
on          applications = approval (   
plans = public wat]          supplies2  
also report on ,riv] ,improvem5ts = !   
b5efit ( public heal? & safety2 also    

conta9s          ,commission's second   
,progress ,report on ,wat] ,p[] &       
,wat] ,/orage ,inve/igations1 ) special 
details (          ,raquette & ,delaw>e 
riv] /udies & supplem5t>y               
/udies on ,upp] ,hudson & ,g5esee1 also 
a c5sus (          wat] p[] developm5ts 
9 ! ,/ate4        ,fif? ,annual ,report 
,publi%$ ,febru>y #a1 #aiaj4            
,includes ,commission's annual report & 
decisions on          applications =    
approval ( plans = public wat]          
supplies2 also summ>iz$ /ati/ics relat+ 
to public          wat] supplies approv$
 by ! ,commission 9 ,new ,york          
,/ate2 also report on ,riv] ,improvem5ts
 = ! b5efit          ( public heal? &   
safety2 also conta9s ,commission's      
?ird ,progress ,report on ,wat] ,p[] &  
,wat] ,/orage          ,inve/igations1 )
 details ( reconnaissance /udies        
( ,ausable1 ,s>anac1 ,black1 ,oswegat*ie
 & o!r          riv]s1 & a draft ( a    
propos$ ,wat] ,/orage ,law4        ,six?
 ,annual ,report             ,publi%$   

,febru>y #a1 #aiaa4            ,includes
 ,commission's annual report & decisions
 on          applications = approval (  
plans = public wat]          supplies2  
also report on ,riv] ,improvem5ts = !   
b5efit ( public heal? & safety2 also    
conta9s          ,commission's ,f\r?    
,progress ,report on ,wat] ,p[]         
& ,wat] ,/orage ,inve/igations1 )       
details (          inve/igations (      
,black & ,oswego riv] wat]%$s1          
& a revis$ draft ( a propos$ ,wat]      
,/orage ,law4                           
,,miscellane\s                          
,publi%$ ,septemb]1 #aiji4              
,pamphlet--8,new ,york ,/ate ,wat]      
,supply ,commission0            ,issu$ =
 di/ribution at ,/ate ,fair at          
,syracuse1 #aiji4                       
,publi%$ ,septemb]1 #aiaj4              
,pamphlet--8,new ,york's ,wat] ,supply &
 ,its ,cons]vation1                     
,di/ribution & ,uses0            ,issu$ 
= di/ribution at ,/ate ,fair at         
,syracuse1 #aiaj4                       

,publi%$ ,septemb]1 #aiaj4              
,pamphlet--8,wat] ,res\rces ( ! ,/ate ( 
,new ,york0            ,by ,h5ry ,h4    
,p]sons1 ,presid5t ( ! ,/ate ,wat]      
,supply                    ,commission4 
,issu$ = di/ribution at ,national       
,cons]vation ,congress                  
at ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9nesota1 #aiaj4         
,publi%$ ,janu>y1 #aiaa4                
,pamphlet--8,wat] ,p[] = ! ,f>m &       
,c\ntry ,home0            ,by ,david ,r4
 ,coop]1 ,eng9e]-,secret>y to ,/ate     
,wat]                    ,supply        
,commission4