,,! ,,e>? ,,se5 ,,f ,,! ,,air ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a--,! ,national ,capitol1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,a view obliquely d[nw>d f a position ov] ! ,national ,botanical ,g>d51 %[+ ! we/]n front ( ! ,capitol at ! approa* to x f ,p5nsylvania ,av5ue4 ,9 ! backgr\nd1 at ! "r1 c be se5 a "p ( ! ,libr>y ( ,congress &1 at ! left1 a "p ( ! ,s5ate ,(fice ,build+4 ,! radiat+ av5ues ( approa* are ( int]e/ z well z ! "* ( ! di/rict surr\nd+ ! ,capitol1 z indicat$ by ! ap>tm5t h\ses & tree-l9$ /reets4 ,,am]ican ,,geographical ,,society ,,special ,,publication ,,no4 #d ,w4 ,l4 ,g4 ,,jo]g1 ,editor ,,! ,,face ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,,z ,,se5 ,,f ,,! ,,air ,a ,/udy 9 ! ,application ( ,airplane ,photography to ,geography ,,by ,,willis ,t4 ,,lee ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey ,illu/ration ,,am]ican ,,geographical ,,society ,,broadway ,,at #aef,,? ,,/reet ,,new ,,york #aibb ,,copyright1 #aibb ,,by ,,! ,,am]ican ,,geographical ,,society ,,( ,,new ,,york ,,cond ,,na/ ,,press ,,gre5wi*1 ,,conn4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,,introduction ix ,i ,,! ,,viewpo9t #a ,,ii ,,famili> ,,sc5es ,,f ,a ,,new ,,angle #g ,,iii ,,ar*itecture1 ,,l&scape ,,g>d5+1 ,,& ,,eng9e]+ #aa ,,iv ,,! ,,mosaic #bj ,v ,,g5]al ,,aspects ,,( ,,! ,,surface ,,z ,,se5 ,,f ,,! ,,air #bb ,,vi ,,m>%es ,,& ,,m>% ,,dra9age #bg ,,vii ,,coa/al ,,mud ,,flats #da ,,viii ,,subm]g$ ,,l& ,,=ms #de ,,ix ,,! ,,pla9 ,,f ,,! ,,air #ej ,x ,,m\nta9 ,,features #eg ,,xi ,,air ,,craft ,,9 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,rocks ,,& ,,ores #fi ,,xii ,,mapp+ ,,& ,,*>t+ ,,f ,,! ,,air #gb ,,index #aje ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations 7o7 indicates an oblique1 7v7 a v]tical airplane photograph ,,fig4 ,,page ,,! ,,viewpo9t1 ,,& ,,famili> ,,sc5es ,,f ,a ,,new ,,angle #a ,! ,national ,capitol1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 7o7 ,frontispiece #b ,symbols ( automatic regi/] 9 ! ,ea/man mapp+ cam]a 7v7 #c #c ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,milit>y ,academy1 ,we/ ,po9t1 ,n4 ,y4 7o7 #h #d ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,naval ,academy1 ,annapolis1 ,md4 7o7 #i ,,ar*itecture1 ,,l&scape ,,g>d5+1 ,,& ,,eng9e]+ #e ,monum5t ,av5ue1 ,ri*mond1 ,va4 7o7 #ab #f ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,naval ,obs]vatory1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 7o74 #ac #g ,%ipy>ds at ,newport ,news1 ,va4 7o7 #ad #h ,! ,new ,york ,connect+ ,railroad ,bridge 7o7 #ae #i ,a "p ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 7o7 #af #aj ,"p ( ,rockaway ,bea*1 ,long ,isl&1 ,n4 ,y4 7v7 #ag #aa ,"p ( ,long ,bran*1 ,n4 ,j4 7v7 #ah #ab ,b5n+1 ,d4 ,c41 & ! ,anaco/ia ,riv] 7v7 #bb #ac ,! l& along ! ,anaco/ia ,riv] on ! ea/]n edge ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 7v7 fac+ #bb #ad ,map ( ! same area z 9 ,fig4 #ac fac+ #bb ,,g5]al ,,aspects ,,( ,,! ,,surface #ae ,s\!a/]n "p ( ,mulb]ry ,isl& on ! l[] ,james ,riv]1 ,m>yl& 7v7 #bd #af ,map ( ! same area z 9 ,fig4 #ae #be #ag ,columbus1 ,ga4 7v7 fac+ #bf #ah ,map ( ! same area z 9 ,fig4 #ag fac+ #bf ,,m>%es ,,& ,,coa/al ,,mud ,,flats #ai ,tidal m>% & ocean bea* at ,corsons ,inlet1 ,new ,j]sey 7v7 #bh #bj ,details ( m>%l&1 ,lee ,m>%1 l[] ,pamunkey ,riv]1 ,virg9ia 7v7 #cj #ba ,details ( m>%l&1 ,c\saic ,m>%1 l[] ,pamunkey ,riv]1 ,virg9ia 7v7 #ca #bb ,b>ri] bea* f ,corsons ,inlet to ,atlantic ,city1 ,n4 ,j4 7v7 #cb #bc ,a riv] sy/em 9 m9iature ne> ,hampton1 ,virg9ia 7v7 #cc #bd ,sweet ,hall ,m>% on ! l[] ,pamunkey ,riv]1 ,virg9ia 7v7 #cd #be ,map ( ! same area z 9 ,fig4 #bd1 ) cross section #ce #bf ,el?am ,m>% on ! l[] ,pamunkey ,riv]1 ,virg9ia 7v7 #cf #bg ,map ( ! same area z 9 ,fig4 #bf1 ) cross section #cg #bh ,a /ream sy/em ( ! mud-flat area (f ! ,ea/]n ,%ore ( ,virg9ia 7v7 #db #bi ,mud-flat /reams 7v7 #dc ,,subm]g$ ,,l& ,,=ms #cj ,/ove ,po9t ,neck at ! m\? ( ! ,piankatank ,riv]1 ,virg9ia 7v7 #df #ca ,gwynn ,isl& at ! m\? ( ! ,piankatank ,riv]1 ,virg9ia 7v7 #df #cb ,map %[+ ! location ( ,figs4 #ca & #cb1 ) cross section #dg #cc ,a dr[n$ valley3 ,lambs ,creek1 ,*esapeake ,bay1 ,virg9ia 7v7 #dh ,,! ,,pla9 ,,f ,,! ,,air #cd ,! ,*attahoo*ee ,riv] s\? ( ,columbus1 ,ga4 7v7 fac+ #ej #ce ,map ( ! same area z 9 ,fig4 #cd fac+ #ej #cf ,a riv] *annel 9 ! ,great ,pla9s3 ,! ,r$ ,riv] nor!a/ ( ,wi*ita ,falls1 ,tex4 7v7 #ea #cg ,a glacial drift pla9 9 s\?we/]n ,mi*igan 7v7 #eb #ch ,map ( ! same area z 9 ,fig4 #cg #ec #ci ,s*oolcraft1 ,mi*4 7v7 #ed #dj ,map ( ! same area z 9 ,fig4 #ci #ee #da ,kettleholes 9 glacial till s\?we/ ( ,s*oolcraft1 ,mi*4 7v7 #ef ,,m\nta9 ,,features #db ,mt4 ,%a/a1 ,cali=nia 7o7 #eh #dc ,a glacial gorge on ! nor!a/]n face ( ,mt4 ,%a/a 7o7 #ei #dd ,yosemite ,valley1 ,cali=nia 7o7 #fj #de ,map %[+ ! angle ( vision ( ,fig4 #dd #fa #df ,c9d] ,cone on ! ea/]n edge ( ! nor!rn ,si]ra ,nevada1 ,cali=nia 7o7 #fb #dg ,map %[+ ! angle ( vision ( ,fig4 #df #fc #dh ,! top ( ,c9d] ,cone 7o7 #fd #di ,simi ,hills nor?we/ ( ,santa ,monica1 ,cal4 7v7 #fe #ej ,"p ( ,santa ,monica ,m\nta9s nor? ( ,santa ,monica1 ,cal4 7v7 #ff #ea ,map ( ! region betwe5 ! c5t] ( ,los ,angeles & ,santa ,monica1 ,cal41 %[+ ! location ( ,fig4 #ej #fg #eb ,a "y m\nta9 gorge 9 ! ,san ,joaqu9 ,hills1 a coa/al range 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia 7v7 #fh #ec ,canyon 9 s$im5t>y rocks ne> ! m\? ( ! ,pecos ,riv]1 ,texas 7v7 #gj ,,mapp+ ,,& ,,*>t+ ,,f ,,! ,,air #ed ,view across ! we/]n end ( ,lake ,erie 7o7 #gc #ee ,map %[+ ! angle ( vision ( ,fig4 #ed #gc #ef ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 7v7 fac+ #gd #eg ,map ( ! same area z 9 ,fig4 #ef fac+ #gd #eh ,index map %[+ ! location ( ! airplane photographs 9 ?is book tak5 on ! ,atlantic seabo>d ( ! nor!a/]n ,unit$ ,/ates #ge #ei ,m>%l&s on ,*esapeake ,bay s\? ( ! m\? ( ! ,york ,riv]1 ,virg9ia 7v7 #gf #fj ,left %ore ( ! ,york ,riv] nor?we/ ( ,gl\ce/] ,po9t1 ,va4 7v7 #gg #fa ,! nor?we/]n tip ( ,s&y ,hook1 ,new ,j]sey 7v7 #gh #fb ,bea* cusps "u wat] ne> ,bea* ,hav51 ,n4 ,j4 7v7 #hj #fc ,fir/ /age 9 ! =mation ( an inlet ?r\gh a b>ri] bea*3 ne> ,bea* ,hav51 ,n4 ,j4 7v7 #ha #fd ,a tidal delta 9 ,%>k ,riv] ,inlet1 ,belm>1 ,n4 ,j4 7v7 #hb #fe ,a tidal delta1 ,popes ,creek on ! l[] ,potomac ,riv]1 ,virg9ia 7o7 #hc #ff ,a d\ble tidal delta at ,b>negat ,inlet1 ,new ,j]sey 7v7 #hd #fg ,a tidal inlet ?r\gh ! b>ri] bea* s\? ( ,bea* ,hav51 ,n4 ,j4 7v7 #he #fh ,bea* betwe5 ,brigant9e & ,little ,egg ,inlets1 ,new ,j]sey 7v7 #hf #fi ,a simple spit3 ,l[] ,c$> ,po9t1 ,m>yl&1 on ! l[] ,potomac ,riv] 7o7 #hg #gj ,a recurv$ spit s\? ( ,brigant9e ,inlet1 ,new ,j]sey 7v7 #hh #ga ,a recurv$ spit %[+ int]f]5ce ) natural gr[?3 ,! nor!rn end ( ,ocean ,city1 ,n4 ,j4 7v7 #hi #gb ,new ,po9t ,com=t at ! tip ( ! ,york-,rappahannock p59sula1 ,virg9ia 7v7 #ij #gc ,spit at ,tuck] ,bea*1 ,new ,j]sey 7v7 #ia #gd ,a l&-ti$ isl&3 ,napatree ,po9t1 ne> ,wat* ,hill1 ,r4 ,i4 7v7 #ib #ge ,p[ells ,creek1 ,virg9ia1 on ! l[] ,potomac ,riv] 7o7 #ic #gf ,rob]ts ,creek1 a dr[n$ riv] valley s\!a/ ( ,yorkt[n1 ,va4 7v7 #id #gg ,! und]wat] *annel 9 ,quantico ,bay on ! l[] ,potomac ,riv]1 ,virg9ia 7v7 #ie #gh ,natural *annels & %oals ne> ,miami4 ,fla4 7o7 #if #gi ,a dr$g$ *annel at ,miami1 ,fla4 7o7 #ig #hj ,a %oal 9 ,h]e=d ,inlet nor? ( ,wildwood1 ,n4 ,j4 7v7 #ih #ha ,s& b>s at ,cape ,*>les1 ,va4 7v7 #ii #hb ,b>s1 *annels1 bea*es1 & m>% ne> ,f> ,rockaway1 ,long ,isl&1 ,n4 ,y4 7v7 #ajj ,all ( ! airplane photographs 9 ?is book1 bo? oblique & v]tical1 7 tak5 by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army ,air ,s]vice1 except ,figs4 #gh & #gi1 :i* 7 tak5 by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy ,air ,s]vice1 & ,figs4 #aj1 #fe1 #fi1 #ge1 #gg1 & #hb1 :i* 7 tak5 by ! au?or4 ,to ^! two s]vices ! au?or is indebt$ = ! p]mission to reproduce _! photographs1 & ?is ackn[l$gm5t is made ) ! same =ce z if made individually "u ea* illu/ration4 ,z a guide to ! evaluation ( ! scale ( ! v]tical photographs1 :i* is express$ "u ea* photograph 9 ! =m ( ! natural scale1 or repres5tative fraction1 ! foll[+ approximate equival5ts may be borne 9 m9d3 #a3aj1jjj #hjj feet to ! in* #a3af1jjj mile to ! in* #a3ba1jjj mile to ! in* ,,introduction ,sc>cely a g5]ation has pass$ dur+ ! evolution ( ! airplane f a ridicul\s dream to a practical factor 9 ! "w ( ! _w4 ,m5 :o once read ) d]ision1 or only passive int]e/ at be/1 ( ! exp]im5ts ( ,langley1 ,*anute1 & ! ,wrights h se5 ! airplane develop$ sudd5ly into an indisp5sable in/rum5t ( w> & an ag5cy ( demon/rat$ value & ( su* div]sity ( application t its future is h>d to e/imate4 ,! navigation ( ! air has accompli%$ mu* 9 _m fields4 ,n only does x (f] a new means ( effici5cy 9 milit>y reconnaissance1 rapid deliv]y ( mail1 fire patrol ( =e/s1 & ! con/antly increas+ numb] ( comm]cial & sci5tific pursuits to :i* x is be+ adapt$2 b x has also op5$ a new _w to ! geograph]1 ! physiograph]1 & ! geologi/4 ,,airplane ,,photography3 ,,its ,,developm5t ,,& ,,application ,v e>ly 9 ! w> ! airplane 0 recogniz$ z a useful1 9 fact a necess>y1 means ( obs]v+ enemy positions & movem5ts4 ,b ! spe$ ( ! airplane 0 f\nd to preclude ! tak+ ( m ?an ! mo/ hurri$ ( notes dur+ a flight1 & notes writt5 f memory are n ! mo/ satisfactory4 ,photography 0 f\nd to obviate ?is difficulty4 ,! ability ( ! cam]a to make in/antane\s exposures & fix a cle> image on a photographic plate enabl$ ! obs]v] to obta9 a record n only ( ! sc5es t he _h view$ b also ( _m t he might h miss$ :ile engag$ 9 ! necess>y bus9ess ( wat*+ ! sky = ! enemy--a record t = detail & accuracy c\ld n be approa*$ by ! mo/ elaborate notes or ! mo/ graphic description4 ,imm$iately inv5tive g5ius 0 set at "w to adju/ ! me*anism ( ! cam]a to ! dem&s ( air photography & to prep>e ! rapidly work+ films & highly s5sitiz$ pap] necess>y = ! be/ results4 ,s satisfactory 7 ! results & s great are ! possibilities ( fur!r adaptation t !re is an un=tunate t5d5cy on ! "p ( c]ta9 en?usia/s to make exagg]at$ claims t may react to ret>d progress4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true 9 ! use ( ! air photograph 9 mapp+4 ,!re are limitations to ?is use ( air photography4 ,x _c be reasonably expect$ to d away entirely ) ! gr\nd "w ( ! surveyor4 ,r1 ! cam]a is to be reg>d$ z "o ( ! in/rum5ts ( ! surveyor4 ,obs]vation f ! air c nev] take ! place ( close exam9ation ( ! gr\nd1 b x c be ( great use 9 ! location & /udy ( l& =ms & geologic relations4 ,air photography is only an add$ means ( obta9+ in=mation1 al?\gh x promises to become a v important means4 ,obs]vations f ! air describ$ 9 num]\s reports & articles 9 geographic magaz9es dur+ ! w> & s9ce its close indicate t air craft1 especially 9 connection ) air photography1 c be ( great use 9 /udy+ ! physical features ( ! face ( ! e>?4 ,9 ord] to make a practical te/ ( ! use ( ! airplane 9 ! /udy ( geography ! writ] sp5t ab\t n9e mon?s dur+ ! ye> #aibj mak+ flights1 tak+ pictures f air craft1 & ga!r+ in=mation f v>i\s s\rces4 ,?is book embodies ! *ief results4 ,! mat]ial pres5t$ "h is by way ( illu/rat+ ! possibility ( us+ ! airplane & airplane photography z a means ( secur+ in=mation t %\ld become increas+ly useful 9 ! /udy ( geography1 & ( %[+ geographic & geologic features bett] ?an 9 any o!r way4 ,! views h be5 *os5 to illu/rate ! ?ree uses ( air photographs ) :i* ?is book deals--! pres5tation ( new views ( subjects ( popul> int]e/ & ! practical value ( su* views2 ! /udy ( l& =ms f a new & advantage\s po9t ( view2 & ! use ( ! air photograph z an aid 9 mapp+4 ,9 pres5t+ ^! illu/rations !re is no int5tion t ! li/ ( types %\ld be consid]$ 9 any s5se complete4 ,physiographic obs]vation f ! air is a relatively new und]tak+1 & results are limit$ & imp]fect4 ,z improvem5ts 9 me*anism & te*nique are made1 obs]vations w be ext5d$ & bett] photographs & a great] v>iety ( !m w be secur$4 ,su* z are pres5t$ "h1 h[ev]1 s]ve to demon/rate t ! air photograph w come to be recogniz$ z a valuable s\rce ( in=mation = ! /ud5t ( geography & geology4 ,,ackn[l$gm5ts ,! results "h pres5t$ 7 secur$ by ! co-op]ation ( ! ,air ,s]vices ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army & ,navy4 ,hydroplanes 7 plac$ at my disposal on sev]al occasions1 & a numb] ( flights 7 made ov] wat] bodies1 p>ticul>ly ov] ! ,potomac ,riv]1 ,*esapeake ,bay1 & ,new ,york ,h>bor4 ,b ! in=mation 0 ga!r$ *iefly ?r\gh ! ,army ,air ,s]vice4 ,_m flights 7 made 9 army planes1 "s = g5]al obs]vation1 o!rs = photograph+ specific objects4 ,also ! army photograph]s1 p>ticul>ly ^? at ,langley ,field1 ne> ,newport ,news1 ,va41 made sev]al photographic trips at my reque/1 & a l>ge numb] ( pr9ts 7 furni%$ f negatives /or$ at ?is & o!r fly+ fields4 ,9 ?is connection ,i wi% to express appreciation = ! _m c\rtesies ext5d$ by ,major ,g5]al ,c4 ,t4 ,m5oh]1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 ,*ief ( ,air ,s]vice at ! "t ! "w 0 done1 & by ,major ,j4,w4 ,simons1 ,jr41 ,a4,s41 ,act+ ,adm9i/rative ,executive1 ,air ,s]vice4 ,^! (fic]s plac$ at my disposal e facility ( ! s]vice t ,i c\ld use4 ,x w\ld be a pleasure1 if space all[$1 to m5tion ! names ( ! num]\s pilots & o!r (fic]s to :om ,i am directly indebt$ = ! safe completion ( "s ( ! mo/ ?rill+ adv5tures ( my life4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 m5tion ! (fic] to :om ,i am p]haps m indebt$ ?an to any o!r4 ,my introduction to ?is /udy 0 ?r\gh ,major ,j4,w4 ,bagley ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army ,eng9e]+ ,corps1 :o has done mu* t[>d mak+ ! cam]a a valuable in/rum5t 9 mapp+4#a ,?r\gh 8 active int]e/ ,i became acqua9t$ ) ! (ficials ( ! ,army ,air ,s]vice1 :o gave ! necess>y au?orization = flights & = secur+ mo/ ( ! photographs us$ to illu/rate ?is book4 ,dur+ ! "t sp5t at ?is "w ,i reta9$ my position z geologi/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey4 ,h5ce ! "w is "o ( co-op]ation *iefly betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army ,air ,s]vice & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 & to a less] degree ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy ,air ,s]vice4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,viewpo9t 7,,figs4 #a ,,to #d7 ,,oblique ,,& ,,v]tical ,,airplane ,,photographs ,air photographs are1 9 g5]al1 ( two sorts1 dep5d+ ^u :e!r ! photograph 0 tak5 ) ! cam]a po9t+ v]tically or obliquely d[nw>d4 ,9 ei!r case ! air photograph] is free f ! limitations t hamp] ! gr\nd photograph] 9 *oos+ a po9t ( view4 ,= he c asc5d to any desir$ height & n only select an advantage\s position f :i* to photograph ! feature :i* he wi%es to emphasize b also1 at ! same "t1 avoid ob/acles :i* might ob/ruct 8 view f ! gr\nd4 ,v]tical photographs are pref]able :]e ! accurate location ( objects is desir$4 ,:5 prop]ly tak5 !y s]ve _m ( ! purposes ( maps & are1 9 _m ways1 ev5 m useful ?an maps4 ,!y furni% ! untra9$ m9d ) mu* ( ! in=mation t ! tra9$ m9d reads f a topographic map &1 9 addition1 supply details & relations t a map _c depict4 ,exact accuracy1 h[ev]1 _c be claim$ = !m until !y h be5 correct$ = di/ortion & adju/$ to "s sy/em ( controls4 ,:]e ! photograph is to be us$ z a means ( secur+ a m advantage\s view ( a subject ?an c be _h f ! gr\nd r ?an z a map on :i* di/ances are to be scal$ (f1 ! oblique photograph is probably ! m desirable1 s9ce x is z easily intelligible z a photograph tak5 lat]ally4 ,! advantage ( su* photographs is obvi\s4 ,to ! ar*itect1 ! l&scape g>d5]1 ! city plann] is giv5 ! opportunity to /udy _! projects free f all ob/ructions yet 9 su* p]spective t _! relations to _! surr\nd+s are br\ght out z w\ld be possible by no o!r means4 ,views l t ( ,we/ ,po9t 7,fig4 #c7 are occasionally to be _h f "s hilltop1 b ! limit$ *oice ( position on ! gr\nd contra/s %>ply ) ! unlimit$ *oice 9 ! air4 ,,elem5ts ,,to ,,be ,,record$ ,air photography is by no means simple4 ,mu* /ill rema9s to be done by way ( adapt+ ! cam]a to its peculi> dem&s4 ,its pres5t degree ( p]fection1 ( c\rse1 is l>gely due to ! impetus giv5 its developm5t dur+ ! w> because ( its great importance 9 milit>y reconnaissance4 ,! adaptation ( ! cam]a to op]ation f ! airplane might be describ$ ) pr(it b w be pass$ ) slight m5tion because x is ! results ( air photography r ?an ! me*anism t are to be consid]$ "h4 ,te*nically1 a photograph ( ! e>?'s surface may n be a map1 b1 giv5 c]ta9 means ( int]pretation1 x c be made to s]ve z su*4 ,9 us+ air photographs1 p>ticul>ly ! v]tical ones1 x is desirable to "k ! scale1 :i* is dep5d5t ^u ! altitude at :i* ! exposure is made2 ! angle ( ! l5s2 & ! v>iation f ! v]tical1 9 ord] to make corrections = di/ortion4 ,!re=e1 x is desirable t ea* photograph %[ ! altitude1 date1 "t ( day1 & position ( ! l5s at :i* ! exposure 0 made4 ,cam]as h be5 con/ruct$ t automatically record ^! data on ea* negative4 ,?is in=mation is illu/rat$ 9 ,figure #b4 ,! circul> symbol at ! left 9 ! :ite /rip at ! top ( ! photograph repres5ts a circul> level1 or incl9omet]4 ,! small r\nd dot close to ! c5t] ( ! incl9omet] indicates t1 at ! "t ! exposure 0 made1 ! axis ( ! l5s 0 v ne>ly v]tical4 ,! symbol 9 ! c5t] ( ! :ite /rip indicates an altitude ( ab\t #i1hjj feet1 & t at ! "r1 t ! exposure 0 made #g seconds aft] #aa ,a4,m4 ,! o!r symbols record t ?is photograph 0 ,no4 #ac ( a s]ies made at ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 ,octob] #bc1 #aibj1 ) an ,ea/man mapp+ cam]a kn[n z ,k-#b4 ,! symbol #h-,p is non-ess5tial & records t ?is negative is ,no4 #h ( pan*romatic film4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b--,symbols ( automatic regi/] 9 ! ,ea/man mapp+ cam]a1 photograph$ ) ! body ( ! picture %[+ roads1 /reams1 or*>ds1 cultivat$ fields1 etc4 ,= explanation ( ! symbols1 see ! text4 ,! in=mation giv5 by ! symbols is corroborat$ by ! picture4 ,or*>d & %ade trees appe> z circul> dots 9 place ( ! elongat$ images *>act]i/ic ( pictures tak5 obliquely d[nw>d1 & ! %ort1 squat %ad[s d5ote exposure ne> midday4 ,%ocks ( corn /&+ 9 ! fields %[ t ! season is autumn4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,read ,,airplane ,,photographs ,n all ! features1 h[ev]1 are s easily recognizable4 ,oblique photographs are (t5 m readily int]pret$ ?an ord9>y photographs1 s9ce !y comb9e ) ! usual view ! ess5tials ( a plan2 b 9 v]tical photographs v few objects pres5t an appe>ance t is natural 9 ! light ( our exp]i5ce z lat]al obs]v]s4 ,! un9itiat$1 on attempt+ sy/ematically to id5tify ! features ( a v]tical photograph1 f9d a v l>ge numb] t are =eign 9 appe>ance4 ,a necess>y prelim9>y is an acqua9tance ) ! gr\nd photograph$ or ) simil> regions & features4 ,)\t su* a key ! air photograph is n always self-int]pretative & is (t5 un9telligible4 ,milit>y obs]v]s are c>efully tra9$ to recognize features ( milit>y significance4 ,x is n to be expect$1 h[ev]1 t !y %\ld be tra9$ 9 ! obs]vation ( l& =ms except su* z are ( milit>y importance4 ,consequ5tly1 :]eas a great v>iety ( photographs is n[ easily obta9able at _m fly+ fields1 ! in=mation t a sci5ti/ w\ld desire conc]n+ !m is n s easily available4 ,mo/ ( ! photographs us$ 9 ?is pap] 7 tak5 by m5 :o 7 n tra9$ 9 obs]v+ l& =ms4 ,_m 7 tak5 simply z a requirem5t 9 practice flights & meant s little to ! obs]v] t no record 0 made conc]n+ !m4 ,= sev]al n ev5 ! location 0 record$4 ,x is ( prim>y importance t ! picture be held 9 ! "r position4 ,n only mu/ ! obs]v] imag9e himself look+ directly d[n on ! sc5e b he mu/ hold ! photograph 9 ! position 9 :i* exp]i5ce has %[n t ! image appe>s ! mo/ natural4 ,o!rwise a depression w appe> z an elevation & an elevation z a holl[4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t 9 telescopic photographs ( ! moon ! crat]s appe> l holl[s :5 ! pr9t is held 9 "o position & l elevations :5 ! position is rev]s$4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t if ! pr9t is held s t ! %ad[s fall t[>d ! obs]v] ! objects appe> natural4 ,! reason is t ! obs]v] sees only ^? %ad[s t are caus$ by light fall+ t[>ds him4 ,consequ5tly1 ! only int]pretation t ! bra9 c give to %ad[s on a photograph is t !y are ca/ by an elevation betwe5 ! eye & ! light4 ,9 a picture1 !re=e1 9 :i* %ad[s fall away f ! eye in/ead ( t[>ds x valleys are se5 z hills & hills z valleys4 ,9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e ?is prescrib$ ori5tation conflicts ) ! conv5tion ( plac+ ! nor? side ( a map at ! top ( ! page & also ) ! mod]n %ad$ map on :i* ! light is repres5t$ z com+ f ! upp] left1 or nor?we/1 corn] ( ! map4 ,,failure ,,( ,,air ,,photographs ,,to ,,%[ ,,relief1 ,,& ,,measures ,,to ,,rem$y ,,?is ,,defect ,9 photographs tak5 f ! gr\nd ! lights & %ad[s are su* t a high degree ( naturalness is possible4 ,b objects se5 f directly above1 & ev5 ^? view$ obliquely1 ?\gh to a less] degree1 are illum9at$ s uni=mly t photographs ( !m are apt to appe> flat4 ,to "s ext5t ?is has be5 ov]come by ! use ( extra-s5sitive emulsions1 special ray filt]s1 & pr9t+ pap]s adapt$ = acc5tuat+ contra/4 ,_m ( ! photographs us$ 9 ?is book did n all[ satisfactory reproduction till ! contra/ ( ! negatives 0 greatly increas$ by ! arts ( ! photographic laboratory4 ,b1 ev5 at its be/1 no photograph tak5 v]tically af=ds an adequate idea ( ! height ( hills or ! dep? ( holl[s4 ,only %ad[s t are p>ticul>ly well def9$ c be di/+ui%$ z %ad[s1 :ile small elevations & depressions affect ! negative no diff]5tly ?an a diff]5ce 9 m>k+ or color4 ,9 milit>y def5ses1 if ! m]e surface ( ! cam\flage is suffici5tly reali/ic1 ! ord9>y cam]a is ev5 m easily deceiv$ ?an ! human eye4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t man & o!r animals ( ! high] ord] see objects 9 relief1 )9 a c]ta9 range ( vision1 because ! eyes convey to _! respective ret9as slightly diff]5t images ( ! same object :i* ! bra9 comb9es into a relief image4 ,! /]eoscopic cam]a has long be5 us$ = ! same purpose4 ,its pr9ciple1 ) c]ta9 adaptations t ne$ n be discuss$ "h1 has be5 to "s ext5t employ$ 9 airplane pictures1 ) su* excell5t results t x is claim$ by "s t by fur!r developm5t actual cont\r+ w be possible by ?is means4 ,x is report$ t 9 milit>y reconnaissance /]eoscopic pictures r5d] ord9>y cam\flage useless & t bridges1 obs]vation t[]s1 gun emplacem5ts1 etc41 are %[n 9 relief &1 !re=e1 easily detect$4#b ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,famili> ,,sc5es ,,f ,a ,,new ,,angle 7,,figs4 #a1 #c1 ,,& #d7 ,pictures ( well-kn[n build+s are ( wide appeal4 ,9 s f> z !y create an int]e/ 9 ! activities = :i* ! build+s /& !y are di/9ctly educative4 ,su* widely kn[n build+s z ! ,national ,capitol & ! ,libr>y ( ,congress are us$ repeat$ly = illu/ration4 ,!y are z welcome z ! sight ( a famili> face4 ,any unusual circum/ance connect$ ) !m is seiz$ ^u z an excuse = republi%+ pictures ( !m4 ,views ( !m f a new angle are always 9 dem&4 ,n only d air photographs (f] a welcome novelty1 b !y h ! add$ advantage ( lift+ ! subject out ( ! clutt] ( surr\nd+ build+s & mak+ x really ! c5tral figure ( ! picture4 ,x w\ld be difficult to get a m impressive view ( ! ,national ,capitol ?an t ( ,figure #a or a m attractive glimpse ( ! ,naval ,academy at ,annapolis ?an t ( ,figure #d4 ,! objects ( *ief int]e/ occupy ! c5t] ( view )\t di/ract+ ob/ructions4 ,9 ! =m]1 ! impos+ /ructure ( ! ,capitol build+ appe>s 9 a pleas+ sett+ ( m9or details4 ,! proximity ( ! ,s5ate ,(fice ,build+ & ! ,libr>y ( ,congress is at once app>5t1 & ! radiat+ sy/ems ( ! av5ues ( approa*4 ,/rang]s may h wond]$ z to ! nature ( ! environs ( ! ,capitol4 ,! tree-l9$ /reets & ! ap>tm5t h\ses se5 9 ! picture answ] ! "q4 ,9 ! view ( ! ,naval ,academy ! build+s occupy ! c5t] ( ! sc5e1 ) ! beautiful dome ( ! memorial to ,john ,paul ,jones1 ! fir/ great ,am]ican naval fight]1 prom95tly 9 view4 ,spa ,creek 9 ! =egr\nd1 a "p ( ! capital city ( ,m>yl& at ! left1 & ! ,sev]n ,riv]1 ) its l[ wood$ banks1 /ret*+ away ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c--,we/ ,po9t1 ,n4 ,y41 & ! ,hudson ,riv]4 ,an air view ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,milit>y ,academy & ! gorge ( ! ,hudson4 ,! picture %[s ! comm&+ view ( ! riv] to be _h f ! po9t ( l& #ahj feet above ! riv] on :i* ! ,milit>y ,academy is locat$ & %[s ! wisdom ( ! *oice ( ?is spot z "o ( ! *a9 ( r$\bts by :i* ! riv] 0 =tifi$ dur+ ! ,revolution4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d--,! ,naval ,academy at ,annapolis1 ,md4 ,oblique view f an airplane f a position ov] ,ea/port 9 a g5]al nor?we/]ly direction4 ,! wat] 9 ! =egr\nd is ,spa ,creek4 ,! ,sev]n ,riv]1 spann$ by ! c\nty bridge & ! ,baltimore & ,annapolis ,railroad bridge1 /ret*es away to ! left4 ,! build+s 9 ! middle ( ! picture are ^? ( ! ,naval ,academy4 ,! dom$ mausoleum built 9 honor ( ,john ,paul ,jones1 :i* s]ves z 8 f9al re/+ place1 appe>s at ! left4 ,/ill f>!r to ! left lies ,m>yl&'s capital city4 ,( int]e/ is a comp>ison ( ! l[-ly+ & /ream-cut banks ( ! dr[n$ valley n[ occupi$ by ! ,sev]n ,riv] ) ! m\nta9s ?r\gh :i* ! ,hudson ,riv] has cut its gorge at ,we/ ,po9t 7see ,fig4 #c74 9 ! di/ance1 spann$ by ! c\nty bridge & ! ,baltimore & ,annapolis ,railroad bridge1 =m an int]e/+ sett+ & %[1 )\t detract+ f ! importance ( ! academy itself1 its advantage\s location ) reg>d to ! city & ! wat] approa*es4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,ar*itecture1 ,,l&scape ,,g>d5+1 ,,& ,,eng9e]+ 7,,figs4 #e ,,to #ad7 ,only a few photographs are necess>y to %[ h[ valuable to ! ar*itect1 ! con/ruction eng9e]1 ! city plann]1 or ! l&scape g>d5] ! air photograph1 bo? v]tical & oblique1 is de/9$ to become4 ,pictorial records ( progress 9 ! con/ruction ( build+s1 bridges1 %ips1 canals1 res]voirs1 etc41 t p>take also ( ! nature ( gr\nd plans1 z d air photographs1 furni% an admirable means ( /udy & comp>ison4 ,no photograph ( ! great %ipy>ds at ,newport ,news tak5 f ! gr\nd w\ld %[ ! relation ( ! %ops & drydocks to ! deep-wat] approa*es z does ,figure #g4 ,figure #h gives an unusually compreh5sive idea ( ! location1 magnitude1 & con/ruction ( ,hell ,gate ,bridge2 & ,figure #aj1 ,rockaway ,bea*1 n[ a d5sely populat$ t[n :]e a few ye>s ago 0 a b>r5 /rip ( s&1 sugge/s t photographic records ( con/ruction 9 rapidly gr[+ communities :]e *anges are be+ made 9 /reets1 railroads1 & build+s1 w come to be a "p ( ! equipm5t ( ! city eng9e] & ar*itect4 ,,ar*itecture ,,& ,,l&scape ,,g>d5+ ,equally useful w ! air photograph become to ! l&scape g>d5] & ar*itect4 ,h]et(ore1 9 ord] to get a compreh5sive conception ( 8 task & a def9ite picture ( its completion1 ! l&scape g>d5] has _h to dep5d ^u ! use ( maps & su* views z c\ld be made by ! sket* arti/ or ! ord9>y lat]al photograph4 ,9 ! future1 f v]tical & oblique photographs ( ! area to be develop$1 he w h ! means ( /udy+ its features 9 _! correct proportions & relation%ip4 ,by means ( simil> photographs ( complet$ projects he c *oose & comb9e until he has develop$ ! plans be/ suit$ to 8 purpose4 ,he c br+ to 8 aid fir/-h& /udies ( g>d5s & gr\nds ! _w ov] ^: beauties h made !m fam\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e--,monum5t ,av5ue1 ,ri*mond1 ,va41 & ! /atue ( ,rob]t ,e4 ,lee4 ,an oblique photograph illu/rat+ ! use ( a]ial photography 9 l&scape g>d5+ & /reet plann+4 ,,eng9e]+ ,,projects ,,cov]+ ,,l>ge ,,areas ,:]e ! project cov]s l>ge areas1 ! 8mosaic10 or gr\p ( mat*$ photographs1 c be us$ 9 ! /udy ( problems ( con/ruction or improvem5t4 ,figure #ac1 a mosaic ( ! ,anaco/ia flats1 ! site ( improvem5ts "u way 9 ! ,di/rict ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f--,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,naval ,obs]vatory & gr\nds1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 z se5 f an airplane at a height ( a few hundr$ feet above ! gr\nd1 %[+ an unusually attractive arrangem5t ( %rubb]y & trees4 ( ,columbia1 %[s ! ,anaco/ia m>%es z !y appe>$ 9 ! autumn ( #aibj1 aft] ! *anges effect$ s9ce #aiae1 z c be se5 by comp>ison ) ,figure #ad1 ! topographic map ( ! same area4 ,to ! "r is ! t]rac$ slope ris+ to a height ( ab\t #aej feet above ! riv]--an elevation s l[ t ! air photograph does n prop]ly reproduce x4 ,ne> ! foot ( ! pr9cipal t]race lie ! tracks ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad1 on :i* c be se5 ,b5n+1 ,deanewood1 & ,k5ilwor?4 ,betwe5 ! railroad & ! ,anaco/ia ,riv] are ! ,b5n+ race track & ! swampy l[l& & tidal m>%es ( ! ,anaco/ia flats4 ,! riv] & ! m>%l& on ei!r side ( x f ! ,p5nsylvania ,av5ue ,bridge to ,b5n+ ,road h be5 modifi$ by dr$g+1 b nor? ( ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g--,%ipy>ds at ,newport ,news1 ,va41 %[+ docks & deep-wat] approa*es1 /eam%ips1 & drydocks1 9 "o ( :i* is a vessel = repairs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h--,! ,new ,york ,connect+ ,railroad ,bridge1 :i* af=ds an all-rail pass5g] & freight r\te betwe5 ,bo/on & ,wa%+ton4 ,! bridge1 :i* 0 complet$ 9 #aiag1 />ts on ! ma9l& 9 ! ,port ,morris section ( s\!rn ,bronx ,bor\gh1 ,new ,york ,city1 se5 9 ! backgr\nd1 !n crosses ,bronx ,kill1 ,r&alls ,isl&1 ,little ,hell ,gate1 ,w>ds ,isl&1 & ,hell ,gate to rea* ! ,long ,isl& %ore1 se5 9 ! extreme l[] "r corn]1 at ,long ,isl& ,city1 ,que5s ,bor\gh4 ,! tracks cont9ue t[>ds ,wa%+ton by way ( tunnels "u ! ,ea/ ,riv] & ! ,hudson4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i--;,a "p ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 %[+ ! ,:ite ,h\se1 ,treasury1 ,/ate-,w>-,navy1 & o!r public build+s 9 ! =egr\nd2 ! ,ellipse1 ,wa%+ton ,monum5t1 & new ,w> & ,navy (fices 9 ! middle gr\nd2 & ! ,tidal ,bas91 ,potomac ,p>k1 & ! ,potomac ,riv] 9 ! di/ance4 ,by no o!r means c\ld s in=mative a glimpse be giv5 ( a spot ( su* wide int]e/4 ,e feature 9 ! picture is m or less famili> to a l>ge numb] ( ,am]icans1 b _! famili>ity is ) ! individual features r ?an ) _! situation & relation to "o ano!r z %[n "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj--,"p ( ,rockaway ,bea*1 ,long ,isl&1 ,n4,y41 %[+ city blocks1 /reets1 & build+s cov]+ ! s& :i* a few ye>s ago 0 b>r5 & unoccupi$4 ,scale1 ab\t #a3 #f1gjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa--,l&scape g>d5+4 ,an airplane view ( a "p ( ,long ,bran*1 ,n4,j41 tak5 f a height ( #aj1jjj feet1 %[+ ! bea* & surf at ! "r1 & ! /reets1 mansions1 driveways1 & lawns 9 ! body ( ! picture--an example ( ! developm5t ( a b>ri] bea* ( little value be=e ! exploitation = summ] homes4 ,scale1 ab\t #a3 #ae1jjj4 ?is road ! surface appe>s 9 its natural /ate4 ,9 ! mosaic are %[n at ! left ! highl&s we/ ( ! m>%es1 wood$ 9 "s places b cle>$ & improv$ 9 o!rs4 ,9 ! nor!rn "p c be se5 l& wood$ nor? ( ! ,di/rict l9e b cle>$ s\? ( x4 ,s compreh5sive a view ( ! field ( ! project & ( ! progress to date %\ld be ( great s]vice to ! eng9e]s & promot]s4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,mosaic 7,,figs4 #ac ,,& #bb7 ,9 its simple/ =m1 ! mosaic is made by m\nt+ ov]lapp+ pr9ts s t ! correspond+ details co9cide4 ,?is type ( mosaic is q adequate = relatively small areas or :]e a high degree ( accuracy is n requir$4 ,= l>g] areas & great] accuracy1 an accurate outl9e map is us$ z a base ^u :i* ! pr9ts are m\nt$ s t recognizable features co9cide ) _! location on ! map4 ,:5 ! pr9ts are prop]ly arrang$1 ! bett] pr9t ( ea* ov]lapp+ pair is select$1 ! excess pap] remov$1 & ! :ole m\nt$ & photograph$4 ,figure #ac is left untrimm$ to illu/rate ! me?od ( mat*+ ! ov]lapp+ pr9ts4 ,! diff]5ces 9 %ade are due to diff]5ce 9 pr9t+ & develop+ ! pictures :i* make up ! mosaic4 ,! slight (fsett+ ( l9e at ! junction ( ! pr9ts may be due to errors 9 m\nt+1 %r9k+1 or /ret*+ ( ! photographic pap]1 tilt+ ( ! cam]a at ! "t ( exposure1 or o!r cause4 ,su* errors & imp]fections illu/rate ! difficulty ( us+ ^! photographs 9 ! mak+ ( maps4 ,a skillful manipulation ( bo? airplane & cam]a is necess>y to ! success ( ! mosaic4 ,to prev5t di/ortion & v>iation ( scale1 ! cam]a mu/ be ma9ta9$ at ! same altitude at all times & po9t$ directly d[nw>d4 ,?is c be accompli%$ by fly+ ) an ev5 keel at a uni=m altitude4 ,me*anical devices are also be+ p]fect$ to accompli% ! same result4 ,/ill great] skill is necess>y :5 consecutive r[s ( exposures are made = ! purpose ( plac+ /rips ( photographs side by side to cov] a l>ge area4 ,x is difficult "u ! v>y+ conditions ( w9d & wea!r to fly s ev5ly & s ne>ly at ! same level t di/ortions & diff]5ces 9 scale are n noticeable4 ,/rong objection to ! mosaic is frequ5tly rais$ because ( inaccuracies due to diff]5ce 9 scale 9 neighbor+ pr9ts4 ,until ^! defects are ov]come1 su* a gr\p ( mat*$ photographs _c take ! place ( an accurate map4 ,mu*1 h[ev]1 is be+ done to correct ^! defects1 &1 ev5 9 photographs :]e inaccuracies 9 scale are _m1 ! value ( ! photograph = ! portrayal ( detail _c be d5i$4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,g5]al ,,aspects ,,( ,,! ,,surface ,,z ,,se5 ,,f ,,! ,,air 7,,figs4 #ab ,,to #ah7 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab--;,b5n+1 ,d4,c41 & ! ,anaco/ia ,riv]1 %[+1 f "r to left1 cultivat$ l&s #dj to #bj feet above sea level1 an elevation too slight to be %[n 9 a v]tical photograph2 a bru%y slope runn+ f #bj feet to sea level2 & m>%l& along ! /ream4 ,! *eck]$ patt]n ( ! upl& fields is caus$ by diff]5t-color$ crops4 ,%ocks ( corn1 spac$ ev5ly 9 r[s1 build+s & %ade trees1 & light-color$ roads & a race track are %[n4 ,! light-color$ areas along ! /ream are occupi$ by tidal m>% & are free f bru% b cov]$ ) vegetation ( annual gr[?4 ,! figure is "o ( ! photographs us$ to make ! mosaic %[n on ,fig4 #ac4 ,x %\ld be comp>$ ) ,fig4 #ac & ) ! topographic map1 ,fig4 #ad4 ,scale1 #a3 #aa1jjj4 ,:5 a region is view$ f an altitude ( sev]al ?\s& feet ! obs]v] c readily imag9e himself look+ d[n on a l>ge map4 ,! *ief features /& out prom95tly1 ! small] to a less] degree4 ,m\nta9s1 riv]s1 & ! sea%ore are ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac--,v]tical photograph ( ! l& along ! ,anaco/ia ,riv] on ! ea/]n edge ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 made up ( sev]al photographs mat*$ toge!r & adju/$ to po9ts locat$ by ord9>y survey me?ods1 & r$uc$ 9 size to correspond ) ! map1 ,fig4 #ad4 ,! photographs 7 tak5 f an airplane ) a s-call$ mapp+ cam]a at su* int]vals ( "t t ! pr9ts ov]lap1 ?us mak+ x possible to adju/ !m to ea* o!r & to =m a cont9u\s picture ( ! area4 ,! region %[n is ! site ( improvem5ts t are at pres5t "u way1 ma9ly ! regulation ( ! ,anaco/ia ,riv]4 ,! *annel has be5 wid5$ by dr$g+ & "p ( ! bord]+ m>% areas fill$ 94 ,! photograph %[s t ?is "w _h progress$ to ! ,b5n+ ,road bridge by ! autumn ( #aibj1 :5 ! photograph 0 tak51 :ile 9 #aiae1 :5 ! area 0 survey$ = ! map1 x _h be5 c>ri$ out only z f> z ! ,p5nsylvania ,av5ue bridge4 ,su* airplane photographs furni% an incomp>able tool 9 ! h&l+ ( l>ge-scale eng9e]+ projects1 bo? 9 ! /udy ( ! t]ritory 9 its unimprov$ /ate & to foll[ ! progress ( ! "w aft] op]ations are "u way4 ,scale1 ab\t #a3 #bh1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad--,"p ( ! topographic map ( ,wa%+ton & ,vic9ity1 #a3 #ca1fhj1 publi%$ by ! ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 %[+ )9 ! irregul> l9e ! same area %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,scale1 #a3 #bh1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae 7on page #bd7--,mosaic ( ! s\!a/]n "p ( ,mulb]ry ,isl&1 on ! left bank ( ! ,james ,riv] ab\t #aa miles nor?we/ ( ,newport ,news4 ,va41 %[+ an area portray$ by _m photographs mat*$ toge!r4 ,slight diff]5ces 9 %ade indicate ! junction ( ! sep>ate pr9ts4 ,! high] l&1 ab\t #aj feet above sea level z det]m9$ by surveys on ! gr\nd1 is %[n at ! "r by roads & cultivat$ fields4 ,x is to be not$ t roads outl9e ! divid+ l9e betwe5 ! high gr\nd & ! m>%4 ,at ! left are l[] areas ( wood$ or bru%y swampl& & ( grassy m>%4 ,!y conta9 a numb] ( ab&on$ *annels3 "s completely silt$ up1 o!rs conta9+ small ?or\ghf>es1 & /ill o!rs dra9$ by me&]+ /reams :i* seem to h develop$ aft] ! *annels 7 def9itely ab&on$ by ! /reams :i* orig9ally occupi$ !m4 ,! /reams :i* dra9 ! m>%es h _m *>act]i/ics ( /reams :i* dra9 high] l&s4 ,!y h d5dritic patt]ns1 s call$ f resemblance to ! =k+ bran*es ( a tree2 *annels :i* wid5 d[n/ream2 & w9d+ or me&]+ c\rses4 ,! isl& t]m9ates 9 a long spit compos$ ( silt & f9e s&4 ,! banks to ! left on ,james ,riv] are l[ & m>%y3 ^? to ! "r on ,w>wick ,creek1 except = "o small m>%1 =m l[ bluffs4 ,9 ord] t ! mosaic may be comp>$ ) ! map1 ,fig4 #af1 x has be5 plac$ ) ! nor!rly "p at ! top ( ! page1 ) ! result t1 until ! page is rev]s$1 ! trees 9 ! swampl& appe> l holl[s 9 ! e>?4 ,scale1 #a3ad1jjj4 especially conspicu\s4 ,/reams appe> z smoo?1 w9d+ ribbons--gli/5+ if ! sunlight reflect$ f !m ent]s ! eye1 d>k if ! bright rays are reflect$ away f ! eye4 ,railroads c easily be trac$ & t[ns recogniz$ by _! =m4 ,concrete roads & o!rs ( light-color$ mat]ial are pla9ly visible4 ,^? built ( d>k-color$ mat]ial appe> less prom95tly4 ,some?+ ev5 ( ! "* ( ! =e/s c be asc]ta9$--:e!r ev5ly timb]$ or p>tly ( prim>y & p>tly ( second>y gr[?2 :e!r intact or p>tly burn$ ov]2 :e!r consi/+ *iefly ( "o species ( trees or ( _m4 ,! cultivat$ fields & _! relations to roads1 /reams1 & =e/s are conspicu\s4 ,t[ns & cities are spread out l panoramic views 9 :i* are /rik+ly visible ! resid5ce & manufactur+ c5t]s1 ! lay\t ( /reets1 ! sy/ems ( p>ks1 ! position ( suburbs1 & ! relation ( ^! to r\tes ( transportation & travel--roads1 railroads1 & wat]ways4 ,^! & _m o!r features ( ! l&scape--swamps1 m>%es1 build+s1 trees1 or*>ds1 & _m less] details--are recognizable & are all record$ on ! ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 7,= explanation1 see p4 #bc47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af--,! same area z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae r$uc$ f a section ( a map on ! scale ( #a3aj1jjj by ! ,corps ( ,eng9e]s1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,! photographs %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae 7 us$ = mapp+ c]ta9 small features on ?is map1 su* z small /reams4 ,scale1 #a3ad1jjj4 photographic negative4 ,s fai?fully does ! cam]a reproduce all ! horizontal features )9 its range ( vision t x is conceivable t a photograph correctly dat$ might become a valuable record 9 cases ( b\nd>y disputes or o!r litigations involv+ ! position ( f5ces1 fields1 roads1 or ev5 /reams1 at a giv5 date4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag--;,columbus4 ,ga4 ,a "p ( a mosaic made at ,camp ,b5n+ ne>-by 9 #aiji %[+ ! t[n1 riv]1 & surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,! scale is s small t build+s & trees appe> z dots1 city blocks z small p>allelograms1 /reets & roads z light-color$ l9es4 ,! cultivat$ fields appe> z irregul>ly *eck]$ areas1 & ! conc5tric l9es ( ! t]rac$ slopes h ! appe>ance ( cont\r l9es on a topographic map 7see ,fig4 #ah74 ,! picture illu/rates _m ( ! features ( city geography4 ,! comp>atively /raight c\rse ( ! riv] & ! heavy gr[? ( trees & bu%es along its edges indicate a m9imum ( flood-pla9 & /eep banks--an inf]5ce support$ by ! fact t ! pr9cipal bus9ess c5t] ( ! city1 %[n by l>ge1 closely set ro(s1 is built close to ! riv]4 ,surr\nd+ ?is section is ! mo/ d5sely populat$ di/rict1 :i* 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! city gives way to a di/rict ( h\ses set f>!r ap>t & sep>at$ by lawns set ) trees4 ,o!r less ext5sive bus9ess c5t]s are %[n z small spots ( closely gr\p$ build+s4 ,a v>iety ( suburban types is to be se53 "s q city-l1 ) a bus9ess c5t]1 a d5sely populat$ resid5tial di/rict1 & a di/rict ( h\ses sep>at$ by gr\nds2 o!rs m village-l 9 _! lack ( a well-develop$ c5t] b /ill m or less completely sep>at$ f ! city prop]2 /ill o!rs1 sporadic scatt]+s ( h\ses & gr\nds ext5d+ f ! city = "s di/ance along ! pr9cipal roads4 ,! railroad c5t] is locat$ conv5i5tly ne> ! bus9ess c5t]1 & ! radiat+ l9es ( road & railroad communications are 9 /rong contra/ to ! rectangul> arrangem5t ( ! city /reets4 ,factories1 indicat$ by l>ge1 light-color$ ro(s1 are locat$ along ! railroad 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! city & along ! riv] to ! nor?4 ,^? along ! riv] are op]at$ by p[] f ! falls :i* ! picture %[s4 ,! t]rac$ slopes are *>act]i/ic ( ! region1 ! f>m]s "h & else:]e 9 ! ,s\? mak+ ^! t]races 9 _! pl[$ fields to prev5t ra9 wat] f wa%+ away ! soil4 ,scale1 ab\t #a3ch1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah--,map ( ! same area %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag enl>g$ f ! correspond+ sections ( ! #a3fb1ejj ,columbus & ,seale1 ,ga4-,ala41 & ! #a3abe1jjj ,talbotton & ,opelika1 ,ga4-,ala41 topographic %eets survey$ ma9ly 9 #aijf & #aijg & publi%$ by ! ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,! cross section at ! bottom lies along ! l9e indicat$ on ! map & ext5ds some:at beyond ! "r bord] ( ! map4 ,! section %[s ! broad %elf ^u :i* ! city re/s & its relation to ! riv] & to ! t]rac$ hillsides ea/ ( x4 ,scale1 #a3ch1jjj4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,m>%es ,,& ,,m>% ,,dra9age 7,,figs4 #ai ,,to #bg7 ,m5tion has be5 made ( ! objects se5 bett] f ! air ?an f any viewpo9t on ! gr\nd2 b !re are "s objects :i* z a :ole c be se5 only f above4 ,swamps1 p>ts ( ev]glades1 peaks 9 ! mid/ ( difficult c\ntry1 precipit\s canyon walls1 & _m volcanic crat]s _c be se5 f ! gr\nd )\t undue ef=t4 ,photographs ( bluffs1 t]races1 & o!r slopes fac+ bodies ( wat] h hi!rto be5 adequately obta9able only f ! wat]4 ,all ( ^! c be readily view$ & photograph$ f ! airplane4 ,pictorial repres5tations ( dra9age sy/ems 7 r>e until photographs su* z ,figure #ai 7 tak5 f airplanes4 ,! intricate dra9age ( m>%es l ^? along ! ,pamunkey ,riv] 9 ,virg9ia pictur$ 9 ,figure #bj 0 nev] accurately %[n until photograph$ f ! air4 ,( frequ5t occurr5ce on ! ,atlantic ,coa/al ,pla9 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are swamps & m>%es inaccessible f ! gr\nd4 ,mu* ( ! surface mat]ial is s s(t t !y _c be easily trav]s$2 &1 ev5 :]e firm en\gh to support a man's weight1 few ( ! details are deem$ ( suffici5t importance to w>rant ! tr\ble & exp5se ( mapp+ by ord9>y me?ods4 ,yet ! trapp] w\ld sc>cely admit t ^! details are unimportant1 &1 to ! /ud5t1 !y are an int]e/+ feature ( m>% topography t has ?us f> receiv$ little att5tion4 ,figure #be is "p ( ! excell5t ,new ,k5t1 ,va41 %eet ( ! topographic map & is probably z detail$ z a map ( ?is "* %\ld be :5 made f gr\nd surveys only4 ,h[ev]1 on comp>ison ( ! map ) a photograph ( ! same area 7,fig4 #bd71 !re is no difficulty 9 detect+ errors2 & x is probable t1 _h ! photograph be5 available :5 ! map 0 made1 ! m>%es w\ld h be5 repres5t$ diff]5tly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai--,/ream developm5t 9 a tidal m>%1 %[+1 at ! "r1 ! nor!rn end ( ,ludlam ,bea*1 ab\t #f miles s\? ( ,ocean ,city1 ,n4,j41 & ! m\? ( ,corsons ,inlet lead+ to ,ludlam ,bay1 &1 at ! left1 ! m>% j we/ ( ! inlet1 ) /reams ris+ close to ! bank ( ! l>g] /ream at ! extreme left & fl[+ 9 me&]+ c\rses across ! m>%4 ,! great v>iety ( types ( vegetation probably is "o cause ( ! rem>kable me&]+ ( ^! dra9age l9es by reason ( ! fact t ! accumulat$ rema9s z well z ! annual gr[? ( diff]5t we$s & grasses (f] v>y+ resi/ance to ! curr5t ( ! /reams4 ,scale1 ab\t #a3aj1jjj4 ,,m>% ,,dra9age ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ics ( m>% topography illu/rat$ by ! photographs pres5t$ "h is ! great weal? ( dra9age l9es & ! resemblance ( ! dra9age patt]ns to ^? ( riv] sy/ems develop$ on high] gr\nd4 ,! d5dritic patt]ns1 ! me&]s1 & ! %>ply outl9$ divides are surpris+ 9 areas :i* h altitudes v>y+ f only a few in*es to a little m ?an a foot at times ( ord9>y high tide & :i* are :olly subm]g$ at times ( maximum tide4 ,"s ( ! /reams h g5tly w9d+ c\rses sugge/ive ( normal /ream developm5t4 ,o!rs1 p>ticul>ly ! small]1 h a conspicu\s angul>ity ( c\rse4 ,x is possible t ! latt] may h orig9at$ z ! trails ( animals4 ,"s ( ! l9es are obs]v$ to cross ! l>g] /reams & are probably tracks made by muskrats4 ,"s ( ! /reams rise close to ! riv]'s br9k & lead to ?r\gh-go+ wat]ways ne> ! c5t] ( ! m>%4 ,?is sugge/s ! deposition ( silt on ! br9k ( ! riv] at times ( high wat]4 ,! not*$ appe>ance ( ! %ore 9 ,figure #bj seems to be due to ov]hang+ bun*es ( s$ge grass &1 9 "s in/ances1 to ! break+ away ( ! surface mat or cru/ ( ! m>% =m$ by ! int]lac+ roots ( grass4 ,! mottl$ appe>ance ( ! m>% 9 ?is picture may be p>tly due to %ad[ ( cl\ds1 b to "s ext5t1 at lea/1 ! diff]5ce 9 %ade is caus$ by diff]5ces 9 ! "* ( ! plants4 ,! m>%es us$ = illu/ration "h are typical ( _m along ! ,atlantic ,coa/4 ,!y are situat$ ne> ,we/ ,po9t1 ,va4 ,! ,pamunkey & ! ,mattaponi ,riv]s bo? rise 9 ! ,pi$mont ,plateau1 fl[ s\!a/w>d ?r\gh ! tidewat] portion ( ,virg9ia1 & jo9 ab\t midway ( ! ,coa/al ,pla9 to =m ! ,york ,riv]#c 7see ,fig4 #eh74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj--;,details ( m>%l&4 ,a "p ( ,lee ,m>% ne> ,we/ ,po9t1 ,va4 7cf4 ,fig4 #bf71 z photograph$ f a height ( #b1jjj feet1 ,june1 #aibj4 ,local obs]v]s report t ?is m>% has be5 subm]g$ only twice 9 n9ete5 ye>s4 ,! dra9age sy/ems are well entr5*$4 ,! l>g] /ream *annels are cut #a to #e feet or m bel[ l[ tide 7! tidal v>iation at ,we/ ,po9t is ab\t #c4d feet71 & _! =m is made /able by ! t\gh surface cru/ ( ! m>%1 consi/+ ( ! matt$ roots ( ! luxuriant s$ge grass4 ,! intricate1 ve9like appe>ance ( ! dra9age l9es & ! furry appe>ance ( ! edges ( all ! wat]ways1 %[+ ov]hang+ vegetation1 are ( int]e/4 ,dra9age sy/ems fl[+ 9 opposite directions sl[ connect+ tribut>ies app>5tly silt$ up4 ,scale1 ab\t #a3d1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba--;,details ( frequ5tly subm]g$ m>%l&4 ,a "p ( ,c\saic ,m>% on ! ,pamunkey ,riv]1 ne> ,sweet ,hall1 ,va4 7cf4 ,fig4 #bd71 z photograph$ f a height ( #b1jjj feet1 ,june1 #aibj4 ,! surface ( ! m>% is cov]$ ) wat] sev]al times ea* ye>1 accord+ to local report4 ,x is relatively s(t1 & a comp>ison ) ,fig4 #bj %[s an app>5tly diff]5t1 less d5se vegetation ?an t ( ,lee ,m>%1 :i* is r>ely subm]g$4 ,! /ream *annels are less def9itely fix$ & lack ! evid5ce ( ov]hang+ vegetation4 ,scale1 ab\t #a3d1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb--;,atlantic ,city & ,ocean ,city1 ,n4,j4 ,/rips ( photographs tak5 f an airplane1 ,m>*1 #aibj1 f a height ( #aj1jjj feet1 %[+1 9 ord] f ea/ to we/3 ! ocean wat]1 :i* appe>s d>k-color$2 ! surf1 :ite :]e x breaks into foam2 ! light-color$ bea* s&2 ! cities laid out on ! s& ( ! b>ri] bea*2 & ! m>%es1 *annels1 & dra9age sy/ems we/ ( ! b>ri]4 ,we/ ( ,peck ,bea* 9 ! /rip ( photograph at ! "r _m features *>act]i/ic ( salt m>% areas ( ! ,coa/al ,pla9 are %[n back ( ! b>ri] bea*4 ,! "r /rip =ms ! s\!rn cont9uation ( ! left /rip4 ,scale1 ab\t #a3ge1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc--;,a riv] sy/em 9 m9iature4 ,a small /ream ne> ,hampton1 ,va41 %[+ flood pla91 me&]s1 an ox-b[ lake & cut-(f1 ab&on$ *annels & a delta p>tly "u wat]4 ,scale1 n kn[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd--,sweet ,hall ,m>% on ! l[] ,pamunkey ,riv]1 ne> ,we/ ,po9t1 ,va41 z photograph$ f a height ( #aj1jjj feet at #aa ,a4,m41 ,decemb] #aa1 #aibj4 ,c\saic ,m>% lies to ! left & ,hill ,m>% to ! "r ( ! c5tral me&]4 ,"s ( ! wat]c\rses 9 ^! m>%es are ?or\ghf>es1 or *annels op5+ to ! riv] at bo? ends1 t c be trav]s$ by boat at high tide4 ,b _m ( !m are q diff]5t 9 nature1 beg9n+ z m9ute rills & broad5+ t[>d ! m\? 9 a mann] sugge/+ typical dra9age *annels on high] l&4 ,scale1 ab\t #a3ca1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be--,! same area z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bd1 enl>g$ f ! ,new ,k5t1 ,va41 topographic %eet1 #a3fb1ejj1 publi%$ by ! ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,! cross section at ! left lies along ! l9e indicat$ on ! map & ext5ds some:at beyond its bord]s4 ,! some:at great] height ( ! map ?an ( ! photograph1 al?\gh bo? cov] exactly ! same area1 is due to ! unavoidable slight diff]5ce 9 tilt ( ea* ( ! exposures ( :i* ! photographic mosaic is made up4 ,?is illu/rates ! fact t airplane photographs _c be directly us$ z equival5t to maps1 until ! necess>y adju/m5ts h be5 made4 ,exp]im5ts 9 cam]a con/ruction are "u way to ov]come ^! difficulties by automatic devices4 ,scale1 #a3ca1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf--;,el?am ,m>% on ! l[] ,pamunkey ,riv]1 z photograph$ f an altitude ( ab\t #aj1jjj feet at #aa ,a4,m41 ,decemb] #aa1 #aibj4 ,at ! "r lies ! t[n ( ,we/ ,po9t1 ,va41 at ! junction ( ! ,mattaponi & ,pamunkey ,riv]s1 & at ! left appe>s a "p ( ,lee ,m>%4 ,el?am ,m>%1 9 ! c5t] ( ! illu/ration1 is trav]s$ by a s-call$ ?or\ghf>e1 ?r\gh :i* boats ( light draft make _! way at high tide4 ,at "o po9t 9 ! middle ( ! m>% ! ?or\ghf>e is p]ceptibly broad] ?an else:]e1 & ! tidal curr5ts ent]+ f opposite ends ( ! ?or\ghf>e meet !re & cause slack wat] 9 :i* silt is deposit$1 =m+ mud flats expos$ at l[ tide4 ,! cultivat$ fields s\? ( ! m>% are on a b5* ab\t #aj feet high] ?an ! m>%4 ,scale1 ab\t #a3ca1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg--,! same area z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf1 enl>g$ f ! ,new ,k5t1 ,va41 topographic %eet1 #a3fb1ejj1 publi%$ by ! ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,x is obvi\s t _m int]e/+ details %[n by ! photograph are miss$ or neglect$ z unimportant 9 ! mo/ c>eful mapp+4 ,! cross section at ! left lies along ! l9e indicat$ on ! map & ext5ds some:at beyond its bord]s4 ,scale1 #a3ca1jjj4 ,! ,york is "o ( ! e/u>ies ( ! tidewat] portion ( ,virg9ia1 & ! wat] level at ,we/ ,po9t1 ! junction ( ! two tribut>ies1 rises & falls ab\t #c feet "u tidal action4 ,! ,pamunkey is affect$ by ! tide #ec miles by *annel above ,we/ ,po9t1 & ! ,mattaponi #db miles4 ,mu* ( ! broad l[l& along ^! riv]s is m>%y1 b ! l>ge/ m>%es are f\nd ne> ,we/ ,po9t1 :]e ! riv] curr5t 9 sw++ f side to side has =m$ great me&]s4 ,= "s reason ! valleys erod$ long ago by ^! /reams h fill$ ) s$im5t "h to a great] ext5t ?an f>!r d[n/ream2 p]haps because ?is is ess5tially ! head ( sea wat]1 s t ! *eck+ ( ! curr5t ( ! riv] causes x to deposit mu* ( its load4 ,sea wat] regul>ly m+les ) ! riv] wat] z f> up/ream z ,we/ ,po9t1 b above ?is po9t ! wat] is *iefly fre%4 ,! m>%es consi/ ( s(t mud & muck to a consid]able dep?4 ,a well driv5 9 ,hill ,m>% to an und]ly+ artesian horizon p5etrat$ #ej feet ( ?is s(t mat]ial be=e ent]+ rock su* z is expos$ 9 ! riv] bank4 ,! ?ickness ( ! mud is comp>able to ! maximum dep? ( ! ,york f>!r d[n/ream & sugge/s t ! old valley :i* !re is fill$ ) wat] is "h fill$ to a dep? ( #ej feet or m ) s$im5t br\ght d[n by ! riv]4 ,only a small "p ( ! m>% ne> ! l&w>d m>g9 has surface mat]ial firm en\gh to support ! weight ( l>ge animals except :5 ! surface is froz54 ,_m k9ds ( m>% plants gr[ "h1 among :i* is s$ge grass 7,sp>t9a cynosuroides 7,l47 ,willd471 :i* gr[s to a height ( #aj feet or m & =ms d5se ?ickets4 ,its roots int]lace to =m a t\gh mat :i* 9 "s places w support ! weight ( a man4 ,9 o!r places ! s(t muck rea*es to ! surface4 8,,?or\ghf>es0 ,^! m>%es are cut by a few wat]ways op5 at bo? ends1 kn[n z ?or\ghf>es1 or tidal runs1 :i* also s]ve z ! trunk /reams ?r\gh :i* ! m>% is dra9$4 ,"s ( ! ?or\ghf>es may be trunk /reams modifi$ by tides1 or !y may be silt$ remnants ( ab&on$ riv] *annels4 ,"s seem to be *annels 9 ! la/ /ages ( silt+4 ,! incom+ tide ent]s ! d[n-riv] end b asc5ds ! ?or\ghf>e m sl[ly ?an x asc5ds ! riv]4 ,! tide 9 ! riv] rea*es ! upp] end ( ! ?or\ghf>e1 ent]s x1 & meets ! oppos+ tide )9 ! m>% ne> ! up/ream end ( ! passageway4 ,:]e ! tides meet1 ?us caus+ slack wat]1 silt is deposit$ & mud flats are =m$4 ,9 ,el?am ,m>% 7,fig4 #bf7 ^! flats are well )9 ! m>%4 ,9 ! l>g] ?or\ghf>es ( ,sweet ,hall ,m>% 7,fig4 #bd7 ! tide passes entirely ?r\gh :ile ! tide 9 ! riv] is mak+ its long way ar\nd1 s t slack wat] & ! deposition ( silt occur at ! extreme upp] end ( ! passage4 ,9 all ( ! ?or\ghf>es ! silt+ has rea*$ ! /age t precludes _! use by boat1 except at times ( high wat]4 ,ev5 at high tide "s are navigable only by small skiffs1 al?\gh ?r\gh\t mu* ( ! c\rse ! wat] is _m feet deep4 ,"s ( ! ?or\ghf>es become n>r[ & %all[ up/ream 9 a mann] t sugge/s t !y orig9ate z two normal /reams fl[+ 9 opposite directions f a common po9t & t !y 7 lat] unit$ by ! break+ d[n ( ! divide betwe5 _! headwat]s4 ,su* a junction might be affect$ by an unusually high tide break+ ?r\gh a divide & cutt+ a *annel4 ,su* a divide1 be x not$1 consi/s ( s(t mud only a few in*es above ! g5]al level & might readily be brok5 d[n4 ,9 "s in/ances ! connection may h orig9at$ z an animal trail1 z we h se54 ,muskrats1 ott]s1 & o!r m>% animals use ! wat]ways z l9es ( travel & make pa?s 9 betwe5 !m f "o to ano!r4 ,app>5tly _m ( ! small dra9age l9es orig9at$ 9 ?is way1 b 9 "s in/ances /ream sy/ems ( consid]able size & complexity are indep5d5t ( all o!rs & possess all ! *>act]i/ics ( normally develop$ riv] sy/ems4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,coa/al ,,mud ,,flats 7,,figs4 #bh ,,& #bi7 ,( frequ5t occurr5ce along ! ,atlantic ,coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are l[ mud flats :i* are practically at sea level & :i* are cov]$ ) wat] at times ( high tide4 ,:]e ^! tracts are expos$ to ! air dur+ ebb tide = s %ort a "t t plants h n tak5 root & :]e ! surface mat]ial is f9e-gra9$ & s(t1 ! tracts are kn[n z mud flats4 ,9 ! "p ( ! p59sula betwe5 ,delaw>e & ,*esapeake ,bays belong+ to ! /ate ( ,virg9ia :i* is call$ ! ,ea/]n ,%ore a l[ b>ri] bea* ( s& has =m$ on ! ocean side sev]al miles (f %ore1 & ! space betwe5 ?is & ! ma9l& is occupi$ by mud flats1 broad1 %all[ lagoons1 & an intricate maze ( int]lac+ *annels & w9d+1 bran*+1 int]lock+1 v]micul> /reams4 ,! mud flats are expos$ = a %ort "t dur+ l[ tide1 &1 z ! surface ( ! wat] "h rises & falls ) ! tide m ?an #d feet1 ) a maximum fluctuation consid]ably great]1 l>ge volumes ( wat] are cont9ually fl[+ backw>d & =w>d ov] ! flats4 ,z ! tide rises1 /rong curr5ts ( sea wat] set 9 ?r\gh ! inlets1 fl[ up ! ma9 *annels & ?r\gh ! ?or\ghf>es1 & gradually f9d _! way into ! c\ntless small *annels & out ( !m ov] ! broad level /ret*es ( s(t mud4 ,z ! tide falls1 ?is action is rev]s$1 & ! broad %eet ( wat] f9ds its way by devi\s pa?s ?r\gh ! w9d+ wat]c\rses out to sea4 ,! l>g] *annels ext5d consid]ably bel[ ! surface at times ( highe/ wat] & may be q deep ev5 at times ( l[ wat]4 ,!y are1 p]haps1 /ream c\rses excavat$ be=e ! region 0 dr[n$4 ,_m ( ! small] *annels also h ! g5]al =m *>act]i/ic ( normal /ream *annels1 al?\gh o!rs %[ peculi>ities n common to suba]ial dra9age4 ,! orig9 ( ^! subm>9e & tidal features is n well und]/ood1 b ! photographs ( !m %[ _! =m & furni% "s basis = a /udy ( !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh--;,a /ream sy/em ( ! mud-flat area on ! ocean side ( ! ,ea/]n ,%ore1 ,virg9ia4 ,! light-color$ area is bea* s& above wat]4 ,! treelike =m is a /ream sy/em ( subnormally develop$ patt]n4 ,note ! seem+ unc]ta9ty ( c\rse1 "s ( ! bran* /reams ris+ close to ! m\? ( ! trunk /ream2 ! junction ( bran*es at ! head2 & ! 8fro/work0 patt]ns4 ,scale n kn[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi--,mud-flat /reams1 %[+ curi\s fro/work patt]n at ! head ( und]wat] *annels4 ,note ! pools & ! ve9like dra9age l9es f !m4 ,scale n kn[n4 ,! photographs reproduc$ z ,figures #bh & #bi 7 tak5 nor!a/ ( ,cape ,*>les1 ,virg9ia1 9 ! summ] ( #aibj at l[ tide4 ,! light-color$ ribbon-l b&s repres5t wat]-fill$ *annels2 & ! d>k]-color$ areas1 ei!r wet mud expos$ to ! air or mud slightly subm]g$4 ,h[ev]1 photographs tak5 "u c]ta9 conditions ( light may %[ ! exact l9e betwe5 ! expos$ & ! dr[n$ portions ( a l& surface4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,subm]g$ ,,l& ,,=ms 7,,figs4 #cj ,,to #cc7 ,h]et(ore ! /udy ( bea*es1 deltas1 & o!r p>tly subm]g$ l& =ms has be5 *iefly conf9$ to ! expos$ p>ts1 ! und]wat] =ms be+ l>gely matt]s ( conjecture4 ,by means ( air photographs n only c ! expos$ p>ts ( ! delta & bea* be /udi$1 b ! =ms ( %oals & t]races1 ! und]wat] portions ( riv] deltas1 tidal deltas & _! und]wat] di/ribut>ies1 & _m o!r subm]g$ =ms c be %[n cle>ly4 ,s& b>s1 t]races1 & o!r subm]g$ =ms appe> 9 _m ( ! photographs already pres5t$2 b a few s tak5 t ! b>s & t]races appe> to be ! *ief objects 9 ! picture may be useful = illu/rat+ ! und]wat] l& =ms & = demon/rat+ t ^! =ms c be successfully photograph$4 ,un=tunately n _m photographs c\ld be f\nd :i* 7 tak5 ) ! express object 9 view ( illu/rat+ und]wat] l& features4 ,9 mo/ ( ! available photographs ^! features 7 only incid5tal1 ! *ief purpose 9 tak+ !m be+ to photograph ! %ore4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 conc]n+ ! physiographic hi/ory ( ! ,atlantic ,coa/al ,pla9 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! "q is /ill be+ debat$ :e!r ! l& is ris+1 s9k+1 or /ation>y4 ,to "s ext5t ^! que/ions are answ]$ by ! expos$ l& =ms4 ,! subm>9e =ms are imp]fectly kn[n4 ,! possibility ( recogniz+ %oals & *annels f a photograph & ( det]m9+ 9 "s measure ! %apes ( ! subm]g$ l& =ms op5s a new av5ue ( approa* to ! /udy ( subm>9e geography4 ,9 "s places1 especially 9 regions ( dr[n$ topography1 x is possible t1 by us+ ! air photograph 9 work+ out ! physiographic processes t h produc$ ! l& =ms t are n[ "u wat]1 "s ( ! vex+ problems ( e>? hi/ory may be solv$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj 7left7--,s& b>s & dr[n$ t]race ab\t ,/ove ,po9t ,neck1 at ! m\? ( ! ,piankatank ,riv]1 ,virg9ia1 z photograph$ f a height ( ab\t #aj1jjj feet at #aa3cj ,a4,m41 ,decemb] #aa1 #aibj4 ,we/ 7left7 ( ! neck1 at ! out] edge ( ! t]race1 ! wat] is #b to #c feet deep at l[ tide1 or #e4g feet & #f4g feet at high tide1 b deep5s abruptly we/w>d1 :]e x is #bj to #cj feet deep 9 ,fi%+ ,bay 7see ,fig4 #cb74 ,to ! s\? & ea/ ( ! po9t ! abrupt desc5t is at ! side ( ! deep *annel ( ! ,piankatank ,riv]4 ,to ! "r1 ! bottom1 hav+ a wavy appe>ance because ( s& b>s1 fades (f m gradually "u deep wat]4 ,! mottl$ area 9 ! middle ( ! neck is wood$1 & ! smoo!r p>ts ne> ! po9t & 9 ! upp] "p ( ! neck are cle>$ l&4 ,scale1 ab\t #a3cj1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca 7"r7--,dr[n$ t]races at ,gwynn ,isl& at ! m\? ( ! ,piankatank ,riv]1 ,virg9ia1 z photograph$ f a height ( ab\t #aj1jjj feet at #aa3cj ,a4,m41 ,decemb] #aa1 #aibj4 ,at ! "r is a "p ( ! isl&1 %[+ trees1 fields1 & h\ses4 ,bord]+ ! l& area is a n>r[ b& ( light-color$ bea* s&1 exp&$ at ,*]ry ,po9t into a conspicu\s %>ply recurv$ hook4 ,"u ! %all[ wat] c be se5 wave m>ks resembl+ l>ge ripple m>ks4 ,! wat] is #b to #c feet deep at l[ tide at ! out] edge ( ! light-color$ subm]g$ %elf1 beyond :i* ! bottom desc5ds abruptly t[>d ! left to a dep? ( ab\t #bj feet4 ,nor? ( ,*]ry ,po9t ! waxy bottom %ades (f m gradually to ! deep *annel ( ! ,piankatank4 ,scale1 ab\t #a3cj1jjj4 ,,! ,,be/ ,,conditions ,,= ,,photograph+ ,,und]wat] ,,l& ,,=ms ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb--,"p ( ! ,kilm>nock & ,ma!ws1 ,va41 topographic %eets1 #a3fb1ejj1 publi%$ by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 %[+ ! location ( ,figs4 #ca & #cb2 & a cross section along ! l9e indicat$ on ! map1 %[+ a t]race #bf feet above sea level at ! left1 "o less ?an #e feet above wat] level on ,gwynn ,isl&1 "o #e feet or less bel[ wat] level2 & ! riv] *annel ) abrupt banks betwe5 ! %oals4 ,scale1 #a3gj1jjj4 ,! photographic /udy ( und]wat] l& =ms is relatively new1 & little in=mation conc]n+ x is available4 ,x is annoy+ly obvi\s to ! air obs]v] t at times he c see no?+ b5ea? ! surface ( ! wat]1 :]eas at o!r ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc--;,a dr[n$ valley3 ,lambs ,creek1 #h miles s\!a/ ( ,yorkt[n1 ,va41 "o ( ! e/u>y-/reams tribut>y to ,*esapeake ,bay1 %[+ ! broad m\? n>r[+ up/ream & ! irregul> m>g9s caus$ by p>tial subm]g5ce ( ! valley slopes1 erod$ be=e ! rise ( ! wat] to its pres5t height4 ,ev5 ! v]tical photograph1 :i* does n regi/] relative elevations1 %[s a di/9ct diff]5ce betwe5 ! %ore l9e ( ?is type ( body ( wat] & riv]s ) broad1 l[ flood pla9s4 ,! l>ge trees close to ! m>g9 ( ! riv] & ! cultivat$ fields j back ( !m indicate a relatively high bank4 ,scale1 ab\t #a3i1jjj4 times he c see ) great di/9ctness4 ,9 try+ to asc]ta9 ! mo/ favorable conditions = su* obs]vation1 x 0 f\nd t subm]g$ objects are se5 be/ :5 ! sky is ev5ly ov]ca/ or :5 x is uni=mly cle>4 ,sometimes :5 ! sky is only p>tly cl\dy ! surface ( ! wat] seems to act z a mirror & no?+ is se5 b ! reflection ( cl\d & sky4 ,waves h less effect on ! visibility ( objects b5ea? ! surface ?an 0 expect$1 al?\gh !y diffuse ! reflect$ light to "s ext5t & consequ5tly weak5 ! image on ! negative4 ,b ! reflect$ light f ! surface ( ! wat] is /rong] ?an t com+ f objects "u wat]4 ,h5ce1 to photograph und]wat] features successfully1 a "t %\ld be *os5 :5 direct reflection ( light f ! sun or f a brightly illum9at$ cl\d w n ent] ! l5s4 ,exp]i5ce 9 bo? ! air & ! laboratory %[s t ! be/ results are likely to be obta9$ :5 ! sunlight /rikes ! surface at an oblique angle4 ,9 summ] favorable times are mid-=5oon or mid-aft]noon "u an ev5ly illum9at$ sky4 ,9 w9t] ! sun is l[ en\gh at midday to avoid direct reflection into ! l5s4 ,b exp]i5ce also indicates t (t5 photographs tak5 at mom5ts :5 ! eye caught ! image ( a subm]g$ object %[ only ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,pla9 ,,f ,,! ,,air 7,,figs4 #cd ,,to #da7 ,a ,,riv] ,,on ,,! ,,great ,,pla9s ,! difficulty ( photograph+ a pla9 f a po9t on its surface ne$s no emphasis1 b its successful repres5tation by means ( air photographs is illu/rat$ by _m figures 9 ?is book4 ,! ,great ,pla9s ( ! we/-c5tral "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are illu/rat$ "h by a view ( ! ,r$ ,riv] 7,fig4 #cf71 :i* %[s ! flat surface ( ! l& & ! broad s&y b$ ( ! riv] only p>tly cov]$ by ! intricately wov5 /r&s ( ! braid$ *annels--a sc5e *>act]i/ic ( ! ,great ,pla9s4 ,,me&]+ ,,/reams ,,on ,,! ,,coa/al ,,pla9 ,! ox-b[ curves ( me&]+ /reams are among ! features ( ! e>?'s surface mo/ famili> to ! /ud5t ( physical geography2 yet1 h]et(ore1 !y h be5 illu/rat$ only by maps1 con/ruct$ at great labor & exp5se4 ,compreh5sive photographs ( !m are r>e & are1 at be/1 imp]fect & unsatisfactory = purposes ( illu/ration4 ,on ! o!r h&1 me&]+ /reams l5d !mselves admirably to air photography4 ,equally famili> to ! /ud5t ( geography & physiography is ! t]m 8ab&on$ me&]40 ,^! anci5t /ream c\rses1 _m ( :i* are n[ occupi$ by m>%1 bru%1 or =e/1 h be5 /ill m difficult to illu/rate by means ( photographs4 ,9 "s in/ances wood$ me&]s l ^? ne> ,columbus1 ,ga4 7,fig4 #cd71 long ago ab&on$ by ! /ream t =m$ !m1 are %[n 9 air pictures 9 a mann] b little less conspicu\s ?an ! me&]s ( ! pres5t-day /ream4 ,x is believ$ t in/ructors w f9d ,figure #cd useful1 n only 9 illu/rat+ me&]+ /reams & ab&on$ me&]s b also 9 %[+ h[ me&]s develop4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd--,! ,*attahoo*ee ,riv] s\? ( ,columbus1 ,ga41 %[+ ! results ( progressive lat]al %ift+ ( a me&]+ /ream4 ,9 ! upp] "p ( ! illu/ration to ! left 7we/7 ( ! /ream are light-color$ conc5tric m>k+s :i* probably repres5t ! gradual %ift+ ( ! /ream t[>d ! "r4 ,z int]pret$ f ! in=mation at h&1 ?is section ( ! /ream at "o "t occupi$ a position mu* f>!r we/ ?an n[4 ,x cut away ! bank on ! ea/1 =m+ a curv$ c\rse1 deposit+ s& & mud on ! inside ( ! curve4 ,?is typical feature ( /ream erosion & deposition is to be not$ f ! picture ( ! pres5t c\rse ( ! /ream4 ,at ! outside ( ea* me&] /ret*es ( ! bank appe> light-color$ & d5ud$ ( ! trees & bu%es t l9e ! bank else:]e4 ,^! are sc\rs1 a slipp+ away ( ! bluff caus$ by ! cutt+ ( ! /ream into ! foot ( ! bank at po9ts :]e ! velocity ( ! outside ( ! curr5t1 & consequ5tly its corrosive p[]1 is increas$ z x sw+s r\nd ! curve4 ,! inside ( ! %>pe/ me&] %[s also ! deposit ( mat]ial due to ! fact t ! velocity ( ! inside ( ! curr5t is *eck$ by ! bank1 caus+ x to deposit "s ( its load4 ,add$ to ?is deposit is mu* ( ! mat]ial br\ght by cross-curr5ts f ! opposite-ly+ sc\r4 ,! light-color$ banks are probably successive deposits4 ,f9ally1 ei!r by a gradual we>+ away or by "s :im ( ! curr5t at flood tide1 ! riv] *ose a %ort] c\rse1 leav+ its old *annel z an ab&on$ me&]4 ,f>!r s\? sev]al ab&on$ me&]s may be di/+ui%$1 ea* di/9ctively m>k$ by a /eep bank on ! outside ( ! curve & conc5tric b&+s on ! inside4 ,! ab&on$ *annels are especially m>k$ by ! trees & bru% t fill !m 9 _m places4 ,x appe>s t a well-develop$ gr[? ( trees is to be f\nd only along ! riv] banks 9 ?is region & ! gr[? 9 ! ab&on$ *annels is probably due to ! fact t 9 flood "t !re is mu* seepage ( wat] into ^! old *annels if n an actual ov]fl[ f ! pres5t c\rse ( ! /ream4 ,at ! bottom ( ! picture is to be se5 ! rec5tly made l& "u cultivation4 ,! fields appe> /riat$ & *eck]$1 obscur+ ! conc5tric b&+4 ,! illu/ration is f a mosaic made up at ,camp ,b5n+ ne>-by ( _m photographs mat*$ toge!r1 h5ce !re are c]ta9 diff]5ces 9 %ade due to d>k & light pr9ts4 ,scale1 ab\t #a3ch1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce--,map ( ! same area %[n 9 ,fig4 #cd enl>g$ f ! correspond+ sections ( ! ,columbus & ,seale1 ,ga4-,ala41 topographic %eets1 #a3fb1ejj1 publi%$ by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,! cross section at ! bottom lies along ! l9e indicat$ on ! map & ext5ds some:at beyond ! "r bord] ( ! map4 ,! section %[s betwe5 ! hills ! broad l[l& ov] :i* ! ,*attahoo*ee ,riv] has me&]$4 ,scale1 #a3ch1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf--;,a riv] *annel 9 ! ,great ,pla9s4 ,! ,r$ ,riv] nor!a/ ( ,wi*ita ,falls1 ,tex41 z photograph$ f a height ( #h1jjj feet1 ,septemb] #ab1 #aiah4 ,betwe5 ! bluffs is se5 ! d>k-color$ wat] ( ! braid$ /ream fl[+ on a broad s&y b$ m ?an a mile wide1 :i* is completely cov]$ ) wat] only at flood "t4 ,! riv] =ms ! ,texas-,oklahoma b\nd>y1 & frequ5t *anges 9 ! position ( ! *annel dur+ p]iods ( high wat] make ! exact position ( ! int]/ate b\nd>y unc]ta9 & give rise to disputes & litigation ov] ! own]%ip ( l&4 ,nor? ( ! riv] 7top ( figure7 to ! "r are s& dunes ) a spr9kl+ ( trees & bu%es2 9 ! middle ( ! *annel !re is an isl& ( light-color$ s&4 ,! /ream *annel bites %>ply into ! s\!rn bluff1 :i* is cut by _m /rong gul*es4 ,across ! riv] is ! famili> s& flat built ( ! mat]ial wa%$ d[n/ream at flood "t & spread out by ! subsid+ wat]4 ,! *annel at ?is po9t %[s ! *anges t h tak5 place 9 ! position ( ! /ream &1 :]e ! /ream crosses ! s&y floor1 af=ds an example ( braid+4 ,scale1 ab\t #a3bc1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg--;,a *>act]i/ic glacial drift pla9 9 s\?we/]n ,mi*igan4 ,!re appe>1 at ! left1 ! r\nd surface ( a t]m9al mora9e & gulli$ slopes1 :i* %[ mottl$ 9 ! picture2 mora9ic holl[s & kettleholes once p>tly fill$ ) wat] b n[ fill$ ) peat or occupi$ by m>%es =m$ by ! accumulation ( peat f plant gr[? until c>bonace\s matt] has replac$ ! wat] ( ! orig9al lake2 9 ! c5t]1 a relatively smoo? outwa% pla9 *>act]iz$ by /raight roads & well-cultivat$ fields2 &1 at ! "r1 a bru%-l9$ creek1 a small res]voir1 & ! t[n ( ,fl[]field4 ,scale1 ab\t #a3bj1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch--,! same area z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cg1 enl>g$ f ! advance edition1 #a3dh1jjj1 ( ! ,s*oolcraft1 ,mi*41 topographic %eet to be publi%$ by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,?is advance %eet results f an exp]im5t 9 ! use ( airplanes = mapp+4 ,! area 0 photograph$ ) a mapp+ cam]a4 ,f ! photograph a base map 0 con/ruct$1 :i* 0 v]ifi$ on ! gr\nd2 on ?is base ! cont\r l9es 7 add$ by in/rum5tal survey4 ,scale1 #a3bj1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci--,s*oolcraft1 ,mi*41 a t[n typical ( ! agricultural portions ( ! nor?-c5tral ,unit$ ,/ates1 %[+ ! *>act]i/ic features--roads1 fields1 t[n blocks1 & o!rs--by :i* ! aviator c recognize a locality f a di/ance4 ,! mottl$ appe>ance ( ! l& surr\nd+ ! village is *>act]i/ic ( air photographs ( glacial mora9e regions4 ,! picture ( ! village itself might be tak5 z a prototype ( ! ,am]ican village ) its fairly regul> lay\t ( /reets1 its bus9ess c5t] indicat$ by a few l>g] ro(s along ! wide/ /reet1 its lawns1 trees1 & g>d5s1 ! bord]+ f>m l&s1 & ! scatt]$ ext5sions ( ! village into po9ts 9 ! direction ( ! ma9 roads4 ,scale1 ab\t #a3ad1jjj4 ,,! ,,glacial ,,drift ,,pla9 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj--,map ( ! t[n ( ,s*oolcraft1 ,mi*41 = comp>ison ) ,fig4 #ci4 ,enl>g$ f ! advance edition1 #a3dh1jjj1 ( ! ,s*oolcraft1 ,mi*41 topographic %eet to be publi%$ by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,scale1 #a3ad1jjj4 ,"s ( ! *>act]i/ics ( a ?ird type ( pla91 ! glacial drift pla91 are %[n 9 ,figures #cg to #da4 ,"h are pictur$ glacial lakes1 bogs1 m>%es1 mora9es1 & outwa% pla9s1 peat-fill$ depressions1 kettleholes & gulli$ slopes--typical features ( a glaciat$ region4 ,! views %[1 also1 _m ( ! famili> aspects ( ! c5tral & we/]n p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 ! rectangul> patt]n =m$ by ! l& subdivisions e/abli%$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,l& ,(fice1 ! *eck]bo>d patt]n be+ emphasiz$ by ! section-l9e roads2 ! m9or subdivisions into fields2 & ! cultivation ( a v>iety ( crops4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da--,kettleholes & o!r depressions 9 glacial till1 on ! ,gr& ,trunk ,railway ab\t #e miles s\?we/ ( ,s*oolcraft1 ,mi*4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! ea/]n 7"r7 edge ( ?is view & ! we/]n 7left7 ( ,fig4 #cg is ab\t #a mile4 ,scale1 ab\t #a3ae1jjj4 ,^! photographs 7 select$ f a s]ies tak5 z an exp]im5t 9 map-mak+4 ,9 ,june1 #aibj1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,air ,s]vice s5t a plane equipp$ ) a ,k-#a cam]a f ,dayton1 ,ohio1 to ,s*oolcraft1 ,mi*1 :]e 9 sev5 h\rs' fly+ "t a fifte5-m9ute quadrangle1 ab\t #bbj squ>e miles1 0 photograph$4 ,! pr9ts 7 mat*$ toge!r & r$uc$ to a scale ( #a3dh1jjj4 ,f !m su* features z roads1 /reams1 =e/s1 l& corn]s1 etc41 7 transf]r$ to plane-table %eets1 :i* ! topographic eng9e]s on ! gr\nd !n us$ = cont\r+ ! relief4 ,figure #ch is a "p ( ! prelim9>y pro( ( ?is map4 ,x may be add$ t ! exp]im5t is reg>d$ z highly favorable to ! use ( ! airplane cam]a z an in/rum5t 9 mapp+4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,m\nta9 ,,features 7,,figs4 #db ,,to #eb7 ,9 obta9+ photographic illu/rations f ! gr\nd ( m\nta9s1 canyons1 & associat$ l& =ms1 ! same difficulty1 b 9 exagg]at$ =m1 is enc\nt]$ t obta9s 9 secur+ an advantage\s po9t ( view = small objects4 ,! difficulty is ov]come 9 l>ge measure by ! use ( aircraft4 ,9 an airplane ! obs]v] c rise above ! ob/ructions :i* int]f]e ) ! view desir$2 c look an isolat$ m\nta9 peak squ>ely 9 ! face1 z 9 ! case ( ! photograph ( ,mt4 ,%a/a 7,fig4 #db72 c /udy ! details ( its ice cap 7,fig4 #db7 & gaze d[nw>d on ! lat]al & recessional mora9es left by ! retreat ( ! m\nta9's glaci]s 7,fig4 #dc74 ,few volcanic crat]s1 occurr+ z !y d at ! top ( cones1 h be5 successfully photograph$ unless "s high] m\nta9 /&s ne>-by on :i* a favorable viewpo9t c be f\nd4 ,f an airplane1 h[ev]1 "o c look into ! v ?roat ( a crat]1 z into t ( ,c9d] ,cone 7,fig4 #dh71 ne> ,lass5 ,peak1 ,cali=nia4 ,mu* att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! int]relations ( canyons1 gorges1 & m\nta9 ridges1 b ^! relations h hi!rto be5 illu/rat$ *iefly by means ( maps & *>ts4 ,figures #di1 #ej1 & #eb picture ?ree relations m expressively ?an any map4 ,to ! exp]i5c$ geograph] a map may illu/rate p]fectly ! action ( a /ream work+ headw>d into high] l&2 b ! /ud5t to :om ! conception ( headw>d erosion is new w c]ta9ly grasp ! idea m readily f ! picture pres5t$ 9 ,figure #eb4 ,no map c\ld give s cle> a conception ( a maturely dissect$ highl& z does a photograph l t ( ! ,santa ,monica ,m\nta9s 7,fig4 #ej74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db--;,a glaciat$ volcanic ,cone3 ,mt4 ,%a/a1 ,cali=nia1 #ad1afb feet high1 z se5 by an airplane obs]v] f ! nor!a/1 %[+ ,hotlum ,glaci] 9 ! =egr\nd & ,w9tun ,glaci] at ! extreme left4 ,! monadnock :i* sep>ates ! two ma9 lobes ( ,hotlum ,glaci] appe>s z ! d>k-color$ mass ( rock 9 ! mid/ ( ! ice4 ,to be not$ are ! _m indications ( movem5t 9 ! glaci]s %[n by curv$ l9es1 eddies1 & crevasses1 & ! glacial /reams fl[+ away f ! ends ( ! glaci]s4 ,! long lobe at ! left c5t] %[s ! =mation ( bo? lat]al & recessional z well z t]m9al mora9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc--;,a glacial gorge on ! nor!a/]n face ( ,mt4 ,%a/a1 ,cali=nia1 bel[ ,hotlum ,glaci] 7see ,fig4 #db71 ! l[] end ( :i* is to be se5 9 ! upp] "p ( ! photograph4 ,at ! left are two ridges1 "o ! edge ( a %eet ( fl[ lava1 ! o!r1 9 "p at lea/1 a lat]al mora9e4 ,9 ! c5t]1 at ! bottom ( ! gorge1 betwe5 ! two :ite l9es :i* repres5t glacial /reams1 is a sy/em ( conc5tric ridges :i* are probably recessional mora9es4 ,at ! "r is ! we/]n slope ( ! gorge4 7,?is figure is ! l[] ov]lapp+ cont9uation ( ,fig4 #db47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd--,yosemite ,valley1 ,cali=nia1 a typical ice-%ap$ gorge1 %[+ at ! left ! granite face ( ,el ,capitan1 ab\t #c1jjj feet above ! bottom ( ! fam\s gorge1 &1 at ! "r1 ! p9nacle ( ,s5t9el ,rock & ! well-kn[n =m ( ,half ,dome4 ,at ! sky l9e 9 ! c5t] ( ! picture is ,cl\ds ,re/1 & well d[n 9 ! gorge ,wa%+ton ,column & ! ,royal ,ar*es c be di/+ui%$4 ,^! photographs h ! advantage ( appeal+ to ! m9d ?r\gh ! s5se ( vision & w s]ve ! same purpose z pla/] models4 ,?us1 9 ,figure #eb1 a v>iety ( topographic =ms are to be di/+ui%$1 includ+ slightly dissect$ highl&s ) %>ply incis$ gorges2 maturely dissect$ highl&s made up n[ ( canyons & ridges2 a m\nta9 valley broad5+ out t[>d an int]montane pla92 sev]al arroyos2 & _m m9or features4 ,9 ! int]pretation ( ! features %[n 9 a v]tical view ( a m\nta9\s c\ntry ! ori5tation ( ! photograph is ( prime importance4 ,:5 view$ 9 prop] ori5tation1 t is1 z already po9t$ out 7p4 #e71 ) ! %ad[s fall+ t[>d ! obs]v]1 m\nta9s & valleys appe> 9 _! correct relation4 ,b1 if ! position ( ! picture is rev]s$1 a m\nta9 w look l a depression & a valley l a ridge4 ,?is rev]sal ( ! image c be te/$ by look+ at ,figures #di or #eb f bo? viewpo9ts4 ,h[ev]1 s9ce ! v]tical photographs w be comp>$ ) maps ( ! same area1 x is ?\ght bett] to place !m on ! page z if !y 7 maps4 ,9 ord] to make !m appe> natural ! pr9ts c be turn$ 9 ! necess>y direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de--,map ( ! ,yosemite ,valley1 %[+ ! area includ$ )9 ! angle ( vision ( ,fig4 #dd4 ,! map1 a r$uc$ section f ! ,yosemite & ,mt4 ,lyell1 ,cal41 topographic %eets1 #a3abe1jjj1 publi%$ by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 is ori5t$ = direct comp>ison ) ! photograph4 ,scale1 #a3afg1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df--,m\nta9s ( volcanic orig93 ,c9d] ,cone )1 9 ! di/ance at ! "r1 ,lass5 ,peak 9 ! nor!rn ,si]ra ,nevada1 ,cali=nia1 z se5 f an airplane ov] ,lake ,bidwell4 ,beyond ! lake appe>s ! r\gh surface ( lava p\r$ out z molt5 rock less ?an two hundr$ ye>s ago 7see ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #gi1 #ahia74 ,surr\nd+ ! cone is a light-color$ a% field1 sp>sely =e/$ at ! "r1 :i* 0 =m$ ab\t two hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! m\nta9 9 ! middle ( ! photograph hav+ a smoo? surface is ,c9d] ,cone1 ris+ #fdj feet above ! g5]al level ( ! a% field & consi/+ ( fragm5ts ( lava--! s-call$ a% & c9d]s--bl[n f ! crat] at times ( eruption4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg--,map ( ! region betwe5 ,c9d] ,cone & ,lass5 ,peak 9 ! nor!rn ,si]ra ,nevada1 ,cali=nia1 %[+ ! area includ$ )9 ! angle ( vision ( ,fig4 #df4 ,! map1 a r$uc$ section f ! ,lass5 ,peak1 ,cal41 topographic %eet1 #a3bej1jjj1 publi%$ by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 is ori5t$ = direct comp>ison ) ! photograph4 ,scale1 #a3cjg1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh--,! top ( ,c9d] ,cone1 look+ f an airplane d[n into ! crat]1 %[+ a l>ge sauc]-%ap$ crat] #gej feet across1 ) a deep] crat] =m$ at ! "t ( a lat] volcanic explosion1 :i* looks l a cup 9 ! middle ( ! sauc] & ext5ds to a dep? ( #bdj feet bel[ ! out] rim4 ,on ! b>r5 c9d] slopes at ! "r is ! pa?way by :i* ! crat] c be rea*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di--,m\nta91 valley1 & pla9 9 ! ,simi ,hills ab\t #ae miles nor?we/ ( ,santa ,monica1 ,cal4 7see ,calabasas1 ,cal41 topographic %eet71 %[+1 9 ! "r c5t] ( ! picture1 headw>d erosion f two p>allel valleys1 9 /rong contra/ ) ! g5tly r\nd$1 slightly dissect$ "p ( ! m\nta9 7left c5t]7 into :i* ! /reams h n yet eat5 _! way4 ,f>!r up ! m\nta9 is m maturely dissect$ & ! divides are n>r[ & /eep4 ,on its top ! m\nta9 %[s little effect ( /ream erosion 7"r74 ,/rongly cut gorges & arroyos appe> :]e ! /reams ent] ! pla9 7left74 ,probably nor? is at ! bottom ( ! photograph4 ,scale1 probably ab\t #a3bj1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej--;,a maturely dissect$ highl&3 ,santa ,monica ,m\nta9s nor? ( ,santa ,monica1 ,cal41 z photograph$ f a height ( ne>ly #aj1jjj feet at a midday 9 ,janu>y1 #aiai4 ,! light-color$ irregul> l9e at ! left is ,sepulv$a ,canyon2 & ! simil> l9e at ! "r1 ,/one ,canyon 7= location1 see ,fig4 #ea74 ,^! m\nta9s rise ne>ly #a1fjj feet above sea level & ab\t #gjj feet above ! bottom ( ! canyons4 ,to obta9 ! prop] impression ( ridges & valleys ! figure %\ld be rev]s$4 ,su* photographs z ?is ( ! actual gr\nd c h>dly be di/+ui%$ f photographs ( good relief models2 !y /rik+ly confirm ! correctness ( ?is & simil> me?ods ( repres5t+ relief on maps1 develop$ intuitively1 z x 71 su* z ! ,swiss s*ool ( hill %ad+4 ,scale1 ab\t #a3ag1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea--,map ( ! region betwe5 ! c5t] ( ,los ,angeles & ,santa ,monica1 ,cal41 %[+ ! location ( ! area cov]$ 9 ,fig4 #ej 7! d\ble-rul$ rectangle 9 ! upp] left corn]74 ,r$uc$ f ! ,santa ,monica1 ,cal41 %eet1 #a3fb1ejj1 ( ! 8,progressive ,milit>y ,map0 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates be+ publi%$ by ! ,corps ( ,eng9e]s1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,?is %eet1 :i* is ! equival5t ( ! ,santa ,monica topographic %eet survey$ 9 #ahic & publi%$ by ! ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 0 revis$ 9 #aibj by airplane photography4 ,a comp>ison ( ! #ahic & #aibj editions br+s out /rik+ly ! rapid urban developm5t 9 ?is region4 ,scale1 #a3abc1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb--;,a "y m\nta9 gorge %[+ an erosional holl[ develop+ headw>d into ! less deeply erod$ highl&s3 ,san ,joaqu9 ,hills1 a coa/al range 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia ab\t #de miles s\!a/ ( ,los ,angeles1 ne> ! m\? ( ,aliso ,creek4 ,nor? is at ! left 7see ,corona1 ,cal41 topographic %eet74 ,scale1 probably ab\t #a3aj1jjj4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,air ,,craft ,,9 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,rocks ,,& ,,ores 7,,fig4 #ec7 ,! admirable mann] 9 :i* air photography l5ds itself to ! obs]vation ( geographic relations & physiographic processes sugge/s its use z a valuable addition to ! in/rum5ts ( geologic reconnaissance2 =1 n only is ! /udy ( geology insep>able f t ( physiography1 b1 9 l>ge measure1 geology is appli$ physical geography & _m conclusions ( a geologic nature are drawn f obs]v$ surface relations4 ,probably1 9 mo/ cases1 ! actual "* & composition ( rocks _c be det]m9$ f air photographs2 b1 j z on a good map an area ( cry/all9e rocks c be di/+ui%$ f "o ( s$im5t>y rocks by means ( ! topographic expression1 s areas ( diff]5t rocks c be di/+ui%$ on photographs4 ,= in/ance1 an area ( upturn$ s$im5t>y rocks w\ld be readily di/+ui%$ f "o ( horizontal rocks4 ,figure #db %[s h[ ! "* ( glaciat$ m\nta9s is reveal$1 & ,figures #cg to #da ( ! ,mi*igan area %[ well ! famili> features ( cont95tal glaciation4 ,x is p]haps premature to say mu* ( ! use ( ! airplane 9 ! /udy ( geology until x has be5 ?or\ghly te/$4 ,b x %\ld be possible f ! air to locate & map ore bodies1 metallif]\s ve9s1 & outcrops ( rock3 = x is well kn[n t rocks at ! outcrop diff] 9 color1 9 ! =ms ( erosion develop$ 9 !m1 & 9 ! k9d ( plants :i* !y support4 ,x is ( int]e/ t ,colonel ,alfr$ ,h4 ,brooks1 :o 0 ,*ief ,geologi/ ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces 9 ,france dur+ ! w>1 f\nd t geologic b\nd>ies c\ld be recogniz$ on air photographs & t by means ( ^! photographs he c\ld correct exi/+ geologic maps & id5tify ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec--;,canyon 9 s$im5t>y rocks ne> ! m\? ( ! ,pecos ,riv]1 ,texas4 ,! rocks consi/ ( flat-ly+ /rata1 & ! tortu\s l9es resembl+ ! gra9 9 wood d5ote ! outcrops ( h>d lay]s & ! b5*es =m$ on ^! lay]s by erosion4 ,?is photograph illu/rates ! use ( air photography 9 geological reconnaissance4 ,scale n kn[n4 =mations 9 inaccessible areas )9 ! enemy l9es4 ,8 me?od 0 to use air photographs 9 ! /udy ( ! geologic =mations ( areas accessible to him4 ,!n1 hav+ famili>iz$ himself ) ! appe>ance ( ! diff]5t rock =mations & /ructures on ! photographs1 he 0 able to recognize ! same features on photographs ( areas held by ! enemy & s project 8 mapp+ ov] into inaccessible t]ritory4#d ,! prospector %\ld effect a great sav+ ( "t by us+ air photographs to guide him to places :]e he c f9d exposures ( rock & to help him to avoid places :]e x w\ld be useless to look = exposures4 ,p>ticul>ly 9 wood$ regions air photographs are valuable 9 indicat+ localities :]e exposures c be f\nd 9 areas s cov]$ ) =e/ t exam9ation on ! gr\nd w\ld n be wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,prospectors = oil are plann+ to use airplanes = ?is purpose 9 nor!rn ,canada1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & 9 o!r places :]e mu* ( ! c\ntry is s d5sely wood$ t mu* "t is usually sp5t 9 look+ = cle> space4 ,,use ,,9 ,,exploration ,exploratory "w %\ld b5efit 9 _m ways4 ,g5]al reconnaissance has be5 c>ri$ on to a consid]able ext5t 9 =eign l&s ) airplanes & to "s ext5t also 9 ,am]ica4 ,wide areas along ! ,mexican bord] h be5 photograph$ = ! mak+ ( new maps & = ! correction ( exi/+ maps4 ,! same photographs w\ld be useful 9 geologic reconnaissance4 ,! new photographs ( s\!rn ,arizona are said to %[ m\nta9 ranges _m miles away f _! location on exi/+ maps4 ,su* corrections are ( importance to ! geologi/ z well z to ! geograph] & ! map-mak]4 ,amunds5 int5ds to employ sev]al small planes 9 8 ,arctic "w n[ "u way4 ,mjb]g#e has project$ an exp$ition to ,new ,gu9ea 9 :i* ! use ( airplanes is a fundam5tal condition4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,mapp+ ,,& ,,*>t+ ,,f ,,! ,,air 7,,figs4 #ed ,,to #hb7 ,m5tion has already be5 made 7p4 #ef7 ( ! exp]im5t 9 map-mak+ c>ri$ out by ! ,army ,air ,s]vice & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey at ,s*oolcraft1 ,mi*4 ,! results ( t exp]im5t & ( o!rs ( ! sort are suffici5t to e/abli% ! fact t ! air cam]a is de/9$ to become a valuable addition to ! map-mak]'s equipm5t4 ,! ext5t to :i* x w be us$ dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 ^u ! degree to :i* its pres5t imp]fections are correct$ & its possibilities develop$4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,surveys & ,maps ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t has rec5tly publi%$ ! results ( its /udy ( air photography = use 9 map-mak+4#f ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed--,view across ! we/]n end ( ,lake ,erie1 look+ 9 a nor!a/]ly direction 7see ,fig4 #ee74 ,oblique photograph tak5 f #ah1jjj feet above ,port ,cl9ton1 ,ohio1 by ,lieut4 ,g4 ,w4 ,godd>d1 %[+1 9 ! =egr\nd at ! "r1 ,catawba 8,isl&10 a "p ( ! ma9l&1 &1 at ! left1 ,put-9-,bay & ! isl&s ar\nd x4 ,9 ! di/ance bel[ ! :ite cl\ds are a small isl& 7,middle ,isl&7 & a l>ge "o 7,pelee ,isl&74 ,9 ! upp] left-h& corn] is se5 ,po9t ,pelee & ! ,canadian %ore to ! nor!a/ ( x ab\t #cj miles away4 ,at ,put-9-,bay 0 f\ght1 ,septemb] #aj1 #ahac1 ! ,battle ( ,lake ,erie1 9 :i* ,commodore ,p]ry defeat$ ! ,briti%4 ,! monum5t commemorat+ ?is victory c be di/+ui%$ 9 ! photograph z a :ite %aft4 ,al?\gh mo/ v]tical airplane photographs are 9 ! nature ( l>ge-scale maps1 ?is view illu/rates h[ a l>ge area c be cov]$ 9 an oblique view tak5 at a high altitude--an area1 :5 trans=m$1 ( appreciable size ev5 on a small-scale map1 su* z1 = example1 ,fig4 #ee4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee--,map ( ! we/]n end ( ,lake ,erie %[+ ! area cov]$ )9 ! angle ( vision ( ,fig4 #ed4 ,scale1 #a3a1djj1jjj4 ,,figs4 #ed 7upp]7 & #ee 7l[]74 ,= explanation1 see bottom ( opposite page4 ,,scale ,,& ,,horizontal ,,control ,,( ,,v]tical ,,photographs ,! v]tical photographs tak5 ) an air cam]a are1 ( c\rse1 ( ! ord] ( l>ge-scale maps4#g ,= a l5s ( #f-;in* focus ! scale at an elevation ( #b1ejj feet w be #a3e1jjj2 at #e1jjj feet1 #a3aj1jjj2 & at #aj1jjj feet1 #a3bj1jjj4h ,air mapp+1 !re=e1 l5ds itself be/ to ! production ( su* maps z eng9e]+ maps1 city plans1 topographic maps1 & coa/ *>ts4 ,9 all ( ^! maps a degree ( accuracy is dem&$ t w give ! exact location ( all ! features includ$ on ! map & p]mit ! precise measurem5t ( di/ances betwe5 !m4 ,to obta9 su* accuracy necessitates an elaborate sy/em ( control /ations z a basis on :i* ! surveyor works out 8 triangulations & trav]ses4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ^! controls h be5 e/abli%$ pr9cipally by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey4#i ,to con/ruct a map f air photographs1 v>y+ 9 scale & di/ort$ z !y (t5 are because ( ! impossibility ( hold+ ! plane at an absolute level & because ( ! /ret*+ or %r9kage ( ! photographic pap]1 w\ld require a great am\nt ( triangulation & trav]se 9 ord] t ! control might be suffici5tly detail$ to p]mit ! accurate m\nt+ ( ! photographic pr9ts4 ,b1 giv5 ^! controls1 ! air cam]a c1 )\t fur!r adaptation1 supply details t h]et(ore requir$ ! labori\s processes ( plane-table mapp+4 ,! topograph] c place ! two-dim5sional details f photographs & !n g into ! field ) only ! cont\r+ to be done4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh--;,index map %[+ ! location ( ! areas %[n on airplane photographs 9 ?is book )9 ! ,atlantic seabo>d ( ! nor!a/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 except ^? ^: exact location is unkn[n 7,figs4 #ba1 #bc1 #bh1 #bi1 & #gg74 ,scale1 #a3b1hjj1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei--;,an area :]e *>t+ ( ! coa/ l9e is difficult3 ,m>%l&s on ,*esapeake ,bay :i* are expos$ at l[ tide & subm]g$ at high tide4 ,location3 ,s\? ( ! m\? ( ! ,york ,riv]1 ,virg9ia1 betwe5 ! e/u>ies ( ,poquoson ,riv] & ,back ,riv]4 ,scale1 ab\t #a3b1ejj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj--;,bea* & bluff3 ,left %ore ( ! ,york ,riv] nor?-nor?we/ ( ,gl\ce/] ,po9t1 ,va41 %[+ a ti$ isl& 7"o ( ! ,mum=t ,isl&s7 & a n>r[ b& ( bea* betwe5 ! wat] & ! bluff1 :i* is #bj to #ej feet above ! wat]4 ,! pla9 back ( ! bluff is recogniz$ by ! *eck]$ patt]n made by ! cultivat$ fields4 ,scale1 ab\t #a3i1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa--;,a s&y bea* ) bea* cusps =m+ ! extreme nor?we/]n end ( ,s&y ,hook1 ,new ,j]sey1 %[+1 at ! left1 ! end ( ! ,hook surr\nd$ by light-color$ s& %ad+ (f to %oals & b>s2 at ! "r1 a broad belt ( s& :]e a new po9t is beg9n+ to =m2 &1 betwe5 !m1 six cusps arrang$ l saw tee?4 ,note t a wave breaks into foam at ! po9t ( ea* cusp4 ,scale1 ab\t #a3i1jjj4 ,,use ,,9 ,,city ,,mapp+ ,9 city mapp+1 ev5 ?\gh "t be tak5 to e/abli% a v elaborate sy/em ( controls1 ! air cam]a c accompli% 9 a few h\rs a task ( ye>s by ord9>y me?ods4 ,9 fact x is only by means ( air photographs t maps ( a gr[+ city c be kept at all up to date4 ,p>is 0 mapp$ ) #hjj plates 9 less ?an "o day ( actual fly+4 ,wa%+ton 0 completely mapp$ 9 two & a half h\rs ) less ?an #bjj exposures4#aj ,= ! mosaic ( ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 7,fig4 #ef7 #hb photographs 7 made 9 "o h\r & tw5ty m9utes4 ,!re is no reason :y su* a mosaic ) an orig9al survey or ev5 a numb] ( accurately locat$ po9ts z a basis ( control %\ld n be suffici5tly accurate = all purposes4 ,,use ,,9 ,,revision ,,( ,,exi/+ ,,maps ,ano!r imm$iate use ( air photographs 9 mapp+ is 9 ! correction & revision ( exi/+ maps4 ,s f> z individual features are conc]n$1 ! air photograph is an exact record ( ! area expos$ to its l5s1 & natural & artificial features are easily transf]r$ f ! picture to ! map4 ,its great value 9 ! sav+ ( "t & money has be5 demon/rat$ 9 ! rapidly develop+ t]ritory ne> ,los ,angeles4 ,9 #ahic ! ,santa ,monica quadrangle 0 survey$1 & h\ses1 roads1 etc41 z !y exi/$ at t "t1 are %[n on ! map4 ,?is area 0 lat] built up & s *ang$ t ! map 0 practically wor?less4 ,f in=mation d]iv$ f air photographs ! map 0 revis$ 9 #aibj 7,fig4 #ea74 ,evid5ce has already be5 giv5 ( ! effici5cy ( ! air photograph 9 elaborat+ maps :]e ! importance ( ! region is n suffici5t to w>rant ! exp5se ( a detail$ survey ( m9or features1 & 9 mapp+ areas inaccessible f ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb--;,bea* cusps ext5d$ "u wat] & %[+ ! int]f]5ce ( waves (f ! curv$ bea* on ! bay side nor? ( ,bea* ,hav51 ,n4 ,j4 ,scale1 ab\t #a3c1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc--;,fir/ /age 9 ! =mation ( an inlet ?r\gh a b>ri] bea*1 :]e ocean waves dur+ "s /orm1 probably at high tide1 broke ov] ! s& b>ri] #b miles nor? ( ,bea* ,hav51 ,n4 ,j41 & wa%$ "s ( its s& into ,little ,egg ,h>bor4 7,= ano!r good example ( wa%-ov]s1 see ,fig4 #fh47 ,scale1 ab\t #a3i1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd--;,a tidal delta 9 ,%>k ,riv] ,inlet1 ,belm>1 ,n4 ,j41 z photograph$ f a height ( #aj1jjj feet1 %[+ %oals at ! left1 :i* appe> %ad[y because !y are "u wat]1 & ! small *annels :i* radiate outw>d f ! n>r[ inlet l ! ribs ( a fan4 ,!y are ! di/ribut>ies ( ?is und]wat] delta4 ,scale1 ab\t #a3aa1jjj4 ,,use ,,9 ,,coa/ ,,*>t+ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe--;,a tidal delta built up until x is p>tly above wat]3 ,popes ,creek1 ,virg9ia1 on ! "r bank ( ! l[] ,potomac ,riv]1 #d miles s\!a/ ( ,colonial ,bea*1 z se5 obliquely f a height ( #d1jjj feet at #c3cj ,p4,m41 ,augu/ #ca1 #aibj4 ,! tidal curr5ts f ! ,potomac h built hook-%ap$ b>s ne>ly across ! outlet ( ! creek1 & ! infl[+ curr5ts h built a delta f ! m\? ( ! creek up/ream4 ,x is =tunate = ^? engag$ 9 ! /udy ( %ore features & ! mapp+ ( coa/s t1 be+ flat1 %ore features are p>ticul>ly well adapt$ to repres5tation by air photographs1 = on coa/s expos$ to ! w9d & waves ! *annels1 %oals & b>s are cont9ually *ang+4 ,air photography (f]s a quick & conv5i5t means ( keep+ *>ts up to date4 ,! intricacies ( ! wat] l9e 9 "s places makes accurate *>t+ by ! ord9>y survey me?ods a sl[1 labori\s process4 ,:5 bluffs or relatively /eep slopes1 l ^? ( ,york ,riv]1 ,virg9ia1 ne> ,gl\ce/] ,po9t1 %[n 9 ,figure #fj1 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4 7,= explanation1 see next page47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff--;,a d\ble tidal delta at ,b>negat ,inlet1 ,new ,j]sey1 z photograph$ f a height ( #aj1jjj feet4 ,to ! ea/ 7"r7 ! break+ waves & %ad[y dep?s indicate ! position ( %oals4 ,we/ ( ! surf belt are ! light-color$ bea* s&1 %ad+ (f f ! conspicu\s hook at ! s\!rn end ( ,isl& ,bea* into und]wat] %oals & b>s1 & old] surfaces made d>k-color$ by ! gr[? ( plants4 ,s\? ( ! hook are ! inlet lead+ into ,b>negat ,bay & ! nor!rn end ( ,long ,bea*1 at ! po9t ( :i* /&s a ligh?\se ^: long %ad[ is to be se5 across ! bea* s&4 ,! mottl$ appe>ance ( ! bay to ! left is due to %oals slightly subm]g$ or p]haps expos$ at l[ tide1 :]e d>k-color$ dra9age l9es appe>1 & %ad+ (f to deep] wat]1 :]e ! subm]g$ l& =ms h a %ad[y appe>ance4 ,! di/ribution ( ! %oals indicates t ?is is a d\ble tidal delta1 an infac+ "p we/ ( ! inlet & an ocean-fac+ "p to ! "r4 ,scale1 ab\t #a3ag1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg ,,fig4 #fg--;,a tidal inlet ?r\gh ! b>ri] bea* s\? ( ,bea* ,hav51 ,n4 ,j41 connect+ ! ,atlantic ,ocean to ! "r 7ea/7 ) ,little ,egg ,h>bor to ! left4 ,! bea* s& s\? ( ! inlet is little above wat] level & is frequ5tly wa%$ by waves1 :i* %ift ! s& & produce ! cl\d$ appe>ance ( ! s&y surface4 ,! light-color$ ragg$ belt at ! "r is surf2 ! cont9u\s n>r[ belt1 bea* s&2 ! cl\d$ areas1 rec5tly wa%$ wet or slightly subm]g$ s&4 7,! ord9>y tidal v>iation "h is #d4b feet47 ,?is inlet does n appe> on ! #aiad edition ( ,u4 ,s4 ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey ,*>t #abaf1 & s& hooks _h little m ?an begun to =m !n4 ,scale1 ab\t #a3ad1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4 7,= explanation see bottom ( next page47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh--;,bea* betwe5 ,brigant9e & ,little ,egg ,inlets1 ,new ,j]sey1 %[+ a v>iety ( features *>act]i/ic ( a wave-built s& b>ri]4 ,! upp] 7nor!rn7 "p ( ! illu/ration %[s sev]al places :]e waves h brok5 ov] ! s& b>ri] & wa%$ ! s& we/w>d1 :]e x 0 r$eposit$ at ! left 9 ! quiet1 protect$ wat]4 ,f>!r s\? are old] wa%-ov]s1 :]e ! enclos$ bay is ne>ly fill$ ) s&4 ,at ! left are num]\s isl&s1 /reams1 & flats *>act]i/ic ( ! salt m>%es we/ ( ! b>ri] bea* along ! ,new ,j]sey coa/4 ,scale1 ab\t #a3g1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi--;,a simple spit3 ,l[] ,c$> ,po9t1 ,m>yl&1 on ! left bank ( ! l[] ,potomac ,riv]1 #f miles nor? ( ,colonial ,bea*1 ,va41 z se5 obliquely d[nw>d f a height ( #d1jjj feet4 ,! :ite l9e on ei!r side ( ! po9t is s& at ! foot ( bluffs4 ,h\ses & fields are se5 at ! left4 occur along ! %ore1 ! wat] l9e v>ies little f ye> to ye>4 ,b on v l[ l&s1 l ^? along ,*esapeake ,bay s\? ( ! m\? ( ,york ,riv]1 %[n 9 ,figure #ei1 ! /r& may migrate ov] a broad belt betwe5 high & l[ tide4 ,= ?is reason x is desirable t photographs ( areas affect$ by ! tide be accompani$ by a record ( ! date & "t ( day at :i* ! exposure 0 made1 9 ord] t ! height ( ! tide at ! "t ( exposure c be comput$4 ,z ! %ore on ! ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey *>ts d5otes ! wat] l9e at high tide1 a photograph tak5 at l[ tide might be int]pret$ z indicat+ an error on ! *>t4 ,:]e ! wat] migrates ov] su* a broad belt ( s& or mud1 ! problems ( *>t+ become v tr\blesome4 ,photographs ( su* areas c\ld be tak5 at bo? l[ & high tide1 & f ^! ! belt ( daily flood+ c\ld be *>t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj--;,a hook1 or recurv$ spit1 s\? ( ,brigant9e ,inlet1 ,new ,j]sey1 z photograph$ f a height ( #aj1jjj feet1 %[+ ! /rong curv+ up/ream *>act]i/ic ( spits on ?is ocean-fac+ coa/4 ,! gr[+ end ( ! spit1 resembl+ a lily bud1 %[s an und]wat] ext5sion beyond ! light-color$ bea* s&4 ,to be not$ is ! fill+ 9 ( ! lagoon beh9d ! reef & its pools & dra9age l9es4 ,?is figure is practically a s\!rn cont9uation ( ,fig4 #fh4 ,scale1 ab\t #a3i4jjj4 ,,exp]im5ts ,,by ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 ,,fr5*1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,coa/ ,,surveys ,! use ( photographs 9 *>t+ ! coa/ l9e 0 te/$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey4#aa ,a flight 0 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga--;,a hook1 or recurv$ spit1 %[+ int]f]5ce ) natural gr[?3 ,! nor!rn end ( ,ocean ,city4 ,n4 ,j41 z photograph$ f a height ( #aj1jjj feet4 ,at ! "r 7ea/7 appe>s ! curv$ body ( s&1 light-color$ :]e dri$1 d>k]-color$ :]e ba!d by ! waves & fr+$ by surf4 ,to ! left c]ta9 8improvem5ts0 seem to h int]f]$ ) ! natural gr[? ( ! spit1 & a small bay ( %all[ wat] has be5 enclos$ by ! =mation ( a bay-m\? b> across ! outlet to ! nor?4 ,scale1 ab\t #a3ad1jjj4 made ov] ! coa/ ( ,new ,j]sey by ,capta9 ,a4 ,w4 ,/ev5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army ,air ,s]vice1 ,m>* #bj1 #aibj1 9 a plane equipp$ ) a ,k-#a cam]a ( #aj-;in* focal l5g?1 :i* makes negatives #ah by #bd c5timet]s 9 size4 ,dur+ ! flight ! cam]a 0 ma9ta9$ at an altitude ( ab\t #aj1jjj feet4 ,! c\rse 0 cov]$ by #ahc exposures made at su* int]vals ( "t t ! pr9ts ov]lap4 ,un=tunately ! exposures 7 n suffici5t to give all ! details desir$ = m>% & wat] areas1 b pr9ts 7 made on develop+ pap] suitable = %[+ extreme contra/4 ,^! 7 mat*$ toge!r & a cont9u\s picture obta9$4 ,a "p ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb--,new ,po9t ,com=t1 a complex recurv$ spit at ! tip ( ! p59sula enclos$ by ! ,york & ,rappahannock ,riv]s1 ,virg9ia4 ,a v]tical view tak5 f an altitude ( ab\t #aj1jjj feet1 %[+ 9 ord] f "r to left 7ea/ to we/73 ! wavy surface ( ,*esapeake ,bay2 a light-color$ b& ( bea* s& curv+ we/w>d 9 a comp\nd hook made d>k-color$ 9 "s places by trees & bru%2 a %all[ bay we/ ( ! bea* 9 :i* may be se5 %oals1 *annels1 & s& b>s "u wat]2 & l[-ly+ areas %[+ woodl& & cultivat$ fields4 ,! photograph 0 tak5 at a "t ( day :5 reflect$ light f ! p>tly enclos$ body ( wat] 0 disp]s$1 all[+ ! subm]g$ =ms to appe>4 ,scale1 ab\t #a3ab1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc--,l9es ( gr[? 9 a s& spit3 ,tuck] ,bea*1 ,new ,j]sey1 z photograph$ f a height ( #aj1jjj feet1 %[+ ! gr[? s\?w>d by successive ridges1 :i* probably began z s& b>s1 grew to be b>ri]s by wave action1 7 height5$ by w9d-bl[n s&1 & f9ally 7 add$ to ! ma9 body ( ! spit by ! f9al fill+ ( ! enclos$ lagoons4 ,to ! "r 7ea/7 is ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 %[+ waves & surf ne> ! light-color$ bea* s&4 ,f>!r to ! left are ! ridges ( s& made d>k-color$ by vegetation1 bord]$ by light-color$ bea* s& on ,little ,egg ,inlet1 :i* appe>s to ! s\? & we/4 ,scale1 ab\t #a3ad1jjj4 ( ?is picture1 greatly r$uc$1 is reproduc$ z ,figure #bb4 ,sev]al *>act]i/ic %ore & salt m>% features are illu/rat$ by ?is s]ies ( photographs1 & ^! are reproduc$ 9 sep>ate figures toge!r ) illu/rations ( special features 9 o!r places4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd--;,an isl& develop+ t[>d ! /age ( be+ ti$ to ! ma9l& by a d\ble tombolo1 or connect+ b>3 ,napatree ,po9t1 z photograph$ f a height ( ab\t #aj1jjj feet1 connect$ to ! ea/ by ,napatree ,bea* ) ! ma9l& at ,wat* ,hill1 ,r4 ,i41 & approa*+ connection to ! nor? ) ! ma9l& ne> ,/on+ton1 ,conn4 ,on ! out] side ( ! tombolos und]wat] %oals & b>s are se5 dimly at ! "r 7s\?1 ,block ,isl& ,s\nd side7 & m cle>ly at ! left 7we/1 ,fi%]s ,isl& ,s\nd71 :]e ! boat l&+ is situat$ at ! edge ( a subm]g$ %elf4 ,! surf appe>s z a ?9 :ite l9e1 ! bea* s& z a n>r[ light-color$ belt1 & ! high] l& z d>k-color$ areas on :i* h\ses & o!r /ructures /&4 ,scale1 ab\t #a3bd1jjj4 ,! ma9 features illu/rat$ 9 detail1 all ( :i* are cont9ually liable to *ange1 mak+ ! keep+ ( a map ( ! area at all up to date impossible by ord9>y means1 are z foll[s3 coa/ ( l[-ly+ ma9l& 7,fig4 #fj72 mud or peat-cov]$ bea* 7,fig4 #ei72 s&y bea* 7,fig4 #fc72 b>ri] bea* 7,fig4 #fg72 bea* cusps 7,figs4 #fa & #fb72 recurv$ spits or s& hooks 7,fig4 #gj & o!rs72 comp\nd hook 7,fig4 #gb72 l9es ( gr[? 9 ! developm5t ( hooks 7,figs4 #gc72 tombolos & ti$ isl&s 7,figs4 #fj & #gd74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge--,oblique view ( ! m\? ( ,p[ells ,creek1 ,virg9ia1 on ! "r bank ( ! l[] ,potomac ,riv]1 #e miles we/ ( ! ,naval ,prov+ ,gr\nds at ,indian ,head1 %[+ at ! left ! inn] *annel w9d+ ?r\gh ! slightly subm]g$ %oals & fad+ out t[>d ! "r :]e ! *annel crosses ! subm]g$ t]race ( ! ,potomac4 ,ano!r exp]im5t 0 made by ! ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey (f ! coa/ ( ,florida1 :]e ! wat] is cle>1 9 an attempt to photograph 8! small coral heads & p9nacle rocks0 :i* may be disa/r\s to boats4 ,! report /ates t ! results 7 unsatisfactory & concludes t airplane pictures are useful 9 8a]ial photo-topography0 b n 9 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf--;,*annels1 %oals1 & t]races 9 a dr[n$ riv] valley3 ,rob]ts ,creek1 #i miles s\!a/ ( ,yorkt[n1 ,va41 an e/u>y tribut>y to ,*esapeake ,bay4 ,"u ! wat] 9 ! dr[n$ valley is se5 ! *annel1 8braid$0 9 "s places1 & ext5d+ out ?r\gh s& b>s to ! deep wat] ( ,poquoson ,riv] %[n at ! top 7nor?7 ( ! illu/ration4 ,at ! left ! d>k-color$ =e/ area is fr+$ ) a n>r[ /rip ( :ite bea* s&1 !n ) a belt ( %all[ wat] at ! out] edge ( :i* ! waves =m an irregul> :ite l9e1 & beyond ?is ) a belt :i* repres5ts a subm]g$ t]race4 ,scale1 ab\t #a3ad1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg--,! und]wat] *annel 9 ,quantico ,bay4 ,quantico ,creek is a tribut>y ( ! ,potomac ,riv] ent]+ f ! ,virg9ia side1 ab\t #bh miles d[n/ream f ,wa%+ton4 ,! 8,bay0 is ! wid5$ "p ( ! /ream at its entrance into ! ,potomac1 :i* is ent]$ by ! tide4 ,=e/$ l& appe>s at ! "r & left1 ) light-color$ fields at ! left4 ,! space betwe5 ! wood$ areas is occupi$ by %all[ wat]1 b5ea? :i* appe>s ! relatively deep *annel1 :i* =ks aft] ! mann] ( /reams4 ,! bran*+ *annel is :olly "u wat] & diff]s 9 "s respects f ! *annel ( a normal /ream4 ,among ! m obvi\s peculi>ities is ! 8fann+ out10 ( ! headwat]s4 ,photograph tak5 f a height ( ab\t #ah1jjj feet4 ,scale1 ab\t #a3ba1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh--,natural *annels & %oals ne> ,miami1 ,fla43 an oblique view ea/w>d to ! ocean across ,be>'s ,cut1 :i* is situat$ betwe5 ,biscayne ,key & ,virg9ia ,key4 ,because ( ! great] dep? ( wat]1 ! *annels ) a maximum dep? ( #ag feet appe> d>k] ?an ! %oals4 ,! photograph 0 tak5 at a height ( #c1jjj feet1 ,april #bj1 #aiah4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi--;,a dr$g$ *annel at ,miami1 ,fla43 an oblique photograph %[+ "p ( ! city1 ! boat l&+1 ! s&y bea*1 & ! %all[ wat]1 ?r\gh :i* a /raight %ip *annel has be5 cut1 :i* appe>s d>k-color$ 9 ! illu/ration because ( ! great] dep? ( wat]4 ,! photograph 0 tak5 ,april #bb1 #aiah1 f #ba height ( #c1jjj feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj--;,a %oal 9 ,h]e=d ,inlet nor? ( ,wildwood1 ,n4 ,j41 z se5 f a height ( #aj1jjj feet4 ,! break+ waves indicate t ! %oal is only slightly subm]g$4 7,tidal v>iation is "h ab\t #d feet47 ,! s& spit nor? ( ! %oal1 ! s\? end ( ,sev5mile ,bea*1 l o!r spits ( ! ,new ,j]sey coa/1 is build+ s\?w>d & may 9 "t annex ! %oal4 ,scale1 ab\t #a3ac1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha--,s& b>s at ,cape ,*>les1 ,va4 ,s\? ( ! t[n at ! "r is ! h>bor1 into :i* a tug-boat is t[+ a b>ge4 ,we/ ( ! t[n 7left7 is a belt ( light-color$ bea* s& & s& b>s end+ at ! s\? aga9/ ! breakwat]1 nor? ( ! h>bor4 ,! s& b>s appe> some:at dim because !y 7 photograph$ ?r\gh wat]4 ,!y are "u wat] #a to #f feet deep at l[ tide1 or #d to #i feet at high tide4 ,scale1 ab\t #a3f1jjj4 8a]ial photo-hydrography40#ab ,on ! o!r h&1 ,volmat reports ! successful use ( air photography = simil> purposes on ! ,fr5* coa/1 :]e photographs ( objects d[n to a dep? ( #ag met]s 7ab\t #ef feet7 7 f\nd useful 9 sev]al ways--among o!rs1 ! discov]y ( po9ts ( rock :i* _h ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb--;,b>s1 *annels1 bea*es1 & m>% ne> ,f> ,rockaway1 ,long ,isl&1 ,n4 ,y41 z photograph$ f a height ( #g1jjj feet at #aa ,a4,m41 ,septemb] #ae1 #aibj4 ,9 ord] f ! bottom ( ! picture upw>d are3 ,ea/ ,rockaway ,inlet ) a %oal to ! left & ! s& hook at ! end ( ,long ,bea* to ! "r ( x2 ! bea* s\? ( ,f> ,rockaway ) /reets & h\ses2 a gr\p ( boats 9 ! inlet at ! "r ( ! bea*2 an area ( salt m>% t is fill+ ! lagoon beh9d ! b>ri] bea*2 & a small section ( ! village ( ,f> ,rockaway4 ,scale1 ab\t #a3ab1jjj4 escap$ att5tion dur+ v detail$ surveys4 ,he /ates t ) prop] plates & ray filt]s ! pres5ce ( objects invisible to ! eye is reveal$ by ! cam]a4#ac ,simil> use ( air photographs has be5 made by ! ,engli% 9 *>t+ reefs1 %all[s1 & h>bors4 ,?omas says3 8,9 #aiag a]oplane photography 0 successfully us$ = *>t+ ! h>bor ( ,rahbeg on ! ,arabian coa/40#ad ,x is a well-kn[n fact t1 "u prop] conditions1 objects subm]g$ to a consid]able dep? "u cle> wat] c be se5 f po9ts high above ! surface4 ,dur+ ! w>1 subm>9es 7 detect$ & foll[$ by obs]v]s 9 airplanes1 & sunk5 vessels1 m9es1 & o!r subm]g$ objects h be5 locat$ by obs]vation f ! air4 ,illu/rations 9 ?is pap] %[ ! possibility ( us+ ?is me?od ( obs]vation1 to "s ext5t at lea/1 9 detect+ & mapp+ %oals1 *annels1 & o!r features "u wat]4 ,photographs ( *annels l ^? ( ! ,potomac ,riv] & its tribut>ies w be comm]cially z well z sci5tifically valuable4 ,! deep-wat] *annel ( ! ,potomac is well kn[n & has be5 *>t$2 b v little is kn[n ( _m ( ! small tribut>y *annels1 su* z t ( ,p[ells ,creek 7,fig4 #ge74 ,:]e ! *annels are n well kn[n1 su* a photograph c\ld be us$ to advantage 9 avoid+ ! %oals1 &1 by surveyors1 fir/ 9 exploratory "w & lat] z a g5]al guide 9 *>t+4 ,small boats ent]+ ?is *annel c\ld use ! photographs ei!r = ! orig9al location ( ! deep *annel 9 case no *>t 7 available or = detect+ *anges 9 its c\rse aft] ! *>t 0 made4 ,= un*>t$ *annels1 l ^? ( _m ( ! tribut>ies ( ! ,potomac ,riv]1 air photography furni%es a quick & accurate means ( location4 ,no am\nt ( s\nd+1 *>t+1 or description c\ld produce s accurate a m5tal picture ( a dr[n$ valley z t produc$ by ,figure #gf4 ,9 ,figures #gh & #gi1 bo? ( :i* 7 tak5 ne> ,miami1 ,florida1 is illu/rat$ ! diff]5ce 9 appe>ance betwe5 natural & artificial *annels4 ,! /raightaway c\rse & regul> outl9es ( ! dr$g$ *annel contra/ %>ply ) ! w9d+ c\rse & m]g+ outl9es ( ! natural *annel4 ,to ! /ud5t ( physiography & e>? hi/ory ! photographs furni% a means ( obs]vation ( a def9it5ess h]et(ore q un?\ght-(4 ,on !m ! actual %ape ( ! *annels1 subm]g$ t]races1 & dr[n$ l& =ms are %[n 9 detail4 ,,improvem5ts ,,"u ,,way ,,po9t ,,to ,,promis+ ,,outlook ,,= ,,airplane ,,photography ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ne$ ( c>eful rese>* to det]m9e ! conditions "u :i* ! be/ results c be obta9$4 ,! height & "t ( day = exposures ) a c]ta9 l5s1 ! emulsion & k9d ( ray filt] be/ suit$ "u c]ta9 conditions1 ! effect ( light z x ent]s & em]ges f ! wat]1 & ! effect ( pol>ization are subjects dem&+ consid]ation4 ,*ief among ! exp]im5ts n[ "u way is ! det]m9ation ( ! k9d ( emulsion & ray filt] or color scre5 t w give ! be/ results4 ,x is a demon/rat$ fact t1 ) an emulsion s5sitive to r$ light1 objects 9 ! air invisible to ! eye because ( int]v5+ haze c be photograph$ ?r\gh a r$ filt]4 ,x is possible t wat] c be p5etrat$ 9 ! same way & t filt]s ( o!r colors w prove advantage\s4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! air photograph is only 9 its infancy--b an infancy full ( promise4 ,z a means ( secur+ new & advantage\s views ( subjects ( int]e/1 x is n only ent]ta9+ b sci5tifically & comm]cially valuable4 ,z an aid 9 mapp+ x c1 ev5 9 its pres5t /age ( developm5t1 s]ve an important purpose by supply+ accurate k ( o!rwise inaccessible regions1 by furni%+ details t are valuable b exp5sive to obta91 & by p]mitt+ ! frequ5t & inexp5sive revision ( exi/+ maps4 ,,index ,accuracy1 #a1 #gd ,ackn[l$gm5ts1 viii1 xi ,a]ial photo-hydrography1 #ii ,a]ial photo-topography1 #ic ,air photographs1 h[ to read1 #d2 improvem5ts "u way1 #ajb2 oblique & v]tical1 #a2 value 9 coa/ *>t+1 #ic1 #ii1 #aja ,air photography1 application1 ix2 developm5t1 ix2 elem5ts to be record$1 #b2 outlook1 #ajb ,air ,s]vices1 co-op]ation1 xi ,aircraft1 x ,airplane photography4 ,see ,air photography ,aliso ,creek1 ,cali=nia1 #fh ,amunds51 ,roald1 #ga ,anaco/ia flats1 ,d4 ,c41 #ab ,anaco/ia ,riv]1 #ac1 #bb 7ill472 l& along1 mosaic photograph1 opp4 #cb 7,fig4 #ac7 ,animal trails1 #bi1 #ci ,annapolis1 #g4 ,see also ,unit$ ,/ates ,naval ,academy ,arabian coa/1 #aja ,ar*itects1 #g1 #aa ,ar*itecture1 #aa ,arizona1 s\!rn1 #ga ,arroyos1 #fa1 #fe 7ill47 ,atlantic ,city1 ,n4 ,j41 #cb 7ill47 ,atlantic ,coa/al ,pla91 #bg2 me&]+ /reams1 #ej2 salt m>% areas1 #cb 7ill472 subm>9e l& =ms1 #de ,atlantic ,ocean1 waves & surf1 #ia 7ill47 ,back ,riv]1 ,virg9ia1 #gf ,bagley1 ,j4 ,w41 xii1 #gd ,baltimore & ,annapolis ,railroad bridge1 #i 7ill471 #aj ,b>negat ,bay1 #he ,b>negat ,inlet1 #hd 7ill471 #he ,b>ri] bea*es1 #da2 betwe5 ,brigant9e & ,little ,egg ,inlets1 ,new ,j]sey1 #hf 7ill472 cities & surr\nd+s1 #cb 7ill472 inlet =mation ?r\gh1 #ha 7ill472 ,long ,bran*1 ,n4 ,j41 #ah 7ill472 tidal inlet ?r\gh1 ,bea* ,hav51 ,n4 ,j41 #he 7ill474 ,see also ,bea*es ,bea* ,hav51 ,n4 ,j41 cusps1 #hj 7ill472 inlet =mation ?r\gh b>ri] bea*1 #ha 7ill472 tidal inlet1 #he 7ill47 ,bea*es1 bluff & bea* on %ore ( ,york ,riv]1 #gg 7ill472 cusps ne> ,bea* ,hav51 #hj 7ill472 ,f> ,rockaway1 ,long ,isl&1 #ajj 7ill472 s&y1 ) cusps--,s&y ,hook1 #gh 7ill474 ,see also ,b>ri] bea*es ,be>'s ,cut1 ,florida coa/1 #if 7ill47 ,belm>1 ,n4 ,j41 tidal delta1 #hb 7ill47 ,b5n+1 ,camp1 opp4 #bf1 opp4 #ej ,b5n+1 ,d4 ,c41 #ac1 #bb 7ill47 ,b5n+ ,road1 #ac ,b5n+ ,road ,bridge1 opp4 #bb 7ill4 & map7 ,bidwell1 ,lake1 ,cali=nia1 #fb 7ill471 #fc 7map7 ,bluffs1 #hc2 bea* & bluff on %ore ( ,york ,riv]1 #gg 7ill47 ,bo>d ( ,surveys & ,maps1 #gb ,b\nd>y disputes1 #bf2 ,texas-,oklahoma1 #ea 7ill47 ,braid$ *annels1 #ej1 #ea 7ill47 ,brigant9e ,inlet1 ,new ,j]sey1 #hf 7ill471 #hg2 recurv$ spit1 #hh 7ill47 ,bridges1 #aa2 ,baltimore & ,annapolis ,railroad1 #i 7ill471 #aj2 ,b5n+ ,road1 opp4 #bb 7ill4 & map72 ,hell ,gate1 #aa1 #ae 7ill472 ,p5nsylvania ,av5ue1 opp4 #bb 7ill4 & map7 ,bronx ,bor\gh1 ,port ,morris section1 #ae 7ill47 ,bronx ,kill1 #ae 7ill47 ,brooks1 ,a4 ,h41 #fi1 #ga ,build+s1 con/ruction records1 #aa2 pictures f a new angle1 #g ,calabasas1 ,cal41 topographic %eet1 #fe ,cam]as1 adaptation1 #b2 automatic data records1 #b2 con/ruction exp]im5ts1 #ce2 ,ea/man mapp+1 record+ symbols1 #b1 #c 7ill472 fai?fulness1 #bc1 #bf2 human eye &1 #e1 #aja2 panoramic1 xii2 /]eoscopic1 #f2 use1 x2 use 9 map-mak+1 #gb2 value 9 coa/ *>t+1 #ic1 #ii1 #aja ,cam\flage1 #e1 #f ,camp ,b5n+1 ,ga41 opp4 #bf1 opp4 #ej ,canyons1 #eg2 ,pecos ,riv]1 #gj 7ill472 ,santa ,monica ,m\nta9s1 #ff 7ill471 #fg 7map7 ,cape ,*>les1 ,virg9ia1 #dc2 s& b>s1 #ii 7ill47 ,capitol1 ,national1 frontispiece1 #g ,catawba 8,isl&10 ,ohio1 #gb1 #gc 7ill4 & map7 ,*annels1 ,f> ,rockaway1 ,long ,isl&1 #ajj 7ill472 ,miami1 ,fla1 #if 7ill471 #ig 7ill471 #ajb2 ,potomac ,riv]1 tribut>y1 #aja2 und]wat]1 #ic 7ill471 #id4 7ill471 #ie 7ill47 ,*anute1 ,octave1 ix ,*>t+1 #gb2 coa/1 #hc1 #hh ,*attahoo*ee ,riv]1 opp4 #ej 7ill4 & map7 ,*]ry ,po9t1 ,virg9ia1 #df 7ill471 #dg 7map7 ,*esapeake ,bay1 xi2 ,lambs ,creek on1 #dh 7ill472 l[ l&s along1 #hg2 m>%l&s difficult to *>t1 #gf 7ill472 wavy surface1 #ij 7ill474 ,c9d] ,cone1 ,cali=nia1 #eg1 #fb 7ill471 #fc 7map72 top1 #fd 7ill47 ,city geography1 #ag 7ill471 opp4 #bf1 #ed 7ill471 opp4 #gd1 #gi ,city plann]s1 #a1 #aa ,city plann+1 #ab 7ill472 ,columbus1 ,ga41 opp4 #bf 7ill4 & map7 ,cl\ds ,re/1 ,cali=nia1 #fj 7ill47 ,coa/ ,*>t+1 #hc1 #hh ,coa/ surveys1 exp]im5ts 9 mapp+ 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,france1 etc41 #hh ,coa/al mud flats4 ,see ,mud flats ,colonial ,bea*1 ,va41 #hc1 #hg ,color scre51 #ajb ,columbus1 ,ga41 opp4 #bf 7ill4 & map72 me&]s ne>1 #ej1 opp4 #ej 7ill4 & map7 ,columbus1 ,ga4-,ala41 topographic %eet1 opp4 #ej ,con/ruction records1 #aa ,controls1 #gd ,coral isl&s1 #ic ,corona1 ,cal41 topographic %eet1 #fh ,corsons ,inlet1 ,new ,j]sey1 #bh 7ill47 ,c\saic ,m>%1 ,virg9ia1 #cd 7ill471 #ce 7map72 details1 #ca 7ill47 ,crat]s1 #bg1 #eg2 ,c9d] ,cone1 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