,! ,geology ( ,,mt4 ,,mansfield ,,/ate ,,=e/ ,by ,,rob]t ,a4 ,,*ri/man ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,=e/ ,,& ,,p>ks ,p]ry ,h4 ,m]rill1 ,director ,,v]mont ,,developm5t ,,commission ,,v]mont ,,geological ,,survey ,*>les ,g4 ,doll1 ,/ate ,geologi/ #aief ,illu/ration3 ,cov] photo3 ,smuggl]s ,not* look+ nor!a/ f ! top ( ,m\nt ,mansfield4 ,,geology ,,( ,,m\nt ,,mansfield ,,/ate ,,=e/ ,by ,,rob]t ,a4 ,,*ri/man ,,introduction ,includ$ )9 ,m\nt ,mansfield ,/ate ,=e/ are ,m\nt ,mansfield1 ,smuggl]s ,not* & a numb] ( ! m\nta9s ( ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9 range to ! nor!a/ & s\?we/ ( ^! fam\s l&m>ks4 ,because mu* ( ! area is easily accessible by trails1 ski lifts1 & roads 7see ! index map ( ,figure #a71 ! visitor has ample opportunity to obs]ve ! m9]als1 rocks1 & m\nta9s4 ,und\bt$ly1 ^! obs]vations h provok$ que/ions :i*1 = lack ( suffici5t in=mation1 h gone unansw]$ 9 ! m9d ( ! obs]v]4 ,9 ! hopes ( rem$y+ ?is situation--a v griev\s situation 9 ! eyes ( a geologi/--?is brief geologic pamphlet has be5 writt5 to help ! visitor to ! ,/ate ,=e/ obta9 a great] appreciation ( ! h&iwork ( nature4 ,to beg9 )1 geology c be def9$ z ! /udy ( ! hi/ory ( ! e>? z record$ 9 ! rocks4 ,x includes ! /udy ( m9]als1 rocks1 fossils1 ! /ructure ( ! rocks1 & ! =ms ( ! l&4 ,al?\gh only a few h be5 =tunate en\gh to *oose ?is subject z a pr(ession1 ! field is wide op5 = amateurs4 ,?is report is divid$ into f\r sections4 ,! fir/ describes ! rocks2 ! second deals ) ! detail$ /ructure ( ! rocks & ! m\nta9s2 ! ?ird treats ! glacial hi/ory ( ! area2 & ! f\r? "p describes ! geology t may be se5 at v>i\s localities )9 ! p>k4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,rocks ,introduction ,) a few exceptions1 ! rock f\nd 9 ,m\nt ,mansfield ,/ate ,=e/ is a mica-albite-qu>tz s*i/4 ,?is "n indicates t x is a metamorphic rock#a ( a p>ticul> composition & texture z describ$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs4 ,! s*i/ =ms ! cliffs at ,smuggl]s ,not* & ! b>e-rock faces expos$ along ! cre/s ( ! m\nta9s & else:]e4 ,x v>ies slightly 9 appe>ance because ( v>iation 9 ! proportions ( ! diff]5t m9]al con/itu5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4 ,index mapp+ %[+ location ( ,m\nt ,mansfield ,/ate ,=e/4 ,orig9 ( ! s*i/ ,an und]/&+ ( ! orig9 ( ! s*i/ is fundam5tal to und]/&+ ! geology ( ! ,m\nt ,mansfield area4 ,_m million ye>s be=e ! =mation ( ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9s1 nor?we/]n ,v]mont 0 cov]$ by a %all[ sea into :i* f9e-gra9$ s$im5ts 7 transport$ by ! anci5t riv]s4 ,z ^! s&y & %aly deposits accumulat$ on ! bottom ( ! sea1 !y 7 buri$ by progressively y\ng] s$im5ts ( diff]5t types4 ,_m ( ^! s$im5t>y lay]s conta9$ %ells ( ! animals t liv$ & di$ 9 ^! seas1 ) ! %ell rema9s ( ! old] g5]ations occurr+ 9 ! bottom lay]s4 ,by ! "t ! sea _h retreat$1 ! old] s$im5ts 7 deeply buri$ b5ea? ! y\ng] s$im5ts4 ,dur+ a p]iod ( m\nta9-mak+1 ^! mat]ials 7 subject$ to high pressures & high temp]atures4 ,physical-*emical *anges took place )9 ! s$im5ts caus+ recry/allization to =m ! mica-albite-qu>tz s*i/4 ,9 o!r words1 "u conditions ( heat & pressure ! rocks became pla/ic & ! elem5ts :i* 7 disp]s$ ?r\gh ! s$im5ts z s& & clay m9]als reorganiz$ into diff]5t & l>g] m9]al gra9s4 ,x is probable t "s mat]ial 0 add$ to ! rocks & "s 0 remov$ by hot solutions migrat+ ?r\gh ! rocks4 ,! ov]ly+ y\ng] s$im5ts 7 also conv]t$ to metamorphic rocks4 ,because ! cry/allization ( ! m9]als occurr$ "u ! influ5ce ( pressure1 platy m9]als develop$ ) _! long dim5sions at "r angles to ! pressure4 ,?us1 ! result+ rock develop$ a lay]$ appe>ance by ! p>allel arrangem5t ( ! m9]als4 ,:]e ?is lay]+ or b&+1 :i* is call$ foliation1 is co>se1 ! metamorphic rock is a gneiss2 :]e x is f9e b pron\nc$1 ! rock is call$ a s*i/4 ,if ! orig9al rock 0 a lime/one or s&/one1 ! metamorphic product is m>ble or qu>tzite1 respectively4 ,9 ! process (1 or foll[+ ! =mation ( ! s*i/s1 ! rocks 7 crumpl$ & fold$ by cont9u$ pressure4 ,dur+ ! #chj million ye>s foll[+ ! metamorphism & fold+1 ?is area has be5 above sea level & has be5 subject$ to erosion4 ,at v>i\s times ! area 0 uplift$ v]tically :i* result$ 9 cont9u$ erosion ( progressively old] rocks until ! pres5t day :5 ! ov]ly+ rocks h be5 remov$ to expose ! mica-albite-qu>tz s*i/4 ,age ( ! mica-albite-qu>tz s*i/ ,"s read]s may wond] h[ ! age ( metamorphism c be /at$ s specifically--#chj million ye>s seems l a long p]iod to be det]m9$ beyond a guess4 ,su* a det]m9ation is bas$ on a numb] ( diff]5t factors4 ,s$im5t>y rocks c be plac$ 9 _! g5]al age sequ5ce by _! physical relation%ips--! rocks deposit$ on top mu/ be ! y\nge/4 ,a /udy ( ! fossils ( successive lay]s %[s t !y occur 9 a def9ite sequ5ce ) ! simpl] =ms 9 ! olde/ lay]s & g5]ally ! m complex ones 9 ! y\nge/ lay]s4 ,on ! basis ( ! fossil evid5ce & ! physical relations1 ! geologic sequ5ce ( ! lay]s c be e/abli%$ = any giv5 area & _! relative age c ?us be indicat$ on ! geologic "t scale4 ,usually su* sequ5ces are e/abli%$ = r l>ge areas z1 = example1 nor!rn ,v]mont or ea/]n ,new ,york ,/ate4 ,9 addition1 actual age det]m9ations c be made = "s rocks4 ,_m igne\s rocks conta9 traces ( uranium :i* has be5 decompos+ at a kn[n rate s9ce its =mation4 ,by comp>+ ! remnants ( uranium ) ! decomposition products1 "o c assign an approximate age 9 t]ms ( ye>s to ! igne\s rock4 ,by obs]v+ ! relation%ip betwe5 ! dat$ igne\s rock & any s$im5t>y rocks 9 contact ) x to det]m9e _! relative ages1 x may be possible to assign an approximate age to ! s$im5t>y rock & ! fossils conta9$ )9 x4 ,! g5]al age ( ! orig9al con/itu5ts ( ! mica-albite-qu>tz s*i/ ( ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9s c be det]m9$ only by comp>ison to o!r rocks t c be dat$4 ,any fossils pres5t orig9ally 7 de/roy$ dur+ metamorphism4 ,igne\s rocks conta9+ uranium d n occur ) ! s*i/4 ,h[ev]1 else:]e 9 ,v]mont1 "o c det]m9e t ! s*i/ lies b5ea? rocks conta9+ fossils ( ,ordovician age & lies above pre-,cambrian rocks kn[n to be m ?an #ejj million ye>s old4 ,! ,cambrian & ,ordovician p]iods on ! geologic "t scale are ! olde/ p]iods conta9+ abundant fossils4 ,! p]iod ( ! metamorphism is bas$ on evid5ce at o!r localities :]e unfold$ rocks ( kn[n age lie ov] fold$ rocks4 ,on ! geologic "t scale ! mica-albite-qu>tz s*i/ on ,m\nt ,mansfield is said to be ,cambro-,ordovician 9 age1 :i* may be f #chj to #ejj million ye>s ago4 ,9 ord] t ! geologi/ c talk ab\t ! sequ5ces ( rocks1 lay]s hav+ a simil> age & appe>ance are assign$ a =mation "n4 ,! s*i/s on ,m\nt ,mansfield closely resemble s*i/s 9 s\!rn ,v]mont :i* belong to ! ,p9ney ,holl[ =mation4 ,h[ev]1 because !y c n be trac$ directly1 x is possible t ! two sequ5ces are n exactly equival5t4 ,= ?is reason "s geologi/s assign ! rocks 9 ?is area to ! ,camels ,hump =mation :i* has be5 nam$ aft] _! abundant occurr5ce on ,camels ,hump ,m\nta91 s\? ( ! ,m\nt ,mansfield ,/ate ,=e/4 ,al?\gh x w\ld be geologically correct to use ^! =mational names1 !y w be omitt$ 9 favor ( cont9u$ use ( ! "n 8mica-albite-qu>tz s*i/40 ,! =mation :i* lies ov] ! mica-albite-qu>tz s*i/ may be se5 9 ! vic9ity ( ! village ( ,/[e :]e ! rocks are ei!r a black1 %9y s*i/ or a f9e-gra9$ gre5 s*i/4 ,! =mation :i* lies "u ! mica-albite-qu>tz s*i/ is n expos$ 9 ! ,m\nt ,mansfield area4 ,description ( ! s*i/ ,z ! "n implies1 ! mica-albite-qu>tz s*i/ conta9s ! m9]als mica1 albite1 & qu>tz4 ,^! m9]al con/itu5ts are f\nd 9 all ! s*i/s 9 ! area4 ,o!r m9]als may be locally abundant or pres5t 9 small am\nts4 ,:5 ! s*i/ is exam9$ )\t a h& l5s or microscope1 mica appe>s to be ! mo/ abundant m9]al4 ,x occurs z small colorless to :ite flakes :i* sp>kle & %9e 9 ! sunlight4 ,y may recognize ?is m9]al z ! "o t is sometimes sold z artificial sn[ at ,*ri/mas "t4 ,its species "n is muscovite1 & x has a *emical composition ( ,k,al7,al,si7,o7,,oh74 ,muscovite is f\nd 9 v>i\s proportions 9 mo/ ( ! rocks 9 ! area4 ,x is a deceptive m9]al ^u :i* to make a p]c5tage e/imate because x appe>s to be m abundant ?an x actually is4 ,9 mo/ ( ! rocks x comprises less ?an #ej p] c5t ( ! m9]als4 ,biotite is ! o!r important memb] ( ! mica gr\p & is di/+ui%$ f muscovite by its black or d>k br[n color4 ,biotite occurs 9 m9or proportions 9 ! rocks ( ! area1 be+ mo/ abundant on ! we/]n slope ( ,m\nt ,mansfield4 ,l muscovite1 biotite occurs z small flakes ) smoo? flat surfaces4 ,! ori5tation ( ! mica flakes acc\nts = ! pron\nc$ lay]+ ( mo/ s*i/s4 ,all ( ! flakes are p>allel & :5 fold$ & crumpl$ !y give ! rock its /ructure4 ,:]e ! muscovite is mo/ abundant1 breakage along planes ri* 9 mica produces smoo?1 %9y surfaces :i* may give ! rock a slipp]y appe>ance4 ,! lay]s ri* 9 mica may %[ 9 a r p]fect mann] ! small-scale fold+ ( ! s*i/4 ,albite & qu>tz are also important con/itu5ts ( ! s*i/s4 ,toge!r !y are m abundant ?an mica 9 ! av]age s*i/ on ,m\nt ,mansfield b because !y are n s 8%[y0 !y are m easily ov]look$4 ,bo? m9]als are :ite & granul>4 ,qu>tz1 :i* consi/s ( silica or ,si,o1 is ! pr9cipal con/itu5t ( mo/ bea* s&s4 ,9 ! typical mica s*i/1 qu>tz is glassy 9 appe>ance & occurs z small r\nd$ or irregul> gra9s )\t plane surfaces4 ,albite is a v>iety ( plagioclase feldsp> hav+ ! composition ( ,na,al,si,o4 ,x has a :ite *alky appe>ance & occurs 9 small equidim5sional gra9s b\nd$ by flat surfaces :i* break along plane surfaces t reflect light 9 c]ta9 positions4 ,on ! we/ side ( ,m\nt ,mansfield "s ( ! rocks conta9 s mu* albite & s little mica t ! rock is granul> 9 appe>ance4 ,*lorite1 v>iety p5n9e1 is an important m9]al con/itu5t ( "s ( ! s*i/4 ,*lorite is *>act]iz$ by its gre5 color & small am\nts are responsible = giv+ a gre5i% ca/ to mu* ( ! s*i/4 ,l mica x occurs z ?9 %eets :i* reflect ! fold+ ( ! s*i/4 ,g>net & magnetite are locally abundant m9]als 9 ! s*i/4 ,g>net occurs z p9k to r$ gra9s rang+ f p9 po9t to pea size4 ,mo/ ( ! gra9s are r\nd$ al?\gh a few occur z equidim5sional cry/als :i* h twelve equally develop$ faces4 ,g>net has a semitransp>5t1 glassy appe>ance & is h>d] ?an a knife blade4 ,magnetite occurs z blui%-black metallic masses ) ab\t ! same size range z ! g>net4 ,al?\gh mo/ are r\nd$ masses1 cry/al faces are develop$ on "s4 ,p]fectly develop$ cry/als occur z octah$rons :i* is ! =m consi/+ ( eight faces1 z two f\r-sid$ pyramids ) _! bases toge!r4 ,! l>g] gra9s ( magnetite h suffici5t magnetic p[] to attract or deflect a compass ne$le4 ,! g>net & magnetite usually d n occur toge!r1 b ea* may =m localiz$ conc5trations z l5ses or lay]s 9 ! s*i/4 ,9 small] am\nts1 usually visible only ) a h& l5s or microscope1 ! s*i/ also conta9s a gre5 m9]al call$ epidote1 a :ite m9]al apatite1 & an elongat$ black m9]al call$ t\rmal9e4 ,locally1 z on ! ,nose ,dive ski run above ! ,toll ,road on ,m\nt ,mansfield1 sl5d] ne$les ( t\rmal9e are visible 9 ! s*i/4 ,:5 a piece ( rock is saw$ & gr\nd to a ?ickness ( #j4jc millimet]s1 _m ( ! m9]als t appe> opaque are f\nd to be transp>5t4 ,by _! color & _! optical prop]ties ! m9]als c be accurately id5tifi$4 ,on ! basis ( ! am\nt ( ea* pres5t ! m9]al & *emical composition ( ! rock c be det]m9$4 ,figure #b %[s ! appe>ance ( a ?9 section ( ! mica-albite-qu>tz s*i/ f ! ,=ehead ( ,m\nt ,mansfield4 ,! p>allel ori5tation ( ! m9]al gra9s is app>5t ev5 ?\gh ! photomicrograph repres5ts a v small area ( ! s*i/4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4 ,photograph tak5 ?r\gh a microscope at a ?9 section ( ! s*i/4 ,! :ite & gray gra9s are qu>tz & albite & ! d>k color$ elongate gra9s are ei!r muscovite or *lorite4 ,! magnification is ab\t "o hundr$ times normal size4 ,ev5 at ?is scale1 ! lay]+ ( ! m9]als is cle>ly visible4 ,o!r v>ieties ( ! s*i/ occur less abundantly 9 ! area4 ,^! conta9 ! same m9]als z ! mica-albite-qu>tz s*i/ b 9 diff]5t proportions4 ,if ! mica is mo/ abundant1 z x is locally on ,m\nt ,mansfield1 ! s*i/ may be smoo? or highly cr9kl$ & h a v %9y appe>ance4 ,if ! albite is mo/ abundant ! s*i/ is m uni=m & granul> 9 appe>ance & ! rocks are m massive4 ,small scale fold+ is usually abs5t4 ,su* albite s*i/s occur on ! we/ side ( ,m\nt ,mansfield1 p>ticul>ly along ! l[] "p ( ! ,maple ,ridge ,trail & 9 ! cliffs s\? ( ! ,=ehead along ! ,long ,trail4 ,if ! qu>tz is mo/ abundant1 b mica & albite are pres5t 9 consid]able quantities1 ! rock may h a granul>1 lay]$ appe>ance4 ,locally "s ( ! rocks consi/ almo/ entirely ( qu>tz & are classifi$ z qu>tzite4 ,^! rocks h a d5se1 f9e-gra9$1 sug>y appe>ance & g5]ally are gray to blui% gray 9 color4 ,!y are h>d rocks & (t5 =m m9or l$ges 9 cliff exposures or are ! resi/ant rock at ! top ( small wat]falls 9 "s ( ! creeks4 ,mo/ ( ! qu>tzite 9 ! area occurs 9 n>r[ lay]s less ?an a foot ?ick4 ,al?\gh ^! lay]s _c be trac$1 !y are mo/ abundant on ! ea/ side ( ,m\nt ,mansfield at v>i\s localities ab\t "o-?ird ( ! way up ! m\nta94 ,at places1 ve9-l masses ( glassy1 milky :ite qu>tz occur 9 ! s*i/4 ,9 ^!1 ! qu>tz is massive & )\t evid5ce ( individual gra9s & is (t5 fractur$ unev5ly4 ,! qu>tz occurs z localiz$ l5ses 9 ! s*i/1 p>ticul>ly at ! noses ( ! folds4 ,! small1 :ite b\ld]s ( qu>tz ( ?is type are conspicu\s along "s ( ! trails4 ,a special & some:at unique type ( rock occurr+ at ,/]l+ ,pond is describ$ 9 ! description ( ,spruce ,peak & ,/]l+ ,pond4 ,/ructure ( ! m\nta9 & ! rocks ,! position ( ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9s is a function ( ! /ructure ( ! rocks & _! resi/ance to erosion4 ,at ! same "t t ! mica-albite-qu>tz s*i/ 0 be+ develop$ "u conditions ( heat & pressure ! region 0 tightly fold$ by ! same =ces4 ,x is likely t ?is fold+ cont9u$ aft] ! metamorphism dur+ ! decl9+ /ages ( m\nta9-mak+4 ,?is p]iod ( m\nta9-build+ probably rais$ ! rocks to a high] level b x 0 ! lat] repeat$ uplifts & erosion ( ! ov]ly+ rocks :i* f9ally produc$ ! pres5t m\nta9 topography4 ,x is po/ulat$ t ! fold+ & crumpl+ ( ! s*i/s 7 accompani$ by a we/w>d movem5t ( l>ge masses ( rock4 ,t is1 segm5ts ( ! e>?'s cru/ are believ$ to h be5 pu%$ we/w>d by pressure f ! ea/4 ,?us1 x is believ$ by _m geologi/s t ! rock :i* n[ occurs 9 ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9s may h be5 d]iv$ 9 e>ly times f an area t5 to =ty miles to ! ea/4 ,! basic /ructure ( ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9s is an anticl9orium1 a l>ge complex fold4 ,an anticl9e is an upw>d fold 9 :i* individual rock lay]s if trac$ ?r\gh ! /ructure h a %ape simil> to t ( an ar*2 ! opposite /ructure is a syncl9e 9 :i* ! individual lay]s are %ap$ l a tr\gh or bas94 ,an anticl9orium is a l>ge anticl9e ^u :i* are sup]impos$ _m small] anticl9es & syncl9es4 ,figure #c is a diagrammatic sket* %[+ ! relation ( ! topography to ! /ructure ( ! rocks 9 ! ,m\nt ,mansfield area4 ,! /ructure ( ! rocks is reflect$ 9 ! topography ( ,m\nt ,mansfield1 b su* correspond5ce is n necess>y1 = ! =m ( any hill or m\nta9 is a function ( its erosional hi/ory & resi/ance ( ! rock to erosion4 ,9 "s fold$ areas1 ! rock 9 ! tr\gh ( a syncl9e is s resi/ant to erosion1 t x p]si/s 9 hills or m\nta9s aft] neighbor+ anticl9es h be5 m deeply erod$ to =m valleys4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4 ,diagrammatic sket* %[+ ! relation betwe5 ! topography & ! /ructure ( ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9s 9 ! ,m\nt ,mansfield area4 ,! section has be5 drawn to approximately pass ?r\gh ,! ,*91 ,smuggl]s ,not*1 ,spruce ,peak & ,/]l+ ,pond1 & look+ ,n #bj ,w4 ,,! ,,*9 ,,smuggl]s ,,not* ,,spruce ,,peak ,,/]l+ ,,pond ,! small] folds are l 8little fleas on bigg] fleas on bigg] fleas0 9 t _m little folds may be sup]impos$ on l>g] ones4 ,^! anticl9es & syncl9es range 9 amplitude f fractions ( an in* to ?\s&s ( feet4 ,_m are m9iature anticl9oria !mselves & c\ld be us$ z scale models ( ! /ructure ( ! entire m\nta9 range4 ,! small folds1 or cr5ulations1 9 ! s*i/ h wea!r$ diff]5tially s t ! m resi/ant lay]s /& out 9 relief1 emphasiz+ ! %ape ( ! folds4 ,! photograph 9 ,figure #d %[s ! small-scale fold+4 ,x w be not$ t ! anticl9al folds are asymmetrical ) ! we/ side dipp+ m /eeply ?an ! ea/ side4 ,if a comp>ison is made betwe5 ! /ructure ( ! m\nta9 & t ( an asymmetrical ar*1 to c>ry ! simile "o /ep fur!r1 x may be imag9$ t ! axis ( ! ar* may be ei!r horizontal or incl9$4 ,! *ances t x is incl9$ are mu* great] ?an ! *ance t x is exactly horizontal4 ,?us1 mo/ anticl9es or anticl9oria are incl9$ along _! axes & ! am\nt ( ! dip ( ! l9e connect+ ! po9ts along ! cre/ ( ! fold is call$ ! plunge4 ,mo/ ( ! folds 9 ! ,m\nt ,mansfield area plunge ab\t t5 degrees to ! s\?4 ,?is plunge is express$ 9 ! dip ( ! cre/s ( ! m9or folds1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! cr5ulation ( ! mica lay]s4 ,view$ at a di/ance ! trace ( ! fold-cre/s =m a s]ies ( p>allel l9es on ! smoo? mica-ri* surfaces4 ,?is type ( /ructure is call$ ! l9eation & is express$ on ! geologic map by small arr[s4 ,! dom9ant l9eation is nor?-s\?4 ,al?\gh ,figure #e is a sket* ( a small fold %[+ ! diff]5t /ructural elem5ts1 x might be tak5 z a diagrammatic sket* ( ! regional /ructure4 ,evid5ce t ! /ructure ( ! rocks is ev5 m complex is %[n locally by ! pres5ce ( ea/-we/ l9eations4 ,! int]section ( ?is second>y l9eation ) ! dom9ant s\? l9eation produces a *eck] bo>d appe>ance on "s rock surfaces4 ,a sy/em ( ea/-we/ tr5d+ folds is trac$ by "s ( ! qu>tz l5ses4 ,! significance ( ! ea/-we/ /ructures is hypo!tical1 b !y are believ$ to h be5 mo/ly obscur$ by ! y\ng] /ructural features4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d4 ,fold+ & cr5ulations 9 ! mica-albite-qu>tz s*i/ ne> ! ,*9 on ,m\nt ,mansfield4 ,z ! photograph is look+ to ! nor?1 x may be not$ t ! folds are asymmetrical ) axial plane ( ! fold+ dipp+ ea/4 ,) ! description ( ! rocks complet$1 ! "q :i* arises next is h[ to repres5t ^! ?ree-dim5sional contortions on ! map4 ,figure #f illu/rates h[ ! attitude ( a p>ticul> lay] may be express$ 9 t]ms ( dip & /rike4 ,x is app>5t t ! dip ( ! rock lay] may v>y f #j to #ij & is measur$ z ! angle betwe5 its plane & a horizontal plane4 ,also1 x is app>5t t ! tr5d ( ! b$1 or ! /rike1 may correspond to any direction ( ! compass & c be measur$ z ! int]section ( t plane & a horizontal plane4 ,! maximum dip is always at "r angles to ! direction ( ! /rike4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e4 ,diagrammatic ?ree dim5sional sket* illu/rat+ ! relations betwe5 outcrop patt]ns ( folds on v]tical planes p]p5dicul> & p>allel to ! tr5d ( ! fold+ 7front & sides ( ! block7 & on a horizontal surface 7top ( block74 ,cut-away section ( ! block %[s ! folds & l9eation l9es on a giv5 foliation surface4 ,^! folds c be m cle>ly visualiz$ if ! upp] portion ( ! diagram is cov]$4 ,! dip & /rike are us$ to measure ! position & attitude ( ! lay]s ( ! rocks4 ,9 ! case ( ! mica-albite-qu>tz s*i/s ^! planes are call$ foliation planes4 ,if ! /ructure ( ! rock is an anticl9e1 mo/ ( ! /rikes ( ! foliation are p>allel1 b ! dips are 9 diff]5t directions on ei!r side ( ! cre/4 ,at ! cre/ ( ! fold ! foliation is horizontal if ! fold is n plung+4 ,on ,m\nt ,mansfield :]e ! plunge is ab\t t5 degrees to ! s\?1 foliation along ! cre/ /rikes ab\t ea/-we/ & dips ab\t #aj s\?4 ,away f ! cre/1 ! dip ( ! sides ( ! anticl9e beg9 to be express$ 9 ! read+s s t ! /rike directions 8sw+ back0 t[>d ! nor?-s\? direction4 ,! majority ( ! lay]s on ! ea/ side ( ! m\nta9 /rike nor!a/ & dip to ! ea/ ) ! angle ( dip increas+ away f ! cre/ ( ! anticl9orium4 ,on ! we/ side ( ! m\nta9 !y tr5d to ! nor?we/ & dip to ! we/ ) ! dips becom+ /eep] away f ! cre/4 ,9 addition to ^! v>iations 9 ! dip & /rike ov] ! anticl9al cre/1 ! small] folds give local abnormal read+s4 ,= ^! reasons _m ( ! dips & /rikes %[n on ! geologic map repres5t ! av]ages ( a numb] ( read+s1 & ^? ( ! m9or folds & cr9kles h be5 omitt$ 9 ord] to simplify ! picture4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #f4 ,?ree dim5sional diagrams %[+ v>iations 9 dip & /rike4 ,plane 9 ,a /rikes ,n #de ,w & dips #de ,,sw2 ,b /rikes nor?-s\? & dips #fj ea/2 & ! plane 9 ,c /rikes ,n #de ,e & dips #cj ,,se4 ,ano!r /ructural feature ( ! s*i/s is ! breakage ( ! rocks along def9ite plane surfaces call$ jo9ts4 ,^! usually occur 9 sy/ems =m$ by a numb] ( p>allel jo9ts4 ,! jo9ts =m$ z a result ( /ress & /ra9 op]at+ on ! rocks dur+ p]iods ( m\nta9-mak+ & v]tical uplifts4 ,in=mation z to ! nature ( ^! =ces might be obta9$ if all ! jo9ts 7 c>efully record$ & plott$ on a map4 ,on ,m\nt ,mansfield "s ( ! prom95t topographic features appe> to be controll$ by jo9ts4 ,mu* ( ! nor?-fac+ cliff on ! ,nose is controll$ by a jo9t tr5d+ ,n4 #fe ,w41 & a simil> face on ! ,l[] ,lip is controll$ by a jo9t tr5d+ ,n4 #fj ,w4 ,along ! cre/ ( ,m\nt ,mansfield a numb] ( jo9ts tr5d ab\t nor?-s\?4 ,jo9ts ( ?is sy/em 9 ! /eep cliffs on ei!r side ( ! cre/ ( ,m\nt ,mansfield h be5 sep>at$ fur!r by ! t5d5cy ( ! rocks to creep d[n slope "u ! =ce ( gravity4 ,^! jo9ts =m ! canyons or n>r[ passageways :i* are trav]s$ by "s ( ! trails4 ,on ,maple ,ridge at ab\t #ccjj foot elevation ! trail crosses a jo9t tr5d+ ,n4 #ej ,e4 :i* is conspicu\s = its f\r-foot wid? & ! ext5t & ! /raightness ( ! break4 ,a numb] ( jo9ts belong+ to ?is sy/em are f\nd along ,maple ,ridge4 ,,glacial ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,area ,introduction ,! geologic "t division previ\s to ! pres5t "o is call$ ! ,plei/oc5e or ! 8ice age40 ,dur+ ?is "t1 l>ge cont95tal glaci]s advanc$ ov] ! nor!rn "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica sev]al times4 ,! cause ( ! ice age is n kn[n ) c]ta9ty & :e!r geologic hi/ory w repeat itself is a matt] ( conjecture4 ,h[ev]1 x is e/abli%$ t ^! va/ ice %eets cov]$ ,new ,engl& & t ! la/ ice %eet melt$ back f ! ,mansfield area ab\t #ab1jjj ye>s ago4 ,if "o /&s on ! cre/ ( ,m\nt ,mansfield & looks we/w>d ov] ! ,*ampla9 ,valley1 x is difficult to visualize ?is entire valley completely fill$ ) ice ( ! cont95tal glaci]4 ,yet1 ! evid5ce %[s t ! ice %eet 0 s ?ick t x completely cov]$ ,m\nt ,mansfield at "o "t4 ,evid5ces ( glaciation ,two types ( evid5ce1 glacial /riae & erratics1 %[ t ,m\nt ,mansfield 0 ov]-ridd5 by ! cont95tal glaciation4 ,/riae are scrat*es 9 ! b$rock :i* 7 produc$ by ! %>p edges ( rocks protrud+ f ! sole ( ! mov+ glaci]4 ,^! scrat*es %[ ! direction 9 :i* ! glaci] 0 mov+ at a p>ticul> spot & ! av]age ( _m read+s gives an accurate value z to ! ov]all direction ( movem5t ( ! ice %eet4 ,on ! ,long ,trail betwe5 ! ,m\nt ,mansfield ,hotel & ! ,*9 on ,m\nt ,mansfield1 /riations may be obs]v$ at a numb] ( places4 ,"s ( ! positions :]e read+s 7 made are indicat$ on ! map by ! triangul>-po9t$ arr[s4 ,fa9t /riae may be se5 ne> ! entrance ( ! ,m\nt ,mansfield ,hotel & m conspicu\s ones are visible on ! we/ side ( ! roadb$ ( ! second>y road t int]sects ! ,toll ,road j bel[ ! ,hotel4 ,figure #g %[s a photograph tak5 at ,drift ,rock 9 :i* ! /riae are cle>ly visible4 ,! av]age tr5d ( ! /riae on ,m\nt ,mansfield is ab\t ,n4 #ej ,w4 ,! movem5t ( ! ice is presum$ to h be5 ne>ly nor?-s\? d[n ! ,*ampla9 ,valley :i* 0 deep5$ by ! erosive action ( ! ice4 ,^! facts seem to sugge/ t ! movem5t ( ice ov] ,m\nt ,mansfield 0 m>g9al & ne>ly #de to ! axis ( ! ma9 ice tongue4 ,erratics are b\ld]s mov$ & deposit$ by glaci]s4 ,(t5 ^! b\ld]s are f\nd 9 environm5ts =eign to !m4 ,on ! high p>ts ( ,m\nt ,mansfield1 a few b\ld]s o!r ?an ! mica-albite-qu>tz s*i/ are f\nd :i* h rea*$ _! pres5t position by glacial transportation4 ,a p>ticul>ly int]e/+ erratic is ,drift ,rock4 ,"o may note by ref]r+ aga9 to ,figure #g t ! glacial /riae pass b5ea? ! l>ge b\ld]s indicat+ t ! b\ld]s 7 n at _! pres5t position :5 ! /riae 7 =m$4 ,?us1 ^! b\ld]s are aptly nam$ = !y mu/ be consid]$ erratics ev5 ?\gh _! composition is ! same z ! surr\nd+ rocks4 ,z a logical speculation x is probable t !y 7 pluck$ out ( ! b$rock j a %ort di/ance to ! nor?we/ ( _! pres5t position & x is possible t ^! 7 ! v b\ld]s t =m$ ! /riae4 ,o!r evid5ce ( glaciation is ! pres5ce ( cirques :i* are ! high m\nta9 bas9s 9 :i* m\nta9 glaci]s orig9ate4 ,small m\nta9 glaci]s probably exi/$ on ,m\nt ,mansfield1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ea/ side ( ! m\nta9 :]e ! topography has ! sugge/ive =m ( cirque-l walls & bas9s4 ,melt+ ( a cont95tal glaci] causes deposition ( ! s& & gravel scoop$ up & transport$ by ! glaci]4 ,"s ( ?is mat]ial is pla/]$ b5ea? ! mov+ glaci]1 "s is simply let d[n z a blanket & t]m9al accumulations1 & "s is transport$ by /reams ( melt wat] to =m deposits 9 :i* ! s&s & gravels are some:at sort$ 9 size by ! action ( ! wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #g4 ,drift ,rock1 glacial erratics along ! ,long ,trail on ,m\nt ,mansfield4 ,note ! glacial /riae tr5d+ away f ! view] & pass+ b5ea? ! b\ld]s4 ,! blanket type ( glacial deposits probably 7 pres5t ov] mu* ( ! ,m\nt ,mansfield area at "o "t1 b h be5 remov$ f ! upp] m\nta9 slopes by erosion4 ,su* deposits are pres5t at l[] elevations b are only r>ely disc]nible because ( ! heavy vegetation & soil cov]4 ,s& & gravel deposits d]iv$ f po/-glacial /reams are locat$ 9 "s ( ! l[] valleys z1 = in/ance1 along ! highway nor? ( ,b>nes ,camp4 ,nor? ( ! old road & nor!a/ ( ! camp+ area along "o ( ! ma9 /reams on ! we/ side ( ,m\nt ,mansfield1 f9e-gra9$1 s&y lake deposits occur at an elevation ( ab\t #aijj feet4 ,! nature ( ! deposits indicates t !y 7 =m$ 9 ponds m>g9al to ! ice %eet :5 ! cont95tal glaci] occupi$ ! ,*ampla9 ,valley b did n ext5d ov] ! cre/ ( ,m\nt ,mansfield4 ,,descriptions ,,( ,,individual ,,localities ,spruce ,peak & ,/]l+ ,pond ,spruce ,peak is ! m\nta9 on ! ea/ side ( ,smuggl]s ,not*4 ,x may be rea*$ by sev]al trails or ! ski lift4 ,an excell5t view ( ,smuggl]s ,not* & ! surr\nd+ c\ntry is obta9$ f ! summit4 ,ne> ! summit along ! access road to ! ski lift1 unwea!r$ mica-albite-qu>tz s*i/ is expos$ & ! fold+ c be cle>ly se54 ,/]l+ ,pond lies to ! nor!a/ ( ,spruce ,peak 9 a %all[ depression along ! divide ( ! m\nta94 ,?is location is anomal\s = a pond because ! am\nt ( high] l& ar\nd x is s small t only a limit$ am\nt ( dra9age area is available = ! accumulation ( ra9 & sn[4 ,yet1 ! outfl[ ( wat] is almo/ cont9u\s dur+ ! summ]4 ,! bas9 occupi$ by ! pond 0 probably sc\r$ out by ! glaci]4 ,! ,/]l+ ,pond area conta9s talc deposits :i* probably w\ld be comm]cial if !y 7 n s inaccessible = m9+4 ,^! deposits h be5 /udi$ by ,a4 ,h4 ,*ide/] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey & a report is obta9able f ! ,u4 ,s4 ,gov]nm5t4 ,! occurr5ce ( ! talc1 z mapp$ by ,*ide/]1 is %[n 9 ! sket* ( ,figure #h4 ,talc has ! composition ( ,mg,si,o7,,oh7 & is a s(t flaky :ite m9]al4 ,! talc-be>+ rocks 9 ?is area are :ite1 light gray1 or light gre5 & usually are irregul>ly /a9$ yell[-br[n by ! wea!r+ ( an iron-be>+ m9]al t occurs ) ! talc4 ,because ( its extremely s(t nature1 ! talc does n =m prom95t rock exposures4 ,z %[n by ! figure1 ! talc c be mo/ easily obs]v$ along ! %ore ( ,/]l+ ,pond1 s\? ( ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9 ,club cab91 or along ! trail to ,smuggl]s ,not* ne> ! top ( ! fir/ rise f ! pond4 ,"h ! talc is expos$ 9 ! trail z l[1 r\nd$1 slipp]y knobs ( 8messy look+0 yell[-br[n rock4 ,z "p ( ! pond is und]la9 by talc1 x is probable t ! s(tness ( ! talc 0 a factor 9 ! diff]5tial erosion ( ! bas9 by ! cont95tal glaci]4 ,! talc is believ$ to h orig9at$ by ! alt]ation ( a body ( ultramafic igne\s rock1 :i* is *>act]iz$ by hav+ a l[ silica cont5t & a high magnesium cont5t4 ,sometime dur+ ! m\nta9-build+ p]iod1 ! ultramafic igne\s rock invad$ ! pre-exi/+ rocks f an unkn[n s\rce )9 ! e>?'s cru/4 ,x is believ$ t at a lat] date ! orig9al m9]als 9 ! igne\s rock 7 alt]$ to talc & o!r m9]als by ! action ( hot asc5d+ solutions compos$ pr9cipally ( wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #h4 ,sket*map %[+ ! location ( ! talc-be>+ rocks at ,/]l+ ,pond4 ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,/]l+ ,,pond ,,area ,,=e/ ,,b\nd>y ,gre5 ,m\nta9 ,club cab9 ,,/]l+ ,,pond ,to ,smuggl]s ,not* ,,explanation ,talc-be>+ rock ,solid areas are positions ( exposures ,po/ulat$ b\nd>y ( talc body b5ea? pond ,trail ,to ,spruce ,peak ,f report by ,a4 ,h4 ,*ide/] ,! ,long ,trail passes by ,/]l+ ,pond1 :]e ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9 ,club has erect$ a small cab9 ov]look+ ! pond4 ,figure #i is ! picturesque view ( ,m\nt ,mansfield tak5 f ! cab94 ,smuggl]s ,not* ,all ( ! rocks expos$ at ,smuggl]s ,not* 7,figure #aj7 are ! mica-albite-qu>tz s*i/ :i* locally conta9s g>net4 ,! l>ge rock b\ld]s 9 ! ,not* 7 d]iv$ f ! cliffs =m+ ! walls ( ! ,not*4 ,! gradual processes ( wea!r+ & break+ up by freez+ cause l>ge slabs ( ! rock to become loose & ev5tually break (f ! cliff faces to c>e5 d[n ! m\nta9side to ! valley bel[1 j z ,k+ ,rock did )9 hi/orical "t4 ,at ! nor? end ( ! ,not*1 ! l>ge accumulations ( su* b\ld]s =m a talus slope1 ! "n = rock accumulations at ! base ( a cliff4 ,! irregul> /ack+ ( ^! rocks h =m$ ,smuggl]s ,cave4 ,small] op5+s ext5d fur!r back "u ! 8rock pile0 to :]e ! gr\nd is consid]ably cold] & :]e ! heavi] cold air has sunk4 ,drafts ( ?is air escap+ at ! foot ( ! talus is noticeably cool4 ,! ,smuggl]'s ,face1 ,elephants ,head1 ! ,s++ ,bird1 & ! ,hunt] & ,8 ,dog are freaks ( nature & a product ( man's imag9ation4 ,_! exi/5ce is due to ! haphaz>d nature 9 :i* ! rocks on ! cliff faces h brok5 along jo9t surfaces4 ,! orig9 ( ! ,not* is n completely kn[n4 ,! /eep walls & ! n>r[ness ( ! ,not* sugge/ t x c\ld n h be5 =m$ by ! headw>d erosion ( two /reams or by glacial action4 ,x seems mo/ likely t x 0 =m$ by ! erosive action ( an anci5t riv] t once fl[$ ?r\gh ! area4 ,because ( ! high elevation1 ! only "t :5 su* a riv] c\ld h exi/$ is :5 ! ,*ampla9 ,valley 0 fill$ ) ice on ! we/ side ( ,m\nt ,mansfield1 s t ! normal dra9age ( wat] to ! we/ 0 block$ by ! ice4 ,x is possible t ! conditions 7 su* t ! wat] suppli$ by ! melt+ glaci] c\ld only dra9 to ! s\? ?r\gh ! ,not*4 ,aft] ! ice retreat$ ! dra9age sy/em 0 ab&on$ 9 favor ( l[] outlets & ev5tually ! dra9age 0 develop$ to ,lake ,*ampla9 9 ! we/4 ,! ,not* 0 modifi$ by ! headw>d erosion ( ! pres5t small /reams4 ,except = ! %ape ( ! ,not*1 ! only evid5ce = ?is hypo!sis is ! occurr5ce ( a weakly-b$d$1 well-sort$ deposit ( s& at ! nor? end ( ! ,not* at an elevation ( #bjej feet4 ,su* a deposit ( s& is *>act]i/ic ( /&+ wat]1 :i* occurr+ at ?is elevation indicates t "s va/ly diff]5t dra9age sy/em mu/ h exi/$ 9 ! pa/4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #i4 ,! ,*9 & ,be> ,head on ,m\nt ,mansfield view$ f ,/]l+ ,pond4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aj4 ,view ( ,smuggl]s ,not* & ,spruce ,peak f ski slope on ,m\nt ,mansfield4 ,big ,spr+ ,on ! s\? side ( ! ,smuggl]s ,not* road at an elevation ( ab\t #ahjj feet is ! ,big ,spr+ :i* furni%es a trem5d\s output ( cold spr+ wat]4 ,! s\rce ( ! wat] is n kn[n al?\gh x is likely t1 l mo/ spr+s1 x is d]iv$ f an und]gr\nd dra9age sy/em4 ,! spr+ probably orig9ates by ! seepage ( wat] d]iv$ f ! w9t] sn[s & ra9fall 9 ,spruce ,m\nta9 ?r\gh a jo9t sy/em )9 ! m\nta94 ,no buri$ /ream *annels c\ld be locat$ betwe5 ! spr+ & ! base ( ! massive ov]head cliffs4 ,! belief t ! spr+ is relat$ to ,/]l+ ,pond is unf\nd$4 ,x is unlikely t surplus wat] c\ld be dra9$ f ,/]l+ ,pond because x already ma9ta9s a delicate balance betwe5 ! supply ( wat] f ra9 & sn[ & ! output to ! /ream fl[+ to ! nor?4 ,m\nt ,mansfield ,! summit ( ,m\nt ,mansfield :5 view$ f a di/ance has ! resemblance ( a face ) an exagg]at$ di/ance betwe5 ! nose & upp] lips4 ,accord+ly1 ^! peaks are nam$1 f s\? to nor?1 ! ,=ehead1 ,nose1 ,upp] ,lip1 ,l[] ,lip1 ,*91 & ,adam's ,apple4 ,all ^! po9ts are readily accessible by ! ,long ,trail & ! area ( ! ,nose may be rea*$ by ! ,toll ,road or ! ,ski ,lift4 ,f all ! po9ts along ! cre/ an excell5t view may be obta9$4 ,on cle> days ,lake ,*ampla9 & ! ,adirondack ,m\nta9s 9 ,new ,york ,/ate may be se5 to ! we/1 & ,m\nt ,wa%+ton 9 ,new ,hamp%ire may be se5 to ! ea/4 ,( ! local /ructures1 good exposures ( ! mica-albite-qu>tz s*i/ occur along ! cre/ ) magnetite & g>net locally abundant4 ,! rocks on ,sunset ,ridge1 :i* ext5ds we/ f ! ,*91 c be se5 cle>ly to be dipp+ at g5tle angles to ! we/4 ,! ,*9 has an elevation ( #dcic feet1 :i* is ! highe/ po9t 9 ,v]mont4 ,mo/ ( ! s*i/ 9 ?is area is ne>ly horizontal or dipp+ slightly to ! we/4 ,h[ev]1 m9or folds are pres5t ev]y:]e & an av]age read+ is difficult to obta94 ,at ! summit mu* ( ! s*i/ conta9s l>ge black gra9s ( magnetite4 ,! summit is rea*$ by ! ,long ,trail along ! cre/ ( ! m\nta9 f ! ,toll ,road1 by ! ,long ,trail f ,b>nes ,camp via ,taft ,lodge1 or f ! we/ by ! trail up ,sunset ,ridge4 ,an excell5t view ( ! ,lake ( ! ,cl\ds & ! ,adam's ,apple is obta9$ a %ort di/ance nor? ( ! summit ( ! ,*94 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aa4 8,subway0 =m$ by sep>ation ( ! rocks along a jo9t on we/ slope ( ,m\nt ,mansfield4 ,lake ( ! ,cl\ds :i* lies nor? ( ! ,adam's ,apple & ,be> ,pond :i* lies nor? ( ,be> ,head ,m\nta9 are bo? small %all[ bodies ( wat]4 ,! slight depressions 9 :i* !y occur 7 probably scoop$ out by ! erosive action ( ! glaci]4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ab4 ,cave ( ! ,w9ds4 ,m\nt ,mansfield1 z se5 f ! ea/ slope ( ! ,*94 ,! ,m\nt ,mansfield ,hotel & ! ,nose are 9 ! di/ance4 ,! rocks 9 ! =egr\nd %[ ! beg9n+ /ages ( d[nhill slippage ( a l>ge mass ( rock away f ! jo9t4 ,betwe5 ! ,*9 & ,m\nt ,mansfield ,hotel are a numb] ( int]e/+ trails4 ,! ,subway & ,canyon trail on ! we/ side ( ! m\nta9 foll[1 = "p ( ! way1 jo9ts 9 ! rock :i* h be5 enl>g$ by ! d[nhill slippage ( ! we/]n block4 ,figure #aa %[s ! nature ( "o ( ^! passageways4 ,on ! ea/ side ( ! m\nta91 ! ,cliff trail passes ?r\gh a simil> jo9t call$ 8,wall ,/reet40 ,! ,cave ( ! ,w9ds1 rea*$ by a trail j nor? ( ! ,l[] ,lip1 has =m$ along ano!r nor?-s\? jo9t4 ,! block :i* has mov$ d[nhill has tilt$ into ! m\nta9 & rubble has fill$ ! gap at ! top to =m ! cave4 ,figure #ab %[s ! appe>ance ( ! cave z se5 f ! ea/]n slope ( ! ,*94 ,?is photograph %[s small] jo9ts on ! ,*9 :i* h j begun to be enl>g$ by slippage ( ! d[nhill block4 ,x is possible t "s ( ^! op5 jo9ts date back & p>tially owe _! orig9 to glacial erosive action4 ,drift ,rock :i* is locat$ along ! ,long ,trail s\? ( ! ,upp] ,lip has already be5 describ$ z an erratic b\ld] mov$ by ! glaci]4 ,! glacial /riae may be se5 9 ! b$rock nor?we/ ( ! b\ld]s4 ,g>net cry/als are v abundant 9 ^! b\ld]s & specim5s ( ! small r$ g>nets may be obta9$ "h4 ,! ,nose is easily rea*$ along ! trail f ,m\nt ,mansfield ,hotel4 ,f ! summit ! view is excell5t to ! s\? t[>ds ,camels ,hump1 :i* is "o ( ! prom95t peaks ( ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9 range4 ,! mica-albite-qu>tz s*i/ on top ( ! ,nose has _m small folds & cr5ulations4 ,s\? ( ! ,=ehead along ! ,long ,trail1 cliffs ( an albite-ri* v>iety ( ! mica-albite-qu>tz s*i/ =m ob/acles :i* h be5 surm\nt$ clev]ly by ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9 trail-m>k]s4 ,9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,m\nt ,mansfield ,/ate ,=e/ ! ,long ,trail passes ?r\gh ,nebraska ,not* 9 ! vic9ity ( ,taylor ,lodge4 ,?is not* also 0 =m$ by ! erosive action ( an anci5t riv] t fl[$ across ! m\nta9 at ?is po9t1 b :i* has long s9ce be5 ab&on$4 ,illu/ration3 ,! cliffs at ,smuggl]s ,not* z se5 look+ s\? f ! we/ wall ( ! ,not*4 ,,footnotes #a,rocks are classifi$ z be+ ei!r igne\s1 s$im5t>y1 or metamorphic4 ,igne\s rocks =m by ! solidification ( molt5 mat]ial2 s$im5t>y rocks =m by ! accumulation ( s$im5ts d]iv$ f old] rocks2 & metamorphic rocks =m by recry/allization ( old] rocks "u conditions ( high temp]atures & pressures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m\nt ,,mansfield ,,/ate ,,=e/ ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,sil5tly correct$ a few typos4 --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4