,illustration3 ,,leo ,,tolstoy ,,leo ,,tolstoy ,,by ,g4 ,k4 ,,chesterton1 ,g4 ,h4 ,,perris ,,etc4 ,,with ,,numerous ,,illustrations ,,toronto ,,copp ,,clark ,,company ,,london3 ,,hodder ,,and ,,stoughton ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations ,,page ,,leo ,,tolstoy ,frontispiece ,,tolstoy ,,as ,,an ,,officer #a ,,tolstoy ,,in ,,his ,,student ,,days #b ,,yasnaya ,,polyana1 ,,the ,,country ,,home ,,of ,,count ,,tolstoy #c ,,the ,,approach ,,to ,,the ,,park ,,at ,,yasnaya ,,polyana #d ,,the ,,gateway-,,entrance ,,to ,,yasnaya ,,polyana #e ,,tolstoy ,,with ,,his ,,bicycle #f 8,,the ,,tree ,,of ,,the ,,poor0 #g ,,tolstoy1 ,,an ,,early ,,portrait #g ,,count ,,and ,,countess ,,tolstoy #h ,,leo ,,tolstoy 7from a ,sketch by ,victor ,prout7 #i ,,count ,,tolstoy ,,at ,,work ,,in ,,the ,,fields #aj ,,facsimile ,,of ,a ,,portion ,,of ,,tolstoy',s ,,ms4 #aa ,,count ,,tolstoy1 ,,his ,,wife1 ,,and ,,daughters #ab ,,tolstoy ,,at ,,work ,,in ,,his ,,study ,,at ,,yasnaya ,,polyana #ac ,,tolstoy ,,writing ,,at ,,his ,,desk #ad ,,one ,,of ,h4 ,r4 ,,millar',s ,,illustrations #ae ,,count ,,tolstoy #af ,a ,,famous ,,painting ,,of ,,tolstoy #ag ,a ,,photograph ,,of ,,count ,,tolstoy ,,taken ,,at ,,yasnaya ,,polyana #ah ,,russian ,,jailer ,,and ,,woman ,,warder #ai ,a ,,tolstoy ,,medallion #bj ,,the ,,cover ,,of ,,the ,,tract 8,,where ,,love ,,is1 ,,there ,,god ,,is ,,also0 #bj ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,postcards ,,issued ,,in ,,moscow ,,in #ahih ,,to ,,commemorate ,,tolstoy',s ,,literary ,,jubilee #ba ,,two ,,of ,,the ,,postcards ,,issued ,,at ,,moscow ,,in #ahih ,,to ,,commemorate ,,tolstoy',s ,,literary ,,jubilee #bb ,,count ,,tolstoy ,,at ,,rest 7from a ,painting by ,rpin7 #bc ,,tolstoy ,,in ,,the ,,grounds ,,of ,,yasnaya ,,polyana #bd ,,one ,,of ,h4 ,r4 ,,millar',s ,,illustrations #be ,,one ,,of ,,many ,,busts ,,of ,,count ,,tolstoy #bf ,a ,,recent ,,portrait ,,of ,,count ,,tolstoy #bg ,,the ,,defendants #bi ,,tolstoy ,,and ,,his ,,daughter ,,tatyana #cj ,,count ,,tolstoy ,,and ,,his ,,family #ca ,,leo ,,tolstoy 7from a ,portrait painted in #ahhd7 #cc ,,maslova',s ,,return ,,to ,,the ,,ward ,,after ,,the ,,sentence #cd ,,leo ,,tolstoy1 #ahif 7from a ,photograph7 #ce ,,tolstoy ,illustration3 ,,tolstoy ,,as ,,an ,,officer ,if any one wishes to form the fullest estimate of the real character and influence of the great man whose name is prefixed to these remarks1 he will not find it in his novels1 splendid as they are1 or in his ethical views1 clearly and finely as they are conceived and expanded4 ,he will find it best expressed in the news that has recently come from ,canada1 that a sect of ,russian ,christian anarchists has turned all its animals loose1 on the ground that it is immoral to possess them or control them4 ,about such an incident as this there is a quality altogether independent of the rightness or wrongness1 the sanity or insanity1 of the view4 ,it is first and foremost a reminder that the world is still young4 ,there are still theories of life as insanely reasonable as those which were disputed under the clear blue skies of ,athens4 ,there are still examples of a faith as fierce and practical as that of the ,mahometans1 who swept across ,africa and ,europe1 shouting a single word4 ,to the languid contemporary politician and philosopher it seems doubtless like something out of a dream1 that in this iron-bound1 homogeneous1 and clockwork age1 a company of ,european men in boots and waistcoats should begin to insist on taking the horse out of the shafts of the omnibus1 and lift the pig out of his pig-sty1 and the dog out of his kennel1 because of a moral scruple or theory4 ,it is like a page from some fairy farce to imagine the ,doukhabor solemnly escorting a hen to the door of the yard and bidding it a benevolent farewell as it sets out on its travels4 ,all this1 as ,i ,illustration3 ,,tolstoy ,,in ,,his ,,student ,,days say1 seems mere muddle-headed absurdity to the typical leader of human society in this decade1 to a man like ,mr4 ,balfour1 or ,mr4 ,wyndham4 ,but there is nevertheless a further thing to be said1 and that is that1 if ,mr4 ,balfour could be converted to a religion which taught him that he was morally bound to walk into the ,house of ,commons on his hands1 and he did walk on his hands1 if ,mr4 ,wyndham could accept a creed which taught that he ought to dye his hair blue1 and he did dye his hair blue1 they would both of them be1 almost beyond description1 better and happier men than they are4 ,for there is only one happiness possible or conceivable under the sun1 and that is enthusiasm--that strange and splendid word that has passed through so many vicissitudes1 which meant1 in the eighteenth century the condition of a lunatic1 and in ancient ,greece the presence of a god4 ,illustration3 ,,yasnaya ,,polyana1 ,,the ,,country ,,home ,,of ,,count ,,tolstoy ,this great act of heroic consistency which has taken place in ,canada is the best example of the work of ,tolstoy4 ,it is true 7as ,i believe7 that the ,doukhabors have an origin quite independent of the great ,russian moralist1 but there can surely be little doubt that their emergence into importance and the growth and mental distinction of their sect1 is due to his admirable summary and justification of their scheme of ethics4 ,tolstoy1 besides being a magnificent novelist1 is one of the very few men alive who have a real1 solid1 and serious view of life4 ,he is a ,catholic church1 of which he is the only member1 the somewhat arrogant ,pope and the somewhat submissive layman4 ,he is one of the two or three men in ,europe1 who have an attitude towards things so entirely their own1 that we could supply their inevitable view on anything--a silk hat1 a ,home ,rule ,bill1 an ,indian poem1 or a pound of tobacco4 ,there are three men in existence who have such an attitude3 ,tolstoy1 ,mr4 ,bernard ,shaw1 and my friend ,mr4 ,hilaire ,belloc4 ,they are all diametrically opposed to each other1 but they all have this essential resemblance1 that1 given their basis of thought1 their soil of conviction1 their opinions on every earthly subject grow there naturally1 like flowers in a field4 ,there are certain views of certain things that they must take3 they do not form opinions1 the opinions form themselves4 ,take1 for instance1 in the case of ,tolstoy1 the mere list of miscellaneous objects which ,i wrote down at random above1 a silk hat1 a ,home ,rule ,bill1 an ,indian poem1 and a pound of tobacco4 ,tolstoy would say3 8,i believe in the utmost possible simplification of life2 therefore1 this silk hat is a black abortion40 ,he would say3 8,i believe in the utmost possible simplification of life2 therefore1 this ,home ,rule ,bill is a mere peddling compromise2 it is no good to break up a centralised empire into nations1 you must break the nation up into individuals40 ,he would say3 8,i believe in the utmost possible simplification of life2 therefore1 ,i am interested in this ,indian poem1 for ,eastern ethics1 under all their apparent gorgeousness1 are far simpler and more ,tolstoyan than ,western40 ,he would say3 8,i believe in the utmost possible simplification of life2 therefore1 this pound of tobacco is a thing of evil2 take it away40 ,everything in the world1 from the ,bible to a bootjack1 can be1 and is1 reduced by ,tolstoy to this great fundamental ,tolstoyan principle1 the simplification of life4 ,when we deal with a body of opinion like this we are dealing with an incident in the history of ,europe infinitely more important than the appearance of ,napoleon ,buonaparte4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,approach ,,to ,,the ,,park ,,at ,,yasnaya ,,polyana ,this emergence of ,tolstoy1 with his awful and simple ethics1 is important in more ways than one4 ,among other things it is a very interesting commentary on an attitude which has been taken up for the matter of half a century by all the avowed opponents of religion4 ,the secularist and the sceptic have denounced ,christianity first and ,illustration3 ,,the ,,gateway-,,entrance ,,to ,,yasnaya ,,polyana foremost1 because of its encouragement of fanaticism2 because religious excitement led men to burn their neighbours1 and to dance naked down the street4 ,how queer it all sounds now4 ,religion can be swept out of the matter altogether1 and still there are philosophical and ethical theories which can produce fanaticism enough to fill the world4 ,fanaticism has nothing at all to do with religion4 ,there are grave scientific theories which1 if carried out logically1 would result in the same fires in the market-place and the same nakedness in the street4 ,there are modern sthetes who would expose themselves like the ,adamites if they could do it in elegant attitudes4 ,there are modern scientific moralists who would burn their opponents alive1 and would be quite contented if they were burnt by some new chemical process4 ,and if any one doubts this proposition--that fanaticism has nothing to do with religion1 but has only to do with human nature--let him take this case of ,tolstoy and the ,doukhabors4 ,a sect of men start with no theology at all1 but with the simple doctrine that we ought to love our neighbour and use no force against him1 and they end in thinking it wicked to carry a leather handbag1 or to ride in a cart4 ,a great modern writer who erases theology altogether1 denies the validity of the ,scriptures and the ,churches alike1 forms a purely ethical theory that love should be the instrument of reform1 and ends by maintaining that we have no right to strike a man if he is torturing a child before our eyes4 ,he goes on1 he develops a theory of the mind and the emotions1 which might be held by the most rigid atheist1 and he ends by maintaining that the sexual relation out of which all humanity has come1 is not only not moral1 but is positively not natural4 ,this is fanaticism as it has been and as it will always be4 ,destroy the last copy of the ,bible1 and persecution and insane orgies will be founded on ,mr4 ,herbert ,spencer's 8,synthetic ,philosophy40 ,some of the broadest thinkers of the ,middle ,ages believed in faggots1 and some of the broadest thinkers in the nineteenth century believe in dynamite4 ,illustration3 ,,tolstoy ,,with ,,his ,,bicycle 7,photographed in #ahif7 ,the truth is that ,tolstoy1 with his immense genius1 with his colossal faith1 with his vast fearlessness and vast knowledge of life1 is deficient in one faculty and one faculty alone4 ,he is not a mystic3 and therefore he has a tendency to go mad4 ,men talk of the extravagances and frenzies that have been produced by mysticism3 they are a mere drop in the bucket4 ,in the main1 and from the beginning of time1 mysticism has kept men sane4 ,the thing that has driven them mad was logic4 ,it is significant that1 with all that has been said about the excitability of poets1 only one ,english poet ever went mad1 and he went mad from a logical system of theology4 ,he was ,cowper1 and his poetry retarded his insanity for many years4 ,so poetry1 in which ,tolstoy is deficient1 has always been a tonic and sanative thing4 ,the only thing that has kept the race of men from the mad extremes of the convent and the pirate-galley1 the night-club and the lethal chamber1 has been mysticism--the belief that logic is misleading1 and that things are not what they seem4 ,g4 ,k4 ,,chesterton4 ,illustration3 8,,the ,,tree ,,of ,,the ,,poor0 ,where ,tolstoy receives the peasants and listens with unwearying patience to their tales of distress ,illustration3 ,,tolstoy1 ,,an ,,early ,,portrait ,,leo ,,tolstoy ,,as ,,writer ,half the ignorance or misunderstanding of this greatest living figure in literature comes of the attempt to judge him as we judge the specialised ,western novelist--an utterly futile method of approach4 ,he is a ,russian1 in the first place4 ,had he come to ,paris with ,turguenieff1 he might have been similarly de-nationalised1 might possibly have developed into a writer pure and simple2 the world might so have gained a few great romances--it would have lost infinitely in other directions4 ,turguenieff wished it so4 8,my friend10 he wrote to ,tolstoy from his deathbed1 8return to literature6 ,reflect that that gift comes to you whence everything comes to us4 ,ah6 how happy ,i should be if ,i could think that my prayer would influence you4444 ,my friend1 great writer of our ,russian land1 hear my entreaty60 ,for ,illustration3 ,,count ,,and ,,countess ,,tolstoy ,from a ,portrait taken in ,september #ahie 7,reproduced by kind permission from 8,how ,count ,tolstoy ,lives and ,works10 by ,p4 ,a4 ,sergyeenko7 once1 the second greatest of modern ,russians took a narrow view of character and destiny4 ,genius must work itself out on its own lines4 ,tolstoy remained a ,russian from tip to toe--that is one of his supreme values for us2 and he remained an indivisible personality4 ,the artist and the moralist are inseparable in his works4 8,we are not to take #8,anna ,karnina' as a work of art10 said ,matthew ,illustration3 ,,leo ,,tolstoy1 ,,from ,a ,,sketch ,,by ,,victor ,,prout 7,reproduced by kind permission of ,mr4 ,f4 ,r4 ,henderson7 ,arnold2 8we are to take it as a piece of life40 ,the distinction is not very satisfactorily stated1 but the meaning is clear4 ,so1 too1 ,w4 ,d4 ,howells1 in his introduction to an ,american edition of the 8,sebastopol ,sketches03 8,i do not know how it is with others to whom these books of ,tolstoy's have come1 but for my part ,i cannot think of them as literature in the artistic sense at all4 ,some people complain to me when ,i praise them that they are too long1 too diffuse1 too confused1 that the characters' names are hard to pronounce1 and that the life they portray is very sad and not amusing4 ,in the presence of these criticisms ,i can only say that ,i find them nothing of the kind1 but that each history of ,tolstoy's is as clear1 as orderly1 as brief1 as something ,i have lived through myself4444 ,i cannot think of any service which imaginative literature has done the race so great as that which ,tolstoy has done in his conception of ,karnina at that crucial moment when the cruelly outraged man sees that he cannot be good with dignity4 ,this leaves all tricks of fancy1 all effects of art1 immeasurably behind40 ,so much being said1 however1 we may be allowed to emphasise in this small space the great qualities and achievements of ,tolstoy as artist1 rather than the expositions of ,christian ,anarchism and the social philippics under which those achievements have been somewhat hidden in recent years4 ,illustration3 ,,count ,,tolstoy ,,at ,,work ,,in ,,the ,,fields ,morbid introspectiveness and the spirit of revolt inevitably colour what is best in nineteenth-century ,russia4 ,born at ,yasnaya ,polyana 78,clear ,field071 ,tula1 in #ahbh1 and early orphaned1 ,tolstoy's youth ,illustration3 ,,facsimile ,,of ,a ,,portion ,,of ,,tolstoy',s ,,ms4 7,reproduced by kind permission of ,messrs4 ,nisbet ,co41 from 8,how ,count ,tolstoy ,lives and ,works10 by ,p4 ,a4 ,sergyeenko7 synchronised with the period of reaction that brought the ,empire to the humiliating disasters of the ,crimean ,war4 ,no hope was left in the thin layer of society lying between the two mill-stones of the ,court and the serfs2 none in the little sphere of art where ,byronic romanticism was ready to expire4 ,the boy saw from the first the rottenness of the patriarchal aristocracy in which his lot seemed to be cast4 ,precocious1 abnormally sensitive and observant1 impatient of discipline and formal learning1 awkward and bashful1 always brooding1 not a little conceited1 he was a sceptic at fifteen1 and left the ,university of ,kazan in disgust at the stupid conventions of the time and place1 without taking his degree4 8,childhood1 ,boyhood1 and ,youth0--which appeared in three sections between #aheb and #aheg--tells the story of this period1 though the figure of ,irtenieff is probably a projection rather than a portrait of himself1 to whom he is always less fair1 not to say merciful1 than to others4 ,this book is a most uncompromising exercise in self-analysis4 ,it is of great length1 there is no plot1 and few outer events are recorded4 ,illustration3 ,,count ,,tolstoy1 ,,his ,,wife1 ,,and ,,daughters ,the realism is generally morbid1 but is varied by some passages of great descriptive power1 such as the account of the storm1 and occasionally with tender pathos1 as in the story of the soldier's death1 as well as by grimly vivid pages1 such as the narrative of the mother's death4 ,in this earliest work will be found the seeds both of ,tolstoy's artistic genius and of his ethical gospel4 ,after five years of mildly benevolent efforts among his serfs at ,yasnaya ,polyana 7the disappointments of which he related a few years later in 8,a ,landlord's ,morning10 intended to have been part of a full novel to be called 8,a ,russian ,proprietor071 his elder brother ,nicholas persuaded him to join the army1 and in #ahea he was drafted to the ,caucasus as an artillery officer4 ,on this favourite stage of classic ,russian romance1 where for the first time he saw the towering mountains and the tropical sun1 and met the rugged adventurous highlanders1 ,tolstoy felt his imagination stirred as ,byron among the isles of ,greece1 and his early revulsion against city life confirmed as ,wordsworth amid the ,lakes1 as ,thoreau at ,walden1 by a direct call from ,nature to his own heart4 ,the largest result of this experience was 8,the ,cossacks0 7#aheb74 ,turguenieff described this fine prose epic of the contact of civilised and savage man as 8the best novel written in our language40 8,the ,raid0 7or 8,the ,invaders10 as ,mr4 ,dole's translation is entitled71 dating from the same year1 8,the ,wood-,cutting ,expedition0 7#ahee71 8,meeting an ,old ,acquaintance0 7#ahef71 and 8,a ,illustration3 ,,tolstoy ,,at ,,work ,,in ,,his ,,study ,,at ,,yasnaya ,,polyana ,prisoner in the ,caucasus0 7#ahfb7 are also drawn from recollections of this sojourn1 and show the same descriptive and romantic power4 ,upon the outbreak of the ,crimean ,war the ,count was called to ,sebastopol1 where he had command of a battery1 and took part in the defence of the citadel4 ,the immediate product of these dark months of bloodshed was the thrilling series of impressions reprinted from one of the leading ,russian reviews as 8,sebastopol ,sketches0 7#ahef74 ,from that day onward ,tolstoy knew and told the hateful truth about war and the thoughtless pseudo-patriotism which hurries nations into fratricidal slaughter4 ,from that day there was expunged from his mind all the cheap romanticism which depends upon the glorification of the savage side of human nature4 ,these wonderful pictures of the routine of the battlefield established his position in ,russia as a writer1 and later on created in ,western countries an impression like that of the canvases of ,verestchagin4 ,illustration3 ,,tolstoy ,,writing ,,at ,,his ,,desk4 ,for a brief time ,tolstoy became a figure in the old and new capitals of ,russia by right of talent as well as birth4 ,his very chequered friendship with ,turguenieff1 one of the oddest chapters in literary history1 can only be mentioned here4 ,in #aheg he travelled in ,germany1 ,france1 and ,italy4 ,it was of these years that he declared in 8,my ,confession0 that he could not think of them without horror1 disgust1 and pain of heart4 ,the catalogue of crime which he charged against himself in his salvationist crisis of twenty years later must not be taken literally2 but that there was some ground for it we may guess from the scenic and incidental realism of the 8,recollections of a ,billiard ,marker0 7#ahef71 and of many a later page4 ,several other powerful short novels date from about this time1 including 8,albert0 and 8,lucerne10 both of which remind us of the ,count's susceptibility to music2 8,polikushka10 a tale of peasant life2 and 8,family ,happiness10 the story of a marriage that failed1 a most clear1 consistent1 forceful1 and in parts beautiful piece of work1 anticipating in essentials 8,the ,kreutzer ,sonata0 that was to scandalise the world thirty years afterward4 ,illustration3 ,one of ,h4 ,r4 ,millar's illustrations in the ,english edition of 8,where ,love is1 there ,god is also10 reproduced by kind permission of ,messrs4 ,walter ,scott1 ,ltd41 the publishers ,after all1 it was family happiness that saved ,leo ,tolstoy4 ,for the third time the hand of death had snatched away one of the nearest to him--his brother ,nicholas4 ,two years later1 in #ahfb1 he married ,miss ,behrs1 daughter of the army surgeon in ,tula--the most fortunate thing that has happened to him in his whole life1 ,i should think4 ,family responsibilities1 those novel and daring experiments in peasant education which are recorded in several volumes of the highest interest1 the supervision of the estate1 magisterial ,illustration3 ,,count ,,tolstoy work1 and last1 but not least1 the prolonged labours upon 8,war and ,peace0 and 8,anna ,karnina0 fill up the next fifteen years4 8,war and ,peace0 7#ahfd-i7 is a huge panorama of the ,napoleonic campaign of #ahab1 with preceding and succeeding episodes in ,russian society4 ,these four volumes display in their superlative degree ,tolstoy's indifference to plot and his absorption in individual character2 they are rather a series of scenes threaded upon the fortunes of several families than a set novel2 but they contain passages of penetrating psychology and vivid description1 as well as a certain amount of anarchist theorising4 ,of this work1 by which its author became known in the ,west1 ,flaubert 7how the name carries us backward67 wrote3 8,it is of the first order4 ,what a painter and what a psychologist6 ,the two first volumes are sublime1 but the third drags frightfully4 ,there are some quite ,shakespearean things in it40 ,the artist's hand was now strengthening for his highest attainment4 ,in #ahgf appeared 8,anna ,karnina10 his greatest1 and as he intended at the time 7but ,art is not so easily jilted71 his last novel4 ,the fine qualities of this book1 which1 though long1 is ,illustration3 ,a ,,famous ,,painting ,,of ,,tolstoy dramatically unified and vitally coherent1 have been so fully recognised that ,i need not attempt to describe them4 ,mr4 ,george ,meredith has described ,anna as 8the most perfectly depicted female character in all fiction10 which1 from the author of 8,diana10 ,illustration3 ,a ,,photograph ,,of ,,count ,,tolstoy ,,taken ,,at ,,yasnaya ,,polyana 7,reproduced from 8,anna ,karnina0 by kind permission of ,messrs ,walter ,scott ,ltd47 is praise indeed4 ,parallel with the main subject of the illicit love of ,anna and ,vronsky there is a minor subject in the fortunes of ,levin and ,kitty1 wherein the reader will discover many of ,tolstoy's own experiences4 ,matthew ,arnold complained that the book contained too many characters and a burdensome multiplicity of actions1 but praised its author's extraordinarily fine perception and no less extraordinary truthfulness1 and frankly revelled in ,anna's ,illustration3 ,,russian ,,jailer ,,and ,,woman ,,warder 8,the jailer1 rattling the iron padlock1 opened the door of the cell40 7,from an illustration by ,pasternak in the ,english ,edition of 8,resurrection10 reproduced by kind permission of ,mr4 ,f4 ,r4 ,henderson7 8large1 fresh1 rich1 generous1 delightful nature40 8,when ,i had ended my work #8,anna ,karnina1'0 said ,tolstoy in 8,my ,confession0 7#ahgi-hb71 8my despair reached such a height that ,i could do nothing but think of the horrible condition in which ,i found myself4444 ,i saw only one thing--,death4 ,everything else was a lie40 ,of that spiritual crisis nothing need be said here except that it only intensified1 and did not really1 as it seemed to do1 vitally change1 principles and instincts which had possessed ,tolstoy from the beginning4 ,his subsequent ethical and religious development may be traced in a long series of books and pamphlets1 of which the most important are 8,the ,gospels ,translated1 ,compared1 and ,harmonised0 7#ahhj-b71 8,what ,i ,believe0 8,my ,religion01 produced abroad in #ahhd1 8,what is to be ,done80 7#ahhd-e71 8,life0 7#ahhg71 8,work0 7#ahhh71 8,the ,kingdom of ,god is ,within ,you0 7#ahic71 8,non-,action0 7#ahid71 8,patriotism and ,christianity0 7#ahif7--;a ,illustration3 ,a ,,tolstoy ,,medallion ,illustration3 ,,the ,,cover ,,of ,,the ,,tract 8,,where ,,love ,,is1 ,,there ,,god ,,is ,,also0 scathing attack upon militarism in general and the ,franco-,russian ,alliance in particular--8,the ,christian ,teaching0 7#ahih71 and 8,the ,slavery of our ,times0 7#aijj74 ,various letters on the successive famines and on the religious persecutions in ,russia deserve separate mention2 they remind us that since the failure of the revolutionary movement miscalled 8,nihilism10 ,tolstoy has gradually risen to the position of the one man who can continue with impunity a public crusade1 in the foreign and the clandestine presses at least1 against all ,imperial authority and social maladjustments4 ,mr4 ,tchertkoff1 ,mr4 ,aylmer ,maude1 the 8,brotherhood ,publishing ,co410 and the 8,free ,age ,press0 deserve praise for their efforts to popularise these and other works of the ,count in thoroughly good translations4 ,in 8,what is ,art80 7#ahih71 not content with the bare utilitarian argument that it is merely a means of social union1 he launched a jehad against all modern ideas of ,art which rely upon a conception of beauty and all ideas of beauty into which pleasure enters as a leading constituent4 ,a short but luminous essay on 8,guy de ,maupassant and the ,art of ,fiction0 is a more satisfactory contribution to the subject4 ,illustration3 ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,postcards ,,issued ,,in ,,moscow ,,in #ahih ,,to ,,commemorate ,,tolstoy',s ,,literary ,,jubilee ,it is more to our purpose to note that in this volcanic and fecund if fundamentally simple personality the artist has dogged the steps of the evangelist to the last4 8,master and ,man0 7#ahie7 is one of the most exquisite short stories ever written4 8,the ,death of ,ivan ,ilyitch0 7#ahhd7 and 8,resurrection0 7#ahii7 are in some ways the most powerful of all his works4 ,the much-condemned 8,dominion of ,darkness0 7#ahhf7 and 8,kreutzer ,sonata0 7#ahhi7 will be more fairly judged when the average ,englishman has learned the supreme merit of that uncompromising truthfulness which gives nobility to every line the grand ,russian ever wrote4 ,to submit a work like 8,resurrection0 to the summary treatment which the ordinary novel receives and merits is absurd4 ,it is a large picture of the fall and rise of man done by the swift and restless hand of a master who stands in a category apart1 with an eye that sees externals and essentials with like accuracy and rapidity4 ,because the dramatic quality of these living pictures lies1 not in their organisation into a conventionally limited plot1 but first in the challenging idea upon which they are founded1 then the inexorable development of individual characters1 and ever and anon in the grip of particular episodes1 the little critics scoff4 ,the idea1 the characters1 the episodes are all too real and vital for their precious ,british self-complacency4 ,the grandmotherly ,athenum ,illustration3 ,,two ,,of ,,the ,,postcards ,,issued ,,at ,,moscow ,,in #ahih ,,to ,,commemorate ,,tolstoy',s ,,literary ,,jubilee permits some person to describe this ,promethean figure as 8a precious vase that has been broken10 and can now only be pieced together to make 8the ornament of a museum10--which reminds me that ,i heard a lecturer before a well-known literary society in ,london describe him lately as a 8scavenger10 and that a city bookseller assured me the other day that there was something almost amounting to a boycott against his fiction in the shops4 ,the publisher who is preparing a complete edition of ,tolstoy--enormous work6--knows better1 knows that ,tolstoy is one of the world-spirits whose advance out of the obscurity of a benighted land into the largest contemporary circulation is but a foretaste of an influence that will soon be co-extensive with the commonwealth of thinking men and women4 ,illustration3 ,,count ,,tolstoy ,,at ,,rest4 ,from a ,painting by ,rpin4 7,reproduced by kind permission from 8,how ,tolstoy ,lives and ,works10 by ,p4 ,a4 ,sergyeenko7 ,his service to literature is precisely the same as his service to morals4 ,like ,bunyan and ,burns1 ,dickens and ,whitman1 he throws down in a world of decadent conventions the gauge of the democratic ideal4 ,as he calls the politician and the social reformer back to the land and the common people1 so he calls the artist back to the elemental forces ever at work beneath the surface-show of nature and humanity4 ,with an extraordinary penetration into the hidden recesses of character1 he joins a terrible truthfulness1 and that absolute ,illustration3 ,,tolstoy ,,in ,,the ,,grounds ,,of ,,yasnaya ,,polyana simplicity of manner which we generally associate with genius4 ,he is a realist1 not merely of the outer1 but more especially of the inner life4 ,there is no staginess1 no sentimentality1 in his work4 ,he has no heroes in our ,western sense1 none1 even1 of those sensational types of personality which glorify the name of his ,northern contemporary1 ,ibsen4 ,his style is always natural1 direct1 irresistible as a physical process4 ,he has rarely strayed beyond the channel of his own experience1 and the reader who prefers breadth to depth of knowledge must seek elsewhere4 ,he has little humour1 but a grimly satiric note has sometimes crept into his writing1 as ,archdeacon ,farrar will remember4 ,of artifice designed for vulgar entertainment he knows nothing2 in the world of true art1 which is the wine-press of the soul of man1 he stands1 a princely figure4 ,theories1 prescriptions1 and discussions are forgotten1 and we think only with love and reverence of this modern patriarch1 so lonely amid the daily enlarging congregation of the hearts he has awakened to a sense of the mystery1 the terror1 the joy1 the splendour of human destinies4 ,g4 ,h4 ,,perris4 ,,tolstoy',s ,,place ,,in ,,european ,,literature ,the justness of the word great applied to a nation's writers is perhaps best tested by simply taking each writer in turn from out his ,age1 and seeing how far our conception of his ,age remains unaffected4 ,we may take away hundreds of clever writers1 scores of distinguished creators1 and the ,age remains before our eyes1 solidly unaffected by their absence2 but touch one or two central figures1 and lo6 the whole framework of the ,age gives in your hands1 and you realise that the ,world's insight into1 and understanding of that ,age's life has been supplied us by the special interpretation offered by two or three great minds4 ,in fact1 every ,age seems dwarfed1 chaotic1 full of confused tendencies and general contradiction till the few great men have arisen1 and symbolised in themselves what their nation's growth or strife signifies4 ,how many dumb ages are there in which no great writer has appeared1 ages to whose inner life in consequence we have no key6 ,illustration3 ,one of ,h4 ,r4 ,millar's illustrations in the ,english edition of 8,what ,men ,live ,by0 7written in #ahha71 reproduced by kind permission of ,messrs4 ,walter ,scott1 ,ltd41 the publishers ,tolstoy's significance as the great writer of modern ,russia can scarcely be augmented in ,russian eyes by his exceeding significance to ,europe as symbolising the spiritual unrest of the modern world4 ,yet so inevitably ,illustration3 ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,most ,,striking ,,of ,,the ,,many ,,busts ,,of ,,count ,,tolstoy must the main stream of each age's tendency and the main movement of the world's thought be discovered for us by the great writers1 whenever they appear1 that ,russia can no more keep ,tolstoy's significance to herself than could ,germany keep ,goethe's to herself4 ,true it is that ,tolstoy1 as great novelist1 has been absorbed in mirroring the peculiar world of half-feudal1 modern ,illustration3 ,a ,,recent ,,portrait ,,of ,,count ,,tolstoy ,from ,photo by ,rek ,matild1 ,zsolna ,russia1 a world strange to ,western ,europe1 but the spirit of analysis with which the creator of 8,anna ,karnina0 and 8,war and ,peace0 has confronted the modern world is more truly representative of our ,age's outlook than is the spirit of any other of his great contemporaries4 ,between the days of 8,wilhelm ,meister0 and of 8,resurrection0 what an extraordinary volume of the rushing tide of modern life has swept by6 ,a century of that 8liberation of modern ,europe from the old routine0 has passed since ,goethe stood forth for 8the awakening of the modern spirit40 ,a century of emancipation1 of ,science1 of unbelief1 of incessant shock1 change1 and ,progress all over the face of ,europe1 and even as ,goethe a hundred years ago typified the triumph of the new intelligence of ,europe over the shackles of its old institutions1 routine1 and dogma 7as ,matthew ,arnold affirms71 so ,tolstoy to-day stands for the triumph of the ,european soul against civilisation's routine and dogma4 ,the peculiar modernness of ,tolstoy's attitude1 however1 as we shall presently show1 is that he is inspired largely by the modern scientific spirit in his searching analysis of modern life4 ,apparently at war with ,science and ,progress1 his extraordinary fascination for the mind of ,europe lies in the fact that he of all great contemporary writers has come nearest to demonstrating1 to realising what the life of the modern man is4 ,he of all the analysts of the civilised man's thoughts1 emotions1 and actions has least idealised1 least beautified1 and least distorted the complex daily life of the ,european world4 ,with a marked moral bias1 driven onward in his search for truth by his passionate religious temperament1 ,tolstoy1 in his pictures of life1 has constructed a truer whole1 a human world less bounded by the artist's individual limitations1 more mysteriously living in its vast flux and flow than is the world of any writer of the century4 8,war and ,peace0 and 8,anna ,karnina10 those great worlds where the physical environment1 mental outlook1 emotional aspiration1 and moral code of the whole community of ,russia are reproduced by his art1 as some mighty cunning phantasmagoria of changing life1 are superior in the sense of containing a whole nation's life1 to the worlds of ,goethe1 ,byron1 ,scott1 ,victor ,hugo1 ,balzac1 ,dickens1 ,thackeray1 ,maupassant1 or any latter day creator we can name4 ,and not only so1 but ,tolstoy's analysis of life throws more light on the main currents of thought in our ,age1 raises deeper problems1 and explores more untouched territories of the mind than does any corresponding analysis by his ,european contemporaries4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,defendants 8,the third prisoner was ,maslova0 7,from an illustration by ,pasternak in the ,english ,edition of 8,resurrection10 reproduced by kind permission of ,mr4 ,f4 ,r4 ,henderson7 ,it is by ,tolstoy's passionate seeking of the life of the soul that the ,illustration3 ,,tolstoy ,,and ,,his ,,daughter ,,tatyana great ,russian writer towers above the men of our day1 and it is because his hunger for spiritual truth has led him to probe contemporary life1 to examine all modern formulas and appearances1 to penetrate into the secret thought and emotion of men of all grades in our complex society1 that his work is charged with the essence of nearly all that modernity thinks and feels1 believes and suffers1 hopes and fears as it evolves in more and more complex forms of our terribly complex civilisation4 ,the soul of humanity is1 however1 always the appeal of men from the life that environs1 moulds1 and burdens them1 to instincts that go beyond and transcend their present life4 ,tolstoy is the appeal of the modern world1 the cry of the modern conscience against the blinded fate of its own progress4 ,to the eye of science everything is possible in human life1 the sacrifice of the innocent for the sake of the progress of the guilty1 ,illustration3 ,,count ,,tolstoy ,,and ,,his ,,family 7,reproduced from ,the ,review of ,reviews by kind permission of the ,editor7 the crushing and deforming of the weak so that the strong may triumph over them1 the evolution of new serf classes at the dictates of a ruling class4 ,all this the nineteenth century has seen accomplished1 and not seen alone in ,russia4 ,it is ,tolstoy's distinction to have combined in his life-work more than any other great artist two main conflicting points of view4 ,he has fused by his art the science that defines the way ,humanity is forced forward blindly and irresponsibly from century to century by the mere pressure of events1 he has fused with this science of our modern world the soul's protest against the earthly fate of man which leads the generations into taking the ceaseless roads of evil which every age unwinds4 ,let us cite ,tolstoy's treatment of ,war as an instance of how this great artist symbolises the ,age for us and so marks the advance in self-consciousness of the modern mind1 and as a nearer approximation to a realisation of what life is4 ,we have only got to compare ,tolstoy's 8,sebastopol0 7#ahef7 with any other document on war by other ,european writers to perceive that ,tolstoy alone among artists has realised war1 his fellows have idealised it4 ,to quote a passage from a former article let us say that 8#8,sebastopol' gives us war under all aspects--war as a squalid1 honourable1 daily affair of mud and glory1 of vanity1 disease1 hard work1 stupidity1 patriotism1 and inhuman agony4 ,tolstoy gets the complex effects of #8,sebastopol' by keenly analysing the effect of the sights and sounds1 dangers and pleasures1 of war on the brains of a variety of typical men1 and by placing a special valuation of his own on these men's actions1 thoughts1 and emotions1 on their courage1 altruism1 and show of indifference in the face of death4 ,he lifts up1 in fact1 the veil of appearances conventionally drawn by society over the actualities of the glorious trade of killing men1 and he does this chiefly by analysing keenly the insensitiveness and indifference of the average mind1 which says of the worst of war's realities1 #8,i felt so and so1 and did so and so3 but as to what those other thousands may have felt in their agony1 that ,i did not enter into at all4 #8,sebastopol1' therefore1 though an exceedingly short and exceedingly simple narrative1 is a psychological document on modern war of extraordinary value1 for it simply ,illustration3 ,,leo ,,tolstoy1 ,,from ,a ,,portrait ,,painted ,,in #ahhd ,illustration3 ,,maslova',s ,,return ,,to ,,the ,,ward ,,after ,,the ,,sentence 8,she could bear it no longer2 her face quivered and she burst into sobs0 7,from an illustration by ,pasternak in the ,english ,edition of 8,resurrection0 reproduced by kind permission of ,mr4 ,f4 ,r4 ,henderson7 relegates to the lumber-room1 as unlife-like and hopelessly limited1 all those theatrical glorifications of war which men of letters1 romantic poets1 and grave historians alike have been busily piling up on humanity's shelves from generation to generation4 ,and more3 we feel that in #8,sebastopol' we have at last the sceptical modern spirit1 absorbed in actual life1 demonstrating what war is1 and expressing at length the confused sensations of countless men1 who have heretofore never found a genius who can make humanity realise what it knows half-consciously and consciously evades4 ,we cannot help1 therefore1 recognising this man ,tolstoy as the most advanced product of our civilisation1 and likening him to a great surgeon1 who1 not deceived by the world s presentation of its own life1 penetrates into the essential joy and suffering1 health and disease of multitudes of men2 a surgeon who1 face to face with the strangest of ,nature's laws in the constitution of human society1 puzzled by all the illusions1 fatuities1 and conventions of the human mind1 resolutely sets himself to lay bare the roots of all its passions1 appetites1 and incentives in the struggle for life1 so that at least human reason may advance farther along the path of self-knowledge in advancing towards a general sociological study of man40 ,illustration3 ,,leo ,,tolstoy1 #ahif4 7,from a ,photograph7 ,tolstoy's place in nineteenth-century literature is1 therefore1 in our view1 no less fixed and certain than is ,voltaire's place in the eighteenth century4 ,both of these writers focus for us in a marvellously complete manner the respective methods of analysing life by which the rationalism of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries1 and the science and humanitarianism of the nineteenth century have moulded for us the modern world4 ,all the movements1 all the problems1 all the speculation1 all the agitations of the world of to-day in contrast with the immense materialistic civilisation that science has hastily built up for us in three or four generations1 all the spirit of modern life is condensed in the pages of ,tolstoy's writings1 because1 as we have said1 he typifies the soul of the modern man gazing1 now undaunted1 and now in alarm1 at the formidable array of the newly-tabulated cause and effect of humanity's progress1 at the appalling cheapness and waste of human life in ,nature's hands4 ,tolstoy thus stands for the modern soul's alarm in contact with science4 ,and just as science's work after its first destruction of the past ages' formalism1 superstition1 and dogma is directed more and more to the examination and amelioration of human life1 so ,tolstoy's work has been throughout inspired by a passionate love of humanity1 and by his ceaseless struggle against conventional religion1 dogmatic science1 and society's mechanical influence on the minds of its members4 ,to make man more conscious of his acts1 to show society its real motives and what it is feeling1 and not cry out in admiration at what it pretends to feel--this has been the great novelist's aim in his delineation of ,russia's life4 ,ever seeking the one truth--to arrive at men's thoughts and sensations under the daily pressure of life--never flinching from his exploration of the dark world of man's animalism and incessant self-deception1 ,tolstoy's realism in art is symbolical of our absorption in the world of fact1 in the modern study of natural law1 a study ultimately without loss of spirituality1 nay1 resulting in immense gain to the spiritual life4 ,the realism of the great ,russian's novels is1 therefore1 more in line with the modern tendency and outlook than is the general tendency of other schools of ,continental literature4 ,and ,tolstoy must be finally looked on1 not merely as the conscience of the ,russian world revolting against the too heavy burden which the ,russian people have now to bear in ,holy ,russia's onward march towards the building-up of her great ,asiatic ,empire1 but also as the soul of the modern world seeking to replace in its love of humanity the life of those old religions which science is destroying day by day4 ,in this sense ,tolstoy will stand in ,european literature as the conscience of the modern world4 ,,edward ,,garnett4 ,,biographical ,,note ,sidenote3 ,count ,tolstoy see ,frontispiece ,lyeff ,nikolaevitch ,tolstoy was born at ,yasnaya ,polyana on ,august #bhth 7,september #ith new style71 #ahbh4 ,his father1 ,count ,nicholas ,tolstoy1 was a member of the old ,russian nobility4 ,in #ahac1 after the siege of ,erfurt1 he was taken prisoner by the ,french and afterwards retired from the army holding the rank of ,lieutenant-,colonel4 ,having assumed the burden of many family debts1 he succeeded in paying his creditors in full1 thus gaining a reputation for unfailing perseverance4 ,tolstoy has described his character in 8,childhood and ,youth40 8,he was a man of the last century10 he wrote1 8and1 like all his contemporaries1 he had in him something chivalrous1 enterprising1 self-possessed1 amiable1 a passion for pleasure4444 ,his life was so full of all kinds of impulse that he had no time to think about convictions2 and besides1 he had been so happy all his life that he did not feel it necessary to do so40 ,his father died before ,tolstoy reached the age of ten years1 seven years after the death of his mother1 of whom he wrote3 8,when ,i try to recall to mind my mother as she was then1 only her brown eyes arise before me1 always the same look of love and kindness in them4 ,if during the most trying moments of my life ,i could have caught a glimpse of her smile1 ,i should not have known what grief is40 ,sidenote3 ,tolstoy in his ,student days see page #b ,sidenote3 ,yasnaya ,polyana see page #c ,tolstoy's early years were passed in the country on the old-fashioned ,russian estate1 which resembled somewhat in patriarchal habits1 aristocratic manners1 democratic familiarity1 shiftlessness1 and superstition1 a ,southern ,plantation in the days of slavery4 ,after the death of his father in #ahcg the family was taken charge of by an aunt1 the ,countess ,alexandra ,osten-,saken1 and three years later by relatives of his mother who lived at ,kazan4 ,in #ahdc ,tolstoy entered the ,university of ,kazan1 where 8,impervious to the ambitions of scholarship and research1 unimpressed by the provincial aristocracy1 too nice to enjoy the rough revels of the students1 and repelled alike from aristocrats1 professors1 and students by an unsocial and what1 with our ,english emphasis on government1 we should call an unregulated disposition1 he seems to have had during these two or three years a thoroughly unhappy and unprofitable experience40#a ,having left the ,university in #ahdf without graduating he returned to the old country home4 ,yasnaya ,polyana descended to ,tolstoy from his mother4 ,the estate1 which covers an area of some #b1ejj acres1 partly arable and partly wooded1 lies a hundred miles due south of ,moscow4 ,it was at one time ,tolstoy's intention to dispossess himself entirely of his property and live as a peasant4 ,instead of this1 however1 he has made over the whole of the land to his wife and children1 and lives in the house nominally as a guest4 #a 8,leo ,tolstoy10 by ,g4 ,h4 ,perris4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,gateway to ,yasnaya ,polyana see page #e ,at the entrance to the park are two towers1 medieval in style1 which were erected by ,tolstoy's maternal grandfather4 ,from them the road runs through the park1 rising as it approaches the house1 and becomes merged in a level avenue of birch trees4 ,glimpses of a pond are caught through the dense foliage and of a square smoothly rolled space used as a tennis-ground1 the game being one in which ,count ,tolstoy participates with great enjoyment4 ,it will be noticed that in the photograph on page #ca he is holding a tennis racket in his hand4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,approach to the ,park see page #d ,sidenote3 8,the ,tree of the ,poor0 see page #g ,the house itself is a plain white rectangular two-storied building of stuccoed brick1 and it would be hard to imagine a simpler and less pretentious place than the home in which ,tolstoy has spent the greater part of his life4 ,it boasts neither piazzas nor towers2 indeed1 no architectural ornaments of any kind1 nor are vines or other creepers trained upon the flat walls to relieve their striking whiteness or soften their rectangular outlines4 ,the house was not completed all at once1 but was enlarged in proportion to the needs of the family4 ,on one side1 devoid of windows1 there is a low porch1 near which stands an old elm tree1 called 8,the ,tree of the ,poor40 ,close to its trunk is a bench on which the peasants sit to await the coming of ,count ,tolstoy4 ,here he listens with unwearying patience to many stories of distress and difficulty1 and gives in return1 not only sympathy and advice1 but such material assistance as may lie at his command4 ,it was during the period following upon his ,university career that ,tolstoy threw all his energies into the task of raising both the economical and moral standard of peasant life1 and suffered much disappointment at the hands of the peasants1 who refused to allow him to pull down their dilapidated hovels even that he might erect new and convenient ones at his own cost4 ,the result was that ,tolstoy left ,yasnaya ,polyana for ,st4 ,petersburg in the autumn of #ahdg1 resolved to prosecute his studies with the intention of taking a degree in law4 ,with this choice of a career1 however1 he was dissatisfied1 and returned again to his estate in #ahdh4 ,sidenote3 ,tolstoy as an ,officer see page #a ,for a few years he lived the ordinary life of the ,russian nobleman1 enlisting at the age of #bc as cadet in a regiment of artillery in which his elder brother ,nicholas was captain4 ,discontented with the idle life he was leading and out of harmony with his gay surroundings1 he decided to jot down his recollections of the homeland he loved so well1 and it was at this time that he commenced writing 8,childhood and ,youth0 7which1 however1 was not published in its complete form until six years later7 and 8,the ,cossacks40 ,subsequently ,tolstoy was appointed to a post on ,prince ,gortchakoff's staff in ,turkey1 and was present at ,sevastopol in #ahee1 having attained the rank of divisional commander4 ,his experiences during the war are pictured in his three sketches1 8,sevastopol in ,december #ahed10 8,in ,may #ahee10 and 8,in ,august #ahee40 ,these were published the following year and at once made his literary reputation4 ,at the end of the campaign he left the army and visited ,western ,europe1 in order to study various school systems1 and upon his return to ,yasnaya ,polyana he established several schools of his own4 ,sidenote3 ,count ,tolstoy and his wife see page #h ,in ,september #ahfb ,tolstoy married ,sophia ,andreevna ,behrs1 the daughter of a military doctor4 ,he was at this time thirty-four years of age1 his bride being sixteen years younger4 ,miss ,behrs was not only beautiful1 she was an exceedingly cultured girl1 having passed various examinations at the ,moscow ,university4 ,according to her brother1 the manner of their courtship was practically identical with that of ,levin and ,kitty in 8,anna ,karnina40 ,countess ,tolstoy at the age of forty-eight is described by ,sergyeenko in 8,how ,count ,tolstoy ,lives and ,works10 as having 8,an open1 expressive countenance1 with vivacious1 fearless eyes1 which she constantly brings near to the objects at which she is looking4 ,at her very first words one feels her straightforward nature4 ,in her manner there is not even a shadow of truckling to suit the tone of any one whomsoever2 her own individual note is always audible40 ,about the time of his marriage1 ,tolstoy was described as 8a tall1 wide-shouldered thin-waisted man1 with a moustache1 but without a beard1 with a serious1 even a gloomy expression of face1 which1 however1 was softened by a gleam of kindliness whenever he smiled40 ,sidenote3 ,count ,tolstoy at work in the fields see page #aj ,living at ,yasnaya ,polyana winter and summer1 with but rare intervening visits to ,moscow1 ,tolstoy interested himself in all the practical details of farming4 ,probably his own experiences of the physical labour of mowing are depicted as those of ,levin in 8,anna ,karnina40 8,the work went on and on4 ,levin absolutely lost all idea of time1 and did not know whether it was early or late4 ,though the sweat stood on his face1 and dropped from his nose1 and all his back was wet as though he had been plunged in water1 still he felt very well4 ,his work now seemed to him full of pleasure4 ,it was a state of unconsciousness3 he did not know what he was doing1 or how much he was doing1 or how the hours and moments were flying1 but only felt that at this time his work was good40 ,tolstoy was also an enthusiastic sportsman--a diversion which occasioned him two serious accidents--and1 in addition to fulfilling the duties of a ,justice of the ,peace1 he set himself to grapple with the novel conditions of land-owning1 a complicated and arduous task to which he applied himself with characteristic energy and shrewdness4 ,indeed1 his interests were manifold and exacting4 ,yet during this busy period he by no means neglected his literary work4 ,the composition of his novel 8,war and ,peace0 began immediately after his marriage1 and extended over a period of eight years4 ,his wife copied out the manuscript of this work no less than seven times as he altered and improved it4 8,war and ,peace0 was followed by 8,anna ,karnina10 which was not completed until #ahgf4 ,sidenote3 ,facsimile of a portion of ,tolstoy's ,,ms4 see page #aa ,in his method of working1 ,tolstoy may be likened to the old painters4 ,having settled upon a plan of work1 and collected a large number of studies1 he first makes a charcoal sketch1 as it were1 and writes rapidly without thinking of particulars4 ,he then has a clean copy of the work made by his wife or one of his daughters1 and this is again subjected to careful remodelling4 ,it is still in the nature of a charcoal sketch4 ,the ,,ms4 is speedily covered with erasures and interpolations4 ,whole sentences replace others4 ,the work is then copied again1 and some chapters ,tolstoy writes more than ten times4 ,he usually writes on quarto sheets of cheap plain paper in a large involved hand1 and sometimes covers as many as twenty pages in one day4 ,he regards the interval between nine o'clock and three as the best time for work4 ,sidenote3 ,tolstoy at work in his study at ,yasnaya ,polyana see page #ac ,his study at ,yasnaya ,polyana is a small room with an uncarpeted floor1 a vaulted ceiling1 and thick stone walls4 ,formerly it was a store-room1 and on the ceiling are heavy black iron rings1 on which hams used to hang and which were used later for gymnastic exercises4 ,the study is very cool and quiet1 and contains various implements of labour1 such as a scythe1 a saw1 pincers1 tiles1 etc4 ,sidenote3 ,tolstoy with his bicycle see page #f ,after his morning labours1 ,tolstoy generally goes out1 often riding on horseback or on his bicycle1 according to the state of the weather4 ,he is strict vegetarian1 eating only the simplest food and avoiding all stimulants4 ,he long ago ceased to smoke4 ,attaching great importance to manual labour1 he takes a share in the housework1 lighting his own fire and carrying water4 ,at one time he learned bootmaking1 and it is wonderful what an amount of physical exertion he was able to undergo at the age of seventy in the way of heavy labour in the field1 of riding scores of versts on his bicycle1 or of playing for hours at lawn tennis4 ,sidenote3 ,a portrait of ,tolstoy see page #af ,sidenote3 ,tolstoy in the grounds of ,yasnaya ,polyana see page #bd ,tolstoy has always dressed extremely simply1 and when at home his costume consisted of a grey flannel blouse1 which in summer he exchanged for a canvas one of a very original cut1 as may be judged from the fact that there was in the whole district only one old woman who could make it according to his orders4 ,in this blouse ,tolstoy sat for his portrait to ,kramsky and ,rpin1 the painters4 ,his over-dress was composed of a caftan and half-shouba1 made of the simplest materials1 and1 like the blouse1 eccentric in their cut1 being made evidently not for show but to stand bad weather4 ,the ,hon4 ,ernest ,howard ,crosby has given an interesting description of ,count ,tolstoy's appearance4 8,he is dressed like a peasant in a grey-white blouse of thin1 coarse1 canvas-like material1 with a leather belt2 but his toilet differs from a peasant's in being scrupulously clean4 ,his features are irregular and plain1 and yet his figure is so strong and massive that the tout ensemble is striking and fine-looking4 ,his little blue eyes peer out from under his bushy eyebrows with the kindliest of expressions40 ,sidenote3 ,count ,tolstoy and his family see page #ca ,count and ,countess ,tolstoy have had fifteen children of whom only seven survived4 ,the system of their upbringing has been fully dealt with by ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 ,behrs in his 8,recollections of ,count ,leo ,tolstoy40 ,toys and playthings were rigorously banished from the nursery4 ,with the first child the trial was made to dispense altogether with a nurse4 ,but later it was thought well to yield to the requirements of their social position and to the habits of contemporary life1 and the children were put under the care of nurses1 bonnes1 and governesses4 ,the parents1 however1 exercised a strict and unremittent surveillance over both the children and those who had the care of them4 ,the greatest possible liberty was allowed to the children1 and all put in authority over them were strictly forbidden to have resort under any pretext to violent or severe punishments4 ,tolstoy believed that these principles were nowhere so generally accepted as in ,england1 and1 accordingly1 from their third to their ninth year1 the children were placed under the charge of young ,english governesses engaged directly from ,london4 ,sidenote3 ,count ,tolstoy1 his wife1 and daughters see page #ab ,countess ,tolstoy is an excellent housewife1 attentive and hospitable4 ,all the complicated and troublesome management of the housekeeping and direction of household affairs is under her charge4 ,she is indefatigable1 and brings her brisk energy1 thriftiness1 and activity to bear in every direction1 and this she does without help4 ,her three eldest sons live apart1 each occupied with his own business matters4 ,her daughters have their own interests and duties1 which take up the greater part of their time4 ,sidenote3 ,tolstoy and his eldest daughter ,tatyana see page #cj ,tolstoy's eldest daughter1 ,tatyana ,lvovna1 a girl of exceptional talent1 in particular works very hard4 ,in addition to copying much of her father's manuscript1 she conducts his vast correspondence1 consisting of an almost incredible number of letters received in all languages from every part of the globe4 ,sidenote3 ,leo ,tolstoy1 from a portrait painted in #ahhd see page #cc ,sidenote3 ,illustrations by ,h4 ,r4 ,millar to 8,what ,men ,live ,by0-- see page #be ,this is probably the most striking of all the portraits of ,count ,tolstoy1 representing him when at the height of his popularity and power4 ,in #ahhd he was at work on the ,popular ,tales and ,sketches which sold by millions throughout ,russia1 and from which we reproduce two or three illustrations--viz41 one by ,h4 ,r4 ,millar from the ,english edition of 8,what ,men ,live ,by10 written in #ahha2 another by the same artist from the ,english edition of 8,where ,love is there ,god is also10 and a third showing the cover of this tract1 which was written in #ahhe1 and issued in rough pamphlet form at the price of a few farthings4 ,sidenote3 --and to 8,where ,love is there ,god is also0 see page #ae ,sidenote3 ,cover of 8,where ,love is there ,god is also0 see page #bj ,sidenote3 ,pasternak's illustrations to 8,resurrection0 see pages #ai1 #bi and #cd ,during the last twenty years ,tolstoy has written the following books3--8,my ,confession10 8,a ,criticism of ,dogmatic ,theology10 which has never been translated1 8,the ,four ,gospels1 ,harmonized and ,translated10 8,what ,i ,believe10 8,the ,gospel in ,brief10 8,what to ,do10 8,on ,life0 7also called 8,life071 8,the ,kreutzer ,sonata10 8,the ,kingdom of ,god is ,within ,you10 8,the ,christian ,teaching10 8,what is ,art80 which in ,tolstoy's own opinion is the best constructed of his books1 8,resurrection10 his last novel1 begun about #ahid1 and then laid aside in favour of what seemed more important work to be completely rewritten and published in #ahii for the benefit of the ,doukhabors1 and latterly 8,what is ,religion and what is ,its ,essence10 published in ,february #aijb4 ,the illustrations reproduced from 8,resurrection0 on pages #ai1 #bi1 and #cd are from the remarkable drawings by ,pasternak4 ,concerning these pictures there is an interesting note in the preface of the ,french edition of the novel from which it may be gathered that the drawings tallied very closely with ,tolstoy's own conception of the appearance of his characters4 ,it was the artist's usual custom to submit each design on its completion to the eminent novelist for his opinion4 ,invariably ,tolstoy showed his approval of the clever realisation of his ideas4 ,but when it came to the sketch of ,prince ,nekhludov1 ,tolstoy went so far as to enquire of ,m4 ,pasternak whether he was acquainted with the person who had served him as a model4 ,at this the artist showed extreme surprise--he had not even been aware that the character was copied from an original4