,transcriber's ,notes ,no attempt has been made to rationalise the spelling within the text4 ,sidenotes1 in italics and embedded in the text in the original1 have been placed at the beginning of the relevant paragraphs and marked ,sidenote3 4444 ,the ,latin poem that follows the ,dedication contains several words ending in q with an acute accent4 ,these are shown thus que4 ,footnotes are placed at the end of ,chapters4 ,italics are represented thus italic1 and superscripts thus yen4 ,,positions3 ,,by ,,richard ,,mulcaster1 ,first ,headmaster of ,merchant ,taylors' ,school 7,a4,d4 #aefa-aehf72 ,,with ,,an ,,appendix1 ,,containing ,,some ,,account ,,of ,,his ,,life ,,and ,,writings1 ,,by ,,robert ,,hebert ,,quick1 ,author of 8,essays on ,educational ,reformers02 ,first ,university ,lecturer at ,cambridge on the ,history of ,education 7,a4,d4 #ahgi74 ,,london3 ,,longmans1 ,,green1 ,,and ,,co41 ,,and ,,new ,,york3 #ae1 ,,east #afth ,,street4 #ahhh4 ,all rights reserved4 ,,positions ,,wherein ,,those ,,primitive ,,circvmstances ,,be ,,examined1 ,,which ,,are ,,necessarie ,,for ,,the ,,training vp of ,children1 either for skill in their booke1 or health in their bodie4 ,,written ,,by ,,richard ,,mvlcaster1 ,,master ,,of ,,the ,,schoole ,,erected ,,in ,,london ,,anno4 #aefa1 ,,in ,,the ,,parish ,,of ,,sainct ,,laurence ,,povvntneie1 ,,by ,,the ,,vvorshipfull ,,companie ,,of ,,the ,,merchaunt ,,tailers ,,of ,,the ,,said ,,citie4 ,imprinted at ,london by ,thomas ,vautrollier1 dvvelling in the blacke ,friers by ,ludgate1 #aeha4 ,reprinted for ,henry ,barnard and ,r4 ,h4 ,quick by ,harrison and ,sons1 ,printers in ,ordinary to ,her ,majesty1 ,st4 ,martin's ,lane1 ,london1 #ahhg4 ,illustration4 ,decorative ,border ,,to ,,the ,,most ,,vertvovs ,,ladie1 ,,his ,,most ,,deare1 ,,and soueraine princesse1 ,elizabeth by the grace of ,god ,queene of ,england1 ,fraunce1 and ,ireland1 defendresse of the faith c4 ,my booke by the very argument1 most excellent princesse1 pretendeth a common good1 bycause it concerneth the generall traine and bringing vp of youth1 both to enrich their minds with learning1 and to enable their bodies with health3 and it craues the fauour of some speciall countenaunce farre aboue the common1 or else it can not possiblie procure free passage4 ,for what a simple credit is myne1 to perswade so great a matter8 or what force is there in common patronage1 to commaunde conceites8 ,i am therefore driuen vpon these so violent considerations1 to presume so farre1 as to present it1 being my first trauell1 that euer durst venture vpon the print1 vnto your maiesties most sacred handes4 ,for in neede of countenaunce1 where best abilitie is most assurance1 and knowne vertue the fairest warrant1 who is more sufficient then your excellencie is1 either for cunning to commend1 or for credit to commaunde8 ,and what reason is there more likely to procure the fauour of your maiesties most gracious countenaunce1 either to commende the worke1 or to commaunde it waie1 then the honest pretence of a generall good1 wherein you cannot be deceiued8 ,for of your accustomed care you will circumspectlie consider1 and by your singular iudgement1 you can skillfully discerne1 whether there be any appearance1 that my booke shall performe so great a good1 as it pretendeth to do1 before you either praise it1 or procure it passage4 ,in deede it is an argument which craueth consideration1 bycause it is the leader to a further consequence3 and all your maiesties time is so busily employed1 about many and maine affaires of your estate1 as ,i may seeme verie iniurious to the common weale1 besides some wrong offered to your owne person1 to desire your ,maiestie at this time to reade any part therof1 much lesse the whole1 the booke it selfe being very long1 and your ,maiesties leasure being very litle4 ,and yet if it maye please your most excellent ,maiestie of some extraordinarie grace towardes a most obsequious subiect in way of encoraging his both toilsome and troublesome labour1 to take but some taste of any one title1 of smallest encumbraunce1 by the very inscription1 the paw of a ,lion may bewraie the hole body in me by the prouerbe1 in your highnesse by the propertie1 as who can best iudge1 what the ,lion is4 ,for the rest1 which neither your ,maiesties time can tarie on1 neither my boldnesse dare desire that you should3 other mens report1 which shall haue time to read1 and will lend an officious countrieman some parte of their leysure1 will proue a referendarie1 and certifie your highnesse how they finde me appointed4 ,i haue entitled the booke ,,positions1 bycause entending to go on further1 for the auauncement of learning ,i thought it good at the first to put downe certaine groundes very needefull for my purpose1 for that they be the common circunstances1 that belong to teaching and are to be resolued on1 eare we begin to teach4 ,wherin ,i craue consent of my countrey1 to ioyne with me in conceit1 if my reasons proue likely1 that therby ,i may direct my whole currant in the rest1 a great deale the better4 ,now if it maye stand with your ,maiesties most gracious good will to bestow vpon me the fauourable smile of your good liking1 to countenance me in this course1 which as it pretendeth the publike commoditie1 so it threateneth me with extreme paines1 all my paine will proue pleasant vnto me1 and that good which shall come thereby to the common weale shall be most iustly ascribed to your ,maiesties especial goodnesse1 which encoraged my labour1 and commended it to my countrey4 ,which both encoragement to my selfe1 and commendacion to my countrey1 ,i do nothing doubt but to obtaine at your ,maiesties most gracious handes1 whether of your good nature1 which hath alwaye furthered honest attemptes3 or of your ,princely conceit1 which is thoroughly bent to the bettering of your state1 considering my trauell doth tend that way4 ,for the very ende of my whole labour 7if my small power can attaine to that1 which a great good will towards this my cuntrey hath deepely conceiued7 is to helpe to bring the generall teaching in your ,maiesties dominions1 to some one good and profitable vniformitie which now in the middest of great varietie doth either hinder much1 or profit litle1 or at the least nothing so much1 as it were like to do1 if it were reduced to one certaine fourme4 ,the effecting wherof pretendeth great honour to your ,maiesties person1 besides the profit1 which your whole realme is to reape therby4 ,that noble ,prince king ,,henry the eight1 your ,maiesties most renowned father vouchesafed to bring all ,grammers into one fourme1 the multitude therof being some impediment to schoole learning in his happie time1 and thereby both purchased himselfe great honour1 and procured his subiectes a marueilous ease4 ,now if it shall please your ,maiestie by that ,royall example which otherwise you so rarely exceede1 to further not onely the helping of that booke to a refining3 but also the reducing of all other schoole bookes to some better choice3 and all manner of teaching1 to some redier fourme3 can so great a good but sound to your ,maiesties most endlesse renowne1 whose least part gaue such cause of honour1 to that famous ,king1 your ,maiesties father8 ,by these few wordes your highnesse conceiueth my full meaning ,i am well assured1 neither do ,i doubt1 but that as you are well able to discerne it1 so you will very depelie consider it1 and see this so great a common good thoroughly set on foote4 ,i know your ,maiesties pacience to be exceeding great in verie petie arguments1 if not ,i should haue bene afraid1 to haue troubled you with so many wordes1 and yet least tediousnesse do soure euen a sweete and sound matter1 ,i will be no bolder4 ,god blesse your ,maiestie1 and send you a long1 and an healthfull life1 to his greatest glorie1 and your ,maiesties most lasting honour4 ,your ,maiesties most humble and obedient subiect ,richard ,mulcaster4 ,illustration3 ,decorative border ,,avthor ,,ipse ,,ad librum suum4 ,insita natur nostr sitis illa iuuandi ,ignauum vit desidis odit iter4 ,parca cibi1 saturata fame1 deuota labori1 ,prodiga nocturni luminis vrget opus4 ,quod1 simul ac lucis patiens fore viderit1 edit ,inde licet multo plena timore gemat4 ,pnitet emissam per mille pericula prolem1 ,qu poterat patri tuta latere domi4 ,iudiciumque timens alieni pallida iuris ,omine spem ldit deteriore suam4 ,sed sine sole nequit viui1 prodire necesse est1 ,curaque quod peperit publica1 iura vocant4 ,fortun credenda salus1 quam prouida virtus ,quam patris terni dextera magna regit4 ,sic sua ,neptuno committit vela furenti ,spem solam in medijs docta phaselus aquis4 ,sic mihi spes maior1 cui res cum gente ,deorum1 ,qu certo dubijs numine rebus adest4 ,perge igitur1 sortique tu te crede1 parentis ,tessera parue liber prima future tui4 ,et quia1 qu perges1 hominum liberrima de te ,iudicia in medijs experiere vijs1 ,quidnam quisque notet1 quidnam desideret in te1 ,quo possim in reliquis cautior esse1 refer4 ,interea veniam supplex vtrique precare1 ,nam meus error erat1 qui tuus error erit4 ,qui neutrius erit1 cum1 quis sit1 sensero1 quippe ,nullum in correcto crimine crimen erit4 ,ergo tu partes1 qu sint errata1 referre3 ,emendare1 mei cura laboris erit4 ,namque rei nouitas nulli tentata priorum ,hac ipsa1 qua tu progrediere1 via1 ,vtrique errores multos1 lapsusque2 minatur1 ,quos cum resciero1 num superesse sinam8 ,cui tam chara mei lectoris amica voluntas1 ,vt deleta illi displicitura velim4 ,r4 ,m4 ,illustration3 ,decoration ,illustration3 ,decorative border ,,the ,,argvmemtes ,,handled ,,in ,,every ,,particvlar ,,title4 ,cap4 #a4 ,the entrie to the ,positions1 conteining the occasion of this present discourse1 and the causes why it was penned in ,english4 7,p4 #a47 ,cap4 #b4 ,wherfore these ,positions serue1 what they be1 and how necessarie it was to begin at them4 7,p4 #d47 ,cap4 #c4 ,of what force circunstance is in matters of action1 and how warily authorities be to be vsed1 where the contemplatiue reason receiues the check of the actiue circunstance1 if they be not well applyed4 ,of the alledging of authours4 7,p4 #h47 ,cap4 #d4 ,what time were best for the childe to begin to learne4 ,what matters some of the best writers handle eare they determine this question4 ,of letes and libertie1 whervnto the parentes are subiect in setting their children to schoole4 ,of the difference of wittes and bodies in children4 ,that exercise must be ioyned with the booke1 as the schooling of the bodie4 7,p4 #ad47 ,cap4 #e4 ,what thinges they be1 wherein children are to be trained1 eare they passe to the ,grammar4 ,that parentes1 and maisters ought to examine the naturall abilities in children1 whereby they become either fit1 or vnfit1 to this1 or that kinde of life4 ,the three naturall powers in children1 ,witte to conceiue by1 ,memorie to retaine by1 ,discretion to discerne by4 ,that the training vp to good manners1 and nurture1 doth not belong to the teacher alone1 though most to him1 next after the parent1 whose charge that is most1 bycause his commaundement is greatest1 ouer his owne childe1 and beyond appeale4 ,of ,reading1 ,writing1 ,drawing1 ,musicke by voice1 and instrument3 and that they be the principall principles1 to traine vp the minde in4 ,a generall aunswere to all obiections1 which arise against any1 or all of these4 7,p4 #be47 ,cap4 #f4 ,of exercises and training the body4 ,how necessarie a thing exercise is4 ,what health is1 and how it is maintained3 what sicknesse is1 how it commeth1 and how it is preuented4 ,what a parte exercise playeth in the maintenaunce of health4 ,of the student and his health4 ,that all exercises though they stirre some one parte most1 yet helpe the whole bodie4 7,p4 #dj47 ,cap4 #g4 ,the braunching1 order1 and methode1 kept in this discourse of exercises4 7,p4 #di47 ,cap4 #h4 ,of exercise in generall1 and what it is4 ,and that it is ,athleticall for games1 ,martiall for the fielde1 ,physicall for health1 preparatiue before1 postparatiue after the standing exercise3 some within dores1 for foule whether1 some without for faire4 7,p4 #ea47 ,cap4 #i4 ,of the particular exercises4 ,why ,i do appoint so manie1 and how to iudge of them1 or to deuise the like4 7,p4 #ed47 ,cap4 #aj4 ,of lowd speaking4 ,how necessarie1 and how proper an exercise it is for a scholer4 7,p4 #ee47 ,cap4 #aa4 ,of lowd singing1 and in what degree it commeth to be one of the exercises4 7,p4 #ei47 ,cap4 #ab4 ,of lowde1 and soft reading4 7,p4 #fj47 ,cap4 #ac4 ,of much talking and silence4 7,p4 #fb47 ,cap4 #ad4 ,of laughing1 and weeping4 ,and whether children be to be forced toward vertue and learning4 7,p4 #fc47 ,cap4 #ae4 ,of holding the breath4 7,p4 #fh47 ,cap4 #af4 ,of daunsing1 why it is blamed1 and how deliuered from blame4 7,p4 #gb47 ,cap4 #ag4 ,of wrastling4 7,p4 #gf47 ,cap4 #ah4 ,of fensing1 or the vse of the weapon4 7,p4 #gh47 ,cap4 #ai4 ,of the ,top1 and scourge4 7,p4 #hj47 ,cap4 #bj4 ,of walking4 7,p4 #hb47 ,cap4 #ba4 ,of running4 7,p4 #hi47 ,cap4 #bb4 ,of leaping4 7,p4 #ib47 ,cap4 #bc4 ,of swimming4 7,p4 #id47 ,cap4 #bd4 ,of riding4 7,p4 #if47 ,cap4 #be4 ,of hunting4 7,p4 #ih47 ,cap4 #bf4 ,of shooting4 7,p4 #aja47 ,cap4 #bg4 ,of the ball4 7,p4 #ajc47 ,cap4 #bh4 ,of the circumstances1 which are to be considered in exercise4 7,p4 #ajh47 ,cap4 #bi4 ,the nature and qualitie of the exercise4 7,p4 #aji47 ,cap4 #cj4 ,of the bodies which are to be exercised4 7,p4 #aaj47 ,cap4 #ca4 ,of the exercising places4 7,p4 #aad47 ,cap4 #cb4 ,of the exercising time4 7,p4 #aae47 ,cap4 #cc4 ,of the quantitie that is to be kept in exercise4 7,p4 #aah47 ,cap4 #cd4 ,of the manner of exercising4 7,p4 #abb47 ,cap4 #ce4 ,an aduertisement to the training master4 ,why both the teaching of the minde and the training of the bodie be assigned to the same master4 ,the inconueniences which ensue1 where the bodie and the soule be made particular subiectes to seuerall professions4 ,that who so will execute any thing well1 must of force be fully resolued1 in the excellencie of his owne subiect4 ,out of what kinde of writers the exercising maister maie store himselfe with cunning4 ,that the first groundes would be laide by the cunningest workeman4 ,that priuate discretion in any executour is of more efficacie1 then his skill4 7,p4 #abd47 ,cap4 #cf4 ,that both yong boyes1 and yong maidens are to be put to learne4 ,whether all boyes be to be set to schoole4 ,that to many learned be burdenous3 to few to bare3 wittes well sorted ciuill3 missorted seditious4 ,that all may learne to write and reade without daunger4 ,the good of choice1 the ill of confusion4 ,the children which are set to learne hauing either rich or poore freindes1 what order and choice is to be vsed in admitting either of them to learne4 ,of the time to chuse4 7,p4 #acc47 ,cap4 #cg4 ,the meanes to restraine the ouerflowing multitude of scholers4 ,the cause why euery one desireth1 to haue his childe learned1 and yet must yeilde ouer his owne desire to the disposition of his countrie4 ,that necessitie and choice be the best restrainers4 ,that necessitie restraineth by lacke and law4 ,why it may be admitted that all may learne to writ and reade that can1 but no further4 ,what is to be thought of the speaking and vnderstanding of latine1 and in what degree of learning that is4 ,that considering our time1 and the state of religion in our time law must needes helpe this restraint1 with the aunswere to such obiections as are made to the contrarie4 ,that in choice of wittes1 which must deale with learning1 that wit is fittest for our state which aunswereth best the monarchie1 and how such a wit is to be knowne4 ,that choice is to helpe in schooling1 in admission into colledges1 in proceding to degrees1 in preferring to liuings1 where the right and wrong of all the foure pointes be handled at full4 7,p4 #adb47 ,cap4 #ch4 ,that yong maindens are to be set to learning1 which is proued by the custome of our countrie1 by our duetie towardes them1 by their naturall abilitie1 and by the worthie effectes of such1 as haue bene well trained4 ,the ende whereunto their education serueth1 which is the cause why and how much they learne4 ,which of them are to learne4 ,when they are to beginne to learne3 ,what and how much they may learne4 ,of whom and where they ought to be taught4 7,p4 #aff47 ,cap4 #ci4 ,of the training vp of yong gentlemen4 ,of priuate and publike education1 with their generall goodes and illes4 ,that there is no better way for gentlemen to be trained by in any respect1 then the common is1 being well appointed4 ,of rich mens children1 which be no gentlemen4 ,of nobilitie in generall4 ,of gentlemanly exercises4 ,what it is to be a nobleman or a gentleman4 ,that infirmities in noble houses be not to be triumphed ouer4 ,the causes and groundes of nobilitie4 ,why so many desire to be gentlemen4 ,that gentlemen ought to professe learning1 and liberall sciences for many good and honorable effectes4 ,of trauelin into forraine contries1 with all the braunches1 allowance and disallowance thereof3 and that it were to be wished that gentlemen would professe1 to make sciences liberall in vse1 which are liberall in name4 ,of the training vp of a yong prince4 7,p4 #ahc47 ,cap4 #dj4 ,of the generall place and time of education4 ,publike places elementarie1 grammaticall1 collegiat4 ,of bourding of children abroad from their parentes howses3 and whether that be the best4 ,the vse and commoditie of a large and well situate training place4 ,observations to be kept in the generall time4 7,p4 #bbb47 ,cap4 #da4 ,of teachers and trainers in generall3 and that they be either ,elementarie1 ,grammatticall1 or ,academicall4 ,of the elementarie teachers abilitie and entertainement3 of the grammer maisters abilitie and his entertainement4 ,a meane to haue both excellent teachers and cunning professours in all kindes of learning3 by the diuision of colledges according to professions3 by sorting like yeares into the same rowmes3 by bettering the studentes allowance and liuing3 by prouiding and maintaining notable well learned readers4 ,that for bringing learning forward in her right and best course1 there would be seuen ordinarie ascending colledges for tounges1 for mathematikes1 for philosophie1 for teachers1 for physicians1 for lawyers1 for diuines4 ,and that the generall studie of law1 would be but one studie4 ,euery of these pointes with his particular proufes sufficient for a position4 ,of the admission of teachers4 7,p4 #bcb47 ,cap4 #db4 ,how long the childe is to continew in the elementarie1 eare he passe to the toungues and grammer4 ,the incurable infirmities which posting haste maketh in the whole course of studie4 ,how necessarie a thing sufficient time is for a scholer4 7,p4 #bef47 ,cap4 #dc4 ,how to cut of most inconueniences wherewith schooles and scholers1 masters and parentes be in our schooling now most troubled3 whereof there be too meanes1 vniformitie in teaching and publishing of schoole orders4 ,that vniformitie in teaching hath for companions dispatch in learning and sparing of expenses4 ,of the abbridging of the number of bookes4 ,of curtesie and correction4 ,of schoole faultes4 ,of friendlines betwene parentes and maisters4 7,p4 #bfb47 ,cap4 #dd4 ,that conference betwene those which haue interest in children3 ,certaintie of direction in places where children vse most3 and ,constancie in well keeping that1 which is certainely appointed1 be the most profitable circunstances both for vertuous mannering and cunning schooling4 7,p4 #bha47 ,cap4 #de4 ,the peroration1 wherein the summe of the whole booke is recapitulated and proofes vsed1 that this enterprise was first to be begon by ,positions1 and that these be the most proper to this purpose4 ,a request concerning the well taking of that which is so well meant4 7,p4 #bib47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chapter #a---- ,,page ,author aims at improving ,schools #b ,why he writes in ,english #c ,,chapter #b---- ,settling first ,principles #d ,the three ,stages of ,learning #e ,the first ,stage chosen #f ,matters to be discussed #g ,,chapter #c---- ,mistake of neglecting ,circumstance #h ,consideration of ,circumstance #i ,the ,realm of ,circumstance #aj ,authority affected by ,circumstance #aa ,use of previous writers #ab ,right ,reason the best ,authority #ac ,truth no ,respecter of ,persons #ad ,,chapter #d---- ,the ,ideal and the ,possible #ae ,what ,parents want #af ,at what age should schooling begin8 #ag ,circumstances limit choice #ah ,against forcing young wits #ai ,powers of mind and body #bj ,father must decide ,care of the body #ba ,parents' duty in training the body #bb ,meet schoolroom stillness by regulated exercise #bc ,parents must consult with ,schoolmaster #bd ,,chapter #e---- ,discerning of ingenerate abilities #be ,measure of ripeness in soul or body #bf ,three ,powers3 ,perception1 ,memory1 ,judgment #bg ,morals the care of ,parents and ,teachers #bh ,instruction before ,grammar ,age4 ,reading #bi ,reading ,english before ,latin #cj ,rote for ,youth3 ,reason for ,years4 ,english #ca ,writing invented before ,reading #cb ,skill in ,writing3 its value for the child #cc ,write ,english hand first4 ,drawing #cd ,value of ,drawing4 ,painting8 #ce ,music #cf ,music good for mind and body #cg ,objections to ,music answered #ch ,for child reading1 writing1 drawing1 music #ci ,,chapter #f---- ,training needed for both body and mind #dj ,bodily exercise needed by student #da ,exercise and health #db ,what is health and sickness8 #dc ,dangers to health of the body #dd ,use of exercise ,the ,student #de ,parents' and ,masters' parts #df ,parts of the body and their train #dg ,heart1 liver1 brain1 c4 #dh ,exercises for the various parts #di ,,chapter #g---- ,four ,points to be treated of #ej ,,chapter #h---- ,exercise athletical #ea ,exercise martial #eb ,exercise for health #ec ,,chapter #i---- ,the particular exercises chosen #ed ,defence of the choice #ee ,,chapter #aj---- ,loud speaking #ee ,good effects of loud speaking #ef ,cautions in loud speaking #eg ,recitations #eh ,,chapter #aa---- ,music and health #ei ,music and health #fj ,,chapter #ab---- ,reading aloud #fj ,reading aloud approved by ,ancients #fa ,soft ,reading #fb ,,chapter #ac---- ,talking #fb ,,chapter #ad---- ,laughing4 ,weeping #fc ,laughing and weeping as exercises #fd ,weeping no ,exercise #ff ,keep the ,young in awe #fg ,,chapter #ae---- ,soundness of ,wind #fh ,use of holding the ,breath #fi ,effects of holding the ,breath #gj ,cautions #ga ,,chapter #af---- ,defence of ,dancing #gb ,dancing3 its use and misuse #gc ,kinds and causes of ,dancing #gd ,ancient and modern ,dancing #ge ,,chapter #ag---- ,kinds of ,wrestling #gf ,cautions to ,wrestlers #gg ,,chapter #ah---- ,kinds of ,fencing4 ,the ,ancients #gh ,counsels for ,fencing #gi ,,chapter #ai---- ,tops ancient and modern #hj ,use both ,hands alike4 ,plato quoted #ha ,,chapter #bj---- ,walking commonest and best for health #hb ,kinds of ,walking #hc ,kinds of ,walking and their effects #hd ,walking up and down hill1 c4 #hf ,choice of place3 by the sea1 c4 #hg ,times of ,walking #hh ,,chapter #ba---- ,running1 its importance #hi ,vehement ,running unhealthy #ij ,moderate ,running4 ,running backwards1 c4 #ia ,,chapter #bb---- ,of ,leaping #ib ,kinds of ,leaping4 ,spartan women #ic ,leaping4 ,skipping #id ,,chapter #bc---- ,of ,swimming #id ,swimming3 where best #ie ,swimming in salt water #if ,,chapter #bd---- ,riding1 ancient and modern #ig ,trotting3 ,ambling3 ,posting #ih ,,chapter #be---- ,hunting combines all exercises #ii ,hunting on horseback and on foot #ajj ,,chapter #bf---- ,shooting practised in ,islands #aja ,archery v4 ,hunting4 ,ascham #ajb ,prince ,arthur's ,knights #ajc ,,chapter #bg---- ,ball games ancient and modern4 ,handball #ajd ,handball and ,football #aje ,football and ,armball #ajf ,why some classic games are left out #ajg ,,chapter #bh---- ,rules must vary in practice #ajh ,,chapter #bi---- ,galen's triple division #aji ,,chapter #cj---- ,diseases are of three kinds #aaj ,when exercise helps in disease #aaa ,exercises for the weak and old #aab ,exercise according to state of the body #aac ,,chapter #ca---- ,place for exercise #aad ,pure air #aae ,,chapter #cb---- ,time of exercise #aae ,times according to ,hippocrates1 c4 #aaf ,time for exercise and meals #aag ,morning best #aah ,,chapter #cc---- ,limits in exercise #aah ,limits4 ,strong and weak4 ,old and young #aai ,time of year4 ,condition of the body #abj ,kind of life #aba ,,chapter #cd---- ,rubbing the body #abb ,practice of the ,ancients #abc ,,chapter #ce---- ,same trainer for body and mind #abd ,the ,divine and the ,physician #abe ,against specialising #abf ,trainer to magnify his office #abg ,praise of health4 ,trainer's knowledge #abh ,physician the ,trainer's ,friend #abi ,importance of ,groundwork #acj ,discretion in applying ,knowledge #aca ,art general2 ,discretion particular #acb ,,chapter #cf---- ,boys and girls4 ,boys first #acc ,train tests wit4 ,is school for all8 #acd ,danger from too many learned #ace ,this danger universally admitted #acf ,evils from too few learned4 ,choice #acg ,sorting of wits4 ,dangers from misplacement #ach ,reading and writing for all4 ,rich and poor scholars #aci ,middle sort best for learning #adj ,school not for all4 ,choosing #ada ,,chapter #cg---- ,all parents would have children learned #adb ,the ,country must decide #adc ,necessity a good restraint #add ,number of scholars kept down by law #ade ,private opinion must yield to public #adf ,the poor and the rich #adg ,fewer bookmen needed since ,reformation #adh ,a learned paucity4 ,choice #adi ,right choice in a monarchy #aej ,ideal monarchy scholar #aea ,his patience with masters and comrades #aeb ,less clear cases4 ,master first chooser #aec ,against early choice4 ,some dullards kept #aed ,schoolmaster and parent #aee ,the same4 ,colleges not almshouses #aef ,evils from bad elections #aeg ,catchers in ,colleges #aeh ,college factions warned #aei ,influence of the great misused by the little #afj ,abuse of patronage #afa ,bursuries4 ,degrees gained by favour #afb ,daws as peacocks #afc ,evils ensuing4 ,livings #afd ,preferment to livings #afe ,professions overcrowded #aff ,,chapter #ch---- ,teaching of girls #aff ,four reasons4 ,first1 ,english custom #afg ,second1 ,our duty #afh ,physical education of girls #afi ,third1 ,girls' natural towardness #agj ,fourth1 ,good results accruing #aga ,plutarch1 c41 about women #agb ,panegyric of ,queen ,elizabeth #agc ,limits4 ,learning allowed #agd ,choice1 as with boys #age ,studies for girls4 ,reading #agf ,writing4 ,music4 ,housewifery #agg ,learning suited to station #agh ,how much8 #agi ,professions denied4 ,drawing allowed #ahj ,languages1 c4 ,to what age8 #aha ,where8 and by whom8 #ahb ,,chapter #ci---- ,need of train in women and in gentlemen #ahc ,public training best for gentlemen4 ,private #ahd ,private education and public #ahe ,disadvantages of private training #ahf ,the same #ahg ,the same #ahh ,why prefer private to public8 #ahi ,public school with a private tutor #aij ,public schools and private #aia ,studies of a gentleman #aib ,gentlemen4 ,the new rich #aic ,the new rich #aid ,noblesse oblige #aie ,what makes the gentleman #aif ,nobility and gentry #aig 8,as they be true gentlemen0 #aih ,virtues not tied to the person #aii ,noble and gentle #bjj ,learning useful to noblemen #bja ,a wise counsellor #bjb ,the ,divine #bjc ,the lawyer and the physician #bjd ,apes #bje ,what is needed for the gentleman #bjf ,the same #bjg ,travelling beyond sea #bjh ,travel not necessary #bji ,against foreign travel #baj ,the same #baa ,women do not travel4 ,queen ,elizabeth #bab ,socrates4 ,plato on travel #bac ,plato's traveller #bad ,his treatment on return #bae ,plato's reception of foreigners #baf ,doubts about travel #bag ,gentlemen and the professions #bah ,gentlemen's advantages #bai ,must not be smatterers4 ,princes #bbj ,training of a ,prince4 ,elizabeth #bba ,,chapter #dj---- ,three stages of school education #bbb ,school building3 #a1 superior2 #b1 primary #bbc #c1 ,secondary4 ,buildings and hours #bbd ,boarding schools1 pro and con #bbe ,grammar schools in suburbs #bbf ,master's pay dependent on diligence #bbg ,changing schools4 ,master's pay #bbh ,moving schools out of towns #bbi ,school buildings4 ,times #bcj ,hours best for study and play #bca ,,chapter #da---- ,same trainer for mind and body #bcb ,elementary master most important #bcc ,pay elementary master highest #bcd ,grammar master and his pay #bce ,good masters stopt by bad pay #bcf ,teacher's training4 ,university reform #bcg ,a college for tongues #bch ,a college for mathematics8 #bci ,tongues too much thought of4 ,ascham #bdj ,sir ,j4 ,cheeke on ,cambridge mathematics #bda ,talking ,latin4 ,mathematics #bdb ,college for ,philosophy #bdc ,study of words4 ,necessity of mathematics #bdd ,philo and ,aristotle #bde ,mathematics studied by ,ancients #bdf ,mathematics and ,philosophy #bdg ,law ,reform4 ,training ,college #bdh ,use of the seven colleges #bdi ,sorting by age4 ,uniting of colleges #bej ,university ,readers #bea ,university ,reform4 ,readerships #beb ,the same #bec ,learned ,professors needed #bed ,admission of teachers #bee ,,chapter #db---- ,against forcing #bef ,ills from haste #beg ,degrees taken too young #beh ,over-hasting4 ,vives #bei ,value of time #bfj ,limit of elementary course #bfa ,,chapter #dc---- ,schoolmasters' troubles4 ,melanchthon #bfb ,want of uniformity #bfc ,proposal of common scheme #bfd ,able and ordinary teachers #bfe ,gains from uniformity #bff ,changing schools4 ,the common ,grammar #bfg ,too many school books #bfh ,choice of books4 ,chrestomathies #bfi ,the same4 ,no poetic fury #bgj ,profit from uniformity #bga ,mulcaster will write himself #bgb ,printed rules of hours1 punishments1 c4 #bgc ,parents and punishments #bgd ,monitors4 ,the rod needed #bge ,the rod #bgf ,socrates4 ,plato4 ,xenophon #bgg ,coat story in ,cyropdeia #bgh ,tarif of stripes #bgi ,great offences4 ,master's age #bhj ,master's calling #bha ,,chapter #dd---- ,confer with parents #bha ,conference with neighbours #bhb ,teachers and neighbours #bhc ,teachers and parents4 ,xenophon #bhd ,conference of teachers #bhe ,the same4 ,certainty in direction #bhf ,certainty at school and at home #bhg ,certainty at home and at ,church #bhh ,advantage from certainty4 ,constancy #bhi ,discretion in change #bij ,summing up #bia ,,chapter #de---- ,plan of this book #bib ,author's intention #bic ,reason of his prolixity #bid ,his choice of subject #bie ,advantage of ideal #bif ,why girls' training is treated of #big ,wishes #bih ,illustration3 ,decoration ,illustration3 ,decorative border ,,positions ,,concerning ,,the ,,training ,,vp ,,of ,,children4 ,,first ,,chapter4 ,,the ,,entrie ,,to ,,the ,,positions1 ,,conteining ,,the ,,occasion ,,of ,,this ,,present ,,discourse1 ,,and ,,the ,,causes ,,why ,,it ,,was ,,penned ,,in ,,english4 ,whosoever shall consider with any iudgement the maner of training vp children1 which we vse generally within this ,realme cannot but wish1 that the thing were bettered1 as ,i my selfe do3 though ,i do not thinke it good here to displaie the particular defectes1 bycause ,i am in hope to see them healed1 without any so sharp a rehersall1 78for the error being once graunted and well knowen straight way craueth helpe without aggrauation1 and that way in helping must needes be most gracious1 which the partie helped confesseth least greiuouse407 ,if ,i should discouer all those inconueniences1 wherby parentes and maisters1 teachers and learners1 do but enterchaunge displeasures1 if ,i should rip vp those difficulties1 wherby the traine it selfe1 and bringing vp of children is maruellously empeached1 ,i might reuiue great gaules1 and euen therby worse remedie the greifes4 ,and though ,i remedied them yet the partie pacient might beare in minde1 how churlishly he was cured1 and though he payed well for the healing1 yet be ill apayd for the handling4 ,wherefore in helping thinges1 that be amisse ,i do take that to be the aduisedest way1 which saueth the man1 and sowreth not the meane4 ,if without quoting the quarrelles1 ,i set down that right1 whervnto ,i am led1 vpon reasonable grounds1 that it is both the best1 and most within compasse1 the wrong by comparison is furthwith bewraied1 and the chek giuen without anie chiding4 ,sidenote3 ,the occasion of this discourse4 ,i haue taught in publike without interrupting my course1 now two and twentie yeares1 and haue alwaie had a very great charge vnder my hand1 which how ,i haue discharged1 they can best iudge of me1 which will iudge without me4 ,during which time both by that1 which ,i haue seene in teaching so long1 and by that which ,i haue tryed1 in training vp so many1 ,i do well perceiue1 vpon such lettes1 as both my selfe am subiect vnto1 and other teachers no lesse then ,i1 that neither ,i haue don so much as ,i might1 neither any of them so much as they could4 ,which lettes me thinke ,i haue both learned1 what they be1 and withall conceiued the meane1 how to get them remoued4 ,wherby both ,i and all other maie do much more good1 then either ,i or anie other heretofore haue don4 ,wherin as ,i meane to deale for the common good1 so must ,i appeal to the common curtesie1 that my good will maie be well thought of1 though my good hope do not hit right4 ,for ,i do but that1 which is set free to all1 to vtter in publike a priuate conceit1 and to claime kindnes of all1 for good will ment vnto all3 as ,i my selfe am ready both freindly and fauorably1 to esteme of others1 who shall enterprise the like1 requiring euery one1 which shall vse my trauell1 either as a reader1 to peruse1 or as a reaper to profit1 that he will think well of me1 which may cause him allow3 or if he do not1 that yet he will be sorie for me1 that so good a meaning had so meane an issue4 ,sidenote3 ,why it is penned in ,english4 ,i do write in my naturall ,english toungue1 bycause though ,i make the learned my iudges1 which vnderstand ,latin1 yet ,i meane good to the vnlearned1 which vnderstand but ,english4 ,and better it is for the learned to forbeare ,latin1 which they neede not then for the vnlearned to haue it1 which they know not4 ,by the ,english both shall see1 what ,i say1 by ,latin but the one1 which were some wrong1 where both haue great interest1 and the vnlearned the greater1 bycause the vnlearned haue not any but only such ,english helpes1 the learned can fetch theirs from the same fountaines1 whence ,i fetch mine4 ,my meaning is principally to helpe mine owne countrie1 whose language will helpe me1 to be vnderstood of them1 whom ,i would perswade3 to get some thankes of them1 for my good will to do well3 to purchace pardon of them1 if my good will do not well4 ,the parentes and freindes with whom ,i haue to deale1 be mostwhat no latinistes3 and if they were1 yet we vnderstand that tongue best1 whervnto we are first borne1 as our first impression is alwaie in ,english1 before we do deliuer it in ,latin4 ,and in perswading a knowen good by an vnknowen waie1 are we not to cal vnto vs1 all the helpes that we can1 to be thoroughly vnderstood8 ,he that vnderstands no ,latin can vnderstand ,english1 and he that vnderstands ,latin very well1 can vnderstand ,english farre better1 if he will confesse the trueth1 though he thinke he haue the habite and can ,latin it exceading well4 ,when mine argument shall require ,latin1 as it will eare long1 ,i will not then spare it1 in the degree1 that ,i haue it1 but till it do1 ,i will serue my countrie that waie1 which ,i do surely thinke will proue most intelligible vnto her4 ,for though the argument1 which is dedicate to learning1 and must therfore of force vse the termes of learning3 which be mysteries to the multitude1 maie seeme to offer some darkness and difficultie in that point3 yet it is to be construed1 that the thing it selfe must be presented in her owne colours1 which the learned can discry1 at the first blush1 as of their acquaintance1 who must be spoken to in their owne kinde3 as the vnlearned must be content to enquire1 bycause we straine our termes to haue them intitled4 ,and yet1 in all my drift1 for all my faire promise1 ,i dare warrant my countrie no more1 then probabilitie doth me1 which if it deceiue me1 yet ,i haue it to leane vnto1 and perhaps of such pith1 as might easely haue beguiled a wiser man then me4 ,but till ,i proue beguiled1 ,i will dwell in hope1 that ,i am not1 to deliuer my minde with the better courage1 and therby to shew that ,i thinke my selfe right4 ,for the greatest enemy1 that can be to any wel meaning conceit is1 to mistrust his own power1 and to dispaire of his good speede where happy fortune makes euident shew4 ,,chapter #b4 ,,wherfore ,,these ,,positions ,,serve1 ,,what ,,they ,,be1 ,,and ,,how ,,necessarie ,,it ,,was ,,to ,,begin ,,at ,,them4 ,my purpose is to helpe the hole trade of teaching1 euen from the very first foundation3 that is1 not only the ,grammarian1 and what shall follow afterward1 but also the ,elementarie1 which is the verie infantes train1 from his first entrie1 vntill he be thought fit to passe thence to the ,grammar schoole4 ,my labour then beginning so low1 am ,i not to follow the president of such writers1 as in the like argumentes1 haue vsed the like methode8 ,the maner of proceding which the best learned authors do vse1 in those argumentes1 which both for the matter be of most credit1 and for the maner of best accompt1 kepeth alwaie such a currant1 as they at the first laie downe certaine groundes1 wherin both they and their readers1 whether scholers onely1 or iudges alone1 do resolutely agree4 ,which consent enureth to this effect1 that they maie therby either directly passe thorough to their ende without empeachment3 or else if any difficulty do arise in the way1 they may easely compound it1 by retiring themselues to those primitiue groundes4 ,the ,mathematicall1 which is counted the best maister of sound methode1 of whome all other sciences do borrow their order1 and way in teaching well1 eare he passe to any either probleme or theoreme1 setts downe certaine definitions1 certaine demaundes1 certaine naturall and necessarie confessions1 which being agreed on1 betwen him and his learner1 he proceedeth on to the greatest conclusions in his hole profession1 as those which be acquainted with ,euclide and his friendes1 do verie wel know4 ,wil the naturall philosopher medle with his maine subject1 before he haue handled his first principles1 matter1 forme1 priuation1 motion1 time1 place1 infinitie1 vacuitie1 and such other1 whervnto ,aristotle hath dedicated eight whole bookes8 ,what shall ,i neede to take more paines in rehersall of any other writer1 whether ,lawyer1 ,physician1 or any else1 which entreateth of his peculiar argument learnedly1 to prooue that ,i am first to plant by positions1 seeing the verie diuine himselfe1 marcheth on of this foote and groundeth his religion vpon principles of beleefe8 ,i professe my selfe to be a scholer1 wherby ,i do know this methode1 which the learned do kepe1 and ,i deale with an argument1 which must needes at the first be verie nicely entertained1 till proofe giue it credit1 what countenaunce soeuer hope maie seeme to lend it1 in the meane while4 ,i maie therefore seeme to deale against mine owne knowledge1 if ,i do not fortifie myselfe with such helpes1 as vpon probable reason1 maie first purchace their owne standing1 and being themselues staid in place of liking maie helpe vp all the reste4 ,i am specially to further two degrees in learning1 first the ,elementarie which stretcheth from the time that the child is to be set to do any thing1 till he be remoued to his ,grammar3 then the ,grammarian1 while the child doth continew1 in the schoole of language1 and learned tounges1 till he be remoued for his ripenes1 to some ,vniuersitie3 which two pointes be both of great moment4 ,for the ,elementarie3 ,bycause sufficiency in the child1 before he passe thence1 helpes the hole course of the after studie1 and insufficiencie skipping from thence to soone1 makes a very weake sequele4 ,for as sufficient time there1 without to much hast1 to post from thence to timely1 draweth on the residew of the schoole degrees1 in their best beseeming time1 and in the ende sendeth abroade sufficient men for the seruice of their countrie3 so to hedlong hast scouring thence to swiftly at the first1 7for all that it seemeth so petie a thing17 in perpetuall infirmity of matter1 procureth also to much childishnes in yeares to be then in place1 when iudgement with skill1 and ripenes with gray-haires should carie the contenaunce4 ,and is not this pointe then to be well proyned1 where hast is such a foe1 and ripenes such a freind8 ,where pushing forward at the first before maturitie bid on1 will still force that1 which followeth till at the last it marre all8 ,for the ,grammarian3 ,as it is a thing not vnseemely for me to deale in1 being my selfe a teacher1 so is it verie profitable for my countrie to heare of1 which in great varietie of teaching doth seeme to call for some vniforme waie4 ,and to haue her youth well directed in the tounges1 which are the waies to wisdome1 the lodges of learning1 the harbours of humanitie1 the deliuerers of diuinitie1 the treasuries of all store1 to furnish out all knowledge in the cunning1 and all iudgement in the wise1 can it be but well taken1 if it be well perfourmed8 or can it but deserue some freindly excuse1 yea though good will want good successe8 ,if occasion fitly offered by the waie1 cause me attempt any further thing then either of these two1 though ,i may seeme to be beside my schoole1 yet my trust is that ,i shal not seeme to be beside my selfe4 ,now then dealing with these matters which appertaine to men1 and must be allowed of men1 if they deserue allowance1 or wil be reiected by them if they seeme not to be sound1 whether haue ,i neede to procede with consent or no8 ,for what if some shall thinke their penny good siluer1 and will not admit mine offer8 neither receiue teaching at the hand of so meane a controwler8 what if some other graunt1 that there is some thing amisse in deede1 but that my deuise is no meane to amend it8 what if disdaine do worke me discredit1 and why should he take vpon him8 ,a petie companion1 ,i confesse1 but till some better do deale1 why may not my petinesse fullwell take place8 ,and if the ware which ,i do bring1 proue marchandable1 why may ,i not make shew1 and offer it to sale8 ,such instances and obiections wilbe offered1 with whom seeing ,i am like to encounter1 why ought ,i not at the first to resolue those1 which will relent at the voice of reason8 and so entreat the other1 which make more deintie1 to be drawen on1 as my deutie being discharged towardes the thing1 by argumentes1 towardes them1 by curtesie1 if there be any strayning afterwardes themselues may be in fault8 ,but bycause ,i must applie my positions to some one ground1 ,i haue chosen the ,elementarie1 and him rather then the ,grammarian3 for that the ,elementarie is the verie lowest and first to be dealt with1 and the circunstances being well applyed vnto him1 may with very small ado1 be transported afterward to the ,grammarian or anie other else4 ,and vnder the title of the particular circunstance1 7though it seeme peculiarly to appertaine to the ,elementarie1 by waie of mine example1 which ,i do applie vnto him primitiuely7 yet ,i do trauell commonly with the generall considerations in all persons which use the same circunstance1 in anie degree of learning1 as the places themselues hereafter will declare4 ,which ,i do both to ende these positiue arguments at once1 and to make the precept also somewhat more pleasant to the reader1 hauing the entertainement of some forreine1 but no vnfit discourse4 ,the positions therefore which ,i do meane1 be these and such other4 ,at what time the child is to be set to schoole4 ,what he is to learne when he is at schoole4 ,whether all be to be set to schoole4 ,whether exercise be to be vsed as a principle in trayning4 ,whether young maidens be to be set to learne4 ,how to traine vp young gentlemen4 ,how to procure some vniformitie in teaching4 ,of curtesie and correction4 ,of priuate and publike education4 ,of choise of wittes1 of places1 of times1 of teachers1 of schoole orders4 ,of restrayning to many bookish people1 and many other like argumentes1 which the nature of such discourses useth to hale in by the waie4 ,wherin ,i require my countreymens consent1 to thinke as ,i do1 and will do mine endeauour to procure it1 as ,i can1 before ,i deale with the particular prceptes1 and schooling of children4 ,which while ,i do1 as ,i follow the prsident of the best writers1 for the methode1 which ,i chuse1 so for the matter it selfe ,i will vse no other argument1 then both nature and reason1 custome and experience1 and plaine shew of euident profit shall recommend to my countrie without either manifest appearaunce1 or secrete suspicion of a fantasticall deuise3 considering it were an argument of verie small witte knowing fantasticallnes to disgrace the man1 and impossibilitie to displace the meane3 in so necessarie a thing as ,i pretend this to be1 to entermingle either fantasticall matter1 for all men to laugh at1 or impossible meane1 for as many to muse at4 ,if earnest desier to haue some thing bettered1 do cause me wishe the amendement1 ,i hope that will not be accounted fantasticall1 vnless it be to such1 as do thinke themselues in health when they are deadly sicke1 and feeling no paine1 bycause of extreme weaknes1 do hold their freindes halfe foolish1 which wishe them to thinke vpon alteration of life4 ,,chapter #c4 ,,of ,,what ,,force ,,circunstance ,,is ,,in ,,matters ,,of ,,action1 ,,and ,,how ,,warily ,,authorities ,,be ,,to ,,be ,,vsed1 ,,where ,,the ,,contemplatiue ,,reason ,,receiues ,,the ,,check ,,of ,,the ,,actiue ,,circunstance1 ,,if ,,they ,,be ,,not ,,well ,,applyed4 ,,of ,,the ,,alleadging ,,of ,,authors4 ,some well meaning man1 when he will perswade his countrie to this or that thing1 either by penne or speache1 if he find any good writers authoritie1 which fauoureth his opinion1 he presumeth streight waie therby both his owne perswasion to be sufficiently armed1 and his countries execution to be strongly warranted4 ,which his assuraunce is sometime chekt by wisdome1 sometime by experience3 ,by wisdome1 which forseeth1 that the circunstance of the countrie will not admit that1 which he would perswade3 by experience1 which giuing way at the first to some probability1 is in the end borne back by vnfitting circunstance4 ,so that in those cases1 where authorities perswade1 and circunstances controwle1 such as vse writers for their credit1 must feare circunstance for her chek4 ,bycause the misse in circunstance makes the authour no authour1 where his reason is altered1 and the alledger no alledger1 where discretion wanteth4 ,seeing therefore my selfe deale with these two pointes of authoritie and circunstance1 both to confirme mine owne opinion the surer1 and to confute the contrarie sounder1 where difference in opinion shall offer to assaile me1 ,i thought it good in the verie entrie to say somwhat of both1 considering their agreement doth promise successe1 and their disagreement doth threaten defeat4 ,i do see many very toward wittes1 of reasonable good reading1 and of excellent good vtterance1 both forreine abroad1 and freindes at home marueilously ouershoot themselues by ouerruling the circunstance1 and ouerstraining authoritie4 ,for vpon some affiaunce in their owne wittes1 that they see all circunstances1 and some small assurance1 that the authours which they reade1 do soothe all that they say3 they will push out in publike certaine resolute opinions1 before either their wittes be settled1 or their reading ripe3 which is then to be thought wisely ripe1 when after the benefit of many yeares1 after much reading of the most and best writers1 after sound digesting of that which they haue red1 and applying it all to some certaine ende3 time hath fined their iudgement1 and by precise obseruing and comparing1 both what others haue said1 and what themselues haue seene1 hath made them maister the circunstance4 ,which mastering of the circunstance1 is the only rule1 that wisemen liue by1 the only meane1 that wisedome is come by1 the only ods between folie and witte4 ,the marking wherof is of so great a force1 as by it eche countrie discouereth the travellour1 when he seeketh to enforce his forreine conclusions1 and clingeth to that countryman1 which hath bettered her still1 by biding still at home4 ,it discrieth the young student1 which is rauished with the obiect1 eare he can discern it1 and honoreth the wise learned1 whose vnderstanding is so staied1 as he may be a leader4 ,the consideration of circunstance is so strong in all attemptes1 where man is the subiect1 as it maketh of all nothing1 and of nothing all4 ,the skill to iudge of it is so lingring1 and so late1 bycause man is the gatherer1 and so long eare he learne it1 as it seemes to be reserued1 till he be almost spent4 ,it is not enough to rule the world1 to alleadge authorities1 but to raunge authorities1 which be not aboue the world1 by the rule of the world1 is the wisemans line4 ,i am to deale with training1 must ,i entreat my countrey to be content with this1 bycause such a one commendes it8 or to force her to that1 bycause such a state likes it8 ,the shew of right deceiues us1 and the likenes of vnlike things doth lead vs1 where it listeth4 ,differences and ods discouer errors1 similitude and likenes lead euen wise men awrie4 ,the great philosopher ,aristotle#a in fining of reason1 maketh the abilities to discerne these two pointes1 where thinges like be vnlike1 and where the vnlike be like1 two of his principall instrumentes to trie out the trueth4 ,which skill to discern so narrowly1 as it is not in all1 so where it is1 there is great discretion1 there will nothing be brought from authoritie to practise1 but that circunstance will praise1 and yet hardly winne4 ,for though circunstance in our countrie and others do seeme verie like1 nay rather almost one1 yet if our countrie do admit1 where any ods appeareth1 though it offer the relenting1 when it comes to proufe1 she auentureth her selfe1 and we which perswade4 haue great cause to thanke her1 that she will harken vnto vs1 as she also will thanke vs1 if she praise at the parting4 ,wherfore seeing the ground is so slipperie to deale by authoritie1 and therfore to approue it1 bycause such a one sayth it till iudgement haue subsigned1 and circunstance sealed1 ,i thought it good1 as ,i said before1 to speake somwhat therof1 that ,i may therby stay my selfe the better1 marching by them1 and thorough them3 and also remoue some scrupulouse opinion1 that ,i vse them not strangely1 when ,i vse them so1 as they wishe themselues to be vsed4 ,but for the better vnderstanding1 with what warynes authoritie is to be vsed1 may it please you to consider1 that there be two sortes of authours wherwith we deale in our studie3 wherof the one regardeth the matter only1 and by ineuitable argument enforceth the conclusion4 ,in this kinde be the ,mathematicall sciences1 and all such naturall philosophie1 as proceedeth by necessitie of a demonstrable subiect4 ,the other ioyneth the circunstance with the matter1 as ,morall1 and politike ,philosophie1 as the ,professions1 as ,poetes1 as histories do1 when they enforce not the necessitie of their conclusion1 by necessitie of the matter1 though by the fourme of their argument1 which concludeth of force1 in matters of least force4 ,the argumentes of those ,artes and ,professions1 which be in this second kinde1 do depende vpon apparence in probable coniecture1 and be creatures to circunstance1 wherin as man is the mainest subiecte1 so the respectes had to man haue the raine in their hand4 ,hence commeth it that lawes in seuerall landes do differ so much1 that ,phisicke in seuerall subiectes is so seuerall in cure1 that ,diuinitie in ceremonies admitteth change1 where the circunstance is obserued1 and yet the truth not tainted4 ,hence it cometh that in diuersitie of states1 there be diuersities of staie1 whereby men gouerne1 bycause circunstance commaundeth4 ,whervnto1 he that affirmes1 must still haue an eye1 bycause it sheweth1 what is seemely and conuenient1 not in great states alone1 but also in the meanest thinges of all3 bycause it moderateth both what soeuer men do3 and in what soeuer respect they do4 ,in the first kinde of authours and authorities1 the truth of the matter maintaines it selfe1 without he said or he did3 bycause it is true by nature1 which staied it1 not by authour which said it4 ,and being so setled1 it ministreth of it selfe no matter to debate1 or at the least verie little4 ,for in pointes of necessitie1 naturally inferred1 the difference of opinion is no proufe at all1 that the matter is debatable1 but it is a sufficient argument of an insufficient writer1 if he penne his opinion1 or of an vngrounded learner1 if his error be in speeche1 which harpeth still about some outward accident1 and neuer perceth the inward substance4 ,so that in such conclusions there is but one currant1 what forceth the matter1 and not what sayeth the man3 what commandes the immutable truth1 and not what commendes the changeable circunstance4 ,all the controuersie is in the second kinde1 where circunstance is prescription1 wherin the writers credite oftimes authoriseth the thing1 and the truth of the thing doth make the man an authour3 wherin vnles he take verie good heede1 which is the alleadger1 he may do his writer exceeding great iniurie1 by bringing him to the barre1 and forcing that vpon him1 which he neuer dreamed on1 and harme himselfe to1 who mistaking his ground1 misplaceth his building1 and hazardeth his credit4 ,hence commeth it1 that so many fantasticall deuises do trouble the world1 while euerie man being desirous to breede somwhat worthy of commendacion either for shew of learning1 or for shield of opinion1 bringeth in the poore writers1 and enioyneth them speach1 where in deed they be mute3 and if they could speake1 they would aske the alledger why he did so abuse them4 ,a generall and a verie hard case in these our dayes1 when the most erronious opinions be fathered vpon the most honest writers1 which meant nothing lesse1 then that which is threpte vpon them4 ,in matter of ,pollicy this man wrote thus1 and was verie well thought of1 an other in some schoole pointes gaue his censure in this sorte1 and became of account4 ,transport the circunstance the allowance is misliked1 the alleadger laughed at3 and yet the worthinesse of the writer not empayred at all1 when he is rightly weyed1 bycause he was forced3 ,in this kinde of argument wherin ,i presently deale1 it is no proufe1 bycause ,plato praiseth it1 bycause ,aristotle alloweth it1 bycause ,cicero commendes it1 bycause ,quintilian is acquainted with it1 or any other else1 in any argument else1 that therfore it is for vs to vse4 ,what if our countrey honour it in them1 and yet for all that may not vse it her selfe1 bycause circunstance is her check8 ,nay what if the writers authoritie be alledged without consideration of their owne circunstance8 who then offereth his countrey the greatest wrong8 is it not he which wringeth the writer1 and wreasteth his meaning8 ,and yet such alledgers there be1 which passe it ouer smoothly1 till they be espyed1 where then their owne weaknes appeareth1 the writers worthinesse is euident1 and his wrong reuenged1 by discouering the wreaster4 ,wherfore he that will deale with writers so1 as to deriue their conclusions to the vse of his countrey1 must be verie well aduised1 and diligently marke1 that their meaning1 and his applying be both of one ground1 and also how much of their opinion his countrey will admit1 which1 as she will not be forced by idle supposalles1 so pronounceth she him to be but a fleeter1 who so euer shall offer to force her that waye4 ,if the matter be well pikt1 and properly applyed1 she embraceth it forthwith1 and giues it the growing4 ,whether ,i shall perfourme so much my selfe1 as ,i require in others1 ,i dare not warrant1 but ,i will do my best1 to vse my authour well1 and to obserue the circunstance1 and not once to profer any thing to my countrey1 which shall not haue all those foundations1 that ,i promised before1 so much as ,i can1 ,nature to lead it1 reason to back it1 custome to commend it1 experience to allow it1 and profit to preferre it4 ,sidenote3 ,for alledging of ,authours4 ,but here by the waye1 ,i must aduertise my reader thus much1 that ,i thinke a student ought rather to inuest himselfe in the habite of his writer1 then to stand much vpon his title1 and authoritie1 in proofe or disproofe1 seeing who knoweth not1 that all our studies be generally detters to the first deuise1 and fairest deliuerie8 ,therfore to auoide length therby1 ,i will neither vse authoritie1 nor example1 seeing matter is the maine1 and not the mans name1 sauing onely where one mans deposition vpholdes or ouerthrowes3 and the ground of the example is so excellent in that kinde1 as it were to much vnkindenesse1 not to let the person be knowen1 where the fact is so famous4 ,i will reste vpon reason the best1 where ,i finde it1 the next where that failes1 and coniecture is probable1 to proue such thinges1 as reason must paterne4 ,if the triall be in proofe1 and experience must guide it1 ,i will binde vpon proofe1 and let triall be the tuche4 ,for with the alledging of authours1 either to shew1 what ,i haue read or to tuche common concordes1 where any thing is to much1 and nothing is enough1 ,i meane not at all to buisie my selfe4 ,bycause we heape but vp witnesses1 which be nothing needeful1 in such cases1 as be nothing doubtfull1 when we vse many gaie names all agreeing in one1 and none saying but so3 wheras the naturall vse of testimonies is1 to proue where doubt is1 not to cloye1 where all is cleare4 ,in such cases for want of sound iudgement1 a catalogue of names1 and a multitude of sentences1 which say but that is soothed1 and no man denyes1 are forced to the stage1 to seeme to arme the alleadger1 which fighteth without foe1 and flyeth without feare4 ,in pointes of learning1 which be wonne from quarrell1 or resolute groundes1 which be without quarrell1 and neede no assurer1 ,i referre my dealing to the iudgement of those1 which can trace me1 where ,i tread and shall finde my truth1 without the authours name1 whom they will confesse to be well alleadged1 when ,i saye1 as he sayeth1 and proue as he proueth1 either by habite got by reading1 or by likenesse in iudgement1 though ,i neuer red4 ,if controuersie arise1 and be worth the recounting the matter shall not sleepe3 if it hange of the man1 and without him be lame1 the man shall not slyp3 but otherwise1 no4 ,those that be learned know that witnesses1 and wise mens names be verie good ware1 where the question is1 whether such a thing be done1 and they be said to know it1 and that ,rhetorick takes testimonies for a principall proofe1 and very neare the harte1 as ,logick placeth them in the utmost of her argumentes1 being themselues of small pith1 though their stuffe be worth praise1 and both bind and loose1 where reason beares the swaie1 and probabilitie is to purpose4 ,i do honour good writers but without superstition1 nothing addicte to titles4 ,but for so much as ,reason doth honour them1 they must be content to staie without them selues1 and vse all meanes to preferre her to presence1 as their ladie and mistresse1 whose authoritie and credit procures them admission1 when they come from her4 ,it is not so1 bycause a writer said so1 but bycause the truth is so1 and he said the truth1 the truth giues him title1 and that is it1 which must passe1 strong enough of it selfe1 and oftimes weakened in the hearers opinion1 though not in it selfe1 by naming the writer3 which commonly proues so when the hearer is wedded vnto names1 and sworn to authoritie1 not so much eying the thing which is vttered1 as the persons title by whom it is vttered4 ,if truth did depend vpon the person1 she would oftimes be brought into a miserable plighte1 and looke rufully vpon it1 being constrained to serue fancie1 and to alter vpon will1 wheras she is still one1 and should be bent vnto1 neither will her selfe bend1 howsoeuer opinatiue people do perswade them selues4 ,this the learned and wise know1 whose curtesie ,i craue as ,i wish them well3 for whose helpe and health1 ,i vndertooke this paine1 whose wisedom ,i appeal to1 if either1 diffidence do wrangle1 or ignoraunce do quarrel4 ,as for the vnlearned1 ,i must needes ouertreat them1 not to stand with me in pointes1 where they cannot iudge themselues1 if not for mine owne1 yet for their sakes1 which beleue me themselues1 and will giue their word for me4 ,in such pointes1 as be intelligible to both1 ,i must praie them both to waie me well1 and euer to haue before them1 that my will wisheth well1 howsoeuer ,i perfourme1 wherin will deserues well1 and weaknes prayeth excuse4 ,,footnotes3 #a #a4 ,topic4 de #d4 instrumentis ,dial4 ,,chapter #d4 ,,what ,,time ,,weere ,,best ,,for ,,the ,,child ,,to ,,begin ,,to ,,learne4 ,,what ,,matters ,,some ,,of ,,the ,,best ,,writers ,,handle1 ,,eare ,,they ,,determine ,,this ,,question4 ,,of ,,lettes ,,and ,,libertie ,,whervnto ,,the ,,parentes ,,are ,,subiect ,,in ,,setting ,,their ,,children ,,to ,,schoole4 ,,of ,,the ,,difference ,,of ,,wittes ,,and ,,bodies ,,in ,,children4 ,,that ,,exercise ,,must ,,be ,,ioyned ,,with ,,the ,,booke1 ,,as ,,the ,,schooling ,,of ,,the ,,bodie4 ,the first question that of any necessitie commeth in place1 seemeth to be at what yeares children be to be put to schoole3 for neither would they be differed to long for leasing of their time1 nor hastened on to soone1 for hindering of their health4 ,the rule therfore must be giuen according to the strength of their bodies1 and the quicknes of their wittes ioyntly4 ,sidenote3 ,the auncient antecedents4 ,such of the auncient writers1 both ,greek and ,latin1 as either picture vs out the platfourmes of the best framed common weales3 or do lend vs the looking on of some such a paragon as in some particular kinde1 they deuise to be peerelesse1 before they call it in question1 when their youth shall begin to learne1 they do fetch the ground of their traine exceeding farre of4 ,as1 what regard is to be had to the infante1 while he is yet vnder his nurse4 ,where they moile themselues sore1 with the maners and conditions of the nurse1 with the fines or rudenes of her speeche3 with the comelynes of her person and fauour of her face4 ,and in controuersie about milkes1 sometime they preferre the mother1 if her health1 her complexion1 her kinde of life1 will best fit for her owne3 sometime they yeeld3 but with great choice to the forreine nurse3 if any iust circunstance do discharge the mother1 whom nature vnletted seemes to charge most4 ,againe they examine what companie is to be choosen for him1 when he doth begin first to crepe abroad1 wherby that good may begin betimes1 which must continew longe1 and is greatly furthered by choice of companie1 that pikked and choice play fellowes may succede after a fine and well fitted nursery4 ,againe1 they debate in good sadnes1 what an exquisite traine is to be deuised for him1 when he is to go to schoole1 either priuate1 or publike1 though they still preferre the publike as most beseeming him1 which must liue among many and neuer be recluse4 ,and such other considerations they fall into1 which do well beseeme the bringing vp of such a one1 as they did but wishe for3 and we may not hope for3 but by no meanes can be applyed to our youth1 and our education1 wherin we wishe for no more1 then we hope for to haue4 ,nay they go further1 as whether may not wishers8 and appoint the parentes of this so perfect a child1 to be so wise and so well learned1 as is in verie deede most consonant with their platte1 but to farre surmonting the modele of my positions4 ,wherfore leauing those meanes1 which they do but deuise1 to bring vp those people1 which they do but patterne1 ,i meane to proceede from such principles1 as our parentes do build on1 and as our children do rise by1 to that mediocritie1 which furnisheth out this world1 and not to that excellencie1 which is fashioned for an other4 ,and yet the pretence of these so fine pictures1 by pointing out so absolute a president1 is1 to let vs behold thereby1 both wherin the best consisteth3 what colours it is best knowen by3 what a state it keepeth3 and also by what ready meane1 we may best approache neare it1 bycause dispaire to obtaine the verie best it selfe1 discourageth all hope4 ,for that missinge any one of these so fined circunstances1 as our frailtie will faile either in all1 or in most1 then we marre the whole moulde4 ,howbeit we are much bounde to the excellent wittes of those diuine writers1 who by their singular knowledge1 approaching neare to the truest1 and best1 could most truly1 and best discern1 what constitution they were of3 and being of a good ciuill inclination1 thought it their parte1 to communicate that with their posteritie1 which they from so nighe1 had so narrowly decifred1 as auailable to others1 for this onely cause1 if there ensewed no more of it1 that in despaire of hitting the highest1 yet by seeing where it lodged1 with verie great praise1 they might draw neare vnto it4 ,for as it is but for paragons to mount quite aboue all1 so is it worthy praise to rest in some degree1 which declareth a pearcher1 though abilitie restraine will1 that it cannot aspire whervnto it would4 ,but to returne from this so exquisite1 to our ordinarie traine1 ,i perswade my selfe1 that all my countreymen wishe themselues as wise1 and as well learned1 as those absolute parentes are surmised to be1 though they be content with so much of both1 or rather with so litle1 as ,god doth allot them3 and that they will haue their children nursed as well as they can1 without question where1 or quarrelling by whom3 so as they may haue that well brought vp by nurture1 which they loue so well1 bequeathed them by nature4 ,and that till the infant can gouerne himselfe1 they will seeke to saue it from all such perilles1 as may seeme to harme it any kinde of way1 or by companie or by occasion3 and that with such warinesse1 as ordinarie circunspection may1 or can worke1 in considerate and careful parentes4 ,and finally that for his well schooling1 they that cannot1 will wish it1 they that can1 will haue it1 with small charge if they may1 if they may not with some coste1 and very carefully commend the silly poore boy at his first entry1 to his maisters charge1 not omitting euen how much his mother makes of him1 if she come not her selfe and do her owne commendacions4 ,so that for these antecedents1 as they in precisenes do passe vs1 so we in possibility go farre beyond them4 ,for our hope is at ankar1 and rides in assuraunce1 their wishe wandereth still1 not like to win the rode4 ,these and such like circunstances they handle formally as in an absolute picture1 ,i tuche but by the waye1 as being quite of an other perswasion1 nothing giuen to the vnpossible1 where possibilitie must take place1 though the vnpossible ,idea1 offer great force to fancie4 ,wherfore ,i will now take my leaue of them1 and retourne to my question1 when children be to be set to learning4 ,a thing in reason very worthy to be wayed1 and in perfourmaunce1 very like to proue good1 both for health of the bodie1 and helpe of the minde1 and so much the rather to be well entreated1 by cause it is the very first principle1 which enterteneth our traine4 ,my countrey parentes then1 being so naturall to their children1 both for care before schoole1 and for choice in schooling1 ,i will commend to their charge1 all that which is to be considered in their first infancie1 and tendrest spring1 before they be thought fit1 to be set to learning1 which they will diligently looke to1 ,i am very well assured4 ,bycause euery thing drawes liking1 while it is pretie and young1 and specially our owne which hath nature to sollicite1 and needeth no exhorting1 to haue it well cherished1 where there is no daunger1 but in to much dalying1 neither yet any feare1 but in to fond cokkering4 ,sidenote3 ,lettes4 ,but in very good earnest1 when shall our boye be set to schoole8 ,in all considerations1 wherin vpon the resolution1 something must be executed1 and done1 this thing is necessarily to be first enquired1 whether all1 or most1 or any of all the circunstances1 which be incident to the execution1 be in1 or without the parties power1 which is to execute1 so as he may either proceede at his owne libertie1 if nothing withstand him1 or may not proceede1 if he be thwarted by circunstance4 ,for otherwise the liberty to passe on1 or the restraint1 to staie1 being not agreed vpon1 he that directs by rule may be chekt by arrest4 ,and where he biddes on thus1 circunstance maye replie1 ,ifayth sir no4 ,wherfore ,i leaue those parentes to their owne discretion1 in whom will seekes libertie1 to do as she would1 and circunstance commandes her1 to do as she may4 ,the parent would haue his child begin to learne at such a time3 circunstance sayes1 no4 ,he would haue him learne with such a man3 some cause contrarieth4 ,in such a place1 in such a sorte3 his power is to poore1 to compasse that he coueteth4 ,be not all these lettes1 and what so euer is so laid1 to stop will of his will1 where neither counsell can giue precept1 nor the parent can execute1 being so strongly ouercharged8 ,it is euen like1 as if one should saye1 the freeman and the bond1 be not both in one case4 ,preceptes be for freemen1 which maie do as ye bid them1 but circunstance bindes1 and wilbe obeyed4 ,wherfore ,i must once for all1 warne those parentes1 which may not do as they would1 vpon these same lettes which ,i haue recited1 or any other like1 that they take their oportunitie1 when so euer it is offered1 bycause occasion is verie bald behinde1 and seldome comes the better4 ,and seeing circunstance is their bridle1 when they feele the raine loose1 course it on a maine1 and take the benefit of time1 the oportunitie of place1 the commoditie of the teacher1 the equitie of the maner1 and what so euer condition else1 wherin the freedom of circunstance doth seeme to befreind them4 ,for sauing with such a note as this is1 ,i cannot direct them1 which can giue no counsell1 but where necessitie is in ward and libertie keepes the keyes4 ,sidenote3 ,libertie4 ,but if the parent want nothing necessary1 for his childes bringing vp1 neither a place1 both conuenient for receit1 and commodious for distaunce1 wherin to haue him taught3 nor a teacher1 sufficient for cunning1 and considerate1 for either curtesie1 or correction1 who can traine him vp well3 nor fit companions1 as so fit a place1 and so good a maister may picke out of choice1 which will throng vnto him3 ,and if the child also himselfe1 haue a witte apte to conceiue1 what shalbe put vnto him3 and a body able to beare the trauell1 which belonges vnto learning3 me thinke it were then best1 that he began to be doing1 when he maie well perceiue1 without trauelling his braine1 thorough the hardnes of the thing1 and neede not be toiled to the wearines of his bodie1 thorough the wise handling of his aduised maister4 ,for being in the schoole1 he may do somwhat very well1 though not very much1 wheras roming about1 he might hap to do ill1 and that very much4 ,sidenote3 ,variety of wittes4 ,at what yeares ,i cannot say1 bycause ripenes in children1 is not tyed to one time1 no more then all corne is ripe for one reaping1 though mostwhat about one4 ,some be hastinges and will on1 some be hardinges1 and drawe backe3 some be willing when their parentes will3 some but willing1 when they will them selues1 as either will to do well1 vpon cherishing wisely1 or pleasure to play still1 vpon cokkering fondly1 hath possessed their mindes4 ,but he that deserueth to be a parent1 must dispose himselfe to be also a iudge1 in all these cases3 and who is so ill freinded1 as he hath not one1 with whom to conferre1 to learne by aduise1 the towardnes and time of his young sonnes schooling1 if he be not able to looke into it himselfe8 ,they that limitte the beginning to learne by some certaine yeares1 haue an eye to that knowledge1 which it were pitie were loste1 say they1 and may easely be gayned in those young yeares4 ,i agree with them1 that it were great pitie1 to lease anything1 that neede not be loste1 without great negligence1 and may be well gotten1 with very small diligence1 not endammaging the child4 ,but more pitie it were1 for so petie a gaine1 to forgoe a greater1 to winne an houre in the morning1 and lease the whole daie after3 as those people most commonly do1 which starte out of their beds to early1 before they be well awaked3 or knowe what it is a clocke3 and be drousie when they are vp1 for want of their sleepe4 ,if the childe haue a weake bodie1 though neuer so strong a witte1 let him grow on the longer1 till the strength of his bodie1 do aunswere to his witte4 ,for experience hath taught me1 and calleth reason to record1 that a sharp young witte hastened on to wounder at1 for the quiknesse of his edge1 hath therby most commonly bene hastened to his graue1 thorough the weaknesse of body3 to the greife of the freindes1 whose delite is cut of1 and some wite of their witte1 for ouerhasting their child3 ,nay1 what if it hath pleased ,god to lend him longer life8 he neuer sinketh deepe1 but fleeteth still aboue1 with some quicknesse of conceit1 continuing that wonder1 which he wanne in his childhood3 neuer burdened with much to ballase his head3 but still aunswering at reboundes1 the fairest crop of so hasty an haruest4 ,sometime his witte will grow worse1 the wonder will vanishe1 the bodie will proue feeble1 and soone after perishe4 ,but now if he liue1 with all these infirmities1 of decaying witte1 decreasing wonder1 puling bodie1 he liues with small comfort1 in such a world of weaknesse1 which vsually commeth of to much moisture1 the corrupter of such carcasses1 the most vile1 and violent massacrer1 of the most1 and best studentes1 generally for want of trauell1 sauing onely to their braine1 which the more it is occupyed1 the sorer it stilleth1 and the sorer it stilleth1 the sooner it killeth1 the moe the more pitie4 ,wherfore ,i could wishe the wittier child1 the lesse vpon the spurre1 and either the longer kept from learning1 for turning his edge1 as a to sharpe knife3 or the sklenderer kept at it1 for feare of surfait1 in one hungring to haue it4 ,yet must not this quickling be suffered to do nothing at all1 for feare he grow reasty1 if that nothing be dumpishe1 and heauie3 or passe beyond reclaime1 if it be dissolute1 and wanton4 ,the meane conceiuer1 in some strength of bodie1 is the best continuer1 and as he serues all places best1 in his height of learning1 so in all respectes1 ye may venture on his schooling1 when it shall please you1 with but ordinarie regard4 ,a dull witte in a strong body1 if ye like to haue it learne1 as by learning ye finde it3 so till some degree1 it may well learne1 for necessarie seruice in the rest of his life3 and may be hastened on boldly4 ,for the bodie can beare labour1 it is so well boaned1 and the witte will not cloye1 it so hardly receiueth4 ,the sharpenesse of witte1 the maister will sound by memorie1 and number3 the strength of the bodie1 the mother will marke1 by complaint1 and cause4 ,a weake witte and as weake a bodie1 is much to be moaned1 for the great infirmity1 and can hardly be helpt1 bycause nature is to weake3 and therefore it must be thought on1 as in a case of despaire1 againe against hope3 if any thing be goten1 a greife to the freindes1 which cannot amend it3 small ioye to him selfe1 which cannot auoide it4 ,a strong witte1 in as strong a bodie1 is worthy the wishing1 of the parentes to bring foorth1 of the teacher to bring vp4 ,for as it is a thing of it selfe not ordinarie1 so where it lighteth1 it giues vs the gaze1 and bides all beginninges1 but that which is to soone1 bycause ,god hath prouided that strength in nature1 wherby he entendes no exception in nurture1 for that which is in nature4 ,such spirites there be1 and such bodies they haue1 if they will1 and may so keepe them1 with orderly regard1 which is extreme hard vnto them4 ,for that oftimes they will not do so1 but distemper their bodies with disordinate doinges1 when pleasures haue possessed them1 and rashenesse is their ruler4 ,oftimes they maie not1 thorough varietie and weight of important affaires1 which commaundeth them too farre in some kinde of calling4 ,but where so euer they light1 or what so euer waye they take1 they shewe what they be1 and alwaye proue either the verie best1 or the most beastly4 ,for there can scantly be any meane in those constitutions1 which are so notably framed1 and so rarely endued4 ,and therefore those parentes which haue such children must take great heede of them1 as the tippes of euill1 if they chuse that waye1 or the toppes of good1 if they minde that is best4 ,for the middle and most moderate wittes1 which commonly supplie eche corner in eche countrey1 and serue most assaies1 some ordinary meane will serue to order them3 but where extraordinarie pointes begin to appeare1 there common order is not commonly enough4 ,this is my opinion concerning the time1 when the child shall begin to learne3 which ,i do restraine to the strength of witte and hardnes of body3 the one for to receiue learning1 the other not to refuse labour3 and therfore ,i conclude thus that the parent himselfe ought in reason to be more then halfe a iudge of the entrie to schooling1 as being best acquainted with the particular circunstance of his owne child4 ,yet ,i do not allow him to be an absolute iudge1 without some counsell1 vnlesse he be a very rare father1 and well able to be both a rule to himselfe1 and a paterne to others4 ,bycause mostwhere men be most blinded3 where they should see best1 ,i meane in their owne3 such a tyrant is affection1 when she hath wonne the field1 vnder the conducte of nature1 and so imperious is nature1 when she is disposed to make affection her deputie4 ,sidenote3 ,exercises4 ,but now for so much as in setting our child to schoole1 we consider the strength of his bodie1 no lesse then we do the quicknesse of his witte1 it should seeme that our traine ought to be double1 and to be applyed to both the partes1 that the body may as well be preserued in his best1 as the minde instructed in that1 which is his best1 that the one may still be able to aunswere the other well1 in all their common executions4 ,as for the training vp of the minde1 the waye is well beaten1 bycause it is generally entreated on in euery booke1 and beareth the honour and title of learning4 ,but for the bettering of the body1 is there not any meane to maintaine it in health1 and cheifly in the student1 whose trade treads it downe8 ,yes surely1 ,a very naturall and a heathful course there is to be kept in exercise1 wherby all the naturall functions of the body be excellently furthered1 and the body made fit for all his best functions4 ,and therfore parentes and maisters ought to take such a waie1 euen from the beginning1 as the childes diet1 neither stuffe the bodye1 nor choke the conceit1 which it lightly doeth1 when it is to much crammed4 ,that his garmentes which oftimes burden the bodie with weight1 sometimes weaken it with warmth1 neither faint it with heat1 nor freese it with cold4 ,that the exercise of the body still accompanie and assist the exercise of the minde1 to make a dry1 strong1 hard1 and therfore a long lasting body3 and by the fauour therof to haue an actiue1 sharp1 wise and therwith all a well learned soule4 ,if long life be the childes blessing for honoring his parentes1 why should not the parentes then1 which looke for that honour1 all that in them lyeth1 forsee in youth that their children may haue some hope of that benefit1 to ensue in their age1 which cannot take effect1 vnlesse the thing be begon in their youth8 ,which if it be not by times looked vnto1 they afterwardes become vncapable of long life1 and so not to enioye the reward of their honour1 for any thing that their parentes helpe to it1 though ,god will be true1 and perfourme that he promiseth1 how so euer men hault in doing of their duetie4 ,and yet tempting is pernicious1 where the meane to hit right1 is laid so manifest3 and the childes honour to his parentes beginnes at obedience in his infancie1 which they ought to reward1 with good qualities for honour1 and may worke them like waxe1 bycause they do obey4 ,this negligence of the parentes for not doing that1 which in power they might1 and in duetie they ought1 giues contempt in the children some colour of iustice1 to make their requitall with dishonour in their age1 were it not that the ,christian religion doth forbid reuenge3 which in presidentes of prophanisme we finde allowed1 where both curtesie to such parentes1 as failed in education of their children is countercharged by lawe3 and dissolute parentes by entreating ill1 are well entertained of their neglected children3 the vnfortunate children much moaned for their chaunce1 that they came to so ill an ende3 and the vndiscrete parentes more rated for their charge1 which they looked so ill to1 wherby themselues did seeme to haue forced such an ende4 ,the minde wilbe stirring1 bycause it stirres the body1 and some good meane will make it to furnish very well1 so the choice be well made1 wherin3 the order well laid1 wherby3 and both well kept1 wherwith3 it shalbe thought best trained4 ,the body which lodgeth a restlesse minde by his owne reste is betrayed to the common murtherers of a multitude of scholers1 which be vnholesome and superfluous humors1 needelesse and noysom excrementes1 ill to feele within1 good to send abroad4 ,neither is it enough to saye1 that children wilbe stirring alwaie of themselues1 and that therefore they neede not any so great a care1 for exercising their bodies4 ,for if by causing them learne so and sitting still in schooles1 we did not force them from their ingenerate heat1 and naturall stirring1 to an vnnaturall stilnesse1 then their owne stirring without restraint1 might seeme to serue their tourne1 without more adoe4 ,but stilnesse more then ordinarie1 must haue stirring more then ordinarie3 and the still breding of ill humours1 which stuffe vp the body for want of stirring1 must be so handled1 as it want no stilling to send them away4 ,wherfore as stilnesse hath her direction by order in schooles1 so must stirring be directed by well appointed exercise4 ,and as quiet sitting helpes ill humors to breede1 and burden the bodie3 so must much stirring make a waie to discharge the one1 and to disburden the other4 ,both which helpes1 as ,i most earnestly require at the parent1 and maisters hand3 so ,i meane my selfe to handle them both1 to the helping of both4 ,in the meane while1 for the entring time thus much4 ,the witte must be first wayed1 how it can conceiue1 and then the bodie considered1 how it can beare labour3 and the consorte of their strength aduisedly maintained4 ,they haue both their peculiar functions1 which by mediocrities are cherished1 by extremities perished1 hast doing most harme1 euen to the most1 and lingring not but some1 sometimes to the best4 ,and yet haste is most harmefull1 where so euer1 it setts foote1 as we that teache alwaie finde1 and they that learne1 sometimes feele4 ,for the poore children when they perceiue their owne weaknesse1 whereof most commonly they maye thanke haste1 they both faint1 and feare1 and very hardly get forward3 and we that teach do meet with to much toile1 when poore young babes be committed to our charge1 before they be ripe4 ,whom if we beat we do the children wrong in those tender yeares to plant any hatred1 when loue should take roote1 and learning grow by liking4 ,and yet oftimes seueritie is to fowre1 while the maister beateth the parentes folly1 and the childes infirmitie1 with his owne furie4 ,all which extremities some litle discretion would easely remoue1 by conference before1 to forecast what would follow1 and by following good counsell1 when it is giuen before4 ,which will then proue so1 when the parent will do nothing in placing or displacing of his childe1 without former aduise1 and communicating with the maister3 and the maister likewise without respecting his owne gaine1 will plainely and simply shew the parent or freind1 what vpon good consideration he thinketh to be best4 ,wherein there wilbe no error if the parent be wise1 and the maister be honest4 ,,chapter #e4 ,,what ,,thinges ,,they ,,be1 ,,wherin ,,children ,,are ,,to ,,be ,,trained1 ,,eare ,,they ,,passe ,,to ,,the ,,grammar4 ,,that ,,parentes1 ,,and ,,maisters ,,ought ,,to ,,examine ,,the ,,naturall ,,abilities ,,in ,,their ,,children1 ,,wherby ,,they ,,become ,,either ,,fit1 ,,or ,,vnfit1 ,,to ,,this1 ,,or ,,that ,,kinde ,,of ,,life4 ,,the ,,three ,,naturall ,,powers ,,in ,,children1 ,,witte ,,to ,,conceiue ,,by1 ,,memorie ,,to ,,retaine ,,by1 ,,discretion ,,to ,,discerne ,,by4 ,,that ,,the ,,training ,,vp ,,to ,,good ,,manners1 ,,and ,,nurture1 ,,doth ,,not ,,belong ,,to ,,the ,,teacher ,,alone1 ,,though ,,most ,,to ,,him1 ,,next ,,after ,,the ,,parent1 ,,whose ,,charge ,,that ,,is ,,most1 ,,bycause ,,his ,,commaundement ,,is ,,greatest1 ,,ouer ,,his ,,owne ,,child1 ,,and ,,beyond ,,appeale4 ,,of ,,reading1 ,,writing1 ,,drawing1 ,,musick ,,by ,,voice1 ,,and ,,instrument3 ,,and ,,that ,,they ,,be ,,the ,,principall ,,principles1 ,,to ,,traine ,,vp ,,the ,,minde ,,in4 ,a ,,generall ,,aunswere ,,to ,,all ,,obiections1 ,,which ,,arise ,,against ,,any1 ,,or ,,all ,,of ,,these4 ,now that ,i haue shewed mine opinion concerning the time1 when it were best to set the child to schoole1 the next two questions seeme to be1 what he shall learne and howe he shalbe exercised1 when he is at schoole4 ,for seeing he is compound of a soule and a bodie3 the soule to conceiue and comprehend1 what is best for itselfe1 and the bodie to3 ,the bodie to waite1 and attend the commaundement and necessities of the soule3 he must be so trained1 as neither for qualifying of the minde1 nor for enabling of the bodie1 there be any such defecte1 as iust blame therfore may be laide vpon them1 which in nature be most willing1 and in reason thought most skilfull1 to preuente such defaultes4 ,for there be both in the body1 and the soule of man certaine ingenerate abilities1 which the wisedom of parentes1 and reason of teachers1 perceiuing in their infancie1 and by good direction auancing them further1 during those young yeares1 cause them proue in their ripenesse very good and profitable1 both to the parties which haue them1 and to their countries1 which vse them4 ,which naturall abilities1 if they be not perceiued1 by whom they should3 do condemne all such1 either of ignorance1 if they could not iudge1 or of negligence1 if they would not seeke1 what were in children1 by nature emplanted1 for nurture to enlarge4 ,and if they be perceiued1 and either missorted in place1 or ill applyed in choice1 as in difference of iudgementes1 there be many thinges practised1 which were better vnproued1 to the losse of good time1 and let of better stuffe1 they do bewray that such teachers1 and trainers1 be they parentes1 be they maisters1 either haue no sound skill1 if it come of infirmitie1 or but raw heades1 if it spring of fansie4 ,if they know the inclination1 and do not further it rightely1 it is impietie to the youth1 more then sacrilege to the state1 which by their fault be not suffered to enioy those excellent benefits1 which the most munificent ,god1 by his no niggardishe nature1 prouided for them both4 ,if they found them1 and followed them1 but not so fully1 as they were to receiue3 if for want wherwith1 it deserues pardon1 if for want of will1 exceeding blame3 and cryeth for correction of the state by them hindred1 and small thankes of the parties1 no more furthered4 ,wherfore as good parentes1 and maisters ought to finde out1 by those naturall principles1 whervnto the younglings may best be framed1 so ought they to follow it1 vntil it be complete1 and not to staie1 without cause beyond staie1 before it come to ripenesse1 which ripenesse1 while they be in learning1 must be measured by their ablenes to receiue that1 which must follow their forebuilding3 but when they are thought sufficiently well learned1 and to meddle with the state1 then their ripenesse is to be measured1 by vse to themselues1 and seruice to their countrey1 in peace1 as best and most naturall1 in warre1 as worse1 and most vnnatural1 and yet the ordinarie ende of a disordered peace4 ,for when the thinges1 which be learned do cleaue so fast in memorie1 as neither discontinuaunce can deface them1 nor forgetfulnesse abolishe them3 then is abilitie vpon ascent1 and when ascent is in the highest1 and the countrey commaundes seruice1 then studie must be left1 and the countrey must be serued4 ,seeing therfore in appointing the matter1 wherin this traine must be employed1 there is regard to be had first to the soule1 as in nature more absolute1 and in value more precious3 and then to the bodie1 as the instrument and meane1 wherby the soule sheweth what is best to be done in necessity of fine force1 in choice of best shew3 ,i will remitte the bodie to his owne roome1 which is peculiarly in exercises1 sauing where ,i cannot meane the soule1 without mention of the bodie1 and in this place ,i wil entreat of the soule alone1 how it must be qualified4 ,and yet meane ,i not to make any anatomie1 or resolution of the soule his partes and properties1 a discourse1 not belonging to this so low a purpose1 but onely to pick out some natural inclinations in the soule1 which as they seeme to craue helpe of education1 and nurture1 so by education1 and nurture1 they do proue very profitable1 both in priuate and publicke4 ,to the which effect1 in the litle young soules1 first we finde1 a capacity to perceiue that which is taught them1 and to imitate the foregoer4 ,that witte to learne1 as it is led1 and to follow as it is foregone1 would be well applyed1 by proprietie in matter1 first offered them to learne3 by considerate ascent in order1 encreasing by degrees3 by wary handling of them1 to draw them onward with courage4 ,we finde also in them1 as a quickenes to take1 so a fastnesse to retaine3 therfore their memorie would streight waye be furnished1 with the verie best1 seeing it is a treasurie3 exercised with the most1 seeing it is of receite3 neuer suffered to be idle1 seeing it spoiles so soone4 ,for in defaulte of the better1 the worse will take chaire1 and bid it selfe welcome3 and if idlenesse enter1 it will exclude all ernest1 and call in her kinsfolkes1 toyes and triffles1 easie for remembraunce1 heauy for repentaunce4 ,we finde in them further an ability to discern1 what is good1 and what is ill1 which ought foorthwith to be made acquainted with the best1 by obedience and order1 and dissauded from the worse1 by misliking and frowne4 ,these three thinges1 witte to take1 memorie to keepe1 discretion to discern1 and moe if ye seeke1 though but braunches to these1 which ,i chuse for my purpose1 shall ye finde pearing out of the litle young soules3 when you may see what is in them1 and not they themselues4 ,whose abilitie to encrease in time1 and infirmitie to crawle at that time is commended to them1 which first begot them1 or best can frame them4 ,now these naturall towardnesses being once espied1 in what degree they rise1 bycause there is ods in children by nature1 as in parentes by purchase1 they must be followed with diligence1 encreased by order1 encouraged by comfort1 till they come to their proofe4 ,which proofe trauell in time will perfourme1 hast knittes vp to soone1 and vnperfit1 slownesse to late1 and to weake4 ,sidenote3 ,the rule of discretion4 ,but for the best waie of their good speede1 that witte maie conceiue and learne well1 memorie retaine and hold fast1 discretion chuse and discerne best1 the cheife and chariest point is1 so to plie them all1 as they may proceede voluntarily1 and not with violence1 that will may be a good boye1 ready to do well1 and lothe to do ill1 neuer fearing the rod1 which he will not deserue4 ,for wheresoeuer will in effecting1 doth ioyne with abilitie to conceiue1 and memorie to retaine1 there industrie will finde frute1 yea in the frowne of fortune4 ,by discretion to cause them take to that1 which is best1 and to forsake that1 which is worst1 in common dealinges is common to all men1 that haue interest in children1 parentes by nature1 maisters by charge1 neighbours of curtesie1 all men of all humanitie3 whom either priuate care by custome1 or publike cure by commaundement of magistrate and lawe1 doth compell in conscience to helpe their well doing1 and to fray them from ill1 wheresoeuer they meete them1 or when so euer they see them do that1 which is naught4 ,and therfore that duetie to helpe them in this kinde for their manners1 is incident to maisters but among others1 though somwhat more then some others1 as to whom it is most seemely1 bycause of their authoritie1 and most proper1 bycause of their charge1 whom knowledge best enfourmeth to embrew them with the best3 and power best assisteth1 to cause them embrace the best3 euen perforce at the first1 till acquaintaunce in time breede liking of it selfe4 ,but this mannering of them is not for teachers alone1 because they communicate therin1 as ,i haue said already1 both with naturall parentes1 to whom that point appertaineth nearest1 as of most authoritie with them1 and with all honest persons1 which seing a child doing euill1 are bid in conscience1 to terrifie and check him as the quality of the childes offence1 and the circunstance of their owne person doth seeme best to require4 ,wherfore reseruing for the teacher so much as is for his office1 to enstruct the child what is best for him in matter of manners1 and to see to it1 so much as in him lyeth3 to set good orders in his gouvernment1 to see them alwaye well1 and one waye still executed and perfourmed1 ,i referre the rest to those1 whom either any vertuous consideration of them selues1 or any particular duetie1 enioyned by lawe1 doth charge with the rest1 either by priuate discipline at home1 or by publike ordinaunce abroade1 to see youth well brought vp that waye3 to learne to discern that which is well from ill1 good from bad1 religious from prophane1 honest from dishonest1 commendable from blame worthy1 seemely from vnseemely1 that they may honour ,god1 serue their countrey1 comfort their freindes1 and aide one an other1 as good countreymen are bound to do4 ,but how to handle their conceit in taking1 and their memorie1 in holding1 bycause that appertaineth to teachers wholly3 7for all that the parentes and freindes1 wilbe medlers somtime1 to further their young impes37 ,i will deale in that1 and shew wherin children ought to be trained1 till they be found fit for ,grammer3 wherin neuerthelesse1 both the matters1 which they learne3 and the manners1 which they are made to1 serue for ground to vertue1 and encrease of discretion4 ,as ,i might verie well be esteemed inconsiderate1 if ,i should force any farre fet diuises into these my principles1 which neither my countrey knew1 nor her custome cared for1 so dealing but with those1 and resting content with those1 which my countrey hath seuered to her priuate vse1 and her custome is acquainted with of long continuaunce1 ,i maye hope for consent1 where my countrey commendeth1 and looke for successe1 where custome leades my hand1 and feare no note of noueltie1 where nothing is but auncient4 ,sidenote3 ,reading4 ,amongst these my countreys most familiar principles1 reading offereth herselfe first in the entrie1 chosen vpon good ground continued vpon great proofe1 enrowled among the best1 and the verie formost of the best1 by her owne effectes1 as verie many so verie profitable4 ,for whether you marke the nature of the thing1 while it is in getting1 or the goodnesse therof when it is gotten1 it must needs be the first1 and the most frutefull principle1 in training of the minde4 ,for the letter is the first and simplest impression in the trade of teaching1 and nothing before it4 ,the knitting and iointing wherof groweth on verie infinitely1 as it appeareth most plainely by daily spelling1 and continuall reading1 till partely by vse1 and partely by argument1 the child get the habit1 and cunning to read well1 which being once gotten1 what a cluster of commodities doth it bring with all8 what so euer any other1 for either profit or pleasure1 of force or freewill1 hath published to the world1 by penne or printe1 for any ende1 or to any vse1 it is by reading all made to serue vs3 in religion to loue and feare ,god1 in law to obey and please men3 in skill to entertaine knowledge1 in will to expell ignorance1 to do all in all1 as hauing by it all helpes to do all thinges well4 ,wherfore ,i make reading1 my first and fairest principle of all other1 as being simply the first in substaunce1 and leaning to none1 but leading all other1 and growing after so great1 as it raungeth ouer all1 being somwhat without other1 other nothing without it3 and a thing of such moment1 as it is vainely begon1 if it be not soundly goten1 and being once sound it selfe3 it deliuereth the next maister from manifest toile1 and the childe himselfe from maruellous trouble1 from feare where he failes not1 from staggering1 where he stops not1 with comfort where he knowes1 with courage1 where he dare1 a securitie to the parent1 a safty to eche partie4 ,i wishe the childe to haue his reading thus perfect1 and ready1 in both the ,english and the ,latin tongue verie long before he dreame of his ,grammar4 ,sidenote3 ,the reading of ,english first4 ,of the which two1 at whether it were better to begin1 by some accident of late it did seeme somwhat doubtful3 but by nature of the tongues1 the verdit is giuen vp4 ,for while our religion was restrained to the ,latin1 it was either the onely1 or the onelyest principle in learning1 to learne to read ,latin3 as most appropriate to that effect1 which the ,church then esteemed on most4 ,but now that we are returned home to our ,english abce1 as most naturall to our soile1 and most propter to our faith1 the restraint being repealed1 and we restored to libertie1 we are to be directed by nature1 and propertie1 to read that first1 which we speake first1 and to care for that most1 which we euer vse most3 bycause we neede it most3 and to begin our first learning there1 where we haue most helpes1 to learne it best1 by familiaritie of our ordinarie language1 by vnderstanding all usuall argumentes1 by continuall company of our owne countreymen1 all about vs speaking ,english and none vttering any wordes but those1 which we our selues are well acquainted with1 both in our learning and living4 ,there be two speciall1 whether ye will call them rules1 or notes1 to be obserued in teaching1 wherof the first is3 ,that thinges be so taught1 as that which goeth before1 may induce that1 which followeth by naturall consequence of the thing it selfe1 not by erronious missorting of the deceiued chuser1 who like vnto an vnskilfull hoste oftimes misplaceth euen the best of his guestes1 by not knowing their degrees4 ,the second is1 that those thinges be put vnto children1 which being confessed to be most necessarie1 and most proper to be learned in those yeares1 haue lest sense1 to their feeling1 and most labour1 without fainting4 ,for can any growne man so moile him selfe1 without to much cumber1 with either the principles of ,grammer1 or cunning without booke1 as a child will1 the ones memorie being empty1 the other being distracte with diuersitie of thoughtes8 ,reason directes yeares1 and roate rules in youth1 reason calls in sense and feeling of paine1 roate runnes on apase and mindeth nothing else but either play in the ende1 or a litle praise for a great deale of paines4 ,now praise neuer wearies1 nor paine euer but wearies1 and play pleaseth children with any1 yea the greatest iniquitie of circunstance1 whether the weather lowre1 or the maister frowne1 so he will giue them leaue to go4 ,though the ,latin tongue be already discharged of all superfluities1 exempt from custome1 to chaunge it1 and laid vp for knowledge1 to cherish it3 and of long time hath bene smoothed both to the eye1 and to the eare3 yet in course of teaching it doth not naturally draw on the ,english1 which yet remaineth in her lees vnrackt and not fined1 though it grow on verie faire4 ,our spelling is harder1 our pronouncing harsher1 our syllabe hath commonly as many letters1 as the whole ,latin word hath4 ,so that both consequence1 and hardnesse preferre the ,english4 ,euen here must memorie begin her first traine1 and store her selfe with such stuffe1 as shall laie the best foundation to religion and obedience1 which beginning in these yeares1 will crepe on very strongly and no lesse soundly3 so that the child cannot but proue very good in age1 which was so consideratly entred in his youth4 ,what the thinges shall be1 wherin both reading must trauell1 and memorie must make choice1 ,i will shew in mine ,elementarie wherin the whole education before ,grammer shalbe comprised4 ,sidenote3 ,writing4 ,next to reading followeth writing1 in some reasonable distance after1 bycause it requireth some strength of the hand1 which is not so soone staied nor so stiffe to write1 as the tongue is stirring and redy to read4 ,and though writing in order of traine do succede reading1 yet in nature and time it must needes be elder4 ,for the penne or some other penlike instrument did carue and counterfeat the letter or some letterlike deuise first rawly and rudely1 neither all at once3 then finely and fully1 when all was at once3 and therby did let the eye beholde that in charact1 which the voice deliuered to the eare in sounde1 which being so set downe to vtter the power and knitting of the articulate voice1 and afterward obserued to expresse them in deede1 caused writing be much vsed as interpreter to the minde1 and reading be embrased as expounder to the penne1 and expressing that in force1 which the penne set downe in fourme4 ,wherby it must needes follow1 that raw and rude charactes1 were the primitiue writing1 which being expressed what they did signifie brought forth reading3 and that experience vpon triall of their vertues made so much of them both1 as she recommended them to profit1 to haue them appointed for principles in the training vp of youth4 ,so that reading being but the expresser of the written charactes must needes acknowledge and confesse her puniship to writing1 of whom she tooke both her being and her beginning4 ,to limite any one cause how writing began1 or to runne ouer the inuentours of thinges to finde out who deuised it first1 were to gesse at some vncertaine1 though probable coniecture1 without any assuraunce1 to build on1 as the thing it selfe is of small importaunce1 for any to tarie on4 ,it is more then likely1 wherof so euer the first charact came1 that necessitie caught hold of it1 to serue her owne tourne1 and so enlarged it still1 till it came to that perfection which we see it now in4 ,i will neither paint out reading with such ornamentes1 as it needes not1 neither praise writing with such argumentes1 as it craues not4 ,for it is praise enough to a good thing to be confessed good1 and what so euer is said more1 is doubtfully to ground that1 which is determinatly graunted1 and to seeke for defence when the forte is surrendred4 ,after that reading was reduced into forme1 and brought to her best1 she fined her foundresse1 and is therfore aboue all praise1 bycause she makes the eye1 the paragon sense1 by benefit of that obiect4 ,and writing it selfe hath profited so much1 since it hath bene perfited1 as it now proues the proppe to remembraunce1 the executour of most affaires1 the deliuerer of secretes1 the messager of meaninges1 the enheritance of posteritie1 whereby they receiue whatsoeuer is left them1 in lawe to liue by1 in letters to learne1 in euidence to enioye4 ,to come by this thing so much commended1 so1 as it may bring foorth all her effectes redily1 and roundly1 these notes must be kept4 ,that the maister learne himselfe and teach his scholer a faire letter and a fast1 for plainesse and speede3 ,that the matter of his example be pithie1 and proper1 to enrich the memorie with profitable prouision3 and that the learning to write be not left of1 vntil it be verie perfit3 bycause writing being ones perfectly goten doth make a wonderful riddance in the rest of our learning4 ,for the master may be bould to charge his child with writing of his geare1 when he findes him able1 to dispatch that with ease1 what so euer is enioyned him4 ,neither shall that child euer complaine of difficultie after1 which can read and write perfectly before4 ,for first he hath purchased those two excellent faire winges1 which will cause him towre vp to the top of all learning1 as ,plato in the like case of knowledge1 termeth ,arithmetick and ,geometrie#b his two wings wherwith to flie vp to heauen1 from whence he doth fetch the true direction of his imprisoned ignorant4 ,secondly he hath declared eare he came to that cunning1 that his wit would serue him1 to proceede on further1 as his winges will helpe him1 to flie on faster4 ,for in deede during the time1 of writing and reading1 his witte will bewraie it selfe1 whether it may venture further vpon greater learning1 or were best to stay at some smaller skil1 vpon defect in nature4 ,but if the child can not do that redily1 which he hath rather looked on1 then learned1 before he remoue from his ,elementarie1 while his maister conceiues quickly1 and he perceiues slowly1 there is verie much matter offered vnto passion1 wheron to worke4 ,which commonly brusteth out into much beating1 to the dulling of the childe1 and discouraging of the maister3 and bycause of the to timely onset1 to litle is done in to long a time1 and the schoole is made a torture1 which as it bringes forth delite in the ende1 when learning is helde fast1 so should it passe on verie pleasantly by the waye1 while it is in learning3 ,and generally this ,i do thinke of perfiting1 and making vp1 as children go on3 7seing the argument it selfe doth draw my penne so forcibly forward17 that it must needes be most perfectly good4 ,for what if oportunitie either to go any further at all1 or at least to go so on1 as their freindes did set them in1 be suddenly cut of1 either by losse of freindes1 or lacke in freindes1 or some other misfortune8 were it not good that they had so much perfectly1 as they are practised in8 which being vnperfectly had1 will either stand them in very small steede1 or in none at all4 ,to write and read wel which may be iointly gotten is a prety stocke for a poore boye to begin the world with all4 ,sidenote3 ,writing the ,english hand first4 ,the same reasons which moued me to haue the child read ,english before ,latin1 do moue me also1 to wishe him to write ,english before ,latin1 as a thing of more hardnesse1 and redier in vse to aunswere all occasions4 ,thus farre ,i do thinke that all my countreymen will ioyne with me1 and allow their children the vse1 of their letter and penne4 ,for those that can write and read may not gainsaie1 least ,i aske of them why they learned themselues8 ,if they that cannot1 do mislike that they haue not1 ,i will aske of them1 why they wishe so oft for them8 ,sidenote3 ,drawing4 ,some controuersie before the thing be consideratly thought on1 but none after1 may arise about this next1 which is to draw with penne or pencill1 a cosen germain to faire writing1 and of the selfe same charge4 ,for penne and penknife1 incke and paper1 compasse and ruler1 a deske and a dustboxe will set them both vp1 and in these young yeares1 while the finger is flexible1 and the hand fit for frame1 it will be fashioned easely4 ,and commonly they that haue any naturall towardnesse to write well1 haue aknacke of drawing to1 and declare some euident conceit in nature bending that waye4 ,and as iudgement by vnderstanding is a rule to the minde to discern what is honest1 seemly1 and sutable in matters of the minde1 and such argumentes as fall within compasse of generall reason exempt from sense3 so this qualitie by drawing with penne or pencill1 is an assured rule for the sense to iudge by1 of the proportion and seemelines of all aspectable thinges4 ,as he that knoweth best1 how to kepe that himselfe1 which is comely in fashion1 can also best iudge1 when comelinesse of fashion is kept by any other4 ,and why is it not good to haue euery parte of the body3 and euery power of the soule to be fined to his best8 ,and seing that must be looked vnto long afore1 which must serue vs best alwaye after1 why ought we not to ground that thoroughly in youth1 which must requite vs againe with grace in our age8 ,if ,i or any else should seeme to contemne that principle1 which brought forth ,apelles1 and that so knowen a crew of excellent painters1 so many in number1 so marueilous in cunning1 so many statuaries1 so many architectes3 nay whose vse all modelling1 all mathematikes1 all manuaries do finde and confesse to be to so notorious and so needefull3 both ,i and that any else might well be supposed to see very litle1 not seing the use of that1 which is laboured for sight1 and most delitefull to see4 ,neither is the deuise mine1 as if it were1 repentance hath repulse4 ,for what so euer ,i do allow in others1 which for the deuise do deserue wel1 ,i deserued not ill1 in mine opinion1 if ,i were my selfe the first deuiser therof4 ,that great philosopher ,aristotle in the eight booke and third chapter of his ,politikes1 and not there onely1 as not he alone1 ioyneth writing and reading1 which he compriseth vnder this worde1 1 with drawing by penne or pencill1 which ,i translate his 1 both the two of one parentage and petigree1 as thinges peculiarly chosen to bring vp youth1 both for quantitie in profit1 and for qualitie in vse4 ,there he sayeth1 that as writing and reading do minister much helpe to trafficque1 to householdrie1 to learning1 and all publicke dealinges3 so drawing by penne or pencill1 is verie requisite to make a man able to iudge1 what that is which he byeth of artificers and craftes men1 for substaunce1 forme1 and fashion1 durable and handsome or no3 and such other necessarie seruices1 besides the delitefull and pleasant4 ,for the setting of colours ,i do not much stand in1 howbeit if any dexterity that waye do draw the child on1 it is an honest mans liuing and ,i dare not condemne that famous fellowship3 which is so renowned for handling the pencill4 ,a large field is here offered to praise the praiseworthy1 and to paint them out well1 which painted all thinges so well1 as the world still wondereth at the hearing of their workes4 ,but the praise of painting is no part of my purpose at this time1 but the appointing of it among the training principles1 being so aunciently allowed1 so necessarie in so many thinges1 so great a ground to so gallant a misterie1 as that profession is1 wherof ,apelles was3 and last of all1 so neare a cosen to the fairest writing1 whose cradlefellow it is4 ,musicke maketh vp the summe1 and is deuided into two partes1 the voice and the instrument1 wherof the voice resembleth reading3 as yealding that to the eare1 which it seeth with the eye3 and the instrument writing1 by counterfeting the voice1 both the two in this age best to be begon1 while both the voice and the iointe be pliable to the traine4 ,the voice craueth lesse cost to execute her part1 being content with so much onely1 as writing1 and drawing did prouide for their furniture1 when they began their houshold4 ,the instrumente seemeth to be more costly1 and claimes both more care in keping1 and more charge in compassing4 ,for the pleasauntnesse of ,musick there is no man that doth doubt1 bycause it seemeth in some degree to be a medicine from heauen1 against our sorowes vpon earth4 ,some men thinke it to be too too sweete1 and that it may be either quite forborne1 or not so much followed4 ,for mine owne parte ,i dare not dispraise it1 which hath so great defendours1 and deserueth so well1 and ,i must needes allow it1 which place it among those1 that ,i do esteeme the cheife principles1 for training vp of youth1 not of mine owne head alone1 but by the aduise of all antiquitie1 all learned philosophie1 all skilfull training1 which make ,musick still one of the principles1 when they handle the question1 what thinges be best1 to bring youth first vp in4 ,if ,i had sought occasion of raunging discours which ,i still auoide1 but where the opening of some point1 doth lighten the thing1 and may delite the reader1 whom flatte and stearne setting downe1 by waye of aphorisme1 would soone weary1 7though many not of the meanest would allow of that kinde exceeding well37 ,i might haue found out many digressions long agoe1 or if ,i had taken holde of that which hath bene offered1 ,i haue mette with many such1 since ,i began first to write3 but of all1 in all sortes ,i do finde any1 wherin speeche might so spreede all the sailes1 which she hath1 and the penne might vse1 all the pencilling1 which she can3 as in painting out the praise and ornamentes of ,musick4 ,the matter is so ample1 the ground so large1 the reasons so many1 which sound to her renowne3 the thing it selfe so auncient1 and so honorable1 so generall1 and so priuate1 so in ,churches1 and so without1 so in all ages1 and in all places1 both highely preferred1 and richely rewarded3 the princesse of delites1 and the delite of princes3 such a pacifier in passion1 such a maistres to the minde1 so excellent in so many1 so esteemed by so many1 as euen multitude makes me wonder1 and with all to staie my hand1 for feare that ,i shall not easely get thence1 if ,i enter once in4 ,i will not therfore digresse3 bycause there is better stuffe in place1 and more fit for my purpose1 then the praise of ,musick is4 ,the ,philosophers1 and ,physicians1 do allow the straining1 and recoyling of the voice in children1 yea though they crie1 and baule1 beside their singing1 and showting3 by the waie of exercise to stretche1 and kepe open the hollow passages1 and inward pipes of the tender bulke1 whereby ,musick will proue a double principle both for the soule1 by the name of learning1 and for the body1 by the waye of exercise1 as hereafter shall appeare4 ,but for the whole matter of ,musick1 this shalbe enough for me to say at this time1 that our countrey doth allow it3 that it is verie comfortable to the wearyed minde3 a preparatiue to perswasion3 that he must needes haue a head out of proportion1 which cannot perceiue3 or doth not delite in the proportions of number1 which speake him so faire3 that it is best learned in childehood1 when it can do least harme1 and may best be had3 that if the constitution of man both for bodie and soule1 had not some naturall1 and nighe affinitie with the concordances of ,musick1 the force of the one1 would not so soone stirre vp1 the cosen motion in the other4 ,it is wonderfull that is writen1 and strange that we see1 what is wrought therby in nature of ,physick1 for the remedying of some desperate diseases4 ,sidenote3 ,miscontentment4 ,and yet there groweth some miscontentment with it1 though it be neuer so good1 and that not only in personages of whom ,i make small account1 but in some verie good1 honest1 and well disposed natures1 though to stearnly bent1 which neuerthelesse1 for al their stearnnes1 wil resigne ouer their sentence1 and alter their opinion1 sometimes of themselues vpon deeper meditation1 what the thing in it selfe is1 sometime by inducement1 when they fal in with other which are better resolued3 but most cheifly then1 when ,musick it selfe consideratly applyed1 hath for a while obtained the fauorable vse of their listning eares4 ,the science it selfe hath naturally a verie forcible strength to trie and to tuche the inclination of the minde1 to this or that affection1 thorough the propertie of number1 wheron it consisteth1 which made the ,pythagorian1 and not him alone to plat the soule out so much vpon number4 ,sidenote3 ,aunswere4 ,it is also very pleasant for the harmonie and concent1 wherby the hearer discouers his disposition1 and lettes pleasure playe vpon the bitte1 and dalye with the bridle1 as delite will not be drowned1 nor driuen to hidebare4 ,for which cause ,musick moueth great misliking to some men that waye1 as to great a prouoker to vaine delites1 still laying baite1 to draw on pleasure3 still opening the minde1 to the entrie of lightnesse4 ,and in matters of religion also1 to some it seemes offensiue1 bycause it carieth awaye the eare1 with the sweetnesse of the melodie1 and bewitcheth the minde with a ,syrenes sounde1 pulling it from that delite1 wherin of duetie it ought to dwell1 vnto harmonicall fantasies1 and withdrawing it1 from the best meditations1 and most vertuous thoughtes to forreine conceites1 and wandring deuises4 ,for one aunswere to all1 if abuse of a thing1 which may be well vsed1 and had her first being to be well vsed1 be a sufficient condemnation to the thing that is abused1 let glotonie forbid meat1 distempering drinke1 pride apparell1 heresie religion1 adulterie mariage1 and why not1 what not8 ,nay which of all our principles shall stand1 if the persons blame1 shal blemish the thing8 ,we read foolish bookes1 wherat to laugh1 nay wherin we learne that1 which we might and ought forbeare3 we write strange thinges1 to serue our owne fansie1 if we sway but a litle to any lewde folly3 we paint and draw pictures1 not to be set in ,churches1 but such as priuate houses hide with curtaines1 not to saue the colours1 but to couer their owners1 whose lightnesse is discouered1 by such lasciuious obiectes4 ,shall reading therfore be reft from religion8 shall priuate1 and publike affaires1 lease the benefit of writing8 shall sense forgoe his forsight1 and the beautifier of his obiect8 ,change thou thy direction1 the thinges will follow thee more swifte to the good1 then the other to the bad1 being capable of both1 as thinges of vse be1 and yet bending to the better4 ,mans faulte makes the thing seeme filthie4 ,applie thou it to the best1 the choice is before thee4 ,it is the ill in thee1 which seemeth to corrupte the good in the thing1 which good1 though it be defaced by thy ill1 yet shineth it so cleare1 as it bewraieth the naturall beautie1 euen thorough the cloude of thy greatest disgracing4 ,musick will not harme thee1 if thy behauiour be good1 and thy conceit honest1 it will not miscary thee1 if thy eares can carie it1 and sorte it as it should be4 ,appoint thou it well1 it will serue thee to good purpose3 if either thy manners be naught1 or thy iudgement corrupt1 it is not ,musick alone which thou doest abuse1 neither cannest thou auoide that blame1 which is in thy person1 by casting it on ,musick1 which thou hast abused and not she thee4 ,and why should those people1 which can vse it rightly1 forgoe their owne good1 or haue it with embasing to pleasure some peuishe1 which will not yet be pleased8 or seeke to heale sores1 which will festure still1 and neuer skinne1 though ye plaster them daily1 to your owne displeasure4 ,but am ,i not to tedious8 ,this therfore shall suffise now1 that children are to be trained vp in the ,elementarie schoole1 for the helping forward of the abilities of the minde1 in these fower things1 as commaunded vs by choice and commended by custome4 ,reading1 to receiue that which is bequeathed vs by other1 and to serue our memorie with that which is best for vs4 ,writing to do the like thereby for others1 which other haue done for vs1 by writing those thinges which we daily vse3 but most of al to do most for our selues3 ,drawing to be a directour to sense1 a delite to sight1 and an ornament to his obiectes4 ,musick by the instrument1 besides the skill which must still encrease1 in forme of exercise to get the vse of our small ioyntes1 before they be knitte1 to haue them the nimbler1 and to put ,musicianes in minde1 that they be no brawlers1 least by some swash of a sword1 they chaunce to lease a iointe1 an irrecouerable iewell vnaduisedly cast away4 ,musick by the voice1 besides her cunning also1 by the waye of ,phisick1 to sprede the voice instrumentes within the bodie1 while they be yet but young4 ,as both the kindes of ,musick for much profit1 and more pleasure1 which is not voide of profit in her continuing kinde4 ,all foure for such vses as be infinite in number1 as they know best1 which haue most knowledge and the parentes must learne1 to lead their children to them3 and the children must beleue1 to winne their parentes choice1 which may be in all1 if they themselues liste1 if they liste not1 in no more then they like1 their restraining conceite neither bridling1 nor abbridging any other mans entent1 which seeketh after more4 ,and though all young ones be not thus farre trained1 yet we may perceiue1 that all these be vsed1 in particular proofes1 and not to be refused in generall trade1 where all turnes be serued1 by setting foorth of all thinges that be generally in vse1 though not generally used4 ,thus much of these thinges at this time1 which ,i do meane by ,gods grace to handle in their owne ,elementarie1 as precisely and yet1 as properly1 as euer ,i can4 ,,footnotes3 #b #g4 ,de ,rep4 ,,chapter #f4 ,,of ,,exercises ,,and ,,training ,,the ,,body4 ,,how ,,necessarie ,a ,,thing ,,exercise ,,is4 ,,what ,,health ,,is1 ,,and ,,how ,,it ,,is ,,maintained3 ,,what ,,sicknesse ,,is1 ,,how ,,it ,,commeth1 ,,and ,,how ,,it ,,is ,,preuented4 ,,what ,a ,,parte ,,exercise ,,playeth ,,in ,,the ,,maintenaunce ,,of ,,health4 ,,of ,,the ,,student ,,and ,,his ,,health4 ,,that ,,all ,,exercises ,,though ,,they ,,stirre ,,some ,,one ,,part ,,most1 ,,yet ,,helpe ,,the ,,whole ,,bodie4 ,the soule and bodie being coparteners in good and ill1 in sweete and sowre1 in mirth and mourning1 and hauing generally a common sympathie1 and a mutuall feeling in all passions3 how can they be1 or rather why should they be seuered in traine8 the one made stronge1 and well qualified1 the other left feeble1 and a praye to infirmitie8 will ye haue the minde to obtaine those thinges1 which be most proper vnto her1 and most profitable vnto you1 when they be obtained8 ,then must ye also haue a speciall care1 that the bodie be well appointed1 for feare it shrink1 while ye be either in course to get them1 or in case to vse them4 ,for as the powers of the soule come to no proofe1 or to verie small1 if they be not fostered by their naturall traine1 but wither and dye1 like corne not reaped1 but suffered to rotte by negligence of the owner1 or by contention in chalenge3 euen so1 nay much more1 the bodie being of it selfe lumpishe and earthy1 must needes either dye in drowsinesse1 or liue in loosenesse1 if it be not stirred and trained diligently to the best4 ,and though the soule1 as the fountaine of life1 and the quickner of the body1 may and will beare it out for some while1 thorough valiauntnesse of courage3 yet weaknesse will not be alwayes dissembled1 but in the ende will and must bewraie her owne want1 euen then perauenture1 when it were most pittie4 ,many notable personages for stomacke and courage1 many excellent men for learning and skill1 in most and best professions haue then left their liues1 thorough the plaine weaknesse1 of their contemned bodies1 when they put their countries in most apparent and gladsome hope of rare and excellent effectes1 the one of valiantnesse and manhood1 the other of knowledge and skill4 ,seing therfore there is a good in them both1 which by diligent endeuour may be auaunced to that1 for which it was ordained1 and by negligent ouersight1 doeth either decaye quite1 or proues not so well1 as otherwayes it might1 ,i maye not slightly passe ouer the bodies good1 being both so neare1 and so necessarie a neighbour unto the soule3 considering ,i haue bestowed so much paines already1 and must bestow much more1 in the seruice of the soule3 nay rather considering ,i deale with the bodie but once1 and that onely here1 wheras ,i entreat of the soule1 and the furniture therof in what so euer ,i shall medle with1 in my whole course hereafter4 ,if common sense did not teach vs the necessitie of this point1 and extreme feeblenes did not force men to confesse1 how great feates they could do1 and how actiue they would proue1 if their weake limmes and failing ioyntes1 would aunswere the lusty courage1 and braue swinge of their fierie and fresh spirites3 ,i would take paines to perswade them by argumentes1 both of proofe in experience1 and of reason in nature1 that as it is easie1 so it were needefull to helpe the body by some traine1 not left at random to libertie1 but brought in to forme of ordinarie discipline1 generally in all men1 bycause all men neede helpe1 for necessarie health1 and ready execution of their naturall actions3 but particularly for those men1 whose life is in leasure1 whose braynes be most busied1 and their wittes most wearied1 in which kinde studentes be no one small part1 but the greatest of all1 which so vse their mindes as if they cared not for their bodies1 and yet so neede their bodies1 as without the strength and soundnesse wherof1 they be good for nothing1 but to moane themselues1 and to make other maruell1 why they take no more heede1 how to do that long1 which they do so well1 being a thing within compasse of their owne care1 and knowledge4 ,for who is so grosse1 as he will denie that exercise doth good1 and that so great1 as is without comparison1 seing olde ,asclepiades is by ,galene confuted1 and stawled for an asse3 as ,erasitratus also his dissembling friend8 or who is so sore tied either to studie1 or to stocks1 as he cannot stirre himselfe if he will1 or ought not if he may8 ,but the matter being confessed1 euen by the most idle1 and vnweildy to be healthfull and good1 ,i shall neede no more reason1 to procure assent1 and allowaunce for exercise4 ,my whole trauell therfore must be to finde out1 and set foorth1 what shalbe requisite to the perfourmaunce of this point1 concerning the traine and exercising of the body1 that it may proue healthy1 and liue long3 and be ready to assist1 all the actions of the minde4 ,wherin therfore consisteth the health of the bodie1 and how is it to be maintained vntill such time1 as nature shall dismantle1 and pull it downe her selfe8 ,to aunswere this question1 and withall to declare1 how great an officer to health exercise is3 ,i will first shew1 wherin health doth consiste1 and how diseases do come3 then how health is maintained1 and disease auoided3 ,last of all how great a parte is appointed for exercise to plaie in the perfourmaunce therof1 bycause ,i saye1 and not ,i alone1 but ,galen also that great ,physician1 neither ,galen#c onely1 though sufficient alone1 but all that euer liued1 and were cheife of that liuerie1 that who so can applie the minde well with learning1 and the bodie with exercise1 shall make both a wise minde1 and a healthfull bodie in their best kinde4 ,wherfore seing ,i haue set downe wherin the traine of the minde doth consist1 so much as the ,elementarie course doth admit1 and must perfourme1 and so farre as these my ,positions require at this time1 whose profession is not to tary1 though it tuche them3 ,i wil now handle that other part of exercise1 wherwith the bodie is either to be kept in health1 or to be helpt to health3 and that not onely in the ,elementarie1 to whom this treatise should seeme to aunswere1 but also in the generall student during his whole life3 which must alwaye rule himselfe by those circunstances1 which direct the application of exercise1 according to time1 age1 c4 and shalbe handled herafter4 ,sidenote3 ,what is health and sicknesse4 ,there be in the bodie of man1 the force of foure elementes1 fire and aire1 water and earth1 and the pith of their primitiue1 and principall qualities1 heat and couldnesse1 moysture and drynesse1 which the ,physicians call the similarie partes1 of the similitude and likenesse that they haue1 not the one to the other1 but the partes of eche to their owne whole1 bycause euerie least part1 or degree of these great ones1 beare the name of the whole1 as euerie part or parcell of fier1 is called fier1 no lesse then the whole fier1 of water1 water1 of aier1 aier1 of earth1 earth1 and euerie degree of heat1 is heat1 of cold1 is cold1 of moysture1 is moysture1 of drynesse1 is drynesse1 though greater and smaller1 lesse and more1 be epithetes vnto them1 as either their quantitie1 or qualitie doth sprede or close4 ,there be also in the same bodie certaine instrumentall partes1 compounded and consisting in substance of the similarie1 which the bodie doth vse in the executing of the naturall functions1 and workinges therof4 ,now when these similarie partes be so tempered1 and disposed1 as no one doth excede any other in proportion to ouerrule1 but all be as one in consent to preserue3 and the instrumentall partes also be so correspondent one to an other1 in composition and greatnesse1 in number and measure1 as nature thorough the temperature of the first1 may absolutely vse the perfectnesse of the last1 to execute and perfourme without let or stoppe1 what appertaineth to the maintenaunce of her selfe3 it is called health1 and the contrarie1 disease1 both in the whole bodie1 and in euery part therof4 ,in the whole bodie by distemperature of the whole1 in some part1 by composition1 out of place1 and disioynted1 by greatnes1 being to bigge or to small3 by measure1 being misshapen and fashionles3 by number1 being to many and needlesse3 or to few1 and failing4 ,this health whether it be in the middle degre1 wherin all executions be complete without any sensible let3 and no infirmitie appeareth1 that the bodie feeles with any plaine offence3 ,or if it be in the perfectest degree1 which is so seldom1 as neuer any saw1 bycause of great frailty1 and brittlenesse in our nature3 it neuer continueth in one estate1 but altereth still1 and runnes to ruyne1 without both speedy and daily1 nay without hourely reparation4 ,the causes which alter1 and chaunge it so1 be somtime from within the bodie1 and were borne with it3 sometime from without1 and yet not without daunger4 ,from within1 the verie propertie and pithe of our originall substance1 and matter whence we grew1 altereth vs first1 which as it beginneth1 and groweth in moysture1 so it endeth1 and stayeth in drynesse1 and in the ende decayeth the bodie with to much drynesse1 which extreame though naturall withering1 we call olde age1 which though it come by course1 and commaundement of nature1 yet beareth it the name1 and title of disease1 bycause it decayeth the bodie1 and deliuereth it to death4 ,from within also1 the continuall rebating1 and falling awaye of somwhat from the bodie1 occasioneth much chaunge1 nay that is most cause of greatest chaunge1 and killeth incontinent by meere defect1 if it be not supplyed4 ,to these two causes of inward alteration1 there aunswere two other forreine causes1 both vnholesome1 and perillous1 the aire1 which enuironneth vs1 and violence1 which is offered vs4 ,the former of the two1 decaing our health with to much heat1 cold1 drynesse1 and moysture of it selfe3 or by noysomnesse of the soile1 and corruption in circunstance4 ,the second1 by strong hand brusing1 or breaking1 wounding or wiping awaie1 of some one part of the bodie1 or els killing the whole consort of the bodie with the soule1 and taking away life from it4 ,these foure ouerthrowes of our bodies and health1 olde age1 waste1 aire1 and violence1 finde by helpe of nature1 and arte1 certaine oppositions1 which either diuert them quite1 if they maye be auoided1 or kepe them of longer1 if they maye be differred1 or mittigate their malice1 when it is perceiued4 ,for forreine violence1 foresight will looke to1 where casualtie commaundes not1 and cannot be foreseene4 ,for infection by the aire1 that it do not corrupte and marre so much as it would1 wisedome will prouide1 and defende the bodie from the iniuries1 and wronges therof4 ,that olde age grow not on to fast1 circunspectnes in diet1 consideration in clothes1 diligence in well doing1 wil easely prouide1 both for the minde not to enfect1 first it selfe and then the bodie3 and for the bodie not to enforce the minde1 by too impotent desires4 ,that waste weare not1 meat takes in chardge1 to supplie that is drye1 and decayeth3 drinke promiseth to restore moysture1 when it doth diminishe3 the breath it selfe1 and arteriall pulse1 looke to heating and cooling4 ,and ,physick in generall professing foresight to preuent euills1 and offering redresse1 when they haue done harme1 so not incurable1 doth direct both those and all other meanes4 ,now in all these helpes1 and most beneficiall aides of our afflicted nature1 which deuiseth all meanes to saue her selfe harmelesse1 and deliteth therin1 when she is discharged of infirmities1 to much stuffes and stiffles1 to litle straites and pines1 both vndoe the naturall4 ,to much meat cloyes1 to litle faintes1 both perishe the principall4 ,to much liquour drownes1 to litle dryes1 both corrupt the carcasse4 ,heat burnes1 cold chilles1 in excesse both to much1 in defect both to litle1 and both causes to decaie4 ,mediocritie preserueth not onely in these but in whatsoeuer els4 ,sidenote3 ,exercise4 ,but now what place hath exercise here8 to helpe nature by motion in all these her workinges1 and wayes for health3 to encrease and encourage the naturall heat1 that it maye digest quickly and expell strongly3 to fashion and frame all the partes of the bodie to their naturall and best hauiour3 to helpe to rid needelesse1 and superfluous humours3 reffuse and reiected excrementes1 which nature leaues for naught1 when she hath sufficiently fed1 and wisheth rather they were seene abrode1 then felt within4 ,and be not these great benefites8 to defend the body by defeating diseases8 to stay the minde1 by strengthening of her meane8 to assist nature being both daily1 and daungerously1 assailed both within and without8 to helpe life to continue long8 to force death1 to kepe farre a loufe8 ,now as all constitutions be not of one and the same mould1 and as all partes be not moued alike1 with any one thing3 so the exercises must alter1 and be appropriate to each3 that both the constitution may be continued in her best kinde1 and all the partes preserued to their best vse1 which exercises being compared among themselues one to an other1 be more or lesse1 but being applyed to the partie kepe alwayes in a meane1 when they meane to do good4 ,concerning students1 for whose health my care is greatest1 the lesse they eate1 the lesse they neede to voide3 and therfore small diet in them1 best preuenteth all superfluities1 which they cannot auoide1 if their diet be great and their exercise small4 ,their exercise must also be very moderate1 and not alter to much1 for feare of to great distemperature in that1 which must continue moderate3 and with all it should be ordinarie1 that the habit may be holesome1 and sudden chaunge giue no cause of greater inconuenience4 ,wherfore to auoide distemperature the enemie to health1 and so consequently to life1 and to maintaine the naturall constitution so1 as it may serue to the best1 wherin her duetie lyeth1 and liue to the longest1 that in nature it can1 besides the diet1 which must be small1 as nature is a pickler1 and requires but small pittaunce3 besides clothing which should be thin euen from the first swadling to harden1 and thick the flesh3 ,i do take this traine by exercise1 which ,i wishe to be ioyned with learning1 to be a marueilous furtherer4 ,but for diet to auoide inward daungers1 and clothing to auert outward iniuries1 and all such preuentions1 as are not proper to teachers1 though in communitie more proper then to any common man3 ,i set them ouer to parentes1 and other well willers1 which will see to them1 that they faile not in those thinges3 and if they do1 will fly to ,physicians1 by their helpe to salue that1 which themselues may forsee4 ,for exercises ,i will deale1 which to commend more then they will commend them selues1 when ,i shall shew both what they be1 and the particular profites of euery one of them1 which ,i chuse from the rest1 were me thinke verie needlesse1 and cheifly to me1 which seeme sufficiently to praise them1 in that ,i do place them among principles of prerogatiue4 ,but as in the soule ,i did picke out certaine pointes1 whervnto ,i applyed the training principles3 so likewise in the bodie1 may ,i not also seuer some certaine partes1 whervnto my preceptes must principally be conformed8 that shall not neede4 ,for as in the soule the frute of traine doth better and make complete euen that which ,i tuched not1 and so consequently the whole soule3 so in the bodie1 those exercises which seeme to be appointed for some speciall partes1 bycause they stirre those partes most1 do qualifie the whole bodie1 and make it most actiue4 ,wherefore as there ,i did promise not to anatomise the soule1 as neither dealing with ,diuines nor ,philosophers3 so do ,i not here make profession to shew the anatomie of the bodie1 as medling neither with ,physicians nor ,surgeans1 otherwise then any of them foure can helpe me in exercise4 ,to the which effect1 and ende1 ,i will onely cull out from whence ,i can1 such speciall notes1 as both ,philosophers1 and ,phisicians do know to be most true1 and both the learned1 and vnlearned1 will confesse to be for them3 and such also1 as the training maisters may easely both helpe1 and encrease in their owne triall4 ,for both reason1 and rule1 do alwaye commaunde1 that the maister be by1 when exercise is vsed1 thorough whose ouerlooking the circunstance is kept1 which helpeth to health1 and the contrarie shunned1 which in exercise doth harme4 ,in the elder yeares1 reason at the elbow must serue the student1 as in these younger1 the maisters preference helpes to direct the child4 ,but to ioyne close with our traine4 ,what partes be they in our bodie1 vpon whom exercise is to shew this great effecte8 or what be the powers therof1 which must still be stirred1 so to say1 and establish the perpetuitie of health1 not in themselues alone1 but in the whole bodie1 by them8 ,where ioyntes be to bend1 where stringes to tye1 where synewes to stirre1 where streatchers to straine1 there must needes be motion3 or els stifnesse will follow1 and vnweildynesse withall3 where there be conduites to conuey the blood1 which warmeth1 canales to carie the spirite1 which quickneth1 pipes to bestow the aire1 which cooleth1 passage to dismisse excrements which easeth1 there must needes be spreding1 to kepe the currant large1 and eche waie open1 for feare of obstructions1 and sudden fainting4 ,where to much must needes marre1 there must be forcing out1 where to litle must nedes lame1 there must be letting in3 where thickning threates harme1 there thinning fines the substance3 where thinning is to much1 there thickning must do much1 and to knit vp all in short1 all those offices1 whervnto our bodie serueth naturally1 either for inward bestowing of nurriture1 and maintenaunce of life3 or for outward motion1 and executions of vse1 must be cherished and nusled so1 as that they do by nature well1 and truely1 they may do by traine1 both long1 and strongly4 ,i shall not neede to name the partes1 all in one ruk1 as of set purpose1 which be knowen by their effectes3 and the exercises also themselues will shew for whom they serue4 ,but for example first in the partes let vs see1 whether we can discern them by their working1 and properties1 that therby the exercise may be pickte1 which is most proper to helpe such effectes4 #a4 ,who doth not streight waye conceiue1 that the lunges or lightes be ment1 when he heareth of an inward part1 which prouideth winde for the harte1 to allay his heat1 and to minister some clammy matter vnto it1 whence he may take aire1 most fit for his functions1 and not at the sudden be forced to vse any forreine8 #b4 ,or who doth not by and by see1 that the harte is implyed1 when he heareth of an other inward part1 which is the spring1 and fountaine1 of the vitall spirite and facultie1 the seat and sender out of naturall heat1 the occasion and cause of the arteriall pulse1 which by one arterie1 and way1 receiueth cooling from the lunges1 by an other1 sendeth the vitall spirite1 the hote1 and hurling blood1 thorough out the whole bodie8 #c4 ,or who is so grosse1 as not to gesse at the liuer1 when he heareth of an other inward part1 which is the cheife instrument of nurriture1 the workhouse of thicke and grosse blood3 that feedeth the life and soule3 when it desireth meat1 and drinke1 and what is els necessarie3 which conueieth blood thorough the veines to nurrish all partes of the bodie1 with the naturall spirit in it1 if there be any1 verie darke and heauie8 ,sidenote3 ,he can tel what the parte is4 #d4 ,nay hath he any braine1 which seeth not the braine plainly laid before him1 when he heareth a part of mans bodie named1 which breedeth a sowlish1 and life spirite1 as most pure1 so most precious1 and rather a qualitie then a bodie1 and vseth it partly to further the working of that princely1 and principall part of mans soule1 wherby he vnderstandeth and reasoneth3 partly to helpe the instrumentes of sense1 and motion1 by meane of the sineues1 neuer suffering them to lacke spirite3 which is the cheife and capitall cause1 why these instrumentes do their dueties well8 ,and so forth in all the partes aswell without1 as within sight1 whose properties when one heareth and finding that they be helped by such a motion he can forthwith say1 that such an exercise is good for such a part4 #a4 ,now againe for exercises4 ,who hearing that moderate running doth warme the whole body1 strengthneth the naturall motions1 prouoketh appetite1 helpeth against distilling of humours and catarres1 and driueth them some other waie3 #b4 ,or that daunsing beside the warmth1 driueth awaye numnesse1 and certaine palsies1 comforteth the stomacke1 being cumbred with weaknes of digestion1 and confluence of raw humours1 strengtheneth weake hippes1 fainting legges1 freatishing feete3 #c4 ,or that ryding also is healthfull for the hippes and stomacke3 that it cleareth the instrumentes of all the senses1 that it thickneth thinne shankes3 that it stayeth loose bellies3 #d4 ,or that loud speaking streatcheth the bulke exerciseth the vocalle instrumentes1 practiseth the lungues1 openeth the bodie1 and all the passages therof3 #e4 ,or that loud reading scoureth all the veines1 stirreth the spirites thorought out all the entraulles1 encreaseth heat1 suttileth the blood1 openeth the arteries1 suffereth not superfluous humours to grow grosse and thicke3 who1 say ,i1 hearing but of these alone in taste for all1 or of all together by these alone1 doth not both see the partes1 which are preserued1 the exercise which preserueth1 and the matter wherin8 ,wherfore seing exercise is such a thing1 that so much enableth the bodie1 whom the soule hath for companion in all exploites1 a comfort being lightsome1 a care being lothesom1 a courage being healthy1 a clog being heauie1 ,i will1 bycause ,i must1 if ,i meane to do well1 plat forth the whole place of exercising the bodie1 at ones for all ages4 ,,footnotes3 #c #a4 ,de sani4 tuen4 ,,chapter #g4 ,,the ,,braunching1 ,,order1 ,,and ,,methode1 ,,kept ,,in ,,this ,,discours ,,of ,,exercises4 ,bycause the speciall marke wherat ,i shoote1 is to bring the minde forward to his best1 by those meanes which ,i take to be best1 wherin ,i must of force continue verie long1 as in my principall and cheife subiecte1 and in no place sauing this1 entreat of the bodie1 but onely how to apply that to it1 which ,i pitche downe here3 ,i thinke it good therefore in this place to perfit1 and handle at full the whole title of exercises with all the cicunstances belonging thervnto1 so sufficiently and fully1 as my simple skill can aspire vnto3 and as the present occasion of a position or passage vseth to require1 leauing that which ,i do not medle with1 to those that shall professe the thing1 ether for their owne1 or for their childrens health1 wherin ,i will kepe this methode and manner of proceeding4 #a4 ,first ,i wil note somewhat1 generally concerning all exercises4 #b4 ,secondly ,i will chuse out some especiall exercises1 which vpon good consideration ,i do take to be most proper1 and propitious to schooles1 and scholers4 #c4 ,thirdly1 ,i will applye the circunstances1 required in exercise to euerie of them1 so neare as ,i can1 that there be no error committed in the executing4 ,for the better the thing is1 if it hit right1 the more dangerous it proueth1 if it misse of that right4 #d4 ,last of all ,i will shew the training maister1 how to furnish himselfe thoroughly1 in this professed exercising3 bycause he must both applie the minde with learning1 and the bodie with mouing1 at diuerse times1 refreshing himselfe1 with varietie and chaunge4 ,but in handling of these foure pointes1 ,i meane to rippe vp no idle question3 ,i terme that idle1 where health is the ende1 and the question no helpe to it1 but cause to discours1 and delaye of precept4 ,such questions be these3 who first found out the arte of exercise called ,gymnastice1 or whether it belong to the ,physician or no3 being a preseruatiue to health3 or who first deuised the particular exercises3 or who were most famous for the executing therof1 and a number of such like discoursory argumentes1 which learned men hauing leasure at will1 as a schoolemaister hath not1 and willing to wade farre1 as my selfe could wish1 haue mined out of the bowelles of antiquitie1 and entraules of authoritie1 sometimes sadly1 and saing in deede much1 vpon euident and apparent testimonies1 sometimes simply1 and surmising but some such thing1 by very light and slight coniectures3 oftimes supported by bare guesse1 at some silly word1 or some more naked warrant4 ,wherfore to the matter4 ,,chapter #h4 ,,of ,,exercise ,,in ,,generall ,,and ,,what ,,it ,,is4 ,,and ,,that ,,it ,,is ,,athleticall ,,for ,,games1 ,,martiall ,,for ,,the ,,fielde1 ,,physicall ,,for ,,health1 ,,pr,,paratiue ,,before1 ,,postparatiue ,,after ,,the ,,standing ,,exercise3 ,,some ,,within ,,daores1 ,,for ,,foule ,,whether1 ,,some ,,without ,,for ,,faire4 ,sidenote3 ,the diuision of exercises4 ,all exercises were first deuised1 and so in deede serued1 either for games and pastime1 for warre and seruice1 or for suretie of health and length of life1 though somtime all the three endes did concurre in one1 sometimes they could not4 ,for why might not an healthfull1 and a sound body1 both serue in the fielde for a soldiar1 and in the sand for a wrastler8 ,but we seldom reade1 that the athleticall constitution whose ende was gaming1 whose exercise was pastime1 whose diet was vnmeasurable for any man to vse1 did either deliuer the world an healthfull body1 being strained beyond measure1 or a courageous soldiar1 being vnweildy to fight1 as one compounded and made of fat and fog1 brawnie and burdenous4 ,sidenote3 ,athleticall4 ,the athleticall and gaming exercises1 were in generall assemblies1 to winne some wager1 to beare awaie the prise1 to be wondered at of the world1 or to set foorth the solemnities of their festiuall seruice1 and ceremonies in the honour of their idoles3 or in publike spectacle to adourne and set foorth1 the triumphant and victorious shewes1 the sumptuous and costly deuises of their princes and states4 ,wherin we reade1 that particular men haue shewed such effectes of strength1 and sturring1 by the helpe of exercise1 and traine1 as nature her selfe could neuer attaine vnto1 though she furthered the feat1 and got her selfe the worst1 both by empairing of health1 and hastning on of death1 thorough straining to much4 ,it is more then marueilous to thinke on1 and yet we finde it of verie good recorde1 what and how incredible weight1 both of liuing creatures1 and massier mettal1 one mans force hath bene noted to haue borne1 by being only vsed to that burthen4 ,would any man beleue it1 if it were not of good writen credit1 that one ,milo so strutted himselfe1 so pitcht his feet1 so peysed his bodie1 as he remained vnremoueable from his place1 being haled at and pulde by a number of people4 ,actiuitie hath wrought wonders1 swiftnesse incredible thinges1 and what propertie what not8 where nature and ambition were backt with exercise and good will1 to do but one thing well4 ,sidenote3 ,martiall4 ,for the vse of warre1 and defence1 it is more then euident1 that exercise beares the bell3 ,can one haue a bodie to abide cold1 not to melte with heat1 not to starue for hunger1 not to dye for thirst1 not to shrinke at any hardnesse1 almost beyond nature1 and aboue common reache1 if he neuer haue it trained8 will nimblenesse of limmes awaie with all labour1 surpasse all difficulties1 of neuer so diuers1 and dangerous groundes1 pursue enemies to vanquish1 reskue freinds to saue1 retire from danger without harme1 thrust it selfe into daunger without daunger1 where no traine before made acquaintance with trauell8 ,whervpon called the ,romaines their whole armie ,exercitus1 but bycause it consisted of a valiant number of exercised and trained men8 which were not to seeke at a sudden1 bycause they had vsed armes before8 how could common weales where the territory was but small1 and the enhabitantes few1 haue still deliuered themselues from mightier assailantes1 then they seemed defendantes8 or in continuall threates1 of ieleous neighbours1 how could they still haue kept their owne1 if that small territorie1 had not bene thoroughly employed1 and that petie paucitie gallantly trained8 wherby it was able for hardnesse and sufferance to abide what not8 ,for actiuitie and manhood1 to haue mastered whom not8 or at the least had good meanes1 not to receiue any foile1 where onely the huger number1 and the vntrained multitude1 were to trie the masterie in fielde against them8 ,sidenote3 ,physicall4 ,for health it is most manifest that exercise is a mighty great mistresse1 whether it be to confirme that which we haue by nature1 or to procure that which we haue not by nature3 or to recouer that by industrie1 and diligence1 which we haue almost lost1 by misfortune and negligence4 ,the exercises which do serue to this healthy end1 do best serue for this my purpose1 and though an healthfull body be most apt and actiue1 both for gaming to get wagers1 and for warring to winne victories1 yet in my exercises1 ,i neither meane to dally with the gamester1 not to fight with the warrier1 but to marke which way ,i may best saue studentes1 who haue most neede of it3 being still assailed by those enemies of health1 which waxe more eager and hoat1 the more weake and cold that exercise is4 ,sidenote3 ,what is exercise8 ,this exercise of ours by forme of definition1 is said to be a vehement1 and a voluntarie stirring of ones body1 which altereth the breathing1 whose ende is to maintaine health1 and to bring the bodie to a verie good habit4 ,doth not exercise at this her first entry offer to performe so much as ,i did vndertake for her8 health of the body1 and an healthy habit of all the limmes3 which two effectes1 bycause they be good1 who doth not desire them8 and being got by exercise1 why is it not in price8 and being reducible to order1 why should it not be in traine8 ,they that write of exercise1 make three degrees in it1 wherof they call the first a preparatiue1 in ,greek 1 the next simply by the name of exercise the third a postparatiue1 in ,greek 4 ,the preparatiue serued1 not to passe rudely1 and roughly into the maine exercise1 without qualifying the bodie by degrees before1 bycause sudden alteration workes ill disposition4 ,the postparatiue or apotherapeutike followeth the maine exercise1 to reduce the body by gentle degrees1 to the same quietnesse in constitution1 wherin it was1 before it was so moued4 ,which two pointes bycause they rest most in the maisters consideration1 which is to ouersee the traine1 ,i commit them to his care3 so to applie his cunning as he shall see cause in exercising his charge4 ,and yet herein ,i entend to helpe him1 when ,i shall handle the circunstances which direct exercises4 ,sidenote3 4 ,the third degree1 which is enclosed betwene these two1 is that same exercise1 which ,i praise so much1 and vpon whom the other two waite1 wherof1 as writers make to many1 and to finely minced distinctions1 so ,i make account but of one at this time1 wherof ,i do make two braunches1 or spieces1 the one to be vsed within dores1 and the other abroade1 that whether the weather be faire or fowle1 the exercise in some kinde may neuer faile4 ,,chapter #i4 ,,of ,,the ,,particular ,,exercises1 ,,why ,i ,,do ,,appoint ,,so ,,manie1 ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,iudge ,,of ,,them1 ,,or ,,to ,,deuise ,,the ,,like4 ,i will not here runne thorough all the kindes of exercises that be named either by ,galene or any other writer1 wherof many be discontinued1 many be yet in vse1 but out of the whole heape ,i haue pickt out these for within dores1 lowd speaking1 singing1 lowd reading1 talking1 laughing1 weaping1 holding the breath1 daunsing1 wrastling1 fensing1 and scourging the ,top4 ,and these for without dores1 walking1 running1 leaping1 swimming1 riding1 hunting1 shooting1 and playing at the ball4 ,wherof though the very most be vsed oftimes1 not in nature of exercises1 but either of pleasure1 or necessitie1 yet they be all such1 as will serue well that waie1 and be so made account of among the best writers1 that deale in this kinde3 and for that some of them maye be said to be most proper to men1 and farre aboue boyes plaie3 you must remember1 that ,i deale for all studentes1 and not for children alone1 to whom it is in choice1 besides all these to deuise other for their good1 as circunstance shal lead them4 ,there may also be reasons1 to perswade some men to mislike of1 ,i do not thinke all1 but ,i suppose some1 of these thinges1 which ,i do appoint1 as both commendable and profitable exercises1 with whom ,i will not here striue1 but desire them to iudge of me1 without preiudice1 and to stay their sentence1 vntill they see in what sorte ,i allow them4 ,for knowing the cause of offence1 ,i might seeme very simple1 if ,i should simply allow that1 which is disallowed vpon reason1 and not misliked without manifest shew of probable cause3 and so to reserue the thing1 as ,i did not remoue the blame4 ,they must also thinke that nothing is abused1 but that both may and ought to be well vsed1 which well1 they must vse1 and refuse the ill3 seing where misuse draweth blame1 there right vse deserueth praise4 ,therfore ,i wishe those that be of yeares1 and abilitie to guide themselues to call circunstance to counsell1 and consideration to aduise4 ,for as consideration shapeth the circunstance1 so circunstance is a thing1 which maketh all that is done1 either to please or displease3 to be sent awaie with a cutting checke3 or to be bid tarie1 with a cheary contenaunce4 ,as for the child in whom wisdom wanteth1 to way with discretion1 what it is that he doeth1 the maister alone must supplie all wantes1 or beare all blames1 though it be but a simple recompence1 to blame wante of consideration1 when harme is receiued4 ,some man may also say1 what needes so many1 and mislike the multitude4 ,of many to chuse some1 is vsuall in all choice1 and where store is1 why should choice be stinted8 he may lessen the number1 that alloweth but of one1 and ,i haue pickt out the likest1 to satisfie all in diuersities of liking1 who so shall like any of these1 may vse them with me1 or vpon the like ground1 may deuise himselfe other4 ,in handling of eche of these1 ,i will first shew for what partes1 to what end1 and in what manner1 they be profitable and holesome being moderatly vsed3 then for whom1 and with what daunger1 they be strained to the contrarie4 ,,chapter #aj4 ,,of ,,lowd ,,speaking4 ,,how ,,necessarie1 ,,and ,,how ,,proper ,,an ,,exercise ,,it ,,is ,,for ,a ,,scholler4 ,the exercise of the voice which in ,latin they name vociferatio1 in ,greek 1 as them which were the training maisters1 in ,english maye be tearmed lowd speaking1 of the height3 for though it vse all the degrees1 which be in the voice1 yet is it most properly to take his name1 of the lowdest and shrillest1 as the most audible in sound1 and therfore fittest to giue the name1 as all thinges els receiue theirs1 of some one qualitie of most especiall note4 ,the auncient ,physicians entertaine it among exercises1 bycause it stirreth the bulke1 and all those instrumentes1 which serue for the deliuerie of voice1 and vtterance of speeche3 bycause it aideth1 dilateth1 and comforteth the lunges in his windworke1 it encreaseth1 cleanseth1 strengtheneth1 and fineth the naturall heat3 it maketh the sound and soueraigne partes of the bodie strong and pure3 and not lightly to be assailed by any disease3 it mendeth the colour1 and cheareth the countenaunce4 ,now that it hath these properties they do proue by naturall argumentes4 ,that it practiseth and stirreth the inward partes1 and vocall instrumentes1 no man may denie1 which will confesse1 that the mouth alone1 is the onely port and passage for speeche4 ,that it encreaseth the naturall heat1 the breath it selfe doth most euidently declare1 bycause it is alwaye exceeding warme1 when one exerciseth the voice1 it is so thronged and crusshed with taking in and letting out4 ,that it cleanseth and cleareth1 there be two causes to proue3 the one is1 bycause it maketh the flesh more fine and thinne1 and smoother to the hand1 not onely thorough stretching and straining the skinne1 but by remouing excrementes1 which naturally thicken and make rugged4 ,the other is1 for that by mouing the vocall instrumentes the inward moysture consumeth and wasteth1 as it doeth appeare by that thicke and grosse vapour1 which proceedeth out of his mouth that speaketh alowd1 and other congealed excrementes resting of olde in other passages1 which this exercise expelled from the inward partes4 ,that it both fines and strengthens the naturall heat1 hereby it is more then plaine4 ,for that the inward vesselles and pipes be scoured thereby1 and sundry superfluities expelled both at the nose1 and mouth1 which as they darkened1 weakned1 and thickned the naturall heat1 when they were within the bodie3 so being dismissed themselues1 they leaue it pure1 fine1 and strong1 whereby the partes being sound and cleare more strength groweth on to healthward1 and lesse to disease4 ,hervpon it falleth out1 that this exercise of the voice1 must needes be a singular helpe for them1 which haue their inwarde partes troubled with moysture1 and be of cold constitution1 as also for such1 as be troubled with weaknesse1 or pewkishnesse of stomacke1 with vomiting1 or bytter rifting1 with hardnesse of digestion1 with lothing of their meat1 with feeding that feedes not1 with faintnesse1 with naughty constitution1 that corrupteth the blood1 with dropsies1 with painfull fetching their breath1 or but then easely1 when they sit vpright1 with consumptions1 with any long disease1 in the breast or midrife1 with apostemes which are broken within the bulke1 with quartane agues1 with fleame1 and also for all those1 which be on the mending hand1 after sicknesse3 for those that are troubled with the scurfe1 or ,egyptian lepre1 called ,elephantiasis1 or whose bellies be so weake1 as they cannot avoide1 but watry and thin excrementes1 for the hikup1 for the voice1 and her instrumentes1 whether naturally resolued1 or casually empaired4 ,now as this exercise aduisedly1 and orderly vsed1 is verie good for those effectes in these partes1 so rashly and rudely ventured vpon1 it is not without daunger of doing harme1 and cheifly to those which neuer vsed it before3 it filleth the head and makes it heauie1 it dulleth the instrumentes of the senses1 which are in the head4 ,it hurtes the voice1 and breakes the smaller veines1 and is verie vnwholesome for such1 as are subiect to the falling sicknesse1 bycause it shaketh the troubled partes too sore3 it is daungerous when one is troubled with ill1 and corrupt humours1 or when the stomacke is cumbred1 with great and euident crudities1 and rawnes1 bycause thorough much chafing of the breath1 and the breath instrumentes1 it disperpleth1 and scattereth corrupt humours1 thorough out the whole bodie4 ,and as the gentle exercising of the voice1 who oft enterlacing of graue soundes1 is wholesome1 so to much shrilnesse straynes the head1 causeth the temples pante1 the braines to beate1 the eyes to swell1 the eares to tingle4 ,further it is verie vnwholesom after meat1 bycause the breath being chafed partly by reason of late eating1 partly by lowdnesse of the voice as it passeth thorough1 gawlleth the throte1 and so corrupteth the voice4 ,it is also enemie to repletion1 to wearinesse1 to sensualitie3 for that in those people1 which are subiect to those infirmities1 the great and forcible straining of the voice1 doth oftimes cause ruptures and conuulsions1 so that the commodities1 and incommodities of the exercise do warne the training maister to vse it wisely and with great discretion4 ,the vse of it for the motion is this1 that ,i haue said1 but for the helpe of learning1 it is to some other verie good and great purpose1 to pronounce without booke1 with that kinde of action which the verie propertie of the subiect requireth1 orations and other declamatory argumentes1 either made by the pronouncer him selfe1 or borowed of some other1 but cheifly the hoatest ,philippik1 ,catilinarie1 and ,verrine argumentes1 and the rest of that race1 either out of many ,greeke oratours1 or our one and onely ,latin ,tullie1 and whether ye list to prose alone1 or to be bold with ,poetes1 and vse their meeter4 ,clius ,aurelianus#d an auncient ,romane ,physician1 though borne at ,sicca in ,aphricke speaking of this exercise vseth these wordes4 ,they did vtter their beginninges or prohemes with a gentle and a moderate voice1 their narrations1 and reasoning discourses with more straining1 and louder3 their perorations1 and closinges1 with a discent1 and fall of the voice4 ,and is not that to my saying8 ,the manner of this exercise1 which ,antyllus a verie olde ,physician doth shew in ,oribasius#e1 that wrate his bookes vnto ,iulian the apostate1 whose ,physician he was1 agreeth also with mine opinion4 ,for hauing appointed certaine preparatiues for nimbling1 and spreding the vocall powers1 he sayth1 that such1 as exercised the voice1 did first begin lowe1 and moderatly1 then went on to further strayning1 of their speeche3 sometimes drawing it out1 with as stayed1 and graue soundes1 as was possible1 sometimes bringing it backe1 to the sharpest and shrillest1 that they could1 afterward not tarying long in that shrill sound1 they retired backe againe1 slacking the straine of their voice1 till they fell into that low1 and moderate tenour1 wherwith they first began4 ,which wordes do not onely shew1 that it was thus vsed1 but also how the voice is to be vsed1 in this exercise generally4 ,but vpon what matter1 and argument was all this paines bestowed8 ,those which were vnlearned said such things as they could remember1 which were to be spoken aloud1 and admitted any change of voice in the vttering1 now harshe and hard1 now smoothe and sweete4 ,those that were bookish recited either ,iambike verses or ,elegies1 or such other numbers1 which with their currant carie the memorie on1 but all without booke1 as farre surmounting any kinde of reading4 ,i haue dwelt the longer in this exercise1 bycause it is both the first in rancke1 and the best meane to make good pronouncing of any thing1 in any auditorie1 and therfore an exercise not impertinent to scholers4 ,,footnotes3 #d ,libro4 #a4 1 cap4 #e4 de furore4 #e ,lib4 #f1 cap4 #h4 ,de sanit4 tuen4 ,,chapter #aa4 ,,of ,,loude ,,singing1 ,,and ,,in ,,what ,,degree ,,it ,,commeth ,,to ,,be ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,exercises4 ,it were to much to wishe1 that ,musick were the most healthy exercise1 as it is the most pleasaunt profession1 bycause either to much delite would drowne men in it alone1 or to much cloying would cause it be quite contemned4 ,wherfore as it may not diminish other of their due1 by occupying to much roome1 so by change after other1 and distance in it selfe1 it continueth in her owne credit4 ,for both varietie refresheth1 and distance reneweth1 where still the same dulles1 and continuance wearies4 ,as ,musick is compounde of number1 melodie1 and harmonie1 it hath nothing to do with gymnastick and exercise1 but serueth in that sense either for delite and pleasure1 and exerciseth desire3 or in some respectes concerneth the manering and training vp of youth in matter of knowledge1 as ,i said before4 ,whervnto ,i was induced not onely by argument1 and nature of the thing1 but by great authorities of ,plato1#f and ,philo1 of ,aristotle1#g and ,galene1#h and whom not8 out of all antiquitie1 which both allow of the thing in nature1 and admit it in pollicie1 into the best common weales1 as a great worker of much good4 ,but for as much as singing vseth the voice for her meane1 and the voice instrumentes for her vtteraunce1 and medleth with all sortes1 and degrees in sounde base1 meane1 and triple1 which in deliuerie do labour1 and trauell the pipes1 it is receiued among exercises of health1 though it be not so forcible1 nor can pearce so farre1 as loude speaking doth1 which doth not much care for any fine concent1 so it vtter strongly1 and straine within compasse3 wheras ,musick to the contrary standes not much vpon straining or fullnesse of the voice1 so it be delicate and fine in concent4 ,and yet in ,aristotles#i opinion1 it both exerciseth1 and preserueth the naturall strength bycause it standeth vpon an ordinate1 and degreed motion of the voice4 ,we finde in our owne experience1 that it sturreth the voice1 spreadeth the instrumentes therof1 and craueth a cleare passage1 as it also lightneth the laborer1 and encreaseth his courage1 in carying of burdens4 ,it was vsed in the olde time ,physicklike1 to stay mourning and greife1 for the losse of deare freindes1 or desired thinges4 ,in curing diseases1 which rise vpon some distemperature of the minde1 the temperature of time iudicially applyed1 hath bene found both a straunge and a strong remedie4 ,alwaye prouided1 that whether ye say loud1 or sing loud1 ye neither say to long1 nor sing to much1 for feare of a worse turne1 if any entraill teare1 with to much straining1 as some times hath proued to true1 for the afflicted partie4 ,but to make an ende of ,musick at this time1 though it be neither so strong1 nor so stirring an exercise1 yet it hath made a great purchace1 that it is allowed for one1 and therby esteemed a double principle1 of more value1 where her force is more1 in matters of the minde1 of very good worth1 though of much lesse worke in the health of the bodie4 ,which seeing it is an exercise within dore1 it gaineth with the place a good footing to grow fairer3 for whether ye allow it for a cunning exercise1 or an exercised cunning1 it exerciseth cunning1 and encreaseth by exercise4 ,,footnotes3 #f ,pla4 #b1 #c1 #d1 de ,repub4 ,phil4 4 #g ,aristot4 #h1 polit4 #h ,galen4 #a4 ,de sanit4 tuen4 #i #ai part4 probl4 #ch4 ,,chapter #ab4 ,,of ,,loude ,,and ,,soft ,,reading4 ,reading is a thing so familiarly knowne1 as there needeth no great proofe1 that it exerciseth the voice1 and therwith all the health1 wherof the ,physicians admit two kindes1 into the raunge of exercises1 which be furtherers to health4 ,the one quicke1 cleare1 and straining1 the other quiet1 caulme1 and staing4 ,the cleare and straining kinde of reading1 bycause it stirreth the breath1 not sleightly nor superficially1 but sheweth what it can do1 in the verie fountaine and depth of all the entrailles1 it encreaseth the naturall health1 maketh the blood suttle and fine1 purgeth all the veines1 openeth all the arteries1 suffereth not superfluous humours to thicken1 neither to congeale and freese to a dreggie residence within any of those places1 which do either receiue and lodge1 or distribute and dispose1 the meat and nurriture4 ,whervpon ,cornelius ,celsus#aj an eloquent ,romain ,physician accounteth it one of the finest and fairest exercises4 ,to proue that it is holesome for the head1 what more credible witnesses neede we1 then ,clius ,aurelianus#aa a diligent ,physician1 and ,annus ,seneca#ab a deepe ,philosopher8 ,clius holdeth this kinde of reading to be verie soueraine not onely in headaches1 but also in frensies and troubled mindes4 ,seneca vsed it to stay the rewme1 and distillation from the head1 which troubled him sore1 as a man being both of eager conceit1 and earnest studie1 where by the waye1 ,clius giueth this note1 whether ye meane to reskew the patient1 from the headache1 or the frantike from madnesse1 by this exercise of reading1 that the matter which is read1 be pleasaunt and plaine1 and nothing hard to vnderstand1 to cause the witte to muse4 ,for that such obiectes do no lesse trouble the weake braine1 then sore shaking or hard iogging doth the wearied body4 ,moreouer cleare reading and loude1 doth refreshe not onely the inward partes of the breast1 but the stomack also3 and comforteth it in feeblenesse1 bycause therby phelgmatike excrementes1 are without paine both thinned and consumed3 whervpon it is held to be verie holesome1 to mend a feeble voice1 to helpe the colicke1 occasioned by cold humours1 and to check some consumptions4 ,and to that ende the young ,plinie writeth1 that his vncle did vse it4 ,when ,i haue said that it is also good for the drie cowghe1 ,i neede not say any more good of it here4 ,auicen#ac the ,arabian and princely ,physician speaking herof1 sayth that in the beginning1 this reading must be soft and caulme1 then mount by degrees1 and when the voice seemeth to be in his strength1 growing1 and long1 that then it is hie time1 to staie for that time1 nor to straine till ye sticke1 but to leaue with some list1 and abilitie to do more4 ,the quiet and staid kinde of reading1 sauing that the working is weaker1 doth the best that it can1 about all this that is said3 and in one pointe it hath obtained a prerogatiue aboue the loude1 that it is admitted and allowed streight after meat1 when the other is licensed and allowed to depart4 ,the maister may so vse these two exercises of reading and speaking as besides the health of the bodie1 whervnto they are deputed1 they may proue excellent and great deliuerers of cunning1 and well beseeme the schoole3 as to much in either doth trouble the scholer to much1 which yet boyes would defend1 by the countenaunce of a commended exercise1 were it not1 that in boyes exercises1 ,i do require the maisters presence1 who will refourme that exercise against their will to his owne discretion4 ,thus much concerning this exercise1 wherby the training maister may perceiue1 both what the learned haue thought of it1 and how much the learners are like to gaine by it4 ,,footnotes3 #aj ,lib4 #a4 c4 #b4 #aa ,libro #a4 1 cap4 #a4 #ab ,lib4 #aa4 ,epist4 #ig4 #ac ,lib4 de remed4 ,,chapter #ac4 ,,of ,,much ,,talking ,,and ,,silence4 ,talking in ,latin ,sermo1 as it is accounted an exercise for succouring some partes1 so both for eagernesse1 and heat1 in the nature of speeche1 though not of passion1 it comes farre behinde others1 and is therfore regestred among the meane1 and weake exercises4 ,it is thought verie fit for such1 as be drousely giuen3 which haue their senses daunted1 either thorough dreaming melancholie1 or dulling phleame4 ,for such kinde of people by talking be cleared1 their mindes awaked1 their senses freed from the burden of their bodies4 ,that talking spendes phleame there is no plainer proofe1 then that they which talke much spit stil1 which as it commeth partly from the head1 partly from the stomacke1 partly from the chest3 so it declareth1 that those partes delite in speeche1 and receiue comfort from speeche1 which makes roome for health1 where reume kept residence4 ,but as in these cases1 it is counted healthfull3 so hath it a force to fill the head1 with somwhat more then dinne1 and to make it dumpishe4 ,and therefore in aches1 and distemperatures of the head1 clattering is commended to the cloakbag by ,physick4 ,it is also a poyson to the pained eyes3 ill for them that voide blood either at the nose or from the bulke4 ,whervpon in any such bleading silence is enioyned4 ,and as silence is a meane both to stay bleading1 and to slake thirst1 so talking dryes the toungue and prouockes thirst1 openeth the passage1 and promoteth bleading4 ,in so much as ,pline#ad writeth1 that one ,mecenas ,messius1 a noble ,romain1 betooke him selfe to voluntarie silence1 the space of three yeares1 to staie the casting of blood1 which he fell into by reason of some straine4 ,to be short1 as silence remedyeth the cough and hikup3 so talking pulleth downe1 and paines the patient1 when agues grow vpward1 and be in the encrease4 ,herevpon ,i conclude1 that talking hath great meane either to make or marre1 not onely for the subiect1 wheron the toungue walketh1 but also for the obiect1 wherin health resteth4 ,,footnotes3 #ad ,lib4 #bg1 cap4 #f4 ,,chapter #ad4 ,,of ,,laughing1 ,,and ,,weeping4 ,,and ,,whether ,,children ,,be ,,to ,,be ,,forced ,,toward ,,vertue ,,and ,,learning4 ,if laughing had no more wherfore to be enrouled in the catalogue of exercises1 then weeping hath1 they might both be crossed out4 ,and yet as they be passions1 that tende in some pointes1 to the purging of some partes1 so some may thinke it1 a verie strange conceit1 to laugh for exercise1 or to weepe for wantonnesse4 ,for as laugh one may1 with an hartie good will1 so weepe none can1 but against their wil1 to whom it is allotted in the nature of an exercise1 and not quite questuarie1 as to those wailing women1 which wepte for the deade1 whom they knew not aliue4 ,there be manie and very easie1 and much desired meanes1 to make one laugh though they haue small cause1 and lesse deuotion to be mery at all1 but to make one weepe1 is stil againe the haire4 ,for ill newes or matter to weepe for1 neither children1 nor olde folkes1 will thanke you at all4 ,if you meane to make them weepe for ioye1 or crye for kindenesse1 that is an other matter4 ,if the maister should beate his boye1 and bring no cause why1 but that he sought to haue him weepe1 so to exercise him to health1 and to ridde him of some humours1 which made him to moist1 the boye would beshrew him1 and thinke his maister beate him so1 to exercise himselfe1 though at the verie conceit of his maisters mad reason1 he might brust out in laughing streight after his stripes1 and so become a patrone to the contrary exercise3 a great deale more gracious and more desired in nature1 whose enemie greife is1 and weeping also3 as a plaine argument of an vnpleasaunt guest4 ,howbeit seing they be both set downe1 by the name of pettie1 and pretie exercises1 let them haue that is giuen them1 seeing they are thought to stirre1 and cleare some partes3 laughing more and better3 weeping lesse and worse4 ,and therfore the more children laugh for exercise1 the more light some they be1 the more they weepe if it be not in ieast1 so much the worse in very good earnest4 ,for ,i can hardly beleue that much laughter can auoide a foole1 if it be not for exercise1 which is also somwhat rare3 or that but a foole can weepe for exercise1 which deserues the bat1 to make him weepe in earnest4 ,but for laughing in the nature of an exercise and that healthful1 can there be any better argument1 to proue that it warmeth1 then the rednesse of the face1 and flush of highe colour1 when one laugheth from the hart1 and smiles not from the teethe8 or that it stirreth the hart1 and the adiacent partes1 then the tickling and panting of those partes themselues8 which both beare witnesse1 that there is some quicke heat1 that so moueth the blood4 ,therfore it must needs be good for them to vse laughing1 which haue cold heades1 and cold chestes1 which are troubled with melancholie1 which are light headed by reason of some cold distemperature of the braine1 which thorough sadnesse1 and sorrow1 are subiecte to agues1 which haue new dined1 or supped3 which are troubled with the head ache3 for that a cold distemperature being the occasion of the infirmitie1 laughing must needes helpe them1 which moueth much aire in the breast1 and sendeth the warmer spirites outward4 ,this kinde of helpe wil be of much more efficacie1 if the parties which desire it1 can suffer themselues to be tickled vnder the armepittes1 for in those partes there is great store of small veines1 and litle arteries1 which being tickled so1 become warme themselues1 and from thence disperse heat thorough out the whole bodie4 ,but as moderate laughing is holesome1 and maketh no too great chaunge1 so to much is daungerous1 and altereth to sore4 ,for besides the immoderate powring1 and pressing out of the spirites3 besides to much mouing and heating1 it oftimes causeth extreame resolution and faintnesse1 bycause the vitall strength and naturall heat driue to much outward4 ,whervpon they that laugh do sweat so sore1 and haue so great a colour1 by the ascending of the blood4 ,and as the naturall heat1 and fire it selfe do still couet vpward1 as to their naturall place1 so must it needes be1 that the lower roomes lie open1 and emptie in their absence1 wherby whether soeuer motion be marred1 the naturall heat dyeth1 and the vitall force faileth4 ,besides this1 no man wil denie1 but that this kinde of laughing1 doth both much offende the head1 and the bulke1 as oftimes therewith both the papbones be loosed1 and the backe it selfe perished4 ,nay what say ye to them that haue dyed laughing8 where gladnesse of the minde to much enforcing the bodie1 hath bereft it of life4 ,sidenote3 ,weeping4 ,for weeping in the nature of an exercise1 there is not much to be said1 but that it is accompanied with crying1 sobbing groning and teares1 wherby the head1 and other partes are rid of some needlesse humour3 though the disquieting do much more harme1 then the purging can do good1 and the humour were a great deale better auoided some other waye4 ,wherof some children seeme to be exceeding full1 when feare of beating makes them straine their pipes4 ,aristotle must beare both most blame for this exercise1 if it displease any1 and most praise1 if it profit any1 who in the last chapter#ae of the seuenth booke of his politikes writeth thus of it1 and for it4 ,that they do not well which take order1 that children straine not themselues1 with crying and weeping1 bycause that is a meane to their growing1 in the nature of an exercise4 ,and that as holding the breath doth make one stronger to labour3 so crying and weeping in children1 do worke the same or the like effectes4 ,and yet me thinke it should be no exercise1 by the verie definition4 ,for if it were vehement1 yet is it not voluntarie1 and though it did alter the breath1 yet it bettereth not the bodie1 howsoeuer it serue the soule4 ,but seeing the gymnastikes haue it1 let vs lend it them for their pleasure1 though we like it not for our owne4 ,it is generally banished by all ,physicians as being the mother to manie infirmities1 both in the eyes and other partes3 neither if it could be auoided in schooles were it worthy the looking on3 being the heauy signe of torture and trouble4 ,and though it somtime ease the greiued minde to shedde a few teares1 as some for extreme anguish cannot let fall one1 yet children would be lesse greiued if they might shedde none1 as some hold it a signe of a verie shrewd boye1 when he deserues stripes1 not to shew one trikle4 ,some ,physicians thinke by waye of a conserue to the minde1 that it ought to be vsed in schooles sometimes1 though not voluntarie1 yet in forme of an exercise to warme shrewd boyes1 and to expell the contagious humours of negligence1 and wantonnesse1 the two springes of many streaming euilles3 as playing would be daily1 at some certaine houres1 then to vse these exercises1 when bookes be out of season4 ,the greatest patron of weeping that ,i finde1 leauing ,heraclitus to his contemplation of miseries1 is a soure centurion in ,xenophon1#af which sat at the table with ,cyrus in his pauilion4 ,he commendeth weeping1 wherto he had no great deuotion1 to discountenaunce laughing which he saw allowed1 and his reason is3 bycause awe1 feare1 correction1 punishements1 which commonly haue weeping1 either companion1 or consequent1 be vsed in pollicy1 to kepe good orders in state1 and good manners in stay1 wheras laughing is neuer1 but vpon some foolish ground4 ,and yet both laughing for exercise may be for a good obiecte1 and occasion to make laughter1 may well deserue praise1 when the minde being wearied either about great affaires that are alreadie past1 or about preuenting of some anquish which is to ensue1 doth call laughing to helpe1 to ease the one1 and to auert the other4 ,and this kinde of weeping1 which the soldiar settes out so1 concerneth no exercise1 though it commonly follow all vnpleasaunt exercises1 where the partie had rather be idle with pleasure1 then so occupyed to his paine3 but it tendeth to the impression1 or continuing of vertue in the minde3 which should be so much the worse1 bycause that waye it seemeth vnwilling1 where feare is the forcer1 and not free will4 ,which free will is the principall standard to know vertue by1 which is voluntary1 and not violent3 as it is not the beast meane1 to bring boyes neither to learning1 nor to vertue4 ,socrates in ,plato#ag thinketh1 that an absolute witte in the best sorted kinde1 and aboue all common sorte1 for ciuill societie1 ought not to be forced1 as in deede what needes he1 being such a paragon8 and that free will in such a one so sifted is the right receit of voluntarie traine4 ,but we neither haue such common weales1 as ,socrates sets forth1 nor such people to plant in them1 as ,socrates had1 which he made with a wishe3 nor any but subiecte to great infirmities1 though some more1 some lesse1 by corruption in nature1 which runneth headlong to vnhappinesse1 and needeth no beating for not being nought4 ,and therfore we must content our selues with that which we haue1 and in our countrey which is not so absolute1 in our children which be no ,socraticall saintes1 in our learning which will not proue voluntarie1 if the child playe voluntarie we must vse correction and awe1 though more in some1 then some1 bycause in illnesse there be steps1 as in excellencie oddes4 ,wherof there is no better argument then that which this verie place offereth1 not for the soldiars saying1 which so commendeth awe1 bycause his authoritie is to campishe1 though he that brought him in1 and platted the best prince were himselfe no foole3 but for mine owne collection4 ,for if one neede not to beat children to haue them do ill1 whervnto they are prone1 we must needes then beat them for not doing wel1 where nature is corrupt4 ,onelesse we meete with one1 that will runne as swift vphill against nature1 to do that which is good1 as we all runne downe bancke1 with the swinge of nature1 to do that which is ill4 ,which when ,i finde1 ,i will honour him1 as ,i do none1 though ,i do oft beare with some1 in whome there appeareth but some shew of such a one4 ,if vnder doing well1 ye comprehend not learning1 ye must needes comprise vertue1 and make her meane violence1 against all both heauenly ,diuinitie1 and earthly ,philosophie1 with whom all vertues be voluntarie1 when reason is in ruffe3 but not in children euen for compassing of the best effectes1 whom custome and traine must now and then force foreward1 to be ready for reason1 when she maketh her entrie1 which requireth some yeares4 ,for howsoeuer religion1 wisdome1 duetie1 and reasonable consideration do worke in riper age1 sure if awe be absent1 in the younger yeares1 it will not be well4 ,and who can tell1 what euen he that vnder lawe is most obsequious and ciuill1 would of him selfe proue1 if lawe1 which emportes awe1 would leaue him at libertie8 ,,footnotes3 #ae #g ,polit4 cap4 vlt4 #af ,lib4 #b 4 #ag #g ,de ,rep4 ,,chapter #ae4 ,,of ,,holding ,,the ,,breath4 ,though all men can tell1 what a singular benefit breathing is1 whervnder the vse of our life is comprehended3 yet they can best tell1 which haue it most at commaundement4 ,for as they liue with others1 in societie of common dealinges1 so they can execute any thing by the bodie1 farre better then others1 whether it be politike in the towne1 or warlike in the fielde4 ,and all exercises haue this ende1 most peculiar and proper1 by helping the naturall heat1 to digest the good nurriture1 and to auoide the offall1 thorough out the whole bodie4 ,which what is it els1 but to set the breathing at most libertie1 being best discharged of impediment and let8 ,and as the libertie of breathing maketh the soldiar to abide in fight long1 the runner to continue his race long1 the daunser to endure his labour long1 and so forth in the rest1 which must either haue breath at their will1 or els shrinke in the midest3 so the restraint and binding of the breath1 euen where it is most at will1 7for else it could not abide the restraint17 hath his commoditie1 by waye of exercise to assist our health4 ,now in breathing there be three thinges to be considered1 the taking in1 the letting out1 and the holding in of the breath1 wherof euerie one hath his priuate office to great effect1 in the vpholding of health1 and maintaining of life4 ,for when we take in our breath1 by the working of the lungues thorough such passages1 as be appointed for the vse of breathing1 we conueigh and fetch in aire into the roomy and large places of the bulke1 to coole the harte and fine the spirites4 ,when we let out our breath by those same passages1 by which we tooke it in1 we discharge the hart of a certaine smoky substance engendred in it1 which is conueyed thence1 thorough the same hollow1 and roomie places of the bulke4 ,when we hold and kepe in our breath which is of iudgement1 and not of such neede as the other two1 and done vpon cause to helpe nature therby3 we must neither fetch aire inward1 nor sende those smokie excrementes outwarde1 bycause the belly and breast muscles and such fleshy partes as be about the ribbes being violently and vehemently strained and stretched1 do for the time as it were mure vp1 and stop the passage4 ,this keeping in of the breath1 by reason of the straine offered to those partes1 and heating of the bowells1 is therfore heeld for one of the vehement exercises1 as it is also a postparatiue1 called before apotherapeutike1 bycause after maine stirringes it helpeth to expell those residences1 which lynger within the bodie as being lothe to depart3 and furthereth those1 that are in good waye1 and make hast to be gone4 ,they that vsed this exercise by waye of traine to health1 did it in two sortes3 for either they strayted onely those muskles1 which appertaine to the breast and bulke1 and let those be at libertie which belong to the midrife and belly1 that the excrementes might haue the readier waye downward1 being once forced on3 or they strayned both all the partes1 and all their muscles at one time1 that the bowelles also which are beneth the midrife might enioye the benefit of the exercise1 and be as ready to discharge1 as the other to driue downe4 ,but for the better and more daungerlesse performing therof1 they were wont to swadle the chest1 the ribbes1 and the belly4 ,bycause the holding of ones breath vnaduisedly and with to much strayning causeth ruptures and diuers other infirmities in the interiour vesseles of the bodie4 ,their meaning was hereby1 sometime to strengthen the inward and naturall heat being encreased by exercise3 sometime to helpe the breathing partes3 sometime to discharge the breast and bellie of needlesse burden4 ,for the breath being so violently strayted1 when it findeth issue forceth his owne passage1 and caryeth with him some finish and thinne excrement1 either driuing it before1 if it lye in his waye1 or drawing it with him1 if he catch it by the waye4 ,being of it selfe such a strainer1 and expeller1 it is good for to open the pipes1 to fine the skinne1 to driue out moysture from vnder the skinne3 to warme1 to strengthen and to scoure the spirituall and breathing partes1 to make the places of receit more roomy1 to encrease strength in labour1 to helpe the eare in listening1 to remoue coldnes or inflations from the entrailles1 to stay the hikup and the cowgh3 which commeth of some cold distemperature in the windepipes1 to remedie the colick1 the weaknesse of stomacke1 the want or difficultie of breath4 ,so that all those ought to esteeme of it1 which haue their breathing and spirituall partes either cold or weake1 or cloyed with excrementes1 or whose bodies can either with much adoe or with none at all expell and ridde superfluous humours1 or that be cumbred with much gaping and yawning1 with resolution or weaknesse of the tongue1 or any vocalle instrument4 ,if it were to be perceiued by no waye els1 verie children let vs see1 that holding of the breath doth stirre and strengthen that power in vs1 wherwith we expell superfluities4 ,for let them staye their breath either laughing long1 or weeping fiercely1 or vpon some such other occasion1 and they will either presently or verie shortly after1 disburden themselues one waie or other1 by ordure1 vrine1 or some other matter at the nose and eares4 ,now as this exercise is healthful to manie in good order3 so contrariewise to some in disorder it is verie daungerous1 bycause oftimes while the breath is to forcibly stopt1 the arteries in the iawes1 and baulles of the eyes swell so1 as they will never come in temper againe4 ,it filleth the head also with a grosse and stuffing humour1 as maie easely be seene by the swelling of the vaines and arteries in the neck1 by the puffing about the eyes1 by the rednesse of the face1 and by the strutting of the whole head1 all which be manifest signes of repletion4 ,it is daungerous for those which be subiect to the falling sicknesse1 bycause it encreaseth the disease by that recourse1 which the blood hath vp into the head3 as also to them which spit or cast vp blood1 for that both the sound and whole inward vesseles do burst with stretching1 if they be but weake3 or being broken once before1 and healed againe1 they will then breake out againe1 by reason of heat which is encreased in the hollow of the breast1 and the ouerstraining of the said vesselles withall4 ,moreouer such as from their birth haue small entraulles and thinne1 or the rim of their bellie tender and weake3 or that be troubled with renting and ruptures must in no case minde this exercise1 bycause it straineth those partes to sore1 and lightly teareth them1 as it proueth oftimes to pitifull true in young children1 which by holding their breath to long1 either weeping or otherwise1 oftimes breake either the rim of their belly1 or the call of their cods1 wherby the bowelles and guttes falling downward1 they become miserably tormented with incurable ruptures and burstinges3 ,if trumpetters1 and those that play vpon winde instruments were asked the question1 whether they feele not the effect herof somtime1 they would shake the head1 and so sooth the demaunde1 though they said no more4 ,they do write of ,milo#ah the ,crotoniate1 a great champion in those achleticall exercises1 that he vsed to binde his forehead1 his breast1 and his ribbes with verie strong tapes1 and would neuer let his breath goe1 till the vaines were swelled so full1 as they burst the tapes4 ,but this fellow had no fellow in any of those pastimes4 ,it was he that bare the bull vpon his shoulder in the ,olympian assemblie by vsing to cary him of a litle young calfe4 ,so great thinges be easely compassed1 if they be set in hand with1 when they be but litle1 or medled with1 by litle and litle4 ,the best waye to auoide perill in this exercise is to beginne gently1 and so to grow on by degrees1 and to leaue be times before extremitie bidde hoe1 and while ye be yet able to do more1 neither to force nature to the furthest4 ,,footnotes #ah ,hier4 ,mercu4 lib4 #c1 cap4 #f4 ,,chapter #af4 ,,of ,,daunsing1 ,,why ,,it ,,is ,,blamed1 ,,and ,,how ,,deliuered ,,from ,,blame4 ,daunsing of it selfe declareth mine allowance1 in that ,i name it among the good and healthfull exercises3 which ,i must needes cleare from some offensiue notes1 wherwith it is charged by some sterne people3 least if ,i do not so1 it both continue it selfe in blame still1 and draw me thither also with it1 for allowing of a thing1 that is disliked1 and by me not deliuered from iust cause of misliking1 which by my choice do seeme to defend it4 ,and yet ,i meane not here to rippe vp1 what reading hath taught me of it1 though it seeme to haue serued for great vses in olde time1 both athleticall for spectacle and shew3 militare for armour and enemie3 and ,physicall for health and welfare3 so many and so notable writers1 make so much and so oftimes mention therof in all these three kindes4 ,some dedicate whole volumes to this argument onely1 some enterlace their brauest discourses with the particularities therof1 and those no meane ones4 ,and in deede a man1 that neuer red much1 and doth but marke the thing cursorily1 would scant beleue1 that it were either of such antiquitie1 or of such account1 or so generally entreated of by learned men1 all those their writinges stil sounding to the praise and aduancement therof3 howsoeuer in our dayes either we embase it in opinion3 or it selfe hath giuen cause of iust embasement1 by some peoples misvse4 ,many sortes of it ,i do reade of1 but most discontinued1 or rather quite decayed1 that onely is reserued1 which beareth oftimes blame1 machance being corrupted by the kinde of ,musick1 as the olde complaint was3 machance bycause it is vsed but for pleasure and delite onely1 and beareth no pretense or stile of exercise1 directly tending to health1 which is our peoples moane now in our dayes4 ,for where honest and profitable reasons be not in the first front1 to commend a thing1 but onely pleasaunt and deliteful causes1 which content not precise surueiours1 there groweth misliking1 the partie that exerciseth1 not pretending the best1 which is in the thing1 and the partie that accuseth1 marking nothing else but that1 which maye moue offence4 ,the sad and sober commodities1 which be reaped by daunsing in respect of the motion applyed to health be these1 by heating and warming1 it driueth awaie stifnes from the ioyntes1 and some palsilike trembling from the legges and thighes1 whom it stirreth most1 it is a present remedie to succour the stomacke against weaknesse of digestion1 and rawnesse of humours3 it so strengtheneth and confirmeth aching hippes thinne shankes1 feeble feete1 as nothing more3 in deliuering the kidneys or bladder from the stone1 it is beyond comparison good3 but now such as haue weake braines1 swimming heades1 weeping eyes1 simple and sory sight1 must take heede of it1 and haue an eye to their health1 for feare they be disie when they daunce1 and trip in their turning1 or rather shrinke downe right when they should cinquopasse4 ,such as haue weake kidneys and ouerheated1 may displease them selues1 if it please then them to daunce1 and encrease their diseases1 by encreasing their heat4 ,sidenote3 ,the blame that daunsing beareth4 ,the daunsing in armour1 called by the ,greekes 1 as it is of more motion in exercise1 so it worketh more nimblenesse in executing1 when ye deale in the field with your enemies4 ,these be the frutes which are reaped by daunsing well and orderly vsed1 for the benefit of health1 and the contrary displeasures1 which are caught by it1 thorough inconsiderate applying of it1 by the partie which is not made for it4 ,the blames which it beareth be these4 ,that it reuelleth out of time1 wherewith ,physick is offended3 ,that it serueth delite to much1 whereat good manners repine4 ,for these two faultes there is but one generall aunswere3 that daunsing is healthfull1 though the daunsers vse it not healthfully1 as other things of greater countenaunce be verie good1 though the professours do not so1 as their professions do enioine them4 ,for the first in particular1 the rule of health condemnes not daunsing1 but the mistyming of it3 that it is vsed after meat1 when rest is most holesome3 with full stomacke1 when digestion should haue all the helpe of naturall heat3 that to please the beholders1 such as vse daunsing do displease them selues4 ,and sure if daunsing be an exercise1 as both all antiquitie doth commend it for1 and ,i my selfe do allow of it by that name3 it would by rule of ,physick go before meat1 and not be vsed but long after1 as a preparatiue against a new meale3 and a disburdener of superfluities1 against a surcharge of new diet3 ,howbeit there be in it some more violent measures then some3 and in beginning with the most staydest and most almanlike1 and so marching on1 till the springing galliard and quicker measures take place1 choice in euerie one1 vpon knowledge of his owne bodie1 and his emptinesse or saturitie maye helpe health1 though the custome of eche countrey commaunde not onely health1 though to her harme1 but euen the verie science which professeth the preseruation of health1 if desire egge delite1 to shew it selfe in place4 ,wherevpon the second blame of daunsing1 doth especially builde1 and take her hold4 ,to keepe thinges in order1 there is in the soule of man but one1 though a verie honorable meane1 which is the direction of reason3 to bring things out of order there be two1 the one strongheaded1 which is the commaundement of courage1 the other many headed1 which is the enticement of desires4 ,now daunsing hath properties to serue eche of these1 exercise for health1 which reason ratifieth1 armour for agilitie1 which courage commendeth1 liking for allowance1 which desire doth delite in4 ,but bycause it yeildeth most to delite1 and in most varietie of pleasures1 desire ministreth most matter to blame1 daunsing by pleasing desire to much1 hath pleased reason to litle1 and when reason obiecteth inconueniences1 it turneth the deafe side1 and followeth her owne swinge4 ,for when the tailour hath braued1 where nature hath beawtified3 when amiablenesse of person hath procured agilitie by cunning1 what gallant youthes in whom there is any courage1 can abide not to come to shew1 hauing such qualities so worthy the beholding8 here will courage shew her selfe1 though repentance be her port1 here will desire throng in prease1 though it praise not in parting4 ,all this doth confesse that daunsing is become seruant to desire1 though not daunsing alone3 and yet companions in blame be no dischargers of fault4 ,what then8 for the generall1 seing thinges which man vseth1 cannot be quite free from misuse1 it is halfe a vertue to winne so much1 as there be as litle misuse1 as may be3 and to charge the partie that deserues blame1 with hinderance of health1 with corruption of manners1 with ill losse of good time3 which if he care not for1 the precept may passe1 though he passe not for it4 ,but howsoeuer daunsing be or be thought to be1 seing it is held for an exercise1 we must thinke there is some great good in it1 though we protecte not the ill1 if any come by it4 ,which good we must seeke to get1 and praie those maisters1 which fashion it with order in time1 with reason in gesture1 with proportion in number1 with harmonie in ,musick1 to appoint it so1 as it may be thought both seemely and sober1 and so best beseeme such persons1 as professe sobrietie3 and that with all1 it may be so full of nimblenesse and actiuitie1 as it may proue an exercise of health1 being vsed in wholesome times1 and not seeking to supplant rest1 as the rule of health at this daie complaineth4 ,and generally of all ages1 me thinke it beseemeth children best1 to enable1 and nimble their iointes therby1 and to stay their ouermuch deliting therin in further yeares4 ,the very definition of it declareth1 what it was then1 when it was right1 and what it is now1 when it seemes to be wronge1 if right in such thinges be not creature to vse1 and maye change with time1 without challenge for the change4 ,they define daunsing to be a certaine cunning to resemble the manners1 affections1 and doinges of men and women1 by motions and gestures of the bodie1 artificially deuised in number and proportion4 ,this was to them a kinde of deliuerie1 to vtter their mindes1 by signes and resemblances1 of that which came nearest to the thing1 and was most intelligible to the lookers on4 ,but now with vs1 there is nothing left to the dauncer ordinarily1 but the bare motion1 without that kinde of hand cunning 7for so ,i terme their 7 bycause the skill seemed then to rest most in the vse of the vpper partes1 and gesturing by the hand4 ,the credit of our daunsing now is to represent the ,musick right1 and to cause the bodye in his kinde of action to resemble and counterfet that liuely1 which the instrument in his kinde of composition deliuereth delicately3 and with such a grace to vse the legges and feete1 as the olde daunsers vsed their armes and handes4 ,and as in the olde time both men1 wymen and children did vse daunsing to helpe and preserue their health1 to purchace good hauiour and bearing of their bodies3 so in these our dayes1 being vsed in time1 by order1 and with measure1 it will worke the same effectes of health1 hauiour and strength1 and may well auoide the opinion of either lewdnesse1 or lightnesse4 ,thus much for daunsing1 as the motion is for health1 and the meaning for good4 ,,chapter #ag4 ,,of ,,wrastling4 ,for wrastling as it is olde and was accounted cunning sometimes1 so now both by ,physicians in arte1 and by our countreymen in vse1 it seemeth not to be much set by1 being contemned by the most1 and cared for but by the meanest4 ,yet the auncient ,palestra a terme knowen to the learned1 and ioined with letters1 and ,musick1 to proue the good bringing vp of youth as a most certaine argument of abilitie well qualified1 fetcht that name of the ,greeke 1 which we in ,english terme wrastling1 and was alwaye of good note1 as wrastling it selfe in games gat victories1 in warre tried forces1 in health helpt hauiour1 in the bodye wrought strength1 and made it better breathed4 ,clemens ,alexandrinus#ai which liued at ,rome in ,galenes time in the third booke of his ,pdagogue1 or training maister1 in the title of exercise1 reiecting most kindes of wrastling yet reserueth one1 as verie well beseeming a ciuill trained man1 whom both seemelinesse for grace1 and profitablenesse for good health1 do seeme to recommende4 ,then an exercise it is1 and healthfully it may be vsed3 if discretion ouerlooke it1 our countrey will allow it4 ,let vs therefore vse it so1 as ,clement of ,alexandria commendes it for1 and make choice in our market4 ,wherfore not to deale with the catching pancraticall kinde of wrastling1 which vsed all kindes of hould1 to cast and ouercome his aduersarie1 nor any other of that sort1 which continuance hath reiected1 and custome refused1 ,i haue picked out two1 which be both ciuill for vse1 and in the vsing vpright without any great stouping1 the one more vehement1 the other more remisse4 ,the vehement vpright wrastling chafeth the outward partes of the bodie most1 it warmeth1 strengthneth1 and encreaseth the fleshe1 though it thinne and drie withall4 ,it taketh awaie fatnesse1 puffes1 and swellinges3 it makes the breath firme and strong1 the bodie sound and brawnie1 it tightes the sinews1 and backes all the naturall operations4 ,if they that wrastle do breath betwene whiles1 it prouoketh sweat1 bycause the humours1 which were gathered together by rest1 are egde out by exercise4 ,if they go on still without intermission1 it dryeth vp the bodie in such sort as the sonne doth4 ,it is good for the head ache1 it sharpneth the senses1 it is enemie to melancholie1 it whetteth the stomacke being troubled with any cold distemperature4 ,and bycause the attemptes to get vantage in wrastling be very eager and earnest wherwith the whole bodie is warmed and set in a heat1 it must of force be good for the bellie1 being anoyed and cumbred with any kinde of cold4 ,now contrarie it is daungerous to be delt with in agues1 as to vehement and conspiring with the quiuerer1 in naturall moysture as to filling1 where it spreadeth4 ,for the necke and iawes perillous whom it harmes by rowgh handling1 and strangleth by much ouerstraining4 ,for the breast and bulke not of the best1 as either bursting some conduit1 or stopping some windcourse4 ,weake kidneis1 and wearie loynes may be but lookers vpon wrastlers4 ,they that be gawled or byled within1 may neither runne nor wrastle1 for eagering the inward1 being in way to amendement1 or in will to proue worse4 ,if weake legges become wrastlers1 of their owne perill be it1 for they do it without warrant4 ,the remisse kinde of vpright wrastling1 as it is a more gentle exercise1 so it breadeth much flesh1 and is therfore verie commodious for such as be vpon the recouerie after sicknesse1 as a kinde of motion1 which without any danger1 bringeth strength and stowtnesse4 ,it is freind to the head1 bettereth the bulke1 and strengthened the sinewes4 ,thus much for wrastling1 wherin as in all other exercises1 the training maister must be both cunning to iugde of the thing3 and himselfe present to preuent harme1 when the exercise is in hand4 ,,footnotes #ai 4 #c4 ,de exercitijs4 ,,chapter #ah4 ,,of ,,fensing1 ,,or ,,the ,,vse ,,of ,,the ,,weapon4 ,the vse of the weapon is allowed for an exercise1 and may stand vs at this daie now liuing1 and our posteritie in great stede1 as wel as it did those which went before vs4 ,who vsed it warlike for valiauntnesse in armes1 and actiuitie in the field1 gamelike to winne garlandes and prices1 and to please the people in solemne meetinges3 ,physicklike to purchace therby a good hauiour of body and continuance of health4 ,herof they made three kindes1 one to fight against an aduersarie in deede1 an other against a stake or piller as a counterfet aduersarie1 the third against any thing in imagination1 but nothing in sight1 which they called 1 a fight against a shadow4 ,all these were practised either in armes1 or vnarmed4 ,the armed fensing is to vehement for our trade1 let them trie it1 that entend to be warriers1 which shall finde it their freinde1 if they meane to follow the fielde1 where1 as in all other thinges vse worketh maisterie4 ,but we scholers minde peace1 as our muses professe that they will not medle1 nor haue to do with ,mars4 ,all these sortes of fensing were vsed in the olde time1 and none of them is now to be refused1 seing the same effectes remaine1 both for the health of our bodies1 and the helpe of our countries4 ,that kinde of fensing or rather that misuse of the weapon1 which the ,romane swordplayers vsed1 to slash one an other yea euen till they slew1 the people and princes to looking on1 and deliting in the butcherie1 ,i must needes condemne1 as an euident argument of most cruell immanitie1 and beyond all barbarous1 in cold blood1 to be so bloodie4 ,for their allegation1 to harten their people against the enemie1 and not to feare woundes3 no not death it selfe in the verie deadly fight1 that caryeth small countenaunce1 where the ,athenian#bj comes in1 which in cokfights and quailefightes1 did so harten their people3 bycause those birdes will fight till they fall3 without either embrewing their youth with blood1 or acquainting their citisens eyes with such sanguinarie spectacles4 ,a thing complained on in the time when it was vsed1 euen by them which behelde it1 as ,plinie#ba doth note3 and by the ,christianes which abhorred it1 as ,cypriane#bb cryeth out of it in moe places then one4 ,but for the credit and countenaunce of the exercise1 that was then vsed1 and is now to be continued1 ,plato1#bc a man whose authoritie is sacred among ,philosophers and studentes1 in his dialogue surnamed ,laches1 where he handleth the argument of fortitude and valiantnesse1 encourageth young men to learne the vse of their weapon3 as being an exercise which needeth not to make curtsie to go with the very best and brauest in his parish3 either for trauelling or strengthening the bodie1 besides the cunning of it selfe4 ,the profites which health receiues by all these three kindes be these4 ,he that exerciseth him selfe either against an aduersarie1 or against a post or pillar as deputie to his aduersarie heateth himselfe thoroughly1 maketh way for excrementes1 prouoketh sweat1 abateth the abundance of flesh1 strengtheneth his armes and shoulders1 exerciseth his legges and feet marueilously4 ,he that fighteth against a stake stirreth the bodie1 plucketh the flesh downe1 and straynes the iuyce awaye1 a peculiar freind to the armes and handes3 ,it refresheth the wearied sense1 it setleth the roming humours1 it redresseth the fainting and trembling of the sinewes1 it deliuereth the breast from his ordinarie diseases3 it is good for the kidneyes3 and the great gutte called 1 it furthereth such cariage as must be conueighed downward4 ,the same effects hath the fight against the shadow or the shadowish nothing1 but that it is a litle more valiant to light vpon somwhat then to fight against nothing4 ,but of all these three1 the exercise against an aduersarie is both most healthfull1 and most naturall to aunswere all assaies3 and specially to canuase out a coward1 that will neither defend his freinde1 nor offend his foe3 the cheife frute that should follow fensing4 ,this is the opinion of the best writers concerning fensing1 or skill how to handle the weapon3 no worse in it selfe1 though it be sometimes not worthily vsed1 as it is no lesse profitable1 then hath bene said afore3 though it shake and shiuer weake heades1 swimming braynes1 and ill kidneys4 ,the mo reasons any man can bring of him selfe for any of these exercises1 the more he fortifieth my choice1 which point them but out slightly4 ,,footnotes3 #bj ,solon apud ,lucianum in 4 #ba ,lib4 #bh1 cap4 #a1 lib4 #cf4 cap4 vlt4 #bb ,epist41 ,lib4 #b4 #bc ,plato in ,lachete4 ,,chapter #ai4 ,,of ,,the ,,top ,,and ,,scourge4 ,he that will deny the ,top to be an exercise1 indifferently capable of all distinctions in stirring1 the verie boyes will beate him1 and scourge him to1 if they light on him about lent1 when ,tops be in time1 as euerie exercise hath his season1 both in daie and yeare1 after the constitution of bodies1 and quantities in measure4 ,of this kinde of ,top1 that we vse now a dayes1 both for young and olde people1 to warme them in cold weather1 ,i finde nothing in writing1 bycause hauing no yron ringes1 nor pinnes1 it can neither be the ,greek nor 1 though the running about be bold to borrow the last name trochus4 ,for they whirled about1 and along1 with a marueilous great1 though a pretie noyse1 and were pastimes for men euen in the midst of sommer1 when our ,tops be bestowed1 and laid vp against the spring4 ,it resembleth the ,latin ,turbo most1 and the ,greeke 4 ,the place of ,virgil in the #g4 of his neis1 where he compareth ,amata the ,queene in her furie to this ,turbo which the boyes scourged about the wide haule3 declareth both what ,turbo is1 and whose play it was1 and that it best resembleth our ,top4 ,of there was an old ,greek ,epigram1 which maketh it either the like or the same with our ,top4 ' 1 4 ,which is to say1 that children when they had their whirling gigges vnder the deuotion of their scourges1 caused them to troule about the broad streates4 ,the harme this exercise may bring must be to the head and eyes1 thorough stouping to much forward1 or to the backe and shoulders by bending to much downwardes1 otherwise it warmeth the bodie1 and worketh all the effectes1 which those exercises do that either by mouing the legges or armes most1 and with all the whole bodie in degree1 enlarge and stirre the naturall heat either to prouoke appetite1 or to expel superfluities4 ,the more roome the ,top hath to spinne in1 the better for the legges and feete1 the bigger it is1 the better for the armes and handes4 ,the vprighter one scourgeth1 the better for all partes1 whom neither bending doth crushe1 nor moysture corrupt4 ,it were to be wished1 that it were whipt with both the handes1 in play to traine both the armes1 seing vse makes the difference1 and no infirmitie in nature4 ,as both ,plato wishing the same professeth it to be most true and our experience teacheth vs1 both in left handed people1 which vse but the left1 and in double right handed which vse both the handes a like1 and beare the name of the right hand as the more common in vse4 ,but bycause the place of ,plato concerning the left hande is verie pithie to this purpose though ,i vse not to auouch much in the ,greeke toungue1 yet me thinke ,i maye not ouerpasse it4 ,in the seuenth booke of his lawes1 allowing the indifferent vse of our feete and legges1 he complayneth of to much partialitie vsed towardes the armes and handes1 in these wordes1 4 4 1 1 c4 ,for the performance of any kinde of labour there is no difference1 sayeth he1 in the legges1 and lower partes4 ,but for our armes1 thorough ignoraunt nurses and mothers1 we be euery one of vs halfe lamed4 ,for wheras naturally both the armes be almost of equall strength1 thorough our owne default we make the difference4 ,and so he passeth on still prouing the vnnaturall handling of the left hande1 when it is left weaker then the right hande is4 ,these be the exercises which ,i terme within dores1 bycause they may be practised at home vnder couert1 when we cannot go abroad for the weather3 though all may be vsed abroad1 if the roome and the weather do serue abroad4 ,wherein ,i take it1 that ,i haue kept ,galenes#bd rule in chusing these exercises1 and that they be all both pleasant1 profitable and parable1 the perfect circunstances of all good and generall exercises1 not to be costly to compasse1 nor vnpleasant to loth them1 nor vnprofitable to leaue them4 ,those that require more libertie of roome1 to raunge at will1 or to forrage in the field1 be these1 which ,i noted before1 walking1 running1 leaping1 swimming1 riding1 hunting1 shooting1 and playing at the ball4 ,,footnotes3 #bd ,lib4 de parua pila4 ,,chapter #bj4 ,,of ,,walking4 ,among those exercises which be vsed abroade1 what one deserueth to be set before walking1 in the order and place of traine3 what one haue they more neede to know1 which minde1 the preseruation and continuaunce of health8 what one is there1 which is more practised of all men1 and at all times1 then walking is8 ,i dare saye that there is none1 whether young or olde1 whether man or woman1 but accounteth it not onely the most excellent exercise1 but almost alone worthy to beare the name of an exercise4 ,when the weather suffereth1 how emptie are the townes and streates1 how full be the fieldes and meadowes1 of all kindes of folke8 which by flocking so abroad1 protest themselues to be fauourers of that they do1 and delite in for their health4 ,if ye consider but the vse of our legges1 how necessarie they be for the performaunce of all our doings1 nature her selfe seemeth to haue appointed walking1 as the most naturall traine1 that can be1 to make them discharge their duetie well4 ,and sure if there be any exercise1 which generally can preserue health1 which can remedie weaknesse1 which can purchace good hauiour1 considering it is so generall1 and neither excludeth person nor age1 certainly that is walking4 ,herevpon ,physicians when they entreat of this argument1 vse alwaye to giue it1 the place of preferment and birthright in this kinde4 ,the auncient ,princes1 and common weales so highly esteemed of it1 as in the places appointed for exercise1 whether within their great buildinges1 or without1 they seemed to minde no one thing more3 and still prouided walking roomes1 to serue for all seasons and times of the yeare1 some couert and close1 some vncouert and open1 some secret and hidden4 ,the reason why they thus regarded walking1 was great1 for as it seemeth to be1 so it is in verie deede wholly consecrate to the vse of health4 ,is it euer red that the athlets or gamesters vsed walking for an exercise3 either in sportes1 or in theaters1 or in the solemnising of their sacred ceremonies1 whervnto they serued8 did either ,plato#be handling this argument1 or any good writer else saye that walking was any waye to traine vp soldiars withall8 ,onely ,vegetius#bf sayeth in his discourse of warfare1 that it were good for soldiars to accustome themselues to walke quickly and proportionately1 for their better breathing3 and ,augustus ,cesar1 and ,adrian the ,emperours1 did ordeine by constitution1 that soldiars both horsemen and footemen should monthly be led abroad to walke and that not only in the plaine fieldes1 but in all kindes of soile1 to be able by that acquaintaunce with groundes1 to make difficultie at none4 ,so that walking seemeth to be onely institute both by nature and custome for the vse of health3 and that in the traine of health1 no one thing deserueth better place than it doth3 bycause no other thing besides health layth claime vnto it4 ,sidenote3 ,the vse of slow walking after exercise4 ,herof there be two kindes1 the one vsed after vehement exercises1 the other1 which beareth the name of the exercise itselfe4 ,concerning the former of the two1 ,i haue but thus much to saye3 bycause the latter is my peculiar subiect4 ,that it commeth in place1 when other exercises are dismissed1 and finished1 after purgations ministred by counsell of ,physick1 after great vomiting3 that it is good to refresh the wearied minde3 to alter and bring in order the spirites3 to loose that which is strayted1 to scoure the chest3 to make one fetch his breath at ease3 to strengthen the instrumentes of the senses1 to confirme the stomacke1 to cleare and fine the bodie3 and not to suffer it after trauaile to melt or decaie1 but to purge and cleanse it3 and that1 which is of most account1 to dissolue and bannish awaye all affections that procure any feeling of weariesomnes1 or disturbaunce to the bodie4 ,sidenote3 ,the three principall kindes of walking4 ,the second kinde of walking hath three sortes vnder him4 ,wherof the first beareth his name of the kinde of motion1 how3 ,the second of the place1 where3 ,the thrid of the time1 when the walking is vsed4 ,which three also haue particular braunches vnder eche of them1 as hereafter shall appeare4 ,sidenote3 ,walking which is named after ye time of mouing4 ,walkinges which take their names of the motion now1 be either swift or slow1 vehement or gentle1 much or litle1 moderate1 or sore1 long and outright1 or short and turning3 now bearing vpon the whole feete1 now vpon the toes1 now vpon the heeles4 ,sidenote3 ,moderate walking4 ,of all these diuersities in walking the moderate is most profitable1 which alone of all1 that ,i rekened1 hath no point either of to much1 or of to litle1 and yet it is both much1 and strayning1 which be the two properties of an healthfull walke4 ,it is good for the head1 the eyes1 the throte1 the chest1 when they be out of frame3 so the partie spit not blood4 ,for distilling from the head1 for difficultie of breath1 for a moyste and pained stomacke1 wherin the nurriture either groweth bitter or corrupteth3 for the iaundise1 costifnesse1 fleeting of the meat in the stomacke1 stopping of the vrine1 ache of the hippes1 and generally for all such1 as either neede to prouoke any superfluitie from the vpper partes downward1 or to send that packing1 which is already in waye to depart4 ,now to the contrarie it is naught for agues1 bycause it encreaseth heat1 and so consequently the disease3 for the falling euill1 for hauking vp of blood3 and in the time when one is making water4 ,sidenote3 ,swift and quick walking4 ,swift walking doth heat sore and abateth the flesh1 whervpon to ease the colicke1 and to take awaie grossenesse1 it is accounted a verie good meane4 ,sidenote3 ,slow walking4 ,slow walking hath the same effectes1 that the apotherapeutike hath4 ,and therfore it is good for sickly weake olde men1 and those which delite in1 or neede walking after meate1 to setle it better in the bottome of their stomacke3 or that be newly awaked from sleepe1 or that prepare themselues to some greater exercise1 or that feele any ache in any part1 or that haue drie bodies4 ,when one hath the head ache it is good to walke first slowly1 and after a while a litle faster1 and stronger1 strutting out the legges4 ,slow walking is also good against the falling sicknesse3 bycause without any shaking to the head1 it fetcheth the humours downward1 where it thinneth and disperseth them1 and warmes the whole bodie1 without endammaging it4 ,finally in quartane agues1 when the fit is past1 in leprosies1 for tetters1 ringewormes1 cankars1 and to procure easie fetching of ones breath1 it is verie soueraine4 ,sidenote3 ,vehement and to sore4 ,vehement or to sore and to eager walking1 is best for cold folkes1 and therfore good to driue away trembling or quaking1 it encreaseth puffing and blowing1 and yet dissolueth1 and disperseth winde4 ,but it is ill for weake heades and feete1 and such as are indaunger of the gout4 ,for both the gout and the hippe ache do oftimes come of to much and to sore walking4 ,as to the contrarie gentle walking vpon soft straw1 or grasse1 or vpon euen ground is good for any gout or inward exulceration1 before meat1 but not after4 ,for wearinesse is their principall enemie3 which heateth and enflameth their iointes to sore3 and thereby causeth them to draw stil more matter from the partes further of1 to feede their continuall fluxe4 ,sidenote3 ,much and oft4 ,much and oft walking is good for them that haue a distempered bulk or head3 that perceiue small nurriture in their lower partes1 that in their exercises neede more vehement stirring4 ,sidenote3 ,litle and seldome4 ,litle walking is good for them1 that vse no bathing or washing after exercise1 which must needes walke after meate1 to send it downe1 to the bottom of their stomacke1 and for those which finde some heauinesse in their bodies4 ,sidenote3 ,long and outright4 ,long and outright walking is nothing so troublesome as the short1 that maketh many turnes4 ,it is good for the head1 and yet it sucketh vp humours1 and dryeth to fast4 ,sidenote3 ,long and quicke4 ,long and quicke walking is goode to staye the hikup or yeaxing4 ,short and soone turning wearyeth sooner3 and troubleth the head sorer4 ,circular or walking round about maketh one disie1 and hurteth the eyes4 ,in walking to strout the legges1 and beare vpon the heeles1 is verie good for an ill head1 a moyst bulke1 a strayned bellie1 and for such of the lower partes1 as prosper not1 yea1 though the partie feede well3 and generally for all those1 in whome superfluities steeme vpward4 ,to beare vpon the toes hath bene proued good for ill eyes1 and to staye loose bellies4 ,bearing vpon the whole feete is alwaye incident to some of the other kindes1 and therefore ioyneth with eche of them in effectes4 ,sidenote3 ,walking which is named after the place4 ,walkingwhich taketh the name after the place1 is either on hilles and high groundes1 or in valleies and lowe groundes3 againe the lowe ground is1 either euen1 or vneuen3 either vnder couert1 or abroad3 in the sunne1 or in the shade4 ,when one walketh vp against the hill1 the bodie is marueilously wearied1 bycause all the sway and poize of it presseth downe those partes1 which are first moued4 ,and for all that such motions be heauie and slow1 yet they cause one sweat sooner and sorer1 and staye the breath more1 then the walking downhill doeth3 bycause heauie thinges bearing naturally downward1 are forced vpward against nature4 ,whervpon heat which beareth the bodie vp1 as in comming downe it trauelleth not of his owne nature1 so preasing vpward it is burthened with the bodie1 whereby it both encreaseth it selfe1 prouoketh sweat1 and stayeth the breath4 ,this kinde of walke afore meate is good for the bulke1 which hath not his breath at commandement4 ,demosthenes#bg strengthened his voice by it1 pronouncing his orations alowd1 as he walked vp against the hill1 whereby he gat the benefit of breathing1 to deliuer his long periodes1 without paine to himselfe1 or breach to his sentence4 ,the knees are most toiled in this kinde of walking1 being forced backward contrarie to their nature1 and therfore to their griefe4 ,sidenote3 ,walking downhill4 ,walking downhill draweth superfluity from the head more than the other doeth3 but withall it is enemy to feeble thighes1 bycause they both moue the legges1 and support all the whole weight of the bodie aboue4 ,the change and varietie of the motion causeth that kinde of walking to be best liked1 which is sometime vphill1 sometime downhill4 ,when ye walke vpon euen or vneuen ground1 ye walke either in medowes or grassie places1 or in rowgh and brambly1 or in sandie and soft4 ,if ye walke in a medow1 it is without all contradiction most for pleasure1 bycause nothing there anoyeth1 nothing offendeth the sense1 and the head is fed both with varietie of sweet odours1 and with the moysture of such humour1 as the medow yeeldeth4 ,rough1 brambly1 and bushy groundes stuffe the head4 ,sidenote3 ,walking vpon sande4 ,sandie1 and cheifly if it be any thing deepe1 bycause the walking in it stirreth sore1 confirmeth and strengtheneth all the partes of the bodie3 and fetcheth superfluities mightily downward4 ,this was one of ,augustus ,csars remedies1 as ,suetonius#bh writeth1 to helpe his haulting and weake legges4 ,for to cleare the vpper partes of that which cloyeth them1 there is nothing better then to trauell in deepe sande4 ,sidenote3 ,walking in a close gallerie4 ,walking in a close gallerie is not so good1 bycause the ayre there is not so fresh1 free1 and open1 but pent1 close1 and grosse3 and therfore stuffeth the bodie1 onelesse the gallerie be in the vppermost buildinges of the house1 where neither any vapour from the ground can come3 and the ayre that commeth is pure and cleare4 ,the close walkes1 which were called cryptoporticus were not of choice but of necessitie1 when extremitie of weather would not let them walke abroad4 ,sidenote3 ,walking in an open place4 ,walking in an open place1 and cheifly greene1 is much better and more wholesome1 then vnder any couert4 ,first of all for the eyes1 bycause a fine and subtile ayre comming from the greene to the bodie1 which is more penetrable bycause of stirring1 scourreth awaye all grosse humours from the eyes1 and so leaueth the sight fine and cleare4 ,further1 bycause the bodie in walking waxeth hoat1 the aire sucketh humours out of it1 and disperseth whatsoeuer is in it more then it can well beare4 ,now in walking abroad there is consideration to be had to the soile4 ,for walking by the sea side ye thinne and drie vp grosse humours1 by riuers and standing waters ye moyst4 ,howbeit both these two last be naught1 and specially standing waters4 ,walking not neare any water1 as it is not so good as the walke by the sea1 so it is much better1 then walking neare any other water4 ,walking in the dew moystes and harmes4 ,sidenote3 ,it is good to walke where birdes haunt4 ,if ye walke in a place where birdes haunt1 it is of great efficacie to cleare by the breath1 and to disburden the bodie so1 as if ye did walke in some higher ground4 ,if there be no winde where ye walke1 it cleareth by breath1 it disperseth excrements1 it slakes and nippes not1 and is good for colicks that come of a cold cause4 ,if there be winde1 the ,northern causeth coughing1 hurtes the bulke1 and yet confirmes the strength1 soundes the senses1 and strengthens the weake stomacke4 ,the ,southwinde filles the head1 dulles the instrumentes of sense1 yet it looseth the bellie1 and is good to dissolue4 ,the ,westwinde passeth all the rest1 both for mildenesse and wholesomnesse4 ,the ,eastwinde is hurtefull and nippes4 ,sidenote3 ,it is better to walke in the shade then in the sunne4 ,sidenote3 ,daungerous walking vnder dewy trees4 ,sidenote3 ,what effecte the faire and cleare aire hath4 ,it is better walking in the shade then in the sunne3 as it is naught for the headache to walke either in the cold or in the heat4 ,and yet it is beter to walke in the sunne1 then to stend in it1 and better to walke fast1 then slowly4 ,of all shades1 those be the best which be vnder walles or in herboures4 ,it is verie daungerous walking neare vnto dewye trees1 for feare of infection by the sappie dew3 bycause dew in generall is not so wholesome1 it abateth the flesh1 as wymen that gather it vp with wooll or linnen clothes for some purposes do continually trye4 ,now if the dew come of any vnwholesome matter1 what may it proue to8 ,the best walking in shadowes simply is vnder myrtle and baye trees1 or among quicke and sweet smelling herbes1 as wilde basell1 penyroyall1 thyme1 and mynt1 which if they be wild and of their owne growing be better to wholesome the soile1 then any that be set by hande3 but if the better cannot be1 the meaner must serue4 ,againe in this kinde of walke the faire and cleare aire lighteneth1 scoureth1 fineth1 procureth good breathing1 and easie mouing4 ,darke and cloudie aire heauyeth1 scoureth not by breath1 and stuffeth the head4 ,sidenote3 ,walking which taketh his name after the time4 ,walking which is termed after the time1 is either in winter or summer3 in the morning or in the euening1 before meat or after4 ,the most of these differencies will appeare then playnest1 when the time for all exercises is generally appointed1 in consideration of circunstance1 as shall be declared vnder the title of time4 ,in the meane while walking whether in the morning or euening1 ought still to go before meat4 ,sidenote3 ,the good of ye morning walk4 ,the morning walke looseth the belly1 dispatcheth sluggishnes1 which comes by sleep1 thinneth the spirits1 encreaseth heat1 and prouoketh appetite4 ,it is good for moyst constitutions1 it nimbleth and quickneth the head1 and all the partes in it4 ,sidenote3 ,the good and ill of the euening walk4 ,the euening walke is a preparatiue to sleepe1 it disperseth inflations1 and yet it is ill for a weake head4 ,walking after meat is not good but only for such as are vsed vnto it4 ,yet euen they maye not vse it to much4 ,it is good also for them1 which otherwise cannot cause their meat go downe to the bottome of their stomacke4 ,and thus much for walking1 both regarding the manner of the motion1 the place where1 and the time when4 ,which circunstances though they be many and diuers3 yet to purchase the commodities1 which walking is confessed to be very full of1 they must needes be cared for3 considering our whole life is so delt with1 as if we hastened on death1 against the which1 this exercise may be rightly termed an antidote1 or counterreceit4 ,,footnotes3 #be #c ,de ,rep4 #bf ,lib4 #a1 cap4 #i penul4 #bg ,plut4 in ,demost4 #bh ,in ,augusti vita4 cap4 #hj4 ,,chapter #ba4 ,,of ,,running4 ,the manifest seruices which we receiue by our legges and feete1 in warre for glorie1 to pursue or saue1 in game for pleasure to winne and weare1 in ,physick for health to preserue and heale1 do giue parentes to vnderstand1 that they do suffer their children to be more then halfe maymed1 if they traine them not vp in their youth to the vse and exercise therof4 ,to polishe out this point with those effectuall reasons1 which auaunce and set forth nature1 when she sayeth in plaine termes1 that she meanes to do good3 or with those argumentes1 wherwith the best authors do amplifie such places1 when they finde nature so freindly and forward1 7as the anatomistes which suruey the workmanship of our bodie1 and histories1 which note the effectes of swiftnesse1 do wonder at nature1 and wish exercise to helpe her1 for that which they see7 were to me nothing needefull1 considering my ende is not the praise1 but the practise of that which is praiseworthy3 neither to tell you1 what ,alexander the ,macedonian1 nor what ,papyrius the ,romain did by swifte foote1 nor that ,homere gaue ,achilles his epithete of his footmanship1 but to tell you that running is an exercise for health1 which if reason cannot winne1 wherof euery one can iudge1 sure historie will not1 where the authors credit may be called in question as to much fauoring the partie whom he praiseth1 wherefore ,i will leaue of all manner of by ornamentes1 wherwith such as be in loue with running do vse1 to set it forth1 and directly fall to the seuerall kindes there of which differ one from an other1 both in the mouing it selfe1 and also in the manner of the mouing whervpon the effectes1 which follow must needes proue diuers according to that diuersitie4 ,running of it selfe is helde by the ,physicians generally to be a swift exercise which needeth neither much strength1 nor great violence1 and in what sorte so euer it is vsed1 it is ill for agues4 #a4 ,the first kinde of running which beareth his name of the verie motion vehement swift1 and withall outright1 hindereth health1 rather then helpeth it3 and if it helpe it any waye1 it is in that it abateth the fleshinesse1 and corpulence of the body3 which if it chaunce to be moyst1 swift running will empty it of humours1 and stay it also quickly4 ,it hath bene found so wholesome in some diseases of the splene or mylt1 as tius a learned ,physician writeth1 that he knew some which by walking and running onely were deliuered from all greife and peine there4 ,but it is verie vnwholesome for such as haue ill heades4 ,whervpon ,aristotle#bi in his ,problemes1 asking the question why running which is thought to driue all excrementes downward1 if it be vehement and swift should be offensiue to the head1 not in men and wymen alone1 but also in beastes1 aunswereth thus3 that the swift motion1 bycause it strayneth the strength1 and stayeth the breath1 heates the head with all1 and swelles the veines therein3 so that they draw vnto them forreine meane as cold or heat3 and besides that1 it enforceth what so euer is in the breast to ascend vpwarde1 whereby the head cannot chuse but ake1 which is the cause1 that swift running is naught for the falling euill4 ,galene#cj thinketh so basely of this kinde of running1 as he termeth it1 a thing both an enemie to health1 to great a thinner of the whole bodie1 and such a one1 as hath no manner of manly exercise in it4 ,besides this1 it putteth him which runneth so vehemently in daunger of some great conuulsion1 if he fortune to encounter any violent stop by the way4 #b4 ,the second kinde of running which taketh his name of the gentle and moderate mouing1 warmes the body very well1 strengthens the naturall actions1 prouokes appetite1 helpes and turnes rewmes1 and catarres1 some other waye4 ,and therfore it is commended for a remedie against the swiming of the head1 against the drie cough1 if ye holde your breath withall1 against exulcerations in the inner side of the iawes1 and the distortion or writhing of the mouth1 which the ,greekes call 4 ,for though at the first it seeme to prouoke defluxions and distilling of humours1 yet within a small time it stayeth them3 and therfore it is thought to be good for those1 which are pained with the ,ischiatica1 which haue much a do to stirre their legges at the first1 but after that they haue runne a while1 they be so nimble and quicke1 as if they had neuer felt any paine in those partes4 ,it strengtheneth the stomacke mightely1 and deliuereth the bellie from winde1 and cold passions3 whereby it is thought1 and that not without great cause to be verie good for the colike and dropsie3 it delayeth the swelling of the milt4 ,for the gnawing of the guttes1 and some diseases of the kidneis it is exceeding good1 so the kidneies be not either presently1 or haue not bene of late1 subiect to some exulceration4 ,to saye that it is wholesome for the legges and feete1 were to make a doubt1 where none can be1 considering running is their proper and peculiar action4 ,this exercise for all that it is such a freind to health3 yet bringes with it some inconueniences3 for it is verie laborious3 it cooleth the flesh and furthereth not the feeding4 ,and as naturally of it selfe1 it breadeth no great harme1 so if it meete with an ill head1 or a weake bulke1 or burning and hoat vrine1 it helpes to draw on diuers diseases4 ,he that hath any rupture in the twiste1 or els where1 must forbeare running1 as those also1 which haue infected liuers or gauled kidneies4 ,if the chased deare could speake1 he would desire the hunter to giue him leaue to pisse1 when he pursueth him sorest1 and that for but so litle respite1 he would shew him a great deale more pastime3 but the hunter which knoweth well that the skalding vrine will not let him runne long1 wil not lend him that leasure3 bycause he careth more for the frute of his owne praie1 then the effect of the deares prayer4 ,all the other kindes of running which follow1 take their names of the manner of their mouing1 wherof the first is the long outright running1 which if it continue on gently though long1 it warmeth the flesh1 and makes it plumpe1 and is verie good1 for great feeders1 though it make the bodie slow and grosse4 ,running streight backward1 and withall not hastily1 is good for the head1 the eyes1 the streatchers1 the stomacke and the loynes4 ,running round about1 thinnes the flesh and streaches it1 but cheifly the belly1 and bycause of the quicke motion1 it gathereth moysture quickly4 ,and therefore ,hippocrates#ca wisheth them to vse it1 which dreame of blacke starres1 as the fore warning of some forreine disease4 ,it troubleth the head and makes it dizie3 it marreth both the bulke and the legges1 and therefore would be left4 ,he that runnes vphill straynes him selfe sore1 and doth neither his bulke nor his legges any great good4 ,he that runnes downhill makes his head giddy1 shakes all within him1 and tries the weaknesse1 or strength of his hippes4 ,he that runneth in his clothes sweateth sore1 and warmes his flesh more3 and therefore it is good for them1 that haue the head ache to runne so3 and those that haue somewhat to do1 to fetch their breath4 ,he that runneth out of his clothes single or naked1 sweateth much1 which is much more healthful how litle so euer it be1 then much more1 with the clothes on4 ,hyppocrates#cb likes running generally more in winter then sommer4 ,oribasius#cc in both1 yea though sommer be in his prime and cheife heat4 ,the resolution is1 when most sweating is best1 which ,artistotle sayeth is in sommer4 ,,footnotes3 #bi #e4 para4 probl4 #i4 #cj ,de parua pila4 lib4 #ca ,lib4 de insomnijs languentium4 #cb #c4 ,lib4 de ,dita4 #cc #b4 part4 proble4 #ba4 #cc4 #db4 ,,chapter #bb4 ,,of ,,leaping4 ,leaping should seeme to be somewhat naturall1 and chearfull1 bycause at any pleasant or ioyefull newes1 not onely the hart will leape for ioye1 but also the body it selfe will spring liuely1 to declare his consent1 with the delited minde1 and that not in young folkes alone1 but also in the elder1 whom we commonly say that no ground can hold3 so that leaping seemes to stand the body in such a steade for vttering of ioy1 as the tongue serues the minde to deliuer her delite by speche with laughter4 ,the cattell and brute beastes bewraie their contentment1 and well liking1 by the selfe same meanes1 leaping and galloping of them selues in their pasture when they be lustily disposed and in good health4 ,though in training of the bodie by waye of exercise1 there be not so much regard had to the mirth of the minde1 as to the motion of the bodie3 and yet being an exercise it may not be vnpleasant4 ,in which kinde it is noted to be vehement1 wherein both strength is vsed to make the body spring1 and swiftnesse to make it nimble3 being naturally an interrupted race1 as running is a continued leape4 ,it serued the olde world in game for brauerie1 and shew of actiuitie3 in warfare to skip ouer diches and hard passages1 in ,physicke for an exercise of health1 whereby it became more stately and imperiall1 bycause the first famous ,romain ,emperor ,augustus ,csar1#cd being troubled with the ,ischiatica and stone in his bladder1 and also hauing some weaknesse in his left legge and feet1 vsed this running leape1 or leaping race to helpe himselfe thereby4 ,there be diuers kindes of leaping wherof ,i will tuch the most likely4 #a4 ,leaping and springing without intermission is good to encrease the naturall heat1 to helpe digestion1 to dispatche raw humours1 though afterward it anoie the head and brest1 bycause it shaketh the head verie vehemently3 and by reason of much bending and so pressing the backe1 it oftimes breaketh some canall in the breast or lungues4 #b4 ,to leape running is good for such diseases of the head1 as haue troubled it long4 ,it helpeth the bulke1 bycause it vseth no violent bending1 nor pressing of the bodie1 it fetcheth downe such needeles fumes1 as otherwise would haue ben aspiring vpward3 it chearisheth weake legges3 which prosper not by nurriture1 thorough some trembling and benummed flesh4 #c4 ,leaping as we do commonly call it and vse it1 doth driue idle superfluities downward thoroghly1 but bycause it shaketh the bulke to sore1 both by to violent mouing and to forcible strayning1 it is not good for it3 though it shew a verie deliuer and an actiue bodie3 both to stirre and to do anything else4 ,it driueth also the stone from the kidneies into the bladder3 yet it hurteth the knees by reason of violent and continuall bending them4 ,the ,lacedemonian wymen1 whose picture ,callimachus the painter1 for his foolish curiosity named 1 as ,plinie#ce reporteth1 vsed to leape so1 as their heeles did hitte their hippes1 which manner of leaping doth both purge and drie4 ,but me thinke ,i here some gentlewymen saye1 fye vpon them ,rigs4 ,not so4 ,the lawes and custome of their countrey did allow1 nay did commaunde them to runne1 to leape1 to wrastle1 and to do all such exercises1 both as well1 as men1 and also with men4 ,their reason was4 ,they did thinke the childe lame of the one side1 whose mother was delicate1 daintie1 tender1 neuer stirring1 neuer exercising1 not withstanding1 the father were neuer so naturally strong1 neuer so artificially trained4 ,and to preuent that infirmitie in their owne youth1 they exercised their wymen also1 no lesse then their men4 ,as ,plato#cf wisheth his people in his common weale1 which he patterneth for the best4 ,skipping againe the banck1 as it helpeth the hippes1 so it hurteth the breast3 and the same downhill cleareth the head from superfluities1 which it fetcheth downward3 ,it strengtheneth the legges1 but it shaketh the bowelles to sore1 which is very dangerous1 for ruptures anywhere3 for the crooked swelling veines in the legge3 for all gouttes3 for all those1 in whom the humours vpon any small occasion will fall downe to the feete3 and cause them to swell4#cg ,further in cases where it were good to let blood or to purge1 if either yeares or some other impediment wil admit neither1 to auoide superfluous humours1 leaping will supply the roome4 ,as it is verie ill for those which pisse blood3 or be in a flixe3 or haue weake or ouerheated kidneies3 or that haue at that time1 or not long before had1 some gaule or exulceration in the kidneies4 ,and yet though the kidneies be sound1 eaping will sometime loose a veine4 ,eche kinde of leaping is better accomplished by holding of some weight in the hand for steddinesse1 then with the hand emptie and without his ballace4 ,,footnotes3 #cd ,suetonius in ,augusto cap4 #hc4 #ce #cd4 ,lib4 cap4 #h4 #cf #d4 de ,rep4 #cg ,gal4 #f4 epi4 commen4 #c4 aph4 #b4 ,,chapter #bc4 ,,of ,,swimming4 ,in the old time1 when they would point at a fellow1 in whom there was nothing to be made account of1 they were wont to saye1 he neither knoweth letter on the booke1 nor yet how to swimme3 wherby it appeareth that swimming1 was both in great vse1 and of great price in those daies1 which either first brought forth that byword or afterward maintained it1 seing he was helde for no bodie that could not1 or but for a dastard which would not learne the sleight to swimme4 ,the traine came bycause it was then best to learne1 when the iointes were most pliable1 and yet strong withall4 ,the ende was either to saue themselues in fightes by sea1 or in flightes by lande1 where they were to passe riuers1 or to assaile enemies by water1 or for other such seruices3 as what if ,leander say it serues for loue1 and bring both ,hero to witnesse1 which was partaker of the euill1 and ,musus the ,poete1 which described their misfortune8 ,which considerations may recommende swimming to vs also3 who may stand in neede of it1 vpon the same causes1 and in the like euentes that they did4 ,but bycause it is so necessarie1 it would not be vncurteously entertained1 and therefore regard must be had in what water ye swimme1 for if ye swimme in springes which are naturally hoat1 it is stuffing1 and yet good for the palsie1 so he that swimmeth do vse bladders1 to ease him selfe withall3 and lighten his labour4 ,to swimme in marsh waters1 and pooles1 infecteth both the head and all the residue of the bodie1 bycause rotten1 and corrupt vapours1 enter the pores of the bodie1 together with the moysture4 ,it is reasonable good swimming in lakes and standing meres1 which the larger they be and the clearer1 the more commodious and wholesome to swimme in4 ,but no kinde of fresh water is so good to swimme in1 as the running riuer is1 chiefly for them1 which be in health1 to whom besides many other commodities1 it serueth for a preparative to sleepe4 ,yet it is not good abiding long in any fresh water1 for feare of perishing the sinues both with cold and moysture1 whose issues be the crampe1 and the swimmers daunger4 ,but nothing at all1 be it neuer so good for health1 be it neuer so defensible to saue1 can be gotten without perill in prouing4 ,and why should swimming dreame of securitie1 and neuer thinke to drowne8 ,doth it not deale with water1 where there is no warrant1 but wisedome to forsee8 pointe the place1 pointe the fight1 pointe the daunger and a pointe for daunger3 but where you cannot appointe the particularitie1 ye cannot warrant the perill4 ,cocles1#ch scaped1 it was in a small riuer1 and reskue at hand4 ,scna the centurion scaped1 he was neare both shippe and shoar4 ,nay ,csar#ci himselfe saued him selfe from drowning1 and helde his lettres vp drie in the one hand4 ,a signe of courage and cunning as that man had enough2 but his shippes were at hand1 and it is not writen1 that either he swamme alone1 or any long waye4 ,but of all daungers to drowne1 there is least in the sea1 where the swimming is best3 for the salt water as it is thicker then the fresh1 so it beareth vp the bodie better1 that it may fleet with lesse labour4 ,the swimming in salt water is very good to remoue the headache1 to open the stuffed nosethrilles1 and therby to helpe the smelling4 ,it is a good remedie for dropsies1 scabbes1 and scurfes1 small pockes1 leprosies1 falling awaye of either legge1 or any other parte3 for such as prosper not so1 as they would1 though they eate as they wishe1 for ill stomackes1 liuers1 miltes1 and corrupt constitutions4 ,yet all swimming must needes be ill for the head1 considering the continuall exhalation1 which ascendeth still from the water into the head4 ,swimming in hoat waters softeneth that which is hardened1 warmeth that which is cooled1 nimbleth the iointes which are benummed1 thinneth the skinne1 which is thickned1 and yet it troubleth the head1 weakneth the bodie1 disperseth humours1 but dissolueth them not4 ,swimming in cold water doth strengthen the naturall heat1 bycause it beates it in3 it maketh verie good and quick digestion3 it breaketh superfluous humours1 it warmeth the inward partes1 yet long tarying in it hurtes the sineues1 and takes awaye the hearing4 ,thus much concerning swimming1 which can neither do children harme in learning1 if the maister be wise1 nor the common weale but good1 being once learned1 if either priuate daunger or publike attempt do bid them auenture4 ,for he that oweth a life to his countrey1 if he die on lande1 he doeth his duetie1 and if he drowne in water1 his duetie is not drowned4 ,,footnotes3 #ch ,liuius4 ,c4 ,cs4 #ci ,appian4 ,,chapter #bd4 ,,of ,,riding4 ,if any wilbe so wilful as to denie ,riding to be an exercise and that a great one1 and fittest also for greatest personages1 set him either vpon a trotting iade to iounce him thoroughly or vpon a lame hakney to make him exercise his feete1 when his courser failes him4 ,in all times1 in all countries1 among all degrees of people1 it hath euer bene taken1 for a great1 a worthy1 and a gentlemanly exercise4 ,though ,aristophanes his testimonie1 were naught against honest ,socrates1 yet it is good to proue1 that riding was a gentlemanly traine1 euen among the principles of education in ,athens4 ,and ,virgile in the legacie sent to ,latinus1 describeth the same traine in the ,romain children1 which1 sayeth he1 exercised themselues on horsebacke before the towne4 ,and ,horace accuseth the young gentleman in his time as not able to hange on a horse4 ,but to deale with stories1 either ,greeke1 or ,latin1 for the ,romain or other nations exercise in riding in a matter of such store1 were more then needeles4 ,the ,romains had their whole citie diuided into partialities1 by reason of the foure factions of those exercising horsemen4 ,who of the foure colours1 which they vsed1 ,russet1 ,white1 ,greene1 and ,blew1 were named ,russati1 ,albati1 ,prasini1 ,veneti4#dj ,for the warres how great a traine riding is1 ,i would no countrey had tried1 nor had cause to complaine1 nor the subdued people to be sorofull1 though the conquerour do vant himselfe1 of his valiantnesse on horsebacke4 ,for health it must needes be of some great moment1 or els why do the ,physicians seeme to make so much of it8 ,they saye that generally it encreaseth naturall heat1 and that it purgeth superfluities1 as that to the contrarie it is naught for any sicke bodie1 or that hath taken ,physicke hard before1 or that is troubled with infection or inflammation of the kidneies4 ,they vse to deuide it into fiue kindes1 ,slow1 quicke1 trotting1 ambling1 and posting4 #a4 ,of ,slow riding they write that it wearieth the grines very sore1 that it hurteth the buttokes1 and legges1 by hanging downe to long1 and yet it heateth not much3 that it hindreth getting of children1 and breadeth aches and lamenesse4 #b4 ,of quicke riding they saye1 that of all exercises it shaketh the bodie most1 and that yet it is good for the head ache1 comming of a cold cause3 for the falling euill1 for deafnesse1 for the stomack1 for yeaxing or hikup1 for clearing and quickning the instrumentes of sense3 for dropsies3 for thickning of thinne shankes3 which was found true in ,germanicus ,csar#da nephew to ,tiberius the ,emperour1 which so helped his spindle shankes4 ,againe quick riding is naught for the bulke3 for a weake bladder1 which must forebeare all exercises1 when it hath any exulceration3 for the ,ischiatica1 bycause the hippes are to much heated and weakned1 by the vehementnesse of the motion4 ,whervpon the humours1 which are styrred rest there3 and either breede new or augment olde aches4 ,of trotting1 it is said euen as we see1 that it shaketh the bodie to violently1 that it causeth and encreaseth marueilous aches1 that it offendes the head1 the necke1 the shoulders1 the hippes1 and disquieteth all the entrailes beyond all measure4 ,and though it may somewhat helpe the digestion of meate1 and raw humours1 loose the belly1 prouoke vrine1 driue the stone or grauell from the kidneyes downward1 yet it is better forborne for greater euilles1 then borne with for some sorie small good4 ,ambling as it exerciseth least1 so it anoyeth least1 and yet looseth it the bellie4 ,as for posting1 though it come last in reading1 it will be first in riding1 though for making such hast1 it harme eche part of the bodie1 and specially the bulke1 the lungues1 the bowells generally1 the kidneyes3 as what doth it not allway anoy1 and oftimes either breake or put out of ioynte by falles or straynes8 ,it warmes and paires the body to sore1 and therfore abateth grossenes1 though a grosse man be ill either to ride post himselfe1 or for a iade to beare4 ,it infecteth the head1 it dulleth the senses1 and especially the sight3 euen til it make his eyes that posteth to run with water1 not to remember the death of his friendes1 but to thinke how sore his saddle shakes him1 and the ayer bites him4 ,,footnotes3 #dj ,gal4 #g4 meth4 ,pli4 epist4 #i4 lib4 #f4 ,martial4 lib4 #aa4 ,iuuenal4 #da ,suetonius4 ,,chapter #be4 ,,of ,,hunting4 ,hvnting is a copious argument1 for a poeticall humour to discours of1 whether in verse1 with ,homer1 or in prose1 with ,heliodorus4 ,dian would be alleged1 as so auoyding ,cupide4 ,hippolytus1 would be vsed in commendation of continence1 and what would not poetrie bring in to auaunce it1 whose musicke being solitarie and woddishe1 must needes be1 nay is very well acquainted with the chace4 ,if poets should faint1 the ,persians would fight1 both for riding and hunting3 so that if patrocinie were in question1 we neede not to enquire1 they would offer them selues1 from all countries1 and of all languages4 ,but we need not either for praise1 or for prose1 to vse forraine aduocats4 ,for hunting hath alway caried a great credit1 both for exercising the bodie1 and deliting the mynde1 as it semes to be verie naturall1 because it seeketh to maister1 and to take beastes1 and byrdes1 which are naturally appointed for mans vse1 and therefore though they be taken and killed1 there is no wrong done them4 ,the courteous ,xenophon#db as delited himselfe therein1 and all the auncient writers1 as subscribing to a truth1 commend it marueilously1 and chiefly1 for a proper elementarie to warlike vses1 and ,mars his schoole1 whether for valiauntnes or for pollicy1 because the resemblaunces of the chiefe warlike executions do fall out in hunting1 as the qualitie or courage of the game offereth cause1 either to vse force and manhoode1 or to flie to deuise and sutteltie4 ,the ,romain ,emperours did exhibit publike hunting vnto the whole people in way of pastime and pleasure4 ,the ,physicians make much of it3 as being an exercise1 which containeth vnder it most of the other stirring exercises1 for they that hunt1 walke1 runne1 leape1 shout1 hallow1 ride1 and what may they not do1 hauing the whole country for roome1 and the whole day for time1 to do in what they list8 ,and though ,galene#dc do restraine it to men of great abilitie1 as if hunting were not for euery man to vse1 which is one of the markes1 whereby to know the best exercises1 that they be parable1 and purchaceable euen to meane purses3 yet we see it in common to most1 where restraint by law doth not forbid it4 ,neither is the charge in respect of the exercise1 but in respect of the game1 whereon the exercise is employed4 ,to hunt a hare1 and course a hart1 to chase a bucke1 and chase a bore is not all one1 neither for prouision1 nor for perill though the exercise haue small oddes1 which being compounded of those exercises that ,i named1 must nedes haue the same effectes1 that those exercises haue besides his owne4 ,to warme the bodie very well1 to disperse superfluites1 to abate flesh1 to lessen ouerflowing moysture1 to make one sleepe soundly1 to digest meat1 and raw humors1 to quicken both the sight and the hearing1 to keepe of old age1 and finally to make the body most healthfull1 and the health most lasting4 ,rases#dd a notable ,arabicke ,physician1 writeth that in a great plague there remained almost none aliue in a certaine towne1 saue hunters only1 which escaped by reason of their preseruing exercise4 ,and ,mitbridates that famous king vsed hunting so much for his healthes sake1 as in seuen yeares space1 it is written that he neuer came within house1 neither in citie nor countrie4 ,and yet hunting is not good for the head1 when it is vsed with vehemence1 as no other vehement exercise is4 ,there be but two kindes of ,hunting to my purpose1 the one on horsebacke1 the other one foote4 #a4 ,they that ,hunt on horsebake1 for so much as they sometime gallop1 sometime ride fast1 sometime hallow1 sometime be stil1 and varie so in most actions1 seeme to trauel euery part of their body1 and therefore it is thought1 that thereby the brest1 the stomacke1 the entrailes1 the backe and legges be strengthened3 but it is ill for them1 which are troubled with any paine in their head1 and daungerous for feare of breaking some veine in the breast3 for the stone in the kidneyes1 for those that be of hoate constitution of body3 for weake bellicawles1 and for feare of ruptures1 because such thinges fall out oftentimes in hunting on horsebacke3 not without losse sometime of life4 #b4 ,hunting on foote1 hath all the commodities1 and incommodities to1 that hunting on horsebacke hath1 sauing the daunger whereunto it is not so much subiecte4 ,and yet the trauell of the bodie is more1 the body hoater1 the legges and feete more strengthened1 the appetite to meat more1 to make children lesse4 ,neither of then is good but for strong and healthful bodies1 neither can hunting be but harmefull vnto them1 which vse it vnaduisedly1 without consideration how they runne1 by way of pleasure and ordinarie exercise1 or at the suddaine of a head1 for by tarying abroade all day1 and feeding so vncertainely1 and so vnseasonably1 there come sundrie inconueniences4 ,but of all ,hunting that is still best1 wherein we exercise our selues and our owne bodies most1 not our hauks of howndes1 because exercises be meanes to make men healthfull1 and other thinges be meanes to bring that meane about4 ,such a kinde of hunting was it which ,chiron1 ,machaan1 ,podalyrius1 sculapius1 the parentes and patrones of physike did vse1 whose delite thererin1 is our warrant in choyce1 bycause they being so great physicians1 as physicke went then in ,platoes opinion1 did trie that in their owne persons1 which they deliuered to posteritie for the same vse4 ,,footnotes3 #db ,lib de venat4 #a4 4 #dc ,de par pila lib4 #dd #c ,commen4 #ac tract4 cap4 #c4 ,,chapter #bf4 ,,of ,,shooting4 ,the physicians seeme to commend shooting for the vse of health sufficiently1 in that they make ,apollo and sculapius the presidentes and protectors of ,archerie1 which both be the greatest gods1 and chiefest patrones of ther owne profession4 ,and that it is a thing to be beloued1 and liked1 what argument is there that can be alleadged of comparable force to that of ,cupide himselfe1 which in the matter of loue1 doth bend with his bow1 and enamour with his arrow8 ,but in sadnes to say enough of this exercise in few wordes1 which no wordes can praise enough for the commodities which it bringeth to the health of the body3 as it hath bene vsed by diuers nations1 in diuerse sortes1 both on horsebacke and on foote1 both for peace and warre1 for healthfull exercise and pleasant pastime3 so none either now doth vse it1 or heretofore hath vsed it1 more to health1 and bettering of the body then our owne countrimen do4 ,as if it were a thing somewhat naturall to ,ilandes1 bycause they of ,crete and ,cyprus in olde stories1 they of the ,indian ,ilandes in new stories are noted also for neare ,shooting1 strong ,darting1 and streight ,slinging1 whereof the ,balear ,ilandes seeme to take their name4 ,nay by all auncient monumentes ,shooting should seeme to be both the eldest1 and the vsuallest defence in fighting a farre of1 which though it haue now1 and tofore1 haue had great place in the fielde for warfare3 yet hath it a great deale better place in our fields for wellfare3 and therefore the more1 because it consisteth both of the best exercises1 and the best effectes of the best exercises4 ,for he that shooteth in the free and open fields may chuse1 whether betweene his markes he will runne or walke1 daunce or leape1 hallow or sing or do somewhat els1 which belongeth to the other1 either vehement or gentle exercises4 ,and whereas hunting on foote is so much praised1 what mouing of the body hath the foote hunter in hilles and dales1 which the rouing ,archer hath not in varietie of growndes8 ,is his naturall heate more stirred then the ,archers is8 ,is his appetite better then the ,archers is though the prouerbe helpe the hungrie hunter8 ,nay in both these the ,archer hath the vantage4 ,for both his howers be much better to eate1 and all his mouing is more at his choice3 because the hunter must follow his game of necessitie1 the ,archer neede not but at his owne leasure4 ,for his pastime will tarystil1 till he come to it1 the hunters game is glad to get from him4 ,in fine what good is there in any particular exercise1 either to helpe natural heat1 or to cleare the body1 or to prouoke appetite1 or to fine the senses1 or to strengthen the sinewes1 or to better all partes1 which is not altogither in this one exercise8 ,onely regard to vse it in a meane doth warrant the archer from daunger to himselfe3 and an eye to looke about1 doth defende the passager from perill by him4 ,i could here speake much1 if it were not to much1 to say euen so much in such a thing1 being so faire a pastime1 so pleasant to al people1 so profitable to most1 so familiar to our country1 so euery where in eye1 so knowne a defence1 such a meane to offende1 as there is no man but knoweth it to be a preseruatiue to health1 and therefore well to be numbred among the trayning exercises4 ,and chiefly as it is vsed in this ,iland1 wherein the rouing must nedes be the best and most healthful1 both for varieties of motion in diuersities of soile1 and by vsing all archery1 in exercising one kinde4 ,for in rouing1 you may vse either the butte1 or the pricke by the way for your marke1 as your pleasure shalbe4 ,this exercise do ,i like best generally of any rownde stirring without the dores1 vpon the causes before alleadged1 which if ,i did not1 that worthy man our late and learned countrieman maister ,askam would be halfe angrie with me1 though he were of a milde disposition1 who both for trayning the ,archer to his bow1 and the scholler to his booke1 hath shewed him selfe a cunning ,archer1 and a skilfull maister4 ,in the middest of so many earnest matters1 ,i may be allowed to entermingle one1 which hath a relice of mirth1 for in praysing of ,archerie1 as a principall exercise1 to the preseruing of health1 how can ,i but prayse them1 who professe it throughly1 and maintaine it nobly1 the friendly and franke fellowship of prince ,arthurs knightes in and about the citie of ,london1 which of late yeares haue so reuiued the exercise1 so countenaunced the artificers1 so enflamed emulation1 as in themselues for friendly meting1 in workemen for good gayning1 in companies for earnest comparing1 it is almost growne to an orderly discipline1 to cherishe louing society1 to enrich labouring pouertie1 to maintaine honest actiuity1 which their so encouraging the vnder trauellours1 and so encreasing the healthfull traine1 if ,i had sacred to silence1 would not my good friend in the citie maister ,hewgh ,offly1 and the same my noble fellow in that order ,syr ,launcelot1 at our next meeting1 haue giuen me a sowre nodde1 being the chiefe furtherer of the fact1 which ,i commend1 and the famosest knight1 of the fellowship1 which ,i am of8 ,nay would not euen prince ,arthur himselfe maister ,thomas ,smith1 and the whole table1 of those wel known knights1 and most actiue ,archers haue layd in their chaleng against their fellow knight1 if speaking of their pastime1 ,i should haue spared their names8 whereunto ,i am easily led1 bycause the exercise deseruing such praise1 they that loue so praiseworthie a thing neither can of them selues1 neither ought at my hand to be hudled vp in silence4 ,,chapter #bg4 ,,of ,,the ,,ball4 ,the play at the ,ball seemeth compound1 bycause it may be vsed1 both within dores1 and without4 ,wherof good writers haue deliuered vs thus much3 that in the olde time there were diuers kindes of balles and diuers kindes of exercise therwith1 according to the diuers vse of the ball either small or great3 both amongst the ,romaines and ,greekes1 whose names ,i vse so much1 bycause they were best acquainted both with the thinges1 and with the right vse therof4 ,galene in his first booke of maintaining health1 speaking of the ,germains1 who vsed then to dippe their new borne children into extreme cold water ouer head and eares1 to trie their courage and to harden their skinne1 sayeth that he wrate those lessons of health and exercise1 no more to the ,dutch and such rude people as we also were then1 then to beares1 boares and lyons3 but to ,greekes and such people1 as though barbarous in nature1 yet by traine and learning1 were become greekish as we now are1 and the ,romains then were4 ,so that our examples be fetcht from these two nations1 which either vsed the thinges most1 and handled them best3 or else enriched their owne tongues with all that was best1 and when they had so done set them ouer vnto vs4 ,but of all their exercises with the ,ball1 we haue not any so farre as ,i can gesse1 by their notes1 though we retaine the name3 and yet our playing with the ,ball worketh the same effectes1 which theirs did1 as it appeareth by their descriptions4 ,wherfore seeing they be so farre different from ours1 and almost worne out of knowledge euen to curious coniectures1 which seeke to sift them out1 ,i will neither trouble my selfe with studying to set downe their names3 nor my reader with reading to gesse what they were1 and how they were vsed4 ,three kindes shall content me1 which our time knoweth1 wherein all the properties of their balles1 and all the effectes of their exercises1 be most euidently seene4 ,the hand ball1 the footeball1 the armeball4 #a4 ,the litle hand ball whether it be of some softer stuffe1 and vsed by the hand alone1 or of some harder1 and vsed with the rackette1 whether by tennice play with an other1 or against a wall alone1 to exercise the bodie with both the handes1 in euerie kinde of motion1 that concerneth any1 or all the other exercises1 is generally noted1 to be one of the best exercises and the greatest preseruations of health4 ,in so much as ,galene bestoweth an whole treatise vpon the vse and praise of it1 wherein he compareth it with other exercises1 and preferreth it before all1 for parabilitie1 to be all mens game3 for profitablenesse1 to do all men good3 for pleasauntnesse1 to quicke all mens spirites1 and in short knits vp the some of his conclusion thus4 ,that the vse of the litle ball doth plant in the minde courage1 in the bodie health1 in all the limmes a trim and wel proportionate constitution3 so it be moderately and aduisedly executed4 ,playing at the ball in generall is a strong exercise1 and maketh the bodie very nimble1 and strengtheneth all the vitall actions4 ,the litle handball is counted to be a swift exercise1 without violence1 and therefore the rakketters in tennyse play1 if they vse it in that kinde1 which is thought to be most healthfull1 must shew them selues nymble without strayning1 and yet it falleth out most conmonly contrarie1 while desire to wynne some wager makes the winners loose a benefit1 which they wish for more1 and would gladly get to better their health by4 ,this playing abateth grossenes and corpulence1 as al other of the same sort do3 it maketh the flesh sownd and soft1 it is very good for the armes1 the greene and growing ribbes1 the back1 and by reason the legges are mightely stirred ther by1 it is a great furtherer to strength1 it quickneth the eyes by looking now hither1 now thither1 now vp1 now downe1 it helpeth the ridgebone1 by stowping1 bending and coursing about3 it is verie good for bellies and stomakes1 that be troubled with winde or any paine which proceedeth from colde4 ,now to the contrary it is not good for ill and bleare eyes raw stomakes1 vndigested meat1 which haue more neede of rest then stirring1 and for such as will soone be turnesicke1 which the oft turning about of the head and eyes cannot but cause4 ,the playing at tennyse is more coastly and strayning to aunswere an aduersary1 but the playing against the wall is as healthfull1 and the more ready1 bycause it needeth no aduersary1 and yet practiseth euery kinde of motion1 euery ioynt of the body1 and all without danger4 ,children vse this ball diuersly1 and euery way healthfully1 in regard of the exercise3 if accidentarie faultes fall out among children1 in the vse of the play1 the parties must beare the blame1 and not the play4 ,the second kinde ,i make the ,footeball play1 which could not possibly haue growne to this greatnes1 that it is now at1 nor haue bene so much vsed1 as it is in all places1 if it had not had great helpes1 both to health and strength1 and to me the abuse of it is a sufficient argument1 that it hath a right vse3 which being reuoked to his primatiue will both helpe1 strength1 and comfort nature3 though as it is now conmonly vsed1 with thronging of a rude multitude1 with bursting of shinnes1 and breaking of legges1 it be neither ciuil1 neither worthy the name of any traine to health4 ,wherin any man may euidently see the use of the trayning maister4 ,for if one stand by1 which can iudge of the play1 and is iudge ouer the parties1 and hath authoritie to commaunde in the place1 all those inconueniences haue bene1 ,i know1 and wilbe ,i am sure very lightly redressed1 nay they wil neuer entermedle in the matter1 neither shall there be complaint1 where there is no cause4 ,some smaller number with such ouerlooking1 sorted into sides and standings1 not meeting with their bodies so boisterously to trie their strength3 nor shouldring or shuffing one an other so barbarously1 and vsing to walke after1 may vse footeball for as much good to the body1 by the chiefe vse of the legges1 as the ,armeball1 for the same1 by the vse of the armes4 ,and being so vsed1 the ,footeball strengtheneth and brawneth the whole body1 and by prouoking superfluities downeward1 it dischargeth the head1 and vpper partes1 it is good for the bowells1 and to driue downe the stone and grauell from both the bladder and kidneies4 ,it helped weake hammes1 by much mouing1 beginning at a meane1 and simple shankes by thickening of the flesh no lesse then riding doth4 ,yet rash running and to much force oftentimes breaketh some inward conduit1 and bringeth ruptures4 #c4 ,the third kind ,i call the ,armeball which was inuented in the kingdom of ,naples1 not many yeares agoe1 and answereth most of the olde games1 with the great ball1 which is executed with the armes most1 as the other was with the feete1 and be both very great helpers vnto health4 ,the arme in this is fensed with a wooden brace1 as the shin in the other with some other thing for meeting with a shrew4 ,the armeball encreaseth the naturall heate1 maketh way for superfluities1 causeth sound sleepe1 digesteth meate wel1 and dispatcheth raw humors1 though it stuffe the head1 as all vehement exercises do4 ,it exerciseth the armes and backe chiefly1 and next to them the legges1 and therfore it must needs be good for such1 as desire to haue those partes strong and perfit1 to digest their meate at will1 to distribute profitable iuice to the whole body1 and to auoide needelesse matter1 as well by sweate1 as by any other kinde of secret euacuation4 ,and yet it is very ill for a naughtie backe1 for hoat kidneyes1 for sharp vrine1 and generally for any that is troubled with infirmities and diseases in those parts which are strained with stirring4 ,thus much concerning the particular exercises1 which ,i haue pickt out from the rest1 as most reducible to our time and countrie1 wherein ,i haue not followed the ordinarie diuision1 which the training maisters and ,physicians do vse1 but ,i deuised such a one1 as ,i tooke to be fittest for myne owne purpose regarding our soyle and our seasons4 ,neither haue ,i rekened vp the other antique exercises1 but haue let them rest with their friends and fauorers1 which be long ago at rest4 ,for the tumbling ,cybistike1 the thumping ,pugillate1 the buffeting ,cestus1 the wrastling ,pancrace1 the quayting ,discus1 the barlike ,halteres1 the swinging ,petawre1 and such old memorandums1 they are to auncient and to farre worne from the vse of our youth3 the considering whereof may rather stirre coniecture1 then stai assurance1 what they were1 when they were4 ,and of these which ,i haue named1 many be farre beyond boyes plaie1 for whom alone ,i do not deale1 but for all studentes in generall1 neither yet do ,i exclude either any age1 or any person1 if ,i may profit any else beside studentes and scholers4 ,neither do ,i tie the trayne to these exercises alone1 but alway to some though not alway to one kinde4 ,the cause and consideration must leade all1 which may bring forth the like1 and why not the better vpon due and wel obserued circunstance8 ,for though the general cause do direct much1 yet the particular circunstance directeth more1 being it self enformed in the generall iudgement4 ,the most of these notes1 which ,i haue alleaged1 were giuen in ,italie1 ,greece ,spaine1 and that climate farre distant1 and much differing from our degree4 ,wherefore our traine vpon consideration of the degrees in soyle1 in temperature1 in constitution1 and such like1 must appropriate it selfe where the difference is apparent4 ,therefore both to vse these exercises which ,i haue named1 to the best1 and to deuise other by comparison and circumstance1 as cause shal offer1 ,i will runne thorough those particularities1 which either make by right1 or marre by wrong applying1 both all that ,i haue said1 or that can be deuised in this kinde1 to preserue health4 ,,chapter #bh4 ,,of ,,the ,,circumstances ,,which ,,are ,,to ,,be ,,considered ,,in ,,exercise4 ,there be six circumstances1 which leade and direct all exercises1 and are carefully to be considered of1 by the trayning maister4 ,for either the missing or mistaking of any one of them1 may do harme to more then one1 and the vsing of them with circumspection and warynes1 doth procure that good to health1 which this whole discourse hitherto hath promised4 ,the sixe circumstances be these1 the nature of the exercise which ye entend to vse3 the person and body which is to be exercised1 the place wherin1 the time when1 the quantitie how much1 the maner how1 whereof ,i do meane to giue some particular aduertisements so as ,i do finde the learned physicianes1 and wise health maisters to haue handled them in their writings1 yet by the way least any man either dispaire of the good1 and therefore spare the prouing1 because the forme of exercise doth seeme so intricate1 and there with all to much3 or if he be entred in triall1 and thinke he shall faile1 if he misse in some litle1 bycause the charge is giuen so precisely1 to keepe al that is enioyned3 ,i wish him not to thinke either the errour vnpardonable1 to regard1 or the thing vnauailable to health1 if either all1 or any one of these circumstances be not absolutely hyt4 ,for as a perfit healthfull body is not to be found by enquirie1 which is not to be hoped for in nature1 bycause in so continuall a chaunge such a perfitnes cannot chaunce1 our bodyes being subiect to so many imperfections3 so is it no wonder for men to do what they may1 and to wish for the best1 though still beyond their reach4 ,if any can come neare them1 he breakes no right of vse1 though he misse the rule of art1 which alwaye enioyneth in the precisest sort1 but yet resteth content with that which falleth within compasse of ordynarie circumstance4 ,the reason is1 art weyeth the matter abstracte1 and free from circumstaunce1 and therefore hauing the whole obiect at commaundemet1 she may set downe her precept1 according to that perfitnes1 which she doth conceiue3 but the execution being chekt with a number of accidentarie occurrences1 which art cannot comprehend1 as being to infinite to collect1 must haue one eye to her precept1 and an other to hir power1 and aske consideration counsell1 how to performe that with a number of lettes1 and thwartings which1 art did prescribe1 either without any1 or at the lest1 with not so many4 ,,chapter #bi4 ,,the ,,nature ,,and ,,qualitie ,,of ,,the ,,exercise4 ,the nature of the exercise which we vse1 either to recouer health and strength1 if they be feebled3 or to preserue them1 that they feeble not1 as it is verie forcible to worke this healthfull effect3 so it deserueth verie circumspect consideration1 in applying and fitting it to the effect3 that the exercise in his degree of motion may aunswere the partie in his kinde of constitution3 least by iarring that way too farre1 they fall into a greater discord4 ,galene#de examining the thinges1 which do please the displeased infantes1 findes out that all their naturall vnquietnesse is appeased by three natural meanes1 which the nurse vseth1 the pappe to feede1 the voice to still1 the arme to moue4 ,whervpon he concludeth that meat to nourish1 ,musicke to delite1 motion to exercise be most naturall1 which being so1 then for the preseruation of nature1 she must needes haue her owne motion1 which agreeth best with her owne disposition4 ,for as some exercises go before the maine to prepare the bodie1 and some follow to retourne it by degrees into his former state and temper3 so some be verie vehement1 strong1 and strainable3 other verie gentle1 curteous1 and remisse3 which must haue echone their application1 according vnto the qualitie1 and state of the bodie1 wherunto they are to be applyed4 ,they be also as far distinct and different1 as particular circunstance can worke alteration in any respect1 as their particular titles before did shew in their particular braunching and diuision4 ,and yet therein they swarue not from the generalitie of ,physicke1 which leaning vpon some vnfallible groundes1 yet lighteth still vpon some fallible euentes1 which make the whole profession to seeme coniecturall1 though in the best and surest kinde of coniecture1 if the professour haue studied to sufficiencie and obserued so long1 till discretion haue saide1 the thing is thus4 ,i will not therfore spend any more labour1 about a matter of so great confusion1 but as they shall fall out1 so will ,i apply them1 that by their proper vse1 their propertie maye appeare4 ,,footnotes3 #de #a4 ,sanit4 tuen4 ,,chapter #cj4 ,,of ,,the ,,bodies ,,which ,,are ,,to ,,be ,,exercised4 ,in the bodie which is to take good of exercise1 there be three pointes to be considered3 #a4 for either it is sickly hauing his operations tainted and weake3 #b4 or it is healthy and without any extraordinarie and sensible taint3 #c4 or it is valetudinarie1 neither pure sicke nor perfit whole4 ,to speake first of the weake and sickish bodie1 it is to be noted1 as hath bene already in parte marked before1 that sicknesse assaileth vs three wayes3 ,by distemperature1 when either the whole bodie1 or some parte therof is anoyed with vnproportionate heat1 cold1 drynesse1 or moysture3 or by misfashioning1 when either the whole bodie1 or some parte therof1 wanteth his due forme1 his iumpe quantitie1 his iust number1 his naturall seat3 or by diuision1 when any part of the bodie being naturally vnited vpon some weaknesse is dissolued and sundred4 ,and as diseases come by one1 or all these three wayes1 so health doth defend it selfe by the contrarie1 good temperature1 good forme1 good vniting of partes4 ,it is graunted by the best though contraried by some of the soryest ,physicians1 that sicke bodies may be put to exercise3 so it be well considered before1 what kinde of weaknesse the body is in3 and what kinde of helpe may be hoped for by the exercise4 ,as for example in sicknesse which commeth by distemperature3 if a bodie be distempered with to much heat1 it may not be put to any great or earnest exercise1 for ouer heating4 ,if it be to drie and withered1 it must forbeare much exercise for feare of ouerdrying4 ,if it be to hoat and dry both1 or to hoat and to moyste both1 it must quite abandon exercise1 as in the first kinde enflaming1 in the second choking4 ,if it be cold and drie it must either neuer be exercised or verie gently4 ,if it be cold or moyst1 then exercise can do it no harme4 ,if it be cold and moyst1 it maye boldly abide exercise3 which variety commeth vpon the effectes1 that are wrought by exercises1 either in augmenting heat1 and stirring humours1 or auoiding superfluities4 ,whervpon the generall conclusion is3 that no distempered bodie may vse1 any great or vehement exercise though some there be1 which may venture vp on some meane and gentle kinde of stirring1 whether the infirmitie concerne the whole bodie1 or be so in some parte1 as it shake not the whole4 ,if the infirmitie in fashion be casuall and come by late misfortune1 7for in this kinde naturall weaknesse is euer excepted7 exercise maye do good1 bycause it will make that streight1 which was croked1 that smooth1 which was rugged1 lay that which was swollen1 raise that which was layd1 emptie that which was full1 fill that which was emptie1 open that which was close and shut3 and so forth1 still working the contrarie to the defect1 and thereby the amendment4 ,if the faulte be in quantitie1 great and swift exercises will abate1 and pull downe the flesh1 small and slow will fat and thicken it4 ,if the fault be in number1 exercise helpeth1 as vehement mouing driueth the stone and grauell from the straite passages of the kidneyes to the broader1 and from thence downe into the bladder4 ,if the fault be in seat1 no exercise is good1 bycause till the part be restored to his place and site1 there is no mouing to be vsed1 nor yet long after1 for feare of displacing it againe4 ,if the fault come by disvnion1 exulration1 or gaule1 the disvniting of the nobler partes1 as the braine1 the stomacke1 the liuer1 and such other1 specially if it be ioyned with any ague excludeth all exercises4 ,the baser partes refuse not meane stirring1 as the skinne being deuided and disvnited with scabbes1 which come of salt and sharp humours1 by motion is freed and deliuered of them4 ,this consideration is to be had in the exercising of sicke bodies1 whether the sicknesse come by distemperature of humours1 by deformitie in composition1 or by disvnion of partes4 ,sidenote3 ,valetudinarie4 ,concerning valetudinarie bodies1 which be neither alwaye sicke1 nor euer whole1 and such as be vpon recouerie after sicknesse1 and aged men1 whom yeares make weake and sickish1 thus ,i read3 that exercise is verie necessarie for the two first1 to strengthen their limmes1 to dispatche superfluities1 to stirre heat1 to restore the bodie to his best habite1 alwaye prouided that the exercise rise from some mediocritie and slownes by degrees to that height1 which the parties may well abide4 ,for to earnest and rash exercise will empaire their health more4 ,olde men1 as by want of naturall heat1 they grow full of superfluities1 so they must haue some pleasant and gentle kinde of exercise1 both to stirre the heat1 and to ridde awaye those needlesse necessities1 which of force inferre sicknes1 if they be not enforced awaye4 ,and as they be naturally drie1 so they must vse no exercise1 which dryeth to much4 ,wherein these foure circunstances are to be considered1 #a4 ,first their strength1 which being not great1 requireth but quiet and gentle exercises4 ,for though ,prodicus the warie ,philosopher in ,plato1 ,antiochus the healthy ,physician in ,galene1 ,spurina the considerate counsellour in ,plinie1 could do straunge thinges in their olde age1 by good forsight in their former yeares1 yet they be no generall presidentes4 #b4 ,secondly the forme of their bodies4 ,for as good constitutions1 can do that meanly and pretily well in their olde age1 which they did strongly and stowtly in their youth1 so the weake and misfashioned are vnfit for exercise4 ,for loude speaking will hurt to narrow bulkes1 and any walking fainteth weake legges1 and so forth in all imperfections of the like sorte4 #c4 ,thirdly how they haue bene vsed3 bycause they will better awaie with their acquainted exercises1 then with other1 wherunto they haue neuer bene vsed1 the vehemencie and courage of their yong dayes onely excepted4 #d4 ,fourthly what infirmities they be subiect vnto1 as if their heades will soone be giddy1 or their eyes sore1 or if they be in daunger of sudden falling1 then they must auoide all exercises which be offensiue to the head4 ,and this rule is generally to be obserued in all bodies1 that the partes pacient maye not be pressed to sore4 ,sidenote3 ,healthy bodyes4 ,as for healthy and strong bodies1 they are to be esteemed not by absolute perfitnesse in measure and rule1 which will not be found1 but by performing all naturall functions1 without any greife or painfull let3 wherof in some places there is good plentie4 ,for as generally in so many wayes to weaknesse1 our bodies neuer continuyng any one minute in the same state1 perfit health in the absolutest degree is not to be hoped for3 so in the second degree of perfection1 where no sensible let is1 no felt feeblenesse1 but all ordinaries excellent1 though no excellent extraordinarie1 there be many bodies to be found healthfull1 lustie1 and lasting verie long3 as the soile wherin they brede and be is of healthfulnesse1 and wholesomnesse4 ,such a praise doth ,galene giue to his owne1 and ,hipocrates#df his country3 ,nay that is the common proofe1 where small diet1 and much labour accompanieth necessitie in state and good constitution in body4 ,now these healthfull bodyes1 as they dayly feede1 and digest well1 so to auoide superfluities1 which come thereby1 bycause no meat is so meete with the body1 as it turneth all into nurriture1 they must of necessitie pray ayde of exercise1 which must be neither to violent1 nor to immoderate1 but sutable to their constitution1 as in the priuate description the particular exercise bewrayeth it selfe1 and generally the generall reason suffiseth such a trayner1 as can vse the consideration of circumstance wisely4 ,in exercising of healthy bodies1 there be fiue speciall thinges to be obserued4 #a4 ,the first is how they haue bene vsed1 for looke wherewith they haue bene most acquainted1 and therein1 or in the like they will best continew1 and with most ease4 #b4 ,the second is what age they be of1 for old men must haue gentle exercises1 children somewhat more stirring1 yong men more then they1 and yet but in a meane1 bycause they are subiect to more harme by violence then either children or old men1 for that hauing strong and drie bodyes1 thicke and stiffe flesh1 fast cleauing to the bone1 and the skinne stretched accordingly1 they are in great daunger of strong conuulsions1 and diuers ruptures1 both of flesh and veines1 through extremities of exercise4 #c4 ,the third is the state of their body1 because fat and grosse men1 may abyde much more exercise1 then leane may and so in other4 #d4 ,the fourth is their kinde of liuing1 for he that eateth much1 and sleepeth much1 must either exercise much or liue but a while4 ,and to the contrary1 the spare feeder or great waker1 needeth not any such kinde of physicke4 #e4 ,the fift is the temperature of their bodyes1 for small exercise satisfieth drie or hoat bodyes1 in any degree of eager heat4 ,againe colde bodyes may away with both vehement and very much1 for moyst bodyes to auoide superfluities1 exercise and labour is very good1 so the bodies be not hoat withall1 the humor very much and very soone turned into vapour1 and that also neare to the lungues for feare of choking after much stirring4 ,hoat and dry admit no exercise1 hoat and moyste1 cold and dry admit some litle4 ,but of all constitutions none is more helpt by exercise then the colde and moyst3 because heat and clearing1 the two effectes of exercise haue their owne subiect whereon to worke1 which must be weyed in complexions1 and states of the body4 ,,footnotes3 #df #b4 ,de tu4 vali4 ,,chapter #ca4 ,,of ,,the ,,exercising ,,places4 ,that the place1 wherein any thing is done1 is of great force to the well or ill performing therof1 and specially in natural executions1 there can be no better profe1 then that we se1 not onely plantes and trees1 not onely brute beastes and cattell1 but also euen the bodies and myndes of men to be altered and chaunged1 with the varietie and alteration of the place and soyle1 so that for the better exercising of the bodies to the preseruing or recouering of health1 it is verie materiall to limit some certainety concerning the place4 ,wherin not to dwell long at this time1 bycause in the common place both for learning and exercising togither1 ,i shall haue occasion to say more of this matter3 these foure qualities are to be obserued in the place4 #a4 ,first the place where ye exercise1 must haue his ground flowred so1 as it be not offensiue to the body1 as in wrastling not hard to fall on1 in daunsing soft1 and not slipperie4 ,how angrie would a boie be to be driuen to scourge his top in sand1 grauell1 or deepe rushes8 and so forth in the rest3 as is most fit for the body exercised1 with lest daunger and best dispatch4 #b4 ,the second1 that the place be either free from any wind at all1 or if be not possible to auoide some1 that it be not subiect to any sharpe and byting winde3 which may do the body some wrong1 being open1 and therefore ready to receiue forreine harme by the ayer4 #c4 ,thirdly that the place be open1 and not close nor couered1 to haue the best and purest ayre at will1 whereby the body becommeth more quicke and liuely1 and after voyding noysom superfluities1 may proue lightsome by the very ayer and soyle4 #d4 ,fourthly that there be no contagious nor noysome stenche neare the place of exercise1 for feare of infecting that by new corruption1 which was lately cleared by healthful motion4 ,generally if the place connot be so fit and fauourable to exercise1 as wish would it were1 yet wisedom may win thus much1 that he may be as well appointed1 to preuent the ill of euery both season and circumstance1 as possibility can commonly performe4 ,when great conquests had made states almost1 nay in deede to wealthie1 and libertie of soyle giuen them place to chuse1 they builded to this end meruelous and sumptuous monuments1 which time and warres haue wasted1 but we which must doe as we may1 must be content with that1 which our power can compasse1 and if the worst fall1 thinke that he which placed vs in the world1 hath appointed the world for vs for an exercising place1 not onely for the body against infections1 but also for the mynde against affections1 which being herselfe well trayned1 doth make the bodie yeelde to the bent of her choice4 ,,chapter #cb4 ,,of ,,the ,,exercising ,,time4 ,time is deuided into accidentarie and naturall1 and naturall againe into generall and particular4 ,the naturall time generally construed is ment by the spring1 the summer1 the haruest and the wynter3 particularly by the howers of the day and night4 ,the accidentarie time chaungeth his name still1 sometime faire1 sometime foule1 sometime hoat1 sometime colde and so forth4 ,of this accidentary time this rule is giuen1 that in exercise we chuse1 as neare as we can1 faire weather1 cleare and lightsome to confirme the spirites1 which naturally reioice in light and are refreshed thereby3 not cloudy1 darke and thicke1 wherein grosse humours make the bodie dull and heauie3 againe when there is either no great1 or no verie noysome winde to pearce the open pored body1 nor to much forreine heat to enflame the naturall3 nor to much cold to stiffen it to sore4 ,for the naturall time generally taken1 ,aristotle#dg would haue the bodie most exercised in sommer1 bycause the naturall heat being then least1 and the bodie therefore most burdened with superfluities1 then exercise most helpes3 both to encrease the inward heat1 and to send out those outward dettes4 ,hippocrates#dh againe giuing three principall rules to be kept in exercise1 to auoide wearinesse1 to walke in the morning1 maketh this the third to vse both more and longer exercise in the winter and cold weather1 and most of his fauourites hold that opinion4 ,the reason is1 bycause in sommer the heat of the time dryeth the bodie enough1 so that it needeth no exercise to wither it to much1 where the aire it selfe doth drie it enough4 ,galene#di a man of great authoritie in his profession1 pronounceth thus in generall1 that as temperate bodies are to be exercised in a temperate season which he countes to be spring3 so cold bodies are in hoat weather3 hoat in cold1 moyst in drie1 drie in moyst3 meaning thereby that whensoeuer the bodie seemeth to yeeld towardes any distemperature1 then the contrarie both time and place must be fled to for succour4 ,of these opinions iudgement is to chuse1 which it best liketh4 ,me thinke vpon diuers considerations1 they maye all stand well without any repugnance1 seing neither ,hippocrates nor ,galene1 deny exercise in sommer simply1 and ,aristotle doth shew what it worketh in sommer4 ,for the naturall time particularly taken1 thus much is said1 that it is vnwholesome to exercise after meat1 bycause it hindereth digestion by dispersing the heat1 which should be assembled wholly to further and helpe digestion4 ,and yet both ,aristotle and ,auicene1 allow some gentle walking after meat1 to cause it so much the sooner setle downe in the stomacke1 specially if one meane to sleepe shortly after4 ,but for exercise before meate1 that is excedingly and generally commended1 bycause it maketh the naturall heat strong against digesting time1 and driuing away vnprofitable humours1 disperseth the better and more wholesome1 thorough out the whole bodie1 whereas after meate it filleth it with rawnesse1 and want of digestion3 bycause mouing marres concoction1 and lets the boyling of the stomacke4 ,now in this place there be three thinges to be considered4 #a4 ,first that none venture vpon any exercise1 before the bodie be purged naturally1 by the nose1 the mouth1 the belly1 the bladder1 bycause the contrarie disperseth that into the bodie1 which should be dismissed and sent awaie3 nor before the ouernightes diet be thoroughly digested1 for feare of to much superfluitie1 besides crudity and cholere4 ,belching and vrine be argmentes of perfit or vnperfit digestion4 ,the whiter vrine the worse and weaker digestion1 the yealower1 the better4 #b4 ,the second consideration is1 that no exercise be medled withall the stomacke being verie emptie1 and wearie hungrie1 least rauening cause ouerreaching1 and ,hippocrates#ej condemne you1 for linking labour with hunger1 a thing by him in his aphorismes forbid4 ,the third consideration is not to eate streight after the exercise1 before the bodie be reasonably setled4 ,yet corpulent carcases1 which labour to be lightened of their cariage1 be allowed their vittail1 though they be puffing hoat4 ,the cause why this distance betwene mouing and meate is enioyned1 is this1 for that the bodie is still a clearing1 while it is yet hoat3 and the excrementes be but fleeting3 so that neither the partie can yet be hungrie1 nor the heat entend digestion4 ,whervpon they counsell him that is yet hoat after exercise1 neither to washe himselfe in cold water3 nor to drinke wine1 nor cold water4 ,bycause washing will hurt the open body1 wine will streight way steeme vp into the head1 cold water will offend the belly and lyver1 yea sometime gaule the sinewes1 nay sometime call for death4 ,sidenote3 ,houres4 ,what houres of the daie were best for exercise1 the auncient ,physicians for their soile1 in their time1 and to their reason1 appointed it thus4 ,in the spring about noone1 for the temperatenesse of the aire3 in sommer in the morning1 to preuent the heat of the daie3 in haruest and winter towardes night3 bycause the morninges be cold1 the dayes short1 and to be employed otherwise3 and the meat before that time will lightly be well digested4 ,but now in our time1 the diet being so farre altered1 and neuer a circumstance the same1 no time is fitter for exercise then the ,muses not to wonder and muse at it1 that we be so boulde with our and their common friend1 ,i meane the morning1 seeing we seeke to haue learning and health ioyned together4 ,which falling both most fit in the morning1 doth lend vs an argument to proue that they were ill sundred1 whom the samenes of time so vniteth together4 ,in the morning the bodie is light1 being deliuered of excrementes1 strong after sleepe1 free from common lettes and without any perill of indigestion1 all which fall out quite contrarie in the euening4 ,if any writer allow any other houre after meate1 it is in some extremitie of sicknesse1 not in respect of exercise3 as when the weather is most lowring1 and children most heauie and dumpish1 why is not then the fittest time to play1 by chearing the minde1 to lighthen the bodie8 ,,footnotes3 #dg #b4 ,part4 proble4 #ba4 #cc4 #db4 #dh #c4 ,de dita4 #di #b4 ,de tuen4 vali4 #ej #b4 ,aph4 #af4 ,,chapter #cc4 ,,of ,,the ,,quantitie ,,that ,,is ,,to ,,be ,,kept ,,in ,,exercise4 ,all they which vse exercises vse them either not so much as they should1 and that doeth small good1 or more then they should1 and that doeth much harme1 or so as they should1 and that doeth much good4 ,wherupon he that hath skill to crie ho1 when he is at the height of his exercise1 wherwith nature feeleth her selfe to be best content1 knoweth best wherein the best measure consisteth4 ,but how may one know the verie pitche in exercise1 and when it were best for one to crie ho8 principally by these two generall limittes4 #a4 ,wherof the first is1 when a vapour mingled with sweat is sensibly perceiued to proceede from the bodie3 when the vaines begin to swell1 and the breathing to alter4 ,for wheras the ende of exercise is to strengthen the bodie1 and to encrease the naturall heat1 whereby the wholesome iuyce is digested1 and distributed to the nurriture of the other partes3 and vnprofitable residences discharged3 if the exercise come not to these degrees of sweat1 swelling1 and breathing1 it is to weake to worke those effectes1 which it doth vndertake4 #b4 ,the second generall limit is1 to continue the exercise so long1 as the face and bodie shall haue a fresh colour1 the motion shalbe quicke and in proportion1 and no wearynesse worth the speaking shalbe felt4 ,for if the colour begin to faint1 or the bodie to be gaunt1 or wearynesse to wring1 or the motion to shrinke1 or the sweat to alter in qualitie from hoat to cold1 in quantitie from more to lesse1 which should naturally encrease with the exercise1 then crie ho1 for feare of thinning the bodye to much1 of consuming the good and ill iuyces together1 of weakning the naturall heat1 of destroying in steade of strengthning3 bycause these be euident shewes1 that the bodie wasteth1 cooleth and dryeth more then it should4 ,now as these be generall staies not to proceede further1 but to rest when we are well3 so there be other more particuler1 wherein there is regard to be had1 to the strength or weakenes of the partie1 to the age1 to the time of the yeare1 to the temperature of the body1 to the kinde of life4 ,for in all these measure is a mery meane1 and immoderatenes a remeadilesse harme4 ,they that be of good strength may continue longer in exercise1 then any other1 without some great occasion to the contrary3 though they faint1 and feele some litle lassitude and wearines1 bycause they will quickly recouer themselues4 ,those that be but weake must exercise but a while1 bycause any small taint in them1 is long and hard to be recouered1 and therefore their limit is to be warme1 and to be ware of sweating4 #b4 ,as touching the difference in age4 ,olde men1 yea though they vse the same exercises1 wherewith they were acquainted when they were yong1 yet must leaue ear they either sweat or begin to be wearie1 bycause they are drye and wythered4 ,men of middle age must of necessitie keepe the meane lymit1 bycause too much offendes them1 to litle doth them litle good1 both hinder the state of their bodies4 ,youth from seuen till one and twenty1 will abyde much exercising1 very well3 wherefore they are allowed without daunger to be hoat and chafe1 to puffe and blow1 to sweat1 to be wearie also to some degree of lassitude3 for being full of excrementes by reason of ther reacheles diet1 they finde great ease in labour and sweat3 and being strong withall1 a litle wearines makes them litle worse4 ,and yet there must be great eye had to them1 that they keepe within compasse1 and so much the more1 the lesse they be aboue seuen yeare old4 ,for too much exercise in those yeares marres their growing1 and alters the constitution of their bodies to the worse4 #c4 ,for the time of the yeare4 ,in ,winter the exercise may be great1 till the body be hotte3 but yet sweat not1 lest the cold do harme4 ,in the ,spring more euen till it sweat1 in the ,haruest lesse1 in the ,sommer least3 because the ayre which enuironeth the body1 doth then of it selfe so wearie and weaken it1 as it needeth neither sweating1 nor heating1 nor wearying with exercise1 wherein ,hippocrates and his ,phisicke will preuaile against ,aristotle and his ,philosophie4 #d4 ,for the temperature of the body3 ,moyst bodies may abide much exercise1 by much stirring to drie vp much moisture1 so that they may sweat1 and yet they must take heede of wearynes4 ,dry bodies may very ill away with any exercise1 and if with any1 it must be such as will neither cause heat nor sweat4 ,could bodies may moue till they be throughly warme4 ,hoat bodies must be deintily dealt withall4 ,for heat1 sweat1 and great chaunge of their breathing be enemies to their complexion4 ,hoat and dry for feare of encreasing their qualities to much must be content with either no exercise at all1 or with verie litle4 ,cold and dry may abyde stirring in respect of their coldnes1 till they be warme3 but for feare of ouerdrying they must not venture vpon sweat4 ,hoat and moyst must vse moderate exercise1 bycause to litle dyminisheth not their superfluous moysture3 to much melteth to fast1 and warmth to much4 ,whereupon daungerous flixes ensue3 so that they must needes auoid great alteration of breath1 and to much warmeth4 ,cold and moyst may exercise them selues till they blow1 till they be hoat1 and till they sweat4 ,to be short1 of any constitution this may best abide exercise1 to emptie it of needlesse humors1 to stirre the natural heat1 and to procure perfit digestion4 ,sicke-men may not dreame of any definite quantitie in their exercises1 bycause according to the variety of their infirmities1 both their exercises1 and the quantities thereof must be proportionally applyed3 so that there can be no certaine rule set for them4 ,such as be newly recouered from sicknes1 or that be on the mending hand1 bycause their strength is feeble1 their heat weake1 their lymes dried vp1 must content themselues with small and competent exercise1 for feare of no small inconuenience4 ,their limit therefore must be to stirre1 but not to change breath1 to warme1 but not to heat1 to labour1 but not to be wearie3 yet as their health growes1 their exercise may encrease4 #e4 ,for the kinde of life4 ,such as liue moderately and with great continencie1 though they be not full of superfluities1 and therefore neede not exercise much3 yet they must not abandon it quite1 least their bodies for want therof1 becomming vnweildie1 lease both the benefit of naturall heat1 and good constitution1 and auoid not such residence1 as of force breedes in them1 and in the ende will cause some sicknes crepe on1 which comes without warning1 bycause ,iupiter1 as both ,hesiode sayeth1 and ,plutarch subscribeth1 hath cut her tongue out1 least she tell1 when she comes1 for that he would haue her come stealing1 eare she be perceiued1 as ,galene also maketh the litle vnperceiued1 or for the smallnesse contemned to be mother to all illes both of bodie and soule4 ,incontinence breedes much matter for exercise3 and therefore requireth much1 cheifly to procure sound sleepe1 the captaine cause of good digestion4 ,such as haue not vsed exercises before1 and be nouices in the trade1 must first be purged1 then by meane and moderate ascents1 day by day be well applyed1 till they come to that degree1 wherein those are1 which haue bene acquainted therewith before4 ,but in all those degrees and mediocrities1 immoderate exercise must alway be eschewed1 as a very capitall enemie to health causing children not to prosper nor grow3 lustie men to fall into vnequall distemperatures1 and oftimes agues3 oldmen to become dry and ouerwearied4 ,to conclude who is it1 to whom it doth not some harme1 and from whom it keepeth not some great good4 ,these be the tokens1 whereby immoderate exercises be discerned1 if ye feele your ioyntes to be very hoat3 if you perceiue your body to be drie and vnequall3 if in your trauell you feele some pricking in your flesh1 as if it were of some angrie push3 if after sweating your colour become pale3 if you finde your selfe faint and wearie more than ordinary1 which wearines1 fayntnesse and pricking1 occupy the credit of a great circumstance in physicke1 of ,galene1#ea and greeke physicianes called of the latines and our ,linacer lassitudines1 and come vpon dissolution and thinning of grosse humours1 being to many at that time to cleare the body of1 and pricking as they passe like some angrie bile within the body1 whereby the body is both forced to make an end of exercise1 and withall is verie wearysome1 and stif oftymes after4 ,,footnotes3 #ea #d4 ,de tuenda sanita4 ,,chapter #cd4 ,,of ,,the ,,manner ,,of ,,exercising4 ,galene in the second booke of his preseruatiue to health knitteth vp three great thinges in verie few wordes1 that who so can handle the exercises in due maner1 with the apotherapeutike1 or gouerning the body after exercise1 and his frictions to rubbe it and chafe it as it should be1 is an absolute trayner in his kinde4 ,wherein we may see the vse of chafing1 and rubbing the body both to be verie auncient1 and very healthfull1 to warme the outward partes1 to open the passages for superfluitie1 and to make one actiue and chearie to deale with any thing afterward4 ,it hath his place euery day at tymes1 euery yeare in seasons1 altering vpon circumstance1 but still both needefull and healthfull1 and clearith where it chafeth4 ,for the apotherapeutike much hath bene saide already3 wherefore this place must serue peculiarly for the maner of exercising4 ,they of old time to whom these rules were first giuen hauing all thinges at their will1 and sparing for no cost1 neither straited for want of time1 which they disposed as they listed1 and to whom the traine bycause of their libertie and leasure was properly bequeathed1 did vse many circumstances both ear they entred into their exercise1 and when they were in it1 and also after that they had ended it1 ear they went to meat4 ,which their curious course1 ,i will briefly runne through1 onely to let them see it1 which can do no more but see it1 bycause the circumstances of our time will skant suffer any to assay it4 ,after that they felt their former meat fully digested1 and had at leysure performed what belonged to the purging of their bodies1 they disrobed themselues1 and were chafed with a gentle kinde of rubber1 till that the freshnes of their colour1 and agilytie of their ioyntes seemed to call for exercise4 ,then were they oynted with sweete oyle so neatly and with such cunning1 as it might sooke into their bodies1 and search euerie ioynt4 ,that being done if they ment to wrastle1 they threw dust vpon the oyntment3 if not1 they went to the exercise1 which they had most fansie vnto1 which being ended they rested a while1 then with certaine scrapers called ,strigiles1 they had all their filth scrapte of their bodies3 afterward they were chafed and rubbed againe1 then oynted also againe1 either in the ,sunne or by the fire4 ,then to the bath1 last of all apparelling themselues they fell to their meat4 ,and this was not one or two1 nor men of might alone1 but euery one and of euery sort1 nay1 shall ,i say it8 euen of euery sex4 ,a long and laboriouse trauell1 and an argument of much ease1 and to much adoe in that1 which should be more common4 ,but in these our dayes1 considering we neither haue such places wherin1 nor the persons by whose helpe1 nor the leasure by whose sufferance we maye entend so delicate a tendring of our selues1 and yet for all that may not neglect so great a misterie for our owne health1 as exercise is1 though we cannot reatch to the olde1 which perhaps we neede not1 smaller prouision and simpler fourniture1 will serue our turne1 and worke the same effectes1 nay may fortune better by helpe of some circunstance peculiar to our selues4 ,therefore for our maner and order of exercise1 these few and easie considerations may seeme to be sufficient3 ,to cleare our bodies from superfluities echewaye1 to combe our heades1 to wash our handes and face1 to apparell our selues for the purpose1 to begin our exercise first slowly1 and so grow on quicker1 to rebate softly1 and by gentle degrees1 to change our sweatie clothes1 to walke a litle after1 last of all our bodies being setled1 to go to our meate4 ,this is that which ,i promised to note concerning the six circunstances of exercise4 ,,chapter #ce4 ,,an ,,aduertisement ,,to ,,the ,,training ,,maister4 ,,why ,,both ,,the ,,teaching ,,of ,,the ,,minde1 ,,and ,,the ,,training ,,of ,,the ,,bodie ,,be ,,assigned ,,to ,,the ,,same ,,maister4 ,,the ,,inconueniences ,,which ,,ensue1 ,,where ,,the ,,bodie ,,and ,,soule ,,be ,,made ,,particular ,,subiectes ,,to ,,severall ,,professions4 ,,that ,,who ,,so ,,will ,,execute ,,anything ,,well1 ,,must ,,of ,,force ,,be ,,fully ,,resolued ,,of ,,the ,,excellency ,,of ,,his ,,owne ,,subiect4 ,,out ,,of ,,what ,,kinde ,,of ,,writers ,,the ,,exercising ,,maister ,,may ,,store ,,himselfe ,,with ,,cunning4 ,,that ,,the ,,first ,,groundes ,,would ,,be ,,laid ,,by ,,the ,,cunningest ,,workeman4 ,,that ,,priuate ,,discretion ,,in ,,any ,,executor ,,is ,,of ,,more ,,efficacie ,,then ,,his ,,skill4 ,i haue already spoken of the parties1 which are to be exercised1 and what they are to obserue3 nowe must ,i saye somwhat of him1 and to him1 which is to direct the exercise1 and how he may procure sufficient knowledge1 wherby to do it exceeding well4 ,and yet the trainers person is but a parcell of that person1 whom ,i do charge with the whole4 ,for ,i do assigne both the framing of the minde1 and the training of the bodie to one mans charge1 whose sufficiencie may verie well satisfie both1 being so neare companions in linke1 and not to be vncoupled in learning4 ,the causes why ,i medle in this place with the training maister1 or rather the training parte of the common maister1 be these3 first ,i did promise in my methode of exercises so to do3 secondly the late discours of exercise will somwhat lighten this matter1 and whatsoeuer shall be said here1 may easely be reuiued there1 where ,i deale with the generall maister4 ,beside this1 exercise being so great a braunche of education as the sole traine of the whole bodie1 maye well commaunde such a particular labour1 though in deede ,i seuer not the persons1 where ,i ioine the properties4 ,for in appointing seuerall executions1 where the knowledge is vnited1 and the successe followeth by the continuall comparing of the partes1 how they both maye1 or how they both do best procede in their best way1 how can that man iudge wel of the soule1 whose trauell consisteth in the bodie alone8 or how shall he perceiue what is the bodies best1 which hauing the soule onely committed to his care1 posteth ouer the bodie as to an other mans reckening8 ,in these cases both fantsie workes affection1 and affection ouer-weyneth1 either best liking where it fantsieth most1 or most following1 where it affecteth best1 as it doth appeare in ,diuines1 who punish the bodie1 to haue the soule better1 and in ,physicians1 who looke a side at the soule1 bycause the bodie is there best4 ,where by the way ,i obserue1 the different effectes which these two subiectes1 being seuered in charge1 do offer vnto their professours4 ,for the health of the soule is the ,diuines best1 both for his honest delite1 that it doth so well1 and for his best ease1 that himselfe faires so well4 ,for an honest1 vertuous1 godly and well disposed soule1 doth highly esteeme and honorably thinke of the professour of diuinitie1 and teacher of his religion1 bycause vertuous dealinges1 godly meditations1 heauently thoughtes1 which the one importeth1 be the others portion1 and the best food1 to a well affected minde3 ,whervpon in such a healthy disposition of a well both informed and reformed soule1 the ,diuine can neither lacke honor for his person1 nor substance for his purse4 ,now to the contrarie the health of the bodie1 which is the ,physicians subiect1 is generally his worst1 though it be the ende of his profession1 which though he be glad of his owne good nature1 as he is a man1 or of his good conscience1 as he is a ,christian1 that the bodie doth wel1 yet his chymny doth not smoke where no pacient smartes4 ,for the healthfull bodie commonly careth not for the ,physician1 it is neede that makes him sought4 ,and as the ,philosopher sayeth1 if all men were freindes1 then iustice should not neede1 bycause no wrong would be offered3 so if all bodies were whole that no distemperature enforced3 or if the ,diuine were well and duetifully heard1 that no intemperance distempered1 ,physick should haue small place3 ,now the contrary dealinges1 bycause the diuine is not heard1 and distemperature not auoided1 do enforce ,physick1 for the healing parte of it1 as the mother of the professours gaine3 where as the preseruing part neither will be kept by the one1 neither enricheth the other4 ,in these two professions we do generally see what the seuering of such neare neighbours doth bring to passe1 like two tenantes in one house belonging to seuerall lordes4 ,and yet the affections of the one so tuch the other1 as they cause sometimes1 both the ,diuine to thinke of the body1 for the better support of the soule3 and the ,physician to thinke of the soule to helpe him in his cure with comfort and courage4 ,the seuering of those two1 sometime shew vs verie pitifull conclusions1 when the ,diuine diliuers the desperate sicke soule1 ouer to the secular magistrate1 and a forcible death by waye of punishement3 and the ,physician deliuereth the desperate sicke bodie to the ,diuines care1 and a forced ende by extremitie of disease4 ,i dare not saye that these professions might ioyne in one person1 and yet ,galene#eb examining the force which a good or ill soule hath to imprint the like affections in the bodie1 would not haue the ,physician to tarie for the ,phylosopher but to play the parte himselfe4 ,where to much distraction is1 and subalterne professions be made seuerall heads1 there the professions make the most of their subiectes1 and the subiectes receiue least good1 though they parte from most4 ,and seuerall professing makes the seuerall trades to swell beyond proportion1 euerie one seeking to make the most of his owne1 nay rather vanting his owne1 as simply the highest1 though it creepe very low4 ,and therefore in this my traine ,i couch both the partes vnder one maister's care4 ,for while the bodie is committed to one1 and the soul commended to an other1 it falleth out most times1 that the poore bodie is miserably neglected1 while nothing is cared for but onely the soule1 as it proueth true in very zealous ,diuines3 and that the soule it selfe is but sillyly looked to1 while the bodie is in price1 and to much borne with1 as is generally seene3 and that in this conflicte the diligent scholer in great strength of soule1 beares mostwhat about him1 but a feeble1 weake1 and a sickish bodie4 ,wherefore to haue the care equally distributed which is due to both the partes1 ,i make him but one1 which dealeth with both4 ,for ,i finde no such difficultie1 but that either for the cunning he may compasse it3 or for the trauell he maye beare it1 hauing all circunstances free by succession in houres4 ,moreouer as the temperature of the soule smelleth of the temperature of the bodie1 so the soule being well affected1 will draw on the bodie to her bent4 ,for will a modest and a moderate soule but cause the body obey the rule of her temperance8 or if the soule it selfe be reclaymed from follie1 doth it not constraine the bodie forth with to follow8 ,so that it were to much to sunder them in charge1 whose dispositions be so ioyned1 and the skill of such facilitie1 as may easely be attained1 and so much the sooner1 bycause it is the preseruing parte1 which requireth most care in the partie1 and but small in the trainer1 as the healinge part of ,physicke requireth most cunning in the professour1 and some obedience in the patient4 ,i do make great account of the parties skill1 that is to execute matters which besides diligence require skill3 for if he be skilfull himselfe1 it almost needes not to giue precept4 ,if he be not1 it altogither bootes not4 ,if he be skillfull he will execute well1 bycause he can helpe the thing1 which he must execute if particular occurrence pray aide at the sudden3 if he want skill he will lightly mangle that1 which is wel set downe1 if he be a medler4 ,wherefore seing ,i wish the executors cunning1 and yet must be content to take him as ,i finde him3 ,i will do my best both to instruct infirmitie1 and to content cunning4 ,i must therefore haue him to thinke1 that there be two properties which he must take to be of most efficacie to make a cunning executor4 ,the one is to be rauished with the excellencie and worthynes of the thing which he is to execute4 ,the other is1 if he may very easily attaine vnto some singuler knowledge in so noble a subiect1 which both concur in this present execution4 ,sidenote3 ,the liking of the executors subiect4 #a4 ,for graunting the soule simply the preheminence both in substance of being1 and in traine to be bettered1 can there be any other single subiect1 7which ,i say in respect of a communitie directed by diuine and humaine law1 that is compound1 and the principall subiect of any mans dealing17 can there be any single subiect ,i say of greater nobilitie1 and more worthy to be in loue with1 either by the partie1 that is to finde it1 or by him that is to frame it1 then healthfullnes of body8 which so toucheth the soule as it shakes it withall1 if it selfe be not sownd8 ,what a treasure health is1 they that haue it do finde1 though they feele it not till it faile1 when want bewrayes what a iewell they haue lost1 and their cost discouers how they mynde the recouerie4 ,the ende of our being here is to serue ,god and our country1 in obedience to persons1 and perfourmance of duties3 ,if that may be done with health of bodie1 it is effectual and pithie3 if not1 then with sorow we must shift the soner1 and let other succede1 with no more assurance of life1 then we had made vs1 without this healthfull misterie3 in perpetuall change to let the world see1 that multitude doth supply with number the defect of a great deale better1 but to sone decaying paucity4 ,to liue and that long of whom is it not longed for1 as ,gods blessing if he know ,god3 as the benefit of nature1 if he be but a naturall man4 ,the state of our bodie1 when we are in good health1 so liuely and lusty1 so comfortable and cleare1 so quicke and chearie1 in part and in hole1 doth it not paint vs1 and point vs the valew of so preciouse a iewell1 as health is to be esteemed8 ,the pitifull grones1 the lamentable shrikes1 the lothsome lookes1 the image of death1 nay of a pyning death1 yea in hope of recouery3 the rufull heauines1 the wringing handes1 the wayling friendes1 all blacke before blacke1 when health is in despaire1 do they not crie and tell vs1 what a goodly thing health is1 themselues being so griesy8 ,so many monuments left by learned men1 so much sumptuousnes of the mightiest princes1 so many inuentions of the noblest wittes bestowed vpon exercises to maintaine this diamond1 are they not sufficient to enflame the executour1 being a partaker him selfe1 and a distributer to others1 that the subiect wherein he dealeth is both massie1 most worth1 and most meruelous8 let him thinke it to be so1 bycause he seeth it is so1 and vpon that presumption proceede to his so healthfull1 and so honorable an execution4 ,in whom his owne iudgement is of speciall force to further his good speede4 ,for being well resolued in the excellencie of his owne subiect he will both himselfe execute the better1 and perswade other sooner to embrace that with zeale1 which he professeth with iudgement4 ,if you will haue me weepe for you1 saith the ,poet1 then weepe you first3 he shall hardly perswade an other to like of that1 which is his owne choice1 who shall himselfe not seeme to set by it1 where himselfe hath set his choise4 ,sidenote3 ,how to become a skillfull exercising maister4 #b4 ,the knowledge wherewith1 and how to deale therein is so much the easier1 bycause it is so generall1 and so many wayes to be wonne4 ,i will not seeme to raise vp the memorie which can neuer dye1 giuen to this traine by all both old and new histories3 which prayse those vertues and valiances1 which they found1 but had neuer had matter to praise1 nor vertues to finde1 if exercises had not made the personages praiseworthy1 whereby they did such thinges1 and of so great admiration1 as had bene vnpossible to any not so trained as they were4 ,what ,philosopher describeth the fairest forme of the worthiest common weale1 either by patterne of one person1 as allowing that state best1 where one steares all3 or by some greater multitude1 as preferring that gouernment1 where many make much stirre3 but he doth alwaye1 when he dealeth with the youth1 and first trayning of that state1 not onely make mention1 but a most speciall matter of exercise for health8 ,who is it in any language that handleth the ,padagogicall argument1 how to bring vp youth1 but he is arrested there1 where exercise is enfraunchised8 ,as for the ,physicians1 it is a principall parcell of their fairest patrimonie1 bycause it is naturally subiect1 and so learnedly proued to be by ,galene in his booke intitled ,thrasybulus1 to that parte of their profession which seeketh to preserue health1 and not to tarie till it come to ruine1 with their gaine to repare it1 though it still remaine ruinous and rotten1 which is so repared4 ,therefore whensoeuer the maintenance of health1 is the inscription of the booke1 this title of exercise hath some euidence to shew4 ,further in the discours of ,exercises we finde eche where the names of diet1 of waking1 of sleeping1 of mouing1 of resting1 of distemperature1 of temperature1 of humours1 of elementes1 of places1 of times1 of partes of the bodie1 of the vses therof1 of frictions and chafings1 of lassitude and wearinesse1 and a number such1 which when the training maister meeteth with among the ,physicians1 or naturall ,philosophers1 what els say they vnto him1 but that where ye finde vs before the dore1 ye may be bold to come in8 ,as for naturall ,philosophy the ground mistresse to ,physik it must needes be the foundation to this whole traine4 ,hence the causes be set1 which proue eche thing either good or bad1 either noysome or needefull to health4 ,all naturall problemataries1 dipnosophistes1 symposiakes1 antiquaries1 warmaisters1 and such as deale with any particular occurence of exercise1 if ye appose them well3 you shall finde them yours freindes4 ,this terme ,gymnastice1 which emplyeth in name1 and professeth in deede the arte of exercise1 is the verie seat1 wheron the trainer must builde4 ,and therefore all either whole bookes1 or particular discourses in any writer by the waie1 concerning this argument1 do will him to rest there4 ,in which kinde1 for the professed argument of the whole booke1 ,i know not any comparable to ,hieronymus ,mercurialis1 a verie learned ,italian ,physician now in our time1 which hath taken great paines to sift out of all writers1 what so euer concerneth the whole ,gymnasticall and exercising argument1 whose aduice in this question ,i haue my selfe much vsed1 where he did fit my purpose4 ,by these reasons ,i do see1 and by some proofe ,i haue found1 that the waye to be skilfull in the preseruatiue part of ,physick1 and so consequently in exercises1 as the greatest member therof1 is very ready and direct1 bycause it is so plaine1 so large1 and with all so pleasant3 as it is also most honorable1 bycause it seekes to saue vs from that1 which desireth our spoile4 ,and therefore this execution requireth a liberall courage1 where the gaine is not great1 but the disposition much praised4 ,the repairers get the pence1 the preseruers reason faire4 ,and as the effect commendes the knowledge3 so being of it selfe thus necessarie for all1 a student may with great credit trauell in the cunning1 if it were for no more but to helpe his owne health1 and vpon better affection1 or some gainfull offer to empart it with other4 ,for to helpe himselfe he is bound in nature1 and will do it in deede3 to do good to all if he may1 he is bound by dutie1 and so sure he ought4 ,but to helpe as many as he may1 and himselfe to1 what nature can but loue8 what dutie can but like8 chiefly where the thing which he must do1 may be done with ease1 and the good which he shall do1 shall gaine him praise1 besides the surplus of profit4 ,some will say perhaps to traine vp children1 what needes so much cunning3 or in so petie a matter what needes so much labour8 ,though ,i entreat of it here1 where it first beginnes1 yet it stretcheth vnto all1 both ages and persons3 neither is the matter so meane1 which is the readiest meane to so great a good1 but if it were meane1 the meanest matter requireth not the meanest maister1 to haue it well done3 and the first groundworke would be layd by the best workeman4 ,for who can better teach to reade1 then he which for skill can commaund the language8 ,and what had more neede to be exactly done then that principle1 which either marreth the whole sequele1 with insufficiencie1 or maketh all sound1 being it selfe well layd8 ,the thing you will graunt to be of such efficacie1 such an excutor you despaire of3 such a man may be had1 nay a number of such may be had1 if recompence be prouided to answere such sufficiencie4 ,the common not opinion but error is1 he hath cunning enough for such a small trifle4 ,it is not that small which he hath that can do the thing well1 but your skill is small1 to thinke that any small skill1 can do anything well4 ,he must know a great deale more then he doth1 which must do that well1 which he doth3 bycause store is the deliuerer of the best effectes1 neede which sheweth all at once1 is but a sorie steward1 and must put in band1 that he hath some credit1 though verie smal substance4 ,for the skill of the trayner ,i take it to be verie euident1 both whence it may be had1 and how plentiful a store house he hath for his prouision4 ,thence he may haue the generall groundes1 and causes of his cunning4 ,sidenote3 ,discretion in the trayner4 #c4 ,but there is a third thing yet besides these two1 which is proper to his owne person1 which if he haue not1 his cunning is worth nought4 ,for though he see and embrace the worthines of his subiect1 though he haue gathered in his whole haruest from out of all writers1 yet if he want discretion how to apply it according vnto that1 which is most fit to the verie meanest not bowghes and braunches1 but euen the twigges and sprigges of the petiest circumstances1 he is no skillfull trayner3 but so much the more daungerous1 the more helpe of learning he hath1 which will bolden him to much4 ,therefore of these two other pointes1 the one being throughly resolued on1 the other perfitly obtained1 and all the contemplatiue reasons well vnderstoode1 he must bend his wittes to wey the particularities1 whereby both the generall conclusions be brought to be profitable1 and his owne iudgement to be thought discrete4 ,the want of this is the cause of such a number of discoursers1 which swarm ech where1 and both like their owne choice1 and can say pretily well to the generall position1 which is not denyed to any toward youthe1 but they shew themselues altogither lame in the particular applying1 which is a thing that attendeth onely vpon experience and yeares4 ,the hauing of it will prouide vs notable store of excellent executours1 to all their profites1 vpon whom they shall execute4 ,aristotle the great philosopher in all his morall discourses tieth all those vertues which make mens maners praiseworthie1 and be subiect to circumstances1 to the rule of foresight and discretion1 whose commendation he placeth in skill of speciallities to direct mens doinges4 ,therefore it is no dishonour to the trayner1 to be reclaymed vnto discretion1 which hath all those so many and so manerly vertues to attend vpon her traine4 ,is not death commendable1 and ascribed to valiancie1 when it is voluntary for the common good1 by reason of the circumstance8 and the sauing of life is it not basely thought of1 when it had bene better spent1 considering the circumstance8 ,which circumstance is the line to liue by1 the guide to all our doinges1 the tuchestone to try a contemplatiue creature from an actiue courage4 ,in the course of training1 a thousand difficulties not possible to be forseene by the generall direction1 will offer themselues1 and appose the maister1 and at the sudden must be salued4 ,what will the trainer do8 runne to his booke8 nay to his braines4 ,he must remember his rule1 that indiuisibles and circunstances be beyond the reach of arte3 and are committed to the ,artificer whose discretion must helpe1 where arte is to weake3 though she giue him great light1 by fitting this to that1 when he hath found wherfore4 ,arte setteth downe the exercise and all the knowen circunstances4 ,the person bringes with it some difficultie in execution1 where is the succour8 ,arte will not relent1 she can not make curtsie1 her knees be groune stiffe1 and her iointes fast knit1 and yet curtsie there must be4 ,the ,artificer must make it1 and assist his ladie1 which if she had not had a man to be her meane1 she herselfe would haue done all1 and trusting to man whom she hath made her meane1 why should she be deceyued1 and her clyentes be abused1 where she commendes them of trust8 ,children that come to schoole dwel not in one house1 not in the same streate1 nay not in the same towne1 they cannot lightly come at one houre1 they be not of one age1 nor fit for one exercise1 and yet they must haue some4 ,the arte knoweth my child no more then my neighbours1 but the trainer must1 and stay those vncertainties vpon the arrest of discretion3 being enstructed afore hand in the generall skill though bound but of voluntarie3 as the like cause shall lead the like case4 ,the rule is1 no noysome sauour neare the newly exercised3 how shall the poore boye do1 that is to go home thorough stinking streates1 and filthy lanes4 ,the rule is1 change apparell after sweat3 what if he haue none other8 or not there where he sweateth8 ,here must the trainers discretion shew it selfe1 either to chuse exercises that be not subiect to any such extremities1 or to vse them with the fewest4 ,but ,i am to long1 neither neede ,i to doubt of mens discretion1 though ,i say thus much of it1 which many haue and moe wishe for1 ,i shall haue occasion to supplie the rest in the generall teacher4 ,thus haue ,i runne thorough the whole argument of exercises1 and shewed not onely what ,i thinke of them in generall1 but also what be the cheife particulars1 and the circunstances belonging thereunto3 and according to my promise ,i haue delt with the training maister1 and ouertreated him to thinke honorably of his profession1 to gather knowledge1 where it is abundantly to be got3 and last of all to ioine discretion as a third companion to his owne admiration and sufficiency4 ,,footnotes3 #eb #a4 ,de san4 tu4 ,,chapter #cf4 ,,that ,,both ,,young ,,boyes1 ,,and ,,young ,,maidens ,,are ,,to ,,be ,,put ,,to ,,learne4 ,,whether ,,all ,,boyes ,,be ,,to ,,be ,,set ,,to ,,schoole4 ,,that ,,to ,,many ,,learned ,,be ,,to ,,burdenous3 ,,to ,,few ,,to ,,bare3 ,,wittes ,,well ,,sorted ,,ciuill1 ,,missorted ,,seditious4 ,,that ,,all ,,may ,,learne ,,to ,,write ,,and ,,read ,,without ,,daunger4 ,,the ,,good ,,of ,,choice1 ,,and ,,ill ,,of ,,confusion4 ,,the ,,children ,,which ,,are ,,set ,,to ,,learne1 ,,hauing ,,either ,,riche ,,or ,,poore ,,freindes3 ,,what ,,order ,,and ,,choice ,,is ,,to ,,be ,,vsed ,,in ,,admitting ,,either ,,of ,,them ,,to ,,learne4 ,,of ,,the ,,time ,,to ,,chuse4 ,now that the thinges be appointed1 wherwith the minde must be first furnished1 to make it learned1 and the bodie best exercised1 to keepe it healthfull1 we are next to consider of those persons1 which are to be instructed in this furniture1 and to be preserued by this exercise3 which ,i take to be children of both sortes1 male and female1 young boyes and young maidens1 which though ,i admit here generally1 without difference of sex1 yet ,i restraine particularly vpon difference in cause1 as herafter shall appeare4 ,but young maidens must giue me leaue to speake of boyes first3 bycause naturally the male is more worthy1 and politikely he is more employed1 and therfore that side claimeth this learned education1 as first framed for their vse1 and most properly belonging to their kinde3 though of curtsie and kindnesse they be content to lend their female in youth1 the vse of their traine in part1 vpon whom in age they bestow both themselues1 and all the frute of their whole traine4 ,it might seeme sufficient for the determining of this case to say onely thus much3 that they must needes be boyes which are to be trayned in this sorte1 as ,i haue declared1 bycause the bringing vp of young maidens in any kynd of learning1 is but an accessory by the waye4 ,but for so much as there be many considerations in the persons1 both of boyes and maidens worthy the deciding1 ,i meane to entreat of them both somwhat largely3 and as neare as ,i can1 to resolue both my selfe and my reader in some pointes of controuersie and necessitie1 or rather in some pointes of apparent necessities1 being out of all controuersie4 ,for the male side1 that doubt is long ago out of doubt1 that they be to be set to schoole1 to qualifie themselues1 to learne how to be religious and louing1 how to gouerne and obey1 how to fore cast and preuent1 how to defende and assaile1 and in short1 how to performe that excellently by labour1 wherunto they are borne but rudely by nature4 ,for the very excellency of executions and effectes where by we do so great things1 as we vonder at our selues in all histories and recordes of time1 7which be but stages for people to gase on1 and one to maruell at an others doings7 testifieth and confirmeth that it were great pitie1 that such towardnesse should be drowned in vs for lacke of education1 which neuer comes to proofe1 but where education is the meane4 ,that we can proue learned1 the effect doth shew1 but that not vnlesse we learne1 the defect declares4 ,that our bodies can do great thinges1 healthfull strength is witnesse to it selfe3 but where weaknesse is1 what doinges there be1 verie want will pronounce4 ,but now in the way of this so commended a traine1 there be two great doubtes which crosse me4 #a4 ,the first is1 whether all children be to be set to schoole1 without restraint to diminish the number4 #b4 ,the second is1 how to worke restraint1 if it be thought needefull4 ,touching the first question1 whether all children be to be set to schoole or no1 without repressing the infinitie of multitude1 it is a matter of great weight1 and not only in knowledge to be resolued vpon1 but also in deede so to be executed1 as the resolution shall probably giue sentence4 ,for the bodie of a common weale in proportion is like vnto a naturall bodie4 ,in a naturall bodie1 if any one parte be to great1 or to small1 besides the eye sore it is mother to some euill by the verie misfourming1 wherupon great distemperature must needes follow in time1 and disquiet the whole bodie4 ,and in a bodie politike if the like proportion be not kept in all partes1 the like disturbance will crepe thorough out all partes4 ,some by to much will seeke to bite to sore1 some by to litle will be trode on to much3 as both will distemper3 which if it fortune not to kill in the ende1 yet it will disquiet where it greiues1 and hast forward the ende4 ,but though the pestering of number do ouerlaie the most professions and partes of any common weale1 and harme there where it doth so ouercharge1 yet ,i will not medle with any1 but this of learning and the learner1 which ,i haue chosen to be my peculiar subiect4 ,wherof ,i saye thus1 that to many learned be to burdenous1 that to few be to bare1 that wittes well sorted be most ciuill1 that the same misplaced be most vnquiet and seditious4 ,sidenote3 ,to many learned4 #a4 ,to many burdens any state to farre3 for want of prouision4 ,for the rowmes which are to be supplyed by learning being within number1 if they that are to supply them1 grow on beyound number how can yt be but too great a burden for any state to beare8 ,to haue so many gaping for preferment1 as no goulfe hath stoore enough to suffise1 and to let them rome helpeles1 whom nothing else can helpe1 how can it be but that such shifters must needes shake the verie strongest piller in that state where they liue1 and loyter without liuing8 which needeles superfluitie fleeting without seat1 what ill can it but breede8 ,a dangerous residence it is at hoome1 still seeking shiftes to liue as they may1 though with enemitie to order1 which neede cannot see4 ,a perilous searcher it is abroode1 to seeke to fish in a troubled water1 if any cause promote their quarrell1 bycause the cleare is not for them1 which they haue sounded allready4 ,sure neede is an imperious mistres to force conclusions1 whether shee build vpon fantsie and desire1 which is a maniheaded neede1 euen before neede1 and mostwhat without neede3 or vpon meere lacke and want in deede1 which though it haue but one head1 yet that one is exceeding strong1 importunate1 and furiouse4 ,and shee hath at hand to salue her mischiefes1 a ready and an ordinarie excuse1 wherewith she will seeme to craue pardon for all that is done by needy men1 as there vnto enforced by her ineuitable violence4 ,a violent remedy1 which doth not heale infections1 but will alleage cause1 where to haue mischiefes excused and foregiuen4 ,wherfore if these mens misdemeanour come of their owne ill1 which prouision cannot preuent1 bycause in best prouision ill will be ill1 so farre as it dare shew1 where wealth workes wantonnes1 it deserues correction and punishment4 ,if it come of necessitie1 for want of foresight in publike gouernment1 to helpe the common1 from common blame1 and to prouide for the priuate3 it would be amended and not suffered to runne1 till the harme being receiued and felt1 cause the question be moued1 whether such a mischiefe proceede from priuate insolence1 or publike negligence4 ,for as the priuate is to pay1 if it do not performe1 when the publike hath prouided3 so the publike must pardon1 if for insufficient foresight1 the priuate proue dissolute1 and lend the state a blow4 ,but for my number ,i neede not to dwell any longer in to many1 for troubling all with to many wordes1 seeing all wise men see1 and all learned men say1 that it is most necessary to disburden a common weale of vnnecessary number1 and multitude in generall1 which in some countries they compassed by brothelry1 and common stewes1 to let the yong spring3 in some by exposition and spoile of enfantes1 both contrary to nature1 and countermaunded by religion3 but according to their pollicie and commaunded by their countries4 ,in particular disposing of them that liued1 they cast their account1 and as the proportion of their states did suffer3 so did they allote them with choice1 and constrained them to obey4 ,if such regard for multitude be to be had in any one braunche of the common weale1 it is most needefull in schollers4 ,for they professe learning1 that is to say the soule of a state3 and it is to perilous to haue the soule of a state to be troubled with their soules1 that is necessary learning with vnnecessary learners1 or the publike body with their priuate1 which is the common wealth with their priuate want4 ,for in all proportion1 to much is to bad1 and to much out of all proportion1 and to haue to much euen of the soule1 is not the soundest1 where her offices be appointed and lymited in certaine4 ,superfluitie and residence bring sickenes to the body1 and must not to much then infect the soule sore1 being in a sympathie with the body8 ,scholers by reason of their conceit which learning inflameth1 as no meane authority saith1#ec become to imperiall to rest upon a litle3 and by their kinde of life which is allway idle they proue to disdainefull to deale with labour1 vnlesse neede make them trot1 or the ,turkish captiuitie catch them1 the greatest foe that can fall vpon idle people1 where labour is looked for1 and they not vsed to it4 ,contentment in aspiring1 which is hard to such wittes1 and patience in paines which they neuer learned1 be the two cognisances1 whereby to discerne a ciuill wit1 and fit to enioye the benefit of his countrie4 ,now of all ouerflush in number1 is not that most dangerous1 which in conceit is loftie1 and in life loytering1 as the vnbestowed scoller by profession is8 ,sidenote3 ,to few learned4 ,to few be to bare and naked3 bycause necessities must be supplyed1 and that by the fittest4 ,for whereas the defect of the fit enforceth supplement of the lookers on1 though not the most likely1 but whosoeuer they be1 without further respect1 then that they stand by1 bycause neede bides no choyce where there is no pluralitie1 and yet biddes pluralitie make choyce3 there the vnsufficient seruice of necessarie seruices breedes much miscontentment1 and more shaking to any state4 ,and that chiefly in such pointes1 as the state embraseth1 and the feeble minister doth nothing but deface4 ,so that the defeat of the generall purpose must be most imputed to the bare defect of insufficient persons4 ,for as to many bringes surfettes1 so to few breedes consumptions4 ,sidenote3 ,wittes well sorted4 #c4 ,wittes well sorted be most ciuill3 ,this ,i say bycause to auoyd excessiue number1 choice is one principall helpe3 for in admitting to vses onely such as be fit1 and seeme to be made for them1 pares of the vnfit1 and lesseneth the number1 which yet would be lookt vnto1 euen at the verie first4 ,for euen he that is thought most vnfit1 and is so in deede1 yet will grieue at repulse1 vnles ye repell him by preuention1 ear he come to the sense and judgement to discerne what a heauie thing a flat repulse is4 ,which miscontentment if it range in a number1 cannot be without daunger to the common body4 ,as to the contrarie such wittes as be placed where the place needes them more then they the place1 do performe with sufficiencie1 and proceede with contentment of the state that enstawled them4 ,the chiefe signes of ciuilitie be quietnesse1 concord1 agrement1 fellowship and friendship1 which likenesse doth lincke1 vnliknesse1 vndoeth3 fitnesse maketh fast1 vnfitnesse doth loose3 proprietie beares vp1 improprietie pulleth downe3 right matching makes1 mismatching marres4 ,how then can ciuill societie be preserued1 where wittes of vnfit humours for seruice1 are in places of seruice1 by appointment1 either vnaduisedly made1 or aduisedly marred4 ,is there any picture so ill fauoured1 being compound of incompatible natures1 as an execution is1 being committed to a contrarie constitution8 ,if fire be to enflame1 and cause thinges burne1 where water should coole1 and be meane to quench1 is the place not in danger8 ,if that wit fall to preach1 which were fitter for the plough1 and he to clime a pulpit1 which is made to scale a walle1 is not a good carter ill lost1 and a good souldier ill placed8 ,if he will needes lawe it1 which careth for no lawe1 and professe iustice that professeth no right1 hath not right an ill caruer1 and iustice a worse maister8 ,if he will deale with physicke whose braines can not beare the infinite circumstances which belong thereunto1 whether to maintaine health1 or to restore it3 doth he any thing else1 but seeke to hasten death1 for helping the disease8 to make way to murther1 in steede of amendement8 to be a butchars prentice for a maister in physike8 ,and so is it in all kindes of life1 in all trades of liuing1 where fitnes and right placing of wittes doth worke agreement and ease1 vnfitnes and misplacing haue the contrarie companions1 disagreement and disease4 ,sidenote3 ,wittes misplaced4 #d4 ,againe wittes misplaced most vnquiet and seditious3 as any thing else strayned against nature3 light thinges prease vpward1 and will ye force ,fire downe8 ,heauie thinges beare downeward3 and will ye haue ,leade to leape vp8 ,an imperiall witte for want of education and abilitie1 being placed in a meane calling will trouble the whole companie1 if he haue not his will1 as winde in the stomacke3 and if he haue his will1 then shall ye see what his naturall did shoote at4 ,he that beareth a tankarde by meanesse of degree1 and was borne for a cokhorse by sharpenes of witte1 will keepe a canuase at the ,conduites1 tyll he be ,maister of his companie4 ,such a stirring thing it is to haue wittes misplaced1 and their degrees mislotted by the iniquitie of ,fortune1 which the equitie of nature did seeme to meane vnto them4 ,plato in his wished common weale1 and his defining of naturall dignities1 appointeth his degrees and honors1 where nature deserueth by abilitie and worth1 not where fortune freindeth by byrth and boldnes1 though where both do ioyne singularitie in nature1 and successe in fortune1 there be some rare iewell4 ,hereupon ,i conclude1 that as it necessary to preuent to great a number for the quantitie thereof3 so it is more then necessarie1 to prouide in the necessarie number for the qualitie thereof1 wherein restraint it selfe will do much good for the one1 and choice in restraint will do more for the other4 ,sure all children may not be set to schole1 nay not though priuate circumstance say yea4 ,and therefore scholes may not be set vp for all1 though great good will finde neuer so many founders1 both for the place wherein to learne1 and for the number also which is for to learne3 that the state may be serued with sufficiencie enough1 and not be pestered with more than enough4 ,and yet by the way for writing and reading so they rested there1 what if euerie one had them1 for religion sake1 and their necessarie affaires8 ,besides that in the long time of their whole youth1 if they minded no more1 these two were easely learned1 at their leasure times by extraordinary meanes1 if the ordinarie be daintie and no schoole nigh4 ,euerie parish hath a minister1 if none else in the parish1 which can helpe writing and reading4 ,sidenote3 ,of riche and poore children4 ,some doubt may rise here betwene the riche and poore1 whether all riche and none poore1 or but some in both maye and ought to be set to learning4 ,for all in both that is decided alreadie1 ,no3 bycause the whole question concerneth these two kindes1 as the whole common weale standeth vpon these two kindes4 ,if all riche be excluded1 abilitie will snuffe1 if all poore be restrained1 then will towardnesse repine4 ,if abilitie set out some riche1 by priuate purses for priuate preferment3 towardnesse will commende some poore to publike prouision for publike seruice3 so that if neither publike in the poore1 nor priuate in the riche do marre their owne market1 me thinke that were best1 nay that will be best1 being ruled by their wittes to conceiue learning1 and their disposition to proue vertuous4 ,but how may the publike in the poore1 and the priuate in the riche1 make their owne market in the education of those whom they preferre to learning8 ,i will tell ye how4 ,the riche not to haue to much1 the poore not to lacke to much1 the one by ouerplus breadeth a loose and dissolute braine3 the other by vnder minus a base and seruile conceit4 ,for he that neuer needeth by supplie of freindes1 neuer strayneth his wittes to be freind to himselfe1 but commonly proues retchelesse till the blacke oxe tread vpon his toes1 and neede make him trie what mettle he is made of4 ,and he that still needeth for want of freindes being still in pinche holdes that for his heauen1 which riddes him from neede1 and serues that ,saint1 which serues his turne best1 euen ,neptune in shipwrackie4 ,wherby he maketh the right of his iudgement become bond for wealth3 and the sight of his witte blinde for desire1 such slauerie workes want1 vnlesse ,gods grace proue the staye1 which is no line to common direction1 though it be our onely hope1 by waye of refuge4 ,now then if the wealthy parentes of their priuate patrimonie1 and publike patrones of their supererogatorie wealth1 will but driue to a meane in both these two mains1 neither shall wealth make the one to wanton1 nor want make the other to seruile3 neither the one to leape to fast1 for feare he loose some time1 nor the other to hast to fast1 for feare he misse some liuing4 ,sure to prouide for poore scholers but a poore patche of a leane liuing1 or but some meane halfe1 is more then halfe a maime1 the desire to supplie that which wanteth1 distracting the studie more by many partes1 then that petie helpe1 which they haue can possibly further it3 bycause the charge to maintaine a scholer is great1 the time to proue well learned1 long1 and when ripenesse is ready1 there would be staye to chuse and time to take aduice1 where neede turnes the deafe eare4 ,the paterne of to prodigall wealth oftimes causeth the toward student to ouershoote himselfe by corrupt imitation1 as brauerie and libertie be great allurers1 where studie and staye pretend restraint4 ,and therfore neither must to much be butte to allurementes1 nor to litle a burden3 to iudgement the one the meane to lewdnesse the other a maime to libertie4 ,the midle sorte of parentes which neither welter in to much wealth1 nor wrastle with to much want1 seemeth fitteth of all1 if the childrens capacitie be aunswerable to their parentes state and qualitie3 which must be the leuell for the fattest to fall downe to1 and the leanest to leape up to1 to bring forth that student1 which must serue his countrey best4 ,religion and learning will frame them in iudgement1 when wealth and abilitie haue set them once on foote4 ,sidenote3 ,the choosing time4 ,for the choice of wittes definitely1 till they come to the time1 or verie neare to it1 when they are themselues naturally and for ripenesse of yeares to chuse their owne kinde of life1 how so euer circunstance free1 or binde their choice1 ,i cannot say much1 though ,i do see what other haue said in that behalfe4 ,a quicke witte will take soone1 a staid memorie will hold fast1 a dull head may proue somwhat1 a meane witte offers faire1 praise bewrayeth some courage1 awe some1 in eche kinde there is likelyhood1 and yet error in eche4 ,for as there be faire blossomes1 so there be nipping frostes4 ,and till the daunger of reuolt be past1 the quicke must be helde in hope1 the dull without dispaire1 the meane the meetest1 if the sequele do aunswere4 ,i can limit no one thing1 though ,i see great shewes1 where there is such vncertaine motion1 both in soule and body1 as there is in children4 ,the maisters discretion in time and vpon triall1 may see and say much1 and in a number there will some leaders appeare of themselues1 as some speciall deare in the whole heard4 ,where great appearance is1 there one may prophecie1 and yet the lying spirite may sit in his lippes4 ,for ,god hath reserued1 his calling and discouering houres1 as all other future euentes to his owne peculiar and priuate knowledge3 probabilities be our guides1 and our coniectures be great1 though not without exception4 ,what kinde of witte ,i like best for my countrey1 as most proper to be the instrument for learning1 it shall appeare herafter4 ,but for the first question of the two1 it seemeth to me verie plaine that all children be not to be set to schoole1 but onely such as for naturall wittes1 and sufficient maintenance1 either of their naturall parentes1 or ciuill patrones1 shall be honestly and wel supported in their study1 till the common weale minding to vse their seruice1 appoint their prouision1 not in hast for neede1 but at leasure with choice4 ,,footnotes3 #ec ,s4 ,paul4 ,,chapter #cg4 ,,the ,,meanes ,,to ,,restraine ,,the ,,ouerflowing ,,multitude ,,of ,,scholers4 ,,the ,,cause ,,why ,,euerie ,,one ,,desireth ,,to ,,haue ,,his ,,childe ,,learned1 ,,and ,,yet ,,must ,,yelde ,,ouer ,,his ,,owne ,,desire ,,to ,,the ,,disposition ,,of ,,his ,,countrie4 ,,that ,,necessitie ,,and ,,choyce ,,be ,,the ,,best ,,restrayners4 ,,that ,,necessitie ,,restrayneth ,,by ,,lacke ,,and ,,lawe4 ,,why ,,it ,,may ,,be ,,admitted1 ,,that ,,all ,,may ,,write ,,and ,,read ,,that ,,can1 ,,but ,,no ,,further4 ,,what ,,is ,,to ,,be ,,thought ,,of ,,the ,,speaking ,,and ,,vnderstanding ,,of ,,latine1 ,,and ,,in ,,what ,,degree ,,of ,,learning ,,that ,,is4 ,,that ,,considering ,,our ,,time ,,and ,,the ,,state ,,of ,,religion ,,in ,,our ,,time1 ,,lawe ,,must ,,needes ,,helpe ,,this ,,restraint3 ,,with ,,the ,,answere ,,to ,,such ,,obiections ,,as ,,are ,,made ,,to ,,the ,,contrary4 ,,that ,,in ,,choice ,,of ,,wittes1 ,,which ,,must ,,deale ,,with ,,learning1 ,,that ,,wit ,,is ,,fittest ,,for ,,our ,,state1 ,,which ,,aunswereth ,,best ,,the ,,monarchie1 ,,and ,,how ,,such ,a ,,wit ,,is ,,to ,,be ,,knowne4 ,,that ,,choice ,,is ,,to ,,helpe ,,in ,,scholing1 ,,in ,,admission ,,into ,,colledges1 ,,in ,,proceeding ,,to ,,degrees1 ,,in ,,preferring ,,to ,,liuinges1 ,,where ,,the ,,right ,,and ,,wrong ,,of ,,all ,,the ,,foure ,,pointes ,,be ,,handled ,,at ,,full4 ,in the last title we haue concluded1 that there must be a restraint1 and that all may not passe on to learning which throng thitherward1 bycause of the inconueniences1 which may ensue1 by want of preferment for such a multitude1 and by defeating other trades of their necessarie trauellours4 ,our next labour therefore must be1 how to handle this restraint1 that the tide ouerflow not the common1 with to great a spring of bookish people1 if ye crie come who will1 or ring out all in4 ,euerie one desireth to haue his childe learned3 the reason is1 for that how hardly soeuer either fortune frowne1 or casualtie chastice1 yet learning hath some strength to shore vp the person1 bycause it is incorporate in the person1 till the soule dislodge1 neither lyeth it so open for mischaunce to mangle1 in any degree1 as forren and fortunes patrimonie doth4 ,but though euerie parent be thus affected toward his owne child1 as nature leades him to wish his owne best1 yet for all that euerie parent must beare in memorie that he is more bound to his country1 then to his child1 as his child must renounce him in countermatch with his countrie4 ,and that country which claymeth this prerogatiue of the father aboue the child1 and of the child aboue the father1 as it maintained the father eare he was a father1 and will maintaine the child1 when he is without a father3 so generally it prouideth for all1 as it doth require a dutie aboue all4 ,and therefore parentes in disposing of their children may vpon good warrant surrender their interest to the generall consideration of their common countrie1 and thinke that it is not best to haue their children bookish1 notwithstanding their owne desire1 be it neuer so earnestly bent3 if their countrie say either they shall serue in this trade1 without the booke3 or if shee say ,i may not allow any more booke men without my to much trouble4 ,i pray thee good parent haue pacience1 and appoint some other course for thy childe1 there be many good meanes to liue by1 besides the booke1 and ,i wilbe thy childes friend1 if thou wilt fit in some order for me4 ,this verie consideration of the countrie1 vttered with so milde a speach1 spoken by her that is able to performe it1 may moue the reasonable parent1 to yealde to her desire as best1 as she can tell the headstrong in plaine termes1 that he shall yeelde perforce1 if he will not by entreatie1 for priuate affection though supported by reason of strength whatsoeuer1 must either voluntarily bend1 or forcibly breake1 when the common good yeeldeth to the contrary side4 ,seeing therefore the disposition of wittes according to the proportion of ech state is resigned ouer to the countrie3 and she sayth all may not be set to schole1 bycause ech trade must be furnished1 to performe all duties belonging to all parts3 it falleth out in this case of restraint which bridles desire1 that two speciall groundes are to be considered1 which strip away excessiue number1 necessitie and choice1 the one perforce1 the other by your leaue4 ,sidenote3 ,necessity4 ,as for necessitie1 when the parent is ouer charged with defect in circumstance1 though desire carie him on1 it then restraineth most1 and lesseneth this number when desire would encrease it1 and straines to the contrary4 ,you would haue your childe learned1 but your purse will not streatch1 your remedy is pacience1 deuise some other way1 wherein your abilitie will serue4 ,you are not able to spare him from your elbow1 for your neede1 and learning must haue leysure1 a scholers booke must be his onely busines1 without forreine lettes1 you may be bold of your owne1 let booking alone1 for such as can entend it1 from being called away by domesticall affaires1 and necessarie busines1 for the scholers name will not be a cypherlike subiect1 as he is termed of leasure1 so must he haue it4 ,and that they cannot spare their children so1 must forebeare their scholing1 by the olde ,persian#ed ordinance1 bycause leasure is the foregoer to liberall profession3 necessitie compelleth and bastardeth the conceit1 a venom to learning1 whom freedom should direct4 ,you haue no schole neare you1 and you cannot pay for teaching further of1 let your owne trade content you3 keepe your childe at home4 ,your childe is weake tymbred1 let scholing alone1 make play his physician and health his midle end4 ,which way soeuer neede driues you perforce1 that way must ye trot1 if he will not amble1 and bid ,will thinke that well4 ,he that gouerneth all seeth what is your best1 your selfe may be misseled either by ignorance in choice1 or affection in blood4 ,in these and the like cases lacke is the leader1 which way soeuer she straineth4 ,whereby if the restrained childe cannot get the skil to write and read3 ,i lament that lacke1 bycause ,i haue allowed him somuch before1 vpon some reasonable perswasion euen for necessary dealings4 ,for these two pointes concerne euery man neare1 bycause they submit themselues to euerie mans seruice3 yea in his basest busines and secretest affaires4 ,i dare not venture to allow so many the lattine tongue nor any other language1 vnlesse it be in cases1 where their trades be knowne1 and those toungues be founde to be necessarie for them4 ,for all the feare is1 though it be more then feare1 where it still falleth out so1 least hauing such benefits of schole1 they will not be content with the state which is for them1 but bycause they haue some petie smake of their booke1 they will thinke any state be it neuer so high to be low ynough for them4 ,which petie bookemen do not consider1 that both clounes in the countrie1 and artificers in townes be allowed lattine in well gouerned states1 which yet rest in their calling1 without pride or ambition1 for that small knowledge1 whereby they be better able to furnish out their trades1 without further aspiring4 ,neither measure they the meaner qualities1 as the thinges be in nature1 but as themselues be in conceit3 neither can they consider that at this daye it is not the toungue1 but the treasure of learning and knowledge1 which is laid vp in the toungue whereunto they neuer came1 which giueth the toungue credit1 and the speaker authoritie4 ,for want of this right iudgement there ensueth in them a miscontentment of minde1 not liking their owne state1 and a cumbersome conceit1 still aspiring higher1 that disquieteth the whole state4 ,wherefore necessitie is a good meane to preuent this in many1 which would if they could1 now may not1 bycause they cannot4 ,sidenote3 ,lawe4 ,the second point of necessitie ,i do assigne to lawe and ordinaunce vpon consideration to cut of this flocking multitude1 which will needes to schoole4 ,whereupon two great goods must needes ensue4 ,contentment of minde in the partie restrained1 when he shall perceiue publike prouision to be the checke to his fantsie3 and timely preuenting1 eare conceit take roote1 and thinke it selfe wronged4 ,bycause it is much better to nip misorder in the verie ground1 that it may not take hold1 then when it is growen vp1 then to hacke it downe4 ,he that neuer conceiued great thinges maye be helde there with ease1 but being once entred in the waye to mount1 and then throwne backward1 he will be in some greife and seeke how to returne gaule1 whence he receiued greife1 if he chaunce to proue peuish1 as repulse in great hope is a perillous grater4 ,yet in both these cases of necessarie restraint1 ,i could wish prouision were had to some singular wittes1 found worthy the auauncement3 either by priuate patronage1 or publike3 and yet againe if they passe on1 and bewtifie some other trade3 that also is verie good1 seeing they serue their countrey1 whersoeuer they be loated1 and in those also whom libertie of circunstance doth set to schoole pouertie will appeare1 and towardnesse call for helpe3 and yet the number will neuerthelesse proue still with the most4 ,sidenote3 ,two obiections against restraint by lawe4 #a4 ,it is no obiection to alleadge against such a lawful restraint1 the abilitie of good wittes1 and great learning in men1 that either now be1 or heretofore haue bene1 which we might haue lackt if so strait a lawe had bene then3 #b4 or that it were pitie by seueritie of an vnkinde lawe to hynder that excellencie1 which ,god commonly giues to the poorer sort4 ,to the first ,i aunswere1 besides that1 which euen lawe to that ende will aunswere for it selfe4 ,as in time to come we know not1 who shall serue the state1 if the lawe be made straite1 and yet we know well1 that he which defendes states will prouide sufficient persons1 by whom they shalbe serued3 so in time past or present1 if these were not1 or those had not bene1 whom we now see or of whom we haue heard1 ,god would haue raised vp other1 whose benefites in seruing gouernmentes may not be restrained to any degree of men1 as they be men1 but to the appointment of a ciuill societie1 which hath direction ouer men3 as a thing which ,god doth most cherish1 both in respect of this ,church which is of number1 and in regard of societie it selfe1 which is the naturall ende of mans being here1 and not to liue alone4 ,and ,i warrant you whensoeuer such an orderly restraint shalbe put in practise that there wilbe as good foresight had to haue necessarie functions serued1 as there will be regard to draine away the vnnecessarie ouerflow4 ,a thing not new faingled1 but euer in vse1 where the common weales1 had an eye to distribute their multitude to the best and easiest proportion of their owne state3 which otherwise improportionate would breade an aposteme4 ,and therefore if the generall iudgement appoint it so1 it is best to yeelde4 ,and priuate opinion in politike cases will proue an errour1 if the generall liking contrarie it flat4 ,i do not now meane1 where the generall is blinded by common errour1 but where priuate conceit can take no exception1 sauing that1 which he bredeth from out of his owne braine4 ,if the state of my countrey take order1 that my child shall not go to schoole1 sure ,i will obay1 and prouide some other course1 though ,i like learning exceeding well1 and be verie farre in loue with it1 besides the affection to my child1 bycause the squaring with the generall1 is to farre out of square for any particular4 ,and ,i pray you may it not be1 that for want of such an ordinance we mist better wittes1 then those were1 or are1 which we either had or haue1 though we thinke very well of both the sortes1 whether now liuing with vs1 or tofore parted from vs8 ,and doth not negligence for want of looking to1 ouerthrow as gaie and gallant heades1 as diligence by doing euen her verie best1 hath euer brought to light8 ,aduised and considerate planting is like enough to receiue verie good encrease and euentes in such cases1 by authoritie and testimonie of two the greatest oratours in both the best tongues1 be but foolish maisters1 and febler argumentes4 ,as for pytying the poore1 it is no pitie1 not to wish a begger to become a prince1 though ye allow him a pennie1 and pitie his needefull want4 ,is he poore8 prouide for him1 that he may liue by trade1 but let him not loyter4 ,is he wittie8 why8 be artificers fooles8 and do not all trades occupie wit8 sometimes to much1 and thereby both straine their owne heades to the worse1 and proue to suttle for a great deale their betters4 ,is he verie likely to proue singuler in learning8 ,i do not reiect him1 for whom ,i prouide a publike helpe in common patronage4 ,but he doth not well to oppose his owne particular1 against the publike good1 let his countrie thinke of him enough1 and not he of him selfe to much4 ,if nobilitie and gentlemen would fall to diligence1 and recouer the execution of learning1 where were this obiection8 ,the greatest assurers of it affirme1 that learning was wont to be proper to nobilitie1 and that through their negligence it is left for a pray to the meaner sort1 and a bootie to corruption1 where the professours neede offereth wrongfull violence to the liberalitie of the thing4 ,do they not therein confesse1 where the right of the thing lyeth and themselues to be vsurpers1 if they should enter vpon their owne1 whose the interest is1 and whom in so many discourses of nobilitie1 they themselues blame so much for their so great negligence8 ,they must needes here yeelde without law to their owne confession4 ,but we see ,god hath shewed himselfe meruelous munificent and beneficiall this way to the poorer sort4 ,i grant1 yet that proues not1 but that he bestowed as great giftes of them which shewed not4 ,and that as diligence in the one did shew that they had1 to the glorie of the giuer1 and their owne praise3 so negligence in the other1 did suppresse that they had to their owne shame1 who neither honoured the giuer1 nor honested themselues1 nor profited their countrie4 ,so that here not the gift1 but the shew is brought in allegation4 ,and why not the greater talent hid seeing it is no noueltie8 ,but the other shew4 ,nomore then that they haue4 ,and the other shew not4 ,no argument that they haue not4 ,take order then1 that they shew1 which haue and hide1 and then make comparisons4 ,be great giftes tied to the meane1 or banished from the mighty8 be there not as good wittes in wealth1 though oftimes choked with dissolutenes and negligence1 as there be in pouertie appearing thorough paines and diligence8 ,nay be there not as vntoward poorelinges1 as there be wanton wealthlinges8 ,i know yes1 and when vntowardnes and an ill inclynation hittes in a base condition1 it proues more vile4 ,so that this thing turnes about to my other conclusion1 that neither pouertie is to be pitied more then the countrey1 if pitie must needes take place3 neither riches more to be esteemed then the common weale1 if wealth must needes be wayed3 but that the value in wittes must be heelde of most worth1 which hath her hauen already appointed1 where to harbour her selfe1 in maintenaunce to studie1 either by priuate helpe1 if the parents be wealthy1 or by publike ayde1 if pouertie praie for it4 ,certainly there is great reason 7if euen the terme1 great1 be not to small1 when the thing is more then needfull1 and the time to preuent it1 is almost runne to farre7 why order should be taken1 to restraine the number1 that will needes to the booke4 ,for while the ,church was an harbour for all men to ride in1 which knew any letter1 there needed no restraint1 the liuinges there were infinite and capable of that number1 the more drew that waye1 and found reliefe that way1 the better for that state1 which encroached still on1 and by clasping all persons1 would haue graspid all liuinges4 ,the state is now altered1 that book-maintenance maimed1 the preferment that waye hath turned a new leafe4 ,and will ye let the fry encrease1 where the feeding failes8 ,will ye haue the multitude waxe1 where the maintenance waines8 ,sure ,i conceiue of it thus1 that there is as great difference in ground1 betwene the suffring all to booke it in these dayes1 and the like libertie to the same number1 in the ruffe of the papacy amongst vs3 as there is betwene the two religions1 the one expelled and the other retained1 in the grounds of their kinde4 ,the expelled religion was supported by multitude1 and the moe had interest1 the moe stood for it3 the retained must pitch the defence of her truth1 in some paucity of choice3 seeing the liuinges are shred1 which should serue the great number4 ,so that our time1 of necessitie must restraine3 if not3 what you breede and feede not1 the aduersarie part will allure by liuing1 and arme by corrupting1 against their vnwise countrey1 which either bestowed them not at first1 or despised them at last4 ,where your thankes shalbe lost1 which brought vp1 and forsooke their desert shall sinke deepe1 which fed the forsaken4 ,and is it not meere folly by sufferance to encrease your enemies force1 which you might by ordinance supplant at ease8 it is the booke1 which bredes vs enemies1 and causeth corruption to creepe1 where cunning neuer came4 ,the enemy state cared not so much for many well learned1 as for the multitude though vnlearned1 which backt much bould ignorance1 with a gaie surface of some small learning3 our state then must reiect the multitude1 and rempare with the cunning4 ,our owne time is our surest touch1 and our owne trouble our rightest triall1 if wisedome in time do not preuent it1 folly in triall will surely repent4 ,it is to no purpose to alledge1 when people see1 that there is no preferment to be had for all learners1 that then the number will decay1 and abate of it selfe without any lawe3 onelesse ye can worke so1 as no moe may hope1 though but one can hit3 or els1 if ye can appoint vs1 how long the controuersie for religion is like to endure4 ,for while hope is indifferent1 eche one will croud3 and while religion is in brake1 eche one vnder hand1 will furnish where he fauoreth4 ,the aduersarie of our religion1 as in deede he needed none1 so dreamed he not of any defense1 while he was rockt in ease1 and his state vnassailed by any miscontentment3 but now that he is skirmished with so much1 and so sore gauled1 he is driuen to studie1 and seeketh by new coined distinctions to recouer1 that credite and reputation which he lost by intruding3 wherin as he dealeth more cunningly with the person of his aduersarie1 so he bewrayeth still the great auantage1 which his aduersaries cause hath wonne ouer his4 ,for in disputing1 good ,logicians know that it is an euident shift1 to auoide manifest foile1 when the disputer in dispaire of his cause is forced to bend against his aduersaries person4 ,and therefore prouision must be1 to defend by a learned paucitie1 where the flocking number by reason of ingenerate wantes1 will proue but a scare crow1 and by apparent defection doth encrease the embush1 which lyeth still in waite to intercept our possession4 ,thus much of ,necessitie1 which stayeth the multitude of learners either by defect in circunstance1 or by law in ordinance1 when the parties be letted1 either by lack that they can not1 or by law that they may not1 lay claime to the booke4 ,sidenote3 ,choice4 ,now are we come to a larger compasse1 where libertie giues leaue to learne if he can1 where forraine circumstances be free1 and no let for any to be learned but either his wit1 if he be dull1 or his will1 if he be stubborne4 ,in this kinde1 choise is a great prince1 which by great reason and good aduice1 abridgeth that which is to much1 and culs owt the best4 ,which choice1 as it begins at the entrie of the elementarie schole1 so it proceedeth on1 till the last preferment be bestowed1 which either the state hath in store for any person1 or any person can derserue1 for seruice in the state4 ,and therefore as it keepeth in an ordinate course1 so it may full well be orderly handled1 and by conuenient degrees4 ,sidenote3 ,what wit is fittest for learning in a monarchie4 ,but bycause the choice is to be made by the wit1 and the wit is to be applied to the frame and state of the countrie1 where it continueth3 ,i will first seeke out1 what kinde of wit is euen from the infantcie to be thought most fit1 to serue for this state in the learned kinde4 ,which if it be to stirring1 troubleth1 if it be well staied1 setleth the countrie where it lyueth1 so farre as it dealeth4 ,and yet oftymes that wit maketh least show at the first1 to be so plyable1 which at the last doth best agree with the pollicy4 ,and therefore it is then to be taken1 when it beginnes first to shew1 that it will proue such3 wherefore precise reiecting of any wit1 which is in way to go onward1 before due ripenes1 as it is harmefull to the partie reiected1 so it bewraieth some rashnes in him that reiecteth3 bycause the varietie is exceeding great1 though the coniectures be as great1 and the most likelyhood must needes leade1 where certaintie is denied4 ,but to the wittes3 wherein as lacke and law do guide necessitie so the qualitie of the witte1 conformable to the state directeth choice4 ,there be three kindes of gouernment most noted among all writers1 #a4 whereof the first is called a monarchie1 bycause one prince beareth the sway1 by whose circumspection the common good is shielded1 and the common harme shouldred3 #b4 the second an oligarchie3 where some few beare all the swinge3 #c4 the third a democratie1 where euery one of the people hath his interest in the direction1 and his voice in elections4 ,now all these three be best maintained by those kindes of wit1 which are most proper for that kinde of gouernment1 wherein they liue4 ,but bycause the gouernment of our countrie is a monarchie3 ,i will in choise seeke out that kinde of wit1 which best agreeth with the monarchie1 neither will ,i touch the other two1 vnles ,i fortune to trip vpon them by chaunce4 ,and for as much as ,i haue made the yong child my first subiect1 ,i will continue therein still3 bycause that which beginneth to shew it selfe neare vpon infancie1 will so commonly continue1 though alteration creepe in sometime4 ,but lightly these wittes alter not1 bycause the tokens be so fast and firme in nature1 and tend to so certaine and so resolute a iudgement4 ,sidenote3 ,a wit for learning in a monarchie4 ,the child therefore is like to proue in further yeares1 the fittest subiect for learning in a monarchie1 which in his tender age sheweth himselfe obedient to scholeorders1 and either will not lightly offend1 or if he do1 will take his punishment gently3 without either much repyning1 or great stomaking4 ,in behauiour towardes his companions he is gentle and curteous1 not wrangling1 not quarelling1 not complaining1 but will put to his helping hand1 and vse all perswasions1 rather then to haue either his maister disquieted1 or his fellowes punished4 ,and therefore he either receiueth like curtesie againe of his scholefellowes3 or who so sheweth him any discurtesie must abyde both chalenge and combate with all the rest4 ,if he haue any excellent towardnes by nature1 as commonly such wittes haue1 whereby he passeth the residue in learning1 it will shew it selfe so orderly1 and with such modestie1 as it shall soone appeare1 to haue no loftines of minde1 no aspiring ambition1 no odiouse comparisons ioyned withall4 ,at home he will be so obsequious to parentes1 so curteous among seruauntes1 so dutiefull toward all1 with whom he hath to deale3 as there will be contention1 who may praise him most behinde his backe1 who may cherish him most before his face3 with prayer that he may go on1 with feare of too hastie death1 in so od a towardnes of wit and demeanour4 ,these thinges will not lightly make any euident shew1 til the childe be either in the grammar schole1 by orderly ascent1 and not by two forewardly hast1 or vpon his passage from the perfited elementarie1 bycause his yeares by that time1 and his contynuaunce vnder gouernment1 will somwhat discouer his inclination4 ,before that time we pardon many thinges1 and vse pointes of ambition and courage1 to enflame the litle ones onward1 which we cut of afterward1 for making them to malapart1 as in their apparell frise is successour to silke4 ,when of them selues without any either great feare1 or much hartening1 they begin to make some muster and shew of their learning to this more then that1 then is coniecture on foote to finde1 what they willbe most likely to proue4 ,but now to examine these signes more nearely and narowly1 which ,i noted to be in the child that is like to proue so fit a subiect for a monarchie1 in matters of learning3 ,is not obedience the best sacrifice1 that he can offer vp to his prince and gouernour1 being directed and ruled by his countrie lawes8 ,and in the principles of gouernment1 is not his maister his monarchie8 and the scholelawes his countrey lawes8 wherunto if he submit himselfe both orderly in perfourmance1 and patiently in penaunce1 doth he not shew a mynde already armed1 not to start from his dutie8 and so much the more1 bycause his obedience to his maister is more voluntarie1 then that to his prince1 which is meere necessarie4 ,for in perswasions of children1 which the parentes will give eare to3 in desire to chaunge1 where their wills be chekt3 in multitude of teachers1 who thriue by such chaunges3 all meanes be good1 where there is such plentie1 to offer such parentes as be tikelish1 and such scholers as be shifting1 remouing from maisters and renouncing of obedience4 ,the child hath many shadowes to shift in vpon any pretence1 and as many baites1 to winne his parentes beleefe1 and specially if he stand in feare of beating4 ,whereas neither he1 ne yet his parentes1 can forsake their prince1 vpon any colour without forfaiting more then a quarters scholehire4 ,and therfore in so many meanes to change1 and some perhaps offered1 bycause who will not very willingly deale with such a witte1 where his trauell will make shew1 that child which notwithstanding all these entisementes1 will continue both on1 and one1 and digest dyscurtesies1 though his mayster sometyme chaunce to proue churlish1 is the peculiar and proper witte1 which ,i commende for obedience1 and that is like to proue both honestly learned1 and earnestly beloued4 #b4 ,in his owne demeanour towardes his fellowes and freindes1 and all sortes of people generally1 either at home1 or abroade1 either in schoole1 or elsewhere and in their loue and liking of him againe1 doth he not shew forth an euident sociabilitie and liklyhood1 that he will be very well to be liued withall8 and proue a very curteous man1 which is so louing1 and so beloued while he is yet a boye8 #c4 ,in letting nature shew her owne excellencie without vnsweetning it with his owne sawcinesse doth he not argue that he hath stuffe towards preferment1 without any sparke of ambition to moue further flame8 or to prease to fast forwarde8 which shall neuer neede3 bycause all men that know him1 will either willingly helpe to preferre him1 if their voice be in it3 or will reioyce at his preferment1 if they be but beholders4 ,for who will not be glad to see vertue1 which he loueth1 auaunced to rewarde8 or what can enuie do1 in so plausible a case1 but set forth the partie1 by declaring his desert1 in that she is there8 ,there be many consequentes1 which hange vpon these1 as neither vertue nor vice be single where they be1 but are alwaie accompanied with the whoule troupe of the like retinue4 ,and one conuenience graunted draweth on a number of the like kinde1 as well as one inconuenience draweth on his like traine4 ,but these be the maine as ,i conceiue at the first blush3 obedience to superiours and superioritie1 freindlynesse and fellowship toward companions1 and equalles3 substance to deserue well and winne it1 desire to auoide ill and flie it4 ,what duetie either towardes ,god or man1 either in publike or priuate societie1 in any either hie or low kinde of life is there1 whervnto ,god hath not seemed in nature to haue framed and fashioned this so toward a youth8 and therefore to haue appointed him for the vse of learning to be ruled by his betters1 and to rule his inferiours1 nothing offensiue nor vnpleasant to any8 ,many such wittes there be1 and at them must choice first begin4 ,and as those be the best1 and first to be chosen1 in whom there is so rare metall1 so the second or third after these be vnworthy the refusall1 in whom the same qualities do appeare1 though not in the same1 but in some meaner degree4 ,for wheras great ill is oft in place1 and proues the generall foe to that which would be better1 there meane good1 if it may haue place1 will be generall freind to preferre the better3 as euen this second mediocritie1 if it may be had1 as choice will finde it out1 will proue verie freindly to set forward all good4 ,now these properties and signes appeare in some1 verie soone1 in some verie late1 yea oftimes when they are least looked for3 as either iudgement in yeares1 or experience in dealinges do frame the parties4 ,the plat for the monarchicall learner being alwaye reseant in the chusers head1 concerning the propertie of his witte3 and appearance towardes proofe3 the rest is to be bestowed vpon the consideration of learning1 and towardnesse in children generally 7wherof these wittes be still both the first and best frutes7 where to stay1 or how farre to proceede in the ascent of learning4 ,whether he be riche or poore1 that makes no matter1 and is already decided1 whether he be quicke or slow1 therein is somwhat1 and requireth good regard4 ,sidenote3 ,schoole choice4 ,wherfore when sufficient abilitie in circunstances bids open the schoole dore1 the admission and continuaunce be generall1 till vpon some proofe the maister1 whom ,i make the first chuser of the finest1 and the first clipper of the refuse1 begin to finde and be able to discerne1 where abilitie is to go on forward1 and where naturall weaknesse biddes remoue by times4 ,for if negligence worke weaknesse1 that is an other disease1 and requires an other medecine1 to heale it withall4 ,now when the maister hath spied the strength or infirmitie in nature1 as by lightsomnesse or heauinesse in learning1 by easinesse or hardnesse in retaining1 by comparing of contrarie or the like wittes1 he shall easely sound both1 then as his delite wilbe to haue the toward continue1 so must his desire be1 how to procure the diuerting and remouing of the duller and lesse toward1 to some other course1 more agreeing with their naturall1 then learning is3 wherin they are like to go forward verie litle1 though their fortune be to go to schoole very long3 but here two considerations are to be had3 neither to soone to seeke their diuerting1 till some good ripenesse in time1 though with some great paines to the teacher in the meane time1 wish them to be weined from booking3 neither yet before their bodies be of strength to abide the paines of some more laborious prenticeship4 ,for it may so proue1 that those wittes1 which at the first were found to be exceeding hard and blunt1 may soften1 and proue sharp in time and shew a finer edge1 though that be not to be made a generall caution1 to cover dullardes with all4 ,for the naturall dulnesse will disclose it selfe generally in all pointes1 that concerne memorie and conceit3 that dulnesse which will once breake out sharp1 will shew it selfe by glaunces1 as a clowdy day vseth1 which will proue faire1 when all shrews haue dined4 ,wherefore peremptorie iudgement to soone1 may proue perillous to some3 and againe he that is fit for nothing else1 for the tendernesse of his bodie1 may abide in the schoole a litle while longer1 where though he do but litle good1 yet he may be sure to take litle harme4 ,moreouer if the parentes abilitie be such1 as he may1 and his desire such1 as he will maintaine his child at schoole1 till he grow to some yeares1 though he grow to small learning1 the maister must haue pacience1 and measure his paines by the parentes purse1 where he knowes there is plentie1 and not by the childes profit1 which he seeth will be small4 ,wherein yet he must impart his opinion continually with the parent both for his duetie sake1 and for auoiding of displeasure4 ,but in the meaner sorte the case altereth1 for that as a good witte in a poore child1 deserues direct punishment1 if by negligence he for slow the obtaining of learning1 which is the patrimonie to wittie pouertie3 so a dull witte in that degree would not be dalyed with all to long1 but be furthered to some trade1 which is the fairest portion to the slow witted poore4 ,now bycause the maister to whose iudgement ,i commend the choice1 is no absolute potentate in our common weale1 to dispose of wittes1 and to sorte mens children1 as he liketh best1 but in nature of a counsellour1 to ioine with the parent1 if he will be aduised3 therfore to haue this thing perfectly accomplished1 ,i wish the parentes and maisters to be freindly acquainted1 and domestically familiar4 ,and though some parentes neede no counsell1 as some maisters can giue but litle1 yet the wise parent will heare1 and can iudge3 and the skilfull maister can iudge1 and should be heard4 ,where neither of these be1 neither skill in the teacher to tell it1 nor will in the parente to heare it1 and lesse affection to follow it1 the poore child is wrung to the worse in the meane while1 and the parent receiues small comfort in conclusion4 ,this course for the maister to keepe in iudging of his scholer1 and the parent to follow in bestowing of his child1 according to his wit1 continueth so long as the child shalbe either vnder maistership in schole1 or tutorship in colledge4 ,during the which time1 a great number may be verie wisely and fitly bestowed1 vnlearned trades sufficiently appointed1 the proceding in letters reserued to them1 to whom for wit and iudgement they seeme naturally vowed3 and finally the whole common weale in euery braunch well furnished with number1 and the number it selfe discharged of to much4 ,bycause this tyme vnder the maisters gouerment1 is the time wherin youth is to be bestowed by forraine direction3 for afterward in a more daungerous age1 and a more ieoperdouse time1 they grow on to their owne choice1 and these vnfitnesses in nature1 or frailtes in maners1 being not foreseene to1 may cause the friendes forthinke it1 and the parties sore rue it4 ,and though the maister shall not allway haue his counsell followed in this case1 yet if he do signifie his opinion to the parent1 his dutie is discharged1 and that which ,i require is orderly performed4 ,for if the parent shew himselfe vnwilling to be directed that way1 which the maister shall allow1 vpon great ground1 and be blynded by affection1 measuring his childes wit to learning1 by his doing of some errand1 or by telling of some tale1 or by marking of some pretie toy1 as such argumentes there be vsed1 which yet be no argumentes of a towarde learner1 but of a no foolish obseruer3 in this case though the maister to his owne gaine draw on vnder his hand a desparate wit1 the fault is his that would not see1 if he that saw did honestly tell it4 ,whereby it still proueth true1 that parentes and maisters should be familiarly lynked in amitie1 and contynual conference1 for their common care1 and that the one should haue a good affiance of iudgement in the thing1 and of goodwill towards himselfe1 reposed in the other4 ,which will proue so1 when the maister is chosen with iudgement1 and continued with conference1 and not bycause my neighbours children go to schole with you1 you shall haue myne to4 ,a common commendation among common coursiters1 which post about still to suruey all scholes1 and neuer staie in one3 and reape as much learning1 as the rowling stone doth gather mosse4 ,but concerning scholes1 and such particularities1 as belong thereunto ,i will then deale1 when ,i shall take in hand the peculiar argumentes1 of schooles and schooling1 both for the elementarie and the grammarian4 ,wherein we are no lesse troubled with number and confusion in our petie kingdomes1 then the verie common weale is molested with the same in greater yeares1 and larger scope4 ,but bycause it were not orderly delt1 to rip the faultes1 and not to heale them1 ,i wil post all these pointes ouer to their owne treatises1 in my particuler discourses hereafter1 where ,i will presently helpe1 whatsoeuer ,i shall blame4 ,the other meanes wherby choice lesseneth number1 be admissions into colleges1 prefermentes to degrees1 aduauncement vnto liuings1 wherein the common weale receiueth the greater blow1 the nearer these thinges be to publike execution1 and therefore the playner dealing to preuent mischiefe before it infect1 is the more praiseworthy4 ,sidenote3 ,admission into colleges4 ,as concerning colleges ,i do not thinke the liuinges in them to be peculiar1 or of purpose ment to the poorer sort onely1 whose want that small helpe could neuer suffice1 though there be some prerogatiue reserued vnto them1 in consideration of some great towardnes1 which might otherwise be trod down1 and that way is held vp3 but that they be simply preferments for learning1 and auauncementes to vertue1 as wel in the wealthy for reward of wel doing1 as in the poorer for necessarie support4 ,and therefore as ,i giue admission scope to chuse of both the sortes1 so ,i do restraine it to honest and ciuill towardnes4 ,for if fauour and friendship not for these furnitures1 but for priuate respectes1 carie away elections though with some enterlarding of towardnes and learning1 and some few to giue countenaunce to some equitie of choice1 and theerby to maintaine the credit of such places1 surely the scholers and heades which deuised the sleight1 and conceiued they were not seene1 shall repent without recouerie1 and finde themselues bound1 and their colleges bowelled1 when they shal fele themselues ouerruled by their owne deuise3 bycause such as come in so1 will communicate the like with others1 and neuer care for the common1 which were helpt by the priuate4 ,for where fauour bringes in almost in despite of order1 there must fauour be returned with meruelous disorder1 and yet ,i do not mislike fauour1 which helpeth desert1 which otherwise might be foiled1 if fauour friended not4 ,but when the ground wherupon fauour buildes is not so commendable1 founders be discouraged1 common prouision supplanted1 learning set ouer to loytering1 brauerie made enheritour to bookes4 ,stirringe wittes haue their will for the time1 and repentance at leasure4 ,the fault hereof commeth from scholers themselues1 which first make way to sinister meanes1 and afterward blame1 the verie meane which they vsed themselues4 ,for finding some ease at first in working their owne will1 either more cunningly to hide some indirect dealing1 or more subtilly to supplant some contrary faction3 or in deede desiring rather by commaundement to force1 and so to seeme somebodie1 then of dutie to entreat1 and so seeme abiect to honestie3 they stumble at the last vpon the blocke of bondage1 being bridled of their owne will1 euen when they are in ruffe1 by the selfe same meanes1 which brought them vnto it1 and thought so to staule them1 as themselues would commaund where they caused the speed4 ,these fellowes be like to ,horaces horse1 which to ouercome the stag1 vsed man for his meane once1 and his maister alway3 neither refusing the saddle on his ridg1 to be rid on1 nether the bit in his mouth1 to be bridled by4 ,a braue victory so dearely bought1 to the victours bondage1 and perpetuall slauerie4 ,whereas if learning and those conditions which ,i did lymit to a ciuill wit in this state1 were the end in elections1 the vnfit should be set ouer to some other course1 in conuenient time3 the fittest should be chosen1 the founders mynde fulfilled3 some periurie for non perfourmaunce of statutes auoided3 new patrones procured1 religion auaunced1 good studentes encouraged1 and fauour vpon extreame and importunate sute disfranchised3 which neuer will oppose it selfe to so honest considerations1 so constantly kept3 neither euer doth intrude1 without some such sollicitours1 as should be sorie for it1 and vse no meane to haue it1 which oftimes vse this meane1 to do il by warrant1 as if they were forced to that1 which in deede they ment before1 and sought fauour but for a shadow to hide their deuise4 ,now if you that are to chuse1 yeeld so much to your selues1 and your owne conceit to bring your deuises to passe1 though ye wring by the waie1 and your state in the ende1 why should you not in good truth relent1 and giue place your selues being in places1 to your betters and bidders1 which gaiue you the roome1 and yet would haue left all to you1 if you would haue left any place to reason3 or haue bene led by right1 as ye leaned all to the wronge8 you had your will by them1 and why not they haue theirs of you8 requitall among equalles is of common curtesie1 recompence in inequalities is enforced of necessitie4 ,if any metall be to massie1 and way downe the ballance1 or if any metallish meane1 where money will scale1 do enter that fort1 where is small resistance1 that is solde1 which ought not1 the enheritaunce of vertue3 that is bought1 which should not1 the liuelihood of learning3 that is betrayed1 which neither should for feare1 nor ought for freindship1 the treasure of the state1 and prouision of the countrey4 ,and if there be neede1 which enforceth such dealing1 yet deale1 where it is due1 and let neede be remedyed1 with her owne prouision1 not by vnhonest intrusion4 ,i do not blame any one1 bycause my selfe know none1 and ,i thinke well of most1 bycause ,i know some sincere4 ,but some thing there is that feedeth the generall complaint1 and some contentious factions there be1 that bring catchers into colleges4 ,for both these two inconueniences1 worse then mischeifes as our common law termeth them1 ,i haue nothing to say more then to renue the memorie of two accidentes1 which happened to the ,romain common weale1 and may be vnderstood by scholers that will marke and applie them4 #a4 ,the first is1 that in ,tullie1#ee when ,pontius the ,samnite wished that he either had not bene borne vntill1 or but then borne1 when the ,romaines would haue receiued giftes and rewardes1 ,why8 what if8 ,i would not haue suffred them to haue reigned one day longer1 by selling their libertie1 they should haue become bond4 ,the fellow said much1 and that state felt more1 when they fell to fingering4 ,sidenote3 ,the main rot of the ,romaine empire4 #b4 ,the second is this1 not noted in any one1 but obserued by all1 that marke and write of the declining and ruine of the ,romain ,empire4 ,the principall cause among many1 to raze that state1 which did rise in the blood of other nations and fell in their owne1 was1 when their generalls vsed the helpe of forreine and barbarous fellowes1 late foes1 new freindes1 to ouerthrow the contrarie factions in their ciuill warres1 both before and in their ,emperours time1 and let them both smell and taste of the ,romish wealth and fatnesse of ,italie4 ,wherwith the horesons being rauished1 euer as they went home sent more of their countreymen to serue in seditious or necessarie defenses3 till at the last their whole nations ouerflew that flourishing towne1 and that fertile countrey4 ,wherby that great abundance1 that vnspeakeable wealth1 those inestimable riches1 which the whether conquering or rauening ,romaines had gathered together in so many hundred yeares1 from so many seuerall countries1 in a verie small time1 became a bootie to that barbarous offall of all kinde of people1 which neuer had any1 till they became lordes1 both of the ,romain substance and the soile of ,italie4 ,a glasse for those to gase on1 which will rather stirre to fall1 then be still to stand4 ,if ye shew a child an apple1 he will crye for it1 but if you make a mightier then your selfe priuie to your pleasures1 if he be desirous to haue1 and speede not1 he will make you crye for it4 ,but now as fauour founded not vpon desert1 but vpon some fetch1 is foe to all choice1 enforcing for the fauorite1 so free admissions into colledges1 by but mildely and honestly replying3 vpon fauour may helpe it in sufficiency1 and lighten the booke of some needlesse burthen1 which hurtes not onely in the admission1 but also by sending abroade such broad dealers1 which corrupt where they go1 and poison more incurably1 bycause of their meane1 which is mothered vpon learning1 which the cunninger it is1 the craftyer meane it is3 and of the more credit it is1 the more conueiance it hath to corrupt with good colour1 though it be to bad1 when it is bewrayed4 ,if hope were cut of to speede by disorder1 such wittes would streight waye sorte themselues to order1 as they be not the most blockheades1 which offer violence to order3 wherin ,i must needes say somwhat in plaine truth1 and plausible to4 ,sidenote3 ,the abusing of great personages4 ,those great personages1 which be so tempted by the importunity of such petie companions1 as seeke them for protection1 to force good and godly statutes1 are litle bound to them4 ,for what do they8 ,their owne obscuritie comes in no daunger1 as being but vnderlinges1 neither much seene1 nor whit cared for1 though they cause the mischeife3 but they force good1 and well giuen dispositions1 excellent and noble natures1 by false and coloured informations1 to serue their owne turnes1 and to beguile their great freindes3 they bring them in hatred of all those1 which builde vpon the good zeale of vertuous founders4 ,which thing reacheth so farre1 and to so many1 as either the possibilitie to enioye their benefit doth1 or the praise of their doing1 to procure the like3 or the protection of posteritie1 which cannot but lament the great misuse1 and foull ouerthrow of their ancestours good and most godly meaning4 ,they cast all men in feare of them to be likewise forced in their best interest1 as a principle to tyrannie1 and make them to be odious to all1 whom they would seeme to honour aboue all4 ,the worst kinde of caterpillours1 in countenaunce fine and neate1 in speeche delicate and diuine1 in pretence holy and heauenly1 in meaning verie furies1 and diuells3 to themselues scraping howsoeuer they couer3 to nobilitie and countenaunce1 whatsoeuer shew they make1 the verie seminarie of most daungerous dishonour1 and therfore worthy to be thrust out1 bycause they thirst so much4 ,for if loue and honour be the treasures of nobility1 the contrarie meane howsoeuer it be coloured deserues coudgelling out1 when it croutcheth most4 ,it is no dishonour to nobilitie1 not to haue their will1 but it is their greatest disgrace to yielde to that1 by vnreasonable desire1 which they ought not to will1 and so make a diuorse betwene honestie and honour1 which is vnseemely1 seeing honestie1 how basely soeuer some ruffians regard it1 is the verie mother to honour of greatest moment1 and in the best kinde4 ,that such honorable natures yeelde to such importunate promoters1 halfe against their will1 bycause otherwise they cannot be rid of them3 their owne and honorable contentment doth oftimes proue1 when they haue bene aunswered truely and duetifully1 by such either companies1 or particulars1 as haue preferred plaine trueth1 before painted colours1 whereby noble dispositions do well declare to the world1 how vnwilling they be to force order by fauour1 if they be enfourmed of the truth3 which will alway proue the enfourmers warrant1 and foile such fetchers1 when it comes to the hearing4 ,and as the learned ,quintilian sayth1 that in a grammarian it is a vertue not to seeme to know all3 so sayth pollicy that in the verie highest1 it is not good to do all1 that authoritie and interest in the extremitie of right maie do1 with some warrant to it selfe1 though with small liking1 where it goeth4 ,mine antecedent is of mine owne profession1 which beareth blame of to much boldnesse1 and hath bene thought to presumptuous for knowledg1 as ,rhemmius ,palmon one of our coate1 was wont to brag1 that learning began to liue1 and should die with him3 ,my consequent concerneth my countrey1 and good will to nobilitie1 which as in degree can do most1 so were it great pitie that it should be vsed1 but to worke the best4 ,my chalenge is to those infamous meanes1 which dishonour their honorable patrones1 defeat honest men of best education1 disturbe the state euen while they liue1 poison the posteritie by their president1 euen when they are dead4 ,now if choice had taken place in the beginning1 such impudent wittes had wonne no place1 and noble patrones had shaked of such sutes4 ,for as deepe waters do seeme not to runne bycause of their stillnesse3 so true vertue and honest learning will tary their calling1 and not stirre to soone1 to set forth their stuffe1 though they be the deepest and most worthy the place4 ,i must craue pardon3 a well affected maister speaketh for all poore and toward scholers1 well nusled in learning1 well giuen in liuing1 and ill thwarted in liuinges1 by such visardes of counterfect countenaunces1 which one may more then halfe gesse1 what they will receiue1 when none seeth but the offerer3 which dare themselues offer such dishonorable requestes to those personages1 at whose countenaunces1 they ought in conscience to tremble1 if that impudencie1 which first hath reiected ,god secretly1 and all goodnesse openly1 had not tyrannised them to much1 so vilely to abuse1 where they ought to honour4 ,the consideration of the good1 the canuasing for the ill1 hath caryed me from colledges1 though not from colleginers1 where for necessarie roomes there must be boursares1 and why not of the learned sorte8 ,which the more towarde they be1 the more trusty they will proue1 and cheifly to that colledge1 which auaunced them for value4 ,neuer wonder if he do sacrifice to the purse1 which was admitted either for it1 or by it4 ,and yet there is some wrong1 to fill priuate purses for entring1 and to punish the common1 when they be entred4 ,if they could vse it so1 as to still it from those1 which strayned it from them1 when they were to enter1 the cunning were great1 and the deceit not amisse1 where craft is allowed to deceiue the deceiuer4 ,but the common wrings1 for the priuate wrong1 and there the iniury is4 ,sidenote3 ,preferment to degrees4 #b4 ,preferment to degrees in schole may1 nay in deede ought to be a mightier stripper of insufficiencie1 bycause that way1 the whole countrie is made either a lamentable spoile to bould ignorance1 or a laudable soyle to sober knowledge4 ,when a scholer is allowed by authoritie of the vniuersitie1 to professe that qualitie1 whereof he beares the title1 and is sent abroad with the warrant of his commencement1 and want of his cunning1 who made either fauour and friendship1 either countenaunce or canuase1 or some other sleight the meane to enstawle him1 what must our common countrie then say1 when she heareth the bragge of the vniuersities title sound in her eares1 and findes not the benefit of the vniuersitie learning to serue her in neede8 ,shee must needes thinke that the vnlearned and ignorant creature is free from blame1 bycause he sought to countenaunce himselfe1 as the customarie led him3 but she must needes thinke her selfe not onely not bound to the vniuersitie1 but shamefully abused1 nay most vnnaturally offered to the spoile of ignorance and insufficiencie by the vniuersitie1 to whom committing her sight shee is dealt with so blindly1 in whom reposing her trust1 she is betrayed so vntruely4 ,for what is it to say in common collection1 when the vniuersitie preferreth any1 to degree3 but as if she should protest thus much4 ,before ,god and my countrie1 to whom ,i owe my selfe and my seruice1 whereof the one ,i cannot deceiue1 the other ,i ought not1 ,i do knowe this man1 whom ,i now prefer to this degree1 in this facultie1 in the sufficiencie of abilitie1 which his title pretendeth1 not perfunctorilie taken knowledge of1 but thoroughly examined by me1 to be well able to execute in the common weale of my countrie1 that qualitie in art and profession1 which his degree endoweth him with3 and that my countrie may rest vpon my credit in securitie for his sufficiencie3 and betrust her selfe vnto him vpon my warrant1 which ,i do seale with the publike acknowledging of him to be such a one1 as his title emporteth1 being consideratly and aduisedly bestowed vpon him by me1 as ,i will answere almightie ,god in iudgement1 and my countrie in my conscience and vpon my credit4 ,now what if he be not such a one8 where then is your aduisednesse8 where then is your credit8 where then is then your conscience8 nay where then is your ,god1 whom ye called to witnesse8 ,what if the vniuersitie knew before1 that he neither was such a one1 neither like euer to proue any such8 let him that weyeth this1 if it be to light1 reiect it as counterfect4 ,let the earnest professours of the truest religion in the vniuersities at this day call their consciences to counsell1 and redresse the defect1 for their owne credit1 and the good of their countrie4 ,if it shall please the vniuersities1 to preferre these considerations of countrie and conscience1 before any priuate persuasion 7which if it were roundly repelled a while1 would neuer be so impudent1 as so to intrude it selfe7 the matter were ended1 and despaire that way would leaue rowme to learning3 and send such fellowes to those faculties1 which were fitter for them3 and not suffer them vnder the titles of learning1 to supplant the learned1 and forstaull away their liuinges3 to the discouraging of the right student in deede1 and the defeating of the state4 ,for if ye rip the cause why they seeke to set foorth then selues1 with such forraine feathers1 being vnlikely to looke on1 in their owne coloures1 if the eye might behold that which the minde conceiueth1 ye shall finde that their desire to gaine vnder honorable titles1 is the verie grounde whereupon they goe3 which they seeke by indirect wayes1 bycause they feele them selues to be of no direct worth4 ,but what fooles be good scholers in deede1 to lende such dawes their dignities1 vnder that borrowed habit1 to rob them of preheminence1 and to seeme to be eagles1 where they be but bussardes8 ,nay do they not discredit the vniuersitie more8 as if they there were either so simple1 as they could not descrie a calfe1 or so easie to be entreated1 as when they had discried it1 they would sweare by perswasion1 that the calfe were a camell8 good my maisters make not all priestes that stand vpon the bridge as the ,poope passeth4 ,for then the cobler as one consecrated1 bycause his person was in compasse1 and his showes with in hearing1 will sure be a priest1 and set nothing by his naule1 and as good as you and as fit for a benefice1 as those that came to take orders in deede1 and deserued them in doing4 ,looke to it betimes and lende not your garmentes to set forth bastardt and bold suters1 for feare your selues be excluded1 when ye entend to sue1 both your labour and your loue being lost1 through your owne follie4 ,to seeme is not so much in weight as to be1 but in paines it is much more4 ,to counterfeat vertue1 and to auoide spying1 requireth a long labour1 and daily new deuises3 to be vertuouse in deede1 and learned in deede1 craues labour at the first1 and lendes leysure in the end1 borne out by it selfe1 neuer needing any vele4 ,and therefore great warines must be vsed to discerne and shake of the counterfeat smaller consideration will soone finde1 and sooner content sufficient stuffe4 ,let deepe dissembling and dubling hypocrisie leape the ladder1 and honest learning be beholder the while4 ,in these pointes to haue worthinesse preferred1 and to haue choice to seeke1 and saue it1 if a teacher deale thus earnestly1 as methinke ,i do now1 he may deserue pardon as ,i hope ,i shall haue1 considering his end1 to him selfe ward is delite1 to his charge is their profit3 to his countrie is sound stuffe sent from him4 ,and can he be but grieued to see the effect so disorderly defeated1 wherunto with infinite toile1 with inconparable care1 with incredible paines1 he did so orderly proceed8 ,i take it very tollerable for any1 that hath charge of number and multitude to be carefull for their good1 not only in priuate gouernment1 but also in publike protection1 so farre1 as either the honestie of the cause1 or the dutie to magistrate1 will maintaine his attempt4 ,as truely in learning and learned executions1 me thinke it concerneth all men to be very carefull1 bycause the thing tucheth themselues so neare in age1 and theirs so much in youth4 ,sidenote3 ,auauncement to liuinges4 #c4 ,for the third part which consisteth in auauncement to liuinges1 as it is commonly handled by the highest in state1 and eldest in yeares1 which haue best skill to iudge1 and least neede to be misled3 so it needes least precept3 bycause the misse there is mostwhat without amendes1 being made by great warrant3 and the hitting right is the blessed fortune of ech kinde of state1 when value is in place1 whence there is no appeale but pleasure in the perfit3 pitie in imperfection3 the common good either carried to ruine by intrusion of insufficiencie1 or strongly supported by sufficient staie4 ,repulse here is a miserable stripp1 that insufficiencie should be suffered to growe vp so high1 and not be hewed downe before4 ,and some great iniurie is offered to the bestowers of prefermentes1 that they are made obiectes to the danger of insufficient boldnes1 which ought to be cut of by sufficient modestie1 who pretendeth the claime to be her owne of dutie1 and to whom the patrones1 would rediliest yeild1 if they could discerne and were not abused by the worthy themselues1 which lend the vnworthy the worth of their countenance to deceiue the disposers1 and to beguile their owne selues4 ,but blind bayard1 if he haue any burden that is worth the taking downe1 and bestowing somwhere else1 wilbe farre bolder then a better horse1 and so farre from shame1 as he will not shrinke to offer himselfe to the richest sadle1 being in deede no better then a blinde iade and seeking to occupie the stawle where ,bucephalus the braue horse of duety ought to stand4 ,and in this case of preferrement1 store is lightely the greatest enemie to the best choice1 bycause in number no condition wilbe offered1 which will not be admitted1 though some do refuse4 ,the preuenting of all or most of these inconueniences1 ,i do take to be in the right sorting of wittes at the first1 when learning shall be left to them alone1 whom nature doth allow by euident signes1 and such sent awaye to some other trades1 as are made to that ende4 ,wherby the sorters are to haue thankes in the ende of both the parties1 which finding themselues fitted in the best kinde of their naturall calling1 must of necessitie honour them1 which vsed such foresight in their first bestowing4 ,thus much haue ,i marked in clipping of1 of that multitude which oppresseth learning with too too many1 as too too many wheresoeuer they be1 ouercharge the soile in all professions4 ,for the matter wheron to liue iustly and truly being within compasse1 and the men which must liue vpon it1 being still without ende1 must not desire of maintenaunce specially if it be ioyned with a porte1 wring a number to the wall1 to get wheron to liue8 ,i neede pinch no particular wherethe generall is so sore gauled4 ,marke but those professions and occupations1 which be most cloyed vp with number1 whether they be bookish or not1 and waye the poorer sort1 wheron at the last the pinching doth light1 though it passe many handes before1 if to great a multitude making to great a state do not proue a shrew1 then am ,i deceyued3 so that it were good there were stripping vsed1 and that be time in yonger yeares4 ,for youth being let go forward vpon hope1 and chekt with dispaire while it rometh without purueyaunce1 makes marueilous a doe before it will die4 ,and if no miserable shift will serue at home1 verie defection to the foe1 and common enemie will send them abrode1 to seeke for that1 which in such a case they are sure to finde4 ,wherefore as countenaunce in the ouerflowing number1 which findeth place in a state doth infect extremely1 by seeking out vnlawfull and corrosiue maintenaunce3 so roming in the vnbestowed offaull1 which findes no place in a state1 doth festure fellonly1 by seeking to shake it1 with most rebellious enterprises4 ,,footnotes3 #ed ,xenop4 #a4 4 #ee ,offic4 #b4 ,,chapter #ch4 ,,that ,,young ,,maidens ,,are ,,to ,,be ,,set ,,to ,,learning1 ,,which ,,is ,,proued1 ,,by ,,the ,,custome ,,of ,,our ,,countrey1 ,,by ,,our ,,duetie ,,towardes ,,them1 ,,by ,,their ,,naturall ,,abilities1 ,,and ,,by ,,the ,,worthy ,,effectes ,,of ,,such ,,as ,,haue ,,bene ,,well ,,trained4 ,,the ,,ende ,,whervnto ,,their ,,education ,,serueth ,,which ,,is ,,the ,,cause ,,why ,,and ,,how ,,much ,,they ,,learne4 ,,which ,,of ,,them ,,are ,,to ,,learne1 ,,when ,,they ,,are ,,to ,,begin ,,to ,,learne4 ,,what ,,and ,,how ,,much ,,they ,,may ,,learne4 ,,of ,,whom ,,and ,,where ,,they ,,ought ,,to ,,be ,,taught4 ,when ,i did appoint the persons1 which were to receiue the benefit of education3 ,i did not exclude young maidens1 and therefore seeing ,i made them one braunche of my diuision1 ,i must of force say somwhat more of them4 ,a thing perhaps which some will thinke might wel enough haue bene past ouer with silence1 as not belonging to my purpose1 which professe the education of boyes1 and the generall traine in that kinde4 ,but seeing ,i begin so low as the first ,elementarie1 wherin we see that young maidens be ordinarily trained1 how could ,i seeme not to see them1 being so apparently taught8 ,sidenote3 ,the proofes why they are to learne4 ,and to proue that they are to be trained1 ,i finde foure speciall reasons1 wherof any one1 much more all may perswade any their most aduersarie1 much more me1 which am for them toothe and naile4 #a4 ,the first is the maner and custome of my countrey1 which allowing them to learne1 wil be lothe to be contraried by any of her countreymen4 #b4 ,the second is the duetie1 which we owe vnto them1 whereby we are charged in conscience1 not to leaue them lame1 in that which is for them4 #c4 ,the third is their owne towardnesse1 which ,god by nature would neuer haue giuen them to remaine idle1 or to small purpose4 #d4 ,the fourth is the excellent effectes in that sex1 when they haue had the helpe of good bringing vp3 which commendeth the cause of such excellencie1 and wisheth vs to cherishe that tree1 whose frute is both so pleasaunt in taste1 and so profitable in triall4 ,what can be said more8 our countrey doth allow it1 our duetie doth enforce it1 their aptnesse calls for it1 their excellencie commandes it3 and dare priuate conceit1 once seeme to withstand where so great1 and so rare circunstances do so earnestly commende4 ,sidenote3 ,the custome of our countrey4 ,but for the better vnderstanding of these foure reasons1 ,i will examine euerie of them1 somwhat nearer1 as inducers to the truth1 ear ,i deale with the traine4 ,for the first3 ,if ,i should seeme to enforce any noueltie1 ,i might seeme ridiculous1 and neuer se that thing take place1 which ,i tender so much3 but considering1 the custome of my countrie hath deliuered me of that care1 which hath made the maidens traine her owne approued trauell1 what absurditie am ,i in1 to say that is true1 which my countrie dare auow1 and daily doth trie8 ,i set not yong maidens to publike grammer scholes1 a thing not vsed in my countrie1 ,i send them not to the vniuersities1 hauing no president thereof in my countrie1 ,i allow them learning with distinction in degrees1 with difference of their calling1 with respect to their endes1 wherefore they learne1 wherein my countrie confirmeth my opinion4 ,we see yong maidens be taught to read and write1 and can do both with praise3 we heare them sing and playe3 and both passing well1 we know that they learne the best1 and finest of our learned languages1 to the admiration of all men4 ,for the daiely spoken tongues and of best reputation in our time1 who so shall denie that they may not compare euen with our kinde in the best degree1 they will claime no other combate1 then to talke with him in that verie tongue1 who shall seeke to taunt them for it4 ,these things our country doth stand to1 these qualities their parentes procure them1 as either opportunitie of circunstance will serue1 or their owne power wil extend vnto1 or their daughters towardnesse doth offer hope1 to be preferred by1 for singularitie of endowment1 either in marriage1 or some other meane4 ,nay do we not see in our countrey1 some of that sex so excellently well trained1 and so rarely qualified1 either for the toungues themselues1 or for the matter in the toungues3 as they may be opposed by way of comparison1 if not preferred as beyond comparison1 euen to the best ,romaines or ,greekish paragonnes be they neuer so much praised3 to the ,germaine or ,french gentlewymen1 by late writers so wel liked3 to the ,italian ladies who dare write themselues1 and deserue fame for so doing8 whose excellencie is so geason1 as they be rather wonders to gaze at1 then presidentes to follow4 ,and is that to be called in question1 which we both dayly see in many1 and wonder at in some8 ,i dare be bould therefore to admit yong maidens to learne1 seeing my countrie giues me leaue1 and her custome standes for me4 ,sidenote3 ,duetie4 ,for the second point4 ,the duetie which we owe them doth straitly commaund vs to see them well brought vp4 ,for what be young maidens in respect of our sex8 ,are they not the seminary of our succession8 the naturall frye1 from whence we are to chuse our naturall1 next1 and most necessarie freindes8 ,the very selfe same creatures1 which were made for our comfort1 the onely good to garnish our alonenesse1 the nearest companions in our weale or wo8 the peculiar and priuiest partakers in all our fortunes8 borne for vs to life1 bound to vs till death8 ,and can we in conscience but carefully thinke of them1 which are so many wayes linked vnto vs8 ,is it either nothing1 or but some small thing1 to haue our childrens mothers well furnished in minde1 well strengthened in bodie8 which desire by them to maintaine our succession8 or is it not their good to be so well garnished1 which good being defeated in them by our indiligence1 of whom they are to haue it1 doth it not charge vs with breache of duetie1 bycause they haue it not8 ,they are committed and commended vnto vs1 as pupilles vnto tutours1 as bodies vnto heades1 nay as bodies vnto soules3 so that if we tender not their education duetifully1 they maye vrge that against vs1 if at any time either by their owne right1 or by our default1 they winne the vpper roome and make vs stand bare head1 or be bolder with vs to4 ,they that write of the vse of our bodies1 do greatly blame such parentes1 as suffer not their children to vse the left hand1 as well as the right1 bycause therby they weaken their strength and the vse of their limmes3 and can we be without blame1 who seeke not to strengthen that1 which was once taken from vs1 and yet taryeth with vs1 as a part of vs still3 knowing it to be the weaker8 ,or is there any better meane to strengthen their minde1 then that knowledge of ,god1 of religion1 of ciuil1 of domesticall dueties1 which we haue by our traine1 and ought not to denie them1 being comprised in bookes1 and is to be compassed in youth8 ,that some exercise of bodie ought to be vsed1 some ordinarie stirring ought to be enioyned1 some prouision for priuate and peculiar trainers ought to be made3 not onely the ladies of ,lacedmon will sweare1 but all the world will sooth1 if they do but wey1 that it is to much to weaken our owne selues by not strengthning their side4 ,that cunning poet for iudgement in matter1 and great philosopher for secrecie in nature1 our well knowen ,virgill1 saw in a goodly horse that was offered vnto ,augustus ,csar an infirmitie vnperceaued by either looker on or any of his stable1 which came as he said by some weaknes in the damme1 and was confessed to be true4 ,galene and the whole familie of ,physicians ripping vp our infirmities1 which be not to be auoided1 placeth the seminarie and originall1 engraffed in nature1 as our greatest and nearest foes4 ,and therfore to be preuented by the parentes1 thorough considerate traine1 the best and fairest meane1 to better weake nature3 so that of duety they are to be cared for4 ,and what care in duetie is greater1 then this in traine8 ,sidenote3 ,naturall ,towardnesse4 #c4 ,their naturall towardnesse which was my third reason doth most manifestly call vpon vs1 to see them well brought vp4 ,if nature haue giuen them abilities to proue excellent in their kinde1 and yet thereby in no point to let their most laudable dueties in mariage and matche1 but rather to bewtifie them1 with most singular ornamentes1 are not we to be condemned of extreme vnnaturallnes1 if we gay not that by discipline1 which is giuen them by nature8 ,that naturally they are so richly endowed1 all ,philosophie is full1 no ,diuinitie denyes1 ,plato#ef and his ,academikes say1 that all vertues be indifferent1 nay all one in man and woman3 sauing that they be more strong and more durable in men1 weaker and more variable in wymen4 ,xeno and his ,stoikes though they esteeme the ods betwene man and woman naturally to be as great as the difference1 betwene an heauenly and an earthly creature1 which ,plato did not1 making them both of one mould1 yet they graunt them equalitie and samenesse in vertue1 though they deliuer the strength and constancie ouer vnto men1 as properly belonging vnto that side4 ,aristotle and his ,peripatetikes confessing them both to be of one kinde1 though to different vses in nature1 according to those differences in condition1 appointeth them differences in vertue1 and yet wherin they agree3 alloateth them the same4 ,when they haue concluded thus of their naturall abilities1 and so absolutely entitled them vnto all vertues1 they rest not there1 but proceede on further to their education in this sorte4 ,that as naturally euery one hath some good assigned him1 whervnto he is to aspire1 and not to cease vntill he haue obtained it1 onlesse he will by his owne negligence reiect that benefit1 which the munificence of nature hath liberally bestowed on him3 so there is a certaine meane1 wherby to winne that perfitly1 which nature of her selfe doth wish vs franckly4 ,this meane they call education1 whereby the naturall inclinations be gently caryed on1 if they will curteously follow1 or otherwise be hastened1 if they must needes be forced1 vntill they ariue at that same best1 which nature bendeth vnto with full saile1 in those fairer1 which follow the traine willingly1 in those meaner1 which must be bet vnto it4 ,and yet euen there where it is sorest laboured1 it worketh some effecte vnworthy of repentaunce1 and is better forced on in youth1 then forgon in age3 rather in children with feare1 then not in men with greife4 ,now as the inclinations be common to both the kindes1 so they deuide the meane of education indifferently betwene both4 ,which being thus1 as both the truth tells the ignorant1 and reading shewes the learned1 we do wel then perceaue by naturall men1 and ,philosophicall reasons1 that young maidens deserue the traine3 bycause they haue that treasure1 which belongeth vnto it1 bestowed on them by nature1 to be bettered in them by nurture4 ,neither doth religion contrarie religious nature4 ,for the ,lorde of nature1 which created that motion to continue the consequence of all liuing creatures1 by succession to the like1 by education to the best1 appointing either kinde the limittes of their duetie1 and requiring of either the perfourmaunce therof1 alloweth all such ordinarie and orderly meanes1 as by his direction in his word may bring them both from his appointment to their perfourmaunce1 from the first starting place1 to the outmost gole3 that is vnto that good1 which he hath assigned them1 by such wayes1 as he hath willed them3 so that both by nature the most obedient seruant1 and by the ,lorde of nature our most bountifull ,god1 we haue it in commandement not onely to traine vp our owne sex1 but also our female1 seeing he hath to require an account for naturall talentes of both the parties1 vs for directing them3 them for perfourmance of our direction4 ,sidenote3 ,excellent effectes4 #d4 ,the excellent effectes of those women1 which haue bene verie well trained1 do well declare1 that they deserue the best training3 which reason was my last in order1 but not my least in force1 to proue their more then common excellencie4 ,this is a point of such galancie1 if my purpose were to praise them1 as it is but to giue precept1 how to make them praiseworthie1 as ,i might soner weary my selfe with reckening vp of writers1 and calling worthie wymen to be witnesses in their owne cause then worthely to expresse their weight and worth1 bycause ,i beleeue that to be most true1 which is cronicled of them4 ,i will not medle with any moe writers to whom wymen are most bound1 for best speaking of them1 and most spreading of their vertues1 then with one onely man a single witnes in person1 but aboue all singularitie in profe3 the learned and honest ,plutarch1 whose name emporteth a princis treasure1 whose writings witnes an vnwearied trauel1 whose plaine truth was neuer tainted4 ,would he so learned1 so honest1 so true1 so sterne1 haue become such a trumpet for their fame1 to triumph by1 so haue gratified that sex1 whom he stood not in awe of3 so haue beutified their doings1 whom he might not haue medled with1 so haue auaunced their honour1 to hasard his owne sex1 by setting them so hie1 if he had not resolutely knowne the truth of his subiect8 he durst be so bould with his owne ,emperour the good ,traian1 to fore his scholer1 in his epistle to him before his booke of gouerning the comon weale1 as to say and call his booke to witnes thereof1 that if he went to gouerne1 and ouerthrew the state1 he did it not by the authoritie of ,plutarch1 as disauowing his scholer1 if he departed from his lessons4 ,and would that courage haue bene forced to frame a false argument8 or is so great a truth not to haue so great a credit8 howsouer some of the lighter heades haue lewdly belyed them1 or vainly accused them3 yet the verie best and grauest writers thinke worthely of them1 and make report of them with honour4 ,ariosto and ,boccacio will beloth to be tearmed light1 being so great doctours in their diuinitie1 yet they be somwhat ouer heauie to wymen1 without any great weight as in generall the ,italian writers be1 which in the middest of their louing leuities still glaunce at their lightnes1 and that so beyound all manhoode1 as they feele their owne fault1 and dispaire of reconcilement1 though they crie still for pardon4 ,as those men know well1 which will rather meruell1 that ,i haue red those bookes1 then mistrust my report1 which they know to be true4 ,in all good and generally authorised histories1 and in many particuler discourses1 it is most euident1 that not onely priuate and particular wymen1 being very well trained1 but also great princesses and gallant troupes of the same sex haue shewed fourth in them selues meruelous effectes of vertue and valure4 ,and good reason why4 ,for where naturally they haue to shew1 if education procure shew1 is it a thing to be wondered at8 ,or is their singularitie lesse in nature1 bycause wymen be lesse accustomed to shew it1 and not so commonly employed1 as we men be8 ,yet whensoeuer they be1 by their dealinges they shew vs that they haue no dead flesh nor any base mettle4 ,well1 ,i will knit vp this conclusion and burne day light no longer1 to proue that carefully1 which all men may see clearely1 and ther aduersaries grieue at1 bycause it confutes their follie1 which vpon some priuate errour of their owne1 to seeme fautles in wordes1 where they be faithles in deedes1 blame silly wymen as being the onely cause why they went awrie4 ,that yong maidens can learne1 nature doth giue them1 and that they haue learned1 our experience doth teach vs1 with what care to themselues1 them selues can best witnes1 with what comfort to vs1 what forraine example can more assure the world1 then our diamond at home8 our most deare soueraine lady and princesse1 by nature a woman1 by vertue a worthy1 not one of the nyne1 but the tenth aboue the nyne1 to perfit in her person that absolute number1 which is no fitter to comprehend all absolutnes in ,arithmetike1 then she is knowne to containe al perfections in nature1 all degrees in valure1 and to become a president3 to those nyne worthy men1 as ,apollo#eg is accounted to the nyne famouse wymen1 she to vertues and vertuous men1 he to muses1 and learned wymen3 thereby to proue ,plutarches conclusion true1 that oppositions of vertues by way of comparison is their chiefe commendation4 ,is ,anacreon a good poet1 what say you to ,sappho8 ,is ,bacis a good prophet1 what say you to ,sibill8 was ,sesostris a famouse prince1 what say you to ,semiramis8 was ,seruius a noble king1 what say you to ,tanaquill8 was ,brutus a stowt man1 what say you to ,porcia8 ,thus reasoneth ,plutarch1#eh and so do ,i1 is it honorable for ,apollo a man to haue the presidencie ouer nyne wymen1 the resemblers of learning8 then more honorable it is for our most worthy ,princesse to haue the presidencie ouer nyne men1 the paragons of vertue3 and yet to be so familiarly acquainted with the nyne muses1 as they are in strife who may loue her best1 for being best learned8 for whose excellent knowledge and learning1 we haue most cause to reioyce1 who tast of the frute3 and posteritie to praise1 which shall maintaine her memorie3 though ,i wish their memorie abridged1 to haue our tast enlarged3 our prouing lengthened1 to haue their praising shortened3 to be glad that we haue her1 not to greue1 that we had her3 as that omnipotent god1 which gaue her vnto vs1 when we had more neede of such a prince1 then shee of such a people1 will preserue her for vs1 ,i do nothing dout1 that we both may serue him1 she as our carefull soueraine1 to set forth his glory1 we as her faithfull subiectes1 to submit our selues to it4 ,if no storie did tell it1 if no state did allow it1 if no example did confirme it1 that yong maidens deserue the trayning1 this our owne myrour1 the maiestie of her sex1 doth proue it in her owne person1 and commendes it to our reason4 ,we haue besides her highnes as vndershining starres1 many singuler ladies and gentlewymen1 so skilfull in all cunning1 of the most laudable1 and loueworthy qualities of learning1 as they may well be alleadged for a president to prayse1 not for a pattern to proue like by3 though hope haue a head1 and nature be no nigard1 if education do her dutie1 and will seeke to resemble euen where presidentes be passing1 both hope to attaine to1 and possibilitie to seeme to4 ,wherefore by these profes1 ,i take it to be very clear1 that ,i am not farre ouershot1 in admitting them to traine being so traineable by nature1 and so notable by effectes4 ,sidenote3 ,the ende of learning in yong maides4 ,but now hauing graunted them the benefit and society of our education1 we must assigne the end1 wherfore their traine shall serue1 whereby we may apply it the better4 ,our owne traine is without restraint for either matter or maner1 bycause our employment is so generall in all thinges3 theirs is within limit1 and so must their traine be4 ,if a yong maiden be to be trained in respect of mariage1 obedience to her head1 and the qualities which looke that way1 must needes be her best way3 if in regard of necessitie to learne how to liue1 artificiall traine must furnish out her trade3 if in respect of ornament to beawtifie her birth1 and to honour her place1 rareties in that kinde and seemly for that kinde do best beseeme such3 if for gouernment1 not denyed them by ,god1 and deuised them by men1 the greatnes of their calling doth call for great giftes1 and generall excellencies for generall occurrences4 ,wherefore hauing these different endes alwayes in eye1 we may point them their traine in different degrees4 ,but some ,timon will say1 what should wymen do with learning8 ,such a churlish carper will neuer picke out the best1 but be alway ready to blame the worst4 ,if all men vsed all pointes of learning well1 we had some reason to alleadge against wymen1 but seeing misuse is common to both the kinds1 why blame we their infirmitie1 whence we free not our selues8 ,some wymen abuse writing to that end1 some reading to this1 some all that they learne any waye1 to some other ill some waye4 ,and ,i praie you what do we8 ,i do not excuse ill3 but barre them from accusing1 which be as bad themselues3 vnlesse they will first condemne themselues1 and so proceede in their plea with more discretion after a repentant discouerie4 ,but they will not deale thus1 they will rather retire for shame and proue to be nonsuite1 then confesse themselues faulty and blush for their blaming4 ,wherfore as the communitie of vertues1 argueth the communitie of vices naturally in both3 so let vs in that point enterchaunge forgiuenesse1 and in hope of the vertues direct to the best1 not for feare of the vices1 make an open gap for them4 ,wherefore in directing of that traine1 which ,i do assigne vnto young maidens1 ,i will follow this methode1 and shew which of them be to learne1 and when1 what and how much1 where and of whom4 ,sidenote3 ,which and when4 ,as concerning those which are to be trained1 and when they are to begin their traine1 this is my opinion4 ,the same restraint in cases of necessitie1 where they conueniently cannot1 and the same freedom in cases of libertie1 when they commodiously may1 being reserued to parentes in their daughters1 which ,i allowed them in their sonnes1 and the same regard to the weaknesse and strength of their witts and bodies1 the same care for their womanly exercises1 for helpe of their health1 and strength of their limmes1 being remitted to their considerations1 which ,i assigned them in their sonnes1 ,i do thinke the same time fit for both1 not determinable by yeares1 but by ripenesse of witte to conceiue without tiring1 and strength of bodie to trauell without wearying4 ,for though the girles seeme commonly to haue a quicker ripening in witte1 then boyes haue1 for all that seeming1 yet it is not so4 ,their naturall weaknesse which cannot holde long1 deliuers very soone1 and yet there be as prating boyes1 as there be pratling wenches4 ,besides1 their braines be not so much charged1 neither with weight nor with multitude of matters1 as boyes heades be1 and therefore like empty caske they make the greater noise4 ,as those men which seeme to be very quicke witted by some sudden pretie aunswere1 or some sharp replie1 be not alwaye most burthened1 neither with lettes1 nor learning1 but out of small store1 they offer vs still the floore1 and holde most of the mother4 ,which sharpnesse of witte though it be within them1 as it bewraeth it selfe3 yet it might dwell within them a great while1 without bewraying of it selfe1 if studie kept them still1 or great doinges did dull them3 as slight dealinges and imperious1 do commonly maintaine that kinde of courage4 ,boyes haue it alwaye1 but oftimes hide it1 bycause their stuffe admitteth time3 wenches haue it alwaye1 and alwaye bewray it1 bycause their timber abides no tarying4 ,and seeing it is in both1 it deserues care in both1 neither to timely to stirre them1 nor let them loyter to long4 ,as for bodies the maidens be more weake1 most commonly euen by nature1 as of a moonish influence1 and all our whole kinde is weake of the mother side1 which when she was first made1 euen then weakned the mans side4 ,therefore great regard must be had to them1 no lesse1 nay rather more then to boyes in that time4 ,for in proces of time1 if they be of worth themselues1 they may so matche1 as the parent may take more pleasure in his sonnes by law1 then in his heires by nature4 ,they are to be the principall pillers in the vpholding of housholdes1 and so they are likely to proue1 if they proue well in training4 ,the dearest comfort that man can haue1 if they encline to good3 the nearest corrosiue if they tread awry4 ,and therfore charilie to be cared for1 bearing a iewell of such worth1 in a vessel of such weaknesse4 ,thus much for there persons whom ,i turne ouer to the parentes abilitie for charge3 to their owne capacitie for conceit3 in eche degree some1 from the lowest in menaltie1 to the highest in mistriship4 ,the time hath tied it selfe to strength in both parts1 for the bodie to trauell1 for the soule to conceiue4 ,the exercises pray in no case to be forgot as a preseruatiue to the body1 and a conserue for the soule4 ,sidenote3 ,what4 ,for the matter what they shall learne1 thus ,i thinke1 following the custome of my countrie1 which in that that is vsuall doth lead me on boldly1 and in that also which is most rare1 doth shew me my path1 to be already troden4 ,so that ,i shall not neede to erre1 if ,i marke but my guide wel4 ,where rare excellencies in some wymen1 do but shew vs some one or two parentes good successe1 in their daughters learning1 there is neither president to be fetcht1 nor precept to be framed4 ,for preceptes be to conduct the common1 but these singularities be aboue the common1 presidentes be for hope1 those pictures passe beyond al hope4 ,and yet they serue for profe to proceede by in way of argument1 that wymen can learne if they will1 and may learne what they list1 when they bend their wittes to it4 ,to learne to read is very common1 where conuenientnes doth serue1 and writing is not refused1 where oportunitie will yeild it4 ,sidenote3 ,reading4 ,reading if for nothing else it were1 as for many thinges else it is1 is verie needefull for religion1 to read that which they must know1 and ought to performe1 if they haue not whom to heare1 in that matter which they read3 or if their memorie be not stedfast1 by reading to reuiue it4 ,if they heare first and after read of the selfe same argument1 reading confirmes their memorie4 ,here ,i may not omit many and great contentmentes1 many and sound comfortes1 many and manifoulde delites1 which those wymen that haue skill and time to reade1 without hindering their houswifery1 do continually receiue by reading of some comfortable and wise discourses1 penned either in forme of historie1 or for direction to liue by4 ,sidenote3 ,writing4 ,as for writing1 though it be discommended for some priuate cariages1 wherein we men also1 no lesse then wymen1 beare oftentimes blame1 if that were a sufficient exception why we should not learne to write1 it hath his commoditie where it filleth in match1 and helpes to enrich the goodmans mercerie4 ,many good occasions are oftentimes offered1 where it were better for them to haue the vse of their pen1 for the good that comes by it1 then to wish they had it1 when the default is felt3 and for feare of euill1 which cannot be auoided in some1 to auert that good1 which may be commodious to many4 ,sidenote3 ,musike4 ,musicke is much vsed1 where it is to be had1 to the parentes delite1 while the daughters be yong1 more then to their owne1 which commonly proueth true1 when the yong wenches become yong wiues4 ,for then lightly forgetting ,musicke when they learne to be mothers1 they giue it in manifest euidence1 that in their learning of it1 they did more seeke to please their parentes1 then to pleasure themselues4 ,but howsoeuer it is1 seeing the thing is not reiected1 if with the learning of it once1 it may be retained still 7as by order it may7 it is ill let go1 which is got with great paines1 and bought with some cost4 ,the learninge to sing and plaie by the booke1 a matter soone had1 when ,musike is first minded1 which still preserue the cunning1 though discontinuance disturbe4 ,and seeing it is but litle which they learne1 and the time as litle wherein they learne1 bycause they haste still on toward husbandes1 it were expedient1 that they learned perfitly1 and that with the losse of their pennie1 they lost not their pennieworth also1 besides the losse of their time1 which is the greatest losse of all4 ,i medle not with nedles1 nor yet with houswiferie1 though ,i thinke it1 and know it1 to be a principall commendation in a woman3 to be able to gouerne and direct her houshold1 to looke to her house and familie1 to prouide and keepe necessaries1 though the goodman pay1 to know the force of her kitchen1 for sicknes and health1 in her selfe and her charge3 bycause ,i deale onely with such thinges as be incident to their learning4 ,which seeing the custome of my country doth permit1 ,i may not mislike1 nay ,i may wish it with warrant1 the thing being good and well beseeming their sex4 ,this is the most so farre as ,i remember1 which they commonly vse in youth1 and participate with vs in4 ,if any parent do priuately traine vp his children of either sex in any other priuate fantsie of his owne1 ,i cannot commend it1 bycause ,i do not know it1 and if it fortune to die within his priuate walles1 ,i cannot giue it life by publike rehearsall4 ,the common and most knowne is that1 which ,i haue saide4 ,sidenote3 ,how much4 ,the next pointe how much1 is a question of more enquirie1 and therefore requireth aduised handling4 ,to appoint besides these thinges1 which are already spoken of1 how much further any maide maye proceede in matter of learning and traine1 is a matter of some moment1 and concerneth no meane ones4 ,and yet some petie lowlinges1 do sometimes seeke to resemble1 where they haue small reason1 and will needes seeme like1 where their petieship cannot light1 vsing shew for a shadow1 where they haue no fitter shift4 ,and therfore in so doing1 they passe beyond the boundes both of their birth1 and their best beseeming4 ,which then discouereth a verie meere follie1 when a meane parent traineth vp his daughter hie in those properties1 which ,i shall streight waye speake of1 and she matcheth lowe1 but within her owne compasse4 ,for in such a case those ouerraught qualities for the toyousnesse therof being misplaced in her1 do cause the young woman rather to be toyed withall1 as by them giuing signe of some idle conceit otherwise1 then to be thought verie well of1 as one wisely brought vp4 ,there is a comlynesse in eche kinde1 and a decentnesse in degree1 which is best obserued1 when eche one prouides according to his power1 without ouerreaching4 ,if some odde property do worke preferrement beyond proportion1 it commonly stayes there1 and who so shootes at the like1 in hope to hit1 may sooner misse3 bycause the wayes to misse be so many1 and to hit is but one1 and wounders which be but onse seene1 be no examples to resemble4 ,euery maide maye not hope to speede1 as she would wishe1 bycause some one hath sped better then she could wishe4 ,where the question is how much a woman ought to learne1 the aunswere may be1 so much as shall be needefull4 ,if that also come in doubt1 the returne may be1 either so much as her parentes conceiue of her in hope1 if her parentage be meane1 or prouide for her in state1 if her birth beare a saile4 ,for if the parentes be of calling1 and in great account1 and the daughters capable of some singular qualities1 many commendable effects may be wrought therby1 and the young maidens being well trained are verie soone commended to right honorable matches1 whom they may well beseeme1 and aunswere much better1 their qualities in state hauing good correspondence1 with their matches of state1 and their wisedoms also putting to helping hand1 for the procuring of their common good4 ,not here to note1 what frute the common weale may reape1 by such witts so worthily aduaunced1 besides their owne priuate4 ,if the parentes be meane1 and the maidens in their training shew forth at the verie first some singular rarenesse like to ensue1 if they florish but their naturall1 there hope maye grow great1 that some great matche may as well like of a young maiden excellently qualified1 as most do delite in brute or brutish thinges for some straunge qualitie1 either in nature to embrase1 or in art to maruell4 ,and yet this hope may faile4 ,for neither haue great personages alwaye that iudgement1 nor young maidens alwaye that fortune1 though the maidens remaine the gainers1 for they haue the qualities to comfort their mediocrity1 and those great ones want iudgement to set forth their nobilitie4 ,this how much consisteth either in perfiting of those forenamed foure1 reading well1 writing faire1 singing sweete1 playing fine1 beyond all cry and aboue all comparison1 that pure excellencie in things but ordinarie may cause extraordinarie liking3 or else in skill of languages annexed to these foure1 that moe good giftes may worke more wounder4 8,for meane is a maime where excellencie is the maruell40 ,to hope for hie mariages1 is good meat1 but not for mowers1 to haue leasure to take delite in these gentlewomanly qualities1 is no worke for who will3 ,nay to be a paragon among princes1 to vse such singularities1 for the singular good of the general state1 and the wonder of her person1 were a wish in dispaire1 were not true proofe the iust warrant1 that such a thing may be wished1 bycause in our time we haue found it1 euen then1 when we did wish it most1 and in the ende more maruellous1 then at first we durst haue wished4 ,the euentes in these wymen which we see in our dayes1 to haue bene brought vp in learning1 do rule this conclusion4 ,that such personages as be borne to be princes1 or matches to great peeres1 or to furnish out such traines1 for some peculiar ornamentes to their place and calling1 are to receiue this kinde of education in the highest degree1 that is conuenient for their kinde4 ,but princely maidens aboue all3 bycause occasion of their height standes in neede of such giftes1 both to honour themselues1 and to discharge the duetie1 which the countries1 conmitted to their hands1 do daily call for1 and besides what matche is more honorable1 then when desert for rare qualities1 doth ioine it selfe1 with highnesse in degree8 ,i feare no workmanship in wymen to giue them ,geometrie and her sister sciencies3 to make them ,mathematicalls1 though ,i meane them ,musicke3 nor yet barres to plead at1 to leaue them the lawes3 nor vrinalls to looke on1 to lend them some ,physicke1 though the skil of herbes haue bene the studie of nobilitie1 by the ,persian storie1 and much commended in wymen3 nor pulpittes to preach in1 to vtter their ,diuinitie3 though by learning of some language1 they can talke of the lining3 and for direction of their life1 they must be afforded some1 though not as preachers and leaders3 yet as honest perfourmers1 and vertuous liuers4 ,philosophie would furnish their generall discourses1 if their leasure could entend it3 but the knowledge of some toungues1 either of substaunce in respect of deeper learning1 or account for the present time may verie well be wisht them3 and those faculties also1 which do belong to the furniture of speache1 may be verie well allowed them1 bycause toungues be most proper1 where they do naturally arme4 ,if ,i should allow them the pencill to draw1 as the penne to write1 and thereby entitle them to all my ,elementarie principles1 ,i might haue reason for me4 ,for it neither requireth any great labour to fraye young maidens from it1 and it would helpe their nedle1 to beautifie their workes3 and it is maintainable by very good examples euen of their owne kinde4 ,timarete#ei the vertuous1 daughter to ,mycon3 ,irene the curteous1 daughter to ,cratinus3 ,aristarete the absolute1 daughter to ,nearchus3 ,lala the eloquent1 and euer maide of ,cyzicus3 ,martia the couragious1 daughter to ,varro the best learned and most loued of any ,romain1 and many mo besides1 did so vse the pencill1 as their fame therefore is so much the fairer1 bycause the fact in that sex is so seldome and rare4 ,and is not a young gentlewoman1 thinke you1 thoroughly furnished1 which can reade plainly and distinctly1 write faire and swiftly1 sing cleare and sweetely1 play wel and finely1 vnderstand and speake the learned languages1 and those toungues also which the time most embraseth1 with some ,logicall helpe to chop1 and some ,rhetoricke to braue4 ,besides the matter which is gathered1 while these toungues be either learned1 or lookt on1 as wordes must haue seates1 no lesse then rayment bodies4 ,were it any argument of an vnfurnished maiden1 besides these qualities to draw cleane in good proportion1 and with good symmetrie8 ,now if she be an honest woman1 and a good housewife to1 were she not worth the wishing1 and worthy the shryning8 and yet such there be1 and such we know4 ,or is it likely that her children shalbe eare a whit the worse brought vp1 if she be a ,llia1 an ,hortensia1 or a ,cornelia1 which were so endued and noted for so doing8 ,it is written of ,eurydice the ,epirote#fj that after she began to haue children1 she sought to haue learning1 to bring then vp skilfully1 whom she brought forth naturally4 ,which thing she perfourmed in deede1 a most carefull mother1 and a most skilfull mistresse4 ,for which her well doing1 she hath wonne the reward1 to be enrowled among the most rare matrones4 ,sidenote3 ,where and when4 ,now there is nothing left to ende this treatise of young maidens1 but where and vnder whom1 they are to learne1 which question will be sufficiently resolued1 vpon consideration of the time how long they are to learne1 which time is commonly till they be about thirtene or fouretene yeares old1 wherein as the matter1 which they must deale with all1 cannot be very much in so litle time1 so the perfitting thereof requireth much trauel1 though their time be so litle1 and there would be some shew afterward1 wherein their trayning did auaile them4 ,they that may continue some long time at learning1 thorough the state and abilitie of their parentes haue also their time and place sutably appointed1 by the foresight of their parentes4 ,so that the time resting in priuate forecast1 ,i can not reduce it to generall precept1 but onely thus farre1 that in perfitnes it may shew1 how well it was employed4 ,sidenote3 ,the places4 ,the places wherein they learne be either publike1 if they go forth to the ,elementarie schole1 or priuate if they be taught at home4 ,the teacher either of their owne sex or of ours4 ,for publike places1 bycause in that kinde there is no publike prouision1 but such as the professours of their training do make of them selues1 ,i can say little1 but leaue them to that and to their parentes circumspection1 which both in their being abroad1 during their minority1 and in bringing them vp at home after their minoritie1 ,i know will be very diligent to haue all thinges well4 ,for their teachers1 their owne sex were fittest in some respectes1 but ours frame them best1 and with good regard to some circumstances will bring them vp excellently well1 specially if their parentes be either of learning to iudge1 or of authoritie to commaund1 or of both1 to do both1 as experience hath taught vs in those1 which haue proued so well4 ,the greater borne ,ladyes and gentlewymen1 as they are to enioy the benefit of this education most1 so they haue best meanes to prosecute it best1 being neither restrained in wealth1 but to haue the best teachers1 and greatest helpes3 neither abbridged in time1 but to ply all at full4 ,and thus ,i take my leaue of yong maidens and gentlewymen1 to whom ,i wish as well1 as ,i haue saide well of them4 ,,footnotes3 #ef ,proclus vpon ,platoes common weale1 and ,theodorus ,asinus vpon the question1 whether men and wymen haue all vertues common4 #eg ,philo ,iudus in his discours of the ten commaundementes rips out the perfitnes of that number4 #eh ,plutarch in his booke of wymens vertues4 #ei ,plin4 lib4 #ce4 cap4 #aa4 #fj ,plut4 4 4 ,,chapter #ci4 ,,of ,,the ,,traning ,,vp ,,of ,,yong ,,gentlemen4 ,,of ,,priuate ,,and ,,publike ,,education1 ,,with ,,their ,,generall ,,goods ,,and ,,illes4 ,,that ,,there ,,is ,,no ,,better ,,way ,,for ,,gentlemen ,,to ,,be ,,trained ,,by ,,in ,,any ,,respect ,,then ,,the ,,common ,,is ,,being ,,well ,,appointed4 ,,of ,,rich-,,mens ,,children ,,which ,,be ,,no ,,gentlemen4 ,,of ,,nobilitie ,,in ,,generall4 ,,of ,,gentlemanlie ,,exercises4 ,,what ,,it ,,is ,,to ,,be ,a ,,nobleman1 ,,or ,a ,,gentleman4 ,,that ,,infirmities ,,in ,,noble ,,houses ,,be ,,not ,,to ,,be ,,triumphed ,,ouer4 ,,the ,,causes ,,and ,,groundes ,,of ,,nobilitie4 ,,why ,,so ,,many ,,desire ,,to ,,be ,,gentlemen4 ,,that ,,gentlemen ,,ought ,,to ,,professe ,,learning ,,and ,,liberall ,,sciences ,,for ,,many ,,good ,,and ,,honorable ,,effectes4 ,,of ,,trauelling ,,into ,,forraine ,,countries3 ,,with ,,all ,,the ,,braunches ,,allowance ,,and ,,disallowance ,,thereof3 ,,and ,,that ,,it ,,were ,,to ,,be ,,wished1 ,,that ,,gentlemen ,,would ,,professe1 ,,to ,,make ,,sciences ,,liberall ,,in ,,vse1 ,,which ,,are ,,liberall ,,in ,,name4 ,,of ,,the ,,trayning ,,vp ,,of ,a ,,yong ,,prince4 ,in the last title ,i did declare at large1 how yong maidens in ech degree were to be auaunced in learning1 which me thought was verie incident to my purpose1 bycause they be counter-braunches to vs in the kinde of mortall and reasonable creatures1 and also for that in eche degree of life1 they be still our mates1 and sometime our mistresses1 through the benefit of law1 and honorablenes of birth4 ,now considering they ioyne allway with vs in number and nearenes1 and sometime exceede vs in dignitie and calling3 as they communicate with vs in all qualities1 and all honours euen vp to the scepter1 so why ought they not in any wise but be made communicantes with vs in education and traine1 to performe that part well1 which they are to play1 for either equalitie with vs1 or soueraintie aboue vs8 ,here now ensueth another title of meruelous importaunce1 for the kinde of people1 whereof ,i am to entreat3 bycause their state is still in the superlatiue1 and the greatest executions be theirs by degree1 though sometime they leese them by their owne default1 and set them ouer to such1 as nature maketh noble by ingenerate vertues4 ,i meane the trayning vp of yong gentlemen in euery degree and to what so euer ascent1 bycause euen the crowne and kingdome is their height1 though it come to the female1 when their side faileth4 ,for gentlemen will commonly be exempt from the common1 as in title1 so also in traine1 refrayning the publike1 though they hold of the male1 and preferring the priuate1 to be liker to maidens1 whose education is most priuate1 bycause of their kinde1 and therefore not misliked3 whereas yong gentlemen should be publike1 bycause of their vse4 ,and for not being such1 they beare some blame1 as therein contrarying both all the best ordered common weales1 and all the most excellent and the learnedest writers1 which bring vp euen the best princes allway with great company4 ,but seeing they wilbe priuate1 and ,i take vpon me not to leap ouer any1 which light within my compasse1 and chiefly yong gentlemen1 whose ordinarie greatnes is to gouerne our state1 and to be publike pillers for the prince to leane on1 and the people to staie by3 their priuate choice commaundes me a priuate consideration1 which in yong gentlewymen needed not any handling1 bycause it beseemeth them to be taught in priuate3 in gentlemen it needeth1 the case being doubtfull1 whether priuate trayning be their best or no4 ,and though this argument succede yong maidens in order of methode1 ,i hope yong gentlemen will not be offended neither with me for the placing1 seeing the other sex is in possesssion of prerogatiue1 nor with them for being so placed1 which haue wone the best place4 ,sidenote3 ,of priuate education4 ,sidenote3 ,priuate4 ,sidenote3 ,education4 ,this question for the bringing vp of yong gentlemen offereth the deciding of an other ordinarie controuersie1 betwene publike education and priuate1 which verie name in nature is enemy to publike1 as inclosure is to common1 and swelling to much ouerlayeth the common1 not onely in education1 where it both corrupteth by planting a to priuate habit1 and is corrupted it selfe by a degenerate forme1 but also in most thinges else4 ,yet do ,i not deny both personall properties and priuate realities1 which law doth allow in priuate possessions1 euen there1 where friendship makes thinges to be most common by participation4 ,i will therefore speake a litle of this priuate traine1 before ,i passe to the education of gentlemen4 ,what doe these two wordes import1 priuate education8 ,priuate is that1 which hath respect in all circumstances to some one of choice3 as publike in all circumstances regardeth euery one alike4 ,education is the bringing vp of one1 not to liue alone1 but amongest others1 7bycause companie is our naturall cognisaunce7 whereby he shall be best able to execute those doings in life1 which the state of his calling shall employ him vnto1 whether publike abrode1 or priuate at home1 according vnto the direction of his countrie1 whereunto he is borne1 and oweth his whole seruice4 ,all the functions here be publike and regard euery one1 euen where the thinges do seeme to be most priuate1 bycause the maine direction remaineth in the publike1 and the priuate must be squared1 as it will best ioyne with that3 and yet we restraine education to priuate1 all whose circumstaunces be singular to one4 ,as if he that were brought vp alone1 should also euer liue alone1 as if one should say1 ,i will haue you to deale with all1 but neuer to see all3 your end shalbe publike1 your meane shalbe priuate1 that is to say1 such a meane as hath no minde to bring you to that end1 which you seeme to pretend3 ,bycause naturally priuate is sworne enemy to publike in all euentes1 as it doth appeare when priuate gaine vndoeth the common1 though publike still pretend friendship to all that is priuate in distributiue effects1 as it is plainely seene when the publike care doth helpe ech priuate1 and by cherishing the singuler maintaineth the generall1 whereas the priuate letteth the publike drowne1 so it selfe may flete aboue4 ,for in deed they march mostwhat from seuerall groundes to seuerall issues by most seuerall and least sutable meanes1 the one in nature a rowmy pallace full of most varietie to content the minde1 the other a close prison1 tedious to be tied to1 where the sense is shackled3 the one in her kinde1 a libertie1 a broade feild1 an open aire1 the other in the contrarie kinde1 a pinfold1 a cage1 a cloister3 ,neither do ,i take these tearmes to make a fit diuision1 where the end is still common and the abuse priuate4 ,for how can education be priuate8 it abuseth the name as it abuseth the thing4 ,if they will say education is either good or ill1 and vse the naturall name1 then methinke the disembling which is shadowed in the tearme priuate would soone appeare3 though there can be no worse name then priuate1 sauing where the publike doth appoint it1 which in education it will not1 thereby to foster her owne foe3 though in possessions it do1 to haue subsidies to sustaine1 and paiements to maintaine her great common charge4 ,and though in communities of kinde which naturally is deuided into spieces1 nature engraffe priuate differences for distinction sake1 as reason in man to part him from a beast1 yet that difference remaineth one still1 bycause there is none better3 which countenaunce of best cannot here be pretended1 bycause in education priuate is the worst4 ,this priuate renting in sunder of persons1 for a pretended best education1 which must passe on togither after education is verie daungerous in all daies1 for many priuate pushes1 while euery parent can serue his owne humour1 be it neuer so distempered3 by the secrecie of his owne house1 not to be discouered3 by the choyce of his teacher1 which will be ready to follow1 if he forgoe not in folley3 by the obedience of his child1 which must learne as he is led1 or else be beaten for not learning3 which must obey as he is bid1 or else lease his parent blessing4 ,in publicke schooles this swaruing in affection from the publicke choice in no case can be4 ,the master is in eye1 what he saith is in eare3 the doctrine is examined3 the childe is not alone1 and there must he learne that which is laid vnto him in the hearing of all and censure of all4 ,whatsoeuer inconueniences do grow in common schooles1 7as where the dealers be men1 how can there be but maimes87 yet the priuate is much worse1 and hatcheth moe odde ills4 ,naturally it is not built vpon vnitie1 brad by disunion1 to seeme to see more then the common man doth1 to seeme to preuent that by priuate wit1 which the common doth incurre by vnaduised follie3 to seeme to gaine more in secrecie1 then the common giues in ciuilitie4 ,by cloistering from the common it will seeme to keepe a countenaunce farre aboue the common1 euen from the first cradle4 ,wherby it becomes the puffer vp to pride in the recluse1 and the direction to disdaine1 by dreaming still of bettership3 the enemie to vnitie1 betwene the vnequall3 the ouerwayning of ones selfe1 not compared with others1 the disiointing of agreement1 where the higher contemneth his inferiour with skorne1 and the lower doth stomacke his superiour with spite3 the one gathering snuffe1 the other grudge4 ,this kinde of traine which soweth the corne of dissension by difference1 where the haruest of consent is the harbour of common loue1 the indissoluble chaine of countriemens comfort1 may very well be bettered1 and much better be forborne1 bycause by the way it tempereth still the poyson of a creeping spite4 ,and certainly the nature of the thing doth tend this way1 though chaunging bytimes to better choice1 or the common check1 which will not be controwled1 do many and often times interrupt the course4 ,and though the child in proces proue better1 and shew himselfe curteous1 contrarie to my note1 and the verie nature of priuate education1 thanke naturall goodnesse or experience seene abroad1 not the kinde of education1 which in her owne sternnesse alloweth no such curtesie1 though the childe see it in his parentes1 and finde it in his bookes4 ,and somtimes also it maketh him to shepish bashfull1 when he comes to the light3 as being vnacquainted with resort3 though generally he be somwhat to childish bold1 by noting nothing1 but that which he breedes of himselfe in his solitarie traine1 where he is best himselfe1 and hath none to controwle him1 no not his maister himselfe1 but vnder confession1 how so euer the title of maister do pretend authoritie and the name of scholer1 make shew of obedience in priuate cloistring4 ,i neede not saie all1 but in this short manner1 ,i seeke to giue occasion for them to see all1 which desire to sift more1 both for the matter of their learning1 and the manner of their liuing4 ,do ye know what it is for one to be acquainted with all children in his childhood1 which must liue with them being men in his manhood8 ,is the common bringing vp being well appointed good for the common man1 and not for him of more height8 and doth not that deserue to be liked on in priuate1 which is thoroughly tryed being showed forth in common1 and sifted by the seeing8 which without any great alteration1 for the matter of traine will be very well content to be pent vp within priuate dores1 though it mislike the cloistring1 in priuating the person4 ,sure that common which is well cast1 must needes helpe the priuate1 as one of her partes and feede one child very well being a generall mother to all3 but priuate be it neuer so well cast in the sternnesse of his kinde1 still drawes from the publike4 ,i count not that priuate which is executed at home for a publike vse1 in respect of the place1 for so all doinges be priuate1 but that which will be at home1 as better so4 ,and why8 for the priuate parties good4 ,but it should seeme generally that the question is not so much for the manner of education1 nor for the matter1 wherin1 but for the place where1 as if that1 which is good for all in common1 should not be good for some but in priuate4 ,i must speake it vnder pardon4 ,the effect commendes the common3 for that the common education in the middest of common mediocritie bringeth vp such wittes to such excellencie1 as serue in all degrees1 yea euen next to the hyest1 wheras priuate education in the middest of most wealth1 if it maintaine it selfe with any more then bare mediocritie both of learning and iudgement1 when it is at the hyest1 let him that hath shewed more1 giue charge to the chalenge4 ,and yet some one young mans odnesse1 though it be odde in deed1 ouerthroweth not the question4 ,and oftimes the report of that odnesse which we see not in effect1 but heare of in speeche1 falles out very lame1 if the reporters iudgement be aduisedly considered1 though for the authoritie and countenaunce of the man1 skill giue place to boldnesse1 and silence to ciuilitie3 which otherwise would replie against it4 ,there is no comparison betwene the two kindes1 set affection apart4 ,if the priuate pupill chaunce to come to speake1 it falleth out mostwhat dreamingly1 bycause priuitie in traine is a punishment to the tongue3 and in teaching of a language to exclude companions of speeche1 is to seeke to quenche thrist1 and yet to close the mouth so1 as no moysture can get in4 ,if he come to write1 it is leane1 and nothing but skinne1 and commonly bewrayes great paines in the maister1 which brought forth euen so much1 being quite reft of all helping circunstance1 to ease his great labour1 by his pupilles conference1 with more companie4 ,which is but a small benefit to the child1 that might haue had much more if his course had bene chaunged4 ,he can but vtter that1 which he heares1 and he heares none but one1 which one though he know all1 yet can vtter but litle1 bycause what one auditorie is two or three boyes for a learned man to prouoke him to vtteraunce8 ,if he trauelled to vtter1 and one of iudgement should stand behinde a couert to heare him1 methinke he should heare a straunge orator straining his pipes1 to perswade straunge people1 and the boye if he were alone1 fast a sleepe1 or if he had a fellow1 playing vnder the bourd1 with his hand or feete1 hauing one eye vpon his talking maister1 and the other eye on his playing mate4 ,if the nyne ,muses and ,apollo their president were painted vpon the wall1 he might talke to them with out either laughing or lowring1 they would serue him for places of memorie1 or for hieroglyphicall partitions4 ,if he that is taught alone misse1 as he must often1 hauing either none1 or verie small companie to helpe his memorie1 which multitude serues for in common scholes1 where the hearing of many confirmes the sitter by1 shall he runne to his maister8 if he do that boldly1 it will breede contempt in the ende3 if he do it with feare1 it will dull him for not daring4 ,and though it be verie good for the child1 not to be afrayd to aske counsell of his maister in that1 where he doubteth1 yet if he finde easie entertainment he will doubt still1 rather then do his diligence1 not to haue cause to doubt4 ,if the priuate scholer proue cunninger afterward1 then ,i conceiue he can be by priuate education1 there was some forreine helpe which auaunced him abroad1 it was not his traine within being tyed to the stake1 which offereth that violence to my assertion4 ,sidenote3 ,why is priuate teaching so much vsed8 ,but what leades the priuate1 and why is it so much vsed8 ,there must needes be some reason1 which alieneth the particular parente from the publike discipline1 which ,i do graunt to very great ones1 bycause the further they rise from the multitude in number1 and aboue them in degree1 the more priuate they grow as in person1 so in traine3 and the prince himselfe being one and singular must needes embrace the priuate discipline1 wherin he sheweth great valure in his person1 if by priuate meanes1 he mount aboue the publike4 ,and yet if euen the greatest1 could haue his traine so cast1 as he might haue the companie of a good choice number1 wherein to see all differences of wittes1 how to discerne of all1 which must deale with all1 were it any sacrilege8 ,but for the gentleman generally1 which flyeth not so high1 but fluttereth some litle aboue the ordinarie common1 why doth he make his choice rather to be like them aboue1 which still grow priuater1 then to like of them below1 which can grow no lower1 and yet be supporters1 to stay vp the whole1 and liker to himselfe1 then he is to the highest8 ,to haue his child learne better maners1 and more vertuous conditions8 ,as bad at home as abroad1 and brought into schooles1 not bred there4 ,to auoide confusion and multitude8 ,his child shall marke more1 and so proue the wiser3 the multitude of examples being the meanes to discretion4 ,nay in a number1 though he finde some lewd1 whom to flie1 he shall spie many toward1 whom to follow3 and withall in schooles he shall perceaue that vice is punished1 and vertue praised1 which where it is not1 there is daunger to good manners1 but not in schooles1 where it is very diligently obserued1 bycause in publike view1 necessitie is the spurre4 ,to keepe him in health by biding at home for feare of infection abroad8 ,death is within dores1 and dainties at home haue destroyed more children then daunger abroad4 ,doth affection worke stay1 and can ye not parte from your childes presence8 ,that is to fond4 ,and any cause else admittes controwlement1 sauing onely state in princes children1 and princelike personages1 which are to farre aboue the common3 by reason of great circunstance4 ,and yet their circunstance were better1 if they saw the common1 ouer whom they command1 and with due circumspectnesse could auoid all daungers1 whervnto the greatest be commonly subiect1 by great desires1 not in themselues to haue1 but in others that hope1 which make the greatnesse of their gaine their colour against iustice1 where they iniurie most4 ,it is enough that is ment1 though ,i say no more3 besides that by a ,persian principle1 the seldome seing in princes1 workes admiration the more1 when they are to be seene4 ,sidenote3 ,send your priuate ,m4 with your child to the common schoole4 ,vse common scholes to the best1 ioyne a tutor to your childe1 let ,quintilian be your guide1 all thinges will be well done1 where such care is at hand1 and that is much better done1 which is done before witnes to encourage the childe4 ,comparisons inspire vertues1 hearing spreads learning3 one is none and if he do something at home1 what would he do with company8 ,it is neuer settled1 that wanteth an aduersarie1 to quicken the spirites1 to stirre courage1 to finde out affections4 ,for the maisters valew1 which is content to be cloistered1 ,i will say nothing1 entertainement makes digressions euen to that1 which we like not4 ,but if it would please the priuate parent1 to send his sonne with his priuate maister to a common schoole1 that might do all parties very much good4 ,for the schole being well ordered1 and appointed for matter and maner to learne1 where number is pretended to cumber the maister1 and to mince his labour so1 as ech one can haue but some litle1 though his voice be like the ,sunne1 which at one time with one light shineth vpon all3 yet the priuate scholer1 by the helpe of his priuate maister in the common place hath his full applying1 and the whole ,sunne1 if no lesse will content him4 ,the common maister thereby will be carefull to haue the best3 the priuate teacher willbe curiouse to come but to the very best3 wherby both the priuate and publike scholers shall be sure to receiue the best4 ,and if the publike maister be chosen accordingly1 as allowance will allure euen the principall best1 priuate cunning will not disdaine to be one degree beneth1 where he knoweth himselfe bettered4 ,and thereby disagreement betwene the two teachers will be quite excluded which onely might be the meane to marre both my meaning and ,qintilianes counsell4 ,sure my resolution is1 which if it winne no liking abroade may returne againe homeward1 and be wellcome to his maister1 that that which must be continued and exercised in publike1 the residue of ones life1 were best to be learned in publike1 from the beginning of ones life4 ,and if ye will needes be priuate1 make your priuate publike1 and drawe as many to your priuate maister1 for your priuate sonnes sake1 seeing you are able to prouide rowme1 bycause that will proue to be best for your child1 as shalbe able to keepe some forme of our multitude1 that he may haue one companie before him to follow and learne of1 an other beneth to teach and vaunt ouer1 the third of his owne standing1 with whom to striue for praise of forwardnes4 ,whereby it falleth out still1 that that priuate is best1 which consisteth of some chosen number for a priuate ende3 and that multitude best1 where choice restraines number1 for the publike seruice3 for in deede the common scholes be as much ouercharged with too many1 as any priuate is with to few4 ,which how it may either be helpt1 or in that confusion be better handled1 ,i will hereafter in my priuate executions declare1 seeing ,i haue noted the defect4 ,to knit vp this question therefore of priuate and publike education1 ,i do take publike to be simply the better3 as being more vpon the stage1 where faultes be more seene1 and so sooner amended1 as being the best meane both for vertue and learning1 which follow in such sort1 as they be first planted4 ,what vertue is private8 wisedome to forsee1 what is good for a desert8 courage to defend1 where there is no assailant8 temperance to be modest1 where none is to chaleng8 ,iustice to do right1 where none is to demaunde it8 what learning is for alonnesse8 did it not come from collection in publike dealinges1 and can it shew her force in priuate affaires1 which seeme affraid of the publike8 ,compare the best in both the kinds1 there the ods wil appeare4 ,if ye compare a priuate scholer1 of a very fine capacity1 and worthy the open field1 so well trayned by a diligent and a discreat maister as that traine will yeald3 with a blockhead brought vp under a publike teacher1 not of the best sort1 or if in comparison ye march a toward priuate teacher with a weake publike maister1 ye say somwhat to the persons but smallie to the thing1 which in equalitie shewes the difference1 in inequalitie deceiues the doubter1 and then most1 when to augment his owne liking1 he wil make the conference odde1 to seeme to auaunce errour1 where the truth is against him4 ,and to saye all in one1 the publike pestring with any reasonable consideration1 though it be not the best1 yet in good sooth1 it farre exceedeth the priuate alonenesse1 though sometime a diligent priuate teacher shew some great effect of his maine endeuour4 ,sidenote3 ,that the circunstance is one in gentlemen and common mens children4 ,but to the education of gentlemen and gentlemanly fellowes4 ,what time shal ,i appoint them to begin to learne8 ,their witts be as the common1 their bodies oftimes worse4 ,the same circunstance1 the same consideration for time must direct all degrees4 ,what thing shall they learne8 ,i know none other1 neither can ,i appoint better1 then that which ,i did appoint for all4 ,the common and priuate concurre herin4 ,neither shall the priuate scholer go any faster on1 nay perhaps not so fast1 for all the helpe of his whole maister1 then our boyes shall1 with the bare helpe1 that is in number and multitude1 euery boye being either a maister for his fellow to learne by1 or an example to set him on1 to better him if he be negligent1 to be like him1 if he be diligent4 ,onely this1 young gentlemen must haue some choice of peculiar matter1 still appropriat vnto them1 bycause they be to gouerne vnder their prince in principall places3 those vertues and vertuous lessons must be still layd before them1 which do appertaine to gouernement1 to direct others well1 and belong to obedience1 to guide themselues wisely4 ,for being in good place1 and hauing good to leese1 it will proue their ill1 by vndiscrete attemptes to become prayes to distresse4 ,and yet for all this1 the generall matter of duetie being commonly taught1 eche one may applie the generall to his owne priuate1 without drawing any priuate argument into a schoole1 for the priuitie not to be communicate but with those of the same calling3 considering the property of that argument falleth as oft to the good of the common1 whom vertue auaunceth1 as the gentlemens credit1 whom negligence abaseth4 ,what exercises shall they haue8 ,the verie same4 ,what maisters8 ,the same ,what circunstance else8 ,all one and the same3 but that for their place and time1 their choice makes them priuate1 though nothing the better for want of good fellowship4 ,and if they proue so well trained1 as the generall plat for all infancie doth promise1 and so well exercised1 as the thing is well ment them1 they shall haue no cause1 much to complaine of the publike1 nor any matter at all why to couet to be priuate4 ,for it is no meane stuffe1 which is prouided euen for the meanest to be stored with4 ,these thinges gentlemen haue1 and are much bound to ,god for them1 which may make them proue excellent1 if they vse them well3 great abilitie to go thorough withall1 where the poorer must giue ouer1 eare he come to the ende3 great leasure to vse libertie1 where the meaner must labour3 all oportunities at will1 where the common is restrained3 so that singularitie in them if it be missed1 discommendes them1 bycause they haue such meanes and yet misse3 if it hit in the meaner1 it makes their account more1 bycause their meane was small1 but their diligence exceeding4 ,whereby negligence in gentlemen is euer more blamed1 bycause of great helpes1 which helpe nothing3 diligence in the meaner is alway more praised1 bycause of great wantes1 which hinder nothing3 and those prefermentes1 which by degree are due vnto gentlemen1 thorough their negligence being by them forsaken1 are bestowed vpon the meaner1 whose diligent endeuour made meane to enioy them4 ,sidenote3 ,riche men no gentlemen4 #a4 ,as for riche men which being no gentlemen1 but growing to wealth by what meanes soeuer1 will counterfeat gentlemen in the education of their children1 as if money made equalitie1 and the purse were the preferrer1 and no further regard3 which contemne the common from whence they came1 which cloister vp their youth1 as boding further state3 they be in the same case for abilitie1 though farre behinde for gentilitie4 ,but as they came from the common1 so they might with more commendacion1 continue their children in that kinde1 which brought vp the parentes and made them so wealthy1 and not to impatronise themselues vnto a degree to farre beyond the dounghill4 ,for of all the meanes to make a gentleman1 it is the most vile1 to be made for money4 ,bycause all other meanes beare some signe of vertue1 this onely meane is to bad a meane1 either to matche with great birth1 or to mate great worth4 ,for the most parte it is miserably scraped to the murthering of many a poore magot1 while liuely cheese is lusty cheare1 to spare expenses1 that ,iacke maye be a gentleman4 ,if sparing were the worst1 though in the worst degree1 that were not the worst1 nay it hath shew of witte3 ,the rest which ,i tuch not1 be so shamefull and so knowen to be such1 and deserue so great hatred as nothing more4 ,besides the insolencie of the people1 triumphing ouer them in their cuppes1 by whom they buy their drinke3 which shiftes be shamefull to the world1 and hatefull to heauen3 and too too filthy to be honored vpon earth with either armes by harold1 or honour by any4 ,he that will reade but ,aristophanes his blinde ,plutus the ,god of richesse1 and marke the old fellowes fashions shall see his humour naturally1 as that poete was not the worst resembler though he were not the best man4 ,for to become a gentleman is to beare the cognisance of vertue1 wherto honour is companion3 the vilest diuises be the readiest meanes to become most wealthy1 and ought not to looke honour in the face1 bycause it ioynes not with iustice1 which greate wealth by the ,greeke verse1 1 1 is noted to refuse1 and commonly dare not name the meane right1 whereby it groweth great4 ,and though witte be pretended to haue made their way1 it is not denied but that witte may serue euen to the worst effectes1 and to wring many a thousand to make one a gentleman4 ,it is not witte1 that carieth the praise1 but the matter1 wheron1 and the manner how it is1 or hath bene ill or well employed4 ,witte bestowed vpon the common good with wise demeanour1 deserueth well3 the same holy giuen to fill a priuate purse1 by any meane1 so it be secrete3 by any misdemeanour1 so it be not seene3 deserueth no prais for that which is seen1 but is to be suspected1 for that which is not seene4 ,these people by their generall trades1 will make thousandes poore3 and for giuing one penie to any one poore of those many thousandes will be counted charitable4 ,they will giue a scholer some petie poore exhibition to seeme to be religious1 and vnder a sclender veale of counterfeat liberalitie1 hide the spoile of the ransaked pouertie4 ,and though they do not professe the impouershing of purpose1 yet their kinde of dealing doth pierce as it passeth3 and a thousand pound gaines bowelles twentie thousand persons4 ,of these kinde of folkes ,i entend not to speake1 bycause their state is both casuall1 and belongeth to the common3 and their gentilitie bastardise3 and yet while ,i frame a gentleman1 if any of them take the benefit of my aduice1 gentle men must beare with me1 if my precepts be vsurped on1 where their state is intruded on4 ,my purpose is to employ my paines vpon such as are gentlemen in deede1 and in right iudgement of their vnbewitched countrie do serue in best place3 neither will ,i rip vp what some write of nobilitie in generall1 whether by birth or by discent3 nor what other write of true nobilitie1 as disclayming in that which vertue auaunceth not3 nor what other write of learned nobilitie1 as accounting that simply the best1 where vertue and learning do beawtifie the subiect4 ,one might talke beyond enough1 and write beyond measure1 that would examine what such a one saith of nobilitie in greeke1 such a one in latin1 such in other seuerall toungues1 bycause the argument is so large1 the vse of nobilitie streaching so farre1 and so braue a subiect cannot chuse but minister passing braue discourses4 ,there be so many vertues to commend it1 all the brymmer in sight the clearer their subiect is3 so many vices to assaile it whose disfiguring is foulest1 where it falleth in the face1 and must needes be sene4 ,all these offered occasions1 to enlarge and amplyfie this so honorable an argument1 ,i meane to forbeare1 and giue onely this note vnto yong gentlemen3 ,that if their calling had not bene of very great worth in deede1 as it is of most shew in place1 it could neuer haue wone so many learned workes1 it could neuer haue perced so many excellent wittes1 to reioyce with it in good1 to mourn with it in ill1 and to make the meditation of nobilitie1 to be matter for them to maruell4 ,and that therfore it doth stand nobilitie vpon1 to maintaine that glorie in their families with prayse1 which learned men in so many languages1 do charge them with in precept4 ,my friend to be carefull1 that ,i keepe all well1 and my selfe to be carelesse and consume all ill8 an honest friend and an honorable care4 ,but what am ,i8 my auncetours to auaunce my howse to honour1 my selfe to spoile it1 and bring it to decaye8 ,the auauncement vertuous1 the aduauncer commendable4 ,but what am ,i8 a gentleman in birth and nothing else but brauerie4 ,a sory shew which shameth1 where it shapeth4 ,it is value that giues name and note to nobilitie1 it is vertue must endow it1 or vice will vndoe it4 ,the more high the more heynouse1 if it fortune to faile3 the more bruted the more brutish if it fatall vnder fame4 ,which seeing it is so1 as ,i wish the race well1 so ,i wish their traine were good1 and if it were possible euen better then the common1 but that cannot be4 ,for the common well appointed is simply the best1 and euen fittest1 for them1 bycause they may haue it full1 where the meaner haue it maimed4 ,their sufficiencie is so able to wyn it with perfection1 for leasure at will1 for labour at ease1 for want the least1 for wealth the most1 in all thinges absolute1 in nothing vnperfit1 if they faile not themselues4 ,but bycause ,i meane briefly to runne through this title of nobilitie1 which concerneth the worthiest part of our state and country1 whatsoeuer cauelling the enemies of nobility pretend1 whose good education must be applied according vnto their degrees and endes1 to the commoditie and honour of our state and countrie3 ,before that ,i do meddle with their traine1 and shew what is most for them1 and best liked in them1 ,i will examine those pointes which by good education be best got1 and being once got do beawtifie them most1 which two considerations be not impertinent to my purpose1 bycause ,i tender their education1 to haue them proue best4 ,sidenote3 ,the method of the discourse that followeth4 ,my first note in nature of methode must needes be1 what it is to be a gentleman1 or a nobleman1 and what force the tearmes of nobilitie or gentrie do infer to be in the persons1 to whom they are proper4 ,then what be the groundes and causes of gentrie and nobilitie3 both the efficient which make them1 and the finall why they serue1 wherein the rightnes of their being consisteth1 and why there is such thronging of all people that way4 ,sidenote3 ,gentlemanly exercise4 ,but ear ,i begine to deale with any of these pointes1 once for all ,i must recommend vnto them exercise of the bodie1 and chiefly such as besides their health shall best serue their calling1 and place in their countrie4 ,whereof ,i haue saide1 methinke1 sufficiently before4 ,and as those qualities1 which ,i haue set out for the generall traine in their perfection being best compassed by them1 may verie well beseeme a gentlemanly minde3 so may the exercises without all exception3 either to make an healthfull bodie1 seeing our mould is all one3 or to prepare them for seruice1 wherein their vse is more4 ,is it not for a gentleman to vse the chase and hunt8 doth their place reproue them if they haue skill to daunce8 ,is the skill in sitting of an horse no honour at home1 no helpe abroad8 ,is the vse of their weapon with choice1 for their calling1 any blemish vnto them8 ,for all these and what else beside1 there is furniture for them1 if they do but looke backe3 and the rather for them1 bycause in deede those great exercises be most proper to such persons1 and not for the meaner4 ,wherefore ,i remit them to that place4 ,sidenote3 ,what is it to be a nobleman or a gentleman8 ,what is it to be a nobleman or a gentleman8 and what force do those termes of nobilitie and gentilitie infer to be in those persons1 whereunto they are proper8 ,all the people which be in our countrie be either gentlemen or of the commonalty4 ,the common is deuided into marchauntes and manuaries generally1 what partition soeuer is the subdiuident4 ,marchandize containeth vnder it all those which liue any way by buying or selling3 ,manuarie those whose handyworke is their ware1 and labour their liuing4 ,their distinction is by wealth3 for some of them be called rich men1 which haue enough and more1 some poore men1 which haue no more then enough3 some beggers which haue lesse then enough3 ,there be also three kindes in gentilitie1 the gentlemen1 which be the creame of the common3 the noblemen1 which be the flowre of gentilitie1 and the prince which is the primate and pearle of nobilitie4 ,their difference is in authoritie1 the prince most1 the nobleman next1 the gentleman vnder both4 ,and as in the baser degree1 the begger is beneth all for want of both abilitie to do with1 and vertue to deserue with3 so the prince being opposite to him1 as the meere best1 to the pure worst1 is of most abilitie to do good1 and of most vertue to deserue best4 ,the limiting of either sort to their owne lystes1 will bewray either an vsurping intruder vpon superioritie1 or a base degenerat to inferioritie1 either being rauished with the others dealinges1 and neither deseruing the degree that he is in4 ,to be vertuous or vicious to be rich or poore1 be no peculiar badges to either sort1 but common to both1 for both a gentleman1 and a common man may be vertuous or vicious1 both of them may be either rich or poore3 landed or vnlanded1 which is either the hauing or wanting of the most statarie substance3 ,examples neede not in familiar knowledge4 ,and as the gentleman in any degree must haue forreine abilitie for the better executing of his lawfull authoritie3 so there be some vertues which seeme to be wedded properly to that side3 ,as great wisedom in great affaires3 great valiancy in great attemptes3 great iustice in great executions and all thinges excellent1 in a great and excellent degree of people4 ,the same vertues but in a meaner degree in respect of the subiect1 whereon they be employed3 in respect of the persons1 which are to employ3 in respect of circumstance1 wherefore they are employed3 and all thinges meaner be reserued for the common3 of whom ,i will speake no more now1 bycause this title is not for them1 though they become the keepers of vertues and learning1 when nobilitie becomes degenerate4 ,hereby it is euident that the tearme of nobilitie amongst vs1 is restrained to one order1 which ,i named the flowre of gentilitie3 and that the gentlemen be in degree next vnto them4 ,whereof where either beginneth1 none can dout1 which can call him a nobleman that is aboue a knight4 ,so that whosoeuer shall vse the tearme of gentilitie1 speaking of the whole order opposite to the common1 doth vse the ground whence all the rest doth spring1 bycause a gentleman in nature of his degree is before a nobleman1 though not in the height3 as nobilitie employeth the flowre of the gentlemen1 which name is taken of the primacie and excellencie of the oddes1 and where it is vsed in discourse it comprehendeth all aboue the common4 ,when the ,romaine speaketh of the gentleman in generall1 nobilitie is his terme1 being in that state opposite to the common1 wherein they acknowledged no prince1 when that opposition was made4 ,for generosus which is our common tearme signifieth the inward valure1 not the outward note1 and reacheth to any actiue liuing creature though without reason1 wherein there doth appeare any praisworthy valiance or courage in that kinde more then ordinarie1 as in ,alexanders horse and ,porus his dog4 ,therefore whether ,i vse the terme of nobilitie hereafter or of gentilitie1 the matter is all one1 both the names signifying the whole order1 though not one of ground1 nobilitie being the flower and gentilitie the roote4 ,the account wherof how great it is1 we may verie well perceaue by that opinion1 which the nobilitie it selfe hath vsually of it4 ,for truth being the priuate protest of a gentleman1 honour of a noble man1 fayth of a ,prince1 yet generally they do all ioine in this4 ,as they be true gentlemen4 ,such a reputacion hath the name reserued euen from his originall4 ,now then nobilitie emplying the outward note of inward value1 and gentilitie signifying the inward value of the outward note1 it is verie easie to determine1 what it is to be a nobleman1 in excellencie of vertue shewed1 and what it is to be a gentleman to haue excellent vertue to shew4 ,whereby it appeareth that vertue is the ground to that whole race1 by whether name so euer ye call it1 wisedome in pollicie1 valiance in execution1 iustice in deciding1 modestie in demeanour4 ,there shall not neede any allegations of the contraries1 to grace out these vertues1 which be well content with their owne gaines and desire not to glister by comparison with vices1 though different colours in contarietie do commend1 and thinges contrarie be knowne in the same moment4 ,for if true nobilitie haue vertue for her ground1 he that knoweth vice1 can tell what it bringes forth4 ,whether nobilitie come by discent or desert it maketh no matter1 he that giueth the first fame to his familie1 or he that deserueth such honour1 or he that enlargeth his parentage by noble meanes1 is the man whom ,i meane4 ,he that continueth it in discent from his auncestrie by desert in his owne person hath much to thanke ,god for1 and doth well deserue double honour among men1 as bearing the true coate of right and best nobilitie1 where desert for vertue is quartered with discent in blood1 seeing aunciencie of linage1 and deriuation of nobilitie is in such credit among vs and alwaye hath bene4 ,sidenote3 ,of infirmities in nobility by discent4 ,and as it is most honorable in deede thus to aunswere auncestry in all laudable vertues1 and noble qualities of a well affected minde3 so the defect in sufficiencie where some of a noble succession haue not the same successe in pointes of praise and worthinesse1 either naturally by simplenesse1 or casually1 by fortune3 though it be to be moaned in respect of their place1 yet it is to be excused in respect of the person4 ,bycause the person is1 as his parentes begate him1 who had not at commaundement the discent of their vertues1 which made them noble1 as they had the begetting of a child to enherite their landes4 ,for if they had1 their nobilitie had continued on the nobler side4 ,but vertues and worthinesse be not tyed to the person1 they be ,gods meere and voluntarie giftes to bestow there1 wheras he entendes that nobilitie shall either rise or continue1 and not to bestow1 where he meanes to abase1 and bring a linage lowe4 ,wherefore to blame such wantes1 and raile vpon nobilitie as to much degenerate1 is to intrude vpon prouidence4 ,where we cannot make our selves1 and may clearly see1 that he which maketh1 hath some misterie in hande1 where he setts such markes4 ,to exhort young men to those qualities1 which do make noble and gentlemen1 is to haue them so excellently qualified1 as they maye honest their countrey1 and honour themselues4 ,to encourage noble young gentlemen to maintaine the honour of their houses1 is to wish them to apply such vertues1 as both make base houses bigge in any degree1 and tofore did make their families renowmed in theirs4 ,if abilitie will attaine1 and idlenesse do neglecte1 the ignominie is theirs3 if want of abilitie appeare to be so great1 as no endeuour can preuaile1 ,god hath set his seale and men must cease to muse1 where the infirmitie is euident1 and thinke that euery beginning is to haue an ende4 ,hereby ,i take it to be very plaine both what the termes of noble and gentle do meane1 and what they infer to be in those parties to whom they are proper4 ,for as gentility argueth a courteous1 ciuill1 well disposed1 sociable constitution of minde in a superior degree3 so doth nobilitie import all these1 and much more in an higher estate nothing bastarded by great authoritie4 ,and do not these singularities deserue helpe by good and vertuous education8 ,sidenote3 ,the causes and rgoundes of nobilitie4 ,what be the groundes and causes of nobilitie1 both the efficient which make it1 and the finall for whom it serues8 ,concerning the efficient4 ,though the chiefe and soueraigne ,prince1 of whom for his education ,i will saye somwhat herafter1 be the best and fairest blossom of nobilitie1 yet ,i will not medle any further with the meane to attaine vnto the dignitie of the crowne1 then that it is either come by1 by conquest1 which in meaner people is called purchace1 and hangeth altogether of the conquerours disposition3 or else by discent1 which in other conueyances continueth the same name1 and in that highnesse continueth the same lawes1 or altereth with consent4 ,neither will ,i speake of such1 as the ,prince vpon some priuate affection doth extraordinarily prefer4 ,alexander may auaunce ,hephestio for great good liking1 ,assuerus ,hester1 for great good loue1 ,ptolome ,galetes for secret vertue4#fa ,and vpon whom soeuer the ,prince doth bestow any extraordinarie preferment1 it is to be thought that there is in them some great singularity1 wherewith their princes1 which can iudge be so extraordinarily moued4 ,neither will ,i say any more then ,i haue said of nobilitie by discent1 which enioyeth the benefite of the predecessours vertue1 if it haue no priuate stuffe3 but if it haue1 it doth double and treble the honour and praise of auncestrie4 ,but concerning other causes1 that come by authoritie1 which make noble and gentlemen vnder their ,prince1 who be therefore auaunced by their ,prince1 bycause they do assist him in necessarie functions of his gouernment1 they be either single or compound1 and depend either holy of learning3 or but only for the groundes of their execution4 ,excellent wisedome which is the meane to auaunce graue and politike counsellors1 is but a single cause of preferment3 likewise valiancie of courage which is the meane to make a noble and a warrious captaine is but a single cause of auauncement3 but where wisedome for counsell1 doth coucurre with valiancie of courage in the same man1 the cause is compound and the deserte doubled4 ,the meanes of preferment1 which depend vpon learning for the ground of their execution be either ,martiall for warre and defence abroad1 or politike1 for peace and tranquilitie at home4 ,for the man of warre will seeme to hange most of his owne courage and experience1 which without any learning or reading at all hath oftimes brought forth excellent leaders1 but with those helpes to1 most rare and famous generalles1 as the reason is great1 why he should proue an excellent man that waye with the assistance of learning which without all learning could attaine vnto so much1 ,sylla#fb the cruell in deede1 though surnamed the fortunate of such1 as he fauored1 was a noble generall without any learning4 ,but ,csar which wondered at him for it1 as a thing scant possible to do any great matter without good learning1 himselfe with the helpe of learning1 did farre exceede him4 ,such as vse the penne most in helping for their parte1 the direction of publike gouemment1 or execute offices of either necessarie seruice for the state1 or iusticiarie1 for the common peace and quietnesse1 without profession of further learning1 though they haue their cheife instrument of credit from the booke1 yet they are not meere dettours to the booke1 bycause priuate industrie considerate experience1 and stayed aduisement seeme to chalendge some interest1 in their praiseworthie dealing4 ,the other which depend wholly vpon learning be most incident to my purpose1 and best beseeme the place1 where the question is1 how gentlemen must be trained to haue them learned4 ,sidenote3 ,a politike counsellour4 ,the highest degree whervnto learned valure doth prefer1 is a wise counsellour1 whose learning is learned pollicie3 not as pollicie is commonly restrayned1 and opposed to plainnesse1 but as we terme it in learning and philosophie1 the generall skill to iudge either of all1 or of most thinges rightly1 and to marshall them to their places1 and strait them by circunstance1 as shall best beseeme the present gouernment1 with least disturbance1 and most contentment to the setled state1 of what sorte soeuer the thinges be1 diuine or humaine1 publike or priuate1 professions of minde1 or occupations of hande4 ,this man for religion is a ,diuine1 and well able to iudge of the generalities1 and application of ,diuinitie1 for gouernement1 a lawyer1 as one that first setts lawes1 and knowes best how to haue them kept3 generally for all thinges1 he is simply the soundest1 whether he be choosen of the ,ecclesiasticall or ,temporall1 out of whatsoeuer degree1 or whatsoeuer profession3 so able as ,i say1 and so sufficient in all pointes4 ,and though the particular professour know more then he in euery particular1 which his leasure will not suffer him to runne thorough1 like the particular student3 yet of himselfe he will enquire so consideratly1 and so methodically of the particuler professour1 as he will enter into the very depth of the knowledge1 which the other hath1 and when he hath done so1 handle it better1 and more for the common good1 then the priuate professour can1 for all his cunning in all his particuler3 ,nay he will direct him in the vse1 which enformed him in the skill4 ,of all them that depend wholy vpon learning1 ,i take this kinde of man worthyest to be preferred1 and most worthily preferred for his learned iudgement1 the first and chiefe naturally in diuinitie among diuines though he do not preach3 in law among lawyers though he do not pleade3 and so throughout in all other thinges that require any publike direction4 ,sidenote3 ,the diuine4 #b4 ,of the secondary and particuler professions1 the worthynes of the subiect1 and the authoritie of the argument preferreth the diuines4 ,for they dealing carefully with the charge of soules1 the principall part of our composition1 and the fairest matter that is dealt in1 beside the soule of a ciuill societie1 which is compounded of infinite particular soules3 and being the miniters and trumpettes of the allmightie ,god1 auancing vertue1 and suppressing vice1 denouncing death and pronouncing life1 which be both most sure1 and that euerlastingly to ensue according to demeanour3 do well deserue to be honoured of men1 with the simple benefit of their temporall estimation1 as what they can do1 where they cannot do enough4 ,for what reward for vertue is an olyue braunch1 though it signifie the rewarders good will1 confessing the thing to be farre aboue any mortall reward8 which estimation yet is not to be desired of them1 though it be deserued by them4 ,for humilitie of minde in auauncing the diuine draweth him still backeward1 as officious thankefullnes in the profited hearer doth worthely and well push him still on forward4 ,and as the temporall braunche of the common weale being so many in number hath distinction in degrees1 for the better methode in gouernment1 which function doth honour the executours3 so likewise with proportionate estimation for the parties executours1 the church consisting of many1 and hauing charge ouer all hath her distinction in dignities and degrees to stay that state the better1 which would soone be shaken1 if there were no such stay3 the argument of religion being vsed mostwhat contemplatiue1 and in nature of opinion1 and therefore a verie large field to bring forth matter of controuersies1 specially in yong men1 whose naturall is not staied1 though their resolution seeme to be1 and their zeale carie them on1 to the profit of their hearer1 their owne commendation1 and the honour of him1 whose messengers they are4 ,howbeit in the middle of all these contradictions1 the particular execution to beleeue this1 and to do that1 according to ones calling1 which is but one in all1 to beleeue truely1 and to do honestly1 by that same one1 doth check the diuersities of all difference in saying4 ,which great difference in saying1 and diuersities in opinion1 the church may most thanke the ,grecian for1 who ioyning with religion after diuorce with philosophie1 was as bold to be factious in the one1 as he had bene in the other1 and could not rest in one1 still deuided into numbers1 as it still appeareth in the ecclesiasticall historie where factious heresies assaile the firme catholike4 ,neither doth this difference in publike degrees empaire that opinion1 that all be but ministers1 and in that point equal any more1 then that both the prince and the plowman be one1 in respect of their humanitie1 and first creation4 ,and yet the prince is a thought aboue him for all he be his brother in respect of old ,adam4 ,the matter of both these two1 the wise counsellour1 and the graue diuines honour is best proued to be in the worthynes of their owne persons1 which is the true ensigne of right nobilitie1 bycause both their places and lyuinges1 in respect of their degree depart and die with them 7though their honorable memorie remaine after7 and be not transported to their heires1 as the inheritaunce of blood1 but to their successours1 as the reward of vertue4 ,if it so chaunce that the same person for worthynes be successour both in place1 and patrimonie1 it is most honorable to himselfe1 and most comfortable to his friendes1 and reioyced at of all men4 ,sidenote3 ,the lawyer4 #c4 ,the peace1 and quietnes of ciuill societie1 by composing and taking vp of quarrelles1 and by directing iustice1 makes the lawyer next1 whose publike honour dyeth also with him3 and declareth the substaunce of his worthines1 though his priuate name remaine1 and his children enioy the benefit of his getting4 ,as why may not the diuines to1 enioy that1 which their parentes haue honestly saued1 if they haue any surplus1 whereon to saue1 for necessarie reliefe of their necessarie charge in succession8 ,which among the ,iewes was of such countenaunce1 as ,iosephus1 vaunteth himselfe of his nobilitie that way4 ,and4 ,but it were to large a roming place1 to runne ouer the port that the churchmen haue kept1 not among christians and ,iewes onely4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,physician4 #d4 ,the ,physician is next1 and his circumstaunce like1 and so furth in learning1 where the preferment dying with the partie1 and transposed to other1 not by line in nature but by choice in valure1 is the euidentest argument1 that those thinges be most worthiely tearmed the best matter of honour1 which die with the partie1 and yet make him liue through honorable remembraunce1 though he haue no successour but the common weale1 which is generally surest1 bycause priuate succession in blood is oftimes some blemish4 ,and yet succession in state1 is not allway so steddie1 but that the old house may haue a very odde maister4 ,these do ,i take to be the truest1 and most worthy causes of nobilitie1 lymited not by wealth1 but by worth1 which accompany the party1 and expire with his breath4 ,for sure that which one leaueth behinde him besides an honorable remembraunce of his owne worthynes1 cannot noble him while he hath it1 nor his1 when he leaues it1 bycause it bettereth not the owner1 but oftimes makes him worse1 though it be a necessary stay for that person which is of good worthynes to shew his worth the better4 ,therefore when wealth is made the way to gentilitie3 or if it be exceeding great1 the gap to nobilitie1 it is like to some vniuersitie men1 which for fauour or feasting lend their schole degrees to doltes to intercept those liuinges by borrowed titles which them selues should haue for learning1 and might haue without let1 if they hindered not them selues4 ,but both gentlemen and scholers be well enough serued1 for ouershooting them selues so farre3 nobilitie being empaired in note1 though encreased in number by such intruders1 and learning empouerished in purses1 though replenished in putfurthes by such interceptours4 ,sidenote3 ,why so many desire to be gentlemen4 ,yet it is no meruell if the base couet his best1 as his perfection in nature1 and his honour in opinion3 no more then that the asse doth desire the lions skin1 to be thought though but a while1 very terrible to behold4 ,but counterfeat mettall for all his best shew will neuer be so naturall1 as that is1 which it doth counterfeat3 neither will naturall mettalles euer enterchaunge natures1 though the finest be seuered1 and the ,alcumist do his best3 ,and for all the lions skin1 sure the asse is an asse as his owne eares will bewray him1 if ye fortune to see them3 or your eares will discerne him1 if you fortune to hear him3 he will bray so like a beast4 ,i can say no better1 though this may seeme bitter1 where ,i see nobilitie betraid to donghillrie1 and learning to doultrie4 ,you gentlemen must beare with me1 for ,i wish you your owne3 you scholers must pardon me1 ,i pity your abuse4 ,your apes do you harme1 and scratch you by the face1 for all the friendship they finde1 which if they found not1 they might tarie apes still4 ,their suttletie supplantes you1 and your simplenes lettes them see1 what fellowes you are4 ,call vertue to aide1 and put slauerie in pinfold1 let learning leade you1 and send loselles to labour1 more fit for the shouell1 then to shuffle vp your cardes4 ,thus much for the causes which make nobilitie1 whose leader is learning1 and honour is vertue1 not to vse more discourse to proue by particular1 where the matter is so plaine1 as either vertue will admit praise1 or historie bring proofe4 ,for the finall cause it is most euident1 that if some sufficiencie this way be the meane to nobilitie1 the effect of such sufficiencie doth crowne the man1 and accomplish the matter4 ,but wherefore is all this8 to shew how necessarie a thing it is to haue yong gentlemen well brought vp4 ,for if these causes do make the meane man noble1 what will they do in him1 whose honour is augmented with perpetuall encrease1 if with his nobilitie in blood he do ioyne in match the worthines of his owne person8 ,wherefore the necessitie of the traine appearing to be so great1 ,i will handle that as well as ,i can in generall precept1 for this present place1 as hauing to deale with such personages1 whose wisedom is their weight1 learning their line1 iustice their balance1 armour their honour1 and all vertues in all kindes their best furniture in all executions1 and their greatest ornamentes in the eies of all men1 all this tending directly to the common good4 ,sidenote3 ,the gentlemens train4 ,as concerning the traine it selfe1 wherof ,i said somwhat before1 ,i know none better then the common well appointed1 which the common man doth learne for necessitie at first1 and auauncement after3 the greater personage ought to learne for his credit1 and honour1 besides necessarie vses4 ,for which be gentlemanly qualities1 if these be not1 to reade1 to write1 to draw1 to sing1 to play1 to haue language1 to haue learning1 to haue health1 and actiuitie1 nay euen to professe ,diuinitie1 ,lawe1 ,physicke1 and any trade else commendable for cunning8 ,which as gentlemen maye get with most leasure1 and best furniture1 so maye they execute them without any corruption1 where they neede not to craue4 ,and be not sciences liberall in terme1 that waye to be recouered from illiberalitie in trade1 and can those great liuinges be better employed1 then in sparing the pillage of the poore people8 which are to sore gleaned3 by the needie and neuer contented professours8 which making their ende as to do good1 and their entent but to gaine1 do pluk the poore shrewdly1 while they couet that they haue not1 by a meane that they should not4 ,bicause though the professours neede do seeke such a supplie1 yet the thing which they professe protesteth the contrarie3 and prayes for ability in the professour to deale franckely himselfe in the freedome of his cunning1 and not to straine her for neede4 ,doth ,diuinitie teache to scrape1 or ,lawe to scratche1 or any other learning1 whose epithet is liberall8 ,diuines do vse it1 lawyers do vse it1 learned men do vse it4 ,but their profession is free and liberall1 though the execution be seruile and corrupt1 and cryeth for helpe of nobilitie to raunsome it from necessity1 which hath emprisoned it so1 by the negligence of nobilitie who thinke any thing farre more seemly to bestow their time and wealth on1 then professions of learning4 ,but if it would please toward young gentlemen to be so wel affected towards their naturall countrey1 or to suffer her to ouertreat them so farre1 as to shoulder out corruption1 by professing themselues1 who neede not to be couetous for want of any thing1 which haue all thinges at will1 how blessed were our state1 nay how fortunate were euen the gentlemen them selues8 ,they may spare number enough that way1 besides such furniture1 as they do affoord vnto the court1 to all martiall and militare affaires to all iusticiarie functions by reason of their multitude1 which groweth on dayly to farre and to fast1 and lessen the middle commoner to much3 whose bignes is the best meane1 if ,aristotle say true1 as his reason seemes great1 for peace and quietnes in any publicke estate1 to desire the rich gentlemen1 which haue most1 and the poore meany1 which haue least1 to holde their handes1 and put vp their weapons1 when they would be seditious1 as the two extremities in a publicke body4 ,if the couragious gentlemen took them selues to armes1 and mynded more exercise3 if the quieter tooke bookes1 and fell vnto learning1 calling home to them againe by their laudable diligence all those faculties1 which they haue so long deliuered ouer for prayes to the poorer1 thorough their to great negligence1 were not the returne to be receiued with sacrifice8 and would not the other aswell prouide for them selues by other trades1 wherwith to liue8 ,whereby the honestie of that subiect1 wherein they should trauell1 would in the meane while1 deliuer the honest gentlemen from such faultes1 as they be now subiect vnto1 while intending so good1 they auoided so euill4 ,this were better than brauerie1 and more triumphant then trauelling1 to remaine at home with their prince1 not to rome abroad with the pilgrime1 to see farre in other countries1 and be starke blinde in their owne4 ,sidenote3 ,trauelling beyond sea4 ,for what is it to trauell1 seeing that word hath so sodainly crossed me8 ,i will not here make any ,epitome of other mens trauell1 which haue set downe whole treaties against this trauelling in diuerse languages3 neither will ,i amplyfie the thing with any earnest aggrauations1 which though they may be true1 and so may somewhat taint the vnaduised trauellour1 yet they be not worthy the rehearsall here4 ,for what reason carieth it1 to finde fault with the forraine1 and to foster the fault at home8 or for particular misdemener1 to condemne some whole nations8 or for some error in some few to wish a general restraint8 and by to sharp blaming to bitterly to eager not the meanest wittes3 as commonly dawes be not most desirous to trauell4 ,it is lightly the quintessence which will be a ranging4 ,silence in thinges peraduenture blameworthy1 and friendly entertainement where there is no sting1 by curtesie wil call1 and by liking will winne such dispositions sooner to come to the lure where we would wish to haue them1 then any either launsing1 their woundes by to bytter speches1 or aliening their hartes by too much harping on one firing3 chieflie considering that trauell and going abroad for knowledge in learning1 and skill in language haue for their protection much antiquitie1 long time1 and great number1 though still chekt as either needeles or harmfull3 and oftimes countermaunded1 not onely by priuate mens argumentes1 but by publike constitutions1 of the best common weales1 which were very vnwilling to haue their people to wander4 ,but what is this trauelling8 ,i meane it not in marchauntes1 whom necessitie for their owne trade1 and oftentimes neede for our vse1 enforceth to trauell1 and tarie long from home4 ,neither yet in souldiers1 whom peace at home sendes abroad for skill1 in forraine warres to learne how to fend at home1 when peace is displeased3 which yet both haue their owne1 and ouergreat inconueniences1 to the wringing of their countrie4 ,for marchauntes by forcing their naturall soile beyond her proportion to some gainefull commoditie verie vtterable abroade1 do breede gaules at home1 and by bringing in also beyond proportion to serue pleasure and feede fantsie1 proue great vndoers to a great number1 which can neither temper their tast1 nor restraine the fashion4 ,the souldier likewise1 which is trained in hoat blood abroad will hardly be but troublesome in cold blood at home3 vnlesse he be such a one as followed the warres for conscience to his countrie1 and of iudgement to learne skil1 and not vpon bare courage1 or hardines of nature1 or sinisterly to supply some other want4 ,i meane not any of these1 ne yet such trauellers as ,solon1 to preuent a mischiefe in mutabilitie of his countrie mens mindes1 whom he had tyed to his lawes1 not reuocable till his returne1 when acquaintance for that time had wone allowance for euer3 neither as ,pythagoras1 or ,plato were1 who sought cunning where it was1 to bring it where it was not4 ,for ,platoes iourney into ,sicile proceeded not of his minde to trauell1 but vp on hope to do some good on ,dionisius the tyrant1 who did send for him by ,diones meane4 ,we neede not to trauell in their kinde for learning4 ,we haue in that kind thankes be to ,god for the pen and print1 as much at this day as any countrie needes to haue3 nay euen as full if we will follow it well1 as any antiquitie it selfe euer had4 ,and yong gentlemen with that wealth1 or their parentes in that wealth1 might procure1 and maintaine so excellent maisters and ioine vnto them so choise companions1 and furnish them out with such libraries1 being able to beare the charge1 as they might learne all the best farre better at home in their standing studies1 then they euer shall in their stirring residence1 yea though the desire of learning were the cause of their trauell4 ,which rule serueth euen in the meaner personages1 which loue to looke abroade1 and alleadge learning for their shew1 which might be better had at home1 with their good diligence1 and confirmeth it selfe by sufficient persons1 which neuer crossed the sea4 ,let them fauour their owne fantsies neuer so much1 and defende that stoutly1 which they haue begone youthfully3 yet the thing will proue in the end as ,i haue said4 ,and if there be defect1 we should deuise1 as those philosopher trauellours did1 to helpe it here at hoome in our owne countrie1 that we be not allway borrowers1 where it is but of wantonnesse1 bycause we are vnwilling to straine out our owne1 which of it selfe is able enough to breede1 and needeth no more helpes then the generall studie1 if it be studied in deede1 and not be dalyed with for shew1 as ,i wish it were not1 and not ,i alone4 ,here lyeth a padde to be pitied though not to be published1 they that may amend the thing are in conscience to thinke of it4 ,but what is trauell1 as it is to be constrewed in this place1 where it interrupteth traine1 and bringes it in question1 whether yong gentlemen1 while they vse trauelling1 do vse that1 which is best both for their countrie1 and themselues4 ,what is it to trauell8 ,it is to see countries abroad1 to marke their singularities1 to learne their languages1 to returne from thence better able to serue their owne countrie here with much fourniture1 as they prouided1 and such wisedom1 as they gathered by obseruing things there4 ,sure a good countenaunce to helpe trauelling withall1 and to hide her skars1 which in some may proue so in deede4 ,but those some be not any generall patternes3 in whom1 some excellencie in nature1 and vertuousnesse in disposition doth turne that to profit and good1 which the thing of it selfe doth assure to be dangerous3 bycause it may proue to be both perillous and pernicious in those and to those1 which for heat are impetuous1 for yeares to foreward1 for wealth to rachelesse3 and proceeding from them may be contagious to others1 as cankers will creepe1 and the ill taches of euery countrey do more easely allure1 and obteine quicker cariage to enlarge them selues1 then the good and vertuous do4 ,but while they trauell thus1 as sure me thinke ,i see1 it is but of some errour caryed with the streame1 which enwraps them so 7onelesse some miscontentment at home in busie and displeased humours1 vse the colour of language and learning1 to absent themselues the better from that1 against the which they haue conceyued some stomacke7 what might they haue gained at home in the meane while8 sounder learning1 the same language1 besides the loue and liking of their owne countrey soile which breed them1 and beares them3 by familiaritie1 and continuance at home encreased1 by discontinuance1 and strangenesse mightely empared3 while enamouring and liking of forreine warres doth cause lothing1 and misliking of that they finde at home4 ,whereby our countrey receiueth a great blow1 thorough alienation of their fantsies1 by whom she should be gouerned1 which will rather deale in nothing1 then not force in the forreine4 ,what is the very naturall end1 of being borne a countryman of such a countrey8 ,to serue and saue the countrey4 ,what8 with forreine fashions8 they wil not fit4 ,for euery countrey setts downe her owne due by her owne lawes1 and ordinaunces appropriate to her selfe1 and her priuate circunstance vpon information giuen by continuers at home1 and carefull countreymen4 ,the verie diuision of lawes1 into naturall1 nationall1 and ciuill emport a distinction in applying1 though the reason runne thorough1 and continue generally one4 ,that which is very excellent good abroad1 and were to be wished in our countrey vpon circunstance which either will not admit it1 or not but so troublesomly1 as will not quite the coast1 nor agree with the state is and must be forborne here1 though it leaue a miscontentment in the trauellours heade1 who likes the thing most1 and thinkes light of the circunstance1 which he sayth will yelde to it1 though experience say no3 and in some but petie toyes do shew him1 how leaning to the forreine hath misfashioned our owne home4 ,i do not deny but trauelling is good1 if it hap to hit right1 but ,i think the same trauel1 with minde to do good1 as it alwaye pretendeth1 might helpe much more1 being bestowed well at home4 ,he that rometh abroade hath no such line to lead him1 as the taryer at home hath1 onlesse his conceit1 yeares1 and experience be of better stay1 then theirs is1 which be causes of this question1 and bring trauelling in doubt4 ,for the ground of his vyage being priuate1 though taken to the best1 is vnfreindly to our common4 ,it is like to an idle1 lasie1 young gentlewoman1 which hath a very faire heire of her owne1 and for idlenesse1 bycause she wil not looke to it1 combe it1 picke it1 wash it1 makes it a cluster of knottes1 and a feltryd borough for white footed beastes3 and therfore must needes haue an vnnaturall perug1 to set forth her fauour1 where her owne had been best1 if it had bene best applied4 ,is not he worse then mad1 that hath an excellent piece of ground1 made for fertilitie1 and suffereth it to be ouergrowen with wedes1 while he wandreth abroade1 and beholdes with delite1 the good housbandes and housbandrie in other men and other soiles8 ,the president of a copie makes a child resemble wel1 and a certaine pitch to deale within a mans owne countrey in such a kinde of life1 to his and her auauncement1 is the surest and soundest direction to any young gentleman3 first to learne by1 and then to liue by3 and to leuell all that waye without any forreine longing4 ,if he take pleasure in trauelling1 and no care in expending1 both the expense will bring repentaunce1 when reason shall reclame1 if euer she do1 7as in some desperate cases1 fantsie is froward1 and wil bide no fronting37 and the pleasure bringes some greife1 when the gentleman which in youth so much pleased himselfe1 in his age shall not be able to pleasure his countrey1 whom he cared for so litle1 while he so counted of the forreine4 ,forreine matters fit vs not1 and though our backes1 yet not our braines1 if we be not sicke there4 ,forreine thinges be for vs in some cases1 but we were better to call home one forreine maister to vs1 then they should cause vs to be forreine scholers1 to such a forraging maister1 as a whole forreine countrey is1 to learne so by trauelling1 and not by teaching4 ,our ladies at home can do all this1 and that with commendacion of the verie trauelled gentlemen3 bycause it is not that1 which they haue seene1 that makes them of worth1 but that which they haue brought home in language and learning1 which they do finde here at their retourne4 ,our ladie mistresse1 whom ,i must needes remember1 when excellencies will haue hearing1 a woman1 a gentlewoman1 a ladye1 a ,princesse1 in the middest of many other businesses1 in that infirmitie of sexe1 and sundrie impedimentes to a free minde1 such as learning requireth1 can do all these things to the wonder of all hearers1 which ,i say young gentlemen may learne better at home1 as her ,maiestie did1 and compare themselues with the best1 when they haue learned so much1 as her ,maiestie hath by domesticall discipline4 ,it may be said that her ,maiestie is not to be vsed for a president1 which of a princely courage would not be ouerthrowne with any difficulty in learning that1 which might auaunce her person beyond all praise1 and profit her state beyond expectation4 ,but yet withall it may be said1 why may not young gentlemen1 which can alledge no let to the contrarie1 obtaine so much with more libertie1 which her highnesse gat with so litle8 ,it is wealth at will which egges them on to wander1 and it is the same1 which causeth them continue in the same humour1 though they heare it misliked4 ,if they went abroad as ,embassadours1 that their ,princes authoritie might make their entrie to great knowledge in greatest dealinges3 or if they were excellent knowen learned men1 that all cunning would crepe to them1 and honour them with intelligence1 and notes of importance3 or if they went in the traine of the one1 or in the tuition of the other1 where authoritie and awe might enforce their benefit1 and saue them from harme1 ,i would not mislike it1 to breede vp such fellowes1 as might follow them in seruice3 but for any of the particular endes1 which be better had at home1 ,i cast of comparisons4 ,good1 plaine1 and well meaning young gentlemen in purse strong1 in yeares weake1 to trauell at a venture in places of danger to bodie1 to life1 to liuing1 though our owne countrey be also subiect to all the same perills1 but not so farre from succour1 and reskue4 ,driue me to such a traunse1 as ,i know not what to saye4 ,commende them ,i cannot bycause of my countrey3 offend them ,i dare not1 bycause of them selues1 which may by discretion in themselues1 and wisedome of their freindes prouide well for themselues1 as ,i do confesse1 though ,i feare nothing so much1 as the ouerliking of forreine1 and so consequently some vnderliking at home1 which will neuer let them staye4 ,olde lawes in some countries enacted the contrarie1 and sillie ,socrates in ,plato being offered to be helpt out of prison1 as vniustely condemned by the furie of the people1 and persuasion of his vnfreindes3 would not go out of his countrey to saue his owne life1 as resolued to die by commandment of that lawe1 thorough whose prouision he had liued at home so long4 ,diuisions for religion1 and quarrells of state may worke that which is not well for generall quiet1 by being hartned abroade with the sight1 and hearing of that1 which some could be content to see1 and heare at home4 ,plato#fc in his twelfth booke of lawes1 seemeth to rule the case of trauelling1 which moueth this controuersie4 ,where he alloweth both the sending out of his countrymen1 into forreine landes1 and the receiuing of forreine people into his countrey4 ,for to medle neither with forreine actions1 nor forreine agentes might sauour of disdaine1 and to suffer good home orders to be corrupted by our forreine trauellers1 or their forreine trafficquers might smell of small discretion4 ,wherfore both to build vpon discretion to preuent harme at home1 and to banish disdaine to be thought well on abroad3 he taketh this order both for such as shall trauell abroad into forreine countries from his1 and for such as shall repare1 from forreine countries vnto his4 ,for his owne trauellers he enacteth first4 ,that none vnder fourtie yeares in any case trauell abroad4 ,then restraining still all priuate occasions1 for the which he will not dispense with his lawe1 neither graunt any trauelling at all3 he alloweth the state in publike to send abroad1 embassadours1 messagers1 obseruers1 for so ,i turne ,plato his 4 ,such as are sent abroad to warre for the countrie1 though foorth of the countrie1 he holdes for no trauellers1 as being still of1 and in the state3 the cause of their absence continuing their presence1 and the place of their abyding1 not altering the nature of their being4 ,and the like rekening he maketh of those solemne embassadors1 which they sent to communicate in sacrifice with their neighbours1 at ,delphi1 to ,apollo1 in ,olympus1 to ,iupiter1 at ,nemea to ,hercules1 in ,isthmos to ,neptune3 where he appointed the pacificque1 and friendly ,embassages to be furnished out of the most1 the best1 and brauest citisens1 which with their port1 their presence1 their magnificence1 might honest1 and honour their countrie most3 as to the contrary he requireth in his martiall lieuetenant1 which in the camp1 and fielde shall represent the state of his country1 credit1 estimation1 honour1 purchased before by vertue and valure4 ,his obseruer1 whom he alloweth to go abroad to see fashions3 he will haue not to be aboue threescore1 nor vnder fiftie yeares old1 and such a one1 as shall be of good credit in his countrie1 for great dealinges1 both in warre and peace4 ,for the occasion of his trauell pretending to see the manners of men abroad1 to marke what is well and them that are good1 which be most times there1 where the place is least likely3 and not to be marred by that which is ill1 and them that are naught1 which be there oftest1 where good orders be rifest3 to correct his countrie lawes by the better forreine3 or to confirme them by the worse3 how can he iudge of any of these thinges1 which hath not dealt in great affaires1 and shewed himselfe there to be a man of iudgement8 or how is he able to auoide the euill1 and cleaue to the good1 whom yeares haue not stayed and giuen reason the raine1 to bridle all desires1 that might turne him awry8 ,such a man1 of such a credit1 of so many yeares1 but no man yonger doth ,plato send abroad1 to learne in forreine countries1 and to see forreine fashions1 so many of those ten yeares betwene fiftie and sixtie1 as shall please him selfe best4 ,but what must this trauellour do at his returne8 ,there is a counsell appointed of the grauest diuines for religion1 of ten iustices for law1 of the new and old ouerseers for education1 whereof ech one taketh with him one younger man1 aboue thirtie and vnder fourtie4 ,this counsell hath commission to deale in matters of lawe1 either to make new1 or to mend the olde3 to consider of education and learning1 what is good and quickneth1 what is ill and darckeneth4 ,and what the elder men determine that the yonger must execute4 ,if any of these young men behaue himselfe not well1 the elder that brought him into the parlament1 beareth blame of the whole house3 those that behaue themselues well1 are made honorable presidentes to their countrey to behold3 as they are most dishonored if they proue worse then other4 ,where by the waye ,i note these three thinges4 #a4 ,first the care they had to education1 and learning euen in their cheife parlament4 #b4 ,secondly the reason they had to traine1 and vse young men in their parlament4 #c4 ,thirdly their three speciall pointes of gouernement1 according to the three kindes of persons1 which were present in the parlament1 religion1 lawe1 education4 ,how to traine before lawe1 how to rule by lawe1 how to temper both traine1 and lawe by diuinitie1 and religion4 ,before this counsell1 the obseruer presenteth himselfe at his returning home1 and there declareth1 what he hath either learned of them abroad1 or deuised by their doinges1 for the helpe of his countrey lawes1 of his countrey education1 of his countries prouision4 ,and if he seemed neither better nor worse1 neither cunninger1 nor ignoranter1 at his returne home1 then he was at his departure from home3 he was commended for his good will1 and no more was said to him4 ,if he seemed better and more skilfull1 he was not only honored by the present parlament1 while he liued1 but by the whole countrey after his death4 ,if he seemed to returne worse1 he was commaunded to vse companie1 neither with young1 nor olde1 as one like to corrupt vnder colour of wisedom4 ,and if he obayed that order1 he might liue still1 howbeit but a priuate life4 ,if he did not obay1 he was put to death4 ,as he was also if he vere found to be busie headed1 and innouating any thing after the forreine concerning either lawe1 liuing1 or education4 ,beholde the patterne of a trauellour1 rewarded for his well1 punished for his ill3 neither ill requited1 where he meant but well4 ,then for reparers from forreine countries into his1 whom he will haue well entertained in any case1 he appointeth foure kindes4 #a4 ,the first wherof be merchantes1 whose mercates1 hauens1 and lodging1 he assigneth to be without the citie but very neare to it3 and certain officers to see1 that they innouate nothing in the state1 that they do1 and receaue right1 that they haue all thinges necessarie1 but without ouerplus4 #b4 ,the second kinde of straungers he appointeth to be such as arriue for religion1 for philosophie1 for learning sake1 whom he willeth the ,diuines1 and church treasurers1 to entertaine1 to lodge1 to care for1 as the presidentes of true hospitalitie for straungers4 ,that when they shall haue taryed some conuenient time1 when they shall haue seene1 and heard1 what they will desire to see or heare3 they may depart without either doing1 or suffering any iniurie or wrong4 ,and that during their abode for any plea vnder fiftie drammes1 the ,diuines shalbe iudges betwene them1 and the other partie3 if it be aboue that summe1 that then the maior of the citie shall determine the matter4 #c4 ,the third sorte were ,embassadours1 sent from forreine ,princes1 and states1 vpon publike affaires4 ,their entertainment he commendeth to the common purse1 their lodging to some generall1 some coronell1 or some captaine onely4 ,the care of them was committed to the hie treasurer1 and their host1 where they lodged4 #d4 ,the fourth kinde was such obseruers from some other place1 as his countrey did send abroad before1 aboue fiftie yeares old1 pretending a desire to see some good thing among them1 or to saye some good thing vnto them4 ,this kinde of man he excludeth from none1 as being comparable with the best1 bycause of his person so aduisedly choosen4 ,who so was wise1 wealthy1 learned1 valiant might entertaine1 and entreat him4 ,when he minded to depart after he had seene1 and obserued all thinges at full1 he was sent away honorablely1 with great presentes1 and rewardes4 ,thus thinketh ,plato both of comers in1 and goers out of one countrey into another4 ,but you will say this was a deuise of ,plato in his lawes1 as other be in his common weale4 ,yet it is a wisemans deuise1 that findes the harme1 and would auoide it1 and in this our case is well worthy the weying4 ,but as ,plato neede not to blush for the deuise1 which is grounded vpon incorruption1 whervnto we say that trauelling is a foe3 so if such a lawe were in very deede1 politikly planted in any common weale1 as it is naturally engraffed in any honest witte3 there would be exception notwithstanding against it4 ,in all this ,platonicall prouision1 we may easely obserue1 that his cheife care is by trauelling1 either to amend the countrey1 or not to marre it3 and that the forreine vsually is a steppemother to a strange countrey4 ,therefore as young gentlemen maye trauell1 both for their pleasure1 to see forreine countries1 and for their profit1 to returne wise home3 so their owne countrey desires them1 to minde that profit in deede1 and not to marre it with to much pleasure1 which is the cause why that all ages haue misliked trauelling1 as the occasion of corruption in most1 and thinke it better forborne for hindring of so many1 then to be allowed1 for the good of some few1 which is hasarded at the first1 and vncertaine to proue well4 ,the reason of all this is1 both for the forreine euill1 which may corrupt1 and for the very good1 which will not fit1 be it neuer so fit their1 from whence it is fetcht4 ,but to my purpose1 and the training at home for home4 ,i remit this trauelling abroad to their consideration1 which vse it1 which ,i dare not quite mislike1 bycause ,i see very many honest people1 which haue trauelled1 and the argument of misliking receiueth instance1 that the thing may be well vsed1 euen bycause some do misuse it1 whervnto all other indifferences else be also subiect4 ,nay ,i dare scant but thinke well of it1 bycause my ,prince doth allow it1 thorough whose licence their trauelling is warranted4 ,i say but thus much generally though some traueller do some good to his countrey1 euen by the frute of his trauell1 and most in best places3 that yet the statarie countrieman doth a great deale more4 ,the reason why is this4 ,the continuall residenciarie at home hath his eye still bent vpon some one thing3 where he meanes to light1 and makes the direct and naturall meane vnto it3 which though the trauellers do alledge to be their minde to1 yet their meane is not so fit1 as that is1 which ordinarily1 and orderly is made for the thing4 ,neither is this allegation generall4 ,for we see the course which the most do vse after their returne1 to bewraie a passage for pleasure1 rather then any sound1 and aduised enterprise4 ,and therefore ,i do wish the domesticall traine to be well trauelled to better vs with our owne1 and that we did not so much trie how forraine effects do make vs out of fashion1 though they feede our fantsies1 and that it would please well disposed yong gentlemen to sort them selues betimes to some kinde of learning to make them in deede liberall1 their abilitie being throughly fensed against feare of corruption1 to serue their country honorably that way which doth so honour them4 ,for as all will be lawyers1 or in houses of law1 and court1 to some priuate end3 so what if some of choice became both diuines1 and physicianes1 and so furth in other learned sciences1 as ,i said before8 ,if there be any gentleman in our countrie so qualified at this daie in any kind of learning1 is he not therefore praysed1 esteemed1 and honoured of all others1 and aboue all others of his calling1 and somewhat higher to which are3 not comparably qualyfied8 ,whence ,i gather this argument3 ,that the worthynes of the thing is confessed by the honour giuen vnto it1 and that such as desire honour ought to seeke for such worthinesse1 as enforceth the assured confession of the best deserued honour4 ,and ,i pray you be not these faculties for their subiect to be reuerenced1 as they are8 and for their effectes to be esteemed of speciall account8 which haue bene allway the very groundes of the best1 and most beneficiall nobilitie8 ,i do not hold ,tamerlane1 or any barbarous1 and bloody inuasions to be meanes to true nobilitie1 which come for scourges3 but such as be pacifike most1 and warlike but vpon defense1 if the country be assailed3 or to offend1 if reueng be to be made1 and former wrong to be awraked4 ,neither take ,i wealth to be any worthy cause to renowme the owner1 vnlesse it be both got by laudable meanes1 and likewise be employed vpon commendable workes3 neither any qualitie or gift1 which beawtifieth the body vnlesse vertue do commende it1 as seruiceable to good vse1 neither yet any endewement of the minde1 but onely such as keepe residence in reason1 hauing authoritie in hand1 and direction to rule1 by the philosophers termed 4#fd ,wherein those qualities do claime a tenure1 which ,i haue assigned as foundations to honour1 and notes of nobilitie1 worthy the esteeming1 and of inestimable worth4 ,who dare abase diuinitie for the thing it selfe2 or who is so impudent1 as not to confesse that profession honorable which hath ,god himselfe to father1 and friend1 our most louing1 and mercifull maker3 the deuill himselfe to enemie and foe1 our most suttle1 and despitefull marrer1 the doctrine of life1 the daunter of death8 ,some scruple there is now1 which was not sometime when the allurement was larger1 the liuing fatter1 and the countenaunce greater3 but the matter is now better1 though the man be brought both to more basenes in opinion1 and barenesse in prouision1 and will honour a good gentleman1 which will seeke honour by it1 and ought so to do4 ,the time was when the great ,cesar1#fe at his going furth from his house in his sute for the great pontificate sayd to his mother1 that she should either see her sonne at his returne the great bishop1 or else no body4 ,such a step was that state to his whole preferment after4 ,isocrates#ff in his oration1 where he frameth a prince1 ioyneth priesthood with the prince1 as two thinges of like care1 requiring like sufficiencie in persons1 like skill in well handling1 which two sayth he1 euery one thinkes1 he can cunningly weild1 but hardly anie one can handle them well4 ,if gentlemen wil not trauel and professe physicke1 let them feele the price of ignorance1 and punish their carcasses besides the consumption of their cofers1 as all learning being refused by them hath no other way to reueng her selfe1 then only to leaue them to ignorance1 which will still attend to flatter and fawne there where small stuffing is1 and that which is most miserable1 bycause themselues see it not1 will cause them selues to be their owne ,gnatoes1 a most vnproper part1 to be seene vpon a stage1 when the same person plaieth ,thraso1 and answereth himselfe1 as if he were two4 ,were it not most honorable for them to see these effectes in their owne persons8 singuler knowledge where studie is for knowledge and knowledge for no neede8 liberall execution1 where desire to do good1 and good for gramercie be the true ends of most honour8 where the promises from heauen1 the princes vpon earth1 the perpetuall prayer1 and neuer dying prayse of the profited people will remember1 and requite that honorable labour1 so honestly employed1 that fortunate reuenew so blessedly bestowed1 not for priuate pleasure1 but for common profit8 ,albeit there is one note here necessarily to be obserued in yong gentlemen that it were a great deale better that they had no learning at all and knew their owne ignorance1 then any litle smattering1 vnperfit in his kinde1 and fleeting in their heades4 ,for their knowne ignorance doth but harme them selues1 where other that be cunning may supply their rowmes3 but their vnripe learning though pretie in the degree1 and very like to haue proued good1 if it had taryed the pulling1 and hung the full haruest1 doth keepe such a rumbling in their heades1 as it will not suffer them to rest1 such a wonder it is to see the quickesiluer4 ,for the greatnes of their place emboldeneth the rash vnripenes of their studie1 in what degree so euer it be1 whether in not digesting that which they haue read1 or in not reading sufficiently1 or in chusing of absurdities to seeme to be able to defende where their state makes them spared1 and meaner mens regard doth procure them reuerence1 though their rashnes be seene1 or in not resting vpon any one thing1 but desultorie ouer all4 ,a matter that may seeme to be somewhat in scholes1 euen amongst good scholers3 and very much in that state1 where least learning is conmonly best liked1 though best learning be most aduanced1 when it ioynes with birth in sowndnes1 and admiration4 ,as the contrary troubleth all the world1 with most peruerse opinions1 beginning at the insufficient1 though stout gentleman1 and so marching forward still among such1 as make more account of the person whence the ground comes1 then of the reason which the thing carieth4 ,wherefore to conclude1 ,i wish yong gentlemen to be better then the common in the best kinde of learning1 as their meane to come to it1 is euery way better4 ,i wish them in exercise1 and the frutes thereof to be their defendours1 bycause they are able to beare out the charge1 wherevnder the common of necessitie must shrinke3 ,that both those wayes they may helpe their countrie in all needes1 and themselues1 to all honour4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,princes traine4 ,the prince and soueraigne being the tippe of nobilitie3 and growing in person most priuate for traine1 though in office most publike for rule1 doth claime of me that priuate note1 which ,i promised before4 ,the greatest prince in that he is a childe1 is1 as other children be1 for soule sometimes fine1 sometimes grosse3 for body1 sometimes strong1 sometimes weake3 of mould sometime faire1 sometime meane3 so that for the time to beginne to learne1 and the matter which to learne1 and all other circumstances1 wherein he communicateth with his subiectes1 he is no lesse subiect1 then his subiectes be4 ,for exercise to health1 the same3 to honour1 much aboue3 as he is best able to beare it1 where coast is the burden1 and honour the ease4 ,we must take him as ,god sendes him1 bycause we cannot chuse1 as we could wish3 as he must make the best of his people1 though his people be not the best4 ,our dutie is to obey him1 and to pray for him3 his care will be to rule ouer vs1 and to prouide for vs1 the most in safetie the least in perill4 ,which seeing we finde it proue true in the female1 why should we mistrust to find it in the male8 ,if the prince his naturall constitution be but feeble1 and weake1 yet good traine as it helpeth forwardnes1 so it strengthneth infirmitie3 and is some restraint euen to the worst giuen1 if it be well applyed1 and against the libertie of high calling oppose the infamie of ill doing4 ,which made euen ,nero stay the fiue first yeares of his gouernment1 and to seeme incomparable good4 ,when the yong princes elementarie is past1 and greater reading comes on1 such matter must be pikt1 as may plant humilitie in such height1 and sufficiencie in such neede1 that curtesie be the meane to winne1 as abilitie to wonder4 ,continuall dealing with forraine ,embassadours1 and conferring at home with his owne counsellours require both tongues to speake with1 and stuffe to speake of4 ,and wheras he gouerneth his state by his two armes1 the ,ecclesiasticke1 to keepe1 and cleare religion1 which is the maine piller to voluntarie obedience3 and the ,politike1 to preserue1 and maintaine the ciuill gouernment1 which doth bridle will1 and enforceth contentment3 if he lacke knowledge to handle both his armes1 or want good aduice to assist them in their dealing1 is he not more then lame8 and doth not the helpe hereof consist in learning8 ,martiall skill is needfull3 ,but it would be to defend1 bycause a sturring ,prince still redye to assaile1 is a plague to his people1 and a punishment to him selfe1 and in his most gaine1 doth but get that1 which either he or his must one daye loose againe1 if the losse rest there1 and pull not more with it4 ,but religious skill is farre more massiue3 bycause religion as it is most necessarie for all1 so to a ,prince it is more then most of all1 who fearing no man1 as aboue mans reache1 and commanding ouer all as vnder his commission1 if he feare not ,god his verie next both auditour1 and iudge1 in whose hand is his hart8 and what a feare must men be in for feare of most ill1 when the ,prince feares not him1 who can do him most good8 ,almighty ,god be thanked1 who hath at this day lent vs such a ,princesse1 as in deede feareth him1 that we neede not feare her which deseruing to be loued desires not to be feared4 ,i wish this education to be liked of the ,prince1 to pull the people onward1 by example that they like of1 though they cannot aspire to3 as ,i pray ,god long preserue her1 whose good education doth teach vs1 what education can do1 wherby neither this lande shal euer repent1 that education of it selfe did so much good in her3 and ,i haue good cause to reioice that this my labour concerning education comes abroad in her time4 ,,footnotes3 #fa ,plutarch4 ,alexand4 ,hester lib4 lianus 4 #b4 #fb ,plut4 ,sylla4 ,csar4 #fc ,plato #ab de leg4 #fd ,philo4 #fe ,plut4 in ,cs4 #ff ,ad ,nicoclem4 ,,chapter #dj4 ,,of ,,the ,,generall ,,place1 ,,and ,,time ,,of ,,education4 ,,publike ,,places1 ,,elementarie1 ,,grammaticall1 ,,collegiate4 ,,of ,,bourding ,,of ,,children ,,abroad ,,from ,,their ,,parentes ,,houses1 ,,and ,,whether ,,that ,,be ,,best4 ,,the ,,vse ,,and ,,commoditie ,,of ,a ,,large1 ,,and ,,well ,,situate ,,training ,,place4 ,,obseruations ,,to ,,be ,,kept ,,in ,,the ,,generall ,,time4 ,these two circunstances for the generall place1 and the generall time1 concerne both the exercise of the bodie1 and the training of the minde iointly1 bycause they both are to be put in execution in the same place1 and at the same time1 though not at the same howres4 ,for the particular times1 and places ,i will deale in myne other treatises1 where ,i will accomodate the particular circumstance to the particular argument4 ,priuate places1 where euery parent hath his children taught within his doares1 haue but small interest in this place3 bycause such a parent1 as he may take or leaue of the generall traine1 what it shall please him1 his owne liking being the measure to leade him3 so for exercise1 or any other thing he is the appointer of his owne circumstance1 and his house is his castle4 ,sidenote3 ,diuision of publike places4 ,collegiat4 ,publike places be either elementarie1 grammaticall1 or collegiate4 ,for the collegiate places1 whether they be in the vniuersities1 or without1 they be lightly well situate1 and for both the traines resonably well builded1 specially such as haue a cloysture or galerie for exercise in foule weather1 and the open fieldes at hand for the faire4 ,if there be any fault in that kinde1 it may be set downe1 in hope sooner to haue it amended in new erections1 when such founders shalbe found3 then to be redressed in those which be erected already3 bicause these buildinges be restrained to the soile1 where on they stand4 ,yet wish for the better may take place1 when the want is found1 though the effect do follow a long while after1 if it euer do at all4 ,sidenote3 ,elementarie4 ,the elementarie places1 admit no great counsell1 bycause such as enter the yong ones1 do prouide the rowmes of them selues1 and the litle people be not as yet capable of any great exercise3 so that there is no more to be said herein but this1 that the ,elementarie teachers prouide their rowmes as large as they may1 and that the parentes domesticall care supply3 where the maisters prouision is not sufficient4 ,for as the collegiate yeares must direct themselues most1 bycause they are after a certaine degree set ouer to their owne gouernment3 so the elementarie1 bycause of their weakenes and youth must be ioyntly helpt betwene the maister and the parent1 this point for the petie ones being altogither priuate1 and vpon priuate charge1 as the other collegiate is altogither publicke and vpon publicke erection though alway proceeding from some priuat meane4 ,but if any well disposed wealthie man for the honour that he beareth to the murthered infantes1 7as all our erections haue some respect that way17 would beginne some building euen for the litle yong ons1 which were no encrease to schooles1 but an helpe to the elementarie degree1 all they would pray for him1 and he himselfe should be much bound to the memorie of the yong infantes1 which put him in remembraunce of so vertuous an act4 ,and rich men which haue much more then necessary enough1 though none of them thinke he haue simply enough1 would be stirred forward by all good and earnest people1 which fauour the publicke weale1 whose foundation is laid in these petie infantes1 to spend the supererogation of their wealth that waie1 where it will do most good to other1 and least harme to themselues4 ,sidenote3 ,grammaticall4 #c4 ,the places where the toungues be taught1 by order and art of grammer1 require more obseruation1 bycause the yeares that be or at the least ought to be emploied that way be fittest1 both for the fashioning of the body1 and for framing of the minde3 most subiect to the maisters direction1 and consist of a compound care1 publicke erection1 which prouideth them places wherein to learne3 and priuate maintenaunce which furnisheth out the rest4 ,the scholers either come daily from their fathers houses to schoole1 or be bourded at their charges somewhere verie nigh to the schoole4 ,sidenote3 ,of boarding abroad4 ,where there riseth a question whether it be better for the childe to boord abroad with his maister1 or some where else3 or to come from home daily to schoole4 ,if the place where the parentes dwell1 be neare to the schoole1 that the nighnes of his maisters house can be no great vantage3 or but so farre of1 as the very walke may be for the boyes health3 and the parent himselfe be carefull and wise withall1 to be as good a furtherer in the training1 as he is a father to the being of his owne chield3 certainely the parentes house is much better1 if for nothing else1 yet bycause the parent may more easily at all times entend the goodnes of his owne1 being but one or few1 then the maister can1 at such extraordinarie times as the bourding with him1 doth seeme to begge his diligence1 being both tired before1 and distracted among many4 ,further1 all the considerations which do perswade men rather to haue their children taught at home1 then among the multitude abroad1 for the bettering of their behauiour1 do speake for their bourding at home1 if the parentes will consider the thing well3 ,bycause the parent may both see to the entertainement of his childe1 when he is from schoole1 and withall examine1 what good he doth at schoole4 ,for vndoubtedly the maisters be wearied with trauelling all the day1 so that the priuate helpe within their houses1 can be but litle1 without both ouertyring the maister1 and shortening his life1 and the dulling of the childe1 if he still pore vpon his booke4 ,times of recreation must be had1 and are as requisite to doe thinges well any long time1 as studying is necessarie to do any thing well at any time4 ,for can any man but thinke it a great deale more1 then a sufficient time for the maister to teach1 and the scholer to learne dayly from six in the morning till eleuen1 and from one in the afternoone till well nigh six at night1 if these houres be well applied8 nay if they were a great deale fewer8 ,and may not the residew be well enough bestowed vpon solace and recreation in some chaunge to the more pleasant for either partie8 ,in the maisters house1 ,i graunt children may keepe schoolehowers better1 and be lesse subiect to loytering and trewantrie4 ,the maisters care in his generall teaching may eye them nearer1 bycause they be in his so neare tuition1 and in place of his owne children1 being committed vnto his priuate care by their owne parentes and friendes1 he may more easily dispence with their howers1 if they fortune to minde many elementarie pointes at one time3 and sooner finde out their inclination1 then in the generall multitude4 ,and if any particular preferment be incident to his house1 without the common wearying both of the scholer and maister1 some thing may be done4 ,there be also many priuate considerations1 which some parentes follow in the displacing of their children from their owne houses1 which ,i remit to their thoughtes1 as ,i reserue some to myne owne4 ,if the maister do entend onely such scholers as he bourdeth1 and haue both in himselfe abilitie to performe1 what is needefull for the best traine3 and haue such a conuenient number as will rise to some hight in the traine1 ,i know none better1 so the place where he dwelleth1 and teacheth do answere in conuenientnes1 and situation and some circumstances1 else4 ,but while he careth to haue his bourders learne1 sure some slow paying parentes will keepe him leane1 if he looke not well to it1 and his gaine will go backeward1 besides the continuall miscontentmentes4 ,at home spoiles1 soilthes1 twentie things1 are nothing in the parentes homely eye1 which selfe same be death abroad1 where the parent hath another eye3 and yet the things misliked not auoidable euen at home4 ,but what if sickenes1 nay what if death come in deede1 then all things be constrewed to the worst1 as if death did not know where the parent dwells4 ,and though the maister doe that which the ciuill law requireth in deposing1 and vse not onely so much diligence to preserue1 but much more then in his owne1 yet all that is nothing4 ,wherefore as parentes must beware of boording out for their owne good3 so maisters must be warie of admitting any for their owne harme4 ,and sure to set downe my resolution1 me thinke it enough for the maister to take vpon him the traine alone1 being so great both for exercise and learning1 as ,i wish him well considered1 that can do both well4 ,if parentes dwell not neare the schoole1 let some neighbours be hostes1 which may and will entend it1 and deliuer the maister of the parentes care1 whom euen they will fauour more1 if they find profit by his schooling4 ,they be distinct offices1 to be a parent and a maister1 and the difficulties in training do eager sore enough1 though the same man be troubled with no more4 ,boording1 that is the vndertaking of both a fathers and a maisters charge requireth many circumstances of conuenientnes in place1 of prouision for necessities1 of trustie and diligent seruauntes1 and a number moe3 besides indifferencie in the parent to be armed against accidentes1 where there is no euident default1 and to content truely where there is great desert3 as the maister is to giue a great account of two seuerall cures1 a personage for his teaching1 and a vicarage for his boording4 ,the maisters charge is great of it selfe1 but this composition of a duble office is a meruelous matter4 ,if the maister minde his boorders eitheer only or most1 where his charge is ouer moe1 where then is his dutie8 if not1 what gaine haue those boorders1 by their maisters priuate8 ,if he teach but boorders let him looke to himselfe1 for his charge will proue chargeable moe wayes then one3 and those that be best able to put forth to boord1 are alway most strait in making all audittes1 and to amplifie offences before they be proued1 without eitheir conference or contentment4 ,i wish parentes therefore to be warie1 ear they set ouer their owne person for more then the training3 and the maisters to be as warie for feare of had ,i wist4 ,but to the grammer schooles4 ,as the elementaries of force must be neare vnto their parentes bycause of their youth1 and therefore are not to be denied the middle of cities and townes3 so ,i could wish that grammer schooles were planted in the skirtes and suburbes of townes1 neare to the fieldes1 where partely by enclosure of some priuate ground1 for the closer exercises both in couert and open3 partely for the benefit of the open fieldes for exercises of more raunge1 there might not be much want of roome1 if there were any at all4 ,to haue a faire schoole house aboue with freedome of aire for the toungues1 and an other beneath for other pointes of learning1 and perfiting or continuyng the ,elementarie entrances1 which will hardly be kept1 if they be posted ouer to priuate practising at home3 to haue the maister and his familie though of some good number conueniently well lodged3 to haue a pretie close adioyning to the schoole walled round about1 and one quarter if no more couered aboue cloisture like1 for the childrens exercise in the rainie weather1 as it will require a good minde and no mean purse3 so it needs neither the conference of a countrey1 as ,lacedemon did in ,athenus1 and ,plato1 as ,athens did in ,pausanius1 ,suidas and ,philostratus1 as ,corinth did in ,diogenes ,laertius3 nor yet the reuenue of a ,romain ,emperour1 whose buildinges in this kinde1 were most sumptuous and magnificent1 as ,adrian the ,emperours ,athenum1 ,hermum and ,panathnaicum at ,tibur1 and ,neroes ,therm at ,rome1 which in one building furnished out both learning and exercise as it appeareth by the descriptions of their places called ,gymnasia1 xysta1 and ,palstr4 ,there is wealth enough in priuate possession1 if there were will enough to publike education4 ,and yet we haue no great cause to complaine for number of schooles and founders4 ,for during the time of her ,maiesties most fortunate raigne already1 there hath bene mo schooles erected1 then all the rest be1 that were before her time in the whole ,realme4 ,my meaning is not to haue so many1 but better appointed both for the maisters entertainment1 and the commoditie of the places4 ,small helpe will make most of our roomes serue1 and small studie with great good will and honest salarie to maintaine a sufficient man1 will make our teachers able both to enstructe well and to exercise better4 ,the places of learning and exercise1 ought to be ioint tenementes1 and neare neigbours capable of number1 which must be limited by the neede of the countrey1 where the schoole standeth1 and the maisters maintenaunce1 which way it must rise4 ,for if it rise by the number1 better for him few and choice1 so they consider his paines accordingly4 ,and sure experience hath taught me1 that where the maister is left to the vncertaintie of his stipende to encrease or decrease with his diligence1 that there he will do best1 and the children profit most1 allway prouided that he deale with no more1 then he can bring vp vnder himselfe1 and hasard not his owne credit1 nor his childrens profit vpon any absolute vnderteacher4 ,whose vse is not1 as we now practise it in schooles1 where indeede vshers be maisters of them selues1 but to assist the maister in the easier pointes of his charge1 which ought to haue all vnder his owne teaching1 for the cheife pointes1 and the same vnder the vshers1 for more vsuall and easie1 as in the teaching of the ,latin toungue1 ,i will declare more at large4 ,where the very practise wil confirme my wordes1 and proue them to be true4 ,againe1 it is halfe a wonder euer to bring forth a good scholer in the hart of a great towne3 where there be chaunge of schooles1 and many straunge circunstances to procure chaunge1 as it shall please the child4 ,who notwithstanding he haue his will followed in the chaunge1 yet seldome winneth very much by the chaunge3 though the second maister oftimes make shew of the formers ground worke1 which is made but light of1 bycause it kepeth lowe4 ,if the maisters stipend do rise by foundacion1 and standing payment1 yet the place may not be ouercharged with number3 nor the maister with care to prouide things needfull any other wayes then onely by his trade4 ,for what reason is it to haue a mans whole labour1 and to allow him liuing stant scant8 sufficient for a quarter8 or what pollicie is it1 to haue him that should teache well1 to be enforced for neede1 to meddle with some trade1 quite different from the schoole4 ,in this pointe the ,pope1 and ,canon lawe weare merueilous freindly to maisters1 and helped them still with some ,ecclesiasticall maintenaunce1 as it appeareth in ,gregories ,decretales1 the fifth title of the fifth booke1 ,de ,magistris4 ,and the ,glose ripping further then the text1 is yet more freindly4 ,and our owne countrey also1 in benefit of priuiledge1 by the common lawe at this day1 doth not frowne vpon vs1 and for certaine immunities1 letteth vs enioye that benefit1 which the ,canonist meant vs4 ,and the good ,emperour ,frederick did further by his freindly and favourable constitution1 which he caused to be placed in the fourth booke of ,iustinians new ,codex1 the thirtenth title1 ,ne filius1 pro patre1 where the ,glosse1 making an anatomie of the ,emperours meaning1 and desirous to do vs good1 helpeth vs particularly and properly to4 ,among many causes which make schooles so vnsufficiently appointed1 ,i know not any1 nay is there any8 that so weakneth the profession as the very nakednesse of allowance doth4 ,the good that commeth from and by schooles is great and infinite3 the qualities required in the teacher many and resolute3 the charges which his freindes haue bene at in his bringing vp much and heauy3 and in the way of preferment1 will ye wish any of any worth to set downe his staffe at some petie portion1 which euen they that praise it1 would not be content to haue their owne sit downe with1 though the founder follow his president1 and the time haue bene1 when with the ,church helpe some litle would haue serued8 but the case now is quite altered4 ,in these our dayes eche man will enhaunce in his owne1 without reason or remorse3 but in professions of greatest neede and most account1 they will yeelde no more allowance1 then the auncient rent1 where all thinges be improued4 ,yet oftimes they meete with bookmen in some kinds1 which wil bite them coursdly4 ,but those bookmen be neither ,elementarie teachers1 nor yet ,grammarians4 ,our calling creepes low and hath paine for companion1 stil thrust to the wall1 though still confessed good3 ,our comfort perforce is in the generall conclusion1 that those thinges be good thinges1 which want no praising1#fg though they go a cold1 for want of happing4 ,for our schoole places1 which ,i do know1 the most are either commodiously situate already1 or being in the hart of townes might easely be chopt for some field situation1 farre from disturbaunce1 and neare to all necessaries4 ,it were no small part of a great and good erection1 euen to translate roumes to more conuenient places1 either by exchaunge or by new purchace3 and ,i do thinke that licences to that ende1 will be more easely graunted then to build moe schooles4 ,the inconueniences which ,i my selfe haue felt that waye1 both for mine owne1 and for my scholers health1 and the checking of that1 which of long ,i haue wished for3 ,i meane some traine in exercise1 do cause me so much to commend field roome4 ,though ,i my selfe be not the worst appointed within a citie for roome1 thorough the great good will towardes the furtherance of learning1 and the great cost1 in the purchasing1 and apparelling the roome to that vse1 done by the worshipfull companie of the marchaunt tailours in ,london4 ,in whose schoole ,i haue bene both the first1 and onely maister sence the erection1 and their haue continued now twenty yeares4 ,if ye consider1 what is to be done in these roomes which ,i require1 ye shall better iudge what roomes will serue4 ,in the schoole the tongues be taught1 and the ,elementarie traine continued at times thervnto appointed1 for those1 two roomes will serue4 ,an vpper1 with some conuenient discharging the place from noysome ayre1 which the verie children cause3 and from to great noise if the place be vawted vnder1 or enclosed with other building3 and an other beneath likewise appointed1 to serue for what else is to be done4 ,they that will haue their children learne all that ,i haue assigned them vpon good warrant of the best writers1 and most commendable custome1 if their capacities be according1 may haue their turne serued so3 and those that will not1 need not1 but the opportunity of the place1 and the commoditie of such trainers1 wherof a smal time wil bring forth a great meany1 will draw many on1 and procure good exhibitours to haue the thing go forward4 ,i could wish we had fewer schooles1 so they were more sufficient1 and that vpon consideration of the most conuenient seates for the countries1 and shires1 there were many put together to make some few good4 ,insufficiencie by distraction dismembers1 and weakens3 sufficiencie by vniting strengthens1 and doth much good4 ,to conclude ,i wishe the roome commodious for situacion1 which in training vp of youth hath bene an old care1 as it appeareth by ,xenophon in the schooling of ,cyrus and the ,persian order3 large to holde1 and conuenient to holde handsomely4 ,for as reading and thinges of that motion do require small elbow roome3 so writing1 and her appendentes may not be straited4 ,musicke will cumber if it be confounded4 ,where writing wilbe allowed1 there drawing will not be driuen out4 ,but exercise must haue scope4 ,and such kinde of roomes1 if the multitude be not to bigge1 or the waye to schoole not to farre for the infant1 with some litle distinctions1 and parting of places1 will serue conueniently both for the ,elementarie1 and the ,grammarian1 and so much the better4 ,sidenote3 ,the time4 ,for the time there is but litle to be said at this time3 bycause in the ,elementarie and so onward1 ,i meane by the grace of ,god to apply all circunstances so neare1 and so precisely to schoole vses1 as the maister shalbe able streight way to execute3 if he do but follow that which shalbe set before him1 for matter wherin3 for manner how3 for time when to do eche thing best4 ,for the generall exercising time4 ,these two groundes of ,hippocrates1 must be still kept in remembraunce1 to vse no exercise when ye be very hungrie3 neither yet to eate before ye haue vsed some exercise4 ,for the generall learning times3 to begin1 the strength of body1 and conceit of minde were made the generall meanes3 to continue1 perfectnesse1 and vse were appointed the limittes3 for the midle houres this ,i thinke1 that it were not good1 to go to your booke streight after ye rise1 but to giue some time to the clearing of your body4 ,as also studie after meate1 and fast before ye sleepe beareth great blame for great harmes to health1 and to much shortning of life4 ,from seuen of the cloke1 though ye rise sooner1 7as the lambe and the larke be the prouerbiale leaders1 when to rise and when to go to bead7 till tenne before noone1 and from two till almost fiue in the after noone1 be the best and fittest houres1 and enough for children wherin to learne4 ,the morening houres will best serue for the memorie and conceiuing3 the after noone for repetitions1 and stuffe for memorie to worke on4 ,the reasons be the freenesse1 or fulnesse of the head4 ,the other times before meat be for exercises1 as hath bene fully handled heretofore4 ,the houres before learning1 and after meate1 are to be bestowed1 vpon either neating of the bodie1 or solacing of the minde1 without to much motion3 wherin as ,i said before the greatest part1 and the best to be plaid consisteth vsually in the trainers discretion1 to apply thinges according to the circunstances of person1 place1 and time4 ,to conclude we must be content with those places1 which be already founded1 and vse those houres which be already pointed to the best that we can1 and yet prepare our selues towardes the better1 when soeuer it shall please ,god to send them4 ,and by perswasion some maisters maye well enough bring wise parentes to yeelde vnto this note1 and to giue it the triall4 ,in the meane time some excellent man hauing the commoditie of a well situate house1 and being able to commaund his owne circunstance1 neither depending of other mens helpe1 wherof he cannot iudge1 and so that way leasing some authoritie in direction1 may put many excellent conclusions in triall4 ,,chapter #da4 ,,of ,,teachers ,,and ,,trainers ,,in ,,generall1 ,,and ,,that ,,they ,,be ,,either ,,elementarie1 ,,grammaticall1 ,,or ,,academicall4 ,,of ,,the ,,elementarie ,,teachers ,,abilitie1 ,,and ,,entertaiment4 ,,of ,,the ,,grammer ,,maisters ,,abilitie1 ,,and ,,his ,,entertaiment4 ,a ,,meane ,,to ,,haue ,,both ,,excellent ,,teachers1 ,,and ,,cunning ,,professors ,,in ,,all ,,kindes ,,of ,,learning1 ,,by ,,the ,,diuision ,,of ,,colleges ,,according ,,to ,,professions3 ,,by ,,sorting ,,like ,,yeares ,,into ,,the ,,same ,,roumes3 ,,by ,,bettering ,,the ,,studentes ,,allowance ,,and ,,liuing3 ,,by ,,prouiding ,,and ,,maintaining ,,notable ,,well ,,learned ,,readers4 ,,that ,,for ,,bringing ,,learning ,,forward ,,in ,,his ,,right ,,and ,,best ,,course1 ,,there ,,would ,,be ,,seuen ,,ordinarie ,,ascending ,,colleges ,,for ,,toungues1 ,,for ,,mathematikes1 ,,for ,,philosophie1 ,,for ,,teachers1 ,,for ,,physicians1 ,,for ,,lawyers1 ,,for ,,diuines1 ,,and ,,that ,,the ,,generall ,,studie ,,of ,,lawe ,,would ,,be ,,but ,,one ,,studie3 ,,euery ,,of ,,these ,,pointes ,,with ,,his ,,particular ,,proofes1 ,,sufficient ,,for ,a ,,position4 ,,of ,,the ,,admission ,,of ,,teachers4 ,althovgh ,i deuided the traine of education into two partes1 the one for learning to enrich the minde3 the other for exercise to enable the body3 yet ,i reserued the execution of both to one and the same maister3 bycause neither the knowledge of both is so excessiue great1 but it may easely be come by3 neither the execution so troublesome1 but that one man may see to it3 neither do the subiectes by nature receiue partition seeing the soule and body ioyne so freindly in lincke1 and the one must needes serue the others turne3 and he that seeth the necessitie of both1 can best discerne what is best for both4 ,as concerning the trainers abilitie1 whereby he is made sufficient to medle with exercises1 ,i haue already in my conceit sufficiently enstructed him1 both for the exercises themselues1 and for the manner of handling them according to the rules and considerations of ,physick and ,gymnastick1 besides some aduertisements giuen peculiarly to his owne person3 wherin ,i dwelt the longer1 and delt the larger1 bycause ,i ment not to medle with that argument any more then once1 and for that point so to satisfie the trainer1 wheresoeuer he dwelt1 or of what abilitie soeuer he were1 as if he listed he might rest vpon my rules being painfully gathered from the best in that kinde4 ,if he were desierous to make further search1 and had oportunity of time1 and store of bookes3 ,i gaue him some light where to bestow his studie4 ,sidenote3 ,teachers4 ,sidenote3 ,elementarie4 ,sidenote3 ,grammaticall4 ,sidenote3 ,academicall4 ,now am ,i to deale with the teaching maister1 or rather that propertie in the common maister1 which concerneth teaching1 which is either ,elementarie and dealeth with the first principles3 or ,gramaticall and entreth to the toungues3 or ,academicall1 and becomes a reader1 or tutour to youth in the vniuersity4 ,sidenote3 ,academicall4 ,for the tutour bycause he is in the vniuersitie1 where his daily conuersation among a number of studentes1 and the opinion of learning1 which the vniuersitie hath of him3 wil direct choice and assure desire3 ,i haue nothing to saye1 but leaue the parentes to those helpes1 which the place doth promise4 ,sidenote3 ,elementarie4 #b4 ,for the ,elementarie bycause good scholers will not abase themselues to it1 it is left to the meanest1 and therfore to the worst4 ,for that the first grounding would be handled by the best1 and his reward would be greatest1 bycause both his paines and his iudgement should be with the greatest4 ,and it would easily allure sufficient men to come downe so lowe1 if they might perceaue that reward would rise vp4 ,no man of iudgement will contrarie this pointe1 neither can any ignorant be blamed for the contrarie3 the one seeth the thing to be but low in order1 the other knoweth the ground to be great in laying1 not onely for the matter which the child doth learne3 which is very small in shew1 though great for proces3 but also for the manner of handling his witte1 to harten him for afterward1 which is of great moment4 ,sidenote3 ,of the ,elementary teachers entertainment4 ,but to say somwhat concerning the teachers reward1 which is the encouragement to good teaching1 what reason is it1 though still pretended1 and sometimes perfourmed1 to encrease wages1 as the child waxeth in learning8 ,is it to cause the maister to take more paines1 and vpon such promise1 to set his pupille more forward8 ,nay surely that cannot be4 ,the present payment would set that more forward1 then the hope in promise1 bycause in such varietie and inconstancie of the parentes mindes1 what assurance is there1 that the child shall continue with the same maister3 that he maye receiue greater allowance with lesse paines1 which tooke greater paines1 with lesse allowance8 ,besides this if the reward were good1 he would hast to gaine more1 which new and fresh repare of scholers would bring1 vpon report of the furthering his olde1 and his diligent trauell4 ,what reason caryeth it1 when the labour is lesse1 then to enlarge the allowance8 the latter maister to reape the benefit of the formers labour1 bycause the child makes more shew with him8 why8 ,it is the foundacion well and soundly laid1 which makes all the vpper building muster1 with countenaunce and continuaunce4 ,if ,i were to strike the stroke1 as ,i am but to giue counsell1 the first paines truely taken1 should in good truth be most liberally recompensed3 and lesse allowed still vpward1 as the paines diminish1 and the ease encreaseth4 ,wherat no maister hath cause to repine1 so he maye haue his children well grounded in the ,elementarie4 ,whose imperfection at this day doth marueilously trouble both maisters and scholers1 so that we can hardly do any good1 nay scantly tell how to place the too too raw boyes in any certaine forme1 with hope to go forward orderly1 the ground worke of their entrie being so rotten vnderneth4 ,which weaknes if the vpper maister do redresse1 when the child commeth vnder his hand1 he cannot but deserue triple wages1 both for his owne making1 and for mending that1 which the ,elementarie either marred with ignoraunce1 or made not for haste1 which is both the commonest1 and the corruptest kinde of marring in my opinion4 ,for the next maisters wages1 ,i do conceiue1 that the number in ripenesse vnder him1 will requite the ,elementarie allowance1 be it neuer so great4 ,for the first maister can deale but with a few1 the next with moe1 and so still vpward1 as reason groweth on1 and receiues without forcing4 ,for the inequalitie of children1 it were good a whole companie remoued still togither1 and that there were no admission into schooles1 but foure times in the yeare quarterly1 that the children of foresight might be matched1 and not hurled hand ouer head into one forme as now we are forced1 not by substaunce1 but by similitude and coniecture at the sudden1 which thing the conference betwene the maisters in a resolued plat will helpe wonderfully well forward1 when the one saith this haue ,i taught1 and this can the child do3 the other knoweth this ye should teach1 and this your childe should do4 ,thus much for the elementarie maister1 that he be sufficiently appointed in himselfe for abilitie1 and sufficiently prouided for1 by parentes for maintenaunce4 ,now whether one man1 or moe shalbe able to perfourme all the elementarie pointes1 at diuers houres1 or of force there must be more teachers1 that shalbe handled in the elementarie it selfe hereafter4 ,once fore all good entertainement by way of reward1 will make very able men to leane this way1 and one course of training will breed1 a meruelous number of sufficient trainers1 whose insufficiencie may now be obiected1 that such cannot presently be had1 though in short time they may4 ,and if there must be moe executours1 entertainement will worke that to1 and conuenientnes of rowme will bring all togither4 ,sidenote3 ,grammer maisters4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,grammer maisters entertainement and his sufficiencie4 #c4 ,my greatest trauell must be about the grammer maister1 as ech parent ought to be verie circumspect for his owne priuate that way4 ,for he is to deale with those yeares1 whereupon all the residew do build their likelyhoode to proue well or ill4 ,wherein by reason of the naturall agilitie of the soule and body1 being both vnsettled1 there is most stirre1 and least stay3 he perfiteth the ,elementarie in course of learning3 he offereth hope or despaire of perfection to the tutour and vniuersitie1 in their proceeding further4 ,for whom in consideration of sufficient abilitie1 and faithfull trauell ,i must still pray for good entertainement1 which will always procure most able persons4 ,for it is a great daunting to the best able man1 and a great cutting of his diligent paynes1 when he shall finde his whole dayes trauell not able to furnish him of necessarie prouision3 to do good with the best1 and to gaine with the basest1 nay much lesse than the lowest1 who may entend to shift1 when he must entend his charge3 and enrich himselfe1 nay hardly feede himselfe1 with a pure1 and poore conscience4 ,but ye will perhaps say what shall this man be able to performe1 for whom you are so carefull1 to haue him so well entertained8 to whose charge the youth of our country is to be committed8 ,if there were no more said1 euen this last point were enough to craue enough1 for that charge is great3 and if he do discharge it well1 he must be well able to do it1 and ought to be very well requited for doing it so well4 ,besides his maners and behauiour1 which require testimonie and assurance3 besides his skill in exercising and trayning of the body1 he must be able to teach the three learned toungues1 the latin1 the greeke1 the hebrew1 if the place require so much1 if not1 so much as is required4 ,wherin assuredly a mediocritie in knowledge1 will proue to meane1 to emplant1 that in another which he hath in himselfe4 ,for he that meaneth to plant but some litle well3 must himselfe farre exceede any degree of mediocrite4 ,he must be able to vnderstand his writer1 to maister false printes1 vnskilfull dictionaries1 simple coniectures of some smattering writers concerning the matter of his traine1 and be so appointed ear he begine to teach1 as he may execute readyly1 and not make his owne imperfection1 to be a torture to his scooler1 and a schooling to him selfe4 ,for it is an ill ground to grow vp from ignoraunce by teaching1 in that place1 where no ignorance of matter at least should be1 at the very first3 though time and experience do polish out the maner4 ,he must haue the knowledge of all the best grammers1 to giue notes by the way still1 though he burden not the childes memorie of course1 with any more then shalbe set downe4 ,there are required in him besides these1 and further pointes of learning to1 as ,i will note hereafter1 hardnes to take paines3 constancie to continew and not to shrinke from his trade3 discretion to iudge of circumstances3 lightsomnes to delite in the successe of his labour3 hartines to encourage a toward youth3 regard to thinke ech childe an ,alexander3 courteous lowlines in himselfe1 as if he were the meanest thoug he were knowne to be the best4 ,for the verie least thing in learning1 will not be well done1 but onely by him1 which knoweth the most1 and doth that which he doth with pleasure and ease1 by reason of his former store4 ,these qualities deserue much1 and in our scooles they be not generally found1 bycause the rewardes for labour there be so base and simple1 yet the most neare is best in choice1 and many there be which would come neare1 if entertainement were answerable4 ,let the parentes1 and founders prouide for the one3 and certainely they shall finde no default in the other4 ,sidenote3 ,a meane to haue excellent teachers and professours generally4 ,sidenote3 ,the foure particular meanes4 ,there were a way in the nature of a seminarie for excellent maisters in my conceit1 if reward were abroad1 and such an order might be had within the vniuersitie3 which ,i must touch with licence and for touching craue pardon1 if it be not well thought of1 as ,i know it will seeme straunge at the first1 bycause of some difficultie in perfourming the deuise4 ,and yet there had neuer bene any alteration to the better1 if the name of alteration had bene the obiect to repulse4 ,this my note but by the way1 though it presently parhapes doe make some men muse1 yet hereafter vpon better consideration1 it may proue verie familiar to some good fantasies1 and be exceeding well liked of1 both by my maisters of the vniuersities them selues1 and by their maisters abroad4 ,whereby not onely schoolemaisters1 but all other professours also shalbe made excellently able to performe that in the common weale which she looketh for at their handes1 when they come from the vniuersitie4 ,but by the way ,i protest simply1 that ,i do not tender this wish1 as hauing any great cause to mislike the currant1 which the vniuersities be now in3 but graunting thinges there to be well done already1 ,i offer no discourtesie in wishing that good to be a great deale better4 ,my conceit resteth in these foure pointes3 #a4 what if the colleges were deuided by professions and faculties8 #b4 what if they of the like yeares1 and the like profession1 were all bestowed in one house8 #c4 what if the liuings by vniting were made better1 and the colleges not so many3 though farre greater8 #d4 what if in euery house there were great pensions1 and allowances for continuall and most learned readers3 which would end their liues there8 what harme could our countrie receiue thereby8 nay1 what good were not in great forwardnes to be done1 if this thing were done8 ,and may not the state of the realme do this by authoritie1 which gaue authoritie to founders to do the other1 with reseruation of prerogatiue to alter vpon cause8 or is not this question as worthy the debating to mend the vniuersities1 and to plant sownd learning3 as to deuise the taking away landes from colleges1 and put the studentes to pension1 bycause they cannot vse them without iarring among themselues8 ,were there any way better to cut away all the misliking1 wherewith the vniuersities be now charged1 and to bring in a new face of thinges both rarer and fayrer8 ,in the first erection of schooles and colleges1 priuat zeale enflamed good founders3 in altering to the better1 publicke consideration may cause a commoner good1 and yet keepe the good founders meaning1 who would very gladly embrace any auauncement to the better in any their buildinges4 ,the nature of time is vpon sting of necessitie1 to enfourme what were best3 and the dutie of pollicie is1 aduisedly to consider how to bring that about which time doth aduertise4 ,and if time do his dutie to tell1 can pollicie auoide blame in sparing to trie8 ,and why should not publike consideration be as carefull to thinke of altering to fortifie the state now1 as priuat zeale was hoat then to strengthen that which was then in liking8 ,but ,i will open these foure interrogations better1 that the considerations which leade me1 may winne others vnto me1 or at the least let them see1 that it is no meere noueltie which moueth me thus farre4 ,sidenote3 ,of the diuision of colleges4 ,sidenote3 ,the college of toungues4 ,touching the diuision of colleges by professions and faculties1 ,i alleege no president from other nations1 though ,i could do diuerse1 begining euen at ,lycum1 ,stoa1 ,academia1 themselues1 and so downeward1 and in other nations east and southeast ascending vpwarde1 where studentes cloystured them selues together1 as their choice in learning lay3 but priuate examples in their applying to our country may be controuled by generall exception4 ,if there were one college1 where nothing should be professed1 but languages onely1 7as there be some people which will proceede no further7 to serue the realme abroad1 and studies in the vniuersitie1 in that point excellently and absolutelie1 were it not conuenient8 nay were it not most profitable8 ,that being the ende of their profession1 and nothing dealt withall there but that1 would not sufficiencie be discried by witnes of a number8 and would not dayly conference and continuall applying in the same thing procure sufficiencie8 ,wheras now euery one dealing with euery thing confusedly none can assuredly say1 thus much can such a one do in any one thing1 but either vpon coniecture which oftentimes deceiueth euen him that affirmes3 or else vpon curtesie which as oft beguiles euen him that beleueth4 ,these reasons hold not in this point for toungues onely3 but in all other distributions1 where the like matter and the like men be likewise to be matched4 ,for where all exercises1 all conferences1 all both priuate and publike1 colloquies1 be of the same argument1 bycause the soile bringeth foorth no other stuffe1 there must needes follow great perfection4 ,when toungues1 and learning be so seuered1 it will soone appeare1 what ods there is betwene one that can but speake1 and him that can do more1 whereas now some few finish wordes1 will beare away the glorie from knowledge without consideration1 that the gate is without the towne as dismantling bewraies1 though it be the entrie into it4 ,sidenote3 ,the colledge for the mathematikes4 ,if an other colledge were for the ,mathematicall sciences1 ,i dare say it were good1 ,i will not say it were best1 for that some good wittes1 and in some thinges not vnseene1 not knowing the force of these faculties bycause they neuer thought them worthey their studie as being without preferment1 and within contempt1 do vse to abase them1 and to mocke at mathematicall heades1 bycause in deede the studie thereof requireth attentiuenes1 and such a minde1 as will not be soone caried to any publike shew1 before his full ripenes1 but will rest in solitarie contemplation1 till he finde himselfe flidge4 ,now this their meditation if they be studentes in deede3 or the shadow of meditation1 if they be but counterfettes1 do these men plaie with all1 and mocke such mathematicall heades1 to solace themselues with4 ,wherein they haue some reason to mocke at mathematicall heades1 as they do tearme them1 though they should haue greater reason1 why to cherish1 and make much of the mathematicall sciences1 if they will not discredit ,socrates his authoritie1 and wisedome in ,plato1#fh which in the same booke auaunceth these sciences aboue the moone1 whence some learned men fetch his opinion1 and force his iudgement1 as the wisest maister against such as allow of correction in schooles3 which they would seeme to banishe1 till their owne rod beat them4 ,the very end of that booke is the course that is to be kept in learning in the perfitest kinde1 which beginneth at the mathematikes1 and it dealeth more with the necessitie of them1 then with the whole argument besides3 as it is no noueltie to heare that ,plato esteemed of them1 who forbad any to enter his ,academie1 which was not a ,geometrician1 whereunder he contained the other1 but specially her sister ,arithmetike4 ,for the men which professe these sciences1 and giue cause to their discountenaunce1 they be either meere ignorant1 and maintaine their credit with the vse of some tearmes1 propositions1 and particularities which be in ordinarie courses that way1 and neuer came nigh the kernell3 or hauing some knowledge in them in deede1 rather employe their time1 and knowledge aboute the degenerate1 and sophisticall partes of them1 applyed by vaine heades to meere collusions though they promise great consequences3 then to the true vse1 and auauncement of art4 ,howbeit in the meane time1 though the one disgrace them with contempt1 and the other make them contemptible1 by both their leaues ,i do thinke thus of them3 but what a poore thing is my thought8 yet some thing it is where it shalbe beleeued4 ,in time all learning may be brought into one toungue1 and that naturall to the inhabitant1 so that schooling for toungues1 may proue nedeles1 as once they were not needed3 but it can neuer fall out1 that artes and sciences in their right nature1 shalbe but most necessarie for any common weale1 that is not giuen ouer vnto to to much barbarousnes4 ,we do attribute to much to toungues1 which do minde them more then we do matter chiefly in a monarchie3 and esteeme it more honorable to speake finely1 then to reason wisely3 where wordes be but praised for the time1 and wisedom winnes at length4 ,for while the ,athenian1 and ,romaine popular gouernementes1 did yeald so much vnto eloquence1 as one mans perswasion might make the whole assembly to sway with him1 it was no meruell if the thing were in price1 which commaunded3 if wordes were of weight1 which did rauish3 if force of sentence were in credit1 which ruled the fantsie1 and bridled the hearer4 ,then was the toungue imperiall bycause it dealt with the people3 now must it obey1 bycause it deales with a prince1 and be seruaunt vnto learned matter1 acknowledging it to be her liege1 and mistresse4 ,all those great obseruations of eloquence1 are either halfe drowned1 for want of a democratie3 or halfe douted of for discredit of diuinitie3 which following the substance of matter1 commendeth vnto vs the like in all studies4 ,for the credit of these mathematicall sciences1 ,i must needes vse one authoritie of great1 and well deserued countenaunce among vs1 and so much the rather1 bycause his iudgement is so often1 and so plausibly vouched by the curteouse maister ,askam in his booke1 which ,i wish he had not himselfe1 neither any other for him entitled the scoolemaister1 bycause myselfe dealing in that argument must needes sometime dissent to farre from him1 with some hasard of myne owne credit1 seeing his is hallowed4 ,the worthy1 and well learned gentleman ,sir ,iohn ,cheeke#fi in the middest of all his great learning1 his rare eloquence1 his sownd iudgement1 his graue modestie1 feared the blame of a mathematicall head so litle in himselfe1 and thought the profession to be so farre from any such taint1 being soundly and sadly studied by others1 as he bewraid his great affection towards them most euidently in this his doing4 ,being himselfe prouost of the kings colledge in ,cambridge1 in the time of his most honored prince1 and his best hoped pupill1 the good king ,edward1 brother to our gracious soueraine ,queene ,elizabeth1 he sent downe from the court one maister ,bukley somtime fellow of the saide colledge1 and very well studyed in the mathematicalls to reade ,arithmeticke1 and ,geometrie to the youth of the colledge3 and for the better encouraging of them to that studie gaue them a number of ,euclides of his owne coast4 ,maister ,bukley had drawne the rules of ,arithmeticke into verses1 and gaue the copies abroad to his hearers4 ,my selfe am to honour the memorie of that learned knight1 being partaker my selfe of his liberall distribution of those ,euclides1 with whom he ioyned ,xenophon1 which booke he wished1 and caused to be red in the same house1 and gaue them to the studentes1 to encourage them aswell to the greeke toungue1 as he did to the mathematikes4 ,he did ,i take it as much for the studentes in ,s4 ,iohns colledge1 whose pupill he had once bene1 as he did for vs of the kinges colledge whose prouost he then was4 ,can he then mislike the mathematicall sciences1 which will seeme to honour ,syr ,iohn ,cheeke1 and reuerence his iudgement8 can he but thinke the opinion to proceede from wisedom1 which counteth ,socrates the wisest maister8 ,nay how dare he take vpon him to be a maister1 not of art1 but of artes 7for so is the name17 which hath not studyed them1 ear he proceeded8 ,are not the proceeders to reade in any of those sciences publickely1 by the vice chauncelours appointment1 after they haue commenced8 and do they not promise1 and professe the things1 when they seeke to procure the titles8 ,and with what face dare ignorance open her mouth1 or but vtter some sounde of words1 where she hath professed the weight of matter8 ,so that the very vniuersity her selfe doth highly esteeme of them if she could entreat her people to esteeme of their mothers iudgement4 ,these sciences bewray them selues in many professions and trades which beare not the titles of learning1 whereby it is well seene1 that they are no prating1 but profitable grounds3 not gay to the shew1 but good to be shewed1 and such meanes of vse1 as the vse of our life were quite maimed without them4 ,then gather ,i1 if bare experience1 and ordinarie imitation do cause so great thinges to be done by the meere shadow1 and roat of these sciences1 what would iudiciall cunning do1 being ioyned with so well affected experience8 ,neither is it any obiection of account to say what should marchauntes1 carpentars1 masons1 shippmaisters1 maryners1 deuisours1 architectes1 and a number such do with latin1 and learning8 do they not well enough without1 to serue the turne in our countrie8 ,if they do well with out might they not do better with8 ,and why may not an ,english carpentar1 and his companions speake that toungue to helpe their countrie the more1 being gotten in youth1 eare they can be set to other labour1 which the ,romaine artificer did naturally vse1 seing it is more commendable in ours1 where labour is the conquerour1 then in the ,romain where nature was commendour8 ,as if none should haue ,latin but those which were for further degrees in learning4 ,the tounges be helpes indifferent to all trades as well as to learning4 ,neither is the speaking of ,latin any necessarie argument of deeper learning1 as the ,mathematicall sciences be the olde rudimentes of young children1 and the certaine directours to all those artificers1 which without them go by roate1 and with them might shew cunning4 ,i maye not at this time prosecute this position1 as to fremd for this place3 but after my ,elementarie and toungue schoole1 ,i meane to search it to the very bottom1 with the whole profession of those faculties1 if ,god send me life1 and health4 #a4 ,for the while this shall suffise that these sciences1 which we terme the ,mathematicalles in their effectual nature1 do worke still some good thing1 sensible euen to the simple1 by number1 figure1 sound1 or motion3 #b4 ,in the manner of their teaching they do plant in the minde of the learner1 an habite inexpungable by bare probabilities1 and not to be brought to beleeue vpon light coniectures1 in any other knowledge1 being still drawne on by vnfallible demonstrations3 #c4 ,in their similitudinarie applications1 they let one see by them in sense the like affection in contemplatiue1 and intelligible thinges1 and be the surest groundes to retourne vnto in replies and instances1 either vpon defect in memorie1 or in checke of aduersarie1 contrarie to the common similitudes4 ,for when ye compare the common weale to a ship1 and the people to the passagers1 the application being vnder saile1 maye be out of sight1 when ye seeke for your proofe4 ,but in these sciences the similitudinarie teaching is so certain in applying1 and so confirmed by effectes3 as there is nothing so farre from sense1 and so secret in vnderstanding1 but it will make it palpable4 ,they be taken from the sense1 and trauell the thought1 but they resolue the minde4 ,and though such as vnderstand them not1 do mislike them1 which yet is no reason in them1 nor any disgrace to the thing misliked by them1 seeing ignoraunce misliketh3 yet those that vnderstand them1 may boldly mislike the mislikers1 and oppose the whole auncient ,philosophie1 and all well appointed common weales against such mockmathematicalles1 without whose helpe they could not liue1 nor haue houses to hide their heades1 though they thanke not their founders4 ,sidenote3 ,the colledge for ,philosophie4 #c4 ,if ,philosophie with her three kindes had the third colledge1 were it thinke you vnproper8 ,then the naturall might afterward proceede to ,physick1 whom she fitteth3 the ,politicke to ,lawe1 whom she groundeth3 the morall to ,diuinitie1 whom she helpeth in discourse4 ,which three professions1 ,diuinitie1 ,lawe1 ,physick should euery one be endowed with their particular colledges1 and liuinges4 #d4 ,to haue the ,physician thus learned1 it were nothing to much1 considering his absolutenesse is learning1 and his ignoraunce butcherie1 if he do but marke his owne maister ,galene#gj in his booke of the best profession4 #e4 ,for the ,diuine to tarie time1 and to haue the handmaiden sciences to attend vpon their mistres profession1 were it any hindrance to his credit1 where discretion the daughter of time is his fairest conusance1 and if he come without her1 what sternesse so euer he pretend in countenance1 we will measure the man1 though we marke his sayinges8 #f4 ,the ,lawyers best note in the best iudgementes is contentment1 not to couet to much1 and for that desire not to striue to gaine to much3 not beyond the extremitie of lawe1 but farre on this side the extremitie of right4 ,and can digesting time be but commodious in this case1 and contempt of toyes eare he enter into them1 be but mother to contentment8 ,time to bread sufficiencie1 and sufficiencie to bring sound iudgement1 cut of all matter of blame1 and leaue all matter to praise4 ,but in this distribution where is ,logicke and ,rethoricke1 some will saye8 ,where is ,grammer then will ,i saye8 ,a directour to language4 ,and so ,logicke1 for her demonstratiue part1 plaieth the ,grammer to the ,mathematicalles1 and naturall ,philosophie3 for her probabilitie to morall1 and politike1 and such other as depend not vpon necessitie of matter4 ,rhetoricke for puritie without passion doth ioyne with the writer in any kinde1 for perswasion with passion1 with the speaker in all kindes1 and yet both the speaker dealeth sometime quietly1 and the plaine writer waxeth very hoate4 ,sidenote3 ,the necessitie of the college for toungues4 #a4 ,of these colledges1 that which is for toungues is so necessary as scant any thing more4 ,for the toungues being receites for matter1 without the perfect vnderstanding of them1 what hope is there to vnderstand matter8 and seeing wordes be names of thinges applyed and giuen according to their properties1 how can thinges be properly vnderstood by vs1 which vse the ministrie and seruice of wordes to know them by1 onelesse the force of speeche be thoroughly knowen8 ,and do you not thinke that euery profession hath neede to haue a title of the signification of wordes1 as well as the ciuill lawyer8 ,i do see in writers1 and ,i do heare in speakers great defectes in the mistaking of meaninges3 and euident errours thorough insufficiencie herin4 ,and as toungues cannot be better perfitted1 then streight after their entrie by the grammer schoole3 so they must be more perfitted1 then they can be there4 ,and what if some will neuer proceede any further1 but rest in those pleasaunt kinde of writers1 which delite most in gaing of their language as poetes1 histories1 discourses1 and such1 as will be counted generall men8 ,sidenote3 ,the necessitie of the ,mathematicall colledge4 #b4 ,as for the ,mathematicalles1 they had the place before the toungues were taught1 which though they be now some necessarie helpes1 bycause we vse forreine language for conueaunce of knowledge3 yet they push vs one degree further of from knowledge4 ,that the ,mathematicalles had the place1 and were proposed still to children1 he that hath read any thing in ,philosophie cannot be ignorant4 ,plato is full of it1 and termeth them commonly the childrens entrance1 but cheifly in the seuenth booke of his common weale4 ,so is his scholer though long after his death ,philo the ,iewe 7whom euen his countrieman ,iosephus1 a man somewhat parciall in praising other1 yet calleth a singular man for eloquence and wisedome1 speaking of his embassage to ,caius the ,emperour7 but specially in that treatise1 which he maketh of the foretraine1 for so ,i turne ,platoes 1 and ,philoes 4#ga ,there he deuiseth1 as he is a perpetuall allegoriser1 ,sara to be the image of ,diuinitie1 and ,agar the figure of all other handmaiden sciences1 wherein he wisheth a young man to deale very long1 or he venture vpon ,sara1 which will not be fertil but in late1 and ripe yeares4 ,he construeth both in that place1 and in ,moses his life also1 those wordes of the bringing vp of ,moses in all the doctrine of the gyptians1 to be meant in the ,mathematicalles1 which was the traine of that time1 and the brood of that soile1 or there about4 ,and to saye the trueth let any man marke the course of all auncient learning1 and he shall finde1 that it could not be possibly otherwise1 but that the ,mathematicall was their rudiment1 though no historie1 no describer of common weale1 no setter forth of ,philosophers life1 no ,philosopher himselfe had tolde it vs8 ,is not ,aristotles first booke of all in course of his teaching1 his ,organum1 which conteineth his whole ,logicke8 and in his proofes for the piking out of his syllogismes doth he not bewraie1 wherin he was brought vp8 ,i vse ,aristotle alone for example1 bycause our studentes be best acquainted with him3 whom yet they cannot vnderstand without these helpes1 as one ,brauardine espied well1 though not he alone1 who tooke the paines to gather out of ,euclide two bookes purposely for the vnderstanding of ,aristotle4 ,can his bookes of ,demonstration1 the ,analytica prosteriora be vnderstood without this helpe8 ,his whole treatise of ,motion wheresoeuer1 commonly fetcht from the verie forme of the thing moued3 ,his confutation of others by the nature of ,motion1 and site3 ,his ,mathematicall discriptions in many places3 ,his naturall ,theoremes echwhere can they be conceiued1 much lesse vnderstood by any ignorant in this pointe8 ,wherin ,aristotle sheweth vs his owne education1 to whom he commendeth the like1 if we like of him1 whose liking will not fall1 though fooles oftimes shake it4 ,it were to infinite to vse proofes in so generall1 and so knowne a case1 which the whole antiquitie still allowed of1 and the famous ,athenian common weale vsed euen then1 when she had the great brood of the most excellent persons1 for her ordinary traine to her youth as ,socrates still alledgeth in ,plato3 or rather ,plato fathering the speach vpon ,socrates sayth so himselfe4 ,aristippus after his shipwrake found releise thorough that train1 and encoraged his companions vpon sight of ,geometricall figures in the sande4 ,he that will iudge of these sciences in generall1 what degree they haue in the course of learning1 and wherin they be profitable to all other studies whatsoever1 let him read but either ,proclus his foure bookes vpon ,euclides first in ,greeke1 or bycause the greeke is ill1 and corruptly printed3 ,io4 ,barocius1 a young gentleman of ,venice which hath turned them into ,latin1 and corrected the copie4 ,though many haue delt in the argument they be but secondarie to ,proclus4 ,for he handleth euery question that either makes for them1 or against them cheifly in his first booke4 ,it were to much for me to stand vpon enumeration of testimonies in this place1 that the auncient schoole did begin at the ,mathematicall after the first ,elementarie1 while they minded sound learning in deede1 and sequestred their thoughtes from other dealinges in the world4 ,he that marketh but the ordinary metaphores in the eloquentest ,greeke writers of that time1 whence we prescribe1 shall easily bewray1 where in the auncient discipline trauelled4 ,to alledge the ,romain for learning is to alledge nothing1 whose cunning ,virgile#gb describeth to lye in gouernement1 and conquests1 remitting other faculties to other people4 ,for till the forreine learning in latter yeares1 was translated into their toungue1 of themselues they had litle4 ,rhetoricke1 poetrie1 historie1 ciuill lawe1 and some petie treatises of ,philosophie1 and ,physicke were the ,romaines learning4 ,some one1 or two as ,gallus1 and ,figulus were noted for the ,mathematicalles1 as many yeares after them ,iulius ,firmicus1 and some architecture ,mathematicke in ,vitruuius4 ,but their owne stories can tell1 what an afterdeale in the wynning of ,syracus ,archimedes by those faculties put ,marcellus their generall vnto1 which yet was as carefull to haue saued ,archimedes1 if the rashnesse of a rude soldiar had not preuented his proclamation3 as ,demetrius was to saue ,protogenes at ,rhodes4 ,after the state was brought to a monarchie1 the ,greekes ouerlaid their learning1 as it appeareth1 from ,dionysius of ,halycarnassus1 and ,strabo1 which were in ,augustus ,csars time1 downe still in a number of most notable ,grecians1 which serued that state continually both for training vp their young ,emperours1 and for all other kinde of learning3 so that the authoritie of the ,mathematicall must be fetcht from the ,grekes1 though they themselues borrowed the matter of other nations1 and were founders onely to language1 methode1 and those faculties1 which serue for the direction of language4 ,sidenote3 ,the necessitie of the colledge for ,philosophie4 #c4 ,for ,philosophie to haue the third place it will be easily obtained1 though there be some pretended doubt in the order of the partes for the training4 ,we vse to set young ones to the morall and politike first and reason against ,aristotles conclusion1 that a young stripling is a fit hearer of morall ,philosophie4 ,but ,aristotle himselfe being well brought vp in the ,mathematicalles placeth naturall ,philosophie next vnto them1 as very intelligible vnto very young heades1 by reason of their necessarie consequence1 and ,theoreticall consideration4 ,wheras the other partes being subiect to particular circunstance in life are to be reserued for elder yeares4 ,for not onely the ,philosophicall resolution1 but also the very religious was in the best1 and eldest time to cause youth abide long in study1 and to forbeare publike shew1 till it were very late4 ,to make ,logicke1 and ,rhetoricke serue to those vses1 and in those places1 where ,i appointed them1 was no absurdity4 ,for ,rhetoricke1 there will be small contradiction1 though declamations1 and such exercises seeme to make some further claime4 ,pythagoras his fiue yeares silence1 hath a meaning that ye heare sufficiently1 eare ye speake boldly4 ,and ,socrates that great maister in ,plato calleth ,logicke the ridge1 or toppe of the ,mathematicalles1 as then to succeede1 when they were gotten3 and good reason1 why1 bycause their methode in teaching1 and order in prouing did bring forth ,logicke4 ,as he that will make ,plato the example to ,aristotles preceptes shall easily perceaue4 ,sidenote3 ,the necessitie of three colledges peculiar for ,diuinitie1 ,law1 ,physicke4 #c1 #d1 #e4 ,for ,diuinitie1 ,lawe1 and ,physicke to haue their owne colledges1 for their full exercises1 and better learning1 then now thus to haue their studentes scattered1 it is a thing that implyeth no great repugnaunce with any reason1 and is not without president4 ,as for the ,lawe1 if the whole studie were made one and whatsoeuer appertaineth to that profession1 for either ,ecclesiasticall1 or ,temporall vse were reduced into one body1 had our countrey any cause to complaine8 or but great cause to be very glad8 wheras now three seuerall professions in lawe1 bewraye a three headed state1 one ,english and ,french1 an other1 ,romish ,imperiall1 the third ,romish ecclesiasticall1 where meere ,english were simply our best4 ,i shall not neede to say any more herein1 but onely giue occasion to those which can iudge1 and helpe it1 to thinke of the position3 the distraction of temporall1 ciuill1 and ,canon lawe being in many pointes very offensiue to our countrey4 #f4 ,some difficultie there will be to winne a colledge for such as shall afterward passe to teach in schooles4 ,sidenote3 ,the seuenth colledge for training maisters1 and the necessitie therof4 #g4 ,there is no diuerting to any profession till the student depart from the colledge of ,philosophie1 thence he that will go to ,diuinitie1 to ,lawe1 to ,physicke1 may1 yet with great choise1 to haue the fittest according to the subiect4 ,he that will to the schoole is then to diuert4 ,in whom ,i require so much learning to do so much good1 as none of the other three1 7honour alway reserued to the worthinesse of the subiect which they professe17 can chalenge to himselfe more3 either for paines which is great3 or for profit which is sure3 or for helpe to the professions3 which haue their passage so much the pleasaunter1 the forwarder studentes be sent vnto them1 and the better subiects be made to obay them3 as the scholing traine is the trak to obedience4 ,and why should not these men haue both this sufficiencie in learning1 and such roome to rest in1 thence to be chosen and set forth for the common seruice8 be either children1 or schooles so small a portion of our multitude8 or is the framing of young mindes1 and the training of their bodies so meane a point of cunning8 be schoolemaisters in this ,realme such a paucitie1 as they are not euen in good sadnesse to be soundly thought on8 ,if the chancell haue a minister1 the belfray hath a maister3 and where youth is1 as it is eachwhere1 there must be trainers1 or there will be worse4 ,he that will not allow of this carefull prouision for such a seminarie of maisters1 is most vnworthy either to haue had a good maister him selfe1 or herafter to haue a good one for his4 ,why should not teachers be well prouided for1 to continue their whole life in the schoole1 as ,diuines1 ,lawyers1 ,physicians do in their seuerall professions8 ,thereby iudgement1 cunning1 and discretion will grow in them3 and maisters would proue olde men1 and such as ,xenophon setteth ouer children in the schooling of ,cyrus4 ,wheras now1 the schoole being vsed but for a shift1 afterward to passe thence to the other professions1 though it send out very sufficient men to them1 it selfe remaineth too too naked1 considering the necessitie of the thing4 ,i conclude therfore that this trade requireth a particular college1 for these foure causes4 #a4 ,first for the subiect being the meane to make or mar the whole frye of our state4 #b4 ,secondly for the number1 whether of them that are to learne1 or of them that are to teache4 #c4 ,thirdly for the necessitie of the profession which maye not be spared4 #d4 ,fourthly for the matter of their studie which is comparable to the greatest professions1 for language1 for iudgement1 for skil how to traine1 for varietie in all pointes of learning1 wherin the framing of the minde1 and the exercising of the bodie craueth exquisite consideration1 beside the staidnes of the person4 #a4 ,these seuen colledges being so set vp1 and bearing the names of the thinges which they professe1 for ,toungues1 for ,mathematickes1 for ,philosophie1 for ,traine1 for ,physicke1 for ,lawe1 for ,diuinitie were there any great absurditie committed either in the thing if it were so1 or in me for wishing it so8 ,if it had bene thus appointed at the first1 as he might1 if the whole building had bene made at once1 which is scant possible where thinges grow by degrees1 and buildinges by patches3 it would haue bene liked very well1 and the ,vniuersities in their commencementes1 and publike actes would haue commended their pollicy1 and wisedome1 which first did appoint it4 ,and maye not that be now toucht without blame1 which if it had bene then done1 had deserued great honour1 and when soeuer it shall be done will deserue euerlasting memorie8 and maye now be well done1 seeing we haue all thinges needful for the well doing redie3 ,and why should it seeme straunge to wish such an alteration1 seeing greater chaunges haue bene both wished1 and wrought within this our time8 ,sad1 and lingring thoughts1 which measure common weales as buildinges grounded vpon some rocke of marble1 finde many1 and sober difficulties3 resolute mindes make no bones3 there is stuffe enough1 the places be ready1 the landes be neither to be begd1 ne yet to be purchased1 they be got1 and giuen already3 they maye be easily brought into order1 seeing our time is the time of reformation4 ,before my wish be condemned1 ,i desire my reader to consider it well1 and marke if it maye take place1 and whether it maye not with great facilitie4 ,sidenote3 ,the second meane1 to sorte like yeares into ye same roomes4 #b4 ,for sorting like yeares into one roome1 which was my second interrogatorie1 it is no new deuice1 nor mine3 ,all good common weales not fained by fantsie1 but being in deede such haue vsed it both for likenes of education in like yeares1 and for trying out where most excellencie lodged1 to bestow prefermentes vpon apparent desert1 besides that it is most fit1 and emulation to the better doth best beseeme like yeares4 ,the greeke poet saith1 that ,god draweth allway the like to the like1 and therefore men may well follow the president4 ,sidenote3 ,the third meane to better the studentes maintenaunce4 #c4 ,for vniting of colledges1 enlarging of the vnited1 and bettering studentes liuinges1 ,i dare say none of them wilbe against me1 which for a better liuing will chaung his colledge4 ,neither will he thinke it any great losse to leaue his old poore place1 for a fatter rowme1 which for such a one will abandon the vniuersitie and all4 ,sure the liuings in colledges be now to to leane1 and of necessitie force good wittes to fly ear they be well feathered4 ,more sufficiencie of liuing will yeald more conuenient time and furniture to studie1 which two be the onely meanes to procure more sufficiencie in learning1 more ripenes in iudgement1 more stay in maners4 ,the necessitie of studentes may thus be supplyed of their owne1 and they not forced by accepting of exhibition at some handes to admit some bondage vnder hand4 ,restraint will ridde needelesse number3 sufficient liuinges will maintaine1 and make the nedefull number sufficiently well learned4 ,i neede not staie any longer here4 ,for methinke all those good studentes ioyne with me in this fourme of the vniuersitie1 whom want1 and barenes of liuing will not suffer to tarie long enough there1 and better it were for our countrie to haue some smaller meane well trayned1 and sufficiently prouided1 then a loose number1 and an vnlearned multitude4 ,and there were two questions more worthy the resolution1 then all ,iohannes ,picus the erle of ,mirandula his nine hundred propounded at ,rome3 the one whether it were agreable to the nature of learning1 being liberall in condition to be elemosinarie in maintenaunce3 the other whether it were for a common weale to haue the conceit bound to respectes1 bycause of priuate exhibition1 which ought to direct simply1 without respect1 sauing to the state alone4 ,for sure where learning growes vp by props1 it leaseth her propertie3 where the stocke of it selfe will beare vp the bowes1 there it must be best1 if choice be made leader1 and fit wittes bestowed on bookes4 ,my three forraine pointes for the furtheraunce of learning be1 choice for wittes1 time for furniture1 maintenaunce for direction3 what shalbe peculiar to the partie1 himselfe must tender1 as therein being detter to ,god1 and his countrie4 ,diligence to apply his wit1 continuaunce to store his time1 discretion to set furth his maintenaunce1 are required at his handes4 ,sidenote3 ,the fourth meane for readers4 #d4 ,for readers of yeares1 of sufficiencie1 of continuance1 methinke ,i durst enter into some combat that it were beyonde all crie profitable1 and necessarie1 to haue whom to follow1 and of whom to learne how to direct our studies1 for yeares auncient fathers3 for sufficiencie most able to enstruct3 for continuance cunning to discerne persons1 and circumstaunces3 for aduise skillfull to rule rash heades1 which runne on to fast1 being armed with some priuate opinion of their owne petie learning4 ,what was ,plato to the ,academikes8 ,aristotle to the ,peripatetikes8 ,xeno to the ,stoiks8 ,epicure to the ,epicurians8 ,aristippus to the ,anicerian and ,cyrenaike8 and other such fathers to the famulies of their professions1 but readers8 ,it is a meruell to thinke on1 how longe those fellowes continued in their profession as ,diogenes ,laertius doth note4 ,it should seeme that ,plato taught aboue fiftie yeares1 reckening the time that he left ,speusippus his deputie during his trauell into gypt and that way3 whereby both himselfe proued an excellent maister1 and his hearers proued most excellent scholers4 ,they that haue bene acquainted with cunning readers any where will subscribe to this ,i know4 ,priuate studie tied to one booke led by one braine3 not alway the best 7as what counsellour is commonly worse to ones selfe1 then himselfe87 so proceeding as the first impression leads1 be it what it can be1 cannot compare for iudiciall learning with the benefit of hearing one1 nay of repeating to one vpon interrogatories after reading1 to trie his iudgement1 his keeping1 and remembrance3 which one hath red1 and digested all the best bookes1 or at the least all the best bookes in that kinde1 whereof he maketh profession3 which hath a iudgement settled and resolute by the helpe of all those good braines3 which hath dealte with thousandes of the pregnantest wittes1 whom experience hath taught stay1 whom the common weale by sufferance commendes as sufficient4 ,he that is not acquainted with such an excellent reader or teacher 7for both the names import one thing7 and that with repetition1 but pleaseth himselfe with his owne priuate studie1 as he taketh more paines vndoutedly1 so getteth he lesse gaine ,i dare assure him1 hauing in one lecture the benefit of his readers vniuersall studie1 and that so fitted to his hand1 as he may streight way vse it1 without further thinking on3 wheras when he hath beaten his owne braines priuatly about a litle1 for want of time to digest1 being to forward to put foorth1 he vttereth that which he must either amend vpon better aduice1 or quite reuoke when he findes he is ouer shot4 ,wherfore such readers1 or rather such nurses to studie must needes be maintained with great allowance1 to make their heauen there1 where ye meane to vse them4 ,whose seruice1 for the benefit that comes from them will saue their whole hier in very bookes1 which the student shall not so much neede1 when his reader is his librarie3 neither must they be soules1 as we tearme them1 though of great reading1 neither is it enough to haue read much1 but they must be of great gouernment withall1 which are to bring vp such a frie of gouerners4 ,and therefore that great sufficiencie doth still call for great recompence to be tyed to a stake for it all ones life time4 ,sidenote3 ,that this wish is most profitable to the vniuersitie1 and hurthfull no not to any particular4 ,but now ,i pray you by this wish of mine be the vniuersities in common sence any whit endammaged8 if they were1 so the harme were but some litle1 and the good exceeding great1 the dammage might be consumed by the greatnes of the good4 ,i finde not any harme offered them1 they lease no landes studentes be not put to pensions1 they that be thought fit1 finde better and fuller maintenaunce1 better meane is made to proue learned1 by such excellent readers1 which the cunninger they be1 the more affable they be1 and thereby the fitter to satisfie any studentes dout in that which they professe4 ,and where yong men may staie vntill they be singular1 and haue good meanes to make them singular1 is not the thing to be wished1 and he that wisheth it1 not to be thought to wish the vniuersitie harme1 where it is vniuersally holpen8 ,if this transposing of houses to this vse were commaunded by authoritie1 and by some helpe of wealthy patrones for the common good sake1 were happily accomplished1 the vniuersitie should lease nothing1 though they breake vp for a time1 and the studentes gaue place1 to masons1 and carpenters1 nay though the whole reuenew of all the colledges were for that time bestowed vpon the alteration4 ,and yet all that trouble should not neede1 if the first were first begune1 and so particularly in order1 neither should any student now well placed complaine of the chaunge if he would set himselfe to any certaine profession4 ,this is but my conceit which the effect will confirme1 and wise considerations will finde1 that it carieth a good ground3 besides that it is all ready in verie neare possibilitie1 without any great charge1 and with verie great good1 as also certainetie1 and greatnes of annuitie would streight way raise vp readers1 and afterward continew them4 ,how good1 and how easie a thing this were1 the attempt by so many particular readers would shew1 which being themselues excellently well learned in those argumentes1 that ,i do appoint to colledges1 and professing them in conuenient houses of their owne1 would vndoutedly drawe as many into their priuate hostelles1 as there be now studentes in publicke colledges4 ,all this my wish offereth greater difficulty1 in the maner1 how to worke it3 then dout of profit1 in the thing1 if we had it4 ,howbeit harder thinges haue bene easily accomplished1 but any more profitable was neuer compassed3 neither doth it repent me to wish that1 which ,i would reioyce to see4 ,if the hindring lie in cost1 it is somwhat1 and yet but small1 considering what is ready3 if in good will3 that is all1 and yet but ill1 considering what it hindereth4 ,for no learning is so well got1 where her helping meanes be seuered1 as where all be vnited1 which those colledges would cause3 a thing neither of nouelty1 as of an old ground and elswhere practised3 neither iniuriouse1 to any offering profit to all4 ,i do finde my selfe so armed in the point1 as if there were any hope in the thing to be effected1 ,i could answeare any obiection of difficultie1 which might arise against it1 either from without the vniuersitie1 or from within1 eitther for any communitie1 or for any priuate1 that it would be best for all1 neither any breach of good now well laied1 nor any hindraunce to any1 which findes himselfe at ease1 as the present is now appointed4 ,but will ye haue euerie one rise through all these degrees of learning1 ear he become a professour8 yea surely ,i4 but who moueth the question8 either he that cannot iudge1 who is therefore to be pardoned3 or he that would be doing1 who is therefore to be blamed3 or he that doth not way it1 which would be desired to do3 or he whom neede hasteneth1 whose case is to be pitied4 ,and yet of all these foure1 only he1 that desireth to shew him selfe ripe in his owne1 though raw in other mens opinion1 will contrarie the conclusion3 for ignoraunce1 will yeeld vpon better instruction3 iust consideration1 wil relent after waing3 good wittes oppressed with want1 and yet waing the truth1 will wish for more wealth to tarie their full time1 and the cariage of their cunning3 but the hastie heades1 to whom any delaie is present death1 which will be doing1 eare they can do well1 but in their owne conceites they will stand against it1 and scrape all defences1 though while they do scrape1 they descrie them selues to be extreme ignorant4 ,for if sufficiencie be the onely meane to perfit the professour1 and to profit the publike1 insufficiencie ouerthrowes both4 ,and as he that meaneth to turne before1 may lymit his ascent3 so he that will be perfit in the end and last profession ought at the least to haue the contemplatiue knowledge of all that goeth before1 though he practise but at pleasure4 ,the generall gaine thereby is this1 that while the studentes youth is wedded to honest1 and learned meditation1 the heat of that stirring age is cooled which might harme in publicke1 and set all on fire3 ripe iudgement is got1 to stay1 not to stirre3 and all ambitiouse passions meruellously daunted through resolutenes of iudgement4 ,it is no reason1 where see ye the like8 but it is a great reason1 the like is worth seeing1 and who so comes neare1 is still better liked1 then he that dowteth of it4 ,the want of triall1 is some shift for a time1 but the triall that hath bene1 may lead vs to the like1 and procure good allowance4 ,and sure till the yong professours be made to tarie longer1 and studie sounder1 neither shall learning haue credit1 nor our countrie be but sicke4 ,it is not my complaint1 though ,i ioyne with the complainantes4 ,if ye meane to take learning before you1 you will neuer moue the question4 ,it is not he that hath1 and knoweth1 which moueth the question1 but he that knoweth not and should4 ,what should a diuine do with the mathematikes8 why was ,moses trained in all the gyptians learning8 ,nay in one reason for all1 why will ye condemne in diuinitie1 or execute in lawe1 the sciences which ye know not1 but finde the name condemned8 and ,i pray you with what warrant8 what if that be not the name8 or what if the thing be not such8 a condemnation without euidence where the iudge presumeth1 and knoweth not the skill1 which he saith is naught4 ,the ,physician should haue all1 and if he haue not1 he is most to be blamed1 bycause the parentes of his profession durst not professe without them1 and make them vnder meanes4 ,to be short ,i wish they had them1 which mislike that they haue not1 and giue ignorance the raigne4 ,for if they had them1 we should heare no speach1 but praise and proufe1 admiration and honour4 ,but to turne to my byace againe which was the mother1 and matter to my wish1 this colledge for teachers1 might prooue an excellent nurserie for good schoolemaisters1 and vpon good testimonie being knowne to so many before1 which would vpon their owne knowledge assure him1 whom they would send abroad4 ,in the meane time till this come to passe1 the best that we can haue1 is best worthy the hauing1 and if we prouide well for good teachers1 that prouision will prouide vs good teachers4 ,sidenote3 ,the admission of teachers4 ,there remaineth now one consideration in the admitting not of these1 whom ,i admit without any exception1 for all sufficiencie in religion1 in learning1 in discretion1 in behauiour3 but of such as we daily vse1 and must vse1 till circumstances be bettered1 which are in compasse of many exceptions4 ,the admitter or chuser considering what the place requireth1 must exact that cunning1 which the place calleth for3 the partie himselfe must bring testimonie of his owne behauiour1 if he be altogither vnknowen3 and the admission would be lymited to such a schoole in such a degree of learning1 as he is found to be fit for4 ,for many vpon admission and licence to teach in generall1 ouerreach to farre1 and marre to much1 being vnsufficient at randon1 though seruing well for certaine by way of restraint4 ,thus much for the trainer1 which ,i know will better my patterne if preferment better him3 with whom ,i shall haue occasion to deale againe in my grammer schoole3 where ,i will note vnto him what my opinion is in the particularities of teaching4 ,,footnotes3 #fg ,probitas laudatur et alget4 #fh ,plato #g1 de rep4 #fi ,sir ,iohn ,cheeke4 #gj ,gal4 4 #ga ,philo4 4 #gb #f neid4 ,,chapter #db4 ,,how ,,long ,,the ,,childe ,,is ,,to ,,continue ,,in ,,the ,,elementarie ,,ear ,,he ,,passe ,,to ,,the ,,toungues1 ,,and ,,grammer4 ,,the ,,incurable ,,infirmities ,,which ,,posting ,,hast ,,worketh ,,in ,,the ,,whole ,,course ,,of ,,studie4 ,,how ,,necessarie ,a ,,thing ,,sufficient ,,time ,,is ,,for ,a ,,scholer4 ,hastie preasing onward is the greatest enemie1 which any thing can haue whose best is to ripe at leasure4 ,for if ripenes be the vertue1 before it is greene1 after it is rotten3 and yet the excesse is the lesse harme3 bycause it may ioyne1 and be compounded with the vertue1 and be called rotten ripe3 and at the least be cast away1 without any more losse1 then of the thing it selfe1 as it appeareth in frutes4 ,the defect to plucke before ripenes1 breedes ill in the partie which tasteth therof1 and causeth the thing after a bite or two to be cast away to3 vnlesse it be in longing wymen1 whose distemperate delite vpon a cause not common1 doth giue vs to iudge1 that too timely taking1 is but for some disordered humours4 ,this plucking before ripenes in my position tendeth to this ende4 ,i haue appointed in my elementarie traine1 reading1 writing1 drawing1 singing1 playing3 now if either all these be vnperfitly gotten1 where all be attempted1 or some1 where some3 when the childe is remoued to the grammer schoole1 what an error is committed8 ,the thinges being not perfit1 to serue the consequence1 either die quite if they be not seuearly called on3 or come forward with paine1 where the furtherance is in feare4 ,how many small infantes haue we set to grammer1 which can scarecely reade8 how many to learne latin1 which neuer wrate letter8 ,and yet though some litle one could doe much better then all his fellowes1 it were no harme for him to be captaine a good while in his elementarie schoole1 rather then to be a meane souldier in a captaine schoole4 ,the displeasoures be beyond all proportion pernicious1 beyond all multitude many1 which this posting pulles after it4 ,and if moning could amend them1 ,i would not onely mone them1 that they be so many1 but also mourne for them1 that they be so helpeles4 ,it is a world to see the weakenes of children1 and the fondnes of friendes in that behalfe4 ,it is to much1 that may be vnderstood1 where so much is said3 the fault is generall1 and the onely cause1 which both makes children loth to learne1 and the maisters seeme to be tormenters in their teaching4 ,for the maister hasting on to the effect of his profession1 and the scholer drawing backe1 as not able to beare the burden3 there riseth a conflict in the maister1 with passion1 if it conquere him3 against passion if he conquere it4 ,if the maister be verie sharp witted in deliuering1 and the boy slowheaded in receiuing1 then the passion will lightly conquer4 ,which it cannot doe1 where wisedome and consideration in the maister be armed aforehand with pacience1 or where experience1 and wearines of extremitie haue wrought a calmenes4 ,and as in the maister passion breedes heat1 so in the childe infirmitie breedes feare1 and so much the more1 if he finde his maister somwhat to fierce4 ,whereupon neither the one nor the other can do much good at all1 and all through this hastie imperfection being the matter of heat in the one1 and of feare in the other4 ,whereof if the boy were not in daunger how peart would he be1 and what a pleasure would the maister take in such a perfit perteling8 but when the childe is so weake1 as both he himselfe feeles it in his learning1 and the maister findes it in his teaching1 tell the parent so he will not beleeue it4 ,so blynde is affection in the parent which cannot see3 and in stoore of teachers1 he shall finde some which will vndertake1 and condemne the misliker4 ,whereby chaunge feedes his humour for the time1 and repentance his follie long after1 when the default proues vncurable1 and the first maister is admitted among the prophetes4 ,such a thing it is to preuent illes in time1 and when warning is giuen not to mocke the intelligence1 nor to blame the watchman4 ,if the imperfections which come more of haste then of ignoraunce from the ,elementary schoole would take vp their ,inne there1 and raunge no further1 the moane were not so much1 bycause there were some meane to redresse3 but now as one billow driueth on an other3 so hast beginning there makes the other successions in learning trowle on too too headlong4 ,be young children set to soone to their ,grammer onely8 be none sent to the ,vniuersitie1 which when they come thence from yeares after1 might well with good gaine returne to the ,grammer schoole againe8 ,i will not saye that they were not ready when they went1 but peraduenture they were not ready1 and forgat that they were so4 ,do not some good honest wittes in the middest of their studie finde the festering of haste1 and wishe though in vaine that they had bene more aduised in their passage8 and if they recouer that which they misse and wish for1 do they not finde the learned conclusion trew3 that such thinges be extreme painful to setled memories1 which were very pleasaunt passages to the youngest boyes8 ,he that beginnes his ,grammer in any language1 when he is a ,graduate1 may perhaps wish for some way without ,grammer1 and couet a ,compendium4 ,the ,vniuersities can best iudge of the infirmities in our ,grammer schooles1 when they finde the want in those yonglinges1 whom they haue from vs1 but not sent by vs3 we our selues see them1 but we cannot salue them4 ,priuate affection ouerrules all reason3 straungenesse betwene the parent and maister cuttes of conference in the remouing3 and in some places multitude of schooles marres the whole market3 where store is the sore1 and oportunitie to alter an allurement to the worse4 ,so that by degrees the ,elementarie feebleth the ,grammarian3 and the ,grammarian transporteth his weaknesse from his schoolemaister to his ,vniuersitie tutour4 ,such a matter it is to stay hast at the first1 which distempereth till the last4 ,i would not haue the ,vniuersities1 but to thinke freindly of me1 bycause though ,i finde fault1 ,i seeke it not3 neither blase ,i it with discredit to them1 but wish it healed with the profit of my countrey1 as ,i well know the most1 and best of them there do4 ,doth not want of sufficient time 7,i meane not for taking degrees1 bycause that time may be complete from the proceeders first ariuall into the ,vniuersitie7 but for want of age and yeares3 and therwithall for the want of that1 which yeares do bring1 oftimes send abroad youthes1 whose degrees deserue place1 but their depth deserues none8 ,that prentice is to hastely out of his yeares1 which being at one and twentie free from his maister1 is eare foure and twentie free from his thrift both reft of goodnesse1 and left goodlesse4 ,if men abroad had not a sensible iudgement in yeares1 that young ware cannot be but greene1 how sprooting faire so euer it doth shew3 youth might deceiue them with titles1 as it deceiues it selfe with opinions4 ,yeares without stuffe maye beguile before triall3 yeares with stuffe will abide the stampe3 ,stuffe without yeares is wounderous for a while1 but it is subiecte to quicke withering1 and to fade of wonder4 ,neither stuffe nor yeares1 is extreme pitifull1 and the very ground of my complaint1 bycause neither few yeares can prouide great stuffe1 yea to the best witte3 nor many yeares to any witte1 without great studie1 which is a death there1 where the defecte is great4 ,how fortuneth it then1 that either freindes be so foolish1 or studentes so vnstayed1 to haste so with so much waste8 ,the causes be3 impacience1 which can abide no tarying1 where a restlesse conceit is full frawght3 libertie1 to liue as he listeth1 bycause he listeth not to liue as he should3 brauerie1 to seeme to be some body1 and to cary a countenaunce3 hope of preferment1 to desire dignities before abilitie to discharge4 ,in the meane while3 the common weale becomes priuate3 the generall weapeth1 while the particular winneth3 and yet the winning is no soundnesse1 but shew4 ,what notable men haue dealt with1 and against the forestaulling of sound time in professions8 ,among many if onely ,viues the learned ,spaniard1 were called to be witnesse1 he would craue pardon for his owne person1 as not able to come for the goute1 but he would substitute for his deputie his whole twentie bookes of disciplines1 wherin he entreateth1 how they come to spoile1 and how they may be recouered4 ,lacke of time not onely in his opinion1 but also in whose not8 bringes lacke of learning1 which is a sore lacke1 where it ought not to be lacking4 ,the cankar that consumeth all1 and causeth all this euill is haste1 an vnaduised1 rashe1 hedlong counsellour1 and then most pernicious when it hath either some apparence in reason that the child is ripe3 or the hartning of some maister1 which either is disposed to follow where he seeth replying past cure3 or that cannot discern colours1 bycause he is that in his degree1 which the childe is in his3 both vnripe3 the one to teach1 the other to remoue4 ,but what if hope of exhibition make an ,vniuersitie man straine8 and either perswade abilitie1 or promise to supplie1 where abilitie wantes8 ,nay what if exhibitours of some litle1 seeke recompence to soone1 and halfe force some poore scholer to toile with imperfection8 ,when the vnripe boye findeth any such meane to go to the ,vniuersitie1 the maister shall neuer know1 till he be booted1 if he do know then3 for feare of stopping his iourney by contrarie counsell3 that is by reason to stay him1 which runnes to his owne harme4 ,time of it selfe1 as it is the noblest circunstance wherwith we haue to deale3 so it hath a bredth in it selfe capeable of to much1 to litle1 and enough4 ,to much time is seldome found fault with iustly1 though some time pretended1 bycause it is seldome taryed for in this kinde wherwith ,i deale4 ,to litle time is that wheron ,i complaine1 and so much the more harmefull1 bycause hast to attaine vnto the desired ende makes it seeme no fault till the blow be giuen4 ,time enough is that meane which perfiteth all1 the ,elementarie in his kinde1 the ,grammarian in his1 the ,graduate in his1 and so profiteth the common weale by perfiting all3 the prerogatiue to thought3 the mother to truth3 the tuchestone to ripenesse3 the enemy to errour3 mans only stay1 and helpe to aduice4 ,for the ,grammarians time1 though it be not within this argument1 as many other thinges which the affinitie drew in1 yet thus much may ,i say4 ,that his perfitnesse hath a pitche1 and his yeares yeilde his good1 as it shall appeare in his owne place1 whose time must needes be limited1 bycause he is so placed after the ,elementarie1 and before the ,uniuersitie1 as the well appointing of his time shall disapoint neither of them4 ,for the times1 and yeares of studie before degrees in the ,vniuersitie1 ,plato himselfe in his exquisite republike cannot1 nor doth not appoint them better then they be there already1 if the ,grammar1 and ,elementarie haste marred not1 and made them that come to soone seeke also to proceede to soone1 yet euen so fulfilling statutes1 which appoint the continuing yeares1 though smallie for their benefit1 which are not appointed in yeares1 and lesse then not appointed in substaunce4 ,the distances betwene degrees orderly employed1 and the midle learninges being caryed before them1 as it is imported by their stiles3 might worke in the most very reasonable knowledge1 for methode and ground in habite1 though not for particulars1 which be alwayes endlesse1 still without art1 though most within experience1 for their most needfull number4 ,now if that helpe of readers1 which ,i wished for1 were put in execution1 me thinke1 the world should see1 a marueilous number of excellent professours in euery degree4 ,i am to long in talking of to litle3 but the times hanging one vpon another haue led me thus onward3 wherfore it is now time for me to determine that time1 which ,i do take to be enough for the ,elementarie4 ,when the child can read so readily1 and roundly1 as the length of his lesson shal nothing trouble him for his reading3 when he can write so faire and so fast1 as no kinde of exercise shalbe tedious vnto him for the writing3 when his penne or pencill shall delite him with bragge3 when his ,musicke both for voice1 and hand is so farre forward1 as a litle voluntarie will both maintaine1 and encrease it3 all which thinges the second maister must haue an eye vnto3 then hath the ,elementarie had time enough4 ,if the parent account not of all1 yet perfitnesse in his choice must be his cheife account4 ,the childes ordinarie exercises1 will continue his writing1 and reading1 himselfe will alwaye be drawing1 bycause it deliteth his eye1 and busieth not his braine4 ,but for ,musicke1 the maister and the parentes delite must further it4 ,for that in those yeares1 children be ,musicall rather for other then for them selues4 ,once in1 this is a certaine ground1 and most infallible1 that in tarying long1 and perfiting well1 there is no losse of time1 specially seeing those qualities euen alone1 be a pretie furniture of houshold if they be well gotten4 ,the hasting on to fast to see the frute too soone1 when circunstances perswade tarying1 is to winne an houre in the morning1 and to lease the day after4 ,thus much concerning the ,elementarie time1 determinable not by yeares1 but by sufficiencie4 ,if yeares could be limittes to knowledge1 as they be very good leaders1 the rule were more certaine3 but where witte goeth not by yeares1 nor learning without1 sufficiencie is the surest bounder1 to set out1 wherin enough is4 ,howbeit in the ,elementarie1 and so forth ,i will limit the time somwhat nearer1 with all the considerations1 both for varietie of the matters which are to be learned1 and the men which are to teach1 and such thinges as seeme not so proper to be set downe here4 ,,chapter #dc4 ,,how ,,to ,,cut ,,of ,,most ,,inconueniences ,,wherwith ,,schooles ,,and ,,scholers1 ,,maisters ,,and ,,parentes ,,be ,,in ,,our ,,schooling ,,now ,,most ,,troubled4 ,,wherof ,,there ,,be ,,two ,,meeanes1 ,,vniformitie ,,in ,,teaching ,,and ,,publishing ,,of ,,schoole ,,orders4 ,,that ,,vniformitie ,,in ,,teaching ,,hath ,,for ,,companions ,,dispatch ,,is ,,learning1 ,,and ,,sparing ,,of ,,expenses4 ,,of ,,the ,,abbridging ,,of ,,the ,,number ,,of ,,bookes4 ,,of ,,curtesie ,,and ,,correction4 ,,of ,,schoole ,,faultes4 ,,of ,,friendlinesse ,,betwene ,,parentes ,,and ,,maisters4 ,a great learned man#gc in our dayes thought so much of the troublesome and toilsome life1 which we teachers lead1 as he wrate a pretie booke of the miseries of maisters4 ,we are to thanke him for his good will3 but when any kinde of life be it high1 be it low1 is not troubled with his proportion to our portion1 we will yeild to misery4 ,our life is very painfull in deede1 and what if beyond comparison painfull8 ,much a do we haue1 and what if none more8 ,yet sure many as much1 though they deale not with so many1 and moe more miserable1 bycause they better not so many4 ,but ,i will neither rip vp those thinges1 which seeme most restlesse in vs1 though the argument offer spreding3 neither will ,i medle with any other trade1 no lesse troublesome then teaching1 by comparing to seeme to lessen3 bycause comparisons in miseries be vncomfortable to both1 though some ease to either4 ,to what purpose should ,i shew1 why the maister blames this1 the parent that1 the child nothing more then the rod1 though he will not but deserue it8 ,such a disease we haue to repine at the paine1 and not to waye the offence1 which deserueth the paine4 ,why beat ye him sayeth one8 ,why offendeth he sayeth none8 so harde a thing it is to finde defense for right1 so easie a thing it is to finde qualifying for wrong4 ,therefore to omit these vnpleasant rippinges1 ,i will deale with the remedies how to cut of the most of those1 which he calles miseries1 ,i terme inconueniences1 wherwith the trade of teaching at this day seemeth to haue a great conflict4 ,which counsell though it be first laid for the youngest scholers1 yet may it well be translated further1 and beseeme both the biggest1 and best1 in any learned course4 ,these remedies ,i take to be two3 #a4 ,the one vniformitie in teaching1 which draweth after it1 dispatch in learning1 and sparing of expenses about to great a number of bookes4 #b4 ,the other is publike schoole lawes1 set downe1 and seen1 which bring with them for companions agreement of parentes and teachers1 continuance of scholers1 conference to amend1 comfort to freindes1 and commoditie to the common countrey4 ,sidenote3 ,vniformitie in teaching4 ,for vniformitie in teaching how many gaules that will heale1 wherwith schooles be now greiued1 it will then best appeare1 when it shalbe shewed1 what good it will worke1 and how necessarie a thing it is1 to haue all schooles reduced vnto it4 ,that there is to much variety in teaching1 and therfore to much ill teaching 7bycause in the midst of many bypathes1 there is but one right waye7 he were senseles1 that sees not3 if he either haue taught1 or haue bene taught himselfe4 ,which whence it springeth1 diuersities of iudgement bewraie1 that men haue gotten by better or worse training vp in youth3 by lesse or more trauell in studie3 by longer or shorter continuance at their booke3 by liking or misliking some trade in teaching3 by accommodating themselues to the parentes choice3 and many wayes moe1 which either brede varietie1 or else be bred by varietie4 ,but of all varieties there is none vayner1 then when ignoraunce sweares that that is an aphorisme1 the contrarie wherof sound knowledge hath set downe for a sure oracle4 ,now in this confusion of varieties what hinderance hath youth8 what discredite receiue schooles8 what inequalities be the ,vniuersities molested with8 what toile is it to ,tutours8 how small riddaunce to readers8 when diuersities of groundworke do hinder their building1 and the scholers weakenesse discrieth his maister8 ,and yet oftimes the weake maister bringes vp a strong scholer1 by some accident not ordinarie1 and the cunninger man by some ordinarie let makes small shew of his great labour4 ,do not the learners also themselues commonly when they come to yeares and misse that commoditie1 which ther maisters could not giue them1 being very weake themselues1 then blame their fortune and feele the want of foresight8 ,for if varietie had bene wipte awaye by vniformitie1 euen the weakest maister might haue done very well if he had had but a meane head to follow direction being set downe to his hand4 ,this pointe is so plaine as many of the best learned1 and of the best teachers also oftimes complaine of it1 and wish the redresse1 though they still draw backe1 and spare their owne pains for any thing they publish3 perhaps not hauing the oportunitie and leasure which so great an enterprise craueth3 perhaps being induced by hope that some other will start vp1 and publish the amendment4 ,whereby all the youth of this whole ,realme shall seeme to haue bene brought vp in one schoole1 and vnder one maister1 both for the matter and manner of traine1 though they differ in their owne inuention which is priuate and seuerall to euery one by nature1 though generall and one to euery one by art4 ,which thing must needes turne to the profit of the learner1 whose straying shalbe straited1 that he cannot go amisse3 to the ease of the teacher whose labour shalbe lightened1 by the easinesse of his curraunt3 to the honour of the countrey1 which thereby shall haue great store of sufficient stuffe3 and the immortall renown of that carefull ,prince which procured such a good4 ,which benefit say ,i must proceede from some vniforme kinde of teaching set downe by authoritie1 that one waye to supplie all wantes1 and no one to disdaine1 where obedience is enioyned4 ,and wheras difference in iudgement worketh varietie3 consent in knowledge will plant vniformitie4 ,which consent1 as it must be enforced by authoritie1 so must it proceede from some likenesse of abilitie in teachers1 namely in that thing wherof they are teachers3 though both in executing the same1 and for some other qualities they may differ much4 ,now the onely waye to worke this likenesse or rather samenesse in abilitie1 where otherwise the oddes is so odde1 were to set downe in some certain plat1 the best that may seeme to be1 if that which is best in deede may not be had1 as why not8 both what and how to teach1 with all the particular circunstances1 so farre forth as they ordinarily do fall within common compasse1 and may best be seeme the best ordered schooles1 which both the meane teacher may wel attaine vnto1 and the cunning maister may rest content with1 and so they both in that pointe proue equall1 while the meaner mounting vpword with fethers made for him1 and the cunninger comming downward at the shew of the lure1 they both meete in the middle waye1 and flying forward like freindes1 pay their price with their pastime1 and mend their faire with their praye1 no dishonour offered him1 whom mo qualities do commend3 and a great helpe to him that cannot swimme without4 ,in whom diligence borne vp1 will worke no lesse wonder1 nay may fortune more1 then greater learning in the other1 whom either ouer weyning may make insolent1 or loytering negligent4 ,and sure as ,i may be deceiued herein1 so haue ,i some reason very fauourable to my seeming1 that it were more fitting for the common profit1 to prouide a certaine direction to helpe the meane teacher1 which will continue in the trade without either any or very late changing of his course1 and so a long time do much good1 then to leaue it at random to the libertie of the more learned1 who commonly vse teaching1 but to shift with for a time1 and be but pilgrimes in the profession1 still minding to remoue to some other kinde of life either of more ease1 which allureth soone1 or of more gaine1 which enforceth sore4 ,so that in the meane time the scholers cannot profit much1 while the maisters deale like straungers1 which entending one day to returne to their countrey1 as nature calleth homeward1 though profit bid tary1 cannot haue that zealous care1 which the naturall countrieman1 and continuall trauellour of nature hath1 and of duetie sheweth4 ,and though conscience cause some odde honest man to worke well1 and discharge his duetie in that rowling residence3 yet neither be priuiledges generall1 nor lawes leuelled after some few1 and that foolish fellow was fretished for cold1 which followed the fond swallow1 that flew out to timely1 and to farre before her fellowes4 ,an order must be generall to the liking of the better1 who should alwaye wishe it1 and the leading of the weaker1 who shall alway neede it4 ,if when this order for matter and manner of teaching shalbe set downe1 the executor proue negligent1 and prolong the effect1 or else quite defeat it1 by ill handling of that1 which was well ment1 the surueiors and patrones of schooles1 must ouerlooke such teachers1 of themselues if they can1 if not they may call for the assistaunce of learning1 which for cunning can1 and of curtesie will seeke to further such a thing4 ,our preceptes be generall1 the particular must perfourme1 and amend his owne accident4 ,i haue but sleightly noted the surface of vniformitie in teaching1 and the disioynting of skill by misordered varietie1 and yet who is so blinde as he may not thereby discerne1 that the one strips away the euilles1 which the other bringes in1 and thereby cuttes of many encumbraunces from schooles8 ,sidenote3 ,dispatch in learning4 ,now vniformitie in teaching once obtained1 doth not dispatch in learning incontinently follow8 which consisteth in choice of the best and fittest authours at the first1 and continuaunce in the same3 in the best exercises and most proper to the childes ascent in learning3 and generally in the maisters orderly proceeding1 and methode in teaching3 whereby the child shall not learne any thing1 which he must or ought to forget1 vpon his maisters better aduise3 nor leaue any needefull thing vnlearned till his maister grow to better aduise4 ,the maister himselfe shall not neede to chaunge his course1 as he chaungeth his skill1 now coursing on to fast by to much rashnes3 now retiring to late by to louse repentaunce3 finally neither the maister nor the scholer shall busie themselues to long about a litle1 and neuer the better1 nor hast to fast on1 and neuer a whit the further4 ,the best course being hit on at the first1 as appointment may procure it1 one thing helpeth an other forward naturally1 without forcing3 that which is first taught maketh way for that which must follow next1 and continuall vse will let nothing be forgot1 which is once well got1 and the rising vp by degrees in learning will succede in proportion1 with out losse of time or let of labour1 either by lingring to long1 or by posting to fast1 which cannot now possibly be brought about1 while thinges be left to the teachers discretion1 whereof1 as the most be not alway the best1 so euen the verie best cannot alway hit those thinges1 which in deede are best1 while the customarie education is helde for a sanctuarie3 alteration to the better is esteemed an heresie3 allowance is measured by priuate liking3 vnthankefulnes is made harbour to desert3 and the very bookes which we vse be not appropriate to our vse4 ,i touch no mo stoppes then may easily be remoued1 if authoritie take the matter in hand4 ,priuate lettes must haue priuate lessons1 and personall circumstance shall haue rowme to pleade in1 at an other time4 ,these enormities then shew them selues1 when children do chaunge both schooles and maisters3 where alteration hindereth beyond all crie1 the new maister either thinking it some discredit to himselfe to beginne where the old left1 or misliking the choice which the former hath made1 or in deede by dispraysing him to seeke to grace himselfe3 or the order of his schoole not admitting the succession1 as in deede they be all diuerse4 ,sometimes the boy being vngrounded1 by his maisters ignorance if he could not1 by his negligence if he did not the thing which he could1 will not bende to be bettered1 but must keepe the same countenaunce which he himselfe conceiueth of himselfe4 ,and this commonly falles out so1 when the parentes be peuish1 and thinke their childe disgraced if he be once set backward 7for so the tearme is7 whereas in verie deede he is bidde but to looke backe1 to see that which he neuer saw1 and ought to haue seene verie substantially4 ,which disorder proceeding from the parentes ouerruleth vs all1 causing great weakenes1 and much mismatching in the fourmes of our schooles3 so that we either cannot1 or may not finde fault euen to amend it1 whereas the order being one1 and planted by authoritie1 though the childe vse to chaunge often1 yet his profiting is soone perceiued3 and the parentes also wilbe well contented1 when they suspect no partialitie by priuate passion1 and see indifferencie in publicke prouision4 ,such be the frutes which varietie bringes foorth1 perillous in great affaires1 still gathering strength by traine in those petie principles3 wheras to the contrarie vniformitie is full of contentment4 ,nothing continueth one in our schooles but the common grammar set furth by authoritie1 which confirmeth mine opinion both by pollicie in the first setting out1 and by profit in the long continuing1 wherein we all agree perforce as in a case of higher countenaunce1 and already ruled4 ,which booke whether it may stand still with some amendement1 or of necessitie must be cast some other way1 for better method1 it shall then be seene when comparisons come in season1 that the alteration may shew1 whether there were cause to chaunge1 or some iniurie offered to chaunge without cause4 ,for both that booke1 and all the like1 which serue for direction and method must be fashioned to the matter which they seeme to direct by rule and precept1 being not of themselues1 but made to serue others4 ,this we haue by it1 that vniformitie out of al controuersie is best1 but whether it selfe be best1 that is yet in controuersie4 ,sidenote3 ,sparing of expenses4 ,for sparing of expenses1 the second commoditie which vniformitie bringes with her1 this is my opinion3 while it is left to the teachers libertie to make his owne choice1 both for the booke which he will teach and the order how1 betweene the varietie of iudgementes1 and inequalitie of learning in teachers1 which by order must be made one1 by consent neuer will1 the parentes purses are pretily pulled1 and poore men verie sore pinched both with chaunge of bookes1 the maister oft repealing his former choice3 and also with number1 while euery booke is commended to the buyer1 which either maketh a faire shew to be profitable3 or otherwise is sollicited to the sale1 as in our dayes necessitie must sell1 where such an ouerflush of bookes growes chargeable to the printer4 ,for the old periode is returned1 that ,iuuenall found in his time1 learned and vnlearned must needes write1 he is marde that comes lag4 ,nay ordinarily some few leaues be occupied in the best chosen1 and biggest booke1 besides the oft leasing and much spoiling of them sachels and all1 to their gaines it may be said that sell them1 though to the parentes losse that buy them1 and those of the meaner sort1 whose children maintaine schooles most1 and swarme thickest in all places and professions1 which thing might be farre better vsed1 if the best onely were bought1 and with the losse of his bookes the childe lost no more4 ,all which inconueniences may easily be remeadied1 and with small adoe4 ,for whatsoeuer is needeful to be vsed in schooles1 may be verie well comprised in a small compasse1 and haue all his helpes with him being gathered into some one pretie volume compounded of the marrow of many3 neither will the charge be great1 the ware being small1 and our profession is not to perfit1 but to enter4 ,neither yet hereby is any iniurie done to good writers1 whose bookes may verie well tarie for the ripenes of the reader1 and that place which is dew to them1 in the ordinarie ascent of learning and studie1 being no intruders into rowmes to meane for them1 and content to take that place whereunto they are marshalled by their value1 and degree3 to their praise which made them1 when the student can iudge3 to the studentes profit1 when he can vnderstand3 and the fast retaining of them1 when order maintanes memorie4 ,in our grammer schooles we professe the toungues nay rather the entraunce of toungues4 ,euerie profession that is penned in any toungue ministreth to her student those wordes that be proper to her owne subiecte4 ,which wordes be then best gotten when they follow the matter1 as they will do most willingly in the peculiar studie of the same profession4 ,if a grammarian therefore be entred to write1 speake1 and vnderstande pretily in some well chosen argument best to follow for aptnes ech way1 though he neither know all1 nor most wordes in any toungue1 which is reserued to further studie3 yet our schooles be discharged of their dewtie1 in doing but so much4 ,they that assigne grammer maisters wherein to trauell1 appoint them histories1 and poetes1 though they make some choice of men1 and some distinction of matter in regard of vertuous maners and purenes of stile4 ,in our schooles what time will serue vs to runne ouer all these8 nay to deale but with some few of them throughly8 how then8 ,is not some litle well pickt1 and printed alone the praise of our profession and the parentes ease8 ,and be not the maine bookes to be consigned ouer to the right place in their owne calling8 ,some vaines be rapt1 and will needes proue poetes1 leaue them the art of poetrie1 and the whole bookes and argumentes of poetes4 ,some will commend to memorie1 and posteritie such actes and monumentes1 as be worthy the remembrance3 ,let them haue the rules1 whereby the penning of histories is directed to write thereby with order3 and the matter of histories to furnish out their stile4 ,if men of more studie and greater learning haue leysure and list to reade1 they may vse histories for pleasure1 as being but an after meates studie3 neither tyring the braine1 nor tediouse any way3 as they be not generally to build on for iudgement3 bycause ignorance of their circumstances make some difficultie in applying1 and great daunger in prouing4 ,they may also runne ouer poetes1 when they are disposed to laugh1 and to behold what brauery enthousiasme inspireth4 ,for when the poetes write sadly and soberly1 without counterfeating though they write in verse1 yet they be no poetes in that kinde of their writing3 but where they couer a truth with a fabulous veele1 and resemble with alteration4 ,we are therefore to cull out some of the best1 and fittest for our introductorie1 and to send away the rest to their owne place1 in the peculiar professions1 and that not in poetes and histories alone1 but also in all other bookes whatsoeuer1 which be at this day admitted into our schooles4 ,the poetes wordes be verie good1 and most significant1 as it appeareth by ,platoes whole penning1 whose eloquence is thought fit for sainctes1 if any heauenly creature had a longing to speake greeke4 ,and in the latin they haue the same grace1 in his iudgement1 which best vnderstoode what wordes were best1 as being himselfe the best1 and eloquentest oratour1 speaking of them in that booke1#gd wherein he both sheweth his eloquence most1 and vseth the personages of the most eloquent oratours1 to deliuer his minde4 ,the quantitie of syllabes is to be learned of them1 to auoide mistiming1 as the wise writer ,horace pointeth the poet therfore first to frame the tender mouth of the yong learner4 ,moreouer some verie excellent places most eloquently1 and forcibly penned for the polishing of good manners1 and inducement vnto vertue may be pickt out of some of them1 and none more then ,horace4 ,we may therefore either vse them1 with that choice3 or helpe the pointe our selues if we thinke it good1 and can pen a verse that may deserue remembraunce4 ,suche an helpe did ,apollinarius offer vnto his time1 as ,sozomenus1 and ,socrates the scholer1 report in their ecclesiasticall histories4 ,for ,iulian the renegate spiting at the great learning of ,basil1 ,gregorie1 ,apollinarie1 and many moe which liued in that time1 which time was such a breeder of learned men1 as in ,christian matters and religion we reade none like1 by decree excluded the christian mens ,children from the vse of prophane learning wherin the christian diuines were so cunning as they stopt both his1 and his fauorites mouthes with their owne learning1 they passed them all so farre4 ,then ,apollinarius conueighed into verses of all sortes1 after the imitation of all the best prophane poetes diuine and holy argumentes gathered out of scripture whereby he met with ,iulians edict1 and furnished out his owne profession1 with matter and argument of their owne4 ,now in misliking of profane arguments some such helpe may be had and appropriate to our youth4 ,but there must be heede taken1 that we plant not any poeticall furie in the childes habit4 ,for that rapt inclination is to ranging of it selfe1 though it be not helpt forward1 where it is1 and would not in any case be forced where it is not4 ,for other writers1 number and choice of wordes1 smoothnes and proprietie of composition with the honestie of the argument must be most regarded4 ,quintilianes rule is very true and the verie best1 and alway to be obserued1 in chusing of writers for children to learne1 to picke out such as will feede the wit with fairest stuffe1 and fine the toungue with neatest speach4 ,so that neither slight1 and vnproper matters1 though eloquentlie set foorth1 neither weightie and wise being rudely deliuered be to be offered to children1 but where the honestie and familiaritie of the argument is honored and apparelled with the finesse and fitnes of speach4 ,which thing if it be lookt vnto in planting vniformitie1 and pointing out fit bookes1 besides many and infinite commodities which will grow thereby to the whole realme1 assuredly the multitude of many needelesse volumes1 will be diminished and cut of4 ,so that vniformitie in schooling may seeme very profitable seeing it will supplant so great defectes1 as the likelyhood giues1 and plant the redresse1 which in nature it importeth3 besides that which the common weale doth gaine by acquainting yong wittes euen from their cradeles1 both to embrace and apply orderly vniformes1 which in thinges subiect to sense is delitefull to behold3 in comprehensions of the minde is comfortable to thinke on3 in executions and effectes is the staie whereon we stand1 and the steddiest recourse to correct errors by4 ,i am led by these reasons and many the like1 to thinke that either nothing in deede1 or very litle in shew1 can iustly be alleaged to the contrary but that such an order must needes be verie profitable1 to giue schooles a purgation to voide them of some great inconueniences3 as ,i take the thing also to be verie compassable1 if authoritie shall like of it1 without which an opinion is but shewed1 and dieth without effect4 ,i entend my selfe by the grace of ,god to bestow some paines therein1 if ,i may perceaue any hope to encourage my trauell4 ,if any other will deale ,i am ready to staie1 and behold his successe3 if none other will1 then must ,i be borne with1 which in so necessarie a case do offer to my countrie all my duetifull seruice4 ,wherein if any vpon some repining humor shall seeme to stomacke me1 bycause being one perhaps meaner then he is himselfe1 ,i do thus boldly auaunce my doinges to the stage1 and view of my countrie3 yet still he step foorth and shew vs his cunning he hath no wrong offred him1 if another do speake while he wilbe silent4 ,and whosoeuer shall deale in generall argumentes1 must be content to put vp those generall pinches1 which repining people do vse then most1 when they are best vsed1 and esteeme it some benefit1 when doing well he heareth ill3 and thinke that he hath gotten a great victorie if he please the best1 and profit the most1 as he may profit all and yet displease many3 either through ignorance bycause they cannot discerne3 or through willfulnes being wedded to preiudice3 or ells through disdaine bycause it spiteth some1 to see other aboue spite4 ,a disease proper to basest dispositions1 and of meanest desert1 to pinch the heele where they pricke at the head4 ,but such as meane to do well1 how souer their power perfourme1 so the height of their argument ouertop not their power to farre1 and discouer great want of discretion in meddling with a matter to much surmounting their abilitie1 they may comfort and encourage themselues with that meaning1 if their doing do answere it in any resonable proportion1 and thinke it a thing1 7as it is in deede7 naturally1 and daily accompanying all potentates either in person1 or propertie1 and therefore no disgrace to any meaner creature to wrastle with repyning and sowre spirites euen verie then1 when they worke them most good1 which are readyest to repine4 ,if the doinges be massiue they will beare a knocke3 if they be but slender1 and will streight way bruse1 beware the warranting4 ,as in this my labour ,i dare warrant nothing1 but the warines of good will1 which euen ill wil shall see3 if it haue any sight to see that is right1 as commonly that way it is starke blinde1 and so much the more incurablely1 bycause the blindnes comes either of vnwillingnes to see1 or of an infected sight1 that will misconsture and depraue the obiect4 ,i craue the gentle and friendly construction of such as be learned1 or that loue learning1 and yet ,i neede not craue it1 bycause learning that is sound in deede and needes no bolstering1 and all her louers and fauorers1 be verie liberall of friendly construction1 and nothing partiall to speake the best1 euen where it is not craued4 ,i must pray1 if prayer will procure it1 the gentle and curteouse toleration of such1 as shall mislike4 ,for as ,i will not willingly do that1 which may deserue misliking3 so if ,i once know wherein1 ,i will satisfie thoroughly4 ,and therefore in one word1 ,i must pray my louing countriemen1 and friendly readers1 this to thinke of me1 that either ,i shall hit1 as my hope is1 and then they shall enioy it3 or if ,i misse1 ,i will amend1 and my selfe shall not repent it4 ,sidenote3 ,schoole orders publicke4 #b4 ,the second remedie to helpe schoole inconueniences was to set downe the schoole ordinaunces betwene the maister1 and his scholers in a publicke place1 where they may easily be seene and red3 and to leaue as litle vncertaine or vntoucht1 which the parent ought to know1 and whereupon misliking may arise1 as is possible4 ,for if at the first entry the parent condiscend1 to those orders1 which he seeth1 so that he cannot afterward plead eitheir ignorance1 or disallowing1 he is not to take offence1 if his childe be forced vnto them when he will not follow1 according to that fourme1 which he himselfe did confirme by his owne consent4 ,and yet when all is done the glosse will wring the text4 ,wherefore the maner of teaching1 the ascent in fourmes1 the times of admission1 the preuention to haue fourmes equall1 the bookes for learning1 and all those thinges1 which be incident vnto that vniformitie1 wherof ,i spake1 being already knowen to be ratified by authoritie1 as ,i trust it shalbe3 or if not1 yet the same order in the same degrees being set downe1 which the maister priuately according to his owne skill entendes to kepe3 it shalbe very good to take away matter of iarre betwene the parentes and the maister1 in the same table publickly to be seene1 and shewed to the parentes1 when they bring their child first to schoole1 besides all that1 which ,i haue generally touched to set downe also in plaine and flat termes1 #a4 what houres he will kepe1 bycause there is great consideration in that1 what to haue fixed and perpetuall1 and wherein to giue place to particular occasions1 as there be very many1 why all children cannot kepe all houres1 though the schoole houres must still be certaine3 and discretion must be the determiner4 #b4 ,againe what occasions he will vse to let them go to play1 which be now very many1 and very needefull1 while ordinarie exercises be not as ordinarily admitted1 as ordinarie schooling1 is ordinarily allowed3 #c4 and such other thinges as the schoole shall seeme necessarily to require4 ,for a certaintie resolueth1 and preuentes douting4 ,sidenote3 ,of curtesie and correction4 ,but he must cheifly touch what punishment he will vse1 and how much1 for euery kinde of fault that shall seeme punishable by the rod4 ,for the rod may no more be spared in schooles1 then the sworde may in the ,princes hand4 ,by the rod ,i meane correction1 and awe3 if that sceptre be thought to fearfull for boyes1 which our time deuised not1 but receiued it from auncientie1 ,i will not striue with any man for it1 so he leaue vs some meane which in a multitude may worke obedience4 ,for the priuate1 what soeuer parentes say1 my ladie birchely will be a gest at home1 or else parentes shall not haue their willes4 ,and if in men great misses deserue and receiue great punishment1 sure children may not escape in some qualitie of punishment1 which in quantitie of vnhappinesse will match some men4 ,and if parentes were as carefull to examine the causes of beating1 as they are nothing curious to be offended without cause for beating1 themselues might gaine a great deale more to their childrens good3 and their children lease nothing1 by their parentes assurance4 ,but commonly in such cases rashnesse hath her recompence1 the errour being then spied1 when the harme is incurable1 and repentance without redresse4 ,terme it as ye list1 beate not you saye for learning but for lewdnesse4 ,sure to beate him for learning which is willing enough to learne1 when his witte will not serue1 were more then frantike3 and vnder the name of not learning to hide and shrowd all faultes and offenses1 were more then foolish3 and what would that childe be without beating1 which with it can hardly be reclaimed8 in whom onely lewdnesse is the let1 and capacitie is at will8 ,the ende of our schooles is learning3 if it faile by negligence1 punish negligence3 if by other voluntarie default1 punish the default4 ,spare learning3 so that still the refuge must be to the maisters discretion3 both for manners1 and for learning1 whom ,i would wish to set downe as much in certaintie as he can1 at the beginning1 and to leaue as litle as he may to the childes report1 who will alway leane and sway to much to his owne side1 and beare away the bell1 euen against the best maister1 cheifly if his mother be either his counsellour1 or his attourney3 or the father vnconstant1 and without iudgement4 ,the maister therfore must haue in his table a catalogue of schoole faultes1 beginning at the commandementes1 for swearing1 for disobedience1 for lying1 for false witnesse1 for picking1 and so thorough out3 then to the meaner heresies1 trewantry1 absence1 tardies1 and so forth4 ,such a thing ,xenophon#ge seemes to meane in rekening vp the faultes1 which the ,persian vsed to punish1 though he limit not the penaltie1 what1 nor how much4 ,which in all these ,i wish our maister to set downe with the number of stripes also1 immutable though not many4 ,wherin the maister is to take good heed1 that the fault may be confessed1 if it may be1 without force1 and the boye conuicted by verdit of his fellowes1 and that very euidently4 ,for otherwise children will wrangle amaine1 and affection at home hath credulitie beyond crye1 which makes the boy dare1 what reason dare not4 ,if any of their fellowes be appointed monitours1 7as such helpes of ,lieutenauncie must be had1 where the maister cannot alwaye be present himselfe7 and take them napping1 they wil pretend spite1 or some priuate displeasure in most manifest knauerie4 ,and if ye correcte1 as your ,lieutenant must haue credit1 if you meane to keepe state1 that must go home to proue beating without cause4 ,if the maister differre execution1 that delaie will enstruct them to deuise some starting hole1 and that also if it be not heard in schoole wilbe heard at home4 ,to tell tales out of schoole1 is now as commonly vsed to the worst1 as in the old world it was high treason to do it at all4 ,there be as many prety stratagemes and deuises1 which boyes will vse to saue themselues1 and as pleasaunt to heare as any apopthegme in either ,plutarch1 lianus1 or ,erasmus4 ,the maister therefore must be very circumspecte1 and leaue no shew1 or countenaunce of impunitie deserued1 where desert biddes pay4 ,it were some losse of time in learning1 to spend any in beating1 if it did not seeme a gaine that soundeth towardes good1 and seekes amendement of manners4 ,it is passing hard1 to reclaime a boye1 in whom long impunitie hath graffed a carelesse securitie1 or rather some deepe insolencie3 and yet freindes will haue it so1 and beating may not be for discouraging the boye1 though repentaunce be in rearward4 ,it is also not good after any correction to let children grate somwhat to long of their late greife1 for feare of to greate stomaking1 onlesse the parentes be wise and stedfast1 with whom if a cunning1 and a discrete maister ioyne1 that childe is most fortunate which hath such parentes1 and that scholer most happie which hath light on such a maister4 8,but certainly it is most true1 let plausibilitie in speach vse all her excusing and blanching colours that she can1 that the round maister1 which can vse the rod discretely1 though he displease some1 which thinke all punishment vndiscrete1 if it tuch their owne1 doth perfourme his duetie best1 and still shall bring vp the best scholers3 ,as no maister of any stuffe shall do but well1 where the parentes like that at home1 which the maister doth at schoole3 and if they do mislike any thing1 will rather impart their greife and displeasure with the maister priuately1 to amend it1 then moane their child openly1 to marre that way more then they shall make any way4 ,the same faultes must be faultes at home1 which be faultes at schoole1 and receiue the like reward in both the places1 to worke the childes good by both meanes1 correction as the cause shall offer1 commendacion as neede shall require40 ,they that write most for gentlenesse in traine reserue place for the rod1 and we that vse the terme of seueritie recommend curtesie to the maisters discretion4 ,here is the oddes3 they will seeme to be curteous in termes1 and yet the force of the matter makes them confesse the neede of the rod3 we vse sharp termes1 and yet yeilde to curtesie more1 then euen the verie patrones of curtesie do1 for all their curifauour4 ,wherin we haue more reason to harp on the harder stringe for the trueth of the matter1 then they to touch but the softer1 so to please the person3 seeing they conspire with vs in the last conclusion1 that both correction and curtesie be referred to discretion4 ,curtesie goeth before1 and ought to guide the discourse1 when reason is obeyed which is very seldome3 but the corruptnesse in nature1 the penalties in lawe1 courage to enflame1 desire to entice1 and so many euilles assailing one good do enforce me to build my discourse vpon feare1 and leaue curtesie to consideration3 as the bare one reason of reason obeyed1 a thing still wished1 but seldome wel willed1 doth cause some curteous conceit1 not much acquainted with the kinde of gouernment1 vpon some plausible liking1 to make curtesie the outside1 and keepe canuase for the lyning3 but euer still for the last staffe to make discretion the refuge4 ,wherin we agree1 though ,i priuately chide him1 and saye why dissemble ye8 ,vnder hand he aunswereth me1 ,i lend the world some wordes1 but ,i will witnesse with you1 ,i do not speake against discrete correction1 but against hastinesse1 and crueltie4 ,sir ,i know none1 that will either set correction or curtesie at to much libertie1 but with distinction1 vpon whom they be both to be exercised3 neither yet any1 that will praise cruelty3 and all those1 that write of this argument1 whether ,philosophers or others allow of punishment1 though they differ in the kinde4 ,and it is said in the best common weale1#gf not that no punishment is to be vsed1 but that such an excellent naturall witte1 as is made out of the finest mould would not be enforced1 bycause in deede it needes not3 neither will ,i offer feare1 where ,i finde such a one3 neither but in such a common weale shall ,i finde such a one4 ,and yet in our corrupt states we light sometime vpon one1 that were worthy to be a dweller in a farre better4 ,and ,i will rather venture vpon the note of a sharp maister to make a boye learne that1 which may afterward do him seruice1 yea though he be vnwilling for the time1 and very negligent3 then that he shall lacke the thing1 which maye do him seruice1 when age commeth on1 bycause ,i would not make him learne1 for the vaine shadow of a curteous maister4 ,it is slauish sayeth ,socrates to be bet4 ,it is slauish then to deserue beating sayeth the same ,socrates4 ,if ,socrates his free nature be not found1 sure ,socrates his slauish courage must be cudgelled1 euen by ,socrates his owne confession4 ,for neither is punishment denied for slaues1 neither curtesie for free natures4 ,this by the waye1 neither ,socrates nor ,plato be so directly carefull in that place1 for a good maister in this kinde1 as the place required1 though they point the learner4 ,and in deed where they had ,censores to ouersee the generall traine1 both for one age and other1 there needed no great precept this waye4 ,if parentes might not do this1 neither children attempt that1 then were maisters disburdened3 ,if all thinges were set in stay by publike prouision1 priuate care were then mightily discharged4 ,but ,socrates findes a good scholer which in naturall relation inferreth a good maister4 ,and yet ,philippe of ,macedonie1 had a thousand considerations in his person1 moe then that he was ,alexanders father1 and it is not enough to name the man1 onelesse ye do note the cause why with all1 and in what respect ye name him4 ,a wise maister1 which must be a speciall caueat in prouision1 wil helpe all1 either by preuenting that faultes be not committed1 or by well vsing1 when soeuer they fall out1 and without exception must haue both correction and curtesie1 committed vnto him beyond any appeal4 ,xenophon#gg maketh ,cyrus be beaten of his maister1 euen where he makes him the paterne of the best ,prince1 as ,tullie sayeth#gh and mindes not the trueth of the storie1 but the perfitnesse of his deuise1 being him selfe very milde as it appeareth still in his iourney from ,assyria after the death of ,cyrus the younger4#gi ,for a soule there could not be one lesse seruile then he1 which was pictured out beyond exception3 for impunitie1 there could not be more hope1 then in a ,prince enheritour1 and that is more1 set forth for a paterne to ,princes4 ,and yet this ,princes child in the absolutenesse of deuise1 was beaten by his deuise1 which could not deuise any good traine exempt from beating beinge yet the second ornament of ,socrates his schoole4 ,the case was thus1 and a matter of the ,persian learning4 ,a long boye had a short coate1 and a short boye had a long one3 ,the long boye tooke awaye the short boyes coate1 and gaue him his3 both were fit3 ,but yet there arose a question about it4 ,cyrus was made iudge1 as iustice was the ,persian grammer4 ,he gaue sentence1 that either should haue that which fitted him4 ,his maister bette him for his sentence3 bycause the question was not of fitnesse1 but of right1 wherein eche should haue his owne4 ,his not learning1 and errour by ignorance1 was the fault1 wherfore he was punished4 ,and who soeuer shall marke the thing well1 shall finde1 that not learning1 where there is witte to learne1 buildeth vpon idlenesse1 vnwilling to take paines1 vpon presumption that he shall carie it awaye free1 and in the ende1 vpon contempt of them1 from whom he learned to contemne1 where he should haue reuerenced4 ,slight considerations make no artificiall anatomies1 and therfore wil smart1 bycause they spie not the subtilities of creeping diseases4 ,it is easie for negligence in scholers1 to pretend crueltie in maisters1 where fauour beyond rime1 lendes credit beyond reason4 ,but in such choice of maisters where crueltie maye easily be auoided1 nay in such helpe by ,magistrate1 where it may be suppressed3 and in such wealth of parentes which may change where they like not1 if ,i should here a young gentleman say he was driuen from schoole1 he should not driue me from mine opinion1 but that there was follie in the parentes1 and he had his will to much followed1 if his parentes had the training of him1 or that his gardian gaue to much to his owne gaine1 and to litle to his wardes good1 if he were not himselfe some hard head besides1 and set light by learning1 as a bootie but for beggers4 ,for gentlenesse and curtesie towarde children1 ,i do thinke it more needefull then beating1 and euer to be wished1 bycause it implyeth a good nature in the child1 which is any parentes comfort1 any maisters delite4 ,and is the nurse to liberall wittes1 the maisters encouragement1 the childes ease1 the parentes contentment1 the bannishment of bondage1 the triumph ouer torture1 and an allurement to many good attemptes in all kinde of schooles4 ,but where be these wittes1 which will not deserue1 and that very much8 and where much deseruing is1 who is so shamles as to deny correction1 which by example doth good1 and helpes not the partie offender alone4 ,giue me meane dispositions to deserue1 they shall neuer complaine of much beating3 but of none ,i dare not say1 bycause insolent rechelessenes will grow on in the very best1 and best giuen natures1 where impunitie profers pardon1 eare the fault be committed4 ,my selfe haue had thousandes vnder my hand1 whom ,i neuer bet1 neither they euer much needed3 but if the rod had not bene in sight1 and assured them of punishment if they had swarued to much1 they would haue deserued3 ,and yet ,i found that ,i had done better in the next to the best1 to haue vsed more correction1 and lesse curtesie1 after carelessenesse had goten head4 ,wherfore ,i must needes say1 that in any multitude the rod must needes rule3 and in the least paucitie it must be seene1 how soeuer it sound4 ,neither needeth a good boye to be afraid1 seeing his fellow offender beaten1 any more then an honest man1 though he stand by the gallowes1 at the execution of a fellon4 ,this point for punishment must the maister set downe roundly1 and so as he meaneth in deede to deale1 bycause the pretence is generally1 not so much for beating1 as for to sore beating1 which being in sight1 the conclusion is soone made1 and he that will preuent that sore1 may see that set downe1 which is thought sufficient4 ,whervnto if the parent submit himselfe in consent1 and his childe in obedience the bargain is thorough1 if not there is no harme done4 ,if the schoole rest vpon the maister alone1 thus must he do if he meane to do well1 and to continue freindship where he meanes to do good4 ,if it be some free foundacion1 the founders must ioyne with the maister1 if they meane that the frute of their cost shalbe commodious to their cuntrey4 ,leaue nothing to had ,i wist where ye may aunswere ye wist it4 ,when any extraordinary fault breaketh out1 as ,solon said of parricide1 that he thought there was none such in nature1 conference with the parent1 and euident proofe before punishment1 will satisfie all parties4 ,and euer the maister must haue a fatherly affection1 euen to the vnhappyest boye1 and thinke the schoole to be a place of amendment1 and therfore subiect to misses4 ,sidenote3 ,the maistres yeares and alonenesse4 ,for the maisters yeares1 ,i leaue that to the admitters1 as ,i do his alonenesse4 ,sufficiency of liuing wil make marriage most fit1 where affection to their owne1 worketh fatherlynesse to others3 and insufficiencie of liuing will make a sole man remoue sooner1 bycause his cariage is small4 ,most yeares should be most fit to gouerne1 both for constantnesse to be an ancker for leuitie to ride at1 which is naturally in youth3 and for discretion and learning1 which yeares should bring with them4 ,but bycause there be errours ,i leaue this to discretion4 ,the admitters to schooles haue a great charge1 and ought to proue as curious as the very best ,godfathers1 whose charge yet is farre greater1 then the account of it is made1 among common persons4 ,these thinges do ,i take to be very necessarie meanes1 to helpe many displeasures wherwith schooling is anoyed1 and to plant pleasure in their place4 ,and yet when all is done the poore teacher must be subiect to as much1 as the sunne is1 to shine ouer all1 and yet see much more then he can amend3 as the diuine is1 which for all his preaching1 cannot haue his auditorie perfit3 as the ,prince is1 who neither for reward nor penalty can haue generall obedience4 ,the teachers life is painfull1 and therfore would be pityed3 it is euidently profitable1 and therfore would be cherished3 it wrastles with vnthankfullnesse aboue all measure1 and therefore would be comforted1 with all encouragement4 ,one displeased parent will do more harme vpon a head1 if he take a pyrre at some toy1 neuer conferring with any1 but with his owne cholere3 then a thousand of the thankfullest will euer do good1 though it be neuer so well deserued4 ,such small recompence hath so great paines1 the very acquaintance dying when the childe departes1 though with confessed deserte1 and manifest profit3 ,such extreme dealing will furie enforce1 where there is no fault1 but that conceit surmiseth1 vnwilling to examine the truth of the cause1 and lother to reclame1 as vnwilling to be seene so ouershot by affection4 ,this very point wherby parentes hurte themselues in deede1 and hinder their owne1 though they discourage teachers1 would be looked vnto by some publike ordinaunce1 that both the maisters might be driuen to do well1 if the fault rest in them3 and the parentes to deale well1 if the blame rest there3 considering the publike is harmed1 where the priuate is vncharmed1 to ende it in meter as my president is4 ,but in the beginning of this argument ,i did protest against ,philip ,melanchthons miseries1 and therefore ,i will go no further1 seeing what calling is it1 which hath not his cumbat against such discurtesies8 ,the prouerbe were vntrue1 if man should not be as well a wolfe to man1 as he is tearmed a ,god and did not more harme1 in vnkyndenesse1 then good in curtesie3 so maruelosly fraught with ill and good both1 as ,plinie1 cannot iudge whether nature be to a man1 a better mother1 or a bitterer stepdame4 ,but patience must comfort where extremitie discourageth3 and a resolute minde is a rempare to it selfe1 vpon whom as ,horace saith1 though the whole world should fall1 it might well crush him perforce1 but not quash him for feare4 ,,footnotes3 #gc ,p4 ,melancthon4 #gd ,de oratore4 #ge #a4 4 #gf #g ,de rep4 ,plato4 #gg #a4 4 #gh ,ad ,quintum ,frat4 #gi 4 ,,chapter #dd4 ,,that ,,conference ,,betwene ,,those ,,which ,,haue ,,interest ,,in ,,children3 ,,certainetie ,,of ,,direction ,,in ,,places ,,where ,,children ,,vse ,,most3 ,,and ,,constancie ,,in ,,well ,,keeping ,,that1 ,,which ,,is ,,certainely ,,appointed1 ,,be ,,the ,,most ,,profitable ,,circumstances ,,both ,,for ,,vertuous ,,manering ,,and ,,cunning ,,schooling4 ,of all the meanes which pollicie and consideration haue deuised to further the good training vp of children1 either to haue them well learned1 or vertueously manered1 ,i see none conparable to these three pointes3 conference betwene those persons1 which haue interest in children1 to see them well brought vp3 certainetie in those thinges1 wherein children are to trauell1 for their good bringing vp3 constancie in perfourming that1 which by conference betweene the persons is set certaine in the thinges3 that there be either no change at all after a sound limitation3 or at least verie litle1 saue where discretion in execution1 is to yeald vnto circumstaunce4 ,therfore ,i entend to vtter some part of mine opinion concerning these three things1 conference to breede the best3 certainetie to plant the best3 constancie to continue the best3 and first of conference4 ,which ,i find to be of foure cooplementes3 parentes and neighbours3 teachers and neighbours3 parentes and teachers3 teachers and teachers3 whereof euerie one offereth much matter for the furthering of both learning and good maners in children4 ,vnder the name of neighbours ,i comprehend all forraine persons1 whom either commendable dewtie by countrie lawe3 or honest care of common curtesie doth giue charge vnto1 to helpe the bettering of children1 and to fraie them from euill4 ,sidenote3 ,conference betwene parentes and neighbours4 #a4 ,now if parentes in pointes of counsell vse to conferre with such1 they may learne by some others experience3 how to deale in their owne4 ,and as this point is naturally prouided to assist infirmitie1 which craues helpe of others1 where it standes in dout3 so there is a naturall iniunction wherby all men are charged to bestow their good and faithfull counsell1 where it is required1 doing thereby great good to the parties1 and no harme to themselues1 vnlesse it be to be rekened a harme1 to gaine the opinion of wisedom1 the estimation of honestie1 and the note of humanitie1 and a well giuen disposition4 ,this consideration resteth most in the partie mouer1 which is to receiue aduise1 when himselfe shall require it4 ,the next is an euident signe of an excellent inclination1 which of it selfe will doe good1 euen bycause the thing is good1 though he be not conferred with4 ,for if such persons will conferre with parentes1 when they spy any thing that is not well in their children is it not honorable in them to deale so honestly8 is it not wisdome in parentes to constrew it most friendly8 is it not happie for those children which haue such carefull forraine helpers abroad1 such considerate naturall hearers at home8 ,a simple meaning in both the parties1 the neighbour to tell friendly1 the parent to take kindely1 and to excute wisely will do maruelous much good4 ,and what is this else but to loue thy neighbour as thy selfe1 when thou mindest his childe good1 as thou doest thine owne8 ,and what is it else but to thinke of thy neighbour1 as thou wouldest be thought on thy selfe1 when thou beleeuest him in thine1 as thou wouldest be beleeued in his8 ,a true president of naturall humanitie1 a religious patterne of honest neighbourhoode1 which in no other thing can declare more good will1 in no other thing can do one more good1 then in respect to his children1 whether ye consider the childrens persons1 or the thing which is wished them4 ,for in deede what be children in respect of their persons8 be they not the effectes of ,gods perfourmaunce in blessing8 of his commaundement in encrease8 be they not the assurance of a state which shall continew by succession1 and not dy in one brood8 be they not the parentes naturall purtracte8 their comfort in hope1 their care in prouision8 for whom they get all1 for whom they feare nought8 ,and can he which desireth the good of this so great a blessing from heauen1 so great a staie for the countrie1 so great a comfort to parentes1 deuise how to pleasure them more in any other thing8 for to wish children to be honest1 vertuous1 and well learned1 is to wish that to proue perfitly good1 which standeth in a mammering1 to proue good or bad4 ,and can this so great a good wish but proceede from a passing honest disposition1 and most worthy the embrasing8 ,nay most happy is that state1 where youth hath such a staie1 in such libertie as it is1 not to helpe vnlesse one list4 ,hereupon ,i conclude that conference betwene parentes and others1 whether by way of asking counsell1 or by aduertisemente to check faultes1 is very profitable for the weale of the litle ones4 ,sidenote3 ,conference betwene teachers and neighbours4 #b4 ,this conference may fall betwene the neighbour and the teacher4 ,wherein the teacher must be verie warie bycause he hath to deale with the informer for credit3 with his scholer for amendment3 with the parent for liking4 ,when the parent dealeth with his owne childe1 either of his owne knowledge1 or by credited report1 his doome is death or life1 the childe hath no appeale1 but either must amend1 or feele the like smart4 ,at the teachers dealing1 vpon any aduertisement1 there may and wilbe taken many pretie exceptions4 ,why did you beleeue8 why should he medle8 why dealt you in this sort8 ,and whatsoeuer quarell miscontentment can deuise1 being incensed with furie3 or some extreme heat1 as angrie nature is an eager monster4 ,and in deede some ouerthwart conceit may moue the complainant1 whatsoeuer the pretence be4 ,againe some wise man1 may light vpon so conuenient a maister1 as he may proue a better meane to redresse1 then the parent will be1 in whom blinde nature will neither see the childes fault1 nor the friendes faith4 ,but how soeuer it be1 the maister must be warie1 where his commission is not absolute4 ,but in the wise handling of this ciuill conference the childe shall gaine much towardes his well doing1 when wheresoeuer he shall be1 or whatsoeuer he shall do1 he shall both finde it true1 and feele it so1 that either his parent or his maister1 or both together see him1 if any other bodie see him4 ,sidenote3 ,conference betwene parentes and teachers4 #c4 ,the next conference is betweene parentes and maisters1 whereof though ,i haue saide much1 yet can ,i neuer say to much1 the point is so needefull3 bycause their friendly and faithfull communicating workes perpetuall obedience in the childe1 contempt of euill1 and desire to do well3 seeing both they trauell to make one good4 ,there is nothing so great an enemie to this so great a good as credulitie is in parentes1 not able to withstand the childes eloquence1 when shed of teares1 and some childish passion do plead against punishment for assured misdemeanour4 ,but though for the time such parentes seeme to wynne1 bycause they haue their will3 yet in the conclusion1 they want their will1 when they wish it were not so4 ,before change either of place1 to proceede onward to further learning3 or of maisters when the old is misliked1 and a new sought for1 then this conference is a meruelous helpe4 ,for in change of place1 it growndes vpon knowledge1 and growes by aduice3 in change of maisters1 it is mistresse to warines not to lease by the change4 ,for can the new maister vnderstand and iudge of the childes fault in so small a time1 as the old maister may amend it if he be conferred with8 ,you are offended with the former maister1 haue ye conferred with him8 haue ye opened vnto him your owne griefe1 your childes defect1 his owne default8 are ye resolued that the fault is in the maister8 may not your sonne forge8 or may he not halt1 to procure alteration vpon some priuate peuishnes8 ,cyrus as ,zenophon writeth#hj surprised the king of ,armenia being tributarie to the ,medians but minding to reuolt1 when the ,assyrians armie should enter into ,media4 ,and yet though he found him in manifest blame1 he left him his state1 as the best steward for the ,medians vse1 considering the partie pardoned is bound by defect1 he that shall be chosen1 will thanke his owne merit1 not the chusers munificence4 ,such consideration had ,cyrus1 and such conference with him1 whom he knew to be a foe1 before he surprised him1 and yet found the frute of his considerate conference and his determination vpon his conference1 to be exceding good and gainefull for himselfe after1 and his friendes for the time4 ,a number of ills be auoided1 and a number of goodes obtained by this same conference betwene parentes and maisters4 ,if the maister be wise and aduisedly chosen though he chaunce to misse1 he knowes to amend3 if he neither be such a one1 nor so considerately chosen1 yet conference will discouer him1 and shew hope her listes1 and what she may trust to4 ,but not to dwel any longer in this point1 wherein elsewhere ,i haue not bene parciall1 ,i must needes say thus much of it at once for all1 that no one meane either publike or priuate makes so much for the good bringing vp of children1 as this conference doth4 ,sidenote3 ,conference betwene teachers4 #d4 ,the last conference ,i appoint to be betwene those of the same professions1 whereby the generall traine is generally furthered4 ,for whersoeuer any subiect is to be dealt in by many1 is not the dealers conference the meane to perfit dealing8 and to haue that subiect absolutely well done1 which it selfe is subiect to so many doers8 ,is either the patient any worse if the ,physitians conferre1 or their facultie baser by their being togither8 is not the case still clearer1 where there is conference in law8 is not the church the purer were conference is in proufe8 and doth not the contrarie in all do much harme in all8 ,and do ye thinke that conference among teachers would not do much good in the traine8 or is the thing either for moment so meane1 or for number so naked1 as it may not seeme worthy to be considered vpon8 ,or can there any one1 or but some few1 be he or they neuer so cunning1 discerne so exactly1 as a number can in common conference8 do not common companies which professe no learning1 both allow it1 and proue it1 and finde it to be profitable8 where it is vsed among teachers for the common good1 it profiteth generally by sending abroad some common direction4 ,in places where many schooles be within small compasse1 it is very needefull to worke present good1 and to helpe one another1 where all may haue enough to bestow their labour on4 ,but this conference1 and that not in teachers alone must be builded vpon the honest care of the publike good1 without respect of priuate gaine3 without sting of emulation3 without gaule of disdaine3 which be and haue bene great enemies to conference3 great hinderers to good schooling3 nay extreame miners in cases aboue schooling1 and yet for the footing of that1 which must after proue fairest1 good schooling is no small onset4 ,i neede not to rip vp the position to them1 that be learned1 which know what a mischiefe the misse of conference is1 where it ought to be of force1 and is shouldered out by distempered fantsie4 ,he that can iudge1 knoweth the force of this argument1 which followeth3 8where many illes seeke to chooke one good1 which themselues were displaced1 if that good tooke place3 that good must needes be a great one1 and worthy the wishing1 that it may procure passage40 ,of conference ,i must needes say this1 that it is the cognisance of humanitie1 and that of the best humanitie1 being vsed for the best causes that concerne humanitie1 and all humaine societie4 ,i dare enter no deeper in this so great a good3 but certainely in matters of learning there would be more conference1 euen of verie conscience4 ,and if that honest desire might bring downe great hart1 the honorable effect would bring vp great good1 in all trades beyond crie1 in our traine beyond credit4 ,in matters of engrosing1 and monopoleis1 in matters of forestauling and intercepting there is dealing by conference among the dealers1 which we all crie out of1 bycause it makes vs crie1 in our purses4 ,and yet we are slow to trie that in the good1 which proues so strong in the ill1 and was first pointed for good4 ,i vse no authorities to proue in these cases1 where reason her selfe is in place1 and standeth not in neede of alleaging of names1 bycause she may well spare her owne retinew1 where her hoste himselfe doth tender his owne seruice4 ,sidenote3 ,certaintie4 #b4 ,the next point after conference is the chiefe and best offspring of all wise conferences1 certainetie in direction1 which in all thinges commendes it selfe1 but in bringing vp of children it doth surpasse commendation1 both for their manners and their learning4 ,this same so much praised certainetie concerneth the limiting of thinges1 what to do and what to learne1 how to do and how to learne1 where1 when1 and so furth to do that1 which fineth the behauiour1 and to learne that which aduanceth knowledge4 ,for children being of themselues meere ignorant must haue certainetie to direct them3 and trainers being not dailie to deuise1 are at once to set downe certaine1 both what themselues will require at the childrens hand for the generall order3 and what the children must looke for at their handes for generall perfourmance4 ,this certainetie must specially be set sure1 and no lesse soundly kept1 in schooles for learning1 in priuate houses for behauiour1 in churches for religion1 bycause those three places1 be the greatest aboades1 that children haue4 ,sidenote3 ,certainetie in schooles4 #a4 ,concerning certainetie in schoole pointes1 and the benefit thereof1 ,i haue delt verie largely in the last title3 so that ,i shall not neede to vse any more spreading in that point1 sauing onely that ,i do continue in the same opinion3 as the thing it selfe continueth in it selfe most assurance of best successe1 when the childe knoweth his certainetie in all limitable circumstances1 whether he be at schoole himselfe to prouide that must be done3 or if he be not there1 yet to know in abscence1 what is done there of course4 ,so that where ignorance of orders cannot be pretended1 there good orders must needes be obserued1 which ordenarily bringe foorth a well ordered effect4 ,the best and most heauenly thinges be both most certaine1 and most constantly certaine1 and the wisest men the certainest to builde on1 in the middest of our vncertaineties4 ,so that certainetie must needes be a great leuell1 which procureth such liking in those thinges where it lighteth4 ,in schooling it assureth the parentes1 what is promised there1 and how like to be perfourmed1 by sight of the method and orders set downe3 it directeth the children as by a troden path1 how to come thither1 as their iourney lieth3 it disburdeneth the maisters heade1 when that is in writing1 which he was in waying1 and when experience by oft trying hath made the habit able to march on of it selfe without any renewing3 whereunto mutabilitie is euerie day endaungered4 ,sidenote3 ,certainetie in priuate houses4 #b4 ,the second point of certainetie entereth into families and priuate houses1 which in part ,i then touched1 when ,i wished the parentes so to deale at home1 as there might be a conformitie betwene schoole and home4 ,this point will preuent two great inconueniences euen at the first1 besides the generale sequele of good discipline at home4 ,for neither shall schooles haue cause to complaine of priuate corruption from home1 that it infecteth them1 when nothing is at home done or seene1 but that which is seemely3 neither shall the schooles lightly send any misdemeanour home1 when the childe is assured to be sharpely chekt1 for his ill doing1 if it appeare within doares4 ,this is that point which all writers that deale with the conomie of householdes1 and pollicie of states do so much respect1 bycause the fine blossomes of well trained families1 do assure vs of the swetest flowres in training vp of states1 for that the buddes of priuate discipline be the beauties of pollicie4 ,i shall not neede to say1 what a good state that familie is in1 where all thinges be most certainely set1 and most constantly kept1 which do belong to the good example of the heades1 the good following of the feete1 the good discipline of the whole house4 ,though some not so resolute wittes1 or gredier humours will neither harken to this rule1 neither keepe it in their owne1 bycause the distemperature is both blinde1 and deafe1 where the minde is distempered1 and violently giuen ouer either to extreame desire of gaine1 or to some other infirmitie which cannot stoup to staid order3 yet those families which keepe it1 finde the profitablenesse of it4 ,there children so well ordered by certaineties at home3 when to rise3 when to go to bed3 when and how to pray euening and morning3 when and how to visit their parentes ear they goe to bed1 after they rise1 ear they go abroad1 when they returne home1 at tables about meat1 at meeting in dutie with officious and decent speches of course1 well framed1 and deulie called for1 cannot but proue verie orderly and good4 ,he that in his infancie is thus brought vp1 will make his owne proufe his fairest president1 and what housholde knoweth not this is extreame farre of from any good president4 ,obedience towardes the prince and lawes is assuredly grounded1 when priuate houses be so well ordered3 small preaching will serue there1 where priuate training settes thinges so forward4 ,being therefore so great a good1 it is much to be thought on1 and more to be called for4 ,sidenote3 ,certaintie in ,churches4 #c4 ,now can certaintie being so great a bewtifier both to publik schooles1 and priuate houses1 be but very necessary to enter the ,church with children vpon holydaies8 to haue all the young ones of the ,parish1 by order of the ,parish set in some one place of the ,church8 with some good ouer looking1 that they be all there1 and none suffred to raunge abroad about the streates1 vpon any pretence8 that they may be in eye of parentes and parishioners8 that they may be attentiue to the ,diuine seruice1 and be time learne to reuerence that1 wherby they must after liue8 ,i do but set downe the consideration1 which they will execute1 who shall allow of it1 and deuise it best1 vpon sight of the circunstance4 ,how other men will thinke herof ,i know not1 but sure methinke1 both publikly and priuately1 that certaintie in direction where it may be well compassed1 is a merueilous profitable kinde of regiment1 and best beseeming children1 about whose bettering my trauell is employed4 ,in the very executing it sheweth present pleasure1 and afterward many singular profites3 and is in very deede the right meane to direct in vncertainties1 as a stayed yearde to measure flexible stuff4 ,bladders and bullrushes helpe swimming3 the nurses hand the infantes going3 the teachers line the scholers writing1 the ,musicians tune1 his learners timing3 what to do8 by following certaintie at first to direct libertie at last4 ,and he that is acquainted with certaintie of discipline in his young yeares will thinke himselfe in exile1 if he finde it not in age1 and by plaine comparisons1 will reclaime misorders1 which he likes not1 to such orders as he sees not4 ,who so markes and moanes the varietie in schooling1 the disorder in families1 the dissolutenesse in ,church1 will thinke ,i saye somwhat4 ,sidenote3 ,constancie4 #c4 ,the third part of my diuision was constancie4 ,for what auaileth it to conferre about the best1 and to set it in certaine1 where mutabilitie of mindes vpon euery infirmitie either of iudgement1 or other circunstance1 is seeking to retire1 and to leaue that rouling1 which was so well rewled4 ,in this point of constancie there be but two considerations to be had1 the one of knowledge in the thing1 the other of discretion in the vse4 ,for he that is resolued in the goodnesse and pith of the thing1 will neuer reuolt1 but like a valiant general building vpon his owne knowledge1 is certaine to conquere1 what difficultie so euer would seeme to dasle his eyes1 or to dash his conceit4 ,it is weake ignorance that yeildes still1 as being neuer well setled3 it is pusillanimitie that faintes still1 not belieuing where he sees not4 ,assured knowledge will resemble the great ,emperour of all1 which is still the same and neuer changeth1 which set a lawe1 that yet remaines in force euen from the first1 among all his best and most obedient thinges4 ,the sunnes course is certaine1 and constantly kept4 ,the moone hath her mouing without alteration1 and that so certaine1 as how many yeares be their eclypses foretold8 ,a good thing such as wise conference is most like to bring forth1 would be certainly knowen1 and being so knowen would be constantly kept4 ,the fairest bud will bring forth no frute1 if it fall in the prime1 but being well fostered by seasonable weather1 it will surely proue well4 ,the greatest thinges haue a feeble footing1 though their perfitnesse be strong1 but if their meane be not constant1 that first feeblenesse will neuer recouer that last strength4 ,i medle not with change of states1 nor yet with any braunches1 whose particular change1 quite altereth the surface1 of any best setled state1 but with the training of children1 and the change therin3 which being once certaine would in no case be altered before the state it selfe vpon some generall change do command alteration1 whervnto all our schooling must be still applyed1 to plant that in young ones1 which must please in old ones4 ,as now our teaching consisteth in toungues1 if some other thing one daye seeme fitter for the state1 that fitter must be fitted1 and fetcht in with procession4 ,but yet in changes this rule would be kept1 to alter by degrees1 and not to rush downe at once4 ,howbeit the nature of men is such1 as they will sooner gather a number of illes at once to corrupt3 then pare any one ill by litle and litle with minde to amend4 ,concerning discretion3 there is a circunstance to be obserued in thinges1 which is committed alwaye to the executours person1 and hath respect to his iudgement1 which ,i call no change1 bycause in the first setting downe that was also setled1 as a most certaine point to rule accidentarie vncertainties1 which be no changes1 bycause they were foreseene4 ,such a supplie hath iustice in positiue lawes by equitie in consideration1 as a good chauncellour to soften to hard constructions4 ,that is one reason why the monarchie is helde for the best kinde of gouernment1 bycause the rigour and seueritie of lawe1 is qualified by the princesse mercie1 without breche of lawe1 which left that prerogatiue to the princesse person4 ,the conspiracie which ,brutus his owne children made against their father for the returne of ,tarquinius euen that cruell ,prince1 leanes vpon this ground1 as ,dionysius of ,halicarnassus1 ,liuie1 and others do note4 ,so that discretion to alter vpon cause in some vncertaine circunstance1 nay to alter circunstance vpon some certaine cause1 is no enemie to certaintie4 ,when thinges are growen to extremities then change proues needefull to reduce againe to the principle4 ,for at the first planting1 euery thing is either perfitest1 as in the matter of creation3 or the best ground for perfitnesse to build on1 as in truth of religion3 though posteritie for a time vpon cause may encrease1 but to much putting to burdeneth to much1 and in the ende procures most violent shaking of1 both in religious and politike vsurpations4 ,but this argument is to high for a schoole position1 wherefore ,i will knit vp in few wordes3 that as conference is most needefull1 so certaintie is most sure1 and constancie the best keeper3 that it is no change1 which discretion vseth in doing but her duetie3 but that altereth the maine4 ,which in matters engraffed in generall conceites would worke alteration by slow degrees1 if foresight might rule3 but in extremities of palpable abuse it hurleth downe headlong1 yea though he smart for the time whom the change doth most helpe4 ,but in our schoole pointes the case falleth lighter1 where whatsoeuer matter shalbe offered to the first education1 conference will helpe it1 certaintie will staye it1 constancie will assure it4 ,thus much concerning the generall positions wherin if ,i haue either not handled1 or not sufficiently handled any particular point1 it is reserued to the particular treatise hereafter1 where it will be bestowed a great deale better1 considering the present execution must follow the particular4 ,,footnotes #hj 4 #c4 ,,chapter #de4 ,,the ,,peroration1 ,,wherin ,,the ,,summe ,,of ,,the ,,whole ,,booke ,,is ,,recapitulated ,,and ,,proofes ,,vsed1 ,,that ,,this ,,enterprise ,,was ,,first ,,to ,,be ,,begon ,,by ,,positions1 ,,and ,,that ,,these ,,be ,,the ,,most ,,proper ,,to ,,this ,,purpose4 ,a ,,request ,,concerning ,,the ,,well ,,taking ,,of ,,that ,,which ,,is ,,so ,,well ,,ment4 ,thvs bold haue ,i bene1 with you 7my good and curteous countriemen7 and troubled your time with a number of wordes of what force ,i know not1 to what ende ,i know4 ,for my ende is1 to shew mine opinion how the great varietie in teaching1 which is now generally vsed1 maye be reduced to some vniformnesse1 and the cause why ,i haue vsed so long a preface1 as this whole booke1 is1 for that such as deale in the like arguments1 do likewise determine before1 what they thinke concerning such generall accidentes1 which are to be rid out of the waye at once1 and not alwaye to be left running about to trouble the house1 when more important matters shall come to handling4 ,wherin ,i haue vttered my conceit1 liking well of that which we haue1 though oftimes ,i wishe for that which we haue not1 as much better in mine opinion1 then that which we haue1 and so much the rather to be wished1 bycause the way to winne it is of it selfe so plaine and ready4 ,i haue vttered my sentence for these pointes thus1 wherin if my cunning haue deceiued me1 my good will must warrant me3 and ,i haue vttered it in plaine wordes1 which kinde of vtterance in this teaching kinde1 as it is best to be vnderstood1 so it letteth euery one see1 that if ,i haue missed1 they may wel moane me1 which meaning all so much good haue vnhappily missed in so good a purpose4 ,vpon the stearnesse of resolute and reasonable perswasions1 ,i might haue set downe my ,positions aphorismelike1 and left both the commenting1 and the commending of them to triall and time3 but neither deserue ,i so much credit1 as that my bare word may stand for a warrant3 neither thought ,i it good with precisenesse to aliene1 where ,i might winne with discourse4 ,whervpon ,i haue writen in euery one of those argumentes enough ,i thinke for any reader1 whom reason will content3 to much ,i feare for so euident a matter1 as these ,positions be1 not assailable1 ,i suppose1 by any substantiall contradiction4 ,for ,i haue grounded them vpon reading1 and some reasonable experience3 ,i haue applied them to the vse1 and custome of my countrey1 no where enforcing her to any forreine1 or straunge deuise4 ,moreouer ,i haue conferred them with common sense wherin long teaching hath not left me quite senselesse4 ,and besides these1 some reason doth lead me very probable to my selfe1 in mine owne collection1 what to others ,i know not1 to whom ,i haue deliuered it1 but ,i must rest vpon their iudgement4 ,hereof ,i am certaine that my countrey is already very well acquainted with them1 bycause ,i did but marke where vpon particular neede1 she her selfe hath made her owne choice1 and by embrasing much to satisfie her owne vse1 hath recommended the residue vnto my care1 to be brought by direction vnder some fourme of statarie discipline4 ,now then can ,i but thinke that my countreymen will ioyne with me in consent1 with whom my countrey doth communicate such fauour8 ,seeing her fauour is for their furtheraunce1 and my labour is to bring them to that1 which she doth most allow4 ,sidenote3 ,the examining of all the contentes of this booke4 ,and what conclusion haue ,i set downe wherin they maye not very well agree with me1 either for the first impression which set me on worke1 or for the proofe1 which confirmeth the impression8 ,my first meaning was to procure a generall good1 so farre as my abilitie would reach1 ,i do not saye that such a conceit1 deserueth no discourtesie for the very motion1 how soeuer the effect do aunswere in rate3 but this ,i may well thinke1 that my countreymen ought of common courtesie to countenaunce an affection so well quallified1 till the euent either shrine it with praise1 or shoulder it with repulse4 ,i do not herein take vpon me dictatorlike to pronounce peremptorily1 but in waye of counsell1 as one of that robe1 to shew that1 which long teaching hath taught me to saye1 by reading somwhat1 and obseruing more4 ,and ,i must pray my good countrymen so to construe my meaning1 for being these many yeares by some my freindes prouoked to publish something1 and neuer hitherto daring to venture vpon the print1 ,i might seeme to haue let the raine of all modesty runne to lowse1 if at my first onset ,i should seeme like a ,csar to offerre to make lawes4 ,howbeit in very deede my yeares growing downward1 and some mine obseruations seeming to some folkes to craue some vtteraunce1 vpon shew to do some good3 ,i thought rather to hasard my selfe in hope of some mens fauour1 then to burie my conceit with most mens wonder4 ,but before ,i do passe to mine ,elementarie1 which ,i meane to publish next after this booke1 ,i must for mine owne contentation examine what ,i haue done in this1 to see whether ,i haue hit right1 or writen any thing that may call repentaunce4 #a4 ,was ,i not to cut this course1 and to begin at ,positions8 #b4 ,and are not these the cheife and onely groundes in this argument8 #c4 ,and in speking of these haue ,i in any point passed beyond my best beseeming8 #a4 ,for the first4 ,whether ,i ought to begin at ,positions1 or no1 that is not in doubte now ,i hope1 bycause ,i made that pointe very plaine in the beginning of my booke3 but whether ,i haue done well to dwell so long in them1 that maye seeme to deserue some excuse1 if ,i mislike it my selfe3 or els some cause1 to satisfie other4 ,if ,i had had to do with either ,romain1 or ,grecian1 in their owne language1 where these thinges be familiarly knowen1 ,i would not haue taryed in them any long while1 but dealing with my countrymen in my countrey toungue1 in an argument not so familiar to my countrey1 and yet desiring to become familiar vnto her3 ,i thought it good rather to saye more then enough1 to leaue some chippinges3 then by saying to litle1 to cause a new cruste1 where none should be3 and to referre the rest of my suppressed meaning to my learneddest reader1 to whose vse as ,i needed not to write1 so in deede ,i do not1 though ,i wish him well1 and pray the like againe4 ,they that frame happy men1 absolute oratours1 perfit wisedome1 paragonne ,princes1 faultelesse states1 as they haue their subiect at commaundement1 which they breede in the commentarie of their owne braines3 so their circunstances being without errour1 where their maine is without match1 neede very few wordes1 as being in daunger of very few faultes4 ,but ,i deale with a subiect1 which is subiect to all vncertainties3 with circunstances1 which are chekt with many obiections1 lying open1 to much disturbance1 cauilled at by euery occasion3 where one sillie errour1 is of strength enough1 to ouerthrow a mans whole labour4 ,i thought it good therefore to declare at large1 what my meaning was1 to satisfie therby euen the meanest vnderstandinges1 that waye to procure mine opinion the freer passage1 when it should passe by none1 which vnderstood it not4 ,i could not but begin with them1 bycause herafter ,i shall haue so many occasions to make mention of them1 to directe the traine by them1 to referre my selfe vnto them1 which if they had not bene handled here1 they might and would haue troubled me there4 ,besides this1 ,i would gladly 7if ,i could obtaine so much at their handes7 that all my countrymen did thinke1 as ,i do in these same pointes1 that by their consent my good speede might go on1 with the readier and rounder currant1 so that ,i cannot conceiue1 but that ,i was both to begin my treatise at ,positions1 as the primitiue in such discourses1 and to dwell long in them1 to satisfie my most readers4 #b4 ,now whether these be the cheife groundes in preparatiue to that1 which ,i entend to deale in1 ,i thinke there is none1 but may very easily iudge4 ,for what is it whervnto my trauell to come hath promised her endeuour8 to helpe children to be well taught for learning3 to tell their maisters1 how to exercise them for health3 to aide the common course of studie in what ,i can for the common good4 ,and what accidentes belong vnto such an argument1 if these which ,i haue quoated out do not8 ,must there not be a time to begin1 to continue1 to ende the course of schoole learning8 ,then time must needes come in consideration4 ,must there not be somthing1 wherin this time must be bestowed1 both to haue the minde learned1 and the body healthfull8 ,then the matter of traine1 and the kinde of exercises could not haue bene passed ouer4 ,must there not be some vpon whom these thinges are to be imployed in these times1 of both the sexes1 and of all degrees8 ,then the generall schooling of all young ones1 and the particular training of young maidens1 and bringing vp of young gentlemen must needes haue their handling4 ,could these thinges be done with out conuenient place8 cunning teachers8 and good schoole orders8 ,i thinke no4 ,and therefore ,i picked these out1 as the onely circunstances1 that were proper to mine argument1 and that were to be handled eare ,i entred my argument1 if ,i had neuer seene any writer before vse the same choice4 #c4 ,but how haue ,i delt in them4 ,for the time to begin ,i haue measured it by strenght of body and minde that may well awaye with the trauell in learning without emparing of the good of either parte4 ,for the continuing time in euery degree of studie1 ,i haue limited it by sufficiencie and perfitnesse of habit1 before the student remoue4 ,for the ending time1 the bounder of it is abilitie to serue the common countrey1 and the priuate student in euery particular calling4 ,in this distinction and sorting of time1 ,i thinke ,i haue so dealt1 as no reason will gainsaye me4 #b4 ,for pointing so many thinges to be learned in the ,elementarie schoole1 as ,i do it vpon good warrant1 so is no man iniuried by it1 and euery man may be helpt by it4 ,for though neither all men deale with all1 nor all men can obtaine all1 it is no reason but that those which will and may1 shall know what is best to get3 and that those which neither will nor can1 yet maye see1 what they maye and ought to get1 if circunstances serue4 ,for the traine is to be framed after the height1 which freedome in circunstance maye well attaine vnto4 ,a poore mans purse will not stretch so farre3 must abilitie therfore be to much restrained8 ,some mans time will not dispense with all3 must therfore the libertie of leasure be forced to the fetter8 ,some parente makes light of that1 which some other esteemeth greatly3 must he therefore be disapointed of his liking1 which alloweth to serue his humour1 which misliketh8 ,some maime in some circunstance may be some particular let3 must therefore parciality in not pointing the best proue the generall losse4 ,the best being set downe1 without euident dispaire to come by it1 or manifest noueltie to disgrace it1 why should it not be sought for by them1 which are willing to haue it1 and know the meanes how8 ,it is no noueltie for some to towre aboue the clowdes though other in the same flight do but flutter about the ground1 and yet with commendation4 ,for where the whole is good1 and partible by degrees1 euerie ascent hath his praise1 though the prerogatiue be his that mounteth highest4 ,and therefore my plat is to satisfie those which will medle with the most1 and yet so left at libertie1 as it may serue euen them1 which seeke but for the least4 #c4 ,for the choice of wittes and restraint of number1 not to pesture learning with to great a multitude1 no wisedome will blame me4 #d4 ,for the helpe and health of body1 that the doinges of the soule may be both strong and long1 to ioine ordinarie exercise in forme of traine1 who so shall mislike1 ,i will match him with melancholie1 with fleame1 with reumes1 with catarres1 and all needelesse residences1 to see how they will musle him4 ,the limitation of certaineties in maisters for their securitie1 and parentes for their assurance1 if it be well wayed2 is worth the wishing4 #e4 ,for the places and personall circumstances1 who so will cauill1 neither deserues such a place to be trained in1 nor such a maister to be trained by1 nor such parentes to prouide him such a traine4 #f4 ,for the good bringing vp of yong gentlemen1 he that taketh no care1 is more then a foole considering their place and seruice in our countrie3 and so of all the rest4 #g4 ,but did any man thinke that ,i would not mention my dealing in trayning vp of yong maidens1 whether that be to be admitted in such sort as ,i haue appointed it8 ,that is such a bulwarke for me1 as who so shall seeme to pinche me for dealing liberally with them1 had neede to arme himselfe against them4 ,for they will translate the crime1 and becomming parties themselues discharge me from daunger for vsing them so curteously4 ,is that point in suspition of any noueltie or fantasticallnes to haue wymen learned8 ,then is nature fantasticall for giuing them abilitie to learne3 custome for putting them to it3 pollicie for placing them where to vse it3 in all ages in all degrees1 in all countries1 both at home and abroad4 ,innouation it is not1 for ,i reade it1 ,i see it1 ,i finde it1 it is not my deuise4 ,i put the case1 that it were one of my wishes1 that wymen might learne1 if they did not4 ,assuredly the proufe that wee see1 the profit that we feele1 the comfort that we haue1 the care that we haue not1 the happines we enioy1 the mishap we auoide1 the religion we liue by and like1 the superstition we fly from and hate1 the clemencie we finde1 the cruelitie we feare1 by the meere benefit of our learned princesse1 whom ,god hath so rarely endewed and endowed1 giue me leaue to wish that sexe most successe in learning1 and her maiesties person all successe in liuing3 all the residew1 all the best1 and her highnes alone all aboue the best3 as wish can aspire1 where nothing else can come4 ,in generall ,i do not remember any thing1 that ,i haue dealt in1 but it may be very well digested by any stomake1 if it be not to farre distempered4 ,my wishes perhaps may seeme sometimes to be nouelties4 ,nouelties perhappes1 as all amendementes be to the thing that needeth redresse1 but not fantasticall1 as hauing their seat in the cloudes4 ,if no man did euer wish1 then were ,i alone4 ,if my wish were vnpossible though it made shew of very great profit1 impossibilitie in deede1 would desire profit in wish to be content with repulse3 but where the thing is both profitable1 and possible to1 why should not profitable possibilitie haue rowme1 if wishing may procure it8 ,i wish commodious situation and rowmh in places for learning and exercise4 ,our countrie hath it not echwhere1 nay scant any where as yet4 ,euen by wishing that it had1 ,i graunt that it hath not3 but ,i would not haue wished it1 if the meane had bene hard3 and the motion naturally goeth before the effect4 ,i wish that the colledges in the vniuersities were deuided by professions3 ,i wish graue and learned readers3 ,i wish repetition to the same readers1 yea euen for the best graduate1 that is yet an hearer4 ,i wish neither heresie nor harme1 ne yet any thing1 but that may very well be wrought1 and deserues endlesse wishing till it be brought to an ende4 ,i wish restraint to stop ouerflush1 and such other things whereto ,i dare stand1 and assuredly beleeue1 that ,i wish my countrie very great good1 as ,i hope many wilbe partakers with me in wish1 to be partakers of the good4 ,but some wil say what neede you to medle with so much1 or so high matters your selfe creeping so low8 ,syr1 ,i did professe in the beginning vnder ech title to deale in the generall argument1 for all my professing the elementarie example4 ,and by the way ,i do thinke1 that ,i may deserue some more equitie in construction1 bycause ,i do entend to my great paines to helpe my wish forward1 and to trauell for the helping1 and healthing of all studentes4 ,wherfore ,i conclude thus1 that seeing my dealing in those positions was occasioned of so good a ground1 and hath so passed through them1 as ,i hope it may abide the tuch4 ,i must craue of my good and curteouse countriemen to laie vp allouance in hope1 and misliking in pardon1 till the euent dischardge both1 and make me bound to all1 and some benefited by me4 ,,finis4 ,,harrison ,,and ,,sons1 ,,printers ,,in ,,ordinary ,,to ,,her ,,majesty1 ,,st4 ,,martin',s ,,lane1 ,,london4 ,illustration3 ,decorative border ,,appendix4 ,,richard ,,mulcaster4#ha ,the birthplace of ,richard ,mulcaster seems to have been the old border tower of ,brackenhill ,castle1 on the river ,line4 ,the exact date of his birth is uncertain1 but it was probably #aecj or #aeca4 ,the ,mulcasters had for centuries been an important family on the ,border4 ,among the old ,exchequer ,records in the ,tower is a letter from ,sir ,robert de ,clifford1 ,king's ,captain of the counties of ,cumberland1 ,westmorland1 and ,lancashire1 to the ,treasurer and ,barons of the ,exchequer1 desiring them to excuse ,sir ,william ,molcastre1 ,sir ,thomas de ,felton1 ,robert de ,molcastre1 and ,richard de ,molcastre from appearing in the ,court of ,exchequer according to their summons1 by reason of their attendance on him in defence of the ,marches2 dated at ,lochmaben ,castle1 #dth ,july1 #abii4 ,the ,sir ,william ,mulcaster here spoken of was for five years in succession ,high ,sheriff of ,cumberland1 and was much engaged in the war with ,scotland4 ,an old pedigree of the ,mulcasters drawn up in ,queen ,elizabeth's time says that ,sir ,william ,mulcaster in the reign of 8,edward ,longshanks entayled his landes at ,torpenham1 ,bolton1 ,bolton-,yetten1 and ,blennerhasset on his eldest son1 ,robert ,mulcaster1 whom he marryed to ,eufemia1 sister to ,raphe ,nevil1 ,erle of ,westmerland1 and ,erle ,marshal of ,england4 ,he entayled his landes at ,brackenhill and ,solport on his second sonne1 ,richard ,mulcaster40 ,the elder branch1 however1 did not thrive4 ,in the next generation 8,sir ,robert ,mulcaster became ane ,unthrift1 and for smale summes of present money in hand did alien his landes in parcels to his ,unkel the ,erle of ,westmerland1 who knowing the title to be weake by reson of the entayle did straytway selle the said landes4 ,sir ,robert presently after the sayle died40 ,but the ,richard ,mulcasters have flourished on and on through the centuries1 and these particulars were communicated to me by the last ,richard ,mulcaster1 who lived to see this reprint of his ancestor's book4 ,in the fifteen hundreds1 ,st4 ,bees was a noted place for instruction1 and ,bishop ,grindal and ,archbishop ,sandys were brought up there4 ,but the ,mulcaster of the first half of the century sent his sons ,richard and ,james to be 8frappit0 by the mighty ,udal at ,eton4 ,the vates sacer of ,udal is ,tusser1 without whose help he could hardly have been remembered4 ,as it is1 his name inevitably calls up the lines---- 8,from ,paul's ,i went1 ,to ,eton sent1 ,to learn straightways ,the ,latin phrase1 ,when fifty-three ,stripes given to me1 ,at once ,i had1 ,for fault but small1 ,or none at all2 ,it came to pass1 ,that beat ,i was1 ,see1 ,udall1 see6 ,the mercy of thee ,to me poor lad40 7,from ,tusser's ,metrical ,autobiography1 printed with his 8,points of ,husbandry10 #aegc47 ,in #aedh 7according to ,a4 ,wood7 ,richard ,mulcaster gained his election from ,eton to ,king's1 ,cambridge2 but for reasons unknown he did not take a ,cambridge degree1 but migrated to ,oxford1 where in #aeee he was elected ,student of ,christ ,church1 and the year following was 8licensed to proceed in ,arts40 ,here he became distinguished by his knowledge of ,eastern literature1 and 8that great ,english ,rabbi1 ,hugh ,broughton10 a contemporary1 speaks of him as one of the best ,hebrew scholars of the age4 ,but the ,university had been preyed upon by 8,reformers10 and many students had to beg for their living4 ,so ,mulcaster went to ,london and became a schoolmaster in #aeeh4 ,three years later the ,merchant ,taylors' ,company opened their new school at ,lawrence ,pountney ,hill 7between 8,caning10 now ,cannon1 ,street and the ,river71 and made ,mulcaster their first ,master4 ,thus we find ,mulcaster's reign at ,merchant ,taylors' began three years before the birth of ,shakespeare1 ,mulcaster himself being about thirty years old4 ,but his monarchy was by no means absolute1 and he was not always happy in his relations with the ,company4 ,the ,merchants probably thought of him as one of their servants1 and he1 as 8by ancient parentage and linnial discent an ,esquier borne0 7so he describes himself in his wife's epitaph71 thought himself a better man than they4 ,certainly many of his successors1 though unable to lay stress on their parentage1 would have grumbled at the terms imposed upon him4 ,the instructions to the ,master are in many ways interesting4 ,he was told that he was to teach the children not only good literature1 but also good manners2 he was to resign his post whenever ordered to do so by the ,governors1 but might not depart without giving the ,governors a year's notice2 and he was never to be absent from the school more than twenty working days in the year4 ,the number of boys is limited to #bej1 and these are to be taught by the ,high ,master and two or three ,ushers4 8,the children shall come to the school in the morning at #g of the clock both winter and summer1 and tarry there until #aa1 and return again at #a of the clock1 and depart at #e40 8,let not the school master1 head usher1 nor the under ushers1 nor any of them1 permit nor license their scholars to have remedy nor leave to play except only once a week when there falleth no holiday4 ,and these remedies to be had upon no other day but only upon ,tuesdays in the afternoon or ,thursdays in the forenoon4 ,nor let the scholars use no cock-fighting1 tennis-play1 nor riding about of victoring sic nor disputing abroad1 which is but foolish babbling and loss of time40 78,history of ,merchant ,taylors' ,school10 by ,h4 ,b4 ,wilson1 #ahab1 i1 #ag47 ,the ,company agreed to pay to ,mulcaster #dj----;i4e41 #aj each for the ,high ,master and the ushers2 but ,mr4 ,hills1 the ,master of the ,company1 undertook to double ,mulcaster's #aj out of his own purse4 ,some years afterwards ,mr4 ,hills had heavy expenses with one of his children1 and was obliged to discontinue his grant to ,mulcaster2 which led to a serious disagreement4 ,but there seem to have been 8difficulties0 about other matters as well4 ,in the very middle of his twenty-six years' mastership 7#bfth ,november1 #aegd7 we find the following significant entry in the ,minutes of the ,court3----8,mr4 ,richard ,moncaster convented at this ,courte to be admonished of suche his contempt of the good orders made for the government of the ,grammar ,schole founded by the ,worshipful company in ,st ,lawrence ,pountney's parisshe where he is now ,scholemaister2 ,and also of suche his injurious and quarrellinge ,speache as he used to the ,visitors of the said ,schole at the last callinge thereof1 refused to here his fformer doings in that behalf recyted1 willinge the said ,mr4 ,warden and assistants to procede against him angrily or otherwise as they listed1 so as he mighte have a copie of their decree40 7,h4 ,b4 ,wilson's 8,hist1 of ,m4 ,t4 ,sch410 p4 #ef47 ,however1 the 8,esquier borne0 found it prudent to yield4 ,in the following month 7#adth ,dec41 #aegd7 it is recorded that ,mr4 ,richard ,muncaster confessed before the ,court that he had spoken 8merely of choller10 and promised obedience for the future4 ,four years later he was in high favour with the ,company1 for at the ,court holden #bith ,april1 #aegi1 an order was passed by which the ,company undertook1 in consideration of ,mulcaster's 8painful services for near #bj years10 to provide for his wife if she survived him4 ,but this was the only recognition his 8painful services0 received4 ,after ,hills's grant of #aj a year had ceased1 ,mulcaster applied to the ,company for a larger salary than he had received from them2 but this very reasonable request was refused4 ,mulcaster then urged that he had been giving additional stipend to the senior ,usher1 and he made a claim for the amount he had lost by the stoppage of ,hills's subsidy4 ,in reply to this the ,court voted that he 8might seeke his remedie40 ,he then petitioned humbly1 but without avail1 and in high dudgeon he resigned his post in #aehf1 either quoting or inventing the expression1 ,servus fidelis perpetuus asinus4#hb ,in the appointment of his successor 7,wilkinson7 he had no influence1 and the dispute between ,mulcaster and the ,company was carried on1 the ,company making a counter claim against him for #ej1 and offering to waive this claim only on receiving from ,mulcaster a receipt in full4 ,the quarrel was never made up1 and years afterwards when ,mulcaster had left ,st4 ,paul's he applied to the ,merchant ,taylors' ,company for a gratuity and was refused4 ,so at about the age of fifty-five1 ,mulcaster found himself out of office4 ,five years before this he had published his 8,positions0 7#aeha71 and the year after1 the 8,first ,part of the ,elementarie40 ,why the ,second ,part never appeared we cannot tell4 ,perhaps in this country publishing books about education was then1 as now1 an expensive occupation1 and ,mulcaster having lost half his income could publish no longer4#hc ,ten years later he became ,high ,master of ,st4 ,paul's ,school4 ,in #aeih ,elizabeth made him ,rector of ,stanford ,rivers1 in ,essex1 but as he was ,high ,master of ,st4 ,paul's for twelve years1 he must have been non-resident at his living till #afjh4 ,then at all events he took up his abode at ,stanford ,rivers1 where his wife died in #afji4 ,it seems strange that ,mulcaster should have remained at the head of a great school till he was about seventy-seven years old1 but there is no reasonable doubt of it2 and that he lived to a great age is proved by his wife's epitaph in which he records that they had been married fifty years4 ,he himself died in #afaa1 only five years before ,shakespeare1 who was his junior by more than thirty years4#hd ,though ,mulcaster himself has been well-nigh forgotten1 he had relations1 friendly or otherwise1 with some of his contemporaries who are in no danger of being forgotten----,queen ,elizabeth1 ,shakespeare1 ,sir ,philip ,sydney1 and ,edmund ,spenser4 ,elizabeth1 as we have seen1 gave ,mulcaster a living4 ,this was not till near the end of her reign1 but he seems to have been long in her favour4 ,this book1 the 8,positions10 was dedicated to her1 and the tone of the letter in which ,mulcaster addresses his ,sovereign is not that of a stranger1 but rather of an old acquaintance1 who is sure of a friendly reception4 ,in the fifteen hundreds a very common entertainment was the performance of plays by boys4 ,in the ,queen's book of household expenses we find3 8#ahth ,mch4 #aegc-d4 ,to ,mr4 ,richard ,mouncaster for #b plays presented before her on ,candlemas-day1 and ,shrove ,tuesday last1 #bj marks3 and further for his charges #bj marks40 ,again3 8#aath ,mch4 #aege-f4 ,to ,richard ,mouncaster for presenting a play before her on ,shrove ,sunday last1 #aj pounds40 ,this performance seems to have been continued for many years4 ,in the ,liber ,famelicus of ,sir ,james ,whitelocke 7,camden ,society's ,publications1 ,no4 ,,lxx71 ,sir ,james tells of his bringing up at ,merchant ,taylors'4 ,he was born in #aegj and was elected from the ,school to be a probationer of ,st4 ,john's ,college1 ,oxford1 in ,june1 #aehh4 ,he says3 8,i was brought up at ,school under ,mr4 ,mulcaster in the famous school of the ,merchant ,taylors in ,london1 where ,i continued until ,i was well instructed in the ,hebrew1 ,greek1 and ,latin tongues4 ,his care was also to increase my skill in music1 in which ,i was brought up by daily exercise in it1 as in singing and playing upon instruments3 and yearly he presented some plays to the ,court1 in which his scholars were the only actors1 and ,i one among them2 and by that means he taught them good behaviour and audacity0 7p4 #ab74 ,it has been suggested to me by ,mr4 ,lupton that ,shakespeare may have had ,mulcaster in his mind when he put ,holofernes the schoolmaster in ,love's ,labour's ,lost4 ,there was1 as we know1 rivalry between ,shakespeare and the boy actors1 and when ,armado says 7,act ,v1 sc4 #b71 8,i protest the schoolmaster is exceeding fantastical2 too too vain1 too too vain10 he uses a common expression of ,mulcaster's4 ,that ,shakespeare had a contempt for the schoolmasters or 8pedants0 of his time is tolerably clear1 and he must have seen in ,mulcaster a typical schoolmaster and also a rival of his in producing court entertainments4 ,holofernes is both a 8pedant0 and a court entertainer1 but in other respects he does not answer to ,mulcaster1 for he is a parish schoolmaster and teaches both boys and girls4 ,however1 as ,mulcaster was a favourite at court1 ,shakespeare1 if really thinking of him1 may have had reasons for not making the resemblance too striking4 ,in ,hamlet 7,act ,,ii1 sc4 #b7 there is a very remarkable dialogue which shows the rivalry that then 7i4e41 about #afjc7 existed between 8the tragedians of the ,city0 and 8the boys40 ,there is1 too1 a very beautiful epitaph by ,ben ,jonson on a boy who had become famous for playing the part of an old man4 ,mulcaster no doubt had had a great share in keeping the playing of boy actors in fashion2 but he probably had nothing to do with 8the children of ,powles0 whose acting was stopped by edict from about #aehi to #afjj1 and then started again with increased popularity 7see ,j4 ,p4 ,collier1 8,annals of the ,stage10 edition of #ahgi1 vol4 i1 pp4 #bga ff71 or with 8the children of the ,revels0 who acted at ,blackfriars ,theatre1 and are probably the 8aiery of children0 talked of by ,rosenkrantz4 ,to return to ,elizabeth1 it seems that ,mulcaster took part in preparing the pageant at ,kenilworth in #aege4 ,i have not read the accounts by ,george ,gascoigne and ,robert ,laneham or ,langham to which ,collier refers 78,annals of ,stage10 i1 #bbe71 but the late ,mr4 ,mulcaster gives some ,latin verses preserved by ,gascoigne which were1 as he says1 8devised by ,master ,r4 ,muncaster40 ,the 8,middlesex ,minstrel0 also recited ,king 8,ryence's challenge to ,king ,arthur40 ,of this ,bishop ,percy says3 8,it was sung before ,queen ,elizabeth at the grand entertainment at ,kenelworth ,castle in #aege1 and was probably composed for that occasion0 7,percy's 8,relics10 ,wheatley's edition1 #ahgg1 vol4 iii1 p4 #bd74 ,if so1 it may have been ,mulcaster's as well as the ,latin verses1 though for my part ,i doubt his writing so simply4 ,on ,elizabeth's death in #afjc1 ,mulcaster published 8,nnia consolans in mortem ,serenissim ,regin ,elizabeth10 in which he seems quite consoled by the accession of ,james4 ,mulcaster was a correspondent of ,sir ,philip ,sydney's1 and he wrote to him in ,latin4 ,this was against his own principles1 for perhaps his best chance of being remembered rests in his vigorous protest against the use of ,latin1 and his advice to his learned countrymen to write in their own language 7cfr4 ,masson's ,life of ,milton74 ,perhaps ,mulcaster's enthusiasm for ,english may have influenced one of his pupils who lived to write imperishable verse in it4 ,the late ,mr4 ,mulcaster1 in his ,,ms4 notice of his ancestor1 surmised that ,spenser may have been a 8,merchant ,taylor0 and therefore have come under ,mulcaster4 ,the guess was a happy one4 ,dean ,church1 in his volume on ,spenser 78,english ,men of ,letters071 tells us how the account books of the executors of a bountiful citizen1 ,robert ,nowell1 have been preserved1 and that at his funeral in #aefh two yards of cloth were given to selected scholars of the great ,london ,schools4 ,the names of these scholars are recorded1 and at the head of the ,merchant ,taylors' list stands ,edmund ,spenser4 ,it is very remarkable that a schoolmaster noted for his classical attainments should before the last decade of the fifteen hundreds have urged the literary use of the mother tongue4 ,it is remarkable1 too1 that this man was the master of ,edmund ,spenser4 ,in these and some other respects ,mulcaster seems to have been more memorable than ,ascham4 ,yet ,ascham is known by all1 and ,mulcaster is unknown1 not only by ordinary ,englishmen1 but even1 as it would seem1 by scholars like ,mr4 ,george ,saintsbury1 the author of a book on ,elizabethan ,literature4 ,in ,professor ,arber's invaluable work for the bibliography of our old books1 his 8,transcript of the ,registers of the ,company of ,stationers of ,london1 #aeed-afdj10 we find in vol4 ii1 p4 #agh;b1 the following curious entry3----8,thomas ,chare sub manu ,episcopi ,londinii4 ,sexto die ,marcii #aeha ,receaved of him for his license to printe positions whereupon the trayning up of children and so consequentlie the wholle course of learninge ys grounded 444 xvjd4 ,provyded alwaies that yf this booke conteine any thinge prejudiciall or hurtfull to the booke of maister ,,askham that was printed by master ,daie called the ,scholemayster1 ,that then this lycense shal be voyd40 ,but ,ascham's widow needed no protection from the ,bishop of ,london4 ,his posthumous book did for the ,english language what ,mulcaster tried to do in vain3 it showed how ,english might be used for clear and even graceful expression4 ,mulcaster thought that the ,english language had then reached its highest point4 ,in his very curious and interesting allegory of the progress of language 78,elementarie10 pp4 #ff ff47 he says that ,art selects the best age of a language to draw rules from1 such as the age of ,demosthenes in ,greece1 and of ,tully in ,rome4 8,such a period in the ,english tongue10 he continues1 8,i take to be in our days for both the pen and the speech40 ,and this language1 then at its best1 was1 he thought1 shown at its best in his own writings4 ,after enumerating its excellencies he says1 8,i need no example in any of these1 whereof mine own penning is a general pattern40 ,this tempts one to exclaim with ,armado1 8,i protest the schoolmaster is exceeding fantastical2 too too vain1 too too vain0 7,love's ,labour's ,lost1 ,act ,v1 sc4 #b71 and posterity has most emphatically rejected the offered pattern4 ,dean ,church describes the writers of that time as 8usually clumsy and awkward1 sometimes grotesque1 often affected1 always hopelessly wanting in the finish1 breadth1 moderation1 and order which alone can give permanence to writing10 78,spenser10 p4 #c74 ,some of these epithets certainly hit ,mulcaster hard4 ,i have spent much time on what he calls his 8so careful1 ,i will not say so curious writing0 78,elementarie10 p4 #bec71 and ,i perfectly agree with him when he says1 8,even some of reasonable study can hardly understand the couching of my sentence and the depth of my conceit0 7ib41 p4 #bce74 ,this1 no doubt1 explains to us why ,mulcaster has been long forgotten4 ,but if he had taken less pains with his 8style10 ,mulcaster would have been recognised as a master of his subject4 ,a right conception of education could not be formed by the worshippers of 8learning20 and the false ideal set up at the ,renascence has had a disastrous effect on ,european education ever since4 ,but ,mulcaster1 scholar though he was1 was not in bondage to scholarship4 ,with him education was not instruction in the classics4 ,how few schoolmasters have asked the question1 8,why is it not good to have every part of the body and every power of the soul to be fined to his best80 78,positions10 p4 #cd47 ,the following passage from the 8,elementarie0 7p4 #bb7 shows how much he had risen above the ideal of the learned3----8,the end of education and train is to help nature unto her perfection1 which is1 when all her abilities be perfected in their habit4444 ,consideration and ,judgment must wisely mark whereunto ,nature is either evidently given or secretly affectionate1 and must frame education consonant thereto40 ,and having shown this admirable conception of the end to be attained1 he sets to work to consider what are the powers that need training4 8,we have10 he says1 8a perceiving by outward sense1 to feel1 to see1 to smell1 to taste all sensible things2 which qualities of the outward being received in by the common sense1 and examined by fancy1 are delivered to remembrance and afterward prove our great and only grounds unto further knowledge0 78,elementarie10 p4 #bh74 ,here we see him feeling after the foundation of a science of education4 ,he goes still further when in the 8,positions0 7p4 #bg7 he tells us of the natural inclinations in the soul1 and of the three things which we shall find 8peering out of the little young souls10 viz43 ,wit to take1 ,memory to keep1 and ,discretion to discern4 ,michelet 78,nos ,fils10 p4 #agj7 with justice gives credit to ,montaigne for avoiding the great blunder of his time1 and basing his scheme of education1 not on what was to be learned1 but on the nature of the learner1 8non l'objet1 le savoir1 mais le sujet1 c'est l'homme40 ,this was indeed a wonderful step in advance1 a step which placed ,montaigne before most schoolmasters of that time1 perhaps of any succeeding time4 ,but in ,mulcaster we have a schoolmaster who in ,montaigne's own day seems to have shown similar wisdom4 ,perhaps admirable results might have followed had ,mulcaster's mode of expression only been somewhat less 8curious40 ,looking to human nature as a whole1 ,montaigne and ,mulcaster saw that 8it was not a mind1 it was not a body that we have to educate1 but a man1 and we cannot divide him40 ,a writer of the present day who is supposed to be in the van of modern thinkers has given us his notion of 8,education as a ,science40 ,in some respects the conception of the ,elizabethan writer seems to me more complete and truly scientific4 ,mulcaster thinks that the educator should care both for mind and body1 and adapt his 8train0 to each of them4 ,the treatment of the body recommended in the 8,positions0 will surprise some ,continental authors1 who seem to think that physical education had hardly been considered before the appearance of ,locke's 8,thoughts40 ,there are several other points where ,mulcaster seems to me to show remarkable wisdom4 ,he does not approve of a very early start in the learned languages1 and is specially strong against the 8hastening on0 of a 8sharp young wit20 so that one of the earliest ,english writers on education warns us against some of the latest ,english practices 7see 8,positions10 pp4 #ai1 #cc2 also 8,elementarie10 xi1 pp4 #eb ff74 ,another of our head-masters1 whose teaching now1 alas6 comes to us also recommended by the proverb1 ,optimi consiliarii mortui1 ,edward ,thring1 has testified to the difficulty and to the importance of instructing the younger classes properly4 ,mulcaster is so strong on this point that instead of handing over the younger boys in a crowd to the least experienced and worst paid master1 as the custom still is1 he would have the forms smaller at the bottom than at the top of the school1 and would have the best and best paid teacher for them 78,positions10 pp4 #bcc ff47 ,his wisdom appears1 too1 in his curriculum for the young4 ,what a blessing for them could he have arranged their studies all over ,europe instead of his contemporary1 ,sturm6 ,he would have taught them to read and write their own language1 to draw1 to sing1 and to play some musical instrument1 and he maintains that if instead of beginning with ,latin the child were put through a preliminary course in these five things1 he would learn 8the tongue0 sooner and do more between #ab and #af than from #g to #ag the other way 78,elementarie10 chap4 xi74 ,so school instruction in drawing and singing was recommended by this old schoolmaster more than #cjj years ago4 ,i take up the ,new ,england 8,journal of ,education10 dated #bnd ,february1 #ahhh1 and ,i find a well-known writer1 ,col4 ,t4 ,w4 ,higginson1 telling us3 8,i can remember when the introduction of singing1 and later of drawing1 into our public schools was regarded as a finical whim1 suitable for girls' schools only4 ,emollit mores1 each of these practices is found to help school discipline and refine the taste1 so that the whole tone of school life is elevated40 ,thus we are at length adopting ,mulcaster's proposals1 and quoting in their favour what ,ovid said #b1jjj years ago4 ,it is interesting1 by the way1 to observe that the unfortunate 8three ,r's0 had not been invented in ,mulcaster's time1 and his 8,elementarie10 with its five studies1 ignores arithmetic4 ,the five studies are intended for those who are to be put to learning1 and those only2 but we see that ,mulcaster would have had every one taught to read and write 78,positions10 p4 #aci74 ,we have seen that we are at length introducing drawing and singing1 as ,mulcaster advised4 ,in one particular he is still in advance of us4 ,he would have at the ,university a college for training teachers4 8,is the framing of young minds10 he asks1 8and the training of their bodies so mean a point of cunning8 ,be schoolmasters in this realm such a paucity as they are not even in good sadness to be soundly thought on8444 ,he that will not allow of this careful provision for such a seminary of masters is most unworthy either to have had a good master himself or hereafter to have a good one for his40 78,positions0 p4 #bdh47 ,in another respect ,mulcaster showed much good sense1 and though perhaps not in advance of his own generation he was far before the generations of the two succeeding centuries4 ,i was at a private meeting connected with the founding of ,girton ,college1 when1 ,i remember1 the late ,professor ,brewer denied that girls in the ,elizabethan age were better educated than in the days that followed4 ,joseph ,payne1 who was also present1 expressed a strong opinion that they were4 ,if he had had his copy of the 8,positions0 with him 7his collection of rare books on education included this work7 he might have proved his point by apposite quotation4 ,this was twenty years ago4 ,much has been done for girls' education since then2 and in one respect at least the ,victorians have advanced beyond the ,elizabethans1 for no ,english writer can now say with ,mulcaster1 8,i set not young maidens to public grammar schools1 a thing not used in my country2 ,i send them not to the universities1 having no precedent thereof in my country40 78,positions10 p4 #afg47 ,i have now1 ,i think1 said enough so show that at least for the history of education ,mulcaster's books are of great interest and value4 ,travellers are always ready to run any risks in exploring the source of great rivers4 ,when we consider how many millions of the human race using ,english as their mother tongue receive instruction in school1 it might seem worth while to spend some little time and trouble in tracing back the history of that instruction1 and seeing what it was in its earliest days4 ,such knowledge as is now obtainable must be derived from a few books1 among which ,mulcaster's are almost the first1 both in time and in importance4 ,i know of nothing earlier except ,elyot's 8,governor0 and ,ascham's 8,schoolmaster40 ,the next ,english work on education known to me is ,w4 ,kemp's 8,the ,education of ,children0 in #aehh1 which probably furthered his wish that the good town of ,plymouth might 8bring forth some young imps and buds of learning20 but this is in every way a small book4 ,the next important book is ,john ,brinsly's 8,ludus ,literarius2 or1 the ,grammar ,school10 and this was not published till #afab4 ,the first edition of the 8,positions0 was dedicated to ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,this1 which is as far as ,i have seen the second1 ,i should dedicate to no contemporary1 not even to the ,queen herself2 but to the coming ,new ,zealander4 ,the prescient eye of ,macaulay sees that ,mulcaster's scheme of instruction will by that time have been adopted1 and our intelligent descendant will be able to draw4 ,i hope he will know of the old book in which drawing in schools was first recommended4 ,he will1 ,i feel certain1 take a deep interest in the most important discovery of his age1 the new science of education1 and gratitude for this science will make him think kindly of those quaint old writers1 standing almost together1 8foreshortened in the tract of time10 who in the days of ,elizabeth and ,victoria made the first crude suggestions and surmises towards it4 #afth ,february1 #ahhh4 ,r4 ,h4,q4 ,,harrison ,,and ,,sons ,,printers ,,in ,,ordinary ,,to ,,her ,,majesty ,,st4 ,,martin',s ,,lane4 ,,footnotes3 #ha ,almost all we know of ,mulcaster is given in 8,gentleman's ,magazine0 for #ahjj----;i4e41 vol4 lxx1 part i1 pp4 #dai-dba1 #eaa1 #eab2 and part ii1 pp4 #fjj and #fjd4 ,the writer1 8,e4 ,h410 is always said to be ,henry ,ellis4 ,besides this we have ,h4 ,b4 ,wilson's 8,history of ,merchant ,taylors' ,school40 ,it is a pity these writers do not always refer us to their authorities4 ,i have had much kind assistance from ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,lupton1 the author of 8,life of ,colet10 c4 ,i much regret that the late ,rev4 ,richard ,mulcaster1 of ,anglesea ,house1 ,paignton1 did not live to see the use ,i have made of materials collected by him for an article on his ancestor1 which materials he was good enough to place in my hands4 #hb ,mr4 ,lupton has pointed out to me a passage in ,bishop ,pilkington's 8,works0 7,parker ,soc471 p4 #ddg3 8,the servant1 he will write on the wall ,fidelis servus1 perpetuus asinus40 #hc ,in the 8,gentleman's ,magazine10 vol4 lxx1 p4 #fjc1 we read of a second edition of the 8,positions0 published in #aehg1 in #dto4 ,w4 ,c4 ,hazlitt 78,handbook10 p4 #djd1 ed4 #ahfg7 says the 8,positions0 was reprinted in #aehg and #aeia4 #hd ,our information is very scanty4 ,h4 ,b4 ,wilson1 the historian of ,merchant ,taylors' ,school1 a very painstaking writer1 says that ,mulcaster was 8,surmaster of ,st4 ,paul's1 #aehf2 ,vicar of ,cranbrook1 in ,kent1 #ast ,april1 #aeij2 ,prebendary of ,sarum1 #bith ,april1 #aeid2 ,rector of ,stanford ,rivers1 in ,essex1 #aeih2 died #aeth ,april1 #afaa40 ,did ,mulcaster go first as 8,surmaster0 to ,st4 ,paul's8 ,knight1 in his 8,life of ,colet10 says ,mulcaster 8came in upper master in #aeif10 which is consistent with his being 8surmaster0 previously4 ,but after his reign of twenty-six years at ,merchant ,taylors' he would not be likely to accept any mastership where he would be a subordinate4 ,mr4 ,lupton tells me that in ,gardiner's 8,registers of ,st4 ,paul's ,school10 ,richard ,smith is put down as 8surmaster0 from #aehf to #aeii1 when he was pensioned1 8being fallen into decay of his eyesight and impotency20 but a note speaks of these dates as probable1 not certain4 ,from ,fuller we should suppose that ,mulcaster left ,st4 ,paul's before he was seventy-seven years old2 but it seems certain that he was 8high-master0 till #afjh4 ,he must therefore have been for some years non-resident1 either in his school or in his parish4 ,fuller inaccurately puts him down as a ,westmorland worthy2 but as ,fuller got information from hearers of ,mulcaster the following passage is valuable3----8,in the morning he 7,mulcaster7 would exactly and plainly construe and parse the lessons to his scholars2 which done1 he slept his hour 7custom made him critical to apportion it7 in his desk in the school2 but woe be to the scholar that slept the while6 ,awaking1 he heard them accurately2 and ,atropos might be persuaded to pity as soon as he to pardon where he found just fault4 ,the prayers of cockering mothers prevailed with him as much as the requests of indulgent fathers1 rather increasing than mitigating his severity on their offending child4 ,in a word he was plagosus ,orbilius1 though it may truly be said 7and safely for one out of his school7 that others have taught as much learning with fewer lashes4 ,yet his sharpness was the better endured because unpartial1 and many excellent scholars were bred under him2 whereof ,bishop ,andrews was the most remarkable4 ,then quitting that place 7,st4 ,paul's ,school7 he was presented to the rich parsonage of ,stanford ,rivers1 in ,essex4 ,i have heard from those who have heard him preach1 that his sermons were not excellent2 which to me seems no wonder1 partly because there is a different discipline in teaching ,children and ,men2 partly because such who make divinity 7not the choice of their youth but7 the refuge of their age seldom attain to eminency therein40 7,fuller's 8,worthies10 edited by ,john ,nichols 7#b vols41 #ahaa71 vol4 ii1 p4 #dca47