,transcrib]'s ,notes3 #a4 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to imm$iately aft] ! associat$ p>agraph4 #b4 ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 #c4 ,spell+ & hyph5ation has be5 made consi/5t ) ! mo/ common usage4 ,quot$ text f o!r works & au?ors 0 left un*ang$4 #d4 ,*>act]s betwe5 und]scores 8 0 are italiciz$4 ,,notes ,,^u ,,indigo4 ,,by ,,john ,l4 ,,hayes1 ,,secret>y ,,( ,,! ,,national ,,association ,,( ,,wool ,,manufactur]s1 ,,fell[ ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,academy1 ,,& ,,correspond+ ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,academy ,,( ,,natural ,,sci5ces ,,( ,,philadelphia4 ,f 8,! ,bullet9 ( ! ,national ,association ( ,wool ,manufactur]s40 ,,bo/on3 ,,press ,,( ,,john ,,wilson ,,& ,,son4 #ahgc4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,notes ,,^u ,,indigo4 ,,"p ,i4 ,a publication devot$ to ! int]e/s ( ! wooll5 manufacture1 :ile giv+ due prom95ce to its fir/ raw mat]ial1 wool1 _c neglect ! second>y mat]ials :i* ent] into f9i%$ fabrics4 ,! attractiv5ess & utility ( ! l>ge/ class ( ^! fabrics are due to ! hue giv5 !m by ! dy]2 & ( all ! color+ mat]ials "o ( ! mo/ preci\s is indigo4 ,9 =m] times1 z x /ill does at ! ,ea/1 x occupi$ ) madd] ! place ( "o ( ! two mo/ important ( all dye+ mat]ials4 ,=c$ ( late ye>s to give way to ! m>vell\s products ( mod]n *emi/ry1 x w d\btless resume its place "u ! influ5ce ( a m enlight5$ economy & a m subdu$ ta/e4 ,to contribute to ! ha/5+ ( ?is return is "o object ( ?is essay4 ,! mo/ usual reproa* aga9/ ,am]ican fabrics is ! want ( /ability 9 our dyes1--a reproa* )\t ju/ice1 if appli$ to ,am]ican fabrics alone2 = ! *eap5+ ( dye/uffs is practis$ 9 all ! s-call$ manufactur+ nations1 & is contemn$ alone 9 ! ,ea/1 f :i* we h d]iv$ our arts1 & by ! p :om we despise z b>b>\s4 ,to remove ?is reproa* f ,am]ican fabrics w\ld be wor?y ( no little tempor>y sacrifice on ! "p ( our manufactur]s4 ,! value ( indigo z a dye+ mat]ial is due to ! great /ability ( ! blue color1 & ! d]ivatives f blue1 :i* x gives to fabrics1 especially ( wool & cotton4 ,x is n suffici5t t a dy$ fabric %\ld pres]ve its color :5 submitt$ to viol5t te/s1 z :5 act$ ^u by vegetable or m9]al acids or alkal9e or soapy ba?s3 ! only /able dyes are ^? :i* resi/ air & light1 ! two de/ructive ag5ts ( vegetable colors4 ,indigo1 f ! rem>kable mann] 9 :i* its color becomes fix$ ^u a fabric1 to be h]eaft] expla9$1 possesses prop]ties ( resi/ance & /ability 9 a high] degree ?an any blue dye4 ,& :5 we consid] t ?is blue has n only its own hue1 b is ! be/ f\ndation = blacks1 gre5s1 purples1 & ev5 br[ns1 ! importance ( ^! prop]ties _c be ov]-e/imat$4 ,says ,m4 de ,kppel91 a *emi/ & manufactur] ( ,mulh\se1 9 "o ( a s]ies ( articles furni%$ to ! ,annales du gnie ,civil1 #ahfd3 8,s high are ! prop]ties ( resi/ance & /ability :i* indigo possesses1 t x is p]haps to be regrett$ = ! art ( ! dy] & manufactur] ( pr9t$ calicoes1 t ! use ( indigo becomes m & m r>e1 & t ! rec5t discov]ies :i* mod]n sci5ce has plac$ at ! s]vice ( indu/ry are daily elim9at+ x f our factories4 ,i h obs]v$ t :5ev] we h to dye /uffs ( a high price1 x is indigo :i* always s]ves z a base = ! f\ndation ( all ! blue colors1 or ( ^? :i* are d]iv$ f blue4 ,x is ! same = ! fabrication ( pr9t$ tissues1 :i* s]ve = ! poor] classes1 ^: colors %\ld h great /ability )\t mu* increase ( co/4 ,b ( late ye>s1 especially1 we f9d a t5d5cy to employ colors ( little /ability1 & to pref] !m1 ev5 9 ! class ( fabrics fir/ ref]r$ to1 to ^? :i* are m fa/1 on acc\nt ( _! vivacity & fre%ness ( tone4 ,x is ?is t5d5cy1 :i* ! consum] p>takes ( ev5 :ile compla9+ ( x1 t ! textile manufactur]s ought to seek to combat4 ,h[ (t5 h ,i he>d ! greate/ manufactur]s ( ,alsace deplore ! obligation :i* !y felt t !y 7 "u ( pr9t+ _! tissues by means ( colors s fugaci\s & s little resi/ant z ^? compos$ f anil9e4 ,we mu/ hope1 !n1 9 ! int]e/ ( t indu/ry1 t :ile adopt+ ! m>vell\s discov]ies :i* sci5ce is e day mak+1 !re %all be made a less g5]al application ( !m1 & t we %all return to ! fabrication ( ! /yles :i* necessitate ! m con/ant employm5t ( color+ mat]ials1--less brilliant1 x is true1 b m adh]5t to ! tissues1 & less alt]able by air & light4 ,x seems to me1 also1 t ta/e w\ld lose no?+2 & t pr9t$ /uffs1 color$ 9 a mann] less brilliant1 b m h>moni\s1 w\ld be p]haps m appreciat$1 especially by ^? :o use !m40 ,! t5d5cy to sub/itute ! brilliant = ! /able dyes prevails too mu* 9 our own manufacture4 ,a v consid]able clo? manufactur] repli$ to our inquiry z to ! ext5t to :i* he us$ indigo3 8,i h>dly use x at all2 ! dye ( ! indigo blue is n bright en\gh to be popul>40 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h he>d our lead+ manufactur] ( c>pets1 ^: cultivat$ ta/e has l$ him to p>take ( ,m4 de ,kppel9's views1 deplore ! introduction ( anil9e dyes1 z a positive calamity to ! textile indu/ry4 ,x is ! influ5ce ( ! trade1 ! imm$iate consum]s ( fabrics1 r ?an ! judgm5t ( manufactur]s1 :i* promotes ! use ( ! mod]n fugaci\s dyes4 ,! deal]s desire n only to imitate ! fa%ionable colors ( ,european goods1 b to secure ! utmo/ *eapness4 ,"o ( our l>ge/ manufactur]s ( wooll5 goods1 :o _h made a special /udy ( ! be/ processes abroad1 & 0 desir\s ( br++ bett] dy$ goods into m g5]al consumption1 urg$ "o ( 8 l>ge/ cu/om]s1 an ext5sive deal]1 to all[ him to dye ! wat]pro( cloak+s :i* he 0 furni%+ = 8 h\se1 9 fa/ indigo colors1 assur+ him t he w\ld *>ge simply ! additional co/ ( ! indigo1 )\t pr(it4 ,! (f]1 :i* involv$ ! co/ ( only a few c5ts a y>d1 :i* w\ld h be5 gladly paid by ! la/ consum] if ! diff]5ce ( value _h be5 made kn[n1 0 decl9$4 ,x is n improbable t ! inf]ior goods :i* ! manufactur] 0 compell$ to furni% 7 sold to ! public z fa/ dy$4 ,our manufactur]s1 !re=e1 may n h be5 responsible = ! pr$icam5t 9 :i* ! mo/ en?usia/ic def5d] ( our protective policy f\nd himself1 z we h x f 8 own lips4 ,be+ ab\t to make a spee* 9 ,congress 9 def5ce ( ,am]ican indu/ries1 he put on1 = ! fir/ "t1 a coat decl>$ to h be5 made ( ,am]ican clo?4 ,sitt+ d[n1 heat$ & p]spir+ f ! excitem5t ( 8 ef=t1 he f\nd t b5ea? ! arms ^: ge/ures _h en=c$ 8 eulogies ( ,am]ican indu/ry1 ! pret5d$ fa/ blue ( 8 coat _h become r$1 lit]ally blu%+ = its unm]it$ praise4 ,t fa/-dy$ goods ( ! highe/ excell5ce c be & are furni%$ by ,am]ican manufactur]s1 is %[n by our army clo?s4 ,! gov]nm5t specifications1 copies ( :i* are publi%$ else:]e 9 ?is numb]1 require t all ! blue wooll5 clo?1 cap clo?1 & flannels furni%$ = ! army %all be 8pure indigo dy$40 ,! requisition is /rictly en=c$4 ,! admirable effect ( ?is regulation may be witness$ at any dress p>ade ( a battalion ( ,unit$ ,/ates soldi]s4 ,! p]si/5cy & uni=mity ( ! hue "u con/ant we>--! clo? ( ! common soldi] 9 its sup]ior dye (t5 favorably contra/+ ) ! f9] b fancy dy$ clo? ( ! (fic]--is "o ( ! circum/ances :i* ju/ify ! ass]tion1 t our army is ! be/ clo!d 9 ! _w4 ,! contra/ is m rem>kable /ill ) ! quondam blue clo?1 conv]t$ by sun & ra9-into e %ade ( %abb9ess1 :i* we pur*as$ 9 ,europe = our soldi]s at ! comm5cem5t ( our late w>4 ,,orig9 ,,& ,,extraction ,,( ,,indigo4 ,indigo is a color+ mat]ial ( vegetable orig91 :i* owes its color & its important applications to a direct blue pr9ciple1 kn[n "u ! "n ( indigot9e4 ,x has be5 us$ z a dye/uff f "t immemorial1 by ! inhabitants ( ,india2 & x is f ! ,ea/1 ! cradle ( ! textile arts1 t ,europe has d]iv$ x4 ,x 0 probably receiv$ f ,india by ! ,greeks1 among o!r products fir/ made kn[n to !m by ! exp$itions ( ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,dioscorides cle>ly ref]s to indigo 9 m5tion+ ! two color+ matt]s br\ght f ,india4 ,pl9y m5tions a color+ mat]ial1 hav+ an admirable mixture ( blue & purple1 z com+ f ,india1 :i* he calls indicum4 ,t he ref]s to indigo is curi\sly manife/ by ! te/ :i* he gives1 by :i* ! g5u9e drug might always & c]ta9ly be di/+ui%$ f ! spuri\s4 ,?is is by putt+ x on live coals1 :51 says he1 8! true indicum w burn ) a flame ( a mo/ beautiful purple t9t40 ,! purple vapor f burn+ indigo is /ill a *>act]i/ic te/4 ,! ,romans1 x is app>5t1 us$ indigo only z a pigm5t1 n kn[+ :at is /ill ! mo/ important art connect$ ) its use1--h[ to make x soluble s z to be available 9 dye+4 ,t indigo z a comm]cial product 0 fir/ obta9$ f ,india is n only prov$ by ! te/imony ( ,pl9y1 & o!r anci5t writ]s1 b is confirm$ by a v>iety ( circum/ances1 & p>ticul>ly by its "n1 :i* is kn[n to h be5 nil 9 ! ,h9du language1 f ! e>lie/ times ( :i* !re is m5tion ( x4 ,?is "n is /ill giv5 by ! ,h9doos to ! color blue1 & to all ! plants produc+ indigo4 ,! ,arabs & ,egyptians1 :o obta9$ a k ( indigo f ,india1 adopt$ ! ,h9du "n1 ! ,arabs call+ x nil or nir1 & ! ,egyptians nil or niel4 ,! ,portuguese pres]v$ ! ,indian "n1 ) a slight modification1 ! sub/ance be+ call$ anili]a 9 _! language4 ,! color+ sub/ances aft]w>ds f\nd 9 coal-t> hav+ be5 fir/ f\nd 9 indigo1 mod]n sci5ce has adopt$ = !m ! "n ( anil9e4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t ?is sub/ance 0 n kn[n 9 ,europe until ! "t ( ! discov]y ( ! passage to ,india r\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,b ,dr4 ,bancr(t has %[n t indigo 0 br\ght by m]*ants f ,india to ,alex&ria1 & !nce to ,v5ice1 :5 t city 0 ! entrept ( ,europe & ! ,ea/4 ,x d\btless contribut$ to ! excell5ce :i* ! ,italian /ates fir/ atta9$ 9 ! wool manufacture4 ,! drug 0 call$ endigo 9 ,v5ice1 & x is f t city t we h d]iv$ its "n & use4 ,x 0 imp]fectly kn[n 9 ,engl& "u its ,spani% "n 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 = we f9d 9 ,hackluyt 8,voyages0 8 in/ructions to a travell] :o 0 go+ to ,turkey to asc]ta9 8if anile1 t col\re? blue1 be a natural commodity ( ^? p>ts1 & if x be compos$ ( an h]be40 ,! g5]al introduction ( indigo into ,europe 0 imp$$ by legislative enactm5ts1 prompt$ ma9ly by ^? employ$ 9 indu/ries :i* x ?reat5$ to displace4 ,^! 7 *iefly ! produc]s ( & deal]s 9 woad1 =m]ly us$ exclusively = dye+ blue1 & ! corporation ( woad dy]s4 ,:5 dy]s f ,italy & ,fl&]s attempt$ to introduce ! sup]ior dyes ( indigo1 ! woad int]e/s 7 suffici5tly p[]ful to induce ! ,elector ( ,saxony to d5\nce ! use ( ! new dye/uff4 ,x 0 pron\nc$ 9 ! ,diet ( ! ,empire z 8a corrosive color10 & 8fit food only = ! devil10 fress5de teufels4 ,simil> propositions 7 made 9 ,engl& & ,france1 9 :i* latt] ! free use ( indigo 0 n p]mitt$ until #agcg4 ,al?\gh indigo z kn[n 9 ! arts is a product ( vegetable orig91 we mu/ n omit to notice t "o s\rce ( its production is ! human body4 ,x 0 discov]$ "s ye>s s9ce t ! blue color sometimes f\nd 9 diseas$ ur9es1 & 9 c]ta9 suppurations1 is due to indigo4 ,dr4 ,s*unck1 9 "s pap]s read be=e ! ,royal ,society1 has %[n t x is a frequ5t con/itu5t ( ur9e secret$ by p]sons 9 a heal?y /ate1 & t1 9 fact1 x is produc$ g5]ally :5 p]sons d n take suffici5t ex]cise2 & he has sev]al times succe$$ 9 produc+ x by tak+ 9 8 food a r l>ge excess ( sug>4 ,he has f\nd ?is sub/ance also 9 ! ur9e ( beef cattle4 ,x mu/ also be obs]v$ t ! *emical actions ( indigot9e ) oxidiz+ ag5ts1 %[+ indigo to h a v close relation to anil9e & c>bolic acid1 bo? products d]iv$ f coal-t>1 h produc$ 9 ! m9ds ( *emi/s ! conviction t indigot9e1 l aliz>9e1 ! color+ pr9ciple ( madd]1 w "o day be artificially produc$ f coal-t>4 ,! plants :i* are kn[n to furni% indigo are q num]\s1 be+ n less ?an sixty2 !y d n all belong to ! same family1 & none ( !m conta9 ! color+ pr9ciple already =m$4 ,! mo/ important belong to ! legum9\s family1 f :i* mo/ ( ! vegetable dyes are d]iv$1 & to ! g5us indig(]a4 ,! species cultivat$ & mo/ e/eem$ are ,indig(]a t9ctoria1 ,i4 disp]ma1 ,i4 anil1 ,i4 arg5tea4 ,illu/ration3 ,draw+ ( ! ,indig(]a t9ctoria plant ,! pr9cipal s\rce ( ! indigo ( comm]ce is ! ,indig(]a t9ctoria4 ,! accompany+ figure is a correct repres5tation ( ! plant1 & we may disp5se ) a description ( its botanical *>act]s1 obs]v+ only t ! plant has a half woody /em1 & rises to ! height ( f ?ree to five feet4 ,! plants exhale a /rong odor t[>ds ev5+ 9 ! fields :]e !y are cultivat$4 ,! leaves h a disagreeable ta/e1 & rapidly putrefy 9 wat]4 ,! plant orig9at$ 9 ,campaja1 or ,guz]at1 b is cultivat$ 9 ,h9do/an1 ,*9a1 ,java1 & 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies g5]ally4 ,x 0 c>ri$ by ! ,spani>ds to ,s\? ,am]ica & ! ,we/ ,indies1 & x c be acclimat$ 9 all hot c\ntries4 ,! ,indig(]a arg5tea1 or indigo plant ( ,egypt1 furni%es ! indigo produc$ 9 t c\ntry & ,arabia4 ,! culture ( ! plant & ! production ( comm]cial indigo is c>ri$ on a va/ scale 9 ,l[] ,b5gal4 ,we h be=e u a l>ge map1 plac$ at our disposal by an ,india m]*ant ( ,bo/on1 %[+ ! location ( ea* ( ! hundr$s ( factories ( t important c5tre ( production4 ,^! factories h be5 develop$ by ,briti% ent]prise2 & ,india ?us receives "s slight comp5sation = ! ru9 ( h] cotton manufacture by ! same influ5ce4 ,! propagation ( ! indigo plant 9 t c\ntry is made by s[+ 9 a ?or\ghly till$ silico-argillace\s soil4 ,! se$ ( ! plant is s[$ annually 9 ! spr+ or autumn1 accord+ to ! v>iety us$1 "s g]m9at+ m sl[ly1 & requir+ to rema9 9 ! gr\nd long] ?an o!rs4 ,! "t ( putt+ 9 ! se$ is also gov]n$ by ! nature ( ! soil & its position 9 respect to neighbor+ riv]s4 ,9 ! l[l&s subject to inundations1 ! indigo ought to be all cut at ! p]iod ( ! ra9s & inundations1 :i* w\ld de/roy ! crop 9 a brief "t4 ,besides1 dur+ ! ra9y p]iod ! plant] has at 8 disposal suffici5t wat] to comm5ce 8 op]ations ( fabricat+ ! indigo1 :i* is ! suitable "t = beg9n+ ! cutt+ ( ! plant4 ,! "t ( cutt+ ! indigo plants is !re=e regulat$ by ! elevation ( ! l& & dang] f floods4 ,! high l&s are always s[$ sev]al weeks aft] ^? subject to inundations4 ,! ,*9ese prick out ! "y plants 9 p>allel r[s1 always pres]v+ ! l& q cle> ( we$s4 ,by tak+ away ! blossoms ( ! plant be=e _! developm5t1 !y increase ! gr[? ( ! leaves1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! return ( indigo2 = x is 9 ! leaves pr9cipally t ! color+ mat]ial is f\nd4 ,9 c]ta9 localities ! plant]s break (f ! leaves :i* h acquir$ a blui% gre5 t9t4 ,b m frequ5tly ! :ole plant is cut d[n close to ! gr\nd 9 ! mon?s ( ,june or ,july1 :5 ! fl[]s beg9 to op54 ,! portion ( ! plant :i* rema9s pu%es up q rapidly1 & furni%es a second1 & ev5 ?ird1 & sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely1 a f\r? cutt+4 ,! quality ( ! product dim9i%es accord+ to ! numb] ( ! cutt+s4 ,! plant call$ nil1 cut d[n to ! root & ga!r$ up 9 packages1 is work$ up ! same ev5+4 ,! package is =m$ f ! product ( a space ( l& embrac$ by a *a9 ab\t ?ree y>ds long4 ,! value ( ! fir/ mat]ial *anges ) ! value ( ! soil4 ,?us1 "o soil produces a plant :i* has _m /ems & few leaves1 :ile ano!r gives _m leaves & few /ems4 ,! ri*ness 9 color+ mat]ial dep5ds ^u ! quantity ( leaves1 b v>ies also ) an equal weight ( leaves ) atmosph]ic influ5ces4 ,?us regul> deal]s 9 ! article obs]ve a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! quality ( indigo 9 diff]5t seasons4 ,m4 ,a4 ,koe*l9 ,s*w>tz has rec5tly publi%$ "s int]e/+ notes ^u ! prep>ation ( indigo 9 ,l[] ,b5gal4 ,9 t c\ntry1 :i* furni%es excell5t indigo1 ! factory includes1 besides filt]s1 presses1 a /eam-eng9e1 dry+ app>atus1 & res]voir ( wat]1 two l9es ( vats1 arrang$ "o above ! o!r1 f fifte5 to tw5ty 9 ea* l9e4 ,^! vats are built up ) bricks1 & cov]$ ) a /rong coat ( solid & well made /ucco4 ,!y are squ>e1 ab\t six y>ds on a side1 & ab\t a y>d deep4 ,! back r[ is ab\t a y>d above ! front "o4 ,! plant is f]m5t$ 9 ! vats ( ! upp] r[2 :5 ! op]ation ( f]m5tation is t]m9at$1 a faucet is op5$1 & ! liquid is run into ! l[] vat4 ,! wat] ( ! ,ganges1 :i* is relatively pure1 & ?us well suit$ = ?is "w1 is br\ght into bas9s ( deposition1 :]e x becomes cl>ifi$1 & is di/ribut$ by a common canal to ! vats ( ! upp] r[4 ,! plants1 cut 9 ! morn+ & b\nd up into packages1 come to ! factory aft] midday1 & are ?r[n into ! vat 9 ! ev5+4 ,a vat conta9s "o hundr$ packages c>efully arrang$1 "o beside ! o!r2 heavy timb]s are plac$ ^u ! plants1 :i* are press$ d[n by means ( l>ge w$ges4 ,x is necess>y t ! plants %\ld be press$ toge!r v compactly1 z )\t ?is ! f]m5tation does n take place to advantage4 ,at nightfall ! wat] is introduc$ into ! vats1 & fills !m s z completely to subm]ge ! plants4 ,! f]m5tation is m or less prolong$ accord+ to ! temp]ature4 ,its duration v>ies f n9e to f\rte5 h\rs4 ,! workm5 judge z to ! proc$ure ( ! op]ation by )draw+ a little ( ! liquid 9 ! l[] vat4 ,if x is ( a cle> pale yell[ :5 )drawn1 x w furni% a product less abundant b m pure ?an if ( a deep gold color4 ,at ! mom5t ( its issue f ! f]m5t+ vat ! liquid is ( a yell[ color1 m or less deep4 ,! liquid is all[$ to rema9 undi/urb$ = a brief p]iod1 :5 twelve nak$ m51 arm$ ) long bamboos1 ent] ! vat to beat ! wat] :ile x is /ill w>m4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! upp] vat is empti$ & clean$ out = ! succe$+ op]ation4 ,"o vat requires sev5te5 workpeople 7twelve m5 & five wom574 ,!y ?ra% ! wat] = two or ?ree h\rs4 ,! liquid passes by little & little to a pale gre51 & ! indigo is f\nd on susp5sion 9 ! =m ( small floccules4 ,! liquor is suff]$ to rema9 undi/urb$ = half an h\r2 x is !n gradually decant$ by op5+1 "o aft] ! o!r1 ! dis*>g+ holes plac$ at diff]5t heights4 ,! wat] returns to ! riv]1 & ! precipitate1 "u ! =m ( a ?9 b\ille1 is turn$ into a res]voir4 ,?is b\ille is pump$ up into a vessel1 & made to boil = a mom5t to prev5t a second f]m5tation1 :i* w\ld injure ! quality ( ! product1 by turn+ x black4 ,x is suff]$ to re/ ab\t tw5ty h\rs1 & ! next morn+ x is aga9 subject$ to boil+1 ! ebullition be+ kept up ?ree or f\r h\rs4 ,! boil+ deposit is !n turn$ (f ^u a l>ge filt]1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] drips4 ,?is filt] is compos$ ( a vat con/ruct$ ( masonry1 cov]$ ) /ucco1 ab\t eighte5 feet long by six feet wide & ?ree feet deep4 ,?is is cov]$ ) bamboos1 ^u :i* is a grat+ ( small] re$s1 & above by a /\t /ra9$ clo?4 ,!re rema9s ^u ! clo? a ?ick pa/e1 ( a deep blue & ne>ly black color4 ,! wat] :i* is run into ! vat deposits "s indigo :i* has press$ ?r\gh ! filt]4 ,?is is decant$ aft] be+ all[$ to re/1 & ! turbid liquid is boil$ ! next day ) ! fre% indigo4 ,! pa/e ( ! filt] is introduc$ into "s small boxes ( wood1 pi]c$ ) holes1 & provid$ above & bel[ ) a /rong cotton clo?4 ,! :ole is aga9 cov]$ ) a piece ( /uff1 & !n ) a cov]+ ( wood1 pi]c$ ) small holes1 & x is plac$ "u a press1 ! =ce be+ gradually appli$1 s z to cause ! wat] to run out z mu* z possible4 ,!re is )drawn f ! box a cake ( ! size ( a cake ( ,m>seilles soap4 ,! wat] squeez$ out fl[s back into ! filt]+ vat1 to be boil$ aga9 ) ! fre% indigo4 ,! dry+ ( ! cakes ought to be done v sl[ly4 ,! dry-h\se is a l>ge build+ ( masonry1 q high1 & pi]c$ ) _m op5+s1 provid$ ) n>r[ bl9ds1 to prev5t ! direct light ( ! sun f p5etrat+ into ! int]ior4 ,c>e is tak5 also to surr\nd ! dry-h\se ) l>ge %ade-trees4 ,! cakes take f ?ree to f\r days to dry1 aft] :i* !y are pack$ 9 small boxes & c>ri$ to ,calcutta1 ! great m>ket ( ,b5gal4 ,! details above giv5 apply to ! factories manag$ by ,european plant]s4 ,! natives op]ate 9 ne>ly ! same mann]1 b ) less c>e1 & consequ5tly _! products are inf]ior4 ,! av]age product ( indigo 9 ,l[] ,b5gal is /at$ at #d1jjj1jjj kilograms1 or #h1hdj1jjj p\nds p] ye>4 ,! mo/ rem>kable fact to be notic$ 9 ^! op]ations is1 t ! blue pr9ciple is develop$ by *emical action f c]ta9 absolutely colorless pr9ciples exi/+ 9 ! plant4 ,! !ory ( ! *ange effect$ is /ill some:at 9 d\bt1 because no *emi/ has /udi$ ! fre% plant1 & obs]v$ ^u ! spot ! phases ( ! op]ation ( ! production ( indigo on a l>ge scale4 ,b ! mo/ accept$ !ory is t d]iv$ f ! rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,s*unck1 ^u ! isatis or woad-plant1 :i* produces indigot9e 9 a mu* less degree ?an ! true indigo plants2 viz41 t ! indigo exi/s 9 ! plants comb9$ ) sug>1 =m+ a glucoside1 to :i* he gives ! "n indican4 ,?is comp\nd1 "u ! influ5ce ( f]m5tation 9 ! manufactur+ process1 is suppos$ to be unfold$ into indigo & sug>4 ,)\t dwell+ ^u ?is "q1 :i* is beyond our prov9ce1 we obs]ve t ! plants ( ! g5us indig(]a are us$ = ! production ( comm]cial indigo1 on acc\nt ( ! great] ri*ness 9 ! color+ pr9ciple4 ,o!r plants1 :i* furni% ! same color+ pr9ciple1 indigot9e1 are m frequ5tly us$ directly 9 dye+ to furni% ! blue pr9ciple ?an !y are = ! production ( indigo4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! plants1 al?\gh !re are o!rs1 su* z ! ,polygonum t9ctorium & ! ,n]ium t9ctorium1 is ! ,isatis t9ctoria1 :i* produces pa/el1 or woad4 ,?is1 plant belongs to ! family ( crucif]1 & is a bi5nial4 ,x is repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,draw+ ( ! ,isatis t9ctoria plant ,! leaves :i* surr\nd ! /em are collect$ 9 ,may or ,june ( ! second ye>1 :5 !y beg9 to turn yell[4 ,! wa/$ & dri$ leaves are sometimes us$ directly = dye+1 b m g5]ally ! leaves1 aft] be+ cut & dri$1 are c>ri$ to a mill1 & !n gr\nd to a pa/e1 aft] :i* x is =m$ into a mass or heap1 & be+ cov]$ to protect x f ra91 is left to und]go a p>tial f]m5tation = ab\t a =tnight4 ,! heap is !n well mix$ & =m$ into balls1 :i* are expos$ to ! sun & w9d to dry1 & !reby prev5t ! putrefaction :i* w\ld o!rwise take place4 ,be+ aft]w>ds collect$ 9 heaps1 ^! balls aga9 f]m5t1 become hot1 & emit ! odor ( ammonia1 :i* ,hume tells u1 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 gave su* (f5ce to ,que5 ,elizabe? t %e issu$ an edict to prohibit ! cultivation ( ?is plant4 ,aft] ! heat has cont9u$ = "s "t1 ^! balls fall into a dry p[d]1 9 :i* =m ! woad is usually sold to ! dy]4 ,! be/ ,fr5* woad comes f ,prov5ce1 ,langu$oc1 & ,norm&y4 ,9 ,g]many1 ! pa/el ( ,?ur+ia is us$ almo/ exclusively2 ! packages h ! trade-m>k ( ?ree t[]s1 ) ! numb]s #d1 #e4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 ow+ probably to ! prejudices ( practical dy]s1 :o h g5]ally come f ,engl&1 ! ,lanca%ire woad is almo/ exclusively us$4 ,! v little import$ ( late ye>s1 rang+ f two ?\s& to twelve ?\s& doll>s annually 9 value1 is us$ = mix+ ) indigo 9 ! s-call$ woad vat1 to be h]eaft] describ$4 ,,comm]cial ,,indigoes4 ,! foll[+ description ( ! indigoes ( comm]ce is tak5 pr9cipally f ,s*utz5b]g]'s excell5t treatise on color+ mat]ials4 ,x co9cides v ne>ly ) t giv5 by ,napi] f ,dumas & ,*evrueil4 ,indigoes are class$1 accord+ to _! orig91 into ?ree gr\ps4 #a4 ,indigoes ( ,asia 7f ,b5gal1 ,oude or ,corom&el1 ,manilla1 ,madras1 & ,java74 #b4 ,indigoes ( ,africa 7,egypt1 ,isl& ( ,france1 ,s5egal74 #c4 ,indigoes ( ,am]ica 7,guatemala1 ,c>accas1 ,mexico1 ,brazil1 & ! ,we/ ,indies74 ,! ?ree v>ieties 9 mo/ e/eem are ^? ( ,b5gal1 ,java1 & ,guatemala4 ,indigoes ( ,java4--,^! are di/+ui%$ by ! great purity ( _! color+ mat]ial4 ,!y conta9 ! m9imum ( extractive organic matt]4 ,if1 9 spite ( ?is1 !y d n give a high yield ( indigot9e2 ?is is ow+ to a mixture ( silici\s m9]al sub/ances ) _! pa/e4 ,! pa/e is s(t4 ,x adh]es /rongly to ! tongue1 & its d5sity is feeble4 ,!y are g5]ally ( a pure blue1 light or a% color$ 9 ! k9ds :i* are less ri*1 & ( a magnific5t violet blue 9 ! sup]ior qualities4 ,! la/ take a beautiful copp] color :5 scrat*$ by ! nail4 ,!y are plac$ 9 ! v fir/ rank among all indigoes 9 respect to f95ess & beauty1 if n 9 ri*ness 9 ! blue color+ pr9ciple4 ,_! purity1 complete abs5ce f c>bonate ( lime1 & ! small quantity ( =eign organic mat]ials :i* !y conta91 cause !m to be mu* s\ght =1 = ! prep>ation ( c>m9e ( indigo4 ,! consumption ( ! ,javan indigoes 9 ?is c\ntry is s small z n to be appreciat$4 ,b5gal ,indigoes4--,^! are ! indigoes p> excell5ce1 = 9 !m are f\nd ! mo/ v>i$ qualities1 f ! mo/ beautiful & ri* to ! mo/ ord9>y4 ,! sup]ior qualities are ( a deep violet blue1 ) a f9e & uni=m pa/e2 !y adh]e to ! tongue1 are easily pulv]iz$1 & take a beautiful copp]y t9t :5 scrat*$ by ! nail4 ,! fre% fracture %[s a magnific5t purpli% blue reflection4 ,_! yield 9 indigot9e does n surpass sev5ty-two p] c5t4 ,aft] ^! come ! r$di%-violet indigoes ) a purpli% hue1 & a fracture m uni=m & %9y4 ,!y are also m d5se & h>d ?an ! sup]ior qualities4 ,! r$di% hue does n proce$ f ! great] or less am\nt ( color+ mat]ial conta9$1 b f ! pres5ce ( a great] quantity ( br[n & r$ extractive matt]4 ,^! qualities are n to be despis$1 = ! k9ds :i* give ! be/ results 9 ! dye+ vat are f\nd 9 ^! indigoes4 ,x w\ld seem1 9 fact1 says ! au?or :om we are foll[+1 8t ! br[ns & r$s ( indigo play an important "p 9 vat dye+1 t !y are able to become dissolv$ & to fix !mselves ^u ! tissues at ! same "t z ! indigot9e1 & ?us op]ate to re9=ce ! hue4 ,! fact is1 t dy]s g5]ally pref] ! r$di% indigoes to ! o!r v>ieties40 ,among ! ,b5gal indigoes !re is f\nd a cle> blue v>iety1 less ri* 9 color+ matt]1 b also m exempt f organic sub/ances4 ,! impurity is con/itut$ by m9]al matt]s4 ,x is less d5se1 adh]es /rongly to ! tongue1 & does n take a copp]y hue1 l ! o!r v>ieties1 :5 scrat*$ by ! nail4 ,! wor/ qualities ( ! ,b5gal indigoes1 z 9 all ! species1 are ! cle> blues1 %ad+ on to gray or gre54 ,?is coloration d5otes a great quantity ( extractive matt] diff]5t f ! indigo br[n :i* *>act]izes ! r$ v>ieties1 & completely in]t4 ,^! indigoes are h>d1 d5se1 adh]e little or none to ! tongue1 & d n %[ copp]y reflections :5 scrat*$4 ,! mo/ skilful connoisseurs di/+ui% =ty-?ree v>ieties ( ,b5gal indigo4 ,! mo/ important are ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,sup]f9e blue1 light or float+4--,color bright blue2 light1 friable1 & spongy2 adh]5t to ! tongue1 s(t to ! t\*1 %[+ copp]y reflections :5 rubb$ by ! nail2 pa/e uni=m & pure4 #b4 ,f9e blue4--,l ! prec$+1 b ! color a little less vivid4 #c4 ,violet blue4--,a little less light & friable4 ,has a violet blue4 #d4 ,sup]f9e violet4 #e4 ,sup]f9e purple4 #f4 ,f9e violet4 #g4 ,good violet4 #h4 ,r$ violet4 #i4 ,ord9>y violet4 #aj4 ,good s(t r$4 #aa4 ,good r$4 #ab4 ,! indigoes1 f9e copp]y1 good copp]y1 ord9>y copp]y1 & l[ copp]y4 ,! ,indigoes ( ,oude & ,corom&el4--,^! are made 9 ! int]ior ( ,h9do/an4 ,^? ( ! be/ quality correspond to ! middl+ ,b5gal indigoes1 & are met ) 9 squ>e masses1 hav+ an ev5 fracture1 b are m difficult to break2 ! inf]ior qualities are heavy1 ( a s&y feel1 hav+ a blue color1 bord]+ on gre5 or gray1 or ev5 black2 (t5 9 l>ge squ>es1 & cov]$ ) a slight cru/ or r9d ( a gre5i% color4 ,!y are ! mo/ difficult to break ( all ! indigoes ( comm]ce4 ,madras ,indigoes4--,!y h a gra9$ fracture1 & are ( a cubical figure4 ,! sup]ior qualities h no r9d4 ,! qualities are f9e blue1 mix$ violet blue1 & ord9>y4 ,!y are all light]1 & less ri* 9 color+ matt] ?an ! ,b5gal indigoes4 ,manilla ,indigoes4--,^! occur 9 cubical blocks1 flat squ>es1 or 9 irregul> pieces4 ,!y are light1 ) a f9e pa/e1 & ( a cle> blue4 ,!y eff]vesce ) acids1 %[+ ! pres5ce ( c>bonate ( lime incorporat$ 9 _! pa/e4 ,!y are consequ5tly poor 9 color+ mat]ial1 & are h5ce almo/ exclusively us$ z a blu+ mat]ial 9 wa%+ fabrics4 ,am]ican ,indigoes4 ,guatemala4--,^! indigoes are produc$ n[ altoge!r 9 ,hunduras1 al?\gh !y /ill reta9 9 comm]ce ! "n ( ,guatemalan4 ,!y are g5]ally f\nd 9 small pieces1 irregul> 9 =m & size1 & come 9 envelopes ( sk9 conta9+ ab\t half z mu* z ! ,b5gal *e/s4 ,putt+ aside ! diff]5ce 9 ext]ior =m1 ^! indigoes approa* v closely to ^? ( ,b5gal4 ,! same qualities are f\nd1 only !y are m frequ5tly mix$4 ,! cle> blue is m r>e1 &1 :5 x is f\nd1 x is poor] 9 color+ matt]4 ,9 pur*as+ ^! indigoes x is necess>y to bew>e ( ! r$s1 :i* (t5 conta9 a /rong proportion ( ! br[n extractive matt]4 ,x is n r>e to f9d among ! ,guatemalan indigoes beautiful specim5s ( ! blue violet1 equal to ! ri*e/ ,b5gal v>iety4 ,un=tunately1 ?is sup]ior v>iety is g5]ally mix$ ) inf]ior k9ds1 z to h less value4 ,! ,am]ican indigoes are classifi$ z foll[s3-- ,guatemala floro4--,bright blue1 pa/e uni=m1 s(t & light4 ,?is v>iety1 9 ,bancr(t's "t1 0 ! mo/ e/eem$ ( all indigoes4 ,guatemala sobresali5te4--,less light1 ! pa/e firm] & ! blue less beautiful4 ,guatemala corte1 or copp]-color$4--,pa/e less firm & heavi]1 copp]y r$4 ,c>accas4--,^! resemble v mu* ! ,guatemala v>ieties4 ,! qualities are designat$ by analog\s names1 b !y are1 9 g5]al1 less e/eem$ ?an ! prec$+4 ,mexican4--,!y hold an int]m$i>y rank betwe5 ! ,c>accas & ,mexican4 ,brazil4--,^! indigoes are 9 small rectangul> p>allele-pip$ masses1 or 9 irregul> lumps ( a gre5i% gray color ext]nally1 & hav+ a smoo? fracture1 a firm consi/5cy1 & a copp]-color$ t9t ( great] or less brilliancy4 ,! indigoes ( ,africa & ,egypt4--,^! h only be5 manufactur$ )9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s2 !y are 9 flat squ>es4 ,! pa/e is f9e & q light1 & ! color pure blue or bord]+ on violet4 ,! v>ieties are di/+ui%$ z f9e blue & good violet & r$4 ,indigoes ( ! ,isle ( ,france & ,s5egal4 ,r>e 9 comm]ce1 b ( good quality4 ,! indigoes ( ! inf]ior qualities1 *>act]iz$ by a salt-l color1 bord]+ m or less ^u gre52 by a co>se1 unev51 & v d5se pa/e2 by n adh]+ to ! tongue1 & by n %[+ a copp]y color :5 scrat*$1--c nev] be employ$ to advantage1 not)/&+ _! l[ price4 ,! pur*as] ( ^! qualities mu/ be guid$ solely by ! results ( analysis2 = an article is f\nd 9 comm]ce ^: ri*ness 9 indigot9e does n exce$ twelve to f\rte5 p] c5t4 ,! pres5ce ( s high a proportion ( =eign matt] prev5ts ! *emical *ange :i* ! indigo ought to und]go 9 ! dye+ vat2 & ?is =eign matt]1 add$ to ! deposits ( ! dye+ vats1 causes great loss ( ! color+ matt]4 ,^! indigoes %\ld be us$ z little z possible1 especially 9 ! cold vats us$ = dye+ cotton & l954 ,! middle v>ieties ( ! ,b5gal & ,guatemala indigoes1 &1 above all1 ! r$ v>ieties1 produce 9 ! cold vats ! mo/ advantage\s results4 ,! l[] qualities above spok5 ( pres5t less inconv5i5ce 9 ! hot vats us$ = dye+ wool2 & x is = ?is purpose t !y are g5]ally us$4 ,9 consid]+ ! previ\s obs]vations1 ! wool manufactur] may arrive at ?is conclusion3 t :ile he c1 ) less loss ?an ! mak] ( cotton fabrics1 make use ( ! l[e/ qualities ( indigo1 he w obta9 ! be/ results f ! middle qualities ( ! r$di% ,b5gal indigoes4 ,! skill$ deal]s 9 indigo recognize n only ! above di/9ctions1 f\nd$ ^u ! c\ntry ( production1 color1 & physical qualities1 b !y obs]ve :e!r ! article has any ( ! foll[+ defects1 :i* are designat$ by c]ta9 well-und]/ood t]ms3 su* z :e!r ! indigo is s&y1--:5 brilliant po9ts are obs]v$ 9 ! int]ior1 :i* are 9 reality p>ticles ( s&2 spott$1 t is to say1 ( unequal t9t1 & m>k$ by small blacki% po9ts2 ribbon$1 m>k$ by transv]sal b&s ( a pal]1 & sometimes r$ color2 burnt1 ! pieces hav+ a scor*$ appe>ance1 due to rapid dry+1 & sep>at+ into small black fragm5ts "u ! pressure ( ! h&2 crumbly1 :5 9 pieces ( irregul> figure1 proce$+ f fractures ( ! squ>es2 cold1 :5 ! indigo does n adh]e to ! tongue4 ,! above classification is pres5t$ ) a full k t ^! di/9ctions are by no means recogniz$ 9 ! ord9>y comm]ce 9 ?is article4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 )\t int]e/ z an illu/ration ( ! m9ute att5tion giv5 to ?is subject 9 ,europe1 :]e a high] manufacture requires a nic] inve/igation ( ! qualities ( mat]ials employ$4 ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,! ,,ri*ness ,,& ,,purity ,,( ,,indigoes4 ,x is evid5t t ! comm]cial =m & ! high price ( ?is drug favor fraud1 & ! desire to illicitly introduce =eign sub/ances into ! pa/e4 ,x is important1 !re=e1 t ! pur*as] %\ld c>efully asc]ta9 ! actual value ( ! article :i* he is to use4 ,he %\ld "k n only ! proportion ( indigot9e conta9$1 :i* v>ies 9 ! comm]cial indigoes f twelve to sev5ty-five p] c5t1 b ! h>dness & d5sity4 ,a good indigo ought to h qualities :i* c be recogniz$ by ! eye & t\* alone4 ,! fir/ & ! only exam9ation ord9>ily made by pur*as]s is 9 respect to ! physical qualities ( ! article4 ,diff]5t pieces are select$1 & _! fre% fracture is att5tively obs]v$4 ,! pur*as] obs]ves :e!r ! squ>es are l ea* o!r1 & if ! p>ts ( ! same piece pres5t ! same t9t4 ,he det]m9es ! porosity by ! simple means ( apply+ 8 tongue to ! fre% fracture4 ,! m rapid ! adh]5ce ( ! tongue1 ! m por\s ! indigo4 ,by scrat*+ ! piece ) 8 f+]-nail1 he det]m9es ! ext5t ( ! copp]y reflection1--an important te/4 ,f all ^! *>act]s1 tak5 toge!r1 ! pur*as] c =m q a correct idea ( ! value ( indigoes 9 g5]al2 & ! great] numb] ( dy]s1 bo? 9 ,europe & ?is c\ntry1 are satisfi$ to make _! pur*ases ) only ?is physical exam9ation4 ,! mo/ exp]i5c$ deal]s 9 ?is c\ntry make no o!r exam9ation ?an ! physical "o4 ,an em95t indigo brok] 9 ,bo/on has p]mitt$ me to copy ! foll[+ memor&a = ! physical exam9ation ( indigo f 8 notebook4 ,! *ief signs ( good indigo are its lightness1 feel+ dry :5 t\*$1 &1 :5 brok51 appe>+ ( a beautiful violet blue4 ,good indigo swims 9 wat]2 if ?r[n ^u burn+ coals x emits a violet-color$ smoke1 & leaves b little a%es4 ,9 select+ indigo ! l>ge regul>ly =m$ cakes %\ld be pref]r$1--^? ( a f9e1 ri* blue color1 extremely free f ! :ite adhesive m\ld#a1 & ( a clean1 neat %ape4 ,:5 brok51 x %\ld be ( a bright purple ca/1 ( a close & compact texture1 free f specks or s&1 & :5 rubb$ ) ! nail %\ld h a beautiful %9y copp]y appe>ance2 :5 burnt 9 a c&le x %\ld fly l du/2 t :i* is heavy & dull color$ %\ld be reject$4 ,indigo is e/imat$ & class$ 9 comm]cial language1 z foll[s3 f9e blue1 ord9>y blue1 f9e purple1 inf]ior purple1 & violet1 /rong copp]1 & ord9>y copp]4 ,x is pur*as$ by ! factory maund 7#gd lbs4 ,! ,baza> maund is #hb lbs471 pack$ 9 cases conta9+ on an av]age #b cwt41 damm]$ 7pit*$7 & cov]$ ) gunny bagg+4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a ,_m exp]i5c$ pur*as]s 9 ?is c\ntry pay no reg>d to ?is m\ld1 z x weighs sc>cely any ?+4--,ed4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,/ill1 9 mak+ l>ge pur*ases1 z a measure ( wise precaution ! *emical te/ %\ld be add$4 ,?is is us$ to asc]ta9 ! proportion p] c5t ( indigot9e :i* a giv5 indigo has4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! quality ( indigot9e conta9$ is n alone suffici5t to fix ! value ( an indigo4 ,) an equal yield ( indigot9e1 ! indigoes are always to be pref]r$ :i* h a light & s(t pa/e2 & = ! prep>ation ( ! indigo vat ! pref]5ce %\ld be always giv5 to ! violet r$ r ?an to ! cle> blue indigoes4 ,! *emical works :i* treat ( ?is subject give elaborate details ( a great numb] ( processes = det]m9+ by *emical te/s ! am\nt ( indigot9e1 or ! color+ mat]ial 9 indigoes4 ,to give ^! num]\s processes w\ld only confuse ! read]4 ,9 our own confusion ^u ?is subject we submitt$ ! descriptions ( ^! v>i\s processes to "o ( ! mo/ em95t & practical ( ,am]ican *emi/s1 ,dr4 ,*>les ,t4 ,jackson1 an (ficial ,/ate ,assay] = ! ,/ate ( ,massa*usetts1 :o has _h mu* exp]i5ce 9 te/+ indigo1 ) a reque/ t he w\ld describe ! process :i* he approves & practises4 ,he has oblig$ u by ! foll[+ communication3-- ,bo/on1 ,nov4 #ba1 #ahgb4 ,no4 #dg ,c\rt ,/reet1 ,room #d4 ,john ,l4 ,hayes1 ,esq4 ,de> ,sir1--,9 reply to y\r inquiry z to ! simple/ me?od ( analyz+ indigo1 ,i w\ld say t ,i fir/ asc]ta9 ! am\nt p] c5t ( e>?y matt]s & metallic oxides1 9 ! samples br\ght to me1 by burn+ a weigh$ quantity 9 a c\nt]pois$ plat9um crucible1 until all organic matt]s are remov$ or consum$1 & !n weigh+ ! a%es obta9$4 ,! a% is !n subject$ to analysis 9 ! usual way1 & lime1 alum9a1 p]oxide ( iron1 & "s o!r e>?y impurities are sep>at$4 ,!n1 to det]m9e ! am\nt ( color+ matt]1 or indigot9e1 ,i make use ( a /&>d sample ( pure r$uc$ indigo1 :i* is dissolv$ 9 ! mo/ conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 & dilut$ ) wat] aft] solution4 ,!n ,i asc]ta9 h[ mu* blea*+ p[d] 7*loride ( lime7 is requir$ to dissolve ! solution4 ,?is is ! quantity requir$ = absolutely pure indigo4 ,n[1 ! indigo ( comm]ce does n conta9 m ?an say f =ty or fifty p] c5t ( pure indigot9e1 & ( c\rse w require a small] quantity ( blea*+ p[d] to decolor x2 or ! quantity ( blea*+ p[d] to decolor a giv5 weight ( pure indigo may be weigh$ out1 & ! sample to be comp>$ hav+ be5 dissolv$ 9 /rong sulphuric acid1 & dilut$ ) wat]1 is to be p\r$ 9 & /irr$ or %ak5 well until ! po9t ( decoloration is asc]ta9$4 ,9 ?is case x is be/ to weigh out at lea/ twice z mu* ( ! sample to be te/$ z 0 us$ ( pure indigo1 & to measure ! solution 9 a graduat$ glass vessel1--an alkalimet]1 = example1--s t by measure we may "k exactly h[ mu* ( ! sample we add to ! solution ( blea*+ p[d]4 ,?us ! relative color+ values ( ! samples may be readily asc]ta9$4 ,if y h no purifi$ indigo on h&1 y c make a good comp>ative trial ( y\r samples aga9/ a p]fectly good sample ( ,b5gal indigo1 :i* may be kept = a /&>d ( comp>ison4 ,v useful practical results may ?us be obta9$4 ,x is well1 h[ev]1 to keep on h& a /&>d sample ( pure indigo1 prep>$ f r$uc$ or :ite indigo1 z direct$ by ,b]zelius 7vol4 vi4 page #c1 ,fr5* ed41 #ahcb71 & 9 ,muspratt's ,*emi/ry appli$ to ! ,arts 7,dye+1 ,indigo74 ,9 ! analysis by r$uction ( indigo1 ! process is simply z foll[s3 ,r$uce ! indigo to f9e p[d]1 & weigh x2 weigh out an equal quantity ( pure quicklime 7made f pure :ite m>ble74 ,measure 9 a graduat$ vessel a c]ta9 volume ( wat]4 ,slack ! lime ) a portion ( ?is wat]4 ,! re/ ( ?is wat] is to be us$ 9 rubb+ up ! indigo 9 a mort>4 ,!n ! slack$ lime is to be mix$ ) ! indigo1 rubb+ ! sub/ances well toge!r4 ,introduce ! :ole into a l>ge flask2 #a to #b litres 7ab\t #c to #d p9ts7 ( wat] is requir$ = #a gramme 7or ab\t #ae gra9s ( indigo74 ,! flask & cont5ts are !n to be expos$ to a heat ( f #agf to #aij ,f4 = "s h\rs4 ,?is is be/ effect$ 9 a wat] ba?4 ,by ?is dige/ion ! lime is made to comb9e ) ! indigo br[n1 & ! color+ matt] is set at lib]ty4 ,dissolve 9 ! liquor a little protosulphate ( iron1 exempt f copp]1 & r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]4 ,! flask is to be cork$ & well %ak51 & all[$ to cool4 ,:5 ! s$im5t is settl$1 decant ! cle> solution by means ( a syphon into a graduat$ glass4 ,! color+ matt] oxidizes by exposure to ! air2 & to favor ?is oxidation & to keep ! lime 9 solution1 add muriatic acid to ! liquor4 ,:5 ! liquor has become cle>1 filt] & collect ! precipitate on a weigh$ filt]1 :i* wa% ) hot wat]1 & dry at a temp]ature ( #bab ,f4 ,?us we c le>n1 by weigh+ ! filt] aga91 h[ mu* indigot9e is conta9$ 9 ! sample4 ,if we make use ( #bjj measures ( wat]1 & h drawn (f #ej measures ( ! solution to oxidate1 & ?is #ej measures has produc$ #aj gra9s ( indigo1 ! :ole sample evid5tly conta9$ #dj gra9s ( indigo blue4 ,?is me?od s]ves bo? = an assay ( ! sample & ! production ( a /&>d sample ( pure indigot9e4 ,! op]ation may be c>ri$ on ^u a l>g] scale = ! manufacture ( a /&>d sample4 ,y\rs truly1 ,c4 ,t4 ,jackson4 ,dr4 ,jackson adds ! foll[+ note3-- ,9 ! processes giv5 ,i h n ref]r$ to ! qualitative analysis or te/+ = all ! k9ds ( adult]ations1 b h giv5 only valuation ( ! color+ p[] ( indigo4 ,i h _h occasion to se>* indigo = ,prussian blue1 an occasional adult]ant4 ,?is is asc]ta9$ by cau/ic pota%1 :i* becomes 9 "p an oxide if ,prussian blue is pres5t4 ,?is acidulates ) muriatic acid1 &1 te/$ ) sulphate ( iron1 proves1 by =mation ( ,prussian blue1 ! pres5ce ( ! f]rocyanide ( pota% 9 ! solution1 & h5ce ,prussian blue 9 ! indigo4 ,lime & clay are ! usual adult]ants1 & oxide ( iron is (t5 pres5t accid5tally or f ! clay adult]ants4 ,/>* & fl\r are r>ely us$1 z !y add little to ! weight4 ,c4 ,t4 ,j4 ,,comm]ce ,,9 ,,indigo4 ,be=e proce$+ to a consid]ation ( ! practical applications ( indigo 9 manufactur+1 we mu/ pause to make "s g5]al obs]vations ^u ! comm]ce 9 indigo4 ,! fir/ ,european impulse giv5 to ?is comm]ce 0 made by ! ,spani% & ,portuguese4 ,!y n only import$ indigo f ! ,indies1 b e/abli%$ its fabrication 9 _! colonies4 ,to !m we owe its production 9 ,guatemala1 ,c>accas1 & ,brazil4 ,! ,fr5* export$ f ! ,isl& ( ,san ,dom+o1 only1 9 #aggd1 #b1cej1jjj p\nds weight ( ?is commodity4 ,briti% influ5ce 0 ex]t$ 9 favor ( ! developm5t ( ?is article 9 ! ,am]ican colonies1 &1 9 #aggc1 9 ! space ( twelve mon?s1 ov] a million p\nds ( indigo 7 export$ f ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,! production 9 ,india 0 at t "t ( little importance4 ,x 0 n until #aghc t ! att5tion ( ! ,engli% 0 direct$ to ! culture ( indigo 9 ,india = ,european consumption1 t produc$ by ! natives be+ all consum$ 9 _! own manufactures4 ,9 ! h&s ( ! ,engli% ?is product rapidly rose to be ! mo/ important ( ,india1 9 a comm]cial view1 except t ( rice4 ,! small co/ ( a factory1 & ! comp>atively small capital requir$ = ?is production1 caus$ ! indigo culture to be pref]r$ to sug> plant+4 ,! importation & sale ( ?is commodity at ! ,ea/ ,india ,h\se1 9 #agib1 am\nt$ to #eha1hbg lbs41 :ile ! importation into ,great ,brita9 f o!r p>ts ( ! _w am\nt$ to #a1bhe1ibg lbs4 ,9 #ahjf ! importation f ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & sales at ! ,ea/ ,india ,h\se1 am\nt$ to #d1haa1gjj lbs41 & produc$ 9 /]l+ money #a1fhe1bge4 ,9 ! ye> #ahfb-fc1 ! export f ,india1 & ! de/9ation ( supplies1 7 z foll[s3-- ,de/9ation4 ,quantity4 ,value4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,unit$ ,k+dom #h1ecg1acc lbs4 #a1fbg1jce ,am]ica #acd1jfd #bf1idi ,arabian & ,p]sian ,gulfs #cdc1jcg #cc1che ,france #a1ibb1abj #cga1cif ,g]many #he1fhj #ae1ejd ,suez #bie1bfi #ea1gcj ,o!r places #i1egg #hae ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,total #aa1cbf1hhj lbs4 #b1abf1had ,! value ( exports 9 #ahff 0 #a1hfa1eja4 ,9 ! same ye> ! imports ( indigo f ! :ole ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 includ+ ,honduras1 0 #fgb1dhj lbs4 ,! consumption ( indigo 9 ,great ,brita9 did n increase dur+ ! t5 ye>s end+ ) #ahfg4 ,?is /ation>y dem&1 not)/&+ ! fall 9 ! price ( ! drug & increase ( population1 is attribut$ by ,mc,culloch pr9cipally to ! decreas+ use ( blue clo?4 ,x is m probably due to ! sub/itution ( *eap] dyes4 ,! av]age home consumption 9 ,great ,brita9 = sev5 ye>s end+ 9 #ahfg1 0 #a1fge1jgb lbs4 p] ye>4 ,! importation into ?is c\ntry = ! tw5ty ye>s la/ pa/ is %[n by ! foll[+ table1 k9dly prep>$ at our reque/ by ! *ief ( ! ,bureau ( ,/ati/ics3-- ,/atem5t ( ,imports ( ,indigo into ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! ,fiscal ,ye>s end$ ,june #cj1 #ahec-ahgb4 ,,indigo4 ,fiscal ,ye> end$ ,june #cj ,,free ,,( ,,duty4 ,,dutiable4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,p\nds4 ,doll>s4 ,p\nds4 ,doll>s4 #ahec #a1chg1hdg #idg1cfg #ahed #a1ife1ghi #a1bhb1cfg #ahee #b1jig1cig #a1aea1eaf #ahef #a1gcb1bij #a1jfc1gdc #aheg #a1ecc1jcg #a1jaj1eji #aheh #a1fdg1gfg #ide1jhc #ahei #a1ggc1hfh #a1dda1dbi #ahfj #a1gjg1aaf #a1dac1gij #ahfa #ahe1jci #afj1ach #gai1efc #eje1gff #ahfb #b1eja1jeb #c1bha1dda #ahfc #hhe1hcd #a1jjh1ahg #agh1cfd #bai1afi #ahfd #fhd1hac #fbc1djf #hig1hba #fga1hii #ahfe #gda1dch #fja1bhc #dae1ege #cbd1bjg #ahff #gih1hee #fji1afj #dd1ffj #da1bfh #ahfg #a1jfi1ejf #haf1igd #ahfh #hgj1afd #gge1gea #ahfi #a1egd1ddi #a1fdi1eej #ahgj #a1bgj1egi #a1bjc1ffd #ahga #a1iid1agb #b1jeb1bbb #ahgb #a1ebf1hfi #a1dhd1gdd ,,edw>d ,,"y1 ,*ief ( ,bureau4 ,bureau ( ,/ati/ics1 ,nov4 #af1 #ahgb4 ,! extraord9>y quantity import$ 9 #ahfb1 we h>dly ne$ rem>k1 0 due to ! dem& = consumption 9 army clo?s4 ,indigo import$ directly1 0 made free ( duty 9 #ahfa4 ,! duty :i* appe>s by ! above table to h be5 *>g$ s9ce t p]iod1 0 ^u indigo1 ! product ( ,india1 import$ by way ( ,engl&1 :i* 0 subject to an extra duty ( t5 p] c5t4 ,! indigo consum$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is g5]ally suppli$ by ! ,bo/on & ,new ,york ,calcutta h\ses1 :o h ei!r an ,am]ican p>tn] resid5t 9 ,calcutta1 or :o employ a resid5t ,am]ican z ag5t4 ,indigo1 l o!r ,calcutta goods1 is sold ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( brok]s1 :o receive on ?is article a commission ( "o p] c5t4 ,! value ( ! article is kn[n almo/ daily 9 ^! cities by telegrams1 giv+ exact in=mation ( ! /ate ( ! trade1 transmitt$ f ,calcutta z (t5 z e five days4 ,"s ( ! brok]s publi% mon?ly circul>s1 %[+ ! /ock ( indigo ) o!r ,calcutta goods on h& 9 our m>ket4 ,! regul> trade reports issu$ by ! ,india m]*ants %[ t ,! high] qualities ( indigo d n come to our m>ket4 ,! foll[+ is an extract f a report ( ,:itney1 ,bro!r1 ,co41 ( #ahga3-- ,indigo = ,cont95t f9e #cej to #cfb rupees4 good #ccj #cde middl+ #caj #cbe ,am]ican consum+ f9e #bhj #cjj good #bej #bge middl+ #bjj #bdj l[ & ord9>y #aej #agj ,at ! pres5t mom5t !re is great depression 9 ! trade 9 ?is article4 ,! la/ telegrams %[ a decl9e ( price 9 ! ,indian trade 9 ?is article ( f fifty to sev5ty-five p] c5t f ! prices ( la/ ye>2 & ! appreh5sion is ev5 ent]ta9$ t indigo is go+ out ( use1 ! dread$ competitors be+ ! anil9e dyes1 & p>ticul>ly ! ,ni*olson blue4 ,we maybe presumptu\s 9 giv+ our op9ion on ! "q1 b we haz>d ! pr$iction t1 not)/&+ ! tempor>y popul>ity ( ! *eap sub/itutes1 a reaction w take place 9 favor ( t 8wond]ful & mo/ valuable production10 ^: importance z a dye has be5 held 9 ,india = ?\s&s ( ye>s & ,europe = two c5turies1 8greatly to exce$ any o!r40#b ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #b ,! 8,dictionnaire ,univ]sel du ,comm]ce10 c41 publi%$ 9 #ahfa1 conta9s an exhau/ive article on ! comm]ce 9 indigo1 by ,m4 ,s4 ,beekrode4 ,f ! /atem5ts ( ?is writ]1 x appe>s t ! consumption ( indigo 0 e/imat$1 9 #ahce1 z foll[s3-- ,great ,brita9 #a1bad1chj kilograms 7#b1fhc1ggi7 lbs4 ,france #iab1iae 7#b1jag1edb7 ,unit$ ,/ates #acj1jjj 7#bgg1cjj7 ,o!r c\ntries #b1dce1dgc 7#e1chb1cie7 --------- ----------- ,total #d1fib1gfh kilograms 7#aj1cfb1jaf7 lbs4 ,! approximate consumption 9 #ahei is /at$ z foll[s3-- ,great ,brita9 #hjj1jjj kilograms 7#a1gfh1jjj7 lbs4 ,france #hjj1jjj 7#a1gfh1jjj7 ,unit$ ,/ates #djj1jjj 7 #hhd1jjj7 ,russia #hfj1jjj 7#a1ijj1fjj7 ,! ,zollv]e9 #a1bej1jjj 7#b1gfb1ejj7 ,switz]l& #aej1jjj 7 #cca1ejj7 ,au/ria #djj1jjj 7 #hhd1jjj7 ,o!r c\ntries #cjj1jjj 7 #ffc1jjj7 --------- ----------- ,total #d1ifj1jjj kilograms7#aj1ifa1fjj7 lbs4 ,! av]age production 9 #ahei is e/imat$ z foll[s3-- ,b5gal1 ,madras1 c4 #c1ejj1jjj kilograms 7#g1gce1jjj7 lbs4 ,java #eej1jjj 7#a1bae1ejj7 ,c5tral ,am]ica #cjj1jjj 7 #ffc1jjj7 ,o!r s\rces #ajj1jjj 7 #bba1jjj7 --------- ----------- ,total #d1dej1jjj kilograms 7#i1hcd1ejj7 lbs4 ,z ! maximum annual consumption 9 #ahei is set d[n at #e1jjj1jjj kilograms1 ! au?or concludes t ! av]age production at t "t did n surpass ! requirem5ts ( ! dy]s ( ! :ole _w4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,=m] ,,production ,,9 ,,! ,,c>ol9as4 ,z p]t95t to ! comm]cial bran* ( our subject1 we mu/ briefly notice ! rem>kable facts ( ! sudd5 gr[? & equally sudd5 & extraord9>y ext9ction ( ! production ( indigo 9 ! ,c>ol9as4 ,indigo 0 = _m ye>s ! second great /aple ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,s highly 0 ?is /aple e/imat$ t ! hi/orian ( ! ,/ate decl>es t 8x prov$ m really b5eficial to ,c>ol9a ?an ! m9es ( ,mexico or ,p]u are or ev] h be5 to ,old or ,new ,spa940 ,its introduction 0 ! happy result ( a woman's culture & en]gy4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ c5tury1 ! indigo plant _h be5 ext5sively cultivat$ 9 ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 :i* !n furni%$ ! *ief supply ( ,europe4 ,! gov]nor ( ,antigua1 ,george ,lucas1 ^: home plantation 0 at ,wappoo 9 ,c>ol9a1 hav+ obs]v$ ! fondness ( 8 daught]1 ,miss ,eliza ,lucas1 aft]w>ds ! "m ( ,g5]al ,*>les ,coteswor? ,p9ckney1 = ! culture ( plants1 0 9 ! habit ( s5d+ to h] tropical se$s to be s[$ on 8 plantation at ,wappoo4 ,among o!rs1 he s5t h] "s se$s ( ! indigo plant cultivat$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,%e plant$ !m = two ye>s2 b ! se$s fail$ to g]m9ate1 or 7 kill$ by ! fro/4 ,on ! ?ird ye>'s trial1 9 #agda or #agdb1 %e 0 successful4 ,gov]nor ,lucas1 on he>+ t ! plants _h rip5$ & produc$ se$1 s5t f ,monts]rat a p]son skill$ 9 mak+ indigo4 ,vats 7 built on ,wappoo ,creek1 & !re ! fir/ ,am]ican indigo 0 manufactur$4 ,! attempts ( ! exp]t to conceal 8 processes 7 defeat$ by ! vigilance ( ,miss ,lucas4 ,! process ( manufacture 0 made kn[n4 ,se$s f ! ,wappoo plantation 7 freely di/ribut$ & successfully plant$2 & ! culture ( indigo became common4 ,9 #agdg1 a consid]able quantity ( indigo 0 s5t to ,engl&1 :i* induc$ ! m]*ants trad+ ) ,c>ol9a to petition p>liam5t = a b\nty on ,c>ol9a indigo4 ,9 #agdh1 an act ( p>liam5t 0 pass$ grant+ a b\nty ( sixp5ce p] p\nd on indigo rais$ on ,briti%-,am]ican plantations & import$ directly to ,brita9 f its place ( gr[?4 ,?is act /imulat$ ! plant]s ( ,c>ol9a to d\ble vigor 9 ! production ( ?is new mat]ial = export4 8,_m ( !m10 says ,dr4 ,ramsay1 8d\bl$ _! capital e ?ree or f\r ye>s by plant+ indigo40 ,9 ! ye> #aged1 ! export ( indigo f ! prov9ce am\nt$ to #baf1ibd lbs41 & 9 ! ye>s #aggb & #aggc ! export _h ris5 to #a1ajg1ffa lbs4 ,! production 0 greatly *eck$ by ! w> ( ! ,revolution4 ,ne> ! close ( ! c5tury ! l>ge importations f ,india l[]$ ! price1 s z to make ! plant+ unpr(itable4 ,9 ! mean "t1 ! culture ( cotton _h sprung up "u ! protective t>iff ( #aghi4 ,! gr\nds suitable = indigo plant+ 7 equally fitt$ = cotton1 & 7 = ! mo/ plant$ ) ! new /aple4 ,x is curi\s to obs]ve h[ ! =m] 0 displac$ by ! latt] /aple4 ,! export ( indigo f ,*>le/on 9 #agig 0 #if1aba lbs43 9 #ahjj1 x fell to #c1djj lbs4 ,dur+ ! same ye>s1 ! exports ( cotton rose f "o million to six & a half million p\nds4 ,! production ( ,am]ican indigo appe>s to h reviv$ f "t to "t up to #ahbi4 ,a writ] ( t p]iod 9 ,silliman's ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce e/imates--al?\gh x w\ld seem on d\btful au?ority--! production ( indigo 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates at #bj1jjj lbs4 ,! price ( ! ,am]ican article _h fall51 ow+ to ! great quantity ( extractive :i* x conta9$1 to fifty c5ts p] p\nd1 :ile ! ,b5gal indigo 0 wor? #a4ae p] p\nd4 ,we h no data z to its production at ! pres5t "t1 b inf]1 f ! fact t no ref]5ce has be5 made to ?is product 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ,agricultural ,reports = _m ye>s pa/1 t ! production1 if any1 is too unimportant to be notic$4 ,,indu/rial ,,application ,,( ,,indigo4 ,all ! applications ( indigo require t ! mat]ial %\ld fir/ be r$uc$ to an impalpable p[d]4 ,x is bett] to gr9d x ) wat]1 to prev5t ! loss ( mat]ial 9 ! =m ( p[d]1 al?\gh ! dry pulv]ization is necess>y :5 ! indigo is to be us$ = ! manufacture ( ! sulphate4 ,to facilitate ! gr9d+ ! mat]ial into a pa/e1 x %\ld be previ\sly soak$ 9 hot wat] f "o to ?ree h\rs4 ,! gr9d+ on a small scale may be done by a v simple app>atus4 ,?is is a hemisph]ical vessel ( copp] or ca/-iron1 eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 furni%$ at ! edge ) two h&les4 ,! workman1 sitt+ a/ride a b5*1 places ! vessel be=e him1 9 :i* he places ?ree heavy ca/-iron balls1 ! indigo :i* has be5 s(t5$1 & a suffici5t quantity ( wat]4 ,hold+ ! bas9 by ! h&les1 he gives x a circul> oscillatory movem5t1 9 su* a mann] t ! balls1 foll[+ ?is movem5t1 cru% ! indigo :i* surr\nds !m2 aft] :i* ! cont5ts are p\r$ into ano!r vessel1 wat] is add$1 & ! mat]ial is /irr$4 ,! portions incompletely gr\nd are made to reunite !mselves at ! bottom by means ( regul> bl[s ) a hamm] on ! rim ( ! vessel4 ,! upp] liquid is decant$1 & ! deposit is submitt$ to a new manipulation 9 ! bas94 ,9 l>ge e/abli%m5ts ! gr9d+ is done by ma*9]y4 ,an app>atus highly recomm5d$1 consi/s ( two circul> plates ( ca/-iron1 arrang$ horizontally & slightly sep>at$1 "o f ! o!r1 :i* are rapidly rotat$ by p[]1 9 inv]se1 directions4 ,! int]ior surfaces ( ^! disks are provid$ ) deep grooves radiat+ 9 a curv$ l9e f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce1 & dim9i%+ 9 dep? 9 ! same direction4 ,! indigo :i* has be5 previ\sly s(t5$ ent]s betwe5 ! two plates by an op5+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! upp] "o1 & escapes 9 a ?9 pa/e by ! circumf]5ce4 ,! application ( indigo to ! color+ ( textile fabrics requires ! complete dissolv+ ( ! sub/ance1 = :i* ! me*anical division is only a prelim9>y4 ,!re are only two kn[n means ( dissolv+ ?is sub/ance3 #a4 ,by r$uction2 #b4 ,by ! action ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid4 ,! fir/ means all[s indigot9e to be reg5]at$2 &1 :5 ! dye+ is complet$1 x is pure indigot9e :i* adh]es to ! color$ fibre4 ,by ! second means1 or dissolv+ by sulphuric acid1 ! color+ mat]ial ent]s into a new comb9ation1 f :i* x c nev] be sep>at$3 x becomes a new sub/ance1 end[$ ) new & special prop]ties4 ,! fix+ ( ,indigot9e by means ( ,r$uction4--,9 ?is me?od ! op]ator avails himself ( "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable qualities ( indigot9e3 ?is is ! facility ) :i* ?is body takes up hydrog51 & becomes trans=m$ into a colorless sub/ance1 :i* is soluble 9 favor ( alkal9e or alkal9e-e>?y bases1 & is susceptible ( reproduc+ indigot9e by simple oxidation 9 contact ) air4 ,?is hydrog5iz$ sub/ance is call$ :ite indigo4 ,blue indigo1 or indigot9e1 is insoluble except by conc5trat$ sulphuric acid2 & ?is insolubility gives x its sup]iority to all o!r blue dyes4 ,n be+ soluble1 x _c1 z blue indigo1 atta* itself to ! mat]ial to be dy$2 b 9 ! soluble =m ( :ite indigo x c p]fectly p5etrate ! fibre4 ,if by any means ( oxidation we c trans=m ! :ite indigo into blue indigot9e1 ! latt] becomes insoluble1 & is imprison$ 9 ! pores ( ! fibre4 ,?is is1 briefly1 ! :ole !ory ( ! use ( indigo 9 dye+ or pr9t+1 al?\gh ! reaction may be appli$ 9 diff]5t ways to ! color+ ( fibres1 su* z-- #a4 ,! indigo is dissolv$ by means ( an alkal9e r$uction 9 a vat1 & ! fibre is imm]s$ 9 ! ba?4 ,?is is ! common blue vat4 #b4 ,! solution prep>$ be=eh& is pa9t$ by a hair p5cil & pr9t$ by a /amp or roll] ^u only c]ta9 p>ts ( ! tissues4 ,?is is ! p5cil blue4 #c4 ,! :ite indigo is precipitat$ "u ! =m ( a pa/e1 9 comb9ation ) a metallic oxide hav+ /rong r$uc+ p[]1 su* z hydrat$ protoxide ( t91 :i* prev5ts ! too rapid reoxidation ( ! indigot9e4 ,! ?ick5$ pa/e is pr9t$1 & ! tissue is plac$ 9 an alkal9e ba? 7lime or soda71 :i*1 displac+ ! oxide ( t91 =ms a soluble comb9ation ( :ite indigo4 ,! latt] c !n p5etrate ! fibre1 & aft]w>ds become fix$ by reoxidation4 ,?is is ! pr9t]'s solid blue4 #d4 ,! f9ely gr\nd1 b n dissolv$ indigo1 is plac$ ^u ! tissue 9 su* conditions t x c be dissolv$ & r$uc$ 9 place4 ,?is done1 ! fix+ ( ! indigot9e is effect$ by oxidation4 ,?is is ! me?od = ,*9a blue or bleu faence4 ,)\t dwell+ ^u ! details ( ^! me?ods1 we ha/5 to a consid]ation ( ! mo/ important ( all ! applications ( indigo3-- ,,dye+ ,,by ,,! ,,indigo ,,vat4 ,! ,copp]as ,vat4--,= dye+ cotton1 ! me?od ( r$uction f\nd by exp]i5ce to be ! mo/ conv5i5t & practical is f\nd$ ^u ! action ( ! hydrate ( ! protoxide ( iron 9 ! pres5ce ( lime4 ,! hydrat$ protoxide ( iron is obta9$ f sulphate ( iron 7gre5 vitriol1 or copp]as7 ) fre%ly burn$ lime4 ,c]ta9 precautions %\ld be obs]v$ 9 ! use ( ^! mat]ials4 ,! copp]as us$ = ! prep>ation ( ^! vats %\ld be free f sulphate ( copp]1 because ! oxide ( copp] :i* w\ld be =m$ 9 ! vats rapidly oxidizes ! r$uc$ indigo1 & causes its precipitation 9 ! ba?4 ,! copp]as ought n to conta9 r$ oxide ( iron1 nor sulphate ( alum9a4 ,! copp]y or oxidiz$ vitriol may be purifi$ by boil+ ! solution ) pieces ( iron1 :i* precipitates ! iron & neutralizes ! oxide4 ,! lime ought to be pure1 conta9+ no magnesia2 :5 slack$ lime has be5 expos$ to ! air1 ev5 = a %ort "t1 x absorbs c>bonic acid1 & becomes conv]t$ into *alk4 ,! lime1 !re=e1 %\ld always be newly slack$4 ,! +r$i5ts1 !n1 ( a copp]as vat are wat]1 pure or purifi$ gre5 vitriol1 indigo gr\nd into a homog5e\s impalpable pa/e1 & pure & fre%ly slack$ lime4 ,! proportions us$ 9 diff]5t e/abli%m5ts are exce$+ly v>iable4 ,^? :i* answ] = a laboratory vat1 or a small vat us$ = precipitat+ ! :ite indigo imm$iately = pr9t+1 are3 indigo1 "o "p2 sulphate ( iron1 two p>ts2 slack$ lime1 ?ree p>ts4 ,^! proportions are n en\gh = ! l>ge vats us$ 9 dye+ pieces4 ,9 !m x is necess>y to make ! quantities ( lime & sulphate ( iron l>g] ?an ! !ory ( ! vat requires4 ,! excess ( lime & hydrate ( iron s]ve ! purpose1 :5ev] ! vat is /irr$1 to repair ! losses ( indigo caus$ by its oxidation f contact ) ! air4 ,s*utz5b]g] gives ! proportions g5]ally us$ by ! dy]s ( ,france1 z foll[s3-- ,indigo #a "p4 ,cry/alliz$ sulphate ( iron #c ,fre%ly slack$ lime #c ,o!rs1 he says1 use m lime ?an copp]as1 z 9 ! foll[+ proportion3-- ,indigo #b p>ts4 ,sulphate ( iron #e4e ,quicklime #f4e ,m4 de ,kppel91 :o is especially famili> ) ! cotton dye+ 9 ,mulh\se1 describes ! ord9>y vats = cotton dye+ z b\nd ) iron1 & plac$ on ! level ( ! gr\nd4 ,!y hold f #c1jjj to #d1jjj litres 7#a1jee gallons7 ( liquid4 ,9 prep>+ !m ! dy] fills !m ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s full ( wat]1 & p\rs 9 a milk ( lime1 prep>$ ) #de kilograms 7#ajj lbs47 ( fre%ly slack$ lime2 a f9e liquid pa/e hav+ be5 previ\sly made f #ae kilograms 7#cc lbs47 gr\nd 9 wat]4 ,?is is add$ to ! lime 9 ! vat by portions1 ! liquid 9 ! vat be+ /irr$ up by a rake aft] ea* portion ( ! indigo pa/e has be5 add$4 ,! indigo becomes dissolv$ 9 ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 :5 ! vat c be us$4 ,aft] describ+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! frame1 or *ampignon1 conta9+ ! goods to be dy$ is arrang$ & imm]s$ 9 ! vat1 ?is au?or cont9ues3 8,x w be und]/ood t ! vat is compos$ accord+ to ! degree ( int5sity ( ! color :i* is s\ght to be obta9$1 & t hues m or less deep may be obta9$ by means ( m or few] repeat$ imm]sions ( ! fabric to be dy$4 ,aft] ea* imm]sion ! *ampignon is lift$ out ( ! vat1 & ! fabrics are left to ungre5 !mselves by contact ) ! air4 7,x mu/ be obs]v$ t1 al?\gh soluble indigo is call$ :ite1 because x is )\t color :5 c>efully prep>$ 9 ! laboratory1 ! goods1 :5 fir/ tak5 f ! ord9>y vat1 are ( a gre5 color47 ,expos$ to ! air1 ! soluble indigo is precipitat$ 9 ! /ate ( blue indigo ^u ! fibres ( ! tissue4 ,?is oxidation1 or dehydryzation1 may be ha/5$ by plung+ ! tissue into a vat conta9+ a solution1 v mu* dilut$ ) wat]1 *loride ( lime1 bi*romate ( pota%1 or sulphuric acid4 ,! fir/ two act z oxidiz+ ag5ts2 ! la/ facilitates ! re/or+ ( ! blue indigo by depriv+ x ( ! lime :i* is 9 excess 9 ! solution ( indigo :i* ! tissue has imbib$ f ! vat40 ,he adds fur!r3 8,to facilitate ! =mation ( blue indigo 9 ! int]ior ( ! fabrics1 ! /uff to be dy$ may be previ\sly impregnat$ by a sal9e solution1 :i* has ! prop]ty ( precipitat+ ! :ite indigo f ! alkal9e solution1 & ( fix+ itself m rapidly ^u ! tissue4 ,oxide ( copp] & oxide ( manganese possess ^! prop]ties 9 a high degree1 & are us$ 9 _m e/abli%m5ts to ha/5 ! dye+ process1 & produce an economy 9 raw mat]ials4 ,! pieces ( clo? are plac$ 9 a solution ( sulphate ( copp]1 9 ! proportion ( #ae to #bj grams to ! litre 7#b4aa p9ts71 & lightly ?ick5$ ) />*4 ,! fabrics1 ?us impregnat$ by a k9d ( mordant1 be=e receiv+ ! blue dye are fir/ pass$ ?r\gh a weak ba? ( milk ( lime1 :i* fixes ! oxide ( copp] ^u ! tissue4 ,! blues ?us obta9$ are m int5se1 & h a peculi> lu/re4 ,?is process is us$ 9 ,au/ria & ,g]many1 :]e cotton fabrics are pr9t$ on bo? sides ( ! tissue40 ,com+ to ! ,engli% au?orities1 ,dr4 ,grace ,calv]t1 9 8 rec5t lectures be=e ! ,society ( ,arts1 speak+ ( ! cold vat = dye+ cotton1 says3 8,! olde/1 & /ill mo/ g5]ally employ$ me?od ( prep>+ cold vats1 consi/s ( putt+ into a vat conta9+ ab\t #bjjj gallons ( wat] #fj lbs4 ( indigo1 v f9ely p[d]$1 #ahj lbs4 ( slack$ lime1 & #abj lbs4 ( sulphate ( protoxide ( iron1 or gre5 vitriol 7free f any trace ( copp] salt71 ! two latt] sub/ances be+ add$ f "t to "t4 ,! great] "p ( ! lime us$ unites ) ! sulphuric acid ( ! iron salt1 to produce sulphate ( lime or gypsum2 & ! lib]at$ protoxide ( iron removes ! oxyg5 f ! indigo1 becom+ conv]t$ into sal9e oxide1 :il/ ! r$uc$ indigo dissolves 9 ! excess ( lime employ$40 ,he adds ! foll[+ facts1 :i* may be ( practical value3-- 8,messrs4 ,r4 ,s*loess] ,co41 ( ,man*e/]1 h introduc$ )9 ! la/ ye> or two a m>k$ improvem5t1 9 ! prep>ation ( cold vats1 :i* removes ! great objections ( ! bulky precipitate ( sulphate ( lime1 ! =mation ( an oxide ( iron1 & ! loss ( indigo by its comb9ation ) ! oxide ( iron4 ,! ba? rema9+ mu* m fluid1 ! pieces are less apt to be spott$1 & a bett] class ( "w is produc$4 ,to c>ry out _! process1 !y add to ! ord9>y #b1jjj gallon vat #bj lbs4 ( gr\nd indigo1 #cj lbs4 ( iron bor+s1 #cj lbs4 ( _! rem>kable p[d]$ z9c1 & #ce lbs4 ( quicklime2 ! :ole is /irr$ up f "t to "t1 = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 :5 x is ready = use4 ,if ! ba? is n consid]$ suffici5tly /rong1 a little m lime & z9c are introduc$4 ,! *emical !ory ( ! process is1 t ! z9c1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! lime1 decomposes ! wat]1 comb9+ ) its oxyg51 & ! hydrog5 ?us lib]at$ removes oxyg5 f ! indigo :i* !n dissolves 9 ! lime40 ,an excell5t description ( ! processes employ$ at ,man*e/]1 ,engl&1 9 prep>+ & work+ ! copp]as1 or cold vat1 is giv5 9 ,ure's 8,diction>y ( ,manufactures40 8,! +r$i5ts necess>y = sett+ ! vat are copp]as1 newly slack$ quicklime1 & wat]4 ,v>i\s proportions ( ^! +r$i5ts are employ$1 z1 = in/ance3 #a "p by weight ( indigo 7dry71 #c p>ts ( copp]as1 & #d ( lime2 or1 #a ( indigo1 #b ( copp]as1 & #c ( lime2 or1 #h ( indigo1 #ad ( copp]as1 & #bj ( lime2 or1 #a ( indigo1 ( copp]as1 & #bj ( lime2 or #a ( indigo1 #d ( copp]as1 & #a ( lime4 ,! sulphate ( iron %\ld be z free z possible1 f r$ oxide ( iron1 z well z sulphate ( copp]1 :i* reoxidize ! r$uc$ indigo-blue4 ,! vat1 hav+ be5 fill$ ) wat] to ne> ! top1 ! mat]ials are introduc$1 & ! :ole1 aft] be+ well /irr$ sev]al times1 is left to /& = ab\t twelve h\rs4 ,! *emical action :i* takes place is v simple4 ,! protoxide ( iron1 :i* is set at lib]ty by ! lime1 r$uces ! indigo-blue2 & ! indigo1 :i* is !n dissolv$ by ! excess ( lime1 =m+ a solution1 :i*1 on be+ exam9$ 9 a glass1 appe>s p]fectly transp>5t & ( a pure yell[ color1 & becomes cov]$1 :5ev] x comes 9 contact ) ! air1 ) a copp]-color$ pellicle ( reg5]at$ indigo-blue4 ,! s$im5t at ! bottom ( ! vat consi/s ( sulphate ( lime1 p]oxide ( iron1 & ! insoluble impurities ( ! indigo1 su* z indigo-br[n 9 comb9ation ) lime1 z well z s&1 clay1 c4 ,if an excess ( lime is pres5t1 a little r$uc$ indigo-blue w also be f\nd 9 ! s$im5t 9 comb9ation ) lime4 ,! dye+ process itself is v simple4 ,! vat hav+ be5 all[$ to settle1 ! goods are plung$ into ! cle> liquor1 &1 aft] be+ mov$ ab\t 9 x = "s "t1 are tak5 out1 all[$ to dra91 & expos$ to ! action ( ! atmosph]e4 ,:ile 9 ! liquid1 ! fabric attracts a portion ( ! r$uc$ indigo-blue4 ,on n[ remov+ x f ! liquid1 x appe>s gre51 b soon becomes blue on exposure to ! air1 9 consequ5ce ( ! oxidation ( ! r$uc$ indigo-blue4 ,on aga9 plung+ x into ! vat1 ! deoxidiz+ action ( ! vat does n aga9 remove ! indigo-blue :i* has be5 deposit$ )9 & ar\nd ! vegetable or animal fibre1 b1 on ! contr>y1 a fre% portion ( ! r$uc$ indigo-blue is attract$1 :i*1 on removal f ! liquid1 is aga9 oxidiz$ l ! fir/1 & ! color ?us becomes a %ade d>k]4 ,by repeat+ ?is process sev]al times ! requisite dep? ( color is atta9$4 ,?is effect _c1 9 any case1 be produc$ by "o imm]sion 9 ! vat1 h[ev] /rong x may be4 ,! beauty ( ! color is increas$ by f9ally pass+ ! goods ?r\gh dilut$ sulphuric or muriatic acid1 :i* removes ! adh]+ lime & oxide ( iron4 ,aft] be+ us$ = "s "t1 ! vat %\ld be refre%$ or f$ ) copp]as & lime1 ^u :i* occasion ! s$im5t mu/ fir/ be /irr$ up1 & !n all[$ to settle aga91 s z to leave ! liquor cle>4 ,! indigo-blue1 h[ev]1 is 9 c\rse ( "t gradually remov$1 & by degrees ! vat becomes capable ( dye+ only pale %ades ( blue4 ,:5 ! color produc$ by x is only v fa9t1 x is no long] wor? :ile us+ x1 & ! cont5ts are !n ?r[n away4 ,9 dye+ cotton ) indigo1 x seems to be ess5tial t ! r$uc$ indigo-blue %\ld be 9 contact ) lime4 ,if pota% or soda are us$ 9 its place1 x is impossible to obta9 d>k %ades ( blue40 ,,f]m5t+ ,,vats ,,= ,,wool ,,dye+4 ,! application ( indigo-blue to wool & wooll5 tissues is always made by means ( vats1 :i* h special names2 z1 ! pa/el or woad vat1 ! ur9e vat1 ,g]man vat1 molasses vat1 c4 ,! r$uction or hydrog5ation ( ! indigo-blue is ! result ( a peculi> f]m5tation1 :i* is develop$ )9 an alkal9e liquor by means ( nitrog5iz$ sub/ances & bodies ri* 9 sug> or hydroc>boniz$ sub/ances4 ,x is kn[n t 9 ^! conditions1 especially :]e ! temp]ature is slightly rais$1 ! sug> is conv]t$ into butyric acid1 & at ! same "t c>bonic acid & hydrog5 are set free4 ,we f9d "h ! s\rce ( ! nasc5t hydrog5 :i* fixes itself ^u ! indigo-blue1 & trans=ms x into :ite indigo1 :i* is soluble 9 ! alkalies ( ! vat4 ,x has rec5tly be5 obs]v$ t ! butyric f]m5tation proce$s f ! developm5t ( m9ute infusoria4 ,^! animalcul live )\t any supply ( oxyg51 &1 9 fact1 are kill$ 9 its pres5ce4 ,!y !re=e live at _! ease 9 ! vat ( r$uc$ indigo1 :]e no oxyg5 is p]mitt$ to ent]4 ,! +r$i5ts mo/ usually employ$ = furni%+ ! hydroc>bonace\s sub/ances = f]m5tation are bran & gr\nd madd]1 al?\gh molasses is sometimes us$4 ,! nitrog5iz$ mat]ial is f\nd 9 ! woad or pa/el1 :i* is (t5 add$ 9 v l>ge proportions to ! f]m5t+ vats4 ,x is obs]v$ by ! *emi/s :o h /udi$ ?is subject mo/ c>efully1 t ! prep>ation ( vats1 f\nd$ ^u ! pr9ciple ( f]m5tation1 does n repose ^u pr9ciples s sure & con/ant z ^? ( ! copp]as vat1 & t _m un=ese5 accid5ts int]pose to di/urb ! "w ( an inexp]i5c$ dy]4 ,! ph5om5a 9 f]m5tations are (t5 complex4 ,x is admitt$ t 9 ^! ph5om5a !ory has n said its la/ ^w1 & t empiricism is (t5 m =tunate ?an sci5ce4 ,9 conduct+ ! op]ations ( ! w>m f]m5t+ vat1 ! conceit ( ! practical dy]1 s (t5 rem>k$ ^u1 is n )\t f\ndation4 ,by practical exp]i5ce & ! traditions ( 8 art he has acquir$ a k ( ! almo/ ins5sible modification 9 conditions :i* c *ange or arre/ ! *emical reaction4 ,x is ! k ( ! workman1 a k almo/ in/9ctive1 :i* c nev] be communicat$ to ! books1 & :i* is mo/ respect$ by ^? mo/ pr(\ndly in=m$ 9 !ory4 ,! ,woad or ,pa/el ,vat4--,9 =m] times woad1 already ref]r$ to1 0 ! only mat]ial kn[n to ! dy]s ( ,europe = produc+ ! blue color ( indigo4 ,= dye+ wool1 ! use ( woad1 n[ ab&on$ :olly 9 cotton dye+1 has be5 reta9$ to ! pres5t day1 g5]ally = ! purpose ( excit+ f]m5tation1 & )\t reg>d to its effect 9 imp>t+ color to ! mat]ial to be dy$2 = ! woad gr[n 9 ,engl&1 & us$ 9 ! dye-h\ses ( t c\ntry1 conta9s no trace ( color+ matt]4 ,! woad1 or pa/el1 gr[n 9 ! w>m] di/ricts ( ,france conta9s ab\t two p] c5t ( indigot9e1 :i* is reg>d$ 9 t c\ntry z an important addition to ! color+ mat]ial1 especially = improv+ ! tone ( ! color4 ,v>i\s sub/itutes1 su* z rhub>b leaves1 turnip & c>rot tops1 & weld1 h be5 tri$1 b )\t advantage1 ) ! exception1 p]haps1 ( weld1 :i* is /ill us$ by "s dy]s4 ,"s *emi/s reg>d ! use ( woad z ! remnant ( a prejudice2 b ! bett] op9ion is1 t ?is mat]ial possesses peculi> f]m5tiscible qualities1 ^: exact action sci5ce has yet to resolve4 ,accord+ to ,s*utz5b]g]1 ! mo/ rec5t & highe/ ,fr5* au?ority1 ! dim5sions ( ! pa/el vat are ab\t #f feet 9 diamet]1 by #i 9 dep?4 #ajj kilograms 7#bba lbs47 ( pa/el1 9 balls1 is plac$ 9 ! vat1 :i* is !n fill$ ) boil+ wat]4 ,to ?is is add$ #aj kilograms 7#bb lbs47 ( madd]1 #c to #d kilograms 7ab\t #f to #h lbs47 ( bran1 & #d kilograms ( quicklime1 :i* has be5 slack$1 & 9 ! =m ( a b\illi4 ,sometimes weld is also add$4 ,aft] ?ree h\rs ( re/1 ! vat is well rak$1 & ! op]ation is repeat$ e ?ree h\rs4 ,!re is gradually develop$ a *>act]i/ic ammoniacal vapor1 & a blue scum1 ) ve9s ( deep] blue1 =ms on ! surface2 & ! liquid1 :5 agitat$ 9 ! air1 rapidly becomes blue4 ,^! symptoms indicate ! dissolution ( ! indigot9e ( ! woad2 !n !re is add$ #aj kilograms 7#bb lbs47 ( indigo :i* has be5 previ\sly gr\nd 9 wat]1 & ! vat is /irr$4 ,if ! f]m5tation appe>s to be proce$+ too actively1 :i* is recogniz$ by ! dis5gagem5t ( gases1 x is *eck$ by ! addition ( a prop] dose ( lime4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! f]m5tation is made m active by increas+ ! dose ( bran4 ,! fir/ dyes are n s good z ^? subsequ5tly obta9$1 z ! woad absorbs f ! ba? c]ta9 br[n or yell[ mat]ials1 kept 9 solution1 & furni%$ z well by ! pa/el & madd] z by ! indigo itself4 #ajj kilograms ( wool require f #h to #ab kilograms ( indigo4 ,! vat is kept up by successive additions ( indigo & lime1 made 9 ! ev5+4 ,ano!r k9d ( pa/el vat1 prep>$ mu* l ! la/1 receives an addition ( a dose ( pota%4 ,m4 de ,kppel9 describes x z ! "o at pres5t 9 g5]al use 9 ,france4 ,into a vat conta9+ f #c1jjj to #d1jjj litres 7#gia to #a1jee gallons7 !re is plac$ #ge kilograms 7#aff lbs47 ( pa/el 9 loaves1 or :i* has und]gone a k9d ( f]m5tation2 or1 :at is pref]able1 #hj to #ajj kilograms 7#agf to #bba lbs47 ( pa/el or woad ga!r$ )\t f]m5tation1 & #aj kilograms 7#bb lbs47 ( indigo1 gr\nd to a pa/e ) wat]4 ,?is mixture is well /irr$1 & !re is add$ #d kilograms 7ab\t #i lbs47 ( ,avignon madd]1 & ! same quantity ( c>bonate ( pota%4 ,aft] ! vat has be5 well rak$ !re is add$ #b kilograms 7#d lbs47 ( slack$ lime1 & "s pails ( bran4 ,! vat is well cov]$1 ei!r ) a wood5 lid1 or wooll5 clo?s4 ,! f]m5tation is all[$ to proce$1 & aft] five or six h\rs ! vat is uncov]$ & rak$ ) mu* c>e = half an h\r4 ,?is op]ation is repeat$ e ?ree h\rs1 until x is recogniz$ t ! indigo is well dissolv$4 ,9 ?is case ! ba? ought to be ( a beautiful yell[ color1 & be cov]$ ) a light blue iris$ film1 ve9$ ) yell[ at ! lea/ movem5t giv5 to ! liquid4 ,if ! f]m5tation proce$s too rapidly1 a little lime is add$ to mod]ate x4 ,= keep+ up a vat l ?is1 & to obviate ! diff]5t inconv5i5ces to :i* x is subject1 ! dy] sometimes adds lime1 or sug>1 & c>bonate ( ammonia1 sometimes madd]1 or bran1 or ev5 t>t>-lees4 ,^! la/ additions are made to saturate ! excess ( lime :i* ! vat conta9s4 ,9 ?is case ! yell[ ve9s & ! beautiful blue scum :i* cov] ! surface disappe>1 or become pale2 a piquant odor is dis5gag$1 & ! liquor becomes blacki%4 ,:5 lime or sug> are add$1 x is = ! purpose ( ret>d+ ! f]m5tation ( ! woad4 ,sug> might ev5 entirely take ! place ( pa/el = effect+ ! r$uction ( ! indigo1 & _m e/abli%m5ts 9 ,france are comm5c+ to use x = ?is purpose4 ,a good vat1 well suppli$ ) successive additions ( indigo1 pa/el1 bran1 & madd]1 9 proportions necess>y to effect & prolong ! f]m5tation necess>y = ! dissolution ( ! indigo1 may be kept up _m ye>s4 ,s*utz5b]g] obs]ves t ! vats ( f]m5tation are subject to c]ta9 maladies1 ! two mo/ frequ5t ( :i* are due1 "o to an excess1 & ! o!r to an insuffici5t quantity ( lime4 8,9 ! fir/ case1 ! liquid takes a t9t m & m free ( color1 loses its fleure 7surface scum7 & odor2 ! f]m5tation is !n arre/$ by ! precipitation ( ! active matt]s4 ,?is inconv5i5ce is rem$i$1 if se5 9 "t1 by add+ sulphate ( iron1 :i* elim9ates ! too great excess ( lime4 ,9 ! second1 ! f]m5tation becomes too active1 passes into a putrid f]m5tation1 & ! liquid assumes a r$di% t9t2 a fabric dy$ ) indigo 9 ?is /ate becomes v soon discolor$4 ,! sole means ( safety is to heat ! ba? up to #ij & to add lime4 ,if ?is does n accompli% ! purpose ( arre/+ ! putrefaction ! vat is lo/40 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! me?od ( dye+ wooll5 goods ) indigo by means ( ! woad vat is giv5 by ,dr4 ,ure1 z t c>ri$ on 9 ,york%ire1 ! great c5tre ( ! wooll5 manufacture ( ,engl&4 8,! dye-vats employ$ are circul>1 hav+ a diamet] ( six feet six in*es1 & dep? ( sev5 feet1 & are made ( ca/-iron five-eigh?s ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,!y are surr\nd$ by brickwork1 a space ( ?ree in*es 9 wid? be+ left betwe5 ! brickwork & ! iron1 = ! purpose ( admitt+ /eam1 by means ( :i* ! vats are heat$4 ,! int]ior surface ( ! brickwork is well cem5t$4 ,9 sett+ a vat ! foll[+ mat]ials are us$3 #e cwt4 ( woad1 #cj lbs4 ( indigo1 #ef lbs4 ( bran1 #g lbs4 ( madd]1 #aj qu>ts ( lime4 ,! woad suppli$ to ! ,york%ire dy]s is gr[n & prep>$ 9 ,l9coln%ire4 ,x is 9 ! =m ( a ?ick1 br[ni% yell[ pa/e1 hav+ a /rong ammoniacal smell4 ,! indigo is gr\nd ) wat] 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! madd] acts 9 promot+ f]m5tation1 b x also s]ves to give a r$di% t+e to ! color4 ,! lime is prep>$ by putt+ quicklime into a basket1 !n dipp+ x 9 wat] = an in/ant1 lift+ x out aga91 & !n pass+ x ?r\gh a sieve1 by :i* means x is r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]1 call$ by ! dy]s w>e4 ,! vat is fir/ fill$ ) wat]1 :i* is heat$ to #adj ,f41 aft] :i* ! mat]ials are put 91 & ! :ole is well /irr$ until ! woad is dissolv$ or diffus$1 & x is !n left to /& undi/urb$ ov]night2 at six o'clock ! next morn+ ! liquor is aga9 /irr$ up1 & five qu>ts m ( lime are add$2 at t5 o'clock five p9ts ( lime are aga9 ?r[n 91 & at twelve o'clock ! heat is rais$ to #abj ,f41 :i* temp]ature mu/ be kept up until ?ree o'clock1 :5 ano!r qu>t ( lime is introduc$4 ,! vat is n[ ready = dye+4 ,:5 ! process ( f]m5tation is proce$+ 9 a regul> mann]1 ! liquid1 ?\gh muddy f insoluble vegetable matt] 9 susp5sion1 is ( a yell[ or olive yell[ color2 its surface is cov]$ ) a blue fro? or copp]-color$ pellicle1 & x exhales a peculi> ammoniacal odor2 at ! bottom ( ! vat !re is a mass ( undissolv$1 matt] ( a dirty yell[ color4 ,if !re is an excess ( lime pres5t1 ! liquor has a d>k gre5 color1 & is cov]$ ) a grayi% film1 &1 :5 agitat$1 ! bubbles :i* are =m$ agglom]ate on ! surface1 & are n easily brok54 ,clo? dy$ 9 a liquid ( ?is k9d loses its color on be+ wa%$4 ,?is /ate ( ! vat is rem$i$ by ! addition ( bran1 & is ( no s]i\s consequ5ce4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 !re is a defici5cy ( lime1 or1 9 o!r words1 :5 ! f]m5tation is too active1 ! liquor acquires fir/ a drab1 !n a clay-l color2 :5 agitat$1 ! bubbles :i* =m on its surface bur/ easily1 & :5 /irr$ up f ! bottom ) a rake x eff]vesces slightly1 or frits1 z ! dy]s say4 ,if ! f]m5tation be n *eck$ at ?is /age1 putrefaction soon sets 91 ! liquid beg9s to exhale a fetid odor1 & :5 /irr$ evolves l>ge quantities ( gas1 :i* burns ) a blue flame on ! application ( a light4 ,! indigo is n[ totally de/roy$1 & ! cont5ts ( ! vat may be ?r[n away4 ,no fur!r addition ( woad is requir$ aft] ! introduction ( ! quantity tak5 9 fir/ sett+ ! vat1 ! f]m5tation be+ kept up by add+ daily ab\t f\r p\nds ( bran ) "o qu>t or ?ree qu>ts ( lime4 ,indigo is also add$ daily = ab\t ?ree or f\r mon?s4 ,! vat is !n us$ = ! purpose ( dye+ light %ades1 until ! indigo conta9$ 9 x is q exhau/$1 & its cont5ts are !n ?r[n away40 ,?is au?or adds3 8,wooll5 clo?1 be=e be+ dy$1 is boil$ 9 wat] = "o h\r1 !n pass$ imm$iately "u cold wat]4 ,if x be suff]$ to lie 9 heaps aft] be+ boil$ x und]goes "s *ange1 :i* r5d]s x aft]w>ds incapable ( tak+ up color 9 ! vat4 ,9 dye+1 ! clo? is plac$ on a net-"w ( rope atta*$ to an iron r+1 :i* is susp5d$ by f\r iron *a9s to a dep? ( ab\t ?ree feet b5ea? ! surface ( ! liquor4 ,! clo? is /irr$ ab\t 9 ! liquor by means ( hooks = ab\t tw5ty or ?irty m9utes4 ,x is !n tak5 out & well wrung4 ,x n[ appe>s gre51 b1 on be+ unfold$ & expos$ to ! air1 rapidly becomes blue4 ,:5 ! vat has an excess ( lime ! clo? has a d>k gre5 color :5 tak5 out4 ,x is !n pass$ ?r\gh hot wat]1 & dipp$ aga9 if a d>k] %ade is requir$40 ,! ,indian ,vat4--,?is pres5ts mu* analogy to ! woad vat1 z ! f]m5tation ( vegetable matt]s effects ! trans=mation ( ! indigo-blue4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,calv]t1 ! ,indian vat1 probably s call$ f its orig9 9 ! ,ea/1 is tak+ ! place 9 ,engl& ( ! old woad vat = dye+ wool & wooll5s4 ,he describes its prep>ation z foll[s3 #h lbs4 ( p[d]$ indigo is add$ to a ba? conta9+ #c lbs4 ( bran1 #c lbs4 ( madd]1 & #ab lbs4 ( pota%1 :i* is ma9ta9$ = sev]al h\rs at a temp]ature ( #bjj ,f4 ,x is !n all[$ to cool to #ajj ,f41 :5 f]m5tation ensues4 ,aft] ab\t =ty-eight h\rs ! indigo is r5d]$ soluble1 be+ r$uc$ by ! decomposition ( ! sug> & o!r products conta9$ 9 ! bran & ! madd] root dur+ ! process ( f]m5tation4 ,! di/+ui%+ feature ( ?is vat is ! use ( pota%4 ,! ,indian or pota% vats are spok5 ( by ! be/ au?orities z m easy to manage ?an ! woad vat4 ,!y are less subject to accid5ts1 & yield _! color+ mat]ial m readily to ! fibre1 :ile ?ree times z mu* wool c be dy$ 9 ! same "t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y d n la/ s long1 & require to be r5ew$ at ! end ( tw5ty-five or ?irty days4 ,besides1 ! fibres dy$ 9 ! pota% vat h a d>k] %ade ?an ^? dy$ 9 ! woad vat1 ow+ to ! l>ge quantity ( ! color+ matt] ( ! madd] dissolv$ by ! pota%1 :i* becomes fix$ on ! /uff ) ! indigo-blue4 ,! ,ur9e ,vat1 b little us$ except = dome/ic dye+1 is f\nd$ ^u ! same pr9ciples z ! o!r f]m5t+ vats4 ,?is excretion1 :5 putrefi$1 conta9s at ! same "t ! nitrog5iz$ pr9ciples :i* "w z f]m5ts & ! alkali 9 ! =m ( ammonia necess>y = dissolv+ ! indigo4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,calv]t1 improvem5ts h be5 made ( late ye>s 9 ! f]m5t+ indigo vats by :i* ! exp5se ( madd] is avoid$4 ,!y are n[ prep>$ by add+ to wat]1 at a temp]ature ( #bjj ,f41 #b buckets ( bran1 #bf lbs4 ( soda cry/als1 #ab lbs4 ( indigo1 & #e lbs4 ( slack$ lime4 ,aft] five h\rs ! ba? is all[$ to cool to #ajj ,f41 :5 f]m5tation ensues1 & ! indigo is dissolv$ 9 ! alkali4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 ! ,g]man vat1 soda tak+ ! place ( ! pota%1 & ! only f]m5t+ mat]ial consi/+ ( bran4 ,! ,g]man ,vat is l>gely us$ by ! dy]s 9 ! nor? ( ,france1 & is consid]$ z m advantage\s ?an ! ,indian vat1 because ! employm5t ( soda is m economical ?an t ( pota%1 :ile ! vat c be ma9ta9$ z long z two ye>s4 ,! vats us$ by !m are prep>$ z foll[s3 ,! wat] is heat$ to a temp]ature ( #ie1 & receives #bj pails ( bran1 #aa kilograms 7ab\t #bd lbs47 ( cry/als ( c>bonate ( soda1 #e4e kilograms 7#aa lbs47 ( indigo1 & #d lbs4 ( slack$ lime4 ,aft] twelve h\rs1 ! temp]ature hav+ be5 kept at #dj or #ej1 f]m5tation comm5ces1 ! liquid becomes ( a gre5i% blue color1 & dis5gages bubbles ( gas4 ,indigo1 soda1 & lime are put 9 f "t to "t 9 ! proportions above indicat$1 & also f six to eight p\nds ( molasses4 ,at ! end ( ! ?ird day ! vat is fit = use4 ,m4 de ,kppel91 writ+ 94 #ahfd1 in=ms u t ! r$uction ( indigo by means ( molasses1 is at pres5t l>gely employ$ 9 ! great e/abli%m5ts = dye+ wooll5 clo? at ,s$an1 ,l\vi]s1 & ,elbuf4 ,! vat us$ is ( v l>ge dim5sions1 & f tw5ty-two to tw5ty-six p\nds ( indigo are dissolv$ 9 x2 an equal weight ( molasses is us$1 & ?ree or f\r times ! same weight ( pota% made cau/ic by a proportionate addition ( lime4 ,! space res]v$ = ?is subject 9 our pres5t pap] w n p]mit u to ent] ^u a description ( ! processes us$ 9 ! ,am]ican dye-h\ses4 ,?is1 z well z ! applications ( indigo 9 pr9t+1 & ! uses ( sulphate ( indigo1 mu/ be def]r$ to ano!r numb]4 ,let u1 9 conclud+ ! fir/ "p ( our pap]1 at ! risk ( repetition1 br+ out 9 bold] relief a /atem5t :i* pres5ts ! philosophy ( all ! v>i\s processes ( ! indigo vat1 & at ! same "t1 a conclusive argum5t = ! use ( ?is mat]ial1 9 pref]5ce to all *eap] sub/itutes4 ,indigo _c ent] into a fibre until x is dissolv$4 ,x _c be dissolv$ s long z x is 9 a blue /ate4 ,:5 r$uc$ by any ( ! processes above describ$ to ! :ite /ate1 x is easily dissolv$1 & c ent] ! pores ( ! fibre4 ,^u exposure to ! oxyg5 ( ! air x takes up an equival5t ( oxyg52 x returns to ! blue /ate1 &1 be+ !n insoluble1 x _c be wa%$ away f ! fabric1 & be+ saturat$ ) oxyg5 x _c be *ang$ by air or light4 ,?is !ory ( ! application ( indigo involves a lesson to manufactur]s1 deal]s1 & consum]s1 especially ( wooll5 fabrics4 ,! !ory1 z well z exp]i5ce1 dat+ back to ! dawn ( ! textile arts 9 ! ,ea/1 e/abli%es t ?is mat]ial is incalculably sup]ior to any o!r1 9 p]man5ce at lea/1 = imp>t+ to wooll5 fibre a blue color1 or z a f\ndation = mo/ ( ! d>k] colors4 ,by f> ! l>ge/ proportion ( all clo?s are ( d>k colors1--blue1 black1 gre51 br[n1 gray1 or mix$1--& c advantage\sly receive 9 all or a portion ( ! fibre con/itut+ !m a direct dye or bottom = o!r dyes f indigo4 ,x may be safely /at$ t1 z a :ole1 no clo?s 9 ! _w are manufactur$ f su* good wool z ^? produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,we might expect t ! %oddy goods ( ,york%ire %\ld be fur!r falsifi$ by fugaci\s dyes2 b is x n a %ame t our admirable wool %\ld be depriv$ ( half its value by p>simony 9 dye+8 ,! slighte/ %ortcom+s 9 dye+ are reveal$ 9 we>4 ,! writ] _c =be> ref]r+ to an illu/ration directly be=e 8 eyes4 ,he is we>+ a g>m5t1 r$uc$ n[ to ! retir$ s]vice ( an (fice coat1 made ( an admirable *eviot clo? ( ,am]ican manufacture4 ,! clo? orig9ally 0 select$ n only = its excell5t texture1 b z an illu/ration ( philosophical pr9ciples appli$ 9 ! =mation ( color4 ,! tissue 0 made by weav+ ?ree y>ns ( di/9ct colors1--blue1 yell[1 & r$4 ,ei!r ( ^? hues alone w\ld h be5 gl>+ & conspicu\s1 b1 by ! law ( color1 ! comb9ation ( blue1 r$1 & yell[ makes black1 & ! new clo? at a di/ance _h ! effect ( a d>k mixture4 ,^u exposure to ord9>y we>1 ! yell[ & r$ h reta9$ _! pri/9e hues2 ! blue1 n be+ indigo dy$1 has fad$2 & ! orig9al d>k mixture1 al?\gh s\nd 9 fabric1 has become ( a yell[i% br[n4 ,! extra exp5se ( a p]man5t dye+ mat]ial =ms s small a proportion ( ! :ole co/ ( a f9i%$ g>m5t1 t x ought n to be g5]ally sp>$4 ,! re=m _c be made by ! manufactur]s2 x mu/ be made by ! deal]s1 & especially by t class ( produc]s :i* has ris5 9 our day into su* great importance1--! manufactur]s ( ready-made clo?+4 ,if !y w\ld dem& ( ! manufactur]s1 & furni% to _! cu/om]s clo?s m p]man5tly dy$1 x w\ld be ano!r /ep 9 ! direction to :i* ^! e/abli%m5ts are t5d+1--! supply ( ! *ief portion ( ! wooll5 clo?+ ( ! p4 ,! manufactur]s w\ld gladly aid !m2 = x is ! gr[+ s5tim5t ( ,am]ican manufactur]s t all _! productions %\ld be1 9 ! prov]bial phrase adopt$ f ! dye-h\se1 z express+ ! highe/ excell5ce1--true blue4 ,,bibliography4 ,citations ( au?orities hav+ be5 b p>tially made 9 ! prec$+ article1 ! writ]1 = ! purpose ( giv+ 8 s\rces ( in=mation1 & = ! conv5i5ce ( ^? :o wi% to pursue ! subject fur!r1 app5ds a li/ ( ! m important works :i* he has consult$3-- ,s*utz5b]g]'s ,trait des ,matires ,colorantes1 t4 ii4 7! mo/ rec5t & be/ mod]n au?ority72 ,bancr(t's ,philosophy ( ,p]man5t ,colors1 vol4 i42 ,ed9burgh ,encyclopdia2 ,b]zelius1 ,trait de ,*imie1 t4 vi2 ,*evrueil1 ,leons de ,*imie ,applique ,te9ture1 t4 iii42 ,dumas1 ,*imie ,applique aux ,arts1 t4 viii2 ,wurtz1 ,dictionnaire de ,*imie1 #ahgb1 art4 ,indigo2 ,indigo et son ,emploi1 p> ,de ,kppel92 ,annales du ,gnie ,civil1 #ahfd1 t4 iii42 ,lectures ( ,dr4 ,grace ,calv]t1 ,*emical ,news1 ,aug4 #i & #bc1 #ahgb2 ,o',neill's ,diction>y ( ,dye+ & ,pr9t+2 ,napi]'s ,*emi/ry ,adapt$ to ,dye+2 ,muspratt's ,*emi/ry ,appli$ to ! ,arts1 articles ,indigo & ,dye+2 ,ure's ,diction>y ( ,manufactures1 ed4 ( #ahfj2 ,proce$+s ( ,royal ,society1 vol4 xvi42 ,proce$+s ( ,lit]>y & ,philosophic ,society ( ,man*e/]1 vol4 iv42 ,mc,culloch's ,diction>y ( ,comm]ce1 ed4 #ahfi2 ,dictionnaire ,univ]sel du ,comm]ce1 c41 ed4 #ahfa2 ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,production4--,ramsay's ,hi/ory2 ,drayton's ,s\? ,c>ol9a2 ,silliman's ,j\rnal1 vol4 xviii4 ,a m complete bibliography is giv5 9 ,s*utz5b]g]'s "w4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,we ent]$ ^u ! subject ( indigo1 :i* we h treat$ at "s l5g? 9 our la/ issue1 z mu* 9 ! int]e/ ( ! p z ( manufactur]s1 = we 7 deeply impress$ ) ! conviction t no improvem5t 9 our manufactur+ processes w\ld conf] m b5efit ^u ! masses ?an imp>t+ /ability ( color to ! clo?+ ( ! p4 ,:5 "o has a deep conviction ^u a subject1 ^u :i* o!rs h equal opportunities = judg+1 he may be sure t he is n alone 9 8 impressions4 ,he is mov$ by "o ( ^? waves ( ?\ght :i*1 op]at+ simultane\sly ^u _m m9ds1 gives t uni=mity to public op9ion at :i* we s (t5 wond]4 ,we are gratifi$ to f9d1 f responses to our la/ article1 t we are n alone 9 our conviction ( ! importance ( reviv+ 8true blue0 dyes4 ,! head ( a m]cantile h\se1 ! ext5t ( ^: cli5tle 9 mills bo? ( wool & cotton is h>dly surpass$1 has assur$ u t we h n ov]/at$ ! re=m 9 dye+ :i* we h advocat$4 ,he _h long %>$ 9 our convictions4 ,po9t+ to ! ?rong ( m5 9 ! cr[d$ /reet1 :]e we 7 conv]s+1 he rem>k$ t !re 0 h>dly a man 9 ! cr[d ^: clo?+ w\ld n h be5 improv$ by indigo dye4 8,! failure to use indigo dyes10 he emphatically said1 8co/s ! labor+ p ( ?is c\ntry millions ( doll>s e ye>4 ,! fault is n to be *>g$ to our own manufactur]s alone2 = ! blue coat :i* ,i we>1 & :i* ,i b\ght 9 ,p>is1 annoys me by ! crock+ caus$ by its anil9e dye40 ,9 "o v l>ge mill ( :i* he is director z well z sell+ ag5t1 he is putt+ 8 pr9ciples 9 practice4 ,all ! heavy blue clo?s int5d$ = popul> consumption are fai?fully dy$1 & ea* be>s a /amp1 8,w>rant$ indigo dy$40 ,! ready-made clo?+ e/abli%m5ts :i* l>gely consume ^! goods h already f\nd _! advantage 9 pur*as+ !m1 & a simil> /amp is atta*$ to ea* article made f ?is clo?4 ,"s ( our mo/ celebrat$ cotton fabrics h won & /ill reta9 _! reputation by ! use ( indigo dyes4 ,! g+hams are a signal illu/ration4 ,! blue *eck is =m$ by weav+ cotton y>ns dy$ blue 9 ! cold indigo vat ) undy$ y>ns4 ,^! goods c be wa%$ indef9itely )\t *ange4 ,ano!r illu/ration is ! fam\s ,a4,b4,a4 ,amoskeag tick+s1 an article ( su* excell5ce t ! "q ( ! "r to use trade-m>k ,a4,b4,a4 gave rise to ! lead+ ,am]ican case 9 ?is bran* ( law4#c ,a prom95t feature 9 ^! goods 0 & /ill is ! p]man5ce ( ! dye 9 ! blue /ripe1 produc$ by ! cold indigo vat4 ,/ill ano!r illu/ration is ! blue & :ite 8%irt+ /ripe0 fir/ made by ,mr4 ,samuel ,bat*eld]1 at ! ,hamilton ,mills1 n[ s g5]ally adopt$ = sailors' %irts4 ,! indigo dye enables ! color to resi/ ! r\ghe/ possible usage4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #c ,see ! case /at$ at l5g? 9 our article on ,trade-m>ks1 ,bullet91 vol4 i4 p4 #ajb4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,to recur to ! application ( indigo dye+ to wool & wooll5s4 ,we h be5 unable1 al?\gh we h writt5 m ?an fifty lett]s ( inquiry ^u ! subject1 to le>n ( any peculi>ity or improvem5ts 9 ! ,am]ican processes ( wool dye+ ) indigo4#d ,our dy]s are = ! mo/ "p =eign]s4 ,= ?is reason1 or because ! art ( indigo dye+ has long s9ce rea*$ p]fection 9 ! be/ e/abli%m5ts abroad1 !y rigidly pursue ! old ,european me?ods4 ,! be/ dy]s reg>d ! successful managem5t ( ! w>m f]m5t+ vats = wool z ! highe/ te/ ( _! art4 ,we h already spok5 ( ! complicity ( ! ph5om5a 9 f]m5tations4 ,practical dy]s end[ ! f]m5t+ vat ) a sort ( p]sonality4 8,an indigo vat10 says "o to u1 8is m l a sick man ?an any ?+ 9 ! _w3 y h to wat* x z y w\ld a sick pati5t1 & give x physic or f]m5ts to /ir up ! sy/em & purify x40 #e ,! diagnosis ( a sick vat requires t sort ( in/9ctive k :i* exp]i5ce gives to ! practis$ physician4 ,! impati5ce ( our "y ,am]icans w n p]mit !m to s]ve ! long appr5tice%ip necess>y to acquire ! prop] exp]i5ce4 ,! artisans n ?or\ghly tra9$ w naturally pref] ! dyes & processes introduc$ by mod]n sci5ce1 :i* require b little skill 9 _! application4 ,x is a curi\s fact t ! influ5ce ( ! national gov]nm5t has be5 l>gely in/rum5tal 9 pres]v+ ! old sy/em ( indigo dye+4 ,?anks to ! ,qu>t]ma/]-,g5]al's ,bureau1 or ! man ( sci5ce1 ,g5]al ,meigs1 :o presides ov] x1 indigo dy$ clo?s h be5 p]si/5tly insi/$ ^u = ! army4 ,! late w> gave a new impulse to indigo dye+4 ,a skill$ dy]1 :om we h consult$1 0 con/antly employ$ 9 ,connecticut1 on a t\r ( pr(essional inspection ( a doz5 or m diff]5t e/abli%m5ts mak+ army goods4 ,no doctor1 he says1 ev] f\nd 9 hospital practice m complications ( disease ?an he f\nd 9 ! ail+ vats4 ,among o!r difficulties !re 0 a defici5cy ( import$ woads1 al?\gh ! cultivation ( excell5t woad imm$iately sprung up 9 ,connecticut4 ,9 ! mean "t c>rot & rhub>b tops 7 us$ z sub/itutes = ! f]m5t+ mat]ial ( ! woad4 ,c>rot-tops gr[n expressly = t purpose br\ght z high z tw5ty-five c5ts p] p\nd4 ,s9ce ! w> ! requisitions = indigo dy$ wooll5 goods h n relax$1 & ! art is n likely to be lo/4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #d ,a reply by ,mr4 ,d4 ,r4 ,:itney1 an ext5sive indigo import]1 to a lett] ( inquiry1 enables u to correct "s errors 9 our =m] article1 "u ! head ( 8comm]ce 9 indigo40 ,! value ( export f ,india 9 #ahfb-fc1 /at$ 9 doll>s1 ?r\gh a typographical error1 %\ld h be5 p\nds /]l+2 ?us1 in/ead ( #b1abf1had1 read #b1abf1had4 ,x is /at$ 9 our fir/ article t ! telegrams %[ a decl9e ( price ( indigo 9 ! ,indian trade ( f #ej to #ge p] c5t2 8p] c5t0 %\ld read 8rupees10 :i* w\ld make a decl9e ( f #be to #cj p] c5t4 ,! reason = ! decl9e1 z /at$ by ,mr4 ,:itney1 is ! unusually l>ge crop ( ?is ye>4 ,! av]age crop ( indigo 9 ,b5gal is ab\t #ajj1jjj maunds4 ,! crop ( ?is ye> is #ace1jjj maunds1 ab\t #cj to #ce p] c5t above ! av]age4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,:itney1 ! consumption ( ,b5gal indigo 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 #b1deh cases ( #bgj lbs4 to a case on an av]age1 9 #ahga2 & 9 #ahgb1 #a1hjb cases4 ,guatemala indigo1 #c1acb s]roons 9 #ahga1 & #b1egh s]roons 9 #ahgb4 #e ,see notes on 8sickness0 ( vats 9 ,app5dix4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,) ! real difficulties :i* att5d ! process1 x is h>d = indigo dye+ to su/a9 itself 9 ! face ( *eap sub/itutes ( easy application1 su* z ! ,ni*olson blue4 ,x is exce$+ly difficult to piece dye ) indigo & pres]ve a uni=m hue ^u ! clo?4 ,h5ce indigo dyes are g5]ally giv5 9 ! wool4 ,! wool absorb+ ! =eign mat]ial ( ! dye is m difficult to "w 9 ! op]ations ( c>d+ & sp9+4 ,9 o!r words1 a f9] & co/li] wool is requir$4 ,a great desid]atum !re=e is a means ( piece dye+ ) indigo s z to pres]ve a p]fect uni=mity ( hue ?r\gh\t ! piece4 ,?is1 we are happy to say1 has be5 rec5tly successfully accompli%$ by "o ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ fai?ful ( our clo?-mak+ e/abli%m5ts4 ,x w\ld be premature1 be=e ! pat5ts are secur$ = ?is inv5tion1 to expla9 ! +5i\s & exp5sive app>atus devis$ = ?is purpose1 :i* con/itutes 9 fact a batt]y ( vats s arrang$ t ! op]ation may be cont9u\s4 ,! exp]im5ts au?orize ! /atem5t t bottom dyes ( indigo1 s desirable = a great v>iety ( colors1 c be appli$ ) no o!r additional co/ ?an t ( ! dye+ mat]ial4 ,:5 ?is e/abli%m5t1 z x proposes1 /amps ^u ! c>ds :i* designate goods1 already s admirable 9 mat]ial & texture1 8,w>rant$ indigo dy$10 we %all reg>d x z an era 9 ! ,am]ican c>d-wool manufacture4 ,! old ,european woad vat process is t us$ 9 all our e/abli%m5ts4 ,mr4 ,h5d]son ( ! ,wa%+ton ,mills1 ^: exp]i5ce z a practical dy] ( wool is exceptionally l>ge1 in=ms u t he has f\nd no "w s in/ructive ^u ?is process z ,napi]'s 8,*emi/ry ( ,dye+0 7publi%$ by ,h5ry ,c>ey ,baird1 ( ,philadelphia1 #ahfi74 ,napi]'s description ( ! process is extract$ f ,dumas's 8,lectures on ,dye+40 ,! appreciation express$ by s compet5t a judge induces u to repr9t ,dumas's description 9 an app5dix to ?is article4 ,t we may give at lea/ a g5]al view ( ! :ole subject1 we w proce$ to consid] indigo 9 "s relations n yet adv]t$ to4 ,9 ,"p ,i4 ( our notes we h treat$ only ( ! application ( ?is sub/ance 9 dye+ by means ( r$uction ?r\gh ! indigo vat4 ,indigo may be appli$ by means ( r$uction 9 ! pr9t+ ( fabrics1 z well z 9 dye+ !m4 ,a true sci5tific arrangem5t w\ld compel u next 9 ord] to consid] ?is o!r application ( indigo by means ( r$uction4 ,b ! m natural & practical ord] is to pursue ! subject ( dye+1 & to consid] next ! applications ( ! d]ivatives f indigo 9 dye+ prop]4 ,,sulphuric ,,d]ivatives1--,,saxon ,,blue1 ,c4 ,! p[]ful action ( sulphuric acid ^u indigo1 & ! bright & lively blue color !reby produc$1 _h be5 obs]v$ by *emi/s long ago2 b no p]son appe>s to h appli$ ?is color ^u clo?1 until x 0 done ab\t ! ye> #agdj1 by ,c\nsellor ,b>?1 at ,gross5he91 9 ,saxony4 ,! vividness ( ! dye1 & ! facility ) :i* x 0 appli$1 br\ght x into great vogue "u ! "n ( ,saxon blue1 f its orig94 ,its popul>ity 9 =m] times is ev9c$ by ! words ( ! old song1 8,! ,blue ,bells ( ,scotl&30-- 8,9 :at clo!s1 9 :at clo!s is y\r ,highl& laddie clad8 ,8 bonnet's ( ! ,saxon blue1 8 wai/coat ( ! plaid40#f ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #f ,fir/ sung by ,mrs4 ,jordan1 ab\t ! ye> #agii4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,! ,saxon blue consi/s simply ( a solution ( indigo1 ! ,guatemala blue indigo be+ pref]r$1 9 sulphuric acid suitably dilut$ ) wat]4 ,! result ( ?is reaction is n a s+le *emical sub/ance1 b two acids giv+ diff]5t t9ts1 "o call$ sulpho-purpuric acid or ph5ic9e1 & ! o!r sulpho-indigotic acid2 ! fir/ giv+ to wool a r$di%-violet color1 & ! o!r a pure blue4 ,a ?ird comp\nd has be5 indicat$ by ,b]zelius1 ! nature ( :i* has n be5 det]m9$4 ,:e!r "o or ! o!r ( ! two nam$ acids1 or ! two comb9$1 %all be produc$ by ! reaction betwe5 ! sulphuric acid & ! indigo1 dep5ds ^u ! duration ( ! contact1 ! temp]ature ( ! mixture1 & ! nature & proportion ( ! acid us$4 ,p]soz gives ! foll[+ g5]al receipt3-- 8#a "p by weight ( indigo1 f9ely rubb$4 #a ,nordhauss5 acid4 #a ord9>y sulphuric acid4 ,leave = =ty-eight h\rs1 !n heat until a drop turn$ into wat] w dissolve )\t produc+ a precipitate4 ,leave to cool1 & dilute ) wat] till ! /r5g? is br\ght to #ah ,beaum40 ,napi] says t he has f\nd ! foll[+ me?od ( prep>+ sulphate ( indigo1 9 quantities = use1 v satisfactory3 8,! indigo is r$uc$ to an impalpable p[d]1 & completely dri$ by plac+ x on a s& ba? or flue = "s h\rs at a temp]ature ( ab\t #aej ,f4 ,= ea* p\nd ( indigo six p\nds ( highly conc5trat$ sulphuric acid are put into a l>ge j>1 or e>!n pot1 furni%$ ) a cov]4 ,?is is kept 9 z dry a place z possible1 & ! indigo is add$ gradually 9 small quantities4 ,! vessel is kept closely cov]$1 & c>e tak5 t ! heat ( ! solution does n exce$ #bab;,f4 ,:5 ! indigo is all add$1 ! vessel is plac$ 9 su* a situation t ! heat may be kept up at ab\t #aej;,f41 & all[$ to /&1 /irr+ occasionally1 = =ty-eight h\rs4 ,^! precautions be+ att5d$ to1 we h uni=mly f\nd t any failure occurr+ 0 cle>ly traceable to ! impurity ( ! indigo or weakness ( ! acid us$40 ,! processes = produc+ & sep>at+ ! two acids d]iv$ f ! comb9ation ( sulphur & indigo are m9utely giv5 by ,b]zelius1 9 vol4 i4 ( 8 8,trait de ,*emie10 :o /ates ?is curi\s fact illu/rative ( ! peculi> aff9ities ( wool ) c]ta9 dye+ sub/ances4 ,wool or flannel ?or\ghly sc\r$1 :5 imm]s$ 9 ! blue solution ( indigo ) sulphuric acid1 acts z a base3 x comb9es gradually ) ! acid blue1 & becomes itself color$ ( a deep blue4 ,:5 saturat$ ) color1 x is )drawn4 ,fre% wool is introduc$ until ! ba? yields no m color4 ,if sublim$ or p]fectly pure indigo is us$1 !re rema9s 9 ! ba? no?+ b free sulphuric acid4 ,! wool ?us plays ! "p ( a base ) :i* ! blue acids comb9e4 ,! dy$ wool is aft]w>ds wa%$ & treat$ 9 feeble alkal9e ba? 7ammonia71 :i* r$issolves ! blue4 ,?is me?od ( purify+ ! ,saxon blue is /ill practis$ by ,fr5* manufactur]s4 ,! comb9ation ( indigo ) sulphuric acid1 sometimes improp]ly call$ sulphate ( indigo1 is kn[n by ! dy]s "h & 9 ,engl& "u ! "n ( *emic4 ,! "n ( *emic blue or gre5 is also giv5 ! dyes =m$ f ! indigo extract h]eaft] spok5 (4 ,x is l>gely us$ = mak+ c]ta9 gre5s requir$ 9 ,scot* plaids4 ,! old ,saxon blue or simple solution ( indigo ) sulphuric acid is n[ seldom prep>$ by ! manufactur]s !mselves4 ,x is n[ g5]ally prep>$ = !m1 & furni%$ comm]cially "u ! "n ( indigo extract4 ,! f9] qualities us$ = f9e dye+ & pr9t+ are kn[n "u ! "n ( c>m9es ( indigo1 neutral extract1 soluble indigo1 c]ul9e1 c4 ,! production ( indigo c>m9es1 :i* are simply alkal9e sulph9digotates or sulpho-purpurates1 is f\nd$ ^u _! insolubility 9 a liquid *>g$ ) a salt4 ,if1 = example1 we dissolve "o "p ( indigo 9 f\r p>ts ( fum+ acid1 & dilute ! liquid ) sixty or eighty times its weight ( wat]1 x w conta91 besides ! sulph9digotic acid1 an excess ( sulphuric acid4 ,by add+ "o "p ( cry/als ( soda s z to neutralize ! ba?1 !re w be =m$ n only sulph9digotate ( soda1 b sulphate ( soda3 z ! =m] is insoluble 9 ! sal9e liquid1 ! pres5ce ( ! sulphate ( soda causes ! precipitation ( ! sulph9digotate 9 deep blue floccules4 ,^! are collect$ on wooll5 filt]s & wa%$ to remove ! sulphate ( soda & a gre5 color+ mat]ial1 probably a modifi$ *lorophyl1 :i* ! pa/e (t5 conta9s1 & :i* has ! s+ul> prop]ty ( fix+ itself on silk1 b n on wool4 ,! c>m9es are divid$ accord+ to _! ri*ness 9 indigo into simple c>m9e 7#d4if p] c5t ( indigo1 wat] #hi1 sal9e mat]ials #eg71 d\ble c>m9e 7#aj4b p] c5t indigo1 wat] #he1 salts #d-h71 triple c>m9e 7#ab4d p] c5t indigo wat]1 #gc4g1 salts #ac4i74 ,a species ( solid c>m9e kn[n z ,boiley blue or purple is 9 high repute 9 ,france4 ,! c>m9es may be te/$ by dye+ a specim5 ( wool 9 an acidulat$ ba? to :i* cream ( t>t> has be5 add$4 ,! pres5ce ( ! gre5 matt]1 s objectionable to silk-dy]s :o make mu* use ( ^! c>m9es1 is detect$ by rubb+ a small quantity ( ! c>m9e on a piece ( glaz$ pap]1 :i*1 :5 ! color dries1 gives a color v>y+ f blue to a ri* copp] color3 if any gre5 color+ matt] is left1 x %[s itself by a gre5 aureola ar\nd ! blue color4 ,! me?od ( apply+ ! c>m9es 9 dye+ wool & silk1--= !y are n adapt$ to cotton fabrics1--z giv5 by ,m4 de ,kppel91 is z foll[s3-- ,! op]ation is conduct$ 9 small wood5 vats1 provid$ ) op5+s = manipulation1 & pipes = induct+ /eam to heat ! ba?s to ! prop] temp]ature4 ,x consi/s ( two p>ts1 t ( mordant+ & dye+4 ,! =m] is ?us conduct$4 ,= ea* kilogram ( tissue :i* has be5 previ\sly sc\r$ & blea*$1 !re are provid$ #bjj grammes ( cream ( t>t> & #bej grammes ( alum4 ,^! are dissolv$ 9 ! ba? ( wat] ( ! vat1 ! temp]ature is rais$ to boil+ heat1 & ! tissue is imm]s$ 9 ! ba? f ( an h\r :ile x is work$ ov] ?r\gh ! op5+ = manipulation4 ,! pieces are !n tak5 f ! ba?1 to :i* is add$ a solution ( ! c>m9e 9 wat] conta9+ a quantity ( color+ matt] proportionate to ! int5sity ( ! blue s\ght =4 ,! solution ought to be prep>$ ) c>e & pass$ ?r\gh a silk sieve1 s t ! small insoluble gra9s :i* might h be5 left ?r\gh bad fabrication may be left on ! sieve4 ,aft] ! pieces h be5 manipulat$ 9 ! color$ ba?1 s z to exhau/ ! color & obta9 ! requir$ blue1 !y %\ld be rapidly wa%$ 9 runn+ wat] & dry$ 9 ! %ade4 ,silk /uffs are dy$ 9 ! same way2 b ! alum %\ld be previ\sly appli$ cold by means ( a saturat$ solution ( alum1 9 :i* ! /uffs %\ld be imm]s$ = an h\r4 ,,colors ,,n ,,fa/4 ,9 reg>d to all ! comb9ations ( indigo ) sulphuric acid1 includ+ ! c>m9es1 x mu/ be obs]v$ t _! application does n con/itute true indigo dye+3 ! colors are n fa/4 ,x is n pure indigot9e :i* is fa/5$ on ! tissues z 9 ! vat dye+1 b ano!r comp\nd ( indigo ) ! sulphur4 ,b]zelius obs]ves t 8! color ( soluble indigo is fully z alt]able & fugaci\s z t ( ! colors extract$ by ! decoction ( vegetable mat]ials4 ,by a long exposure to ! sun ! indigo blue is de/roy$3 x becomes gre5 dur+ evaporation1 & *anges its nature40 ,! c>m9es z well z ! sulphur acids are easily decoloriz$ by r$uc+ ag5ts1 su* z hydrog5 & sulphurett$ hydrog51 al?\gh !y gradually assume _! orig9al color :5 expos$ to ! atmosph]e4 ,we are in=m$ by "s ( ! old] deal]s t import$ clo?s & m]9o /uffs kn[n z 8,saxony0 7 =m]ly l>gely sold 9 our %ops1 b t1 not)/&+ _! attractiv5ess to pur*as]s1 !y 7 objectionable on acc\nt ( ! in/ability ( _! color4 ,,application ,,( ,,indigo ,,9 ,,pr9t+ ,,/uffs4 ,our notes w\ld be incomplete )\t "s ref]5ce to ! uses ( indigo 9 pr9t+ fabrics4 ,9 pursu+ ?is bran*1 we are emb>rass$ on ! "o h& by ! consid]ation t ! subject is too te*nical = ! g5]al read]1 & on ! o!r by ! consci\sness t x w\ld be presumption 9 u to attempt to in/ruct ^? skill$ 9 ! art4 ,x may n1 h[ev]1 be )\t b5efit 9 produc+ a high] appreciation ( sci5ce = ! g5]al read] to obs]ve h[ sci5ce comes 9 play1 ev5 9 ! pr9t+ ( a s+le color2 :ile to ! skill$ read] our notes may possibly be ( value z a vehicle = convey+ "s receipts tak5 f works n easily accessible4 ,,pr9t+ ,,/uffs ,,( ,,wool ,,& ,,silk1 ,,& ,,/uffs ,,) ,,cotton ,,w>ps4 ,?is bran* ( our subject is directly alli$ to ! "o la/ consid]$1 ! application ( ! comp\nds ( sulphur & indigo2 = indigo is appli$ to pr9t+ wool & silk pr9cipally 9 ! =m ( indigo c>m9es4 ,^! applications are less num]\s ?an !y 7 =m]ly1 s9ce !y h be5 replac$ by ,prussian blue1 & m rec5tly by ! anil9e blues1 :i* are n[ g5]ally us$4 ,:5 ! c>m9es are us$1 x is = mak+ sky blues1 & !y ent] into ! composition ( "s gre5s & br[ns4 ,! salts ( alum9a & vegetable acids are us$ to fix ! indigo c>m9e ^u tissues ( wool & silk4 ,"s receipts recomm5d$ by ,m4 de ,kppel91 himself a practical pr9t]1 are giv5 9 a note4#g ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #g ,,blue ,,no4 #a4 ,indigo c>m9e #djj grammes4 ,alum #ajj ,oxalic acid #aej ,boil+ wat] #a litre ,gum wat] prep>$ 9 proportion ( #a kilogram to ! litre #a litre ,,gre5 ,,no4 #a4 ,gum wat] z above #ab litres4 ,cuba lac #ab ,alum #a kilogram1 #ejj grammes4 ,oxalic acid #b ,indigo c>m9e #d ,,b\illon ,,= ,,! ,,gre5s ,,& ,,blues4 ,boil+ wat] #ab litres4 ,alum #fjj grammes4 ,oxalic acid #gej ,gum wat] #ab ,,sky ,,blue ,,= ,,wooll5 ,,/uff ,,) ,,cotton ,,w>p4 ,fir/ solution4--,boil+ wat] #d litres4 ,cyanuret ( iron & pota% #hjj grammes4 ,second solution4--,boil+ wat] #b ,t>t>ic acid #cjj ,?ird solution4--,cold wat] #c ,sulphuric acid #cjj ,p\r 9 ! fir/ solution1 !n ! second & ?ird1 agitat+ ! color ) a spatula aft] ea* new addition4 ,! foll[+ mixture is aft]w>ds appli$ to ! /uff3-- ,gum wat] #ab litres4 ,wat] #f ,blue ,no4 #a = wool #c ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,9 pr9t+ tissues ( wool ) cotton w>p1 ! c>m9es are n us$ alone4 ,!y are comb9$ 9 c]ta9 proportions ) cyanites ( iron & pota%1 to obta9 ^u ! cotton a blue color ( equal int5sity ) t produc$ by ! c>m9es ^u wool4 ,x is also necess>y to previ\sly mordant ! fabrics by means ( a solution ( oxide ( t9 or cau/ic soda :i* is precipitat$ on ! fibres by pass+ ?r\gh a ba? ( wat]1 to :i* sulphuric acid has be5 add$4 ,,applications ,,( ,,indigo ,,9 ,,pr9t+ ,,cotton ,,fabrics4 ,be=e ent]+ ^u me?ods us$ 9 l>ge e/abli%m5ts1 x may n be )\t int]e/ to obs]ve ! processes /ill us$ 9 ,java = pr9t+ calicoes1 :i* ! natives pref] to any import$ f ,europe4 ,9 ,java !re are no factories1 & ! wom5 9 ea* family make & dye or pr9t all ! cotton clo?s requir$ = _! own consumption4 ,!y apply by means ( a bru% or p5cil1 :i* !y use ) great skill1 to ! cotton tissue :i* !y wi% to cov] a ?9 coat+ ( wax mix$ ) a little res91 ! wax be+ appli$ to all ! p>ts :]e ! design1 :i* has be5 fir/ trac$ ^u ! clo?1 requires t ! fabric %\ld rema9 uncolor$4 ,!y !n imm]se ! /uff sev]al times 9 an indigo vat until !y h obta9$ ! desir$ t9t4 ,! /uff is aft]w>ds wa%$ & dri$ = a new application ( ! wax1 c>efully appli$ ) a p5cil z be=e4 ,! clo? is !n imm]s$ 9 a ba? ( a diff]5t color1 made ) madd] or cate*u1 b always ( "s dye :i* is p]fectly /able2 & ! op]ation is repeat$ accord+ to ! numb] ( colors desir$4 ,by ^! successive applications ( wax & imm]sions into diff]5t vats1 !y succe$ 9 produc+ v complicat$ & h>moni\s colors1 :ile no ,european goods comp>e ) !m 9 /ability ( dye4 ,9 ! ,european1 & our own manufacture1 ! blue bottoms ^u vegetable fibres1 made by imm]sion 9 ! indigo vat1 are comb9$ ) :ite impressions1 or o!rs v>i\sly color$1 by two di/9ct me?ods4 ,sometimes !re is pr9t$ ^u ! clo? be=e dye+ 9 ! indigo vat a prep>ation call$ a res]ve or resi/1 :i* prev5ts ! indigot9e f be+ deposit$ 9 ! places :]e x is appli$4 ,sometimes1 on ! contr>y1 ! indigo1 :i* has be5 uni=mly fix$ ^u ! fabric1 is de/roy$ 9 c]ta9 places m>k$ out by pr9t+ ^u !m c]ta9 *emical ag5ts1 call$ dis*>ges4 ,! res]ves are me*anical1 resi/+ ! p5etration ( ! dye1 su* z wax & pipe clay1 or *emical4 ,! la/1 ?r\gh ^! acid or oxidiz+ prop]ties1 cause ! precipitation ( ! indigot9e be=e x has t\*$ ! fibre or p5etrat$ into its pores4 ,su* are ! salts ( copp] & bi-*lorate ( m]cury4 ,o!r bodies p]=m ! "p bo? ( me*anical & *emical res]ves4 ,! salts ( z9c or alum9a1 = in/ance1 :i* are frequ5tly us$1 produce at ! same "t a deposit ( indigo :ite & a gelat9\s cov]+ ( hydrat$ oxide ( z9c or alum9ium4 ,! composition ( a good res]ve is decl>$ to be pr9cipally a "q ( good proportions ( ! con/itu5t p>ts1 v>y+ ) ! /r5g? ( ! vat & ! int5sity ( ! blue :i* is desir$ to be res]v$4 ,! fir/ condition is t x h>d5s imm$iately aft] imm]sion 9 ! vat3 if x s(t5s1 on ! contr>y1 x w cause ! runn+ ( ! color4 ,9 o!r words1 ! acidity ( ! impression %\ld be proportionate to ! /r5g? & alkal9e "* ( ! vat4 ,! :ite res]ve1 t mo/ g5]ally us$1 is compos$ ( pipe clay1 gum1 v]digris1 & sulphate ( copp]4 ,! /yles ( "w produc$ by dipp+ ) res]ves are g5]ally ( a *eap & l[ class4 ,! sy/em is clumsy & exp5sive1 & is only tol]at$ because ( ! want ( a me?od ( directly apply+ indigo1 :i* w yield ! deepe/ %ades4 ,c]ta9 /yles1 =m]ly 9 great vogue1 call$ ,lapis1 & =m+ "o ( ! ri*e/ bran*es ( ! cotton-pr9t+ indu/ry1 are f\nd$ ^u ! use ( res]ves2 & 9 ^! /yles1 by v simple means :i* we %all n attempt to describe1 diff]5t colors produc$ f madd]1 cate*u1 c41 are produc$ ^u ! fabric s p]fectly surr\nd$ by blue t ! eye _c detect ! slighte/ want ( cont9uity4 ,?is fabrication has ! greate/ p]fection 9 ,russia4 ,! imitation ca%m]e fabrics ( cotton import$ f t c\ntry1 =m]ly mu* 9 fa%ion = dress+-g[ns1 are specim5s ( ?is fabrication4 ,! great /ability ( ! colors is a rem>kable feature ( ^! goods4 ,! sy/em ( resi/s or res]ves possesses ! inconv5i5ces ( n produc+ impressions ( great firmness1 & ( requir+ v /rong vats4 ,:5 ! /r5g? ( ! vat is p>tially exhau/$1 !y may be ?r[n aside4 ,^! inconv5i5ces are obviat$ by ! sy/em ( dis*>ges 7enlevages74 ,9 ?is sy/em ! clo?s are vat dy$ ( a uni=m blue4 ,! /r5g? ( ! vat is ( less importance1 & x c be us$ until ! indigo is q exhau/$4 ,! means ( de/roy+ ! indigo :i* has be5 fix$ ^u ! fibre are f\nd$ on ! use ( active oxidiz+ ag5ts1 :i* trans=m ! insoluble indigot9e into soluble isat9e4 ,! ag5t g5]ally us$ is *romic acid4 ,z ?is acid _c be incorporat$ ) ! ?ick5+ to be pr9t$1 z ! ?ick5+ w\ld produce oxide ( *rome1 ! clo? is pass$ ?r\gh a /rong solution ( *romate ( pota%1 & dri$ 9 ! %ade4 ,! requir$ patt]n is !n pr9t$ on ! clo? ) a mixture ^: pr9cipal elem5ts are acids :i* are susceptible ( sett+ free ! *romic acid on ! tissue1 :i* !n acts ^u ! indigo produc+ a :ite patt]n4 ,! acid g5]ally employ$ = free+ ! *romic acid is oxalic acid1 ?ick5$ ) ,briti% gum1 dextr9e1 or />*1 ) ! addition ( pipe clay4 ,to prev5t runn+1 nitric1 sulphuric1 or t>t>ic acid are sometimes us$4#h ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #h ,s*utz5b]g] gives ! foll[+ receipts3-- ,,prep>ation ,,= ,,dis*>ge4 ,wat] #b litres4 ,yell[ *romate #ejj grammes4 ,,:ite ,,dis*>ge ,,on ,,blue ,,bottom4 ,t>t>ic acid #c kilograms4 ,oxalic acid #bej grammes4 ,burnt />* #d kilograms4 ,nitric acid #ejj grammes4 ,wat] #d litres4 ,de ,kppel9 gives ! foll[+3-- ,,:ite ,,dis*>ge ,,on ,,blue4 ,wat] #b litres4 ,/>* #a kilogram1 #hjj grammes4 ,oxalic acid #ejj grammes4 ,t>t>ic acid #bej grammes4 ,sulphuric acid #cge grammes4 ,! pieces1 hav+ be5 dy$ blue1 are !n plac$ 9 a solution ( bi*romate ( pota% 9 wat]1 :i* is prep>$ 9 ! ratio ( #ej to #fj grammes to ! litre1 accord+ to ! int5sity ( ! blue4 ,! pieces ?us prep>$ mu/ be dri$ away f direct sol> light or too mu* heat4 ,9 fact1 "u ! action ( ^! ag5ts1 ! bi*romate w\ld be decompos$ & ! tissue alt]$4 ,! pieces are (t5 roll$ up to prev5t ?is effect4 ,aft] ! pieces are pr9t$1 !y are pass$ into a vessel conta9+ wat] & hold+ *alk 9 susp5sion 9 suffici5t quantity to give x a milky aspect4 ,! temp]ature ( ! ba? is rais$ to #fj ,r4 ,! excess ( acid ( ! color appli$ is saturat$ by ! *alk1 & ! excess ( bi*romate ( pota% ) :i* ! tissue is impregnat$ is dissolv$ 9 ! ba?4 ,! pieces are aft]w>ds wa%$ & pass$ ?r\gh slightly soapy wat]4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,by ! me?od ( dis*>ges ! :ite designs ^u blue are br\ght out ) a di/9ctness :i* x is impossible to obta9 by resi/s1 :ile ! mo/ delicate "w ( ! grav] c be exactly reproduc$ ^u ! tissue4 ,,application ,,( ,,indigot9e ,,by ,,pr9t+4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! art ( pr9t+ indigot9e ^u calicoes 0 ! application ( :at is call$ p5cil blue4 ,in/ead ( imm]s+ ! fabrics 9 an indigo vat1 ! indigo :ite =m$ 9 a v /rong indigo vat 0 ?ick5$ & appli$ locally to c]ta9 places on ! clo?4 ,! prep>ation 0 pa9t$ ^u ! clo? by means ( p5cils made ( will[ /icks1 ! ends ( :i* 7 broom$ up into a k9d ( bru%4 ,! /yle 0 h5ce call$ p5cil blue4 ,! me?ods n[ us$ to apply :ite indigo locally are ( two k9ds4 ,! *9a blue process1 & ! solid blue process1 sometimes call$ fa/ or precipitat$ blue4 ,! *9a blue process d]ives its "n f ! resemblance ( its color to ! blue on ! old *9a w>e4 ,x has great dep? ( t9t1 & p]man5cy4 ,x is sc>cely us$ n[1 except = c]ta9 articles requir+ great dep? ( color1 su* z c]ta9 furniture goods1 & by ! ,g]mans & ,swiss = ! manufacture ( calicoes = exportation to ,india4 ,we d n v5ture to cond5se ! descriptions at our h& ( ! processes = apply+ ! *9a blue & ! solid blue1 & translate ^? furni%$ by *emi/s ( high au?ority4 ,aft] ! me?od indicat$ by ,d>w9 9 8 rec5t works1 we pres5t !m 9 small] type1 ) ! p]haps unnecess>y sugge/ion t !y may be pass$ ov] by ! g5]al read]4 ,*9a blue4--,! !ory ( ?is pr9t+ blue1 says ,s*utz5b]g]1 is v simple4 ,! indigo1 r$uc$ to an impalpable p[d] & ?ick5$1 is pr9t$ by a plate or roll]4 ,aft] dry+1 ! tissue seems dy$ blue1 m or less deep1 accord+ to ! proportion ( color+ mat]ial us$2 b x is only a blue ( application1 :i* c be remov$ ) ! ?ick5+1 by ! slighte/ wa%+4 ,! object is n[ to r$uce & r$issolve ! indigot9e 9 place to enable x to p5etrate ! fibre at ! end ( a consecutive oxidization1 & )\t produc+ a runn+ ( ! color or alt]+ ! purity & di/9ctness ( ! cont\rs ( ! design4 ,i owe to ,m4 ,ed4 ,s*w>tz "s valuable h9ts ^u ! fabrication ( ?is /yle1 :i* is also describ$ ) mu* c>e & details 9 ! treatise on pr9t+ by ,m4 ,p]soz4 ,! r$uction ( ! indigo is obta9$ by alt]nate passages ( ! pr9t$ tissue into vats conta9+1--! fir/1 quicklime slack$2 ! second1 sulphate ( iron2 ! ?ird1 soda4 ,! op]ation is t]m9at$ by a passage ?r\gh a ba? ( sulphuric acid1 :i* removes ! oxide ( iron & precipitates ! indigo :ite by ha/5+ its oxidation4 ,! success dep5ds ^u ! composition ( ! color pr9t$1 & above all ^u ! /r5g? ( ! vats ( imm]sion & ! duration ( ! treatm5t4 ,! op]ator uses six vats1--= in/ance1 two lime vats1 provid$ ea* ) #ab kilograms ( lime2 a copp]as vat at #gj ,beaum2 a cau/ic soda vat m>k+ #adj ,beaum2 a sulphuric acid vat ) #ejj grammes ( acid 7p> mesure d'eau72 & f9ally a vat ( pure wat]4 ,! receipts = pr9t+ are3-- #a4 ,,! ,,blue ,,prep>ation4 ,gr\nd indigo #d kilograms4 ,acetate ( iron #aj litres4 ,sulphate ( iron #a kilogram4 ,wat] #aj litres4 ,gum ,s5egal #f kilograms4 ,pass ?r\gh a sieve2 leave "s "t at re/1 & /ir :5ev] us$4 ,c>accas indigo is pref]r$ because x c be brok5 into a f9] p[d] & gives a f9] pa/e4 #b4 ,,colors ,,= ,,roll] ,,pr9t+ ,,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d4 ,! blue prep>ation above #a1 #a1 #c1 #d4 ,acetate ( iron conta9+ #gjj grammes ( gum p] litre #b1 #a1 1 4 ,gum wat] at #fjj grammes p] litre #af1 #b1 1 4 ,^! proportions c be v>i$ accord+ to ! t9t desir$4 ,! piece is treat$ a qu>t] ( an h\r 9 ! fir/ lime vat by giv+ x a light movem5t f above to bel[2 x is left a qu>t] ( an h\r 9 repose 9 ! sulphate ( lime vat2 a qu>t] ( an h\r 9 ! second lime vat2 a qu>t] ( an h\r 9 ! copp]as vat2 five m9utes 9 ! cau/ic soda2 half an h\r 9 ! sulphuric acid1 & !n ?or\ghly r9s$4 ,to ea* lime vat !re is giv5 #b kilograms ( lime p] piece ( clo?4 ,to ! vitriol vat !re is add$ #ej kilograms ( sulphate ( iron = ea* doz5 pieces4 ,! soda vat is r5ew$ aft] #e pieces by ! addition ( #ab kilograms ( salt ( soda1 :i* has fir/ be5 made cau/ic4 ,! acid vat receives #be kilograms ( acid aft] #e pieces1 & ought to be r5ew$ :5ev] x becomes sal9e4 ,! o!r vats mu/ be cle>$ out :5ev] ! deposit becomes too great = success4 ,m4 ,ed4 ,s*w>tz recomm5ds z important conditions1 7#a7 ! p]fect cau/icity ( ! tissue1 & an av]age /r5g? ( #adj ,beaum2 7#b7 ! neutrality ( ! sulphate ( lime vat4 ,= ?is end old iron %\ld be boil$ 9 x4 ,aft] leav+ ! sulphuric acid vat ! pieces are r9s$ 9 ! wat] vat1 !n 9 riv] wat]1 & aft]w>ds %\ld be soak$ 9 a sulphuric acid ba? at #dj ,beaum1 = ! purpose ( dissolv+ ! la/ traces ( ! p]oxide ( iron adh]+ to ! fibre4 ,! fabric is !n wa%$ 9 wat] & f9ally pass$ ?r\gh a soapy wat] at #dj ,r4 ,solid or precipitat$ blue1 ,s*utz5b]g]'s receipt4--,! process consi/s 9 pr9t+ indigo :ite precipitat$ 9 a vat1 9 a ?ick pa/e to dissolve x on ! tissue by a passage ?r\gh an alkal9e ba? 7lime or soda71 & ( reprecipitat+ x by oxidiz+ x z soon z x has ent]$ ! fibre4 ,x is !n ! *9a blue process1 m9us ! r$uction :i* is made be=e pr9t+1 & consequ5tly m9us ! sulphate ( iron vat4 ,indigo :ite is too alt]able to be pr9t$ ) success1 s x is g5]ally precipitat$ 9 comb9ation ) a /annic hydrate 7hydrate ( a salt ( t971 :i* gives x body & pres]ves x f a too rapid oxidation4 ,! /annic indigotate 9 pa/e1 or z x is g5]ally call$ precipitate ( indigo1 is prep>$ by turn+ into ! cle> portion ( a /rong copp]as vat an acid solution ( proto*lorate ( t91 & filt]+ x ^u wooll5 filt]s1--z mu* z possible away f ! air4 ,x w\ld be bett] to prep>e a /rong t9 vat by heat+ a mixture ( indigo1 cau/ic soda1 & proto*lorate ( t91 & to precipitate by *lorohydric acid4#i ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #i ,mr4 ,t4 ,p4 ,%ep>d gives 9 8 valuable 8,receipts = ,calico ,pr9t+10 publi%$ 9 #ahgb1 ! foll[+3-- ,,no4 #eb4 ,,indigo ,,precipitate ,,= ,,fa/ ,,blue ,,& ,,gre54 #aj p\nds quicklime1 slack$ ) #f gallons wat]2 !n #b p\nds gr\nd indigo f9ely rubb$ 9 wat] are /irr$ 92 !n add #f p\nds copp]as dissolv$ 9 #e gallons ( wat]2 !n add #e gallons hot wat] & #ae gallons cold wat]4 ,/ir well f "t to "t1 until ! liquid has assum$ a yell[ color & deep blue ve9s or /reaks appe> on its surface4 ,:5 ?is mom5t arrives1 draw (f ! cle> liquor1 & precipitate e t5 qu>ts ( x ) p\nd t9 cry/als1 dissolv$ 9 p\nd muriatic acid4 ,to ! rema9d] ( ! mixture ( lime & indigo1 #ae gallons ( wat] may be add$1 & ! :ole /irr$2 & :5 settl$1 ! indigo may be precipitat$ f ! cle> liquor z be=e4 ,?is op]ation may be repeat$ a second "t be=e all ! indigo is exhau/$4 ,! indigo precipitate is to be collect$ on a musl9 filt]1 & well squeez$ out4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,! deposit is made into a pa/e ) gum wat]2 a salt ( t9 is (t5 add$ to prev5t oxidation4 ,x is important to prev5t ! trans=mation ( ! indigo :ite into indigot9e be=e pr9t+4 ,?is indigot9e w\ld n fix itself on ! fabric4 ,moreov]1 aft] pr9t+1 x is necess>y to ha/5 ! dissolution ( ! indigo :ite to enable x to p5etrate ! fibre4 ,x is suffici5t = ?is end to pass x ?r\gh milk ( lime4 ,! /annic comb9ation is imm$iately de/roy$2 ! colorable matt] unites itself ) ! lime1 & ! color passes into a pale gray ) apple gre54 ,! indigo :ite becomes mom5t>ily soluble2 b ! pres5ce ( ! excess ( lime & ! ?ick5+1 z well z ! attractive aff9ity ( ! ?ick5+1 prev5t any runn+4 ,! piece on issu+ f ! lime wat] is plac$ 9 runn+ wat]1 :5 reoxidation comm5ces1 :i* ?is "t fixes ! color4 ,! piece is f9ally pass$ ?r\gh a sulphuric acid ba? to absorb ! lime1 & wa%$4 ,by add+ to ! color a salt ^: base precipitates 9 ! milk ( lime & oxidizes 9 ! runn+ wat]1 & replac+ ! simple acid ba? by an acid ba? ) yell[ prussite1 ! int5sity ( ! blue is increas$ ?r\gh ! =mation ( ,prussian blue4 ,al?\gh we h se5 beautiful effects f ! application ( ! solid blue ( indigo on pr9ts at our ,pacific ,mills1 ! colors produc$ by ,prussian blue & anil9e are s mu* m brilliant & easy ( application t ! use ( indigo 9 pr9t+ goods = ord9>y consumption is likely to decl9e r ?an increase4 ,x w be o!rwise if we %\ld ev] manufacture = ! ,ea/ ,india m>kets4 ,"h is a field /ill op5 = our manufactur]s4 ,mr4 ,watson1 9 8 beautiful "w on 8,! ,co/umes ( ! ,p ( ,india10 rem>ks t 8,briti% manufactur]s h hi!rto fail$ to appreciate ,ori5tal ta/es & habits1 & h5ce supply b an insignificant "p ( ! clo?+ ( ! two hundr$ million p]sons t =m ! population ( :at is commonly spok5 ( z ,india40 ,! great defect1 he obs]ves1 is ! want ( /ability ( color 9 ! cotton fabrics introduc$1--?is /ability be+ an imp]ative dem& 9 ! ,ori5tal m>kets4 ,! applications ( indigo to cotton fabric are altoge!r second>y1 9 our m9d1 to its relations to ! wooll5 manufacture4 ,if we h felt call$ ^u to say a ^w 9 behalf ( ! mo/ anci5t & be/ ally :i* ! fibre ( wool has ev] _h1 x is because ! vividness ( color ( ! new products ( coal1 & ! fasc9ation :i* ! application ( ! rec5t discov]ies ( sci5ce always possesses1 is ?reat5+ ! eclipse ( ! m anci5t sob] & solid dyes4 ,let ! new colors h _! place z auxili>ies1 n z sub/itutes = ! anci5t dyes4 ,let !m s]ve to give a bloom#aj to goods1 b let ! f\ndation be ! good old dyes :i* ! exp]i5ce ( ages has prov$ to be ! mo/ unalt]able by light & air4 ,! rec5t wond]ful discov]y ( aliz>9e1 or artificial madd]1 9 coal t> products1 has l$ practical m5 to expect too mu* f sci5ce4 ,! op9ion is q preval5t among manufactur]s t artificial indigot9e has already be5 obta9$ f ! same s\rce4 ,& "s manufactur]s are sangu9e t ! difficulties ( indigo dye+ w ?us be resolv$4 ,x is n improbable--= :at is impossible to mod]n *emi/ry8--t ?is result w yet be p>tially obta9$4 ,b we h look$ ov] all ! rec5t =eign *emical reviews1 & p]sonally consult$ "s ( our be/ *emi/s1 & we c f9d no au?ority = ! prevail+ op9ion t artificial indigot9e has be5 produc$4 ,if ! production ( artificial indigot9e %\ld be realiz$1 ! only b5efit w\ld be ! possible *eap5+ ( ! mat]ial4 ,! difficulties ( ! indigo vat w\ld /ill rema92 = we _c too (t5 repeat1 t 9 ! v difficulties ( ! process1 or 9 ! insolubility ( blue indigot9e by ord9>y ag5ts1 consi/s ! excell5ce ( ! dye4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #aj ,gu]nsey ,blue4--,! d>ke/ ( ! ,ni*olson ,fa/ ,blues4 ,on a bottom ( b>kwood1 camwood1 madd]1 or inf]ior indigo1 produces an indigo blue :i* w /& all ! acid te/s ! same z colors made f indigo4 ,s]ge ,blue4--,x w be f\nd v s]viceable to give bloom to goods dy$ ) indigo1 & by itself %[s a v good indigo te/ ) nitric acid4--,in/ructions = ,work+ ! ,atlas ,works ,anil9e ,dyes4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,app5dix4 ,,dye+ ,,wool ,,9 ,,! ,,w>m ,,indigo ,,vat4 ,extract f ,dumas's ,lectures on ,dye+4 ,! value atta*$ by practical wool-dy]s to ! foll[+ induces u to publi% x )\t cond5sation3-- ,indigo ,blue4--,we give a solid dye ( indigo blue to wool by plung+ x into an alkal9e solution ( indigo :ite1 & !n expos+ x to contact ) ! air4 ,! solution ( indigo :ite is prep>$ 9 a vessel usually f eight to n9e feet 9 dep?1 & six to sev5 feet 9 diamet]4 ,?is size is v conv5i5t = ! requisite manipulations1 & pres5ts a l>ge volume ( wat]1 :i*1 :5 once heat$1 is capable ( pres]v+ a high temp]ature = a long "t4 ,?is vessel %\ld be made ( wood or copp]4 ,x always be>s ! "n ( vat4 ,^! vats are cov]$ ) a wood5 lid1 divid$ into two or ?ree equal segm5ts4 ,ov] ?is lid are spread "s ?ick blankets4 ,)\t ?is precaution ! ba? w\ld come 9 contact ) ! atmosph]ic air1 a portion ( ! indigo w\ld absorb oxyg5 & become precipitat$4 ,!re w\ld also be a great wa/e ( heat4 ,a mo/ necess>y op]ation1 & "o :i* has to be frequ5tly repeat$1 consi/s 9 /irr+ up ! deposit ( vegetable & color+ matt] :i* is =m$ 9 ! vat1 & intimately mix+ x 9 ! ba?4 ,= ?is purpose we employ a ut5sil call$ a rake1 :i* is =m$ ( a /rong squ>e piece ( wood1 set on a long h&le4 ,! workman takes hold ( ?is ) bo? h&s1 &1 dipp+ ! flat surface into ! deposit at ! bottom ( ! vessel1 he quickly draws x up until x ne>ly rea*es ! surface1 :51 giv+ x a g5tle %ake1 he dis*>ges ! matt] aga9 ?r\gh ! liquor ( ! ba?4 ,?is manuvre is repeat$ until ! :ole ( ! deposit seems to be remov$ f ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,be=e ! tissue is dipp$ into ! dye-ba?1 x %\ld be soak$ 9 a copp] full ( tepid wat]2 x is !n to be hung up & beat5 ) /icks4 ,9 ?is /ate x is plung$ into ! vat2 x ?us introduces less air into ! ba?1 :ile x is m uni=mly p5etrat$ by ! indigo solution4 ,! clo? is n[ kept at a dep? ( f two to ?ree feet bel[ ! surface ( ! liquid1 by means ( an op5 bag or piece ( network fix$ 9 ! int]ior ( an iron r+1 :i* is susp5d$ by cords1 & fix$ to ! outside ( ! vat by means ( two small iron hooks2 ! bag is ?us drawn backw>ds & =w>ds )\t p]mitt+ x to come 9 contact ) ! air4 ,:5 ?is op]ation has be5 cont9u$ = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t1 ! clo? is wrung & hung up to dry4 ,flock wool is also1 = ! purpose ( dye+1 enclos$ 9 a f9e net1 :i* prev5ts ! lea/ p>ticle f escap+1 & :i* is fix$ 9 ! ba? 9 ! same way z 9 ! =ego+ case4 ,! _m inconv5i5ces att5d+ ! use ( wood5 ba?s1 :i* necessitate ! p\r+ ( ! liquor into a copp] = ! purpose ( giv+ x ! necess>y degree ( heat1 h l$ to ! g5]al employm5t ( copp] vessels4 ,^! are fix$ 9 brickwork1 :i* ext5ds half way up _! surface1 :il/ a /ove is s con/ruct$ at ?is elevation t ! flame %all play ar\nd _! upp] "p4 ,by ?is means ! ba? is heat$ & kept at a favorable temp]ature )\t ! liquor be+ oblig$ to be remov$4 ,! pota% vats are usually =m$ ( conical-%ap$ copp]s1 surr\nd$ by a suitable furnace4 ,^! may be con/ruct$ ) less dep?1 inasmu* z !re is less precipitation induc$ 9 ! liquor4 ,by us+ /eam = heat+ ! vats1 we might disp5se ) ! employm5t ( copp] vessels1 & s return to ^? ( wood4 ,! vats employ$ = dye+ wool are kn[n "u ! names ( ! pa/el vat1 ! woad vat1 ! pota% vat ! t>t>-lee vat1 & ! ,g]man vat4 ,pa/el ,vat4#aa--,! fir/ c>e ( ! dy] 9 prep>+ ! vat %\ld be to furni% ! ba? ) matt]s capable ( comb9+ ) ! oxyg51 :e!r directly or indirectly1 & ( giv+ hydrog5 to ! indigo4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 be c>eful to employ ^? sub/ances only :i* are incapable ( imp>t+ to ! ba? a color :i* might prove injuri\s to ! indigo4 ,^! advantages are f\nd 9 ! pa/el1 ! woad1 & madd]4 ,?is latt] sub/ance furni%es a violet t9t :5 br\ght into contact ) an alkali1 & by ! addition ( indigo x yields a /ill deep] %ade4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #aa ,! di/9ction betwe5 pa/el & woad is n v cle>4 ,s*utz5b]g] says3 8,pa/el1 woad1 & satis t9ctoria is a plant ( ! family ( ! crucif]a4 ,x w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 t ! t]m pa/el z us$ by ! old ,fr5* dy]s is appli$ to ! leaves ( ! woad :i* h be5 f]m5t$1 =m$ into pa/e1 & aft]w>ds into balls1 & :i* conta9 mu* blue color+ matt]4 ,& ! t]m woad z di/+ui%$ f pa/el is appli$ to ! unf]m5t$ plant40 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,9 prep>+ ! ,indian vat1 we ord9>ily employ "o p\nd ( f9e madd] to two p\nds ( indigo4 ,! madd] is "h especially useful1 by reason ( ! avidity ( "s ( its pr9ciples = oxyg54 ,! pa/el vat1 :5 prep>$ on a l>ge scale1 ord9>ily conta9s f #ah to #bb lbs4 ( indigo2 #aa lbs4 ( madd] w\ld suffice = ?is proportion1 b we mu/ also be> 9 m9d ! l>ge quantity ( wat] :i* we h to *>ge ) oxidizable matt]s4 ,i h inv>iably se5 ! be/ results f employ+ #bb lbs4 to a vat ( ?is size4 ,bran is apt to excite ! lactic f]m5tation 9 ! ba?1 & %\ld !re=e n be employ$ 9 too l>ge a quantity2 #g to #i lbs4 w be f\nd amply suffici5t4 ,weld1 :i* is (t5 us$1 is ri* 9 oxidizable pr9ciples2 x turns s\r1 & passes into ! putrid f]m5tation ) facility4 ,"s dy]s use x v freely2 b ord9>ily we employ 9 ?is ba? an equal quantity ( x to t ( ! bran4 ,sometimes weld is n add$ at all4 ,9 mo/ dye-h\ses ! pa/el is p\nd$ be=e introduc+ x into ! vat4 ,"s practical m51 h[ev]1 ma9ta9 t ?is op]ation is injuri\s1 & t x int]f]es ) its durability4 ,?is is an op9ion :i* des]ves att5tion4 ,! effect ( ! pa/el1 :5 r$uc$ to a co>se p[d]1 is m uni=m2 b ?is /ate ( division mu/ r5d] its alt]ations m rapid4 ,:5 ! ba? has und]gone ! necess>y ebullition1 ! pa/el %\ld be introduc$ into ! vat1 ! liquor decant$1 & at ! same "t #g or #h lbs4 ( lime add$1 s z to =m an alkal9e lye :i* %all hold ! indigo 9 solution4 ,hav+ well /irr$ ! vat1 x %\ld be set aside = f\r h\rs1 s t ! little pellets %all h "t to become ?or\ghly soak$1 bo? inside & out1 & ?us be prep>$ = f]m5tation4 ,"s ?9k cov]+s are to be spread ov] ! vat1 s z to pres]ve x f contact ) ! atmosph]e4 ,aft] ?is lapse ( "t1 x is to be aga9 /irr$4 ,! ba? at ?is mom5t pres5ts no decid$ "*2 x has ! peculi> odor ( ! vegetables :i* x holds 9 dige/ion2 its color is ( a yell[i%-br[n4 ,ord9>ily1 at ! end ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 sometimes ev5 aft] fifte5 or sixte51 ! f]m5tative process is well m>k$4 ,! odor becomes ammoniacal1 at ! same "t t x reta9s ! peculi> smell ( ! pa/el4 ,! ba?1 hi!rto ( a br[n color1 n[ assumes a decid$ yell[i%-r$ t9t4 ,a blue fro?1 :i* results f ! newly lib]at$ indigo ( ! pa/el1 floats on ! liquor z a ?ick scum1 be+ compos$ ( small blue bubbles1 :i* are closely agglom]at$ toge!r4 ,a brilliant pellicle cov]s ! ba?1 & b5ea? we may p]ceive "s blue or almo/ black ve9s1 ow+ to ! indigo ( ! pa/el :i* rises t[>ds ! surface4 ,if ! liquor be n[ agitat$ ) a swit*1 ! small quantity ( indigo :i* is evolv$ floats to ! top ( ! ba?4 ,on expos+ a few drops ( ?is mixture to ! air1 ! gold5-yell[ color quickly disappe>s1 & is replac$ by ! blue t9t ( ! indigo4 ,?is ph5om5on is due to ! absorption ( ! oxyg5 ( ! air by ! indigog5 f ! pa/el3 9 ?is /ate we might ev5 dye wool ) x )\t any fur!r addition ( indigo2 b ! colors :i* x furni%es are devoid ( brilliancy & vivacity ( tone1 at ! same "t t ! ba? becomes quickly exhau/$4 ,! signs above describ$ ann\nce1 9 a mo/ indubitable mann]1 t f]m5tation is e/abli%$1 & t ! vat has n[ ! p[] ( furni%+ to ! indigo ! hydrog5 :i* is requir$ to r5d] x soluble1--t conta9$ 9 ! pa/el hav+ be5 already tak5 up2 ?is1 !n1 is ! prop] mom5t = add+ ! indigo1 :i* %\ld be previ\sly gr\nd 9 a mill4 ,we /at$ above t ! liquor ( ! vat %\ld be previ\sly *>g$ ) a c]ta9 quantity ( lime2 we also f9d 9 x ammonia g5]at$ by ! pa/el2 b a "p ( ^! alkalies become saturat$ by ! c>bonic acid gas along ) ! prop] acids ( ! madd] & ( ! weld1 z well z by ! lactic acid produc$ by ! bran dur+ f]m5tation4 ,! ord9>y guide ( ! dy] is ! odor1 :i*1 accord+ to circum/ances2 becomes m or less ammoniacal4 ,! vat is said to be ei!r s(t or h>%2 if s(t1 a little m lime %\ld be add$ to x4 ,! fre% vat is always s(t2 x exhales a feeble ammoniacal odor accompani$ ) ! peculi> smell ( ! pa/el2 we mu/1 !re=e1 add lime to x along ) ! indigo2 we usually employ f five to six p\nds1 &1 aft] hav+ /irr$ ! vat1 x is to be cov]$ ov]4 ,! indigo1 be+ incapable ( solution except by its comb9ation ) hydrog51 gives no sign ( be+ dissolv$ until x has rema9$ a c]ta9 "t 9 ! ba?4 ,we may rem>k t ! h>d indigoes1 z ^? ( ,java1 require at lea/ eight or n9e h\rs1 :il/ ^? ( ,b5gal d n ne$ m ?an six h\rs1 = _! solution4 ,we %\ld exam9e ! vat aga9 ?ree h\rs aft] add+ ! indigo4 ,we ord9>ily rem>k t ! odor is by ?is "t weak5$2 we mu/ n[ add a fur!r quantity ( lime1 sometimes less1 b g5]ally ab\t equal 9 am\nt to ! fir/ portion2 x is !n to be cov]$ ov] aga91 & set aside = ?ree h\rs4 ,aft] ?is lapse ( "t1 ! ba? w be f\nd cov]$ ) an abundant fro? & a v m>k$ copp]-color$ pellicle2 ! ve9s :i* float ^u its surface are l>g] & m m>k$ ?an !y 7 previ\sly2 ! liquor becomes ( a deep yell[i%-r$ color4 ,on dipp+ ! rake into ! ba?1 & all[+ ! liquid to run (f at ! edge1 its color1 if view$ aga9/ ! light1 is ( a /rongly m>k$ em]ald-gre51 :i* gradually disappe>s1 9 proportion z ! indigo absorbs oxyg51 & leaves 9 its place a m]e drop r5d]$ opaque by ! blue color ( ! indigo4 ,! odor ( ! vat at ?is in/ant is /rongly ammoniacal2 we also f9d 9 x ! peculi> sc5t ( ! pa/el4 ,:5 we discov] a m>k$ "* ( ?is k9d 9 ! newly =m$ vat1 we may )\t fe> plunge 9 ! /uff int5d$ to be dy$2 b ! t9ts giv5 dur+ ! fir/ work+ ( ! vat are nev] s brilliant z ^? subsequ5tly =m$2 ?is is ow+ to ! yell[-color+ matt]s ( ! pa/el1 :i*1 aid$ by ! heat1 become fix$ on ! wool at ! same "t z ! indigo1 & ?us give to x a gre5i% t9t4 ,?is accid5t is common bo? ) ! pa/el & ! woad vats2 x is1 h[ev]1 less m>k$ 9 ! latt]4 ,:5 ! /uff or clo? has be5 imm]s$ = an h\r 9 ! vat x %\ld be )drawn2 x w\ld1 9 fact1 be useless to leave x !re = a long] "t1 inasmu* z x c\ld absorb no m ( ! color+ pr9ciple4 ,x is !re=e to be tak5 f ! ba? & hung up to dry1 :5 ! indigo1 by attract+ oxyg51 w become insoluble & acquire a blue color4 ,!n we may replunge ! /uff 9 ! vat1 & ! %ade w imm$iately assume a deep] t9t1 ow+ to r5ew$ absorption ( indigo by ! wool4 ,by repeat+ ^! op]ations1 we succe$ 9 giv+ v deep %ades4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 imag9e t ! clo? seizes only on t portion ( indigo conta9$ 9 ! liquor requir$ to soak x4 ,f> f su* be+ ! case1 exp]i5ce %[s t1 dur+ its /ay 9 ! ba?1 x appropriates to itself1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 a gradually increas+ quantity ( indigo4 ,we h "h1 !n1 an action ( aff9ity1 or p]haps a consequ5ce ( porosity on ! "p ( ! wool itself4 ,woad ,vat4--,^! vats are ext5sively employ$ at ,l\vi]s1 & 9 ! manufactories ( ! nor? ( ,france4 ,! ba? is prep>$ 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! =ego+ case2 ! f9ely cut root is introduc$ into ! copp] along ) #b lbs4 ( p\nd$ indigo1 #i lbs4 ( madd]1 & #ae lbs4 ( slak$ lime4 ,! liquor is1 aft] ! necess>y ebullition1 p\r$ ^u ! woad4 ,?is sub/ance conta9s b a v small quantity ( color+ pr9ciple2 we mu/1 !re=e1 add "s indigo :5 prep>+ ! vat1 s z to indicate ! precise in/ant :5 ! mixture arrives at ! po9t ( f]m5tation s necess>y = imp>t+ hydrog5 to ! color+ pr9ciple1 & = r5d]+ x soluble4 ,we mu/ also use a l>g] quantity ( lime1 s9ce ! woad conta9s no ammonia result+ f previ\s decomposition1 su* z we f9d to be ! case ) ! pa/el ( ! s\?4 ,:5 ! vat is 9 a suitable /ate ( f]m5tation1 a ru/y color becomes manife/1 9 addition to ! signs already describ$ 9 speak+ ( ! pa/el vat2 besides ! ammoniacal odor1 ! ba? always reta9s ! peculi> smell ( ! woad4 ,! p\nd$ indigo is n[ add$1 & we proce$1 9 ! mann] already detail$1 to r$uce x to a /ate ( solution fit = dye+4 ,! vats prep>$ by means ( pa/el h great] durability ?an ^? made ) ! woad2 b x is ?\ght t ! colors giv5 by ! latt] are m brilliant ?an ^? obta9$ f ! =m] dye4 ,modifi$ ,pa/el ,vat4--,?is vat is ab\t #g feet 9 dep?1 & #f feet 9 diamet]4 ,x is made ( copp]1 & heat$ by /eam4 ,! lid is compos$ ( ?ree segm5ts1 ea* ( :i* is =m$ ( two planks1 ab\t an in* ?ick1 & /rongly secur$ toge!r by bolts4 ,! beat+ is p]=m$ 9 ! usual way1 ) /icks be=e ! fir/ dipp+1 aft] hav+ moi/5$ ! clo? 9 tepid wat]4 ,?is op]ation is n subsequ5tly repeat$4 ,?is vat is prep>$ ) #ac lbs4 ( indigo1 #ag lbs4 ( madd]1 #d lbs4 ( bran1 #i lbs4 ( lime1 & #d lbs4 ( pota%4 ,hav+ fill$ ! vat1 we heat x to ab\t #bjj ,fah41 &1 z soon z ! wat] is tepid1 introduce #dda lbs4 ( pa/el4 ,! liquor becomes ( a yell[i%-br[n color2 small bubbles appe> ^u its surface1 ord9>ily at ! end ( f\r h\rs if ! vat be heat$ by /eam1 b n until aft] eight or twelve h\rs :]e heat is appli$ by ! common fire2 9 ! latt] case ! mixture %\ld be /irr$ e ?ree h\rs4 ,:5 ! liquor displays ! signs ( f]m5tation1 we add ! above-m5tion$ +r$i5ts1 & cov] ! vat ov]2 x is !n to be set aside1 /irr+ x e ?ree h\rs1 or (t5] if ! f]m5tative action be v rapid4 ,ea* "t t x is /irr$ we are to add f #b to #d lbs4 ( lime2 if f]m5tation proce$ quickly we ev5 use m1 b 9 ! contr>y case less4 ,aft] ab\t eighte5 h\rs1 we plunge into ! vat ?ree pieces ( common clo?1 measur+ f tw5ty to tw5ty-five ells 9 l5g? ea*2 :5 !y h receiv$ six or sev5 turns1 !y are to be tak5 out aga94 ,! object ( ?is is to remove ! excess ( lime f ! ba?4 ,! vat is !n set aside = ?ree h\rs1 :5 x is to be /irr$1 & #ac lbs4 ( indigo1 ) #b lbs4 ( madd]1 add$ to x4 ,we n[ aga9 apply heat to ! mixture4 ,if ! vat conta9s a sup]abundance ( lime1 x w be unnecess>y to add m2 o!rwise we ?r[ 9 a fur!r quantity4 ,dur+ ! night x %\ld be cov]$ ) a clo?1 & a workman left to wat* x4 ,x is usually /irr$ once be=e ! morn+2 b if x be defici5t 9 lime1 x w require ?is manipulation to be m frequ5tly repeat$1 & also fre% lime add$ to x4 ,on ! foll[+ day ! /irr+ %\ld be cont9u$ e ?ree h\rs1 & s on = ! next ?irty h\rs1 tak+ c>e to heat ! vat f "t to "t4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! f\r? day ! dye+ may be comm5c$4 ,! temp]ature %\ld be ma9ta9$ at a pretty uni=m po9t2 if x be too hot1 ! blue takes a r$ reflection1 by reason ( ! madd] conta9$ 9 ! liquid4 ,a vat ?us prep>$ w la/ ?ree mon?s2 we may ev5 "w x = d\ble t p]iod1 b aft] ! ?ird mon? x appe>s to lose "s ( its indigo4 ,we ma9ta9 ! p[] ( ! vat by introduc+ e night #b lbs4 ( madd]4 ,"s indigo is also add$ twice or ?ree times a week4 ,^! additions are made 9 ! ev5+4 ,aft] ! =m]1 ! vat is left at re/ = =ty-two h\rs2 ) ! latt] only = tw5ty-f\r1 at ! same "t obs]v+ ! precautions already indicat$4 ,at ! end ( ?ree mon?s1 or soon] :5 we wi% to /op ! work+ ( ! vat1 we exhau/ ! indigo2 = ?is purpose we cont9ue to *>ge x e night = ! space ( a mon? ) madd]1 & dip into x :ite clo?s1 or m p>ticul>ly wooll5 tissues1 :i* become m or less load$ ) ! indigo4 ,we mu/ cont9ue ?is plan until ^! matt]s take up no fur!r color4 ,! dipp+s are to be p]=m$ twice a day at fir/1 b once only t[>ds ! t]m9ation4 ,_m dy]s make use ( ?is ba? = prep>+ a new vat1 b x is bett] to ?r[ ?is away & make x up afre% ) common wat]4 ,indian ,vat4--,^! vats are ( m simple & ( m ready con/ruction ?an ! pa/el or woad vats4 ,we are to boil 9 wat] a quantity ( madd] & ( bran1 proportion$ to ! weight ( indigo :i* we wi% to employ4 ,aft] two h\rs' ebullition1 we turn into ?is ba? "s t>t>-lees1 :i* are also to be boil$ = an h\r & a half or two h\rs1 s z to *>ge ! ba? ) :atev] soluble matt] !y may conta92 aft] ?is ebullition ! ba? %\ld be all[$ to cool1 & ! indigo1 :i* has be5 previ\sly gr\nd1 is !n to be introduc$4 ,suppos+ t we wi% to employ #ba lbs4 ( indigo1 ! foll[+ w\ld be ! proportions us$ 9 prep>+ ?is vat3 #da lbs4 t>t>-lees1 #ac lbs4 ( madd]1 & #e lbs4 ( bran4 ,^! vats are usually m\nt$ 9 copp]s ( a conical %ape2 a small fire %\ld be kept up ar\nd !m1 s z to ma9ta9 a mod]ate & uni=m heat4 ,! indigo w usually be f\nd dissolv$ at ! end ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 (t5 ev5 aft] twelve or fifte5 h\rs4 ,! liquor has a r$di% color 9 ! new vats1 & a gre5 t9t 9 ^? :i* are 9 a work+ /ate4 ,! fro?y surface1 z well z ! brilliant-color$ pellicle1 becomes manife/$ 9 ?is z 9 all o!r prep>ations ( a l k9d4 ,?is species ( vat has to be r5ew$ mu* m frequ5tly ?an ! woad & pa/el vats1 f ! indigo be+ m difficult to dissolve aft] a c]ta9 lapse ( "t4 ,a mod]ate heat %\ld be ma9ta9$ 9 all ^! vats4 ,pota% ,vat4--,?is species ( vat is ext5sively employ$ at ,elbuf = ! dye+ ( wool 9 ! flock4 ,x pres5ts 9 all respects a p]fect analogy ) ! ,indian vat2 9 fact1 ! action ( ! t>t>-lee 9 ! latt] prep>ation dep5ds entirely on ! c>bonate ( pota% :i* x conta9s4 ,! +r$i5ts us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! pota% vat are bran1 madd]1 & ! subc>bonate ( pota% ( comm]ce4 ,we obta9 ! deep %ades 9 ?is species ( vat ) great] cel]ity ?an 9 all o!rs1 a fact :i* und\bt$ly dep5ds on ! great] p[] :i* pota% has ( dissolv+ indigo ?an is possess$ by lime4 ,exp]i5ce proves t ! pota% vat has ! advantage 9 po9t ( cel]ity ( ne>ly a ?ird2 b ?is is balanc$ by ! inconv5i5ce result+ f ! d>k] %ade1 :i* we mu/ attribute to ! l>ge quantity ( color+ matt] ( ! madd] dissolv$ by ! alkal9e lee1 & :i* becomes fix$ on ! /uff ) ! indigo4 ,to r5d] ?is vat 9 its mo/ favorable /ate1 ! indigo %\ld be made to und]go a comm5cem5t ( hydrog5ation be=e turn+ x into ! mixture2 = ?is purpose we prep>e 9 a small copp] a ba? analog\s to t 9 ! vat1 to :i* ! p\nd$ indigo is add$4 ,?is ba? is ma9ta9$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs at a mod]ate heat1 tak+ c>e to /ir x f "t to "t4 ,! indigo assumes a yell[i% color1 becomes dissolv$1 & 9 ?is /ate is turn$ into ! vat2 we ?us avoid _m delays & losses 9 its prep>ation1 & inde$ x w\ld be desirable if a simil> plan 7 adopt$ ) all ^! comp\nds4 ,g]man ,vat4--,?is vat is ( ne>ly simil> dim5sions to t us$ = ! woad1 be+ ?ree times ! size ( ! pota% vat4 ,its diamet] is ab\t #f feet1 & its dep? #h feet4 ,hav+ fill$ ! copp] ) wat]1 we are to heat x to #bjj ,fah42 we !n add #bj pailsful ( bran1 #bb lbs4 ( c>bonate ( soda1 #aa lbs4 ( indigo1 & #ed p\nds ( lime1 ?or\ghly slak$1 9 p[d]4 ,! mixture is to be well /irr$1 & !n set aside = two h\rs2 ! workman %\ld cont9ually wat* ! progress ( ! f]m5tation1 mod]at+ x m or less by means ( lime or c>bonate ( soda1 s z to r5d] ! vat 9 a work+ /ate at ! end ( twelve1 fifte51 or1 at ! mo/1 eighte5 h\rs4 ,! odor is ! only crit]ion by :i* ! workman is enabl$ to judge ( ! good /ate ( ! vat1 he mu/ !re=e possess consid]able tact & exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! process ( dipp+ we introduce #hd lbs41 #ajf lbs41 or ev5 #acj lbs4 ( wool1 9 a net bag1 simil> to t us$ 9 ! woad vat1 tak+ c>e t ! bag is n all[$ to re/ aga9/ ! sides ( ! copp]4 ,:5 ! wool has suffici5tly imbib$ ! color1 we remove ! bag conta9+ x1 & all[ x to dra9 = a %ort "t ov] ! vessel4 ,we op]ate 9 ?is way on two or ?ree quantities 9 succession2 we !n remove ! vat1 & set x aside = two h\rs2 we mu/ be c>eful1 f "t to "t1 to replace ! indigo absorb$ by ! wool1 z also to add fre% quantities ( bran1 lime1 & cry/alliz$ c>bonate ( soda1 s z con/antly to ma9ta9 ! f]m5tation at a suitable po9t4 ,! ,g]man vat diff]s1 !n1 f ! pota% vat by ! fact t ! pota% is replac$ by cry/alliz$ c>bonate ( soda & cau/ic lime1 :i* latt] sub/ance also gives to ! c>bonate ( soda a cau/ic "*4 ,x pres5ts a rem>kable sav+ z comp>$ to ! pota% vat2 h5ce ! frequ5cy ( its employm5t2 b x requires great c>e1 & is m difficult to manage4 ,x also (f]s consid]able economy ( labor2 "o man is amply suffici5t = ea* vat4 ,! army clo? is usually dy$ by means ( ! pa/el vat1 :i* gives ! mo/ advantage\s results4 ,we "h make use ( vats ab\t #h feet 9 dep?1 & #e feet 9 diamet]1 into :i* we introduce f #cfa lbs4 to #dje lbs ( pa/el or ( woad1 aft] previ\s mac]ation4 ,! vat is to be fill$ ) boil+ wat]1 & we !n add to ! ba? #bb lbs4 ( madd]1 #ag lbs4 ( weld1 & #ac lbs4 ( bran4 ,! mixture is to ma9ta9$ 9 a /ate ( ebullition = ab\t half an h\r2 we next add a few pailsful ( cold wat]1 tak+ c>e1 h[ev]1 n to l[] ! temp]ature beyond #acj ,fah42 dur+ ! :ole ( ?is "t a workman1 provid$ ) a rake1 keeps incessantly /irr+ ! mat]ials ( ! ba?4 ,! vat is !n accurately clos$ by means ( a wood5 lid1 & surr\nd$ by blankets1 s z to keep up ! heat4 ,x is n[ put aside = six h\rs2 aft] ?is "t x is aga9 /irr$ by means ( a rake1 = ! space ( half an h\r2 & ?is op]ation %\ld be repeat$ e ?ree h\rs until ! surface ( ! ba? becomes m>k$ ) blue ve9s2 we !n add f six to eight p\nds ( slak$ lime4 ,! color ( ! vat n[ bord]s on a blacki%-blue4 ,we imm$iately add ! indigo 9 a quantity proportion$ to ! %ade :i* we wi% to obta94 ,! pa/el 9 ! =ego+ mixture may la/ = sev]al mon?s2 b we mu/ r5ew ! indigo 9 proportion z x becomes exhau/$1 at ! same "t add+ bo? bran & madd]4 ,9 g5]al we employ-- #aa to #ac lbs4 ( good indigo = #ajj lbs4 ( f9e wool4 #i to #aa lbs4 ( good indigo = #ajj lbs4 ( common wool4 #i to #aa lbs4 ( good indigo = #aca y>ds ( clo? dy$ 9 ! piece4 ,managem5t ( ! ,vats4--,a good condition ( ! vat is recogniz$ by ! foll[+ *>act]s3 ,! t9t ( ! ba? is ( a f9e gold5-yell[1 & its surface is cov]$ ) a blui% fro? & a copp]-color$ pellicle4 ,on dipp+ ! rake into ! ba?1 !re escapes bubbles ( air1 :i* %\ld bur/ v sl[ly2 :5 !y vani% quickly1 x becomes an indication t we mu/ add m lime4 ,! pa/e :i* is f\nd at ! bottom ( ! vat1 gre5 at ! mom5t ( its be+ drawn up1 %\ld become br[n 9 4! air2 if1 h[ev]1 x rema9s gre51 ?is is a fur!r sign t m lime is requir$4 ,la/ly1 ! vat %\ld exhale ! odor ( indigo4 ,we usually complete ! assurance ( ! vat be+ 9 a good /ate by plung+ into x1 aft] two h\rs' respite1 a ske9 ( wool1 :i*1 on be+ )drawn aft] ! lapse ( half an h\r1 %\ld pres5t a gre5 color1 b *ange directly to blue4 ,we !n once m mix ! mat]ials ( ! vat1 & two h\rs aft] x may be consid]$ ready = dye+4 ,^! vats1 l ^? already describ$1 are provid$ ) a l>ge wood5 r+1 ! int]ior ( :i* is arm$ ) a k9d ( network1 = ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! objects :i* are int5d$ to be dy$ com+ 9 contact ) ! mat]ials at ! bottom ( ! vat2 we1 moreov]1 take ! precaution ( enclos+ ! wool or clo? 9 bags4 ,^! tissues1 :5 plung$ into ! ba?1 %\ld rema9 !re = a long] or %ort] "t1 accord+ to ! %ade :i* we wi% to obta92 "o dipp+1 h[ev]1 w nev] suffice = ?is object2 usually we leave 9 ! /uff = half an h\r only2 x is !n to be tak5 f ! ba?1 wrung1 & expos$ to ! air4 ,?is op]ation is repeat$ until we h succe$$ 9 procur+ ! desir$ %ade2 we ord9>ily suff] ?ree h\rs to elapse betwe5 ea* dipp+4 ,! heat ( ! vat %\ld nev] be all[$ to fall bel[ #acj ,fah4 ,aft] ea* op]ation ! ba? mu/ be well /irr$1 & fre% lime add$2 g5]ally speak+1 a p\nd a day w suffice4 ,we re-e/abli% ! indigo ab\t e second day4 ,:5 once ?is vat is well m\nt$1 & we are c>eful to exam9e its work+1 we may dye f two to f\r bat*es a day ) x4 ,:5 ! /uffs h acquir$ ! desir$ %ade1 !y are fir/ to be wa%$ 9 common wat]1 & !n 9 a v weak solution ( hydro*loric acid 7ab\t "o "p 9 a ?\s&72 aft] ?is !y are aga9 r9s$ 9 pure wat]4 ,! ,indian vat is mu* m easily manag$ ?an ! =ego+2 x pres5ts less dang] ( failure1 f ! fact t x is quickly exhau/$1 & also f ! f]m5tative process1 :i* is s difficult to gov]n 9 ! pa/el vat2 ?is vat n hav+ "t to *ange 9 "*4 ,x is prep>$ by fir/ introduc+ an equal quantity ( madd] & ( bran1 & a triple quantity ( pota%2 ?is is to be gradually heat$ until x rea*es a temp]ature ( #afg ,fah41 & we !n add to x ! indigo1 ?or\ghly agitat+ ! matt]s = half an h\r4 ,! vat is ma9ta9$ at a temp]ature ( #hf to #ajj ,fah41 by keep+ x closely cov]$1 & at ! same "t ! mixture is to be /irr$ occasionally at int]vals ( twelve h\rs4 ,x %\ld by ?is "t pres5t a beautiful gre5 %ade1 ! liquor be+ surm\nt$ by a copp]-color$ pellicle & a purpli% fro?4 ,we may n[ comm5ce ! dye+1 foll[+ ! same c\rse z ) ! pa/el vat2 b ! /irr+s be+ "h repeat$ mu* m frequ5tly ?an ) ! o!r mixture1 we c dye a l>g] quantity ( wool )9 a giv5 "t4 ,:5 ! vat ceases to give a brilliant blue1 we mu/ altoge!r r5ew x2 if x be m]ely weak5$1 we add to x a small quantity ( fre%ly prep>$ liquor conta9+ a few p\nds ( pota%1 & a little less bran & madd]4 ,9 giv+ ! d>k & ! cle> sky blues1 we mu/ be c>eful to employ a quantity ( indigo proportion$ to ! color :i* we wi% to obta91 or1 bett] /ill1 we may use ! previ\sly exhau/$ vat = ! d>k blue4 ,:5 expos$ to ! influ5ce ( ! putrid f]m5tation1 indigo is decompos$ & loses its color4 ,if r5d]$ soluble1 x obeys ! impulse communicat$ to ! azotiz$ matt]s ) :i* x is br\ght into contact1 al?\gh1 if mac]at$ 9 pure wat] at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 x is itself decompos$ ) great difficulty4 ,! pa/el & ! woad are v prone to ! putrid f]m5tation1 by reason ( ! l>ge quantity ( azotiz$ matt]s :i* !y conta91 z d all ! crucif]2 !y require !re=e consid]able c>e 9 _! employm5t4 ,:5 a vat is m\nt$1 if ! f]m5tation be all[$ to cont9ue un*eck$1 aft] ! appe>ance ( ! blue fro? & ! o!r signs already indicat$1 ! liquor w acquire a yell[ color simil> to t ( be]2 ! fro? w become :ite2 x w give out a /ale smell & lose its ammoniacal odor2 aft] a few days x w turn :iti%1 & exhale a smell at fir/ simil> to t ( putrefi$ animal sub/ances2 !n x w acquire ! odor ( rott5 eggs1 & set free sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,! lime 9 ! pa/el & ! woad vats1 & ! t>t>-lee & pota% 9 ! o!r mixtures1 are us$ = ! purpose ( prev5t+ ^! accid5ts4 ,besides ! oxyg5at$ comp\nd1 :i* is =m$ by ! comb9ation ( oxyg5 ) ! extractive matt]s ( ! plants held 9 dige/ion1 !re is a production ( c>bonic acid :i* saturates ! alkal9e lee1 & =ms a c>bonate ( lime 9 ! pa/el vat4 ,we f9d ?is atta*$ to ! sides ( ! vat 9 su* quantity t ! inside ( ^! vessels becomes incru/$ ) x to a consid]able dep?4 ,x is ?is product :i* dy]s call ! t>t> ( ! vat2 x eff]vesces ) acids1 & gives on analysis c>bonic acid1 lime1 & a few p>ticles ( indigo4 ,9 ! pota% vat ! solubility ( ! c>bonate ( pota% prev5ts its deposition2 b x is v probable t we h ev5 "h a =mation ( "s c>bonat$ products1 p]haps 9 "p =m$ at ! exp5se ( ! c>bonic acid ( ! air4 ,! soluble extractive pr9ciple be+ ! only matt] :i* rema9s 9 solution 9 ! ba? ) ! indigo1 ! lime1 c41 we h =m$ deposits :i*1 v>y+ bo? 9 _! volume & 9 ! great] or less facility ) :i* !y are precipitat$ dur+ ! v>i\s p]iods ( f]m5tation1 lead to a m or less consid]able wa/e ( "t4 ,if we plunge a piece ( wooll5 tissue into a vat :i* has be5 rec5tly /irr$1 x w acquire a d>k color1 & w be f\nd cov]$ ) br[n /a9s :i* are ) difficulty remov$4 ,:5 ! woad or pa/e vat has be5 /irr$1 x ne$ be left two or ?ree h\rs only be=e plung+ 9 ! /uff1 at lea/ dur+ ! e>ly mon?s ( its work+1 inasmu* z ! pa/el1 be+ b slightly divid$ & att5uat$1 is readily precipitat$2 b :51 by reason ( its extreme division1 9 consequ5ce ( repeat$ op]ations1 x is ?r[n d[n ) less facility1 ! dipp+ %\ld n be p]=m$ (t5] ?an ?ree times 9 ! day4 ,! ,indian vat requires less "t ?an ! o!rs2 we may ev5 dye ) x an h\r aft] /irr+ ! mixture4 ,! pota%1 be+ soluble1 =ms no precipitate2 :ile ! ligne\s fibre ( ! madd] & ! pellicles ( ! bran become deposit$ ) great facility4 ,we c also dip ) ^! vats mu* (t5] ?an ) ^? made by pa/el or woad4 ,,sickness ,,( ,,! ,,w>m ,,vat ,,= ,,dye+ ,,wool1 ,,& ,,its ,,rem$ies4 ,we h to ?ank t excell5t practical magaz9e1 8,! ,am]ican ,*emi/10 = ! foll[+ notes on ! sicknesses ( ! w>m vat1 by ,f4 ,w4 ,kugl]1 translat$ f ,reimann's ,frb]ze9tung3-- ,9 ! wool indigo vat1 among ! pr9cipal 8sicknesses0 is ! black5+ ( ! vat1 or 8%>p5+40 ,?is arises f ! pres5ce ( too mu* lime4 ,:5 8%>p5$10 ! liquor1 in/ead ( hav+ a waxy yell[ color ) a d5se blue film on its surface1 has no film2 :ile ! liquor is a d>k blacki%-gre51 & on be+ /irr$ %[s a gray or :ite scum on its surface1 :ile x emits at ! same "t a pung5t odor4 ,if ! vat is only slightly affect$1 x is suffici5t to add "s bran & madd] & to let x /& ov] night4 ,if x has n q recov]$ by morn+1 x may be necess>y to heat x up1 agitate x1 & let x /& = a c\ple ( h\rs1 aft] :i* p]haps ! addition ( a little lime w be necess>y4 ,if ! vat is mu* %>p5$1 x is recomm5d$ to s9k 9 x a bag ( bran1 & leave x ov] night1 :5 ! f]m5tation w h re/or$ ! vat 9 a consid]able degree2 b x w be necess>y to add lime cauti\sly & by degrees1 to br+ x to a prop] /ate = work+4 ,! !ory ( ! s\r+ ( ! vat is giv54 ,butyric f]m5tation takes place "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 butyric acid be+ =m$2 & hydrog5 is set free1 :i* r$uces ! indigo4 ,! addition ( lime makes ! vat too /rongly alkal9e1 & sets ammonia free1 :i* gives ! pung5t odor ( ! s\r$ 7v]s*ft57 vat4 ,simultane\sly ! lime ) ! :ite indigo =ms a difficultly soluble comp\nd1 :i* settles1 & ?us int]f]es ) ! work+ ( ! vat4 ,! excess ( lime mu/ be remov$1 :i* is accompli%$ by introduc+ bran1 :i* causes a lactic f]m5tation2 & ! lactic acid neutralizes ! excess ( lime1 & de/roys ! lime comp\nd ) indigo :i* _h be5 =m$4 ,! lime may be neutraliz$ by ! use ( m9]al acids1 b !re is dang] 9 t case ( precipitat+ ! indigo4 ,a second 8sickness0 is 8becom+ too sweet40 ,! symptoms are1--! blue ve9s & surface film disappe> on /irr+1 ! foam gives a ru/l+ s\nd1 ! ba? assumes a r$di%-yell[ color1 blue goods plac$ 9 ! ba? lose _! color1 & ! vat has an unpleasant odor4 ,! vat :5 8too sweet0 ne$s to be br\ght to ! regul> temp]ature1 & lime to be add$ cauti\sly until ! vat is br\ght to its normal /ate4 ,x is saf] to add an excess ( lime & 8s\r0 ! vat1 & !n br+ x back accord+ to ! directions "u t head1 ?an to add too little1 z less indigo is lo/4 ,to use up all ! dye & to dye a light blue1 z little lime %\ld be pres5t z is consi/5t ) ! work+s ( ! vat4 ,! cause ( ! 8fall+ away0 ( ! vat is a too active f]m5tation1 :i* produces consid]able lactic acid1 f :i* butyric acid =ms1 sett+ free hydrog51 !reby mak+ :ite indigo1 :i*1 if ! action is all[$ to cont9ue1 *anges to a comp\nd f :i* ! indigo _c be recov]$4 ,if lime is add$1 ! lactic & butyric acids unite ) x & precipitate x1 :ile ! excess precipitates ! :ite indigo1 :i* is sl[ly recov]$1 z f]m5tation progresses1 :i* =ms lactic acid1 :i*1 tak+ ! place ( ! :ite indigo1 sets x free4 ,besides ! sicknesses1 !re are v>i\s results ( mismanagem5t1 ( :i* ! fir/ is ov]w>m+1 :i* causes ! ba? to turn br[n1 :i* is ! beg9n+ ( ! s\r+4 ,:5 ! ba? beg9s to s\r f ov]heat+1 "s logwood %\ld be add$ & !n bran1 & ! vat left to itself ov] night4 ,! reason ( x is t ! temp]ature is too high = ! desir$ f]m5tation to op]ate4 ,! vat sometimes sudd5ly turns gre51 & ev5 :5 indigo & ! o!r necess>y +r$i5ts are add$ x rema9s ( ?is color4 ,?is is call$ ! 8break+ up ( ! vat40 ,! reason is t ! temp]ature is too l[2 to rem$y x1 x is necess>y to add logwood & bran1 w>m x up1 & /ir1 :5 x %\ld /& = "s