,,! ,,greek ,,view ,,( ,,life ,,by ,g4 ,,l[es ,,dick9son1 ,m4,a4 ,,six? ,,edition ,,new ,,york #aiji ,,preface ,! foll[+ pages are int5d$ to s]ve z a g5]al introduction to ,greek lit]ature & ?\ght1 = ^?1 prim>ily1 :o d n "k ,greek4 ,:atev] op9ions may be held z to ! value ( translations1 x seems cle> t x is only by _! means t ! majority ( mod]n read]s c atta9 to any k ( ,greek culture2 & z ,i believe t culture to be /ill1 z x has be5 9 ! pa/1 ! mo/ valuable elem5t ( a lib]al education1 ,i h hop$ t su* an attempt z ! pres5t to give1 ) ! help ( quotations f ! orig9al au?ors1 "s g5]al idea ( ! ,greek view ( life1 w n be reg>d$ z lab\r ?r[n away4 ,x has be5 ess5tial to my purpose to avoid1 z f> z may be1 all controv]sial matt]2 & if any classical s*ol> :o may come across ?is volume %\ld be incl9$ to compla9 ( omissions or evasions1 ,i w\ld beg him to rememb] ! object ( ! book & to judge x accord+ to its fitness = its own end4 ,! ,greek ,view ( ,life1 no d\bt1 is a "q-begg+ title1 b ,i believe x to h a q intelligible mean+2 = v>i$ & manifold z ! phases may be t are pres5t$ by ! ,greek civilization1 !y d nev]!less gr\p !mselves ab\t c]ta9 ma9 ideas1 to be di/+ui%$ ) suffici5t cle>ness f ^? :i* h dom9at$ o!r nations4 ,x is ^! ideas t ,i h endeav\r$ to br+ into relief2 & if ,i h fail$1 ! blame1 ,i submit1 mu/ be ascrib$ r to myself ?an to ! nature ( ! task ,i h und]tak54 ,f p]mission to make ! extracts f translations "h pr9t$ my be/ ?anks are due to ! foll[+ au?ors & publi%]s3--,pr(essor ,but*]1 ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,d4 ,a4 ,mor%ead1 ,mr4 ,b4 ,b4 ,rog]s1 ,dr4 ,v]rall1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,way1 ,messrs4 ,george ,bell & ,sons1 ! ,syndics ( ! ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press1 ! ,delegates ( ! ,cl>5don ,press1 ,ox=d1 ,messrs4 ,macmillan & ,co41 ,mr4 ,john ,murray1 & ,messrs4 ,sampson ,l[1 ,m>/on & ,co4--,i h also to ?ank ! ,ma/] & ,fell[s ( ,balliol ,college1 ,ox=d1 = p]mission to quote at consid]able l5g? f ! late ,pr(essor ,j[ett's translations ( ,plato & ,?ucydides4 ,app5d$ is a li/ ( ! translations f :i* ,i h quot$4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,translations ,,us$ ,,aes*ylus 7,b4,c4 #ebe--def74 ,! ,h\se ( ,atreus 7,i4,e4 ! ,agamemnon1 ,*oephorae & ,eum5ides71 translat$ by ,e4 ,d4 ,a4 ,,mor%ead 7,w>r5 & ,sons74 ,! ,eum5ides1 translat$ by ,,dr4 ,,v]rall 7,cambridge1 #ahhe74 ,,ari/ophanes 7,c4 ,b4,c4 #ddd--chj74 ,! ,a*>nians1 ! ,knights1 & ! ,birds1 translat$ by ,,john ,,hookham ,,fr]e 7,morley's ,univ]sal ,libr>y1 ,r\tl$ge74 ,also ! ,frogs & ! ,peace 9 8 ,collect$ ,works1 7,pick]+74 ,! ,cl\ds1 ! ,lysi/rata ,wom5 9 ,revolt1 ! ,peace1 & ! ,wasps1 translat$ by ,b4 ,b4 ,,rog]s ,,ari/otle 7,b4,c4 #chd--cbb74 ,! ,e?ics1 ! ,politics1 & ! ,rhetoric1 translat$ by ,j4 ,e4 ,c4 ,,welldon 7,macmillan ,co474 ,,demo/h5es 7,b4,c4 #che--cbb74 ,orations1 translat$ by ,c4 ,r4 ,,k5n$y 7,bell74 ,,euripides 7,b4,c4 #dhj--djf74 ,trag$ies1 translat$ by ,a4 ,s4 ,,way 7,macmillan ,co474 ,,h]odotus 7,b4,c4 #dhd-- 74 ,! ,hi/ory1 translat$ by ,s4 ,r4 ,,rawl9son 7,murray74 ,,hom]4 ,! ,iliad1 translat$ by ,,lang1 ,,leaf ,,& ,,my]s2 ! ,odyssey1 translat$ by ,,but*] ,,lang 7,macmillan74 ,,p9d> 7,b4,c4 #ebb--ddb74 ,odes1 translat$ by ,e4 ,,my]s 7,macmillan ,co474 ,,plato 7,b4,c4 #dcj--cdg74 ,! ,dialogues1 translat$ by ,b4 ,,j[ett 7,cl>5don ,press74 ,! ,republic1 translat$ by ,,davies ,,& ,,vaughan 7,macmillan ,co474 ,,plut>*4 ,lives1 ,,dryd5',s translation1 edit$ by ,a4 ,,cl\gh 7,sampson ,l[1 ,m>/on ,co474 ,,sophocles 7,b4,c4 #dif--djf74 ,edit$ & ,translat$ by ,,dr4 ,,jebb 7,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press74 ,,?ucydides 7,b4,c4 #dga-- 71 edit$ & translat$ by ,b4 ,,j[ett 7,cl>5don ,press74 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i4--,,! ,,greek ,,view ,,( ,,religion #a4 ,introductory #b4 ,greek ,religion an ,int]pretation ( ,nature #c4 ,greek ,religion an ,int]pretation ( ! ,human ,passions #d4 ,greek ,religion ! ,f\ndation ( ,society #e4 ,religi\s ,fe/ivals #f4 ,! ,greek ,conception ( ! ,relation ( ,man to ! ,gods #g4 ,div9ation1 ,om5s1 ,oracles #h4 ,sacrifice & ,atonem5t #i4 ,guilt & ,puni%m5t #aj4 ,my/icism #aa4 ,! ,greek ,view ( ,dea? & a ,future ,life #ab4 ,critical & ,sceptical ,op9ion 9 ,greece #ac4 ,e?ical ,criticism #ad4 ,transition to ,mono!ism #ae4 ,metaphysical ,criticism #af4 ,metaphysical recon/ruction--,plato #ag4 ,summ>y ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,! ,,greek ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,/ate #a4 ,! ,greek ,/ate a ,city #b4 ,! ,relation ( ! ,/ate to ! ,citiz5 #c4 ,! ,greek ,view ( ,law #d4 ,artisans & ,slaves #e4 ,! ,greek ,/ate prim>ily ,milit>y1 n ,indu/rial #f4 ,=ms ( ,gov]nm5t 9 ! ,greek ,/ate #g4 ,faction & ,an>*y #h4 ,prop]ty & ! ,communi/ic ,ideal #i4 ,sp>ta #aj4 ,a!ns #aa4 ,sceptical ,criticism ( ! ,basis ( ! ,/ate #ab4 ,summ>y ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,,! ,,greek ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,individual #a4 ,! ,greek ,view ( ,manual ,lab\r & ,trade #b4 ,appreciation ( ,ext]nal ,goods #c4 ,appreciation ( ,physical ,qualities #d4 ,greek ,a?letics #e4 ,greek ,e?ics--,id5tification ( ! ,ae/hetic & ,e?ical ,po9ts ( ,view #f4 ,! ,greek ,view ( ,pleasure #g4 ,illu/rations4--,is*oma*us2 ,socrates #h4 ,! ,greek ,view ( ,woman #i4 ,prote/s aga9/ ! ,common ,view ( ,woman #aj4 ,fri5d%ip #aa4 ,summ>y ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,,! ,,greek ,,view ,,( ,,art #a4 ,greek ,art an ,expression ( ,national ,life #b4 ,id5tification ( ! ,ae/hetic & ,e?ical po9ts ( ,view #c4 ,sculpture & ,pa9t+ #d4 ,music & ! ,dance #e4 ,poetry #f4 ,trag$y #g4 ,com$y #h4 ,summ>y ,,*apt] ,v4--,,conclusion ,,! ,,greek ,,view ,,( ,,life ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,greek ,,view ,,( ,,religion ,section #a4 ,introductory4 ,9 approa*+ ! subject ( ! religion ( ! ,greeks x is necess>y to dismiss at ! outset _m ( ! associations :i* we are naturally incl9$ to connect ) t ^w4 ,:at we commonly h 9 our m9d :5 we speak ( religion is a def9ite set ( doctr9es1 ( a m or less metaphysical "*1 =mulat$ 9 a cre$ & support$ by an organisation di/9ct f ! /ate4 ,& ! fir/ ?+ we h to le>n ab\t ! religion ( ! ,greeks is t x includ$ no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,!re 0 no *ur*1 !re 0 no cre$1 !re 7 no articles2 !re 0 no doctr9e ev51 unless we are s to call a *aos ( leg5ds orally h&$ d[n & 9 cont9ual process ( trans=mation by ! poets4 ,prie/s !re 71 b !y 7 m]ely public (ficials1 appo9t$ to p]=m c]ta9 religi\s rites4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 cl]ic & layman1 z we "k x1 did n exi/2 ! di/9ction betwe5 poetry & dogma did n exi/2 & :atev] ! religion ( ! ,greeks may h be51 "o ?+ at any rate is cle>1 t x 0 some?+ v diff]5t f all t we are 9 ! habit ( associat+ ) ! ^w4 ,:at !n 0 x8 ,x is easy to reply t x 0 ! wor%ip ( ^? gods--( ,zeus1 ,apollo1 ,a!ne1 & ! re/--) ^: names & hi/ories e "o is famili>4 ,b ! difficulty is to realise :at 0 impli$ 9 ! wor%ip ( ^! gods2 to und]/& t ! my?ology :i* we reg>d m]ely z a collection ( fables 0 to ! ,greeks actually true2 or at lea/ t to n9e ,greeks out ( t5 x w\ld nev] occur t x might be false1 might be1 z we say1 m]e /ories4 ,s t ?\gh no d\bt ! hi/ories ( ! gods 7 9 "p ! inv5tions ( ! poets1 yet ! poets w\ld conceive !mselves to be m]ely putt+ into =m :at !y & e "o believ$ to be ess5tially true4 ,b su* a belief implies a fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 ! conception1 or r1 p]haps1 ! feel+ ( ! ,greeks ab\t ! _w1 & our own4 ,& x is ?is feel+ t we want to und]/& :5 we ask ourselves ! "q1 :at did a belief 9 ! gods really mean to ! anci5t ,greeks8 ,to answ] x fully & satisfactorily is p]haps impossible4 ,b "s attempt mu/ be made2 & x may help u 9 our que/ if we endeav\r to imag9e ! k9d ( que/ion+s & d\bts :i* ! conception ( ! gods w\ld set at re/4 ,section #b4 ,greek ,religion an ,int]pretation ( ,nature4 ,:5 we try to conceive ! /ate ( m9d ( primitive man ! fir/ ?+ t occurs to u is ! bewild]m5t & t]ror he mu/ h felt 9 ! pres5ce ( ! p[]s ( nature4 ,nak$1 h\seless1 weaponless1 he is at ! m]cy1 e h\r1 ( ?is imm5se & incalculable ,some?+ s ali5 & s ho/ile to himself4 ,z fire x burns1 z wat] x dr[ns1 z tempe/ x h>ries & de/roys2 b5ignant x may be at times1 9 w>m sun%9e & calm1 b ! k9dness is brief & trea*]\s4 ,anyh[1 :atev] its mood1 x has to be met & dealt )4 ,by its help1 or1 if n1 9 ! tee? ( its resi/ance1 e /ep 9 advance mu/ be won2 e h\r1 e m9ute1 x is !re to be reckon$ )4 ,:at is x !n1 ?is p]si/5t1 obscure1 unnameable ,?+8 ,:at is x8 ,! "q haunts ! m9d2 x w n be put aside2 & ! ,greek at la/1 l o!r m5 "u simil> conditions1 only ) a lucidity & precision peculi> to himself1 makes ! reply1 x is some?+ l myself4 ,e p[] ( nature he presumes to be a spiritual be+1 imp]sonat+ ! sky z ,zeus1 ! e>? z ,demet]1 ! sea z ,poseidon2 f g5]ation to g5]ation "u 8 %ap+ h&s1 ! figures multiply & def9e !mselves2 "* & /ory cry/allise ab\t :at at fir/ 7 little m ?an names2 till at la/1 f ! womb ( ! d>k enigma t haunt$ him 9 ! beg9n+1 !re em]ges into ! *>m$ light ( a _w ( ideal grace a pan!on ( fair & concrete p]sonalities4 ,nature has become a company ( spirits2 e cave & f\nta9 is haunt$ by a nymph2 9 ! ocean dwell ! ,n]eids1 9 ! m\nta9 ! ,oread1 ! ,dryad 9 ! wood2 & ev]y:]e1 9 groves & m>%es1 on ! pa/ures or ! rocky heights1 float+ 9 ! curr5t ( ! /reams or trav]s+ untrodd5 sn[s1 9 ! day at ! *ase & z ev5+ closes 9 solitude f+]+ 8 flute1 se5 & he>d by %eph]ds1 alone or ) 8 danc+ tra91 is to be met ! horn$ & goat-foot$1 ! sunny- smil+ ,pan4 ,?us conceiv$1 ! _w has become less t]rible because m famili>4 ,all t 0 incompreh5sible1 all t 0 obscure & d>k1 has n[ be5 seiz$ & bodi$ =? 9 =m1 s t ev]y:]e man is confront$ no long] ) bl9d & un9telligible =ce1 b ) spiritual be+s mov$ by l passions ) himself4 ,! gods1 x is true1 7 caprici\s & (t5 ho/ile to 8 good1 b at lea/ !y _h a nature ak9 to 82 if !y 7 angry1 !y might be propitiat$2 if !y 7 jeal\s1 !y might be appeas$2 ! enmity ( "o might be comp5sat$ by ! fri5d%ip ( ano!r2 deal+s ) !m1 aft] all1 7 n s unlike deal+s ) m51 & at ! wor/ !re 0 always a *ance = c\rage1 pati5ce & wit4 ,man1 9 %ort1 by 8 religion has be5 made at home 9 ! _w2 & t is ! fir/ po9t to seize ^u4 ,to drive x home1 let u take an illu/ration f ! /ory ( ,odysseus4 ,odysseus1 x w be rememb]$1 aft] ! sack ( ,troy1 = t5 ye>s 0 a w&]] on ! seas1 by tempe/1 en*antm5t1 & e k9d ( dang] deta9$1 z x seem$1 beyond hope ( return f ! wife & home he _h left 9 ,i?aca4 ,! situation is =lorn en\gh4 ,yet1 someh[ or o!r1 beauty 9 ! /ory pr$om9ates ov] t]ror4 ,& ?is1 9 "p at lea/1 because ! p[]s ) :i* ,odysseus has to d1 are n m]e =ces ( nature1 bl9d & indiff]5t1 b spiritual be+s :o take an int]e/1 = or aga9/1 9 8 fate4 ,! :ole /ory becomes famili>1 &1 if "o may say s1 com=table1 by ! fact t x is conduct$ "u ! control & direction ( ! gods4 ,li/51 = example1 to ! ,hom]ic acc\nt ( ! onset ( a /orm1 & obs]ve h[ x sets "o at ease ) ! elem5ts3 ,n[ ! "l1 ! %ak] ( ! e>?1 on 8 way f ! ,e?iopians1 espi$ ,odysseus af> (f f ! m\nta9s ( ! ,solymi3 ev5 !nce he saw him z he sail$ ov] ! deep2 & he 0 yet m ang]$ 9 _s1 & wagg+ 8 head he commun$ ) 8 own he>t4 ',lo n[1 x mu/ be t ! gods at ! la/ h *ang$ _! purpose conc]n+ ,odysseus1 :ile ,i 0 away among ! ,e?iopians4 ,& n[ he is nigh to ! ,phaeacian l&1 :]e x is s orda9$ t he escape ! great issues ( ! woe :i* ha? come ^u him4 ,b me-?9ks1 t ev5 yet ,i w drive him f> en\gh 9 ! pa? ( suff]+4' ,) t he ga!r$ ! cl\ds & tr\bl$ ! wat]s ( ! deep1 grasp+ 8 trid5t 9 8 h&s2 & he r\s$ all /orms ( all mann] ( w9ds1 & %r\d$ 9 cl\ds ! l& & sea3 & d[n sp$ night f heav54 ,! ,ea/ ,w9d & ! ,s\? ,w9d cla%$1 & ! /ormy ,we/1 & ! ,nor?1 t is born 9 ! bright air1 roll+ onw>d a great wave4 ,footnote3 ,odyss4 v4 #bhb4--,translat$ by ,but*] & ,lang4 ,! position ( ! h]o is t]rible1 x is true1 b n ) ! t]ror ( despair2 = z x is a god t wreck$ him1 x may also be a god t w save4 ,if ,poseidon is 8 enemy1 ,a!ne1 he kn[s1 is 8 fri5d2 & all lies1 aft] all1 9 ! h&s1 or1 z ! ,greeks said1 on ! knees1 n ( a bl9d de/9y1 b ( be+s accessible to pray]4 ,let u take ano!r passage f ,hom] to illu/rate ! same po9t4 ,x is ! place :]e ,a*illes is endeav\r+ to light ! fun]al pyre ( ,patroclus1 b because !re is no w9d ! fire w n cat*4 ,:at is he to d8 ,:at c he d8 ,no?+1 say we1 b wait till ! w9d comes4 ,b to ! ,greek ! w9ds are p]sons1 n elem5ts2 ,a*illes has only to call & to promise1 & !y w li/5 to 8 voice4 ,& s1 we are told1 fleet-foot$ noble ,a*illes _h a fur!r ?\ght3 /&+ aside f ! pyre he pray$ to ! two w9ds ( ,nor? & ,we/1 & promis$ !m fair (f]+s1 & p\r+ l>ge libations f a gold5 cup bes\ght !m to come1 t ! corpses might blaze up spe$ily 9 ! fire1 & ! wood make ha/e to be enk9dl$4 ,!n ,iris1 :5 %e he>d 8 pray]1 w5t swiftly ) ! message to ! ,w9ds4 ,!y )9 ! h\se ( ! gu/y ,we/ ,w9d 7 fea/+ all toge!r at meat1 :5 ,iris sp$ ?i!r1 & halt$ on ! ?re%old ( /one4 ,& :5 !y saw h] ) _! eyes1 !y sprung up & call$ to h] e "o to sit by him4 ,b %e refus$ to sit1 & spake h] ^w3 ',no seat = me2 ,i mu/ g back to ! /reams ( ,ocean1 to ! ,e?iopians' l& :]e !y sacrifice hecatombs to ! immortal gods1 t ,i too may fea/ at _! rites4 ,b ,a*illes is pray+ ! ,nor? ,w9d & ! l\d ,we/ to come1 & promis+ !m fair (f]+s1 t ye may make ! pyre be k9dl$ :]eon lie? ,patroclos1 = :om all ! ,a*aians are mak+ moan4' ,%e hav+ ?us said dep>t$1 & !y arose ) a mighty s\nd1 roll+ ! cl\ds be=e !m4 ,& swiftly !y came bl[+ ov] ! sea1 & ! wave rose b5ea? _! %rill bla/2 & !y came to deep-soil$ ,troy1 & fell ^u ! pile1 & l\dly ro>$ ! mighty fire4 ,s all night drave !y ! flame ( ! pyre toge!r1 bl[+ %rill2 & all night fleet ,a*illes1 hold+ a two-h&l$ cup1 drew w9e f a gold5 b[l1 & p\r$ x =? & dr5*$ ! e>?1 call+ ^u ! _s ( hapless ,patroclos4 ,z a fa!r waile? :5 he burne? ! bones ( 8 son1 new-m>ri$1 ^: dea? is woe to 8 hapless p>5ts1 s wail$ ,a*illes z he burnt ! bones ( 8 comrade1 go+ heavily r\nd ! burn+ pile1 ) _m moans4 ,b at ! h\r :5 ! ,morn+ ,/> goe? =? to h]ald light ^u ! e>?1 ! /> t saffron-mantl$ ,dawn come? aft]1 & spreade? ov] ! salt sea1 !n grew ! burn+ fa9t1 & ! flame di$ d[n4 ,& ! ,w9ds w5t back aga9 to betake !m home ov] ! ,?racian ma91 & x ro>$ ) a viol5t swell4 ,!n ! son ( ,peleus turn$ away f ! burn+ & lay d[n we>i$1 & sweet sleep leapt on him4 ,footnote3 ,iliad xxiii4 p4 #aic4--,translat$ by ,lang1 ,leaf & ,my]s4 ,! exquisite beauty ( ?is passage1 ev5 9 translation1 w escape no lov] ( poetry4 ,& x is a beauty :i* dep5ds on ! "* ( ! ,greek religion2 on ! fact t all t is un9telligible 9 ! _w1 all t is ali5 to man1 has be5 drawn1 z x 71 f its d>k retreat1 clo!d 9 radiant =m1 & pres5t$ to ! m9d z a glorifi$ image ( itself4 ,e ph5om5on ( nature1 night & rosy- f+]$ dawn1 e>? & sun1 w9ds1 riv]s1 & seas1 sleep & dea?1--all h be5 trans=m$ into div9e & consci\s ag5ts1 to be propitiat$ by pray]1 int]pret$ by div9ation1 & compreh5d$ by passions & desires id5tical ) ^? :i* /ir & control mank9d4 ,section #c4 ,greek ,religion an ,int]pretation ( ! ,human ,passions4 ,& z ) ! ext]nal _w1 s ) ! _w )94 ,! p[]s ( nature 7 n ! only ones felt by man to be diff]5t f & ali5 to himself2 !re 7 o!rs1 equally /range1 dwell+ 9 8 own he>t1 :i*1 ?\gh 9 a s5se !y 7 "p ( him1 yet he felt to be n himself1 :i* came ^u him & possess$ him )\t 8 *oice & aga9/ 8 w4 ,) ^! too he felt ! ne$ to make himself at home1 & ^! too1 to satisfy 8 ne$1 he %ap$ into creatures l himself4 ,to ! :ole range ( 8 inn] exp]i5ce he gave def9ition & life1 pres5t+ x to himself 9 a s]ies ( spiritual =ms4 ,9 ,aphrodite1 "m ( ,eros1 he inc>nat$ ! passion ( love1 plac+ 9 h] broid]$ girdle love & desire ( lov+ conv]se t /eals ! wits ev5 ( ! wise2 9 ,ares he embodi$ ! lu/ ( w>2 9 ,a!ne1 wisdom2 9 ,apollo1 music & ! arts4 ,! pangs ( guilt took %ape 9 ! conception ( av5g+ ,furies2 & ! v pray]s ( ! wor%ipp] sp$ f him 9 human =m1 wr9kl$ & ble>-ey$1 ) halt+ pace1 9 ! re> ( puni%m5t4 ,?us ! v self ( man he set outside himself2 ! p[]s1 s intimate1 & yet s /range1 t sway$ him f )9 he made famili> by mak+ !m di/9ct2 conv]t$ _! %apeless t]ror into ! beauty ( visible =m2 & by m]ely pres5t+ !m ?us to himself 9 a guise t 0 imm$iately und]/ood1 set aside1 if he c\ld n answ]1 ! haunt+ "q ( _! orig9 & end4 ,"h !n is at lea/ a p>tial reply to our "q z to ! effect ( a belief 9 ! gods on ! feel+ ( ! ,greek4 ,to repeat ! phrase once m1 x made him at home 9 ! _w4 ,! my/]i\s p[]s t controll$ him x conv]t$ into be+s l himself2 & s gave him he>t & brea?+-space1 %ut 91 z x 71 f ! abyss by ?is %9+ ho/ ( fair & famili> =ms1 to turn to ! int]e/s & claims ( ! pass+ h\r an att5tion undi/ract$ by d\bt & fe>4 ,section #d4 ,greek ,religion ! ,f\ndation ( ,society4 ,b ?is relation to ! _w ( nature is only "o side ( man's life2 m prom95t & m important1 at a lat] /age ( 8 developm5t1 is 8 relation to society2 & "h too 9 ,greek civilization a great "p 0 play$ by religion4 ,= ! ,greek gods1 we mu/ rememb]1 7 n purely spiritual p[]s1 to be kn[n & approa*$ only 9 ! he>t by pray]4 ,!y 7 be+s 9 human =m1 l1 ?\gh sup]ior to ourselves1 :o pass$ a great "p ( _! hi/ory on e>?1 int]v5$ 9 ! affairs ( m51 fur!r$ or ?w>t$ _! und]tak+s1 begat among !m sons & daught]s1 & foll[$1 f g5]ation to g5]ation1 ! =tunes ( _! *ildr5's *ildr54 ,betwe5 !m & mank9d !re 0 no impassable gulf2 f ,h]acles ! son ( ,zeus 0 desc5d$ ! ,dorian race2 ! ,ionians f ,ion1 son ( ,apollo2 e family1 e tribe trac$ back its orig9 to a h]o1 & ^! h]oes 7 *ildr5 ( ! gods1 & deities !mselves4 ,?us 7 ! gods1 9 ! mo/ lit]al s5se1 ! f\nd]s ( society2 f !m 0 d]iv$1 ev5 physically1 ! unit ( ! family & ! race2 & ! :ole social /ructure rais$ ^u t natural basis 0 necess>ily p5etrat$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh by ! _s ( religion4 ,we mu/ n !re=e be misl$ by ! fact t !re 0 no *ur* 9 ! ,greek /ate to ! idea t ! /ate recognis$ no religion2 on ! contr>y1 religion 0 s ess5tial to ! /ate1 s b\nd up ) its :ole /ructure1 9 g5]al & 9 detail1 t ! v conception ( a sep>ation betwe5 ! p[]s 0 impossible4 ,if !re 0 no sep>ate *ur*1 9 our s5se ( ! t]m1 z an indep5d5t organism )9 ! /ate1 x 0 because ! /ate1 9 "o ( its aspects1 0 itself a *ur*1 & d]iv$ its sanction1 bo? z a :ole & 9 its p>ts1 f ! same gods :o controll$ ! physical _w4 ,n only ! community z a :ole b all its sep>ate m9or organs 7 "u ! protection ( patron deities4 ,! family c5tr$ 9 ! he>?1 :]e ! fa!r1 9 8 capacity ( prie/1 (f]$ sacrifice & pray] to ! ance/ors ( ! h\se2 ! v>i\s corporations into :i* families 7 gr\p$1 ! local divisions = ! purpose ( taxation1 elections1 & ! l1 d]iv$ a spiritual unity f ! wor%ip ( a common god2 & f9ally ! all-embrac+ totality ( ! /ate itself 0 expla9$ & ju/ifi$ to all its memb]s by ! cult ( ! special protect+ deity to :om its orig9 & prosp]\s cont9uance 7 due4 ,! sailor :o saw1 on turn+ ! po9t ( ,sunium1 ! tip ( ! spe> ( ,a!ne glitt]+ on ! ,acropolis1 beheld 9 a type ! spiritual =m ( ! /ate2 ,a!ne & ,a!ns 7 b two aspects ( ! same ?+2 & ! /atue ( ! goddess ( wisdom dom9at+ ! city ( ! arts may s]ve to sum up = u ! ideal ( t m>vell\s corporate life :]e !re 0 no ecclesia/ical religion only because !re 0 no secul> /ate4 ,reg>d$ f ?is po9t ( view1 we may say t ! religion ( ! ,greeks 0 ! spiritual side ( _! political life4 ,& we mu/ add t 9 "o respect _! religion po9t$ ! way to a high] political a*ievem5t ?an !y 7 ev] able to realise 9 fact4 ,"o fatal defect ( ! ,greek civilisation1 z is famili> to /ud5ts ( _! hi/ory1 0 ! failure ( ! v>i\s indep5d5t city /ates to coalesce into a s+le h>moni\s :ole4 ,b ! t5d5cy ( religion 0 to obviate ?is defect4 ,we f9d1 = example1 t at "o "t or ano!r f$]ations ( /ates 7 =m$ to support 9 common ! cult ( "s god2 & "o cult 9 p>ticul> !re 0--t ( ! ,delphian ,apollo--^: influ5ce on political no less ?an on religi\s life 0 felt z f> z & ev5 beyond ! limits ( ! ,greek race4 ,no colony c\ld be f\nd$1 no w> haz>d$1 no peace confirm$1 )\t ! advice & approval ( ! god--^: cult 0 ?us at once a religi\s c5tre = ! :ole ( ,greece1 & a =eca/ ( a political unity t %\ld co-ord9ate into a :ole h] *aos ( conflict+ /ates4 ,! religion ( ! ,greeks be+ ?us1 z we h se51 ! presupposition & bond ( _! political life1 we f9d its sanction ext5d$ at e po9t to cu/om & law4 ,! p]sons ( h]alds1 = example1 7 held to be "u div9e protection2 treaties betwe5 /ates & contracts betwe5 individuals 7 confirm$ by oa?2 ! v5geance ( ! gods 0 invok$ ^u infr+]s ( ! law2 national assemblies & milit>y exp$itions 7 inaugurat$ by public pray]s2 ! :ole ( corporate life1 9 %ort1 social & political1 0 s embrac$ & ba!d 9 an idealis+ elem5t ( ritual t ! secul> & religi\s aspects ( ! /ate mu/ h be5 z insep>able to a ,greek 9 idea z we "k !m to h be5 9 con/itution4 ,section #e4 ,religi\s ,fe/ivals4 ,= x 0 9 ritual & art1 n 9 propositions1 t ! ,greek religion express$ itself2 & 9 ?is respect x 0 clos] to ! ,roman ,ca?olic ?an to ! ,prote/ant bran* ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,! pla/ic g5ius ( ! race1 t passion to embody ideas 9 =m1 :i* 0 at ! root1 z we saw1 ( _! :ole religi\s outlook1 drove !m to enact = _! own delight1 9 ! mo/ beautiful & tell+ =ms1 ! :ole conception !y _h fram$ ( ! _w & ( !mselves4 ,! *anges ( ! seasons1 ) ! toil !y exact & ! gifts !y br+1 ! p[]s ( g5]ation & de/ruction1 ! b\nty or ! rig\rs ( ! e>?2 & on ! o!r h&1 ! ord] & op]ations ( social ph5om5a1 ! divisions ( age & sex1 ( function & ( rank 9 ! /ate--all ^! took %ape & came1 z x 71 to self- consci\sness 9 a magnific5t s]ies ( publicly ord]$ fetes4 ,s num]\s 7 ^! & s div]se 9 _! "* t x w\ld be impossible1 ev5 if x 7 desirable 9 ?is place1 to give any g5]al acc\nt ( !m4 ,our purpose w be bett] s]v$ by a description ( two1 select$ f ! cal5d> ( ,a!ns1 & typical1 ! "o ( ! relations ( man to nature1 ! o!r ( 8 relation to ! /ate4 ,! fe/ivals we h *os5 are ^? kn[n z ! ,an!/]ia ,footnote3 ,?is int]pretation ( ! mean+ ( ! ,an!/]ia is n accept$ by mod]n s*ol>s4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 = typographical reasons1 conv5i5t to remove x f ! text1 & ! error is ( no importance = ! purpose ( ?is book4 & ! ,pana!naea4 ,! ,an!/]ia 0 held at t season ( ! ye> :51 z ,p9d> s+s 9 an ode compos$ to be sung ^u ! occasion1 ! *amb] ( ! ,h\rs is op5$ & ! blossoms he> ! voice ( ! fragrant spr+2 :5 violet clu/]s are flung on ! lap ( e>?1 & *aplets ( roses braid$ 9 ! hair2 :5 ! s\nd ( ! flute is he>d & *oirs *ant+ hymns to ,semele4 ,on ! natural side ! fe/ival records ! com+ ( spr+ & ! f]m5t+ ( la/ ye>'s w9e2 on ! spiritual1 its c5tre is ,dionysus1 :o n only 0 ! god ( w9e1 b1 accord+ to ano!r leg5d1 symbolis$ 9 8 fate ! dea? ( ! ye> 9 w9t] & its rebir? at spr+4 ,! c]emonies op5 ) a sc5e ( ab&on$ jollity2 s]vants & slaves are invit$ to %>e 9 ! univ]sal revel2 ! s*ool holidays beg92 & all ! place is alive ) ! bu/le & fun ( a great fair4 ,b>ga9+1 peep-%[s1 conjur+1 & ! l fill up ! h\rs ( ! day2 & t[>ds ev5+ ! holiday-mak]s assemble g>l&$ & cr[n$ 9 prep>ation = ! great procession4 ,! procession takes place by tor*-light2 ! /atue ( ,dionysus leads ! way1 & ! revell]s foll[ & sw>m ab\t him1 9 c>riages or on foot1 co/um$ z ,h\rs or ,nymphs or ,bac*ae 9 ! tra9 ( ! god ( w9e4 ,! de/9ation is ! temple ( ! god & !re sacrifice is p]=m$ ) ! usual accompanim5t ( song & dance2 ! :ole clos+ ) a banquet & a dr9k+ conte/1 simil> to ^? 9 vogue among ! ,g]man /ud5ts4 ,ari/ophanes has describ$ ! sc5e = u-- ,c\*es1 tables1 ,cu%ions & cov]lets = mattresses1 ,danc+ & s++-girls = mi/resses1 ,plum cake & pla91 comfits & c>aways1 ,confection]y1 fruits pres]v$ & fre%1 ,reli%es ( all sorts1 hot ?+s & bitt]1 ,sav\ries & sweets1 broil$ biscuits & :at n2 ,fl[]s & p]fumes1 & g>l&s1 ev]y?+4 ,footnote3 ,ari/oph4 ,a*4 #ajij4--;,fr]e's translation4 & 9 ! mid/ ( ?is ! signal giv5 by ! trumpet1 ! simultane\s draught ( w9e1 & ! prize adjudg$ to ! man :o is ! fir/ to empty 8 cup4 ,?us ends ! fir/ phase ( ! fe/ival4 ,s f> all has be5 mir? & revelry2 b n[ comes a sudd5 *ange ( tone4 ,dionysus1 god ( w9e ?\gh he be1 has also 8 tragic aspect2 ( him too !re is record$ a desc5t into hell2 & to ! glad celebration ( ! r5ewal ( life 9 spr+ succe$s a fea/ 9 hon\r ( ! dead4 ,! gho/s1 x is suppos$1 come =? to ! upp] air2 e door-po/ is sme>$ ) pit* to keep (f ! w&]+ %ades2 & e family sacrifices to its own dep>t$4 ,nor are ! arts =gott52 a musical fe/ival is held1 & compet+ *oirs s+ & dance 9 hon\r ( ! god4 ,su*1 s f> z our brief & imp]fect records enable u to trace x1 0 ! ritual ( a typical ,greek fe/ival4 ,) ! _m que/ions t might be rais$ z to its orig9 & developm5t we ne$ n conc]n ourselves at pres5t2 :at we h to note is ! broad fact1 *>act]i/ic ( ! g5ius ( ! ,greeks1 t !y h tak5 ! natural emotions excit$ by ! bir? ( spr+1 & by connect+ !m ) ! wor%ip ( ,dionysus h giv5 !m expression & =m2 s t :at 9 its orig9 0 a m]e bur/ ( primitive animal spirits is transmut$ into a complex & beautiful "w ( art1 ! secret spr+s & f\nta9s ( physical life fl[+ into ! =ms ( a spiritual symbol4 ,x is ?is t is ! real mean+ ( all c]emonial1 & ?is t ! ,greeks bett] ?an any o!r p und]/ood4 ,_! religion1 "o may almo/ say1 consi/$ 9 ritual2 & to attempt to divide ! inn] f ! out] w\ld be to falsify f ! beg9n+ its di/9ctive "*4 ,let u pass to our second illu/ration1 ! great city-fe/ival ( ,a!ns4 ,9 ! ,an!/]ia x 0 a mom5t ( nature t 0 seiz$ & idealiz$2 "h1 9 ! ,pana!naea1 x is ! =ms ( social life1 its di/9ctions )9 its embrac+ unity1 t are set =? 9 _! int]dep5d5ce z functions ( a spiritual life4 ,9 ?is great national fete1 held e f\r ye>s1 all ! high] activities ( ,a!nian life 7 ideally display$--conte/s ( song1 ( lyre & ( flute1 foot & horse races1 wre/l+1 box+1 & ! l1 milit>y evolutions ( infantry & horse1 pyrrhic dances symbolic ( attack & def5ce 9 w>1 my/ic *ants ( wom5 & *oruses ( y\?s--! :ole conc5tr+ & dis*>g+ itself 9 t great processional act 9 :i*1 z x 71 ! mat]ial =ms ( society became transp>5t1 & ! ,:ole mov$ on1 illum9$ & visibly su/a9$ by ! spiritual s\l ( :i* x 0 ! complete & h>moni\s embodim5t4 ,( ?is procession we h /ill 9 ! frieze ( ! ,p>!non a m>ble transcript4 ,!re we may see ! life ( anci5t ,a!ns mov+ 9 /one1 f ! fir/ m\nt+ ( _! horses by isolat$ y\?s1 l ! sl[ & dropp+ prelude ( a symphony1 on to ! ?rong$ & trampl+ ranks ( cavalry1 pa/ ! antique *>iots rem9isc5t ( ,hom]ic w>1 & ! m>*+ b& ( flutes & zi!rs1 by l9es ( m5 & maid5s be>+ sacrificial urns1 by ! g>l&$ %eep & ox5 de/9$ = sacrifice1 to :]e1 on turn+ ! corn] t leads to ! ea/]n front1 we f9d ourselves 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,olympian gods !mselves1 en?ron$ to receive ! (f]+ ( a p's life4 ,& if to ?is m>ble repres5tation we add ! col\r x lacks1 ! gold & silv] ( ! vessels1 ! purple & saffron robes2 if we set ! music play+ & bid ! ox5 l[2 if we gird our liv+ picture ) ! blaze ( an ,augu/ noon & cr[n x ) ! ,acropolis ( ,a!ns1 we may =m a conception1 bett] p]haps ?an c\ld o!rwise be obta9$1 ( :at religion really meant to ! citiz5 ( a /ate ^: activities 7 ?us habitually symbolis$ 9 ! cult ( its patron deity4 ,religion to him1 cle>ly1 c\ld h>dly be a ?+ ap>t1 dwell+ 9 ! int]nal region ( ! s\l & leav+ outside1 unt\*$ by ! light ( ! ideal1 ! :ole bus9ess & complexity ( ! mat]ial side ( life2 to him x 0 ! vividly pres5t & active s\l ( 8 corporate exi/5ce1 repres5t+ 9 ! symbolic =ms ( ritual ! actual facts ( 8 exp]i5ce4 ,:at he re-enact$ p]iodically1 9 ord]$ c]emony1 0 b ! drama ( 8 daily life2 s t1 z we said be=e1 ! /ate 9 "o ( its aspects 0 a *ur*1 & e layman f "o po9t ( view a prie/4 ,! "q1 ,:at did a belief 9 ! gods really mean to ! ,greek has n[ receiv$ at lea/ "s sort ( answ]4 ,x meant1 to recur to our old phrase1 t he 0 made at home 9 ! _w4 ,9 place ( ! un9telligible p[]s ( nature1 he 0 surr\nd$ by a company ( be+s l himself2 & ^! be+s :o controll$ ! physical _w 7 also ! creators ( human society4 ,f !m 7 desc5d$ ! ,h]oes :o f\nd$ families & /ates2 & "u _! guidance & protection cities prosp]$ & ?rove4 ,_! hi/ories 7 rec\nt$ 9 innum]able my?s1 & ^! aga9 7 embodi$ 9 ritual4 ,! :ole life ( man1 9 its relations bo? to nature & to society1 0 conceiv$ z d]iv$ f & dep5d5t ^u 8 gods2 & ?is dep5d5ce 0 express$ & br\ght vividly home to him 9 a s]ies ( religi\s fe/ivals4 ,belief 9 ! gods 0 n to him s mu* an intellectual conviction1 z a spiritual atmosph]e 9 :i* he mov$2 & to ?9k x away w\ld be to ?9k away ! :ole /ructure ( ,greek civilisation4 ,section #f4 ,! ,greek ,conception ( ! ,relation ( ,man to ! ,gods4 ,admitt+1 h[ev]1 t all ?is is true1 admitt+ ! place ( religion 9 ,greek life1 d we n end1 aft] all1 9 a great] puzzle ?an we began )8 ,= ?is1 x may be said1 :atev] x may be1 is n :at we mean by religion4 ,?is1 aft] all1 is m]ely a beautiful way ( express+ facts2 a translation1 n an int]pretation1 ( life4 ,:at we mean by religion is some?+ v diff]5t to t1 some?+ :i* conc]ns ! relation ( ! s\l to ,god2 ! s5se ( s91 = example1 & ( rep5tance & grace4 ,! religion ( ! ,greeks1 we may admit1 did some?+ = !m :i* our religion does n d = u4 ,x gave intelligible & beautiful =m to ^? ph5om5a ( nature :i* we c only describe z manife/ations ( en]gy2 x express$ 9 a ritual ( exquisite art ^? corporate relations :i* we c only enunciate 9 ab/ract t]ms2 b did x p]=m :at aft] all1 x may be said1 is ! true function ( religion8 did x t\* ! consci5ce z well z ! imag9ation & intellect8 ,to ?is "q we may answ] at once1 broadly speak+1 ,no6 ,x 01 we might say1 a di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ! ,greek religion t x did n conc]n itself ) ! consci5ce at all2 ! consci5ce1 9 fact1 did n yet exi/1 to enact t drama ( ! s\l ) ,god :i* is ! ma9 int]e/ ( ! ,*ri/ian1 or at lea/ ( ! ,prote/ant fai?4 ,to br+ ?is po9t home to u let u op5 ! ,pilgrim's ,progress1 & pres5t to ourselves1 9 its mo/ vivid col\rs1 ! position ( ! ,engli% ,puritan3 ,n[1 ,i saw1 ^u a "t1 :5 he 0 walk+ 9 ! fields1 t he 0 7z he 0 wont7 read+ 9 8 book1 & greatly di/ress$ 9 8 m9d2 &1 z he read1 he bur/ out1 z he _h done be=e1 cry+1 ',:at %all ,i d to be sav$8' ,i look$ !n1 & saw a man nam$ ,evangeli/ com+ to him1 & ask$1 ',:]e=e do/ ?\ cry8' ,he answ]$1 ',sir1 ,i p]ceive by ! book 9 my h&1 t ,i am condemn$ to die1 & aft] t to come to judgm5t2 & ,i f9d t ,i am n will+ to d ! fir/1 nor able to d ! second4' ,!n said ,evangeli/1 ',:y n will+ to die1 s9ce ?is life is att5d$ ) s _m evils8' ,! man answ]$1 ',because ,i fe> t ?is burd5 t is ^u my back w s9k me l[] ?an ! grave1 & ,i %all fall into ,tophet4 ,&1 ,sir1 if ,i be n fit to g to prison1 ,i am n fit to g to judgm5t1 & f !nce to execution2 & ! ?\ghts ( ^! ?+s makes me cry4' ,!n said ,evangeli/1 ',if ?is be ?y condition1 :y /&e/ ?\ /ill8' ,he answ]$1 ',because ,i "k n :i!r to g4' ,!n he gave him a p>*m5t roll1 & !re 0 writt5 )91 ',fly f ! wra? to come4' ,! :ole _s ( ! passage transcrib$1 & ( ! book f :i* x is quot$1 is z ali5 z c be to ! _s ( ! ,greeks4 ,to ! ,puritan1 ! inw>d relation ( ! s\l to ,god is ev]y?+2 to ! av]age ,greek1 "o may say broadly1 x 0 no?+2 x w\ld h be5 at v>iance ) 8 :ole conception ( ! div9e p[]4 ,= ! gods ( ,greece 7 be+s ess5tially l man1 sup]ior to him n 9 spiritual nor ev5 9 moral attributes1 b 9 outw>d gifts1 su* z /r5g?1 beauty1 & immortality4 ,& z a consequ5ce ( ?is 8 relations to !m 7 n inw>d & spiritual1 b ext]nal & me*anical4 ,9 ! mid/ ( a cr[d ( deities1 caprici\s & conflict+ 9 _! wills1 he _h to f9d 8 way z be/ he c\ld4 ,!re 0 no kn[+ precisely :at a god might want2 !re 0 no kn[+ :at he might be go+ to d4 ,if a man fell into tr\ble1 no d\bt he _h (f5d$ somebody1 b x 0 n s easy to say :om or h[2 if he neglect$ ! prop] obs]vances no d\bt he w\ld be puni%$1 b x 0 n ev]yone :o knew :at ! prop] obs]vances 74 ,altoge!r x 0 a difficult ?+ to asc]ta9 or to move ! w ( ! gods1 & "o mu/ help oneself z be/ "o c\ld4 ,! ,greek1 accord+ly1 help$ himself by an elaborate sy/em ( sacrifice & pray] & div9ation1 a sy/em :i* _h no connection ) an int]nal spiritual life1 b ! object ( :i* 0 simply to discov] & if possible to affect ! div9e purposes4 ,?is is :at we meant by say+ t ! ,greek view ( ! relation ( man to ! gods 0 me*anical4 ,! po9t w become cle>] by illu/ration4 ,section #g4 ,div9ation1 ,om5s1 ,oracles4 ,let u take fir/ a "q :i* mu* ex]cis$ ! ,greek m9d--! difficulty ( =eca/+ ! future4 ,cle>ly1 ! notion t ! _w 0 controll$ by a cr[d ( caprici\s deities1 sway$ by human passions & desires1 0 incompatible ) ! idea ( fix$ law2 b on ! o!r h& x made x possible to suppose t "s intimation might be _h f ! gods1 ei!r directly or symbolically1 ( :at _! int5tions & purposes really 74 ,& on ?is hypo!sis we f9d develop$ q e>ly 9 ,greek hi/ory1 a complex art ( div9+ ! future by signs4 ,! flight ( birds & o!r ph5om5a ( ! heav5s1 ev5ts enc\nt]$ on ! road1 ! spee* ( pass]s-by1 or1 mo/ important ( all1 ! appe>ance ( ! entrails ( ! victims sacrific$ 7 suppos$ to indicate ! probable c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,& ?is art1 already mature 9 ! "t ( ! ,hom]ic poems1 we f9d fl\ri%+ ?r\gh\t ! hi/oric age4 ,no?+ c\ld bett] indicate its preval5ce & its scope ?an ! foll[+ passage f ,ari/ophanes1 :]e he ridicules ! read9ess ( 8 contempor>ies to see 9 ev]y?+ an om51 or1 z he puts x1 punn+ on ! ,greek ^w1 a bird3 ,on u y dep5d1 s+s 8 *orus ( ,birds1 ,on u y dep5d1 & to u y repair ,= c\nsel & aid1 :5 a m>riage is made1 ,a pur*ase1 a b>ga91 a v5ture 9 trade2 ,unlucky or lucky1 :atev] has /ruck ye1 ,an ox or an ass1 t may happ5 to pass1 ,a voice 9 ! /reet1 or a slave t y meet1 ,a "n or a ^w by *ance ov]he>d1 ,y deem x an om51 & call x a ,bird4 ,footnote3 ,ari/oph4 ,birds #gag4--;,fr]e's translation4 ,ari/ophanes1 ( c\rse1 is je/+2 b h[ s]i\s & important ?is art ( div9ation mu/ h appe>$ ev5 to ! mo/ cultivat$ ,a!nians may be ga!r$ f a passage ( ! trag$ian ,aes*ylus1 :]e he m5tions x z "o ( ! b5efits conf]r$ by ,prome!us on mank9d1 & puts x on a level ) ! arts ( build+1 metal-mak+1 sail+1 & ! l1 & ! sci5ces ( ari?metic & a/ronomy4 ,& if anyone 7 dissatisfi$ ) ?is me?od ( int]pretation by signs1 he _h a direct] means ( approa*+ ! gods4 ,he c\ld visit "o ( ! oracles & consult ! deity at fir/ h& ab\t 8 mo/ trivial & p]sonal family affairs4 ,"s ( ! que/ions put to ! oracle at ,dodona h be5 pres]v$ to u1 ,footnote3 ,see ,p]cy ,g>dn]1 ,new ,*apt]s 9 ,greek ,hi/ory4 & v curi\s !y are4 ,:o /ole my cu%ions & pill[8 asks "o b]eav$ h\sehold]4 ,ano!r wants to "k :e!r x w pay him to buy a c]ta9 h\se & f>m2 ano!r :e!r %eep-f>m+ is a good inve/m5t4 ,cle>ly1 ! god 0 n above be+ consult$ on ! meane/ affairs2 & 8 easy accessibility mu/ h be5 "s comp5sation = 8 probable caprice4 ,nor mu/ x be suppos$ t ?is phase ( ! ,greek religion 0 a sup]/ition conf9$ to individuals2 on ! contr>y1 x 0 fully recognis$ by ! /ate4 ,no important public act c\ld be und]tak5 )\t a previ\s consultation ( om5s4 ,m ?an once1 9 ! cle>e/ & mo/ brilliant p]iod ( ! ,greek civilisation1 we he> ( milit>y exp$itions be+ ab&on$ because ! sacrifices 7 unfav\rable2 & at ! "t ( ! ,p]sian invasion1 at ! mo/ critical mom5t ( ! hi/ory ( ,greece1 ! ,lac$aemonians1 we are told1 came too late to be pres5t at ! battle ( ,m>a?on1 because !y ?\ght x unlucky to />t until ! moon 0 full4 ,9 all ?is we h a sugge/ion ( ! sort ( relation 9 :i* ! ,greek conceiv$ himself to /& to ! gods4 ,x is a relation1 z we said1 ext]nal & me*anical4 ,! gods 7 sup]ior be+s :o knew1 x might be presum$1 :at 0 go+ to happ52 man didn't "k1 b p]haps he c\ld f9d out4 ,h[ c\ld he f9d out8 t 0 ! problem2 & x 0 answ]$ 9 ! way we h se54 ,!re 0 no "q1 cle>ly1 ( a spiritual relation2 all is ext]nal2 & a simil> ext]nality p]vades1 on ! :ole1 ! ,greek view ( sacrifice & ( s94 ,let u turn n[ to consid] ?is po9t4 ,section #h4 ,sacrifice & ,atonem5t4 ,9 ,hom]1 we f9d t sacrifice is frankly conceiv$ z a sort ( pres5t to ! gods1 = :i* !y 7 9 fairness b\nd to an equival5t return2 & ! nature ( ! b>ga9 is fully recognis$ by ! gods !mselves4 ,hector1 says ,zeus to ,h]a1 0 de>e/ to ! gods ( all mortals t are 9 ,ilios4 ,s 0 he to me at lea/1 = n[ise fail$ he 9 ! gifts ,i lov$4 ,nev] did my alt> lack seemly fea/1 dr9k-(f]+ & ! /eam ( sacrifice1 ev5 ! hon\r t falle? to our due4 ,footnote3 ,iliad xxiv4 #ff4--,translat$ by ,lang1 ,leaf & ,my]s4 ,& he concludes t he mu/ int]v5e to secure ! re/oration ( ! body ( ,hector to 8 fa!r4 ,! p]=mance ( sacrifice1 !n1 ensures fav\r2 & on ! o!r h& its neglect entails puni%m5t4 ,:5 ,apollo s5ds a plague ^u ! ,greek fleet ! mo/ natural hypo!sis to acc\nt = 8 conduct is t he has be5 /9t$ ( 8 due me$ ( (f]+s2 p]haps1 says ,agamemnon1 ! sav\r ( lambs & unblemi%$ goats may appease him4 ,or aga91 :5 ! ,greeks omit to sacrifice be=e build+ ! wall ar\nd _! fleet1 !y are puni%$ by ! capture ( _! position by ! ,trojans4 ,! :ole relation betwe5 man & ! gods is ( ! nature ( a contract4 ,if y d y\r "p1 ,i'll d m9e2 if n1 n6 t is ! tone ( ! language on ei!r side4 ,! conception is legal1 n moral nor spiritual2 x has no?+ to d ) :at we call s9 & consci5ce4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 x is true1 we f9d a po9t ( view prevail+ :i* appe>s at fir/ sight to come clos] to t ( ! ,*ri/ian4 ,c]ta9 acts we f9d1 su* z murd]1 = example1 7 suppos$ to infect z ) a /a9 n only ! orig9al (f5d] b 8 desc5dants f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,yet ev5 s1 ! /a91 x appe>s1 0 conceiv$ to be r physical ?an moral1 analog\s to disease bo? 9 its "* & 9 ! me?ods ( its cure4 ,aes*ylus tells u ( ! e>? bre$+ mon/]s z a result ( ! corruption infus$ by ! %$d+ ( blood2 & simil>ly a purely physical infection ta9t$ ! man or ! race t _h be5 guilty ( crime4 ,& z 0 ! evil1 s 0 ! rem$y4 ,ext]nal acts & obs]vations might cleanse & purge away :at 0 reg>d$ z an ext]nal affection ( ! s\l2 & we "k t 9 hi/oric times !re 0 a class ( m51 comp>able to ! m$iaeval p>don]s1 ^: pr(ession x 0 to effect su* cures4 ,plato has describ$ !m = u 9 /rik+ t]ms4 ,m5dicant prophets1 he says1 g to ri* m5's doors & p]suade !m t !y h a p[] committ$ to !m ( mak+ an atonem5t = _! s9s or ^? ( _! fa!rs by sacrifices or *>ms ) rejoic+s & games2 & !y promise to h>m an enemy :e!r j or unju/1 at a small *>ge2 ) magic arts & incantations b9d+ ! w ( heav51 z !y say1 to d _! "w4444 ,& !y produce a ho/ ( books writt5 by ,musaeus & ,orpheus1 :o 7 *ildr5 ( ! ,moon & ! ,muses--t is :at !y say--accord+ to :i* !y p]=m _! ritual1 & p]suade n only individuals1 b :ole cities1 t expiations & atonem5ts = s9 may be made by sacrifices & amusem5ts :i* fill a vacant h\r4 ,footnote3 ,plato's ,republic1 ,,ii4 #cfd;b4--,j[ett's translation4 ,h[ f> is all ?is f ! ,puritan view ( s96 ,h[ f> f ! ,*ri/ian ( ! ,pilgrim's ,progress ) ! burd5 on 8 back6 ,to measure ! di/ance we h only to att5d1 ) ?is passage 9 our m9d1 a meet+1 say1 ( ! ,salvation ,army4 ,we %all !n p]haps und]/& bett] ! di/9ction betwe5 ! popul> religion ( ! ,greeks & our own2 betwe5 ! conception ( s9 z a physical contagion to be cur$ by ext]nal rites1 & ! conception ( x z an affection ( ! consci5ce :i* only grace c expel4 ,9 ! "o case ! fact t a man 0 "u ! ta9t ( crime w\ld be borne 9 ^u him by actual mis=tune f )\t--by sickness1 or failure 9 bus9ess1 or "s o!r ( ! tr\bles ( life2 & he w\ld ease 8 m9d & recov] ! spr+ ( hope by p]=m+ c]ta9 c]emonies & rites4 ,9 ! o!r case1 8 tr\ble is all inw>d2 he feels t he is guilty 9 ! sight ( ,god1 & ! only ?+ t c relieve him is ! c]ta9ty t he has be5 =giv51 assur$ him someh[ or o!r f )94 ,! diff]5ce is fundam5tal1 & important to be> 9 m9d1 if we w\ld =m a cle> conception ( ! ,greek view ( life4 ,section #i4 ,guilt & ,puni%m5t4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t ! popul> sup]/ition describ$ by ,plato1 h[ev] *>act]i/ic x may be ( ! po9t ( view ( ! ,greeks1 repres5ts ! highe/ rea* ( _! ?\ght on ! subject ( guilt4 ,no pr(\nd] utt]ances are to be f\nd on ?is !me ?an ^? ( ! great poets & ?9k]s ( ,greece1 :o1 )\t reject+ ! common beliefs ( _! "t1 trans=m$ !m by ! insight ( _! g5ius into a new & deep] significance4 ,specially /rik+ 9 ?is connection is ! poetry ( ! trag$ian ,aes*ylus2 & x w be well wor? our :ile to pause = a mom5t & endeav\r to realise 8 position4 ,guilt & its puni%m5t is ! con/ant !me ( ! dramas ( ,aes*ylus2 & he has exhau/$ ! res\rces ( 8 g5ius 9 ! attempt to depict ! horror ( ! av5g+ p[]s1 :o "u ! "n ( ! ,er9yes1 or ,furies1 p]secute & torm5t ! crim9al4 ,_! brea? is f\l ) ! blood on :i* !y fe$2 f _! rheumy eyes a horrible hum\r drops2 daught]s ( night & clad 9 black !y fly )\t w+s2 god & man & ! v bea/s %un !m2 _! place is ) puni%m5t & torture1 mutilation1 /on+ & break+ ( necks4 ,& into _! m\? ! poet has put words :i* seem to brea! ! v _s ( ! ,jewi% scriptures4 ,come n[ let u prea* to ! sons ( m52 yea1 let u tell !m ( our v5geance2 yea1 let u all make m5tion ( ju/ice4 ,:oso %[e? h&s t are undefil$1 lo1 he %all suff] n\ght ( u = ev]1 b %all g unh>m$ to 8 end+4 ,b if he ha? s9n$1 l unto ?is man1 & cov]e? h&s t are blood-/a9$3 !n is our witness true to ! sla9 man4 ,& we sue = ! blood1 sue & pursue = x1 s t at ! la/ !re is paym5t4 ,ev5 s 'tis writt53 7,oh s5t5ce sure67 ,^u all t wild 9 wick$ness dip h& ,9 ! blood ( _! bir?1 9 ! f\nt ( _! fl[+3 ,s %all he p9e until ! grave receive him--to f9d no grace ev5 9 ! grave6 ,s+ !n ! spell1 ,si/]s ( hell2 ,*ant him ! *>m ,mighty to h>m1 ,b9d+ ! blood1 ,madd+ ! mood2 ,su* ! music t we make3 ,quail1 ye sons ( man1 & quake1 ,b[ ! he>t1 & b5d1 & break6 ,?is is our m9i/ry m>k$ = u f ! beg9n+2 ,?is is our gift1 & our portion ap>t1 & our godhead1 ,ours1 ours only = ev]1 ,d>kness1 robes ( d>kness1 a robe ( t]ror = ev]6 ,ru9 is ours1 ru9 & wreck2 ,:5 to ! home ,murd] ha? come1 ,mak+ to cease ,innoc5t peace2 ,!n at 8 beck ,foll[ we 91 ,foll[ ! s92 ,& ah6 we hold to ! end :5 we beg96 ,footnote3 ,aes*yl4 ,eum4 #big4--,translat$ by ,dr4 ,v]rall 7,cambridge1 #ahhe74 ,!re is no poetry m sublime ?an ?is2 none m p5etrat$ ) ! s5se ( moral law4 ,b /ill x is :olly ,greek 9 "*4 ,! !me is n really ! consci5ce ( ! s9n] b ! objective consequ5ce ( 8 crime4 ,blood calls = blood1 is ! poet's text2 a man1 he says1 mu/ pay = :at he does4 ,! trag$y is ! puni%m5t ( ! guilty1 n 8 inw>d s5se ( s94 ,ore/es1 9 fact1 :o is ! subject ( ! drama ) :i* we are conc]n$1 9 a s5se 0 n a s9n] at all4 ,he _h kill$ 8 "m1 x is true1 b only to av5ge 8 fa!r :om %e _h murd]$1 & at ! express bidd+ ( ,apollo4 ,s f> is he f feel+ ! pangs ( consci5ce t he con/antly ju/ifies 8 act4 ,he suff]s1 n because he has s9n$ b because he is involv$ 9 ! curse ( 8 race4 ,= g5]ations back ! h\se ( ,atreus _h be5 ta9t$ ) blood2 murd] _h call$ = murd] to av5ge x2 & ,ore/es1 ! la/ desc5dant1 caught 9 ! net ( guilt1 f\nd t 8 only possibility ( "r action lay 9 a crime4 ,he 0 b\nd to av5ge 8 fa!r1 ! god ,apollo _h enjo9$ x2 & ! av5g+ ( 8 fa!r meant ! murd] ( 8 "m4 ,:at he commits1 !n1 is a crime1 b n a s92 & s x is reg>d$ by ! poet4 ,! trag$y1 z we h said1 c5tres r\nd an ext]nal objective law-- blood calls = blood4 ,b t is all4 ,( ! int]nal drama ( ! s\l ) ,god1 ! division ( ! man aga9/ himself1 ! remorse1 ! rep5tance1 ! new bir?1 ! giv+ or )hold+ ( grace--( all ?is1 ! ess5tial cont5t ( ,*ri/ian ,prote/antism1 n a trace 9 ! cle> & concrete vision ( ! ,greek4 ,! pr(\nde/ ( ! poets ( ,hellas1 deal+ ) ! d>ke/ problem ( guilt1 is true to ! pla/ic g5ius ( 8 race4 ,! _s ?r[s outside itself ! law ( its own be+2 by objective ext]nal evid5ce x le>ns t do+ involves suff]+2 & its moral conviction comes to x only :5 =c$ ^u x f )\t by a direct exp]i5ce ( physical evil4 ,( ,aes*ylus1 ! mo/ ,hebraic ( ! ,hell5es1 x is z true z ( ! av]age ,greek1 t 9 ! ,puritan mean+ ( ! phrase he _h no s5se ( s94 ,& ev5 9 treat+ ( him1 we mu/ /ill repeat :at we said at ! beg9n+1 t ! ,greek conception ( ! relation ( man to ! gods is ext]nal & me*anical1 n inw>d & spiritual4 ,section #aj4 ,my/icism4 ,b !re is no?+ s mislead+ z g5]alisation1 specially on ! subject ( ! ,greeks4 ,aga9 & aga9 :5 we ?9k we h laid hold ( _! *>act]i/ic view we are confront$ ) "s new aspect ( _! life :i* we _c fit into h>mony ) our s*eme4 ,!re is no =mula :i* w sum up t v]satile & _m-sid$ p4 ,& s1 9 ! case be=e u1 we h no soon] made :at appe>s to be ! safe & compreh5sive /atem5t t ! ,greeks conceiv$ ! relation ( man to ! gods me*anically1 ?an we are rem9d$ ( q ano!r phase ( _! religion1 diff]5t f & ev5 anti!tic to t ) :i* we h hi!rto be5 conc]n$4 ,no?+1 we might be incl9$ to say on ! basis ( :at we h at pres5t asc]ta9$1 no?+ c\ld be m oppos$ to ! cle> an?ropomorphic vision ( ! ,greek1 ?an t conception ( a my/ic exaltation1 s con/antly occurr+ 9 ! hi/ory ( religion1 ^: aim is to transc5d ! limits ( human p]sonality & pass into direct communion ) ! div9e life4 ,yet ( "s su* conception1 & ( ! ritual devis$ "u its influ5ce1 we h und\bt$ ?\gh fragm5t>y indications 9 ! civilization ( ! ,greeks4 ,x is ma9ly 9 connection ) ! two gods ,apollo & ,dionysus t ! ph5om5a 9 "q occur2 gods ^: cult 0 introduc$ comp>atively late into ,greece & :o br\ght ) !m f ! nor? some?+ ( its =mless b pregnant my/]y2 z ?\gh at a po9t ! *a9 ( gu>dian deities 0 brok51 & ! t]ror & =ces ( ! abyss press$ 9 ^u ! *>m$ circle ( ,hellas4 ,= ,apollo1 :o 9 "o ( 8 aspects is a figure s typically ,hell5ic1 ! ev]-"y & beautiful god ( music & ! arts1 0 also ! ,p[] ( prophetic inspiration1 ( ec/asy or pass+ out ( oneself4 ,! prie/ess :o deliv]$ 8 oracle at ,delphi 0 possess$ & ma/]$ by ! god4 ,madd5$ by mephitic vap\rs /ream+ f a cleft 9 ! rock1 convuls$ 9 e feature & e limb1 %e deliv]$ 9 semi- articulate cries ! burd5 ( ! div9e message4 ,h] own p]sonality1 = ! "t be+1 0 annihilat$2 ! wall t p>ts man f god 0 swept away2 & ! ,div9e ru%$ 9 ^u ! human vessel x %att]$ z x fill$4 ,?is conception ( inspiration z a high] =m ( madness1 possess$ ( a tru] insight ?an t ( sanity1 0 fully recognis$ among ! ,greeks4 ,!re is a madness1 z ,plato puts x1 :i* is ! special gift ( heav51 & ! s\rce ( ! *iefe/ bless+s among m54 ,= prophecy is a madness1 & ! prophetess at ,delphi & ! prie/esses at ,dodona :5 out ( _! s5ses h conf]r$ great b5efits on ,hellas1 bo? 9 public & private life1 b :5 9 _! s5ses few or none4444 ,& 9 proportion z prophecy is high] & m p]fect ?an div9ation bo? 9 "n & reality1 9 ! same proportion1 z ! anci5ts te/ify1 is madness sup]ior to a sane m9d1 = ! "o is only ( human1 b ! o!r ( div9e orig94 ,footnote3 ,plato1 ,pha$rus1 #bdd4--;,j[ett's translation4 ,"h !n1 9 ! oracle at ,delphi1 ! c5tre ( ! religi\s life ( ! ,greeks1 we h an explicit affirmation ( t elem5t ( my/icism :i* we might h suppos$ to be ! mo/ ali5 to _! g5ius2 & ! same elem5t re-appe>s1 9 a crud] & m b>b>ic =m1 9 connection ) ! cult ( ,dionysus4 ,he1 ! god ( w9e1 0 also ! god ( inspiration2 & ! ritual ) :i* he 0 wor%ipp$ 0 a k9d ( apo!osis ( intoxication4 ,to suppress = a "t ! ord9>y "w-a-day consci\sness1 ) its t$ium1 its *ecks1 its balanc+ ( pros & cons1 to escape into ! directness & simplicity ( m]e animal life1 & yet to feel 9 ?is no degradation b r a submission to ! div9e p[]1 an actual id5tification ) ! deity-su*1 x w\ld seem1 0 ! int5tion ( ^? extraord9>y revels ( :i* we h 9 ! ,bac*ae ( ,euripides s vivid a description4 ,& to ?is end no /imulus 0 omitt$ to excite & inspire ! imag9ation & ! s5se4 ,! influ5ce ( night & tor*es 9 solit>y woods1 intoxicat+ dr9ks1 ! d9 ( flutes & cymbals on a bass ( ?und]\s drums1 dances convuls+ e limb & dazzl+ eyes & bra91 ! h>k+-back1 z x 71 to ! sympa?ies & =ms ( animal life 9 ! dress ( fawnsk91 ! horns1 ! snakes tw9$ ab\t ! arm1 & ! imp]sonation ( ^? /range half-human creatures :o 7 suppos$ to att5d ^u ! god1 ! satyrs1 nymphs1 & fauns :o =m$ 8 tra9--all ?is po9ts to an attempt to escape f ! b\nds ( ord9>y consci\sness & pass into "s condition conceiv$1 h[ev] confus$ly1 z "o ( union ) ! div9e p[]4 ,& ?\gh ! basis1 cle>ly en\gh1 is physical & ev5 be/ial1 yet ! :ole ritual does und\bt$ly express1 & t ) a pla/ic grace & beauty t r$eems its frank s5suality1 t passion to transc5d ! limitations ( human exi/5ce :i* is at ! bottom ( ! my/ic elem5t 9 all religions4 ,b ?is orgy ( ! s5ses 0 n ! only =m :i* ! wor%ip ( ,dionysus took 9 ,greece4 ,9 connection ) "o ( 8 leg5ds1 ! my? ( ,dionysus ,zagreus1 we f9d traces ( an esot]ic doctr9e1 taught by :at 7 kn[n z ! orphic sects1 v curi\sly oppos$1 "o w\ld h said1 to ! g5]al tr5d ( ,greek conceptions4 ,accord+ to ! /ory1 ,zagreus 0 ! son ( ,zeus & ,p]sephone4 ,h]a1 9 h] jeal\sy1 s5t ! ,titans to de/roy him2 aft] a /ruggle1 !y manag$ to kill him1 cut him up & dev\r$ all b ! he>t1 :i* 0 sav$ by ,a!ne & c>ri$ to ,zeus4 ,zeus swall[$ x1 & produc$ !refrom a second ,dionysus4 ,! ,titans he de/roy$ by lightn+1 & f _! a%es creat$ ,man4 ,man is ?us compos$ ( two elem5ts1 "o bad1 ! ,titanic1 ! o!r good1 ! ,dionysiac2 ! latt] be+ d]iv$ f ! body ( ,dionysus1 :i* ! ,titans _h dev\r$4 ,?is fundam5tal dualism1 accord+ to ! doctr9e f\nd$ on ! my?1 is ! p]petual trag$y ( man's exi/5ce2 & 8 p]petual /ruggle is to purify himself ( ! ,titanic elem5t4 ,! process ext5ds ov] _m inc>nations1 b an ultimate deliv]ance is promis$ by ! aid ( ! r$eem] ,dionysus ,lysius4 ,! belief ?us briefly describ$ 0 n "p ( ! popul> religion ( ! ,greeks1 b x 0 a normal gr[? ( _! consci\sness1 & x is m5tion$ "h z a fur!r indication t ev5 9 :at we call ! classical age !re 7 n want+ traces ( ! m my/ic & spiritual side ( religion4 ,"h1 9 ! t5ets ( ^! orphic sects1 we h ! doctr9e ( orig9al s91 ! conception ( life z a /ruggle betwe5 two oppos+ pr9ciples1 & ! promise ( an ultimate r$emption by ! help ( ! div9e p[]4 ,& if ?is be tak5 9 connection ) ! univ]sal & popul> belief 9 inspiration z possession by ! god1 we %all see t our orig9al /atem5t t ! relation ( man to ! gods 0 me*anical & ext]nal 9 ! ,greek conception1 mu/ at lea/ be s f> modifi$ t x mu/ be tak5 only z an expression ( ! c5tral or dom9ant po9t ( view1 n z exclud+ o!r & ev5 contradictory /&po9ts4 ,/ill1 broadly speak+ & admitt+ ! limitations1 ! /atem5t may /&4 ,if ! ,greek popul> religion be comp>$ ) t ( ! ,*ri/ian _w1 ! great di/9ction c]ta9ly em]ges1 t 9 ! "o ! relation ( ,god to man is conceiv$ z me*anical & ext]nal1 9 ! o!r z inw>d & spiritual4 ,! po9t has be5 suffici5tly illu/rat$1 & we may turn to ano!r division ( our subject4 ,section #aa4 ,! ,greek ,view ( ,dea? & a ,future ,life4 ,( all ! problems on :i* we expect light to be ?r[n by religion none1 to u1 is m press+ ?an t ( dea?4 ,a fundam5tal1 & z _m believe1 ! mo/ ess5tial "p ( ,*ri/ianity1 is its doctr9e ( rew>d & puni%m5t 9 ! _w beyond2 & a religion :i* _h no?+ at all to say ab\t ?is great enigma we %\ld h>dly feel to be a religion at all4 ,& c]ta9ly on ?is head ! ,greeks1 m ?an any p t ev] liv$1 mu/ h requir$ a consolation & a hope4 ,j 9 proportion z _! life 0 full] & ri*] ?an t :i* has be5 liv$ by any o!r race1 j 9 proportion z _! capacity = enjoym5t1 9 body & s\l1 0 ke5]1 z _! s5ses 7 f9]1 _! intellect broad]1 _! passions m int5se1 mu/ !y h felt1 ) peculi> emphasis1 ! horror ( decay & dea?4 ,& su*1 9 fact1 is ! *>act]i/ic note ( _! utt]ances on ?is !me4 ,r1 says ! gho/ ( ,a*illes to ,odysseus 9 ! _w ( %ades1 r w\ld ,i live ^u ! soil z ! hirel+ ( ano!r1 ) a l&less man :o _h no great livelihood1 ?an be> sway among all ! dead t are no m4 ,footnote3 ,od4 xi #dhi4--,translat$ by ,but*] & ,lang4 ,bett]1 z ,%akespe>e has x1 ,! we>ie/ & mo/ loa!d worldly life ,t age1 a*e1 p5ury & imprisonm5t ,c lay on nature1 bett] t1 on e>? at lea/ & 9 ! sun1 ?an ! phantom k+doms ( ! dead4 ,! fe> ( age & dea? is ! %ad[ ( ! love ( life2 & on no p has x fall5 ) m horror ?an on ! ,greeks4 ,! t5d]e/ ( _! songs ( love close ) a sob2 & x is an autumn w9d t ru/les 9 _! b[]s ( spr+4 ,"h1 = example1 is a poem by ,mimn]mus *>act]i/ic ( ?is mood ( ! ,greeks3 ,o gold5 ,love1 :at life1 :at joy b ?9e8 ,come dea?1 :5 ?\ art gone1 & make an end6 ,:5 gifts & tok5s are no long] m9e1 ,nor ! sweet intimacies ( a fri5d4 ,^! are ! fl[]s ( y\?4 ,b pa9ful age ,! bane ( beauty1 foll[+ swiftly on1 ,we>ies ! he>t ( man ) sad presage ,& takes away 8 pleasure 9 ! sun4 ,hateful is he to maid5 & to boy ,& fa%ion$ by ! gods = our annoy4 ,footnote3 ,mimn]mus1 ,el4 ,i4 ,su* be+ ! g5]al view ( ! ,greeks on ! subject ( dea?1 :at has _! religion to say by way ( consolation8 ,x taught1 to beg9 )1 t ! _s does survive aft] dea?4 ,b ?is survival1 z x is describ$ 9 ! ,hom]ic poems1 is m]ely t ( a phantom & a %ade1 a bloodless & col\rless duplicate ( ! man z he liv$ on e>?4 ,li/5 to ! acc\nt ,odysseus gives ( 8 meet+ ) 8 "m's gho/4 ,s spake %e1 & ,i mus$ 9 my he>t & w\ld fa9 h embrac$ ! _s ( my "m dead4 ,?rice ,i sprang t[>ds h]1 & 0 m9d$ to embrace h]2 ?rice %e flitt$ f my h&s z a %ad[ or ev5 z a dream1 & %>p] ev] wax$ ! grief )9 me4 ,& utt]+ my voice ,i spake to h] w+$ words3 ',"m m9e1 :]e=e do/ ?\ n t>ry = me :o am eag] to seize !e1 t ev5 9 ,hades we twa9 may ca/ our arms ea* ab\t ! o!r1 & satisfy u ) *ill lam5t8 ,is x b a phantom t ! high goddess ,p]sephone ha? s5t me1 to ! end t ,i may groan = m exce$+ sorr[8' ,s spake ,i1 & my lady "m answ]$ me anon3 ',ah me1 my *ild1 luckless above all m51 n\ght do? ,p]sephone1 ! daught] ( ,zeus1 deceive !e1 b ev5 9 ?is wise x is ) mortals :5 !y die4 ,= ! s9ews no m b9d toge!r ! fle% & ! bones1 b ! =ce ( burn+ fire aboli%es !m1 s soon z ! life ha? left ! :ite bones1 & ! _s l a dream flies =? & hov]s ne>4' ,f su* a conception ( ! life aft] dea? little com=t c\ld be drawn2 nor does x appe> t any 0 s\ght4 ,s f> z we c trace ! habitual attitude ( ! ,greek he seems to h occupi$ himself little ) speculation1 ei!r = good or evil1 z to :at might await him on ! o!r side ( ! tomb4 ,he 0 told inde$ 9 8 leg5ds ( a happy place = ! s\ls ( h]oes1 & ( torm5ts res]v$ = great crim9als2 b ^! ideas d n seem to h haunt$ 8 imag9ation4 ,he 0 nev] obsess$ by t close & imm95t vision ( heav5 & hell :i* ov]%ad[$ & dw>f$1 = ! m$iaeval m9d1 ! brief space ( pilgrimage on e>?4 ,r he turn$1 by pref]5ce1 f ! ?\ght ( dea? back to life1 & 9 ! memory ( hon\rable de$s 9 ! pa/ & ! hope ( fame = ! future s\ght 8 comp5sation = ! loss ( y\? & love4 ,9 ! great fun]al spee* ^u ^? :o h fall5 9 w> :i* ,?ucydides puts into ! m\? ( ,p]icles we h1 we mu/ suppose1 a reflection1 m accurate ?an is to be f\nd else:]e1 ( ! position naturally adopt$ by ! av]age ,greek4 ,& h[ simple are ! topics1 h[ broad & human1 h[ rigor\sly conf9$ to ! limits ( exp]i5ce6 ,!re is no sugge/ion any:]e ( a p]sonal exi/5ce cont9u$ aft] dea?2 ! dead live only 9 _! de$s2 & only by memory are ! survivors to be consol$4 ,i d n n[ commis]ate ! p>5ts ( ! dead :o /& "h2 ,i w\ld r com=t !m4 ,y "k t y\r life has be5 pass$ amid manifold vicissitudes2 & t !y may be deem$ =tunate :o h ga9$ mo/ hon\r1 :e!r an hon\rable dea? l !irs1 or an hon\rable sorr[ l y\rs1 & ^: days h be5 s ord]$ t ! t]m ( _! happ9ess is likewise ! t]m ( _! life444 ,"s ( y are at an age at :i* !y may hope to h o!r *ildr51 & !y ought to be> _! sorr[ bett]2 n only w ! *ildr5 :o may h]eaft] be born make !m =get _! n[ lo/ ones1 b ! city w be d\bly a ga9]4 ,%e w n be left desolate1 & %e w be saf]4 ,= a man's c\nsels _c be ( equal weight or wor?1 :5 he alone has no *ildr5 to risk 9 ! g5]al dang]4 ,to ^? ( y :o h pass$ _! prime1 ,i say3 ',congratulate y\rselves t y h be5 happy dur+ ! great] "p ( y\r days2 rememb] t y\r life ( sorr[ w n la/ long1 & be com=t$ by ! glory ( ^? :o are gone4 ,= ! love ( hon\r alone is ev] "y1 & n ri*es1 z "s say1 b hon\r is ! delight ( m5 :5 !y are old & useless4' ,footnote3 ,?uc4 ,,ii4 #dd4--;,j[ett's translation4 ,! passage p]haps repres5ts :at we may call ! typical attitude ( ! ,greek4 ,to seek consolation = dea?1 if any:]e1 !n 9 life1 & 9 life n z x might be imag9$ beyond ! grave1 b z x _h be5 & w\ld be liv$ on e>?1 appe>s to be consonant ) all t we "k ( ! cle> & objective temp] ( ! race4 ,x is ! _s :i* 0 not$ long ago by ,goe! z inspir+ ! sepul*ral monum5ts ( ,a!ns4 ,! w9d1 he says1 :i* bl[s f ! tombs ( ! anci5ts comes ) g5tle brea? z ov] a m\nd ( roses4 ,! reliefs are t\*+ & pa!tic1 & always repres5t life4 ,!re /& fa!r & "m1 _! son betwe5 !m1 gaz+ at "o ano!r ) unspeakable tru? to nature4 ,"h a pair clasp h&s4 ,"h a fa!r seems to re/ on 8 c\* & wait to be ent]ta9$ by 8 family4 ,to me ! pres5ce ( ^! sc5es 0 v t\*+4 ,_! art is ( a late p]iod1 yet are !y simple1 natural1 & ( univ]sal int]e/4 ,"h !re is no knight 9 h>ness on 8 knees await+ a joyful resurrection4 ,! arti/ has ) m or less skill pres5t$ to u only ! p]sons !mselves1 & s made _! exi/5ce la/+ & p]petual4 ,!y fold n _! h&s1 gaze n into heav52 !y are on e>?1 :at !y 7 & :at !y are4 ,!y /& side by side1 take int]e/ 9 "o ano!r2 & t is :at is 9 ! /one1 ev5 ?\gh some:at unskilfully1 yet mo/ pleas+ly depict$4 ,footnote3 ,f ,goe!'s ,itali5is*e ,reise4 ,i take ?is translation 7by p]mission7 f ,p]cy ,g>dn]'s ,new ,*apt]s 9 ,greek ,hi/ory1 p4 #cai4 ,z a fur!r illu/ration ( ! same po9t an epitaph may be quot$ equally /rik+ = its simple human feel+ & = its abs5ce ( any sugge/ion ( a cont9uance ( ! life ( ! dead4 ,f>ewell is ! fir/ & la/ ^w2 no h9t ( a joyful resurrection4 ,f>ewell1 tomb ( ,melite2 ! be/ ( wom5 lies "h1 :o lov$ h] lov+ husb&1 ,onesimus2 ?\ w]t mo/ excell5t1 :]e=e he longs = !e aft] ?y dea?1 = ?\ w]t ! be/ ( wives4--,f>ewell1 ?\ too1 de>e/ husb&1 only love my *ildr54 ,b h[ev] *>act]i/ic ?is attitude ( ! ,greeks may appe> to be1 especially by contra/ ) ! ,*ri/ian view1 x w\ld be a mi/ake to suppose t x 0 ! only "o ) :i* !y 7 acqua9t$1 or t !y _h put aside altoge!r1 z indiff]5t or insoluble1 ! :ole problem ( a future _w4 ,z we h se51 !y did believe 9 ! survival ( ! _s1 & 9 a _w ( %ades rul$ by ,pluto & ,p]sephone4 ,!y _h leg5ds ( a place ( bliss = ! good & a place ( torm5t = ! wick$2 & if ?is conception did n haunt _! m9d1 z x haunt$ t ( ! m$iaeval ,*ri/ian1 yet at times x 0 c]ta9ly pres5t to !m1 ) t]ror or ) hope4 ,t ! ,greek 0 n unacqua9t$ ) ! fe> ( hell we "k f ! passage ( ,plato1 "p ( :i* we h already quot$1 :]e 9 speak+ ( ! m5dicant prophets :o pr(ess$ to make atonem5t = s9 he says t _! m9i/rations are equally at ! s]vice ( ! liv+ & ! dead2 ! latt] sort !y call my/]ies1 & !y r$eem u f ! pa9s ( hell1 b if we neglect !m no "o kn[s :at awaits u4 ,& on ! o!r h& we he>1 z e>ly z ! date ( ! ,odyssey1 ( ! ,elysian fields res]v$ = ! s\ls ( ! fav\rites ( ! gods4 ,! ,greeks1 !n1 7 n )\t hope & fe> conc]n+ ! _w to come1 h[ev] little ^! feel+s may h col\r$ _! daily life2 & !re 0 "o phase ( _! religion1 :i* appe>s to h be5 specially occupi$ ) ?is !me4 ,9 almo/ e ,greek city we he> ( my/]ies1 ! mo/ celebrat$ be+1 ( c\rse1 ^? ( ,eleusis 9 ,attica4 ,:at exactly ^! my/]ies 7 we are v imp]fectly in=m$2 b s mu*1 at lea/1 is cle> t by means ( a sc5ic symbolism1 repres5t+ ! my? ( ,demet] & ,kore or ( ,dionysus ,zagreus1 hopes 7 held out to ! initiat$ n only ( a happy life on e>?1 b ( a happy immortality beyond4 ,bless$1 says ,p9d>1 bless$ is he :o has se5 ^! ?+s be=e he goes "u ! holl[ e>?4 ,he kn[s ! end ( life1 & he kn[s its god-giv5 orig94 ,& x is presumably to ! initiat$ t ! same poet promises ! joys ( 8 ?or\ghly ,greek heav54 ,= !m1 he says1 %9e? bel[ ! /r5g? ( ! sun :ile 9 our _w x is night1 & ! space ( crimson-fl[]$ mead[s be=e _! city is full ( ! %ade ( frank9c5se trees1 & ( fruits ( gold4 ,& "s 9 horses1 & 9 bodily feats1 & "s 9 dice1 & "s 9 h>p-play+ h delight2 & among !m ?rive? all fair-fl[]+ bliss2 & fragrance /reame? ev] ?r\gh ! lovely l&1 z !y m+le inc5se ( e k9d ^u ! alt>s ( ! gods4 ,footnote3 ,p9d>1 ,?r54 ,i4-- ,translation by ,e4 ,my]s4 ,! ,greeks1 !n1 7 n unfamili> ) ! conception ( heav5 & hell3 only1 & t is ! po9t to :i* we mu/ return & on :i* we mu/ insi/1 ! conception did n dom9ate & obsess _! m9d4 ,!y may h _h _! spasms ( t]ror1 b ^! !y c\ld easily relieve by ! p]=mance ( "s aton+ c]emony2 !y may h _h _! ?rills ( hope1 b ^! !y w\ld only indulge at ! crisis ( "s impos+ ritual4 ,! g5]al t5or ( _! life does n seem to h be5 affect$ by speculations ab\t ! _w beyond4 ,( age inde$ & ( dea? !y _h a horror proportional to _! acute & s5sitive enjoym5t ( life2 b _! natural impulse 0 to turn = consolation to ! int]e/s & a*ievem5ts ( ! _w !y knew1 & to endeav\r to soo!1 by memories & hopes ( de$s future & pa/1 ! inevitable pa9s ( failure & decay4 ,section #ab4 ,critical & ,sceptical ,op9ion 9 ,greece4 ,& n[ let u turn to a po9t = :i* p]haps "s read]s h long be5 wait+1 & ) :i* !y may h expect$ u to beg9 r ?an to end4 ,s f>1 9 consid]+ ! "p play$ by religion 9 ,greek ,life1 we h assum$ ! position ( or?odoxy4 ,we h endeav\r$ to place ourselves at ! /&po9t ( ! man :o did n criticise or reflect1 b accept$ simply1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 ! tradition h&$ d[n to him by 8 fa!rs4 ,only s1 if at all1 0 x possible = u to deta* ourselves f our habitual preconceptions1 & to reg>d ! pagan my?ology n z a graceful inv5tion ( ! poets1 b z a s]i\s &1 at ! "t1 a natural & inevitable way ( look+ at ! _w4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 x is "t to turn to ! o!r side1 & to consid] ! ,greek religion z x appe>$ to contempor>y critics4 ,= critics !re 71 & sceptics1 or r1 to put x m exactly1 !re 0 a critical age succe$+ an age ( fai?4 ,z we trace1 h[ev] imp]fectly1 ! developm5t ( ! ,greek m9d1 we c obs]ve _! intellect & _! moral s5se exp&+ beyond ! limits ( _! cre$4 ,ei!r z sympa!tic1 ?\gh c&id1 fri5ds1 or z av[$ enemies1 !y br+ to light its contradictions & defects2 & z a result ( ! process "o ( two ?+s happ5s4 ,ei!r ! anci5t conception ( ! gods is trans=m$ 9 ! direction ( mono!ism1 or x is altoge!r swept away1 & a new sy/em ( ! _w built up1 on ! basis ( natural sci5ce or ( philosophy4 ,^! t5d5cies ( ?\ght we mu/ n[ endeav\r to trace2 = we %\ld h =m$ b an imp]fect idea ( ! scope ( ! religi\s consci\sness ( ! ,greeks if we conf9$ ourselves to :at we may call _! or?odox fai?4 ,x is 9 _! mo/ critical ?9k]s1 9 ,euripides & ,plato1 t ! religi\s s5se is mo/ fully & ke5ly develop$2 & x is 9 ! philosophy t sup]v5$ ^u ! popul> cre$1 r ?an 9 ! popul> cre$ itself1 t we %all f9d ! highe/ & mo/ spiritual rea*es ( _! ?\ght4 ,let u endeav\r1 !n1 9 ! fir/ place to realise to ourselves h[ ! ,greek religion mu/ h appe>$ to "o :o approa*$ x n f ! side ( un?9k+ acquiesc5ce1 b ) ! idea ( discov]+ = himself h[ f> x really met ! ne$s & claims ( ! intellect & ! moral s5se4 ,let u imag9e him turn+ to 8 ,hom]1 to ^? poems :i* 7 ! ,bible ( ! ,greek1 8 ultimate appeal bo? 9 religion & 9 e?ics2 :i* 7 taught 9 ! s*ools1 quot$ 9 ! law-c\rts1 recit$ 9 ! /reets2 & f :i* ! tea*] drew 8 moral in/ances1 ! rhetorician 8 allusions1 ! arti/ 8 models1 e man 8 conception ( ! gods4 ,let u imag9e "s c&id & +5u\s y\?1 turn+ to 8 ,hom] & repeat+1 say1 ! foll[+ passage ( ! ,iliad3-- ,among ! o!r gods fell griev\s bitt] /rife1 & _! he>ts 7 c>ri$ div]se 9 _! brea/s4 ,& !y cla%$ toge!r ) a great noise1 & ! wide e>? groan$1 & ! cl>ion ( great ,heav5 rang ar\nd4 ,zeus he>d z he sate ^u ,olympus1 & 8 he>t )9 him laugh$ pleasantly :5 he beheld t /rife ( ! gods4 ,footnote3 ,iliad xxi4 #che4--,translat$ by ,lang1 ,leaf & ,my]s4 ,at ?is po9t1 let u suppose1 ! read] pauses to reflect2 & is /ruck1 = ! fir/ "t1 ) a %ock ( surprise by ! fact t ! gods %\ld be n only _m b oppos$2 & oppos$ on :at issue8 a purely human "o6 a w> betwe5 ,greeks & ,trojans = ! possession ( a beautiful woman6 ,into su* a conte/ ! immortal gods desc5d1 fight ) human weapons1 & dispute 9 human t]ms6 ,:]e is ! s+le purpose t %\ld m>k ! div9e w8 :]e ! repose ( ! wisdom t =eorda9$ & kn[s ! end8 ,n1 x is cle>1 9 ?is motley array ( caprici\s & passionate wills6 ,!n1 p]haps1 9 ,zeus1 ,zeus1 :o is "l ( all8 ,he1 at lea/1 w impose ^u ?is mob ( recalcitrant deities ! h>mony :i* ! pi\s s\l dem&s4 ,he1 ^: rod %akes ! sky1 w arise & ass]t ! law4 ,he1 9 8 maje/y1 w speak ! words--alas6 :at words6 ,let u take !m /raight f ! lips ( ! ,k+ ( gods & m53-- ,he>k5 to me1 all gods & all ye goddesses1 t ,i may tell y t my he>t )9 my brea/ comm&e? me4 ,"o ?+ let none essay1 be x goddess or be x god1 to wit1 to ?w>t my say+2 approve ye x all toge!r1 t ) all spe$ ,i may accompli% ^! ?+s4 ,:omsoev] ,i %all p]ceive m9d$ to g1 ap>t f ! gods1 to succ\r ,trojans or ,danaans1 *a/5$ 9 no seemly wise %all he return to ,olympus1 or ,i w take & ca/ him into mi/y ,t>t>os1 "r f> away1 :]e is ! deepe/ gulf b5ea? ! e>?2 !re are ! gate ( iron & ?re%old ( bronze1 z f> b5ea? ,hades z heav5 is high above ! e>?3 !n %all ye "k h[ f> ,i am mightie/ ( all gods4 ,g to n[1 ye gods1 make trial t ye all may "k4 ,fa/5 ye a rope ( gold f heav51 & all ye gods lay hold !re( & all goddesses2 yet c\ld ye n drag f heav5 to e>? ,zeus1 c\nsellor supreme1 n ?\gh ye toil$ sore4 ,b once ,i likewise 7 m9d$ to draw ) all my he>t1 !n %\ld ,i draw ye up ) v e>? & sea )al4 ,!reaft] w\ld ,i b9d ! rope ab\t a p9nacle ( ,olympus1 & s %\ld all ^? ?+s be hung 9 air4 ,by s mu* am ,i beyond gods & beyond m54 ,footnote3 ,iliad viii4 #e4--,translat$ by ,lang1 ,leaf & ,my]s4 ,& is t all8 ,9 ! div9e tug ( w> ,zeus is m ?an a mat* = all ! o!r gods toge!r6 ,is x on ?is t ! lord%ip ( heav5 & e>? dep5ds8 ,?is t we are to wor%ip z highe/1 we ( ! bra9 & he>t & s\l8 ,& ev5 s1 ev5 admitt+ ! gr\nd ( supremacy1 ) :at provid5ce or consi/5cy ( purpose is x ex]cis$8 ,:y1 ,zeus himself is z caprici\s z ! re/6 ,because ,!tis comes :9+ to him ab\t an insult put ^u ,a*illes1 he int]f]es to *ange ! :ole c\rse ( ! w>1 & t too by means ( a ly+ dream6 ,ev5 8 own direct decrees he c h>dly be induc$ to obs]ve4 ,8 son ,s>p$on1 = example1 :o is fat$1 z he says himself1 to die1 he is yet at ! la/ mom5t 9 half a m9d to save alive6 ,h[ is su* division possible 9 ! w ( ! supreme god8 ,or is ! fate ( :i* he speaks some?+ outside himself8 ,b if s1 !n above him6 & if above him1 :at is he8 ,n1 aft] all1 ! highe/1 n ! supreme at all6 ,:at !n are we to wor%ip8 ,:at is ?is high] fate8 ,su* w\ld be ! k9d ( que/ions t w\ld vex our c&id y\? :5 he approa*$ 8 ,hom] f ! side ( !ology4 ,nor w\ld he f>e any bett] if he took ! e?ical po9t ( view4 ,! gods1 he w\ld f9d1 :o %\ld surely at lea/ atta9 to ! human /&>d1 n only are capable ( e phase ( passion1 ang]1 fe>1 jeal\sy &1 above all1 love1 b indulge !m all ) a v]ve & an ab&onm5t t might make ! bolde/ lib]t9e pause4 ,zeus himself1 = example1 exp5ds ^u ! m]e catalogue ( 8 am\rs a good twelve l9es ( hexamet] v]se4 ,no wond] t ,h]a is jeal\s1 & t h] "l is driv5 to put h] d[n 9 t]ms bett] suit$ to ! lips ( mortal husb&s3 ,lady1 ev] art ?\ imag9+1 nor c ,i escape !e2 yet %alt ?\ 9 no wise h p[] to fulfil1 b wilt be ! fur!r f my he>t2 t %all be ev5 ! worse = !e4 ,hide ?\ 9 sil5ce & he>k5 to my bidd+1 le/ all ! gods t are 9 ,olympus keep n (f f !e my visitation1 :5 ,i put =? my h&s unapproa*able aga9/ !e4 ,footnote3 ,iliad i4 #efj4--,translat$ by ,leaf1 ,lang & ,my]s4 ,section #ac4 ,e?ical ,criticism4 ,! incongruity ( all ?is ) any adequate conception ( deity is pat5t1 if once ! critical attitude be adopt$2 & x 0 adopt$ by "s ( ! cle>e/ & mo/ religi\s m9ds ( ,greece4 ,nay1 ev5 or?odoxy itself did n refra9 f a g5ial & sympa!tic criticism4 ,ari/ophanes1 = example1 :o1 if !re _h be5 an e/abli%$ *ur*1 w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 describ$ z "o ( its ma9 pill>s1 does n scruple to repres5t 8 ,birds z issu+-- ,a w>n+ & notices1 =mally giv51 ,to ,jove1 & all o!rs resid+ 9 heav51 ,=bidd+ !m ev] to v5ture aga9 ,to trespass on our atmosph]ic doma91 ,) sc&al\s j\rneys1 to visit a li/ ,( ,alcm5as & ,semeles2 if !y p]si/1 ,we w>n !m t means w be tak5 moreov] ,to /op _! gallant+ & act+ ! lov]1 ,footnote3 ,ari/ophanes1 ,birds #eef4--,translation by ,fr]e4 & ,h]acles ! glutton1 & ,dionysus1 ! d&y & ! c[>d1 are famili> figures ( 8 comic /age4 ,! attitude ( ,ari/ophanes1 x is true1 is n really critical1 b sympa!tic2 x 0 no m 8 int5tion to injure ! popul> cre$ by 8 fun ?an x is ! int5tion ( ! c>toons ( ,pun* to und]m9e ! reputation ( our lead+ /atesm54 ,on ! contr>y1 no?+ popul>ises l g5ial ridicule2 & ( ?is ,ari/ophanes 0 well aw>e4 ,b ! same *>act]i/ics ( ! god :i* sugge/$ ! fri5dly burlesque ( ! com$ian 7 also ^? :i* provok$ ! indignation & ! disgu/ ( m s]i\s m9ds4 ,! poet ,p9d>1 = example1 aft] ref]r+ to ! /ory ( a battle1 9 :i* x 0 said gods _h f\ght aga9/ gods1 breaks out into prote/ aga9/ a leg5d s little cr$itable to ! div9e nature3-- ,o my m\?1 fl+ ?is tale f !e1 = to speak evil ( gods is a hateful wisdom1 & l\d & unmeasur$ words /rike a note t tremble? ^u madness4 ,( su* ?+s talk ?\ n2 leave w> & all /rife ( immortals aside4 ,footnote3 ,p9d4 ,ol4 ,,ix #ed4--,translation by ,e4 ,my]s4 ,& ! same note is tak5 up ) emphasis1 & reit]at$ 9 e quality ( tone1 by su* writ]s z ,euripides & ,plato4 ,! attitude ( ,euripides t[>ds ! popul> religion is s cle>ly & frankly critical t a rec5t writ] has ev5 gone s f> z to ma9ta9 t 8 ma9 object 9 ! con/ruction ( 8 dramas 0 to discr$it ! my?s he select$ = 8 !me4 ,h[ev] t may h be51 x is beyond controv]sy true t ! deep religi\s s5se ( ?is mo/ mod]n ( ! ,greeks 0 puzzl$ & repell$ by ! tales he 0 b\nd by tradition to dramatize2 & t he put into ! m\? ( 8 *>act]s reflexions ^u ! conduct ( ! gods :i* if !y may n be tak5 z 8 own delib]ate op9ions1 are at lea/ expressions ( "o aspect ( 8 ?\ght4 ,x 01 9 fact1 impossible to reconcile ) a pr(\nd & philosophic view ( ! div9e nature ! intrigues & am\rs1 p>tialities1 antipa?ies1 actions & c\nt]-actions ( ^! an?ropomorphic deities4 ,consid]1 = example1 ! mo/ fam\s ( all ! my?s1 t ( ,ore/es1 to :i* we h already ref]r$4 ,ore/es1 x w be rememb]$1 0 ! son ( ,agamemnon & ,clytemne/ra4 ,agamemnon1 on 8 return f ,troy1 0 murd]$ by ,clytemne/ra4 ,ore/es escapes2 b returns lat]1 at ! in/igation ( ,apollo1 & kills 8 "m to av5ge 8 fa!r4 ,!reupon1 9 puni%m5t = 8 crime1 he is p]secut$ by ! ,furies4 ,n[ ! po9t :i* ,euripides seizes "h is ! conduct ( ,apollo4 ,ei!r x 0 "r = ,ore/es to kill 8 "m1 or x 0 wrong4 ,if wrong1 :y did ,apollo comm& x8 ,if "r1 :y 0 ,ore/es puni%$8 ,or are !re1 z ,aes*ylus w\ld h x1 two rights1 "o ( ,apollo1 ! o!r ( ! ,furies8 ,if s1 :at becomes ( t unity ( ! div9e law aft] :i* e religi\s nature seeks8 ,phoebus1 cries ! ,ore/es ( ,euripides1 prophet ?\gh he be1 deceiv$ me4 ,i gave him my all1 ,i kill$ my "m 9 ob$i5ce to 8 comm&2 & 9 return ,i am undone myself4 ,footnote3 ,euripides1 ,iph4 ,taur4 #gaa ,! dilemma is pat5t2 & ,euripides makes no s]i\s attempt to meet x4 ,or aga91 to take ano!r example1 less famili>1 b ev5 m to ! po9t--! tale ( ,ion & ,creusa4 ,creusa has be5 s$uc$ by ,apollo & has borne him a *ild1 ! ,ion ( ! /ory4 ,?is *ild %e exposes1 & x is convey$ by ,h]mes to ,delphi1 :]e at la/ x is f\nd1 & recognis$ by ! "m1 & a conv5tionally happy end+ is pat*$ up4 ,b ! po9t on :i* ! poet has insi/$ ?r\gh\t is1 once m1 ! conduct ( ,apollo4 ,:at is to be made ( a god :o s$uces & des]ts a mortal woman2 :o suff]s h] to expose h] *ild1 & leaves h] 9 ignorance ( its fate8 ,does he n des]ve ! reproa*es heap$ ^u him by 8 victim8-- ,*ild ( ,latona1 ,i cry to ! sun--,i w publi% ?y %ame6 ,?\ ) ?y tresses a-%imm] ) gold1 ?r\gh ! fl[]s z ,i came ,pluck+ ! crocuses1 heap+ my veil ) _! gold- litt5 flame1 ,cam'/ on me1 caughte/ ! poor pallid wri/s ( m9e h&s1 & did/ hale ,unto ?y c\* 9 ! cave4 ',"m6 "m6' ,i %riek$ out my wail-- ,wr\ghte/ ! pleasure ( ,kypris2 no %ame made ! god-lov] quail4 ,wret*$ ,i b>e !e a *ild1 & ,i ca/ him ) %udd]+ ?roe ,=? on ?y c\* :]e ?\ =c$/ ?y victim1 a bride-b$ ( woe4 ,lo/--my poor baby & ?9e6 = ! eagles dev\r$ him3 & lo6 ,victory-songs to ?y lyre do/ ?\ *ant6--,ho1 ,i call to !e1 son ,born to ,latona1 ,disp5s] ( bod+1 on gold-gleam+ ?rone ,midmo/ ( e>? :o art sitt+3--?9e e>s %all be pi]c$ ) my moan6 ,?y ,delos do? hate !e1 ?y bay-b\ghs abhor !e1 ,by ! palm-tree ( fea!ry frondage t rose ,:]e 9 sacr$ travail ,latona bore !e ,9 ,zeus's g>d5 close4 ,footnote3 ,euripid4 ,ion1 #hhe4--,translat$ by ,a4 ,s4 ,way4 ,?is is a typical example ( ! k9d ( criticism :i* ,euripides conveys ?r\gh ! lips ( 8 *>act]s on ! /age4 ,& ! po9ts :i* he c only dramatically sugge/1 ,plato exp\nds directly 9 8 own p]son4 ,! qu>rel ( ! philosoph] ) ! my?s is n t !y are n true1 b t !y are n edify+4 ,!y repres5t ! son 9 rebellion aga9/ ! fa!r--,zeus aga9/ ,kronos1 ,kronos aga9/ ,uranos2 !y describe ! gods z intrigu+ & fight+ "o aga9/ ! o!r2 !y depict !m z *ang+ _! =m div9e into ! semblance ( mortal m52 la/ly--culm9ation ( horror6--!y repres5t !m z laugh+1 positively laugh+6--,or aga91 to turn to a m metaphysical po9t1 if ,god be good1 x is argu$ by ,plato1 he _c be ! au?or ( evil4 ,:at !n1 are we to make ( ! passage 9 ,hom] :]e he says1 two urns /& ^u ! floor ( ,zeus fill$ ) 8 evil gifts1 & "o ) bless+s4 ,to :omsoev] ,zeus ^: joy is 9 ! lightn+ deale? a m+l$ lot1 t man *ance? n[ ^u ill & n[ aga9 on good1 b to :om he give? b ( ! bad k9d1 him he br+e? to scorn1 & evil fam9e *ase? him ov] ! goodly e>?1 & he is a w&]] hon\r$ ( nei!r gods nor m54 ,footnote3 ,il4 xxiv4 #ebg--,translat$ by ,lang1 ,leaf & ,my]s4 ,& aga91 if ,god be true1 he _c be ! au?or ( lies4 ,h[ !n c\ld he h s5t1 z we are told he did1 ly+ dreams to m58-- ,cle>ly1 concludes ! philosoph]1 our curr5t leg5ds ne$ revision2 9 ! int]e/ ( religion itself we mu/ de/roy ! my?s ( ! popul> cre$4 ,section #ad4 ,transition to ,mono!ism4 ,! my?s1 b n religion6 ,! criticism c]ta9ly ( ,plato & probably ( ,euripides 0 prompt$ by ! desire n to discr$it altoge!r ! belief 9 ! gods1 b to br+ x into h>mony ) ! requirem5ts ( a m fully develop$ consci\sness4 ,! philosoph] & ! poet came n to de/roy1 b to fulfil2 n to annihilate b to trans=m ! popul> !ology4 ,su* an int5tion1 /range z x may appe> to u ) our rigid cre$s1 we %all see to be natural en\gh to ! ,greek m9d1 :5 we rememb] t ! mat]ial ( _! religion 0 n a set ( propositions1 b a m or less indet]m9ate body ( traditions capable ( be+ pres5t$ 9 ! mo/ v>i\s =ms z ! g5ius & ta/e ( individual poets might direct4 ,& we f9d1 9 fact1 t ! mo/ religi\s poets ( ,greece1 ^? ev5 :o 7 mo/ innoc5t ( any int5tion to innovate on popul> beliefs1 did nev]!less unconsci\sly t5d to trans=m1 9 accordance ) _! own conceptions1 ! :ole /ructure ( ! ,hom]ic !ology4 ,tak+ ov] ! leg5ds ( gods & h]oes1 z n>rat$ 9 poetry & tradition1 ! e>li] trag$ians1 ,aes*ylus & ,sophocles1 z !y %ap$ & re%ap$ _! mat]ial = ! /age1 7 evolv+ = !mselves1 n 9 opposition to b z x 7 on ! top ( ! poly!i/ic view1 ! idea ( a s+le supreme & righte\s ,god4 ,! ,zeus ( ,hom]1 ^: sup]iority1 z we saw1 0 bas$ on physical =ce1 gr[s1 "u ! h&s ( ,aes*ylus1 into some?+ ak9 to ! ,jewi% ,jehovah4 ,! inn] exp]i5ce ( ! poet drives him inevitably to ?is trans=mation4 ,born into ! great age ( ,greece1 com+ to maturity at ! crisis ( h] fate1 he _h witness$ ) 8 own eyes1 & assi/$ ) 8 own h&s ! defeat ( ! ,p]sian ho/ at ,m>a?on4 ,! ev5t /ruck home to him l a judgm5t f heav54 ,! ,nemesis t att5ds ^u human pride1 ! v5geance t foll[s crime1 h5ce=? 7 ! ?\ghts t haunt$ & possess$ 8 bra92 & "u _! influ5ce he evolv$ = himself out ( ! popul> idea ( ,zeus ! conception ( a ,god ( ju/ice :o m>ks & av5ges crime4 ,read = example ! foll[+ passage f ! ,agamemnon & contra/ x ) ! l9es ( ,hom] quot$ on page #db4 ,no?+ c\ld illu/rate m /rik+ly ! trans=mation t c\ld be effect$1 "u ! conditions ( ! ,greek religion1 9 ! :ole conception ( ! div9e p[] by "o ^: consci\s int5tion1 nev]!less1 0 n to innovate b to cons]ve4 ,zeus ! high ,god6 ,:ate'er be dim 9 d\bt1 ,?is c our ?\ght track out-- ,! bl[ t fells ! s9n] is ( ,god1 ,& z he wills1 ! rod ,( v5geance smite? sore4 ,"o said ( old ',! ,gods li/ n to hold ,a reckon+ ) him ^: feet oppress ,! grace ( hol9ess'-- ,an impi\s ^w6 = :5soe'er ! sire ,brea!d =? rebelli\s fire-- ,:at "t 8 h\sehold ov]fl[s ! measure ,( bliss & heal? & treasure-- ,8 *ildr5's *ildr5 read ! reckon+ pla91 ,at la/1 9 te>s & pa94 99 99 99 99 99 ,:o spurns ! %r9e ( ,"r1 nor weal? nor p[] ,%all be to him a t[]1 ,to gu>d him f ! gulf3 !re lies 8 lot1 ,:]e all ?+s are =got4 ,lu/ drives him on--lu/1 desp]ate & wild ,fate's s9-contriv+ *ild-- ,& cure is none2 beyond concealm5t cle> ,k9dles s9's baleful gl>e4 ,z an ill co9 b5ea? ! we>+ t\* ,betrays by /a9 & smut* ,its metal false--su* is ! s9ful wight4 ,be=e1 on p9ions light1 ,fair pleasure flits1 & lures him *ildlike on1 ,:ile home & k9 make moan ,b5ea? ! gr9d+ burd5 ( 8 crime2 ,till1 9 ! end ( "t1 ,ca/ d[n ( heav51 he p\rs =? fruitless pray] ,to p[]s t w n he>4 ,footnote3 ,aes*4 ,agamem4 #cfg4--,translat$ by ,e4 ,d4 ,a4 ,mor%ead 7,! ,h\se ( ,atreus74 ,& ,sophocles foll[s 9 ! same pa?4 ,= him too ,zeus is no long] ! god ( physical /r5g?2 he is ! creator & su/a9] ( ! moral law--( ^? laws ( range sublime1 call$ into life ?r\gh\t ! high cle> heav51 ^: fa!r is ,olympus alone2 _! p>5t 0 no race ( mortal m51 no1 nor %all oblivion ev] lay !m to sleep2 a mighty god is 9 !m1 & he gr[s n old4 ,footnote3 ,soph4 ,o4,t4 #hfe4--,translat$ by ,dr4 ,jebb4 ,su* words imply a complete trans=mation ( ! ,hom]ic conception ( ,div9ity2 a trans=mation made inde$ 9 ! int]e/s ( religion1 b involv+ nev]!less1 & contr>y1 no d\bt1 to ! int5tion ( its au?ors1 a complete subv]sion ( ! popul> cre$4 ,once grant ! idea ( ,god z an et]nal & moral ,p[] & ! :ole fabric ( poly!ism falls away4 ,! religion ( ! ,greeks1 z int]pret$ by _! be/ m9ds1 annihilates itself4 ,zeus inde$ is sav$1 b only at ! co/ ( all ,olympus4 ,section #ae4 ,metaphysical ,criticism4 ,:ile ?us1 on ! "o h&1 ! ,greek religion by its inn] evolution1 0 t5d+ to de/roy itself1 on ! o!r h& x 0 ?reat5$ f )\t by ! attack ( :at we %\ld call ! sci5tific _s4 ,a sy/em s frankly an?ropomorphic 0 b\nd to be weak on ! speculative side4 ,its appeal1 z we h se51 0 r to ! imag9ation ?an to ! intellect1 by ! pres5tation ( a s]ies ( beautiful images1 ^: contemplation might (f] to ! m9d if n satisfaction1 at lea/ acquiesc5ce & repose4 ,a ,greek :o 0 n too inquisitive 0 ?us enabl$ to move ?r\gh ! cal5d> ( spl5did fe/ivals & fa/s1 *>m$ by ! beauty ( ! ritual1 inspir$ by ! *orus & ! dance1 & draw+ f ! famili> leg5ds ! moral & ae/hetic significance ) :i* he _h be5 accu/om$ f 8 boyhood to connect !m1 b )\t ev] rais+ ! "q1 ,is all ?is true8 ,does x really acc\nt = ! exi/5ce & nature ( ! _w8 ,once1 h[ev]1 ! spell 0 brok51 once ! intellect 0 ar\s$1 ! inadequacy ( ! popul> fai?1 on ! speculative side1 became app>5t2 & ! m9d turn$ aside altoge!r f religion to "w out its problems on its own l9es4 ,we f9d accord+ly1 f e>ly times1 physical philosoph]s 9 ,greece free f all !ological preconceptions1 rais+ f ! v beg9n+ ! "q ( ! orig9 ( ! _w1 & (f]+ solutions1 v>i\s inde$ b all alike 9 ?is1 t !y frankly accept a mat]iali/ic basis4 ,"o d]ives all ?+s f wat]1 ano!r f air1 ano!r f fire2 "o insi/s ^u unity1 ano!r on a plurality ( elem5ts2 b all alike reject ! sup]natural1 & proce$ on ! l9es ( physical causation4 ,! opposition1 to use ! mod]n phrase1 betwe5 sci5ce & religion1 0 ?us develop$ e>ly 9 anci5t ,greece2 & by ! fif? c5tury x is cle> t x _h become acute4 ,! philosoph] ,anaxagoras 0 driv5 f ,a!ns z an a!i/2 ! same *>ge1 absurdly en\gh1 0 "o ( ! c\nts 9 ! indictm5t ( ,socrates2 & ! physical speculations ( ! "t are a fav\rite butt ( t *ampion ( or?odoxy1 ,ari/ophanes4 ,to foll[ up ^! speculations 9 detail w\ld be to w&] too f> f our pres5t purpose2 b x may be wor? :ile to quote a passage f ! great com$ian1 to illu/rate n inde$ ! value ( ! !ories ridicul$1 b _! g5]ally mat]iali/ic "*1 & _! antagonism to ! popul> fai?4 ,! passage select$ is "p ( a dialogue betwe5 ,socrates & ,/repsiades1 "o ( 8 pupils2 & x is introduc$ by an address f ! *orus ( ,cl\ds1 ! new div9ities ( ! physici/3 ,,*orus ,,( ,,cl\ds4 ,our welcome to !e1 old man1 :o w\ld see ! m>vels t sci5ce c %[3 ,& ?\1 ! high-prie/ ( ?is subtlety fea/1 say :at w\ld y h u be/[8 ,s9ce !re is n a sage = :om we'd engage our wond]s m freely to d1 ,except1 x may be1 = ,prodicus3 he = 8 k may claim !m1 b y1 ,because z y g1 y glance to & fro1 & 9 dignifi$ arrogance float2 ,& ?9k %oes a disgrace1 & put on a grave face1 y\r acqua9tance ) u to d5ote4 ,,/repsiades4 ,oh e>?6 :at a s\nd1 h[ augu/ & pr(\nd6 ,x fills me ) wond] & awe4 ,,socrates4 ,^!1 ^! !n alone1 = true ,deities own1 ! re/ are all ,god-%ips ( /raw4 ,,/reps4 ,let ,zeus be left out3 ,he's a ,god beyond d\bt2 come1 t y c sc>cely d5y4 ,,socr4 ,zeus inde$6 !re's no ,zeus3 don't y be s obtuse4 ,,/reps4 ,no ,zeus up above 9 ! sky8 ,!n y fir/ mu/ expla91 :o x is s5ds ! ra92 or ,i really mu/ ?9k y are wrong4 ,,socr4 ,well !n1 be x kn[n1 ^! s5d x alone3 ,i c prove x by argum5t /rong4 ,0 !re ev] a %[] se5 to fall 9 an h\r :5 ! sky 0 all cl\dless & blue8 ,yet on a f9e day1 :5 ! cl\ds are away1 he might s5d "o1 accord+ to y4 ,,/reps4 ,well1 x mu/ be confess$1 t *imes 9 ) ! re/3 y\r words ,i am =c$ to believe4 ,yet be=e ,i _h dream$ t ! ra9-wat] /ream$ f ,zeus & 8 *amb]-pot sieve4 ,b :5ce !n1 my fri5d1 does ! ?und] desc5d8 t does make u quake ) affright6 ,,socr4 ,:y1 'tis !y1 ,i decl>e1 z !y roll ?r\gh ! air4 ,,/reps4 ,:at ! cl\ds8 did ,i he> y aright8 ,,socr4 ,ay3 = :5 to ! brim fill$ ) wat] !y swim1 by ,necessity c>ri$ along1 ,!y are hung up on high 9 ! vault ( ! sky1 & s by ,necessity /rong ,9 ! mid/ ( _! c\rse1 !y cla% ) great =ce1 & ?und] away )\t end4 ,,/reps4 ,b is x n ,he :o compels ?is to be8 does n ,zeus ?is ,necessity s5d8 ,,socr4 ,no ,zeus h we !re1 b a vortex ( air4 ,,/reps4 ,:at6 ,vortex8 t's some?+ ,i own4 ,i knew n be=e1 t ,zeus 0 no m1 b ,vortex 0 plac$ on 8 ?rone6 ,b ,i h n yet he>d to :at cause y ref]r$ ! ?und]'s maje/ical ro>4 ,,socr4 ,yes1 'tis !y1 :5 on high full ( wat] !y fly1 & !n1 z ,i told y be=e1 ,by compression impell$1 z !y cla%1 are compell$ a t]rible clatt] to make4 ,,/reps4 ,come1 h[ c t be8 ,i really don't see4 ,,socr4 ,y\rself z my pro( ,i w take4 ,h y nev] !n ate ! bro? pudd+s y get :5 ! ,pana!naea come r\nd1 ,& felt ) :at might y\r b[els all night 9 turbul5t tumult res\nd ,,/reps4 ,by ,apollo1 'tis true1 !re's a mighty to d1 & my belly keeps rumbl+ ab\t2 ,& ! pudd+s beg9 to clatt] )9 & to kick up a wond]ful r\t3 ,q g5tly at fir/1 papapax1 papapax1 b soon papappappax away1 ,till at la/1 ,i'll be b\nd1 ,i c ?und] z l\d papapappappappappax z !y4 ,,socr4 ,%alt ?\ !n a s\nd s l\d & pr(\nd f ?y belly dim9utive s5d1 ,& %all n ! high & ! inf9ite sky g ?und]+ on )\t end8 ,= bo?1 y w f9d1 on an impulse ( w9d & simil> causes dep5d4 ,,/reps4 ,well1 b tell me f :om comes ! bolt ?r\gh ! gloom1 ) its awful & t]rible fla%es2 ,& :]ev] x turns1 "s x s+es & burns1 & "s x r$uces to a%es3 ,= ?is 'tis q pla91 let :o w s5d ! ra91 t ,zeus aga9/ p]jur]s da%es ,,socr4 ,& h[1 y old fool1 ( a d>k-ages s*ool1 & an antidiluvian wit1 ,if ! p]jur$ !y /rike1 & n all m5 alike1 h !y nev] ,cleonymus hit8 ,!n ( ,simon aga91 & ,!orus expla93 kn[n p]jur]s1 yet !y escape4 ,b he smites 8 own %r9e ) ^! arr[s div9e1 & ,sunium1 ,attica's cape1 ,& ! anci5t gn>l$ oaks3 n[ :at prompt$ ^? /rokes8 ,!y nev] =swore ,i %\ld say4 ,,/reps4 ,c't say t !y d3 y\r words appe> true4 ,:5ce comes !n ! ?und]bolt1 pray8 ,,socr4 ,:5 a w9d t is dry1 be+ lift$ on high1 is sudd5ly p5t into ^!1 ,x swells up _! sk91 l a bladd]1 )91 by ,necessity's *angeless decrees3 ,till compress$ v tight1 x bur/s !m outright1 & away ) an impulse s /rong1 ,t at la/ by ! =ce & ! sw+ ( ! c\rse1 x takes fire z x :izzes along4 ,,/reps4 ,t's exactly ! ?+1 t ,i suff]$ "o spr+1 at ! great fea/ ( ,zeus1 ,i admit3 ,i'd a paun* 9 ! pot1 b ,i :olly =got ab\t mak+ ! safety-valve slit4 ,s x splutt]$ & swell$1 :ile ! saucepan ,i held1 till at la/ ) a v5geance x flew3 ,took me q by surprise1 dung-bespatt]$ my eyes1 & scald$ my face black & blue6 ,footnote3 ,ari/oph4 ,cl\ds #ceh4--,translation by ,b4 ,b4 ,rog]s4 ,no?+ c\ld be m amus+ ?an ?is passage z a burlesque ( ! physical !ories ( ! "t2 & no?+ c\ld bett] illu/rate ! qu>rel betwe5 sci5ce & religion1 z x pres5ts itself on ! surface to ! pla9 man4 ,b !re is m 9 ! qu>rel ?an appe>s at fir/ sight4 ,! real /+ ( ! com$y f :i* we h quot$ lies 9 ! assumption1 adopt$ ?r\gh\t ! play1 t ! a!i/ is also necess>ily anti-social & immoral4 ,! physici/1 9 ! p]son ( ,socrates1 is id5tifi$ ) ! sophi/2 on ! "o h& he is repres5t$ z tea*+ ! !ory ( mat]ial causation1 on ! o!r ! art ( ly+ & deceit4 ,! object ( ,/repsiades 9 att5d+ ! s*ool is to le>n h[ n to pay 8 debts2 ! a*ievem5t ( 8 son is to le>n h[ to di%on\r 8 fa!r4 ,! cult ( reason is id5tifi$ by ! poet ) ! cult ( self-int]e/2 ! man :o does n believe 9 ! gods _c1 he implies1 believe 9 ! family or ! /ate4 ,section #af4 ,metaphysical ,recon/ruction--,plato4 ,! argum5t is an old "o into ^: m]its ?is is n ! place to ent]4 ,b "o ?+ is c]ta91 t ! sceptical _s :i* 0 invad+ religion1 0 invad+ also politics & e?ics2 & t t[>ds ! close ( ! fif? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 ,greece & 9 p>ticul> ,a!ns 0 ov]run by philosoph]s1 :o n only did n scruple to "q ! f\ndations ( social & moral obligation1 b 9 "s cases explicitly taught t !re 7 no f\ndations at all2 t all law 0 a conv5tion bas$ on no objective tru?2 & t ! only valid "r 0 ! natural "r ( ! /rong to rule4 ,x 0 into ?is *aos ( sceptical op9ion t ,plato 0 born2 & x 0 ! desire to meet & subdue x t 0 ! motive ( 8 philosophy4 ,l ,ari/ophanes1 he trac$ ! root ( ! evil to ! decay ( religi\s belief2 & ?\gh no "o1 z we h se51 0 m tr5*ant ?an he 9 8 criticism ( ! popul> fai?1 no "o1 on ! o!r h&1 0 m conv9c$ ( ! necessity ( "s =m ( religion z a basis = any /able polity4 ,! doctr9e ( ! physici/s1 he ass]ts1 t ! _w is ! result ( nature & *ance has imm$iate & disa/r\s effects on ! :ole /ructure ( social beliefs4 ,! conclusion inevitably foll[s t human laws & in/itutions1 l ev]y?+ else1 are accid5tal products2 t !y h no objective validity1 no b9d+ =ce on ! w2 & t ! only "r t has any intelligible mean+ is ! "r :i* is id5tical ) might4 ,footnote3 ,see e4g4 ,plato's ,laws4 ,x4 #hhg4 ,aga9/ ^! conclusions ! :ole s\l ( ,plato rose 9 revolt4 ,to recon/ruct religion1 he 0 driv5 back ^u metaphysics2 & elaborat$ at la/ ! sy/em :i* f 8 day to our own has n ceas$ to p]plex & fasc9ate ! _w1 & ^: r>e & radiant comb9ation ( gifts1 speculative1 arti/ic1 & religi\s1 m>ks ! highe/ rea* ( ! g5ius ( ! ,greeks1 & p]haps ( mank9d4 ,to attempt an analysis ( t sy/em w\ld lead u f> f our pres5t task4 ,all t conc]ns u "h1 is its religi\s significance2 & ( t1 all we c note is t ,plato1 ! deepe/ ?9k] ( ! ,greeks1 0 also among ! f>!/ remov$ f ! popul> fai?4 ,! pr9ciple f :i* he d]ives ! ,_w is ! absolute ,good1 or ,god1 ( ^: ideas ! ph5om5a ( s5se are imp]fect copies4 ,to ! div9e intellig5ce man by virtue ( 8 reason is ak94 ,b ! reason 9 him has fall5 into bondage ( ! fle%2 & x is ! task ( 8 life on e>?1 or r ( a s]ies ( lives 7= ,plato believ$ 9 successive re-inc>nations71 to deliv] ?is div9] elem5t ( 8 s\l1 & set x free to re-unite ) ,god4 ,to ! description ( ! div9e life ?us prep>$ = ! s\l1 f :i* %e fell b to :i* %e may return1 ,plato has devot$ "s ( 8 f9e/ passages2 & if we are to indicate1 z we are b\nd to d1 ! highe/ po9t to :i* ! religi\s consci\sness ( ! ,greeks atta9$1 we mu/ n be det]r$1 by dread ( ! obscurity necess>ily atta*+ to an extract1 f a citation f ! mo/ impassion$ ( 8 dialogues4 ,speak+ ( t div9e madness1 to :i* we h already _h occasion to ref]1 he says t ?is is ! madness :i* is imput$ to him :o1 :5 he sees ! beauty ( e>?1 is transport$ ) ! recollection ( ! true beauty2 he w\ld l to fly away1 b he _c2 he is l a bird flutt]+ & look+ upw>d & c>eless ( ! _w bel[2 & he is !re=e ?\ght to be mad4 ,& ,i h %[n ?is ( all inspirations to be ! noble/ & highe/ & ! (f-spr+ ( ! highe/ to him :o has or %>es 9 x1 & t he :o loves ! beautiful is call$ a lov] because he p>takes ( x4 ,= e s\l ( man has 9 ! way ( nature beheld true be+2 ?is 0 ! condition ( h] pass+ into ! =m ( man4 ,b all s\ls d n easily recall ! ?+s ( ! o!r _w2 !y may h se5 !m = a %ort "t only1 or !y may h be5 un=tunate 9 _! e>?ly lot1 & hav+ _h _! he>ts turn$ to unrighte\sness ?r\gh "s corrupt+ influ5ce1 !y may h lo/ ! memory ( ! holy ?+s :i* once !y saw4 ,few only reta9 an adequate remembrance ( !m2 & !y1 :5 !y behold "h any image ( t o!r _w1 are rapt 9 amazem5t2 b !y are ignorant ( :at t rapture means1 because !y d n cle>ly p]ceive4 ,= !re is no cle> light ( ju/ice or temp]ance1 or any ( ! high] ideas :i* are preci\s to s\ls1 9 ! e>?ly copies ( !m3 !y are se5 ?r\gh a glass dimly2 & !re are few :o1 go+ to ! images1 behold 9 !m ! realities1 & ^! only ) difficulty4 ,!re 0 a "t :51 ) ! re/ ( ! happy b&1 !y saw beauty %9+ 9 brightness--we philosoph]s foll[+ 9 ! tra9 ( ,zeus1 o!rs 9 company ) o!r gods2 & !n we beheld ! beatific vision & 7 initiat$ into a my/]y :i* may be truly call$ mo/ bless$1 celebrat$ by u 9 our /ate ( innoc5ce1 be=e we _h any exp]i5ce ( evils to come1 :5 we 7 admitt$ to ! sight ( app>itions innoc5t & simple & calm & happy1 :i* we beheld %9+ 9 pure light1 pure ourselves & n yet en%r9$ 9 t liv+ tomb :i* we c>ry ab\t1 n[ t we are imprison$ 9 ! body1 l an oy/] 9 8 %ell4 ,let me l+] ov] ! memory ( sc5es :i* h pass$ away4 ,footnote3 ,plato1 ,pha$rus4 #bdi;d4--,j[ett's translation4 ,section #ag4 ,summ>y4 ,at ?is po9t1 :]e religion passes into philosophy1 ! discussion :i* has occupi$ ! pres5t *apt] mu/ close4 ,s f> x 0 necess>y to proce$1 9 ord] to %[ h[ wide 0 ! range ( ! religi\s consci\sness ( ! ,greeks1 & ?r\gh h[ _m po9ts ( view x pass$ 9 ! c\rse ( its evolution4 ,b its developm5t 0 away f ! ,greek & t[>ds ! ,*ri/ian2 & x w !re=e be desirable1 9 conclusion1 to fix once m 9 our m9ds t c5tral & prim>y phase ( ! ,greek religion "u ! influ5ce ( :i* _! civilisation 0 =m$ into a "* def9ite & di/9ct 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,?is phase w be ! "o :i* und]lay & 0 reflect$ 9 ! actual cult & in/itutions ( ,greece & mu/ !re=e be reg>d$ n z a product ( critical & self-consci\s ?\ght1 b z an imag9ative way ( conceiv+ ! _w /amp$ z x 7 passively on ! m9d by ! :ole c\rse ( concrete exp]i5ce4 ,( its "* we h attempt$ to give "s k9d ( acc\nt 9 ! e>li] "p ( ?is *apt]1 & we h n[ only to summ>ise :at 0 !re said4 ,! ,greek religion1 !n1 z we saw1 9 ?is its *>act]i/ic phase1 involv$ a belief 9 a numb] ( deities :o on ! "o h& 7 p]sonifications ( ! p[]s ( nature & ( ! human s\l1 on ! o!r ! f\nd]s & su/a9]s ( civil society4 ,to ! op]ations ( ^! be+s ! :ole ( exp]i5ce 0 ref]r$1 & t1 n m]ely 9 an ab/ract & un9telligible way1 z :5 we say t ! _w 0 creat$ by ,god1 b 9 a q precise & def9ite s5se1 ! action ( ! gods be+ conceiv$ to be ! same 9 k9d z t ( man1 proce$+ f simil> motives1 direct$ to simil> ends1 & accompli%$ v l>gely by simil>1 ?\gh mu* sup]ior means4 ,by virtue ( ?is uncritical & unreflective mode ( appreh5sion ! ,greeks1 we said1 7 made at home 9 ! _w4 ,_! religion suffus$ & trans=m$ ! facts bo? ( nature & ( society1 int]pret+ :at w\ld o!rwise h be5 un9telligible by ! idea ( an activity :i* !y c\ld und]/& because x 0 "o :i* !y 7 con/antly ex]cis+ !mselves4 ,be+ ?us suppli$ ) a g5]al explanation ( ! _w1 !y c\ld put aside ! "q ( its orig9 & end1 & devote !mselves freely & fully to ! art ( liv+1 unhamp]$ by scruples & d\bts z to ! nature ( life4 ,consci\sness simil> to _! own 0 ! ultimate fact2 & !re 0 no?+ !re=e ) :i* !y might n =m intelligible & h>moni\s relations4 ,& z on ! side ( metaphysics !y 7 deliv]$ f ! p]plexities ( speculation1 s on ! side ( e?ics !y 7 undi/urb$ by ! p]plexities ( consci5ce4 ,_! religion1 x is true1 _h a be>+ on _! conduct1 b a be>+1 z we saw1 ext]nal & me*anical4 ,if !y s9n$ !y might be puni%$ directly by physical evil2 & f ?is evil religion might r$eem !m by ! appropriate c]emonies ( purgation4 ,b on ! o!r h& !y 7 n consci\s ( a spiritual relation to ,god1 ( s9 z an ali5ation f ! div9e p[] & rep5tance z ! means ( re/oration to grace4 ,! pangs ( consci5ce1 ! fe>s & hopes1 ! triumph & despair ( ! s\l :i* 7 ! preoccupations ( ! ,puritan1 7 ph5om5a unkn[n to ! anci5t ,greek4 ,he liv$ & act$ undi/urb$ by scrupul\s introspection2 & ! function ( 8 religion 0 r to quiet ! consci5ce by ritual ?an to excite x by admonition & repro(4 ,f bo? ^! po9ts ( view1 ! metaphysical & ! e?ical1 ! ,greeks 7 br\ght by _! religion into h>mony ) ! _w4 ,nei!r ! p]plexities ( ! intellect nor ! scruples ( ! consci5ce int]v5$ to hamp] _! free activity4 ,_! life 0 simple1 /raight=w>d & cle>2 & _! consci\sness direct$ outw>ds ^u ! _w1 n p]plex$ly absorb$ 9 ! contemplation ( itself4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is h>mony :i* 0 ! ess5ce ( ! ,greek civilisation1 0 a tempor>y compromise1 n a f9al solution4 ,x dep5d$ on presumptions ( ! imag9ation1 n on convictions ( ! intellect2 & z we h se51 x de/roy$ itself by ! process ( its own developm5t4 ,! beauty1 ! s+l5ess1 & ! fre$om :i* attracts u 9 ! consci\sness ( ! ,greek 0 ! result ( a poetical view ( ! _w1 :i* did b anticipate 9 imag9ation an ideal t 0 n realis$ 9 fact or 9 ?\ght4 ,x dep5d$ on ! assumption ( an?ropomorphic gods1 an assumption :i* c\ld n /& be=e ! criticism ( reason1 & ei!r broke d[n into scepticism1 or 0 develop$ into ! conception ( a s+le supreme & spiritual p[]4 ,& ev5 ap>t f ?is int]nal evolution1 f ?is subv]sion ( its ideal basis1 ! h>mony e/abli%$ by ! ,greek religion 0 at ! be/ b p>tial & incomplete4 ,x 0 a h>mony = life1 b n = dea?4 ,! m completely ! ,greek felt himself to be at home 9 ! _w1 ! m happily & freely he ab&on$ himself to ! ex]cise ( 8 p[]s1 ! m int5sely & vividly he liv$ 9 action & 9 passion1 ! m ali51 bitt]1 & incompreh5sible did he f9d ! ph5om5a ( age & dea?4 ,on ?is problem1 s f> z we c judge1 he receiv$ f 8 religion b little light1 & /ill less consolation4 ,! music ( 8 brief life clos$ ) a discord unresolv$2 & ev5 be=e reason _h br\ght h] criticism to be> ^u 8 cre$1 its defici5cy 0 =c$ ^u him by 8 feel+4 ,?us ! h>mony :i* we h indicat$ z ! *>act]i/ic result ( ! ,greek religion conta9$ none ( ! conditions ( complet5ess or f9ality4 ,= on ! "o h& !re 7 elem5ts :i* x 0 nev] able to include2 & on ! o!r1 its hold ev5 ov] ^? :i* x embrac$ 0 tempor>y & prec>i\s4 ,! eat+ ( ! tree ( k drove ! ,greeks f _! p>adise2 b ! vision ( t ,ed5 cont9ues to haunt ! m9d ( man1 n 9 va91 if x prophesies 9 a type ! end to :i* 8 hi/ory moves4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,greek ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,/ate ,section #a4 ,! ,greek ,/ate a ,city4 ,! pres5t k+dom ( ,greece is among ! smalle/ ( ,european /ates2 b to ! ,greeks x w\ld h appe>$ too l>ge to be a /ate at all4 ,)9 t little p59sul> ^: :ole population & weal? are s insignificant accord+ to mod]n ideas1 7 compris$ 9 classical times n "o b _m fl\ri%+ polities4 ,& ! conception ( an amalgamation ( ^! "u a s+le gov]nm5t 0 s =eign to ! ,greek idea1 t ev5 to ,ari/otle1 ! cle>e/ & mo/ compreh5sive ?9k] ( 8 age1 x did n pres5t itself ev5 z a dream4 ,to him1 z to e anci5t ,greek1 ! /ate meant ! ,city--meant1 t is to say1 an area ab\t ! size ( an ,engli% c\nty1 ) a population1 p]haps1 ( "s hundr$ ?\s&1 self-gov]n+ & indep5d5t ( any l>g] political :ole4 ,if we c imag9e ! v>i\s ,c\nty ,c\ncils ( ,engl& emancipat$ f ! control ( ,p>liam5t & set free to make _! own laws1 manage _! own f9ance & ju/ice1 raise troops & =m ) "o ano!r alliances1 (f5sive & def5sive1 we may =m ?us "s g5]al idea ( ! political in/itutions ( ! ,greeks & "s measure ( _! diff]5ce f our own4 ,nor mu/ x be suppos$ t ! size ( ! ,greek /ate 0 a m]e accid5t 9 its con/itution1 t x might h be5 indef9itely enl>g$ & yet rega9$ its ess5tial "*4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! limitation ( size belong$ to its v notion4 ,! greate/ /ate1 says ,ari/otle1 is n ! "o ^: population is mo/ num]\s2 on ! contr>y1 aft] a c]ta9 limit ( increase has be5 pass$1 ! /ate ceases to be a /ate at all4 ,t5 m5 are too few = a city2 a hundr$ ?\s& are too _m4 ,n only ,london1 x seems1 b e "o ( our l>g] t[ns1 w\ld h be5 too big = ! ,greek idea ( a /ate2 & z = ! ,briti% empire1 ! v conception ( x w\ld h be5 impossible to ! ,greeks4 ,cle>ly1 _! view on ?is po9t is fundam5tally diff]5t f our own4 ,_! civilisation 0 "o ( city-/ates1 n ( k+doms & empires2 & _! :ole political outlook 0 necess>ily det]m9$ by ?is condition4 ,g5]alis+ f _! own exp]i5ce1 !y _h =m$ = !mselves a conception ( ! /ate n ! less int]e/+ to u t x is unfamili>2 & ?is conception x w be ! bus9ess ( ! pres5t *apt] to illu/rate & expla94 ,section #b4 ,! ,relation ( ! ,/ate to ! ,citiz54 ,fir/1 let u consid] ! relation ( ! /ate to ! citiz5s--t is to say1 to t portion ( ! community1 usually a m9ority1 :i* 0 possess$ ( full political rights4 ,x is "h t we h ! key to t limitation ( size :i* we h se5 to be ess5tial to ! idea ( ! city-/ate4 ,=1 9 ! ,greek view1 to be a citiz5 ( a /ate did n m]ely imply ! paym5t ( taxes1 & ! possession ( a vote2 x impli$ a direct & active co-op]ation 9 all ! functions ( civil & milit>y life4 ,a citiz5 0 normally a soldi]1 a judge1 & a memb] ( ! gov]n+ assembly2 & all 8 public duties he p]=m$ n by deputy1 b 9 p]son4 ,he mu/ be able frequ5tly to att5d ! c5tre ( gov]nm5t2 h5ce ! limitation ( t]ritory4 ,he mu/ be able to speak & vote 9 p]son 9 ! assembly2 h5ce ! limitation ( numb]s4 ,! idea ( repres5tative gov]nm5t nev] occurr$ to ! ,greeks2 b if x _h occurr$ to !m1 & if !y _h adopt$ x1 x w\ld h involv$ a revolution 9 _! :ole conception ( ! citiz54 ,( t conception1 direct p]sonal s]vice 0 ! c>d9al po9t--s]vice 9 ! field z well z 9 ! c\ncil2 & to sub/itute = p]sonal s]vice ! m]e "r to a vote w\ld h be5 to de/roy ! =m ( ! ,greek /ate4 ,su* be+ ! idea ! ,greeks _h =m$1 bas$ on _! own exp]i5ce1 ( ! relation ( ! citiz5 to ! /ate1 x foll[s t to !m a society s complex z our own w\ld h>dly h answ]$ to ! def9ition ( a /ate at all4 ,r !y w\ld h reg>d$ x z a m]e cong]ies ( unsatisfactory human be+s1 held toge!r1 p>tly by political1 p>tly by economic compulsion1 b lack+ t consci\s id5tity ( int]e/ ) ! community to :i* !y belong :i* alone con/itutes ! citiz54 ,a man ^: ma9 pre-occupation %\ld be ) 8 trade or 8 pr(ession1 & :o %\ld only become aw>e ( 8 corporate relations :5 call$ ^u = 8 rates & taxes--a man1 t is to say1 9 ! position ( an ord9>y ,engli%man--w\ld n h seem$ to ! ,greeks to be a full & prop] memb] ( a /ate4 ,= ! /ate1 to !m1 0 m ?an a ma*9]y1 x 0 a spiritual bond2 & public life1 z we call x1 0 n a ?+ to be tak5 up & laid aside at pleasure1 b a necess>y & ess5tial phase ( ! exi/5ce ( a complete man4 ,?is relation ( ! citiz5 to ! /ate1 z x 0 conceiv$ by ! ,greeks1 is sometimes describ$ z ?\gh x involv$ ! sacrifice ( ! individual to ! :ole4 ,& 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 p]haps1 ?is is true4 ,ari/otle1 = in/ance1 decl>es t no "o mu/ suppose he belongs to himself1 b r t all alike belong to ! /ate2 & ,plato1 9 ! con/ruction ( 8 ideal republic1 is ?9k+ mu* less ( ! happ9ess ( ! individual citiz5s1 ?an ( ! symmetry & beauty ( ! :ole z x might appe> to a dis9t]e/$ obs]v] f )\t4 ,c]ta9ly x w\ld h be5 t$i\s & irksome to any b 8 own ideal philosoph] to live "u ! rule ( t p]fect polity4 ,individual ent]prise1 b5t1 & *oice is rigor\sly exclud$4 ,no?+ escapes ! net ( legislation1 f ! production ( *ildr5 to ! fa%ion ( h\ses1 clo!s1 & food4 ,x is absurd1 says ! ru?less logic ( ?is ma!matician among ! poets1 = "o :o w\ld regulate public life to leave private relations uncontroll$2 if !re is to be ord] at all1 x mu/ ext5d ?r\gh & ?r\gh2 no mom5t1 no detail mu/ be )drawn f ! grasp ( law4 ,& ?\gh 9 ?is1 ,plato1 no d\bt1 goes f> beyond ! common s5se ( ! ,greeks1 yet he is n build+ altoge!r 9 ! air4 ,! republic :i* he desid]ates 0 realis$1 z we %all see1 p>tially at lea/1 9 ,sp>ta4 ,s t 8 insi/5ce on ! all-p]vad+ dom9ation ( ! /ate1 exagg]at$ ?\gh x be1 is exagg]at$ on ! actual l9es ( ,greek practice1 & may be tak5 z indicative ( a real di/9ction & ev5 anti!sis betwe5 _! po9t ( view & t :i* prevails at pres5t 9 mo/ mod]n /ates4 ,b on ! o!r h& su* a phrase z ! sacrifice ( ! individual to ! :ole1 to ?is ext5t at lea/ is mislead+1 t x presupposes an opposition betwe5 ! end ( ! individual & t ( ! ,/ate1 su* z 0 entirely =eign to ! ,greek conception4 ,! be/ individual1 9 _! view1 0 also ! be/ citiz52 ! two ideals n only 7 n incompatible1 !y 7 almo/ indi/+ui%able4 ,:5 ,ari/otle def9es a /ate z an association ( simil> p]sons = ! atta9m5t ( ! be/ life possible1 he implies n only t society is ! means :]eby ! individual atta9s 8 ideal1 b also t t ideal includes ! functions ( public life4 ,! /ate 9 8 view is n m]ely ! conv5i5t ma*9]y t raises a man above 8 animal wants & sets him free to foll[ 8 own devices2 x is itself 8 end1 or at lea/ a "p ( x4 ,& f ?is x foll[s t ! regulations ( ! /ate 7 n reg>d$ by ! ,greeks--z !y are apt to be by mod]n m5--z s _m vexati\s1 if necess>y1 re/ra9ts on individual lib]ty2 b r z ! expression ( ! be/ & highe/ nature ( ! citiz51 z ! =mula ( ! conduct :i* ! good man w\ld naturally prescribe to himself4 ,s t1 to get a cle> conception ( :at 0 at lea/ ! ,greek ideal1 h[ev] imp]fectly x may h be5 atta9$ 9 practice1 we ought to reg>d ! individual n z sacrific$ to1 b r z realis+ himself 9 ! :ole4 ,we %all ?us come ne>] to :at seems to h be5 ! po9t ( view n only ( ,ari/otle & ( ,plato1 b also ( ! av]age ,greek man4 ,section #c4 ,! ,greek ,view ( ,law4 ,= no?+ is m rem>kable 9 ! political !ory ( ! ,greeks ?an ! respect !y habitually express = law4 ,e>ly legislators 7 believ$ to h be5 specially inspir$ by ! div9e p[]--,lycurgus1 = in/ance1 by ,apollo1 & ,m9os by ,zeus2 & ,plato reg>ds x z a fundam5tal condition ( ! well-be+ ( any /ate t ?is view %\ld prevail among its citiz5s4 ,nor 0 ?is conception ( ! div9e orig9 ( law conf9$ to leg5d & to philosophy2 we f9d x express$ 9 ! foll[+ passage ( ,demo/h5es1 address$ to a jury ( av]age ,a!nians1 & repres5t+ at any rate ! conv5tional & or?odox1 if n ! critical view ( ! ,greek public3 ,! :ole life ( m51 ,o ,a!nians1 :e!r !y inhabit a great city or a small "o1 is gov]n$ by nature & by laws4 ,( ^!1 nature is a ?+ irregul>1 unequal1 & peculi> to ! individual possessor2 laws are regul>1 common1 & ! same = all4 ,nature1 if x be deprav$1 has (t5 vici\s desires2 !re=e y w f9d p ( t sort fall+ into error4 ,laws desire :at is j & hon\rable & useful2 !y seek = ?is1 &1 :5 x is f\nd1 x is set =? z a g5]al ord9ance1 ! same & alike = all2 & t is law1 :i* all m5 ought to obey = _m reasons1 & especially because e law is an inv5tion & gift ( ! ,gods1 a resolution ( wise m51 a corrective ( errors int5tional & un9t5tional1 a compact ( ! :ole /ate1 accord+ to :i* all :o belong to ! /ate ought to live4 ,footnote3 ,demo/h4 9 ,ari/ogeit4 ,section #ag4--,translation by ,c4 ,r4 ,k5n$y4 ,9 ?is opposition ( ,law1 z ! univ]sal pr9ciple1 to ,nature1 z individual caprice1 is impli$ a tacit id5tification ( ,law & ,ju/ice4 ,! id5tification1 ( c\rse1 is nev] complete 9 any /ate1 & frequ5tly en\gh is n ev5 approximate4 ,no p 7 m consci\s ( ?is ?an ! ,greeks1 none1 z we %all see lat]1 pu%$ x m vigor\sly home4 ,b /ill1 ! positive conception :i* lay at ! root ( _! society 0 t :i* f9ds expression 9 ! passage we h quot$1 & :i* is /at$ /ill m explicitly 9 ! ,memorabilia ( ,x5ophon1 :]e t admirable example ( ! good & effici5t citiz5 repres5ts 8 h]o ,socrates z ma9ta9+1 )\t hesitation or res]ve1 t t :i* is 9 accordance ) law is j4 ,! implication1 ( c\rse1 is n t laws _c be improv$1 t !y d at any po9t adequately correspond to ju/ice2 b t ju/ice has an objective & b9d+ validity1 & t ,law is a s]i\s & on ! :ole a successful attempt to embody x 9 practice4 ,?is 0 ! conviction pr$om9ant 9 ! be/ p]iod ( ,greece2 ! conviction "u :i* h] in/itutions 7 =m$ & fl\ri%$1 & ^: ov]?r[ by ! philosophy ( a critical age 0 co9cid5t )1 if x 0 n ! cause (1 h] decl9e4 ,section #d4 ,artisans & ,slaves4 ,we h n[ arriv$ at a g5]al idea ( ! nature ( ! ,greek /ate1 & ( its relations to ! individual citiz54 ,b !re 7 also memb]s ( ! /ate :o 7 n citiz5s at all2 !re 0 ! class ( lab\r]s & trad]s1 :o1 9 "s /ates at lea/1 _h no political rights2 & ! class ( slaves :o _h n[h]e any rights at all4 ,= 9 ! ,greek conception ! citiz5 0 an ari/ocrat4 ,8 excell5ce 0 ?\ght to consi/ 9 public activity2 & to ! p]=mance ( public duties he ought !re=e to be able to devote ! great] "p ( 8 "t & en]gy4 ,b ! exi/5ce ( su* a privileg$ class involv$ ! exi/5ce ( a class ( produc]s to support !m2 & ! produc]s1 by ! nature ( _! call+1 be !y slave or free1 7 exclud$ f ! life ( ! p]fect citiz54 ,!y _h n ! necess>y leisure to devote to public bus9ess2 nei!r _h !y ! opportunity to acquire ! m5tal & physical qualities :i* w\ld enable !m to transact x wor?ily4 ,!y 7 !re=e reg>d$ by ! ,greeks z an inf]ior class2 9 "s /ates1 9 ,sp>ta1 = example1 & 9 ,!bes1 !y 7 exclud$ f political rights2 & ev5 9 ,a!ns1 ! mo/ democratic ( all ! ,greek communities1 ?\gh !y 7 admitt$ to ! citiz5%ip & enjoy$ consid]able political influ5ce1 !y nev] appe> to h lo/ ! /igma ( social inf]iority4 ,& ! di/9ction :i* 0 ?us m or less def9itely drawn 9 practice betwe5 ! citiz5s prop] & ! productive class1 0 ev5 m emphatically affirm$ 9 !ory4 ,ari/otle1 ! mo/ balanc$ ( all ! ,greek ?9k]s & ! be/ expon5t ( ! normal tr5d ( _! ideas1 excludes ! class ( artisans f ! citiz5%ip ( 8 ideal /ate on ! gr\nd t !y are deb>r$ by _! occupation f ! *>act]i/ic excell5ce ( man4 ,& ,plato1 ?\gh "h z else:]e he pu%es ! normal view to excess1 yet1 9 8 insi/5ce on ! gulf t sep>ates ! citiz5 f ! me*anic & ! trad]1 is 9 sympa?y ) ! g5]al curr5t ( ,greek ideas4 ,8 ideal /ate is "o :i* dep5ds ma9ly on agriculture2 9 :i* comm]ce & ex*ange are r$uc$ to ! smalle/ possible dim5sions2 9 :i* e citiz5 is a l&[n]1 =bidd5 to engage 9 trade2 & 9 :i* ! productive class is exclud$ f all political rights4 ,! obv]se !n1 ( ! ,greek citiz51 :o realis$ 9 ! /ate 8 highe/ life1 0 an inf]ior class ( produc]s :o realis$ only ! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,b )9 ?is class aga9 0 a di/9ction yet m fundam5tal--! di/9ction betwe5 free m5 & slaves4 ,9 ! majority ( ! ,greek /ates ! slaves 7 ! great] "p ( ! population2 9 ,a!ns1 to take an extreme case1 at ! close ( ! f\r? c5tury1 !y are e/imat$ at #djj1jjj1 to #ajj1jjj citiz5s4 ,!y 7 employ$ n only 9 dome/ic s]vice1 b on ! fields1 9 factories & 9 m9es1 & p]=m$1 9 %ort1 a consid]able "p ( ! productive lab\r 9 ! /ate4 ,a :ole l>ge section1 !n1 ( ! produc]s 9 anci5t ,greece _h no social or political rights at all4 ,!y exi/$ simply to ma9ta9 ! ari/ocracy ( citiz5s1 = :om & 9 :om ! /ate _h its be+4 ,nor 0 ?is /ate ( ?+s 9 ! lea/ repugnant to ! av]age ,greek m9d4 ,no?+ is m curi\s to ! mod]n man ?an ! temp] 9 :i* ,ari/otle approa*es ?is !me4 ,)\t surprise or indignation1 b 9 ! tone ( an imp>tial1 sci5tific inquir]1 he asks himself ! "q :e!r slav]y is natural1 & answ]s x 9 ! affirmative4 ,=1 he argues1 ?\gh 9 any p>ticul> case1 ow+ to ! unc]ta9 *ances ( =tune & w>1 ! wrong p]son may happ5 to be enslav$1 yet1 broadly speak+1 ! g5]al tru? rema9s1 t !re are "s m5 s inf]ior to o!rs t !y ought to be despotically gov]n$1 by ! same "r & = ! same good end t ! body ought to be gov]n$ by ! s\l4 ,su* m51 he ma9ta9s1 are slaves by nature2 & x is z mu* to _! int]e/ to be rul$ z x is to _! ma/]s' int]e/ to rule !m4 ,to ?is class belong1 = example1 all :o are naturally incapable ( any b physical activity4 ,^! %\ld be reg>d$ z deta*able limbs1 s to speak1 ( ! man :o owns !m1 in/rum5ts ( 8 w1 l h&s & feet2 or1 to use ,ari/otle's own phrase1 ! slave is a tool ) life 9 x1 & ! tool a lifeless slave4 ,! relation betwe5 ma/] & slave ?us frankly conceiv$ by ! ,greeks1 did n necess>ily imply1 ?\gh x 0 q compatible )1 brutality ( treatm5t4 ,! slave might be badly treat$1 no d\bt1 & v frequ5tly 01 = 8 ma/] _h almo/ absolute control ov] him1 life & limb2 b1 z we %\ld expect1 x 0 cle>ly recognis$ by ! be/ ,greeks t ! treatm5t %\ld be g5ial & humane4 ,!re is a c]ta9 mutual pr(it & k9dness1 says ,ari/otle1 betwe5 ma/] & slave1 9 all cases :]e ! relation is natural1 n m]ely impos$ f )\t by conv5tion or =ce4 ,footnote3 ,ari/4 ,pol4 ,i4 #g4 #abee b #ab ,& ,plato insi/s on ! duty ( nei!r insult+ nor outrag+ a slave1 b treat+ him r ) ev5 great] fairness ?an if he 7 9 a position ( equality4 ,/ill1 !re c be no d\bt t ! ,greek conception ( slav]y is "o ( ! po9ts 9 :i* _! view ( life runs mo/ c\nt] to our own4 ,c5turies ( ,*ri/ianity h eng5d]$ 9 u ! conviction1 or r1 ! in/9ct1 t m5 are equal at lea/ to ?is ext5t1 t no "o has a "r explicitly to make ( ano!r a m]e passive in/rum5t ( 8 w--t e man1 9 %ort1 mu/ be reg>d$ z an end 9 himself4 ,yet ev5 "h ! div]g5ce betwe5 ! ,greek & ! mod]n view is less extreme ?an x appe>s at fir/ sight4 ,= ! mod]n man1 9 spite ( 8 p]fectly g5u9e belief 9 equality 79 ! s5se 9 :i* we h j def9$ ! ^w71 does nev]!less1 :5 he is confront$ ) racial diff]5ces1 recognise degrees ( inf]iority s extreme1 t he is practically driv5 into ! ,ari/otelian position t "s m5 are naturally slaves4 ,! ,am]ican1 = example1 w h>dly d5y t su* is 8 attitude t[>ds ! negro4 ,! negro1 9 !ory1 is ! equal1 politically & socially1 ( ! :ite man2 9 practice1 he is exclud$ f ! vote1 f ! pr(essions1 f ! am5ities ( social int]c\rse1 & ev51 z we h rec5tly le>nt1 f ! mo/ elem5t>y =ms ( ju/ice4 ,! g5]al & a priori doctr9e ( equality is %att]+ itself aga9/ ! actual facts2 & ! old ,greek conception1 ! slave by nature1 may be detect$ beh9d ! mask ( ! ,*ri/ian ideal4 ,& :ile ?us1 ev5 9 spite ( itself1 ! mod]n view is approximat+ to t ( ! ,greeks1 on ! o!r h& ! ,greek view by its own evolution 0 already beg9n+ to anticipate our own4 ,ev5 ,ari/otle1 9 =mulat+ 8 own conception ( slav]y1 f9ds x necess>y to obs]ve t ?\gh x be true t "s m5 are naturally slaves1 yet 9 practice1 "u conditions :i* give ! victory to =ce1 x may happ5 t ! natural slave becomes ! ma/]1 & ! natural ma/] is degrad$ to a slave4 ,?is is already a s]i\s modification ( 8 doctr9e4 ,& o!r writ]s1 pu%+ ! cont5tion fur!r1 d5y altoge!r ! !ory ( natural slav]y4 ,no man1 says ! poet ,philemon1 0 ev] born a slave by nature4 ,=tune only has put m5 9 t position4 ,& ,euripides1 ! mo/ mod]n ( ! ,greeks1 writes 9 ! same /ra93 ,"o ?+ only disgraces a slave1 & t is ! "n4 ,9 all o!r respects a slave1 if he be good1 is no worse ?an a freeman4 ,footnote3 ,euripides1 ,ion4 #hed ,x seems !n t ! di/9ction betwe5 ! ,greek & ! mod]n po9t ( view is n s pr(\nd or s f9al z x appe>s at fir/ sight4 ,/ill1 ! di/9ction1 broadly speak+1 is !re4 ,! ,greeks1 on ! :ole1 7 q cont5t to sacrifice ! majority to ! m9ority4 ,_! position1 z we said at ! outset1 0 fundam5tally ari/ocratic2 !y exagg]at$ r ?an m9imis$ ! di/9ctions betwe5 m5--betwe5 ! ,greek & ! b>b>ian1 ! freeman & ! slave1 ! g5tleman & ! artisan--reg>d+ !m z natural & fundam5tal1 n z ! casual product ( circum/ances4 ,! equality :i* !y s\ght 9 a well-ord]$ /ate 0 proportional n ari?metical--! attribution to ea* ( 8 peculi> "r1 n ( equal rights to all4 ,"s 7 born to rule1 o!rs to s]ve2 "s to be ends1 o!rs to be means2 & ! problem to be solv$ 0 n h[ to oblit]ate ^! v>ieties ( tone1 b h[ to compose !m into an ord]$ h>mony4 ,9 a mod]n /ate1 on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh class di/9ctions are cle>ly en\gh m>k$1 yet ! po9t ( view f :i* !y are reg>d$ is fundam5tally diff]5t4 ,!y are attribut$ r to accid5ts ( =tune ?an to v>ieties ( nature4 ,! artisan1 = example1 ranks no d\bt l[] ?an ! pr(essional man2 b no "o ma9ta9s t he is a diff]5t k9d ( be+1 incapable by nature1 z ,ari/otle ass]ts1 ( ! *>act]i/ic excell5ce ( man4 ,! di/9ction admitt$ is r "o ( weal? ?an ( natural call+1 & may be oblit]at$ by ability & good luck4 ,nei!r 9 !ory nor 9 practice does ! mod]n /ate recognise any su* gulf z t :i*1 9 anci5t ,greece1 sep>at$ ! freeman f ! slave1 or ! citiz5 f ! non-citiz54 ,section #e4 ,! ,greek ,/ate ,prim>ily ,milit>y1 n ,indu/rial4 ,! s\rce ( ?is div]g5ce ( view mu/ be s\ght 9 ! :ole circum/ances & "* ( ! ,greek /ates4 ,f\nd$ 9 ! beg9n+ by conque/1 _m ( !m /ill reta9$1 9 _! int]nal /ructure1 ! m>ks ( _! viol5t orig94 ,! citiz5s1 = example1 ( ,sp>ta & ( ,crete1 7 practically milit>y g>risons1 settl$ 9 ! mid/ ( a ho/ile population4 ,^! 7 extreme cases2 & else:]e1 no d\bt1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! conqu]ors & ! conqu]$ _h disappe>$4 ,/ill1 x _h suffic$ to m\ld ! conception & ideal ( ! citiz5 z a memb] ( a privileg$ & sup]ior class1 ^: :ole en]gies 7 devot$ to ma9ta9+1 by c\ncil & w>1 n only ! prosp]ity1 b ! v exi/5ce ( ! /ate4 ,! orig9al citiz51 moreov]1 w\ld be an own] ( l&1 :i* w\ld be till$ = him by a subject class4 ,productive lab\r w\ld be /amp$1 f ! outset1 ) ! /igma ( inf]iority2 comm]ce w\ld gr[ up1 if at all1 outside ! limits ( ! l&$ ari/ocracy1 & w\ld h a /ruggle to w9 = itself any degree ( social & political recognition4 ,su* 7 ! conditions t produc$ ! ,greek conception ( ! citiz54 ,9 "s /ates1 su* z ,sp>ta1 !y cont9u$ practically un*ang$ ?r\gh\t ! be/ p]iod ( ,greek hi/ory2 9 o!rs1 su* z ,a!ns1 !y 7 modifi$ by ! gr[? ( a comm]cial population1 & :]e t 0 ! case ! conception ( ! citiz5 0 modifi$ too1 & ! :ole polity assum$ a democratic "*4 ,yet nev]1 z we h se51 ev5 9 ! mo/ democratic /ates1 0 ! mod]n conception ( equality admitt$4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! in/itution ( slav]y p]si/$1 to /amp ! mass ( produc]s z an inf]ior ca/e2 & 9 ! second place1 trade1 ev5 9 ! /ates :]e x 0 mo/ develop$1 h>dly atta9$ a prepond]at+ influ5ce4 ,! anci5t /ate 0 & rema9$ prim>ily milit>y4 ,! great indu/rial que/ions :i* agitate mod]n /ates ei!r did n exi/ at all 9 ,greece1 or assum$ s simple a =m t !y did n rise to ! surface ( political life4 ,footnote3 ,!re 01 ( c\rse1 ! g5]al opposition betwe5 ri* & poor 7see bel[74 ,b n ^? inf9itely complex relations :i* are ! problems ( mod]n /atesman%ip4 ,h[ curi\s x is1 = example1 f ! mod]n po9t ( view1 to f9d ,plato1 a citiz5 ( ! mo/ important trad+ c5tre ( ,greece1 dismiss+ 9 ! foll[+ brief s5t5ce ! :ole comm]cial legislation ( 8 ideal /ate3 ,z to ^? common bus9ess transactions betwe5 private individuals 9 ! m>ket1 includ+1 if y please1 ! contracts ( artisans1 libels1 assaults1 law-proce$+s1 & ! impanell+ ( juries1 or aga9 que/ions relat+ to t>iffs1 & ! collection ( su* cu/oms z may be necess>y 9 ! m>ket or 9 ! h>b\rs1 & g5]ally all regulations ( ! m>ket1 ! police1 ! cu/om-h\se1 & ! l2 %all we condesc5d to legislate at all on su* matt]s8 ,no1 x is n wor? :ile to give directions on ^! po9ts to good & cultivat$ m53 = 9 mo/ cases !y w h little difficulty 9 discov]+ all ! legislation requir$4 ,footnote3 ,plato1 ,rep4 ,,iv4 #dbe4--,translat$ by ,davies & ,vaughan4 ,9 fact1 ?r\gh\t 8 treatise x is ! non-comm]cial or milit>y class ) :i* ,plato is almo/ exclusively conc]n$2 & 9 tak+ t l9e he is s f> at lea/ 9 t\* ) reality t t class 0 ! "o :i* did 9 fact pr$om9ate 9 ! ,greek /ate2 & t ev5 :]e1 z 9 ,a!ns1 ! productive class became an important factor 9 political life1 x 0 nev] able altoge!r to ov]?r[ ! ari/ocratic conception ( ! citiz54 ,& ) t conception1 we mu/ add1 0 b\nd up ! :ole ,greek view ( individual excell5ce4 ,! inf]iority ( ! artisan & ! trad]1 hi/orically e/abli%$ 9 ! mann] we h indicat$1 0 fur!r emphasis$ by ! fact t !y 7 exclud$ by _! call+ f ! cultivation ( ! high] p]sonal qualities--f ! tra9+ ( ! body by gymna/ics & ( ! m9d by philosophy2 f habitual conv]sance ) public affairs2 f t p]fect balance1 9 a ^w1 ( ! physical1 intellectual1 & moral p[]s1 :i* 0 only to be atta9$ by a process ( self-culture1 incompatible ) ! pursuance ( a trade = bread4 ,su*1 at any rate1 0 ! op9ion ( ! ,greeks4 ,we %all h occasion to return to x lat]4 ,meantime1 let u sum up ! c\rse ( our inve/igation up to ! pres5t po9t4 ,we h se5 t ! /ate1 9 ! ,greek view1 mu/ be s limit$1 bo? 9 t]ritory & population1 t all its citiz5s might be able to p>ticipate 9 p]son 9 its gov]nm5t & def5ce2 t x 0 bas$ on fundam5tal class di/9ctions sep>at+ %>ply ! citiz5 f ! non-citiz51 & ! slave f ! free2 t its end & purpose 0 t all-absorb+ corporate activity 9 :i* ! citiz5 f\nd ! highe/ expression ( himself2 & t to t end ! inf]ior classes 7 reg>d$ z m]e means--a po9t ( view :i* f9ds its complete/ expression 9 ! in/itution ( slav]y4 ,section #f4 ,=ms ( ,gov]nm5t 9 ! ,greek ,/ate4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ?is 0 ! g5]al idea ( ! ,greek /ate1 x w\ld be a mi/ake to suppose t x 0 ev]y:]e embodi$ 9 a s+le p]man5t =m ( polity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! majority ( ! /ates 9 ,greece 7 9 a con/ant /ate ( flux2 revolution succe$$ revolution ) />tl+ rapidity2 & 9 place ( a s+le fix$ type :at we really get is a con/ant transition f "o v>iety to ano!r4 ,! g5]al acc\nt we h giv5 ought !re=e to be reg>d$ only z a k9d ( limit+ =mula1 embrac+ )9 its range a numb] ( polities di/9ct & ev5 oppos$ 9 "*4 ,( ^! polities ,ari/otle1 ^: "w is bas$ on an exam9ation ( all ! exi/+ /ates ( ,greece1 recognises ?ree ma9 v>ieties3 gov]nm5t by ! "o1 gov]nm5t by ! few1 & gov]nm5t by ! _m2 & ea* ( ^! is subdivid$ into two =ms1 "o good1 :]e ! gov]nm5t has reg>d to ! well-be+ ( ! :ole1 ! o!r bad1 :]e x has reg>d only to ! well-be+ ( ^? :o gov]n4 ,! result is six =ms1 ( :i* ?ree are good1 mon>*y1 ari/ocracy1 & :at he calls a polity p> excell5ce2 ?ree bad1 tyranny1 olig>*y1 & democracy4 ,( all ^! =ms we h examples 9 ,greek hi/ory1 & inde$ c r\ghly trace a t5d5cy ( ! /ate to evolve ?r\gh ! s]ies ( !m4 ,b by f> ! mo/ important1 9 ! hi/orical p]iod1 are ! two =ms kn[n z ,olig>*y & ,democracy2 & ! reason ( _! importance is t !y correspond$ r\ghly to gov]nm5t by ! ri* & gov]nm5t by ! poor4 ,ri* & poor1 says ,ari/otle1 are ! really antagoni/ic memb]s ( a /ate4 ,! result is t ! "* ( all exi/+ polities is det]m9$ by ! pr$om9ance ( "o or o!r ( ^! classes1 & x is ! common op9ion t !re are two polities & two only1 viz41 ,democracy & ,olig>*y4 ,footnote3 ,ari/4 ,pol4 ,,vi4 7,,iv7 #abia b#h4--,translation by ,welldon4 ,9 o!r words1 ! social di/9ction betwe5 ri* & poor 0 exagg]at$ 9 ,greece into political antagonism4 ,9 e /ate !re 0 an olig>*ic & a democratic faction2 & s fi]ce 0 ! opposition betwe5 !m1 t we may almo/ say t e ,greek city 0 9 a *ronic /ate ( civil w>1 hav+ become1 z ,plato puts x1 n "o city b two1 "o compris+ ! ri* & ! o!r ! poor1 :o reside toge!r on ! same gr\nd1 & are always plott+ aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,footnote3 ,plat4 ,rep4 viii4 #eea--,translation by ,davies & ,vaughan ,section #g4 ,faction & ,an>*y4 ,?is int]nal s*ism :i* ran ?r\gh almo/ e /ate1 came to a head 9 ! great ,peloponnesian w> :i* divid$ ,greece at ! close ( ! fif? c5tury1 & 9 :i* ,a!ns & ,sp>ta1 ! two *ief combatants1 repres5t$ respectively ! democratic & ! olig>*ic pr9ciples4 ,ea* appeal$ to ! k9dr$ faction 9 ! /ates t 7 oppos$ to !m2 & e city 0 divid$ aga9/ itself1 ! p>ty t 0 out = ! mom5t plott+ ) ! =eign foe to ov]?r[ ! p>ty t 0 94 ,?us ! g5]al ,greek conception ( ! ord]$ /ate 0 s f> f be+ realis$ 9 practice t probably at no "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! civilis$ _w has an>*y m complete & cynical prevail$4 ,to appreciate ! gulf t exi/$ betwe5 ! ideal & ! fact1 we h only to contra/ su* a s*eme z t set =? 9 ! ,republic ( ,plato ) ! foll[+ description by ,?ucydides ( ! /ate ( ,greece dur+ ! ,peloponnesian w>3 ,n long aft]w>ds ! :ole ,hell5ic _w 0 9 commotion2 9 e city ! *iefs ( ! democracy & ( ! olig>*y 7 /ruggl+1 ! "o to br+ 9 ! ,a!nians1 ! o!r ! ,lac$aemonians4 ,n[ 9 "t ( peace1 m5 w\ld h _h no excuse = introduc+ ei!r1 & no desire to d s2 b :5 !y 7 at w> & bo? sides c\ld easily obta9 allies to ! hurt ( _! enemies & ! advantage ( !mselves1 ! dissatisfi$ p>ty 7 only too ready to invoke =eign aid4 ,& revolution br\ght ^u ! cities ( ,hellas _m t]rible calamities1 su* z h be5 & always w be :ile human nature rema9s ! same1 b :i* are m or less aggravat$ & diff] 9 "* ) e new comb9ation ( circum/ances4 ,9 peace & prosp]ity bo? /ates & individuals are actuat$ by high] motives1 because !y d n fall "u ! dom9ion ( imp]i\s necessities2 b w> :i* takes away ! com=table provision ( daily life is a h>d ma/]1 & t5ds to assimilate m5's *>act]s to _! conditions4 ,:5 tr\bles _h once begun 9 ! cities1 ^? :o foll[$ c>ri$ ! revolution>y _s fur!r & fur!r1 & det]m9$ to outdo ! report ( all :o _h prec$$ !m by ! +5uity ( _! ent]prises & ! atrocity ( _! rev5ges4 ,! mean+ ( words _h no long] ! same relation to ?+s1 b 0 *ang$ by !m z !y ?\ght prop]4 ,reckless d>+ 0 held to be loyal c\rage2 prud5t delay 0 ! excuse ( a c[>d2 mod]ation 0 ! disguise ( unmanly weakness2 to "k ev]y?+ 0 to d no?+4 ,frantic en]gy 0 ! true quality ( a man4 ,a conspirator :o want$ to be safe 0 a recreant 9 disguise4 ,! lov] ( viol5ce 0 always tru/$1 & 8 oppon5t suspect$4 ,he :o succe$$ 9 a plot 0 deem$ kn[+1 b a /ill great] ma/] 9 craft 0 he :o detect$ "o4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he :o plott$ f ! fir/ to h no?+ to d ) plots 0 a break]-up ( p>ties & a poltroon :o 0 afraid ( ! enemy4 ,9 a ^w1 he :o c\ld out/rip ano!r 9 a bad action 0 applaud$1 & s 0 he :o enc\rag$ to evil "o :o _h no idea ( x4 ,! tie ( p>ty 0 /rong] ?an ! tie ( blood1 because a p>tisan 0 m ready to d>e )\t ask+ :y 7= p>ty associations are n bas$ ^u any e/abli%$ law1 nor d !y seek ! public good2 !y are =m$ 9 defiance ( ! laws & f self-int]e/74 ,! seal ( good fai? 0 n div9e law1 b fell[%ip 9 crime4 ,if an enemy :5 he 0 9 ! asc5dant (f]$ fair words1 ! opposite p>ty receiv$ !m1 n 9 a g5]\s _s1 b by a jeal\s wat*fulness ( 8 actions4 ,rev5ge 0 de>] ?an self-pres]vation4 ,any agreem5ts sworn to by ei!r p>ty1 :5 !y c\ld d no?+ else1 7 b9d+ z long z bo? 7 p[]less4 ,b he :o on a fav\rable opportunity fir/ took c\rage & /ruck at 8 enemy :5 he saw him (f 8 gu>d1 _h great] pleasure 9 a p]fidi\s ?an he w\ld h _h 9 an op5 act ( rev5ge2 he congratulat$ himself t he _h tak5 ! saf] c\rse1 & also t he _h ov]rea*$ 8 enemy & ga9$ ! prize ( sup]ior ability4 ,9 g5]al ! di%one/ m easily ga9 cr$it = clev]ness ?an ! simple = goodness2 m5 take a pride 9 ! "o1 b are a%am$ ( ! o!r4 ,! cause ( all ^! evils 0 ! love ( p[] orig9at+ 9 av>ice & ambition1 & ! p>ty-_s :i* is eng5d]$ by !m :5 m5 are fairly emb>k$ 9 a conte/4 ,= ! lead]s on ei!r side us$ speci\s names1 ! "o p>ty pr(ess+ to uphold ! con/itutional equality ( ! _m1 ! o!r ! wisdom ( an ari/ocracy1 :ile !y made ! public int]e/s1 to :i* 9 "n !y 7 devot$1 9 reality _! prize4 ,/riv+ 9 e way to ov]come ea* o!r1 !y committ$ ! mo/ mon/r\s crimes2 yet ev5 ^! 7 surpass$ by ! magnitude ( _! rev5ges :i* !y pursu$ to ! v utmo/1 nei!r p>ty obs]v+ any def9ite limits ei!r ( ju/ice or public exp$i5cy1 b bo? alike mak+ ! caprice ( ! mom5t _! law4 ,ei!r by ! help ( an unrighte\s s5t5ce1 or grasp+ p[] ) ! /rong h&1 !y 7 eag] to satiate ! impati5ce ( p>ty _s4 ,nei!r faction c>$ = religion2 b any fair pret5ce :i* succe$$ 9 effect+ "s odi\s purpose 0 greatly laud$4 ,& ! citiz5s :o 7 ( nei!r p>ty fell a prey to bo?2 ei!r !y 7 dislik$ because !y held alo(1 or m5 7 jeal\s ( _! surviv+4 ,?us revolution gave bir? to e =m ( wick$ness 9 ,hellas4 ,! simplicity :i* is s l>ge an elem5t 9 a noble nature 0 laugh$ to scorn & disappe>$4 ,an attitude ( p]fidi\s antagonism ev]y:]e prevail$2 = !re 0 no ^w b9d+ en\gh1 nor oa? t]rible en\gh to reconcile enemies4 ,ea* man 0 /rong only 9 ! conviction t no?+ 0 secure2 he mu/ look to 8 own safety1 & c\ld n af=d to tru/ o!rs4 ,inf]ior intellects g5]ally succe$$ be/4 ,= aw>e ( _! own defici5cies1 & fe>+ ! capacities ( _! oppon5ts1 = :om !y 7 no mat* 9 p[]s ( spee*1 & ^: subtle wits 7 likely to anticipate !m 9 contriv+ evil1 !y /ruck boldly & at once4 ,b ! clev]] sort1 presum+ 9 _! arrogance t !y w\ld be aw>e 9 "t1 & disda9+ to act :5 !y c\ld ?9k1 7 tak5 (f _! gu>d & easily de/roy$4 ,footnote3 ,?uc4 iii4 #hb4--,translat$ by ,j[ett4 ,! g5]al indictm5t ?us drawn up by ,?ucydides is amply illu/rat$ by ! ev5ts ( w> :i* he describes4 ,on "o occasion1 = example1 ! ,a!nians 7 blockad+ ,mityl5e2 ! gov]nm5t1 an olig>*y1 0 driv5 to arm ! p = ! def5ce2 ! p1 hav+ obta9$ arms1 imm$iately dem&$ political rights1 "u ?reat ( surr5d]+ ! city to ! =eign foe2 & ! gov]nm5t1 r ?an conc$e _! claims1 surr5d]$ x !mselves4 ,aga91 ,meg>a1 we le>n1 0 twice betray$1 once by ! democrats to ! ,a!nians1 & aga9 by ! olig>*s to ! ,lac$aemonians4 ,at ,leont9i ! ,syracusans 7 call$ 9 to drive out ! popul> p>ty4 ,& at ,corcyra ! p1 hav+ got ! bett] ( _! ari/ocratic oppon5ts1 proce$$ to a g5]al massacre :i* ext5d$ ov] sev5 days1 ) e v>iety ( moral & physical atrocity4 ,su* is ! view ( ! political condition ( ,greece giv5 to u by a contempor>y obs]v] t[>ds ! close ( ! fif? c5tury1 & x is a curi\s comm5t on ! ,greek idea ( ! /ate4 ,t idea1 z we saw1 0 an ord]$ inequality1 political z well z social2 & 9 c]ta9 /ates1 & notably 9 ,sp>ta1 x 0 successfully embodi$ 9 a /able =m4 ,b 9 ! majority ( ! ,greek /ates x nev] atta9$ to m ?an a fluctuat+ & tempor>y realisation4 ,! inh]5t contradiction 0 too extreme = ! attempt$ reconciliation2 ! inequalities refus$ to bl5d 9 a h>mony ( div]g5t tones b ass]t$ !mselves 9 ! dissonance ( civil w>4 ,section #h4 ,prop]ty & ! ,communi/ic ,ideal4 ,&1 z we h se51 ?is int]nal s*ism ( ! ,greek /ate 0 z mu* social z political4 ,! _m & ! few 7 id5tifi$ respectively ) ! poor & ! ri*2 & ! /ruggle 0 ?us at bottom z mu* economic z political4 ,gov]nm5t by an olig>*y 0 und]/ood to mean ! exploitation ( ! masses by ! classes4 ,an olig>*y1 says a democrat1 z report$ by ,?ucydides1 :ile giv+ ! p ! full %>e ( dang]1 n m]ely takes too mu* ( ! good ?+s1 b absolutely monopolises !m4 ,footnote3 ,?uc4 vi4 #ci4-- ,translat$ by ,j[ett4 ,&1 simil>ly1 ! adv5t ( democracy 0 held to imply ! spoliation ( ! classes 9 ! int]e/ ( ! masses1 ei!r by excessive taxation1 by an abuse ( ! judicial p[] to f9e1 or by any o!r ( ! semi-legal devices ( oppression :i* ! majority 9 p[] h always at _! comm&4 ,?is sub/antial id5tity ( ri* & poor1 respectively1 ) olig>* & democrat may be fur!r illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ passage f ,ari/otle3 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! political di/urbances & cont5tions betwe5 ! commons on ! "o h& & ! ri* on ! o!r1 :i*ev] p>ty happ5s to get ! bett] ( its oppon5ts1 in/ead ( e/abli%+ a polity ( a broad & equal k9d1 assumes political supremacy z a prize ( ! victory1 & sets up ei!r a ,democracy or an ,olig>*y4 ,footnote3 ,ari/4 ,pol4 ,,vi4 7,,iv7 #abif a #bg4--,translation by ,welldon4 ,we see !n t x 0 ! und]ly+ "q ( prop]ty t infus$ s /rong a ranc\r into ! p>ty /ruggles ( ,greece4 ,f ! v e>lie/ p]iod1 9 fact1 we f9d x to h be5 ! case t political revolution 0 prompt$ by economic causes4 ,debt 0 ! ma9 factor ( ! crisis :i* l$ to ! legislation ( ,solon2 & a re- division ( ! l& 0 "o ( ! measures attribut$ to ,lycurgus4 ,footnote3 ,i h n ?\ght x necess>y = my purpose1 "h or else:]e1 to discuss ! au!nticity ( ! /atem5ts made by ,greek au?ors ab\t ,lycurgus4 ,z population increas$1 &1 9 ! m>itime /ates1 comm]ce & trade develop$1 ! problem ( pov]ty became increas+ly acute2 & ?\gh x 0 p>tially met by ! emigration ( ! surplus population to colonies1 yet 9 ! fif? & f\r? c5turies we f9d x prom95t & press+ bo? 9 practical politics & 9 speculation4 ,no?+ c illu/rate bett] h[ famili> ! topic 01 & to :at free !oris+ x _h l$1 ?an ! passages 9 :i* x is treat$ 9 ! com$ies ( ,ari/ophanes4 ,"h = example1 is an extract f ! ,ecclesiazusae :i* x may be wor? :ile to ins]t z a contribution to an argum5t t belongs to e age4 ,,praxagora4 ,i tell y t we are all to %>e alike & h ev]y?+ 9 common1 in/ead ( "o be+ ri* & ano!r poor1 & "o hav+ hundr$s ( acres & ano!r n en\gh to make him a grave1 & "o a h\seful ( s]vants & ano!r n ev5 a paltry foot-boy4 ,i am go+ to introduce communism & univ]sal equality4 ,,blepsyrus4 ,h[ communism8 ,,prax4 ,t's j :at ,i 0 go+ to tell y4 ,fir/ ( all1 ev]ybody's money & l& & any?+ else he may possess w be made common prop]ty4 ,!n we %all ma9ta9 y all out ( ! common /ock1 ) due reg>d to economy & ?rift4 ,,bleps4 ,b h[ ab\t ^? :o h no l&1 b only money t !y c hide8 ,,prax4 ,x w all g to ! public purse4 ,to keep any?+ back w be p]jury4 ,,bleps4 ,p]jury6 ,well1 if y come to t1 x 0 by p]jury x 0 all acquir$4 ,,prax4 ,& !n1 money won't be ! lea/ use to any "o4 ,,bleps4 ,:y n8 ,,prax4 ,because nobody w be poor4 ,ev]ybody w h ev]y?+ he wants1 bread1 salt-fi%1 b>ley-cake1 clo!s1 w9e1 g>l&s1 *ickpeas4 ,s :at w be ! good ( keep+ any?+ back8 ,answ] t if y c6 ,,bleps4 ,isn't x j ! p :o h all ^! ?+s t are ! greate/ ?ieves8 ,,prax4 ,no d\bt1 "u ! old laws4 ,b n[1 :5 ev]y?+ w be 9 common :at w be ! good ( keep+ any?+ back8 ,,bleps4 ,:o w d ! field "w8 ,,prax4 ,! slaves2 all y w h to d is to dress & g out to d9n] 9 ! ev5+4 ,,bleps4 ,b :at ab\t ! clo!s8 ,h[ are !y to be provid$8 ,,prax4 ,:at y h n[ w d to beg9 )1 & aft]w>ds we %all make !m = y ourselves4 ,,bleps4 ,j "o ?+ m6 ,suppos+ a man 7 to lose 8 suit 9 ! c\rts1 :]e are ! damages to come f8 ,x w\ld n be fair to take ! public funds4 ,,prax4 ,b !re won't be any lawsuits at all6 ,,bleps4 ,t w mean ru9 to a good _m p6 ,,by/&]4 ,j my idea6 ,,prax4 ,:y %\ld !re be any8 ,,bleps4 ,:y6 = reasons en\gh1 heav5 kn[s6 ,= in/ance1 a man might repudiate 8 debts4 ,,prax4 ,9 t case1 :]e did ! man :o l5t ! money get x f8 ,cle>ly1 s9ce ev]y?+ is 9 common1 he mu/ h /ol5 x6 ,,bleps4 ,s he mu/6 ,an excell5t idea6 ,b n[ tell me ?is4 ,:5 fell[s come to bl[s ov] _! cups1 :]e are ! damages to come f8 ,,prax4 ,f ! rations6 ,a man won't be 9 su* a hurry to make a r[ :5 8 belly has to pay = x4 ,,bleps4 ,"o ?+ m6 ,w !re be no m ?ieves8 ,,prax4 ,:y %\ld any "o /eal :at is 8 own8 ,,bleps4 ,& won't "o be robb$ ( "o's cloak at night8 ,,prax4 ,n if y sleep at home6 ,,bleps4 ,nor yet1 if "o sleeps out1 z "o us$ to d8 ,,prax4 ,no1 = !re w be en\gh & to sp>e = all4 ,& ev5 if a ?ief does try to /rip a man1 he w give up 8 cloak ( 8 own accord4 ,:at w\ld be ! good ( fight+8 ,he has only to g & get ano!r1 & a bett]1 f ! public /ores4 ,,bleps4 ,& w !re be no m gambl+8 ,,prax4 ,:at w !re be to play =8 ,,bleps4 ,& h[ ab\t h\se accommodation8 ,,prax4 ,t w be ! same = all4 ,i tell y ,i am go+ to turn ! :ole city into "o huge h\se1 & break d[n all ! p>titions1 s t e "o may h free access to e "o else4 ,footnote3 ,ari/oph4 ,eccles4 #eij4 ,! social problem1 !n1 _h cle>ly aris5 9 anci5t ,greece1 ?\gh no d\bt 9 an inf9itely simpl] =m ?an t 9 :i* x is pres5t$ to ourselves2 & x might p]haps h be5 expect$ t ! ,greeks1 ) _! notion ( ! supremacy ( ! /ate1 w\ld h adopt$ "s dra/ic public measure to meet x4 ,&1 9 fact1 9 ! e>li] p]iod ( _! hi/ory1 z has be5 indicat$ above1 we d f9d sweep+ revolutions effect$ 9 ! di/ribution ( prop]ty4 ,9 ,a!ns1 ,solon aboli%$ debt1 ei!r 9 :ole or "p1 by r$uc+ ! rate ( int]e/ & depreciat+ ! curr5cy2 & 9 ,sp>ta ,lycurgus is said to h resum$ ! :ole ( ! l& = ! /ate1 & r$ivid$ x equally among ! citiz5s4 ,we h also traces ( laws exi/+ 9 o!r /ates to regulate 9 ! int]e/s ( equality ! possession & transf] ( l&4 ,b x does n appe> t any attempt 0 made 9 any /ate p]man5tly to control by public au?ority ! production & di/ribution ( weal?4 ,meantime1 h[ev]1 ! problem ( social inequality 0 ex]cis+ ! m9ds ( political !ori/s2 & we h notice ( v>i\s s*emes = an ideal polity fram$ ^u communi/ic pr9ciples4 ,( ^! ! mo/ important1 & ! only "o pres]v$ to u1 is ! celebrat$ ,republic ( ,plato2 & nev]1 x may be safely ass]t$1 0 a plan ( society fram$ s consi/5t1 h>moni\s & beautiful 9 itself1 or s indiff]5t to ! actual capacities ( mank9d4 ,foll[+ out :at we h already indicat$ z ! natural drift ( ,greek ideas1 ! philosoph] sep>ates (f on ! "o h& ! productive class1 :o are to h no political rights2 & on ! o!r ! class ( soldi]s & gov]nors4 ,x is ! latt] alone ) :om he s]i\sly conc]ns himself2 & ! s*eme he draws up = !m is uncompromis+ly communi/ic4 ,aft] be+ purg$1 by an elaborate education1 ( all ! egoi/ic passions1 !y are to live toge!r1 hav+ all ?+s 9 common1 devot$ he>t & s\l to ! public good1 & guiltless ev5 ( a desire = any private possession or advantage ( _! own4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 no "o1 says ,plato1 %\ld possess any private prop]ty1 if x c possibly be avoid$2 secondly1 no "o %\ld h a dwell+ or /ore h\se into :i* all :o please may n ent]2 :atev] necess>ies are requir$ by temp]ate & c\rage\s m51 :o are tra9$ to w>1 !y %\ld receive by regul> appo9tm5t f _! fell[-citiz5s1 z wages = _! s]vices1 & ! am\nt %\ld be su* z to leave nei!r a surplus on ! ye>'s consumption nor a deficit2 & !y %\ld att5d common messes & live toge!r z m5 d 9 a camp3 z = gold & silv]1 we mu/ tell !m t !y are 9 p]petual possession ( a div9e species ( ! preci\s metals plac$ 9 _! s\ls by ! gods !mselves1 & !re=e h no ne$ ( ! e>?ly "o2 t 9 fact x w\ld be pr(anation to pollute _! spiritual ri*es by mix+ !m ) ! possession ( mortal gold1 because ! _w's co9age has be5 ! cause ( c\ntless impieties1 :]eas !irs is undefil$3 !re=e to !m1 z di/+ui%$ f ! re/ ( ! p1 x is =bidd5 to h&le or t\* gold & silv]1 or ent] "u ! same ro( ) !m1 or to we> !m 9 _! dresses1 or to dr9k out ( ! preci\s metals4 ,if !y foll[ ^! rules1 !y w be safe !mselves & ! savi\rs ( ! city3 b :5ev] !y come to possess l&s1 & h\ses1 & money ( _! own1 !y w be h\sehold]s & cultivators in/ead ( gu>dians1 & w become ho/ile ma/]s ( _! fell[-citiz5s r ?an _! allies2 & s !y w sp5d _! :ole lives1 hat+ & hat$1 plott+ & plott$ aga9/1 /&+ 9 m frequ5t & int5se al>m ( _! enemies at home ?an ( _! enemies abroad2 by :i* "t !y & ! re/ ( ! city w be runn+ on ! v br9k ( ru94 ,footnote3 ,plato1 ,rep4 ,,iii4 #daf4--,translation by ,davies & ,vaughan4 ,! passage is int]e/+1 if only z an illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* ,plato _h be5 impress$ by ! evil results ( ! in/itution ( private prop]ty4 ,b z a contribution to political !ory x 0 op5 to sev]e attack f ! repres5tatives ( exp]i5ce & common s5se4 ,( ^!1 ! *ief 0 ,ari/otle1 ^: criticism has be5 pres]v$ to u1 & :o1 :ile admitt+ t ,plato's s*eme has a plausible appe>ance ( philan?ropy1 ma9ta9s t x is inapplicable to ! facts ( human nature4 ,to ?is conclusion1 inde$1 ev5 ,plato himself 0 driv5 9 ! end2 = 9 8 lat] "w1 ! ,laws1 al?\gh he /ill ass]ts t community ( goods w\ld be ! ideal in/itution1 he reluctantly ab&ons x z a basis = a possible /ate4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he endeav\rs by ! mo/ /r+5t regulations1 to prev5t ! gr[? ( inequalities ( weal?4 ,he di/ributes ! l& 9 equal lots among 8 citiz5s1 prohibit+ ei!r pur*ase or sub- division2 limits ! possession ( money to ! am\nt requir$ = daily ex*ange2 & =bids l5d+ on int]e/4 ,! object ( a legislator1 he decl>es1 is to make n a great b a happy city4 ,b only ! good are happy1 & goodness & weal? are incompatible4 ,! legislator1 !re=e1 w n all[ 8 citiz5s to be weal?y1 any m ?an he w all[ !m to be poor4 ,he w seek to e/abli% by law ! happy mean2 & to ?is end1 if he despair ( ! possibility ( a ?or\gh-go+ communism1 w legislate at lea/ z indicat$ above4 ,! uncompromis+ idealism ( ,plato's s*eme1 ) its assumption ( ! indef9ite pla/icity ( human nature1 is ( c\rse peculi> to himself1 n typical ( ,greek ideas4 ,b x is noticeable t ,ari/otle1 :o is a f> bett] repres5tative ( ! av]age ,greek m9d1 exhibits ! same mi/ru/ ( ! accumulation ( private prop]ty4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 ,politics he di/+ui%es two k9ds ( money- mak+1 "o natural1 t :i* is pursu$ = ! sake ( a livelihood1 ! o!r unnatural1 t :i* is pursu$ = ! sake ( accumulation4 ,! motive ( ?is latt]1 he says1 is a desire = life in/ead ( = good life2 & its mo/ hateful me?od is t ( usury1 ! unnatural bre$+ ( money out ( money4 ,& ?\gh he rejects z impracticable ! compulsory communism ( ,plato's ,republic1 yet he urges z ! ideal solution t prop]ty1 :ile own$ by individuals1 %\ld be held z 9 tru/ = ! common good2 & puts be=e ! legislator ! problem3 s to dispose ! high] natures t !y are unwill+1 & ! l[] t !y are unable to aggr&ise !mselves4 ,footnote3 ,ari/otle1 ,pol4 ii4 #g4 #abfg b #f4--,translation by ,welldon4 ,su* views z ^!1 x may be not$1 int]e/+ ?\gh !y be1 z illu/rat+ h[ ke5ly ! ?9k]s ( anci5t ,greece _h realis$ ! drawbacks ( private prop]ty1 h b ! slighte/ be>+ on ! conditions ( our own "t4 ,! complexity & ext5t ( mod]n indu/ry h giv5 rise to q new problems1 & q new s*emes = _! solution2 & especially h =c$ into prom95ce ! po9t ( view ( ! produc]s !mselves4 ,to ,greek ?9k]s x 0 natural to approa* ! "q ( prop]ty f ! side ( ! gov]n+ class or ( ! /ate z a :ole4 ,! communism ( ,plato1 = example1 appli$ only to ! gu>dians & soldi]s1 & n to ! productive class on :om !y dep5d$2 & s completely 0 he pre-occupi$ ) ! =m] to ! exclusion ( ! latt]1 t he dismisses 9 a s+le s5t5ce1 z unwor?y ! legislator's detail$ att5tion1 ! :ole app>atus ( lab\r & ex*ange4 ,to reg>d ! work+-class z ! mo/ important section ( ! community1 to sub/itute = ! moral or political ! economic /&po9t1 & to conceive society m]ely z a ma*9e = ! production & di/ribution ( weal?1 w\ld h be5 impossible to an anci5t ,greek4 ,p>tly by ! simplicity ( ! economic side ( ! society ) :i* he 0 acqua9t$1 p>tly by ! habit ( reg>d+ ! lab\r+ class z a m]e means to ! ma9t5ance ( ! re/1 he 0 l$1 ev5 :5 he _h to deal ) ! problem ( pov]ty & weal?1 to reg>d x r f ! po9t ( view ( ! /ability & effici5cy ( ! /ate1 ?an f t ( ! welf>e ( ! produc]s !mselves4 ,! mod]n attitude is radically diff]5t2 a revolution has be5 effect$ bo? 9 ! conditions ( indu/ry & 9 ! way 9 :i* !y are reg>d$2 & ! practice & ! speculation ( ! ,greek city-/ates h = u an int]e/ :i*1 great z x is1 is philosophic r ?an practical4 ,section #i4 ,sp>ta4 ,! prec$+ attempt at a g5]al sket* ( ! nature ( ! ,greek /ate is inevitably loose & mislead+ to ?is ext5t1 t x endeav\rs to compreh5d 9 a s+le view polities ( ! mo/ v>i$ & discrepant "*4 ,to rem$y1 s f> z may be1 ?is defect1 to give an impression1 m def9ite & m complete1 ( ! v>iety & scope ( ! political exp]i5ce ( ! ,greeks1 let u exam9e a little m 9 detail ! "* ( ! two /ates :i* 7 at once ! mo/ prom95t & ! mo/ oppos$ 9 _! a*ievem5t & _! aim-- ! /ate ( ,sp>ta on ! "o h&1 & t ( ,a!ns on ! o!r4 ,x 0 ^! two cities t divid$ ! hegemony ( ,greece2 !y repres5t ! extremes ( ! two =ms--olig>*y & democracy--"u :i*1 z we saw1 ! ,greek polities fall2 & f a suffici5t acqua9tance ) !m we may ga!r a fairly complete idea ( ! :ole range ( ,greek political life4 ,9 ,sp>ta we see "o extreme ( ! political developm5t ( ,greece1 & ! "o :i* approa*es ne>e/1 p]haps1 to ! *>act]i/ic ,greek type4 ,( t type1 x is true1 x 0 an exagg]ation1 & 0 recognis$ z su* by ! be/ ?9k]s ( ,greece2 b j = t reason x is ! m int]e/+ & in/ructive z an exhibition ( a di/9ctive aspect ( ,greek civilisation4 ,! ,sp>tan /ate 0 compos$ ( a small body ( citiz5s--! ,sp>tiatae or ,sp>tans prop]-encamp$ 9 ! mid/ ( a ho/ile population to :om !y all[$ no political rights & by ^: lab\r !y 7 suppli$ ) ! necess>ies ( life4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! citiz5 class on ! "o h& & ! productive class on ! o!r 0 ?us z cle>ly & %>ply drawn z possible4 ,x 0 ev5 exagg]at$2 = ! citiz5s 7 a b& ( conqu]ors1 ! productive class a subject race1 p]petually on ! v]ge ( insurrection & only kept 9 re/ra9t by su* measures z secret assass9ation4 ,! result 0 to draw toge!r ! small b& ( ,sp>tiatae into a discipl9e s rigor\s & close t "u x ev]y?+ 0 sacrific$ to ! necessity ( self-pres]vation2 & ! b>e ma9t5ance ( ! /ate became ! end = :i* e individual 0 born1 & liv$1 & di$4 ,?is discipl9e1 accord+ to tradition1 _h be5 devis$ by a s+le legislator1 ,lycurgus1 & x 0 ma9ta9$ intact = sev]al c5turies4 ,its ma9 features may be summ>is$ z foll[s4 ,! production & re>+ ( *ildr51 to beg9 at ! beg9n+1 in/ead ( be+ left to ! caprice ( individuals1 0 controll$ & regulat$ by ! /ate4 ,! wom51 9 ! fir/ place1 7 tra9$ by physical ex]cise = ! heal?y p]=mance ( ! duties ( mo!rhood2 !y 7 taught to run & wre/le nak$1 l ! y\?s1 to dance & s+ 9 public1 & to associate freely ) m54 ,m>riage 0 p]mitt$ only 9 ! prime ( life2 & a free int]c\rse1 outside its limits1 betwe5 heal?y m5 & wom51 0 enc\rag$ & approv$ by public op9ion4 ,m5 :o did n m>ry 7 subject to social & civic disabilities4 ,! *ildr51 z soon z !y 7 born1 7 submitt$ to ! inspection ( ! eld]s ( _! tribe2 if /rong & well-=m$1 !y 7 re>$2 if n1 !y 7 all[$ to die4 ,a heal?y /ock hav+ be5 ?us provid$ z a basis1 e att5tion 0 devot$ to its appropriate tra9+4 ,! infants 7 enc\rag$ f ! beg9n+ 9 ! free use ( _! limbs1 unhamp]$ by swaddl+-clo!s1 & 7 accu/om$ to endure )\t fe> d>kness & solitude1 & to cure !mselves ( peevi%ness & cry+4 ,at ! age ( sev5 ! boys 7 tak5 away f ! *>ge ( _! p>5ts1 & put "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( a public (ficial4 ,_! education1 on ! intellectual side1 0 slight en\gh1 compris+ only su* rudim5ts z read+ & writ+2 b on ! moral side x 0 /r+5t & sev]e4 ,ga!r$ into gr\ps "u ! direction ( eld] y\?s-- monitors we might call !m--!y 7 tra9$ to a discipl9e ( iron endurance4 ,"o g>m5t s]v$ !m = ! :ole ye>2 !y w5t )\t %oes1 & slept on b$s ( ru%es pluck$ ) _! own h&s4 ,_! food 0 simple1 & (t5 en\gh !y _h to g )\t x4 ,e mom5t ( ! day !y 7 "u inspection & sup]vision1 = x 0 ! privilege & ! duty ( e citiz5 to admoni% & puni% n only 8 own b o!r p's *ildr54 ,at supp] !y wait$ at table on _! eld]s1 answ]$ _! que/ions & endur$ _! je/s4 ,9 ! /reets !y 7 taught to walk 9 sil5ce1 _! h&s fold$ 9 _! cloaks1 _! eyes ca/ d[n1 _! heads nev] turn+ to "r or left4 ,_! gymna/ic & milit>y tra9+ 0 incessant2 :]ev] !y met1 we are told1 !y began to box2 "u ! condition1 h[ev]1 t !y 7 b\nd to sep>ate at ! comm& ( any by/&]4 ,to accu/om !m e>ly to ! h>d%ips ( a campaign1 !y 7 taught to /eal _! food f ! mess-tables ( _! eld]s2 if !y 7 detect$ !y 7 beat5 = _! clums9ess1 & w5t )\t _! d9n]4 ,no?+ 0 omitt$1 on ! moral or physical side1 to make !m effici5t memb]s ( a milit>y /ate4 ,nor 0 ! discipl9e relax$ :5 !y rea*$ ye>s ( maturity4 ,=1 9 fact1 ! :ole city 0 a camp4 ,family life 0 oblit]at$ by public activity4 ,! m5 d9$ toge!r 9 messes1 ri* & poor alike1 %>+ ! same co>se & simple food4 ,s]vants1 dogs1 & horses1 7 reg>d$ z common prop]ty4 ,luxury 0 /rictly =bidd54 ,! only curr5cy 9 circulation 0 ( iron1 s cumbr\s t x 0 impossible to accumulate or conceal x4 ,! h\ses 7 z simple z possible1 ! ro(s %ap$ only ) ! axe1 & ! doors ) ! saw2 ! furniture & fitt+s correspond$1 pla9 b p]fectly made4 ,! nature ( ! curr5cy practically prohibit$ comm]ce1 & no citiz5 0 all[$ to be engag$ 9 any me*anical trade4 ,agriculture 0 ! ma9 indu/ry1 & e ,sp>tan _h1 or 0 suppos$ to h1 a l&$ e/ate1 cultivat$ by s]fs :o paid him a ye>ly r5t4 ,9 complete accordance ) ! ,greek ideal1 x 0 a society ( soldi]-citiz5s1 support$ by an inf]ior productive class4 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is po9t ! foll[+ curi\s anecdote may be quot$ f ,plut>*4 ,dur+ "o ( ! w>s 9 :i* ,sp>ta & h] allies 7 engag$1 ! allies compla9$ t !y1 :o 7 ! majority ( ! army1 _h be5 =c$ into a qu>rel :i* conc]n$ nobody b ! ,sp>tans4 ,:]eupon ,agesilaus1 ! ,sp>tan k+1 devis$ ?is exp$i5t to %[ ! allies 7 n ! great] numb]4 ,he gave ord]s t all ! allies1 ( :atev] c\ntry1 %\ld sit d[n promiscu\sly on "o side1 & all ! ,lac$aemonians on ! o!r3 :i* be+ done1 he comm&$ a h]ald to proclaim1 t all ! pott]s ( bo? divisions %\ld /& out2 !n all ! blacksmi?s2 !n all ! masons2 next ! c>p5t]s2 & s he w5t ?r\gh all ! h&icrafts4 ,by ?is "t almo/ all ! allies 7 ris51 b ( ! ,lac$aemonians n a man1 !y be+ by law =bidd5 to le>n any me*anical bus9ess2 & n[ ,agesilaus laugh$ & said1 ,y see1 my fri5ds1 h[ _m m soldi]s we s5d out ?an y d4 ,footnote3 ,plut4 ,agesilaus4--,translation by ,cl\gh4 ,& c]ta9ly1 s f> z its imm$iate ends 7 conc]n$1 ?is society ( soldi]-citiz5s 0 s+ul>ly successful4 ,! c\rage & effici5cy ( ,sp>tan troops 7 notori\s1 & 7 ma9ta9$ inde$ n only by ! tra9+ we h describ$1 b by social p5alties atta*$ to c[>dice4 ,a man :o _h disgrac$ himself 9 battle 0 a p>iah 9 8 native l&4 ,no "o w\ld eat ) him1 no "o w\ld wre/le ) him2 9 ! dance he mu/ take ! l[e/ place2 he mu/ give ! wall at meet+s 9 ! /reet1 & resign 8 seat ev5 to y\ng] m52 he mu/ dress & be> himself humbly1 "u p5alty ( bl[s1 & suff] ! reproa*es ( wom5 & ( boys4 ,dea? pla9ly w\ld be pref]able to su* a life2 & we are n surpris$ to he> t ! discipl9e & val\r ( ,sp>tan troops 0 celebrat$ f> & wide4 ,"h is a description ( !m1 giv5 by "o ( !mselves to ! ,p]sian k+ :5 he 0 project+ ! invasion ( ,greece3 ,brave are all ! ,greeks :o dwell 9 any ,dorian l&2 b :at ,i am ab\t to say does n conc]n all1 b only ! ,lac$aemonians4 ,fir/1 !n1 come :at may1 !y w nev] accept ?y t]ms1 :i* w\ld r$uce ,greece to slav]y2 & fur!r1 !y are sure to jo9 battle ) !e1 ?\gh all ! re/ ( ,greece %\ld submit to ?y w4 ,z = _! numb]s1 d n ask h[ _m !y are1 t _! resi/ance %\ld be a possible ?+2 = if a ?\s& ( !m %\ld take ! field1 !y w meet !e 9 battle1 & s w any numb]1 be x less ?an ?is1 or be x m4 ,:5 !y fight s+ly1 !y are z good m5 z any 9 ! _w1 & :5 !y fight 9 a body1 !y are ! brave/ ( all4 ,= ?\gh !y be freem51 !y are n 9 all respects free2 ,law is ! ma/] :om !y own2 & ?is ma/] !y fe> m ?an ?y subjects fe> !e4 ,:atev] he comm&s !y d2 & 8 comm&m5t is always ! same3 x =bids !m to flee 9 battle1 :atev] ! numb] ( _! foes1 & requires !m to /& firm1 & ei!r to conqu] or die4 ,footnote3 ,h]odotus vii4 #ajb1 #d4--,translation by ,rawl9son4 ,! practical illu/ration ( ?is spee* is ! battle ( ,!rmopylae1 :]e #cjj ,sp>tans kept at bay ! :ole ,p]sian ho/1 till !y 7 betray$ f ! re> & kill$ fight+ to a man4 ,! ,sp>tan /ate1 !n1 ju/ifi$ itself accord+ to its own ideal2 b h[ limit$ t ideal 0 w be cle> f our sket*4 ,! individual1 if x _c be said t he 0 sacrific$ to ! /ate-- = he recognis$ ! life ( ! /ate z 8 own--0 at any rate />v$ ^u "o side ( 8 nature z mu* z he 0 hyp]trophi$ ^u ! o!r4 ,c\rage1 ob$i5ce1 & endurance 7 develop$ 9 excess2 b ! free play ( passion & ?\ght1 ! graces & arts ( life1 all t spr+s f ! spontaneity ( nature1 7 cru%$ out ( exi/5ce "u ?is /]n & rigid rule4 ,none ( !m1 says ,plut>*1 an en?usia/ic admir] ( ! ,sp>tan polity none ( !m 0 left alone to live z he *ose2 b pass+ _! "t 9 ! city z ?\gh x 7 a camp1 _! mann] ( life & _! avocations ord]$ ) a view to ! public good1 !y reg>d$ !mselves z belong+1 n to !mselves1 b to _! c\ntry4 ,footnote3 ,plut4 ,lycurgus1 *4 #bd4 ,& ,plato1 ^: ideal republic 0 bas$ s l>gely ^u ! ,sp>tan model1 has m>k$ nev]!less z ! ess5tial defect ( _! polity its insi/5ce on milit>y virtue to ! exclusion ( ev]y?+ else1 & its excessive acc5tuation ( ! corporate aspect ( life4 ,y\r milit>y way ( life1 he says1 is modell$ aft] ! camp1 & is n l t ( dwell]s 9 cities2 & y h y\r "y m5 h]d+ & fe$+ toge!r l "y colts4 ,no "o takes 8 own individual colt & drags him away f 8 fell[s aga9/ 8 w1 rag+ & foam+1 & gives him a groom = him alone1 & tra9s & rubs him d[n privately1 & gives him ! qualities 9 education :i* w make him n only a good soldi]1 b also a gov]nor ( a /ate & ( cities4 ,su* a "o w\ld be a great] w>rior ?an he ( :om ,tyrtaeus s+s2 & he w\ld hon\r c\rage ev]y:]e1 b always z ! f\r?1 & n z ! fir/ "p ( virtue1 ei!r 9 individuals or /ates4 ,footnote3 ,plato ,laws1 ,,ii4 #fff e4--,translation by ,j[ett4 ,! ,sp>tan /ate1 9 fact1 by virtue ( t excell5ce :i* 0 also its defect--! specialis+ ( ! individual on ! side ( discipl9e & rule--c>ri$ )9 x ! se$s ( its own de/ruction4 ,! t5d5cies :i* ,lycurgus _h endeav\r$ to repress by ext]nal regulation reass]t$ !mselves 9 8 despite4 ,he _h int5d$ once = all bo? to limit & to equalise private prop]ty2 b already z e>ly z ! fif? c5tury ,sp>tans _h accumulat$ gold :i* !y deposit$ 9 temples 9 =eign /ates2 ! l& fell1 by inh]itance & gift1 into ! h&s ( a small m9ority2 ! numb] ( ! citiz5s 0 r$uc$1 n only by w>1 b by ! disfran*isem5t att5d+ inability to contribute to ! common mess-tables2 till at la/ we f9d no m ?an #gjj ,sp>tan families1 & ( ^! no m ?an #ajj possess+ e/ates 9 l&4 ,& ?is decl9e f )9 0 ha/5$ by ext]nal ev5ts4 ,! con/itution devis$ = a small /ate encamp$ amid/ a ho/ile population1 broke d[n "u ! weight ( imp]ial p[]4 ,! conque/ ( ,a!ns by ,sp>ta 0 ! signal ( h] own collapse4 ,! p[] & weal? %e _h won at a /roke ali5at$ h] sons f h] discipl9e4 ,g5]als & /atesm5 :o _h gov]n$ l k+s ! weal?y cities ( ! ea/ 7 unable to adapt !mselves aga9 to ! /]n & n>r[ rules ( ,lycurgus4 ,!y ru%$ into fre$om & enjoym5t1 into ! unfett]$ use ( _! p[]s1 ) an en]gy proportional to ! previ\s re/ra9t4 ,! features ( ! human face broke ?r\gh ! fair b lifeless mask ( anci5t law2 & ! ,sp>tan1 ceas+ to be a ,sp>tan1 bo? rose & fell to ! level ( a man4 ,section #aj4 ,a!ns4 ,9 ! in/itutions ( ,sp>ta we see1 c>ri$ to its fur!/ po9t1 "o side ( ! complex ,greek nature--_! capacity = discipl9e & law4 ,a!ns1 ! home ( a diff]5t /ock1 gives u ! o!r extreme--_! capacity = ri* & spontane\s individual developm5t4 ,to pass f ,sp>ta to ,a!ns1 is to pass f a b>racks to a play+-field4 ,all ! beauty1 all ! grace1 all ! joy ( ,greece2 all t *a9s ! desire ( mank9d1 ) a ye>n+ t is nev] /ill$1 to t "o gold5 mom5t 9 ! pa/1 ^: fair & balanc$ int]play ( p]fect fle% & s\l no lat] ga9s ( ?\ght c comp5sate1 c5tres ab\t t bright & /ately city ( romance1 ! home ( ,p]icles & all ! arts1 :5ce f g5]ation to g5]ation has /ream$ ^u ages less illu/ri\s an influ5ce at once ! sane/ & ! mo/ inspir$ ( all t h %ap$ ! secul> hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,girt by m\nta9 & sea1 by haunt$ f\nta9 & sacr$ grove1 %ap$ & adorn$ by ! ma/] h&s ( ,pheidias & ,polygnotus & fill$ ) ! brea? ( passion & song by ,euripides & ,plato1 ,a!ns1 fam$ alike = ! leg5d$ de$s ( h]oes & gods & = ! feats ( h] human sons 9 c\ncil1 art1 & w>1 is a "n1 to ^? :o h felt h] spell1 m famili> & m de> ?an any ( ! few t m>k ) gold ! sombre scroll ( hi/ory4 ,& /ill across ! ye>s we feel ! ?rob ( ! glori\s v]se t broke 9 praise ( 8 native l& f ! lips ( ,euripides3 ,happy ( yore 7 ! *ildr5 ( race div9e ,happy ! sons ( old ,ere*!us' l9e ,:o 9 _! holy /ate ,) h&s inviolate ,ga!r ! fl[] ( wisdom f>-r5[n$1 ,lightly lift+ _! feet 9 ! lucid air ,:]e ! sacr$ n9e1 ! ,pi]id ,muses1 b>e ,h>monia gold5-cr[n$4 ,!re 9 ! wave f fair ,kephisus fl[+ ,kupris sweet5s ! w9ds & sets !m bl[+ ,ov] ! delicate l&2 ,& ev] ) joy\s h& ,braid+ h] fragrant hair ) ! blossom ( roses1 ,%e s5de? ! ,love t dwelle? 9 ,wisdom's place ,t e virtue may quick5 & e grace ,9 ! he>ts :]e %e reposes4 ,footnote3 ,eurip4 ,m$ea1 #hbe4 ,& ?is1 ! ,a!ns ( poetry & art1 is b ano!r aspect ( ! ,a!ns ( political hi/ory4 ,! same individuality1 ! same free & passionate en]gy t work$ 9 ! he>ts ( h] sculptors & h] poets1 m\ld$ also & inspir$ h] city life4 ,9 contradi/9ction to ! /]n & rigid discipl9e ( ,sp>ta1 ! ,a!nian citiz5 display$ ! res\rce1 ! v]satility & ! zeal t only fre$om & self- reliance c tea*4 ,! contra/ is pat5t at e /age ( ! hi/ory ( ! two /ates1 & has be5 acutely set =? by ,?ucydides 9 ! spee* :i* he puts into ! m\?s ( ! ,cor9?ian allies ( ,sp>ta3 ,y h nev] consid]$1 !y say to ! ,lac$aemonians1 :at mann] ( m5 are ^! ,a!nians ) :om y w h to fight1 & h[ utt]ly unlike y\rselves4 ,!y are revolution>y1 equally quick 9 ! conception & 9 ! execution ( e new plan2 :ile y are cons]vative--c>eful only to keep :at y h1 orig9at+ no?+1 & n act+ ev5 :5 action is mo/ necess>y4 ,!y are bold beyond _! /r5g?2 !y run risks :i* prud5ce w\ld condemn2 & 9 ! mid/ ( mis=tunes !y are full ( hope4 ,:]eas x is y\r nature1 ?\gh /rong1 to act feebly2 :5 y\r plans are mo/ prud5t1 to di/ru/ !m2 & :5 calamities come ^u y1 to ?9k t y w nev] be deliv]$ f !m4 ,!y are impetu\s1 & y are dilatory2 !y are always abroad1 & y are always at home4 ,= !y hope to ga9 some?+ by leav+ _! homes2 b y are afraid t any new ent]prise may imp]il :at y h already4 ,:5 conqu]ors1 !y pursue _! victory to ! utmo/2 :5 defeat$1 !y fall back ! lea/4 ,_! bodies !y devote to _! c\ntry z ?\gh !y belong$ to o!r m52 _! true self is _! m9d1 :i* is mo/ truly _! own :5 employ$ 9 h] s]vice4 ,:5 !y d n c>ry out an int5tion :i* !y h =m$1 !y seem to h su/a9$ a p]sonal b]eavem5t2 :5 an ent]prise succe$s1 !y h ga9$ a m]e in/alm5t ( :at is to come2 b if !y fail1 !y at once conceive new hopes & s fill up ! void4 ,) !m alone to hope is to h1 = !y lose n a mom5t 9 ! execution ( an idea4 ,?is is ! lifelong task1 full ( dang] & toil1 :i* !y are always impos+ ^u !mselves4 ,none enjoy _! good ?+s less1 because !y are always seek+ = m4 ,to d _! duty is _! only holiday1 & !y deem ! quiet ( inaction to be z disagreeable z ! mo/ tiresome bus9ess4 ,if a man %\ld say ( !m1 9 a ^w1 t !y 7 born nei!r to h peace !mselves nor to all[ peace to o!r m51 he w\ld simply speak ! tru?4 ,footnote3 ,?uc4 i4 #gj4--,translat$ by ,j[ett4 ,! qualities "h set =? by ,?ucydides z *>act]i/ic ( ! ,a!nians1 7 p>tly ! cause & p>tly ! effect ( _! political con/itution4 ,! hi/ory ( ,a!ns1 inde$1 is ! v anti!sis to t ( ,sp>ta4 ,9 place ( a type fix$ at a /roke & endur+ = c5turies1 %e pres5ts a s]ies ( transitions ?r\gh ! :ole range ( polities1 to end at la/ 9 a democracy s extreme t x refuses to be includ$ )9 ! limits ( ! g5]al =mula ( ! ,greek /ate4 ,seldom1 inde$1 has equality be5 pu%$ to s extreme a po9t z x 01 politically at lea/1 9 anci5t ,a!ns4 ,! class ( slaves1 x is true1 exi/$ !re z 9 e o!r /ate2 b among ! free citiz5s1 :o includ$ p]sons ( e rank1 no political di/9ction at all 0 drawn4 ,all ( !m1 f ! l[e/ to ! highe/1 _h ! "r to speak & vote 9 ! great assembly ( ! p :i* 0 ! ultimate au?ority2 all 7 eligible to e adm9i/rative po/2 all sat 9 turn z jurors 9 ! law-c\rts4 ,! disabilities ( pov]ty 7 m9imis$ by paym5t = att5dance 9 ! assembly & ! c\rts4 ,&1 :at is m extraord9>y1 ev5 di/9ctions ( ability 7 levell$ by ! practice ( fill+ all (fices1 except ! highe/1 by lot4 ,_h ! citiz5s be5 a class ap>t1 z 0 ! case 9 ,sp>ta1 _h !y be5 subject$ f ! cradle to a simil> discipl9e & tra9+1 =bidd5 to engage 9 any trade or bus9ess1 & consecrat$ to ! s]vice ( ! /ate1 !re w\ld h be5 no?+ surpris+ 9 ?is uncompromis+ ass]tion ( equality4 ,b 9 ,a!ns ! citiz5%ip 0 ext5d$ to e rank & call+2 ! poor man jo/l$ ! ri*1 ! %opman ! ari/ocrat1 9 ! ,assembly2 cobbl]s1 c>p5t]s1 smi?s1 f>m]s1 m]*ants1 & retail trad]s met toge!r ) ! anci5t l&$ g5try1 to debate & conclude on national affairs2 & x 0 f su* v>i$ elem5ts z ^! t ! lot imp>tially *ose ! (ficials ( ! law1 ! rev5ue1 ! police1 ! highways1 ! m>kets1 & ! ports1 z well z ! jurors at ^: m]cy /ood reputation1 =tune1 & life4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t 9 ,a!ns1 at lea/ 9 ! lat] p]iod ( h] hi/ory1 ! middle & l[] classes t5d$ to monopolise political p[]4 ,( ! popul> lead]s1 ,cleon1 ! mo/ notori\s1 0 a tann]2 ano!r 0 a bak]1 ano!r a cattle- deal]4 ,influ5ce belong$ to ^? :o _h ! gift ( lead+ ! mass2 & 9 t competition ! man ( tongue1 ( en]gy1 & ( res\rce1 0 m ?an a mat* = ! ari/ocrat ( bir? & intellect4 ,! con/itution ( ,a!ns1 !n1 0 "o ( political equality impos$ ^u social inequality4 ,to illu/rate ! po9t we may quote a passage f ,ari/ophanes :i* %[s at once ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! trad+ class & ! disgu/ ) :i* t influ5ce 0 reg>d$ by ! ari/ocracy :om ! poet repres5ts4 ,! passage is tak5 f ! ,knights1 a com$y writt5 to discr$it ,cleon1 & turn+ ^u ! expulsion ( ! notori\s tann] f ! good graces ( ,demos1 by ! sup]ior impud5ce & address ( a sausage-sell]4 ,demo/h5es1 a g5]al ( ! ari/ocratic p>ty1 is communicat+ to ! latt] ! de/9y t awaits him4 ,,demo/h5es 7to ! ,,sausage-,,sell] gravely74 ,set ^! poor w>es aside2 & n[--b[ d[n ,to ! gr\nd2 & adore ! p[]s ( e>? & heav54 ,s4-,s4 ,heigh-day6 ,:y1 :at d y mean8 ,,dem4 ,o happy man6 ,unconsci\s ( y\r glori\s de/9y1 ,n[ mean & unreg>d$2 b to-morr[1 ,! mightie/ ( ! mighty1 ,"l ( ,a!ns4 ,s4-,s4 ,come1 ma/]1 :at's ! use ( mak+ game8 ,:y c't ye let me wa% my guts & tripe1 ,& sell my sausages 9 peace & quiet8 ,,dem4 ,o simple mortal1 ca/ ^? ?\ghts aside6 ,bid guts & tripe f>ewell6 ,look "h6 ,behold6 7po9t+ to ! audi5ce7 ,! mighty assembl$ multitude be=e ye6 ,s4-,s4 7) a grumble ( indiff]5ce74 ,i see 'em4 ,,dem4 ,y %all be _! "l & ma/]1 ,! sov]eign & ! rul] ( !m all1 ,( ! assemblies & tribunals1 fleets & armies2 ,y %all trample d[n ! ,s5ate "u foot1 ,conf\nd & cru% ! g5]als & comm&]s1 ,arre/1 imprison1 & conf9e 9 irons1 ,& fea/ & =nicate 9 ! ,c\ncil ,h\se4 ,s4-,s4 ,are !re any means ( mak+ a great man ,( a sausage-sell+ fell[ su* z ,i8 ,,dem4 ,! v means y h1 mu/ make ye s1 ,l[ bre$+1 vulg> bir?1 & impud5ce1 ,^!1 ^! mu/ make ye1 :at y're meant to be4 ,s4-,s4 ,i c't imag9e t ,i'm good = mu*4 ,,dem4 ,alas6 ,b :y d ye say s8 ,:at's ! mean+ ,( ^! misgiv+s8 ,i disc]n )9 ye ,a promise & an inw>d consci\sness ,( greatness4 ,tell me truly3 are ye alli$ ,to ! families ( g5try8 ,s4-,s4 ,naugh1 n ,i2 ,i'm come f a common ord9>y k9dr$1 ,( ! l[] ord]4 ,,dem4 ,:at a happ9ess6 ,:at a foot+ w x give ye6 ,:at a gr\ndwork ,= confid5ce & fav\r at y\r outset6 ,s4-,s4 ,b bless ye6 only consid] my education6 ,i c b b>ely read4444 9 a k9d ( way4 ,,dem4 ,t makes aga9/ ye6--! only ?+ aga9/ ye-- ,! be+ able to read1 9 any way3 ,= n[ no lead nor influ5ce is all[$ ,to lib]al arts or le>n$ education1 ,b to ! brutal1 base1 & und]br$4 ,embrace !n & hold fa/ ! promises ,:i* ! oracles ( ! gods ann\nce to y4 ,footnote3 ,ari/oph4 ,knights4 #aee4--,translation by ,fr]e4 ,we h "h an illu/ration1 "o among _m t might be giv51 ( ! political equality t prevail$ 9 ,a!ns4 ,x %[s u h[ completely t di/9ction betwe5 ! milit>y or gov]n+1 & ! productive class1 :i* belong$ to ! normal ,greek conception ( ! /ate1 _h be5 brok5 d[n1 on ! side at lea/ ( privilege & "r1 ?\gh n on t ( social e/imation1 9 ?is mo/ democratic ( ! anci5t /ates4 ,politically1 ! ,a!nian trad] & ! ,a!nian artisan 0 ! equal ( ! ari/ocrat ( pure/ blood2 & s f> ! gov]nm5t ( ,a!ns 0 a g5u9e democracy4 ,b s f> only4 ,= 9 ,a!ns1 z 9 e ,greek /ate1 ! great] "p ( ! population 0 unfree2 & ! gov]nm5t :i* 0 a democracy f ! po9t ( view ( ! freeman1 0 an olig>*y f ! po9t ( view ( ! slave4 ,= ! slaves1 by ! nature ( _! position1 _h no political rights2 & !y 7 m ?an half ( ! population4 ,x is noticeable1 h[ev]1 t ! fre$om & individuality :i* 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! ,a!nian citiz51 appe>s to h react$ fav\rably on ! position ( ! slaves4 ,n only _h !y1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! protection ( ! law aga9/ ! wor/ excesses ( _! ma/]s1 b !y 7 all[$ a lic5se ( be>+ & co/ume :i* w\ld n h be5 tol]at$ 9 any o!r /ate4 ,a contempor>y writ] notes t 9 dress & g5]al appe>ance ,a!nian slaves 7 n to be di/+ui%$ f citiz5s2 t !y 7 p]mitt$ p]fect fre$om ( spee*2 & t x 0 op5 to !m to acquire a =tune & to live 9 ease & luxury4 ,9 ,sp>ta1 he says1 ! slave /&s 9 fe> ( ! freeman1 b 9 ,a!ns ?is is n ! case2 & c]ta9ly ! be>+ ( ! slaves introduc$ into ! ,a!nian com$y does n indicate any undue subs]vi5ce4 ,slav]y at ! be/ is an undemocratic in/itution2 b 9 ,a!ns x appe>s to h be5 made z democratic z its nature w\ld admit4 ,we f9d !n1 9 ! ,a!nian /ate1 ! conception ( equality pu%$ to ! f>!/ extreme at all compatible ) ,greek ideas2 pu%$1 we may fairly say1 at la/ to an undue excess2 = ! great days ( ,a!ns 7 ^? :5 %e 0 /ill "u ! influ5ce ( h] ari/ocracy1 & :5 ! popul> zeal evok$ by h] free in/itutions 0 direct$ by memb]s ( ! leisur$ & cultivat$ class4 ,! mo/ glori\s age ( ,a!nian hi/ory closes ) ! dea? ( ,p]icles2 & ,p]icles 0 a man ( noble family1 freely *os51 ye> aft] ye>1 by virtue ( 8 p]sonal qualities1 to ex]cise ov] ?is democratic nation a dictator%ip ( "* & bra94 ,x is into 8 m\? t ,?ucydides has put t great panegyric ( ,a!ns1 :i* sets =? to all "t ! type ( an ideal /ate & ! record ( :at 0 at lea/ p>tially a*iev$ 9 ! greate/ ( ! ,greek cities3 ,our =m ( gov]nm5t does n ent] into rivalry ) ! in/itutions ( o!rs4 ,we d n copy our neighb\rs1 b are an example to !m4 ,x is true t we are call$ a democracy1 = ! adm9i/ration is 9 ! h&s ( ! _m & n ( ! few4 ,b :ile ! law secures equal ju/ice to all alike 9 _! private disputes1 ! claim ( excell5ce is also recognis$2 & :5 a citiz5 is 9 any way di/+ui%$1 he is pref]r$ to ! public s]vice1 n z a matt] ( privilege1 b z ! rew>d ( m]it4 ,nei!r is pov]ty a b>1 b a man may b5efit 8 c\ntry :atev] be ! obscurity ( 8 condition4 ,!re is no exclusiv5ess 9 our public life1 & 9 our private int]c\rse we are n suspici\s ( "o ano!r1 nor angry ) our neighb\r if he does :at he likes2 we d n put on s\r looks at him1 :i*1 ?\gh h>mless1 are n pleasant4 ,:ile we are ?us uncon/ra9$ 9 our private int]c\rse1 a _s ( rev]5ce p]vades our public acts2 we are prev5t$ f do+ wrong by respect = au?ority & = ! laws1 hav+ an especial reg>d = ^? :i* are orda9$ = ! protection ( ! injur$1 z well z = ^? unwritt5 laws :i* br+ ^u ! transgressor ( !m ! reprobation ( ! g5]al s5tim5t4 ,& we h n =gott5 to provide = our we>y spirits _m relaxations f toil2 we h regul> games & sacrifices ?r\gh\t ! ye>2 at home ! /yle ( our life is ref9$2 & ! delight :i* we daily feel 9 all ^! ?+s helps to bani% melan*oly4 ,because ( ! greatness ( our city ! fruits ( ! :ole e>? fl[ 9 ^u u1 s t we enjoy ! goods ( o!r c\ntries z freely z ( our own4 ,!n aga91 our milit>y tra9+ is 9 _m respects sup]ior to t ( our adv]s>ies4 ,our city is ?r[n op5 to ! _w1 & we nev] expel a =eign] or prev5t him f see+ or le>n+ any?+ ( :i* ! secret if reveal$ to an enemy might pr(it him4 ,we rely n ^u managem5t & trick]y1 b ^u our own he>ts & h&s4 ,& 9 ! matt] ( education1 :]eas !y f e>ly y\? are always und]go+ labori\s ex]cises :i* are to make !m brave1 we live at ease1 & yet are ready to face ! p]ils :i* !y face4 ,if !n we pref] to meet dang] ) a light he>t b )\t labori\s tra9+1 & ) a c\rage :i* is ga9$ by habit & n en=c$ by law1 are we n greatly ! ga9]s8 ,s9ce we d n anticipate ! pa91 al?\gh :5 ! h\r comes1 we c be z brave z ^? :o nev] all[ !mselves to re/2 & ?us too our city is equally admirable 9 peace & 9 w>4 ,= we are lov]s ( ! beautiful1 yet simple 9 our ta/es1 & we cultivate ! m9d )\t loss ( manl9ess4 ,weal? we employ1 n = talk & o/5tation1 b :5 !re is a real use = x4 ,to av[ pov]ty ) u is no disgrace2 ! true disgrace is 9 do+ no?+ to avoid x4 ,an ,a!nian citiz5 does n neglect ! /ate because he takes c>e ( 8 own h\sehold2 & ev5 ^? ( u :o are engag$ 9 bus9ess h a v fair idea ( politics4 ,we alone reg>d a man :o takes no int]e/ 9 public affairs1 n z a h>mless1 b z a useless "*2 & if few ( u are orig9ators1 we are all s\nd judges ( a policy4 ,! great imp$im5t to action is1 9 our op9ion1 n discussion b ! want ( t k :i* is ga9$ by discussion prep>atory to action4 ,= we h a peculi> p[] ( ?9k+ be=e we act1 & ( act+ too1 :]eas o!r m5 are c\rage\s f ignorance b hesitate ^u reflection4 ,& !y are surely to be e/eem$ ! brave/ spirits :o h ! cle>e/ s5se bo? ( ! pa9s & pleasures ( life1 b d n on t acc\nt %r9k f dang]4 ,to sum up1 ,i say t ,a!ns is ! s*ool ( ,hellas1 & t ! individual ,a!nian 9 8 own p]son seems to h ! p[] ( adapt+ himself to ! mo/ v>i$ =ms ( action ) ! utmo/ v]satility & grace4 ,?is is no pass+ & idle ^w1 b tru? & fact2 & ! ass]tion is v]ifi$ by ! position to :i* ^! qualities h rais$ ! /ate4 ,= 9 ! h\r ( trial ,a!ns alone among h] contempor>ies is sup]ior to ! report ( h]4 ,no enemy :o comes aga9/ h] is indignant at ! rev]ses :i* he su/a9s at ! h&s ( su* a city2 no subject compla9s t 8 ma/]s are unwor?y ( him4 ,& we %all assur$ly n be )\t witnesses2 !re are mighty monum5ts ( our p[] :i* w make u ! wond] ( ?is & ( succe$+ ages3 we %all n ne$ ! praises ( ,hom] or ( any o!r panegyri/1 ^: poetry may please = ! mom5t1 al?\gh 8 repres5tation ( ! facts w n be> ! light ( day4 ,= we h compell$ e l&1 e sea1 to op5 a pa? = our val\r1 & h ev]y:]e plant$ et]nal memorials ( our fri5d%ip & ( our enmity4 ,footnote3 ,?uc4 ii4 #cg4--,translat$ by ,j[ett4 ,an impression s sup]b z ?is x is almo/ a pity to m> ) ! inevitable complem5t ( disa/] & decay4 ,b our acc\nt ( ! ,a!nian polity w\ld be mislead+ & incomplete if we did n indicate h[ ! idea ( equality1 on :i* x turn$1 defeat$ itself1 z did1 9 ,sp>ta1 ! complem5t>y idea ( ord]1 by ! excesses ( its own developm5t4 ,already be=e ! close ( ! fif? c5tury1 & ) reit]at$ emphasis 9 ! e>li] decades ( ! f\r?1 we he> f poets & orators praise ( a glori\s pa/ t is dead1 & d5unciations ( a decad5t pres5t4 ,! anci5t tra9+ 9 gymna/ics1 we are told1 ! anci5t & g5]\s culture ( m9d & s\l1 is neglect$ & despis$ by a g5]ation ( trad]s2 rev]5ce = age & au?ority1 ev5 = law1 has disappe>$2 & 9 ! tra9 ( ^! h gone ! virtues !y eng5d]$ & nurtur$4 ,c[>dice has succe$$ to c\rage1 disord] to discipl9e2 ! place ( ! /atesman is usurp$ by ! demagogue2 & in/ead ( a nation ( h]oes1 m>%all$ "u ! supremacy ( ! wise & good1 mod]n ,a!ns pres5ts to view a disord]$ & competitive mob1 b5t only on turn+ ea* to 8 own p]sonal advantage ! n[ corrupt ma*9]y ( adm9i/ration & law4 ,& h[ev] mu* exagg]ation !re may be 9 ^! d5unciations & regrets1 we "k en\gh ( ! int]ior work+ ( ! in/itutions ( ,a!ns to see t %e _h to pay 9 lic5ce & 9 fraud ! bitt] price ( equality & fre$om4 ,t to ! influ5ce ( dis9t]e/$ /atesm5 succe$$1 z ! democracy acc5tuat$ itself1 ! tyranny ( unscrupul\s demagogues1 is evid5c$ by ! te/imony1 n only ( ! enemies ( popul> gov]nm5t1 b by t ( a democrat s conv9c$ z ,demo/h5es4 ,s9ce ^! orators h appe>$1 he says1 :o ask1 ,:at is y\r pleasure8 :at %all ,i move8 h[ c ,i oblige y8 ! public welf>e is complim5t$ away = a mom5t's popul>ity1 & ^! are ! results2 ! orators ?rive1 y are disgrac$4444 ,anci5tly ! p1 hav+ ! c\rage to be soldi]s1 controll$ ! /atesm51 & dispos$ ( all emolum5ts2 any ( ! re/ 7 happy to receive f ! p 8 %>e ( hon\r1 (fice1 or advantage4 ,n[1 contr>iwise1 ! /atesm5 dispose ( emolum5ts2 ?r\gh !m ev]y?+ is done2 y1 ! p1 en]vat$1 /ripp$ ( treasure & allies1 are become z und]l+s & hang]s-on1 happy if ^! p]sons dole y out %[- money or s5d y paltry beeves2 &1 ! unmanlie/ "p ( all1 y are grateful = receiv+ y\r own4 ,footnote3 ,dem4 #ja4 iii4-- ,translation by ,k5n$y4 ,& ?is indictm5t is amply confirm$ f o!r s\rces4 ,we "k t ! populace 0 demoralis$ by paym5ts f ! public purse2 t ! fee = att5dance 9 ! ,assembly attract$ ?i!r1 z ready in/rum5ts 9 ! h&s ( ambiti\s m51 ! poore/ & mo/ degrad$ ( ! citiz5s2 t ! fees ( jurors 7 ! *ief means ( subsi/5ce = an indig5t class1 :o _h ?us a direct int]e/ 9 ! multiplication ( suits2 & t ! city 0 infe/$ by a race ( sycophants1 ^: pr(ession 0 to manufacture frivol\s & vexati\s indictm5ts4 ,( "o ( ^! m5 ,demo/h5es speaks z foll[s3 ,he _c %[ any respectable or hone/ employm5t 9 :i* 8 life is engag$4 ,8 m9d is n occupi$ 9 promot+ any political good2 he att5ds n to any trade1 or husb&ry1 or o!r bus9ess2 he is connect$ ) no "o by ties ( humanity or social union3 b he walks ?r\gh ! m>ket-place l a vip] or a scorpion1 ) 8 /+ up- lift$1 ha/5+ "h & !re1 & look+ out = someone :om he may br+ into a scrape1 or fa/5 "s calumny or mis*ief ^u1 & put 9 al>m 9 ord] to extort money4 ,footnote3 ,demo/h4 9 ,ari/ogeit4 ,a4 #fb4--,translat$ by ,c4 ,r4 ,k5n$y4 ,f all ?is we may ga!r an idea ( ! way 9 :i* ! ,a!nian democracy by its own developm5t de/roy$ itself4 ,beg9n+1 on its fir/ em]g5ce f an e>li] ari/ocratic phase1 ) an en]gy t inspir$ )\t %att]+ ! =ms ( discipl9e & law1 x dissolv$ by degrees ?is coh]5t :ole into an an>*y ( individual wills1 drawn deep] & deep]1 9 pursuit ( mean & egoi/ic ends1 into political fraud & comm]cial *ican]y1 till ! tradition ( ! g5tleman & ! soldi] 0 *ok$ by ! du/ ( adv5tur]s & sw9dl]s1 & ! p1 ^: fa!rs _h f\ght & prevail$ at ,m>a?on & ,salamis1 fell z !y des]v$1 by trea*]y f )9 z mu* z by =ce f )\t1 into ! grasp ( ! ,mac$onian conqu]or4 ,section #aa4 ,sceptical ,criticism ( ! ,basis ( ! ,/ate4 ,hav+ ?us supplem5t$ our g5]al acc\nt ( ! ,greek conception ( ! /ate by a description ( _! two mo/ prom95t polities1 x rema9s = u 9 conclusion briefly to trace ! negative criticism "u ^: attack t conception ?reat5$ to dissolve4 ,we h quot$1 9 an e>li] "p ( ?is *apt]1 a /rik+ passage f ,demo/h5es1 embody+ t view ( ! objective validity ( law "u :i* alone political in/itutions c be secure4 ,t is law1 said ! orator1 :i* all m5 ought to obey = _m reasons1 & especially because e law is an inv5tion & gift ( ! gods1 a resolution ( wise m51 a correction ( errors int5tional & un9t5tional1 a compact ( ! :ole /ate1 accord+ to :i* all :o belong to ! /ate ought to live4 ,t is ! conception ( law :i* ! citiz5s ( any /able /ate mu/ be prep>$ sub/antially to accept1 = x is ! condition ( t fundam5tal belief 9 e/abli%$ in/itutions :i* alone c make x wor? :ile to adapt & to improve !m4 ,x 01 accord+ly1 ! conception tacitly1 at lea/1 accept$ 9 ,greece1 dur+ ! p]iod ( h] con/ructive vig\r4 ,b x is a conception con/antly op5 to attack4 ,= law1 at any giv5 mom5t1 ev5 "u ! mo/ fav\rable conditions1 _c d m ?an approximate to its own ideal4 ,x is1 at be/1 b a r\gh attempt at t reconciliation ( conflict+ int]e/s t[>ds :i* ! reason ( mank9d is always seek+2 & ev5 9 well-ord]$ /ates !re mu/ always be individuals & classes :o res5t1 & rightly res5t x1 z unju/4 ,b ! ,greek /ates1 z we h se51 7 n well-ord]$2 on ! contr>y1 !y 7 always on ! v]ge1 or 9 ! act1 ( civil w>2 & ! conception ( law1 z a compact ( ! :ole /ate1 accord+ to :i* all :o belong to ! /ate ought to live1 mu/ h be51 at ! lea/1 sev]ely tri$1 9 cities p]man5tly divid$ into two factions1 ea* int5t n m]ely on defeat+ ! o!r1 b on exclud+ x altoge!r f political rights4 ,su* conditions1 9 fact1 mu/ h irresi/ibly sugge/$ ! criticism1 :i* always dogs ! idea ( ! /ate1 & aga9/ :i* its only def5ce is 9 a p]petual p]fection ( itself--! criticism t law1 aft] all1 is only ! rule ( ! /rong1 & ju/ice ! "n "u :i* !y gloze _! usurpation4 ,t is a po9t ( view :i*1 ev5 ap>t f _! political diss5sions1 w\ld h>dly h escap$ ! subtle intellect ( ! ,greeks2 & 9 fact1 f ! close ( ! fif? c5tury onw>ds1 we f9d x con/antly canvass$ & discuss$4 ,! m9d ( ,plato1 9 p>ticul>1 0 ex]cis$ by ?is cont5tion2 & x 01 "o may say1 a ma9 object ( 8 tea*+ to rescue ! idea ( ju/ice f id5tification ) ! special int]e/ ( ! /rong1 & re-affirm x z ! g5]al int]e/ ( all4 ,= ?is end1 he takes occasion to /ate1 ) ! utmo/ frankness & lucidity1 ! view :i* x is 8 int5tion to refute2 & consequ5tly x is 9 8 works t we f9d ! fulle/ exposition ( ! de/ructive argum5t he seeks to answ]4 ,briefly1 t argum5t runs z foll[s3--,x is ! law ( nature t ! /rong %all rule2 a law :i* e "o recognises 9 fact1 ?\gh e "o repudiates x 9 !ory4 ,gov]nm5t !re=e simply means ! rule ( ! /rong1 & exi/s1 no matt] :at its =m1 :e!r tyranny1 olig>*y1 or democracy1 9 ! int]e/s n ( its subjects b ( itself4 ,ju/ice & ,law are ! speci\s names x employs to cloak its own arbitr>y w2 !y h no objective validity1 no ref]5ce to ! well-be+ ( all2 & x is only ! weak & ! fooli% on :om !y impose4 ,/rong & orig9al natures sweep away ?is tangle ( words1 ass]t !mselves 9 defiance ( false %ame1 & claim ! "r div9e t is !irs by nature1 to rule at _! w by virtue ( _! /r5g?4 ,ea* gov]nm5t1 says ,?rasyma*us 9 ! ,republic1 has its laws fram$ to suit its own int]e/s2 a democracy mak+ democratic laws2 an autocrat despotic laws1 & s on4 ,n[ by ?is proc$ure ^! gov]nm5ts h pron\nc$ t :at is = ! int]e/ ( !mselves is j = _! subjects2 & :oev] deviates f ?is1 is *a/is$ by !m z guilty ( illegality & inju/ice4 ,!re=e1 my good sir1 my mean+ is1 t 9 all cities ! same ?+1 namely1 ! int]e/ ( ! e/abli%$ gov]nm5t is j4 ,& sup]ior /r5g?1 ,i presume1 is to be f\nd on ! side ( gov]nm5t4 ,s t ! conclusion ( "r reason+ is1 t ! same ?+1 namely1 ! int]e/ ( ! /rong]1 is ev]y:]e j4 ,footnote3 ,plato1 ,rep4 #cch4--,translat$ by ,davies & ,vaughan4 ,"h is an argum5t :i* /rikes at ! root ( all subord9ation to ! /ate1 sett+ ! subject aga9/ ! rul]1 ! m9ority aga9/ ! majority1 ) an emphasis ( opposition t admits ( no conceivable reconciliation4 ,&1 z we h notic$1 x 0 an argum5t to :i* ! actual political conditions ( ,greece gave a /rong %[ ( plausibility4 ,h[ !n did ! con/ructive ?9k]s ( ,greece attempt to meet x8 ,! proc$ure adopt$ by ,plato is curi\sly oppos$ to t :i* might seem natural to a mod]n ?9k] on politics4 ,! scepticism :i* 0 to be met1 hav+ sprung f ! extremity ( class-antagonism1 x might be suppos$ t ! cure w\ld be s\ght 9 "s sort ( sy/em ( equality4 ,plato's idea is precisely ! contr>y4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 classes he exagg]ates to its highe/ po9t2 only he w\ld h x dep5d on degrees1 n ( weal?1 b ( excell5ce4 ,9 ! ideal republic :i* he con/ructs z a type ( a /ate :]e ju/ice %\ld really rule1 he sets an impassable gulf betwe5 ! gov]n+ class & ! gov]n$2 ea* is specially tra9$ & specially br$ = its appropriate function2 & ! h>mony betwe5 !m is ensur$ by ! recognition1 on ei!r "p1 t ea* is 9 occupation ( ! place = :i* x is naturally fitt$ 9 t :ole to :i* bo? alike are subord9ate4 ,su* a /ate1 no d\bt1 if ev] x _h be5 realis$ 9 practice1 w\ld h be5 a complete reply to ! sceptical argum5t2 = x w\ld h e/abli%$ a ju/ice :i* 0 ! expression n ( ! caprice ( ! gov]n+ class1 b ( ! objective w ( ! :ole community4 ,b 9 practice su* a /ate 0 n realis$ 9 ,greece2 & ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,greek _w does n lead u to suppose t x 0 capable ( realisation4 ,! sy/em ( /]eotyp+ classes--9 a ^w1 ( ca/e--:i* has play$ s great a "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 does no d\bt embody a great tru?1 t ( natural inequality2 & ?is tru?1 z we saw1 0 at ! bottom ( t ,greek conception ( ! /ate1 ( :i* ! ,republic ( ,plato is an idealis+ c>icature4 ,b ! problem is to make ! inequality ( nature really correspond to ! inequality impos$ by in/itutions4 ,?is problem ,plato hop$ to solve by a /rict public control ( ! m>riage relation1 s t none %\ld be born into any class :o 7 n naturally fitt$ to be memb]s ( x2 b z a matt] ( fact ! difficulty has nev] be5 met2 & ! sy/em ( ca/e rema9s op5 to ! reproa* t its ju/ice is conv5tional & arbitr>y1 n ! expression ( ! objective nature & w ( all classes & memb]s ( ! community4 ,! attempt ( ,ari/otle to con/ruct a /ate t %\ld be ! embodim5t ( ju/ice is simil> to ,plato's s f> z ! relation ( classes is conc]n$4 ,he1 too1 po/ulates a gov]n+ class ( soldi]s & c\ncillors1 & a subject class ( productive lab\r]s4 ,:51 h[ev]1 he turns f ! ideal to practical politics1 & consid]s m]ely h[ to avoid ! wor/ extremes ( p>ty antagonism1 8 solution is ! simple & famili> "o ( ! prepond]ance ( ! middle class4 ,! same view 0 dom9ant bo? 9 ,fr5* & ,engli% politics f ! ye> #ahcj onw>ds1 & is only n[ be+ ?ru/ aside by ! democratic ideal4 ,9 ,greece x 0 nev] realis$ except z a pass+ phase 9 ! p]petual flux ( polities4 ,& 9 f9e x may be said t ! problem ( e/abli%+ a /ate :i* %\ld be a concrete refutation ( ! sceptical criticism t ju/ice is m]ely ano!r "n = =ce1 0 "o t 0 nev] solv$ 9 anci5t ,greece4 ,! dissolution ( ! idea ( ! /ate 0 m a symptom ?an a cause ( its failure 9 practice to h>monise its w>r+ elem5ts4 ,& ,greece1 divid$ into conflict+ polities1 ea* ( :i* aga9 0 divid$ )9 itself1 pass$ on to ,mac$on & !nce to ,rome t task ( reconcil+ ! individual & ! class ) ! :ole1 ab\t :i* ! political hi/ory ( ! _w turns4 ,section #ab4 ,summ>y4 ,we h n[ giv5 "s acc\nt ( ! g5]al "* ( ! ,greek /ate1 ! ideas t und]lay x1 & ! criticism ( ^? ideas sugge/$ by ! c\rse ( hi/ory & =mulat$ by speculative ?\ght4 ,x rema9s to (f] c]ta9 reflections on ! political a*ievem5t ( ! ,greeks1 & its relation to our own ideas4 ,! fruitful & positive aspect ( ! ,greek /ate1 t :i* fa/5s ^u x ! eyes ( lat] g5]ations z ^u a model1 if n to be copi$1 z lea/ to be prais$ & admir$1 is t id5tification ( ! individual citiz5 ) ! corporate life1 :i* deliv]$ him f ! n>r[ circle ( p]sonal int]e/s into a sph]e ( wid] views & high] aims4 ,! ,greek citiz51 z we h se51 9 ! be/ days ( ! be/ /ates1 9 ,a!ns = example 9 ! age ( ,p]icles1 0 at once a soldi] & a politician2 body & m9d alike 7 at 8 c\ntry's s]vice2 & 8 :ole ideal ( conduct 0 inextricably b\nd up ) 8 intimate & p]sonal p>ticipation 9 public affairs4 ,if n[ ) ?is ideal we contra/ ! life ( an av]age citiz5 9 a mod]n /ate1 ! absorption 9 private bus9ess & family conc]ns1 ! greasy dome/icity 7to use a phrase ( ,byron's71 t limits & cl\ds 8 vision ( ! _w1 we may well feel t ! ,greeks _h a*iev$ some?+ :i* we h lo/1 & may ev5 desire to return1 s f> z we may1 ^u our /eps1 & to re-e/abli% t int]p5etration ( private & public life by :i* ! individual citiz5 0 at once depress$ & glorifi$4 ,x may be d\bt$1 h[ev]1 :e!r su* a proc$ure w\ld be 9 any way possible or desirable4 ,= 9 ! fir/ place1 ! exi/5ce ( ! ,greek citiz5 dep5d$ ^u t ( an inf]ior class :o 7 reg>d$ n z ends 9 !mselves1 b z means to 8 p]fection4 ,& t is an arrangem5t :i* runs directly c\nt] to ! mod]n ideal4 ,all mod]n societies aim1 to ?is ext5t at lea/1 at equality1 t _! t5d5cy1 s f> z x is consci\s & av[$1 is n to sep>ate (f a privileg$ class ( citiz5s1 set free by ! lab\r ( o!rs to live ! p]fect life1 b r to di/ribute imp>tially to all ! burd5s & advantages ( ! /ate1 s t e "o %all be at once a lab\r] = himself & a citiz5 ( ! /ate4 ,b ?is ideal is cle>ly incompatible ) ! ,greek conception ( ! citiz54 ,x implies t ! great] portion ( e man's life mu/ be devot$ to "s k9d ( me*anical lab\r1 ^: imm$iate connection ) ! public good1 ?\gh c]ta91 is remote & obscure2 & t 9 consequ5ce a delib]ate & unceas+ preoccupation ) ! end ( ! /ate becomes z a g5]al rule impossible4 ,&1 9 ! second place1 ! m]e complexity & size ( a mod]n /ate is aga9/ ! id5tification ( ! man ) ! citiz54 ,=1 on ! "o h&1 public issues are s l>ge & s involv$ t x is only a few :o c hope to h any adequate compreh5sion ( !m2 & on ! o!r1 ! subdivision ( functions is s m9ute t ev5 :5 a man is directly employ$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! /ate 8 activity is conf9$ to "s highly specialis$ dep>tm5t4 ,he mu/ *oose1 = example1 :e!r he w be a cl]k 9 ! treasury or a soldi]2 b he _c c]ta9ly be bo?4 ,9 ! ,greek /ate any citiz5 c\ld und]take1 simultane\sly or 9 succession1 & ) complete compreh5sion & ma/]y1 e "o ( ! comp>atively few & simple public (fices2 9 a mod]n /ate su* an arrangem5t has become impossible4 ,! m]e me*anical & physical conditions ( our life preclude ! ideal ( ! anci5t citiz54 ,b1 x may be said1 ! activity ( ! citiz5 ( a mod]n /ate %\ld be & increas+ly w be conc]n$ n ) ! :ole b ) ! "p4 ,by ! developm5t ( local in/itutions he w come1 m & m1 to id5tify himself ) ! public life ( 8 di/rict & 8 t[n2 & w be> to t mu* ! same relation z 0 borne by ! anci5t ,greek to 8 city /ate4 ,c]ta9ly s f> z ! limitation ( area1 & ! simplicity & intelligibility ( issues is conc]n$1 su* an analogy might be fairly press$2 & x is probably 9 connection ) su* local areas t ! av]age citiz5 does & increas+ly w become aw>e ( 8 corporate relations4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x c h>dly be ma9ta9$ t public bus9ess 9 ?is re/rict$ s5se ei!r c\ld or %\ld play ! "p 9 ! life ( ! mod]n man t x play$ 9 t ( ! anci5t ,greek4 ,= local bus9ess aft] all is a matt] ( sew]s & p>ks2 & h[ev] great ! importance ( su* matt]s may be1 & h[ev] great _! claim ^u ! att5tion ( compet5t m51 yet ! k9d ( int]e/ !y awak5 & ! k9d ( faculties !y employ c h>dly be su* z to lead to ! id5tification ( ! individual ideal ) t ( public activity4 ,! life ( ! ,greek citiz5 involv$ an ex]cise1 ! f9e/ & mo/ complete1 ( all 8 p[]s ( body1 s\l1 & m9d2 ! same c h>dly be said ( ! life ( a c\nty c\ncillor1 ev5 ( ! be/ & mo/ consci5ti\s ( !m4 ,& ! conclusion appe>s to be1 t t fusion ( public & private life :i* 0 involv$ 9 ! ideal ( ! ,greek citiz51 0 a pass+ phase 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w2 t ! /ate c nev] occupy aga9 ! place 9 relation to ! individual :i* x held 9 ! cities ( ! anci5t _w2 & t an attempt to id5tify 9 a mod]n /ate ! ideal ( ! man ) t ( ! citiz51 w\ld be an hi/orical ana*ronism4 ,nor is ?is a conclusion :i* ne$ be regrett$4 ,= z ! sph]e ( ! /ate %r9ks1 x is possible t t ( ! individual may be enl>g$4 ,! public side ( human life1 x may be suppos$1 w become m & m me*anical1 z our und]/&+ & control ( social =ces gr[4 ,b e r$uction to habit & rule ( :at 7 once spiritual functions1 implies ! lib]ation ( ! high] p[]s = a possible activity 9 o!r regions4 ,& if advantage 7 tak5 ( ?is opportunity1 ! ine/imable comp5sation = ! contraction to r\t9e ( ! life ( ! citiz5 w\ld be ! expansion into new sph]es ( speculation & passion ( ! fre] & m individual life ( ! man4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,greek ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,individual ,section #a4 ,! ,greek ,view ( ,manual ,lab\r & ,trade4 ,9 our discussion ( ! ,greek view ( ! ,/ate we notic$ ! t5d5cy bo? ( ! !ory & ! practice ( ! ,greeks to sep>ate ! citiz5s prop] f ! re/ ( ! community z a di/9ct & ari/ocratic class4 ,& ?is t5d5cy1 we _h occasion to obs]ve1 0 p>tly to be attribut$ to ! high conception :i* ! ,greeks _h =m$ ( ! prop] excell5ce ( man1 an excell5ce :i* x 0 ! function ( ! citiz5 to realise 9 8 own p]son1 at ! co/1 if ne$ be1 ( ! o!r memb]s ( ! ,/ate4 ,?is ,greek conception ( ! prop] excell5ce ( man x is n[ our purpose to exam9e m closely4 ,! *ief po9t t /rikes u ab\t ! ,greek ideal is its compreh5siv5ess4 ,our own ^w virtue is appli$ only to moral qualities2 b ! ,greek ^w :i* we s translate %\ld prop]ly be r5d]$ excell5ce1 & includes a ref]5ce to ! body z well z to ! s\l4 ,a beautiful s\l1 h\s$ 9 a beautiful body1 & suppli$ ) all ! ext]nal advantages necess>y to produce & p]petuate su* a comb9ation--t is ! ,greek conception ( well-be+2 & x is because lab\r ) ! h&s or at ! desk di/orts or impairs ! body1 & ! petty c>es ( a call+ pursu$ = bread p]v]t ! s\l1 t s /rong a contempt 0 felt by ! ,greeks = manual lab\r & trade4 ,! arts t are call$ me*anical1 says ,x5ophon1 are also1 & naturally en\gh1 held 9 bad repute 9 our cities4 ,= !y spoil ! bodies ( work]s & sup]9t5d5ts alike1 compell+ !m to live s$5t>y indoor lives1 & 9 "s cases ev5 to pass _! days by ! fire4 ,& z _! bodies become effem9ate1 s d _! s\ls also gr[ less robu/4 ,besides ?is1 9 su* trades "o has no leisure to devote to ! c>e ( "o's fri5ds or ( "o's city4 ,s t ^? :o engage 9 !m are ?\ght to be bad back]s ( _! fri5ds & bad def5d]s ( _! c\ntry4 ,footnote3 ,x54 ,oec4 iv4 #c4 ,9 a simil> _s ,plato ass]ts t a life ( drudg]y disfigures ! body & m>s & en]vates ! s\l2 ,footnote3 ,plato1 ,rep4 #die4 :ile ,ari/otle def9es a me*anical trade z "o :i* r5d]s ! body & s\l or intellect ( free p]sons unfit = ! ex]cise & practice ( virtue2 ,footnote3 ,ari/4 ,pol4 ,v4 #accg b #h4--,translat$ by ,welldon4 & d5ies to ! artisan n m]ely ! prop] excell5ce ( man1 b any excell5ce ( any k9d1 on ! plea t 8 occupation & /atus is unnatural1 & t he misses ev5 t reflex ( human virtue :i* a slave d]ives f 8 intimate connection ) 8 ma/]4 ,footnote3 ,ibid4 i4 #abfj a #cd4 ,if !n ! artisan 0 exclud$ f ! citiz5%ip 9 "s ( ! ,greek /ates1 & ev5 9 ! mo/ democratic ( !m nev] altoge!r ?rew (f ! /igma ( inf]iority atta*+ to 8 trade1 ! reason 0 t ! life he 0 compell$ to lead 0 incompatible ) ! ,greek conception ( excell5ce4 ,t conception we w n[ proce$ to exam9e a little m 9 detail4 ,section #b4 ,appreciation ( ,ext]nal ,goods4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,greek ideal requir$ = its realisation a solid basis ( ext]nal ,goods4 ,x recognis$ frankly ! dep5d5ce ( man ^u ! _w ( s5se1 & ! contribution to 8 happ9ess ( elem5ts ov] :i* he _h at be/ b a p>tial control4 ,n t x plac$ 8 ,good outside himself1 9 ri*es1 p[]1 & o!r su* app5dages2 b t x po/ulat$ c]ta9 gifts ( =tune z necess>y means to 8 self-developm5t4 ,( ^! ! *ief 71 a compet5ce1 to secure him aga9/ sordid c>es1 heal?1 to ensure 8 physical excell5ce1 & *ildr51 to support & protect him 9 old age4 ,ari/otle's def9ition ( ! happy man is "o ^: activity accords ) p]fect virtue & :o is adequately furni%$ ) ext]nal goods1 n = a casual p]iod ( "t b = a complete or p]fect life- "t2 ,footnote3 ,ari/4 ,e?ics4 ,i4 ii4 #aaja a #ad4--,translat$ by ,welldon4 & he rem>ks1 some:at cau/ically1 t ^? :o say t a man on ! rack w\ld be happy if only he 7 good1 int5tionally or un9t5tionally are talk+ nons5se4 ,t "h1 z else:]e1 ,ari/otle repres5ts ! common ,greek view we h abundant te/imony f o!r s\rces4 ,ev5 ,plato1 9 :om !re runs s cle> a ve9 ( asceticism1 foll[s ! popul> judgm5t 9 reckon+ high among goods1 fir/1 heal?1 !n beauty1 !n skill & /r5g? 9 physical ex]cises1 & la/ly weal?1 if x be n bl9d b illum9$ by ! eye ( reason4 ,to ^! ,goods mu/ be add$1 to complete ! scale1 success & reputation1 topics :i* are ! con/ant !me ( ! poets' eulogy4 ,two ?+s alone !re are1 says ,p9d>1 t *]i% life's bloom to its utmo/ sweetness amid/ ! fair fl[]s ( weal?--to h good success & to w9 !re=e fair fame2 ,footnote3 ,p9d4 ,i/h4 iv4 #ad4-- ,translat$ by ,e4 ,my]s4 & ! passage repres5ts 8 habitual attitude4 ,t ! gifts ( =tune1 bo? p]sonal & ext]nal1 are an ess5tial condition ( excell5ce1 is an axiom ( ! po9t ( view ( ! ,greeks4 ,b on ! o!r h& we nev] f9d !m misl$ into ! conception t su* gifts are an end 9 !mselves1 ap>t f ! p]sonal qualities !y are meant to support or adorn4 ,! ori5tal ideal ( unlimit$ weal? & p[]1 enjoy$ m]ely = its own sake1 nev] appeal$ to _! f9e & lucid judgm5t4 ,no?+ c\ld bett] illu/rate ?is po9t ?an ! anecdote relat$ by ,h]odotus ( ! int]view betwe5 ,solon & ,croesus1 ,k+ ( ,lydia4 ,croesus1 pr\d ( 8 b\ndless weal?1 asks ! ,greek /rang] :o is ! happie/ man on e>?8 expect+ to he> 9 reply 8 own "n4 ,solon1 h[ev]1 answ]s ) ! "n ( ,tellus1 ! ,a!nian1 giv+ 8 reasons 9 ! foll[+ spee*3 ,fir/1 because 8 c\ntry 0 fl\ri%+ 9 8 days1 & he himself _h sons bo? beautiful & good1 & he liv$ to see *ildr5 born to ea* ( !m1 & ^! *ildr5 all grew up2 & fur!r because1 aft] a life sp5t 9 :at our p look ^u z com=t1 8 end 0 surpass+ly glori\s4 ,9 a battle betwe5 ! ,a!nians & _! neighb\rs ne> ,eleusis1 he came to ! assi/ance ( 8 c\ntrym51 r\t$ ! foe1 & di$ ^u ! field mo/ gallantly4 ,! ,a!nians gave him a public fun]al on ! spot :]e he fell1 & paid him ! highe/ hon\rs4 ,lat] on 9 ! discussion ,solon def9es ! happy man z he :o ,is :ole ( limb1 a /rang] to disease1 free f mis=tune1 happy 9 8 *ildr51 & comely to look ^u1 & :o also ends 8 life well4 ,footnote3 ,h]odotus1 i4 #cj4 #cb4--,translat$ by ,rawl9son ,section #c4 ,appreciation ( ,physical ,qualities4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ! gifts ( a happy =tune are an ess5tial condition ( ! ,greek ideal1 !y are n to be mi/ak5 = ! ideal itself4 ,a beautiful s\l 9 a beautiful body1 to recur to our =m] phrase1 is ! real end & aim ( _! endeav\r4 ,beautiful & good is _! habitual way ( describ+ :at we %\ld call a g5tleman2 & no expression c\ld bett] repres5t :at !y admir$4 ,) ourselves1 9 spite ( our addiction to a?letics1 ! body takes a second>y place2 aft] a c]ta9 age1 at lea/1 !re are few m5 :o make its sy/ematic cultivation an important factor ( _! life2 & 9 our e/imate ( m]it physical qualities are accord$ ei!r none or ! v smalle/ weight4 ,x 0 o!rwise ) ! ,greeks2 to !m a good body 0 ! necess>y correlative ( a good s\l4 ,balance 0 :at !y aim$ at1 balance & h>mony2 & !y c\ld sc>cely believe 9 ! beauty ( ! _s1 unless x 7 reflect$ 9 ! beauty ( ! fle%4 ,! po9t is well put by ,plato1 ! mo/ spiritually m9d$ ( ! ,greeks1 & ! lea/ apt to und]prize ! qualities ( ! s\l4 ,surely !n1 he says1 to him :o has an eye to see1 !re c be no fair] spectacle ?an t ( a man :o comb9es ! possession ( moral beauty 9 8 s\l ) outw>d beauty ( =m1 correspond+ & h>moniz+ ) ! =m]1 because ! same great patt]n ent]s into bo?4 ,!re c be none s fair4 ,& y w grant t :at is faire/ is lovelie/8 ,und\bt$ly x is4 ,!n ! truly musical p]son w love ^? :o comb9e mo/ p]fectly moral & physical beauty1 b w n love any "o 9 :om !re is dissonance4 ,no1 n if !re be any defect 9 ! s\l1 b if x is only a bodily blemi%1 he may s be> ) x z to be will+ to reg>d x ) complac5cy4 ,i und]/& t y h n[1 or h _h1 a fav\rite ( ?is k9d2 s ,i give way4 ,footnote3 ,plato1 ,rep4 #djb4--,translat$ by ,davies & ,vaughan4 ,! reluctance ( ! admission t a physical defect may possibly be ov]look$ is z significant z ! re/ ( ! passage4 ,body & s\l1 x is cle>1 are reg>d$ z aspects ( a s+le :ole1 s t a blemi% 9 ! "o indicates & involves a blemi% 9 ! o!r4 ,! tra9+ ( ! body is ?us1 9 a s5se1 ! tra9+ ( ! s\l1 & gymna/ic & music1 z ,plato puts x1 s]ve ! same end1 ! production ( a h>moni\s temp]am5t4 ,section #d4 ,greek ,a?letics4 ,x is ?is conception :i* gives1 or appe>s at lea/ 9 ! retrospect to give1 a "* s graci\s & f9e to ,greek a?letics4 ,9 fact1 if we look m closely into ! "* ( ! public games 9 ,greece we see t !y 7 s surr\nd$ & transfus$ by an atmosph]e ( imag9ation t _! appeal mu/ h be5 z mu* to ! ae/hetic z to ! physical s5se4 ,= 9 ! fir/ place ^? great gymna/ic conte/s 9 :i* all ,hellas took "p1 & :i* gave ! tone to _! :ole a?letic life1 7 prim>ily religi\s fe/ivals4 ,! ,olympic & ,nemean ,games 7 held 9 hon\r ( ,zeus1 ! ,py?ian1 ( ,apollo1 ! ,i/hmean1 ( ,poseidon4 ,9 ! enclosures 9 :i* !y took place /ood temples ( ! gods2 & sacrifice1 pray]1 & *oral hymn 7 ! back-gr\nd aga9/ :i* !y 7 set4 ,& s9ce 9 ,greece religion impli$ art1 9 ! wake ( ! a?lete foll[$ ! sculptor & ! poet4 ,! colossal ,zeus ( ,pheidias1 ! wond] ( ! anci5t _w1 fla%$ f ! prec9cts ( ,olympia its glory ( ivory & gold2 temples & /atues broke ! brilliant light into col\r & =m2 & "u t vibrat+ heav5 ( beauty1 ! lovelie/ nature cr[n$ ) ! f9e/ art1 %ift$ & %one :at 0 9 itself a p]fect type ( bo?1 ! grace ( h>moni\s motion 9 nak$ y\?s & m54 ,= 9 ,greek a?letics1 by virtue ( ! practice ( cont5d+ nude1 ! conte/ itself became a "w ( art2 & n only did sculptors draw f x an inspiration su* z has be5 felt by no lat] age1 b to ! combatants !mselves1 & ! spectators1 ! pla/ic beauty ( ! human =m grew to be m ?an its pr[ess or its /r5g?1 & gymna/ic became a tra9+ 9 ae/hetics z mu* z1 or m ?an1 9 physical excell5ce4 ,& z ) ! conte/1 s ) ! rew>d1 ev]y?+ 0 design$ to appeal to ! s5su\s imag9ation4 ,! prize =mally adjudg$ 0 symbolical only1 a cr[n ( olive2 b ! real triumph ( ! victor 0 ! ode 9 :i* 8 praise 0 sung1 ! procession ( happy comrades1 & ! ev5+ fe/ival1 :51 z ,p9d> has x1 ! lovely %9+ ( ! fair-fac$ moon beam$ =?1 & all ! prec9ct s\nd$ ) songs ( fe/al glee1 ,footnote3 ,p9d>1 ,ol4 xi4 #ij4-- ,translat$ by ,my]s or beside ,ka/aly 9 ! ev5+ 8 "n burnt bright1 :5 ! glad s\nds ( ! ,graces rose4 ,footnote3 ,p9d>1 ,nem4 #f4 #fe4 ,( ! ,graces6 = ^! 7 ! p[]s :o presid$ ov] ! _w ( ,greek a?letics4 ,"h1 = example1 is ! op5+ ( "o ( ,p9d>'s odes1 typical ( ! _s 9 :i* he at lea/ conceiv$ ! functions ( ! *ronicl] ( sport3 ,o ye :o haunt ! l& ( goodly /e$s t dr9ke? ( ,kephisos' wat]s1 lu/y ,or*om5os' ,que5s r5[n$ 9 song1 ,o ,graces1 gu>dians ( ! ,m9yai's anci5t race1 he>k51 = unto y ,i pray4 ,= by y\r gift come unto m5 all pleasant ?+s & sweet1 & ! wisdom ( a man & 8 beauty1 & ! spl5d\r ( 8 fame4 ,yea1 ev5 gods )\t ! ,graces' aid rule nev] at fea/ or dance2 b ^! h *>ge ( all ?+s done 9 heav51 & beside ,py?ian ,apollo ( ! gold5 b[ !y h set _! ?rones1 & wor%ip ! et]nal maje/y ( ! ,olympian ,fa!r4 ,o lady ,aglaia1 & ?\ ,euphrosyne1 lov] ( song1 *ildr5 ( ! mightie/ ( ! gods1 li/5 & he>1 & ?\ ,?alia delight+ 9 sweet s\nds1 & look d[n ^u ?is triumphal company1 mov+ ) light /ep "u happy fate4 ,9 ,lydian mood ( melody conc]n+ ,asopi*os am ,i come hi!r to s+1 = t ?r\gh !e1 ,aglaia1 9 ! ,olympic games ! ,m9yai's home is w9n]4 ,footnote3 ,p9d>1 ,ol4 xiv4--,translat$ by ,my]s4 ,?is is b a s+le passage among _m t might be quot$ to illu/rate ! po9t we are endeav\r+ to br+ into relief--! consci\s pr$om9ance 9 ! ,greek games ( t elem5t ( poetry & art :i* is ei!r n pres5t at all 9 mod]n sport or at be/ is a happy accessory ( *ance4 ,! mod]n man1 & especially ! ,engli%man1 addicts himself to a?letics1 z to o!r avocations1 ) a c]ta9 /olidity ( gaze on ! imm$iate end :i* t5ds to conf9e him to ! purely physical view ( 8 pursuit4 ,! ,greek1 an arti/ by nature1 lift$ 8 n less /r5u\s sports into an air ( f9] s5tim5t1 t\*$ !m ) ! poetry ( leg5d & ! grace ( art & song1 & ev5 to 8 mo/ brutal conte/s--= brutal "s ( !m 7--imp>t$ s ri* an atmosph]e ( beauty1 t !y c\ld be admitt$ z fit !mes = d$ication to ! ,graces by ! *oice & spiritual g5ius ( ,p9d>4 ,section #e4 ,greek ,e?ics--,id5tification ( ! ,ae/hetic & ,e?ical ,po9ts ( ,view4 ,& z ) ! excell5ce ( ! body1 s ) t ( ! s\l1 ! conception t dom9at$ ! m9d ( ! ,greeks 0 prim>ily ae/hetic4 ,9 speak+ ( _! religion we h already rem>k$ t !y _h no s5se ( s92 & we may n[ add t !y _h no s5se ( duty4 ,moral virtue !y conceiv$ n z ob$i5ce to an ext]nal law1 a sacrifice ( ! natural man to a p[] t 9 a s5se is ali5 to himself1 b r z ! temp]+ into due proportion ( ! elem5ts ( :i* human nature is compos$4 ,! good man 0 ! man :o 0 beautiful--beautiful 9 s\l4 ,virtue1 says ,plato1 w be a k9d ( heal? & beauty & good habit ( ! s\l2 & vice w be a disease & de=mity & sickness ( x4 ,footnote3 ,plato1 ,rep4 #ddd1-- ,translat$ by ,davies & ,vaughan4 ,x foll[s t x is z natural to seek virtue & to avoid vice z to seek heal? & to avoid disease4 ,!re is no "q ( a /ruggle betwe5 opposite pr9ciples2 ! di/9ction ( good & evil is "o ( ord] or confusion1 among elem5ts :i* 9 !mselves are nei!r good nor bad4 ,?is conception ( virtue we f9d express$ 9 _m =ms1 b always ) ! same und]ly+ idea4 ,a fav\rite wat*-^w ) ! ,greeks is ! middle or mean1 ! exact po9t ( rightness betwe5 two extremes4 ,no?+ 9 excess1 0 a motto inscrib$ ov] ! temple ( ,delphi2 & none c\ld be m *>act]i/ic ( ! ideal ( ^! lov]s ( proportion4 ,ari/otle1 inde$1 has made x ! basis ( 8 :ole !ory ( e?ics4 ,9 8 conception1 virtue is ! mean1 vice ! excess ly+ on ei!r side--c\rage1 = example1 ! mean betwe5 foolh>d9ess & c[>dice1 temp]ance1 betwe5 incont95ce & ins5sibility1 g5]osity1 betwe5 extravagance & meanness4 ,! v>i\s phases ( feel+ & ! v>i\s k9ds ( action he analyses m9utely on ?is pr9ciple1 und]/&+ always by ! mean t :i* adapts itself 9 ! due proportion to ! circum/ances & requirem5ts ( e case4 ,! int]e/ ( ?is view = u lies 9 its assumption t x is n passions or desires 9 !mselves t mu/ be reg>d$ z bad1 b only _! disproportional or misdirect$ indulg5ce4 ,let u take1 = example1 ! case ( ! pleasures ( s5se4 ,! puritan's rule is to abjure !m altoge!r2 to him !y are absolutely wrong 9 !mselves1 ap>t f all consid]ations ( "t & place4 ,ari/otle1 on ! contr>y1 enjo9s n r5unciation b temp]ance2 & def9es ! temp]ate man z "o :o holds a mean position 9 respect ( pleasures4 ,he takes no pleasure 9 ! ?+s 9 :i* ! lic5ti\s man takes mo/ pleasure2 he r dislikes !m2 nor does he take pleasure at all 9 wrong ?+s1 nor an excessive pleasure 9 any?+ t is pleasant1 nor is he pa9$ at ! abs5ce ( su* ?+s1 nor does he desire !m1 except p]haps 9 mod]ation1 nor does he desire !m m ?an is "r1 or at ! wrong "t1 & s on4 ,b he w be eag] 9 a mod]ate & "r _s = all su* ?+s z are pleasant & at ! same "t conducive to heal? or to a s\nd bodily condition1 & = all o!r pleasures1 s long z !y are n prejudicial to ^! or inconsi/5t ) noble conduct or extravagant beyond 8 means4 ,= unless a p]son limits himself 9 ?is way1 he affects su* pleasures m ?an is "r1 :]eas ! temp]ate man foll[s ! guidance ( "r reason4 ,footnote3 ,ari/4 ,e?ics4 ,,iii4 #ad4--aaai a #aa4--,translat$ by ,welldon4 ,z ano!r illu/ration ( ?is po9t ( view1 we may take ! case ( ang]4 ,! ,*ri/ian rule is nev] to res5t an injury1 b r1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t phrase1 to turn ! o!r *eek4 ,ari/otle1 :ile blam+ ! man :o is unduly passionate1 blames equally ! man :o is ins5sitive2 ! ?+ to aim at is to be angry on ! prop] occasions & ) ! prop] p 9 ! prop] mann] & = ! prop] l5g? ( "t4 ,& 9 ?is & all o!r cases ! def9ition ( :at is prop] mu/ be left to ! det]m9ation ( ! s5sible man4 ,?us1 9 place ( a s]ies ( h>d & fa/ rules1 a rigid & uncompromis+ di/9ction ( acts & affections into good & bad1 ! =m] to be absolutely *os5 & ! latt] absolutely es*ew$1 ,ari/otle pres5ts u ) ! g5]al type ( a subtle & %ift+ problem1 ! solution ( :i* mu/ be work$ out afre% by ea* individual 9 ea* p>ticul> case4 ,conduct to him is a free & liv+ creature1 & n a ma*9e controll$ by fix$ laws4 ,e life is a "w ( art %ap$ by ! man :o lives x2 accord+ to ! faculty ( ! arti/ w be ! quality ( 8 "w1 & no g5]al rules c supply ! place ( 8 own direct p]ception at e turn4 ,! ,good is ! "r proportion1 ! "r mann] & occasion2 ! ,bad is all t v>ies f ?is "r4 ,b ! elem5ts ( human nature 9 !mselves are nei!r good nor bad2 !y are m]ely ! raw mat]ial out ( :i* ! "o or ! o!r may be %ap$4 ,! idea ?us =mulat$ by ,ari/otle is typically ,greek4 ,9 ano!r =m x is ! basis ( ! e?ical philosophy ( ,plato1 :o habitually reg>ds virtue z a k9d ( ord]4 ,! virtue ( ea* ?+1 he says1 :e!r body or s\l1 in/rum5t or creature1 :5 giv5 to !m 9 ! be/ way comes to !m n by *ance b z ! result ( ! ord] & tru? & art :i* are imp>t$ to !m4 ,footnote3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 #ejf d4--,translat$ by ,j[ett ,& ! conception "h indicat$1 is work$ out 9 detail 9 8 ,republic4 ,!re1 aft] di/+ui%+ 9 ! s\l ?ree pr9ciples or p[]s1 reason1 passion1 & desire1 he def9es ju/ice z ! ma9t5ance among !m ( _! prop] mutual relation1 ea* mov+ 9 its own place & do+ its appropriate "w z is1 or %\ld be1 ! case ) ! diff]5t classes 9 a /ate4 ,! j man w n p]mit ! sev]al pr9ciples )9 him to d any "w b _! own1 nor all[ ! di/9ct classes 9 8 s\l to int]f]e ) ea* o!r1 b w really set 8 h\se 9 ord]2 & hav+ ga9$ ! ma/]y ov] himself1 w s regulate 8 own "* z to be on good t]ms ) himself1 & to set ^? ?ree pr9ciples 9 tune toge!r1 z if !y 7 v]ily ?ree *ords ( a h>mony1 a high] & a l[] & a middle1 & :atev] may lie betwe5 ^!2 & aft] he has b\nd all ^! toge!r1 & r$uc$ ! _m elem5ts ( 8 nature to a real unity1 z a temp]ate & duly h>moniz$ man1 he w !n at l5g? proce$ to d :atev] he may h to d4 ,footnote3 ,plato1 ,rep4 ,,iv4 #ddc4--,translation by ,davies & ,vaughan4 ,plato1 x is true1 9 o!r p>ts ( 8 "w1 approa*es m closely to ! duali/ic conception ( an absolute opposition betwe5 good & bad pr9ciples 9 man4 ,yet ev5 s1 he nev] altoge!r ab&ons t ae/hetic po9t ( view :i* looks to ! e/abli%m5t ( ord] among ! conflict+ pr9ciples r ?an to ! annihilation ( "o by ! o!r 9 an int]nec9e conflict4 ,! po9t may be illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ passage1 :]e ! two horses repres5t respectively ! elem5ts ( fle%ly desire & spiritual passion1 :ile ! *>iote] /&s = ! controll+ reason2 & :]e1 x w be notic$1 ! ultimate h>mony is a*iev$1 n by ! complete eradication ( desire1 b by its due subord9ation to ! high] pr9ciple4 ,ev5 ,plato1 ! mo/ ascetic ( ! ,greeks1 is a ,greek fir/ & an ascetic aft]w>ds4 ,( ! nature ( ! s\l1 ?\gh h] true =m be ev] a !me ( l>ge & m ?an mortal disc\rse1 let me speak briefly1 & 9 a figure1 & let ! figure be composite--a pair ( w+$ horses & a *>iote]4 ,n[ ! w+$ horses & ! *>iote]s ( ! gods are all ( !m noble & ( noble desc5t1 b ^? ( o!r races are mix$2 ! human *>iote] drives 8 9 a pair2 & "o ( !m is noble & ( noble bre$1 & ! o!r is ignoble & ( ignoble bre$2 & ! driv+ ( !m ( necessity gives a great deal ( tr\ble to him4444 ,! "r h& horse is upright & cleanly made2 he has a l(ty neck & an aquil9e nose2 8 col\r is :ite1 & 8 eyes d>k2 he is a lov] ( hon\r & mode/y & temp]ance1 & ! foll[] ( true glory2 he ne$s no t\* ( ! :ip1 b is guid$ by ^w & admonition only4 ,! o!r is a crook$ lumb]+ animal1 put toge!r anyh[2 he has a %ort ?ick neck2 he is flat-fac$ & ( a d>k col\r1 ) grey eyes & blood-r$ complexion2 ! mate ( insol5ce & pride1 %ag-e>$ & deaf1 h>dly yield+ to :ip & spur4 ,n[ :5 ! *>iote] beholds ! vision ( love1 & has 8 :ole s\l w>m$ ?r\gh s5se1 & is full (1 ! prick+s & tickl+s ( desire1 ! ob$i5t /e$1 !n z always "u ! gov]nm5t ( %ame1 refra9s f leap+ on ! belov$2 b ! o!r1 he$less ( ! bl[s ( ! :ip1 plunges & runs away1 giv+ all mann] ( tr\ble to 8 companion & ! *>iote]1 :om he =ces to approa* ! belov$ & to rememb] ! joys ( love4 ,!y at fir/ indignantly oppose him & w n be urg$ on to d t]rible & unlawful de$s2 b at la/1 :5 he p]si/s 9 plagu+ !m1 !y yield & agree to d z he bids !m4 ,& n[ !y are at ! spot & behold ! fla%+ beauty ( ! belov$2 :i* :5 ! *>iote] sees1 8 memory is c>ri$ to ! true beauty :om he beholds 9 company ) ,mode/y l an image plac$ ^u a holy p$e/al ,he sees h]1 b he is afraid & falls backw>ds 9 adoration1 & by 8 fall is compell$ to pull back ! re9s ) su* viol5ce z to br+ bo? ! /e$s on _! haun*es1 ! "o will+ & unresi/+1 ! unruly "o v unwill+2 & :5 !y h gone back a little1 ! "o is ov]come ) %ame & wond]1 & 8 :ole s\l is ba!d 9 p]spiration2 ! o!r1 :5 ! pa9 is ov] :i* ! bridle & ! fall _h giv5 him1 hav+ ) difficulty tak5 brea?1 is full ( wra? & reproa*es1 :i* he heaps ^u ! *>iote] & 8 fell[-/e$1 = want ( c\rage & manhood1 decl>+ t !y h be5 false to _! agreem5t & guilty ( des]tion4 ,aga9 !y refuse1 & aga9 he urges !m on1 & w sc>ce yield to _! pray] t he w\ld wait until ano!r "t4 ,:5 ! appo9t$ h\r comes1 !y make z if !y _h =gott51 & he rem9ds !m1 fight+ & neigh+ & dragg+ !m on1 until at l5g? he on ! same ?\ghts int5t1 =ces !m to draw ne> aga94 ,& :5 !y are ne> he /oops 8 head & puts up 8 tail1 & takes ! bit 9 8 tee? & pulls %amelessly4 ,!n ! *>iote] is worse (f ?an ev]2 he falls back l a rac] at ! b>ri]1 & ) a /ill m viol5t wr5* drags ! bit out ( ! tee? ( ! wild /e$ & cov]s 8 abusive jaws & tongue ) blood1 & =ces 8 legs & haun*es to ! gr\nd & puni%es him sorely4 ,& :5 ?is has happ5$ sev]al times & ! villa9 has ceas$ f 8 wanton way1 he is tam$ & humbl$ & foll[s ! w ( ! *>iote]1 & :5 he sees ! beautiful "o he is ready to die ( fe>4 ,& f t "t =w>d ! s\l ( ! lov] foll[s ! belov$ 9 mode/y & holy fe>4 ,footnote3 ,plato1 ,pha$rus4 #bdf4-- ,translat$ by ,j[ett4 ,ev5 f ?is passage1 9 spite ( its duali/ic hypo!sis1 b f> m cle>ly f ! :ole t5or ( 8 "w1 we may p]ceive t ,plato's description ( virtue z an ord] ( ! s\l is prompt$ by ! same conception1 *>act]i/ically ,greek1 z ,ari/otle's acc\nt ( virtue z a mean4 ,! view1 z we said at ! beg9n+1 is prop]ly ae/hetic r ?an moral4 ,x reg>ds life less z a battle betwe5 two cont5d+ pr9ciples1 9 :i* victory means ! annihilation ( ! "o1 ! altoge!r bad1 by ! o!r1 ! altoge!r good1 ?an z ! ma9t5ance ( a balance betwe5 elem5ts neutral 9 !mselves b capable1 accord+ z _! relations are rightly ord]$ or ! rev]se1 ( produc+ ei!r t h>mony :i* is call$ virtue1 or t discord :i* is call$ vice4 ,su* be+ ! conception ( virtue *>act]i/ic ( ! ,greeks1 x foll[s t ! motive to pursue x c h>dly h pres5t$ itself to !m 9 ! =m ( :at we call ! s5se ( duty4 ,= duty emphasises self-repression4 ,aga9/ ! desires ( man x sets a law ( prohibition1 a law :i* is n conceiv$ z t ( 8 own complete nature1 ass]t+ aga9/ a p>tial or disproportion$ developm5t ! balance & totality ( ! ideal1 b r z a rule impos$ f )\t by a p[] di/9ct f himself1 = ! mortification1 n ! p]fect+1 ( 8 natural impulses & aims4 ,duty emphasises self- repression2 ! ,greek view emphasis$ self-developm5t4 ,t heal? & beauty & good habit ( ! s\l1 :i* is ,plato's ideal1 is z mu* its own recomm5dation tion to ! natural man z is ! heal? & beauty ( ! body4 ,vice1 on ?is view1 is condemn$ because x is a fru/ration ( nature1 virtue prais$ because x is h] fulfilm5t2 & ! motive ?r\gh\t is simply t passion to realise oneself :i* is commonly ackn[l$g$ z suffici5t 9 ! case ( physical developm5t1 & :i* appe>$ suffici5t to ! ,greeks 9 ! case ( ! developm5t ( ! s\l4 ,section #f4 ,! ,greek ,view ( ,pleasure4 ,f all ?is x foll[s cle>ly en\gh t ! ,greek ideal 0 f> remov$ f asceticism2 b x might p]haps be suppos$1 on ! o!r h&1 t x came dang]\sly ne> to lic5se4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 c\ld be fur!r f ! case4 ,t !re 7 lib]t9es among ! ,greeks1 z ev]y:]e else1 goes )\t say+2 b ! conception t ! ,greek rule ( life 0 to foll[ impulse & ab&on re/ra9t is a figm5t ( w\ld-be ,hell5i/s ( our own "t4 ,! ^w :i* be/ sums up ! ideal ( ! ,greeks is temp]ance2 ! mean1 ord]1 h>mony1 z we saw1 are its *>act]i/ic expressions2 & ! self- realisation to :i* !y aspir$ 0 n an an>*y ( passion1 b an ord]$ evolution ( ! natural faculties "u ! /rict control ( a balanc$ m9d4 ,! po9t may be illu/rat$ by a ref]5ce to ! treatm5t ( pleasure 9 ! philosophy ( ,plato & ( ,ari/otle4 ,! practice ( ! lib]t9e is to id5tify pleasure & good 9 su* a mann] t he pursues at any mom5t any pleasure t pres5ts itself1 es*ew+ comp>ison & reflection1 ) all t might t5d to *eck t cont9u\s fl[ ( vivid & fre% s5sations :i* he po/ulates z ! end ( life4 ,! ideal ( ! ,greeks1 on ! contr>y1 z int]pret$ by _! two greate/ ?9k]s1 :ile on ! "o h& x is s f> oppos$ to asceticism t x requires pleasure z an ess5tial complem5t ( ,good1 on ! o!r1 is s f> f id5tify+ ! two1 t x recognises an ord]$ scale ( pleasures1 & :ile reject+ altoge!r ^? at ! l[] end1 admits ! re/1 n z 9 !mselves con/itut+ ! ,good1 b r z h>mless additions or at mo/ z necess>y accompanim5ts ( its op]ation4 ,plato1 9 ! ,republic1 di/+ui%es betwe5 ! necess>y & unnecess>y pleasures1 def9+ ! =m] z ^? d]iv$ f ! gratification ( appetites :i* we _c get rid ( & ^: satisfaction does u good--su*1 = example1 z ! appetite = :olesome food2 & ! latt] z ^? :i* belong to appetites :i* we c put away f u by e>ly tra9+2 & ! pres5ce ( :i*1 besides1 nev] does u any good1 & 9 "s cases does positive h>m1--su*1 = example1 z ! appetite = delicate & luxuri\s di%es4 ,footnote3 ,plato1 ,rep4 ,,viii4 #eeh4--,translat$ by ,davies & ,vaughan4 ,! =m] he w\ld admit1 ! latt] he excludes f 8 ideal ( happ9ess4 ,& ?\gh 9 a lat] dialogue1 ! ,philebus1 he goes fur!r ?an ?is1 & w\ld exclude f ! p]fect life all pleasures except ^? :i* he describes z pure1 t is ^? :i* att5d ^u ! contemplation ( =m & col\r & s\nd1 or :i* accompany intellectual activity2 yet "h1 no d\bt1 he is pass+ beyond ! sph]e ( ! practicable ideal1 & 8 di/9ct p]sonal bias t[>ds asceticism mu/ be disc\nt$ if we are to take him z repres5tative ( ! ,greek view4 ,8 g5]al cont5tion1 h[ev]1 t pleasures mu/ be rank$ z high] & z l[]1 & t at ! be/ !y are n to be id5tifi$ ) ! ,good1 is fully accept$ by s typical a ,greek z ,ari/otle4 ,ari/otle1 h[ev]1 is c>eful n to condemn any pleasure t is n def9itely h>mful4 ,ev5 unnecess>y pleasures1 he admits1 may be desirable 9 !mselves2 ev5 ! delib]ate creation ( desire ) a view to ! enjoym5t ( satisfy+ x may be admissible if x is n injuri\s4 ,/ill1 !re are k9ds ( pleasures :i* ought n to be pursu$1 & occasions & me?ods ( seek+ x :i* are improp] & p]v]se4 ,!re=e ! ,reason mu/ be always at h& to *eck & to control2 & ! ultimate te/ ( true wor? 9 pleasure1 z 9 ev]y?+ else1 is ! tra9$ judgm5t ( ! good & s5sible man4 ,section #g4 ,illu/rations--,is*oma*us2 ,socrates4 ,su*1 !n1 0 ! "* ( ! ,greek conception ( excell5ce4 ,! acc\nt we h giv5 may seem some:at ab/ract & ideal2 b x gives ! g5]al =mula ( ! life :i* e cultivat$ ,greek w\ld at any rate h wi%$ to live4 ,& 9 confirmation ( ?is po9t we may adduce ! te/imony ( ,x5ophon1 :o has left u a description1 evid5tly drawn f life1 ( :at he conceives to be ! p]fect type ( a g5tleman4 ,! int]e/ ( ! acc\nt lies 9 ! fact1 t ,x5ophon himself 0 cle>ly an av]age ,greek1 "o1 t is to say1 ( good natural p>ts1 ( p]fectly normal faculties & ta/es1 undi/urb$ by any orig9ality ( "* or m9d1 & repres5t+ !re=e1 z we may fairly ass]t1 ! ord9>y views & aims ( an upright & compet5t man ( ! _w4 ,8 description ( ! g5tleman1 !re=e1 may be tak5 z a repres5tative acc\nt ( ! recognis$ ideal ( all t class ( ,a!nian citiz5s4 ,& ?is is h[ ! g5tleman 9 "q1 ,is*oma*us1 describes 8 c\rse ( life4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he says1 ,i wor%ip ! gods4 ,next1 ,i endeav\r to ! be/ ( my ability1 assi/$ by pray]1 to get heal? & /r5g? ( body1 reputation 9 ! city1 good w among my fri5ds1 hon\rable security 9 battle & an hon\rable increase ( =tune4 ,at ?is po9t ,socrates1 :o is suppos$ to be ! int]locutor1 int]rupts4 ,d y really covet weal?1 he asks1 ) all ! tr\ble x involves8 ,c]ta9ly ,i d1 is ! reply1 = x enables me to hon\r ! gods magnific5tly1 to help my fri5ds if !y are 9 want1 & to contribute to ! res\rces ( my c\ntry4 ,"h def9itely & precisely express$ is ! ideal ( ! ,a!nian g5tleman--! beautiful body h\s+ ! beautiful s\l1 ! ext]nal aids ( =tune1 fri5ds1 & ! l1 & ! realisation ( ! individual self 9 public activity4 ,^u x foll[s an acc\nt ( ! way 9 :i* ,is*oma*us 0 accu/om$ to pass 8 days4 ,he rises e>ly1 he tells u1 to cat* 8 fri5ds be=e !y g out1 or walks to ! city to transact 8 necess>y bus9ess4 ,if he is n call$ into t[n1 he pays a visit to 8 f>m1 walk+ = ! sake ( ex]cise & s5d+ on 8 horse4 ,on 8 arrival he gives directions ab\t ! s[+1 pl\gh+1 or :atev] x may be1 & !n m\nt+ 8 horse practices 8 milit>y ex]cises4 ,f9ally he returns home on foot1 runn+ "p ( ! way1 takes 8 ba?1 & sits d[n to a mod]ate midday meal4 ,?is comb9ation ( physical ex]cise1 milit>y tra9+ & bus9ess1 ar\ses ! en?usiasm ( ,socrates4 ,h[ "r y are6 he cries1 & ! consequ5ce is t y are z heal?y & /rong z we see y1 & "o ( ! be/ rid]s & ! weal?ie/ m5 9 ! c\ntry6 ,?is little prosaic acc\nt ( ! daily life ( an ,a!nian g5tleman is completely 9 h>mony ) all we h said ab\t ! "* ( ! ,greek ideal2 b x compreh5ds only a "p1 & t ! lea/ spiritual1 ( t ri* & _m-sid$ excell5ce4 ,x may be z well1 !re=e1 to app5d by way ( complem5t ! description ( ano!r p]sonality1 exceptional inde$ ev5 among ! ,greeks1 yet "o :i* only ,greece c\ld h produc$--! p]sonality ( ,socrates4 ,no m /rik+ figure is pres5t$ to u 9 hi/ory1 none has be5 m vividly portray$1 & none1 9 spite ( ! orig9ality ( m9d :i* provok$ ! ho/ility ( ! cr[d1 is m ?or\ghly ,hell5ic 9 e aspect1 physical1 intellectual1 & moral4 ,t ,socrates 0 ugly 9 c\nt5ance 0 a defect :i* a ,greek c\ld n fail to note1 & 8 snub nose & big belly are matt]s ( frequ5t & jocose allusion4 ,b ap>t f ^! defects 8 physique1 x appe>s1 0 exceptionally good2 he 0 s$ul\s 9 8 att5dance at ! gymnasia1 & 0 not$ = 8 p[]s ( endurance & 8 c\rage & skill 9 w>4 ,plato records x ( him t 9 a h>d w9t] on campaign1 :5 ! common soldi]s 7 muffl+ !mselves 9 %eepsk9s & felt aga9/ ! cold1 he alone w5t ab\t 9 8 ord9>y cloak1 & b>efoot ov] ! ice & sn[2 & he fur!r describes 8 be>+ 9 a retreat f a lo/ battle1 h[ !re y might see him1 j z he is 9 ! /reets ( ,a!ns1 /alk+ l a pelican & roll+ 8 eyes1 calmly contemplat+ enemies z well z fri5ds1 & mak+ v intelligible to anybody1 ev5 f a di/ance1 t :oev] attack$ him w\ld be likely to meet ) a /\t resi/ance4 ,footnote3 ,plato1 ,symp4 #bba b4--,translat$ by ,j[ett4 ,to ?is effici5cy ( body correspond$1 9 accordance ) ! ,greek ideal1 a p]fect balance & h>mony ( s\l4 ,plato1 9 a f9e figure1 comp>es him to ! wood5 /atues ( ,sil5us1 :i* conceal$ beh9d a grotesque ext]ior beautiful gold5 images ( ! gods4 ,( ^! div9e =ms none 0 fair] 9 ,socrates ?an t typical ,greek virtue1 temp]ance4 ,)\t a t\* ( asceticism1 he knew h[ to be cont5t$ ) a little4 ,8 diet he measur$ /rictly ) a view to heal?4 ,naturally ab/emi\s1 he c\ld dr9k1 :5 he *ose1 m ?an ano!r man2 b no "o _h ev] se5 him drunk4 ,8 affections 7 /rong & deep1 b nev] l$ him away to seek 8 own gratification at ! co/ ( ^? he lov$4 ,)\t cutt+ himself (f f any ( ! pleasures ( life1 a social man & a frequ5t gue/ at fea/s1 he pres]v$ )\t an ef=t ! supremacy ( "* & m9d ov] ! fle% he nei!r />v$ nor pamp]$4 ,"h is a description by ,plato ( 8 be>+ at ! close ( an all-night c>\se1 :i* may /& z a concrete illu/ration n only ( ! "* ( ,socrates1 b ( ! mean+ ( temp]ance z x 0 und]/ood by ! ,greeks3 ,ari/odemus said t ,eryxima*us1 ,pha$rus1 & o!rs w5t away--he himself fell asleep1 & z ! nights 7 long took a good re/3 he 0 awak5$ t[>ds day-break by a cr[+ ( cocks1 & :5 he awoke ! o!rs 7 ei!r asleep1 or _h gone away2 !re rema9$ awake only ,socrates1 ,ari/ophanes1 & ,aga?on1 :o 7 dr9k+ out ( a l>ge goblet :i* !y pass$ r\nd1 & ,socrates 0 disc\rs+ to !m4 ,ari/odemus did n he> ! beg9n+ ( ! disc\rse1 & he 0 only half awake1 b ! *ief ?+ :i* he rememb]$ 0 ,socrates compell+ ! o!r two to ackn[l$ge t ! g5ius ( com$y 0 ! same z t ( trag$y1 & t ! true arti/ 9 trag$y 0 an arti/ 9 com$y also4 ,to ?is !y ass5t$1 be+ dr[sy1 & n q foll[+ ! argum5t4 ,& fir/ ( all ,ari/ophanes dropp$ (f1 !n1 :5 ! day 0 already dawn+1 ,aga?on4 ,socrates1 :5 he _h laid !m to sleep1 rose to dep>t3 ,ari/odemus1 z 8 mann] 01 foll[+ him4 ,at ! ,lyceum he took a ba?1 & pass$ ! day z usual4 ,9 ! ev5+ he retir$ to re/ at 8 own h\se4 ,footnote3 ,plato1 ,symposion1 #bbc4--,translat$ by ,j[ett4 ,) ?is quality ( temp]ance 0 comb9$ 9 ,socrates a r>e measure ( indep5d5ce & moral c\rage4 ,he 0 nev] an active politician2 b z e ,a!nian citiz5 0 call$1 at "s "t or ano!r1 to public (fice1 he f\nd himself1 on a critical occasion1 responsible = putt+ a c]ta9 proposition to ! vote 9 ! ,assembly4 ,x 0 a mom5t ( int5se excitem5t4 ,a great victory _h j be5 won2 b ! g5]als :o _h a*iev$ ! success _h neglect$ to recov] ! corpses ( ! dead or to save ! %ip-wreck$4 ,x 0 propos$ to take a vote ( life or dea? on all ! g5]als collectively4 ,socrates1 z x happ5$1 0 "o ( ! committee ^: duty x 0 to put ! "q to ! ,assembly4 ,b ! proposition 0 9 itself illegal1 & ,socrates ) "s o!r memb]s ( ! committee1 refus$ to submit x to ! vote4 ,e k9d ( pressure 0 br\ght to be> ^u ! recalcitrant (fic]s2 orators ?reat5$1 fri5ds bes\ght1 ! mob clam\r$ & d5\nc$4 ,f9ally all b ,socrates gave way4 ,he alone1 an old man1 9 (fice = ! fir/ "t1 _h ! c\rage to obey 8 consci5ce & ! law 9 face ( an angry populace cry+ = blood4 ,& z he c\ld /& aga9/ a mob1 s he c\ld /& aga9/ a despot4 ,at ! "t :5 ,a!ns 0 rul$ by ! ?irty tyrants he 0 ord]$1 ) f\r o!rs1 to arre/ a man :om ! au?orities wi%$ to put out ( ! way4 ,! man 0 guilty ( no crime1 & ,socrates refus$4 ,i w5t quietly home1 he says1 & no d\bt ,i %\ld h be5 put to dea? = x1 if ! gov]nm5t _h n %ortly aft] come to an end4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 7 exceptional episodes 9 ! c>e] ( a man :o 0 nev] a prom95t politician4 ,! ma9 int]e/ ( ,socrates 0 intellectual & moral2 an int]e/1 h[ev]1 r practical ?an speculative4 ,= ?\gh he 0 *>g$ 9 8 indictm5t ) prea*+ a!ism1 he appe>s 9 fact to h conc]n$ himself little or no?+ ) ei!r !ological or physical inquiries4 ,he 0 c>eful 9 8 obs]vance ( all prescrib$ religi\s rites1 & probably accept$ ! gods z p[]s ( ! natural _w & au?ors ( human in/itutions & laws4 ,8 orig9ality lay n 9 any purely speculative views1 b 9 ! p]t9aci\s curiosity1 practical 9 its orig9 & aim1 ) :i* he attack$ & sift$ ! e?ical conceptions ( 8 "t3 ,:at is ju/ice8 ,:at is piety8 ,:at is temp]ance8--^! 7 ! k9ds ( que/ions he nev] tir$ ( rais+1 po9t+ out contradictions & inconsi/5cies 9 curr5t ideas1 & awak5+ d\bts :i* if negative 9 =m 7 positive & fruitful 9 effect4 ,8 me?od 9 pursu+ ^! inquiries 0 t ( cross-exam9ation4 ,9 ! /reets1 9 ! m>ket1 9 ! gymnasia1 at meet+s grave & gay1 9 season or out ( season1 he rais$ 8 po9ts ( def9ition4 ,! city 0 9 a f]m5t ar\nd him4 ,"y m5 & boys foll[$ & hung on 8 lips :]ev] he w5t4 ,by ! *>m ( 8 p]sonality1 8 graci\s c\rtesy & wit1 & ! l>ge & g5]\s atmosph]e ( a sympa?y always at h& to temp] to p>ticul> p]sons ! rig\rs ( a g5]alis+ logic1 he drew to himself1 ) a fasc9ation n m ( ! intellect ?an ( ! he>t1 all t 0 be/ & brighte/ 9 ! y\? ( ,a!ns4 ,8 relation to 8 "y disciples 0 t ( a lov] & a fri5d2 & ! /imulus giv5 by 8 dialectics to _! ke5 & eag] m9ds 0 supplem5t$ & re9=c$ by ! appeal to _! admiration & love ( 8 sweet & virile p]sonality4 ,only 9 ,anci5t ,a!ns1 p]haps1 c\ld su* a "* & su* conditions h met4 ,! sociable out-door city life2 ! meet+ places 9 ! op5 air1 & especially ! gymnasia1 frequ5t$ by "y & old n m = ex]cise ( ! body ?an = recreation ( ! m9d2 ! nimble & v]satile ,a!nian wits tra9$ to pret]natural acut5ess by ! debates ( ! law c\rts & ! ,assembly2 all ?is 0 exactly ! environm5t fitt$ to develop & su/a9 a g5ius at once s subtle & s humane z t ( ,socrates4 ,x is ! concrete pres5tation ( ?is city-life t l5ds s peculi> a *>m to ! dialogues ( ,plato4 ,! _s ( metaphysics puts on ! human =m2 & ,dialectic walks ! /reets & cont5ds 9 ! palae/ra4 ,x w\ld be impossible to convey by citation ! cumulative effect ( ?is con/ant ref]5ce 9 ,plato to a human backgr\nd2 b a s+le exc]pt may p]haps help u to realise ! conditions "u :i* ,socrates liv$ & work$4 ,"h1 !n1 is a description ( ! sc5e 9 "o ( ^? gymnasia 9 :i* he 0 wont to hold 8 conv]sations3 ,^u ent]+ we f\nd t ! boys _h j be5 sacrific+2 & ?is "p ( ! fe/ival 0 ne>ly at an end4 ,!y 7 all 9 :ite array1 & games at dice 7 go+ on among !m4 ,mo/ ( !m 7 9 ! out] c\rt amus+ !mselves2 b "s 7 9 a corn] ( ! ,apodyt]ium play+ at odd & ev5 ) a numb] ( dice1 :i* !y took out ( little wick] baskets4 ,!re 0 also a circle ( look]s- on1 "o ( :om 0 ,lysis4 ,he 0 /&+ among ! o!r boys & y\?s1 hav+ a cr[n ^u 8 head1 l a fair vision1 & n less wor?y ( praise = 8 goodness ?an = 8 beauty4 ,we left !m1 & w5t ov] to ! opposite side ( ! room1 :]e1 f9d+ a quiet place1 we sat d[n2 & !n we began to talk4 ,?is attract$ ,lysis1 :o 0 con/antly turn+ r\nd to look at u--he 0 evid5tly want+ to come to u4 ,= a "t he hesitat$ & _h n ! c\rage to come alone2 b fir/ ( all1 8 fri5d ,m5ex5us came 9 out ( ! c\rt 9 ! int]val ( 8 play1 & :5 he saw ,ctesippus & myself1 came & sat by u2 & !n ,lysis1 see+ him1 foll[$1 & sat d[n ) him1 & ! o!r boys jo9$4 ,i turn$ to ,m5ex5us1 & said3 ',son ( ,demophon1 :i* ( y two y\?s is ! eld]8' ',t is a matt] ( dispute betwe5 u1' he said4 ',& :i* is ! nobl]8 ,is t a matt] ( dispute too8' ',yes1 c]ta9ly4' ',& ano!r disput$ po9t is1 :i* is ! fair]8' ,! two boys laugh$4 ',i %all n ask :i* is ! ri*]1' ,i said2 '= y two are fri5ds1 are y n8' ',c]ta9ly1' !y repli$4 ',& fri5ds h all ?+s 9 common1 s t "o ( y c be no ri*] ?an ! o!r1 if y say truly t y are fri5ds4' ,!y ass5t$4 ,i 0 ab\t to ask :i* 0 ! great] ( ! two1 & :i* 0 ! wis] ( ! two2 b at ?is mom5t ,m5ex5us 0 call$ away by "s "o :o came & said t ! gymna/ic-ma/] want$ him4 ,i suppos$ t he _h to (f] sacrifice4 ,s he w5t away & ,i ask$ ,lysis "s m que/ions4 ,footnote3 ,plato1 ,lysis #bjf e4--,translat$ by ,j[ett ,su* 7 ! sc5es 9 :i* ,socrates pass$ 8 life4 ,( 8 influ5ce x is h>dly necess>y "h to speak at l5g?4 ,9 ! well-kn[n metaphor put into 8 m\? by ,plato1 he 0 ! gad-fly ( ! ,a!nian p4 ,to prick intellectual le?>gy1 to =ce p to ?9k1 & especially to ?9k ab\t ! conceptions ) :i* !y suppos$ !mselves to be mo/ famili>1 ^? :i* guid$ _! conduct 9 private & public affairs--ju/ice exp$i5cy1 hone/y1 & ! l--su* 0 ! con/ant object ( 8 life4 ,t he %\ld h made enemies1 t he %\ld h be5 misund]/ood1 t he %\ld h be5 accus$ ( und]m9+ ! f\ndations ( morality & religion1 is natural & intelligible en\gh2 & x 0 on ^! gr\nds t he 0 condemn$ to dea?4 ,8 conduct at 8 trial 0 ( a piece ) ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,! cu/om>y arts ( ! plead]1 ! appeal to ! sympa?ies ( ! public1 ! introduction into c\rt ( weep+ wife & *ildr51 he reject$ z unwor?y ( himself & ( 8 cause4 ,8 def5ce 0 a simple exposition ( ! "* & ! aims ( 8 life2 s f> f be+ a crim9al he ass]t$ t he 0 a b5efactor ( ! ,a!nian p2 & hav+1 aft] 8 condemnation1 to sugge/ ! s5t5ce he ?\ght appropriate1 he propos$ t he %\ld be support$ at ! public exp5se z "o :o _h des]v$ well ( 8 c\ntry4 ,aft] 8 s5t5ce to dea?1 hav+ to wait ?irty days = its execution1 he %[$ no *ange f 8 cu/om>y *e]fulness1 pass+ 8 "t 9 conv]sation ) 8 fri5ds4 ,s f> f regrett+ 8 fate he r congratulat$ himself t he w\ld escape ! decad5ce t att5ds ^u old age2 & he _h1 if we may tru/ ,plato1 a fair & confid5t assurance t a happy life await$ him beyond4 ,he di$1 accord+ to ! m]ciful law ( ,a!ns1 by dr9k+ hemlock2 ! wise/ & ju/e/ & be/1 9 ,plato's judgm5t1 ( all ! m5 t ,i h ev] kn[n4 ,we h dwelt ?us long on ! p]sonality ( ,socrates1 famili> ?\gh x be1 n only on acc\nt ( its intr9sic int]e/1 b also because x is peculi>ly ,hell5ic4 ,t sunny & frank intellig5ce1 ba!d1 z x 71 9 ! op5 air1 a graci\s blossom spr++ f ! root ( physical heal?1 t unique & p]fect balance ( body & s\l1 passion & intellect1 repres5t1 aga9/ ! brilliant sett+ ( ,a!nian life1 ! highe/ a*ievem5t ( ! civilisation ( ,greece4 ,! figure ( ,socrates1 no d\bt1 has be5 idealis$ by ,plato1 b x is none ! less significant ( ! tr5d ( ,hell5ic life4 ,no o!r p c\ld h conceiv$ su* an ideal2 no o!r c\ld h gone s f> t[>ds its realisation4 ,section #h4 ,! ,greek ,view ( ,woman4 ,9 ! prec$+ acc\nt we h attempt$ to give "s conception ( ! ,greek ideal = ! individual man4 ,x is n[ "t to rem9d ourselves t t ideal 0 only suppos$ to be prop] to a small class--! class ( soldi]-citiz5s4 ,artisans & slaves1 z we h se51 _h no p>ticipation 9 x2 nei!r1 & t is our next po9t1 _h wom54 ,no?+ m pr(\ndly di/+ui%es ! ,hell5ic f ! mod]n view ( life ?an ! e/imate 9 :i* wom5 7 held by ! ,greeks4 ,_! op9ion on ?is po9t 0 p>tly ! cause & p>tly ! effect ( t prepond]ance ( ! idea ( ! ,/ate on :i* we h already dwelt1 & f :i* x foll[$ naturally en\gh t m>riage %\ld be reg>d$ prim>ily z a means ( produc+ heal?y & effici5t citiz5s4 ,?is view is be/ illu/rat$ by ! in/itutions ( su* a ,/ate z ,sp>ta1 :]e1 z we saw1 ! woman 0 specially tra9$ = mat]nity1 & connections outside ! m>riage tie 7 sanction$ by cu/om & op9ion1 if !y 7 su* z 7 likely to lead to heal?y (fspr+4 ,fur!r x may be not$ t 9 almo/ e ,/ate ! exposure ( de=m$ or sickly infants 0 enc\rag$ by law1 ! *ild be+ ?us reg>d$1 f ! beg9n+1 z a memb] ( ! ,/ate1 r ?an z a memb] ( ! family4 ,! same view is reflect$ 9 ! speculations ( political philosoph]s4 ,plato1 inde$1 9 8 ,republic1 goes s f> z to elim9ate ! family relation altoge!r4 ,n only is ! :ole connection betwe5 m5 & wom5 to be regulat$ by ! ,/ate1 9 respect bo? ( ! p]sons & ( ! limit ( age )9 :i* !y may associate1 b ! *ildr5 z soon z !y are born are to be c>ri$ (f to a common nurs]y1 !re to be re>$ toge!r1 undi/+ui%$ by ! mo!rs1 :o w suckle indiff]5tly any infant t might happ5 to be assign$ to !m = ! purpose4 ,"h1 z 9 o!r in/ances1 ,plato goes f> beyond ! limits set by ! curr5t s5tim5t ( ! ,greeks1 & 9 8 lat] "w is reluctantly con/ra9$ to ab&on 8 s*eme ( community ( wives & *ildr54 ,yet ev5 !re he makes x compulsory on e man to m>ry betwe5 ! ages ( ?irty & ?irty-five1 "u p5alty ( f9e & civil disabilities4 ,plato1 no d\bt1 z we h said1 exagg]ates ! op9ions ( 8 "t2 b ! view1 :i* he pu%es to its extreme1 ( ! subord9ation ( ! family to ! ,/ate1 0 "o1 z we h already po9t$ out1 :i* did pr$om9ate 9 ,greece4 ,x reappe>s 9 a sob]] =m 9 ! treatise ( ,ari/otle4 ,he too w\ld regulate by law bo? ! age at :i* m>riages %\ld take place & ! numb] ( *ildr5 t %\ld be produc$1 & w\ld h all de=m$ infants expos$4 ,& "h1 no d\bt1 he is speak+ 9 con=mity if n ) ! practice1 at lea/ ) ! feel+ ( ,greece4 ,! mod]n conception t ! m>riage relation is a matt] ( private conc]n1 & t any individual has a "r to w$ :om & :5 he w1 & to produce *ildr5 at 8 own discretion1 reg>dless ( all consid]ations ( heal? & dec5cy1 0 "o altoge!r ali5 to ! ,greeks4 ,9 !ory at lea/1 & to "s ext5t 9 practice 7z = example 9 ! case ( ,sp>ta71 !y recognis$ t ! production ( *ildr5 0 a bus9ess ( supreme import to ! ,/ate1 & t x 0 "r & prop] t x %\ld be regulat$ by law ) a view to ! advantage ( ! :ole community4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& if n[ we turn f consid]+ ! family 9 its relation to ! ,/ate to reg>d x 9 its relation to ! individual1 we are /ruck once m by a div]g5ce f ! mod]n po9t ( view1 or r f ! view :i* is suppos$ to prevail1 p>ticul>ly by writ]s ( fiction1 at any rate 9 mod]n ,engli% life4 ,9 anci5t ,greece1 s f> z our k goes1 !re 0 little or no romance connect$ ) ! m>riage tie4 ,m>riage 0 a means ( produc+ legitimate *ildr52 t is h[ x is def9$ by ,demo/h5es2 & we h no evid5ce t x 0 ev] reg>d$ z any?+ m4 ,9 ,a!ns we "k t m>riages 7 commonly arrang$ by ! fa!r1 mu* z !y are 9 mod]n ,france1 on gr\nds ( age1 prop]ty1 connection & ! l1 & )\t any reg>d = ! incl9ation ( ! p>ties conc]n$4 ,& an int]e/+ passage 9 ,x5ophon indicates a po9t ( view q consonant ) ?is accept$ practice4 ,god1 he says1 orda9$ ! in/itution ( m>riage2 b on :at gr\nds8 ,n 9 ! lea/ = ! sake ( ! p]sonal relation t might be e/abli%$ betwe5 ! husb& & wife1 b = ends q ext]nal & indiff]5t to any affection t might exi/ betwe5 !m4 ,fir/1 = ! p]petuation ( ! human race2 secondly1 to raise up protectors = ! fa!r 9 8 old age2 ?irdly1 to secure an appropriate division ( lab\r1 ! man p]=m+ ! outdoor "w1 ! woman gu>d+ & sup]9t5d+ at home1 & ea* ?us fulfill+ duly ! function = :i* !y 7 design$ by nature4 ,?is em95tly prosaic way ( conceiv+ ! m>riage relation1 is also1 x w\ld seem1 em95tly ,greek2 & x leads u to consid] m p>ticul>ly ! op9ion preval5t 9 ,greece ( ! nature & duty ( woman 9 g5]al4 ,"h ! fir/ po9t to be notic$ is ! wide diff]5ce ( ! view repres5t$ 9 ! ,hom]ic poems f t :i* meets u 9 ! hi/oric p]iod4 ,read]s ( ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey w f9d depict$ !re1 amid all ! b>b>ity ( an age ( rap9e & w>1 relations betwe5 m5 & wom5 s t5d]1 fai?ful & beautiful1 t !y may almo/ /& z univ]sal types ( ! ultimate human ideal4 ,su* = example is ! relation betwe5 ,odysseus & ,p5elope1 ! wife wait+ ye> by ye> = ! husb& ^: fate is unkn[n1 woo$ 9 va9 by suitors :o wa/e h] sub/ance & we> h] life1 nightly wat]+ h] b$ ) h] te>s = tw5ty we>y ye>s1 till at la/ ! w&]] returns1 & at once h] knees 7 loos5$ & h] he>t melt$ )9 h]444 & %e fell a weep+ & ran /raight t[>ds him1 & ca/ h] h&s ab\t 8 neck1 & kiss$ 8 head2 = ev5 z ! sight ( ! l& is welcome to m>9]s1 s welcome to h] 0 ! sight ( h] "l1 & h] :ite arms w\ld nev] q leave hold ( 8 neck4 ,footnote3 ,odyss4 xxiii4 #bje1 #bca4--,translat$ by ,but*] & ,lang4 ,su*1 aga91 is ! relation betwe5 ,hector & ,&roma*e z describ$ 9 ! well-kn[n sc5e ( ! ,iliad1 :]e ! wife comes out ) h] babe to take leave ( ! husb& on 8 way to battle4 ,x 7 bett] = me1 %e cries1 to g d[n to ! grave if ,i lose !e2 = nev] w any com=t be m9e1 :5 once ?\1 ev5 ?\1 ha/ met ?y fate1 b only sorr[44444 ,?\ art to me fa!r & lady "m1 yea1 & bro!r1 ev5 z ?\ art my goodly husb&4 ,come n[1 h pity & abide "h ^u ! t[]1 le/ ?\ make ?y *ild an orphan & ?y wife a wid[4 ,hector answ]s ) ! plea ( hon\r4 ,he _c draw back1 b he =esees defeat2 & 9 8 anticipation ( ! future no?+ is s bitt] z ! fate he fe>s = 8 wife4 ,yet do? ! conque/ ( ! ,trojans h]eaft] n s mu* tr\ble me1 nei!r ,hekabe's own1 nei!r ,k+ ,priam's1 nei!r my bre?r5's1 ! _m & brave t %all fall 9 ! du/ be=e _! foem51 z do? ?9e angui% 9 ! day :5 "s mail-clad ,a*aian %all lead !e weep+ & rob !e ( ! light ( fre$om4444 ,b me 9 dea? may ! heap$- up e>? be cov]+1 ere ,i he> ?y cry+ & ?y c>ry+ into captivity4 ,footnote3 ,iliad vi4 #dej4--,translat$ by ,lang1 ,leaf & ,my]s4 ,b mo/ /rik+ ( all ! portraits ( wom5 to be f\nd 9 ,hom]1 & mo/ typical ( a frank & heal?y relation betwe5 ! sexes1 is ! acc\nt ( ,nausicaa giv5 9 ! ,odyssey4 ,ulysses1 %ipwreck$ & nak$1 batt]$ & cov]$ ) br9e1 surprises ,nausicaa & h] maid5s z !y are play+ at ball on ! %ore4 ,! att5dants run away1 b ,nausicaa rema9s to he> :at ! /rang] has to say4 ,he asks h] = %elt] & clo?+2 & %e grants ! reque/ ) an exquisite c\rtesy & a fre$om f all emb>rassm5t :i* becomes only ! m m>k$ & ! m delightful :51 z %e sees him em]ge f ! ba?1 clo!d & beautiful1 %e _c re/ra9 ! exclamation w\ld t su* a "o might be call$ my husb&1 dwell+ "h1 & t x might please him "h to abide4 ,footnote3 ,od4 vi4 #bdd4--,translat$ by ,but*] & ,lang4 ,ab\t ! :ole sc5e !re is a fre%ness & a fragrance z ( e>ly morn+1 & a tone s natural1 free & frank1 t 9 ! face ( ?is ru/ic idyl ! lat] c5turies sick5 & fa9t1 l c&le-light 9 ! spl5d\r ( ! dawn4 ,if we _h only ,hom] to give u our ideas ( ! ,greeks1 we might conclude1 f su* passages z ^!1 t !y _h a conception ( woman & ( h] relation to man1 f9] & nobl]1 9 "s respects1 ?an t ( mod]n times4 ,b 9 fact ! ,hom]ic poems repres5t a civilisation :i* _h pass$ away be=e ! op5+ ( ! p]iod ) :i* at pres5t we are *iefly conc]n$4 ,& 9 ! int]val1 = reasons :i* we ne$ n "h attempt to /ate1 a *ange _h tak5 place 9 ! :ole way ( reg>d+ ! female sex4 ,s f>1 at any rate1 z our au?orities enable u to judge1 woman1 9 ! hi/oric age1 0 conceiv$ to be s inf]ior to man t he recognis$ 9 h] no o!r end ?an to m9i/] to 8 pleasure or to become ! "m ( 8 *ildr54 ,romance & ! high] companion%ip ( intellect & _s d n appe> 7) c]ta9 notable exceptions7 to h be5 commonly s\ght or f\nd 9 ?is relation4 ,woman1 9 fact1 0 reg>d$ z a means1 n z an end2 & 0 treat$ 9 a mann] consonant ) ?is view4 ,( ?is e/imate _m illu/rations might be adduc$ f ! writ]s ( ! fif? & f\r? c5turies4 ,plato1 = example1 classes toge!r *ildr51 wom51 & s]vants1 ,footnote3 ,plato1 ,republic #dca c4 & /ates g5]ally t !re is no bran* ( human indu/ry 9 :i* ! female sex is n inf]ior to ! male4 ,footnote3 ,ibid4 #dee c4 ,simil>ly1 ,ari/otle insi/s aga9 & aga9 on ! natural inf]iority ( woman1 & illu/rates x by su* qua9t obs]vations z ! foll[+3 a man w\ld be consid]$ a c[>d :o 0 only z brave z a brave woman1 & a woman z a *att]box :o 0 only z mode/ z a good man4 ,footnote3 ,ari/4 ,pol4 ,,iii4 #abgg b #ba4--,translat$ by ,welldon4 ,b ! mo/ /rik+ example1 p]haps1 because ! mo/ unconsci\s1 ( ?is habitual way ( reg>d+ wom5 is to be f\nd 9 ! fun]al oration put by ,?ucydides into ! m\? ( ,p]icles1 :]e ! speak]1 aft] sugge/+ :at consolation he c to ! fa!rs ( ! sla91 turns to ! wom5 ) ! brief b significant exhortation3 ,if ,i am to speak ( womanly virtues to ^? ( y :o w h5ce=? be wid[s1 let me sum !m up 9 "o %ort admonition3 ,to a woman n to %[ m weakness ?an is natural to h] sex is a great glory1 & n to be talk$ ab\t = good or = evil among m54 ,footnote3 ,?ucydides ii4 #de4--,translat$ by ,j[ett4 ,! s5tim5ts ( ! poets are less admissible z evid5ce4 ,b "s ( !m are s extreme t !y may be adduc$ z a fur!r indication ( a po9t ( view ^: preval5ce alone c\ld r5d] !m ev5 dramatically plausible4 ,su* = example is ! rem>k :i* ,euripides puts into ! m\? ( 8 ,m$ea--wom5 are impot5t = good1 b clev] contriv]s ( all evil ,footnote3 ,euripides1 ,m$ea4 #djf42 or t ( "o ( ! *>act]s ( ,m5&]1 a woman is necess>ily an evil1 & he is a lucky man :o cat*es h] 9 ! milde/ =m4 ,:ile ! g5]al ,greek view ( ! dep5d5ce ( woman on man is well express$ 9 ! words ( ,ae?ra1 9 ! ,suppliants ( ,euripides--x is prop] = wom5 :o are wise to let m5 act = !m 9 ev]y?+4 ,footnote3 ,euripides1 ,hik4 #dj4 ,9 accordance ) ?is conception ( ! inf]iority ( ! female sex1 & p>tly z a cause1 p>tly z an effect ( x1 we f9d t ! position ( ! wife 9 anci5t ,greece 0 simply t ( ! dome/ic drudge4 ,to /ay at home & m9d ! h\se 0 h] recognis$ ideal4 ,a free woman %\ld be b\nd$ by ! /reet door1 says "o ( ! *>act]s 9 ,m5&]2 & ano!r writ] discrim9ates z foll[s ! functions ( ! two sexes3--,w>1 politics1 & public speak+ are ! sph]e ( man2 t ( woman is to keep h\se1 to /ay at home & to receive & t5d h] husb&4 ,we are n surpris$1 !re=e1 to f9d t ! symbol ( woman is ! tortoise2 & 9 ! foll[+ burlesque passage f ,ari/ophanes we %all recognise1 9 spite ( ! t\* ( c>icature1 ! g5u9e features ( ! ,greek wife4 ,praxagora is rec\nt+ ! m]its & s]vices ( wom53 ,!y dip _! wool 9 hot wat] accord+ to ! anci5t plan1 all ( !m )\t exception1 & nev] make ! slighte/ innovation4 ,!y sit & cook1 z ( old4 ,!y c>ry ^u _! heads1 z ( old4 ,!y conduct ! ,!mophoriae1 z ( old4 ,!y we> out _! husb&s1 z ( old4 ,!y buy sweets1 z ( old4 ,!y take _! w9e neat1 z ( old4 ,footnote3 ,ari/ophanes1 ,eccles4 #bae4 ,& t ?is 0 also ! k9d ( ideal approv$ by _! lords & ma/]s1 & t any attempt to pass beyond x 0 res5t$1 is amus+ly illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ extract f ! same poet1 :]e ,lysi/rata expla9s ! gr[+ indignation ( ! wom5 at ! bad conduct ( affairs by ! m51 & ! way 9 :i* _! attempts to int]f]e 7 res5t$4 ,! comm5ts ( ! magi/rate typify1 ( c\rse1 ! man's po9t ( view4 ,?9k ( our old mod]ation & g5tl5ess1 ?9k h[ we bore ) y\r pranks1 & 7 /ill1 ,all ?r\gh ! days ( y\r =m] prognacity1 all ?r\gh ! w> t is ov] & sp5t3 ,n t 7be sure7 we approv$ ( y\r policy2 nev] our griefs y all[$ u to v5t4 ,well we p]ceiv$ y\r mi/akes & mismanagem5t4 ,(t5 at home on our h\sekeep+ c>es1 ,(t5 we he>d ( "s fooli% proposal y made = conduct+ ! public affairs4 ,!n w\ld we "q y mildly & pleasantly1 inw>dly griev+1 b outw>dly gay2 ',husb&1 h[ goes x abroad8' we w\ld ask ( him2 ':at h ye done 9 ,assembly to-day8' ',:at w\ld ye write on ! side ( ! ,treaty-/one8' ,husb& says angrily1 ',:at's t to y8 ,y hold y\r tongue6' ,& ,i held x accord+ly4 ,,/ratyllis4 ,t is a ?+ :i* ,i nev] w\ld d6 ,,magi/rate4 ,ma'am1 if y hadn't y'd soon h rep5t$ x4 ,,lysi/rata4 ,!re=e ,i held x1 & spake n a ^w4 ,soon ( ano!r trem5d\s absurdity1 wild] & worse ?an ! =m] we he>d4 ',husb&1' ,i say1 ) a t5d] solicitude1 ',:y h y pass$ su* a fooli% decree8' ,vici\sly1 moodily1 gl>+ askance at me1 ',/ick to y\r sp9n+1 my mi/ress1' says he1 ',else y w spe$ily f9d x ! worse = y6 w> is ! c>e & ! bus9ess ( m56' ,,magi/rate4 ,zeus6 'twas a wor?y reply1 & an excell5t6 ,,lysi/rata4 ,:at6 y un=tunate1 %all we n !n1 ,!n1 :5 we see y p]plex$ & incompet5t1 %all we n t5d] advice to ! /ate6 ,footnote3 ,ari/oph4 ,lysi/rata4 #ejg4--,translat$ by ,b4 ,b4 ,rog]s4 ,! conception ?us indicat$ 9 burlesque ( ! prop] place ( woman is express$ m s]i\sly1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! av]age man 9 ! ,oeconomicus ( ,x5ophon4 ,is*oma*us1 ! h]o ( t "w1 ) :om we h already made acqua9tance1 gives an acc\nt ( 8 own wife1 & ( ! way 9 :i* he _h tra9$ h]4 ,:5 he m>ri$ h]1 he expla9s1 %e 0 n yet fifte51 & _h be5 br\ght up ) ! utmo/ c>e t %e might see1 he>1 & ask z little z possible4 ,h] accompli%m5ts 7 weav+ & a suffici5t acqua9tance ) all t conc]ns ! /oma*2 & h] attitude t[>ds h] husb& %e express$ 9 ! s+le phrase3 ,ev]y?+ re/s ) y2 my duty1 my "m said1 is simply to be mode/4 ,is*oma*us proce$s to expla9 to h] ! place he expects h] to fill2 %e is to suckle 8 *ildr51 to cook1 & to sup]9t5d ! h\se2 & = ?is purpose ,god has giv5 h] special gifts1 diff]5t f b n necess>ily inf]ior to ^? ( man4 ,husb& & wife naturally supply "o ano!r's defici5cies2 & if ! wife p]=m h] function wor?ily %e may ev5 make h]self ! rul+ p>tn]1 & be sure t z %e gr[s old] %e w be held n less b m 9 hon\r1 z ! gu>dian ( h] *ildr5 & ! /ew>dess ( h] husb&'s goods4--,9 ,x5ophon's view1 9 fact1 ! inf]iority ( ! woman almo/ disappe>s2 & ! s5tim5t approximates closely to t ( ,t5nyson-- ei!r sex alone ,is half itself1 & 9 true m>riage lies ,nor equal1 nor unequal3 ea* fulfils ,defect 9 ea*4 ,su* a conception1 h[ev]1 ( ! complem5t>y relation ( woman to man1 does n exclude a conviction ( h] ess5tial inf]iority4 ,& ?is conviction1 x c h>dly be disput$1 0 a c>d9al po9t 9 ! ,greek view ( life4 ,section #i4 ,prote/s aga9/ ! ,common ,view ( ,woman4 ,nev]!less1 !re are n want+ indications1 bo? 9 !ory & practice1 ( a prote/ aga9/ x4 ,9 ,sp>ta z we h already notic$1 girls1 in/ead ( be+ conf9$ to ! h\se1 7 br\ght up 9 ! op5 air among ! boys1 tra9$ 9 gymna/ics & accu/om$ to run & wre/le nak$4 ,& ,plato1 modell+ 8 view ^u ?is exp]i5ce1 makes no di/9ction ( ! sexes 9 8 ideal republic4 ,wom51 he admits1 are g5]ally inf]ior to m51 b !y h simil>1 if l[]1 capacities & p[]s4 ,!re is no occupation or art = :i* !y may n be fitt$ by nature & education2 & he w\ld !re=e h !m take _! %>e 9 gov]nm5t & w>1 z well z 9 ! v>i\s me*anical trades4 ,none ( ! occupations1 he says1 :i* compreh5d ! ord]+ ( a /ate1 belong to woman z woman1 nor yet to man z man2 b natural gifts are to be f\nd "h & !re1 9 bo? sexes alike2 &1 s f> z h] nature is conc]n$1 ! woman is admissible to all pursuits z well z ! man2 ?\gh 9 all ( !m ! woman is weak] ?an ! man4 ,footnote3 ,plato1 ,rep1 #dee d4--,translat$ by ,davies & ,vaughan4 ,9 adopt+ ?is attitude ,plato /&s alone n only among ,greeks1 b "o might almo/ say1 among mank9d1 till we come to ! late/ views ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,b !re is ano!r ,greek1 ! poet ,euripides1 :o1 )\t advanc+ any !ory ab\t ! prop] position ( wom51 yet displays s intimate an und]/&+ ( _! difficulties1 & s w>m & close a sympa?y ) _! griefs1 t "s ( 8 utt]ances may /& to all "t z docum5ts ( ! dumb & age-long prote/ ( ! weak] aga9/ ! /rong] sex4 ,9 illu/ration we may cite ! foll[+ l9es f ! ,m$ea1 applicable1 mutatis mut&is1 to h[ _m g5]ations ( suff]+ wives8 ,( all ?+s t h life & s5se we wom5 are mo/ wret*$4 ,= we are compell$ to buy ) gold a husb& :o is also--wor/ ( all6-- ! ma/] ( our p]son4 ,& on 8 "*1 good or bad1 our :ole fate dep5ds4 ,= divorce is reg>d$ z a disgrace to a woman & %e _c repudiate h] husb&4 ,!n com+ z %e does into ! mid/ ( mann]s & cu/oms /range to h]1 %e w\ld ne$ ! gift ( div9ation--unless %e has be5 taught at home--to "k h[ be/ to treat h] b$-fell[4 ,& if we manage s well t our husb& rema9s fai?ful to u1 & does n break away1 we may ?9k ourselves =tunate2 if n1 !re is no?+ = x b dea?4 ,a man :5 he is vex$ at home c g out & f9d relief among 8 fri5ds or acqua9tances2 b we wom5 h none to look to b him4 ,!y tell u we live a %elt]$ life at home :ile !y g to ! w>s2 b t is nons5se4 ,= ,i w\ld r g into battle ?rice ?an be> a *ild once4 ,footnote3 ,euripides1 ,m$4 #bcj4 ,hi!rto we h be5 speak+ ma9ly ( ! position ( ! wife 9 ,greece4 ,x is necess>y n[ to say a few words ab\t t class ( wom5 :o 7 call$ 9 ! ,greek tongue ,heta]ae2 & :o are by "s suppos$ to h repres5t$1 intellectually at lea/1 a high] level ( culture ?an ! o!r memb]s ( _! sex4 ,9 exceptional cases1 ?is1 no d\bt1 0 ! fact4 ,aspasia1 = example1 ! mi/ress ( ,p]icles1 0 fam\s = h] p[]s ( m9d4 ,accord+ to ,plato %e 0 an accompli%$ rhetorician1 & ! real compos] ( ! celebrat$ fun]al oration ( ,p]icles2 & ,plut>* ass]ts t %e 0 c\rt$ & admir$ by ! /atesm5 & philosoph]s ( ,greece4 ,b ,aspasia _c be tak5 z a type ( ! ,heta]ae ( ,greece4 ,t ^! wom51 by ! v>iety & fre$om ( _! life1 may & mu/ h acquir$ c]ta9 qualities ( "* & m9d t c\ld h>dly be develop$ 9 ! seclusion ( ! ,greek home1 may readily be admitt$2 we "k1 = example1 t !y cultivat$ music & ! p[] ( conv]sation2 & 7 welcome gue/s at supp]-p>ties4 ,b we h no evid5ce t ! relations :i* !y =m$ re/$ z a rule on any b ! simple/ physical basis4 ,! real di/9ction1 "u ?is head1 betwe5 ! ,greek po9t ( view & our own1 appe>s to lie r 9 ! frankness ) :i* ?is :ole class ( relations 0 recognis$ by ! ,greeks4 ,!re 7 temples 9 hon\r ( ,aphrodite ,p&emos1 ! goddess ( illicit love1 & fe/ivals celebrat$ 9 h] hon\r2 /atues 7 erect$ ( fam\s c\rtesans1 ( ,phryne = example1 at ,delphi1 betwe5 two k+s2 & philosoph]s & /atesm5 liv$ ) _! mi/resses op5ly1 )\t any loss ( public reputation4 ,e man1 said ! orator ,demo/h5es1 requires besides 8 wife at lea/ two mi/resses2 & ?is /atem5t1 made z a matt] ( c\rse 9 op5 c\rt1 is p]haps ! mo/ curi\s illu/ration we possess ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! ,greek civilisation & our own1 z reg>ds n ! fact itself b ! light 9 :i* x 0 view$4 ,section #aj4 ,fri5d%ip4 ,f :at has be5 said ab\t ! ,greek view ( wom51 x might naturally h be5 suppos$ t !re c h be5 little place 9 _! life = all t we designate "u ! t]m romance4 ,p]sonal affection1 z we h se51 0 n ! basis ( m>ri$ life2 & relations ) ,heta]ae appe> to h be51 9 ?is respect1 no f9] or high] ?an simil> relations 9 our own times4 ,nev]!less1 x w\ld be a mi/ake to conclude1 f ^! conditions1 t ! elem5t ( romance 0 abs5t f ,greek life4 ,! fact is simply t ) !m x took a diff]5t =m1 t ( passionate fri5d%ip betwe5 m54 ,su* fri5d%ips1 ( c\rse1 occur 9 all nations & at all times1 b among ! ,greeks !y 71 we might say1 an in/itution4 ,_! ideal 0 ! developm5t & education ( ! y\ng] by ! old] man1 & 9 ?is view !y 7 recognis$ & approv$ by cu/om & law z an important factor 9 ! /ate4 ,9 ,sp>ta1 = example1 x 0 ! rule t e boy _h atta*$ to him "s eld] y\? by :om he 0 con/antly att5d$1 admoni%$1 & tra9$1 & :o %>$ 9 public e/imation ! praise & blame ( 8 acts2 s t x is ev5 report$ t on "o occasion a ,sp>tan boy hav+ cri$ out 9 a fight1 n he himself b 8 fri5d 0 f9$ = ! lapse ( self-control4 ,! cu/om ( ,sp>ta exi/$ also 9 ,crete4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable in/ance ( ! delib]ate d$ication ( ?is passion to political & milit>y ends is t ( ! celebrat$ ,!ban b&1 a troop consi/+ exclusively ( pairs ( lov]s1 :o m>*$ & f\ght 9 battle side by side1 & by _! pres5ce & example inspir$ "o ano!r to a c\rage s con/ant & high t x is /at$ t !y 7 nev] beat5 till ! battle at ,*a]onea3 & :5 ,philip1 aft] ! fight1 took a view ( ! sla91 & came to ! place :]e ! ?ree hundr$ t f\ght 8 phalanx lay dead toge!r1 he wond]$1 & und]/&+ t x 0 ! b& ( lov]s1 he %$ te>s1 & said1 ,p]i% any man :o suspects t ^! m5 ei!r did or suff]$ any?+ t 0 base4 ,footnote3 ,plut>*1 ,pelopidas4 *4 #ah4--;,ed4 by ,cl\gh4 ,greek leg5d & hi/ory1 9 fact1 res\nds ) ! praises ( fri5ds4 ,a*illes & ,patroclus1 ,pylades & ,ore/es1 ,h>modius & ,ari/ogeiton1 ,solon & ,peisi/ratus1 ,socrates & ,alcibiades1 ,epam9ondas & ,pelopidas1--^! are names t recall at once all t is highe/ 9 ! a*ievem5t & all t is mo/ romantic 9 ! passion ( ,greece4 ,= x 0 ! pr]ogative ( ?is =m ( love1 9 its f9] manife/ations1 t x pass$ beyond p]sons to objective ends1 l9k+ emotion to action 9 a life ( common dang] & toil4 ,n only1 nor prim>ily1 ! physical s5se 0 t\*$1 b ma9ly & 9 *ief ! imag9ation & intellect4 ,! affection ( ,a*illes = ,patroclus is z int5se z t ( a lov] = 8 mi/ress1 b x has 9 addition a body & dep? su* z only ye>s ( common lab\r c\ld imp>t4 ,a*illes wept1 rememb]+ 8 de> comrade1 nor did sleep t conqu]e? all take hold ( him1 b he kept turn+ himself to ?is side & to t1 ye>n+ = ,patroclus' manhood & excell5t val\r1 & all ! toils he a*iev$ ) him & ! woes he b>e1 cleav+ ! battles ( m5 & ! griev\s waves4 ,z he ?\ght !reon he %$ big te>s1 n[ ly+ on 8 side1 n[ on 8 back1 n[ on 8 face2 & !n anon he w\ld arise ^u 8 feet & roam wildly beside ! bea* ( ! salt sea4 ,footnote3 ,iliad ,,xxiv4 #c4--,translat$ by ,lang1 ,leaf & ,my]s4 ,t is ! ideal _s ( ,greek comrade%ip--ea* support+ ! o!r 9 8 be/ ef=ts & aims1 m9d assi/+ m9d & h& h&1 & ! end ( ! love resid+ n 9 an easy satisfaction ( itself b 9 ! developm5t & p]fect+ ( ! s\ls 9 :i* x dwelt4 ,( su* a love we h a record 9 ! elegies ( ,!ognis1 9 :i* ! poet has embodi$1 = ! b5efit ( ,kurnus 8 fri5d1 ! ripe exp]i5ce ( an ev5tful life4 ,! poems = ! mo/ "p are didactic 9 "*1 consci\sly & delib]ately aim$ at ! in/ruction & guidance ( ! man to :om !y are address$2 b e n[ & aga9 ! passion breaks ?r\gh :i* in=ms & inspires ?is virile int]c\rse1 & 9 su* a passage z ! foll[+ gives u ! key to ?is & to all ! f9] fri5d%ips ( ! ,greeks3-- ,lo1 ,i h giv5 !e w+s :]e) to fly ,ov] ! b\ndless ocean & ! e>?2 ,yea1 on ! lips ( _m %alt ?\ lie1 ,! comrade ( _! banquet & _! mir?4 ,y\?s 9 _! lovel9ess %all bid !e s\nd ,^u ! silv] flute's melodi\s brea?2 ,& :5 ?\ goe/ d>kl+ und]gr\nd ,d[n to ! lam5table h\se ( dea?1 ,oh yet n !n f hon\r %alt ?\ cease ,b w&]1 an imp]i%able "n1 ,kurnus1 ab\t ! seas & %ores ( ,greece1 ,cross+ f isle to isle ! b>r5 ma94 ,horses ?\ %alt n ne$1 b lightly ride ,sp$ by ! ,muses ( ! violet cr[n1 ,& m5 to come1 :ile e>? & sun abide1 ,:o *]i% song %all *]i% ?y r5[n4 ,yea1 ,i h giv5 !e w+s1 & 9 return ,?\ give/ me ! scorn ) :i* ,i burn4 ,footnote3 ,!ognis #bcg4 ,x 0 8 insi/5ce on fri5d%ip z an inc5tive to a noble life t 0 ! secret ( ! p[] ( ,socrates4 ,li/51 = example1 to ! acc\nt :i* ,plut>* gives ( 8 influ5ce ^u ! "y ,alcibiades3 ,alcibiades1 li/5+ n[ to language entirely free f e ?\ght ( unmanly fondness & silly displays ( affection1 f9d+ himself ) "o :o s\ght to lay op5 to him ! defici5cies ( 8 m9d1 & repress 8 va9 & fooli% arrogance1 ',dropp$ l ! crav5 cock 8 conqu]$ w+4' ,he e/eem$ ^! endeav\rs ( ,socrates z mo/ truly a means :i* ! gods made use ( = ! c>e & pres]vation ( y\?1 & began to ?9k meanly ( himself1 & to admire him2 to be pleas$ ) 8 k9dness1 & to /& 9 awe ( 8 virtue2 &1 unaw>es to himself1 !re became =m$ 9 8 m9d t reflex image & reciprocation ( love1 or ,ant]os1 t ,plato talks (44444 ,?\gh ,socrates _h _m & p[]ful rivals1 yet ! natural good qualities ( ,alcibiades gave 8 affection ! ma/]y4 ,8 words ov]came him s mu*1 z to draw te>s f 8 eyes1 & to di/urb 8 v s\l4 ,yet sometimes he w\ld ab&on himself to flatt]]s1 :5 !y propos$ to him v>ieties ( pleasure1 & w\ld des]t ,socrates2 :o !n w\ld pursue him1 z if he _h be5 a fugitive slave4 ,he despis$ e "o else1 & _h no rev]5ce or awe = any b him4 ,footnote3 ,plut4 ,alc4 *4 #d4--;,ed4 by ,cl\gh4 ,! relation ?us e/abli%$ may be fur!r illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ graceful little anecdote4 ,socrates & ,alcibiades 7 fell[- soldi]s at ,potidaea & %>$ ! same t5t4 ,9 a /iff engagem5t bo? behav$ ) gallantry4 ,at la/ ,alcibiades fell w\nd$1 & ,socrates1 /&+ ov] him1 def5d$ & f9ally sav$ him4 ,= ?is he might fairly h claim$ ! cu/om>y prize ( val\r2 b he insi/$ on resign+ x to 8 fri5d1 z an inc5tive to 8 ambition = noble de$s4 ,ano!r illu/ration ( ! p[] ( ?is passion to evoke & /imulate c\rage is giv5 9 ! /ory ( ,cleoma*us1 n>rat$ by ,plut>*4 ,9 a battle betwe5 ! ,*alcidians & ! ,eretrians1 ! cavalry ( ! =m] be+ h>d press$1 ,cleoma*us 0 call$ ^u to make a div]sion4 ,he turn$ to 8 fri5d & ask$ him if he int5d$ to be a spectator ( ! /ruggle2 ! y\? repli$ 9 ! affirmative1 & embrac+ 8 fri5d1 ) 8 own h&s buckl$ on 8 helmet2 :]eupon ,cleoma*us *>g$ ) impetuosity1 r\t$ ! foe & di$ glori\sly fight+4 ,& !nce=?1 says ,plut>*1 ! ,*alcidians1 :o _h previ\sly mi/ru/$ su* fri5d%ips1 cultivat$ & hon\r$ !m m ?an any o!r p4 ,s mu* inde$ 7 ! ,greeks impress$ ) ! manl9ess ( ?is passion1 ) its p[] to prompt to high ?\ght & h]oic action1 t "s ( ! be/ ( !m set ! love ( man = man f> above t ( man = woman4 ,! "o1 !y ma9ta9$1 0 prim>ily ( ! _s1 ! o!r prim>ily ( ! fle%2 ! "o b5t ^u %ap+ to ! type ( all manly excell5ce bo? ! body & ! s\l ( ! belov$1 ! o!r ^u a pass+ pleasure ( ! s5ses4 ,& !y not$ t among ! b>b>ians1 :o 7 subject to tyrants1 ?is passion 0 disc\rag$1 along ) gymna/ics & philosophy1 because x 0 felt by _! ma/]s t x w\ld be fatal to _! p[]2 s ess5tially 0 x ! pr]ogative ( fre$om1 s incompatible ) ! nature & ! /atus ( a slave4 ,x is 9 ! works ( ,plato t ?is view is mo/ completely & exquisitely set =?4 ,to him1 love is ! beg9n+ ( all wisdom2 & among all ! =ms ( love1 t "o 9 *ief1 :i* is conceiv$ by "o man = ano!r1 ( :i* ! ma9 op]ation & end is 9 ! _s1 & :i* leads on & out f ! passion = a p>ticul> body & s\l to an en?usiasm = t highe/ beauty1 wisdom1 & excell5ce1 ( :i* ! mo/ p]fect mortal =ms are b a fa9t & inadequate reflection4 ,su* a love is ! initiation into ! high] life1 ! spr+ at once ( virtue1 ( philosophy1 & ( religion4 ,always op]ative 9 practice 9 ,greek life x 0 n inv5t$ b int]pret$ by ,plato4 ,! philosoph] m]ely gave an ideal expression to :at 0 /irr+ 9 ! he>t ( e g5]\s y\?2 & ! passage :i* we h select$ = quotation may be tak5 z repres5tative n only ( ! p]sonality ( ,plato1 b ( ! high] aspect ( a *>act]i/ic phase ( ,greek civilisation4 ,& n[1 tak+ my leave ( y1 ,i w rehe>se a tale ( love :i* ,i he>d f ,diotima ( ,mant9eia1 a woman wise 9 ?is & 9 _m o!r k9ds ( k4 ,%e 0 my in/ructress 9 ! art ( love1 & ,i %all repeat to y :at %e said to me3 ',on ! bir?day ( ,aphrodite !re 0 a fea/ ( ! gods1 at :i* ! god ,poros or ,pl5ty1 :o is ! son ( ,metis or ,discretion1 0 "o ( ! gue/s4 ,:5 ! fea/ 0 ov]1 ,p5ia or ,pov]ty1 z ! mann] is on su* occasions1 came ab\t ! doors to beg4 ,n[ ,pl5ty1 :o 0 ! worse = nect> 7!re 0 no w9e 9 ^? days71 w5t into ! g>d5 ( ,zeus & fell into a heavy sleep2 & ,pov]ty consid]+ h] own /rait5$ circum/ances1 plott$ to h a *ild by him1 & accord+ly %e lay d[n at 8 side & conceiv$ ,love1 :o p>tly because he is naturally a lov] ( ! beautiful1 & because ,aphrodite is h]self beautiful1 & also because he 0 born on h] bir?day1 is h] foll[] & att5dant4 ,& z 8 p>5tage is1 s also are 8 =tunes4 ,9 ! fir/ place he is always poor1 & any?+ b t5d] & fair1 z ! _m imag9e him2 & he is r\gh & squalid1 & has no %oes1 nor a h\se to dwell 92 on ! b>e e>? expos$ he lies "u ! op5 heav51 9 ! /reets1 or at ! doors ( h\ses1 tak+ 8 re/2 & l 8 "m he is always 9 di/ress4 ,l 8 fa!r too1 :om he also p>tly resembles1 he is always plott+ aga9/ ! fair & good2 he is bold1 ent]pris+1 /rong1 a mighty hunt]1 always weav+ "s intrigue or o!r1 ke5 9 ! pursuit ( wisdom1 f]tile 9 res\rces2 a philosoph] at all times1 t]rible z an en*ant]1 sorc]]1 sophi/4 ,he is by nature nei!r mortal nor immortal1 b alive & fl\ri%+ at "o mom5t :5 he is 9 pl5ty1 & dead at ano!r mom5t1 & aga9 alive by reason ( 8 fa!r's nature4 ,b t :i* is always fl[+ 9 is always fl[+ out1 & s he is nev] 9 want & nev] 9 weal?2 &1 fur!r1 he is 9 a mean betwe5 ignorance & k4 ,! tru? ( ! matt] is ?is3 ,no god is a philosoph] or seek] aft] wisdom1 nei!r d ! ignorant seek aft] wisdom4 ,= h]e9 is ! evil ( ignorance1 t he :o is nei!r good nor wise is nev]!less satisfi$ ) himself3 he has no desire = t ( :i* he feels no want4' ',b :o !n1 ,diotima1' ,i said1 'are ! lov]s ( wisdom1 if !y are nei!r ! wise nor ! fooli%8' ',a *ild may answ] t "q1' %e repli$2 '!y are ^? :o are 9 a mean betwe5 ! two2 ,love is "o ( !m4 ,= wisdom is a mo/ beautiful ?+1 & ,love is ( ! beautiful2 & !re=e ,love is also a philosoph] or lov] ( wisdom1 & be+ a lov] ( wisdom is 9 a mean betwe5 ! wise & ! ignorant4 ,& ( ?is too 8 bir? is ! cause2 = 8 fa!r is weal?y & wise1 & 8 "m poor & fooli%4 ,su*1 my de> ,socrates1 is ! nature ( ! _s ,love4' ,i said3 ',o ?\ /rang] woman1 ?\ saye/ well2 b1 assum+ ,love to be su* z y say1 :at is ! use ( him to man8' ',t1 ,socrates1' %e repli$1 ',i w attempt to unfold3 ( 8 nature & bir? ,i h already spok52 & y ackn[l$ge t ,love is ( ! beautiful4 ,b "s "o w say3 ,( ! beautiful 9 :at1 ,socrates & ,diotima8 or r let me put ! "q m cle>ly1 & ask3 ,:5 a man loves ! beautiful1 :at does he desire8' ,i answ]$ h]1 ',t ! beautiful may be 84' ',/ill1' %e said1 '! answ] sugge/s a fur!r "q3 ,:at is giv5 by ! possession ( beauty8' ',to :at y h ask$1' ,i said1 ',i h no answ] ready4' ',!n1' %e said1 'let me put ! ^w good 9 ! place ( beautiful1 & repeat ! "q once m3 ,if he :o loves1 loves ! good1 :at is x !n t he loves8' ',! possession ( ! good1' ,i said4 ',& :at does he ga9 :o possesses ! good8' ',happ9ess1' ,i repli$2 '!re is less difficulty 9 answ]+ t "q4' ',yes1' %e said1 '! happy are made happy by ! acquisition ( good ?+s4 ,nor is !re any ne$ to ask :y a man desires happ9ess2 ! answ] is already f9al4' ',y are "r1' ,i said4 ',& is ?is wi% & ?is desire common to all8 & d all m5 always desire _! own good1 or only "s m58--:at say y8' ',all m51' ,i repli$2 '! desire is common to all4' ',!n1' %e said1 '! simple tru? is t m5 love ! good4' ',yes1' ,i said4 ',to :i* mu/ be add$ t !y love ! possession ( ! good8' ',t mu/ be add$ too4' ',!n love1' %e said1 may be describ$ g5]ally z ! love ( ! ev]la/+ possession ( ! good8' ',t is mo/ true4' ',!n if ?is be ! nature ( love1 c y tell me fur!r1' %e said1 ':at is ! mann] ( ! pursuit8 :at are !y do+ :o %[ all ?is eag]ness & heat :i* is call$ love8 & :at is ! object :i* !y h 9 view8 ,answ] me4' ',nay1 ,diotima1' ,i repli$1 'if ,i _h kn[n1 ,i %\ld n h wond]$ at y\r wisdom1 nei!r %\ld ,i h come to le>n f y ab\t ?is v matt]4' ',well1' %e said1 ',i w tea* y3--,! object :i* !y h 9 view is bir? 9 beauty1 :e!r ( body or s\l4' ',i d n und]/& y1' ,i said2 '! oracle requires an explanation4' ',i w make my mean+ cle>]1' %e repli$4 ',i mean to say1 t all m5 are br++ to ! bir? 9 _! bodies & 9 _! s\ls4 ,!re is a c]ta9 age at :i* human nature is desir\s ( procreation-- procreation :i* mu/ be 9 beauty & n 9 de=mity2 & ?is procreation is ! union ( man & woman1 & is a div9e ?+3 = conception & g5]ation are an immortal pr9ciple 9 ! mortal creature1 & 9 ! inh>moni\s !y c nev] be4 ,b ! de=m$ is always inh>moni\s ) ! div9e1 & ! beautiful h>moni\s4 ,beauty1 !n1 is ! de/9y or goddess ( p>turition :o presides at bir?1 & !re=e1 :5 approa*+ beauty1 ! conceiv+ p[] is propiti\s1 & diffusive1 & b5ign1 & begets & be>s fruit3 at ! sight ( ugl9ess %e fr[ns & contracts & has a s5se ( pa91 & turns away1 & %rivels up1 & n )\t a pang refra9s f conception4 ,& ?is is ! reason :y1 :5 ! h\r ( conception arrives1 & ! teem+ nature is full1 !re is su* a flutt] & ec/asy ab\t beauty ^: approa* is ! alleviation ( ! pa9 ( travail4 ,= love1 ,socrates1 is n z y imag9e1 ! love ( ! beautiful only4' ',:at !n8' ',! love ( g5]ation & ( bir? 9 beauty4' ',yes1' ,i said4 ',yes inde$1' %e repli$4 ',b :y ( g5]ation8' ',because to ! mortal creature1 g5]ation is a sort ( et]nity & immortality1' %e repli$2 '& if1 z has be5 already admitt$1 love is ( ! ev]la/+ possession ( ! good1 all m5 w necess>ily desire immortality toge!r ) good3 :]e=e love is ( immortality4' ,i 0 a/oni%$ at h] words & said3 ',is ?is really true1 ,o ?\ wise ,diotima8' ,& %e answ]$ ) all ! au?ority ( an accompli%$ sophi/3 ',( t1 ,socrates1 y may be assur$2--?9k only ( ! ambition ( m51 & y w wond] at ! s5selessness ( _! ways1 unless y consid] h[ !y are /irr$ by ! love ( an immortality ( fame4 ,!y are ready to run all risks great] f> ?an !y w\ld h run = _! *ildr51 & to sp5d money & und]go any sort ( toil1 & ev5 to die1 = ! sake ( leav+ beh9d !m a "n :i* %all be et]nal4 ,d y imag9e t ,alce/is w\ld h di$ to save ,admetus1 or ,a*illes to av5ge ,patroclus1 or y\r own ,codrus 9 ord] to pres]ve ! k+dom = 8 sons1 if !y _h n imag9$ t ! memory ( _! virtues1 :i* /ill survives among u1 w\ld be immortal8 ,nay1' %e said1 ',i am p]suad$ t all m5 d all ?+s1 & ! bett] !y are ! m !y d !m1 9 hope ( ! glori\s fame ( immortal virtue2 = !y desire ! immortal4 ',^? :o are pregnant 9 ! body only1 betake !mselves to wom5 & beget *ildr5--?is is ! "* ( _! love2 _! (fspr+1 z !y hope1 w pres]ve _! memory & give !m ! bless$ness & immortality :i* !y desire 9 ! future4 ,b s\ls :i* are pregnant--= !re c]ta9ly are m5 :o are m creative 9 _! s\ls ?an 9 _! bodies--conceive t :i* is prop] = ! s\l to conceive or conta94 ,& :at are ^! conceptions8 wisdom & virtue 9 g5]al4 ,& su* creators are poets & all arti/s :o are des]v+ ( ! "n inv5tor4 ,b ! greate/ & faire/ sort ( wisdom by f> is t :i* is conc]n$ ) ! ord]+ ( /ates & families1 & :i* is call$ temp]ance & ju/ice4 ,& he :o 9 y\? has ! se$ ( ^! implant$ 9 him & is himself inspir$1 :5 he comes to maturity desires to beget & g5]ate4 ,he w&]s ab\t1 seek+ beauty t he may beget (fspr+--= 9 de=mity he w beget no?+--& naturally embraces ! beautiful r ?an ! de=m$ body2 above all :5 he f9ds a fair & noble & well- nurtur$ s\l1 he embraces ! two 9 "o p]son1 & to su* a "o he is full ( spee* ab\t virtue & ! nature & pursuits ( a good man2 & he tries to educate him2 & at ! t\* ( ! beautiful :i* is ev] pres5t to 8 memory1 ev5 :5 abs5t1 he br+s =? t :i* he _h conceiv$ long be=e1 & 9 company ) him t5ds t :i* he br+s =?2 & !y are m>ri$ by a f> ne>] tie & h a clos] fri5d%ip ?an ^? :o beget mortal *ildr51 = ! *ildr5 :o are _! common (fspr+ are fair] & m immortal4 ,:o1 :5 he ?9ks ( ,hom] & ,hesiod & o!r great poets1 w\ld n r h _! *ildr5 ?an ord9>y ones8 ,:o w\ld n emulate !m 9 ! creation ( *ildr5 su* z !irs1 :i* h pres]v$ _! memory & giv5 !m ev]la/+ glory8 ,or :o w\ld n h su* *ildr5 z ,lycurgus left beh9d him to be ! savi\rs n only ( ,lac$aemon1 b ( ,hellas1 z "o may say8 ,!re is ,solon1 too1 :o is ! rev]$ fa!r ( ,a!nian laws2 & _m o!rs !re are 9 _m o!r places1 bo? among ,hell5es & b>b>ians1 :o h giv5 to ! _w _m noble works1 & h be5 ! p>5ts ( virtue ( e k9d2 & _m temples h be5 rais$ 9 _! hon\r = ! sake ( *ildr5 su* z !irs2 :i* 7 nev] rais$ 9 hon\r ( any "o1 = ! sake ( 8 mortal *ildr54 ',^! are ! less] my/]ies ( love1 into :i* ev5 y1 ,socrates1 may ent]2 to ! great] & m hidd5 ones :i* are ! cr[n ( ^!1 & to :i*1 if y pursue !m 9 a "r _s1 !y w lead1 ,i "k n :e!r y w be able to atta94 ,b ,i w d my utmo/ to in=m y1 & d y foll[ if y c4 ,= he :o w\ld proce$ aright 9 ?is matt] %\ld beg9 9 y\? to visit beautiful =ms2 & fir/1 if he be guid$ by 8 in/ructor aright1 to love "o su* =m only--out ( t he %\ld create fair ?\ghts2 & soon he w ( himself p]ceive t ! beauty ( "o =m is ak9 to ! beauty ( ano!r2 & !n if beauty ( =m 9 g5]al is 8 pursuit1 h[ fooli% w\ld he be n to recognise t ! beauty 9 e =m is "o & ! same6 ,& :5 he p]ceives ?is he w abate 8 viol5t love ( ! "o1 :i* he w despise & deem a small ?+1 & w become a lov] ( all beautiful =ms4 ,9 ! next /age he w consid] t ! beauty ( ! m9d is m hon\rable ?an ! outw>d =m4 ,s t1 if a virtu\s s\l h b a little comel9ess1 he w be cont5t to love & t5d him1 & w se>* out & br+ to ! bir? ?\ghts :i* may improve ! "y1 until he is compell$ to contemplate & see ! beauty ( in/itutions & laws1 & to und]/& t ! beauty ( !m all is ( "o family1 & t p]sonal beauty is a trifle2 & aft] laws & in/itutions he w g on to ! sci5ces1 t he may see _! beauty1 be+ n l a s]vant 9 love ) ! beauty ( "o y\? or man or in/itution1 himself a slave mean & n>r[-m9d$1 b draw+ t[>ds & contemplat+ ! va/ sea ( beauty1 he w create _m fair & noble ?\ghts & notions 9 b\ndless love ( wisdom2 until on t /ore he gr[s & waxes /rong1 & at la/ ! vision is reveal$ to him ( a s+le sci5ce :i* is ! sci5ce ( beauty ev]y:]e4 ,to ?is ,i w proce$2 please to give me y\r v be/ att5tion3 ',he :o has be5 in/ruct$ ?us f> 9 ! ?+s ( love1 & :o has le>n$ to see ! beautiful 9 due ord] & succession1 :5 he comes t[>d ! end w sudd5ly p]ceive a nature ( wondr\s beauty 7& ?is1 ,socrates1 is ! f9al cause ( all our =m] toils7--a nature :i* 9 ! fir/ place is ev]la/+1 n gr[+ & decay+1 or wax+ & wan+2 secondly1 n fair 9 "o po9t ( view & f\l 9 ano!r1 or at "o "t or 9 "o relation or 9 "o place fair1 at ano!r "t or 9 ano!r relation or at ano!r place f\l1 z if fair to "s & f\l to o!rs1 or 9 ! lik5ess ( a face or h&s or any o!r "p ( ! bodily frame1 or 9 any =m ( spee* or k1 or exi/+ 9 any o!r be+1 z = example1 9 an animal1 or 9 heav51 or 9 e>?1 or 9 any o!r place2 b beauty absolute1 sep>ate1 simple1 & ev]la/+1 :i* )\t dim9ution & )\t increase1 or any *ange1 is imp>t$ to ! ev]gr[+ & p]i%+ beauties ( all o!r ?+s4 ,he :o1 f ^! asc5d+ "u ! influ5ce ( true love1 beg9s to p]ceive t beauty1 is n f> f ! end4 ,& ! true ord] ( go+1 or be+ l$ by ano!r1 to ! ?+s ( love1 is to beg9 f ! beauties ( e>? & m\nt upw>ds = ! sake ( t o!r beauty1 us+ ^! z /eps only1 & f "o go+ on to two1 & f two to all fair =ms1 & f fair =ms to fair practices1 & f fair practices to fair notions1 until f fair notions he arrives at ! notion ( absolute beauty1 & at la/ kn[s :at ! ess5ce ( beauty is4 ,?is1 my de> ,socrates1' said ! /rang] ( ,mant9eia1 'is t life above all o!rs :i* man %\ld live1 9 ! contemplation ( beauty absolute3 a beauty :i* if y once beheld1 y w\ld see n to be aft] ! measure ( gold1 & g>m5ts1 & fair boys & y\?s1 ^: pres5ce n[ entrances y2 & y & _m a "o w\ld be cont5t to live see+ !m only & conv]s+ ) !m )\t meat or dr9k1 if t 7 possible1--y only want to look at !m & to be ) !m4 ,b :at if man _h eyes to see ! true beauty--! div9e beauty1 ,i mean1 pure & cle> & unalloy$1 n clogg$ ) ! pollutions ( mortality & all ! col\rs & vanities ( human life--?i!r look+1 & hold+ conv]se ) ! true beauty simple & div9e8 ,rememb] h[ 9 t communion only1 behold+ beauty ) ! eye ( ! m9d1 he w be enabl$ to br+ =?1 n images ( beauty1 b realities 7= he has hold n ( an image b ( a reality71 & br++ =? & n\ri%+ true virtue to become ! fri5d ( ,god & be immortal1 if mortal man may4 ,w\ld t be an ignoble life8' ,su*1 ,pha$rus--& ,i speak n only to y1 b to all ( y--7 ! words ( ,diotima2 & ,i am p]suad$ ( _! tru?4 ,& be+ p]suad$ ( !m1 ,i try to p]suade o!rs1 t 9 ! atta9m5t ( ?is end human nature w n easily f9d a help] bett] ?an ,love4 ,& !re=e1 also1 ,i say t e man ought to hon\r him z ,i myself hon\r him1 & walk 9 8 ways1 & exhort o!rs to d ! same1 & praise ! p[] & _s ( ,love accord+ to ! measure ( my ability n[ & ev]4 ,footnote3 ,plato1 ,symp4 #bja4--,translat$ by ,j[ett4 ,i h ?\ght x wor? :ile to quote ?is passage1 9 spite ( its l5g?1 p>tly = ! sake ( its own intr9sic beauty1 p>tly because no acc\nt ( ! ,greek view ( life c\ld be complete :i* did n insi/ ^u ! prom95ce 9 _! civilisation ( ! passion ( fri5d%ip1 & its capacity ( be+ turn$ to ! noble/ uses4 ,t !re 0 ano!r side to ! matt] goes )\t say+4 ,?is passion1 l any o!r1 has its dep?s1 z well z its heights2 & ! ideal ( fri5d%ip conceiv$ by ,plato 0 z remote1 p]haps1 f ! exp]i5ce ( ! av]age man1 z ,dante's pres5tation ( ! love betwe5 man & woman4 ,/ill1 ! fact rema9s t x 0 fri5d%ip ( ?is k9d t suppli$ to ! ,greek t elem5t ( romance :i* plays s l>ge a "p 9 mod]n life2 & x is to ?is1 & n to ! relations betwe5 m5 & wom51 t we mu/ look = ! highe/ rea*es ( _! emotional exp]i5ce4 ,section #aa4 ,summ>y4 ,if n[ we turn back to take a g5]al view ( ! po9ts t h be5 treat$ 9 ! pres5t *apt]1 we %all notice1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! ideal ( ! ,greeks 0 ! direct & natural outcome ( ! conditions ( _! life4 ,x 0 n some?+ beyond & above ! exp]i5ce ( ! class to :i* x appli$1 b r1 0 ! =mula ( t exp]i5ce itself3 9 philosophical phrase1 x 0 imman5t n transc5d5t4 ,because !re really 0 a class ( soldi]-citiz5s free f ! necessity ( me*anical toil1 possess$ ( compet5ce & leisure1 & devot+ ^! advantages will+ly to ! s]vice ( ! ,/ate1 !re=e _! ideal ( conduct took ! =m we h describ$4 ,x 0 ! ideal ( a privileg$ class1 & po/ulat$ = its realisation1 n only a /r5u\s endeav\r on ! "p ( ! individual1 b also c]ta9 adv5titi\s gifts ( =tune1 su* z heal?1 weal?1 & family connections4 ,^! 7 conditions t actually obta9$ among memb]s ( ! class conc]n$2 s t ! ideal 9 "q 0 n a m]e ab/ract ought1 b an expression ( :at1 approximately at lea/1 0 realis$ 9 fact4 ,b ?is1 :i* 0 ! /r5g? ( ! ideal ( ! ,greeks1 0 also its limitation4 ,_! e?ical sy/em re/$ n only on univ]sal facts ( human nature1 b also on a p>ticul> & transitory social arrangem5t4 ,:5 !re=e ! city ,/ate1 ) its %>p anti!sis ( classes1 began to decl9e1 ! ideal ( ! soldi]-citiz5 decl9$ also4 ,! conditions ( its realisation no long] exi/$1 & e?ical conceptions pass$ into a new phase4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! ideal ( conduct 0 ext5d$ s z to apply to man z man1 in/ead ( to a p>ticul> class 9 a p>ticul> =m ( ,/ate2 & 9 ! second place1 z a coroll>y ( ?is1 ^? ext]nal goods ( =tune :i* 7 ! privilege ( ! few1 c\ld no long] be assum$ z conditions ( an ideal :i* 0 suppos$ to apply to all4 ,consequ5tly ! new ideal 0 conceiv$ z :olly int]nal4 ,to be virtu\s 0 to act "u ! control ( ! univ]sal reason :i* 0 suppos$ to dwell 9 man z man2 & su* action 0 indep5d5t ( all ! gifts ( *ance4 ,x 0 z op5 to a slave z to a freeman1 to an artisan z to a soldi] or a /atesman4 ,! *anges & *ances ( ?is mortal life 7 indiff]5t to ! virtu\s man2 on ! rack z on ! ?rone he 0 "l ( himself & free4 ,?is conception ( ! ,/oics broke d[n ! limitation ( ! ,greek ideal by ext5d+ ! possibility ( virtue to all mank9d4 ,b at ! same "t x de/roy$ its sanity & balance4 ,= x 0 precisely because ( its limitation t ! ideal ( ! ,greeks 01 approximately at lea/1 an acc\nt ( :at 01 & n m]ely ( :at ought to be4 ,a man possess$ ( weal? & fri5ds1 ( leisure1 heal?1 & culture1 really c\ld & did a*ieve ! end at :i* he 0 aim+2 b ! conception ( "o :o )\t any su* advantages1 on ! contr>y ) positive disadvantages1 poor1 sickly1 & a slave p]haps1 or ev5 9 prison or on ! rack1 %\ld nev]!less reta9 unimpair$ ! dignity ( manhood & ! fre$om ( 8 own s\l--1 su* a conception if x is n *im]ical1 is at any rate s remote f common exp]i5ce1 t x is n capable ( s]v+ z a really practical ideal = ord9>y life4 ,b an ideal s remote t its realisation is despair$ (1 is z good z none4 ,& ! conception ( ! ,/oics1 if x 0 m compreh5sive ?an t ( ,ari/otle1 0 also less practical & real4 ,by virtue1 nev]!less1 ( ?is compreh5siv5ess1 ! ,/oic ideal is m ak9 to mod]n t5d5cies ?an t ( ! soldi]-citiz5 9 ! city-/ate4 ,to provide = ! excell5ce ( a privileg$ class at ! exp5se ( ! re/ ( ! community is becom+ to u increas+ly impossible 9 fact & intol]able 9 idea4 ,b :ile admitt+ ?is1 we _c b note t ! ,greeks1 at :atev] co/1 did actually a*ieve a developm5t ( ! individual m high & m complete ?an has be5 ev5 approa*$ by any o!r age4 ,:e!r x w ev] be possible1 "u totally diff]5t conditions1 to realise once m t balance ( body & s\l1 t sanity ( e?ical intuition1 t frank recognition ( ! :ole range ( our complex human nature ) a view to its h>moni\s organisation "u ! control ( a lucid reason--:e!r x w ev] be possible aga9 to realise ?is ideal1 & t n only 9 ! memb]s ( a privileg$ class1 b 9 ! :ole body ( ! ,/ate1 is a "q too problematical to be rais$ ) advantage 9 ?is place4 ,b x is impossible n to p]ceive t ) ! decl9e ( ! ,greek city-/ate some?+ pass$ f ! _w :i* x c nev] cease to regret1 & ! recov]y ( :i*1 if x might be1 9 "s m p]fect =m1 mu/ be ! goal ( its highe/ practical endeav\rs4 ,imm5se1 no d\bt1 is ! significance ( ! c5turies t h int]v5$1 b x is a significance ( prep>ation2 & :5 we look beyond ! means to ! wi%$-= end1 limit+ our conceptions to ! actual possibilities ( life on e>?1 x is among ! ,greeks t we seek ! record ( ! highe/ a*ievem5t ( ! pa/1 & ! hope ( ! highe/ possibilities ( ! future4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,greek ,,view ,,( ,,art ,section #a4 ,greek ,art an ,expression ( ,national ,life4 ,9 approa*+ ! subject ( ! ,art ( ! ,greeks we come to :at1 m plausibly ?an any o!r1 may be reg>d$ z ! c5tral po9t ( _! s*eme ( life4 ,we h already notic$1 9 deal+ ) o!r topics1 h[ con/antly ! ae/hetic po9t ( view em]ges & pr$om9ates 9 matt]s ) :i*1 9 ! mod]n way ( look+ at ?+s1 x appe>s to h no direct & natural connection4 ,we saw1 = example1 h[ insep>able 9 _! religion 0 ! elem5t ( ritual & c]emony f t ( idea2 h[ 9 _! e?ical conceptions ! prim>y notion 0 t ( beauty2 h[ !y aim$ ?r\gh\t at a p]fect balance ( body & s\l1 & m g5]ally1 9 e dep>tm5t1 at an expression ( ! inn] by ! out] s complete & p]fect t ! conception ( a sep>ation ( ! two became almo/ z impossible to _! ?\ght z x w\ld h be5 unpleas+ & discordant to _! feel+4 ,n[ su* a po9t ( view is1 9 fact1 t ( art2 & philosoph]s ( hi/ory h be5 amply ju/ifi$ 9 *>act]is+ ! :ole ,greek epo* z pre-em95tly t ( ,beauty4 ,b if ?is be a true way ( reg>d+ ! matt]1 we %\ld expect to f9d t art & beauty _h1 = ! ,greeks1 a v wide & complex significance4 ,!re is a view ( art1 & x is "o t appe>s to be preval5t 9 our own "t1 :i* sets x altoge!r outside ! g5]al tr5d ( national life & ideas2 :i* ass]ts t x has no connection ) e?ics1 religion1 politics1 or any ( ! g5]al conceptions :i* regulate action & ?\ght2 t its end is 9 itself1 & is simply beauty2 & t 9 beauty !re is no di/9ction ( high or l[1 no pref]5ce ( "o k9d above ano!r4 ,art ?us conceiv$ is1 9 ! fir/ place1 purely subjective 9 "*2 ! arti/ alone is ! /&>d1 & any phase or mood ( 81 h[ev] exceptional1 p]sonal & transitory1 is compet5t to produce a "w ( art z satisfy+ & z great z "o ^: inspiration 0 drawn f a nation's life1 reflect+ its highe/ mom5ts1 & its mo/ univ]sal aspirations & ideals2 s t1 = example1 a butt]fly drawn by ,mr4 ,:i/l] w\ld rank z high1 say1 z ! ,p>!non4 ,& 9 ! second place1 9 ?is view ( art1 ! subject is a matt] ( absolute indiff]5ce4 ,! /&>ds ( ord9>y life1 e?ical or o!r1 d n apply2 !re is no bett] or worse1 b only a m or less beautiful2 & ! repres5tation ( a music-hall /age or a public h\se b> may be z great & p]fect a "w ( art z ! ,v5us ( ,milo or ! ,madonna ( ,raphael4 ,?is !ory1 :i* arises naturally & p]haps inevitably 9 an age :]e national life has deg5]at$ into mat]ialism & squalor1 & ! arti/ feels himself a /rang] 9 a _w ( ,phili/9es1 we ne$ n "h pause to exam9e & criticise4 ,x has be5 m5tion$ m]ely to illu/rate by contra/ ! ,greek view1 :i* 0 diametrically oppos$ to ?is1 & valu$ art 9 proportion z x repres5t$ 9 p]fect =m ! highe/ & mo/ compreh5sive aspects ( ! national ideal4 ,to say ?is1 is n1 ( c\rse1 to say t ! ,greek conception ( art 0 didactic2 = ! ^w didactic1 :5 appli$ to art1 has usually ! implication t ! excell5ce ( ! moral is ! only po9t to be consid]$1 & t if t is good ! "w itself mu/ be good4 ,?is idea does inde$ occur 9 ,greek ?\ght--we f9d x1 = example1 p>adoxically en\gh1 9 s great an arti/ z ,plato--b if x _h be5 ! "o :i* really det]m9$ _! production1 !re w\ld h be5 no occasion to write ?is *apt]1 = !re w\ld h be5 no ,greek art to write ab\t4 ,! tru] acc\nt ( ! impulse t urg$ !m to create is t giv5 also by ,plato 9 an e>li] & m impassion$ "w1 9 :i* he describes x z a madness ( ^? :o are possess$ by ! ,muses2 :i* ent]s into a delicate & virg9 s\l1 & !re inspir+ fr5zy1 awak5s lyrical & all o!r numb]s2 ) ^! adorn+ ! myriad actions ( anci5t h]oes = ! in/ruction ( po/]ity4 ,b he :o hav+ no t\* ( ! ,muses' madness 9 8 s\l1 comes to ! door & ?9ks t he w get into ! temple by ! help ( art--he1 ,i say1 & 8 poetry are n admitt$2 ! sane man is n[h]e at all :5 he ent]s into rivalry ) ! madman4 ,footnote3 ,plato1 ,pha$rus1 #bde;a4--,translat$ by ,j[ett4 ,! presupposition1 9 fact1 ( all t c be said ab\t ! ,greek view ( art1 is t prim>ily & to beg9 ) !y 71 by nature1 arti/s4 ,judg$ simply by ! ae/hetic /&>d1 )\t any consid]ation ( subject matt] at all1 or any ref]5ce to intellectual or e?ical ideals1 !y creat$ works ( art m purely beautiful ?an ^? ( any o!r age or p4 ,_! m]e h\sehold crock]y1 _! common pots & pans1 are ca/ 9 %apes s exquisitely graceful1 & pa9t$ 9 designs s admirably drawn & compos$1 t any "o ( !m has a high] arti/ic value ?an ! :ole cont5ts ( ! ,royal ,academy2 & ! little clay figures !y us$ z we d *9a ornam5ts put to %ame ! mo/ ambiti\s ef=ts ( mod]n sculpture4 ,:o1 = example1 w\ld n r look at a ,tanagra /atuette ?an at ! eque/rian /atue ( ! ,duke ( ,well+ton8 ,! ,greeks1 9 fact1 q ap>t f any !ories !y may h held1 7 arti/s ?r\gh & ?r\gh2 & t is a fact we mu/ c>ry ) u ?r\gh ! :ole ( our discussion4 ,section #b4 ,id5tification ( ! ,ae/hetic & ,e?ical ,po9ts ( ,view4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 x seems to be cle> f all t we c le>n1 t _! habitual way ( reg>d+ works ( art 0 n to judge !m simply & exclusively by _! ae/hetic value4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 criticis+ two works o!rwise equally beautiful1 !y w\ld give a high] place to ! "o or ! o!r = its e?ical or quasi-e?ical qualities4 ,?is inde$ is :at we %\ld expect f ! compreh5sive s5se :i*1 z we h se51 atta*$ 9 _! tongue to ! ^w :i* we r5d] beautiful4 ,! ae/hetic & e?ical sph]es1 9 fact1 7 nev] %>ply di/+ui%$ by ! ,greeks2 & x foll[s t z1 on ! "o h&1 _! conception ( ! good 0 id5tifi$ ) t ( ! beautiful1 s1 on ! o!r h&1 _! conception ( ! beautiful 0 id5tifi$ ) t ( ! good4 ,?us ! mo/ beautiful "w ( art1 9 ! ,greek s5se ( ! t]m1 0 t :i* made ! f9e/ & mo/ h>moni\s appeal n only to ! physical b to ! moral s5se1 & :ile communicat+ ! highe/ & mo/ p]fect pleasure to ! eye or ! e>1 _h also ! p[] to t\* & in=m ! s\l ) ! grace :i* 0 h] moral excell5ce4 ,( ?is really *>act]i/ic ,greek conception1 ?is fusion1 s in/9ctive z to be almo/ unconsci\s1 ( ! ae/hetic & e?ical po9ts ( view1 no bett] illu/ration c\ld be giv5 ?an ! foll[+ passage f ! ,republic ( ,plato1 :]e ! philosoph] is describ+ ! effect ( beautiful works ( art1 & especially ( music1 on ! moral & intellectual "* ( 8 imag9>y citiz5s3 ',we w\ld n h our gu>dians gr[ up amid images ( moral de=mity1 z 9 "s noxi\s pa/ure1 & !re br[se & fe$ ^u _m a baneful h]b & fl[] day by day1 little by little1 until !y sil5tly ga!r a fe/]+ mass ( corruption 9 _! own s\l4 ,let our arti/s r be ^? :o are gift$ to disc]n ! true nature ( ! beautiful & graceful3 !n w our y\? dwell 9 a l& ( heal?1 amid fair sights & s\nds1 & receive ! good 9 ev]y?+2 & beauty1 ! efflu5ce ( fair works1 %all fl[ into ! eye & e>1 l a heal?giv+ breeze f a pur] region1 & ins5sibly draw ! s\l f e>lie/ ye>s into lik5ess & sympa?y ) ! beauty ( reason4' ',!re c be no nobl] tra9+ ?an t1' he repli$4 ',& !re=e1' ,i said1 ',glaucon1 musical tra9+ is a m pot5t in/rum5t ?an any o!r1 because rhy?m & h>mony f9d _! way into ! inw>d places ( ! s\l1 on :i* !y mightily fa/51 imp>t+ grace1 & mak+ ! s\l ( him :o is rightly educat$ graceful1 or ( him :o is ill-educat$ ungraceful2 & also because he :o has receiv$ ?is true education ( ! inn] be+ w mo/ %rewdly p]ceive omissions or faults 9 art & nature1 & ) a true ta/e1 :ile he praises & rejoices ov] & receives into 8 s\l ! good1 & becomes noble & good1 he w ju/ly blame & hate ! bad1 n[ 9 ! days ( 8 y\?1 ev5 be=e he is able to "k ! reason :y3 & :5 reason comes he w recognise & salute ! fri5d ) :om 8 education has made him long famili>4,footnote3 ,plato1 ,republic ,,iii4 #dja4--,translat$ by ,j[ett4 ,?is fusion ( ! ideas ( ! beautiful & ! good is ! c5tral po9t 9 ! ,greek ,!ory ( ,art2 & x enables u to und]/& h[ x 0 t !y conceiv$ art to be educational4 ,its end1 9 _! view1 0 n only pleasure1 ?\gh pleasure 0 ess5tial to x2 b also1 & j z mu*1 edification4 ,plato1 inde$1 "h aga9 exagg]at+ ! curr5t view1 puts ! edification above ! pleasure4 ,he criticises ,hom] z he might criticise a moral philosoph]1 po9t+ out ! inadequacy1 f an e?ical po9t ( view1 ( 8 conception ( heav5 & ( ! gods1 & dismiss+ z injuri\s & ( bad example to y\?ful citiz5s ! :ole tissue ( passionate human feel+1 ! irrepressible outbur/s ( ang] & grief & fe>1 by virtue ( :i* alone ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey are immortal poems in/ead ( e?ical tracts4 ,& f9ally1 ) a half reluctant ass5t to ! c\rse ( 8 own argum5t1 he excludes ! poets altoge!r f 8 ideal republic1 on ! gr\nd t !y enc\rage _! he>]s 9 t indulg5ce ( emotion :i* x is ! object ( e virtu\s man to repress4 ,! conclusion ( ,plato1 by 8 own admission1 0 half p>adoxical1 & x c]ta9ly nev] recomm5d$ itself to su* a nation ( arti/s z ! ,greeks4 ,b x illu/rates1 nev]!less1 ! g5]al b5t ( _! views ( art1 t t5d5cy to ! id5tification ( ! beautiful & ! good1 :i*1 :ile x 0 nev] pu%$ s f> z to *oke art ) didactics--= ,plato himself1 ev5 aga9/ 8 own w1 is a poet--yet s]v$ to create a /&>d ( ta/e :i* 0 e?ical z mu* z ae/hetic1 & made ! judgm5t ( beauty also a judgm5t ( moral wor?4 ,q 9 accordance ) ?is view we f9d t ! c5tral aim ( all ,greek art is ! repres5tation ( human "* & human ideals4 ,! int]pretation ( nature = its own sake 79 ! n>r[] s5se 9 :i* nature is oppos$ to man7 is a mod]n & romantic developm5t t w\ld h be5 un9telligible to a ,greek4 ,n t ! ,greeks 7 )\t a s5se ( :at we call ! beauties ( nature1 b t !y treat !m habitually1 n z ! c5tre ( int]e/1 b z ! backgr\nd to human activity4 ,! mo/ beautiful descriptions ( nature to be f\nd 9 ,greek poetry occur1 incid5tally only1 9 ! *oral odes introduc$ into _! dramas2 & among all _! pictures ( :i* we h any record !re is n "o t answ]s to ! description ( a l&scape2 ! subject is always my?ological or hi/orical1 & ! repres5tation ( nature m]ely a sett+ = ! ma9 !me4 ,& on ! o!r h&1 ! art = :i* ! ,greeks are mo/ fam\s1 & 9 :i* !y h admitt$ly excell$ all o!r peoples1 is t art ( sculpture ^: special function x is n only to repres5t b to idealise ! human =m1 & :i* is peculi>ly adapt$ to embody = ! s5se n only physical b e?ical types4 ,&1 m rem>kable /ill1 z we %all h occasion to obs]ve lat]1 ! v art :i* mod]n m5 reg>d z ! mo/ devoid ( all intellectual cont5t1 ! mo/ incomm5surable ) any /&>d except t ( pure beauty--,i ref] ( c\rse to ! art ( music--0 inve/$ by ! ,greeks ) a def9ite moral cont5t & work$ into _! g5]al !ory ( art z a direct int]pretation ( human life4 ,! excell5ce ( man1 9 %ort1 directly or indirectly1 0 ! po9t ab\t :i* ,greek art turn$2 t excell5ce 0 at once ae/hetic & e?ical2 & ! repres5tation ( :at 0 beautiful involv$ also ! repres5tation ( :at 0 good4 ,?is po9t we w n[ proce$ to illu/rate m 9 detail 9 connection ) ! v>i\s special bran*es ( art4 ,section #c4 ,sculpture & ,pa9t+4 ,let u take1 fir/1 ! pla/ic arts1 sculpture & pa9t+2 & to br+ into cle> relief ! ,greek po9t ( view let u contra/ ) x t ( ! mod]n impressioni/4 ,to ! impressioni/ a picture is simply an arrangem5t ( col\r & l9e2 ! subject repres5t$ is no?+1 ! treatm5t ev]y?+4 ,x w\ld be bett]1 on ! :ole1 n ev5 to "k :at objects are depict$2 &1 to judge ! picture by a comp>ison ) ! objects1 or to consid] :at is ! wor? ( ! objects 9 !mselves1 or :at we might ?9k ( !m if we came across !m 9 ! connections ( ord9>y life1 is simply to misconceive ! :ole mean+ ( a picture4 ,= ! arti/ & = ! man :o und]/&s art1 all scales & /&>ds disappe> except t ( ! purely ae/hetic beauty :i* consi/s 9 h>mony ( l9e & tone2 ! mo/ p]fect human =m has no m value ?an a spla% ( mud2 or r bo? mud & human =m disappe> z irrelevant1 & all t is left = judgm5t is ! arrangem5t ( col\r & =m orig9ally sugge/$ by ^? accid5tal & indiff]5t ph5om5a4 ,9 ! ,greek view1 on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh we c]ta9ly _c say t ! subject 0 ev]y?+ & ! treatm5t no?+ 7= t w\ld be m]ely ! annihilation ( art7 yet we may ass]t t1 grant$ ! treatm5t1 grant$ t ! "w 0 beautiful 7! fir/ & indisp5sable requirem5t7 its wor? 0 det]m9$ by ! "* ( ! subject4 ,sculpture & pa9t+1 9 fact1 to ! ,greeks1 7 n m]ely a m$ium ( ae/hetic pleasure2 !y 7 ways ( express+ & int]pret+ national life4 ,z su* !y 7 subord9at$ to religion4 ,! prim>y end ( sculpture 0 to make /atues ( ! gods & h]oes2 ! prim>y end ( pa9t+ 0 to repres5t my?ological sc5es2 & 9 ei!r case ! purely ae/hetic pleasure 0 also a means to a religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,let u take1 = example1 ! /atue ( ,zeus at ,olympia1 ! mo/ fam\s ( ! works ( ,pheidias4 ,?is colossal figure ( ivory & gold 0 d\btless1 accord+ to all ! te/imony we possess1 f a m]ely ae/hetic po9t ( view1 among ! mo/ consummate creations ( human g5ius4 ,b :at 0 ! ma9 aim ( ! arti/ :o made x8 :at ! ma9 effect on ! spectator8 ,! arti/ _h design$ & ! spectator seem$ to behold a concrete image ( t ,hom]ic ,zeus :o 0 ! c5tre ( 8 religi\s consci\sness--! ,zeus :o nodd$ 8 d>k br[1 & ! ambrosial locks wav$ f ! ,k+'s immortal head1 & he made great ,olympus quake4 ,footnote3 ,iliad i4 #ebh4--,translat$ by ,lang1 ,leaf & ,my]s4 ,^? :o approa* ! temple1 says ,lucian1 d n conceive t !y see ivory f ! ,indies or gold f ! m9es ( ,?race2 no1 b ! v son ( ,kronos & ,rhea1 transport$ by ,pheidias to e>? & set to wat* ov] ! lonely pla9 ( ,pisa4 ,he 01 says ,dion ,*ryso/om1 ! type ( t unatta9$ ideal1 ,hellas come to unity ) h]self2 9 expression at once mild & awful1 z befits ! giv] ( life & all good gifts1 ! common fa!r1 savi\r & gu>dian ( m52 dignifi$ z a k+1 t5d] z a fa!r1 awful z giv] ( laws1 k9d z protector ( suppliants & fri5ds1 simple & great z giv] ( increase & weal?2 reveal+1 9 a ^w1 9 =m & c\nt5ance1 ! :ole array ( gifts & qualities prop] to 8 supreme div9ity4 ,! description is *>act]i/ic ( ! :ole aim ( ,greek sculpture1-- ! repres5tation n only ( beauty1 b ( "*1 n only ( "* b ( "* idealis$4 ,! /atues ( ! v>i\s gods d]ive _! di/+ui%+ individuality n m]ely f _! association ) conv5tional symbols1 b f a concrete reproduction1 9 features1 expression1 drap]y1 pose1 ( ! e?ical & intellectual qualities = :i* !y /&4 ,an ,apollo diff]s 9 type f a ,zeus1 an ,a!ne f a ,demet]2 & 9 e case ! arti/ works f an intellectual conception1 b5t n simply on a graceful h>mony ( l9es1 b on ! repres5tation ( a "* at once def9ite & ideal4 ,prim>ily1 !n1 ,greek sculpture 0 an expression ( ! national religion2 & !re=e1 also1 ( ! national life4 ,=1 z we saw1 ! cult ( ! gods 0 ! c5tre1 n only ( ! religi\s b ( ! political consci\sness ( ,greece2 & an art :i* 0 born & fl\ri%$ 9 ! temple & ! sacr$ grove1 naturally became ! expon5t ( ! ideal aspect ( ! /ate4 ,x 0 ?us1 = example1 t ! ,p>!non at ,a!ns 0 at once ! c5tre ( ! wor%ip ( ,a!ne1 & a symbol ( ! corporate life ov] :i* %e presid$2 ! /atue ( ! goddess hav+ z its appropriate complem5t ! frieze ov] :i* ! _s ( ! city mov$ 9 /one4 ,& ?us1 too1 ! /atues ( ! victors at ! ,olympian games 7 d$icat$ 9 ! sacr$ prec9ct1 z a memorial ( :at 0 n only an a?letic meet+1 b also at once a c5tre ( ,hell5ic unity & ! mo/ consummate expression ( t aspect ( _! culture :i* contribut$ at lea/ z mu* to _! ae/hetic z to _! physical p]fection4 ,sculpture1 9 fact1 ?r\gh\t1 0 subord9at$ to religion1 & ?r\gh religion to national life2 & x 0 f ?is t x d]iv$ its ideal & intellectual "*4 ,&1 s f> z our au?orities enable u to judge1 ! same is true ( pa9t+4 ,! great pictures ( :i* we h descriptions 7 pa9t$ to adorn temples & public build+s1 & repres5t$ ei!r my?ological or national !mes4 ,su*1 = example1 0 ! great "w ( ,polygnotus at ,delphi1 9 :i* 0 depict$ on ! "o h& ! sack ( ,troy1 on ! o!r ! desc5t ( ,odysseus into ,hades2 & su* 8 repres5tation ( ! battle ( ,m>a?on1 9 ! pa9t$ por* t l$ to ! ,acropolis ( ,a!ns4 ,& ev5 ! vase pa9t+s ( :i* we h innum]able examples1 & :i* are m]e decorations ( common dome/ic ut5sils1 h (t5 en\gh "s /ory ( gods & h]oes = _! !me1 :]eby ov] & above _! purely ae/hetic value !y made _! appeal to ! g5]al religi\s consci\sness ( ,greece4 ,pa9t+1 l sculpture1 _h its end1 9 a s5se1 outside itself2 & f ?is v fact d]iv$ its peculi> dignity1 simplicity1 & p[]4 ,f ?is acc\nt ( ! pla/ic art ( ! ,greeks x foll[s z a simple coroll>y1 t _! aim 0 n m]ely to reproduce b to transc5d nature4 ,= _! subject 0 gods & h]oes1 & h]oes & gods 7 sup]ior to m54 ,( ?is idealis+ t5d5cy we h 9 sculpture evid5ce en\gh 9 ! _m examples :i* h be5 pres]v$ to u2 & ) reg>d to pa9t+ !re is curi\s lit]>y te/imony to ! same effect4 ,ari/otle1 = example1 rem>ks t ev5 if x is impossible t m5 %\ld be su* z ,zeuxis pa9t$ !m1 yet x is bett] t he %\ld pa9t !m s2 = ! example ought to excel t = :i* x is an example4 ,footnote3 ,arti/1 ,poet1 xxv4--#adfa4 #f4 #ab4 ,& 9 an imag9>y conv]sation record$ betwe5 ,socrates & ,p>rhasius ! arti/ admits )\t any hesitation t m pleasure is to be d]iv$ f pictures ( m5 :o are morally good ?an f ^? ( m5 :o are morally bad4 ,9 ! ,greek view1 9 fact1 z we saw1 physical & moral excell5ce w5t toge!r1 & x 0 excell5ce !y s\ght to depict 9 _! art2 n m]ely ae/hetic beauty1 ?\gh t 0 a necess>y presupposition1 b on ! top ( t1 ideal types ( "* repres5tative ( _! conception ( ! h]o & ! god4 ,art1 9 a ^w1 0 subord9ate to ! e?ical ideal2 or r ! e?ical & ae/hetic ideals 7 n yet dissociat$2 & ! greate/ arti/s ! _w has ev] kn[n work$ delib]ately "u ! direction & inspiration ( ! ideas t controll$ & det]m9$ ! life ( _! "t4 ,section #d4 ,music & ! ,dance4 ,turn+ n[ f ! pla/ic arts to t o!r gr\p :i* ! ,greeks class$ toge!r "u ! "n ( ,music--namely music1 9 ! n>r[] s5se1 danc+ & poetry--we f9d /ill m cle>ly emphasis$ & m elaborately work$ out ! subord9ation ( ae/hetic to e?ical & religi\s ends4 ,music1 9 fact1 z !y us$ ! t]m1 0 ! c5tre ( ,greek education1 & its moral "* ?us became a matt] ( prim>y importance4 ,by x 7 =m$1 x 0 suppos$1 ! m9d & temp] ( ! citiz5s1 & s ! :ole con/itution ( ! /ate4 ,! introduction ( a new k9d ( music1 says ,plato1 mu/ be %unn$ z imp]ill+ ! :ole /ate2 s9ce /yles ( music are nev] di/urb$ )\t affect+ ! mo/ important political in/itutions4 ,! new /yle1 he goes on1 gradually ga9+ a lodgm5t1 quietly ins9uates itself into mann]s & cu/oms2 & f ^! x issues 9 great] =ce1 & makes its way into mutual compacts3 & f compacts x goes on to attack laws & con/itutions1 display+ ! utmo/ impud5ce1 until x ends by ov]turn+ ev]y?+1 bo? 9 public & 9 private4 ,footnote3 ,plato1 ,rep4 ,,iv4 #dbdj4--,translat$ by ,davies & ,vaughan4 ,& z 9 8 ,republic he _h def9$ ! "* ( ! poetry t %\ld be admitt$ into 8 ideal /ate1 s 9 ! ,laws he specially def9es ! "* ( ! melodies & dances1 reg>d+ !m z ! mo/ important factor 9 det]m9+ & pres]v+ ! mann]s & in/itutions ( ! citiz5s4 ,no?+1 at fir/ sight1 to a mod]n m9d1 c\ld1 be /rang] ?an ?is po9t ( view4 ,t poetry has a be>+ on conduct we c inde$ und]/&1 ?\gh we d n make poetry ! c5tre ( our sy/em ( education2 b t moral effects %\ld be attribut$ to music & to danc+ & t ^! %\ld be reg>d$ z ( su* importance z to influ5ce pr(\ndly ! :ole con/itution ( a /ate1 w appe> to ! majority ( mod]n m5 an un9telligible p>adox4 ,yet no op9ion ( ! ,greeks is m pr(\ndly *>act]i/ic ?an ?is ( _! :ole way ( reg>d+ life1 & none w\ld bett] repay a c>eful /udy4 ,t moral "* %\ld be attribut$ to ! influ5ce ( music is only "o & p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ illu/ration ( t g5]al id5tification by ! ,greeks ( ! e?ical & ! ae/hetic /&>ds on :i* we h s frequ5tly _h occasion to insi/4 ,virtue1 9 _! conception1 0 n a h>d con=mity to a law felt z ali5 to ! natural "*2 x 0 ! free expression ( a beautiful & h>moni\s s\l4 ,& ?is v metaphor h>moni\s1 :i* !y s con/antly employ1 involves ! idea ( a close connection betwe5 music & morals4 ,"*1 9 ! ,greek view1 is a c]ta9 proportion ( ! v>i\s elem5ts ( ! s\l1 & ! "r "* is ! "r proportion4 ,b ! relation 9 :i* ^! elem5ts /& to "o ano!r c\ld be directly affect$1 x 0 f\nd1 by means ( music2 n only c\ld ! diff]5t emotions be excit$ or assuag$ 9 v>i\s degrees1 b ! :ole relation ( ! emotional to ! rational elem5t c\ld be regulat$ & controll$ by ! appropriate melody & measure4 ,t ?is connection betwe5 music & morals really does exi/ is recognis$1 9 a r\gh & g5]al way1 by mo/ p :o h any musical s5se4 ,!re are rhy?ms & tunes1 = example1 t are felt to be vulg> & base1 & o!rs t are felt to be ennobl+2 "s music1 ,wagn]'s1 = in/ance1 is frequ5tly call$ immoral2 ,g\nod is describ$ z en]vat+1 ,bee?ov5 z brac+1 & ! l2 & h[ev] absurd su* comm5ts may (t5 appe> to be 9 detail1 und]ly+ !m is ! und\bt$ly well-gr\nd$ s5se t v>i\s k9ds ( music h v>i\s e?ical qualities4 ,b x is j ?is side ( music1 :i* has be5 neglect$ 9 mod]n times1 t 0 ! "o on :i* ! ,greeks laid mo/ /ress4 ,inf9itely inf]ior to ! mod]ns 9 ! me*anical res\rces ( ! art1 !y _h made1 x appe>s1 a f> f9] & clos] analysis ( its relation to emotional /ates2 ) ! result t ev5 9 music1 :i* we describe z ! pure/ ( ! arts1 congratulat+ ourselves on its absolute dissociation f all def9ite intellectual conceptions1--ev5 "h ! /&>d ( ! ,greeks 0 z mu* e?ical z ae/hetic1 & ! /yle ( music 0 di/+ui%$ & its value apprais$1 n only by ! pleasure to be d]iv$ f x1 b also by ! effect x t5d$ to produce on "*4 ,( ?is position we h a cle> & def9ite /atem5t 9 ,ari/otle4 ,virtue1 he says1 consi/s 9 lov+ & hat+ 9 ! prop] way1 & implies1 !re=e1 a delight 9 ! prop] emotions2 b emotions ( any k9d are produc$ by melody & rhy?m2 !re=e by music a man becomes accu/om$ to feel+ ! "r emotions4 ,music has ?us ! p[] to =m "*2 & ! v>i\s k9ds ( music1 bas$ on ! v>i\s modes1 may be di/+ui%$ by _! effects on "*--"o1 = example1 work+ 9 ! direction ( melan*oly1 ano!r ( effem9acy2 "o enc\rag+ ab&onm5t1 ano!r self-control1 ano!r en?usiasm1 & s on ?r\gh ! s]ies4 ,x foll[s t music may be judg$ n m]ely by ! pleasure x gives1 b by ! "* ( its moral influ5ce2 pleasure1 inde$1 is ess5tial or !re w\ld be no art2 b ! diff]5t k9ds ( pleasure giv5 by diff]5t k9ds ( music are to be di/+ui%$ n m]ely by quantity1 b by quality4 ,"o w produce a "r pleasure ( :i* ! good man w approve1 & :i* w h a good effect on "*2 ano!r w be 9 exactly ! opposite case4 ,or1 z ,plato puts x1 ! excell5ce ( music is to be measur$ by pleasure4 ,b ! pleasure mu/ n be t ( *ance p]sons2 ! faire/ music is t :i* delights ! be/ & be/-educat$1 & especially t :i* delights ! "o man :o is pre-em95t 9 virtue & education4 ,footnote3 ,plato ,laws4 ,,ii4 #fehf4-- ,translat$ by ,j[ett4 ,we see !n t ev5 pure music1 to ! ,greeks1 _h a di/9ct & def9ite e?ical be>+4 ,b ?is e?ical influ5ce 0 fur!r emphasis$ by ! fact t x 0 n _! cu/om to enjoy _! music pure4 ,:at !y call$ music1 z has be5 already po9t$ out1 0 an intimate union ( melody1 v]se & dance1 s t ! p>ticul> emotional mean+ ( ! rhy?m & tune employ$ 0 br\ght out into p]fect lucidity by ! accompany+ words & ge/ures4 ,?us we f9d1 = example1 t ,plato *>act]ises a t5d5cy 9 8 own "t to ! sep>ation ( melody & v]se z a sign ( a want ( true arti/ic ta/e2 =1 he says1 x is v h>d1 9 ! abs5ce ( words1 to di/+ui% ! exact "* ( ! mood :i* ! rhy?m & tune is suppos$ to repres5t4 ,9 ?is connection x may be int]e/+ to ref] to ! use ( ! leit-motiv 9 mod]n music4 ,"h too a p>ticul> idea1 if n a p>ticul> set ( words1 is associat$ ) a p>ticul> musical phrase2 ! int5tion ( ! practice be+ cle>ly ! same z t :i* is indicat$ 9 ! passage j quot$1 namely to add precision & def9it5ess to ! vague emotional cont5t ( pure music4 ,& ?is det]m9+ effect ( words 0 fur!r enhanc$1 9 ! music ( ! ,greeks1 by ! additional accompanim5t ( ! dance4 ,! emotional "* convey$ to ! m9d by ! words & to ! e> by ! tune1 0 fur!r expla9$ to ! eye by ge/ure1 pose1 & beat ( foot2 ! comb9ation ( ! ?ree modes ( expression =m+ ?us 9 ! ,greek s5se a s+le imitative art4 ,! dance z well z ! melody came ?us to h a def9ite e?ical significance2 x imitates1 says ,ari/otle1 "*1 emotion1 & action4 ,& ,plato 9 8 ideal republic w\ld regulate by law ! dances no less ?an ! melodies to be employ$1 di/+ui%+ !m too z morally good or morally bad1 & enc\rag+ ! "o :ile he =bids ! o!r4 ,! g5]al ,greek view ( music :i* has ?us be5 briefly exp\nd$1 ! union ( melody & rhy?m ) poetry & ! dance 9 view ( a def9ite & consci\sly int5d$ e?ical "*1 may be illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ passage ( ,plut>*1 9 :i* he describes ! music 9 vogue at ,sp>ta4 ,! :ole sy/em1 x w be obs]v$1 is design$ ) a view to t milit>y c\rage :i* 0 ! virtue mo/ priz$ 9 ! ,sp>tan /ate1 & ! "o ab\t :i* all _! in/itutions c5tr$4 ,music at ,sp>ta actually 01 :at ,plato w\ld h _h x 9 8 ideal republic1 a public & /ate-regulat$ function2 & ev5 t vigor\s race :i* ( all ! ,greeks came ne>e/ to be+ ,phili/9es ( virtue1 ?\ght fit to lay a f\ndation purely ae/hetic = _! sev]e & soldi]ly ideal4 ,_! in/ruction 9 music & v]se1 says ,plut>*1 0 n less c>efully att5d$ to ?an _! habits ( grace & good-bre$+ 9 conv]sation4 ,& _! v songs _h a life & _s 9 !m t inflam$ & possess$ m5's m9ds ) an en?usiasm & ard\r = action2 ! /yle ( !m 0 pla9 & )\t affectation2 ! subject always s]i\s & moral2 mo/ usually1 x 0 9 praise ( su* m5 z _h di$ 9 def5ce ( _! c\ntry1 or 9 d]ision ( ^? t _h be5 c[>ds2 ! =m] !y decl>$ happy & glorifi$2 ! life ( ! latt] !y describ$ z mo/ mis]able & abject4 ,!re 7 also vaunts ( :at !y w\ld d & boa/s ( :at !y _h done1 v>y+ ) ! v>i\s ages2 z1 = example1 !y _h ?ree *oirs 9 _! solemn fe/ivals1 ! fir/ ( ! old m51 ! second ( ! "y m51 & ! la/ ( ! *ildr52 ! old m5 began ?us3 ,we once 7 "y & brave & /rong2 ,! "y m5 answ]$ !m1 s++2 ,& we're s n[1 come on & try3 ,! *ildr5 came la/ & said3 ,b we'll be /ronge/ by & bye4 ,inde$ if we w take ! pa9s to consid] _! compositions1 & ! airs on ! flute to :i* !y m>*$ :5 go+ to battle1 we %all f9d t ,t]p&] & ,p9d> _h reason to say t music & val\r 7 alli$4 ,footnote3 ,plut>*1 ,lycurgus1 *4 #ba4--;,cl\gh's ed4 ,! way ( reg>d+ music :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ?is passage1 & 9 all t is said on ! subject by ,greek writ]s1 is s typical ( ! :ole po9t ( view ( ! ,greeks1 t we may be p>don$ = insi/+ once aga9 on ! attitude ( m9d :i* x implies4 ,music1 z we saw1 _h an e?ical value to ! ,greeks2 b t is n to say t !y put ! e?ics fir/1 & ! music second1 us+ ! "o z a m]e tool ( ! o!r4 ,r an e?ical /ate ( m9d 0 also1 9 _! view1 a musical "o4 ,9 a s5se some?+ m ?an metaphorical1 virtue 0 a h>mony ( ! s\l4 ,! musical end 0 ?us id5tical ) ! e?ical "o4 ,! mo/ beautiful music 0 also ! morally be/1 & vice v]sa2 virtue 0 n prior to beauty1 nor beauty to virtue2 !y 7 two aspects ( ! same reality1 two ways ( reg>d+ a s+le fact2 & if ae/hetic effects 7 suppos$ to be am5able to e?ical judgm5t1 x 0 only because e?ical judgm5ts at bottom 7 ae/hetic4 ,! good & ! beautiful 7 "o & ! same ?+2 t is ! fir/ & la/ ^w ( ! ,greek ideal4 ,& :ile ?us1 on ! "o h&1 virtue 0 inve/$ ) ! spontaneity & delight ( art1 on ! o!r1 art d]iv$ f its association ) e?ics emotional precision4 ,9 mod]n times ! end ( music is commonly conceiv$ to be simply & )\t m ado ! excitem5t ( feel+4 ,its value is measur$ by ! int5sity r ?an ! quality ( ! emotion :i* x is capable ( ar\s+2 & ! auditor ab&ons himself to a casual succession ( highly wr\ght moods z bewild]+ 9 ! actual exp]i5ce z x is exhau/+ 9 ! aft]-effects4 ,9 ,greek music1 on ! o!r h&1 if we may tru/ our acc\nts1 :ile ! int5sity ( ! feel+ excit$ mu/ h be5 f> less ?an t :i* x is 9 ! p[] ( mod]n in/rum5tation to evoke1 its "* 0 p]fectly simple & def9ite4 ,melody1 rhy?m1 ge/ure & words1 7 all consci\sly adapt$ to ! production ( a s+le precisely conceiv$ emotional effect2 ! li/5] 0 9 a position cle>ly to und]/& & appraise ! value ( ! mood excit$ 9 him2 in/ead ( be+ exhau/$ & confus$ by a *aos ( vague & conflict+ emotion he _h ! s5se ( relief :i* accompanies ! deliv]ance ( a def9ite passion1 & return$ to 8 ord9>y bus9ess purg$1 z !y said1 & tranquillis$1 by a process :i* he und]/ood1 direct$ to an end ( :i* he approv$4 ,section #e4 ,poetry4 ,if n[1 z we h se51 9 ! pla/ic arts1 & 9 an art :i* appe>s to u s pure z music1 ! ,greeks p]ceiv$ & valu$1 along ) ! imm$iate pleasure ( beauty1 a def9ite e?ical "* & b5t1 mu* m 0 ?is ! case ) poetry1 ^: mat]ial is conceptions & ideas4 ,! works ( ! poets1 & especially ( ,hom]1 7 9 fact to ! ,greeks all t moral treatises are to u2 or r1 in/ead ( le>n+ _! lessons 9 ab/ract t]ms1 !y le>nt !m out ( ! concrete repres5tation ( life4 ,poetry 0 ! basis ( _! education1 ! guide & comm5t>y ( _! practice1 ! inspiration ( _! speculative ?\ght4 ,if !y h a proposition to advance1 !y mu/ back x by a citation3 if !y h a c\nsel to (f]1 !y mu/ prop x ) a v]se4 ,n only = delight1 b = inspiration1 w>n+ & example1 !y 7 /eep$ f *ildhood onw>ds 9 an ocean ( melodi\s disc\rse2 _! national epics 7 to !m :at ! ,bible 0 to ! ,puritans2 & = e conjunction ( =tune1 = e issue ( home or /ate1 !y f\nd !re9 a text to prompt or re9=ce _! decision4 ,( ?is importance ( poetry 9 ! life ( anci5t ,greece1 & g5]ally ( ! importance ( music & art1 ! foll[+ passage f ,plato is a /rik+ illu/ration3 ,:5 ! boy has le>n$ 8 lett]s & is beg9n+ to und]/& :at is writt51 z be=e he und]/ood only :at 0 spok51 !y put into 8 h&s ! works ( great poets1 :i* he reads at s*ool2 9 ^! are conta9$ _m admonitions1 & _m tales1 & praises1 & encomia ( anci5t fam\s m51 :i* he is requir$ to le>n by he>t1 9 ord] t he may imitate or emulate !m & desire to become l !m4 ,!n aga9 ! tea*]s ( ! lyre take simil> c>e t _! "y disciple is temp]ate & gets into no mis*ief2 & :5 !y h taught him ! use ( ! lyre1 !y introduce him to ! poems ( o!r excell5t poets1 :o are ! lyric poets2 & ^! !y set to music & make _! h>monies & rhy?ms q famili> to ! *ildr5's s\ls1 9 ord] t !y may le>n to be m g5tle & h>moni\s & rhy?mical1 & s m fitt$ = spee* & action2 = ! life ( man 9 e "p has ne$ ( h>mony & rhy?m1 ,footnote3 ,plato ,prot4 #cbe;c4--,translat$ by ,j[ett4 ,f ?is conception ( poetry z a /oreh\se ( practical wisdom ! transition is easy to a purely e?ical judgm5t ( its value2 & t transition1 z has be5 already not$1 0 actually made by ,plato1 :o ev5 goes s f> z to prescribe to poets ! direct inculcation ( su* morals z are prop] to a tract1 z t ! good & j man is happy ev5 ?\gh he be poor1 & ! bad & unju/ man mis]able ev5 ?\gh he be ri*4 ,?is didacticism1 no d\bt1 is a p>ody2 b x is a p>ody ( ! normal ,greek view1 t ! excell5ce ( a poem is closely b\nd up ) ! compass & dep? ( its :ole e?ical cont5t1 & is n to be measur$1 z _m mod]ns ma9ta91 m]ely by ! ae/hetic beauty ( its =m4 ,:5 ,/rabo says1 x is impossible to be a good poet unless y are fir/ a good man1 he is express+ ! common op9ion ( ! ,greeks t ! poet is to be judg$ n m]ely z an arti/ b z an int]pret] ( life2 & ! same presupposition und]lies ! rem>k ( ,ari/otle t poets may be classifi$ accord+ z ! *>act]s !y repres5t are z good z1 bett]1 or worse ?an ! av]age man4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable illu/ration ( ?is way ( reg>d+ poetry is ! passage 9 ! ,frogs ( ,ari/ophanes1 :]e ! com$ian has introduc$ a controv]sy betwe5 ,aes*ylus & ,euripides z to ! relative m]it ( _! works1 & has made ! decision turn almo/ entirely on moral consid]ations1 ! "q be+ really :e!r or no ,euripides is to be reg>d$ z a corrupt] ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! discussion ,aes*ylus is made to give expression to a view ( poetry :i* cle>ly en\gh ,ari/ophanes endorses himself1 & :i* no d\bt w\ld be accept$ by ! majority ( 8 audi5ce4 ,he appeals to all antiquity to %ew t poets h always be5 ! in/ructors ( mank9d1 & t x is = ?is t !y are held 9 hon\r4 ,look to traditional hi/ory1 look ,to antiquity1 primitive1 e>ly1 remote2 ,see !re1 :at a bless+ illu/ri\s poets ,conf]r'd on mank9d1 9 ! c5turies pa/4 ,orpheus in/ruct$ mank9d 9 religion1 ,reclaim'd !m f blood%$ & b>b>\s rites2 ,musaeus deliv]'d ! doctr9e ( m$'c9e1 ,& w>n+s prophetic = ages to come2 ,next came old ,hesiod1 tea*+ u husb&ry1 ,pl\gh+1 & s[+1 & rural affairs1 ,rural economy1 rural a/ronomy1 ,homely morality1 lab\r1 & ?rift2 ,hom] himself1 our adorable ,hom]1 ,:at 0 8 title to praise & r5[n8 ,:at1 b ! wor? ( ! lessons he taught u ,discipl9e1 arms1 & equipm5t ( w>8 ,footnote3 ,ari/oph4 ,frogs1 #ajcj4--,translat$ by ,fr]e4 ,:ile !n !re is1 z we %\ld naturally expect1 pl5ty ( ,greek poetry :i* is simply ! spontane\s expression ( passionate feel+1 unre/ra9$ by ! consid]ation ( e?ical or o!r ends2 yet if we take = our type 7z we are fairly entitl$ to d1 f ! prom95t place x held 9 ,greek life71 n ! lyrics b ! drama ( ,greece1 we %all f9d t 9 poetry ev5 7z 0 to be expect$7 to a high] degree ?an 9 music & ! pla/ic arts1 ! beauty s\ght & a*iev$ is "o t lies )9 ! limits ( c]ta9 def9ite moral pre-suppositions4 ,let u consid] ?is po9t 9 "s detail2 & fir/ let u exam9e ! "* ( ,greek trag$y4 ,section #f4 ,trag$y4 ,! "* ( ,greek trag$y 0 det]m9$ f ! v beg9n+ by ! fact ( its connection ) religion4 ,! season at :i* x 0 p]=m$ 0 ! fe/ival ( ,dionysus2 ab\t 8 alt> ! *orus danc$2 & ! object ( ! p]=mance 0 ! repres5tation ( sc5es out ( ! lives ( anci5t h]oes4 ,! subject ( ! drama 0 ?us /rictly prescrib$2 x mu/ be select$ out ( a cycle ( leg5ds famili> to ! audi5ce2 & :atev] fre$om might be all[$ to ! poet 9 8 treatm5t ( ! !me1 :atev] ! reflections he might embroid] ^u x1 ! speculative or e?ical views1 ! criticism ( contempor>y life1 all mu/ be subs]vi5t to ! ma9 object orig9ally propos$1 ! sett+ =?1 = edification z well z = delight1 ( "s episodes 9 ! lives ( ^? h]oes ( ! pa/ :o 7 consid]$ n only to be great] ?an _! desc5dants1 b to be ! sons ( gods & wor?y !mselves ( wor%ip z div9e4 ,by ?is fundam5tal condition ! trag$y ( ! ,greeks is di/+ui%$ %>ply1 on ! "o h& f ! ,%akespe>ian drama1 on ! o!r f ! classical drama ( ! ,fr5*4 ,! trag$ies ( ,%akespe>e are devoid1 "o might say1 or at lea/ comp>atively devoid1 ( all preconceptions4 ,he 0 free to *oose :at subject he lik$ & to treat x z he w\ld2 & no s5se ( obligation to religi\s or o!r po9ts ( view1 no feel+ = traditions desc5d$ f a sacr$ pa/ & n lightly to be h&l$ by ^? :o 7 _! tru/ees = ! future1 sob]$ or re/ra9$ = evil or = good 8 half-b>b>ic g5ius4 ,he flung himself ^u life ) ! irresponsible ard\r ( ! discov]] ( a new cont95t2 %ap$ & re-%ap$ x z he *ose2 c>v$ f x n[ ! cynicism ( ,measure = ,measure1 n[ ! despair ( ,hamlet & ( ,le>1 n[ ! radiant magnanimity ( ! ,tempe/1 & dep>t$ leav+ beh9d him n a map or *>t1 b a s]ies ( mutually incompatible l&scapes4 ,:at ,%akespe>e gave1 9 %ort1 0 a _m-sid$ repres5tation ( life2 :at ! ,greek dramati/ gave 0 an int]pretation4 ,b an int]pretation n simply p]sonal to himself1 b repres5tative ( ! national tradition & belief4 ,! m5 ^: de$s & passions he n>rat$ 7 ! patt]ns & examples on ! "o h&1 on ! o!r ! w>n+s ( 8 race2 ! gods :o det]m9$ ! =tunes !y sang1 7 work+ /ill among m52 ! moral laws t rul$ ! pa/ rul$ ! pres5t too2 & ! hi/ory ( ! ,hell5ic race mov$1 "u a visible provid5ce1 f its div9e orig9 onw>d to an end t w\ld be prosp]\s or ! rev]se accord+ z lat] g5]ations %\ld cont9ue to obs]ve ! wor%ip & traditions ( _! fa!rs desc5d$ f h]oes & gods4 ,& x is ! fact t 9 ?is s5se x 0 repres5tative ( ! national consci\sness1 t di/+ui%es ! ,greek trag$y f ! classical drama ( ! ,fr5*4 ,= ! latt]1 ?\gh x imitat$ ! anci5ts 9 outw>d =m1 0 inspir$ ) a totally diff]5t _s4 ,! k+s & h]oes ^: =tunes x n>rat$ 7 n ! ance/ors ( ! ,fr5* race2 !y _h no root 9 its affections1 no connection ) its religi\s beliefs1 no relation to its e?ical conceptions4 ,! :ole ideal set =? 0 n t :i* really inspir$ ! nation1 b at be/ t :i* 0 suppos$ to inspire ! c\rt2 & ! :ole drama1 l a tree transplant$ to an ali5 soil1 )]s & dies = lack ( ! n\ri%m5t :i* ! trag$y ( ! ,greeks unconsci\sly imbib$ f its encompass+ air ( national tradition4 ,su* !n 0 ! g5]al "* ( ! ,greek trag$y--an int]pretation ( ! national ideal4 ,let u n[ proce$ to foll[ out "s ( ! consequ5ces involv$ 9 ?is conception4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! !me repres5t$ is ! life & fate ( anci5t h]oes--( p]sonages1 t is to say1 great] ?an ord9>y m51 bo? = good & = evil1 9 _! qualities & 9 _! a*ievem5ts1 pregnant ) fateful issues1 mak]s or m>r]s ( ! =tunes ( ! _w4 ,tragic & t]rible _! de/9y may be1 b nev] contemptible or squalid4 ,beh9d all suff]+1 beh9d s9 & crime1 mu/ lie a r$eem+ magnanimity4 ,a complete villa91 says ,ari/otle1 is n a tragic "*1 = he has no hold ^u ! sympa?ies2 if he prosp]1 x is an outrage on common human feel+2 if he fall into disa/]1 x is m]ely :at he des]ves4 ,nei!r is x admissible to repres5t ! mis=tunes ( a ?or\ghly good man1 = t is m]ely pa9ful & di/ress+2 & lea/ ( all is x tol]able gratuit\sly to introduce m]e bas5ess1 or madness1 or o!r ab]rations f human nature4 ,! true tragic h]o is a man ( high place & bir? :o hav+ a nature n ignoble has fall5 into s9 & pays 9 suff]+ ! p5alty ( 8 act4 ,no?+ c\ld ?r[ m light on ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( ! ,greek drama ?an ^! few rem>ks ( ,ari/otle1 & no?+ c\ld bett] indicate h[ close1 9 ! ,greek m9d1 0 ! connection betwe5 ae/hetic & e?ical judgm5ts4 ,! canon ( ,ari/otle w\ld exclude z prop] !mes = trag$y ! "* & fate1 say1 ( ,ri*>d ,,iii4--! absolutely bad man suff]+ 8 appropriate des]t2 or ( ,k5t & ,cordelia--! absolutely good1 br\ght into unm]it$ affliction2 & t n m]ely because su* !mes (f5d ! moral s5se1 b because by s (f5d+ !y de/roy ! prop] pleasure ( ! tragic art4 ,! :ole ae/hetic effect is limit$ by e?ical presuppositions2 & to outrage ^! is to defeat ! v purpose ( trag$y4 ,specially int]e/+ 9 ?is connection are ! /rictures pass$ on ,euripides 9 ! passage ( ! ,frogs ( ,ari/ophanes to :i* allusion has already be5 made4 ,euripides is !re accus$ ( l[]+ ! tragic art by introduc+--:at8 ,wom5 9 love6 ,! c5tral !me ( mod]n trag$y6 ,x is ! boa/ ( ,aes*ylus t !re is n "o ( 8 plays :i* t\*es on ?is subject3-- ,i nev] all['d ( y\r lewd ,/h5oboeas ,or fil?y dete/able ,pha$ras--n ,i6 ,inde$ ,i %\ld d\bt if my drama ?r\gh\t ,exhibit an in/ance ( woman 9 love6 ,footnote3 ,ari/oph4 ,frogs1 #ajdc4--,translat$ by ,fr]e4 ,& !re c be little d\bt t ) a ,greek audi5ce ?is w\ld c\nt to him z a m]it1 & t ! %ift+ ( ! c5tre ( int]e/ by ,euripides f ! /]n] passions ( h]oes & ( k+s to ?is t5d]] phase ( human feel+ w\ld be felt ev5 by ^? :om x *>m$ to be a decl5sion f ! height ( ! old] trag$y4 ,& to ?is limitation ( subject corresponds a limitation ( treatm5t4 ,! ,greek trag$y is compos$ f a def9ite po9t ( view1 ) ! aim n m]ely to repres5t b also to int]pret ! !me4 ,und]ly+ ! :ole con/ruction ( ! plot1 ! dialogue1 ! reflections1 ! lyric int]ludes1 is ! int5tion to illu/rate "s g5]al moral law1 "s common & typical problem1 "s fundam5tal tru?4 ,( ! eld] dramati/s at any rate1 ,aes*ylus & ,sophocles1 "o may ev5 say t x 0 _! purpose--h[ev] imp]fectly a*iev$--to ju/ify ! ways ( ,god to man4 ,to repres5t suff]+ z ! puni%m5t ( s9 is ! con/ant b5t ( ,aes*ylus2 to ju/ify ! law ( ,god aga9/ ! presumption ( man is ! c5tral idea ( ,sophocles4 ,9 ei!r case ! :ole tone is ess5tially religi\s4 ,to *oose su* a !me z ,le>1 to treat x z ,%akespe>e has treat$ x1 to leave x1 z x 71 ble$+ f a ?\s& w\nds1 9 mute & helpless entreaty = ! heal+ t is nev] to be v\*saf$--?is w\ld h be5 repulsive1 if n impossible1 to a ,greek trag$ian4 ,)\t ev] desc5d+ f concrete art to ! ab/ractions ( m]e moralis+1 )\t ev] attempt+ to sub/itute a v]bal =mula = ! full & complex p]ception t gr[s out ( a repres5tation ( life1 ! anci5t dramati/s 7 nev]!less1 9 ! :ole appreh5sion ( _! !me1 det]m9$ by a m or less consci\s speculative bias2 ! _w to !m 0 n m]ely a spl5did *aos1 x 0 a div9e plan2 & ev5 9 its d>ke/ holl[s1 its passes mo/ p]il\s & bleak1 !y h _! h&1 ?\gh d\btful p]haps & falt]+1 ^u ! clue t is to lead !m up to ! op5 sky4 ,x is consonant ) ?is acc\nt ( ! nature ( ,greek trag$y t x %\ld h laid m /ress ^u action ?an ^u "*4 ,! int]e/ 0 c5tr$ on ! univ]sal be>+ ( c]ta9 acts & situations1 on ! light :i* ! exp]i5ce repres5t$ ?rew on ! :ole t5d5cy & c\rse ( human life1 n on ! s5tim5ts & motives ( ! p>ticul> p]sonages introduc$4 ,! *>act]s are broad & simple1 n develop+ = ! mo/ "p1 b fix$1 & fitt$ !re=e to be ! m$iums ( direct action1 ( simple issues1 & typical situations4 ,9 ! ,greek trag$y ! g5]al po9t ( view pr$om9ates ov] ! idiosyncrasies ( p>ticul> p]sons4 ,x is human nature t is repres5t$ 9 ! broad1 n ?is or t highly specialis$ v>iation2 & :at we h indicat$ z ! g5]al aim1 ! int]pretation ( life1 is nev] obscur$ by ! pr$om9ance ( exceptional & s to speak1 accid5tal *>act]i/ics4 ,man is ! subject ( ! ,greek drama2 ! subject ( ! mod]n novel is ,tom & ,dick4 ,f9ally1 to ! realisation ( ?is g5]al aim1 ! :ole =m ( ! ,greek drama 0 admirably adapt$4 ,x consi/$ v l>gely ( conv]sations betwe5 two p]sons1 repres5t+ two oppos$ po9ts ( view1 & giv+ occasion = an almo/ sci5tific discussion ( e problem ( action rais$ 9 ! play2 & betwe5 ^! conv]sations 7 ins]t$ lyric odes 9 :i* ! *orus comm5t$ on ! situation1 be/[$ advice or w>n+1 praise or blame1 & f9ally summ$ up ! moral ( ! :ole4 ,?r\gh ! *orus1 9 fact1 ! poet c\ld speak 9 8 own p]son1 & impose ^u ! :ole trag$y any tone :i* he desir$4 ,p]iodically he c\ld drop ! dramati/ & assume ! prea*]2 & ?us ensure t 8 play %\ld be1 :at we h se5 0 its recognis$ ideal1 n m]ely a repres5tation b an int]pretation ( life4 ,b ?is )\t ceas+ to be a "w ( art4 ,9 attempt+ to analyse 9 ab/ract t]ms ! g5]al "* ( ! ,greek trag$y we h necess>ily ?r[n into ! %ade :at aft] all 0 its prim>y & mo/ ess5tial aspect2 an aspect1 h[ev]1 ( :i* a full appreciation c\ld only be atta9$ n by a m]e p]usal ( ! text1 b by :at is un=tunately = ev] beyond our p[]1 ! witness+ ( an actual repres5tation z x 0 giv5 on ! ,greek /age4 ,= f a purely ae/hetic po9t ( view ! ,greek drama mu/ be reckon$ among ! mo/ p]fect ( art =ms4 ,tak+ place 9 ! op5 air1 on ! sunny slope ( a hill1 valley & pla9 or isl&$ sea /ret*+ away bel[ to meet ! blaz+ blue ( a cl\dless sky1 ! mov+ pageant1 ?us f ! fir/ set 9 tune ) nature1 br\ght to a focus ( spl5d\r ! rays ( e sep>ate art4 ,m ak9 to an op]a ?an to a play x _h1 z its basis1 music4 ,= ! drama _h develop$ out ( ! lyric ode1 & reta9$ ?r\gh\t :at 0 at fir/ its only elem5t1 ! dance & song ( a mimetic *orus4 ,by ?is c5tre ( rhy?mic motion & pregnant melody ! burd5 ( ! tale 0 caught up & e*o$ & e*o$ aga91 z ! liv+ globe divid$ into sph]es ( answ]+ song1 ! cle> & precise significance ( ! plot1 nev] obscure to ! head1 be+ ?us br\ght home 9 music to ! passion ( ! he>t1 ! idea embodi$ 9 lyric v]se1 ! v]se transfigur$ by song1 & song & v]se reflect$ z 9 a mirror to ! eye by ! sw+ & beat ( ! limbs !y /irr$ to consonance ( motion4 ,& :ile su* 0 ! "* ( ! odes t broke ! action ( ! play1 ! action itself 0 an appeal n less to ! e> & to ! eye ?an to ! passion & ! intellect4 ,! circum/ances ( ! repres5tation1 ! huge auditorium 9 ! op5 air1 l5t !mselves less to act+ 9 our s5se ( ! t]m1 ?an to attitude & declamation4 ,! actors rais$ on high boots above _! natural height1 _! faces hidd5 9 masks & _! tones me*anically magnifi$1 mu/ h reli$ = _! effects n ^u facial play1 or rapid & subtle v>iations ( voice & ge/ure1 b ^u a c]ta9 /atuesque beauty ( pose1 & a *ant+ intonation ( t maje/ic iambic v]se ^: measure w\ld h be5 obscur$ by a rapid & conv]sational deliv]y4 ,! repres5tation w\ld ?us become mov+ sculpture to ! eye1 & to ! e>1 z x 71 a sleep ( music betwe5 ! int5s] int]ludes ( ! *orus2 & ! spectator )\t be+ drawn away by an imitative realism f ! calm ( impassion$ contemplation into ! fev] & fret ( a v]itable actor on ! sc5e1 receiv$ an impression bas$ ?r\gh\t on t cle> intellectual f\ndation1 t almo/ prosaic lucidity ( s5tim5t & plot1 :i* is pres]v$ to u 9 ! writt5 text1 b rais$ by ! accompany+ appeal to ! s5se1 made z x mu/ h be5 made by su* arti/s z ! ,greeks1 by ! gr\p+ ( =ms & col\rs1 ! recitative1 ! dance & ! song1 to su* a greatness & height ( ae/hetic significance z c h>dly h be5 realiz$ by any o!r =m ( art production4 ,! ne>e/ mod]n analogy to :at ! anci5t drama mu/ h be5 is to be f\nd probably 9 ! op]as ( ,wagn]1 :o inde$ 0 /rongly influ5c$ by ! trag$y ( ! ,greeks4 ,x 0 8 ideal l !irs1 to comb9e ! v>i\s bran*es ( art1 employ+ n only music b poetry1 sculpture1 pa9t+ & ! dance1 = ! repres5tation ( 8 dramatic !me2 & 8 conception also to make art ! int]pret] ( life1 reflect+ 9 a national drama ! national consci\sness1 ! highe/ action & ! deepe/ passion & ?\ght ( ! ,g]man race4 ,to consid] h[ f> 9 ?is attempt he falls %ort ( or goes beyond ! a*ievem5t ( ! ,greeks1 & to exam9e ! wide dissimil>ities t und]lie ! g5]al id5tity ( aim1 w\ld be to w&] too f> afield f our pres5t !me4 ,b ! comp>ison may be recomm5d$ to ^? :o are anxi\s to =m a concrete idea ( :at ! effect ( a ,greek trag$y may h be51 & to clo! 9 imag9ation ! dead bones ( ! lit]>y text ) ! fle% & blood ( a repres5tation to ! s5se4 ,meantime1 to assi/ ! read] to realise ) some:at great] precision ! be>+ ( ! =ego+ rem>ks1 x may be wor? :ile to give an outl9e sket* ( "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ! ,greek trag$ies1 ! ,agamemnon ( ,aes*ylus4 ,! h]o ( ! drama belongs to t h]oic h\se ^: tragic hi/ory 0 among ! mo/ t]rible & ! mo/ famili> to a ,greek audi5ce4 ,tantalus1 ! f\nd] ( ! family1 = "s (f5ce aga9/ ! gods1 0 suff]+ 9 ,hades ! puni%m5t :i* is *ri/5$ by 8 "n4 ,8 son ,pelops 0 /a9$ ) ! blood ( ,myrtilus4 ,( ! two sons ( ! next g5]ation1 ,?ye/es s$uc$ ! wife ( 8 bro!r ,atreus2 & ,atreus 9 return kill$ ! sons ( ,?ye/es1 & made ! fa!r unwitt+ly eat ! fle% ( ! murd]$ boys4 ,agamemnon1 son ( ,atreus1 to propitiate ,artemis1 sacrific$ 8 daught] ,iphig5ia1 & 9 rev5ge 0 murd]$ by ,clytemne/ra 8 wife4 ,& ,clytemne/ra 0 kill$ by ,ore/es1 h] son1 9 atonem5t = ! dea? ( ,agamemnon4 ,= g5]ations ! race _h be5 dogg$ by crime & puni%m5t2 & 9 *oos+ = 8 !me ! murd] ( ,agamemnon ! dramati/ c\ld assume 9 8 audi5ce s close a famili>ity ) ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! ,h\se t he c\ld call into exi/5ce by an allusive ^w t sombre backgr\nd ( woe to enhance ! t]rors ( 8 actual pres5tation4 ,! figures he br\ght into vivid relief jo9$ h&s ) m5ac+ =ms t fad$ away into ! night ( ! future & ! pa/2 :ile above !m hung1 inton+ doom1 ! phantom ho/ ( ,furies4 ,yet at ! outset ( ! drama all promises well4 ,! wat*man on ! ro( ( ! palace1 9 ! t5? ye> ( 8 wat*1 cat*es sight at la/ ( ! signal fire t ann\nces ! capture ( ,troy & ! spe$y return ( ,agamemnon4 ,) joy he proclaims to ! ,h\se ! long- delay$ & welcome news2 yet ev5 9 ! mom5t ( exultation lets slip a d\btful phrase h9t+ at some?+ beh9d1 :i* he d>es n "n1 some?+ :i* may turn to despair ! triumph ( victory4 ,h]eupon ent] ! *orus ( ,argive eld]s1 *ant+ z !y move to ! measure ( a /ately m>*4 ,!y s+ h[ t5 ye>s be=e ,agamemnon & ,m5elaus _h l$ =? ! ho/ ( ,greece1 at ! bidd+ ( ! ,zeus :o protects hospitality1 to recov] = ,m5elaus ,hel5 8 wife1 trea*]\sly /ol5 by ,p>is4 ,!n1 z !y take _! places & beg9 _! rhy?mic dance1 9 a /ra9 ( impassion$ v]se t is at once a n>rative & a lyric hymn1 !y tell1 or r1 pres5t 9 a s]ies ( vivid images1 fla%+ z by illum9ation ( lightn+ out ( a night ( veil$ & sombre bod+1 ! tale ( ! de$ t d>k5$ ! />t+ ( ! ho/--! sacrifice ( ,iphig5ia to ! goddess ^: wra? 0 delay+ ! fleet at ,aulis4 ,9 v]se1 9 music1 9 pantomime1 ! sc5e lives aga9--! /ruggle 9 ! fa!r's he>t1 ! insi/5ce ( 8 bro!r *iefs1 ! pite\s glance ( ! girl1 & at la/ ! unutt]able end2 :ile above & ?r\gh x all r+s l a knell ( fate ! refra9 t is ! motive ( ! :ole drama3 ,s+ woe1 s+ woe1 b may ! ,good prevail4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! ode ent]s ,clytemne/ra4 ,%e makes a =mal ann\ncem5t to ! *orus ( ! fall ( ,troy2 describes ! c\rse ( ! signal-fire f beacon to beacon z x sp$1 & pictures 9 imag9ation ! sc5es ev5 !n tak+ place 9 ! doom$ city4 ,on h] )drawal ! *orus break once m into song & dance4 ,to ! music ( a solemn hymn !y po9t ! moral ( ! fall ( ,troy1 ! c]ta9 doom ( viol5ce & fraud desc5d$ ^u ,p>is & 8 ,h\se4 ,once m ! vivid pictures fla% f ! night ( woe--,hel5 9 h] fatal beauty /epp+ lightly to h] doom1 ! wid[]'s nights ( m\rn+ haunt$ by ! gho/ ( love1 ! horrors ( ! w> t foll[$1 ! sla9 abroad & ! m\rn]s at home1 ! *ange ( liv+ fle% & blood = ! du/ & a%es ( ! tomb4 ,at la/ ) a return to _! orig9al !me1 ! doom ( insol5ce1 ! *orus close _! ode & ann\nce ! arrival ( a mess5g] f ,troy4 ,tal?ybius1 ! h]ald1 ent]s z spokesman ( ! army & k+1 describ+ ! h>d%ips !y h suff]$ & ! joy ( ! triumphant issue4 ,to him ,clytemne/ra ann\nces1 9 words ( :i* ! irony is pat5t to ! audi5ce1 h] suff]+s 9 ! abs5ce ( h] husb& & h] delight at ! prospect ( 8 return4 ,he w f9d h]1 %e says1 z he left h]1 a fai?ful wat*] ( ! home1 h] loyalty sure1 h] hon\r undefil$4 ,!n foll[s ano!r *oral ode1 simil> 9 !me to ! la/1 dwell+ on ! woe br\ght by ! act ( ,p>is ^u ,troy1 ! *ange ( ! bridal song to ! trump ( w> & ! dirge ( dea?2 contra/+1 9 a pr(usion ( spl5did tropes1 ! beauty ( ,hel5 ) ! curse to :i* x is b\nd2 & insi/+ once m on ! doom t att5ds insol5ce & pride4 ,at ! conclusion ( ?is song ! measure *anges to a m>*1 & ! *orus turn to welcome ! triumphant k+4 ,agamemnon ent]s1 & beh9d him ! veil$ & sil5t figure ( a woman4 ,aft] greet+ ! gods ( 8 ,h\se1 ! ,k+1 9 brief & /ilt$ phrase1 ackn[l$ges ! loyalty ( ! *orus1 b h9ts at mu* t is amiss :i* x mu/ be 8 fir/ *>ge to set "r4 ,h]eupon ent]s ,clytemne/ra1 & 9 a spee* ( rhetorical exagg]ation tells ( h] anxi\s wait+ = h] "l & h] inexpressible joy at 8 return4 ,9 conclusion %e directs t purple clo? be spread ^u 8 pa? t he may ent] ! h\se z befits a conqu]or4 ,aft] a %[ ( resi/ance1 ,agamemnon yields ! po9t1 & ! contra/ at :i* ! dramati/ aims is a*iev$4 ,) ! pomp ( an ea/]n mon>*1 always repell5t to ! ,greek m9d1 ! ,k+ /eps across ! ?re%old1 /eps1 z ! audi5ce kn[s1 to 8 dea?4 ,! high] ! rea* ( 8 p[] & pride ! m t]rible & swift is ! nemesis2 & ,clytemne/ra foll[s 9 triumph ) ! enigmatic cry ^u h] lips3 ,zeus :o art god ( fulfilm5t1 fulfil my pray]s4 ,z %e )draws ! *orus beg9 a song ( bod+ fe>1 ! m t]rible t x is /ill indef9ite4 ,some?+ is go+ to happ5--! pres5tim5t is sure4 ,b :at1 b :at8 ,!y se>* ! night 9 va94 ,meantime1 motionless & sil5t waits ! figure ( ! veil$ woman4 ,x is ,cass&ra1 ! prophetess1 daught] ( ,priam ( ,troy1 :om ,agamemnon has c>ri$ home z 8 prize4 ,clytemne/ra returns to urge h] to ent] ! h\se2 %e makes no sign & utt]s no ^w4 ,! que5 *anges h] tone f c\rtesy to ang] & rebuke2 ! figure nei!r /irs nor speaks2 & ,clytemne/ra at la/ ) an angry ?reat leaves h] & returns to ! palace4 ,!n1 & n till !n1 a cry breaks f ! /rang]'s lips1 a passionate cry to ,apollo :o gave h] h] fatal gift4 ,all ! sombre hi/ory ( ! ,h\se to :i* %e has be5 br\ght1 ! woe t has be5 & ! woe t is to come1 passes 9 pictures across h] inn] s5se4 ,9 a s]ies ( brok5 ejaculations1 n s5t5ces b lyric cries1 %e evokes ! sc5es ( ! pa/ & ( ! future4 ,blood drips f ! palace2 9 its *amb]s ! ,furies cr\*2 ! murd]$ sons ( ,?ye/es wail 9 its haunt$ c\rts2 & ev] among ! visions ( ! pa/ t "o ( ! future floats & fades1 cle>ly disc]n$1 impossible to av]t1 ! murd] ( a husb& by a wife2 & 9 ! re> ( t1 mo/ pitiful ( all1 ! viol5t dea? ( ! se] :o sees 9 va9 & may n help4 ,betwe5 ,cass&ra & ! ,*orus x is a duet ( angui% & fe>2 9 ! brok5 lyric phrases a phantom music wails2 till at la/1 at :at seems ! break+-po9t1 ! t5sion is relax$1 & dropp+ into ! calm] iambic recitative1 ,cass&ra tells h] message 9 pla9] spee* & cle>ly proclaims ! murd] ( ! ,k+4 ,!n1 ) a la/ appeal to ! av5g] t is to come1 %e ent]s ! palace alone to meet h] dea?4--,! /age is empty4 ,sudd5ly a cry is he>d f )92 aga91 & !n aga92 :ile ! *orus hesitate ! de$ is done2 ! doors are ?r[n op51 & ,clytemne/ra is se5 /&+ ov] ! corpses ( h] victims4 ,all disguise is n[ ?r[n (f2 ! murd]ess av[s & triumphs 9 h] de$2 %e ju/ifies x z v5geance = ! sacrifice ( ,iphig5ia1 & sees 9 h]self n a free human ag5t b ! inc>nate curse ( ! ,h\se ( ,tantalus4 ,& n[ = ! fir/ "t appe>s ! adult]] ,aegi/hus1 :o has plann$ ! :ole beh9d ! sc5es4 ,he too is an av5g]1 = he is ! son ( t ,?ye/es :o 0 made to fe$ on 8 own *ildr5's fle%4 ,! murd] ( ,agamemnon is b "o m l9k 9 ! long *a9 ( h]$it>y guilt2 & ) t exposition ( ! pitiless law ( puni%m5t & crime ?is *apt] ( ! great drama comes to a close4 ,b ! ,agamemnon is only ! fir/ ( a s]ies ( ?ree plays closely connect$ & meant to be p]=m$ 9 succession2 & ! problem rais$ 9 ! fir/ ( !m1 ! crime t cries = puni%m5t & ! puni%m5t t is itself a new crime1 is solv$ 9 ! la/ by a reconciliation ( ! p[]s ( heav5 & hell1 & ! p>don ( ! la/ (f5d] 9 ! p]son ( ,ore/es4 ,to sket*1 h[ev]1 ! plan ( ! o!r dramas ( ! trilogy w\ld be to trespass too f> ^u our space & "t4 ,x is en\gh to h illu/rat$1 by ! example ( ! ,agamemnon1 ! g5]al "* ( a ,greek trag$y2 & ^? :o c>e to pursue ! subject fur!r mu/ be ref]r$ to ! text ( ! plays !mselves4 ,section #g4 ,com$y4 ,ev5 m rem>kable ?an ! trag$y ( ! ,greeks1 9 its r5d]+ ( a didactic int5tion "u ! =ms ( a free & spontane\s art1 is ! old] com$y kn[n to u ?r\gh ! works ( ,ari/ophanes4 ,z ! =m] dealt ) ! g5]al conceptions1 religi\s & e?ical1 t und]lay ! ,greek view ( life1 us+ z its m$ium ( exposition ! anci5t national my?s1 s ! latt] dealt ) ! p>ticul> phases ( contempor>y life1 employ+ ! ma*9]y ( a free burlesque4 ,! a*ievem5t ( ,ari/ophanes1 9 fact1 is m a/oni%+1 9 a s5se1 ?an t ( ,aes*ylus4 ,/>t+ ) :at is always1 prima facie1 ! prose ( ev]yday life1 its acrid controv]sies1 its vulg> & t$i\s types1 & ev5 its p>ticul> individuals--= ,ari/ophanes does n hesitate to introduce 8 contempor>ies 9 p]son on ! /age--he fits to ?is gross & heavy /uff ! w+s ( imag9ation1 scatt]s f x ! cl++ mi/s ( banality & spite & spe$s x =? ?r\gh ! lucid heav5 ( art amid peals ( musical laught] & snat*es ( lyric song4 ,= ,ari/ophanes 0 a poet z well z a com$ian1 & 8 g5ius is display$ n only 9 ! con/ruction ( 8 fanta/ic plots1 n only 9 ! inexhau/ible pr(usion ( 8 humane & g5ial wit1 b 9 bur/s ( pure poetry z melodi\s & inspir$ z ev] sprang f ! lips ( ! lyri/s ( ,greece or ( ! _w4 ,! basis ( ! comic z ( ! tragic art ( ! ,greeks 0 song & dance2 & ! *orus1 ! orig9al elem5t ( ! play1 /ill reta9s 9 ! works ( ,ari/ophanes a place important en\gh to make x cle> t 9 com$y1 too1 a prom95t aspect ( ! art mu/ h be5 ! ae/hetic appeal to ! e> & ! eye4 ,9 g5]al /ructure1 9 fact1 com$y & trag$y 7 alike2 ae/hetically ! motives 7 simil>1 only !y 7 set 9 a diff]5t key4 ,b :ile prim>ily ,ari/ophanes1 l ! trag$ians1 0 a great arti/1 he 0 also1 l !m1 a great int]pret] ( life4 ,8 dramas are satires z well z poems1 & he 0 & express$ himself supremely consci\s ( hav+ a mission to fulfil4 ,he has scorn$ f ! fir/1 he makes ! *orus s+ ( himself 9 ! ,peace3 ,he has scorn$ f ! fir/ to desc5d & to dip ,p$dl+ & m$dl+ 9 private affairs3 ,to detect & collect e petty defect ,( husb& & wife & dome/ical life2 ,b intrepid & bold1 l ,alcides ( old1 ,:5 ! re/ /ood alo(1 put himself to ! pro( ,9 8 c\ntry's beho(4 ,footnote3 ,ari/oph4 ,peace1 #gea seq4--,translat$ by ,fr]e4 ,8 aim1 9 fact1 0 delib]ately to in/ruct 8 c\ntrym5 9 political & social issues2 to attack ! abuses ( ! ,assembly1 ( ! ,law-c\rts & ! home2 to puni% demagogues1 *>latans1 pr(essional politicians2 to laugh back into _! s5ses revolt+ sons & wives2 to def5d ! or?odox fai? aga9/ philosoph]s & m5 ( sci5ce4 ,^! are ! !mes t he embodies 9 8 plots1 & ^! ! morals t he en=ces :5 he speaks ?r\gh ! *orus 9 8 own p]son4 ,& ! result is an art-product m /range to ! mod]n m9d 9 its union ( poetry ) prose1 ( ae/hetic ) didactic significance1 ?an ev5 t m>vell\s creation1 ! ,greek trag$y4 ,( ! "* ( ?is com$y ! read] may =m an idea ?r\gh ! admirable & easily accessible translations ( ,fr]e2 ,footnote3 ,9 ,morley's ,univ]sal ,libr>y4 & we are !re=e disp5s$ f ! obligation to attempt1 z 9 ! case ( trag$y1 an acc\nt ( "s p>ticul> specim5 ( ! art4 ,section #h4 ,summ>y4 ,& "h mu/ conclude our survey ( ! "* ( ,greek art4 ,! ma9 po9t :i* we h endeav\r$ to make cle> has be5 s (t5 insi/$ ^u1 t x is h>dly necess>y to dwell ^u x fur!r4 ,! key to ! art ( ! ,greeks1 z well z to _! e?ics1 is ! id5tification ( ! beautiful & ! good2 & x !re=e is z natural 9 treat+ ( _! art to insi/ on its e?ical value z x 0 to insi/ on ! ae/hetic significance ( _! moral ideal4 ,b1 9 fact1 any insi/ance on ei!r side ( ! judgm5t is mislead+4 ,! two po9ts ( view _h nev] be5 dissociat$2 & art & conduct alike proce$$ f ! same imp]ative impulse1 to create a h>mony or ord] :i* 0 conceiv$ indiff]5tly z beautiful or good4 ,?r\gh & ?r\gh1 ! ,greek ideal is ,unity4 ,to make ! individual at "o ) ! ,/ate1 ! real ) ! ideal1 ! inn] ) ! out]1 art ) morals1 f9ally to br+ all phases ( life "u ! empire ( a s+le idea1 :i*1 ) ,goe!1 we may call1 z we w1 ! good1 ! beautiful1 or ! :ole--?is 0 ! aim1 &1 to a great ext5t1 ! a*ievem5t ( _! g5ius4 ,& ( all ! po9ts ( view f :i* we may envisage _! brilliant activity none p]haps is m c5tral & m *>act]i/ic ?an ?is ( art1 ^: ess5ce is ! compreh5sion ( ! _m 9 ! "o1 & ! p]fect reflection ( ! inn] 9 ! out]4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,conclusion ,n[ t we h exam9$ 9 "s detail ! mo/ important phases ( ! ,greek view ( life1 x may be z well to endeav\r briefly to recapitulate & br+ to a po9t ! v>i\s consid]ations t h be5 advanc$4 ,b1 fir/1 "o prelim9>y rem>k mu/ be made4 ,?r\gh\t ! prec$+ pages we h made no attempt to di/+ui% ! ,greek view f ! ,greek ideal2 we h int]pret$ _! cu/oms & in/itutions1 political1 social1 or religi\s1 by ! conceptions & ideals ( philosoph]s & poets1 & h ?us1 x may be object$1 made ! mi/ake ( id5tify+ ! bl9d "w ( popul> in/9ct ) ! !ories & aspirations ( consci\s ?\ght4 ,su* a proc$ure1 no d\bt1 w\ld be illegitimate if x 7 suppos$ to imply t ,greek in/itutions 7 ! result ( a delib]ate int5tion consci\sly adopt$ & approv$ by ! av]age man4 ,l o!r social products !y grew & 7 n made2 & x 0 only ! few :o realis$ fully all t !y impli$4 ,b on ! o!r h& x is a di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ! ,greek age t ! ideal =mulat$ by ?\ght 0 ! direct outcome ( ! facts4 ,t absolute sep>ation ( :at ought to be f :at is :i* cont9ues to haunt & vitiate mod]n life _h n yet be5 made 9 anci5t ,greece4 ,plato1 ideali/ ?\gh he be1 is yet root$ 9 ! facts ( 8 age2 8 p]fect republic he bases on ! in/itutions ( ,sp>ta & ,crete2 8 p]fect man he %apes on ! l9es ( ! ,greek citiz54 ,t dislocation ( ! _s :i* oppos$ ! body to ! s\l1 heav5 to e>?1 ! *ur* to ! /ate1 ! man ( ! _w to ! prie/1 0 altoge!r ali5 to ! consci\sness ( ! ,greeks4 ,to !m ! _w ( fact 0 also ! _w ( ! ideal2 ! conceptions :i* inspir$ _! highe/ aims 7 already embodi$ 9 _! in/itutions & reflect$ 9 _! life2 & ! realisation ( :at ought to be involv$ n ! de/ruction ( :at 01 b m]ely its p]fect+ on its own l9es4 ,:ile !n1 on ! "o h&1 x w\ld be ridicul\s s to idealise ! civilisation ( ! ,greeks z to imply t !y _h elim9at$ discord & confusion1 yet1 on ! o!r1 x is legitimate to say t !y _h built on ! plan ( ! ideal1 & t _! life bo? 9 public & private 01 by ! v law ( its exi/5ce1 an ef=t to realise explicitly t type ( ,good :i* 0 already implicitly embodi$ 9 its /ructure4 ,! ideal1 9 a ^w1 9 anci5t ,greece1 0 organically relat$ to ! real2 & t is :y x is possible to id5tify ! ,greek view ) ! ,greek ideal4 ,be>+ ?is 9 m9d we may n[ proce$ to recapitulate our conclusions z to :at t view 04 ,&1 fir/1 let u take ! side ( speculation4 ,"h we are conc]n$ n ) ! =mal sy/ems ( ,greek ?\ght1 b ) t half-unconsci\s work+ ( imag9ation z mu* z ( m9d ^: expression 0 _! popul> religion4 ,( ?is religion1 z we saw1 ! ess5tial feature 0 t belief 9 an?ropomorphic gods1 by virtue ( :i* a reconciliation 0 effect$ betwe5 man & ! p[]s :e!r ( nature or ( 8 own s\l4 ,beh9d ph5om5a1 physical or psy*ic1 be+s 7 conceiv$ ( l nature ) man1 be+s1 !re=e1 ^: actions he c\ld int]pret & ^: motives he c\ld compreh5d4 ,= 8 imag9ation1 if n = 8 intellect1 a h>mony 0 ?us induc$ betwe5 himself & ! _w t 0 n he4 ,a h>mony6 & 9 ?is ^w we h ! key to ! dom9ant idea ( ! ,greek civilisation4 ,=1 turn+ n[ to ! practical side1 we f9d ! same impulse to reconcile div]g5t elem5ts4 ,t anti!sis ( s\l & body :i* 0 emphasis$ 9 ! m$iaeval view ( life & dom9ates /ill our curr5t e?ical conceptions1 does n appe> 9 ! normal consci\sness ( ! ,greeks4 ,_! ideal = ! individual life includ$ ! p]fection ( ! body2 beauty no less ?an goodness 0 ! object ( _! que/1 & !y believ$ t ! "o impli$ ! o!r4 ,b s9ce ! p]fection ( ! body requir$ ! co-op]ation ( ext]nal aids1 !y made ^! also ess5tial to _! ideal4 ,n m]ely virtue ( ! s\l1 n m]ely heal? & beauty ( ! body1 b noble bir?1 suffici5t weal? & a good "n among m51 7 includ$ 9 _! conception ( ! desirable life4 ,h>mony1 9 a ^w1 0 ! end !y pursu$1 h>mony ( ! s\l ) ! body & ( ! body ) its environm5t2 & x is ?is t di/+ui%es _! e?ical ideal f t :i* 9 lat] times has insi/$ on ! fundam5tal antagonism ( ! inn] to ! out] life1 & made ! p]fection ( ! _s dep5d on ! mortification ( ! fle%4 ,! same ideal ( h>mony dom9ates ! ,greek view ( ! relation ( ! individual to ! /ate4 ,?is relation1 x is true1 is (t5 describ$ z "o 9 :i* ! p>ts 7 subord9at$ to ! :ole2 b m accurately x may be said t !y 7 conceiv$ z f9d+ 9 ! :ole _! realisation4 ,! p]fect individual 0 ! individual 9 ! /ate2 ! faculties ess5tial to 8 excell5ce _h !re only _! opportunity ( developm5t2 ! qualities def9$ z virtues _h !re only _! significance2 & x 0 only 9 s f> z he 0 a citiz5 t a man 0 prop]ly a man at all4 ,?us t opposition betwe5 ! individual & ! /ate :i* p]plexes our own society _h h>dly begun to def9e itself 9 ,greece4 ,if on ! "o h& ! /ate made l>g] claims on ! lib]ty ( ! individual1 on ! o!r1 ! lib]ty ( ! individual consi/$ 9 a response to ! claims4 ,s t 9 ?is dep>tm5t also h>mony 0 ma9ta9$ by ! ,greeks betwe5 elem5ts :i* h develop$ 9 mod]n times _! lat5t antagonism4 ,?us1 bo? 9 speculation & 9 practice1 9 8 relation to nature & 9 8 relation to ! /ate1 bo? int]nally1 betwe5 ! div]g5t elem5ts ( :i* 8 own be+ 0 compos$1 & ext]nally betwe5 himself & ! _w t 0 n he1 x 0 ! aim1 consci\s or unconsci\s1 &1 9 "p at lea/1 ! a*ievem5t ( ! ,greeks1 to create & ma9ta9 an ess5tial h>mony4 ,! anti!ses ( :i* we 9 our own "t are s pa9fully & increas+ly aw>e1 betwe5 ,man z a moral be+ & ,nature z an indiff]5t law1 betwe5 ! fle% & ! _s1 betwe5 ! individual & ! /ate1 d n appe> z factors 9 t dom9ant consci\sness ( ! ,greeks "u ^: influ5ce _! religion1 _! in/itutions & _! cu/om>y ideals _h be5 =m$4 ,& s reg>d$1 9 g5]al1 "u :at may fairly be call$ its mo/ ess5tial aspect1 ! ,greek civilisation is rightly describ$ z t ( h>mony4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 & ?is is ! po9t to :i* we mu/ n[ turn our att5tion1 ?is h>mony :i* 0 ! dom9ant feature 9 ! consci\sness ( ! ,greeks & ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( _! epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 0 nev]!less1 aft] all1 b a transitory & imp]fect attempt to reconcile elem5ts ^: antagonism 0 too /rong = ! solution ?us propos$4 ,! factors ( disruption 7 pres5t f ! beg9n+ 9 ! ,greek ideal2 & x 0 z mu* by ! developm5t ( its own int]nal contradictions z by ! invasion ( =ces f )\t t t fabric ( magical beauty 0 de/9$ to fall4 ,^! contradictions h already be5 indicat$ at v>i\s po9ts 9 ! text1 & x only rema9s to br+ !m toge!r 9 a conclud+ summ>y4 ,on ! side ( speculation1 ! religion ( ! ,greeks 0 op51 z we saw1 to a d\ble criticism4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! e?ical conceptions embodi$ 9 ^? leg5ds ( ! gods :i* 7 ! product ( an e>li] & m b>b>\s age1 _h become to ! contempor>ies ( ,plato revolt+ or ridicul\s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to metaphysical speculation1 n only 0 ! exi/5ce ( ! gods unprov$1 b _! mutually conflict+ activities1 _! passions & _! caprice1 7 incompatible ) t conception ( univ]sal law :i* ! develop+ reason evolv$ z ! =m ( tru?4 ,! reconciliation ( man ) nature :i* _h be5 effect$ by ! m$ium ( an?ropomorphic gods 0 a h>mony only to ! imag9ation1 n to ! m9d4 ,"u ! action ( ! intellect ! un/able comb9ation 0 dissolv$ & ! elem5ts t _h be5 ?us imp]fectly jo9$ fell back into _! orig9al opposition4 ,! religion ( ! ,greeks 0 de/roy$ by ! int]nal evolution ( _! own consci\sness4 ,& 9 ! sph]e ( practice we are met ) a simil> dissolution4 ,! ,greek conception ( excell5ce includ$1 z we saw1 n only bodily heal? & /r5g?1 b su* a %>e at lea/ ( ext]nal goods z w\ld give a man scope = 8 own self-p]fection4 ,& s9ce ^! conditions 7 n atta9able by all1 ! sacrifice ( ! majority to ! m9ority 0 frankly accept$ & ! pursuit ( ! ideal conf9$ to a privileg$ class4 ,su* a conception1 h[ev]1 0 involv$ 9 int]nal contradictions4 ,= 9 ! fir/ place1 ev5 = ! privileg$ few1 an excell5ce :i* dep5d$ on ext]nal aids 01 at ! be/1 unc]ta9 & problematical4 ,mis=tune & disease 7 possibilities t c\ld n be ignor$2 old age & dea? 7 imp]ative c]ta9ties2 & no c>e1 no art1 no organisation ( society1 c\ld obviate ! inh]5t incompatibility ( individual p]fection ) ! c\rse ( nature4 ,h>mony betwe5 ! individual & 8 environm5t 0 p]haps m ne>ly a*iev$ by & = ! ari/ocracy ( anci5t ,greece ?an by any society ( any o!r age4 ,b su* a h>mony1 ev5 at ! be/1 is fleet+ & prec>i\s2 & no p]fection ( life deliv]s f dea?4 ,&1 9 ! second place1 to secure ev5 ?is imp]fect realisation1 x 0 necess>y to re/rict ! univ]sal application ( ! ideal4 ,excell5ce1 9 ,greece1 0 made ! end = "s1 n = all4 ,b ?is limitation 0 felt1 9 ! developm5t ( consci\sness1 to be self- contradictory2 & ! next great sy/em ( e?ics t succe$$ to t ( ,ari/otle1 po/ulat$ an end ( action t %\ld be at once indep5d5t ( ! aids ( =tune & op5 alike to all classes ( mank9d4 ,! e?ics ( a privileg$ class 7 ?us exp&$ into ! e?ics ( humanity2 b ?is expansion 0 fatal to its ess5ce1 :i* _h dep5d$ on ! v limitations by :i* x 0 de/roy$4 ,) ! ,greek civilisation beauty p]i%$ f ! _w4 ,nev] aga9 has x be5 possible = man to believe t h>mony is 9 fact ! tru? ( all exi/5ce4 ,! intellect & ! moral s5se h develop$ imp]ative claims :i* c be satisfi$ by no exp]i5ce kn[n to man4 ,& z a consequ5ce ( ?is ! goal ( desire :i* ! ,greeks c\ld place 9 ! pres5t1 has be5 transf]r$1 = u1 to a future inf9itely remote1 :i* nev]!less is conceiv$ z atta9able4 ,dissatisfaction ) ! _w 9 :i* we live & det]m9ation to realise "o t %all be bett]1 are ! prevail+ *>act]i/ics ( ! mod]n _s4 ,! developm5t is "o into ^: mean+ & end ?is is n ! place to ent]4 ,x is en\gh t we feel x to be inevitable2 t ! h>mony ( ! ,greeks conta9$ 9 itself ! factors ( its own de/ruction2 & t 9 spite ( ! fasc9ation :i* con/antly fixes our gaze on t faire/ & happie/ halt+- place 9 ! secul> m>* ( man1 x 0 n !re1 any m ?an "h1 t he 0 de/9$ to f9d ! repose ( t ultimate reconciliation :i* 0 b imp]fectly anticipat$ by ! ,greeks4