,,greek ,,vase-,,pa9t+                  
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i4               
,frontispiece3 ,,!seus1 ,,a!na ,,&      
,,amphitrite3 ,,kylix ,,) ,,!           
,,signature                         ,,( 
,,! ,,pott] ,,euphronios           ,f   
,furtwngl]-,rei*hold1 ,grie*is*e        
,vas5mal]ei4                            
,,greek                                 
,,vase-,,pa9t+                          
by ,,ern/ ,,bus*or                      
,,) ,c,l,x ,,illu/rations               
,,translat$ ,,by ,g4 ,c4 ,,ri*>ds       
,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a41 ,,fell[ ,,( ,,oriel  
,,college ,,ox=d  ,,) ,a                
,,preface ,,by ,,p]cy ,,g>dn]           
,,litt4,d41 ,f4,b4,a41 ,,pr(essor ,,(   
,,classical ,,ar*,,ology                
,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity                     
,,( ,,ox=d                              
,,london                                
,,*atto  ,,w9dus                        
#aiba          ,,cont5ts                
,page    ,preface                       
vii    ,*apt]   ,i4 ,! ,/one & ,bronze  

,ages                                 #a
       0     ,,ii4 ,! ,geometric ,/yle  
#ah       0    ,,iii4 ,! ,sev5? ,c5tury 
#bi       0     ,,iv4 ,! ,black-,figur$ 
,/yle                                   
#fc       0      ,v4 ,! ,r$-,figur$     
,/yle 9 ! ,ar*aic ,p]iod                
#aaa       0     ,,vi4 ,! ,/yle (       
,polygnotos & ,pheidias                 
#acc       0    ,,vii4 ,late ,(f%oots   
#aee    ,index ( ,illu/rations          
#afa    ,index ( ,names                 
#agd          ,,preface      ,a hi/ory (
 ,greek vase-pa9t+ has be5 = a long "t a
 desid]atum  ( /ud5ts ( ,greek art &    
antiquity4 ,_m ye>s ago ,i plann$ su* a 
"w1 b ! difficulty ( ! necess>y         
illu/ration caus$ ! plan  to break d[n4 
,9 ! meantime an ext5sive lit]ature has 
gr[n up on  ! subject1 ma9ly 9 ,g]man1 b
 ) contributions f o!r  c\ntries4 ,9 8  
fir/ *apt] ,dr4 ,bus*or has %ewn h[ !   
result (  excavation 9 ,greece & ,italy 
has be5 to ?r[ our />t+-po9t  fur!r &   
fur!r back1 until x lies 9 ! ,neoli?ic  

age4 ,b x is  n only 9 reg>d to ! e>li] 
phases ( ,greek vase-pa9t+ t  rese>* has
 br\ght light3 ! r$-figur$ vase-pa9t+   
:i* is "o  ( ! mo/ p]fect fruits (      
,greek art 9 ! fif? c5tury has be5  f> m
 m9utely & int5sively /udi$4 ,! result  
has be5 to fix  ! outl9es1 & m ?an !    
outl9es1 ( ! hi/ory ( a f\r?  great     
bran* ( ,greek arti/ic activity2 !      
hi/ory ( ar*itecture1 (  sculpture & (  
co9age hav+ be5 already ?or\ghly        
inve/igat$4  ,& ?is f\r? bran* is n     
m]ely vase-pa9t+2 b s9ce ! fresco  & o!r
 pa9t+s ( ! great age ( ,greece h almo/ 
entirely  p]i%$1 we may fairly say t x  
includes almo/ all t we c ev]  "k ( !   
hi/ory ( e>ly ,greek pa9t+4 ,vase-pa9t+s
 c b  feebly image ! col\r+ ( ! great   
pa9t]s ( ,greece2 b !y c  give u        
invaluable in=mation z to ! pr9ciples ( 
gr\p+ &  p]spective adopt$ by !m2 !y c  
reflect ! extreme beauty (  _!          
figure-draw+2 & !y c %ew u h[ !y treat$ 
subjects  f ! va/ rep]tory ( ,greek     
my?ology & poetry4    ,mo/ ( ^? :o take 

up ! /udy ( ,greek art are /rongly      
attract$  by vases1 ! subjects ( :i* are
 m v>i$1 & ! treatm5t fre]  ?an is !    
case ) sculpture4 ,= my?ology1 religion1
 a?letics1  daily life1 !y are fir/-h&  
au?orities4 ,yet "o may fairly say  t1  
until a few ye>s ago1 satisfactory /udy 
( !m 0 impossible4  ,vase-pa9t+s1 9     
consequ5ce ( ! %ape ( ! vessels         
!mselves1  c v seldom be adequately     
reproduc$ by photography4 ,& !  publi%$ 
draw+s ( !m1 until ab\t #ahhj1 7 q      
untru/wor?y2  p>tly because ! draughtsm5
 _h insuffici5t s5se ( /yle1 p>tly      
because mo/ ( ! vases 9 ! great museums 
7 m or less  re/or$1 (t5 9 a mo/        
mislead+ way4    ,?us m]ely to reproduce
 publi%$ engrav+s ( ! vases 0 q         
mislead+4 ,! tru? ab\t !m c\ld only be  
kn[n f a te*nical  exam9ation ( !       
orig9als scatt]$ ?r\gh ,europe4 ,yet "o 
mu/ say  t 9 ne>ly all our ,engli%      
classical books & diction>ies1 old      
engrav+s are uncritically reproduc$4 ,x 
is a f\l+ ( ! spr+s2  & h[ev]           

practically inevitable su* a c\rse may  
(t5 h be51  ! result is t ! read] nev]  
kn[s :e!r he is tread+ on firm  ice or  
on a m]e cru/4 ,any?+ m reckless &      
mislead+ ?an !  proc$ure ( ! publi%]s & 
editors ( illu/rat$ classical books  c  
sc>cely be imag9$4 ,! errors result+ c  
only be we$$ out by  sl[ degrees4       
,s9ce ab\t #ahhj ?+s h sl[ly m5d$4 ,!   
,g]man ,ar*ological  ,in/itute1 & !     
,fr5* & ,engli% ,societies = ! promotion
 (  ,hell5ic ,/udies h publi%$ really   
c>eful draw+s ( a multitude  ( vases1   
,mr4 ,f4 ,&]son 9 ,engl& be+ "o ( ! mo/ 
accurate &  c>eful ( ! arti/s employ$4  
,9 ! la/ few ye>s ! catalogues (  vases 
9 ,b]l91 ,p>is1 ,muni*1 ,london & o!r   
places h giv5  au?oritative in=mation z 
to re/orations4 ,a fre% era 9 !  k (    
te*nique & subject 0 begun by !         
magnific5t  publication ( ,furtwngl] &  
,rei*hold1 ) its spl5did plates4 ,at    
pres5t ! mo/ au?oritative works on e>ly 
r$-figur$ vases are  ^? ( an ,ox=d man1 
,mr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,beazley1 & an ,am]ican1   

,mr4 ,j4 ,c4  ,hopp94 ,mr4 ,beazley has 
be5 good en\gh c>efully to revise !     
pres5t  translation4    ,we h rea*$ a   
/age at :i*1 = all b speciali/s1 :at 0  
mo/  ne$$ 0 a g5]al hi/ory ( ,greek     
vases 9 all _! p]iods1  compil$ by a    
tru/wor?y au?ority1 & s fully illu/rat$ 
7no easy  matt]7 z to enable a read] to 
foll[ ! text ?r\gh\t4 ,?us w\ld  ! :ole 
subject be mapp$ out1 & ! approa* to any
 p>ticul>  prov9ce be made easy4 ,su* a 
book is t ( ,dr4 ,bus*or4 ,8 examples   
are c>efully *os52 8 text %ews full     
ma/]y ( ! subject2 & x  is v unlikely t 
8 treatm5t w be sup]s$$ = a long "t  to 
come4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a book n adapt$ = a 
m]e cursory read+1  b = c>eful          
consid]ation & /udy4    ,i may add a few
 words by way ( introduction to !       
subject4 ,we may  divide ! :ole hi/ory (
 ,greek pott]y into two sections1 :i*   
are  sep>at$ "o f ! o!r by ! l9e :i*    
divides primitive f  mature ,greece1    
ab\t ! middle ( ! six? c5tury4    ,be=e 
t "t1 be=e ! age ( ,crsus & ! rise ( !  

,p]sian  ,empire1 ! hi/ory ( ,greece is 
v imp]fectly kn[n to u1 ?r\gh  !        
traditions ( ! temples & ! old families1
 :i* are seldom  :olly to be tru/$4 ,:]e
 hi/ory is unc]ta9 x is ( untold value  
to h monum5ts & works ( human           
manufacture to supplem5t x4 ,^!  provide
 a skeleton ( fact ) :i* to comp>e leg5d
 & tradition4  ,x is n[ g5]ally         
recogniz$ t be=e writ+s 9 ! =m (        
inscriptions & co9s come into g5]al use1
 pott]y furni%es !  mo/ cont9u\s & mo/  
tru/wor?y mat]ial = ! dat+ ( sites1     
indications ( comm]cial int]c\rse1 !    
movem5ts ( peoples4 ,9  rec5t ye>s !    
/udy ( prehi/oric ,greece has made      
imm5se /rides1  prim>ily ow+ to !       
excavations ( ,s*liemann1 ,evans & o!r  
inve/igators4 ,! subject seems to       
fasc9ate ! y\ng] g5]ation (  ar*ologi/s2
 & ! pott]y f\nd 9 ! graves ( ! e>ly    
inhabitants ( ,greece & ,asia ,m9or has 
be5 work$ at ) great  m9ut5ess & to mu* 
result4 ,x has reveal$ to u ! outl9es ( 
!  e>ly hi/ory ( ,crete1 ! ,troad1      

,laconia1 ,!ssaly1 & a numb] (  o!r     
di/ricts4 ,con/ant comp>ison ) ! results
 ( f9ds 9 ,egypt  :i* c be dat$ f       
inscriptions has reveal$ 9 a measure !  
/ate  ( ! civilization ( ! gean 9 c5tury
 beyond c5tury1 back to  ,neoli?ic      
times4    ,:5 ,greek civilization became
 fully e/abli%$1 9 ! six? c5tury1  :5   
inscriptions & co9s beg9 to give u f> m 
exact in=mation  ?an t :i* c be d]iv$ f 
pott]y1 ! int]e/ atta*+ to  ! latt] does
 n cease1 b x *anges 9 "*4 ,we no long] 
g  to x to det]m9e ! outl9es ( ! hi/ory 
( civilization4 ,b x  has n[ become a ?+
 preci\s 9 itself because ( its beauty1 
its  close relation to ! poetry1 !      
religion & ! life ( ,greece4 ,!  elegant
 =ms ( ,greek vases & ! *>m ( ! designs 
pa9t$ on  !m h caus$ !m to be s\ght aft]
 by great museums & weal?y  collectors4 
,! graves ( ,italy1 ,sicily1 ,hellas1 h 
p\r$ out a  con/ant supply ( ^! works ( 
art1 "s ( !m beyond value4  ,classical  
ar*ologi/s h naturally giv5 mu* att5tion
 to !m2 &  ( late ye>s ! assignm5t (    

examples to not$ ma/]s1 & ! /udy  ( _!  
te*nique h be5 zeal\sly prosecut$4 ,!y  
belong too  :olly to a civilization :i* 
has pass$ away to be readily und]/ood   
by ord9>y visitors ( museums2 b ^? :o h 
once be5 bitt5  ) _! *>m f9d 9 !m an    
occupation1 a delight & a solace  :i*   
are great helps 9 life4 ,greece is !    
classical l& ( art 9  all its =ms1 & !  
pr9ciples ( art :i* 7 e/abli%$ by !     
successive s*ools ( art !re c nev] be   
:olly neglect$4 ,if we set  aside !     
pott]y ( ,*9a & ,japan1 :i* is1 9 ano!r 
sph]e1 (  unsurpass$ beauty1 ! pott]y ( 
,greece is ! only p]fectly  develop$ &  
?or\ghly consi/5t pott]y 9 ! _w2 & !    
not$  productions ( mod]n ,europe seem 9
 comp>ison poor & half-civiliz$4    ,dr4
 ,bus*or's g5]al plan has compell$ him  
to write b 9 a summ>y  way ( ! works (  
r$-figur$ /yle1 :i* are incomp>ably !   
mo/  beautiful4 ,9 fact1 9 su* small &  
r\gh illu/rations z are  possible 9 a   
h&book1 _! quality c\ld n be reproduc$4 
,= !m  ! read] mu/ g on to o!r works1 or

 visit ! vase-rooms (  museums4 ,a      
conspectus ( successive /yles & p]iods 0
 all t 0  possible4 ,& ,i ?9k t en\gh is
 "h accompli%$ to ar\se !  int]e/ ( ^?  
:o love art & h "s sympa?y ) ! ,greek   
_s4    ,! old supremacy ( ! ,classics 9 
education has pass$ away1 & 9  future !y
 w h to hold _! own n by prescriptive "r
 b 9  virtue ( _! intr9sic value1 on :i*
 m & m /ress is be+  laid by ^? :o feel 
:at _! neglect 9 ! mod]n _w w\ld  mean4 
,x is "t to /r5g!n _! hold by %ew+ h[ !y
 lie at !  v root ( philosophy1         
lit]ature & art4 ,our successors w n be 
satisfi$ ) drill+ boys 9 ,greek & ,lat9 
gramm>1 b w h  to insi/ on ! place held 
by anci5t peoples1 ! ,jews1 ! ,greeks & 
! ,romans1 9 ! evolution ( all t is     
valuable & delightful 9  ! mod]n _w4 ,we
 h to wid5 ! field ( ,classics1 &       
illu/rate  ! lit]ature f e po9t ( view4 
,& if x be felt t !  object ( education 
is n m]ely to enable boys & girls to e>n
 a  liv+1 b to help !m to lead a wor?y &
 happy life1 !n ,i h no  fe> t !        

,classics w be p]man5tly eclips$4       
,mr4 ,ri*>ds' "w z a translator 0 v     
difficult4 ,9 spite (  k9dr$ orig91 !   
,g]man m9d 9 lit]>y production moves on 
diff]5t l9es f ! ,engli%4 ,n only is !  
ord] ( words 9 a  s5t5ce diff]5t1 b !   
s5t5ces !mselves are mu* m involv$1  &  
,g]man sci5tific writ]s aim at an       
exactness 9 ! use ( t]ms  :i* we seldom 
attempt4 ,mr4 ,ri*>ds' v]sion is v      
accurate2 b x  mu/ be all[$ to be n     
always easy read+4 ,he pref]r$ to reta9 
z  mu* z possible ( ! mean+1 ev5 if x   
involv$ "s /iffness 9  ! text4 ,/ud5ts w
 ?ank him = ?is2 & if ! g5]al read]     
f9ds t he has to give ! text a clos]    
att5tion ?an he is us$ to  give to      
books1 he w 9 fact h 8 rew>d4    ,dr4   
,bus*or's "w is a solid /one = ! temple 
( k1 & !  ma9 l9es ( ! subject are n[ s 
firmly fix$ by induction1 t  !y are n   
likely to suff] v mu* *ange 9 ! future4 
,p4 ,,g>dn]4          ,,*apt] ,i4    ,,!
 ,,/one ,,& ,,bronze ,,ages      ,/ud5ts
 ( ! hi/ory ( ,greek vases h be5        

gradually l$ backw>ds  f a late p]iod to
 e>li] & e>li] /ages ( civilization by !
  c\rse ( circum/ances4 ,fir/ ( all     
graves 7 op5$ 9 ,l[] ,italy2  ! fir/    
great collection ( vases1 =m$ by ,sir   
,william ,hamilton1  ,briti% ambassador 
9 ,naples1 & publi%$ 9 #agia-ahjc1      
conta9$  *iefly ! output ( lat] ,italian
 manufactories4 ,next1 f #ahbh  onw>ds1 
! doors ( ,etruscan graves 7 unlock$1 & 
_! cont5ts  prov$ to be ! ri* treasures 
( ,greek r$ & black-figur$ vases1       
procur$ 9 su* numb]s by ! ,etruscans ( !
 #f? & #e? c5turies4  ,ab\t tw5ty ye>s  
lat] a bright light 0 ?r[n on ea/]n     
,greek  pott]y ( ! #g? c5tury by !      
discov]y ( a cemet]y 9 ,rhodes4  ,ab\t  
#ahgj ! #8,geometric' /yle became kn[n &
 ! ,dipylon vases at  ,a!ns 7 reveal$4  
,9 ! sev5ties & eighties ,s*liemann's   
spade  une>!d ! ,myc5ean civilization1 &
 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t  c5tury we 7     
introduc$ to ! culm9ation ( ?is p]iod 9 
,crete4  ,f9ally 9 q rec5t times f9ds ( 
vases ( ! ,/one ,age 9 ,crete  & 9 ,nor?

 ,greece h giv5 u a view (              
vase-production 9 ! ?ird  mill5nium     
,b4,c4 ,if !re=e we wi% to retrace ?is  
long road1 we mu/  beg9 at a p]iod1 (   
:i* ! inve/igation has only j begun &   
:i* pres5ts mo/ difficult problems4     
,! excavations 9 ,nor!rn ,greece1 i4e41 
9 ,nor? ,boeotia1 ,phocis  & above all  
,!ssaly1 h introduc$ u to a purely      
,neoli?ic  civilization4 ,"h alongside (
 ! two simpl] prehi/oric te*niques1     
unornam5t$ 7mono*rome7 & incis$ w>e1 0  
discov]$1 ev5 9 !  olde/ /rata1 a ri*ly 
develop$ pa9t$ /yle1 ) l9e> ornam5ts    
pa9t$ ei!r 9 r$ on vases ) a :ite slip  
or 9 :ite on vases  made r$ by fir+4 ,! 
mono*rome1 r$ or black vases are (t5    
brilliantly poli%$ & ( excell5t         
workman%ip4 ,9 ! lat] lay]s  ( ! ,/one  
,age f9ds ?is civilization diff]s       
consid]ably accord+  to locality4 ,"o   
class ( pa9t$ 7& incis$7 vases is v     
prom95t3  x 0 f\nd *iefly at ,dim9i &   
,sesklo1 & %[s q a new  pr9ciple (      
decoration 7,fig4 #a74 ,x comb9es       

curvil9e> patt]ns1  especially ! spiral 
motive1 ) rectil9e> decoration 7zig-zag1
 /ep  patt]n1 *equ]s1 primitive mae&]1  
etc472 ! col\r+ v>ies1  :ite on r$1     
black on :ite1 br[n on yell[4 ,side by  
side ) ?is  /yle we f9d 9 o!r places !  
greate/ v>iety ( pa9t$ &  unpa9t$ vases3
 ev5 poly*rome decoration appe>s4 ,9 !  
e>ly ,bronze  ,age all ?is spl5d\r      
vani%es & gives place to ! production ( 
co>se unpa9t$ w>e4    ,x appe>s t ?is   
,/one-,age ,c]amic ( ,nor? ,greece has  
no connection  ) ! f9ds ( ,s\? ,greece1 
& is r to be trac$ to ! ,nor?  & !      
civilization ( ! ,danube valley4    ,!  
,s\? pres5ts u ) a mu* m primitive      
picture4 ,! l>ge  lay] ( ,/one ,age     
f9ds1 :i* came to light 9 ,crete1       
produc$ vases  ) incis$ geometrical     
ornam5t1 alongside ( co>se undecorat$   
pott]y1 b curvil9e> patt]ns ( ,!ssalian 
type are completely  abs5t & pa9t$ vases
 are r>e4 ,! reason = a less elaborate  
developm5t ( ,neoli?ic civilization 9   
,crete seems to be t x gave  place to ! 

,bronze ,age comp>atively               
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4    ,fig4 #a4
 ,,/one ,,age ,,b[l ,,f ,,!ssaly4       
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,,face-,,urn ,,f
 ,,troy ,,ii-,v4    e>ly3 9 ,!ssaly x   
seems to g d[n f> into ! second         
mill5nium4    ,accord+ to ^! e>ly vase  
f9ds "o has ?us to picture to oneself  !
 beg9n+s ( c]amic art4 ,fir/1 ! mo/     
ess5tial h\sehold  vessels are fa%ion$  
by h& out ( imp]fectly cleans$ clay1 &  
burnt black 9 ! op5 fire1 & be=e long ! 
out] surface is also  poli%$1 probably )
 smoo? /ones4 ,rectil9e> ornam5ts are   
press$  or incis$ into ! s(t clay1 & by 
degrees ! me?od ( fill+ &  indicat+ !   
incis$ l9es by a :ite sub/ance is le>n$2
 ! clay  is also treat$ pla/ically1 =   
in/ance *annell$4 ,gradually ! clay  is 
made less impure1 is m cleanly poli%$ & 
m ev5ly bak$ 9  ! ov51 & by ! actual    
fir+ has v>i\s col\rs1 r$1 black1  grey1
 yell[ & br[n1 imp>t$ to x4 ,?us a gr\nd
 is also obta9$  = pa9t+1 on :i* !      
rectil9e> ornam5ts are impos$ )  col\r4 

,great] solidity & bright] col\r+ are   
obta9$ by cov]+  ! vase ) a slip1 :i*   
moreov] sets (f ! pa9t+ excell5tly4  ,! 
inv5tion ( ! wrongly /yl$ #8v>ni%1' a   
black col\r glaze  :i*1 ?\gh te*nically 
undevelop$1 appe>s ev5 9 ,nor? ,greece (
  ! ,/one ,age1 is ( ! highe/ importance
 = ! :ole hi/ory (  ,greek vase-pa9t+4  
,! =ms are primitive1 little articulat$1
 b  already v v>i\s3 ! decoration cov]s 
uni=mly almo/ ! :ole  vase4    ,b !     
diff]5t te*niques d n regul>ly succe$   
ea* o!r2  inv5tions are n imm$iately    
communicat$ f "o locality to  ano!r2    
primitive me?ods subsi/ alongside ( m   
advanc$1 nay ev5  sometimes drive !m out
 aga94 ,?is mu* is cle>1 t a section    
tak5  ?r\gh ^! contemporane\s prehi/oric
 civilizations w\ld pres5t a  highly    
v>iegat$ aspect4    ,! ,/one ,age is    
succe$$ by ! ,bronze ,age1 "h e>li] &   
!re  lat]2 "h m quickly1 !re m sl[ly2   
i4e41 metals are gradually  introduc$1 &
 ) !m new te*niques & a new             
civilization4 ,x is  evid5t t to ! e>li]

 ,bronze ,age belong a s]ies (          
innovations  :i* are ( decisive         
importance = ! hi/ory ( vases1 !        
inv5tion  ( ! pott]'s :eel1 ! p]fection 
( ! s-call$ #8v>ni%1' &  ! imitation (  
metal =ms 9 clay4 ,9 mo/ places !       
pott]'s ov5  & ! pa9t+ ( vases appe>    
only 9 ! e>ly ,bronze ,age4    ,into !  
e>ly ,bronze ,age fall ! f9ds f ! e>lie/
 lay]s at  ,troy4 ,9 ! unalt]able fai? t
 he 0 discov]+ ! _w (  ,hom]1 ) ! /rong 
& weak po9ts ( a dilettante1 ,he9ri*    
,s*liemann began to dig at ,hiss>lik1 & 
9 ! excavations ( #ahga1  #ahgh1 #ahij &
 #ahic ,drpfeld & he inve/igat$ ! rubbi%
 hill1 :i*  has become s fam\s1 ! n9e   
sup]impos$ settlem5ts ( :i*  repres5t z 
_m successive civilizations d[n to      
,roman times4 ,!  num]\s c]amic f9ds ( !
 five l[e/ lay]s %[ ! transition  f rude
 h&-made & ill-bak$ w>e ) impress$ l9e> 
patt]ns to  ev] m develop$ /ages4 ,!    
pott]'s :eel & ov5 f9ally succe$  9     
produc+ brilliant r$1 black1 grey1 br[n 
vases ( ! f9e/  te*nique4 ,! v>iety (   

%apes is v great1 "s are already q      
develop$2 ! imitation ( metal =ms is to 
be trac$ "h & !re4  ,a notable          
speciality is f\nd 9 ! s-call$          
,face-urns 7,fig4 #b71 rude  imitations 
( ! human =m1 produc$ by add+ eyes1     
nose1 m\?1  e>s1 nipples & navel2 & !re 
are also o!r vase-types1 :i* are  n     
repeat$ 9 ,we/]n ,greece4 ,pa9t+ is r>e1
 ! vases are ei!r  mono*rome or adorn$ )
 incis$ l9e> ornam5ts1 :i* are (t5      
appli$ 9 ! mann] ( necklaces1 or divide 
! vase v]tically4    ,! ,bronze ,age    
civilization ( ! second city up to !    
fif?1 :i*1  judg+ by ! ri* f9ds ( metal 
ut5sils &    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate      
,,iii4    ,fig4 #c4 ,,jug ,,f ,,syros4  
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,,jug ,,f       
,,myc54    gold ornam5ts1 0 by no means 
primitive1 recurs 9 ! :ole ( ,n4,w4     
,asia ,m9or & 9 ,cyprus4 ,its la/ phase 
_c be sep>at$ 9 "t  f ! we/]n           
civilization ( ! %aft graves 7p4 #g74   
,p>allel ) ,troy ,,ii-,v & ! ma9l&      
civilization ( ,m>9a 7bel[71  on ! isl&s

 ( ! ,aegean is ! s-call$ ,cycladic     
civilization4 ,its  pott]y1 h[ev]1      
pres5ts a mu* m v>iegat$ picture3 beside
 !  primitive vases !re are vases incis$
 & pa9t$ ) ri*1 n  exclusively          
rectil9e>1 ornam5tation3 glaz$          
7#8v>ni%$'7 vases also  occur4 ,! =ms   
are v v>i$3 bronze & /one vessels (t5   
s]ve  z models2 ! /ructure ( ! vases & !
 di/ribution ( !  ornam5tation %[       
unmi/akeably def9ite arti/ic int5tion4  
,!re is  great diff]5ce betwe5 v>i\s    
isl&s & a compreh5sive view ( !         
developm5t is n yet possible4 ,specim5s 
l ! beak$ jug f  ,syros 7,fig4 #c7 are  
probably contempor>y ) ! e>ly ,m9oan    
/yle (  ,crete 7p4 #g71 b ! pans )      
engrav$ spirals1 circles1 %ips &  fi%   
are lat]4 ,on ,melos1 :i* has q a       
sep>ate position ( its  own1 ! influ5ce 
( ! ,cretan #8,kam>es' civilization 7p4 
#h7 9  te*nique & decoration is obvi\s4 
,we return to ! ma9l& & ,c5tral ,greece4
 ,hagia ,m>9a 9 ,phocis is  ! *ief place
 9 :i* a pott]y1 foll[+ on ! ,neoli?ic1 

has be5  f\nd1 h&-made ) a black or r$  
glaze1 ) or )\t rectil9e>  ornam5ts 9   
:ite4 ,?is 0 call$ #8,primitive v>ni%   
w>e1' be=e !  ,neoli?ic prec$+ /ages _h 
become kn[n4 #8,m>9a' w>e sup]s$$  !    
,neoli?ic 9 ,boeotia 7,or*om5os7 &      
,!ssaly also2 simil> vases  h be5 f\nd 9
 ! we/]n isl&s 7,leukas7 & 9 ! ,argolid 
7,tiryns74 ,x is also relat$ to !       
,cycladic civilization1 z is  indicat$  
by ! jug imitat$ f metal models1 :i* is 
common to bo?  /yles4    ,! #8,m>9a'    
lay] is succe$$ at ,or*om5os by a w>e ( 
a totally  diff]5t k9d1 :i* probably    
spread f ?is locality & is  !re=e call$ 
#8,m9yan1' d>k-grey & grey or yell[     
vases1  especially 7a7 dr9k+-cups1 )    
tall *annell$ foot1 & 7b7  pr(il$       
two-h&l$ cups 7,fig4 #f71 turn$ on !    
:eel1 & 9 %ape  m pla9ly ev5 ?an ! ,m>9a
 w>e dep5d5t on metal models4 ,!  wide  
ext5sion ( ?is already f9ely develop$   
w>e comb9es a s]ies  ( bronze-age sites 
into a *ronological unit1 ! s-call$     
#8,%aft  grave' /age 7p4 #g74 ,9 ,nor!rn

 & ,c5tral ,greece z well z 9 ,leucas  x
 foll[s on ! #8,m>9a' w>e1 9 ,attica &  
,aeg9a x takes ! place  ( ! mono*rome & 
incis$ w>e1 9 ! isl&s x sup]s$es !      
,cycladic pott]y1 9 ,troy x is p>allel )
 ! w>e ( ,asia ,m9or &  ,cyprus1 9 !    
,argolid ! ,m>9a f9ds ( ,tiryns are     
foll[$ by !  %aft graves ( ,myc5ae )    
,m9yan vases4    ,almo/ ev]y:]e along ) 
! ,m9yan w>e we f9d vases n s f9ely     
con/ruct$1 g5]ally h&-made1 :i* are     
nei!r burnt d>k nor  glaz$1 b %[ a      
decoration appli$ 9 dull col\r4 ,?is    
lu/reless  pa9t+ 7,mattmal]ei7 9 ,c5tral
 & ,nor!rn ,greece1 & also 9  ,attica   
7:ite-gr\nd w>e ( ,aphidna1 ,eleusis71  
uses only geometrical  ornam5ts2 9 !    
,argolid on r$ or light clay vases l9e> 
patt]ns1  wavy l9es1 runn+ spirals or   
ev5 figur$ decorations 7e4g4 birds1     
,fig4 #d7 are pa9t$ 9 br[n col\r4 ,!    
decoration g5]ally emphasises  ! %\ld]2 
! l[] "p ( ! vase is unadorn$ & sep>at$ 
by  /ripes f ! upp]4    ,! next /age is 
t ,m9yan w>e & lu/reless pa9t+ are almo/

  ev]y:]e driv5 out by ,creto-,myc5ean  
#8,v>ni%' pott]y4 ,9 _m  places ?is     
process did n take place till ! end ( ! 
,bronze ,age1  z 9 ,!ssaly1 ,c5tral     
,greece & ,attica 7,eleusis74 ,x 0      
app>5tly    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 
,fig4 #e4 ,,kam>es ,,vase ,,f ,,knossos4
    ,fig4 #f4 ,,kylix ,,f ,,myc54    !  
lords ( ! ,argolid :o fir/ & mo/ freely 
op5$ _! gates to  ,cretan importation & 
influ5ce2 9 ! %aft graves ( ,myc5ae1    
fam\s  = _! ri* treasure ( gold1        
discov]$ by ,s*liemann 9 #ahgd beh9d  ! 
,lion ,gate1 ! olde/ ,cretan import 9 ! 
%ape ( vases ( !  fir/ late ,m9oan /yle 
7p4 #aj71 appe>s beside ,m9yan &        
lu/reless  w>e 7,figs4 #d & #f74    ,by 
! side ( ^! local products1 ! #8,v>ni%' 
vases 9 ! %aft  graves appe> l *ildr5 ( 
a /range & sunni] _w1  repres5tative ( a
 q diff]5t & sup]ior /yle ( art4 ,! idea
  t !y came f ,crete has be5 confirm$ by
 ! excavations c>ri$  on s9ce #aijj1 :i*
 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! isl& disclos$ a     
compact civilization ( m>k$ly un-,greek 

"*1 develop+ )\t  a break f ! ?ird      
mill5nium to ! end ( ! second1 :i* is 9 
/rik+ contra/ to t ( ! ma9l&4 ,?is      
civilization has be5  nam$ ,m9oan aft] !
 fabul\s k+ ,m9os1 ! build] ( !         
labyr9?1 & x has be5 divid$ into ?ree   
epo*s1 ( :i* ! fir/  two prec$e ! p]iod 
( ! %aft graves4    ,9 ! e>ly ,m9oan    
p]iod1 foll[+ on ! mis]able ,/one ,age  
7p4 #b7  ! ,cretans mu/ h laid !        
f\ndation ( _! ri*es1 if an  inf]5ce may
 be drawn f ! /one vases & goldsmi?'s "w
 (  ,mo*los4 ,! c]amic art ent]s on two 
pa?s1 :i* h a future be=e  !m4 ,! vases 
7 hi!rto unpa9t$ & only incis$4 ,n[ ei!r
  !y are cov]$ ) brilliant black pa9t   
7#8v>ni%'7 on :i* ! old  patt]ns are    
pa9t$ 9 t5aci\s :ite col\r1 a te*nique  
:i*  celebrat$ its triumph 9 ! subsequ5t
 p]iod1 or ! vases are left  9 ! col\r (
 ! clay & pa9t$ ) b&s ( #8v>ni%'2 to ?is
  s-call$ #8,myc5ean' te*nique belongs !
 :ole late p]iod 7p4 #aj74  ,!re is a   
special gr\p ( flam$ w>e1 ! patt]ns (   
:i*1 l  mu* t is ,m9oan1 are f> ne>] to 

mod]n appli$ art ?an to  ,greek4 ,ev5 9 
! fir/ half ( ?is p]iod ! kiln seems    
already to  be kn[n2 ! pott]'s :eel     
appe>s 9 ! second1 :i* is  *>act]iz$ by 
! fir/ appe>ance ( curvil9e> patt]ns1   
especially ! wave s]ies & runn+ spiral4 
,! ,middle ,m9oan p]iod1 a pure &       
ri*ly-develop$ bronze  civilization1 is 
! height ( poly*romy3 ! clay is f9ely   
cleans$1  ! black glaze is at its v be/1
 r$ 9 diff]5t %ades occurs  besides     
:ite4 ,a transition leads to ! brilliant
 p]iod ( ! ,kam>es  /yle1 nam$ aft] !   
fir/ discov]ies 9 ! ,kam>es cave on ,mt4
 ,ida4  ,! #8,myc5ean te*nique' occurs n
 infrequ5tly alongside ( !  poly*rome2 b
 z x (t5 edges ! ornam5ts ) incis$ l9es 
or  puts :ite spots on !m1 x does n     
reject ! t5d5cy to ri*]  effect1 :i* is 
a feature ( ! age & is also express$ 9 !
  relief-l ornam5tation ( _m vases      
7,b>bot9e74 ,! ornam5tation  is /ill v  
fond ( l9e> patt]ns1 & also develops !  
spiral  /ill fur!r1 & lays ! f\ndation (
 ! num]\s decorative  motives :i*       

*>act]ize ! lat] p]iods2 liv+ creatures 
also  7birds1 fi%es1 quadrup$s7 are     
repres5t$ 9 pa9t+4 ,! motive (  drops   
fall+ f ! bru%1 :i* w\ld be             
inconceivable 9 ,greek  vase-pa9t+      
prop]1 occurs already4 ,!re is a        
simultane\s use (  decoration 9 b&s1 &  
)\t division2 ! emphasiz+ ( !  %\ld] by 
ornam5tation is f\nd 9 contra/ ) ! l[]  
"p  decorat$1 if at all1 ) /ripes       
7,figs4 #c & #d74 ,! /ock ( =ms         
increases1 & ! imitation ( metal-"w is  
(t5 unmi/akeable4    ,9 ! ,kam>es /yle  
prop] 7,figs4 #e & #i7 poly*romy 7:ite1 
r$1 &  d>k yell[ on black7 rea*es its   
highe/ developm5t1 ! greate/  v>iety (  
pla/ic decoration appe>s1 ! ,myc5ean    
te*nique 7d>k on  light7 is relegat$ to 
! backgr\nd4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate   
,v4    ,figs4 #g  #h4 ,,funnel-,,vases  
,,( ,,late ,,m9oan ,i ,,/yle4 ,,f       
,,palaika/ro ,,&  ,,pseira4    ,fig4 #i4
 ,,kam>es ,,pi?os ,,f ,,phai/os4    ,!  
%apes become cont9ually m delicate1     
metal vases are (t5  directly copi$2    

cups1 beak$ jugs1 beak$ sauc]s1 &       
amphorae )  h&les at ! m\? are specially
 common4 ,! li/ ( ornam5ts is mu*       
increas$ & c sc>cely be describ$ 9 few  
words4 ,by ! side or 9  ! place (       
geometrical motives1 crosses1 zig-zags1 
gr\ps ( /rokes1  & ri*ly develop$       
circle1 b[ & spiral motives1 appe>      
vegetable1  leaves1 bran*es1 rosettes1 &
 mo/ important ( all1 ! cont9u\s  wavy  
t5dril4 ,ev5 liv+ be+s appe>            
occasionally4    ,! plant ornam5tation (
 ! ,kam>es vases is 9 a peculi> relation
  to nature4 ,?\gh nature is "h = ! fir/
 "t consi/5tly  imitat$1 ! reproduction 
is n at all #8naturali/ic' b ?or\ghly  &
 f ! fir/ sev]ely /yliz$4 ,n only does !
 col\r+ be>  no relation to ! object    
repres5t$1 n only is ! comb9ation (     
vegetable & geometric motives ( purely  
decorative "*1 b !  natural object      
imitat$ is (t5 b>ely recognizable4 ,!   
,kam>es pott]  only aims at a pretty    
comb9ation ( col\r & l9e1 n at          
repres5tations4 ,nor is he conc]n$ )    

/ructural arrangem5t3  division by b&s &
 emphasiz+ ! l[] "p ( ! vase by leaves  
po9t+ upw>d are uncommon4 ,usually !    
decoration spreads freely ov]  ! field &
 is n subord9at$ to ! /ructure ( !      
vessel4 ,?is  undisput$ pr$om9ance ( !  
ornam5tation is 9 ! %>pe/ contra/  to ! 
proc$ure ( ,greek art prop]4    ,!      
,kam>es civilization1 />t+ f ,crete1    
ex]cis$ influ5ce ov]  ! isl&s ( !       
,aegean3 ! importation & imitation ( its
 w>e c  be prov$ = ,!ra & ,melos4       
,isolat$ f9ds 9 ,egypt are (            
importance1 fir/ because !y prove !     
relation ( ,crete to ! ,nile  valley1 & 
secondly because !y give a fix$ date    
7,,xii ,dyna/y74 ,!  te*nique did n     
disappe> ) ! ,middle ,m9oan ,age1 b 0   
long  ma9ta9$ alongside ( ! new /yle4   
,! ,kam>es f9ds come mo/ly f ! old]     
palaces ( ,phai/os &  ,knossos4 ,!      
inve/igation ( _! ru9s has %[n t ^!     
build+s  7 de/roy$ by fire & soon       
aft]w>ds replac$ by /ill f9] new        
edifices4 ,! vase f9ds 9 ^! lat] palaces

 %[ a complete break  ) ! old /yle4     
,poly*romy is no long] ! pr9cipal       
attraction2 x  is giv5 only a second>y  
place3 ! new /yle 7,middle ,m9oan ,,iii 
&  ,late ,m9oan ,i1 ,figs4 #g1 #h1 #aj &
 #aa71 :i* is no long] satisfi$ )  gay  
ornam5tation1 b ) fre% vig\r essays !   
conque/ ( ,nature  & h] excell5ces1 ?r[s
 (f ! b&s ( ! old te*nique1 & )  bold   
fre$om depicts ! newly discov]$ _w 9 d>k
 col\r on light  clay4 ,9 contra/ to !  
,kam>es /yle1 x did n arise on ! vases  
!mselves by ! enri*m5t ( an ornam5tal   
/yle1 b x is to be  und]/ood z !        
reflection ( high] te*niques4           
,vase-pa9t+ gives  only a small extract 
f ! ri* array ( subjects1 :i* ! o!r     
less] arts & ! wall-pa9t+ ( ! p]iod     
conjure be=e our eyes4  ,( ! wond]fully 
vivid repres5tations ( m5 & animals1 9  
:i*  ! ,cretans 7 ma/]s1 no?+ is to be  
f\nd on ! vases4 ,?is is  c]ta9ly n an  
accid5t1 b a sign ( ! purely decorative 
feel+  ( ^! arti/s4 ,!y did n want to   
/ylize ! human or animal body  till x   

became decorative1 to di/ort x = ! eye  
by plac+ x on a  curv$ surface1 & by    
comb9+ figures to upset ! ease & fl[ (  
! decorative s*eme4 ,?us !y entirely    
gave up all reproduction (  !m1 & are   
?us 9 m>k$ contra/ ) ,greek vase-pa9t+1 
!  hi/ory ( :i* may be reg>d$ z a       
con/ant /ruggle to repres5t  mank9d &   
animal creation4 ,! ,cretans took to o!r
 objects in/ead1  :i* c\ld be repres5t$ 
9 ! vigor\s way !y aim$ at1 & yet  also 
fill$ ! field decoratively1 )\t any loss
 to ! picture f  !    ,illu/ration3     
,,plate ,,vi4    ,fig4 #aj4             
,,/irrup-,,vase ,,( ,,late ,,m9oan ,i   
,,/yle ,,f ,,g\rnia4    ,fig4 #aa4      
,,amphora ,,( ,,late ,,m9oan ,i ,,/yle  
,,f ,,pseira4    curve ( ! vessel4 ,!   
vegetable _w _h ent]$ ! decoration (    
vases 9 ! ,kam>es p]iod3 n[ x does s    
afre%1 b 9 a totally  diff]5t _s4       
,grasses1 bran*es1 ivy1 crocuses1 lilies
 z !y gr[  & wave 9 nature1 surr\nd !   
vases4 ,b ^! p 7 specially  conc]n$ ) ! 
sea1 m>9e plants & live creatures4      

,lotus fl[]s1  sea-we$s & re$s wave 9 ! 
wat]1 ! cuttle-fi% /ret*es out 8        
feel]s1 ! nautilus swims ab\t1 />fi% &  
snails1 corals &  sea-anemones surr\nd !
 liv+ objects1 & dolph9s gambol ar\nd4  
,:at impell$ ! ,cretan vase-pa9t]s ?us  
unwe>i$ly to repres5t !  m>9e _w        
exclusively on vases8 ,! explanation c  
only be s\ght 9  t supreme law ( !      
developm5t ( arti/ic /yle1 ! tal5t =    
inv5tion 9 a few pione] bra9s & !       
sl[ness 9 inv5tion ( !  _m4 ,! excell5t 
idea ( hav+ ! cool liquid 9 ! vases     
surr\nd$ by ?is decorative play ( m>9e  
life1 :i* fill$ !  field & 0 s life-l1  
p]haps came f a s+le gift$ bra94 ,!     
idea became popul>1 & ! common run (    
vase-pa9t]s creat$  c\ntless v>iations (
 ! !me4    ,! excell5t naturalism       
directly inspir$ by nature1 :i* x       
transf]s  ) a bold bru% to ! vases1 is  
limit$ to a %ort creative p]iod3        
imm$iately ! s*ematic & conv5tional     
ass]t !mselves2 life  disappe>s1 b fix$ 
decorative =mul rema91 & to !m ! future 

belongs4 ,moreov]1 ! /yliz$ ornam5tation
 nev] ceas$ to exi/  alongside ( !      
natural2 nay1 (t5 appe>s on ! same vase 
9  conjunction ) x1 9 ! %ape ( wavy     
l9es1 spirals 9 diff]5t  comb9ations1   
cont9u\s t5drils 7:i* are also treat$   
naturally7 or  /yliz$ plants4 ,?us two  
me?ods ( decoration are 9 contra/1 "o   
#8tectonic' ) arrangem5t 9 b&s1 ano!r1  
:i* freely scatt]s  naturali/ic         
repres5tations ov] ! vase1 a k9d (      
ornam5t :i*  has made almo/ ev]yone :o  
has spok5 ( x adduce ! p>allel (        
,japanese art4 ,! freely adorn$ vases   
are also mo/ *>act]i/ic (  ! art ( !    
,cretans1 & %[ mo/ pla9ly _! gay &      
he$less  mann]1 _! free decorative "w1  
_! direct relation to nature1  =eign to 
ab/raction & idea3 !y set ?is art 9     
contra/ ) !  contempor>y old            
civilizations ( ! ,nile & ,euphrates z  
well z )  ! ,greek4    ,! naturalism ( !
 fir/ ,late ,m9oan p]iod has n>r[]      
limits ?an  has be5 usually e/imat$4 ,n 
only is ! /ock ( !mes scanty 7,fig4  #aa

 is an exception72 b also ! reproduction
 ( nature is purely  sup]ficial1 kn[s   
no?+ ( p]spective or %ad+1 & /ylizes !  
=ms into ! /yle ( decorative draw+3 ?us1
 = in/ance1 !  m>9e _w is repres5t$ )\t 
any indication ( wat]4 ,( c\rse1  ?is   
does n mean t su* ab/raction f reality  
is n an  advantage f ! po9t ( view (    
decorative art4 ,(t5 !  vase-%apes %[ a 
cultivat$ feel+ = =m 9 ! way ! body     
swells & contracts1 b appe> simple &    
con/ra9$ :5 comp>$  ) ! f9e l9es (      
cont\r 9 ! next p]iod4 ,among new types 
t  em]ge may be m5tion$ ! #8/irrup vase'
 7,fig4 #aj7 & ! #8funnel  vase' 7,figs4
 #g & #h74    ,! sup]iority ( ^! ,cretan
 vases to all contempor>y c]amic output 
%[$ itself 9 a vigor\s export4 ,!       
,egyptian f9ds ( ?is w>e give  z a date 
! ,,xviii dyna/y1 approximately #aejj   
,b4,c41 a date confirm$  by "s ,egyptian
 objects f\nd 9 ,crete4 ,cretan vases 7 
also export$  9 quantities to ,melos &  
,!ra3 !re ! native indu/ry loses itself 
9 imp]fect imitations ( ?is import$ w>e4

 ,! ,cretan civilization  also ent]s !  
,greek ma9l&1 especially ! ,argolid4 ,! 
%aft graves  ( ,myc5ae 7p4 #g71 f :i* ! 
,late ,m9oan civilization transplant$   
to ! ma9l& has be5 nam$ #8,myc5ean1'    
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii4    ,figs4  
#ab  #ac4 ,,amphor ,,( ,,! ,,palace     
,,/yle ,,f ,,knossos4    are ! olde/    
in/ance ( ?is fact4 ,! import$ vases ( !
 six  graves are di/ribut$ ov] ! :ole ( 
! fir/ ,late ,m9oan 7e>ly  ,myc5ean7    
p]iod1 conta9+ late specim5s ( ,kam>es  
/yle & e>ly  specim5s ( ! ,palace /yle3 
b ! bulk ( ! #8v>ni%' vases f\nd  on !  
ma9l& belong to ! succe$+ p]iod4    ,!  
second ,late ,m9oan p]iod ( vase        
production 9 ,crete1 ! s-call$  ,palace 
/yle 7,figs4 #ab & #ac7 is n s %>ply    
divid$ f ! fir/1  z ! latt] is f !      
,kam>es /yle4 ,bo? phases are connect$  
by  sev]al transitional =ms & run       
p>allel = a "t4 ,an important  diff]5ce 
is t ! la/ traces ( ! ,kam>es te*nique  
7!  imposition ( :ite1 r$ & orange on a 
black gr\nd7 disappe>3 !re  is simply   

pa9t+ 9 black on light clay 7,myc5ean   
te*nique74 ,!  decoration neglects !    
neck & foot ( ! vessel & emphasizes !   
%\ld]1 p>ticul>ly ) ! *>act]i/ic        
half-bran*es4 ,!  animat$ reproductions 
( nature 9 ! prec$+ /yle are treat$ 9 a 
fanciful way2 !y become fix$ & are *ang$
 into ornam5ts &  patt]ns = fill+2 !    
significant unity ( ! design is         
int]rupt$  by =eign elem5ts2 ! m>9e &   
plant ornam5tation n[ nev] cov]s  ! :ole
 vase b retires into a s+le b&4 ,9 %ort1
 !  naturali/ic /yle gives place to a   
tectonic /yle1 ! repres5tations  are n !
 *ief ?+ aim$ at1 :i* is ! fill+ ( !    
space4  ,beside ! ornam5ts produc$ by ! 
s*ematiz+ ( liv+ natural  =ms come new  
ones1 :i* (t5 look l a borr[+ (         
ar*itectural  =ms2 moreov]1 !           
juxtaposition & comb9ation ( ! ornam5ts 
%[  ! same _s1 & also ! emphasis n[ laid
 on ! %ape ( !  vase1 9 :i* ! /ructure &
 ! sw++ cont\r rea* _!  highe/ =m (     
elegance1 z c be se5 mo/ pla9ly 9 !     
amphorae4    ,?is art _h a wide influ5ce

 outside ,crete4 ,to ! beg9n+ ( !       
p]iod1 ! transition f ! fir/ to ! second
 ,late ,m9oan /yle1  belong _m ma9l&    
f9ds1 especially f dom$ tombs1 9        
,peloponnese  7,vaphio1 ,argos1 ,myc5ae1
 ,old ,pylos71 9 ,attica 7,a!ns1        
,?orikos1  ,spata71 9 ,boeotia 7,!bes1  
,or*om5os7 & 9 ,!ssaly 7,volo74 ,!  f9ds
 cont9ue dur+ ! p]iod ( ! develop$      
,palace /yle4 ,!  majority ( ^! #8v>ni%'
 vases seem n to h be5 import$ f  ,crete
 b made by ,cretan artizans 9 ! c\ntry4 
,! ,myc5ean local  pr9ces1 :o f _! l(ty 
citadels controll$ ! surr\nd+  c\ntry1  
surr\nd$ !mselves m & m ) ! spl5d\r (   
?is  s\!rn civilization1 ord]$ weapons1 
ornam5ts1 preci\s vases f  ,crete1 us$  
!m 9 life1 gave !m to ! dead 9 graves2  
!y also  took into _! s]vice =eign      
arti/s1 & gave employm5t to ,cretan     
masons1 pa9t]s & pott]s4    ,! isl&s too
 acquire ,cretan vases3 !y 7 export$ z  
f> z  ,aeg9a1 ,melos1 di/ant ,cyprus1 & 
! six? city ( ,troy4    ,ab\t ! end ( ! 
second ,late ,m9oan p]iod ! ,cretan     

palaces (  ,phai/os1 ,knossos1 & ,hagia 
,triada are de/roy$1 & ) !  de/ruction (
 ^! & o!r sites ! ,palace /yle decays4  
,! pott]y ( ! ,late ,myc5ean 7or ?ird   
,late ,m9oan7 p]iod 7,figs4  #ad-ag7 is 
v inf]ior to t ( ! ,palace /yle4 ,!     
te*nique is at  fir/ neat b aft]w>ds    
falls (f3 ! smoo? yell[i% clay takes a  
gre5 t+e1 ! brilliant glaze col\r1 (t5  
burnt r$1 becomes a  lu/reless black4 ,!
 ornam5tation consi/s ( ! la/ rema9s ( !
  naturali/ic decoration1 n[ become q   
lifeless & poor1 ) :i*  are associat$   
purely geometrical patt]ns ( ! simple/  
k9d1 wavy  l9es1 spirals1 conc5tric     
circles4 ,rectil9e> patt]ns 7gr\ps (    
/rokes1 hat*$ triangles7 become ev] m   
prom95t4 ,! decoration  is g5]ally      
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii4    ,fig4  
#ad4 ,,late ,,myc5ean ,,cup ,,f         
,,rhodes4    ,fig4 #ae4 ,,late ,,myc5ean
 ,,/irrup-,,vase ,,f ,,rhodes4    v     
loose1 emphasizes ! %\ld] b&1 & usually 
puts on ! l[]  half ( ! vase only a few 
/ripes3 v]tical division ( ! field into 

#8metopes' is common4    ,b1 on ! o!r   
h&1 figur$ repres5tations are n unusual 
on late  ,myc5ean vases4 ,two classes c 
be di/+ui%$ (f-h&3--7a7 animal          
repres5tations1 9 traditional ornam5tal 
/yle & v #8geometrical'  9 treatm5t1    
p>ticul>ly birds ) cross-hat*$ bodies1  
c]ta9ly  cont9uations ( ! old lu/reless 
pa9t+ 7cp4 ,fig4 #d ) ,fig4 #ae72  & 7b7
 l>g] compositions tak5 ov] f           
wall-pa9t+1 (t5  provid$ ) ornam5ts to  
fill ! field1 l ! *>iot-race on !  krat]
 f ,rhodes 7,fig4 #ag74 ,! be/-kn[n     
example is ! ,w>rior vase  f ,myc5ae    
repres5t+ ! dep>ture = ! battle-field4  
,ap>t f ^! figur$ repres5tations1 "o may
 say t ,cretan  vase-pa9t+1 aft] its    
brilliant a*ievem5ts 9 ! ,kam>es1 %aft  
grave1 & ,palace /yles1 s9ks d[n to t   
primitive level f :i*  x />t$3 x becomes
 once m a geometrical /yle4    ,! area  
ov] :i* we f9d ?is pott]y is enorm\s1   
be+ practically  ! :ole ,m$it]ranean    
bas91 ,crete1 ,egypt1 ! ,cyclades1 !    
coa/ (  ,asia ,m9or 7six? city ( ,troy7 

& its adjac5t isl&s 7e4g4  ,rhodes71    
,cyprus 7:]e ! ,myc5ean sup]s$es an old 
& pl5tiful  pott]y ak9 to t ( ,troy71   
,pho5icia1 ,italy1 ,sicily1 & especially
  all important sites ( ! ,greek ma9l&4 
,9 _m places1 :]e !  #8v>ni%' pa9t+ did 
n ent] e>li]1 x n[ comes into contact ) 
! old indig5\s te*nique1 ) ! mono*rome1 
incis$ &  lu/reless vases3 _m backw>d   
settlem5ts1 l ,olympia1 seem to h  _h   
practically no acqua9tance ) ! ,myc5ean 
/yle4    ,"h aga9 ! ,egyptian f9ds give 
u a date3 !y la/ f ab\t !  end ( ! #ae? 
d[n into ! #ab? c5tury4 ,b s9ce x is n  
conceivable t we %\ld date !            
,geometrical p]iod1 :i* foll[$  !       
,myc5ean1 back into ! second mill5nium1 
! late ,myc5ean /yle  mu/ h la/$ at lea/
 f\r c5turies2 ! rate ( developm5t1 :i* 
9 ! "t ( great a*ievem5ts _h be5 v      
rapid1 mu/ h become  consid]ably sl[]4  
,to arrange ! huge mass ( late ,myc5ean 
vases 9 ?is long developm5t  is         
impossible1 until ! mat]ial has be5     
sift$ & work$ ?r\gh4  ,b "o ?+ already c

 be said ) c]ta9ty1 t x 0 n m]ely       
export$ f ,crete2 inde$ x is m ?an      
que/ionable1 :e!r ,crete  play$ ! lead+ 
"p4 ,9 ?is p]iod ! native seat ( !      
brilliant  ,m9oan civilization is no    
long] 9 ! =egr\nd2 ! c5tre (  gravity   
has %ift$ to ! ma9l&1 9 p>ticul> !      
,argolid4 ,ev5 9  ! p]iod ( ! %aft      
graves we see ! ,peloponnesians eag]ly  
adopt+ ,cretan civilization2 9 ! foll[+ 
p]iod ! ma9l& vies  ) ,crete 9 !        
production ( ,myc5ean vases1 & f9ally   
mu/ h  wre/$ ! lead f ! s\!rn outpo/4   
,?is applies n m]ely to  civilization b 
to political conditions4 ,a hypo!sis1 9 
fav\r (  :i* !re is mu* to be said1     
connects ! de/ruction ( ! ,cretan       
palaces ) ! invasion ( conqu]+          
#8,a*aeans1' ! "n ,hom]  applies to !   
lords ( ! ma9l&4 ,j z ! wall-pa9t+      
orig9ally borr[$ f ,crete 0 /ill fl\ri%+
 on ! ma9l&1  :5 x _h di$ out at home1 s
 ! late ,myc5ean pott]y mu/ h  be5      
produc$ ma9ly 9 cont95tal ,greece1 & !  
new /yle mu/ h  be5 =m$ by !            

,peloponnesians4 ,?us we c expla9 !     
non-,m9oan  elem5ts1 ! /rong geometrical
 influ5ce on ! decoration1 & !  tak+ ov]
 ( figur$ sc5es f wall-pa9t+1 :i* 0     
reject$ by  ! old ,cretans4    ,s x 0   
probably ! #8,a*aeans' :o spread ! late 
,myc5ean pott]y  all ov] ! ,m$it]ranean4
 ,!y _h    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix4  
,figs4 #af  #ag4 ,,late ,,myc5ean       
,,vases ,,f ,,rhodes4    become a seaf>+
 nation on a great scale4 ,( _! entry   
into ,crete we  h j spok51 ( _! unit$   
campaigns ( conque/ 9 ,asia ,m9or1  9   
:i* ! ,cretan k+ has ! ,argive          
,agamemnon z 8 ov]lord1 !  ,hom]ic poems
 tell u1 & ( _! coloniz+ expansion 9 !  
,m$it]ranean ! vase f9ds among o!r ?+s  
give evid5ce1 z !y  ju/ify conclusions  
ab\t new localities ( manufacture       
7,troy1 ,rhodes1  ,cyprus1 etc474    ,9 
! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ mill5nium ! sc5e is   
totally alt]$4  ,on ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or
 & ! isl&s are settl$ ,hell5ic races1   
among :i* ! ,aeolians & ,ionians are    
probably desc5dants ( !  emigrat$       

,a*aeans1 :ile ! ,dorians repres5t a new
 tribe come 9 f  ! nor?1 :i* subdu$ !   
,peloponnese & ,crete & ext5d$ to !  s\?
 ( ! ,aegean ,sea4    ,^! %ift+s (      
population1 ! s-call$ ,dorian invasion1 
) :i*  ,greek hi/orians beg9 ! hi/ory ( 
_! c\ntry1 m>k ! end ( !  ,bronze ,age &
 ( ! ,myc5ean civilization4 ,iron       
weapons1 only  sporadically to be f\nd 9
 ! late ,myc5ean age1 take ! place (    
bronze2 ! ,myc5ean vase /yle vani%es all
 along ! l9e1 & gives  way to a new     
/yle1 ! ,geometric4          ,,*apt]    
,,ii4    ,,! ,,geometric ,,/yle      ,n[
 = ! fir/ "t ! hi/ory ( ,greek vases    
prop] beg9s4 ,9 !  pott]y ( ! geometric 
/yle are lat5t ! =ces1 :i* we see       
aft]w>ds exp&+ 9 contact ) ! ,ea/1 z    
well z ! olde/  beg9n+s t we c trace ( t
 brilliant cont9u\s developm5t1  :i* l$ 
to ! pr\d heights ( ,klitias1           
,euphronios1 ,meidias4 ,its  produc]s   
may be unres]v$ly describ$ z ,greeks3   
,hellas has come into  be+4 ,h[ev]      
primitive ! civilization ( ?is e>ly     

,greece may h  be51 h[ev] patri>*al is !
 picture :i* ,hom]1 ! great g5ius  ( ?is
 p]iod1 gives u ( ?is _w1 h[ev] mu* !   
works ( art  describ$ by him po9t to    
,myc5ean rem9isc5ces & ,pho5ician       
importation1 yet 9 ! dep>tm5t ( c]amics 
! art ( ?is "t 0  ?or\ghly orig9al &    
highly develop$1 & x is f ! vases t  ?is
 e>ly phase gets its "n4    ,we %\ld l  
to h a glimpse ( ! orig9 ( ! ,geometric 
/yle1  b its beg9n+s are %r\d$ 9        
d>kness4 ,x _c be reg>d$ z  simply a    
desc5dant ( ! pre-,myc5ean ,geometric   
pott]y1 :i* 9  outly+ p>ts cont9u$      
?r\gh\t ! ,bronze ,age2 = 9 its #8v>ni%'
  te*nique1 its =ms & decoration1 x is  
totally diff]5t f ^?  primitive vessels4
 ,z little is x a direct cont9uation ( !
 ,myc5ean  /yle1 f :i* x took ov] !     
te*nique ( pa9t+4 ,h[ev] mu*  t[>ds !   
end ( its developm5t ! latt] incl9$ to  
decoration 9  b&s & ! geometriz+ (      
ornam5t1 x 0 an outworn poor /yle  t    
arose out ( s*ematiz+ ( liv+ =ms1 9     
complete contra/  ) ! cle> concise      

,geometric /yle1 :i* consi/5tly unfolds 
&  exhau/s its individuality4           
,naturally ! ,myc5ean /yle did n        
disappe> abruptly f ! face (  ! e>?1 &  
!re are transitional =ms1 :i* _c be     
nicely  divid$4 ,!y mu/ n be too highly 
e/imat$2 !y are1 x is true1 at  ! beg9n+
 ( ! new developm5t1 b d n influ5ce x4  
,?us !  #8,salamis' vases1 & _! p>allels
 f ,a!ns1 ,nauplia1 & ,ass>lik  9 ,s\!rn
 ,asia ,m9or1 %[ ?is transition1 reta9+ 
9 "p ,myc5ean  =ms l ! /irrup vase1 &   
,myc5ean ornam5ts l ! spiral1 b  be+ 9  
fact an insignificant w>e1 ( bad        
workman%ip & meagre  decoration4 ,m     
int]e/+ is ! survival ( ,myc5ean        
traditions 9  ,crete1 ! home ( ! ,m9oan 
/yle1 & 9 ! ,argolid1 ! *ief seat  (    
late ,myc5ean civilization3 c]ta9       
vase-%apes1 hat*$ triangles1  conc5tric 
circles & semi-circles on ! %\ld] are   
reta9$ f  ! old /yle4    ,f ^! & o!r    
,myc5ean rem9isc5ces ! unfold+ ( ! new  
/yle _c be expla9$ any m ?an by a       
revival ( pre-,myc5ean  ,geometric      

/yles4 ,we mu/ r br+ 91 to expla9 !     
ph5om5on1  ^? movem5ts ( peoples1 !     
driv+ out ( s\!rn ,myc5ean  civilization
 by races advanc+ f ! ,nor?1 & ! new    
mixture (  blood1 :i* /r5g!n$ & made    
dom9ant ! nor!rn ,european  elem5t4     
,?\gh ! ,dorians did n develop ! /yle z 
conspicu\sly  z o!r tribes1 !re arose   
out ( ! f]m5t caus$ by _!  appe>ance on 
! sc5e ! new creative vig\r1 ! ,greek   
elem5t  prop]1 :i*1 out ( ! froz5       
traditions ( ! ma9l& & !  lifeless      
relics ( ,myc5ean art creat$ a new /yle 
& a firm basis =  a f9e developm5t4     
,! ,geometric /yle makes a virtue ( !   
necessities ( rude  beg9n+s2 out ( !    
simple decorative mat]ial at its        
disposal1 x  creates a ri* sy/em4       
,angul> patt]ns1 r[s ( dots1 /rokes1    
#8fi%-bones1' zig-zags1 crosses1 />s1   
hook$ crosses1 triangles1  rhombi1 hook 
mae&]s1 mae&]s brok5 up 9 diff]5t ways1 
mae&]  sy/ems1 *equ]s1 net patt]ns are  
mo/ common2 alongside ( !m are  circles 
& rosettes neatly made ) ! compass4 ,!  

wavy l9e1 :i*  l ! snake edg$ ) dots    
p]haps comes f ,myc5ean polyps1 takes  a
 second place2 all o!r free ornam5tation
 is es*ew$2 ! place (  cont9u\s spirals 
is tak5 by circles connect$ by tang5ts4 
,?us !  ornam5tation appe>s to be /eep$ 
9 ma!matics1 & ! same is !  case ) !    
repres5tation ( liv+ be+s4 ,man & animal
 alike  appe> 9 /yliz$ silh\ettes1 :i*  
br+ ! v>i\s p>ts ( !  body into !       
simple/ possible s*eme1 & set !m (f     
%>ply aga9/  "o ano!r4 ,?us ! human     
brea/ appe>s z an inv]t$ triangle &  is 
%[n frontally1 b ! legs & head are 9    
pr(ile4 ,! head1  :i* is only emancipat$
 f ! silh\ette /yle 9 ! succe$+  p]iod1 
already (t5 has a space res]v$ 9 x to   
indicate ! eye4 ,z  a rule ! human body 
is repres5t$ nak$1 :ile t[>ds ! end ( ! 
p]iod1 ! in/ances ( clo?+1 especially ( 
wom51 become m  num]\s4 ,!re has be5    
division ( op9ion z to :e!r ?is nudity  
reproduces actual life4 ,t is c]ta9ly n 
! case4 8,?is is !  nudity ( ! primitive
 arti/1 ( ! ab/ract l9e> /yle4 ,x is n  

man z he actually is1 b ! concept #8man'
 :i* is to be r5d]$1  & clo!s are no "p 
( ?is concept40 7,furtwngl]74 ,^! olde/ 
,greek repres5tations ( man are n1      
prop]ly speak+1 reproductions  ( nature1
 b a k9d ( ma!matical =mul21 :i*        
gradually 9 !  c\rse ( c5turies ( fre%  
obs]vation (    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate   
,x4    ,fig4 #ah4 ,,attic ,,geometric   
,,amphora 7,,dipylon ,,class74    ,fig4 
#ai4    ,,geometric ,,amphora1          
,,probably ,,attic 7,,black ,,dipylon   
,,class74    nature become ri*]1        
corporeal1 liv+1 spiritual4 ,animal     
repres5tation beg9s also 9 ! same       
=muli/ic mann]4 ,! *oice is  9 contra/ )
 ! ,m9oan animal _w3 !re is complete    
abs5ce (  ! ,ori5tal animal _w ( fancy2 
we only see ! ,nor!rn fauna2  horses1   
roes1 goats1 /orks1 geese4 ,! animals /&
 upright1 graze1 or  re/ ) neck turn$   
r\nd4 ,! te*nique is always t ( ! pure  
silh\ette2 only ! birds (t51 z 9 !      
pre-,myc5ean & late  ,myc5ean /yles     
7,figs4 #d & #ae71 %[ hat*$ or          

cross-hat*$ inn]  draw+ ( ! body4    ,^!
 geometric ornam5ts & ab/ract silh\ettes
 ( m5 & animals  =m ! complete /ock out 
( :i* ! arti/ ( ! p]iod provides  = !   
decoration ( 8 vases4 ,) !m he fills !  
b&s into :i*  he loves to divide ! vase 
7,fig4 #ah72 or at all ev5ts ! %\ld] or 
h&le b&1 con/ructively ! mo/ important1 
9 :i* case he cov]s  ! l[] "p ( ! vase )
 black 7,fig4 #ai7 or ) p>allel r+s     
7,fig4 #bc74 ,! b&s1 ! bread? ( :i* is  
v>i$1 are fill$ 9 two  ways4 ,ei!r we h 
cont9u\s ornam5ts1 & processions (      
animals1  *orus danc]s1 w>riors1 *>iots 
& horses1 :i* 9 ?is /yle are  ess5tially
 no?+ b ornam5t2 or he divides ! b&s1 & 
p>ticul>ly ! h&le b&s 7,fig4 #ai7       
v]tically into rectangul>  fields1      
metopes z !y are call$4 ,! metope       
naturally takes a  diff]5t s*eme ( fill+
 ! space f ! b&2 if ! latt]  pref]s a   
cont9u\s s]ies1 ! =m] requires ornam5ts 
complete 9  !mselves1 l circles &       
rosettes1 or 9 ! case ( figures1 !      
anti!tical gr\p1 ! h]aldic opposition ( 

two diff]5t fields (  figures1 or ( two 
figures 9 ! same field4 ,! figures      
connect$ by  compulsion ( space are !n m
 closely unit$ by a c5tral motive1  &   
!re arise ornam5tal compositions n at   
all drawn f actual  life1 e4g4 two birds
 bo? hold+ 9 _! beaks a fi% or a snake1 
two horses ) cross$ =e-legs1 re>+ t[>ds 
ea* o!r1 ti$ to  a tripod1 or held by a 
man ) a bridle1 two roes ) rais$ =e-legs
  lean+ aga9/ a tree4 ,b& & metope ) _! 
compulsory s*ematism  no long] suffice =
 ! gr[+ ne$ ( repres5tation3 9 ! l>ge   
vases ! *ief b& is (t5 made v high1 or 9
 ! upp] "p (  ! vase a rectangle adorn$ 
) ornam5t or figures is left out f  !   
surr\nd+ black3 ?us arises ! vase )     
special field =  subjects4    ,leg5d1   
:i* 9 ?is p]iod f\nd its brilliant      
expression 9 ! ,epics  ( ,hom] &        
,hesiod1 is /ill v mu* 9 ! backgr\nd 9  
^!  vase-pa9t+s4 ,c5taurs only beg9 to  
be repres5t$ on late ,geometric  vases4 
,sc5es su* z ! emb>kation on ! b[l f    
,!bes 7,fig4 #ba7  _c be int]pret$      

o!rwise ?an my?ically1 z ! rape ( ,hel5 
by  ,p>is or ( ,ariadne by ,!seus1 s9ce 
on ,geometric bronze fibul f  ,boeotia x
 is c]ta9 t leg5d>y sc5es are int5d$4 ,!
 battle  sc5es too1 ) _! duelli/s       
surr\nd$ by spectators & _!  fights on a
 l>ge scale by l& & sea1 mu/ be inspir$ 
by ! ,h]oic  ,saga4 ,b f> m num]\s are !
 sc5es ( daily life1 :i* are  connect$ )
 ! sepul*ral purpose ( ! vases4 ,we see 
! dead man  ly+ on ! b$ ( /ate1 cov]$ ) 
a big clo?2 m51 wom51 &  *ildr51 ) arms 
rais$ to _! heads 9 tok5 ( grief1 are   
/&+1 sitt+ & kneel+ ar\nd him2 we see ! 
bi] plac$ on !  he>se1 & amid l\d       
lam5tation ( ! populace driv5 to !      
cemet]y1 :ile1 9 hon\r ( ! deceas$1     
*>iot-races & mimic  battles are        
repres5t$ & dances are p]=m$ to ! s\nd (
 flutes  & lyres4    ,z ! human =m is   
r5d]$ )\t any feel+ = bodily %ape1 s    
all ! repres5tations are )\t any spatial
 s5se4 ,*>iot floors  & table surfaces  
are n =e-%ort5$1 ! brea/ ( ! dead man   
ly+ on ! bi]    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate   

,,xi4    ,fig4 #bj4 ,,upp] ,,half ,,( ,a
 ,,dipylon ,,grave-,,vase4    ,fig4 #ba4
 #8,,! ,,rape ,,( ,,hel51' ,,on ,a ,,b[l
 ,,f ,,!bes4    is repres5t$ 9 front    
view1 ! cov]+ ( ! corpse is visible 9   
its complete ext5t1 z if x hung d[n ^u  
x2 9 ! case ( pairs (  horses ! (f horse
 is simply mov$ =w>d & repres5t$ small]2
  masses ( m5 are r5d]$ by files (      
simil> figures2 figures to be  ?\ght ( z
 9 ! backgr\nd1 e4g4 ! h9d] r[s 9 !     
,hel5  b[l 7,fig4 #ba7 are plac$ high   
up4 ,! space1 :i* conta9s !  figures1 is
 an ideal tectonic space1 ! surface ( ! 
vase to be  adorn$4 ,:]e ! figures d n  
suffice to fill ?is space1 !  ,geometric
 arti/ reg>ds x z a gap 9 ! decoration (
 ! vase &  fills ! void ) dots1 r[s (   
zig-zags1 hook$ crosses1 rosettes  ) a  
c5tral po9t1 & actually pa9ts birds or  
fi%es betwe5 !  legs ( horses or betwe5 
! *>iot & ! bi] :i* re/s ^u x  7,fig4   
#bj74    ,?is ev5 cov]+ ( ! surface     
gives ! vases ( ?is p]iod a  c>pet-l    
appe>ance1 & ?is textile impression is  

/r5g!n$ by  ! geometry ( ! ornam5tation1
 by ! angul> /ylization ( !  liv+ be+s1 
by ! decorative s*emes & ! division into
 b&s4  ,b on ?is acc\nt to d]ive ! :ole 
/yle f ! imitation (  works ( ! loom    
w\ld be a mi/ake2 ! /yli/ic limitations 
( !  /yle _c be id5tifi$ /raight (f ) ! 
te*nical limitation (  weav+4 ,z 9 all  
primitive civilizations s 9 ! =mation ( 
!  ,geometric vase /yle1 simple l9e>    
patt]ns may h be5 tak5 ov]  f weav+ &   
plait+3 b ?is is n ! case ) circles &   
rosettes1 & anyh[ su* a consi/5t &      
sy/ematic p]fection z t  ( ! ,geometric 
vase /yle is inconceivable z an         
imitation ( a  =eign te*nique4    ,greek
 c]amic art nev] completely lo/ ?is     
#8textile' "*1 &  nev] q r5\nc$ !       
,geometric s*ool ?r\gh :i* x pass$1     
?\gh by c5turies ( lab\r x fre$ itself f
 ! defects &  crudities ( t s*ool4      
,vase-figures long exhibit _! orig9 out 
(  ! ornam5tal silh\ette2 ! decorative  
s*emes ( arrangem5t 9 r[s  & ( anti!tic 
gr\ps are always break+ out afre%2 !    

pr9ciple  ( us+ up ! space is appli$    
sup]ficially = "s "t & only  gradually  
ref9$2 ! decoration 9 b&s subsi/s = a   
long "t  beside ! vases ) a pictorial   
field1 & rema9s ( x exi/ till  late2 !  
dis9cl9ation = deep5+ ! field1 bas$ on a
 correct  /ructural feel+1 goes ?r\gh ! 
:ole hi/ory ( ,greek vases &  keeps !   
ornam5tal figure _w ( ! vases always at 
a di/ance f  ! mu* less con/ra9$ _w (   
free pa9t+4    ,! ,geometric vases h n  
m]ely a hi/orical mean+1 b a value (  _!
 own4 ,!y are n a prelim9>y /age1 b     
some?+ complete4 ,9  !m ,greek art 9    
true ,greek fa%ion work$ out a ?\ght2   
express$  itself = ! fir/ "t 9 a        
classical way1 if ! phrase may be us$2  
out ( a clumsy ru/ic /yle ) poor        
ornam5tation develop$ vases (  te*nical 
p]fection1 compact & cle> 9 =m1         
consi/5tly ?\ght  out 9 ! decoration n[ 
lavi%ly1 n[ sp>+ly spread ov] !m1 9  _! 
au/]e beauty true *ildr5 ( ! ,greek     
g5ius4    ,b ?is /yle did n put out     
ev]y:]e equally f9e fl[]s4 ,x 0  n1 l ! 

late ,myc5ean1 an #8imp]ial' /yle1 b1 f 
!  fir/--& ?is is significant = ,greek  
art--diff]5tiat$ &  condition$ by       
locality2 ea* region _h its own         
manufacture ( vases1  & its own         
,geometric /yle4 ,already ! lead is tak5
 by t place1  :i* lat] 0 to drive out ( 
! field all competitors1 viz41 ,a!ns4   
,! ,dipylon vases--! "n usually giv5 to 
,attic ,geometric vases f  ! fact t mo/ 
( !m 7 f\nd 9 ! cemet]y be=e ! ,dipylon 
,gate1--rise 9 =m1 te*nique & decoration
 to ! greate/ p]fection  & highe/       
ri*ness4 ,9 ! magnific5t amphor1 z mu* z
 two metres  9 height1 :i* are wor?y (  
_! monum5tal use z tomb decoration1  !  
,geometric /yle p]haps rea*es its       
culm9ation2 9 ! s-call$  black ,dipylon 
vases1 (t5 only sp>+ly decorat$ on !    
%\ld] or  neck & o!rwise cov]$ black1 we
 get already an effect ( col\r  :i*     
became popul> mu* lat]2 ! /ock ( =ms is 
ampl]1 !  mae&] m develop$1 ! delight 9 
tell+ a /ory & 9  repres5t+ a sc5e      
great] ?an 9 o!r ,geometric /yles4      

,beside !  ,dipylon !re is a second site
 9 ,attica1 ,eleusis1 ?\gh n s          
important2 ,boeotia too mu/ be m5tion$1 
! pott]y ( :i* makes a  prov9cial       
impression1 & is dep5d5t 9 =ms1 patt]ns 
& subjects  on ,attica & ! ,aegean      
isl&s1 z also t ( ! neighb\r+  ,eretria 
9 ,euboea4    ,! prototypes ( ! big     
,boeotian & ,eretrian amphor ) high /em 
& broad neck h be5 f\nd p>ticul>ly 9    
,delos & ,rh5eia1 ri*ly  ornam5t$ vases 
#8de luxe1' 9 :i* ! pa9t+ is laid on a  
:ite  slip4 ,9 ! same place1 :]e ! cult 
( ,apollo _h a great  attraction1 sev]al
 o!r ,geometric classes 7 also f\nd1    
among !m  ! precursors ( ! art :i*      
fl\ri%$ 9 ! #g? c5tury & :i*  is usually
 ascrib$ to ! isl& ( ,melos4 ,on !      
,delian vases horses  & human           
repres5tations occur1 b g5]ally 9 ?is   
class !re is a  dis9cl9ation to repres5t
 figures4 ,! same dis9cl9ation & !      
frequ5t use ( a light slip *>act]ize !  
pott]y ( ! ,dorian  isl& ( ,!ra1 :i*    
develop$ a v def9ite ?\gh sob] &        

monoton\s ,geometric /yle t seems to h  
ob/9ately p]si/$ till  well into ! #g?  
c5tury4 ,! ri* f9ds ( o!r classes be>   
witness  to an active trade ) ! ma9l&1  
o!r ,cyclades1 & ! ,ionic  ,ea/1 !      
pott]y ( :i* has _m po9ts ( contact ) ! 
,cycladic4  ,we "k x f ,miletus & o!r   
places on ! ,asiatic coa/1 b above  all 
f ! isl& ( ,rhodes4 ,! ,rhodian         
,geometric vases are  di/+ui%$ f !      
,cycladic by ! abs5ce ( ! light slip1 & 
seem 9 spite ( _m po9ts ( contact nev]  
to h rea*$ ! same  level4 ,an isolat$   
vegetable ornam5t1 ! s-call$ palm-tree1 
po9ts  to relations ) ,cyprus4          
,cross-hat*$ rhombi & birds are v mu*  9
 vogue2 !y appe> also 9 loose arrangem5t
 on ! #8,bird kylikes1'  :i* 9          
po/-,geometric times ext5d$ f ,rhodes   
ov] ! ,ionian  region & s made _! way to
 ! ,greek ma9l&1 ,italy & ,sicily4    ,!
 mo/ important ,peloponnesian           
manufactures are3 7#a7 t ( ,sp>ta1  :i* 
n[ to "s ext5t adopts ! :ite slip lat]  
pr$om9ant2 7#b7  t ( ,argos1 :i* soon   

disc>ds its ,myc5ean rem9isc5ces &      
develops on p>allel l9es ) ! ,attic w>e 
)\t atta9+ to !  heights & ri*ness ( !  
,dipylon vases2 7#c7 above all1 !       
s-call$  ,protocor9?ian4    ,?is        
,geometric /yle1 :i* next to ! ,attic _h
 ! greate/ future  be=e x1 seems to be  
at home 9 ! ,nor!rn ,argolid 7p4 #cd74  
,its  e>ly ,geometric beg9n+s we d n "k4
 ,x is ak9 to its ,argive  neighb\r 9 _m
 po9ts1 9 ! scant9ess ( its /ock ( =ms1 
9  %apes l ! metallic krat] ) a         
/irrup-h&le4 ,un=tunately  little has   
be5 left to u ( ! l>ge-siz$ vases1      
krat]s1 cauldrons1  amphor & jugs4 ,!   
two-h&l$ cup 7,fig4 #bc71 ! r\nd box1 ! 
globul> oil-flask1 ! deep dr9k+-cup1 !  
jug ) flat bottom  7,fig4 #cc7 are !    
fav\rite small] %apes4 ,! limitation ( !
  decoration to ! upp] m>g91 & !        
decoration ( ! re/ )  p>allel /ripes is 
*>act]i/ic4 ,?is w>e 0 m export$ ?an any
  o!r ,geometric class2 x ent]$ ! s\!rn 
,argolid1 w5t by way (  ,cor9? &        
,eleusis to ,boeotia & ,delphi1 & 0     

export$ to ,aeg9a  & ,!ra1 ,italy &     
,sicily4 ,on ,italian soil1 9 ! ,euboean
    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xii4        
,fig4 #bb4 ,,rhodian ,,geometric ,,jug4 
,fig4 #bc4 ,,protocor9?ian ,,geometric  
,,skyphos4    colony ( ,kyme1 x c]ta9ly 
f\nd$ a bran* factory1 :i* quickly  took
 on a local "* & export$ 9 its turn2 b 9
 v>i\s o!r  places also ! /yle evok$    
local imitations4    ,! ,protocor9?ian  
/yle ow$ its brilliant future bo? to !  
,geometric f\ndation1 &1 z w appe>1 to !
 /rong influ5ce (  ,cretan ,art4 ,9     
,crete1 aft] ! settlem5t ( ! ,dorians 9 
! isl&1  no def9ite ,geometric /yle 0   
=m$3 ! ,myc5ean traditions 7 too  /rong 
& ! relations ) ! ,ea/ too close4 ,aft] 
! purely  ,geometric vases1 among :i*   
wide-belli$ amphor )\t a neck are       
common1 !re soon appe> vases %[+        
,cyprian influ5ce1 p>ticul>ly  small    
jugs ) conc5tric circles on ! body      
7precursors ( ,fig4 #bg72  ?us a pit*] f
 ,kavusi1 :i* by an exception has       
figures on x 7a  *>iote] & m\rn+ wom5 9 

a metope-l arrangem5t7 is  app>5tly1 9  
%ape z well z 9 ! ornam5t :i* consi/s ( 
a r[  ( #8,s's' on _! backs & !         
un-,geometric draw+ ( its silh\ettes1   
dep5d5t on simil> ,cyprian models4      
,crete ) its loosely-root$ ,geometric   
/yle took up ! new elem5ts  m freely ?an
 o!r localities1 :]e at fir/ !y are     
plac$ side  by side ) ! native ones1 l !
 palm-tree on ,rhodian vases1 !         
,cyprian circles on ,attic &            
,protocor9?ian jugs1 ! precursors ( !   
tongue patt]n on ,attic & ,!ran vases1 !
 unsy/ematic rays on ,attic  &          
,protocor9?ian w>e1 ! runn+ spiral      
probably borr[$ f  metal "w on          
,protocor9?ian & ,!ran vases4 ,moreov]1 
figur$  repres5tations f an ali5 _w (   
ideas creep into ! fix$  ,geometric     
sy/ems1 z = in/ance ! two lions dev\r+ a
 man on a  ,dipylon vase1 ! goddess     
flank$ by two animals on a ,boeotian    
amphora1  ! fabul\s creatures on        
,rhodian vases4    ,^! =eign elem5ts1   
:i* h _! root 9 ,ori5tal art1 are !     

h>b+]s ( a complete revolution1 & 9 !m  
is h]ald$ ! end (  ! ,geometric /yle4 ,x
 is obvi\s t a decorative /yle l !      
,geometric c\ld h no future3 its        
possibilities 7 quickly  exhau/$1 ev5   
:]e ! /yle 0 mo/ ri*ly develop$4 ,its   
dissolution w\ld h come1 ev5 if sup]ior 
civilization ) ri*]  me?ods ( decoration
 _h n be5 9 close contact ( trade &     
int]c\rse ) ?is e>ly ,greek _w1 &       
ex]cis$ on x a  p]si/5t influ5ce4 ,!    
,cretans & ,ea/]n ,greeks liv$ 9 !      
imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ,egypt & ,asia1 
! isl&s & ! ma9l&  7 unit$ to ! ,ea/ by 
active trade relations4 ,9 p>ticul>     
,pho5ician m]*ants1 :ile ! ,geometric   
/yle 0 fl\ri%+1 h&$  on to ! ,greeks !  
products ( ,ori5tal art1 z bo? ! ,epic &
 !  f9ds te/ify4 ,nor did ! ,greeks     
rema9 at home ei!r1 b _h long  become a 
seaf>+ p2 ,attic1 ,boeotian &           
,protocor9?ian pa9t]s  pr\dly place     
repres5tations ( %ips on ,geometric     
vases2 !  /ati/ics ( ! f9ds ( ! v>i\s   
,geometric w>es %[ a con/antly  gr[+    

trade int]c\rse4 ,colonisation too has  
already begun1 & is  ev] exp&+2 accord+ 
to ! e>lie/ vase f9ds ,syracuse1 ,kyme1 
&  p]haps also ,massilia & ! ,black ,sea
 coa/ receiv$ settl]s1 :ile  _!         
"m-cities /ill _h ,geometric pott]y4    
,s9ce ,syracuse 0  f\nd$ 9 ! second half
 ( ! #h? c5tury & its olde/ graves      
conta9 late ,geometric vases1 we obta9  
an approximate date = ! end  ( !        
,geometric /yle4    ,! objects (        
,ori5tal ,art1 :i* 7 br\ght be=e ! eyes 
( !  ,greeks by ?is active int]c\rse1   
p[]fully /imulat$ _! fancy4  ,! cr[d (  
decorative motives f vegetation1 ! _w ( 
fanta/ic  animals1 & ! sup]iority (     
,ori5tal ,art 9 ! r5d]+ ( life1  drew   
,greek vase-pa9t+ out ( ,geometric      
uni=mity & po9t$ x to  new pa?s4        
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiii4    ,fig4  
#bd4 ,,attic ,,geometric ,,kylix4       
,figs4 #be  #bf4 ,,cretan ,,jugs ,,9 ,,!
 ,,fir/ ,,ori5talis$ ,,/yle4            
,,*apt] ,,iii4    ,,! ,,sev5? ,,c5tury  
,z ! ,ori5tal motives p\r into ! ,greek 

_w1 a new developm5t  beg9s1 :i* 9 !    
details ( its c\rse is /ill h>d to      
grasp1 !  collision ( ! native          
,geometric /yle ) ,ori5tal influ5ce1 !  
fusion ( bo? elem5ts into a new unity1 &
 ! gr[? ( ! ar*aic  /yle4 ,9 contra/ ) !
 quiet & consi/5t unfold+ ( ,geometric  
/yle1 ! process to anyone :o goes deep  
into its details takes on !  "* ( a     
re/less f]m5tation1 & an almo/ dramatic 
t5sion4 ,x  occupies1 r\ghly speak+1 !  
#g? c5tury4 ,)\t =gett+ h[  arbitr>y    
divisions 9 ! hi/ory ( ,art mu/ always  
be1 let u "h  treat z "o ! p]iod f ! end
 ( ! ,geometric /yle to !  ab&onm5t (   
fill+ ornam5t1 ! *ange 9 te*nique ( clay
 &  col\r+1 & ! =mation ( ! e/abli%$    
body ( black-figur$  types4    ,! smelt+
 process took on a diff]5t "* 9 !       
diff]5t  regions1 accord+ to ! t5acity )
 :i* ! old /yle 0  reta9$1 & ! int5sity 
( ! contact ) ! ,ea/4 ,9 mo/ places  !re
 foll[s fir/ a p]iod ( hesitation &     
exp]im5talism1 out (  :i* f9ally ! new  
/yle is =m$4 ,n[h]e does ! ,ori5tal     

elem5t  simply take ! place ( ! ,greek  
,geometric2 ! acquisitions ( !  old     
/yle1 ! fix$ vase %apes1 ! pr9ciples (  
decoration1 & !  te*nique1 rema9 & are  
fur!r develop$4 ,greek pott]y 0 mu* too 
highly & ri*ly develop$1 too firmly     
root$1 to f9d x necess>y to  imitate    
,ori5tal clay vases4 ,! /imuli 7 ( mu* m
 g5]al  nature2 !y are *iefly visible 9 
! ornam5tation & pictorial  types1 !y   
are tak5 f metal vases & ri*ly embroid]$
 mat]ials1  f co/ly c>pets1 articles (  
jewell]y1 engrav$ gems1 & o!r  f9e ?+s1 
:i* ! =eign trad] or ! seaf>+ ,greek    
br\ght  f ! ,ne> or ,f> ,ea/ or saw ) 8 
own eyes abroad4 ,x became  app>5t to   
him1 t ! ,geometric /yle 0 really       
pov]ty-/rick5  & ma!matical4 ,! feel+ = 
f9ely-drawn l9e & vivid  reproduction ( 
life awoke 9 view ( ! fre] ,art ( !     
,ea/2 !  ,greek made ! ,ori5tal models 8
 own & creat$ out ( !m & !  ma!matical  
elem5t a new ,art4 ,n all /imuli come   
direct f !  ,ea/2 p]haps only           
comp>atively few1 :i* 7 !n pass$ on1 7  

con/antly alt]$ & took on v>i$ local    
col\r4 ,x looks z if !  /ream ( ,ori5tal
 influ5ce took two diff]5t r\tes1 "o by 
way (  ! ,greek ,ea/ 7,rhodes1 ,samos1  
,miletus7 & ano!r by way ( ,crete1  :i* 
evid5tly _h a /rong influ5ce on !       
,cyclades & ,peloponnesus4    ,9 ,crete 
,pho5ician metal objects h be5 f\nd1 :i*
 7 import$  dur+ ! ,geometric p]iod1 & !
 ,cretan ,geometric pott]y soon takes   
up motives ( decoration borr[$ f !      
,ori5tal or ,ori5taliz+  metal indu/ry4 
,! r[ ( #8,s's1' :i* plays a "p 9       
,geometric  bronzes1 appe>s z we h se5  
on ! ,kavusi jug 7p4 #bg74 ,its climax  
is ! cable patt]n 7guillo*e71 :i* is    
obvi\sly borr[$ f  ,pho5ician metal     
vessels 7,fig4 #bf74 ,! tongue patt]n   
7,figs4 #be-bg7  :i* surr\nds ! l[] "p &
 ! %\ld] ( ! vases1 l !  rays simil>ly  
us$ 7,figs4 #ca-ce71 goes back          
ultimately to ,egyptian  plant calyces4 
,! connection ) bronze patt]ns is fully 
prov$ by  ! dots (t5 plac$ on !         
ornam5ts1 by ! te*nique ( add+ :ite  on 

black pa9t$ vases 7,fig4 #bi7           
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiv4    ,fig4   
#bg4 ,,cretan ,,m9iature ,,jug4    ,fig4
 #bh4 ,,! ,,flight ,,f ,,! ,,cave ,,(   
,,polyphemus1 ,,f ,a ,,jug ,,f  ,,g9a4  
:i* aims at a metallic effect1 & by !   
*ange ( ! vase %apes4  ,^! (t5 get a q  
non-c]amic appe>ance 7,fig4 #be71 & 9 _!
  r\nd+ & cont\r+1 especially by !      
emphasis on ! foot 7,figs4  #be & #bg71 
!y are 9 contra/ ) ! ,geometric =ms4 ,! 
,praisos  jug 7,fig4 #bf7 is obvi\sly "u
 ,cypriot influ5ce1 z is ! delicate     
,b]l9 jug 7,fig4 #bg71 9 :i* a previ\sly
 describ$ class 7p4 #bg7  rea*es its    
high wat] m>k4 ,! ,praisos pit*] 7,fig4 
#be7 to !  ,ori5taliz+ patt]ns enum]at$ 
already adds ! hook spirals1 :i*  are   
*>act]i/ic ( ! #g? c5tury1 & ! ,b]l9 jug
 adds also !  volute & ! palmette4 ,!   
pla/ic head :i* cr[ns ?is little        
bottle1 & is entirely inspir$ by !      
,egypto-,pho5ician ideas ( =m1          
inaugurates a new era 9 ! repres5tation 
( man4 ,we are n[ 9 !  "t :5 ,greek     

sculpture 0 born1 9 t notable p]iod :5  
,greek  art "u ! influ5ce ( ,ori5tal art
 took to ! *isel1 to ent] on  a c5tury (
 developm5t :i* end$ 9 giv+ %ape to !   
l(tie/ &  mo/ delicate creations t c    
move ! _s ( man4 ,x is  notewor?y t     
,greek tradition embodi$ ! beg9n+s ( ?is
  developm5t 9 a ,cretan1 ,da$alus1 & to
 a k9sman ( ?is ance/or (  all ,greek   
sculptors x trac$ back ! inv5tion ( !   
great art (  pa9t+1 )\t ! influ5ce ( :i*
 we _c conceive (  vase-pa9t+s h5ce=w>d4
    ,! fir/ p]iod ( ! transitional /yle 
betrays little ( ?is  influ5ce4 ,!      
reproduction ( liv+ be+s is dom9at$ by !
  decorative figures ( ! ,ea/1          
especially mon/]s & fabul\s be+s1  :i*  
n[ make _! entry into ,greek art1 &     
ex]cise a p[]ful  attraction n only on  
pla/ic art1 b on poetic & my?opic fancy4
  ,?us ! ,geometric silh\ette is        
sup]s$$4 ,if ev5 ! prec$+ age  _h felt !
 ne$ ( leav+ void a hole to indicate !  
eye1 n[ !  head is completely r5d]$ by  
an outl9e & made lifelike by int]ior    

draw+ 7,fig4 #cj74 ,! next /age is t !  
:ole body also is  r5d]$ 9 cont\r4 ,to  
make ! transition pla91 we %[ "h a      
vase-fragm5t1 ! ,cretan orig9 ( :i* is n
 e/abli%$1 b :i*  mu/ be 9 close        
connection ) ,cretan art1 ! ,ram jug f  
,aeg9a  7,fig4 #bh74 ,! animal frieze1 )
 its hook spirals1 dot rosettes1  rhombi
 & triangles to fill ! space1 is        
*>act]i/ic ( old]  ,ori5tal art2 ! draw+
 ( ! rams is f> beyond ,geometric       
te*nique2  9 ! body too ! silh\ette is  
giv5 up1 & indication ( ! hide  is      
attempt$4 ,?is animal frieze is no long]
 an end 9 itself3 by !  m5 cl++ to !m ! 
ornam5tal rams become my?ical rams1 !   
rams  ( ! ,odyssey4 ,! fugitives are n v
 closely connect$ ) _!  savi\rs1 & !    
giant mu/ h be5 m ?an bl9d n to notice  
!m4 ,b on ! o!r h& ! arti/ has drawn !m 
v cle>ly1 has  put bo? arms & bo? legs 9
 view ( ! spectator1 & ev51 :]e a  small
 detail w\ld n o!rwise h %[n well1 made 
a small nick 9  ! belly ( ! ram4 ,?is   
%[s h[ ! arti/ ( ! p]iod c\ld )         

difficulty d )\t a cle> outl9e4    ,^!  
attempts are p]fect$ 9 ! outl9$ figure (
 a plate f  ,praisos1 :i* is c]ta9ly    
,cretan 7,fig4 #bi74 ,! *ildi%ly        
disproportion$ /ructure has n[ become a 
cle> organism ( g5u9e  ,greek /amp1 full
 ( excell5t obs]vation ( nature2 !      
ornam5tally  con/ra9$ picture becomes n[
 a free v]sion ( a leg5d1 :i*  h[ev] _c 
be int]pret$ ) c]ta9ty1 till ! :ite     
object  "u ! sea-mon/] has be5 expla9$4 
,x is mo/ likely t we may  see 9 x !    
foot ( a female figure fill+ ! left half
 ( !  plate1 p]haps ,!tis1 :o escapes f 
! attacks ( ,peleus by  *ang+ into a    
fi%4 ,! int]ior incis$ l9es 9 ! body ( !
  sea-mon/] are a novelty1 :i* ! c]amic 
art has develop$    ,illu/ration3       
,,plate ,,xv4    ,fig4 #bi4 ,,h]akles   
,,& ,,sea-,,mon/] 787 ,,f ,a ,,cretan   
,,plate4    ,fig4 #cj4 ,,argive ,,krat] 
,,) ,,! ,,signature ,,( ,,ari/ono?os3   
,,sev5?  ,,c5tury4    indep5d5tly 7p4   
#cg74 ,b on ! o!r h& ! advance 9 draw+ &
  ! te*nical r5d]+ ( =m1 ! outl9e (     

,peleus1 ! light col\r  ( ! woman1 !    
r$di% br[n t9t ( ! rid] on ! rev]se1 _c 
be expla9$ ap>t f ! influ5ce ( free     
pa9t+1 ^: olde/  /ages are /at$ to h be5
 outl9+ ) progressive draw+ (  int]ior  
details1 mono*romy 7i4e4 outl9e draw+ ) 
a fill+ (  col\r7 & di/9ction ( sex by  
col\r4 ,aft] an int]val ( sev]al        
c5turies wall-pa9t+ mu/ h sprung up aga9
 & fl\ri%$ 9  ,crete1 diff]5t to be sure
 9 ess5tials f ! ,m9oan1 r  influ5c$ by 
! ,ea/ l ! decorative art ( ! "t4 ,9    
spite (  ! t5d5cy to repres5t pa9t+ z   
#8inv5t$' 9 ,greece1 ,greek  tradition  
reluctantly admits t ?is art 0 indig5\s 
& highly  develop$ 9 ,egypt long be=e4  
,! bloom ( ,cretan art seems n to h     
outla/$ ! #g? c5tury4  ,f9ds give out1 &
 tradition expressly te/ifies to !      
migration (  ,cretan sculptors to !     
,argolid1 a di/rict :i* also took ov] ! 
inh]itance ( ,cretan vase pa9t+4    ,( !
 two *ief c5tres ( ,argive ,geometric   
vase fabrication1 "o :i*  is to be s\ght
 9 ! region ( ,argos & ,tiryns _c be    

foll[$ out  v cle>ly4 ,! olde/ ,greek   
vase sign$ by an arti/1 ! krat] (  !    
pott] ,ari/ono?os ) ! bl9d+ (           
,polyphemus 7,fig4 #cj71 seems  f ! %ape
 ( ! vase to belong to ?is class4 ,!    
complicat$  %ape ( ! circle ( rays1 !   
break+ up ( ! head silh\ette1 !         
juxtaposition ( ! traditional sea-fight 
) ! leg5d>y sc5e1 are  typical ( ! e>ly 
,ori5taliz+ p]iod2 c]ta9 p>allels ) !   
late ,myc5ean ,w>rior vase 7p4 #ae7     
p]haps ju/ify ! conclusion1 t  rema9s ( 
! old wall-pa9t+ _h an influ5ce on !    
/yle4 ,l !  ,ari/ono?os vase1 "s        
/irrup-h&l$ krat]s ) metope decorations 
cont9ue ,argive ,geometric traditions4  
,^! vases1 h[ev]1 are  exclusively f\nd 
9 ! ,we/ 7,syracuse7 & 7 probably made  
!re2  !y d n give fai?ful reflection (  
_! ,argive prototypes4 ,a  krat] ) tall 
foot & ornam5tation 9 b&s1 f\nd at !    
,argive  ,h]aion1 repres5t+ ! rescue (  
,deianeira1 ) pl5tiful use (            
#8mono*romy1' is too isolat$ to make a  
picture ( ?is ,ori5taliz+  pott]y       

possible4    ,x _c h play$ a lead+ "p1 b
 mu/ soon h be5 put 9 !  %ade by its ne>
 neighb\r & rival4 ,= t ! s-call$       
,protocor9?ian fabrication is also at   
home 9 ! ,argolid is prov$ by  ! fact t 
! *ief places1 :]e ! w>e is f\nd1 are   
,argos &  ,aeg9a1 & t quantities ( small
 & h>dly exportable w>e are  f\nd at    
v>i\s places 9 ! di/rict4 ,! alphabet ( 
!  inscriptions agrees ) ?is locality1 &
 s does ! /yle1 :i*  leads up to !      
,cor9?ian1 :5ce ! "n has be5 giv51 z    
well z  ! fact t ! great trad+-c5tre (  
,cor9? look$ aft] ! sale  ( ! w>es2 = ! 
area 9 :i* !y 7 sold is id5tical )  t ( 
! ,cor9?ian vases4 ,on acc\nt ( ^! close
 relations )  ,cor9?1 ! home ( !        
,protocor9?ian vases has be5 s\ght )    
great probability 9 ! neighb\r+ t[n (   
,sicyon1 ( :i* we are  told t x 0 !     
place to :i* ,cretan arti/s migrat$1 t x
 0  ! bir?place ( ,greek pa9t+ & seat ( 
a fl\ri%+ metal  indu/ry1 s t we are    
able to acc\nt = ?ree +r$i5ts ( !  new  
/yle4 ,= ! ,protocor9?ian /yle ( ! #g?  

c5tury gave !  mo/ delicate developm5t (
 ,cretan #8,da$alic' types1 p>ticul>ly  
ne>  its end2 fix$ a cle> /yle ( figure 
repres5tation & an ample /ore  ( types1 
& develop$ its vase-%apes1 sy/em (      
decoration &  te*nique1 "u ! influ5ce ( 
metal patt]ns1 m sev]ely1  precisely &  
ri*ly ?an any    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate  
,,xvi4    ,fig4 #ca4 ,fig4 #cb4         
,,protocor9?ian ,,leky?oi ,,)           
,,battle-,,sc5e ,,& ,,slaught] ,,( ,,!  
,,c5taurs4    ,fig4 #cc4 ,,protocor9?ian
 ,,jug ,,( ,,po/-,,geometric ,,/yle ,,f 
,,g9a4 ,,e>ly  ,,sev5? ,,c5tury4    o!r 
contempor>y c5tre ( fabrication4 ,9 x ! 
vase hi/ory ( !  po/-,geometric c5tury  
culm9ates4    ,ev5 9 ! ,geometric p]iod 
:i* prec$$ x 7p4 #bf7 7! sp>+           
ornam5tation ( :i* is 9 contra/ ) !     
,dipylon pott]y & its  great] delight 9 
us+ ! bru%7 metallic influ5ce c be      
trac$2  ! simple runn+ spiral c]ta9ly   
comes f incis$ bronzes4 ,!  delicate    
two-h&l$ cups closely connect$ ) !      
,geometric /yle  7,fig4 #bc71 ) _!      

well-cleans$ clay1 improv$ glaze col\r  
bak$  black to r$1 & ! r$uction ( !     
walls almo/ to ! ?9ness (  pap]1 c only 
h be5 produc$ 9 competition ) ! metal   
indu/ry2 & z a matt] ( fact delicate    
silv] vases ( ! same  %ape h be5 f\nd   
along ) ! clay copies ( !m 9 ,etruscan  
graves4 ,! l[] "p ( ! cups is at fir/   
pa9t$ black1 b soon  x is surr\nd$ ) !  
circle ( rays1 :i* accord+ to ! ideas  (
 ! new p]iod emphasizes & makes cle> !  
tectonic "* (  t "p ( ! vase4 ,?is      
motive also appe>s 9 ! ,geometric       
decoration ( ! flat-bottom$ jugs 7,fig4 
#cc71 ! ungu5t pots :i*  %[ ,cyprian    
influ5ce 9 _! olde/ globul> %ape1 !     
kylikes1  r\nd boxes & o!r %apes1 ?\gh n
 always 9 ! typical place1  & (t5 also  
comb9$ ) o!r ornam5ts 7,figs4 #cj &     
#cb74 ,9 spite  ( its ,geometrical      
treatm5t & its truly ,greek close       
comb9ation )  ! sy/em ( decoration1 x   
does n dis[n ! impulse x owes to        
,ori5tal patt]ns 7p4 #cj74 ,!           
,protocor9?ian /yle also introduc$ its  

d\bl+ 7,fig4 #cb71 :i* /ill survives 9 !
 #f? c5tury 7,fig4 #ih74  ,! cable      
patt]n1 borr[$ z has be5 %[n f ,ori5tal 
metal-"w1  drives out ! #8,s's' & !     
runn+ spiral4 ,z a h&le ornam5t x  gets 
a ri* enl>gem5t 7,fig4 #cb71 ! f9e      
/ylization ( :i*1 no  d\bt1 0 fir/      
produc$ 9 metal indu/ry4 ,( ! greate/   
importance  is ! adoption ( loops1      
volutes1 runn+ t5drils & friezes ( arcs1
  :i* 9 comb9ation ) ! palmette appe> on
 ! wall ( ! vase or  z an upp] /ripe1 & 
f simple1 (t5 loosely /yliz$ beg9n+s1   
exp& ) ! help ( ! lotus-fl[] into a f9e 
loop & fl[]  ornam5t 7#8,rank5ges*l+'71 
z 9 ,figs4 #ca1 #cb1 #ce4 ,t ?is        
ornam5tation1 9 spite ( its rigid       
/ylization1 0 felt by ! ,greeks  to     
belong to ! liv+ vegetable _w1 is %[n   
e4g4 by !  volute-complex1 beh9d :i* !  
hunt] 7on ! l[e/ /ripe ( ,fig4  #ca7    
waits to cat* ! h>e1 z well z beh9d !   
naturally drawn bu%  7on ,fig4 #cf72 ?is
 %[s t ! #8volute tree' 7,fig4 #cd7     
flank$ by two  sph9xes1 is ?\ght ( z a  

real tree4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ornam5ts  9 ! 
field are q z mean+less z 9 ! old] /yle3
 to ^?  us$ by ,geometric arti/s are n[ 
add$ ! hook spiral1 & ! rosette  treat$ 
z a dott$ />1 two ornam5ts we h se5     
already on ! ,ram  jug 7,fig4 #bh72 at  
fir/ !y are indep5d5t & c be us$ to =m  
friezes1 lat] !y become less & less     
prom95t 7,figs4 #cb & #cd1 cp4  also    
,fig4 #bh74 ,two fur!r decorative       
motives lead u back into !  region (    
metal-"w1 ! scale-patt]n ext5d+ ov] !   
:ole body (  ! vase 7,fig4 #ch71 :i* s  
(t5 occurs 9 incis$ metal-"w1 & !       
tongue ornam5t1 ! typical decoration (  
bronze vessels1 :i* on clay  vases z    
well (t5 rises ov] ! foot 9 place ( !   
k9dr$ rays1  b mo/ commonly f9i%es !    
%\ld] :]e x meets ! neck4 ,bo?  motives 
h already be5 met ) 9 ,crete1 z appli$  
on a black  gr\nd4 ,! black gr\nd       
te*nique ( ! ,praisos jug 7,fig4 #bf7 is
 v  popul> ) ,protocor9?ian arti/s1 goes
 alongside ( ! clay-gr\nd  vases = !    
:ole p]iod1 & supplies ri*ly col\r$     

examples  decorat$ ) figures & ornam5ts 
( f9e effect1 p>ticul>ly 9  comb9ation )
 a new te*nique1 :i* appe>s 9 ! advanc$ 
/yle1    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvii4  
,fig4 #cd4 ,,bell]ophon ,,& ,,! ,,*ima]a
 ,,f ,a ,,protocor9?ian ,,leky?os4      
,fig4 #ce4 ,,protocor9?ian ,,jug1 ,,kn[n
 ,,z ,,! ,,*igi ,,vase4    be+ specially
 typical ( scale & tongue ornam5tation1 
t (  incision4 ,x is p]haps idle to     
inquire into its inv5tion3 x is m       
important to e/abli% ! fact1 t x 0 fir/ 
consi/5tly &  sy/ematically appli$ to ! 
black-gr\nd vessels ( !  ,protocor9?ian 
arti/s1 :o 7 also fam$ = metal-"w1 &    
gave a  new /amp to ! /yle at a "t :5 ! 
,ea/ us$ simple bru%  te*nique almo/    
exclusively4 ,! incis$ l9e is always    
comb9$ )  ! addition ( col\r$ &         
p>ticul>ly r$ details4    ,! te*nical   
advance1 :i* 9 "s measure replac$ !     
influ5ce (  ! ris+ art ( pa9t+ by t (   
metal-work+1 is %[n m  pla9ly 9 ! figur$
 repres5tations1 p>ticul>ly ! friezes ( 
animals1 :i* ! vase-pa9t]s1 inspir$ by  

,ori5tal metal w>e &  embroid]ies1 ) ev]
 great] ze/ employ on _! vases4 ,beside 
!  birds1 /ags & roes1 beside ! dogs    
pursu+ h>es1 ) :i* a  l[] /ripe c\ld be 
easily fill$1 come new animals1 = :i* !y
  are *iefly indebt$ to ,ori5tal art1   
bull1 goat1 be>1 ram1 wild-goat1  lion &
 pan!r1 sph9x1 sir51 griff91 & o!r      
hybrids4 ,^!  creatures appe> 9 q       
def9ite types1 :i* admit ( little       
v>iety3  x is *>act]i/ic t ! pan!r's    
head is drawn 9 front view1  p]haps     
?r\gh an abbreviation ( a h]aldic d\ble 
pan!r2 & ?is  rule is dev\tly obs]v$    
?r\gh ! :ole p]iod ( decoration )       
animal friezes4 ,an indication ( ?is is 
t ! decorative animals  nev] become pure
 outl9es l ! human figures1 b aft] a    
p]iod (  p>tial silh\ette 7p4 #ca71     
return to ! complete silh\ette1 z       
satisfy+ bett] ! requirem5ts (          
decoration4 ,?is return became  possible
 ?r\gh ! use ( ! incis$ l9e1 by ! help (
 :i*  int]ior draw+ c\ld be add$ on a   
black gr\nd1 & ! effect ( !  figures 0  

fur!r enhanc$ by ! addition ( details 9 
r$4 ,?is is  an important innovation 9 !
 hi/ory ( ,greek vase-pa9t+4 ,!  g5]al  
effect ( ! vase is completely alt]$ by !
 decorative play  ( col\r1 :i* ext5ds   
also to ! ornam5tation1 & takes on t    
gay _m-col\r$ aspect :i* is s *>act]i/ic
 ( ! old] ar*aic  p]iod1 & :i* is only  
dropp$ late 9 ! #f? c5tury4 ,! new      
col\r sy/em does n aim at realism2 x    
makes prom95t = decorative  purposes    
s+le p>ts ( ! animal body1 especially ! 
neck & belly4    ,! draw+ ( ! human     
figure proce$s on o!r l9es ?an t (      
animals4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! new          
developm5t ( ! art ( pa9t+  7p4 #cc71 x 
makes a fre% />t4 ,fir/ we h ! vase (   
,ari/ono?os  7,fig4 #cj72 ! next /age is
 repres5t$ by ! ,ram vase 7,fig4 #bh72 !
  desire ( di/+ui%+ ! light] sk9 ( wom5 
f t ( m5  leads to ! t9t+ 9 br[n ( !    
male body4 ,b 9 ! =mation (  ! figure   
types c]ta9ly x 0 n only pa9t+ t /ood   
godmo!r1 ! metal work]'s art mu/ also h 
ass]t$ its influ5ce2  ! k9%ip ) ,cretan 

& ,argive flat bronze reliefs & metal   
engrav$ "w is too great1 ! %>p cle>-cut 
types too mu* 9 !  _s ( bronze te*nique1
 = x to be possible to po/ulate an      
indep5d5t developm5t4 ,to ?is           
corresponds ! fact t ! outl9es  ( !     
figures are accompani$ by incis$ l9es on
 poly*rome vases )  black gr\nd1 on !   
f9e/ ( ! lat] leky?oi 7oil-flasks7 & on 
! ,*igi jug 7,fig4 #ce74 ,?is te*nique  
is repeat$ on ! big  two-h&l$ cups )    
f9ely /ylis$ figur$ repres5tations1 :i* 
f9ally accompli% an important advance   
already =e%ad[$ by small  & ha/y        
specim5s3 ! d>k silh\ette ) incis$      
int]ior detail1  preval5t 9 ! /yle ( !  
animal friezes1 & along ) x c]ta9       
details l ! circul> r5d]+ ( ! eye1 are  
tak5 ov] = !  repres5tation ( male      
figures4    ,?is adoption1 :i* only     
takes place at ! end ( ! developm5t1 &  
makes ! ,protocor9?ian /yle !           
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xviii4    ,figs4
 #cf  #cg4 ,,sc5es ,,f ,,! ,,*igi ,,jug3
 ,,h>e ,,& ,,lion ,,hunt2  ,,*>iot4     

/>t+ po9t ( black-figur$ vase pa9t+1    
does n unite  het]og5e\s elem5ts4 ,= man
 & decorative animal are equival5t 9  _!
 juxtaposition1 & beside ! free         
my?ological sc5es !re is a  s]ies (     
repres5tations1 :i* seems to h gr[n     
/raight out ( !  animal frieze4 ,!      
,c5taur1 ! old ,greek =e/ mon/]1 jo9s ! 
animals2 w+$ demons 9 ! rem>kable s*eme 
( runn+ ) b5t  knee 7po9t+ to ! metope  
treatm5t7 are also plac$ among/ !m2     
kneel+ ar*]s %oot arr[s at !m1 hunt]s & 
combatants pursue  !m1 ,bell]ophon rides
 on ,pegasus aga9/ ! ,*ima]a1 ,h]akles  
fights  aga9/ ! ,c5taurs4 ,purely human 
sc5es1 l ! fav\rite ,duel 7,fig4  #dc71 
are simply flank$ by animals4 ,!        
addition ( figures 9 r[s &  ov]lapp+    
makes ?is simple combat into a battle2  
w\nd$ fall1  corpses are hotly f\ght    
ov]1 auxili>ies hurry up4 ,! arti/      
always  9 ^! cases gives prom95ce to !  
f9ely decorat$ %ields1 !  pride (       
,argive metal indu/ry4 ,l ! r[s ( fight+
 m51 ! o!r  frieze-l compositions1 !    

processions ( rid]s & *>iot-races1  !   
hunt+ sc5es & *ase ( ! h>e1 ?anks to    
*>m+ obs]vation  ( detail1 make a direct
 appeal :i* is /range = su* e>ly art4 ,!
  bu%es 9 ! h>e-hunt ( ! ,*igi jug      
7,fig4 #cf7 %[ ! awak5+ (  ! l&scape    
elem5t1 :i* to be sure is always a r>ity
 on vases &  mu/ h play$ a l>g] "p 9    
free pa9t+4 ,moreov]1 ! v>y+  col\r+ ( !
 animals on ! /ripe 9 "q1 :i* appe>s    
also  on a frieze ( rid]s 7,fig4 #ca7 & 
cont9ues 9 ,cor9?ian pa9t+1  mu/ come f 
! same s\rce1 :]eas ! bold front view ( 
!  ,sph9x head 7,fig4 #cg7 l t ( ! pan!r
 head & ! ,cor9?ian  quadriga1 0        
attempt$ = ! fir/ "t 9 an ornam5tal b&4 
,h&  9 h& ) ! enliv5+ ( ! friezes goes !
 suppression ( field  ornam5tation3 x is
 only sp>+ly appli$1 limit$ to ! animal 
friezes or entirely abs5t4 ,at times a  
liz>d 7,fig4 #cd71 a swan or a  monkey  
comes into ! figur$ sc5es4    ,( c\rse  
?is is all devoid ( mean+2 = 9 spite (  
all progress  & fre] treatm5t ! /yle is 
m]ely conc]n$ ) ! decoration (  a       

surface2 #8exig5cies ( space' are its   
supreme law4 ,^! control !  type ( !    
human figure1 = ev5 :]e x is n          
ess5tially an  ornam5tal s*eme1 l !     
runn] ) b5t knee1 x fills f top to      
bottom ! /ripe assign$ to x1 ext5ds its 
brea/ frontally1 &  rea*es out its arms1
 z if x 7 ye>n+ = a frame4 ,& z !  body 
avoids all p]spective1 s ! head 9 pr(ile
 %[s its mo/  expressive "p1 ! eye      
surm\nt$ by ! br[1 9 full ext5t1 &      
r5d]s ! long hair fall+ d[n ov] ! neck z
 smoo? surface1 &  ! curly =ehead hair z
 spiral4 ,!re is no r5d]+ ( folds to  %[
 dep? 9 ! drap]y1 :i* n[ ! arti/ 9 true 
,greek fa%ion  treats 9 an ab/ract way1 
unlike reality4 ,! human figure rema9s a
  type1 a homog5e\s con/itu5t "p ( !    
/ripes1 :i* are entirely  design$ =     
fill+ space4 ,x matt]s little1 if betwe5
 *>iot-race  & lion-hunt on ! ,*igi jug 
7,fig4 #cg7 a d\ble ,sph9x is ins]t$ z  
c5tral motive1 or ,bell]ophon lays !    
,*ima]a l[ 9 pres5ce ( two  ,sph9xes    
7,fig4 #cd72 if close to ! lion-hunt 9 !

 same /ripe1 ,h]mes  leads ! ?ree       
goddesses be=e ! fair ,trojan %eph]d1 & 
if !  names ( ! p]sonages are ent]$ 9 ! 
field ) big lett]s z a  k9d (           
ornam5tation by way ( fill+3 ! incipi5t 
delight 9  tell+ a /ory is tak5 at once 
into ! s]vice ( fill+ ! field4    ,z !  
human figure /ill appe>s almo/          
completely on a p> ) !  ornam5tal animal
 figure1 s !re is little trace ( any    
sup]ior  weight be+ atta*$ to ! sc5ic   
repres5tations 9 ! decorative  sy/em4   
,:]e !    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xix4  
,fig4 #ch4 ,,protocor9?ian ,,or         
,,cor9?ian ,,jug4    ,fig4 #ci4 ,fig4   
#dj4    ,,cor9?ian ,,alaba/ron ,,&      
,,aryballos4    pa9t] employs !m1 x is  
true he puts at _! disposal ! *ief      
frieze & (t5 "o at ! base 9 addition1 b 
he frames !m )  prom95t /ripes ( ornam5t
 or animals1 & side by side ) !         
n>rative vases purely decorative ones   
are /ill produc$4 ,! pres5ce  ( sev]al  
animal friezes on a s+le vase 7e4g4 on  
jugs ( ! %ape  ( ,fig4 #ce7 is n        

uncommon2 l b& ornam5tation 9 g5]al1 x  
is  9 contra/ ) ! practice ( !          
,geometric p]iod 7p4 #be7 & is  probably
 to be trac$ to a /rong influ5ce (      
,ori5tal textile art4 ,=  ! mo/ sev]ely 
%ap$ black vases1 :i* are ne>e/ to !    
bronze  models t we possess 7,fig4 #ch71
 d n always adopt ?is fundam5tally      
non-tectonic break+ up ( ! body ( !     
vase4    ,! close connection ( ! %apes )
 metal-"w has be5 already  prov$ 9 !    
case ( ! cups ( e>ly ,ori5taliz+ /yle   
7,fig4 #bc71  & goes ?r\gh ! :ole hi/ory
 ( ! fabric1 & ev5 :]e !  models 7 n    
imm$iately copi$1 gave ! vase-%apes a   
cle>ness &  precision1 ) :i* ! products 
( no o!r manufactory c compete2  !      
,sicyonian-,cor9?ian s*ool ( rep\ss "w  
p]haps orig9at$ _m  metal vase-%apes1   
:i* 7 aft]w>ds us$ 9 v>i\s              
manufactories4  ,?\gh ! ,protocor9?ian  
li/ ( %apes is only kn[n to a small     
ext5t1 an important *ange c be e/abli%$4
 ,beside ! jugs (  primitive con/ruction
 7cp4 ,fig4 #cc ) ,fig4 #ed7 appe> lat] 

m  r\nd$ vessels1 ! jug ) #8rotelle'    
7,fig4 #ch7 & !  w9esk9-%ap$1 ! *ief    
example ( :i* 7,fig4 #ce7 ) its         
excell5tly decorat$ b&s1 sometimes      
black1 sometimes 9 ! gr\nd (  ! clay1   
%[s u ! /yle 9 a ri*] & m develop$ =m   
?an  any o!r vase ( ?is fabric4 ,9 !    
same way ! little #8leky?oi'  :i* are   
te*nically (t5 q exquisite1 *ange _!    
appe>ance1  ex*ange _! old globul> %ape 
7,fig4 #bg7 = a slimm] "o )  pron\nc$   
%\ld]1 :i* ! caprice ( ! pott] (t5      
furni%es  ) pla/ic additions1 ,argive   
trans=mations ( ,cretan #8,da$alic'     
types 7,figs4 #bg & #ca74 ,& z beside ! 
#8rotelle' jug1 we h !  w9esk9-%ap$ jug1
 s beside ?is sort ( #8leky?os' !re is a
  w9esk9-%ap$ v>iety ) a r\gh           
tongue-patt]n on ! neck 7,fig4  #ci74   
,! #8leky?oi' 7 ! *ief export$ article1 
or at lea/ ! mo/  fav\r$ grave-(f]+ ( ! 
cu/om]s abroad4 ,b "o _c call x  !      
fav\rite %ape ( ,protocor9?ian          
workman%ip3 x mu/ n be  =gott5 t we h   
only an accid5tal selection ( ?is w>e1  

due to  ! discov]y ( two native         
sanctu>ies 7! ,argive ,h]aion & !       
,temple ( ,aphrodite 9 ,aeg9a71 & _m    
graves 9 ! ,argolid1 ,attica1  &        
,boeotia1 9 ! ,ea/ 7,!ra1 ,rhodes1 ,asia
 ,m9or7 & 9 ! ,we/  7,sicily1 ,italy1   
,c>?age74 ,:]ev] ?is w>e came x ex]cis$ 
a  /imulat+ influ5ce1 & 9 _m places     
evok$ local copies 7p4 #eb72  m ?an o!r 
di/ricts ! ,we/ 0 dom9at$ by ?is ,art4  
,z !  olde/ ,etruscan wall-pa9t+s1 ^? ( 
! ,grotta ,campana at ,veii  & ! ,tomba 
dei ,leoni at ,ca]e1 are q "u ! influ5ce
 (  ,sicyonian-,cor9?ian pa9t+1 s !     
class call$ into exi/5ce a  multitude ( 
imitations 9 ,sicily & ,italy1          
p>ticul>ly at ,kyme4    ,! extraord9>ily
 wide curr5cy ( ! w>e d5otes n m]ely its
  sup]iority1 b also t ( ! trade-c5tre  
:i* export$ x4 ,?is  ne$ n necess>ily h 
be5 id5tical ) ! place ( manufacture4   
,_m signs1 especially ! occurr5ce ( !   
vases 9 quantity 9 !  ,cor9?ian colony (
 ,syracuse1 po9t to ! fact t ! great    
trad+  city ( ,cor9? took ov] ! sale ( !

 w>e & gradually replac$ x  by its own  
products4 ,! vases localiz$ ) c]ta9ty 9 
,cor9? by  _! alphabet give an imm$iate 
cont9uation ( ! ,protocor9?ian1  & "o   
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xx4    ,fig4    
#da4 ,,animal ,,frieze ,,f ,,an ,,e>ly  
,,cor9?ian ,,jug4    ,fig4 #db4 ,,animal
 ,,frieze ,,f ,a ,,cor9?ian ,,jug4    c 
only ask :e!r ?is manufacture simply    
transf]r$ its *ief  work%ops to ,cor9?  
or :e!r ,cor9? 9 ! close/ imitation (   
late  ,protocor9?ian w>e develop$ a new 
/yle1 :i* ?anks to !  comm]cial capacity
 ( ! ,cor9?ians c\ld drive ! old]       
competitor  out ( ! field3 its sph]e (  
influ5ce1 z we saw1 replaces !          
,protocor9?ian1 nay1 encroa*es /ill     
fur!r on ! ,ionian region  7,samos1     
,naukratis1 ,pontus74    ,! ,cor9?ian   
/yle did n long reta9 ! metallic        
cle>ness &  precision ( its pr$ecessor1 
nei!r 9 its %apes1 :i* = ! mo/  "p x    
takes ov] 7,figs4 #ce1 #ch1 #ci1 #dc71  
nor 9 its decoration1 :i*  exhibits !   
f9al triumph ( ! ornam5tal /yle4 ,! d>k 

gr\nd  te*nique becomes r>]2 ! scaly    
fields cont9ue = a "t1 :ite  rosettes   
pa9t$ on ! black neck & edge are 9 fav\r
 to ! end2  ! indisp5sable tongue       
ornam5t on ! %\ld] gradually comes to be
  r5d]$ by ! bru%4 ,! animal-frieze     
vases1 :i* are q 9 !  =efront ( !       
int]e/1 l9k on to ! lat] ,protocor9?ian 
9  decoration & 9 ! /yle ( ! figures1 b 
soon alt] ! types 9  ! s5se ( a broad]  
r5d]+ ( =m1 & ! rosettes 9 ! field  also
 %[ ?is *ange4 ,on ! common w>e1 :i* 0  
turn$ out along  ) ! good1 "o gets z a  
result co>se animals & fill+ patt]ns  l 
m]e blots2 b ev5 te*nically p]fect vases
 %[ a /rong  incl9ation to ov]fill !    
field1 :i* "o might br+ into causal     
connexion ) ! ,cor9?ian textile art fam$
 9 antiquity1 if !  vase picture        
repudiat$ ! bru% te*nique m ?an x does4 
,! composition %[s ! same intrusion ( a 
/rongly decorative  elem5t4 ,! h]aldic  
s*eme is m prom95t ?an ev]4 ,we owe to x
  ! inv5tion ( a new ornam5t1 a         
comb9ation ( lotus-fl[] &  palmettes    

7,fig4 #ci71 :i* l ! old volute-tree    
7,fig4 #cd7 is  flank$ by two animals4  
,9 p>ticul> ! w9esk9-%ap$ & globul>     
ungu5t-pots 7,figs4 #ci & #dj7          
7,alaba/ron & ,aryballos71 !  successors
 ( ! ,protocor9?ian ungu5t-pots1 are    
decorat$ ) x2  b ev5 9 ! /ripes1 :i* h n
 got ! #8palmette & lotus  cross1' !re  
are gr\ps ( ?ree animals at a "t inspir$
 by !  h]aldic s*eme 7,fig4 #da74 ,! li/
 ( types gr[s3 beside !  quadrup$s appe>
 _m birds 7e4g4 geese1 swans1 eagles1   
cocks &  owls17 fi%es & s]p5ts2 a motley
 s]ies ( hybrids1 be>d$  sph9xes1 w+$   
lions1 w+$ pan!rs1 tritons & o!r fabul\s
  creatures are side by side ) !        
fav\rite w+$ demons1 sph9xes1  sir5s &  
griff9s4 ,! place ( ! c5tral ornam5t is 
(t5 tak5 by  purely human be+s1         
especially ! runn] ) b5t knee1 & !      
goddess ( bea/s 7 7 :i* 9 ! ,ori5tal    
patt]ns are  flank$ by animals2 b also  
non-ornam5tal figures1 wom51 rid]s1     
grotesque danc]s 7,figs4 #dj & #dc7 are 
f\nd 9 ?is place4 ,?us arises  a        

co-ord9ation ( man & decorative animal  
simil> to t (  ,protocor9?ian art2      
anyone :o has foll[$ on ! vases ?is     
process1  :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! #g?     
c5tury1 is n surpris$1 :5 9  ! ar*aic   
,cor9?ian p$im5t at ,corfu my?ological  
sc5es appe> side  by side ) ! ,gorgon   
flank$ by pan!rs1 & :5 9 !              
repres5tation ( ! c5tral animal ! my?   
beg9s to be active4    ,! non-ornam5tal 
human figures 9 ! animal compositions   
are (  c\rse n inv5t$ = ?is purpose1 b  
borr[$ f o!r contexts1  sc5es ( human   
life1 :i* exi/$ beside ! decorative     
repres5tations & foll[$ ! lead ( !      
,protocor9?ian precursors4  ,!y are     
c]ta9ly m intimately connect$ ) ! animal
 figures4  ,! male figure 7p4 #ch7 has  
f9ally disc>d$ ! old outl9e draw+  )    
br[n fill+ = ! animal-frieze te*nique1  
black silh\ette  ) incis$ int]ior       
details4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxi4
    ,fig4 #dc4 ,,cor9?ian ,,skyphos4    
,fig4 #dd4 ,,a*illes ,,& ,,troilos3 ,,f 
,,! ,,late ,,cor9?ian ,,flask ,,by      

,,timonidas4    ,b at ! same "t ! memory
 ( mono*romy is n yet q ext9ct2  ! head 
silh\ette is /ill by pref]5ce pa9t$ r$4 
,:5 (t5  in/ead ( x ! brea/ & ?igh are  
pick$ out 9 r$1 :5 9 sph9x  & sir5      
cont\r draw+ is ab&on$1 ! connection ) !
  animal-frieze /yle is complete1 & !   
new intrusion ( a /rong  decorative     
elem5t 9 ?is pott]y is obvi\s4    ,ev5 !
 compositions ( ! figur$ sc5es are "u   
?is decorative  spell1 :i*1 z 9 !       
,protocor9?ian /yle1 is only brok5 ?r\gh
 by  a few gift$ ma/]s4 ,! duel flank$  
by sir5s on ! ,bo/on cup 7,fig4  #dc7 is
 typical ( ! old] ,cor9?ian /yle4 ,!    
w>riors & rid]s  are (t5 arrang$ 9      
processions1 collect$ 9 big             
battle-sc5es2 !  grotesque revell]s &   
danc]s ) ext5d$ po/]ior1 prototypes (  !
 satyrs1 fill :ole friezes ) _! reckless
 antics2 ! girls  take h&s = ! dance4   
,special leg5d>y sc5es are1 h[ev]1 v    
r>e1 & :5 vase-pa9t]s l ,*>es supply    
names to an ord9>y  s]ies ( rid]s1 ?is  
makes cle> r ?an removes ! defect4      

,?is defect to be sure is due to a great
 ext5t to ! accid5tal  pres]vation ( a  
s]ies ( vases1 :i* are = ! mo/ "p       
c>eless  decorative "w int5d$ = ! export
 trade1 s t we may =m  errone\s ideas4  
,! neighb\rhood ( ,cor9? itself has     
suppli$ "s  f9e specim5s ) a m>k$ "* (  
_! own1 :i* bridge !  gap betwe5 ! ,*igi
 vase & lat] ,cor9?ian vase-pa9t+       
7,figs4  #fd-fg71 e4g4 kylikes :]e1 9 ! 
int]ior field fram$ by tongue  patt]n   
ornam5t1 are f9e ,gorgon masks & human  
bu/s1 & especially  two works sign$ by !
 pa9t] ,timonidas4 ,! flask ) ! /ory (  
,troilos 7,fig4 #dd7 %>es ) ! ,*igi vase
 ! contra/ ( col\r  important =         
,cor9?ian pa9t+4 ,! fle% ( ! wom5 is    
light z a  set-(f to t ( ! m51 ! *iton (
 ! man sets (f 8 nude  p>ts1 ! %ield its
 be>]1 ! front horse ! h9d] ( ! pair4   
,! delight 9 ! l&scape elem5t1 ! f9e    
/e$s1 & big  inscriptions1 po9ts back to
 ,protocor9?ian /yle4 ,b no?+ is left  (
 ! ornam5ts scatt]$ ab\t ! field b a    
small palmette1 !  composition has      

become loos]1 !re is mu* less t5d5cy to 
cov] !  surface 9 ! draw+ ( ! figures3 !
 old s*eme ( ! kneel+  runn] has its e*o
 9 ! ,a*illes lurk+ 9 ambu%1 b x is     
+5i\sly adapt$ to new use4 ,?us !re is a
 mu* fre] relation to  space1 :i* gives 
! necess>y f\ndation = ! descriptive    
/yle4  ,! hunt] too1 ^: outl9e          
,timonidas has put on a clay votive     
tablet  uncon/ra9$ by ! silh\ette       
te*nique or by ! desire = contra/  (    
col\r 7,fig4 #de71 is n cr[d$ by any    
fill+ ornam5ts2 ! f9ely  drawn y\? 9 !  
balance ( 8 proportions & ! r5d]+ (     
detail surpasses ! wre/l] ( ! ,praisos  
plate 7,fig4 #bi71 & 9 8  broad massive 
appe>ance introduces a new r5d]+ ( !    
body4 ,&  simil>ly ! dog1 col\r$ bright 
yell[ ) appropriate detail1 goes  f>    
beyond ! animal frieze /yle4 ,"o fancies
 t 9 ?is animal  eag]ly look+ up to 8   
ma/] "o sees express$ some?+ l  feel+4  
,l ! p9ax ( ,timonidas _m o!r votive    
tablets ( ! same f9d  take "o out ( !   
/ock vase sc5es1 especially 9 ! delight 

9  l&scape1 ! trees conceiv$ ( 9 _!     
special natures1 !  cross-section l g5re
 sc5es f ! work%op ( ! pott] &          
metal-work]1 f m9+ & sea voyages4 ,!    
vases1 h[ev]1 %[  little ( ^? progresses
 9 col\r+ & spac+1 :i* we mu/  assume 9 
great] measure = ! great art ( pa9t+4 ,!
 decisive  /ep 9 ! hi/ory ( vase pa9t+1 
:i* is especially embodi$ =  u by !     
pa9t] ,timonidas1 consi/s 9 ! lib]ation 
( ! field1 9  ! transition f ! ornam5tal
 to ! pictorial /yle1 9 !  ab&onm5t (   
fill+ ornam5tation1 :i* only survives 9 
vegetable    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate      
,,xxii4    ,fig4 #de4 ,,hunt] ,,&       
,,h\nd4 ,,p9ax ,,f ,,cor9?1 ,,sign$ ,,by
 ,,timonidas4    ,fig4 #df4 ,,frieze ,,(
 ,,an ,,e>ly ,,phal]on ,,jug4    motives
 suitable to ! occasion & scatt]$ birds1
 s]p5ts1 liz>ds  7,figs4 #cd & #ff71 & 9
 ! triumph ( figure-subjects ov] friezes
 (  ornam5t or animals1 :i* c be/ be    
foll[$ 9 ! krat]s 7,fig4  #fe74 ,) ?is  
/ep1 :i* is complet$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #f? 
c5tury1 we are br\ght close to !        

black-figur$ /yle prop]1 :i*  is        
diff]5tiat$ by "s te*nical innovations4 
,b be=e we pass to t1 we h /ill to foll[
 ! transition "h  describ$ ?r\gh ! o!r  
fabrics ( ! #g? c5tury4 ,we c rapidly   
pass ov] ,sp>ta1 :i* z yet produces no  
w>e fit = exportation4 ,!  c\rse "h is  
simil> to :at w5t on 9 ! ,argolid4      
,beside _m  specialities "o seems to    
notice k9%ip ) ,ionian pott]y 9 !  small
 b&s ( squ>es accompani$ by dots & !    
bran*es on ! edge  ( ! kylix1 9 ! plac+ 
( simil> animals 9 r[s4 ,9 :at close    
relation e>li] ,sp>tan civilization /ood
 to ,ionia1 we le>n f !  hi/ory ( lyric 
poetry4    ,to ! ?ree /ages1 e>li]      
,protocor9?ian1 lat] ,protocor9?ian1    
old] ,cor9?ian1 answ] ! ?ree gr\ps 9    
,attica nam$ respectively  aft]         
,phal]on1 ! ,nessos vase & ,vurv4 ,!    
break-up ( ! mo/  def9ite ( all         
,geometric /yles seems to h tak5 place 9
 spite (  vehem5t opposition4 ,details (
 ! ,ori5tal flora & fauna are fir/      
assimilat$ to ! old /yle1 & tak5        

unobtrusively into ! ,geometric  sy/em (
 decoration4 ,9 ! gr\p nam$ aft] ! f9ds 
at ,phal]on !  new /yle ) m>k$          
,pho5ician imitations gets ! upp] h&4   
,to !  unsy/ematic reproduction &       
application ( ! new ornam5ts1 n[        
arbitr>ily scatt]$1 n[ rang$ 9 special  
r[s1 & s add$ to !  o!rs1 succe$s a     
sev]] *oice1 /ylization & arrangem5t2 ! 
luxuriant vegetable "* ( ! decoration   
7,fig4 #df71 ) :i*  birds & insects are 
(t5 comb9$1 only la/s = a "t4 ,! same   
exp]im5tal hesitation prevails 9 !      
figure draw+1 :i* does n  g /raight f ! 
,geometric silh\ette to cont\r draw+ &  
mono*romy1 b v soon exp]im5ts f "t to "t
 9 ! incis$  l9e & add$ :ite pa9t1 & 9 !
 lat] ,phal]on /age is n  sp>+ ( details
 9 r$1 e4g41 = ! hair & dress4 ,!       
progress  9 ! r5d]+ ( nature happily c  
/ill be foll[$ to "s ext5t  9 big vases4
 ,x leads to a fix$ type ) a loose      
outl9e ) ankles1  knee-pan1 & elb[ r5d]$
 l ornam5ts3 9 ! head ! big eye 9  front
 view dom9ates at ! exp5se ( ! =ehead1 !

 skull is flat1  ! aquil9e nose is v    
prom95t1 ! e> is l a volute4 ,simil>ly  
9 e>ly ,greek sculpture an ornam5tal    
conception ( ! outl9e & !  details ( !  
body is express$1 & ca/s a light on !   
conception (  ornam5t z some?+ liv+ & n 
yet felt to be an ab/raction f  reality4
    ,! big ,phal]on vases also give     
evid5ce z to ! gr\p+ ( !  figures1 :i*  
we h n be5 able to get f !              
,protocor9?ian  vases t h be5 pres]v$4  
,old] specim5s l ! ,b]l9 amphora  f     
,hymettos already fill ! great] "p ( !  
vase surface ) !  descriptive frieze1   
only surr\nd$ by n>r[ l9es ( ornam5ts & 
animals1 & 9 addition ! neck ( ! amphora
 is adorn$ ) figur$  sc5es4 ,ev5 9      
,geometric times ,attic pott]y _h       
already giv5 great]  scope to ! n>rative
 /yle ?an o!r manufactures3 9 ! ,phal]on
  vases x creates an important sy/em (  
decoration1 :i* is cont9u$  9 ! gr\p (  
:i* ! ,nessos vase is ! *ief            
repres5tative1 &  prevails to !         
exclusion ( ev]y?+ else 9 ! #f? c5tury4 

,:5 ! lat] ,phal]on vases re-adopt !    
full silh\ette 9 animal  draw+ & ext5d !
 te*nique ( incis$ detail & additions 9 
r$  to human outl9e figures1 :i* !y (t5 
emphasize only to make !m  /& out f !   
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiii4    ,figs4
 #dg  #dh4 ,,h]akles ,,& ,,! ,,c5taur   
,,nessos2 ,,! ,,gorgons3 ,,neck ,,&     
,,body ,,designs ,,( ,,an ,,attic       
,,amphora4    backgr\nd1 !y prep>e a    
/ep1 :i* is complet$ 9 ! ,nessos gr\p1  
i4e41 ! tak+ ov] ( ! animal-frieze      
te*nique into  figure-pa9t+1 ) :i*      
vase-pa9t+ p>ts company aga9 f !  great 
art & returns to decorative silh\ette   
effect4 ,9 ,attica1 too1  ! circul>     
r5d]+ ( ! eye is tak5 ov] = ! male      
figure1 !  fle%-tone ( ! face is reta9$ 
= decorative effect1 wom5 are  di/+ui%$ 
by ! old outl9e-draw+1 decorative female
 creatures  & mon/]s d n escape f !     
silh\ette treatm5t 7,fig4 #dh74    ,on  
vases ( ?is te*nique ! ,ori5taliz+      
luxuriance develop$ out (  ,geometric   
ri*ness is ent]$ by a new _s ( sev]ity &

  discipl9e1 :i* "o w\ld be mo/ incl9$  
to expla9 by /rong  influ5ce (          
,protocor9?ian art4 ,! field ornam5ts   
are simil>ly  limit$1 & ! rosette )     
po9ts has ! *ief place2 ! lotus &       
palmette patt]n ( ! ,nessos vase 7,fig4 
#dh71 ! cable & ! d\ble  rays ( !       
,piraeus amphora 7,fig4 #di7 are simple 
borr[+s1 !  lion-type on ! vase j nam$  
is closely connect$ ) !  ,protocor9?ian4
 ,"o may ask :e!r ! types 9 spite ( _!  
,attic  /amp d n p>tly come f !         
,sicyonian-,cor9?ian s*ool4 ,!          
procession ( *>iots 9 ! ,piraeus amphora
 is only 9 ! l9e ( old  tradition1 b on 
! neck ( ! ,nessos vase ! ,phal]on type 
is  replac$ by ano!r1 :i* is c]ta9ly    
only an extract f a l>g]  composition1 &
 ! same arti/ makes ! si/]s ( ,m$usa    
furi\sly  pursue a ,p]seus n repres5t$  
at all1 :om ! ,aeg9a b[l ( k9dr$  /yle &
 ! r lat] cauldron 9 ! ,l\vre %[ along )
 8  protectors ,a!na & ,h]mes4 ,at any  
rate ! vase-pa9t]s _h no  hesitation 9  
tak+ ov] ! compositions once creat$ &   

cutt+ !m  up1 enl>g+ or abbreviat+ !m   
accord+ to _! requirem5ts1  int5sify+ or
 weak5+ !m accord+ to _! tal5ts4 ,! same
  lucky #8laz9ess ( inv5tion' is %[n 9 !
 r5d]+ ( !  individual figure4 ,old     
types ( ,ori5tal art are beh9d ! battle 
motive ( ,h]akles1 ! flight ( !         
,gorgons1 & ! race ( !  ,h>pies on !    
,aeg9a b[l2 ! unusual front view po9ts  
to ! orig9  ( ! ,gorgon type z an       
ornam5t4 ,b ! ,greek %[$ orig9ality 9   
animat+ & enhanc+ ^! types4 ,9 spite ( !
 h>% p]spective  x is arre/+ly          
expressive :5 ! ,m$usa collapses 9 dea?1
 !  si/]s ru% ) ! spe$ ( lightn+ ?r\gh !
 air1 ,h]akles kicks  ! back ( ! r\gh   
mon/]1 & ! victim supplicates 8 torm5tor
  by t\*+ 8 be>d3 we h an art ) ! joy ( 
y\? full (  vig\r & possibilities (     
developm5t display+ itself1 ! same  e>ly
 ,attic art1 :i* next f\nd pla/ic       
expression 9 ! e>ly  sculptures ( !     
,acropolis4 ,on ! ,nessos amphora !     
decorative  figures are ( second>y      
importance4 ,! m\? be>s ! old goose     

frieze1 ! broad h&les are adorn$ ) owls 
& swans3 "u !  pr9cipal field a r[ (    
dolph9s gambol1 b !y are h>dly to be    
conceiv$ ( z a mean+less animal frieze1 
b are to be und]/ood 9  a #8l&scape'    
s5se2 ! wild *ase is by sea4 ,on ! o!r  
vases (  ?is gr\p ! animal frieze elem5t
 is mu* /rong]1 on "s x  entirely       
prevails1 e4g41 on big-belli$ amphorae )
 no angle  divid+ body f neck1 & a bason
 f ,vurv1 :i* bo? r$uce !  fill+        
ornam5ts v consid]ably4 ,^! vases lead  
ov] to a  noticeably miscellane\s class1
 ! s-call$ ,vurv /yle1 :i* j  l ! old]  
,cor9?ian d5otes a /r5g!n+ ( !          
decorative &  is also to be reg>d$ z a  
rival ( ,cor9?4 ,! ornam5tation is v    
limit$1 = fill+ !re is no?+ b rosettes1 
:i* may also =m  indep5d5t friezes3 !   
decoration assumes q simil> =ms to ^?  (
 ! ,cor9?ian fabric4 ,b ! ,cor9?ian     
elem5ts d n entirely  give its "* to !  
,vurv /yle4 ,ap>t    ,illu/ration3      
,,plate ,,xxiv4    ,fig4 #di4 ,,attic   
,,amphora4    ,fig4 #ej4 ,,cycladic     

7,,euboic7 ,,amphora4    f ! traditions 
( ! brilliant ,geometric p]iod1 :i*     
rema9$  long] op]ative 9 ! v c]amic &   
non-metallic ,attic s*ool ?an  9 !      
,argive-,cor9?ian1 "o suspects also     
influ5ces f ,ea/]n  ,greece4 ,accord+ to
 ! evid5ce ( vase f9ds1 ,a!ns 0 !n 9    
connection ) ,naukratis4 ,?us "o may    
ref] ! pa9t+ ( :ite on  ! figures1 :i*  
is only occasionally employ$ at ,cor9?1 
b on !  ,vurv vases (t5 takes ! place ( 
! r$1 to ! influ5ce ( !  ,ea/1 :i* _h   
long kn[n x1 & expla9 9 ! same way _m a 
simil>ity ) ! ,ea/ 9 ! motley array (   
animals4    ,beside ! common w>e1 purely
 decorative1 te*nically trivial & poor1 
naturally ! subject-vases w5t on1 z at  
,cor9?4 ,x is n only !  #8runn]s ) b5t  
knee' m+l$ ) ! animals1 ! drap$ m5 &    
rid]s1 :o ma9ta9 ! connection ) ! old]  
figure-pa9t+2 !  traditions ( ! ,nessos 
vase & its p>allels cont9u$ on big &    
c>efully execut$ vases4 ,^! vases are to
 ,attic pott]y1 :at !  works (          
,timonidas 7 to ,cor9?ian2 !y give up   

fill+ ornam5t1  individualize ! _w (    
figures out ( its ornam5tal con/ra9t1   
give ! subject-/yle ! spatial fre$om1   
:i* x ne$s = its  evolution4 ,j z we    
c\ld foll[ ?is transitional /yle 9      
,cor9? on  a vase & p9ax ( ,timonidas1 s
 x meets u 9 ,attica at ! same "t  9    
vases ) decoration 9 b&s1 neck$         
amphorae1 krat]s1 &  cauldrons1 & 9     
big-belli$ amphorae ) special field = ! 
subject1 :i* take ! place1 9 "s measure1
 ( sepul*ral votive  #8p9akes1' & are   
decorat$ ) a female bu/ or a horse's    
head1  plac$ on a panel res]v$ 9 ! black
 gr\nd4 ,?is vase ) special  field1 :i* 
arose f ! ne$s ( repres5tation1 only    
transitorily  ent]s ! s]vice ( animal   
decoration1 & !n becomes ! *ief  vehicle
 ( ! new /yle1 ^: beg9n+ we h rea*$ ) ! 
la/-nam$ vases4    ,attic pott]y ( ! #g?
 c5tury ex]cis$ great influ5ce ^u its   
,boeotian & ,eretrian neighb\rs1 :]e an 
indep5d5t arti/ic _s  nev] exi/$4 ,"o   
might describe ^! dep5d5t manufactories 
z  prov9cial bran*es ( ! ,attic1 _h !y n

 be5 influ5c$ by o!r  models z well4 ,! 
big ,boeotian amphorae ) tall broad     
neck1 !  decoration ( :i* consi/s *iefly
 ( a pictorial frieze at ! level  ( !   
h&les1 divid$ v]tically1 are imitat$ f  
vases ( !  isl&s 7p4 #be74 ,! be/ kn[n  
in/ance1 f ,!bes1 %[s on "o side  !     
,ori5tal goddess flank$ by lions1 on !  
o!r a fly+ bird &  spiral ornam5tation4 
,?is metope decoration ) fly+ birds &   
,ori5taliz+ volutes & palmettes call$ =?
 a special ,boeotian  class1 :i* "s     
cons]vative work%ops w5t on produc+ )   
great  t5acity to ! end ( ! #f? c5tury4 
,x excels 9 tall-/emm$  kylikes ) :ite  
slip & col\r accessories 9 r$ & yell[4  
,o!r  work%ops1 l ^? ( ,pyros &         
,mnasalkes1 imitat$ !  ,protocor9?ian & 
,cor9?ian w>es1 quantities ( :i* 7      
import$2  9 ! #f? c5tury "o ent]s an    
,attic sph]e ( influ5ce4 ,simil>ly      
,attic & isl& influ5ces are f\nd side by
 side at ! neighb\r+  ,eretria 9        
,euboea4    ,! ,cycladic manufactory1 to
 :i* ! ,boeotian & ,eretrian imitations 

po9t1 _c yet be foll[$ beyond ! e>ly    
,ori5taliz+ /age4 ,on  ! amphorae ) :ite
 slip already describ$1 to :i* class    
belongs  ! ,/ockholm vase ) ! roebuck   
7,fig4 #ej71 & on ! closely alli$       
griff9 jug f ,aeg9a 7,fig4 #ea71 sev]ely
 /yliz$ fl[]s &  t5drils ent] ! n v ri* 
,geometric ornam5t1 ! new cable meets  !
 old me&] 9 ! same frieze1 r[s (        
triangles are enclos$ by  spirals2 9 !  
metopes ( ! %\ld] /ripe appe>1 surr\nd$ 
by  scanty fill+ ornam5ts1 simple animal
 repres5tations1    ,illu/ration3       
,,plate ,,xxv4    ,fig4 #ea4 ,,cycladic 
,,jug ,,) ,,griff9',s ,,head ,,f ,,g9a4 
g5]ally birds1 also fe$+ animals1       
h]aldic or fight+ lions1 pairs  ( pan!rs
 9 h]aldic s*eme1 9 ! *>act]i/ic p>tial 
silh\ette1 :i* r5d]s ! head & p>ts ( !  
body 9 outl9e1 b  ! sk9s ) black or :ite
 spots accord+ to ! te*nique4 ,! ,ram   
jug f ,aeg9a 7,fig4 #bh71 ! exact       
attribution ( :i* is unc]ta91  is at any
 rate closely alli$4    ,?is *>m+ class 
has be5 call$ ,euboic1 b no ,euboic f9d 

sub/antiates ! "n4 ,x has hi!rto come to
 light only on !  isl&s ( ! ,aegean1    
especially ,delos-,rh5eia1 ,!ra &       
,melos4 ,delos  also suppli$ ! e>li]    
,geometric /ages1 b z ! c5tral meet+    
place ( ! isl&]s1 x receiv$ s _m diff]5t
 elem5ts t x  appe>s v5turesome to r5ame
 ! #8,euboic' #8,delian' w>e1 s9ce a    
closely-alli$ pott]y1 :i* w\ld h ! same 
"r to ?is "n1  c be probably di/+ui%$ f 
x4 ,?is class1 :i* has a  pr$ilection = 
decoratively appli$ horse-heads1 & l !  
,protocor9?ian1 has ! habit ( putt+ r$ &
 :ite /ripes on p>ts  ( ! vase :i* are  
cov]$ ) black1 at an e>ly date suppli$  
figur$ repres5tations )\t field         
ornam5ts2 x seems to h be5  occasionally
 imitat$ 9 ! ,euboic colony ( ,kyme1 :i*
 o!rwise is  completely "u              
,protocor9?ian influ5ce4 ,! simil>ity ( 
! animal  repres5tations to ,cretan     
metal "w & ( ! f9e griff9 head 7,fig4   
#ea7 to ^? ( bronze cauldrons f         
,olympia1 /r5g!ns !  above-m5tion$      
relations ( ! ,euboic-,delian /yle to ! 

,cretan &  ,argive4    ,!ra is n 9 "q z 
! home ( ^! vases4 ,?is isl& _h its  own
 v important fabrication 9 ,geometric   
times1 :i* l ! ,attic  /icks ob/9ately =
 a long "t to ! old /yle1 & z long z x  
exi/s1 nev] all[s ! new elem5ts1 :i* (t5
 are /rongly  sugge/ive ( metal patt]ns1
 to get ! upp] h&4 ,9 ,melos x has  be5 
p]haps correct to localize an important 
manufactory ( :i* !  products h be5     
*iefly f\nd 9 ?is isl& & 9 ! neutral    
sph]e ( ,delos-,rh5eia4 ,! heavy d\ble  
spirals ) gusset-l  fill+1 :i* ?is /yle 
pref]s to ! o!r ,ori5taliz+ ornam5ts1  &
 :i* x puts 9 to fill space1 arranges 9 
/ripes1 puts "o on !  top ( ano!r z #8! 
volute-tree1' or quadruples z #8!       
volute-cross1' give ?is pott]y a peculi>
 /amp4 ,! /yle is mo/  f9ely repres5t$  
by ! big weighty amphorae :i* 9 %ape &  
te*nique ( ! light gr\nd = pa9t+ on are 
ak9 to !  above-m5tion$ ,cycladic vases1
 b are f9ely decorat$ on neck &  body ) 
repres5tations1 & also %[ ! same feel+ =
 ri*  decoration 9 ! luxuriant fill+    

ornam5tation4 ,! ,melian delight 9      
repres5tation1 l ! ,attic1 gives u an   
insight into ! gr[? (  ! figur$ /yle4 ,!
 r[s ( geese 7,fig4 #eb71 ! big sph9xes 
&  pan!rs1 ! horses rang$ h]aldically on
 ei!r side ( a  volute-cross1 ! fav\rite
 fram$ horse-bu/s %[ ! well-kn[n  p>tial
 silh\ette2 & ! female bu/s1 ! confront$
 rid]s1 !  duelli/s flank$ by wom51 !   
gods fac+ ea* o!r or driv+ 9  *>iots1 ! 
#8,p]sian ,artemis' c>ry+ a lion1 ! free
 leg5d>y  sc5es reflect 9 te*nique &    
draw+ ! same developm5t :i* we  foll[$  
at ,a!ns4 ,we c assign to ab\t ! date ( 
lat] ,phal]on  vases a specim5 l !      
,apollo vase 7,fig4 #eb71 :i* col\rs    
light  br[n ! male body1 & 9 ! draw+ (  
animals leads f ! old  p>tial silh\ette 
to ! lat] te*nique4 ,! f9e #8,m>riage ( 
,h]akles' 7,fig4 #ec7 m>ks a great /ep 9
 advance1 n only by !  complete tak+ ov]
 ( ! black-figur$ animal /yle1 & !      
sup]position ( _m details 9 :ite on     
horses & patt]ns (  g>m5ts1 b above all 
by ! lively r5d]+ ( ! p>atactic         

composition & ! removal ( all ,geometric
 traces 9 ! r5d]+ (    ,illu/ration3    
,,plate ,,xxvi4    ,fig4 #eb4 ,,artemis1
 ,,apollo1 ,,arge ,,& ,,opis3 ,,f ,a    
8,,melian0 ,,amphora4    ,illu/ration3  
,,plate ,,xxvii4    ,fig4 #ec4 ,,h]akles
 ,,& ,,iole 7873 ,,f ,a 8,,melian0      
,,amphora4    ,fig4 #ed4 ,,e>ly         
,,rhodian ,,jug4    bodies4 ,! h]aldic  
motives h giv5 place to m natural ones2 
!  male type is n m]ely di/+ui%$ by br[n
 pa9t+ f ! female4  ,! %ape ( ! vase is 
m compact1 ! decoration m tectonic1 !   
goose frieze on ! %\ld] edge is replac$ 
by ! tongue patt]n1  :i* also z g>m5t   
edg+ drives out ! old zig-zag4 ,b !     
fill+  ornam5ts are z copi\s z ev]1 & ! 
/ep1 :i* ! ,nessos vase  took 9 !       
te*nique ( ! figures1 has n yet be5     
tak54 ,?us !  #8,melian' vases take u   
l[] d[n 9 ! #g? c5tury ?an ! o!r        
,cycladic products1 b n yet to its      
close4    ,p]haps new f9ds w br+ !      
cont9uation ( ^! manufactories &  build 
a bridge to ! /yle ( ! #f? c5tury4 ,if  

we get !m1 we may  hope = a completion (
 ! picture "h giv51 a cle>+ up ( !      
relations ( ! manufactories to "o ano!r 
& to ! ,ea/ & ,we/1  & evid5ce z to _!  
localization4 ,= ev5 ! ,melian orig9 ( !
  #8,melian' vases is n c]ta93 ?is      
manufactory too1 to judge by !  *ief    
locality ( ! f9ds1 w\ld h to be mov$ to 
,delos1 ! little  inconspicu\s isl&1 :]e
 ,leto bore h] tw9s ,apollo & ,artemis1 
on  :i* ! :ole ,ionic _w ga!r$ to       
celebrate its div9e  fell[-citiz5s4 ,we 
c trace some?+ ( ?is fe/al _s &         
devotional pride ( ! insul> ,ionians 9 !
 ,apollo & ,artemis ( !  ,melian vase1 (
 c\rse 9 a humbl] way ?an 9 ! magnific5t
 hymn (  ! ,ionian b>d4    ,! te*nique (
 ! :ite gr\nd = pa9t+ & mu* 9 ! fill+   
ornam5t & ! animal-draw+ unites ^!      
insul> vases ) !  arti/ic circle ( ,s4  
,w4 ,asia ,m9or & ! adjac5t isl&s1 ?r\gh
  :i* obvi\sly1 z well z ?r\gh ,crete1  
,ori5tal decorative motives  pr9cipally 
f\nd _! way into ,greece4 ,! impulses   
:i* guid$ !  weak ,geometric /yle ( ?is 

di/rict into new pa?s c ) c]ta9ty  be   
trac$ to metal "w1 especially ,pho5ician
 b[ls1 & to textile  products4 ,miletus1
 ! head ( ,ea/ ,ionic civilization1 _h a
  fl\ri%+ textile indu/ry 9 ! #g?       
c5tury1 ! decoration ( :i*  0 q "u !    
spell ( ! ,ea/4 ,an attempt has be5 made
 to fix  at ,miletus a manufactory1 !   
ext5sion ( :i* co9cides exactly )  !    
comm]cial sph]e ( ?is great m>itime t[n2
 ! coa/ ( ,asia  ,m9or & ! adjac5t      
isl&s1 ! colonies on ! ,black ,sea & 9 !
  ,delta are ! mo/ important1 a second>y
 "p is play$ by ! ,cyclades  & !        
,italo-,sicilian area1 b ! ,greek ma9l& 
is unaffect$4 ,b  s9ce ,miletus ne$ n h 
done m ?an di/ribute1 j z ,cor9?  did = 
! ,protocor9?ian w>e1 s9ce closely alli$
 & almo/  insep>able w>es 7 made 9      
sev]al places1 & ! bulk ( ^!  vases 7   
f\nd 9 ,rhodes1 we may reta9 !          
traditional "n  #8,rhodian4'    ,!      
transition f ! ,geometric phase 7p4 #bf7
 to ! develop$ /yle  ( animal decoration
 c be to "s ext5t foll[$4 ,we see1 =    

in/ance1 ! old %ape ( ! jug 7,fig4 #bb7 
become metallically  r\nd$1 ! cable on !
 neck drive out ! old zig-zags1 & on !  
%\ld] two animals anti!tically flank !  
c5tral metope 7,fig4 #ed74  ,! /iff     
division into metopes ( ! %\ld] /ripe is
 next dropp$1  ! animals & fabul\s be+s 
( ! ,ea/ are plac$ h]aldically "o  on   
ei!r side ( a c5tral vegetable motive1 &
 "u ?is h]aldic  b&1 9 obvi\s rivalry ) 
textile "w adorn$ 9 b&s1 cont9u\s       
friezes ( animals 9 r[s1 ( dogs pursu+  
h>es1 ( graz+ wild  goats & de]1 ( runn+
 goats1 :i* 9 spite ( _! decorative  "* 
(t5 te/ify to a v fre% obs]vation (     
nature4 ,b&s (  diff]5t ornam5t1 cables1
 & cont9u\s loops1 ,geometric motives 9 
metope-l arrangem5t1 especially !       
upright g>l& ( lotus buds  & fl[]s1 are 
add$ to    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate        
,,xxviii4    ,fig4 #ee4 ,,rhodian ,,jug4
    ,fig4 #ef4 ,,late ,,rhodian ,,jug4  
,fig4 #eg4 ,,euphorbos ,,plate ,,f      
,,rhodes3 ,,m5elaos ,,& ,,hector        
,,fight+ ,,ov]  ,,! ,,body ,,(          

,,euphorbos4    ! animal friezes3 !     
la/-nam$ ornam5t g5]ally takes ! place (
  ! rays r\nd ! bottom ( ! vase4 ,) ^!  
decorative /ripes !  ,rhodian /yle at ! 
height ( its production likes to cov] ! 
:ole  surface ( its fav\rite jugs )     
#8rotelle' on ! h&les 7,figs4 #ee  &    
#ef71 its neck$ amphorae1 b[ls & o!r    
vessels1 & 9 ?is way  arrives at a      
delicate & ri* c>pet-l effect3 !        
equipoise betwe5  ! animal silh\ettes   
neatly plac$ on ! :ite gr\nd1 col\r$ r$ 
& :ite1 & ! vigor\s cle> ornam5tation1 !
 %[+ ( !  gr\nd ?r\gh 9 delicate details
 :]e col\r is purposely omitt$1  !      
well-di/ribut$ fill+ ornam5ts1 into :i* 
sometimes small birds  ) an abs5ce (    
p$antry are introduc$1 are all v        
satisfactory to  ! decorative s5se3 !   
di/9ction ( ! %\ld] /ripe by !  h]aldic 
elem5t prev5ts ! impression t ! surface 
( ! vase is  too uni=mly cut up4 ,!     
accumulation ( animal friezes1 & !      
h]aldic arrangem5t ( ,ori5taliz+ animals
 r\nd a vegetable  comb9ation (         

ornam5ts1 are features :i* we h already 
f\nd 9  ,we/]n art2 b :ile ^! elem5ts   
became prom95t !re at a "t  :5 ! incis$ 
full silh\ette 0 9 exclusive possession 
( !  field1 :5 plant decoration took m  
ab/ract %apes1 & fill+  patt]ns 7 r$uc$ 
to ! rosette1 ! culm9ation ( ! ,rhodian 
animal-frieze vases falls 9 ! pictorial 
p]iod1 :5 ! plant  decoration is        
naturali/ic & fill+ ornam5tation is     
abundant4    ,a uni=m b& decoration did 
n exclusively prevail4 ,a gr\p ( jugs1  
:i* by its m t5se & pr(il$ %ape & by a  
transition to !  lat] floral            
ornam5tation %[s itself to be           
progressive1 & :i*  gradually replaces !
 cable ( ! neck by ! brok5 s-call$      
#8metope' mae&] 7,fig4 #ef71 leaves out 
( ! black body ( ! vase  only a n>r[    
/ripe ) ! mae&] r$uc$ to po?ooks1 &     
surr\nds ! bottom ( ! vase ) long rays4 
,b beside ?is me?od  ! o!r c]ta9ly      
p]si/s4 ,its t5aci\s life is prov$ by   
vases l  ! ,p>is cauldron 7,fig4 #eh7 & 
its p>allels f ,naukratis1 :i*  %[ !    

ar*aic ,rhodian b& /yle alongside ( !   
develop$ incis$  animal /yle on ! same  
vase4 ,9 ^! hybrids :i* are ess5tially  
ak9 to ! vases ( ,&okides 7p4 #aae7 !   
old /yliz+ ( ! figures  is giv+ way1 !  
ri* /ore ( fill+ motives is yield+ to ! 
preval5ce ( ! rosette1 ! vegetable      
ornam5tation is ex*ang+ its  vigor\s    
plant-l appe>ance = ?9n] & m ab/ract    
%apes1  :i* h[ev] take on a fre] sw+ &  
submit to ri*] v>iations1 !  mo/        
important ( :i* is ! cont9u\s t5dril4   
,at ! same "t !  old te*nique ( pa9t+ & 
leav+ void spaces cont9ues to be        
cultivat$ at a "t1 :5 else:]e & probably
 also 9 ! ,ea/ !  black-figur$ animal   
/yle has become ! regul> ?+1 & ! fill+  
ornam5tation comb9$ ) x has assum$ !    
blot-l %apes ( !  ,cor9?ian & ,vurv     
/age4 ,f9ally ! ,rhodian /yle also      
adopts !  new fa%ion4    ,?us ?is /yle f
 an e>ly date %[s itself extremely      
decorative &  little incl9$ to actual   
repres5tations4 ,we %\ld "k no?+ (  !m1 
if ! plates1 a fav\rite item 9 ,rhodian 

fabrication1 l _!  ,pho5ician metal     
prototypes1 did n ex*ange ! old         
conc5tric  decoration ( /ripes = !      
division into two segm5ts1 ! l>g] (  :i*
 is occasionally adorn$ ) ! human figure
 in/ead ( ! usual  animal or fabul\s    
creature4 ,! draw+ ( ! figures adopts ! 
me?od already famili>4 ,! place ( outl9e
 draw+ ( ! m5 is  tak5 by br[n t9t+1    
e4g41 9 ! h]oes fight+ 9 ! well-kn[n    
s*eme on ! ,euphorbos plate 7,fig4 #eg71
 :ile ! wom5 reta9 ! old  te*nique1 e4g4
 ! ,gorgon on a plate 9 ,london1 :i* is 
an  adaptation ( ! ,ori5tal animal      
goddess1 & q    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate   
,,xxix4    ,fig4 #eh4 ,,late ,,rhodian  
,,cauldron 7,,lebes74    exceptionally  
fills ! :ole circul> space 7,fig4 #ei74 
,bo? plates %[  e>ly beg9n+s ( incis$   
"w1 ! ,gorgon 9 ! inn] m>k+ ( !  drap]y1
 ,hector's %ield 9 ! draw+ ( ! fly+     
bird4 ,! view  t ! incis$ te*nique 9    
figures is borr[$ f ,protocor9?ian  "w  
receives support 9 ?is %ield ) its      
,argive sugge/ion1 & 9  ! ,argive       

lett]+1 ) :i* ! excell5t arti/1 r\ghly  
contemporane\s ) ! ,*igi jug 7,figs4 #ce
 & #cf71 has trans=m$ a  conv5tional    
composition into a sc5e describ$ 9 !    
#ag? ,book ( !  ,iliad4 ,! full         
silh\ette ) inn] detail incis$ appe>s   
only 9  specim5s1 :i* f _! deg5]ate     
fill+ ornam5ts are pla9ly  late products
 ( ! #g? c5tury1 e4g4 a plate ) a runn+ 
,p]seus4  ,t :5 ?is happ5s ! eye reta9s 
its oval %ape1 is *>act]i/ic  ( ! ,ea/]n
 ,ionic s*ool4    ,?is transition to !  
black-figur$ /yle c be bett] foll[$ 9 a 
closely alli$ pott]y1 fix$ by !         
contempor>y inscriptions (  d$icators to
 ! ,milesian colony ( ,naukratis 9 !    
,delta4 ,:ile !  old fill+ motives are  
com+ to an end1 & ! vegetable /ripe     
ornam5tation is be+ increas$ by !       
addition ( cont9u\s t5drils  & confront$
 lotus & palmette1 & r[s ( circumscrib$ 
palmettes1  ( b&s ( buds & r[s (        
pomegranates1 ! animal frieze adopts !  
incis$ full silh\ette4 ,! human         
repres5tations1 (t5 ( a high  ord] (    

excell5ce1 gradually ass]t+ !mselves    
beside ! animal  decoration1 %[ a       
reluctance 9 tak+ ?is /ep4 ,! old bru%  
te*nique is /ill ma9ta9$ 9 ! specim5s1  
:i* res]ve ?9 l9es  9 ! silh\ette in/ead
 ( incis+ !m 7,fig4 #fj72 & also ! br[n 
t9t+ ( ! male body 7,fig4 #fa7 seems to 
cont9ue 9 ?is area long]  ?an else:]e4  
,^! cons]vative features are balanc$ by 
an  innovation 9 col\r+1 :i* l ! *ange 9
 plant ornam5tation  d5otes an important
 /ep to ! /yle ( ! #f? c5tury2 ev5 be=e 
! actual decay ( fill+ ornam5tation1    
,naukratite pa9t+ 7z 9  ! ,praisos      
plate1 ,fig4 #bi7 beg9s to pa9t 9 :ite !
 light fle% (  wom51 e4g4 ! face ( !    
sph9x2 & ! same col\r is us$ 9 !        
,h]akles %]d 7,fig4 #fa71 on :i* !      
lion's sk9 /ill appe>s 9 !  gr\nd ( !   
clay1 9 ord] to contra/ ) ! l95 j]k94   
,! delight 9 poly*rome effect is v      
/rongly express$ on !  int]iors ( ! tall
 dr9k+ cups & o!r vases1 :i* !          
,naukratite pa9t] likes to cov] ) a wa% 
( black1 & !n to  pa9t ov] x plant      

decoration 9 r$ & :ite4 ,incision ent]s 
also  into _! poly*rome lotus decoration
 & ?us gives x an effect  simil> to t ( 
an old] class ( kylikes1 big-belli$ &   
neck$  amphorae1 f\nd 9 ,rhodes1 :i* is 
decorat$ 9 ! old /yle )  incis$ ornam5ts
 ( r$ col\r1 & at a "t :5 ! ,rhodian    
/yle  0 /ill practis+ pure bru%         
te*nique1 0 already prep>+ = !  lat]    
phase1 a conclusion :i* mu/ also be     
drawn f ! ,p>is  cauldron = animal      
repres5tation4 ,?is black-gr\nd         
poly*romy1 :i*  occurs only occasionally
 on ,rhodian jugs 9 :ite & r$ /ripes1   
:ite  rosettes & eyes 7,fig4 #ee71      
becomes s popul> & elaborate at         
,naukratis1 t "o is almo/ tempt$ to ?9k 
( a cont9uation (  ,protocor9?ian       
influ5ce1 s9ce ,naukratis 0 9 close     
connection )  ,protocor9?ian ,aeg9a4    
,beside ,naukratis itself ,aeg9a 0 also 
! *ief place ( export =  ?is gaily      
col\r$ pott]y1 :i* un=tunately has only 
rea*$ u 9  preci\s fragm5ts1 & ( ^:     
sc5es ( m]ry life drawn f leg5d1  !     

revel & ! dance we %\ld gladly "k m4 ,) 
! ,rhodian  w>e x also rea*es ,italy &  
,sicily2 ! ,acropolis ( ,a!ns gives u1  
e4g4 ! f9e ,h]akles %]d 7,fig4 #fa71 &  
,boeotia 9 a grave ( !  e>ly #f? c5tury 
a late cup ) h]aldic cocks4             
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxx4    ,fig4   
#ei4 ,,gorgon ,,plate ,,f ,,rhodes4     
,figs4 #fj  #fa4 ,,busiris2 ,,h]akles3  
,,naukratite ,,%]ds ,,f ,,naukratis ,,& 
,,a!ns4    ,beside ! ,rhodian w>e       
,miletus seems also to h be5 !          
export-c5tre ( ano!r alli$ fabric1 t ( !
 vases call$  #8,fikellura1' f ! "n ( ! 
site 9 ,rhodes1 :]e !y 7 fir/  f\nd4 ,_!
 home is n[ g5]ally s\ght 9 ,samos      
because ( ! common  w>e f\nd 9 t isl&4  
,! great] numb] ( ! vases pres]v$1  !   
preval5t =m be+ ! neck$ amphorae )      
metope-mae&] 7,fig4  #ef71 are          
contemporane\s ) ! lat] phase ( !       
,rhodian4 ,?is is  prov$ by ! advanc$   
ornam5tation ) ! ?9n] simplifi$ lotus   
wrea?1 ! r[s ( circumscrib$ palmettes1  
leaves 7,fig4 #fc71  pomegranates 7,fig4

 #fb71 & cresc5ts 7,fig4 #fc72 also by !
 almo/  complete disappe>ance ( !       
#8horror vacui' s t ! pa9t] may  r$uce  
fill+ ornam5t to its l[e/ dim5sions1    
pa9t big surfaces  ) loose net & scale  
patt]ns1 & decorate ! body ( ! vase  )  
big cont9u\s h&le t5drils & an animal   
plac$ betwe5 !m or  only ) a human      
figure boldly ins]t$ 9 ! void 7,fig4    
#fb74 ,9 !  animals & fabul\s be+s1 :i* 
add to ! ,rhodian types ! h]on  & !     
wat]-h5 or ! fanta/ic man ) ! head ( a  
h>e1 !  p>tial silh\ette is n[ r>e2 n>r[
 l9es left )\t col\r1 z at  ,naukratis1 
take ! place ( incis$ l9es1 & 9 ! same  
te*nique  are ! purely human =ms1 :i* ) 
_! rec$+ =eheads1  project+ noses &     
almond-%ap$ eyes1 ) _! co>se po/ures1   
are1 l ! ,naukratis vases1 true (fspr+ (
 ! ,ionic _s4    ,! ,alt5burg amphora   
7,fig4 #fc7 mu/ be a late example4 ,!   
lo9-clo?s  are pa9t$ r$ & fram$ ) incis$
 l9es1 :i* ?is /yle s long  resi/$4 ,a  
few dot rosettes1 r$uc$ to _! l[e/      
dim5sions1 are  all t is left ( ! old   

fill+ ornam5tation1 a long-/emm$ bud1   
su* z ! e>ly #f? c5tury fav\rs1 projects
 into ! field4 ,j z  ! runn] ( ! ,london
 vase 9 8 vigor\s b /iff po/ure gives  q
 a new mean+ to an old ornam5tal s*eme1 
s ! movem5ts ( !  ,alt5burg revell]s1   
:i* entirely fill ! field1 conv9ce u (  
_!  intoxication4 ,! ornam5tal /yle has 
n[ 9 ! ,ea/1 z well z 9  ! ,we/1 become 
n>rative & descriptive4    ,) ^! bibul\s
 ,ionians1 :o to ! s\nd ( flutes dance  
r\nd  _! big mix+-b[l ) cups & jugs1 we 
pass f9ally f ! wide  ramifications (   
#g? c5tury vase hi/ory to ! develop$    
ar*aic  /yle4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate  
,,xxxi4    ,figs4 #fb  #fc4 ,,fikellura 
,,amphor4          ,,*apt] ,,iv4    ,,! 
,,black-,,figur$ ,,/yle      ,ar*aic    
art1 ! wond]ful (fspr+ ( ! contact (    
,greek  civilization ) ! ,ea/1 ex]cises 
its *>m to-day m ?an ev]4  ,we h ceas$  
to ascribe a unique sav+ grace to !     
classic p]iod1  ! p]iod ( full bloom1 & 
to all[ no indep5d5t value to !  prec$+ 
c5tury except z an inevitable           

transitional phase4 ,we love  ^! ar*aic 
works ( sculpture & pa9t+ = _! own sake1
 n 9  spite ( _! crudities b j because (
 _! unpoli%$ hidd5  vig\r1 because ( !  
preci\s comb9ation ( _! ess5tial        
features4  ,! fett]s ( space1 & ! /rong 
tradition ( an ornam5tal e>ly  p]iod    
give !m a monum5tal effect1 :i* has no?+
 ( mummifi$  /iffness b is kept ev] fre%
 & y\?ful by an em95tly  progressive _s 
& an en]getic endeav\r to atta9 fre$om4 
,!  ar*aic /yle #8) fre% boldness goes  
beyond its ,ori5tal patt]ns1 is  ev]    
mak+ fre% exp]im5ts1 & ?us exhibits     
con/ant *ange &  progress4 ,x is always 
full ( s]i\s pa9/ak+ zeal1 x is always  
c>eful1 takes hone/ tr\ble1 is exactly  
me?odical3 ! language :i*  x speaks     
always tells ( inw>d *e]fulness & joy at
 ! result (  ef=t1 ! effect produc$ by  
indep5d5t ex]tion4 ,!re is some?+  t\*+ 
9 ! sight ( ar*aic art ) its *ild-l     
fre%ness1 its  pa9/ak+ zeal1 its rev]5ce
 = tradition1 & yet its bold            
progressiv5ess4 ,:at a contra/ to       

,ori5tal & ,egyptian art1 :i* are  fa/  
b\nd 9 tradition3 9 ! "o ! swelt]+ air (
 dull  co]cion1 9 ! o!r ! fre% atmosph]e
 ( fre$om' 7,furtwngl]74    ,! hi/ory   
lead+ up to ! orig9 ( ?is /yle has      
become cle> to  u by qu>ry+ 9 diff]5t   
localities4 ,we saw ! vases lose _!     
peculi>ly c>pet-l appe>ance1 ! fill+    
motives disappe>1 !  b&s ( animals &    
ornam5ts =feit _! indep5d5ce & become a 
subord9ate memb] 9 ! tectonic           
con/ruction1 we saw ! _w (  figures w9  
its way out ( ornam5tal compulsion to   
great] fre$om &  ext5d ov] ! vase4 ,!   
#f? c5tury1 to ! beg9n+s ( :i* we       
pursu$ ! hi/ory ( vases1 kn[s only      
occasionally ins]t$ rosettes1  or a     
lonely bud project+ into ! field4 ,plant
 ornam5tation becomes  true ,greek      
ornam5t1 ab/ract1 tectonic1 & :5        
occasion dem&s1 full  ( life ) its sw+4 
,animal friezes retire to ! foot or !   
%\ld]1 are (t5 incid5tally treat$ z m]e 
decorative accessories  or seiz$ by q   
unh]aldic livel9ess4 ,! pr9cipal int]e/ 

is  devot$ to depict+ man1 8 do+s & go+s
 on4 ,! vase pa9t] is  n[ m anxi\s ?an  
ev] to n>rate & depict2 he f9ds ev] less
  satisfaction 9 ornam5tal composition4 
,he is nev] tir$ ( describ+  hunt+ &    
w>f>e1 wre/l+ & *>iot-rac+1 ! fe/al     
dance &  procession1 b ) greate/        
pref]5ce1 rememb]+ ! purpose ( 8  vases1
 dr9k+ & wild danc+4 ,b also ! h]oes (  
pa/ ages1  _! bold exploits & /range    
adv5tures1 are 8 con/ant !me4 ,!        
,hom]ic ,epic1 ! tales ( ,h]akles !     
mighty1 ! bold ,p]seus &  ,bell]ophon1  
_h evok$ pictorial repres5tations ev5 9 
! #g?  c5tury2 b n[ ! full /ream ( !    
leg5d>y treasury p\rs into  pa9t+ &     
gives an inf9itely ri* mat]ial to ! joy 
( n>ration4    ,:at ! vase-pa9t] makes (
 ?is mat]ial is nev] conceiv$ 9 !       
hi/orical or ar*ological _s1 b brea!s   
entirely ! air (  8 own "t2 (t5 only !  
add$ names 7:i* accord+ to ! new  feel+ 
= space assume small] dim5sions7 raise a
 g5re sc5e into  "o f my?4 ,moreov] !   
,saga is only seldom re-%ap$ by inv5tive

  bra9s4 ,types once inv5t$ pass on1 g f
 work%op to work%op1 f  "o di/rict to   
ano!r1 are abbreviat$ 7p4 #di71 exp&$1  
conv5tionally repeat$ or fill$ ) new    
life4 ,types may also cross2  !re arise 
purely ?r\gh art1 contam9ations ( leg5d1
 :i* are  =eign to poetry4 ,:5 a        
,cor9?ian pa9t] unites ! ,embassy to    
,a*illes 7,iliad ,,ix7 ) ! visit (      
,!tis1 ?is has z little to d  ) poetry1 
z :5 on ,attic vases ! bir? ( ,a!na is  
c\pl$ )  ! apo!osis ( ,h]akles1 or !    
slay+ ( ,troilos is transf]r$ to        
,a/yanax1 or ! entombm5t ( ! dead       
,s>p$on to ,memnon4 ,b  ev]y?+ /range   
ne$ n be misund]/&+ on ! arti/'s "p4  ,!
 vases supply u ) a multitude ( leg5d>y 
motives &  v>iations1 :i* we _c f9d 9   
lit]ature1 & are ! fai?ful  reflex ( !  
fluidity ( ,greek my?ology1 :i*1 devoid 
( canon &  dogmatism1 0 9 con/ant flux4 
,olympos too1 is subject to ^!          
vicissitudes4 ,its gods live a human    
life among m51 ! only diff]5ce be+ t "s 
repres5tative  sc5es give !m a /iff] & m

 elaborate appe>ance ?an t (  ord9>y    
mortals4 ,9 e>ly times ! div9ity is     
*iefly betok5$ by  inscriptions &       
attributes4 ,on ! pa9t+ ( ! ,cor9?ian   
,klean!s  /ood ,poseidon ) a fi% 9 8 h& 
beside ,zeus 9 lab\r4 ,late  obs]v]s (  
?is picture fail$ to und]/& ?is ext]nal 
*>act]ization ( ! sea-god1 & saw an act 
( bro!rly sympa?y  ) ! god's pa9s 9 ?is 
hold+ up ( ! tunny2 & ?us a great  deal 
beside mu/ h appe>$ /range to !m1 e4g4  
,apollo ) !  great lyre /ill be>d$ 9 !  
#g? c5tury 7,fig4 #eb71 ,h]akles )\t    
lion-sk9 7,fig4 #fd71 ! un>m$ ,a!na1 :o 
only at ! beg9n+ (  ! #f? c5tury1 9     
contra/ ) ! ,*igi vase 7,fig4 #cg71 !   
,aeg9a  b[l & ! ,gorgon lebes 7p4 #di71 
beg9s to express h] bellicose  nature by
 attributes1 & mu* besides4    ,!       
fav\rite god ( ! dr9k+ vessels is !     
w9e-god ) cup &  v9e4 ,he makes         
,hephai/os drunk & leads him back to    
,olympos to  lib]ate ,h]a f ! magic     
*air4 ,! big-belli$ danc]s & purely     
human creatures1 :o =m 8 escort on      

,cor9?ian vases1 9 ! fir/  ?ird ( !     
c5tury are sup]s$$ by ! ,ionic horse-m51
 ! ,satyrs1  :o become ev] m closely    
associat$ ) ,dionysos1 celebrate fea/s  
) ! ,ma5ads1 nev] despise ! gifts ( _!  
ma/]1 & make fair  nymphs pay = x4 ,!   
half-be/ial creature 9 :om anci5t ,greek
 fancy  vigor\sly incorporates man's    
pleasure 9 w9e & wom5 ) all its  comic  
effects1 is q ! patron ( ar*aic         
vase-pa9t+4    ,t all ^! repres5tations 
7 develop$ by vase-pa9t+ alone is  m ?an
 improbable4 ,t ! ,bac*ic sc5es ( top+ &
 danc+ 7  creat$ on ! actual vase1 is   
mo/ likely2 b "o is (t5 en\gh  compell$ 
to assume o!r s\rces4 ,! fight (        
,h]akles ) ! lion1  = in/ance1 9 its    
olde/ =m is ! borr[+ ( an ,ori5tal type1
  :i* is compos$ = a tall rectangle1 &  
is exp&$ by !  vase-pa9t]s = _! purposes
 by fill+ figures1 #8spectators4' ,!    
gift$ arti/1 :o gave ?is h]aldic type ! 
m natural impress  :i* 0 regul> 9 ! old]
 black-figur$ /yle1 0 p]haps a          
vase-pa9t]2 ! creator ( ! lat]          

black-figur$ type 0 c]ta9ly  n1 = 8     
horizontal gr\p is c]ta9ly a f9e        
inv5tion b always  has to be adapt$     
artificially to ! vase surface4 ,z ) !  
wre/l+ ( ,h]akles1 s x is ) ,!seus'     
/ruggle ) !  ,m9otaur4 ,! same sort (   
ext5sion occurs on a fav\rite subject ( 
old] black-figur$ /yle1 ! quadriga 9    
front view1 ^: horses  h]aldically turn 
_! heads sideways1 ^: helmet$ w>rior is 
9  front view :ile ! unhelmet$ driv] is 
9 pr(ile4 ,?is type1  c]ta9ly inv5t$ = a
 squ>e1 is also kn[n 9 bronze & /one    
relief1 & ! "q1 9 :at te*nique x fir/   
appe>$1 w  sc>cely be answ]$ 9 fav\r (  
vase-pa9t+4 ,= a squ>e1 too1 !  f9ely   
compact gr\p ( ,h]akles wre/l+ ) ,triton
 0 fir/  compos$1 a !me common on ,attic
 vases f ! hydria ( ,timagoras  onw>ds2 
! old] wre/l+ s*eme1 sup]s$$ by ?is     
type1 9 its  ,h]akles spread out be=e ! 
eyes ( ! obs]v] & kneel+ z he  wre/les1 
/ill %[s /rong aff9ity ) ! ,ori5taliz+  
frieze  compositions 7p4 #df71 & is =   
vase decoration mu* m typical ?an  !    

lat] inv5tion1 :i* on vases always has a
 #8borr[$' effect4 ,!  dep5d5ce (       
vase-pa9t+ on o!r te*niques is f9ally   
evid5c$ by  ! s-call$ #8c\pl+s'3 !      
be/-kn[n in/ance is ! comb9ation (  !   
dep>ture ( ,amphi>aos ) ! ,fun]al-games 
( ,pelias on a  ,cor9?ian 7,fig4 #ff71  
an ,attic & an ,ionic vase1 a comb9ation
 :i* is  borr[$ f an inlaid wood5 *e/ ( 
,cor9?ian workman%ip at  ,olympia 7#8!  
*e/ ( ,kypselos'7 or a prototype f :i*  
bo? 7  d]iv$4    ,aft] all ?is "o w n   
hesitate to look = a /rong reflex ( !   
great art ( pa9t+ on ! vases1 alongside 
( ! special prop]ty (  ! vase-pa9t] &   
typical ornam5tal figures equally common
 to all  art1 or to picture to oneself  
wall-pa9t+s or easel pictures1 l !  bir?
 ( ,a!na by ,klean!s1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ! 
be/  vase-pa9t+s1 :i* are lea/ con/ra9$ 
by ornam5tal  consid]ations1 or to      
recon/ruct f ! copies ( vase-pa9t]s     
compositions l ! ,de/ruction ( ,troy    
7,iliup]sis71 ! ,return (  ,hephai/os1 !
 ,reception ( ,h]akles into ,olympos4   

,"o is p>ticul>ly  impell$ ?is way1 :5 !
 vases give n[ %ort]1 n[ long]1         
extracts f ! same l>ge composition2 ?us 
we h a reflection on  "s doz5 vases (   
,exekias & 8 successors ( ! f9e         
repres5tation ( ! h]oes ,aias & ,a*illes
 surpris$ by ! ,trojans  :ile deeply    
absorb$ 9 a game ( draughts1 & w>n$ by  
,a!na j  9 "t 7,fig4 #if74 ,"o _c       
conceive ( any diff]5ce ( pr9ciple 9    
p]spective1 9 ! r5d]+ ( ! body & !      
drap]y1 9 !  spiritual cont5t1 betwe5   
vase-pa9t+ & free pa9t+2 !y bo?  are    
*ildr5 ( "o "t4 ,nor did ! vase-pa9t]   
feel any necessity to  alt] !           
composition ( 8 patt]ns4 ,only z he _h  
to decorate fram$  b&s1 ! law (         
isocephalism 0 m b9d+ = him ?an = !     
great art4 ,h5ce 8 /rong dis9cl9ation = 
8l&scape10 :i* we  (t5 meet ) 9         
,cor9?ian & ,ionian p9akes & wall-pa9t+1
 b  on ! vases nev]1 or only 9 palpable 
c>icature2 ! pa9t] :o on a  hydria f    
,ca]e copi$ a seascape ) ! ,rape (      
,europa1 0 oblig$  to place beside !    

figure :at looks l a mole-hill b is     
int5d$  = a m\nta94    ,?is limitation (
 ! possibilities ( composition by       
decorative  consid]ations 0 ( h>dly any 
importance4 ,! wide gulf betwe5 free    
pa9t+ & vase picture 0 condition$ 9 !   
fir/ in/ance by  te*nique4 ,x 0 t :i*   
gave its special effect to !            
black-figur$ /yle & set its /amp ^u x4  
,we saw previ\sly t  vase-pa9t+1 :5 x   
took ov] ! silh\ette /yle f !           
decorative animal frieze1 increas$ its  
di/ance f free pa9t+1  "u ^: spell x _h 
be5 = a good "p ( ! #g? c5tury1 t  ) !  
incis$ te*nique x took ov]1 e4g4 !      
circul> draw+ (  ! eye1 & ) ! new col\r+
 ent]$ decorative pa?s 7pp4 #ch1  #dd1  
#di74 ,free pa9t+ drew ) ! bru% on light
 gr\nd1 us$ black  & :ite v sp>+ly1 m   
frequ5tly r$1 blue1 gre51 yell[ &  br[n2
 plac$ ^! col\rs side by side 9 simple  
h>monies1 ) v  little gradation & %ad+1 
b also sometimes1 e4g4 to repres5t      
fire1 us$ ! smoo? bru%2 r5d]$ ! m5 9    
r$di% br[n1 wom51  *ildr51 animals &    

objects 9 light col\r+4 ,) ?is          
free-col\r$ effect ! black-figur$ /yle 0
 nei!r able nor  anxi\s to compete4 ,j l
 ! ,geometric1 x is 9 its own fa%ion    
aga9 an ornam5tal /yle1 :i* does n dis[n
 its pr$om9antly  decorative "*4 ,!     
figure silh\ettes s]ve x z ornam5ts to  
fill a giv5 space1 :i* are 9 a c]ta9    
equipoise ( col\r 9  relation to ! re/ (
 ! decoration & ! black pa9t$ p>ts (  ! 
vase2 ! incision /ipulates a %>p        
del9eation ( types1 !  impos$ col\r     
gives a p>ti-col\r$ effect4 ,! col\r$   
effect ( !  vases is ess5tially def9$ by
 ! clay1 :i* n[1 9 ! develop$           
black-figur$ /yle1 takes on a brilliant 
w>m r$ upp] surface1 & by  ! black      
glaze1 :i* assumes a metallic lu/re4 ,! 
d>k] col\r+  ( ! clay deprives ! light] 
p>ts ( _! effects by contra/1 &  compels
 ! pa9t]s to replace ! cont\r-draw+ (   
wom51 l95  g>m5ts1 etc41 gradually by   
lay+ on :ite col\r1 ) :i* at fir/  !    
cont\r is simply fill$2 b aft]w>ds m    
commonly black  und]pa9t+ is ov]laid4 ,)

 ! transition to :ite1 cle>  silh\ettes 
are also obta9$1 :i* set (f aga9/ !     
backgr\nd m  effectively ?an ! old      
cont\r figures4    ,! advance 9 !       
prep>ation ( ! clay & glaze col\r came  
ab\t  on ! ,greek ma9l&4 ,tradition     
makes ! ,sicyonian ,butades inv5t !  r$ 
col\r+ ( ! clay at ,cor9?1 & ?us gives !
 correct  indication4 ,! ,*alcidian &   
,attic work%ops help$ ! new te*nique  to
 prevail2 9 ! ,ea/ x gradually gets !   
upp] h& & =ces !  ,ionian manufactories 
to give up _! fav\rite :ite gr\nd &     
adapt  _! te*nical fre$om to ! gr[+     
/rictness ( ! we/]n  sy/em4 ,attica1 :i*
 9 ! #f? c5tury op5s a dang]\s rivalry 9
  ,ea/]n & ,we/]n m>kets & f9ally w9s ! 
day1 br+s ! process  to p]fection4 ,) ! 
ref9em5t ( incis$ te*nique x puts an end
  to ! p>ti-col\r$ me?od /ill mu*       
affect$ by ,cor9?ians &  ,*alkidians1 x 
cle>s away ! big surfaces col\r$ r$ &   
:ite &  all col\r 9 ornam5t & animal    
frieze1 & helps ! h>mony ( clay  & black
 to its pure/ & fulle/ effect4    ,) !  

disappe>ance ( ! old p>ti-col\r$ sy/em !
 vases are  completely remov$ f ! effect
 ( free pa9t+4 ,= t we may be  grateful 
to =tune4 ,= ?is ref9em5t ( !           
black-figur$ /yle  p]mitt$ ! s5sitive   
feel+ ( ,greek arti/s = decoration to   
satisfy ! delight ( n>rat+ & describ+   
along ) !  ornam5tal traditions ( ! old 
/yle4 ,!y _h no ne$1 z _h ! old  ,m9oan 
vase-pa9t]s 7p4 #aj71 to %r9k f borr[+  
figur$ sc5es4  ,! reca/+ ( types into ! 
decorative silh\ette /yle made x        
possible = !m to conjure on to ! vases  
:atev] t\*$ _!  he>ts & delight$ _!     
eyes1 & ?us to transmit to u an inf9ite 
v>iety ( sc5es1 )\t :i* our k ( ,greek  
leg5d1 ,greek  life & ,greek art w\ld h 
rema9$ t]ribly scanty4    ,cor9? mu/    
lead (f ! hi/ory ( ?is new /yle4 ,! *ief
 c5tre (  comm]ce & indu/ry 9 !         
,peloponnese1 ! celebrat$ seat ( a      
fl\ri%+ c]amic indu/ry & ( an important 
s*ool ( pa9t+1 x  n only took ! decisive
 /ep to ! new te*nique1 b ev5 9 its     
r$-clay phase _h help$ ! designs to     

drive out animal decoration1  & compos$1
 or at lea/ introduc$ into vase-pa9t+1  
num]\s types1  :i* supply mat]ial to o!r
 work%ops = a long "t4 ,! quadriga  9   
front view1 :i* ,*alcidian & ,attic     
pa9t]s repeat$ s (t5 &  :i* kept        
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxii4    ,fig4 
#fd4 ,,h]akles ,,& ,,eurytios2          
,,horsem53 ,,f ,a ,,cor9?ian ,,krat]4   
,fig4 #fe4 ,,cor9?ian ,,krat]4    its   
decorative effect = almo/ a c5tury1     
appe>s "h = ! fir/  "t2 ! triangul>     
s*eme ( two wre/l]s seiz+ ea* o!r by !  
arms & press+ head aga9/ head1 :i*      
surviv$ to ! "t (  ,niko/h5es1 0 tak5 by
 ! ,amphi>aos krat] 7,fig4 #ff7 f !     
above-m5tion$ *e/ ( ,kypselos 7p4 #fg72 
! nuptial procession (  ,peleus & ,!tis 
:i* we %all meet on ! lebes ( ,sophilos 
& !  ,franois-vase is prep>$ = 9        
,cor9?ian vase-pa9t+2 & !  battle-sc5es1
 rid]-friezes & *>iot-races1 ( :i* !re 0
 a  beg9n+ 9 ! ,protocor9?ian /yle1 7   
mo/ ri*ly develop$ by  ! ,cor9?ians1 &  
adopt$ by ,*alkis & ,a!ns (t5 )\t any   

ess5tial improvem5t4 ,?us "o may be     
sure1 t a numb] ( o!r  types1 :i* are n 
repres5t$ 9 ! selection t accid5t has   
giv5 u1 />t$ _! victori\s c>e] f ,cor9?1
 & t !  lo/ great art ( ,cor9?1 ! bronze
 indu/ry ( :i* we h  specim5s & !       
ri*ly-adorn$ *e/ ( ,kypselos describ$ by
  ,pausanias suppli$ to ! vase-pa9t]s a 
numb] ( my?ological  compositions1 :i*  
influ5c$ o!r manufactories4 ,un=tunately
 !  great] "p ( ?is ri* treasure is lo/ 
to u4 ,! loss is ! m  to be lam5t$1 z   
:at we h %[s u a f9e inv5tive tal5t on !
  "p ( ! ,cor9?ian arti/s & a           
magnific5tly free & easy  conception (  
life & leg5d4 ,! ,hom]ic poetry & !     
,epic inspir$  by x1 ! lays ( ,peleus & 
,h]akles1 ! ballad poetry n[ becom+  v  
fa%ionable1 f :i* come e4g4 ! bir? (    
,a!na &  probably also ! ,return (      
,hephai/os to ,olympos1 are reflect$ on 
^! ,cor9?ian vases 9 inimitably vivid & 
dra/ic fa%ion2 & !  vase-pa9t] also     
gives sc5es f daily life1 c>\ses1 drunk5
 m5  :o dance wildly ) nak$ wom51 kit*5 

& w9epress1 rid+ &  driv+1 m>*+ out to  
battle1 & ! wild mellay itself4 ,x is   
p>ticul>ly on ! krat]s 7,figs4 #fd-ff7 t
 we c trace h[ !  accumulat+ mat]ial    
gets space on ! vases2 animal           
decoration1 9  :i* h]aldic cocks are v  
popul>1 retires ev] m to ! rev]se1  "u !
 h&les1 into ! base /ripe1 & also by    
pref]5ce is  replac$ by l9es ( gallop+  
rid]s1 :o =m a lively decorative foil   
to ! my?ological pr9cipal picture 7,fig4
 #fd74 ,mean:ile fill+  ornam5t         
disappe>s4 ,! fly+ bird ov] ! rid]      
7,fig4 #fe7 r5d]s  ! same s]vice z !    
rosette1 nay a bett]2 x transplants !   
sc5e  out ( a decorative space into an  
actual "o1 ! op5 c\ntry2 & !            
space-fill+ animals ( ! ,amphi>aos vase1
 :i* are traditional 7p4  #dj71 are n   
int5d$ m]ely any long] to enliv5 ! vase 
surface b  ! wall ( ! h\se1 ! floor & ! 
air4 ,?us ! lib]ation ( !  field1 = :i* 
,timonidas & 8 fell[s pav$ ! way1 is    
atta9$4  ,) ?is goes h& 9 h& ! lib]ation
 ( figure-draw+ f  ornam5tal con/ra9t4  

,! outspread+ ( ! figure 9 ! surface1   
:i* is /ill /rong 9 ! #g? c5tury1 is    
ton$ d[n or +5i\sly  giv5 a motive1 z ) 
! kneel+ w>rior :o fights backw>ds1 &   
does n disguise 8 connection ) ! old    
runn] ) b5t knee4 ,!  individualiz+ ( m5
 & animals c>ri$ =w>d by ,timonidas n[  
once  m makes big advances 9 human      
figures1 horses & dogs4    ,we w select 
two ( ! krat]s to give u an idea ( !    
developm5t  ( ! /yle4 ,"o1 a ,p>is vase 
7,fig4 #fd71 gives a special application
  to a f9e banquet+ sc5e1 by add$ names 
& ! ins]tion ( ,iole1 z  ! visit paid by
 ,h]akles to ,eurytios1 k+ ( ,oi*alia4  
,! fair  daught] ( ! h\se /&s ) "s      
indiff]5ce betwe5 ! gue/  & h] bro!r2 x 
is suppos$ to repres5t a leg5d1 b is    
really  little m ?an a g5re sc5e1 z :i* 
x is h>d to beat4 ,! lively  conv]sation
 ( ! gue/s1 ! dogs ti$ to ! s(a-legs    
wait+ &  speculat+ on ! *ance (         
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxiii4    ,fig4
 #ff4 ,,dep>ture ,,( ,,amphi>aos3 ,,f ,a
 ,,cor9?ian ,,krat]4    bits fall+ f !  

table are ma/]ly1 & ev5 ! horses 9 !    
support+ frieze1 if out ( proportion &  
inelegant1 are ! m  *>act]i/ic & liv+4  
,! te*nique foll[s old tradition2 !     
fle% ( ,iole1 tables & s(as1 "o dog1    
%ields on ! rev]se1 appe>  9 outl9e     
draw+4 ,su* cont\rs1 also f\nd sometimes
 :]e m5's  bodies left :ite set (f ^?   
pa9t$ d>k1 unite to "s ext5t1 z  does ! 
r$ col\r+ ( ! male c\nt5ance1 ! vase 9  
its effect  ) ! great art4    ,on ! o!r 
h& ! ,amphi>aos krat] 7,fig4 #ff71 :i*  
gives up r$  = male faces1 & makes a    
po9t ( cov]+ ! outl9e figures ) a  lay] 
( :ite1 has become m decorative &       
black-figur$4 ,its  pictures are n equal
 9 execution to ! inv5tion1 b come f    
excell5t models 7p4 #fg74 ,betwe5 !     
colonnade & faade ( ! h\se1  :i* are 9  
l9e l ! tables 9 ! ,eurytios vase1 !    
h]o1  because ( 8 oa?1 m\nts 8 *>iot to 
g ) op5 eyes to !  dea? he =ebodes2 8   
angry look is direct$ to ,eriphyle & !  
fatal  necklace 9 h] h&4 ,) rais$ h&s ! 
family takes leave1 a  maid-s]vant gives

 ! /irrup-cup to ! *>iote]4 ,=ebod+     
evil1  ! fai?ful ,halim$es sits on !    
gr\nd3 8 he>t has evid5tly  bidd5 him to
 tra9 up ! boy ,alkmaion to take        
v5geance on 8 "m4  ,! :ole delight 9    
n>ration1 :i* 9 ! exagg]at$ r5d]+ (  !  
necklace /rongly emphasizes ! previ\s   
hi/ory1 is z g5u9ely  ar*aic1 z !       
my?ological individualiz+ ( an old type 
#8,!  w>rior's dep>ture4'    ,!         
,amphi>aos krat] is m develop$ ?an !    
,eurytios vase1 n  m]ely 9 te*nique4 ,! 
pa9t] ( ! lat] vase1 ?\gh n s gift$  z 8
 colleague1 draws m clev]ly1 & works ) a
 set ( types  be=e him1 z ! frieze (    
rid]s %[s4 ,! advance becomes pla9 9  ! 
%ape ( ! vase4 ,! ,eurytios krat]       
encloses an almo/ uni=mly  swell+       
cauldron betwe5 a lip r+ :i* is v l[ & a
 foot :i*  spreads out 9 ample          
dim5sions4 ,f ?is r\nd-belli$ ar*aic    
%ape  we pass to a lat] m def9$ &       
elegant "o 9 ! ,amphi>aos  krat]1 :i*   
has a high] neck1 a /eep] & mu* less    
swell+ body1  ) its l[] "p runn+ to a   

po9t1 till f9ally ! outl9e almo/        
resembles an inv]t$ triangle & f ! h&les
 a rectangul> or  curv$ bridge has to be
 built lead+ to ! high rim 7krat]       
colonnette74 ,! t5d5cy to developm5t1   
:i* we c read out ( !  vase %apes1 may  
be tak5 z a symbol ( ! hi/ory ( /yle4 ,=
 a  ,greek vase 0 always some?+ organic1
 z mu* s z a tree or animal4            
,un=tunately1 besides ! l>ge krat]s ) _!
 num]\s figures1  :i* 7 fav\rite        
articles ( export1 few vases are        
pres]v$4 ,9 !  sc5e on ! ,eurytios krat]
 we get ! lebes ) /&1 also ! jug  &     
dr9k+ cup 7kylix71 :i* exi/ 9 v>i\s     
extant specim5s4 ,!  kylix has an (fset 
lip 7z 9 ,fig4 #bd71 & (t5 knobs on !   
h&les1  ! int]ior picture is fram$ by   
tongue patt]n4 ,beside ! neck$          
amphorae1 :i* l ! krat]s seldom h any   
o!r ornam5t ?an  rays1 %\ld] tongues &  
neck rosettes1 ! simil>ly decorat$      
big-belli$ amphorae cont9ue1 :i* l _!   
,attic p>allels 7p4 #ea7  put human bu/s
 or animal repres5tations ( old & new   

/yle into !  figure panel4 ,! ?ree-h&l$ 
wat] pit*] 7hydria7 has ! type )  vault$
 %\ld] common 9 ! old] black-figur$     
/yle1 & adorns x  ) spirals & mae&]s4   
,all ^! ornam5ts1 to :i* may be add$  ! 
d\ble lotus & palmette ( ! ,eurytios    
krat] & occasional net  & /ep patt]ns1  
p>take ( ! solidity & v>iety ( ! /yle4  
,/rangely en\gh1 ! phase ( ! ,cor9?ian  
/yle "h describ$ is  = u ! end ( !      
fabric2 n "o ( ^!    ,illu/ration3      
,,plate ,,xxxiv4    ,fig4 #fg4          
,,cor9?ian ,,plate4    ,fig4 #fh4 ,,!   
,,slay+ ,,( ,,typhon ,,by ,,zeus3       
,,*alkidian ,,hydria4    ,illu/ration3  
,,plate ,,xxxv4    ,fig4 #fi4           
,,*alkidian ,,amphora4    vases c be    
dat$ bel[ ! fir/ ?ird ( ! #f? c5tury4   
,cor9?ian  pott]y has no %>e 9 ! ,ea/]n 
,h]akles ) ! lion-sk91 !  ,amazons z    
,scy?ian wom51 ! entry ( ! ,satyrs1 !   
r5d]+ (  folds1 ! pa9t$ gr\nd = :ite    
additions4 ,"o asks :e!r ?is  brilliant 
developm5t c\ld break (f s abruptly1 or 
if x is only  accid5t :i* has conceal$ f

 u its cont9uation4 ,bo? are            
improbable4 ,x looks r z if1 j z !      
,protocor9?ian  manufactory _h its      
cont9uation 9 ! ,cor9?ian1 s ! ,cor9?ian
  0 c>ri$ on by ! ,*alkidian4 ,= ! vases
 d5ot$ by _!  inscriptions z ,*alkidian 
=m1 at all ev5ts accord+ to ! pres5t    
/ate ( our k1 a gr\p cov]+ a few        
decades1 :i* is 9  succession ( "t to ! 
lat] ,cor9?ian vases1 & is mo/ closely  
connect$ ) !m by a s]ies ( detail$      
agreem5ts4 ,n only d !  vase %apes      
consi/5tly c>ry on ,cor9?ian t5d5cies1 b
 details (  decoration l ! :ite neck    
rosettes fill$ ) r$1 & ! /ep  patt]n    
7,figs4 #fh & #fi7 cont9ue2 ! ,cor9?ian 
animal friezes )  rosettes1 ! h]aldic   
cocks1 ) ! s]p5ts1 ! w+$ demon1 !  rid]s
 ) ! space-fill+ birds 7,fig4 #fi71 !   
wre/l]s s*eme1 !  grotesque danc]s1 !   
quadriga 9 front view are tak5 ov]2 nay1
  details ( draw+1 l ! w>rior's head 9  
front view1 ! r\nd  outl9e ( ! edge ( ! 
%ort small *iton 7,figs4 #gj & #ga71 !  
r$  spots on black clo!s 7,fig4 #gj71 ! 

sword %ea? ) ! ,/4 ,&rew  crosses 7,fig4
 #ga71 ! devices on ! %ields are n      
conceivable  )\t _! ,cor9?ian           
pr$ecessors2 ev5 ! names ( ,cor9?ian    
grotesque danc]s pass ov] to !          
,*alkidian ,satyrs4    ,n a s+le        
,*alkidian vase has be5 f\nd 9 ,*alkis  
itself1 nor ev5  9 any "p ( ! "m-c\ntry3
 all specim5s pres]v$ come f !  ,we/4   
,"o might !re=e assume t ! fabric _h its
 seat1 n 9  ,*alkis itself1 b 9 "o ( its
 colonies1 & ?us ! p[]ful  ,cor9?ian    
traditions 9 ?is pott]y w\ld be easily  
expla9$4 ,!  ,we/ 0 dom9at$1 z we saw1  
?r\gh\t ! #g? c5tury by ,cor9?ian       
exportation2 & ! colonies ( ,*alkis _h  
always be5 provid$ by  fri5dly ,cor9? ) 
clay vases4 ,b ! /rong influ5ce ( !     
,*alkidian manufactory on ! ,attic is 9 
fav\r ( ,*alkis itself  hav+ put an end 
to ,cor9?ian production1 or at any rate 
to ,cor9?ian  exportation4 ,:y & h[1 _c 
be /at$3 p]haps ! publication (  ! _m   
unpubli%$ specim5s w solve ! riddle &   
cle> up !  close relation ( ! ,*alkidian

 w>e to ! gr\p ( ! ,ph9eus kylix  7,fig4
 #gd74    ,f e po9t ( view ! ,*alkidian 
vases give u a height5+ (  ! ,cor9?ian1 
a great advance 9 ! direction ( a lat]  
p]iod4 ,clay  & black n[ atta9 _! highe/
 p]fection1 ! di/ribution (  col\r is   
mo/ delicately calculat$2 no long] is   
!re s mu* use  made ( :ite surfaces 7"u 
:i* !re is regul>ly a wa% ( black72     
especially we see no m ( ! arbitr>y     
col\r-contra/ :i* did n  %r9k f :ite    
col\r+ ( ! male4 ,if ! ,cor9?ian /yle _h
  already aim$ at metallic effect 9 !   
angul> =mation ( ! h&les  & ! curv+ ( ! 
h&le-bridges ( ! krat]1 ! ,*alkidian    
height5s ^! t5d5cies almo/ to fai?ful   
copy+ ( metal vases1  & consi/5tly      
develops ! vase %apes to ! highe/1 almo/
  ov]-ref9$ elegance2 ! n>r[+ ( ! l[] "p
 ( ! body leads  to ! ins]tion ( a roll1
 :i* ! pa9t] picks out 9 r$ f !  black  
foot4 ,?us arise novel vase-%apes2 !    
neck$ amphora 7,fig4 #fi7  is elongat$1 
its %\ld] flatt5$1 s t ! body almo/     
assumes  ! %ape ( an egg2 ! krat] gets  

/eep sides1 high neck1 &  outw>d-b5t    
h&le bridges2 out ( ! old] hydria ) ar*$
  %\ld] comes a lat] %ape1 :i*1 9 a     
specim5 at ,muni* 7,fig4 #fh7  exactly  
copies ! addition ( ca/ h&les to a metal
 body2 &  simil>ly ! o!r %apes develop1 
! kylix ) knobs on ! h&les1  ! two-h&l$ 
cup1 ! jug4    ,! same endeav\r aft]    
ela/icity & elegance prevails 9 !       
di/ribution ( ! ornam5t ov] ! vase1 :i* 
0 manag$ 9 a m  ma/]ly way at ,*alkis   
?an else:]e4 ,c]ta9ly ! ornam5tation is 
bas$ almo/ entirely on ,cor9?ian        
f\ndations4 ,! :ite dot-rosettes  fill$ 
) r$ on ! black neck1 ! lotus & palmette
 on ! gr\nd  ( ! clay1 tongues on !     
%\ld]1 & rays at ! foot1 ! /ep  patt]n  
"u ! *ief frieze are ( old tradition b  
pass ?r\gh a  gr[+ elaboration4 ,z a new
 motive ( decoration comes 9 ! *a9 (    
buds1 :i* we "k f ! ,ea/3 z a rule x    
occurs b5ea? ! *ief  b& 7,fig4 #fi71 or 
hangs ov] ! figure-field 9 place ( !    
lotus &  palmette4 ,! ,ionic patt]n is n
 exactly imitat$ 9 ! process2 !  swell+s

 "u ! ,*alkidian buds sugge/ roses r ?an
 lotus4 ,out  ( ^! buds1 palmettes1 & ! 
t5drils unit+ !m1 is =m$ !  fix$        
ornam5t1 :i* g5]ally s]ves z c5tral     
motive to h]aldic  animals & (t5        
develops into a wond]fully ri* complex (
 lively  l9es 7,fig4 #fi74 ,! prop]     
place = ?is ornam5t is ! c5tre ( !  upp]
 b&1 :i* recov]s its importance1 n[ t ! 
%\ld] is set  (f m %>ply 9 hydriae &    
neck$ amphorae1 & z second>y field  =   
decoration is1 l ! rev]se ( vases1      
usually decorat$ 9 !  fir/ in/ance )    
animals4 ,on ! %\ld]-/ripe ! rid]s ) !  
space-fill+ birds t5d to drive out !    
ar*aic s*eme ( decoration2  !y flank !  
lotus & palmette cross & 9 lat]         
specim5s1 :]e  ! horizontal %\ld] is no 
long] dom9ant 9 ! g5]al view1 !y  pass f
 h]aldic con/ra9t to p>ade ord]1 & are  
also occasionally  replac$ by clev]ly   
dispos$ danc]s4 ,! rev]se ( ! vase also 
m  & m %akes (f animal decoration &     
replaces x by ornam5tal  compositions1 z
 by ! h]aldic quadriga or ! h]aldic     

rid]s4  ,friezes ( animals b5ea? ! ma9  
sc5e 7,fig4 #fh7 become v r>e4  ,h[ev]  
m>k$ly ! decoration ( ! vase dep>ts f ! 
old /yle1  yet 9 spite ( t !re is 9     
contra/ ) ! ,cor9?ian /yle a  m>k$      
decorative invasion to be trac$4 ,!     
vases t h no?+ b  animal decoration are 
num]\s1 & ! rosette (t5 ass]ts itself   
aga94    ,?is decorative invasion1 :i*  
is connect$ ) ! p]fection (  te*nique & 
m>k$ tal5t ( ! ,*alkidian artizan1 does 
n detract  9 any way f ! figure sc5es4  
,! latt] pres]ve _! old vig\r  & p[] (  
obs]vation1 "s ma/]s ev5 raise x to a   
mo/ int5se  ela/icity1 & brea! into !   
old types a new & vivid life1 :i*  9    
union ) ! l9e te*nique & arrangem5t 9   
space makes ^!  vases sup]ior to mo/ ( !
 o!r black-figur$ pott]y4 ,h[ ,h]akles  
on ! ,london amphora 7,fig4 #gj7        
unm]cifully deals ! dea?-bl[ to !       
?ree-bodi$ ,g]yon1 or on ! simil> ,muni*
 vase 7,fig4 #ga7 to ,kyknos1  is br\ght
 be=e our eyes ) unambigu\s matt]-(-fact
 & v]ve4    ,! *e/ ( ,kypselos _h       

already ?us repres5t$ ,h]akles' fight ) 
,g]yon1 & ! ,*alkidian pa9t] re/s "h1 z 
(t5 & especially  9 8 battle sc5es1 on  
,cor9?ian types4 ,b 8 r5d]+ is any?+  b 
a borr[+1 & be>s witness to fre% &      
vigor\s conception4 ,!  #8,h]akles &    
,kyknos' is bas$ on ! old fight+ s*eme1 
:i*  repres5ts a w>rior ) rais$ "r arm  
assail+ an oppon5t :o  almo/ kneel+     
moves to ! "r b looks r\nd2 & s 9 effect
  only comb9es ! #8duelli/' 7p4 #ci7 & !
 runn] ) b5t knee4 ,on  ! ,*alkidian    
picture ! old #8exig5cy ( space' type is
 h>dly any  long] to be trac$2 ev]y?+   
has become    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate     
,,xxxvi4    ,fig4 #gj4    ,,h]akles ,,& 
,,g]yoneus3 ,,f ,a ,,*alkidian          
,,amphora4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4  
,,! ,,slay+ ,,( ,,kyknos ,,by ,,h]akles3
 ,,f ,a  ,,*alkidian ,,amphora4         
expressive & *>act]i/ic4 ,to be sure !  
contra/ betwe5 ! body  9 front view & ! 
legs 9 pr(ile & ! spread+ ov] ! surface 
are /ill h>dly ton$ d[n1 b ! ?ru/ dealt 
) ! "r arm1  ! clut* ( ! left1 ! foot   

press$ aga9/ ! back ( !  oppon5t's knee 
are full ( vig\r1 & ! collapse ( ! ble$+
 son  ( ,ares1 8 pray] = m]cy :ile he   
plucks ! victor's be>d1 !  dimm$ eye )  
its pa?os1 ! composition & ! fill+ ( !  
space  are v arti/ic4    ,?is height5+ (
 *>act]i/ic t\*es does n m]ely appe> 9  
battle sc5es1 b also ! intimate t\*es 9 
_m ,cor9?ian subjects  are c>ri$ on4    
,ev5 ! ,eurytios krat] _h succe$$ 9     
express+ !  horror :i* seizes ,odysseus 
& ,diom$e at ! sight ( ! suicide (      
,aias4 ,! feel+ 9 ?is gr\p is p]haps    
surpass$ by an episode 9 a  ,*alkidian  
battle-sc5e2 :]e ! int5t c>e1 ) :i*     
,/h5elos  b9ds up ! f+] ( ! w\nd$       
,diom$e1 rem9ds "o ( ! lat]  kylix (    
,sosias 7,fig4 #aad72 & :5 a ,p>is      
amphora enl>ges ! m>*  out to battle by 
a dome/ic sc5e ( arm+1 e>ly r$-figur$   
pa9t+  is aga9 anticipat$4    ,!        
comb9ation ( ?is fre% & direct          
obs]vation ( nature ) a  m>k$ decorative
 tal5t unites ,*alkidian ) ! ,ionic art 
( !  isl&s4 ,on ,*alkidian soil1 :]e a  

language ) a /rong ,ionic  elem5t 0     
spok51 a close contact ) ea/]n neighb\rs
 mu/ be  assum$4 ,x is n only ! *a9 (   
buds on ! vases t witnesses to  ?is     
contact4 ,! ,satyr1 a hairy fat fell[1 )
 m>k$ horse-e>s &  horse-tail1 (t5 )    
horse-ho(s1 ent]s f ! ,ea/ 9 a =m1  :i* 
meets u on ! ,ph9eus vase 7,fig4 #gd74  
,& :5 ! ,*alkidian  pa9t] occasionally  
indicates ! outl9e ( ! female back1 :]e 
previ\sly ! drap]y fall+ /raight d[n    
entirely conceal$ x1 :5  he furni%es 8  
,g]yon ) w+s & (t5 equips ,h]akles ) !  
lion's sk91 9 ?is1 z 9 mu* besides1 "o  
_c fail to see ,ea/]n  influ5ce4 ,:e!r !
 r5d]+ ( folds1 ! beg9n+s ( :i*  appe>  
on ,*alkidian vases z else:]e1 has !    
same orig91 is  d\btful4    ,! fabric 9 
! ,ionic isl&s :i* 0 9 close reciprocal 
relation  ) ! ,*alkidian1 may be call$ !
 #8,ph9eus' fabric aft] its *ief        
product1 till accid5t betrays to u its  
home4 ,f ! rema9s (  lett]+ on ! ,ph9eus
 kylix1 x c only be said1 t x 0  produc$
 9 a place :]e ,ionic 0 spok51 :i* _c h 

be5 ne>  to ,asia ,m9or4 ,! /yle1 m     
,ea/]n ?an ,*alkidian1 b diff]5t  f ,ea/
 ,ionic 9 mu*1 e4g4 ! circul> draw+ ( ! 
male eye1  & closely ak9 to ,*alkidian1 
is probably ( ,cycladic orig94 ,b a     
connection ( ?is pott]y ) "o ( ! old    
,cycladic manufactories  7p4 #eb7 is    
impossible4 ,z little z ! ,*alkidian has
 x any previ\s  hi/ory2 ! few amphorae &
 kylikes t rema9 belong exactly to !    
same %ort p]iod ( "t1 9 :i* ! ,*alkidian
 vases 7 produc$4    ,! amphorae are r  
e>li] ?an ! ,ph9eus vase1 & (t5 v  l !  
decorative e>li] ,*alkidian specim5s4   
,*alkis seems to h  suppli$ to !m !     
we/]n te*nique1 ! vase-%ape1 ! foot-r+1 
& also to h suppli$ ! patt]ns 9 _m      
specim5s = animal &  rid] decoration4 ,b
 ! less sev]e con/ruction ( ! vases1 !  
irregul> division ( ! fields = figures1 
! pref]5ce = a d>k  cov]+ ( ! gr\nd     
above ! rays1 ! lib]ties 9 decoration1  
lead  u to m ,ea/]n soil4 ,! v *a9 (    
buds1 luxuriant & h>dly  /yliz$1 :i* (t5
 cov]s ! neck1 %[s ! unp$antic &        

concrete  ,ionic /yle1 & ! same playful 
c>elessness appe>s1 :5 ! pa9t]  is lavi%
 ) fill+ rosettes & buds1 :5 he ins]ts  
into a  h]aldic frieze ( animals a      
complex ( creatures furi\sly bit+ ea*   
o!r1 or puts    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate   
,,xxxvii4    ,fig4 #gb4 ,,ionic ,,eye   
,,kylix4    ,fig4 #gc4    ,,head ,,(    
,,a!na1 ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,eyes ,,( ,,an    
,,ionic ,,kylix4    betwe5 8 fav\rite   
squatt+ sph9xes a fight+ w>rior1 a c\ple
 (  danc]s1 or two runn+ girls1 :5 he   
composes h]aldically ! heads  ( two     
processions ( rid]s1 & makes a combatant
 ! c5tral motive  ( h]aldic rid]s1 :5 he
 inv5ts animal comb9ations ) a common   
head4 ,s x is no wond] if he makes into 
an effective motive (  decoration !     
apotropaic eyes popul> 9 ?is phase (    
art1 :i* we  "k f ,delian1 ,melian1 &   
,rhodian vases ( ! #g? c5tury 7,fig4    
#eg71 if he (t5 adds e>s & nose1 & fills
 ! c5tre ) an  arbitr>ily *os5 motive1 a
 leaf or a human figure4 ,! eyes are    
f\nd  on ! necks ( amphorae1 b v (t5 z  

outside decoration ( !  kylix1 :i* 9    
p]fect$ specim5s %[s alike ! height & ! 
end  ( ?is manufacture4    ,! wond]fully
 liv+ & swell+ outl9e ( ^! delicate     
kylikes  7,fig4 #gb7 may be tak5 z a    
symbol ( ! /yle ( ! figures1 :i* is     
absolutely remote f ab/ract dryness4 ,x 
(t5 en\gh adopts  ,cor9?ian-,*alkidian  
types z models4 ,! #8,ph9eus' pa9t] did 
n  inv5t ( himself ! w>rior ) head 9    
front view2 ! slay+ (  ,troilos goes    
back to an old ,cor9?ian type2 ! pursuit
 ( ! m\nt$  ,p5!sileia introduces1 x is 
true1 a new ,ea/]n ,amazon type 9 place 
( ! old "o 7:i* is also us$ 9 ?is gr\p71
 b is bas$ on !  composition ( a        
,cor9?ian battle picture4 ,:at !        
#8,ph9eus' pa9t]  does ) 8 models is    
always di/+ui%$ by individual & g5u9ely 
,ionic life4 ,on ! gr\p ( amphorae a f9e
 vigor\s figure /yle  prevails1 :i* on !
 kylikes has a f9] & at ! same "t m     
delicate developm5t4 ,! *>m+ ,a!na      
7,fig4 #gc71 :o n[ appe>s 9  arm\r1 & ^:
 %ield-edge ! pa9t] = decorative reasons

 has  d\bl$1 ! ,scy?ian :o l ! m\nt$    
,amazon is at home 9 ,ea/  ,greece1 !   
skipp+ ,sil5us1 ! dog 9 front view w\ld 
n tell u  mu* ( ?is kylix-/yle4 ,b      
=tunately ! pa9t] ( ! ,ph9eus  kylix    
surr\nd$ ! f9e ,sil5us mask 9 ! int]ior 
) a cont9u\s  frieze1 ! lack ( :i* a    
hundr$ contempor>y vases c\ld n         
outweigh4 ,! wall ) ! v9e & ! lion's    
head pla9ly divides !  frieze into two  
sc5es3 evid5tly a magic well1 :i* p\rs  
w9e into  ! cup ( ! delight$ ,satyr4 ,a 
lion1 a pan!r & two /ags draw !  *>iot (
 ! ,w9e-god & 8 consort4 ,on ! leg5d>y  
team a ,satyr  is mak+ mis*ief2 two ( 8 
colleagues are q div]t$ f _!  duty by ! 
sight ( ?ree nymphs1 :o are ba?+ at a   
spr+ 9 a  wood4 ,a lion's head z sp\t   
p\rs into a bas9 ! wat] ) :i*  !y are   
lav+ !mselves2 _! clo!s !y h already    
hung up4 ,!  o!r picture %[s ! bl9d k+  
,ph9eus1 f :om ! ,h>pies h  tak5 ! food 
(f ! table1 = :i* he is va9ly feel+2 !  
valiant sons ( ,boreas pursue ! impud5t 
?ieves ?r\gh ! air ov]  ! sea4    ,all  

is liv+1 orig9al & dra/ic 9 its         
conception1 z p]haps 0  only possible = 
an ,ionian4 ,! movem5ts ( ! ,satyrs & ! 
nude  maid5s1 ! animals & plant-life are
 caught f nature1 & ?is  /udy betrays   
itself 9 v>i\s details4 ,! face (       
,ph9eus1 /ill  pa9t$ r$ l t ( ! ,satyrs1
 is drawn 9 front view1 :i* we  h hi!rto
 only f\nd 9 ! helmet$ w>rior's head1 ! 
coll>-bone  & *e/ muscles are r5d]$1 !  
eyes ( ! ,boreads are already mu*  r$uc$
 9 scale4 ,especially important is !    
treatm5t ( ! drap]y1  n to m5tion ! l95 
*iton ( ,dionysos ) its p>allel l9es    
indicat+ ! mat]ial1 or ! long r$ *itons 
( ! wom5 & !  curv$ outl9e ( ! %irts ( !
 ,boreads1 or ! g>m5ts ( !  ,h>pies     
adorn$ ) ,ionic crosses & bord]s2       
important innovations  appe> 9 !        
himatia1 t ( ,ph9eus is divid$ into     
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxviii4        
,fig4 #gd4    ,,ph9eus2 ,,dionysos3     
,,frieze ,,r\nd ,,! ,,int]ior ,,( ,,an  
,,ionic ,,eye ,,kylix4    ,f            
,furtwngl]-,rei*hold1 ,grie*is*e        

,vas5mal]ei4    r$ & black /ripes1 ^? ( 
,dionysos & ! wom5 %[ r5d]+ (  folds4 ,t
 ! himation r emphasizes ?an conceals ! 
outl9e (  ! back1 is a true ,ionic      
feature4    ,beyond ?is /age1 !         
#8,ph9eus' fabric _c be trac$4 ,g5]ally 
!  ,cycladic pott]y ( ?is p]iod is h>d  
to get hold (4 ,we d n "k  :e!r !re 7 m 
factories on ! isl&s1 & "s isolat$ b    
alli$ specim5s ) m fully ,ionic alphabet
 _c yet be localiz$4  ,on ! o!r h&1 !   
c]amic hi/ory ( ! ,greek ,ea/ (f]s at   
lea/  "s fix$ po9ts1 ?\gh ! transition f
 ! old /yle has n yet  be5 cle>$ up4 ,we
 7 able to accompany !                  
,rhodian-,naukratite &  ! #8,fikellura' 
/yles to ! v ?re%old ( ! black-figur$1 b
  "h ! ?read seems to snap4 ,%all[ b[ls 
f\nd 9 ,egypt & ,s\?  ,russia ) bud     
decoration & black-figur$ int]ior       
designs1 :i*  7 imitat$ by ! ,attic     
,vurv /yle1 & amphorae ) rema9s ( !  old
 ornam5tation & big isolat$             
animal-silh\ettes 9 ! field1  p]haps    
repres5t ! late/ products ( ! ,rhodian  

/yle4 ,!  #8,fikellura' /yle f9ds its   
cont9uation 9 a w>e1 :i* 0 c]ta9ly      
produc$ 9 ,klazom5ai1 p]haps also 9     
sev]al places at ! same "t1  & has come 
to light n only 9 ! ,ionian region & !  
colonies 9  ,egypt & ! ,black ,sea1 b   
also 9 ,italy4 ,! ,klazom5ian /yle has 9
  common ) its pr$ecessor n only a s]ies
 ( ornam5ts 7tongues1  rays1 late       
,rhodian g>l&s1 cont9u\s t5drils1 r[s ( 
cresc5ts1  friezes ( leaves1 #8metope'  
mae&]s1 buds 9 ! field1 scales ov] a    
surface71 b cont9ues ! old %ape (       
amphora & has ! same  pref]5ce = loose  
decoration3 beside ! vases adorn$ 9 b&s1
 on  :i* ! animal friezes are driv5 out 
( ! *ief b&1 x is v  fond ( a field     
consi/+ ( a res]v$ panel or runn+ all   
r\nd1 &  ( ! decoration ( ! neck by     
means ( an ornam5t1 an animal head  or a
 human head4 ,9 ! field x likes to put  
in/ead ( ! h]aldic  pair a s+le animal1 
a sph9x be=e a /&+ man or upright bran*1
  an isolat$ palmette & lotus cross1 :i*
 are 9 a measure con/itu5t  p>ts (      

h]aldic compositions1 & %[s ! same      
fre$om1 go+ ev5  beyond t ( ! ,ph9eus   
pa9t]1 :5 x makes isolat$ figures1      
danc]s1 runn+ girls1 or m5 we>+ mantles1
 ! c5tral motive (  its h]aldic sph9xes 
or cocks1 & :5 x puts a runn] ) b5t knee
  betwe5 two lions t turn away f him    
7,fig4 #ge74 ,! palmette &  lotus-cross 
& ! animal types diff] f ,we/]n types2 !
  selection1 too1 is *>act]i/ic ( !     
,ea/4 ,!re is a special  pref]5ce = !   
,sir53 ?is bird-woman is us$ surpris+ly 
(t5  h]aldically1 & 9 r[s to make a     
frieze4 ,! female pan!r occurs z  well z
 ! male2 ! graz+ de] is a ,rhodian      
legacy4 ,! o/ri*es  %[ k ( ,africa1 !   
w+$ horses & bo>s connection )  ,asiatic
 art4 ,! ,klazom5ian /yle is p>ticul>ly 
/rong 9 ! new  =mation ( fanta/ic be+s1 
to :i* ! ne> neighb\rhood ( !  ,ea/ gave
 ! impulse4 ,! seahorse & ! ,triton 7   
inv5t$  some:]e 9 ?is area3 to !        
#8,fikellura' man ) ! head ( a h>e      
,klazom5ai adds a be+ ) a tail & a      
lion's head among human  revell]s1 among

 danc+ m5 & wom5 appe>s sudd5ly ! be>d$ 
mon/] ) ! horse's tail1 ! ,satyr 7,fig4 
#ge74    ,! /ock ( types v>ies          
consid]ably f t ( ! ,we/2 ?is is        
p>ticul>ly cle> 9 ! sc5es ) human       
figures4 ,beside ! pictures  ( rid]s &  
battles1 beside ! few pres]v$ leg5d>y   
sc5es1 among  :i* ! mo/ important are ! 
battles ( ,amazons1 :o "h 9 !  ,ea/ h   
become m\nt$ ,scy?ian wom51 ! prom95t   
place is tak5 by  sc5es ( dr9k+ & danc+ 
9 !    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxix4   
,fig4 #ge4 ,,satyr ,,& ,,ma5ad3         
,,klazom5ian ,,vase ,,f ,,kyme4    ,fig4
 #gf4 ,,neck-,,design ,,( ,,an ,,ionic  
,,amphora4    mann] ( ! ,alt5burg       
amphora 7,fig4 #fc74 ,! file pr9ciple1 s
 pot5t  9 ! ,ea/ ,ionic animal frieze1  
/rongly ass]ts itself 9 ! danc+  maid5s 
& ! ab&on$ revell]s3 ! oblique          
incl9ation =w>d1  :i* ! ,klazom5ian     
pa9t] (t5 gives ! intoxicat$1 & :i* is  
v successfully pres]v$ on an e>ly       
,milesian relief 9 ,london1  emphasizes 
at ! same "t ! decorative arrangem5t1 & 

increases  ! expressiv5ess1 j z !       
ecc5tric movem5ts ( ! danc]s  equally   
well fill ! space & m>k ! tone4 ,= life1
 s5sual &  ev]yday ?\gh (t5 grotesque & 
brutal1 is :at ^! ,ionian ma/]s  give1  
ev5 if !y are only decorative arti/s or 
artizans1 :atev] x  may co/4 ,s !y      
succe$ 9 no?+ s well z wom51 satyrs &   
animals4 ,! maid5s ) _! rec$+ =eheads1  
almond-%ap$ &  (t5 obliquely set eyes1 &
 ! little m\? some:at drawn 9 bel[1  & !
 well-m>k$ back cont\r1 h an            
attractiv5ess ev5 on !  mo/ c>eless     
repres5tations2 ! %aggy satyrs betray _!
 equ9e  nature n m]ely 9 e>1 tail & ho(2
 ! robu/ /rong-man$ horses1  ! female   
pan!rs ) swell+ brea/s1 ! fight+ cocks  
=gett+  _! h]aldic duties1 all %[ nature
 v close at h&4    ,! hi/ory ( ?is /yle1
 :i* mu/ approximately ext5d ov] !  fir/
 half ( ! #f? c5tury1 c be to "s ext5t  
foll[$4 ,9 !  beg9n+ comes ! conflict ( 
! old ,ionic & ,we/]n te*niques1  !     
transition f ! light slip to !          
r$di%-yell[ surface1 &  ! t5d5cies 9    

ornam5tation :i* /ill /rongly rem9d "o (
  #8,fikellura4' ,! silh\ette /yle makes
 lib]al use ( :ite4 ,n only  ) inh]it$  
av]sion does x (t5 replace incision by  
delicate l9es  ( pa9t1 provide g>m5ts ) 
:ite crosses1 animals ) :ite spots  &   
:ite belly-/ripe1 & ornam5ts ) :ite     
details3 9 its e>li]  p]iod x also      
ext5ds ! :ite surfaces1 :i* x /ill      
places on !  gr\nd ( ! clay at times1 f 
wom5 & l95 *itons to m51 horses  & dogs1
 & becomes z p>allel to ! ,cor9?ian /yle
 ) ?is  contra/ ( col\r+ z ) its        
wide-neck$ broad-belli$ =m (  amphora4  
,! late/ w>es ( ! colony ( ,daphne      
7ab&on$ 9 #efj ,b4,c47 %[  ! transition 
to ! r5d]+ ( folds ( drap]y1 :i* takes !
  place ( ! old p>ti-col\r$ surfaces 9 !
 gr\p ( vases :i*  took its rise ab\t ! 
middle ( ! c5tury4 ,9 ?is lat] gr\p1 to 
:i* a s]ies ( #8lebetes' ) top]s1       
satyrs1 c5taurs1 & battle  sc5es is an  
obvi\s introductory l9k1 & :i* culm9ates
 9 two  amphorae at ,muni* 7,figs4 #gf &
 #gh7 & "o 9 ,ca/le ,a%by1 !re  ent]s   

into ! old /yle v>i$1 free & easy1      
broadly ev5 laxly  r5d]$1 a peculi>     
sev]ity & discipl9e4 ,! ?ree *ief       
specim5s1  neck$ amphorae ) ! cont9u\s  
sc5e pref]r$ by ! ,ea/1 are  m def9$ &  
ela/ic 9 %ape1 m f9i%$ 9 %ape & col\r1  
m ornam5tal & elaborate 9 ! r5d]+ ( !   
figures1 ?an 0  ! case ) ! e>li] /yle4  
,! conclusion :i* naturally sugge/s     
itself1 t ?is new _s came f ! ,we/ & !  
,*alkidian-,attic  region1 is confirm$  
by ! ornam5ts4 ,beside ! ,ionic loop$ & 
plait$ b&s1 leaf & bud friezes1 & !     
cont9u\s t5drils 7,fig4  #gf71 come !   
d\ble rays1 ! ,we/]n palmette & lotus   
sy/em2 &  :5 ! pa9t] scatt]s animals    
among ! ornam5ts 7,fig4 #gf71 he  foll[s
 old ,ionic tradition1 b ! h>e & !      
h$gehog ) !  o/ri* rid]s ( ! ,ca/le     
,a%by amphora are ( ,cor9?ian orig9     
7,fig4 #ff74 ,9 ! treatm5t ( ! figure1 !
 meet+ ( ,ea/]n vig\r  & ,we/]n sev]ity 
makes z *>m+ an effect z ! g5u9ely      
,ionic  & v decorative composition2 !   
sc5e ( a ,muni* amphora arrang$  r\nd a 

c5tre 7,fig4 #gg7 ) ! cunn+ ,h]mes1 :o  
creep+ up on    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate   
,,xl4    ,fig4 #gg4 ,,h]mes ,,/eals ,,! 
,,c[ ,,io ,,f ,,! ,,giant ,,argos4 ,,f  
,,an ,,ionic  ,,amphora4                
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xli4    ,fig4   
#gh4 ,,c5taurs ,,hunt+3 ,,f ,,! ,,same  
,,amphora ,,z ,,fig4 #gg4    tip-toe    
/eals away ! fair c[ ,io f ! sleep+     
giant ,argos1 &  ! picture ( ! ,c5taurs 
hunt+ on ! rev]se 7,fig4 #gh7 are full (
  ornam5tal vig\r & at ! same "t full ( 
fre% obs]vation4 ,!  left h& ( ! giant  
%[s a new /udy ( nature comp>$ ) !      
old-fa%ion$ "r ( ,h]mes & left ( ! front
 ,c5taur2 9 !  giant ! arti/ is /ruggl+ 
to repres5t ! anatomy1 & ! mantle  (    
,h]mes pla9ly falls 9 lay]s1 9 contra/ )
 ! abs5ce ( folds  9 ! *iton4    ,! new 
impetus1 :i* ev5 express$ itself 9      
exportation to ,italy1  c\ld n save !   
,klazom5ian manufactory f ! prepond]ance
 ( its  ,attic rival2 x is at ! same "t 
its end4 ,n t ! ,ea/ ,ionic  decorative 
t5d5cies =m$ a bl9d alley2 ! comb9ation 

) we/]n  te*nique ensur$ its cont9u$    
life4 ,b ,asia ,m9or1 :i* at ?is "t     
fell into ! h&s ( ! ,p]sians1 0 n a     
suitable soil =  cont9u$ production4    
,a!ns seiz$ n only ! exportation b !    
entire production4 ,! arrival at ,a!ns (
 ,ea/ ,ionic arti/s is  reflect$ n m]ely
 9 ! names ( ! vase-pa9t]s4 ,:5 on ! jug
  ( ,kol*os & ! ,attic vases1 typical   
,ea/]n pr9ciples (  composition crop up1
 :5 ,niko/h5es introduces an ,ea/ ,ionic
 %ape (  amphora 7,fig4 #ajd71 :5 !     
r$-figur$ te*nique com+ into exi/5ce  on
 ,klazom5ian s>cophagi conqu]s ! ,attic 
work%ops1 :5 on e>ly  r$-figure kylikes 
! same decorative t5d5cies :i* prevail$ 
9 !  ,ea/ ass]t !mselves1 !re c be no "q
 ( an ext9ction (  ,ea/ ,ionic art1 b   
only ( a re-bir? 9 ,a!ns1 & a baptism ) 
,attic _s4    ,ab\t on a level ) !      
,ca/le ,a%by gr\p is ano!r ,ea/ ,ionic  
class1 also only kn[n ?r\gh export to   
,italy1 ! #8,ca]etan hydriae1'  s-call$ 
f ! place :]e !y 7 mo/ly f\nd 7amphorae 
&  krat]s be+ also repres5t$71 :i* are  

usually attribut$ to ,s\?  ,ea/ ,ionia4 
,! develop$ vase-%apes1 ! complet$ black
 figure  te*nique1 :i* has a wa% "u !   
:ite & uses incision freely  ev5 =      
outl9es1 & ! decoration1 :i* has got    
beyond ! animal  /yle1 make _! late     
orig9 c]ta91 & ! agreem5t ) ,ephesian   
sculpture ( ab\t #eej ,b4,c41 express$ 9
 treatm5t ( hair1 conv]g+  mantle folds 
& ! grad$ edges ( ! drap]y1 cl9*es !    
matt]4  ,:5 9 spite ( t ^! vases /ick   
fa/ to ! sy/em ( contra/  9 col\r1 t    
agrees ) an express$ pref]5ce = gay     
decoration  su* z f ! days ( !          
,naukratis vases ,s\? ,ea/ ,ionia lov$4 
,!  #8,ca]etan' pa9t] actually enhances 
?is col\r pref]5ce1 9 t he  v>ies !     
col\r ( ! male body f black to d>k r$1  
bright yell[  & :ite & simil>ly         
alt]nates ! col\r ( hair & clo!s4 ,he   
gives ! same motley effect to !         
ornam5tation1 :i* %[s pla9ly  its desc5t
 f ! old ,rhodian 9 its broad lotus &   
palmette sy/em1  its rosettes1          
hook-crosses1 & spiral-crosses ornam5t+ 

! neck1 &  also reveals ,ea/ ,ionic     
fre$om 9 natural myrtle bran*es &       
ivy-t5drils1 9 bucrania ) fe/oons & 9   
int]sp]s$ animals4 ,!  animal _w too1 ) 
its fall[ de]1 lions1 griff9s1 w+$      
horses1  & w+$ bulls1 is *>act]i/ic ( ! 
,ea/ & ! neighb\rhood (  ,asia4 ,^!     
animals h long ceas$ to play _! h]aldic 
"p1 ?\gh  on ! rev]se ( ! vase two may  
face ea* o!r 9 symmetrical              
correspond5ce2 !y are r by *oice includ$
 9 hunt+ sc5es4  ,! traditional t5d5cy  
f9ds a refuge1 if any:]e1 9 ! figure    
sc5es4 ,9 h]aldic sc5es ( battle1 9 !   
horse-tam+ #8runn] )  b5t knee1' 9      
,satyr & ,nymph runn+ to meet ea* o!r1 x
 ass]ts  itself3 b ! liv+ int]e/ makes  
"o =get ! ornam5tal s*eme4  ,lively     
dra/ic description is ! /rong po9t ( !  
#8,ca]etan'  pa9t]4 ,8 broadly treat$   
sc5es ( hunt+1 fight+1 & wre/l+1  ! f9e 
del9eations    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate    
,,xlii4    ,fig4 #gi4 ,,h]akles ,,slays 
,,busiris ,,& ,,8 ,,foll[]s3 ,,f ,a     
,c,,retan  ,,hydria4    ,f              

,furtwngl]-,rei*hold1 ,grie*is*e        
,vas5mal]ei4    ,fig4 #hj4 ,,sp>tan     
,,kylix4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate       
,,xliii4    ,fig4 #ha4 ,,h]akles ,,br+s 
,,c]b]us ,,to ,,eury/heus3 ,c,,retan    
,,hydria4    ( ,satyr life1 ( !         
,h]aklean leg5d1 ( ,h]mes & 8 !ft ( !   
k9e1 ( ! drunk & lame ,hephai/os1 (     
,europa c>ri$ by ! bull  ov] ! sea1     
leave no?+ to be desir$ 9 ! way (       
orig9al  inv5tion1 heal?y vig\r1 & naive
 vividness1 & 9 _! av]sion to  ! typical
 & ab/ract !y are diametrically oppos$  
to ,attic  pa9t+4 ,! /ocky1 /rong man   
,h]akles ) ! curly hair :o  dispat*es ! 
inhospitable ,ph>aoh1 ,busiris1 & 8     
c[>dly ?rong  7,fig4 #gi71 or :o ) !    
h\nd ( hell fright5s ! ,argive k+ into  
a w9e j> 7,fig4 #ha71 are cab9et        
pictures ( vigor\s hum\r4 ,! local      
col\r+ is also unmi/akeable4 ,! alt> )  
volute pr(iles is an  ,ea/ ,ionic       
ar*itectural %ape1 ! k ( ! ,egyptian &  
black  races1 ( ,egyptian prie/ly dress1
 ( monkeys1 c only h be5  obta9$ 9      

,africa2 ! orig9 ( ! ,busiris leg5d is  
only conceivable  9 ! neighb\rhood ( !  
k+dom ( ! ,ph>aohs4 ,?us ?\gh !         
,ca]etan vases f\nd a local cont9uation 
9 ,etruria1 because ( ?is  local col\r+ 
"o _c imag9e !m made by ,ionian coloni/s
 9  ,ca]e4    ,on ! o!r h& "o may assume
 orig9 on ,etruscan soil = ano!r  class 
( ,ea/ ,ionic /yle1 only kn[n f         
,etruria1 call$ #8,pontic1' z  hav+ be5 
wrongly localiz$ on ! ,black ,sea4 ,!   
,asiatic-,ionian  orig9 ( ! /yle is bas$
 on ! vase %apes z on ! *oice1          
te*nique1 types & application ( !       
ornam5tal & animal  decoration2 & also !
 figures1 ! l9es ( ,tritons & ,n]eids1  
rid]s & ,scy?ians1 h]alds & ,c5taurs1 & 
! leg5d>y sc5es1  :i* are (t5 "u        
ornam5tal influ5ce 7,figs4 #hb & #hc7 9 
execution & application1 po9t to ! same 
s\rce4 ,! #8,pontic'  pa9t]s actually   
enri* our k ( ,ea/ ,ionic decorative    
motives  by a s]ies ( comb9$ lotus1     
palmettes1 volutes1 mae&]s1 by net      
patt]ns1 leaf-friezes1 etc41 by a       

pl5tiful selection ( animals1  :i*      
includes ! m>9e ,c5taur1 ) ! ,asiatic   
man-bull1 & is  fond ( l9es (           
gu9ea-f[ls4 ,b on ! :ole ! class is v   
prov9cial & _c be reg>d$ z a cle> s\rce 
( evid5ce4 ,x is  que/ionable1 :e!r     
ob/9ate p]si/5ce 9 /ripe decoration1    
only  reluctantly giv+ way to ! picture 
field1 w\ld h be5 possible 9  !         
"m-c\ntry well on 9 ! #f? c5tury4 ,!    
/yle is visibly  dep>t+ fur!r f its     
,greek />t+ po9t4 ,vases :i* repres5t   
,lanuvian ,juno 7,b4,m4 ,cat4 ,,ii4 p4  
#ff7 or ,etruscan w+$ demons1 %[ 9      
subject :at ! /yle ( itself betrays4    
,two classes ) scanty decoration1 fix$ z
 ,ea/ ,greek by _m f9ds1  c only be nam$
 = complet5ess sake2 "o1 ! #8,buc*]o'   
w>e long  kn[n 9 ,etruria1 :i* p]haps   
orig9at$ 9 ,aeolis & :i* owes its  black
 lu/re n to glaze col\r b to            
impregnation ) *>coal &  to poli%+2 !   
o!r1 ! w>e ) a great ext5sion 9 ,s\?    
,asia  ,m9or & ,italy1 ei!r unadorn$1 or
 only decorat$ ) /ripes1 :i*  give      

important conclusions z to ! developm5t 
( vase-%apes4    ,! ,ea/ ,greek mann]   
took ! place ( ! ,cor9?ian 9 ,italy at !
  beg9n+ ( ! #g? c5tury4 ,?is revolution
 is less connect$ )  importation ?an ) !
 immigration ( ,ionic arti/s4 ,b ev5 !  
new  curr5t is m & m op5 to ! influ5ce (
 ! ev]-spread+  ,attic importation1 :i* 
9 ! ,ea/ & ,we/ n m]ely captures !      
m>ket b also =ces production "u its     
spell4    ,be=e we pass to ?is victori\s
 fabric1 we mu/ once m return to        
,peloponnesus1 to a fabric /&+ 9        
isolation & ( m>k$  peculi>ity1 !       
,sp>tan4 ,excavations at ,sp>ta %[ !    
transition to  ! black-figur$ /yle1 su* 
z took place else:]e ab\t ! end (  ! #g?
 c5tury4 ,cor9? seems to h set ! example
 = ?is  transition2    ,illu/ration3    
,,plate ,,xliv4    ,figs4 #hb  #hc4     
,,p>is ,,& ,,8 ,,h]d2 ,,priam ,,&       
,,h]mes ,,lead ,,h]a1 ,,a!na  ,,&       
,,aphrodite ,,be=e ,,p>is3 ,,f ,a       
,,pontic ,,amphora4    ,f               
,furtwngl]-,rei*hold1 ,grie*is*e        

,vas5mal]ei4    at all ev5ts ,cor9?ian  
elem5ts1 e4g4 rid]s ) birds =           
space-fill+ 9 ! black-figur$ /yle give  
?is indication1 ?\gh  ! cons]vative     
ret5tion ( ! :ite slip & ! inconsi/5t   
r5d]+ ( ! male eye cle>ly di/+ui% x f   
,cor9?ian4 ,x  becomes really tangible  
to u at ! p]iod1 :5 exportation prop]ly 
beg9s1 at a "t :i* already puts a black 
wa% "u impos$ :ite  & ) ! %apes takes u 
fur!r along into ! #f? c5tury4 ,!  w>e =
 exportation1 :i* spread f> ov] ! ma9l& 
to ,naukratis  & ,samos z well z to     
,etruria1 has giv5 u only a few big     
vases1  f9ely decorative works1 :i* are 
v cons]vative 9 _! adornm5t4  ,! e>lie/ 
( !m is a ,p>is #8lebes' ) h]aldically  
arrang$  animal-frieze & a frieze (     
figures above x1 9 :i* pot-belli$  top]s
 are plac$ betwe5 ! ,troilos /ory & a   
,c5taur battle2 two  volute krat]s & two
 hydriae1 by _! %apes1 _c be mu* lat]4  
,broad tongues adorn %\ld] & foot1 !    
rays are d\bl$1 to  ,geometric zig-zag &
 hook$ b&s are add$ upright ar*$ friezes

 (  lotus & pomegranate1 cont9u\s       
bran*es1 & ! lotus & palmette  patt]n2 !
 animal friezes h types ( _! own & d n  
avoid !  processional ord] n ord9>ily   
fav\r$ 9 ! ,we/4 ,ev5 ! l>g]  vases f\nd
 9 actual ,sp>tan sanctu>ies are almo/  
entirely decorative  & %[ little ( !    
figure pa9t+ com+ 9 s vigor\sly 9 o!r   
manufactories4    ,a comp5sation = ?is  
is (f]$ by ! numb] ( kylikes pres]v$1   
:i* 9 ! #f? c5tury1 z 9 ,ea/ ,ionia1    
,cor9? & ,a!ns1 s also  9 ,sp>ta1       
gradually pass into ! high-/emm$ %ape ) 
(fset rim  7,fig4 #hj74 ,! outsides ( ^!
 kylikes are adorn$ only 9 a few  e>li] 
specim5s ) anti!tic or processional     
animal friezes1  o!rwise only ) ! simple
 or net-l pomegranate patt]n1 )  lotus  
leaves & rays2 f ! h&les proce$         
palmettes on _!  sides4 ,! figures are  
entirely conf9$ to ! int]ior1 :i* mu*  m
 commonly ?an 9 o!r manufactories1 rises
 out ( pure  ornam5tation or animal     
decoration to free sc5ic repres5tations4
 ,to be  sure ?is is (t5 at ! exp5se ( !

 decorative effect4 ,mo/ sc5es  are     
any?+ b compos$ ) a view to a r\nd      
space1 & ! segm5ts  "u ! l9e :i* m>ks ! 
level ( ! gr\nd1 (t5 v clumsily  fill$ )
 plant & animal ornam5tation1 !         
rosettes1 fill+  fl[]s1 & birds disp]s$ 
)\t mean+ ab\t ! sc5e1 are always       
clumsy old-fa%ion$ compromises betwe5   
repres5tation &  space-fill+4 ,! /ock ( 
figures1 ) :i* ! pa9t] decorates  8     
int]iors1 usually m or less at r&om1 is 
ev5 9 its r5d]+  helpless & antiquat$2  
to make up x pres]ves its indep5d5ce &  
ease1 its primitive solidity2 ! /rong   
w>riors1 rid]s & hunt]s1  ! m5 c>\s+ )  
wom51 ! musicians & dr9k]s1 ! girls     
ba?+ 9 ! riv]1 are 9 subject & execution
 truly ,sp>tan4 ,beside  ! pictures f   
daily life comes my?ology ) pot-belli$  
danc]s1  :o h n yet1 s f> z we "k1 be5  
sup]s$$ by ,ionic ,satyrs1  ) ,erotes   
cr[n+ rid]s & dr9k]s1 & v>i\s leg5d>y   
sc5es4    ,none ( ^! kylix-pictures     
brea!s ! ,sp>tan _s1 ! _s (  ! lyric    
poetry ( ,sp>ta1 s well z ! ,b]l9 vase )

 ! c>ry+  home ( fall5 w>riors1 :i* is  
p]haps tak5 ov] f a cont9u\s  frieze )\t
 any attempt to fit x into ! circul>    
field2 b ev5  9 ?is %ape has ! effect ^u
 u ( a fun]al m>* ( ,kall9os or         
,tyrtaios 7,fig4 #hd74 ,b 9 humor\s     
descriptiv5ess ! ,arkesilas vase  7,fig4
 #he7 takes ! palm4 ,x is a g5re sc5e1 b
 n ?is "t f  ! life ( a ,sp>tan citiz51 
b a travel rem9isc5ce ( a pa9t]1  :o    
once 9 ,african ,cyr5e look$ on1 :ile ! 
silphion 0 weigh$  "u    ,illu/ration3  
,,plate ,,xlv4    ,fig4 #hd4 ,,return+  
,,f ,,battle3 ,,f ,a ,,sp>tan ,,kylix4  
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlvi4    ,fig4  
#he4 ,,arkesilas ,,( ,,cyr5e ,,wat*+ ,,!
 ,,lad+ ,,( ,,silphion3 ,,f ,a  ,,sp>tan
 ,,kylix4    ! /]n eye ( ,arkesilas1 &  
/[$ 9 ! hold ( a sail+ %ip to  be       
export$4 ,! monkey too1 :i* ! pa9t] puts
 on ! y>d1 he  became acqua9t$ ) 9      
,africa2 ! birds are n mean+less b fly  
r\nd ! %ip2 only ! liz>d is an ext]nal  
addition1 & we already  "k x to be      
,cor9?ian4 ,! life-l picture1 :i* be=e !

  decisive excavations 9 ,sp>ta 0 reg>d$
 z *ief pro( ( ,cyr5aic  orig9 = ?is    
pott]y1 confirms ! result ( digg+ 9 !   
%ape (  ! *air legs1 :i* agree ) ,sp>tan
 reliefs1 & 9 !  inscription1 only      
possible 9 ,sp>ta4 ,!re is an           
approximate date giv5  too2 = ! k+1 ^:  
portrait we h1 reign$ ab\t ! middle (  !
 #f? c5tury4 ,) ?is x agrees t 8 mantle 
is divid$ into  black & r$ /ripes1 :i*1 
z we saw 9 ! ,ph9eus kylix1 comes  be=e 
! r5d]+ ( folds4    ,?is cons]vative    
/yle does n %[ ! same ke5ness z its     
contempor>ies 9 r5d]+ folds & develop+ !
 k (  anatomy2 nor is ! ne$ felt = a    
long "t ( free+ ! field f  fill+        
ornam5ts or ! base segm5t f animal      
decoration4 ,! gr\p  ( vases :i* belongs
 to ! second half ( ! c5tury is         
especially  m>k$ by ! return ( ! :ite   
slip & ( poly*romy 9 !  ornam5tation4 ,x
 is only late t ! ,sp>tan pa9t]s turn to
 !  r5d]+ ( folds & ri*] body details1  
really only 9 a "t (  decad5ce1 :i*     
dim9i%es ! foot1 no long] col\rs !      

ornam5t1  & (t5 avoids ! base-segm5t4 ,!
 occasional use ( pale r$  figures pa9t$
 on a black gr\nd ) incis$ details c    
only be  expla9$ z a prov9cial imitation
 ( ,attic r$-figur$ te*nique1 )  !      
sup]iority ( :i* ,sp>ta _c ev5 remotely 
compete4 ,simil>  vases )\t any figures 
%[ ! la/ output ( ! fabric4    ,! only  
fabric 9 :i* ! black-figur$ /yle        
complet$ its life &  exhau/$ its        
possibilities1 ! only "o :i* %[s its    
liv+ =ce  ?r\gh ! ar*aic & classic      
p]iods1 is ! ,attic4 ,ev5 at ! end  ( ! 
#g? c5tury x beg9s to vie ) o!rs4 ,we   
already saw t  ,vurv vases 7 export$ to 
,ea/ ,ionia2 ! ,gorgon lebes ( ! ,l\vre 
comes f ,italy4 ,etruria n[ becomes !   
*ief place :]e ,attic &  inde$ all      
black-figur$ vases are f\nd4 ,! fact t  
w>e made to be  export$ to ,etruria fir/
 gave u ! k ( ,greek vase-pa9t+1  l$    
enquiries on false tracks = a long "t 9 
localiz+ ! fabrics1  & ev5 to-day ! ^w  
#8vases' rem9ds u ( ! decisive f9ds on  
,italian soil4    ,! ,attic manufactory 

is1 z we saw1 prov$ n only by ! alphabet
 (  _! inscriptions b also by cont9u\s  
f9ds 9 ,attica itself4 ,to be  sure1 !  
inequality ( production 9 te*nique &    
/yle obtrudes  itself on u "h m ?an     
else:]e1 & makes u take fabric 9 a  wid]
 s5se1 z a complex ( work%ops1 :i* turn 
out at ! same "t  good & rubbi%y w>e1   
traditional & progressive pa9t+1 vases )
  light or d>k-r$ clay4 ,! ,boeotian    
work%ops1 )\t do+ !m  inju/ice1 we may  
class ) ,attic work%ops ( ! second      
class2 9 !  #f? c5tury1 9 s f> z !y d n 
g on turn+ out _! old bird  kylikes 7p4 
#eb71 !y are only prov9cial (f%oots (   
,attic indu/rial  art4 ,! same is ! case
 ) ,eretria4    ,! inequality ( ,attic  
w>e has yet o!r reasons4 ,m ?an o!r     
fabrics ! ,attic adopt$ =eign influ5ces4
 ,a!ns' c5tral position  betwe5 ,cor9?1 
,*alkis & ! ,cyclades1 its relations to 
,ea/ ,ionia1  l$ to a p5etration ( old  
,attic art traditions ) o!r elem5ts &   
to ! =mation ( a new /yle3 ! rise (     
trade & indu/ry entic$  ali5 pa9t]s to  

settle at ,a!ns1 s9ce =eign fabrics _h m
 &  m to give 9 to ,a!nian sup]iority4  
,?us x is t ,cor9?ian1  ,*alkidian1     
#8,ph9eus1' ,ea/ ,ionic1 occasionally   
ev5 ,sp>tan fabrics    ,illu/ration3    
,,plate ,,xlvii4    ,fig4 #hf4 ,,w$d+   
,,( ,,peleus3 ,,fragm5ts ,,( ,a         
,,cauldron ,,by ,,sophilos4    ,fig4    
#hg4 ,,attic ,,tripod-,,vase4    are    
reflect$ 9 ! ,attic pott]y4 ,^!         
reflections give a v v>i$  air to ,attic
 pott]y1 b on ! o!r h& help to a dat+ ( 
its  sep>ate phases4 ,aft] a p]iod (    
,cor9?ian influ5ce foll[s "o )  a /rong 
,*alkidian elem5t1 9 ! eye-kylikes !    
patt]n ( #8,ph9eus'  w>e is at "w1 :ile 
relations to ,ea/ ,ionic art run along  
side by  side4    ,! gr\p1 :i* "o is    
incl9$ to make p>allel ) ! r$-clay      
,cor9?ian1 may be nam$ ! #8,sophilos'   
gr\p f ! fragm5ts ( a  #8lebes' f\nd on 
! ,acropolis 7,fig4 #hf74 ,9 contra/ )  
its imm$iate  pr$ecessor ! ,sophilos    
vase vies 9 motley effect ) ,cor9?ian   
w>e4 ,ornam5t is ri*ly pa9t$2 himatia & 

bord]s are pick$ out 9  col\r1 wom5 &   
l95 *itons h a :ite fill+2 9 ! r$ ( !   
male face & ! v>i$ col\r+ ( ! horses !  
sy/em (  contra/$ col\rs is z pla9ly    
exhibit$ z 9 ! r$ col\r+ (  ! male brea/
 or ( ! :ole male body on o!r           
contempor>y vases4  ,! m>riage ( ,peleus
 & ,!tis is ! subject1 9 a type repeat$ 
on  ! ,franois vase 7,fig4 #ij71 :i* we 
see develop$ on ,cor9?ian  krat]s1      
probably "u ! influ5ce ( ! *e/ (        
,kypselos4 ,:o  introduc$ into ! sc5e ! 
,muse 9 front view play+ on ! syr9x1  _c
 be /at$2 ! l[] "p ( ! body 9 pr(ile is 
9 m>k$  contra/ ) ?is bold front view2 t
 x is ( ornam5tal orig91  p]haps f a    
d\ble ,sir51 might be sugge/$ )\t its   
be+ too  v5turesome4    ,! frieze is    
fram$ betwe5 a broad lotus & palmette   
patt]n & a  /ripe ) l>ge animals4 ,:e!r 
! fill+ ornam5t has be5 omitt$  f !     
animal z well z f ! figur$ frieze1 9 :i*
 no?+ b  ! big lett]+ rem9ds u ( ! old  
requirem5t ( fill+ !  space1 _c be      
asc]ta9$ f ?is specim52 a second vase ( 

!  same pa9t] %[s betwe5 ! animals1 :i* 
/ill sugge/ ! ,vurv  /yle1 isolat$ l>ge 
rosettes1 & o!r vases ( ?is gr\p make a 
palmette fl[] or bud ) /alk project into
 ! field4 ,^! isolat$  e*oes ( ! old    
fill+ ornam5tation1 influ5c$ by ! ,ea/ l
 !  gradually appe>+ friezes ( buds &   
leaves 7p4 #hc7 disappe> ab\t  ! middle 
( ! c5tury2 b ! animal friezes !mselves 
live on  long]4    ,?is survival ( old  
decorative t5d5cies 9 a new %ape appe>s 
/ill  m pla9ly 9 o!r vases ( !          
8,sophilos0 p]iod4 ,! amphorae1  :i*    
leave a 8metope0 unpa9t$ to c>ry _!     
figures or make !  figure field         
cont9u\s1 :5 !y d n cov] ! :ole body )  
/ripes1 h l ! ,klazom5ian on ! neck a   
head1 a lotus &  palmette cross1 or a   
circle betwe5 zig-zags 7! amphora :i*   
,dionysos  is dragg+ on ! ,franois vase 
is ( ?is type71 & pref] /ill to         
decorate _! /ripes & fields )           
h]aldically arrang$ animals4  ,! ,ionic 
lib]ties too1 ! mean+less compositions1 
are n  infrequ5t1 j z beside _m         

,cor9?ian e*oes 9 ! friezes (  animals &
 rid]s1 ,ionic patt]ns (t5 ass]t        
!mselves 9 !  draw+ & col\r+ ( !        
animals1 & 9 ! %ape & decoration (  !   
vases4 ,! krat]s & hydriae :i* are      
p>allel ) !  ,cor9?ian1 give ! same     
impression4 ,( ! small] vases we may    
select  two ha/y compositions1 :i* _c   
comp>e ) ! f9e "w (  ,sophilos1 b 9 _!  
way help to enl>ge our idea ( ! p]iod4  
,!  ,muni* tripod-vase 7,fig4 #hg7 9 !  
/ripe on ! rim %[s alongside (  ! old   
animal composition two wre/l]s ( !      
,cor9?ian s*eme & a  horse race f ! same
 s\rce1 ! succession ( :i* is int]rupt$ 
by a fall5 horse j z ! animal friezes ( 
contempor>y vases  conta9 fight+ animal 
gr\ps2 & a kan?>os ( ,boeotian          
manufacture  & %ape 7,fig4 #hh7 ov] !   
animal frieze introduces ! wild danc]s1 
:o z at ,cor9?1 ,*alkis & 9 ,ea/ ,ionia 
prep>e ! way = !  ,satyrs4              
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlviii4    ,fig4
 #hh4 ,b,,otian ,,kan?>os4    ,fig4 #hi4
 ,,arrival ,,( ,,!seus' ,,%ip ,,at      

,,delos3 ,,detail ,,( ,,! ,,fran,,ois   
,,vase1  ,,fig4 #ij4    ,f              
,furtwngl]-,rei*hold1 ,grie*is*e        
,vas5mal]ei4    ,j z we foll[$ ! process
 9 late ,cor9?ian & ,*alkidian          
workman%ip1 s 9 ,a!ns ! broad1 massive  
ar*aic black-figur$ /yle  9 ! %ape ( !  
vase & ! r5d]+ ( ! figures passes into  
m & m elegant compression & precision2  
,sophilos is foll[$ by  ,klitias4 ,!    
,flor5ce vase #8made' by ! pott]        
,ergotimos1 #8pa9t$' by  ,klitias & nam$
 aft] its f9d] ,franois 7,figs4 #hi &   
#ij71 ev5 9  ! boldly ris+ outl9e ( !   
body %[s ! _s ( a new age1 &  goes      
beyond ! r\nd-belli$ %ape ( ! ,gorgon   
#8lebes' z mu* z !  late ,cor9?ian      
krat]s surpass ! ,eurytios vase 7,fig4  
#fd74 ,ergotimos  holds ! mean betwe5 ! 
old r\nd-belli$ vase %apes & ! m        
elegant ones ( ! ,*alkidian be/ p]iod   
7p4 #gg71 j z ,klitias does  betwe5 !   
figur$ /yle ( ,sophilos & t ( ,amasis   
7p4 #aje72 &  z ,ergotimos does 8 be/ 9 
delicately m\ld+ ! %ape & gives  ! vase 

a %[y appe>ance ) 8 elongat$ h&le       
volutes1 s 9 !  figur$ decoration cov]+ 
! :ole surface & 9 ! incr$ibly  delicate
 execution ( all details ,klitias       
pres5ts a ref9em5t ( !  black-figur$    
/yle :i* 9 its way _c be surpass$4      
,pott] &  pa9t] "h take a /ep1 :i*      
secures = ,attic pott]y ! p>am\nt       
position = all "t4    ,! treatm5t ( !   
procession ( ! ,olympians 9 hon\r ( !   
newly-w$d$ sea-goddess on ! pr9cipal    
frieze is p>ticul>ly ri*4  ,we h se5 t  
,klitias "h utiliz$ an old type4 ,!     
repres5tative  solemnity requir$ by !   
subject gives an ar*aic /amp to ?is     
frieze2  9 p>ticul> ! ri*ly adorn$ fe/al
 clo!s ) patt]ns t x  almo/ requires a  
microscope to see1 :i* be> witness to   
uncanny  pati5ce & accuracy on ! "p ( ! 
pa9t]1 height5 ! /iffly  v5]able        
impression4 ,b :5 comp>$ ) ,sophilos1   
,klitias %[s a  consid]able advance 9 ! 
r5d]+ ( nature4    ,= t we mu/ n lay    
/ress on ! head ( ,dionysos 9 front     
view1  = ! god's mask-l appe>ance pass$ 

f cult into vase-pa9t+2  b we may po9t  
to ! dim9i%$ heav9ess ( ! figures1 !    
small]  size ( ! eye1 ! division ( !    
himatia into /ripes1 :i* "h  & !re      
conv]ge l folds1 & ! r$uction 9 size ( !
  inscriptions4 ,! o!r friezes exhibit  
,klitias z a ma/] ( !  del9eation ( life
 & movem5t3 ! arrival ( ! %ip ( ,!seus  
at  ,delos 7,fig4 #hi71 ! hunt (        
,meleag]1 ! battle ) ! ,c5taurs1 !      
*>iot-race1 ! return ( ,hephai/os1 !    
adv5ture ( ,troilos1 &  ! delightful    
frieze on ! foot ) ! battle ( dw>fs &   
cranes2  ev5 ! h]aldic animal frieze is 
seiz$ by ! same livel9ess1 =  betwe5 !  
h]aldic sph9xes & griff9s ! animals1 n[ 
treat$ 9  q an elegant & concise way1   
are attack+ ea* o!r4 ,h[ mu* (  ^! sc5es
 is due to ! inv5tiv5ess ( ,klitias & 8 
direct  obs]vation ( nature _c be made  
out4 ,he has n got ! r\gh  fre%ness &   
naturalism ( ! ,ionic pa9t]s1 b in/ead a
 m>k$  feel+ = cle> & speak+ types2 &   
g5]ally speak+1 discipl9e  & ! gift (   
ab/raction seem to h be5 m *>act]i/ic ( 

!  ,a!nians ?an ( ! ,ionians1 :o set m  
c>elessly to "w4 ,p]haps  ,klitias got f
 ea/]n ma/]s ! int]ruption ( ! h]aldry 9
 !  animal frieze by fight+ gr\ps2 & at 
any rate ! ,satyrs :o  accompany !      
drunk5 ,hephai/os come f ! ,ea/ into    
,attic pott]y4    ,9 ! te*nique ( !     
figures1 ! old /yle is wor?ily putt+ =? 
its la/ ef=ts2 ! :ite is /ill put direct
 on ! clay1 ! man's  face is col\r$ r$1 
black horse alt]nates ) :ite4 ,b ) !    
p]fection ( ! clay & ! black us$ 9      
pa9t+1 & ! m9ute  detail ( incis$ l9es1 
a new feel+ = col\r is br\ght 91 :i*    
leads away f ! old motley effect2 !     
ma/]s ( !    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate      
,,xlix4    ,fig4 #ij4    ,,krat] ,,by   
,,klitias ,,& ,,ergotimos3 8,,!         
,,fran,,ois ,,vase40    ,f              
,furtwngl]-,rei*hold1 ,grie*is*e        
,vas5mal]ei4    ,franois vase !mselves 9
 _! lat] works g ov] to ! new sy/em1    
:i* pa9ts a gr\nd = ! :ite & gives up r$
 9 ! male body1 a  sy/em :i*1 p]haps1   
o!r less ?or\gh arti/s _h already set   

go+4    ,! *>iot-race = a prize on !    
neck ( ! ,franois vase introduces  u to 
an old & popul> conte/1 :i* accord+ to  
tradition  ,pisi/ratus replac$ by o!r   
games1 :5 9 #eff ,b4,c4 he re=m$ !      
,pana!naea4 ,at ! same "t he mu/ h      
erect$ a new image ( ,a!na  on !        
,acropolis1 :i*1 9 opposition to ! old  
conception1 7p4 #ff7  /ill foll[$ by !  
,franois vase1 repres5t$ ! goddess 9    
full  arm\r4 ,= on ! prize vases1 :i* 7 
giv5 to ! victors full (  preci\s oil & 
labell$ #8"o ( ! prizes f ! city (      
,a!ns'  7  71 ,a!na always appe>s z a   
fight+ w>rior1 j  z ! poet ,/esi*oros & 
pa9t+s ( ! "t ( ,sophilos _h made  h]   
leap f ! head ( ,zeus4 ,! olde/ ( ^!    
,pana!naic amphorae  7an idea ( _! %ape 
is giv5 by ,fig4 #aja1 a lat] specim5 ( 
ab\t  #ebj ,b4,c47 %[s on ! obv]se ! new
 type ( ,a!na 9 ! mak+1 &  on ! rev]se !
 *>iot-race :i* 0 n[ becom+ infrequ5t4  
,s9ce  ?is vase adh]es closely to !     
,sophilos gr\p 9 /yle & especially  9 ! 
animal decoration ( ! neck1 b on ! o!r  

h& already has  a pa9t$ gr\nd = :ite1 x 
w n be possible to move ! ,franois  vase
 & ! transition to ! lat] te*nique away 
f ! sixties (  ! #f? c5tury4    ,! gr\p 
( krat]s1 lebetes1 hydriae1 amphorae &  
o!r vases1 :i*  imm$iately adh]es to !  
,franois vase1 usually1 9 s f> z x is  n
 int]rupt$ by m>k$ individualities1 is  
describ$ by !  antiquat$ "n             
#8,tyrrh5ian1' d]iv$ f ! f9ds 9         
,etruria4 ,!  cons]vative & (t5         
me*anical "* ( ^! vases does n  conceal 
! progressive elem5ts4 ,! vases assume !
 m sl5d]  egg-%ap$ =m kn[n to u f       
,*alkis1 ! old neck ornam5t ( !         
amphorae 7p4 #if7 is replac$ by lotus & 
palmette4 ,:ite col\r is  regul>ly plac$
 on black gr\nd2 ,h]akles is (t5 equipp$
 ) !  lion's sk92 ,a!na ) at any rate   
helmet & spe>2 9 place ( !  old-fa%ion$ 
burlesque danc]s & nak$ wom5 come       
,satyrs & ,ma5ads4  ,b ( improvem5ts 9  
obs]vation ( nature ?is second-class    
gr\p has  h>dly any to %[4 ,x lives on !
 a*ievem5ts ( great ma/]s1 on  ,cor9?ian

 traditions1 & ea/]n influ5ces4 ,!      
frieze amphorae1  :i* cont9ue alongside 
( ! amphorae ) picture field1 vie )  !  
,franois vase 9 ! accumulation ( figur$ 
friezes2 only 9 !  l[] /ripe !y         
economize 9 figure sc5es by us+ l9es (  
lotus &  palmettes & animals4 ,?us _!   
g5]al appe>ance is /ill v l  ! ,vurv    
vases1 ! ,gorgon lebes & _m vases ( !   
,sophilos p]iod4  ,! traditions ( ! #g? 
c5tury end 9 ?is me*anical gr\p2 !      
great ma/]s ( ! second ?ird ( ! c5tury  
br+1 p]haps f  ,*alkis1 new vase types &
 new k9ds ( decoration4    ,! transition
 may fir/ be foll[$ 9 ! ,kylix1 :i*     
happily c be  trac$ 9 its developm5t by 
_m sign$ specim5s4 ,! firm (  ,ergotimos
 produces a cup ) knobb$ h&les & no     
set-(f = !  rim1 ! int]ior picture ( :i*
 is fram$ by tongue patt]n1 ?us a  kylix
 ( ! type kn[n to u f ,cor9? & ,*alkis2 
on ! outside  ! ,satyr is /ill loosely  
connect$ ) dr9k]s ( ! old type1 &  has  
?us n yet be5 associat$ ) ,dionysos & ! 
,ma5ads4 ,?is  type ( kylix %ews m>k$   

,*alkidian influ5ce1 especially 9 lat]  
specim5s l t ( ,bo/on 7,fig4 #ib71 on   
:i* ,circe 7pa9t$ :ite  ov] black7 h&s  
to ! companions ( ,odysseus ! fatal     
potion & s  br+s ab\t h] own abrupt end4
 ,s]ies ( bran*es & buds1 probably  also
 ! dog 9 front view 7p4 #ha7            
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,l4    ,fig4 #ia4 
#8,,little ,,ma/]' ,,kylix4    ,fig4    
#ib4 ,,attic ,,kylix ,,) ,,knob-,,h&les4
    & mu* 9 ! /yle ( ! figures come f ! 
neighb\r+ fabric4  ,?is ,*alkidian      
influ5ce is to be trac$ on a second type
 ( kylix  belong+ to ?is p]iod1 t )     
(f-set rim1 7n ! "o 9 ,circe's  h&71 :i*
 = a "t c>elessly draws its figures ov] 
! junction1  b f9ally makes a clean cut 
betwe5 h&le frieze & rim ornam5t3  ! rim
 is e4g4 decorat$ ) a bran* or pa9t$    
black1 ! h&le  frieze be>s figures or ! 
arti/'s signature 9 neat lett]s betwe5  
! palmettes proce$+ f ! h&les4 ,! ma/]s 
( ! ,franois  vase !mselves took ?is /ep
 =w>d2 9 ,naukratis & ! int]ior (  ,asia
 ,m9or sign$ specim5s h be5 f\nd1 speak+

 docum5ts ( !  popul>ity ( ! f9e ,attic 
w>e 9 ! ,ea/1 :i* help to expla9 !      
alt]ation ( ! ,ionic /yle 7p4 #hf74     
,! work%op ( ,ergotimos pass$ to 8 son  
,eu*eiros 7,b4,m4 ,cat4 ii41 p4  #bba71 
:o1 l ! sons ( ,ne>*os1 ,ergoteles &    
,tleson 7,b4,m4 ,cat4  ii41 p4 #bbb7 is 
f\nd among ! s-call$ #8little ma/]s1' ! 
mak]s  ( d$icat$ high-/emm$ cups1 :o1 ) 
special pride1 & probably  also =       
decorative reasons1 put _! names on _!  
products4 ,m  ?an tw5ty mak]s' names1   
among !m ^? ( ,exekias1 ,pamphaios1     
,*>itaios1 ,his*ylos1 & ,niko/h5es1 h   
be5 h&$ d[n to u on  ^! vases1 an       
important piece ( evid5ce = ! vig\r (   
,attic  production 9 ! g5]ation aft]    
,klitias & ,ergotimos4 ,^! ma/]s        
pres]ve ! division betwe5 h&le & rim    
/ripes1 ev5 :5 ! rim  is n m>k$ (f f !  
body4 ,z ) ,klitias1 ! h&le /ripe  be>s 
! ma/]'s inscription or a dr9k+ motto2 9
 ?is case !  repres5tation1 consi/+ (   
neat m9iature figures or a female head  
drawn 9 f9e outl9e1 moves into ! upp]   

/ripe 7,fig4 #ia74 ,side by  side ) t1 !
 pa9t+ ( ! rim black & decoration ( !   
h&le /ripe ) figures are v common4 ,9 ! 
figures decorative  t5d5cies1 betok5+   
int5tion r ?an conv5tion1 ass]t         
!mselves4 ,! int]ior picture (t5 consi/s
 ( ! ,gorgon's mask1 or  a figure to    
fill ! space to fit ! circle2 ! outside 
(t5 be>s  mean+less compositions        
7h]aldic animals1 w+$ creatures1 runn]s1
  rid]s1 m5 wrapp$ 9 cloaks71 out ( :i* 
develop sc5es ( hunt+  & pursuit1       
*>iot-races1 & cock-fights2 b also      
my?ological  sc5es & vigor\s battle     
pictures ) _m figures occur4 ,:5 su*    
sc5es are /ill flank$ by h]aldic        
animals1 9 ?is case primitive           
traditions are consci\sly reta9$4    ,on
 ! ,muni* kylix 7,fig4 #ia7 ! pa9t] 9 ! 
inscription praises !  beauty (         
,kali/an!4 ,m commonly fair boys are    
prais$1 a practice  :i* cont9ues on     
vases = a c5tury1 ! explanation be+     
suppli$  by ! erotic sc5es repres5t$ f !
 lat] "t ( ,klitias4 ,^?  celebrat$ are 

seldom to be reg>d$ z ! fav\rites ( !   
vase-pa9t]s !mselves1 b g5]ally sons ( !
 be/ society1 =  :om !re 0 a furore4    
,?is wor%ip ( beauty is ( use to !      
hi/orian1 = _m ( ! ,kaloi are great     
p]sons ) e/abli%$  dates1 & anyh[ !     
common love-"n puts all vases :i* be> x 
into  a %ort p]iod ( "t2 = ! bloom (    
beauty la/s n m ?an a  decade4    ,if ! 
kylikes ( ! #8little ma/]s' la/ to !    
beg9n+ ( !  r$-figur$ /yle 7p4 #aji71 ! 
eye-cups g a good bit beyond ?is  limit4
 ,! type mu/ h be5 br\ght to ,a!ns f !  
#8,ph9eus'  manufactory 7p4 #hj7 9 !    
lat] p]iod ( ! #8little ma/]s'2 &       
p]haps ! ,ionian ,amasis1 :o has left a 
f9e specim5 ) a figure  hold+ a bran*   
betwe5 ! eyes1 _h mu* to d ) ?is        
naturalization4 ,c]ta9ly ! ,attic arti/s
 nev] rival ! swell+  %apes & vigor\s   
life ( _! prototypes4 ,) ?is type !     
outside  beg9s aga9 to be treat$ z a    
decorative unit    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate
 ,,li4    ,fig4 #ic4 ,,dionysos3        
,,int]ior ,,( ,,an ,,eye ,,kylix ,,by   

,,exekias4    )\t division1 an          
arrangem5t ( :i* ! r$-figur$ /yle makes 
almo/ exclusive use4 ,! int]ior is      
g5]ally n m ri*ly  decorat$ ?an by !    
#8little ma/]s4' ,:5 ,exekias on "o vase
 adorns  ! :ole int]ior surface ) a     
wond]ful idyll1 ! giv] ( ! v9e  9 a     
sail+ boat ) dolph9s leap+ r\nd him1 ?is
 is q an  exception 7,fig4 #ic73 t !    
gr\nd is pa9t$ brick-r$1 is q  unique4  
,! names ,ergotimos & ,klitias1 ,exekias
 & ,amasis1 ,*>itaios1  ,pamphaios &    
,niko/h5es %[ t ! manufacture ( kylikes 
0 by no  means a sep>ate speciality1 & t
 x may be simply due to accid5t  if     
c]ta9 firms produc+ l>g] vases d n recur
 among ! #8little  ma/]s4'    ,! l>g]   
ma/]pieces naturally %[ ! progress ( !  
/yle mu*  m pla9ly ?an ! cons]vative    
,tyrrh5ian w>e & ! kylikes4 ,we  notic$ 
above1 t s+le specim5s1 :i* /& out      
m>k$ly f !  ord9>y w>e ( ! p]iod1 atta* 
!mselves to ! ,franois vase4 ,!  ma/] ( 
a f9e lebes f ! ,acropolis %[+ ,ionic   
influ5ce1 :o  occasionally /ill col\rs !

 male face r$1 probably emigrat$ f  !   
,ea/ l 8 contempor>ies ,kol*os & ,lydos4
 ,l ,klitias1 !  ma/]s pref] to cov]    
g>m5ts ) ri* patt]ns r ?an to  r5d]     
folds3 !y relieve ! monotony ( :ite     
*itons by v]tical  /rokes1 & divide !   
surfaces ( cloaks into /ripes4 ,?is     
division  does n yet atta9 any effect ( 
dep?4 ,b :5 ,ne>*os1 ! fa!r  ( two      
#8little ma/]s' 7pp4 #aja & #aab71      
divides ! %ort male *iton  also by wavy 
l9es into black & r$ /ripes1 he has     
already 9 8  m9d ! r5d]+ ( folds1 &     
,kol*os grades ! ends ( cloaks )  cle>  
folds4 ,?is emancipation f ! old        
sup]ficiality1 :i* 9 !  p]iod ( !       
#8little ma/]s' leads to ! em]g5ce ( !  
#8fold'  /yle 9 ! works ( ,amasis &     
,exekias1 mu/ n[ be exhibit$ 9 a        
selection ( amphorae & hydriae 9        
connection ) ! *ange (  vase-%apes &    
decoration4    ,we beg9 ) ! big-belli$  
amphora1 :i* at ! end ( ! #g?  c5tury we
 saw res]ve a squ>e field & decorate x )
 horses' or  wom5's heads1 & :i* 9 !    

p]iod ( ,sophilos beg9s to put an  upp] 
bord] ( ornam5t on its figure-field1 :i*
 is (t5 adorn$  ) animals4 ,f9e specim5s
 ( ! ,klitias p]iod1 :i* bani% !  animal
 ornam5t into a l[] frieze or give x up 
altoge!r1 %[ an  obvi\s *ange 9 %ape1 9 
t ! h&les1 in/ead ( /&+ (f  l e>s1 are  
drawn up p]p5dicul>ly1 :ile ! body ( !  
vase is  to "s degree tight5$4 ,vases l 
t ( ,taleides ) ! slay+  ( ! ,m9otaur1  
or l ! unsign$ ,iliup]sis vase 9 ,b]l9  
7,fig4  #id7 ) ! gay alt]nate palmette  
patt]n & ! old heavy foot (  ! ,franois 
vase1 belong to ?is class4 ,on bo? vases
 /&+ figures  =m an ext5sion ( an       
animat$ c5tral gr\p1 b ! ,iliup]sis     
ma/] makes a bett] :ole ( 8 tripty* ?an 
,taleides1 :o m]ely  juxtaposes ! h]oes'
 conflict & ! spectators3 alongside ( ! 
furi\s ,neoptolemos1 :o has already laid
 "o ,trojan l[ & is on !  po9t (        
despat*+ ! ag$ k+ & 8 gr&son ) "o bl[1  
,m5elaos ?reat5s 8 fai?less wife1 :om he
 has won back1 :ile on  ! o!r side      
,priam's entreaties are support$ by wife

 & daught]3 a  picture ri* 9 cont5t1 (  
true ar*aic vividness & talkativ5ess1   
excell5tly drawn & compos$4 ,x is n only
 ! way 9 :i* :ite is  us$ t takes "o    
beyond ! ,franois vase2 ! rosette       
ornam5tation  ( ! g>m5ts is q typical ( 
! foll[+ p]iod 7,fig4 #ib72 !  wavy     
/rip+ ( ! %ort *iton & ! simple grad+ ( 
! cloak  rem9ds u ( ,ne>*os & ,kol*os1 &
 :e!r ,klitias c\ld h  *>act]iz$ a dy+  
man z well z our ma/] is at lea/        
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lii4    ,fig4   
#id4 ,,iliup]sis3 ,,f ,,an ,,attic      
,,amphora4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate     
,,liii4    ,fig4 #ie4 ,,satyrs ,,at ,,! 
,,w9e-,,press3 ,,f ,,an ,,attic         
,,amphora4    que/ionable4    ,! curr5t 
( ,*alkidian influ5ce1 :i* sets 9       
vigor\sly ab\t ?is  "t1 seizes also !   
body amphora4 ,! ar*$ foot becomes m    
plate-l1 a clay-r+ unites x ) ! end ( ! 
body1 :i* is  m tap]2 ! ,*alkidian wrea?
 ( buds 7,fig4 #ga7 = a "t commonly     
takes ! place ( ! palmette & lotus b&1  
:i* becomes scanti]  & m monoton\s1 & z 

at ,*alkis1 a figure frieze 7,fig4 #ie7 
may  occupy ?is space4 ,! type belongs  
to ! e>li] #8little ma/]'  p]iod4 ,f    
,exekias1 :o 0 himself 9 8 (f-h\rs a    
#8little  ma/]1' comes a specim5 9 !    
,l\vre ) ! praise ( ! fair  ,/esias1 a  
y\?ful "w ( ?is wor?y successor (       
,klitias1 on :i*  ,*alkidian patt]ns are
 v f9ely work$ out1 )\t ! slighte/      
attempt at ! r5d]+ ( folds4    ,!       
unsign$ ,wrzburg amphora ( ,amasis      
7,fig4 #ie71 l all ! vases (  ?is ma/]  
peculi> 9 %ape & ( p]fect te*nique1 is m
  progressive & probably some:at lat]   
?an ! ,/esias amphora (  ,exekias3 !    
cloak ( ,dionysos on ! obv]se is laid 9 
?ree folds2 on  ! rev]se ! %aggy satyrs1
 /yliz$ 9 a q un-,attic way1 :o to  !   
s\nd ( ! flute are ga!r+1 press+1 &     
di/ribut+ into  j>s ! belov$ gift ( !   
god1 %[ ! same connection ) !           
#8,ph9eus' factory z ! eye kylix 7p4    
#ajb74 ,! te*nical p]fection  & ! f9e   
decorative effect ( ,amasis' vases are  
only surpass$ by a  wond]ful contempor>y

 gr\p1 :i* is usually call$ ! #8affect$'
  class1 because x consci\sly sacrifices
 ! liv+ repres5tation (  ! figure _w to 
! ornam5tal g5]al effect4    ,!         
ov]-elegant works ( ,exekias1 !         
#8affect$' vases1 ! m9ute  #8little     
ma/]' kylikes repres5t ! la/ ref9em5t ( 
! silh\ette  /yle1 its la/ trump-c>d4 ,!
 future belong$ n to ! ma/]s (  ! adorn$
 surface1 b to ! del9eators ( ! surface 
9 movem5t4  ,9 ! la/ phase ( ! body     
amphora prior to ! r$-figur$ /yle1 9    
:i* ! b&-l h&les & ! n>r[] neck are     
drawn high] &  ! /iff palmette patt]n   
becomes canonical1 ,exekias 9 8 rip]    
developm5t passes ov] to ri* r5d]+ (    
folds2 on ! h>moni\s  amphora 9 ,rome1  
:i* no long] praises ,/esias b          
,onetorides 7,fig4  #if7 he exhibits 9 !
 cloaks ( ! play]s ! la/ possibilities (
  8 subtle te*nique ) an almo/ incr$ible
 devotion to detail1 b  ev5 ^! f9e clo!s
 h _! edges ov]lapp+1 & on ! rev]se  ( !
 vase1 besides foldless patt]n$ clo!s1  
appe> cloaks ri*ly  animat$ ) folds4 ,! 

amphora mu/ be ( ! same p]iod z ! eye   
kylix 7,fig4 #ic72 n only ! feel+ z a   
:ole b ! d>k-r$  *itons 9 lay]s on !    
outside po9t to ! late activity ( !     
ma/]4    ,! neck$ amphorae complete our 
idea ( ! two great ma/]s4 ,! old  heavy 
%apes ) ! ar*$ foot take up ,*alkidian  
influ5ces & g  ?r\gh ! same processes ( 
*ange1 :i* we "k f ,*alkis4 ,!          
old-fa%ion$ decoration ) animal /ripes  
is reta9$ by !  ,tyrrh5ian vases1 t )   
cont9u\s pictorial field by ! #8affect$'
  gr\p = a "t1 till ! lat] ,*alkidian   
type conqu]s ! :ole  field 7,fig4 #fi74 
,amasis seems n m]ely to h introduc$ x  
into  ,a!ns b also to h creat$ ! pretty 
v>iation ) ! flat  %\ld] ) a rectangul> 
turn & ! wide h&les runn+ out bel[  into
 t5drils3 = ^! cont9u\s t5drils are old 
prop]ty ( 8  ea/]n home4 ,! h&le ornam5t
 sep>ates (f ! pictures on ! two  sides 
& lib]ates ! figures f ! con/ra9ts ( a  
frieze4 ,!  ,p>is amphora ) ,dionysos & 
! int]e/+ gr\p ( embrac+  ,ma5ads 7,fig4
 #ih7 is closely connect$ ) ! ,wrzburg  

amphora 7,fig4  #ie7 n only by ! d\ble  
rays1 :i* ,amasis loves1                
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,liv4    ,fig4   
#if4 ,,a*illes ,,& ,,aias ,,play+ ,,at  
,,draughts3 ,,f ,,an ,,amphora ,,by     
,,exekias4    ,fig4 #ig4 ,,attic ,,neck$
 ,,amphora ,,) ,,satyr-,,mask4          
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lv4    ,fig4    
#ih4    ,,neck$ ,,amphora ,,) ,,!       
,,signature ,,( ,,! ,,pott] ,,amasis4   
,fig4 #ii4 ,,detail ,,f ,,! ,,int]ior   
,,( ,a ,,cauldron ,,by ,,exekias4    by 
! gr\p+1 :i* 9 ! o!r vase is transf]r$  
)\t *ange  to satyrs1 by ! beg9n+ (     
himation folds1 b also by _m details  ( 
! v individual /yle4 ,! av]sion to :ite 
col\r is  int]e/+4 ,on bo? vases ! l95  
*iton ( ! god is left black2  ! ,p>is   
ma5ads are r5d]$ 9 outl9e only3 x is b  
seldom t  ! reaction aga9/ ! old        
p>ti-col\r$ s*eme goes s f>4  ,p>allels 
are provid$ by ! ,a!na ( ,kol*os' jug & 
! girl-bu/s  ( ! #8little ma/]s' 7,fig4 
#ia74 ,bo? ! o!r amphorae ( ,amasis are 
m advanc$4 ,! %ape ( ! vase is slimm]1 !

 decoration simpl]1  ! relation (       
figures to space fre]4 ,! bodies are no 
long] !  ?ick-set broad-?igh$ type ( !  
old] /yle3 ! eye plays no long]  s      
prom95t a "p4 ,! %ort *iton is n m]ely  
laid 9 black &  r$ lay]s b ev5 provid$ )
 a q naturally wav+ bord]3 !  arti/ ?us 
f> surpasses ! /&>d ( ,exekias & ev5 (  
e>ly  r$-figur$ ma/]s4 ,he ne$ n on t   
acc\nt be put v late1 =  ! simple ,ionic
 ma/]s ( ! ,ca]etan hydriae1 p]haps 8   
c\ntrym51 made ?is bord] be=e him4 ,?is 
,ionism is 9 fav\r (  ,amasis1 :o signs 
only z pott]1 hav+ himself pa9t$ all 8  
vases1  & hav+ play$ ! pione] n only 9  
vase %apes & decoration b  also 9 figure
 /yle4 ,exekias 79 ^: works ! unity ( ! 
:ole is  (t5 expressly emphasiz$ by !   
inscription #8made & pa9t$ me'7  does n 
attack ! problem ( folds s boldly4 ,ev5 
on ! two f9e  neck$ amphorae1 :i* praise
 ! fav\rite ( 8 lat] p]iod1 z a  good   
,a!nian he lays ! drap]y 9 neatly-iron$ 
lay]s4    ,! sl5d] ,muni* neck$ amphora 
7,fig4 #ig7 goes /ill fur!r beyond  !   

,*alkidian models 7,fig4 #fi74 ,! neck  
ornam5t connects x ) !  late works (    
,exekias1 ! eye decoration ) ! kylix    
type ( !  same "t1 & ev5 ! space-fill+  
v9e-t5drils1 :i* p]haps  ,amasis        
introduc$ f ! #8,ph9eus' factory into   
,attic pa9t+1 are a  fav\rite motive 9  
lat] times4 ,! satyr mask1 l ! ,dionysos
 mask1  probably pass$ f cult into      
decorative pa9t+2 if ,klitias  repres5ts
 ,dionysos1 & ,amasis ! satyr1 ) head 9 
front view1 !  influ5ce ( ^! masks is n 
to be mi/ak54    ,we h n yet nam$ ! mo/ 
productive amphora pa9t]4 ,niko/h5es    
suppli$ "s f9e examples ( ! me?od (     
,amasis1 "s ( :i* l  ! ,exekias lebes   
7,fig4 #ii7 on ! body ( ! vase help !   
f9e black  col\r to exclusive           
possession2 besides a quantity ( notably
 metallic  amphorae ) b& h&les1 !       
production ( :i* 9 quantities seems  to 
be 8 speciality1 ?\gh o!r ma/]s adopt$ &
 modifi$ !  %ape 7,fig4 #ajd74 ,! (t5 v 
ha/y & cons]vative decoration (  ^!     
vases _c come f "o pa9t]4 ,niko/h5es1 ( 

:om almo/ a  hundr$ sign$ vases are     
extant 7krat]s1 #8,amasis' &            
#8,niko/h5es'  amphorae1 #8little ma/]' 
kylikes1 eye kylikes1 neatly pa9t$ jugs 
)  :ite gr\nd1 & r$-figur$ vases7 mu/ h 
employ$ a s]ies (  pa9t]s4 ,! only "o :o
 gives 8 "n1 ,epiktetos1 we %all he> (  
lat]4    ,! hydria too1 :i* (t5 %[s its 
use 9 pretty f\nta9 sc5es  7,fig4 #ajf71
 alt]s its =m4 ,z 9 ,*alkis 7p4 #gf7 !  
egg-%ap$ type  ( ! ,klitias p]iod1 %[n  
e4g4 on ! ,troilos frieze ( !  ,franois 
vase1 gradually gives way to ! lat] type
 ) picture field  & horizontal1         
sep>ately adorn$ %\ld]4 ,timagoras1 a   
contempor>y  ( ,exekias1 /ill pref]s a  
broad-belli$ %ape & does n =m h&le  &   
foot z elegantly z ,pamphaios4 ,8 ,p>is 
vase ) ! lat] type  ( ! conte/ ) ,triton
 7p4 #fg71 on :i* he /ill pa9ts !       
mon/]'s face r$ = col\r contra/1 is v   
important = *ronology  by a decl>ation (
 love =    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lvi4 
,fig4 #ajj4 ,,f ,a ,,late ,,attic       
,,black-,,figur$ ,,hydria4    ,&okides1 

a "y colleague & lat] *ief ma/] ( ! e>ly
  r$-figur$ /yle4 ,if ,timagoras is !   
pr$ecessor ( ,&okides1  ,pamphaios is 8 
rival4 ,8 slim ,london hydria ) !       
slightly b5t up  h&les1 on :i* ! v9e (  
,dionysos ov]gr[s ! :ole picture1 &  !  
d>k-r$ /rip+ ( ! cloak assumes pure     
fold-"*1 falls  into ! r$-figur$ p]iod1 
:i* aft] ! second ?ird ( ! c5tury  beg9s
 to compete ) ! old te*nique1 & to :i*  
,pamphaios himself  op5s 8 work%op4 ,!  
new /yle did n abruptly drive out ! old3
  f ! "t ( its pr$om9ance p]haps m      
black-figur$ vases are  pres]v$ ?an f ! 
prec$+ p]iod4 ,9 ! lead+ /udios = a  "t 
bo? te*niques 7 practis$ side by side1  
(t5 by ! same  pa9t]s4 ,! balance incl9$
 quickly to ! side ( ! /yle :i*  pa9t$ !
 backgr\nd & n ! figure1 & aft] !       
transitional  "t ( ,&okides & ,pamphaios
 only inf]ior tal5ts exp]im5t 9 !  old  
silh\ette /yle4 ,b ?\gh driv5 out ( !   
lead+ position1  ?is old /yle 0 /ill    
busy & productive at lea/ to ! beg9n+  (
 ! #e? c5tury3 especially neck$ amphorae

 & hydriae1 :i* !  new /yle did n       
zeal\sly affect1 keep ! tradition4      
,at ?is lat] date ! %apes become        
elongat$1 ! lotus & palmette  ornam5t   
loses col\r1 sweep & consi/5cy4 ,!      
hydriae b5d _!  h&les m /eeply upw>ds3 !
 r[ ( palmettes enclos$ by t5drils  is  
pref]r$ z fram+ ornam5t4 ,! figures move
 m freely 9 !  space1 & are also m      
ha/ily drawn2 9 p>ticul> ! r5d]+ (      
folds becomes regul>4 ,! r$ /ripes1 :i* 
are pa9t$ q  mean+lessly betwe5 ! folds1
 no long] rem9d u t !y once  indicat$   
sew$ p>ts ( g>m5ts2 :ite rosettes & r$  
spots s]ve z  surface patt]ns1 a r$     
/roke z bord]4 ,on ! f9e hydria 9 ,b]l9 
7,fig4 #ajj7 probably ( ,euphronios' "t1
 :i*1 x is true1 is q  unlike its class1
 ! old r\nd =mation ( ! eye actually    
approximates to ! natural oval4    ,!   
l9ks ) ! r$-figur$ /yle1 especially     
common love names l  ,hipp>*os1 ,p$ieus1
 & ,leagros1 help u to date ?is /yle4   
,?us !  circumscrib$ r[ ( palmettes     
seems to appe> 9 ! e>ly ,leagros  p]iod 

7p4 #aad72 ! ,b]l9 vase is ?us mov$ to !
 end ( !  c5tury1 l a gr\p ( pelikai )  
*>m+ g5re sc5es & a s]ies  ( o!r vases (
 r$-figur$ %ape 7p4 #aai74    ,9 ! new  
c5tury ! black-figur$ production        
gradually dies away4  ,ap>t f !         
,pana!naic amphorae 7p4 #ii7 & o!r      
vases1 :i* =  ritual reasons rema9      
cons]vative1 only trifl+ small w>e keeps
 up  ! old /yle4 ,! prize vases c be    
foll[$ z votive (f]+s on  ! ,acropolis1 
& 9 export$ specim5s d[n into ! #d?     
c5tury1  :]e !y are dat$ to ! ye> by    
ar*ons' names 7"o ( #cac ,b4,c4 has  be5
 f\nd72 ev5 9 late times !y d n give up 
! old type (  ,a!na1 b elongate x to    
agree ) ! sl5d] proportions ( !  vase1 &
 comb9e o!r lat] features ) ! old       
picture4    ,9 ,boeotia black-figur$    
pa9t+1 alongside ( primitive attempts to
  imitate ,attic r$-figur$ vases1       
cont9u$ z long 9 ! burlesque  p>odies ( 
my? ( ! s-call$ #8,kabirion' vases2     
black pa9t+ on a  light gr\nd is f\nd 9 
! e>ly ,hell5i/ic #8,hadra vases' made  

at  ,alex&ria1 & simil> late ph5om5a    
occur 9 v>i\s localities4  ,^! late     
black-figur$ vases %[ real progress 9   
no?+ b !  developm5t ( a loose freely   
mov+ vegetable ornam5tation3 b ?is      
progress dep5d$ on pure bru%-te*nique1 n
 on ! old incis$  /yle4    ,illu/ration3
 ,,plate ,,lvii4    ,fig4 #aja4 ,,attic 
,,vase1 ,,late ,,black-,,figur$ ,,/yle4 
,fig4 #ajb4 ,,pana!naic ,,amphora4      
,,*apt] ,v4    ,,! ,,r$-,,figur$ ,,/yle 
,,9 ,,! ,,ar*aic ,,p]iod      ,h[ !     
sudd5 *ange ( te*nique took place1 h[ ! 
idea sugge/$  itself1 t in/ead ( pa9t+  
silh\ettes on ! gr\nd ( ! clay1  figures
 drawn 9 outl9e %\ld be left free to    
contra/ ) ! black  backgr\nd1 is n yet  
expla9$4 ,! inv]sion ( ! col\r sy/em is 
n new4 ,f ,ionic1 ,cor9?ian1 ,attic1 &  
,boeotian work%ops we "k  ( light pa9t+ 
on a d>k gr\nd1 & a plate f ,!ra has    
light  figures 9 add$ pa9t & a black    
backgr\nd4 ,b ?is is entirely  diff]5t f
 ! r$-figur$ /yle1 :i* uses ! gr\nd ( ! 
clay  = its figures4 ,only late         

,klazom5ian s>cophagi c be reg>d$ z its 
e>li] /ages1 & x is q possible t ! new  
te*nique 0  naturaliz$ 9 ,a!ns by ,ea/  
,ionic pa9t]s4    ,at any rate ! idea   
fell on fruitful soil4 ,! ar*aic mixture
 (  col\r 0 long worn out1 !            
simplification ( col\r-effect1 by       
increas+ limitation to ! two values1    
clay & glaze1 0 9 full  sw+1 & ! effect 
( big glaz$ surfaces _h be5 tri$ 9 !    
body-amphorae & 9 vessels completely    
cov]$ ) black col\r 7p4  #ajh74 ,b m ?an
 all else ! revolution 9 figure-draw+   
:i* 0  n[ sett+ 9 /rong 9 ! great art 0 
/riv+ = expression 9  vase pa9t+4 ,a    
successor ( ! ,a!nian ,eum>es1 ,kimon ( 
,kleonai1  accord+ to ,pl9y1 inv5t$     
oblique views & =e%ort5+1 rescu$  ! body
 f ar*aic /iffness1 furni%$ limbs )     
jo9ts1 = !  fir/ "t r5d]$ ve9s1 &       
repres5t$ folds & swell+s (  drap]y2 he 
mu/ belong to ! la/ ?ird ( ! c5tury2 = 8
  pr$ecessor is fa!r ( ! sculptor       
,ant5or1 :o work$1 x is true1  = ! old  
pott] ,ne>*os 7p4 #ajc7 b also = ! "y   

,a!nian  ,republic 7#eaj ,b4,c47 ,?\gh  
,pl9y1 aft] ! fa%ion ( anci5t           
hi/orians1 is too fond ( ass]t+         
#8inv5tions1' ?is mu* is cle>1  t aft]  
,eum>es !re 0 a brea* ) tradition 9     
,a!nian  pa9t+1 & t "h1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! 
hi/ory ( ! _w1  bonds 7 once = all bur/1
 :i* hi!rto _h h>dly be5 t\*$4          
,naturally ! vase-pa9t]s c\ld n be left 
beh9d2 b s9ce ! old  silh\ette incis$   
/yle 0 q unsuit$ = ! new lib]ties (     
draw+1 b on ! o!r h& outl9e draw+ on    
light gr\nd ran  c\nt] to ! decorative  
purposes ( ! vases :i* us$ silh\ettes1  
! idea ( inv]t+ ! col\r-s*eme mu/ h be5 
receiv$ )  en?usiasm among !            
vase-pa9t]s4    ,! new inv5tion unites !
 enhanc$ fre$om ( movem5t ( !           
draughtsman ) a decorative effect :i* is
 n inf]ior to t (  ! old /yle4 ,! w>m r$
 inn] surface ( ! figures1 :i* !  pa9t] 
c animate by ! brilliant sweep+ #8relief
 l9es1' spl5didly  contra/s ) ! wond]ful
 black lu/re ( ! gr\nd4 ,! new /yle  too
 is a silh\ette /yle1 & uses ! ornam5tal

 effect ( !  figures4 ,b x conta9s q    
diff]5t possibilities1 & ( itself  moves
 away f ! types ( ! old /yle & t[>ds an 
individual  treatm5t ( ! figures4 ,!    
contra/ betwe5 ! black silh\ette (  !   
man & ! :ite-fill$ figure ( ! woman     
falls away1 also !  circul> %ape ( !    
man's eye connect$ ) ! incis$ /yle1 !   
gay dresses1 & mu* besides4 ,! r$-figur$
 /yle ent]s into !  *>act]i/ic work+ out
 ( ! human body & its p>ts1 ! /udy (    
drap]y folds & ! r5d]+ ( movem5t 9 a    
liv+ way4 ,b gr[+  naturalism is 9 true 
,greek fa%ion contemporane\s ) adh]5ce  
to  types2 =mul once inv5t$ are reta9$ &
 repeat$ by diff]5t  ma/]s1 until new   
discov]ies by bold] spirits outdo !m &  
put !m  9 ! %ade4 ,9 ! ar*aic r$-figur$ 
/yle ?is vigor\s /ruggle  betwe5 =mula &
 bold obs]vation ( nature (f]s an excit+
  spectacle4 ,/ep by /ep ! gr\nd is won 
f ! ar*aic /yle1 till  aft] a /ruggle ( 
ab\t fifty ye>s1 ab\t ! "t ( ! ,p]sian  
w>s1 a free r5d]+ ( nature is atta9$1   
:i* !n lays !  f\ndation = ! =mation ( a

 new & high] s]ies ( types1 =  ! /yle ( 
,polygnotos & ,phidias4    ,?is p]iod   
may be reg>d$ z ! culm9at+ po9t (       
vase-pa9t+  altoge!r1 if emphasis is    
laid on ! int5sity ( ! l9e1 & on !      
intimate relation betwe5 arti/ &        
te*nique4 ,9 x arti/ic craft _h  its    
greate/ triumphs & creat$ ! mo/ p]fect  
syn!sis betwe5  ornam5tal types &       
delightful naturalism4 ,pott]s & pa9t]s 
7  nev] aga9 s consci\s ( _! p]=mances z
 9 ?is p]iod1 nev]  aga9 felt !mselves s
 mu* z rival individualities4 ,c]ta9ly !
  old black-figur$ ma/]s1 ,timonidas1   
,klitias1 ,exekias & ,amasis1  _c be    
d5i$ p]sonal expression4 ,b ! r$-figur$ 
conqu]ors (  nature1 ea* ( :om 9 8 own  
way breaks ?r\gh ! old sy/em (  type1   
produce a f> m diff]5tiat$ effect4 ,x is
 also a result (  ! fre% curr5t1 :i* n[ 
ent]s vase-pa9t+1 t we c m ?an  ev]     
foll[ ! developm5t ( ^! individualities4
 ,! signatures1  :i* are pres]v$ 9 su*  
numb] f no o!r p]iod1 give an  insight1 
n m]ely into ! manifold production1 b   

also into !  gr[? ( p]sonalities & _!   
/ruggle = ev] new possibilities4        
,among ! signatures we mu/ di/+ui%      
betwe5 pott]s & pa9t]s4  ,we mu/ nev]   
assume t ! #8mak]' is responsible = !   
adornm5t  ( 8 vases2 x looks r z if !   
pa9t]s _h liv$ pretty  indep5d5tly & be5
 employ$ fir/ by "o & !n by ano!r       
proprietor ( a work%op4 ,:at x means1 t 
n[ ! pott] signs1 n[  ! pa9t]1 sometimes
 bo? toge!r1 & t _m /rong p]sonalities  
d n sign at all1 _c be made out 9 !     
pres5t /ate ( our  k4    ,! love-names  
help to fix ! *ronology ( ! vases /ill m
 ?an  9 ! black-figur$ /yle4 ,we saw t  
,&okides 0 kalos1 :5  ,timagoras'       
work%op 0 9 full sw+4 ,:5 he is a       
full-bl[n pa9t]1  ! #8,epiktetan'       
kylikes & an ,ox=d plate celebrate !    
y\?s  ,/esagoras1 ,hipp>*os &           
,miltiades4 ,if ,miltiades is ! victor (
  ,m>a?on1 ,/esagoras 8 bro!r1 &        
,hipp>*os ! ar*on ( #dif ,b4,c41  _!    
ephebic ye>s & ^! vases mu/ be fix$ ab\t
 #ebj ,b4,c4  ,memnon's y\? mu/ fall    

ab\t ! same "t2 = "o ( ! _m  kylikes ) 8
 "n1 l a leky?os sign$ by ,gales1 %[s ! 
b>d  ,anakreon1 :o 0 ent]ta9$ by !      
,pisi/ratidae1 #ebb-ead ,b4,c4 ,!       
pa9t]s ,ph9tias & ,eu?ymides praise !   
y\? ,megakles2 n[ on a  votive p9ax f ! 
,acropolis ?is "n 0 replac$ lat] by     
ano!r1  & x is a plausible guess to     
connect ?is erasure ) ! bani%m5t  ( a   
,megakles 9 #dhf ,b4,c41 :o ab\t        
tw5ty-five ye>s be=e might h  des]v$ ^! 
praises4 ,! y\?ful beauty ( ,leagros is 
9 ! "t (  ! vase-pa9t] ,euphronios1 &   
anyh[ e>li] ?an ! de/ruction (          
,miletos1 9 :i* a ,leagros vase 0       
%att]$3 ! ,leagros :o fell 9  battle z  
,/rategos #dfe ,b4,c41 mu/ h be5 an     
ephebus 9 ! la/  decade ( ! #f? c5tury4 
,8 son ,glaukon1 :o 0 ,/rategos 9 #ddj  
,b4,c41 dates ! vases :i* celebrate him 
) 8 fa!r's "n a  g5]ation lat]1 s ab\t  
#dgj ,b4,c4 ,! only e/abli%$ fact f f9ds
  does n contradict ! #8,leagros'       
*ronology2 9 ! tumulus (                
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lviii4    ,fig4 

#ajc4 ,,a!na ,,& ,,h]akles3 ,,f ,,an    
,,amphora ,,9 ,,! ,,/yle ,,( ,,!        
,,&okides ,,pa9t]4    ,f                
,furtwngl]-,rei*hold1 ,grie*is*e        
,vas5mal]ei4    ,m>a?on 7#dij ,b4,c47 ! 
late/ (f]+ 0 a %]d ( ! kylix type  )    
simple mae&] 7c4p4 ,fig4 #aae7 :i*      
appe>s 9 ! lat]  #8,leagros' p]iod4 ,!  
,acropolis f9ds1 :i* are prior to !     
,p]sian  conflagration 7#dhj ,b4,c471 h 
n yet be5 sort$ & sift$4    ,accord+ to 
?is *ronology ! r$-figur$ /yle mu/ h    
made its  entry into ,a!ns ab\t fifty   
ye>s be=e ! ,p]sian ,w>1 ) :i*  x is    
cu/om>y to close ! ar*aic p]iod ( ,greek
 art1 i4e41 ab\t  #ecj ,b4,c4    ,we saw
 above1 t ! work%ops ( ,pamphaios &     
,niko/h5es op5 _!  doors to x3 nei!r    
ma/] breaks abruptly ) ! old /yle1 :i*  
(t5 ass]ts itself toge!r ) ! new on !   
same vase4 ,?is  contra/ ( ! two /yles  
is made cle> by no "o m obvi\sly ?an  ! 
pott] ,&okides on 8 f9e amphorae1 :i*   
are directly 9 l9e (  succession )      
,exekias2 nev] is ! ess5ce ( bo? /yles s

 pla9 z  :5 on su* a vase ! same subject
 is treat$ by ! same pa9t]'s  h& 9 ! old
 & 9 ! new te*nique4 ,! unsign$1 b      
c]ta9ly  ,&okidean ,muni* amphora 7,fig4
 #ajc7 is n "o ( ^! in/ances 9  spite ( 
! simil>ity ( ! subject2 its            
black-figur$ ,h]akles sc5e  is c]ta9ly  
by a diff]5t h& f its r$-figur$1 9 :i* !
 same  delicate & orig9al arti/ z on mo/
 ( ! sign$ works 7!  #8,&okides' pa9t]7 
expresses himself4 ,if ?is pa9t] is     
id5tical  ) ! pott]1 ,&okides 0 n m]ely 
9 %ape & decoration ( 8  vases b also z 
draughtsman a pupil & successor (       
,exekias4 ,he has  inh]it$ ! feel+ =    
elegant detail$ draw+ & = ri*ly         
ornam5t$ g>m5ts4 ,9 ! ,h]akles sc5e we  
see ! same joy 9 a  h>moni\s picture z 9
 ! sea-voyage ( ,exekias 7,fig4 #ic7 & !
  game ( draughts 7,fig4 #if71 :i* he   
actually copi$2 & ! same  int5se        
absorption 9 ! subject makes all o!r    
works ( ,&okides  *>m+4 ,9 mu* ! draw+  
rem9ds u ( ! tea*]1 p>ticul>ly  ! flat  
lay]s ( drap]y1 :i* already resolve !   

*itons into ri*  folds & end 9 ! bord] m
 naturally1 b d n atta9 !  life-l wav+ (
 ! late works ( ,amasis4 ,! fill+ ( !   
space  ) v9e bran*es also is m 9 accord 
) ! old te*nique ?an  ! new4 ,b ! m     
advanc$ pupil is %[n n m]ely by ! r5ew$ 
/udy ( ! body1 :i* appe>s 9 ! draw+ ( h&
 & foot1 9  po9t$ elb[ & knee1 & 9      
,h]akles' leg %[n ?r\gh ! drap]y1  b    
also by ! m compact composition & !     
individual treatm5t (  ! heads4    ,!   
entirely r$-figur$ vases by ,&okides are
 n necess>ily old]  ?an ! black-figur$3 
! late/ vase sign$ by him 79 ,madrid7   
/ill  comb9es bo? te*niques4 ,x mu/ h   
be5 decorat$ by a ?ird arti/  less      
ar*aic 9 feel+1 :o also work$ = ! pott] 
firm ( ,m5on4  ,! ,m5on pa9t] adds to ! 
,&okidean fram+ patt]ns ! r[ (          
circumscrib$ palmettes1 ?\gh n yet 9 _! 
f9al %ape1 &  approximates 9 /yle to !  
"y ,euphronios & 8 rival ,eu?ymides4  ,!
 ornam5t ( ! ,madrid vase does n seem to
 h be5 devis$ z  bord] patt]n4 ,x mu/ be
 d]iv$ f ! t5dril-composition1 :i*  on  

r$-figur$ vases takes ! place ( !       
,amasis ornam5t 7,fig4 #ih7  & is 9     
great fav\r z h&le-ornam5t = kylikes4   
,on ! f9e  amphora 9 ,p>is1 :i* !       
transitional ma/] ,pamphaios made aft] !
  patt]ns ( ,niko/h5es1 & ,oltos        
probably pa9t$ ) sc5es (  hetairai &    
satyrs 7,fig4 #ajd71 x appe>s z h&le    
decoration toge!r  ) an equally novel   
calyx & leaf ornam5t1 :i* adorns !      
%\ld]4 ,! free decorative me?od (       
composition1 :i* c be trac$  back ?r\gh 
,amasis 7p4 #aje7 & ,klazom5ai to !     
,fikellura /yle 7p4  #fa7 is exactly 9 !
 mann] ( ! r$-figur$ /yle1 :i* n only   
%akes (f ! frieze con/ra9t b            
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lix4    ,fig4   
#ajd4 ,,hetaira2 ,,satyr ,,& ,,ma5ad3   
,,amphora ,,) ,,! ,,signature ,,( ,,!   
,,pott] ,,pamphaios4    ,illu/ration3   
,fig4 #aje4    ,,! ,,arm+ ,,( ,,hector3 
,,f ,,an ,,amphora ,,by ,,eu?ymides4    
,f ,furtwngl]-,rei*hold1 ,grie*is*e     
,vas5mal]ei4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate   
,,lx4    ,fig4 #ajf4 ,,f\nta93 ,,f ,a   

,,r$-,,figur$ ,,hydria ,,by ,,hypsis4   
ev5 ! pictorial field3 on ! amphora1 :i*
 ! same pa9t]  execut$ = ! pott]        
,euxi!os1 he disc>ds ! old frame1 :i* n[
  only sep>ates black f black1 & 8      
example is foll[$ soon] or  lat] by o!r 
arti/s4    ,x is true t ! pa9t]         
,eu?ymides1 ! contempor>y ( ! "y        
,euphronios & gift$ cont9u] ( ,&okides' 
body amphorae1 keeps !  frame on 8      
vases1 :i* are n[ purely r$-figur$4 ,b  
he n only  helps ! lat] palmette ornam5t
 to triumph ov] ! old b&s (  zig-zags & 
buds 7,fig4 #aje7 b enhances ! unity (  
effect by  beg9n+ to leave ! ornam5t 9 !
 col\r ( ! clay & to %ape  x 9 r$-figur$
 mann]1 z 0 ! case /raight away ) ! h&le
  decoration 7,fig4 #ajd74 ,almo/ z a   
rule he puts 9 8 field ?ree  /&+ figures
 ( l>ge dim5sions1 9 :i* he demon/rates 
to !  eye 8 progress 9 obs]vation (     
nature4 ,"u ! g>m5ts bodies  beg9 to    
move1 & _! anatomy male & female is     
/udi$ by !  arti/s ( ?is p]iod )        
tireless zeal4    ,! fruits ( ?is /udy  

appe> on ! ,muni* ,priam vase 7,fig4    
#aje71 9  ! draw+ ( h&s1 9 ! diff]5tiat$
 pose ( ! legs1 9 !  bold front view ( !
 foot1 /ill m on ! rev]se 9 ! b5d+s  &  
turn+s ( ?ree nak$ drunk5 m5 ) full     
indication ( muscles4  ,c]ta9ly !       
limitations ( 8 eye = p]spective appe>1 
:5 !  fur!r f sight ( ! two *e/ muscles 
comes "u ! ne>] "o1  :5 ! woman's brea/ 
is turn$ outw>ds1 :5 ! transition ( !   
brea/ se5 9 front view to ! legs 9      
pr(ile is n made cle>1 &  ! head ( ! man
 walk+ to ! "r & look+ r\nd 9 ar*aic    
fa%ion is /ill turn$ 9 pr(ile to ! left2
 ! arti/1 x is true1  breaks ?r\gh ! old
 s*eme ( ! figure 9 "o place1 b 8       
avoidance ( l9es %ew+ dep? is s /rong t 
he pref]s to put  ^? p>ts ( ! body1 ( ^:
 front & back he is consci\s1 simply  "o
 beside ! o!r4 ,b x is j ! contra/      
betwe5 ! bold  attempt at progress on ! 
pa9t]'s "p & ! p]spective  con/ra9t1 !  
feel+ ( conflict2 if y l1 t gives _! *>m
  to ! vase-pa9t+s ( ?is p]iod4    ,?\gh
 ! bodies are no long] z previ\sly pack$

 into ! g>m5ts1  & drap]y is r          
subord9ate to ! treatm5t ( ! body1      
/udies  9 drap]y also h be5 v fruitful4 
,! contra/ betwe5 ! heavy  wooll5       
himation1 & ! m delicate cr9kles ( ! l95
 *iton is  pla9ly m>k$4 ,! dep?s ( !    
folds 9 ! cloak1 accord+ z !y  are close
 toge!r or m freely di/ribut$1 are giv5 
9 gradation by  ?ick] or ?9n] l9es (    
col\r2 ! *iton folds jo9 9 sep>ate      
masses & run out 9 ! expressive s-call$ 
swall[-tail bord]s1  :i* divide ! outl9e
 ( ! drap]y mu* m rhy?mically ?an !     
lay]$ bord]s ( ! #8,&okides' pa9t]4     
,*alkidian pa9t]s _h already r5d]$ sc5es
 ( arm+4 ,b ^? (  ,eu?ymides m>k a great
 psy*ological advance4 ,! pat]nal       
anxiety (  ! bald-pat$ old man & !      
n]v\sness ( ! "m's pet mak+  8 fir/ db  
are f9ely express$4 ,! feel+ = ev]yday  
life1 9  an age :i* sudd5ly recogniz$ 9 
common ?+s a _w ( arti/ic  problems1 0  
ke5] ?an ev]4 ,:at c>$ ,eu?ymides ab\t 8
 subject  8,hector's dep>ture08 ,he drew
 a sc5e f 8 neighb\r's door &  add$     

h]oic names4    ,8 be/ "w ! ma/] left   
unsign$1 ! ,muni* amphora1 on :i*       
,!seus "u prote/ f ,hel5 7note ! ?umb7 )
 gay impud5ce  c>ries (f ,korone 7,fig4 
#ajg74 ,! head ( ! ravi%]1 :i* gets its 
increas$ livel9ess n m]ely f ! %ift+ ( !
 pupil f !  c5tre inw>ds1 may s]ve z    
example ( ! newly-conqu]$  possibilities
 ( expression1 & ! extract f ! picture  
may give  an idea ( ! *>m ( ar*aic art4 
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxi4    ,fig4   
#ajg4 ,,! ,,rape ,,( ,,korone ,,by      
,,!seus2 ,,f ,,an ,,amphora ,,by        
,,eu?ymides4    ,fig4 #ajh4 ,,drunk5    
,,satyr3 ,,f ,,an ,,ar*aic ,,r$-,,figur$
 ,,kylix4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate      
,,lxii4    ,fig4 #aji4 ,,rhyton ,,)     
,,r$-,,figur$ ,,decoration ,,on ,,!     
,,neck4    ,! ,bonn hydria ( ,eu?ymides 
) ! praise ( ,megakles %[s a q  new type
 ( vase2 9 contra/ to ! (fset           
black-figur$ %ape1 x  unites neck & body
 9 an elegant curve1 s t ! old-fa%ion$  
division ( ! decoration into two or ?ree
 p>ts disappe>s4 ,! same  fair y\? is   

prais$ by 8 gift$ colleague ,ph9tias1   
:om we see f  8 beg9n+s 9 ! work%op (   
,de9iades exp&+ m & m  brilliantly1 on a
 ,london hydria ( ! old %ape2 b !       
gracefully  mov+ boys1 :o 9 ! picture   
:ile draw+ wat] are address$ by an  old]
 man1 already c>ry wat]-pots ( bo? types
 9 _! h&s1 &  ,ph9tias himself          
occasionally adopt$ ! lat] %ape2 z does 
!  pa9t] ,hypsis ) ! pretty well-h\se   
sc5e 7,fig4 #ajf71 on :i*  aga9 bo?     
vase-%apes are repres5t$2 = ! girl1 :o  
is j  putt+ ! cu%ion on h] head1 has    
plac$ a pit*] ( ! old type  "u ! lion's 
head sp\t f :i* ! wat] is p\r+1 :ile h] 
companion is lift+ a hydria ( ! new %ape
 already well-fill$ f  ! satyr's m\?4 ,!
 int5sive /udy ( ! female =m is se5 9   
,oltos' picture ( a hetaira 7,fig4 #ajd7
 & 9 _m o!r vase-pa9t+s  ( ! p]iod1 &   
ev5 :5 !y repres5t girls clo!d1 ! pa9t]s
  are unwill+ to sacrifice _! newly-won 
k to ext]nal  probability1 & ev5 "u !   
drap]y help ! *>m ( ! body  outl9e to   
ass]t itself1 z ,hypsis does on 8       

well-sc5e 7,fig4 #ajf74    ,l ! ,bonn   
hydria1 ! works ( ,eu?ymides witness to 
! em]g5ce  ( new vase-types1 ! ,tur9    
psykt] & ! unsign$ ,vi5na pelike4 ,an   
idea may be obta9$ ( ! psykt] 7:i* is   
reg>d$ z a cool+  vessel7 by ! lat]     
example 9 ,rome 7,fig4 #ajd7 9 :i* !    
n>r[]  cyl9drical l[] "p is h[ev] miss+4
 ,! pelike is a k9d ( small  w9esk9-%ap$
 amphora4 ,ev5 ! transitional arti/     
,pamphaios gave  ,oltos a /amnos 7cp4   
,fig4 #adf7 to pa9t1 & ! e>ly r$-figur$ 
arti/ ,smikros pa9t$ "o4 ,! calyx-krat]1
 a k9d ( enl>g$ cup  ) l[-set h&les1    
seems to appe> 9 ! ,leagros p]iod 7,fig4
 #aac74  ,! rem>kable vases 9 ! %ape ( a
 head 7,figs4 #aja1 #aji7 9 a  small] =m
 s]v$ = ! reception ( ungu5ts & oil ev5 
9  ,protocor9?ian & e>ly ,ionic /yles1 b
 seem only at ?is "t to  become popul> z
 bump]s 9 ! s]vice ( ! dr9k]1 & ! pretty
  heads ( negroes & girls ) ! love-names
 ,epilykos & ,leagros =m  ! beg9n+ ( !  
developm5t1 :i* culm9ates 9 ,sotades 7p4
 #adb74    ,! o!r dr9k+ vessels1 !      

kan?>os1 :i* is br&i%$ by ,duris'       
satyrs 7,fig4 #abb71 ! skyphos1 f :i*   
,euphronios' hetairai are  dr9k+ 7,fig4 
#aab7 are only cont9uations & ref9em5ts 
( old %apes  7,figs4 #hh1 #dc74 ,!      
fav\rite dr9k+ ut5sil is naturally !    
kylix1  :i* ev5 = ! 8little ma/]0 p]iod 
9 fabrication & exportation  is at !    
head ( ! vases1 & n[ n only receives its
 f9e/  f9i%1 b also ?r\gh ! abundance ( 
specim5s pres]v$ & !  ri*ness (         
inscriptions r5d]s ! mo/ valuable s]vice
 to !  hi/orian4    ,on ! ,&okides      
amphora 7,fig4 #ajc71 ! psykt]s (       
,euphronios 7,fig4  #aab71 & ,duris     
7,fig4 #abb71 ! %ape ) (fset rim appe>s4
 ,?is late  specim5 ( ! old type mu/ h  
be5 m popul> ?an ! extant  pa9t$        
examples lead "o to suppose1 b 0 c]ta9ly
 f> less usual  ?an ! %ape ) a s+le     
curve1 :i* ! r$-figur$ /yle took  ov] ) 
! eye kylikes & 9 ! mo/ delicate way    
simplifi$ &  animat$4    ,! hi/ory ( ^! 
kylikes1 l t ( ! big-belli$ amphorae1   
beg9s ) examples ( mix$ te*nique4       

,&okides actually ext5d$ 8  pr9ciple ( !
 black-figur$ & r$-figur$ halves ( !    
vase to  kylikes3 b happily ?is proc$ure
 0 extremely r>e4 ,9 ! e>ly             
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxiii4    ,fig4 
#aaj4 ,,drunk5 ,,lyre-,,play]3 ,,f ,a   
,,kylix ,,by ,,sky!s4    ,illu/ration3  
,,plate ,,lxiv4    ,fig4 #aaa4          
,,flute-,,play] ,,& ,,danc+ ,,girl3 ,,f 
,a ,,kylix ,,by ,,epiktetos4    ,f      
,furtwngl]-,rei*hold1 ,grie*is*e        
,vas5mal]ei4    kylikes ! mixture (     
te*nique is r to be f\nd 9 ! fact1 t  9 
! int]ior ! black-figur$ picture1 :i* ) 
its circle 9 !  col\r ( ! clay contra/$ 
s decoratively ) ! black-cov]$  edge1 0 
/ill reta9$1 :ile outside betwe5 ! eyes1
 & gradually  also 9 _! place1 figures 7
 ins]t$ 9 ! col\r ( ! gr\nd4  ,?is      
proc$ure is e4g4 connect$ ) ! names ( ! 
pott]s  ,niko/h5es1 ,pamphaios1         
,his*ylos & ,*elis1 & ) ! pa9t]s'  names
 ,epiktetos & ,psiax1 & ) ! love-"n     
,memnon4 ,:5 ,sky!s  pa9ts ! outside 9  
black-figur$ te*nique & ! inside 9      

r$-figur$ ( a kylix 7unsign$7 d$icat$ to
 ,epilykos1 ?is is1 l  ! proc$ure (     
,&okides1 an exception1 & a consci\s    
div]g5ce  f ! traditional relation4 ,!  
transition to purely r$-figur$  te*nique
 compels ! arti/s to sep>ate ! int]ior f
 ! black  surr\nd+s4 ,up to ! ,leagros  
p]iod ?is sep>ation is effect$ by a     
n>r[ r+ 9 ! gr\nd ( ! clay1 :i* !y leave
 uncov]$ by  black pa9t3 on ! kylikes ! 
eye-decoration is gradually dropp$4 ,if 
"o takes ! signatures ( ! ma/]s ( ?is   
gr\p toge!r )  ^? ( ! transitional      
kylikes & ! contempor>y big vases1 !    
numb] ( ! pa9t]s' names comes to ab\t a 
doz51 :ile ! pott]s  are f> m num]\s2 & 
?us 9 view ( ! m]e accid5t (            
pres]vation & ! anonymity ( o!r palpable
 arti/ic p]sonalities  "o c =m an idea (
 ! vigor\s life1 :i* !n reign$ 9 !      
,k]ameikos1 ! qu>t] ( ,a!ns :]e ! pott]s
 liv$4    ,x is int]e/+ to foll[ !      
process by :i* ! e>ly r$-figur$  kylikes
 f v decorative beg9n+s rise to ev5     
great] fre$om &  objectivity4 ,ev5 !    

ins]tion ( ! figure betwe5 ! eyes1 :i*  
comes f ! ,ionic #8,ph9eus' fabric1 is  
mean+less & a m]e  decorative s*eme2 &  
also1 :5 he gives up ! decoration )     
eyes1  ! pa9t] likes to put "o or ?ree  
figures z c5tral motive betwe5  ! broad 
ornam5ts ( ! h&les4 ,ev5 ! ext]ior      
pictures )  num]\s figures1 :i* occur 9 
! late p]iod ( ! pott] ,pamphaios  & 9 !
 full activity ( ! pa9t] ,oltos1 are by 
no means free f  decorative s*ematism2  
arrangem5t 9 a r[ & h]aldry /ill play a 
"p1 & occasionally1 z 9 ! #8little ma/]'
 /yle1 w+$ horses  or sir5s take ! c5tre
 ( ! repres5tation4 ,ev5 ! old ,ionic   
s*eme ( ! horse-hold+ runn] revives on a
 kylix ( ?is gr\p4    ,! int]ior too at 
fir/ is /ill "u /rong decorative        
con/ra9t4    ,q 9 contra/ to ! e>ly     
,attic kylikes ( ! ,klitias p]iod &  to 
! ,sp>tan1 :i* (t5 take no reg>d to !   
space 9 !  repres5tation1 ! figure      
always adapts itself to ! circul> =m1   
ext5ds its masses to fit ! space1 (t5   
presses head & feet aga9/  ! edge1 &    

gives ! int]ior a decorative & v animat$
  appe>ance1 to "s ext5t comp>able to a 
rotat+ :eel4 ,"o imag9es  ! pa9t]s _h   
/udi$ & sket*$ ! b5d+1 cr\*+1 runn+1    
twi/+1 & turn+ ( h&some y\?s (t5 only to
 get motives =  _! int]ior sc5es4       
,sky!s1 ! ma/] ( f9e black-figur$ votive
  tablets on ! ,acropolis1 :o lik$ to   
d$icate 8 kylikes to 8 "y  colleague !  
pa9t] ,epilykos1 9 ! int]ior ( ! kylix  
at ,rome  7,fig4 #aaj7 goes beyond ?is  
/age1 & fills ! space m loosely )  !    
lyre held at "r angles & ! freely       
arrang$ knott$ /ick (  8 s++ boy2 &     
,epiktetos1 :o pa9t$ 8 wond]fully subtle
  figures 9 a long work+ life = v>i\s   
pott]s1 ,niko/h5es1  ,his*ylos1         
,pamphaios1 ,py?on & ,pi/ox5os1 9 ! late
 ,py?on kylix 9  ,london 7,fig4 #aaa71  
"u ! influ5ce ( lat] ma/]s1 goes ov] to 
! two figure picture4 ,"o c see f _!    
bodies t !y are  prior to ! "t (        
,euphronios & ,eu?ymides4 ,9 8          
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxv4    ,fig4   
#aab4 ,,hetairai3 ,,f ,a ,,psykt] ,,by  

,,euphronios4    ,f                     
,furtwngl]-,rei*hold1 ,grie*is*e        
,vas5mal]ei4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate   
,,lxvi4    ,fig4 #aac4 ,,h]akles ,,&    
,,antaios3 ,,f ,a ,,kalyx-,,krat] ,,by  
,,euphronios4    ,f                     
,furtwngl]-,rei*hold1 ,grie*is*e        
,vas5mal]ei4    vigor\s lyre-play]1 :om 
we may id5tify ) 8 fav\rite ,epilykos1  
,sky!s does almo/ too mu* 9 ! r5d]+ ( ! 
*e/-muscles &  makes ! abdom9al muscles 
se5 9 front view1 & r5d]$ 9 ?9n$  v>ni%1
 press aga9/ !m 9 an impossible way2    
,epiktetos1 :o is =  a :ile dis9cl9$ =  
int]ior draw+1 turns ! brea/s ( 8  danc+
 wom5 outw>ds1 & 9 _! space-fill+       
movem5t rem9ds (  old types4 ,b ! ma/] (
 a ,muni* eye kylix has side-views (    
%ields1 & draws a kneel+ leg 9 back     
view1 s t ! sole is  visible & ! calf   
almo/ disappe>s4 ,back views ( ! human  
body are  giv5 also 9 kylikes f !       
work%op ( ,ka*rylion1 :i* takes u  ov]  
into ! ,leagros p]iod j l ! works (     
,ph9tias & ,oltos1  :om we already "k4  

,= ,ph9tias soon outdoes ! !ft ( !      
tripod  ( 8 e>ly ,de9iades kylix on a   
f9e amphora at ,corneto1 & ,oltos1  !   
pa9t] ( ! ,pamphaios amphora & mo/ ( !  
,memnon kylikes1  passes f ! praise (   
,memnon to t ( ,leagros on ! f9e kylikes
  f ,euxi!os' work%op4    ,! ,leagros   
p]iod might be describ$ z ! culm9at+    
po9t ( !  dramatic t5sion prevail+ 9 !  
old] r$-figur$ /yle4 ,9 x  ,ph9tias     
breaks ! ar*aic fett]s ( 8 y\?1         
,eu?ymides creates 8  decisive works1 & 
we see ! developm5t ( ! great ma/]      
,euphronios1 :om ,eu?ymides boa/s to h  
beat5 on ! ,priam amphora  7,fig4 #aje74
 ,all ! ?ree vases1 :i* be> ! signature 
( ,euphronios  z pa9t]1 praise ! fair   
,leagros1 i4e4 ! ,muni* ,g]yon kylix1   
:i* appe>$ 9 ,ka*rylion's work%op1 :i*1 
l ! ,leagros kylikes  ( ,oltos1 has "u !
 ext]ior sc5es a b& ( circumscrib$      
palmettes 9 ! col\r ( ! gr\nd1 !        
,petrograd psykt] ) !  hetairai 7,fig4  
#aab7 & ! ,p>is calyx-krat] ) ,h]akles &
 ,antaios  7,fig4 #aac74    ,! h>moni\s 

indoors sc5e ( ! psykt] 9 its q neat &  
sure  draw+ ( ! nude sets ! f9i%+ t\* to
 ! /udies ( ,epiktetos  7,fig4 #aaa71   
,oltos 7,fig4 #ajd71 & _! contempor>ies1
 & does !  subject m ju/ice ?an _m      
pictures m advanc$ 9 p]spective4  ,! leg
 ( ! ?ir/y ,palai/o disappe>+ 9 !       
backgr\nd recurs 9  ! ,antaios sc5e1 :]e
 ! pa9t] fully exhibits 8 anatomical  k1
 & %[s z little reg>d = ! conceal+ sk9 z
 o!r  pa9t]s d = female drap]y2 ! inn]  
draw+ is n ev5 z usual  put on 9 ?9n]   
col\r4 ,! composition ( ! sc5e is n v   
flexible4 ,! /ruggle ( ! muscul> b q    
civiliz$ ,h]akles )  ! rugg$ giant 7^:  
"r h& is a ma/]piece ( draw+7 is !  true
 !me1 :ile ! horrifi$ wom51 :o are almo/
 old-fa%ion$ 9  _! draw+1 s]ve l club1  
quiv] & lion's sk91 only z fill+  = !   
triangul> wre/l+ s*eme1 :i* 0 probably  
borr[$4 ,a b&  ( palmettes1 & ano!r (   
palmette & lotus 9 ! r$-figur$  /yle1   
vigor\sly frame ! bold picture4 ,!      
rev]se ( ! ,antaios  krat] %[s ! arti/  
well on ! way to repres5t correctly !   

c\rse ( ! abdom9al muscles f ! *e/ to ! 
pud5da1 & ?us  to give a conv9c+        
expression to ! old di/ortion ( ! body4 
,un=tunately we _c fur!r foll[          
,euphronios on ?is pa? 9 !  light (     
sign$ vases1 = ! t5 kylikes ) 8 "n1 :i* 
fill !  gap betwe5 ! y\? ( ,leagros & t 
( 8 son ,glaukon1 7 only  sign$ by him z
 pott] & "s ( !m 7 demon/rably h&$ ov]  
to o!rs to pa9t4 ,t a progressive arti/ 
l ,euphronios 9 ?is  :ole p]iod nev]    
aga9 took bru% 9 h&1 is m ?an           
improbable1  & among ! unsign$ vases ( !
 succe$+ p]iod 8 m mature  works mu/ be 
repres5t$4    ,! kylix made 9 ! work%op 
( ,sosias 7,fig4 #aad7 has be5 v>i\sly  
ascrib$ to ,euphronios & to ! pa9t]     
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxvii4    ,fig4 
#aad4 ,,a*illes ,,& ,,patroklos3 ,,f ,a 
,,kylix ,,) ,,! ,,signature ,,( ,,!     
,,pott] ,,sosias4    ,illu/ration3      
,,plate ,,lxviii4    ,fig4 #aae4 ,,boy  
,,*as+ ,a ,,h>e3 ,,r$-,,figur$ ,,kylix4 
,pei?9os3 ! rem>kable "w ( art mu/ r    
belong to an unkn[n  ?ird p]son 7!      

#8,sosias' pa9t]74 ,! composition fill+ 
! space  sugge/s ! old /yle1 especially 
! press+ ( ! foot aga9/ !  rim3 b !     
boldly =e-%ort5$ "r leg ( ,patroklos ) !
 foot  view$ f above1 kn[n also to      
,eu?ymides & to ,ph9tias 9 8  maturity1 
! full developm5t ( ! bun*es ( drap]y & 
!  swall[-tail edges1 & above all !     
extremely bold attempt to op5 !  corn] (
 ! eye1 lead u into ! critical phase ( !
 ar*aic  r$-figur$ pa9t+1 ! ,leagros    
p]iod4 ,only an int5se /udy ( !  model  
c\ld lead ?is ma/] s f> f ! beat5 track2
 t ) !  add$ names ( ,a*illes &         
,patroklos he came into conflict ) !    
,iliad1 matt]$ little to him4 ,fur!rmore
 on ! ,sosias vase a  te*nical          
innovation comes s]i\sly into play1 :i* 
is gradually  adopt$ by ,euphronios     
7,fig4 #aab71 ,eu?ymides 7,fig4 #ajg71  
,ph9tias &  ,hypsis 7,fig4 #ajf72 !     
outl9e ( ! hair is no long] sep>at$ f  !
 black gr\nd by ! old h>d incis$ l9e1 b 
by a n>r[ l9e (  ! col\r ( ! gr\nd4 ,)9 
! kylikes1 :i* praise ! fair  ,leagros1 

a *ange takes place 9 ! fram+ ( !       
int]ior picture2 9  place ( ! r+ 9 !    
col\r ( ! clay1 ( :i* occasionally !y   
attempt to increase ! effect by d\bl+1  
comes ! mae&] 9  diff]5t v>ieties1 fir/ 
simple & cont9u\s 7,frontispiece &      
,figs4  #ajh1 #aae1 #abf71 !n ev] m     
frequ5tly 9 brok5 up %ape 7,fig4 #aaf74 
,! new frame comes e4g4 on ! ,london    
kylix1 :i* by ! h>e-hunt  gives su* a   
natural motive = ! space-fill+ movem5ts 
( !  runn+ ,leagros 7,fig4 #aae74 ,!    
,leagros ( ! kylix agrees s exactly  ) t
 ( ! ,antaios krat]1 t "o may ascribe   
?is advance to  ,euphronios2 = ! l9e ( !
 gr\nd giv+ ! hair outl9e & !  organic  
connection ( *e/ & belly are beyond !   
/age ( ! krat]  9 "q4    ,a fur!r /ep   
=w>d on ! "p ( ! same ma/] may probably 
be  se5 9 ! ,bo/on kylix1 :i* praises   
bo? ,leagros & ,a!nodotos  7,fig4 #ajh74
 ,nev] p]haps 0 ! inmo/ nature ( ! satyr
 s fully  caught z 9 ?is f9e example3 he
 is squatt+ on ! empti$ po9t$  amphora &
 positively brea?+ out an aroma ( w9e & 

wantonness4  ,8 lifelike picture goes f>
 beyond ! ,antaios krat]1 & a closely   
connect$ ,a!nodotos kylix 9 ,a!ns       
actually c>ries ?is vivacity  into !    
same subject1 ! wre/le ( ,h]akles &     
,antaios4    ,if ,euphronios ?us        
surpass$ himself "o may believe him also
  responsible = ! next /ep1 !           
#8,panaitios' /age1 to :i* x is a  v    
%ort di/ance f ! ,a!nodotos kylikes4 ,to
 ! transition1  t is ab\t ! end ( ! #f? 
c5tury1 belongs ! ,p>is ,!seus  kylix1  
sign$ by ,euphronios z pott] b )\t      
love-"n4 ,! boldly  drawn ext]ior seems 
to =m ! bridge to ! /yle ( !            
#8,panaitios'  ma/]1 t vigor\s pa9t]1   
p]haps id5tical ) ! lat]  ,euphronios1 f
 ^: h& comes ! ,london ,panaitios kylix 
) !  signature ( ,euphronios z pott]4 ,!
 ri* & ornam5tal int]ior                
7,frontispiece7 is 9 a c]ta9 contra/ ) !
 ext]ior sc5es1 & is  s closely connect$
 ) ! e>ly works ( ,duris1 t we may      
enquire1  :e!r ,euphronios did n entru/ 
! decoration ( ! int]ior to a  tal5t$   

pupil ) a great t5d5cy to elaboration4  
,b p]haps ?is  contra/ is due only to ! 
repres5tative s]i\sness ( ! subject4    
,"y ,!seus1 9 ord] to receive 8 rightful
 position z son (  ,poseidon1 has gone  
d[n to ! bottom ( ! sea1 & 9 ! pres5ce (
  ,a!na is greet$ by ,amphitrite4    ,! 
"t ( ,panaitios & t ( ,*aire/ratos1 :i* 
p>tly co9cides  ) x1 remove _m h>d      
features ( ! ,leagros /age4 ,! turn+s ( 
bodies lose all viol5ce3 9 ! frontal /& 
( bo? feet1 & 9 !  oblique view (       
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxix4    ,fig4  
#aaf4 ,,aft] ,,! ,,banquet3 ,,f ,a      
,,kylix ,,) ,,! ,,signature ,,( ,,!     
,,pott] ,,brygos4    ,illu/ration3      
,,plate ,,lxx4    ,fig4 #aag4 ,a ,,ma5ad
 ,,9 ,,fr5zy3 ,,f ,,an ,,ar*aic         
,,r$-,,figur$ ,,po9t$  ,,amphora4    !  
head1 new possibilities are indicat$4 ,!
 pupil is n[ always 9  ! inn] corn] ( ! 
eye1 ?\gh ! bold exp]im5t ( ! #8,sosias'
  pa9t] is n g5]ally adopt$4 ,above all 
a new curr5t ent]s !  drap]y4 ,!        
divisions ( ! *iton ) patt]ns ( folds   

gives way to  a m natural & uni=m       
di/ribution3 ! play ( folds at ! edges  
( ! cloaks is g5]ally emphasiz$ by a    
?ick pair ( l9es4 ,^!  t5d5cies become  
complete 9 ! lat] ,*aire/ratos & !      
,hippodamas  p]iod1 ) :i* we get d[n to 
ab\t #dhj ,b4,c4    ,! ma/]s ( ?is lat] 
date deal n[ q freely & easily ) !      
a*ievem5ts ( _! pr$ecessors3 ! old rude 
vig\r gives way to  ornam5tal elegance  
or sw++ livel9ess4 ,! relation ( figures
 to  space also alt]s3 ! =ms move m     
freely1 are less conf9$ by  space1 & are
 surr\nd$ ) air4 ,?us ! free decoration 
( !  ,oltos amphora 7,fig4 #ajd7 ass]ts 
itself once m4 ,! small s-call$         
#8,nolan' neck$ amphorae1 & ! popul>    
amphorae ( ,pana!naic %ape1  only res]ve
 "o figure or gr\p 9 ! black surface4 ,!
 f9e &  elegant effect ( ?is #8,nolan'  
decoration (t5 attacks o!r types (      
vases1 to :i* is n[ add$ ! bell-krat]   
7cp4 ,fig4 #abc c5tre74    ,( ^! lat]   
ma/]s1 ! "o :o keeps mo/ ! massiv5ess & 
dignity ( ! old] /yle is !              

#8,kleophrades' pa9t]1 :o grew up 9  !  
,leagros p]iod & has furni%$ "o ( 8     
works ) ! pott]'s  signature (          
,kleophrades1 son ( ,amasis4 ,z an      
example ( 8 /yle let  u take ! ,muni*   
po9t$ amphora belong+ ab\t to !         
,panaitios  p]iod3 ! passionate fr5zy ( 
frantic ,ma5ads has nev] be5 m  p]fectly
 caught ?an 9 ! back-toss$ head ( ! ru%+
 wav] (  ! ?yrsos 7,fig4 #aag74 ,!      
#8,kleophrades' pa9t] 0 a pupil (       
,eu?ymides3 b = a numb] ( 8             
contempor>ies x c be %[n t  !y won _!   
spurs 9 ! celebrat$ /udio ( ,euphronios4
 ,x is true  t we only h evid5ce 9 an   
inscription ( activity 9 ! s]vice  (    
,euphronios = "o pa9t] d5ot$ by "n1 &   
malici\s accid5t  has depriv$ u ( all b 
! la/ f\r lett]s ( 8 "n4 ,onesimos1  z 8
 "n is usually re/or$1 comb9es 9 simple 
composition on 8  kylix rid]s & boys    
lead+ horses1 & ?us is ! pr$ecessor ( ! 
#8,horse' ma/]4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ma/] ( ! 
,troilos kylix 9  ,p]ugia1 :i*          
,euphronios also sign$ z pott] 7!       

#8,p]ugia' ma/]7  inh]it$ m ( ! fire &  
dramatic vig\r ( ! #8,panaitios'  ma/]4 
,8 ,muni* ,c5taur kylix is wor?y ( !    
great tea*]1 & !  int]ior 7,fig4 #abf7  
is equally p]fect z fill+ ! space & z   
r5d]+ animat$ life4 ,! %ield 9 pr(ile   
view1 :i* %[s  indication ( %ad+1 !     
,c5taur's head1 & especially ! gr&iose  
=e%ort5+ ( ! horse-body1 po9t beyond !  
,panaitios p]iod4    ,to ?is gr\p mu/ h 
belong$ ! #8,brygos' pa9t]1 :o 9 e>li]  
works1 e4g41 9 ! cle>ly & vigor\sly     
compos$ ,iliup]sis 9  ,p>is 7,figs4 #aah
 & #aai71 is /ill /rongly inspir$ by !  
a*ievem5ts ( ! ,p]ugia ma/]1 & lat]     
develops ! fi]y vig\r  ( 8 y\?ful p]iod 
9 ev] m delicate & elegant %apes4 ,he is
  fond ( %ad$ %ields1 hairy bodies &    
cloaks adorn$ ) spots4  ,p]haps ! f9e/  
"w ( 8 maturity is ! int]ior ( !        
,wrzburg  kylix 7,fig4 #aaf71 on :i* a  
"y ,a!nian1 support$ by ! h&s ( a  girl1
 relieves himself ( ! w9e he has imbib$ 
too freely4 ,!  picture n only 9 its    
free adaptation to space & 9 ! sure h&  

) :i* ! movem5t ( body & drap]y is      
r5d]$1 b especially  9 ! f9e animation (
 ! expression1 is a wor?y la/ note (    
ar*aic art4 ,! unsign$ ,vi5na skyphos ( 
! ,brygos pa9t] 7,fig4  #abj7 mu/ be    
plac$ betwe5 ! ,p>is & ,wrzburg kylikes4
 ,x also  gives a    ,illu/ration3      
,,plate ,,lxxi4    ,figs4 #aah  #aai4   
,,! ,,sack ,,( ,,troy3 ,,f ,a ,,kylix   
,,) ,,! ,,signature ,,(  ,,! ,,pott]    
,,brygos4    ,f ,furtwngl]-,rei*hold1   
,grie*is*e ,vas5mal]ei4    ,illu/ration3
 ,,plate ,,lxxii4    ,fig4 #abj4        
,,skyphos ,,) ,,! ,,ransom+ ,,(         
,,hector4    ,fig4 #aba4 ,,!seus        
,,des]ts ,,! ,,sleep+ ,,ariadne 7873 ,,f
 ,,! ,,ext]ior ,,(  ,a ,,kylix4    f9e  
picture full ( life3 ,a*illes has plac$ 
"u ! table ! dead  body ( ,hector1 :i*  
he daily drags r\nd ! walls ( ,troy1 is 
recl9+ at 8 meal1 & talk+ to 8 *>m+     
cup-be>]1 z if he  did n he> ! appeal ( 
! old ,priam = 8 son's corpse & did  n  
see ! pres5ts br\ght 9 by ! att5dants4  
,! cle> dramatic  disposition is z mu* 9

 ! mann] ( ! ma/] z ! free pose (  !    
cup-be>] ) weight on "o leg1 & !        
delicate psy*ological  animation ( !    
c\nt5ances4 ,! kylix 9 ,corneto 7,fig4  
#aba71 !  outside ( :i* has be5         
int]pret$ z ! secret dep>ture ( ,!seus  
f ! sleep+ ,ariadne1 is at lea/ closely 
relat$ to ! works (  ! #8,brygos' pa9t]4
 ,9 ! work%op ( ,euphronios ! y\?ful    
,duris  mu/ also h be5 a pupil4 ,= 8    
e>lie/ "w1 ! ,vi5na kylix1  ) an arm+   
sc5e1 pa9t$ = ! pott] ,py?on1 is q "u ! 
influ5ce ( ! ,panaitios ma/]1 & c only  
be recogniz$ z !  "w ( a pa9t] ( ano!r  
t5d5cy by ! great] elegance &  slimness 
( ! figures1 & ! m s*ematic composition4
    ,9 ! kylikes ) ! names ( ,panaitios 
& ,*aire/ratos1 x c  /ill be trac$ to "s
 ext5t1 h[ out ( ! docile imitator ( !  
,panaitios ma/] comes ! real ,duris1 !  
r\t9e draughtsman1 :o puts  d[n 8       
elegant figures ) almo/ academic        
objectivity & :o c>es  m = ! uni=m      
decorative effect ( 8 neat silh\ettes   
?an =  complicat$ compositions ( life4  

,! pair ( ,b]l9 kylikes1 p]haps  made by
 ,kleophrades1 & ! kan?>os1 on :i*      
,duris signs z pott]  & pa9t]1 %[ z     
pla9ly z possible ?is gradual           
realization (  indep5d5ce1 & also pass m
 & m1 ?\gh n f9ally1 f !  artificial    
fold packets ( ! *iton to a uni=m sy/em 
( wavy l9es4  ,h[ entirely ,duris alt]$ 
8 /yle ev5 dur+ ! ,*aire/ratos  p]iod1  
is %[n e4g4 by ! ,vi5na kylix1 pa9t$ =  
,py?on ) !  conte/ = ! ,arms ( ,a*illes1
 :i* n m]ely 9 its m elegant  %ape1 b   
also 9 draw+ & ! relation ( ! figures to
 ! space1  is widely di/ant f ! arm+    
sc5e on a kylix ( ! same work%op4  ,!   
f9e ,eos kylix 9 ! ,l\vre1 :i* ,duris   
pa9t$ = ! pott]  ,kalliades & d$icat$ to
 ,h]mog5es1 ! ,london ,!seus kylix1 &   
probably also ! f9e ,london psykt] ) !  
love-"n ,ari/agoras  7,fig4 #abb7 belong
 to ?is p]iod4 ,! satyrs ( ?is psykt]1  
:o  in/ead ( jo9+ 9 procession play all 
k9ds ( unpr(itable tricks  beh9d ! back 
( ! lead] ( ! *orus1 ne$ only be comp>$ 
)  _! fell[s on ! ,bo/on kylix1 & "o c  

recognize at once !  r\t9e h& & slight] 
arti/ic end[m5t ( ! ma/]1 b also !  m   
elegant & easy draughtsman%ip ( ! lat]  
"t4    ,9 ! lat] p]iod ( ! arti/ 7ab\t  
#dhj ,b4,c47 we mu/ put along  ) _!     
cong5]s ! kylikes ) ! love-"n           
,hippodamas1 !  f9e/ ( :i* is ! ,b]l9   
s*ool vase 7,fig4 #abd74 ,9 ! drap]y (  
! tea*]s & pupils1 :o are "h assembl$ 9 
! class-room1  no?+ ( ar*aic /iffness   
rema9s4 ,if ev5 ! ,leagros p]iod _h     
made ! cloak folds come to a natural    
end1 !y n[ b5d r\nd _!  ends & pave !   
way = ! 8drap]y eyes10 :i* 9 ! next     
p]iod  s naturally *>act]ize ! pack+s 9 
! mat]ial4    ,! great developm5t1 :i*  
is evid5c$ = ,duris by 8 _m  signatures1
 sugge/s consid]ations4 ,we ask :e!r o!r
 ma/]s too  did n fundam5tally *ange1 & 
:e!r e4g4 ,euphronios did n  develop out
 ( ! #8,leagros' /age to t ( !          
#8,panaitios' ma/] &  ! ,p]ugia pa9t]1 &
 on 8 lat] works include ! pa9t]'s      
signature 9 t ( ! pott]'s firm1 i4e4    
:e!r works l !  ,muni* ,c5tauroma*y     

7,fig4 #abf7 d n repres5t a late phase (
 ?is  gift$ pa9t]1 :o c be prov$ to h   
liv$ into ! #8,glaukon'  p]iod4         
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxxiii4    ,fig4
 #abb4 ,,h]mes ,,& ,,satyrs3 ,,f ,a     
,,psykt] ,,by ,,duris4    ,f            
,furtwngl]-,rei*hold1 ,grie*is*e        
,vas5mal]ei4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate   
,,lxxiv4    ,fig4 #abc4 ,,drunk5        
,,ma5ads3 ,,f ,a ,,kylix ,,) ,,!        
,,signature ,,( ,,! ,,pott]  ,,hi]on4   
,( ! o!r pa9t]s ( ?is p]iod1 we mu/     
cont5t ourselves )  nam+ ?ree1 ! ,b]l9  
ma/]1 ,makron1 & ! ,bronze-,f\ndry ma/]4
  ,! #8ma/] ( ! ,b]l9 amphora' ev5      
surpasses ,duris 9 elegance1 &  is fond 
( introduc+ 8 slim ela/ic figures 9     
#8,nolan' /yle1 i4e4  isolat$ on a d>k  
backgr\nd4    ,makron1 :o pa9t$ almo/   
all ! vases on :i* ,hi]on's signature z 
pott] is f\nd1 /udi$ by *oice 9 !       
,palae/ra1 :]e boys  p]=m$ gymna/ics & 7
 address$ by old] m54 ,a ,b]l9 kylix    
7,fig4 #abc71 l sev]al works ( 8 h&1    
introduces u to ,bac*ic  revelry1 an    

excit$ *orus ( drunk5 & vigor\sly       
ge/iculat+  ma5ads1 ^: bodies are n     
conceal$ by ! ru/l+ pomp ( folds3  !    
#8kolpos' or fold ( ! *iton drawn up    
?r\gh ! belt1 :i*  ,brygos also is fond 
(1 is m transp>5t ?an ! upp] & l[]  p>ts
 ( ! complicat$ g>m5t4 ,^! figures 9 :i*
 all is life1  movem5t & expression1    
%\ld be comp>$ ) ^? ( ! ,&okides  pa9t] 
or ev5 ^? ( ,euphronios1 9 ord] to      
realize1 h[ 9 ^!  few decades !         
lib]ation f ar*aic /iffness & adh]5ce to
 type  0 almo/ tempe/u\sly accompli%$4  
,we take leave ( ! ar*aic /yles ) ! *>m+
 picture ( an  anonym\s pa9t]1 ! #8ma/] 
( ! bronze f\ndry1' :o on a ,b]l9  kylix
 7,fig4 #abe7 transplants u into !      
int]ior ( ! work%op ( a  sculptor 9     
bronze4 ,a workman is pok+ ! ov51 ano!r 
is h&l+  ! bell[s1 ! assi/ant looks on1 
! ma/] is work+ at a /atue1  n yet fully
 put toge!r3 s intimate is ! contact )  
life 9 ?is  sc5e4 ,ev]y?+ int]e/$ !     
vase-pa9t]s ( ?is "t equally2  !y h     
spread out be=e u human life1 got _!    

mat]ial f e  qu>t]1 & :]ev] !y laid hold
 ( x1 x 0 int]e/+4 ,h[  closely !y came 
to grips ) _! subject1 h[ !y tri$ to be 
cle>1 & to give a lively picture ( :at  
!y saw1 & h[ "u  _! h&s ! object at once
 *ang$ into ! arti/ic type1 ! human     
body into ! cle>ly def9$ /udy ( ! nude1 
! g>m5t into a  ?+ ( decorative life1 & 
an assemblage ( human be+s into an      
ornam5tal figure composition6           
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxxv4    ,fig4  
#abd4 ,,s*ool-,,sc5e3 ,,f ,a ,,kylix    
,,by ,,duris4    ,fig4 #abe4            
,,bronze-,,f\ndry3 ,,f ,a ,,kylix ,,)   
,,! 8,,love-,,"n0 ,,(  ,,diog5es4       
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxxvi    ,fig4  
#abf4 ,,c5tauromacy3 ,,f ,a             
,,r$-,,figur$ ,,kylix4          ,,*apt] 
,,vi4    ,,! ,,/yle ,,( ,,polygnotos ,,&
 ,,pheidias      ,9 ! /udio (           
,euphronios ! s-call$ #8,horse ma/]'    
pa9t$ a kylix  n[ 9 ,b]l9 ) ! praise ( !
 fair ,glaukon4 ,! outside is  decorat$ 
9 ! usual r$-figur$ te*nique ) lively   
sc5es (  rid]s & /ables1 ! inside 7a y\?

 & a girl7 is r5d]$ 9  outl9e1 ) col\r$ 
int]ior l9es & surfaces1 on ! gr\nd     
cov]$ ) a :ite slip4 ,! progress 9 !    
r5d]+ ( bodies &  drap]y is             
unmi/akeable2 ! oblique view ( ! female 
brea/ is  almo/ correctly caught1 !     
mat]ial ( ! cloaks is pack$ 9 lo/  folds
 ) b5t-r\nd end4 ,b ev5 ! :ole          
conception ( ! figures  goes f> beyond !
 ar*aic art ( ! pre-,p]sian "t3 !       
proportions  & faces h a t\* (          
greatness1 beside :i* all prec$+ art    
seems n>r[ & emb>rass$4 ,!              
simplification ( ! pr(ile & !  sev]e    
long l[] "p ( ! face ess5tially det]m9e 
"o's  impression ( ! heads4 ,a new p]iod
 is ann\nc+ itself3 a "t (  progressive 
naturalism & at ! same "t a p]iod (     
noble greatness  ( /yle & exalt$ types4 
,! /atem5ts ( ! anci5ts z to !  great   
pa9t+ ( ?is age1 ( ,polygnotos & 8      
company1 lay /ress on  ^! qualities2 n  
only ! progress1 :i* relieves ! r5d]+ ( 
body & g>m5t ( ! old /iffness1 b ! great
 ,e?os ( ^!  pa9t+s is prais$4 ,s ) good

 reason we call ! vase pa9t+ (  !       
po/-,p]sian g5]ation ,polygnotan1 ev5 if
 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is  epo* ! influ5ce ( ! 
great art is n felt s mu* z at its      
culm9ation4    ,! "n ( ,glaukon1 :i* we 
h met ) on ! ,euphronios kylix (  ,b]l91
 recurs on a s]ies ( vases1 almo/ always
 9 ! two-l9e  arrangem5t1 :i* comes n[  
into vogue1 & (t5 9 comb9ation )  8 fa!r
 ,leagros' "n4 ,leky?oi1 or sl5d]       
oil-flasks1 :i* n[  become ! regul> (f]+
 = graves1 & :5 s employ$ inv>iably  use
 ! :ite-gr\nd te*nique ( ! ,b]l9 kylix1 
af=d sev]al  examples ( ?is fav\rite's  
"n1 :i* has become ! h+e (              
vase-*ronology4 ,on a ,bonn fragm5t     
7,fig4 #abh71 :i* 9 ! old] /yle  has a  
dome/ic sc5e1 n "o tak5 f ! cemet]y1 &  
pa9ts !  fle% 9 :ite1 a woman is sitt+ 9
 an arm-*air & putt+ on a  gold5        
necklace1 :i* ! h&maid 9 front ( h] has 
(f]$ 9 a  box4 ,! face ( ?is woman      
signifies a new _w3 ! ar*aic types are  
disc>d$1 ! old traditions replac$ by a q
 individual almo/  portrait-l           

conception4 ,! eye1 :i* has h>dly any   
traces ( !  old full-view & puts ! pupil
 entirely into ! op5 inn] corn]1  gives 
! face a v natural & liv+ effect1 x is  
really look+3  & ! hair hang+ out f !   
cap 9 confusion1 ! pr(ile n  dom9at$ by 
any canon ( beauty1 & ! draw+ ( ! h&s1  
%[ !  pa9t] p5etrat$ by ! same ef=t aft]
 tru?4 ,x is p]haps an idle  "q1 :at    
p]iod inaugurates ! hi/ory ( ,greek     
portraiture1  s9ce ea* innovation tak5 f
 ! model individualizes !  traditional  
type2 b x is j ! vase-pa9t+s ( !        
po/-,p]sian1  ,kimonian age1 :i* w5t    
fur!r ?an ! lat] ones 9 ?us             
individualiz+4 ,! woman ( ! ,glaukon    
leky?os1 ! old woman on a  skyphos 9    
,s*w]9 f ! work%op ( ,pi/ox5os 7,fig4   
#abg7 & on a  l\trophoros 9 ,a!ns1 !    
head ( a w>rior f a krat] 9 ,new ,york  
7,fig4 #acj7 may be tak5 z symptoms ( a 
v p]sonal portraiture 9  ! age ( ,kimon4
 ,! ef=t to get rid ( ! traditional     
ideal types  l$ a s]ies ( ^!            
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxxvii4    ,fig4

 #abg4 ,,old ,,woman3 ,,f ,a ,,skyphos  
,,) ,,! ,,signature ,,( ,,! ,,pott]     
,,pi/ox5os4    ,fig4 #abh4 ,,detail ,,( 
,a ,,fragm5t>y ,,:ite-,,gr\nd ,,leky?os4
    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxxviii4    
,fig4 #abi4 ,,aphrodite ,,on ,a ,,goose3
 ,,f ,a ,,kylix ,,) ,,:ite-,,gr\nd      
,,int]ior4  ,,be>+ ,,! 8,,love-,,"n0 ,,(
 ,,glaukon4    ,fig4 #acj4 ,,w>rior3 ,,f
 ,a ,,r$-,,figur$ ,,krat]4    ma/]s to  
reca/ ev5 ! div9e figures ) a /rik+ly   
individual1  co>se & almo/ common       
effect4 ,! ma/] ( ! ,bo/on #8,eos'      
kylix1 a  successor ( ,makron 9 ,hi]on's
 /udio1 makes 8 undi/+ui%$  goddess ( ! 
morn+ be c>ri$ (f by a sp9dly /reet-lad2
 !  ,demet]1 :o on a ,muni* hydria      
att5ds ! dep>ture ( ,triptolemos1       
betrays little ( ! sacr$ beauty ( !     
mo!rly goddess2 & o!r  vase-pa9t+s h    
almo/ ! effect ( consci\s c>icatures (  
ideal  types4    ,! new possibilities ( 
#8,physiognomy' 9 diff]5tiat+ "* by  !  
facial type1 h[ev]1 br\ght ! expression 
( div9e nature to its  fulle/ expansion1

 & help$ n m]ely to make m5 m human b   
also  gods m div9e4 ,a ,london          
:ite-gr\nd kylix f ,rhodes 7,fig4 #abi7 
is  connect$ ) ! ,bonn leky?os & ! ,b]l9
 kylix ( ,euphronios by  ! common "n (  
,glaukon4 ,! goddess ( love1 rid+ ?r\gh 
! air  on h] sacr$ bird1 ! goose1 is ( m
 ?an e>?ly beauty3 h]  h&s1 n only ! "o 
) ! fl[] b ! unoccupi$ left h&1  speak !
 same expressive language z h] face &   
:ole =m4 ,!  effect ( ?is picture is    
comp>able to t ( a song4 ,n[ = !  fir/  
"t ! inn] k9%ip ( ! art ( words ) t (   
pictures  presses itself on ! obs]v] (  
works ( art4 ,no "o w ?9k (  comp>+ !   
,geometric /yle ) ! ,hom]ic ,epic 9     
value (  expression1 or ! ornam5tal /yle
 ( ! #g? c5tury ) contempor>y  ,lyric   
poetry1 ?\gh "o may see a reflection (  
,anacreontic & ballad  feel+ 9 ! art ( !
 lat] #f? c5tury4 ,b ! weight ( !       
,aes*ylean pa?os is z little to be      
mi/ak5 9 works ( graphic &  pla/ic art z
 ! ,sophoclean gl[ & pure beauty ( l9e4 
,! m delicate animation1 :i* ?is p]iod  

c\ld be/[ on its  =ms1 ( itself po9t$   
away f ar*aic loquacity & pleasure 9    
n>ration4 ,! g5re sc5e is c]ta9ly z old 
z ! hi/orical1 &  we h se5 t !re 0 no   
diff]5ce ( pr9ciple4 ,! ne>] !          
r$-figur$ /yle came1 ! m repres5tations 
( feel+ 7  comb9$ ) repres5tations (    
action1 & t[>ds ! end ( !  ar*aic /yle  
!y are no long] r>ities4 ,) ! new       
lib]ation (  ! /yle1 especially ) !     
enliv5+ ( ! eye1 a diff]5t sort  ( inw>d
 feel+ ass]ts itself4 ,figures devoid ( 
action1 occupi$  ) !mselves or          
contemplat+ ano!r figure1 are !mes :i* !
  pa9t]s ( leky?oi 9 p>ticul> 7 nev]    
tir$ ( inv5t+2 & 9  lat] times1 :5 !    
cemet]y sc5es replac$ ! dome/ic ones on 
^! vases1 & ! privacy ( ! indoor sc5es 0
 transf]r$ to !  visit to ! grave1 !    
h>mony ( s\l betwe5 ! visitor & !  dead1
 ^: liv+ lik5ess fancy c\ld n sep>ate f 
! grave1  (t5 f\nd an unspeakably       
intimate expression 7p4 #ade74    ,!    
quantity ( pictures ( #8pure exi/5ce'   
does mu* to det]m9e !  alt]$ aspect     

pres5t$ by po/-,p]sian vase-pa9t+4 ,on !
 slim  #8,nolan' amphorae & ^? ) twi/$  
h&les1 on ! calyx-krat]s  & !           
bell-krat]s (t5 decorat$ on ! m\? ) a   
bran*1 on !  #8/amnoi' & o!r vases1 :i* 
are decorat$ l ! #8,nolan1' !  sl5d]    
re/ful figures height5 ! impression (   
quiet elegance4 ,?us  ! gr&eur ( ! new  
/yle at ! same "t gets a m>k$ decorative
  value1 a value n )\t dang] = ! liv+   
r5d]+ ( reality4  ,greatness is n e     
man's affair1 & ! pa9t]s1 :o only took  
ov] ext]nally ! big =ms & ! l(ty        
simplicity1 & c\ld n  fill !m ) a life (
 _! own1 c only rank z decorative arti/s
  & %\ld by ! same "r be call$          
#8affect$' z ! ref9$ ma/]s  ( ! ,amasis 
p]iod 7p4 #ajf74 ,ev5 tal5t$ pa9t]s     
consci\sly gave  up to decorative effect
 ! rev]ses ( _! vases1 :i* !y adorn  )  
quickly drawn motionless figures wrapp$ 
9 cloaks4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate      
,,lxxix4    ,fig4 #aca4 ,,! ,,dea? ,,(  
,,aktaion3 ,,f ,a ,,r$-,,figur$ ,,krat]4
    ,f ,furtwngl]-,rei*hold1 ,grie*is*e 

,vas5mal]ei4    ,! ?ree ,glaukon        
repres5tations we h met ) till n[ are   
pure  pictures ( #8exi/5ce4' ,! #8horse'
 ma/] d$icat$ to ! same boy  ,glaukon a 
second kylix1 ! fragm5ts ( :i*1 f\nd on 
! ,acropolis1  repres5t ! dea? (        
,orpheus at ! h&s ( ! ,?racian wom54 ,! 
s*eme1 if "o may speak ( su*1 is 9 s f> 
old1 z ! victor mov+  to ! "r attacks an
 oppon5t 9 kneel+ position also mov+ to 
!  "r & look+ r\nd2 b an inf9ite        
nobility is p\r$ ov] ! old  type1 & !   
fight is c>ri$ ?r\gh ) dramatic weight1 
?\gh 9  ! faces ( ! fight]s ! inw>d     
excitem5t is n reflect$1 z on  lat]     
works ( ! same h&4 ,yet1 z on !         
,aphrodite kylix 7,fig4 #abi7  ! liv+   
expression ( ! eye is already /r5g!n$ by
 ! l9e (  ! upp] lid4    ,9 place ( ! v 
fragm5t>y ,orpheus kylix1 ! fight 9 a   
contempor>y picture may %[ ! progress1  
:i* sc5es ( dramatic  movem5t atta9 9   
,polygnotan times4 ,! slay+ ( ,aktaion  
by !  div9e huntress ,artemis 0 br\ght  
to great effect by ! ,pan ma/]1  s call$

 f ! rev]se ( ! same ,bo/on bell-krat]  
7,fig4 #aca74 ,9  ! /iff folds ( ! cloak
 ( ,artemis ?is vigor\s & orig9al  pa9t]
 betrays 8 desc5t f ! ar*aic /yle1 :i* c
 be pla9ly  foll[$ 9 8 works1 always    
full z !y are ( dramatic life4  ,o!rwise
 !re is little ar*aic 9 ?is picture4 ,! 
long l[] "p  ( ! face1 :i* l5ds ! heads 
_! sev]ity1 ! folds runn+  !mselves out1
 :i* ass]t !mselves ev5 9 ! *iton1 !    
surely  drawn =e-%ort5$ foot ( ,artemis1
 ! l[] legs ( ,aktaion  disappe>+ 9 !   
backgr\nd1 %[ ! progressive ma/]2 !     
sugge/ive effect ( ! composition1 & !   
urg5t language ( !  ge/ures are q 9 ! _s
 ( ! noble new /yle4    ,) ! ,c5taur    
psykt] 9 ,rome 7,fig4 #acb7 we get      
p]haps beyond !  bloom ( ,glaukon's     
beauty1 & :at rem9ds u ( old times 9 !  
grotesque movem5t ( ! battle sc5e is    
probably only individual  fail+s ( !    
ma/]1 :i* he outweighs by _m            
innovations4 ,!  ?ree-qu>t]s view ( !   
face1 ! =e-%ort5+ ( ! %ield1 !  motive (
 ! fall+ man se5 f beh9d1 are           

significant ( !  /ruggle ) p]spective2 !
 be/ial lu/ = battle speaks out ( !     
eyes ( ! attack]s z does ! p5etrat+ pa9 
( ! w\nd$2 &  ! pa?os ( ! ge/ures is at 
lea/ po/-ar*aic4 ,! impression (  ?is   
vase is rem>kably det]m9$ by ! exp]im5ts
 9 col\r+1  :i* ! ma/] und]takes ) help 
( ?9n$ col\r3 ! helmets1  greaves1 &    
hides he has made d>k 9 contra/ ) !     
human sk91 he  has giv5 an effect (     
light to ! mat]ial ( ! hair ( head &    
be>d1 & r\nd$ ! horses' bodies by %ad+4 
,^! novelties ( ! some:at crude & qua9t 
ma/] are only  intelligible z reflection
 ( a great pa9t+1 :i* /ruggl$ )         
problems ( expression & light1 z is     
expressly te/ifi$ = ! art  ( ! great    
,polygnotos & 8 contempor>ies4          
,naturally at no "t  7 vase-pa9t]s      
entirely un9flu5c$ by ! a*ievem5ts ( !  
great art4 ,b j n[ 9 ! sixties ( ! #e?  
c5tury1 ?is  borr[+ made itself felt m  
?an ev]1 & entic$ ! vase-pa9t]s  (t5    
beyond ! limits ( _! bran* ( art4 ,?is  
comes n only f  ! ov]p[]+ impression ( !

 great p]sonalities among !  pa9t]s (   
?is p]iod1 b especially f ! fact1 t     
wall-pa9t+ n[ /ruck out new bold pa?s1  
on :i* vase-pa9t+  c\ld foll[ x less ?an
 ev]4    ,among ! vase-pictures1 :i* v  
/rongly e*o ^! new /ra9s1 are  ! lat]   
works ( ! #8horse' ma/]4 ,! int]ior ( ! 
,p5!sileia  kylix 7,fig4 #acd7 only     
enclos$ by a delicate bran*1 ! ma/] did 
n  pa9t z 9    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate    
,,lxxx4    ,fig4 #acb4 ,,battle ,,)     
,,c5taurs3 ,,r$-,,figur$ ,,psykt]4      
,fig4 #acc4    ,,top-,,play]3 ,,f ,a    
,,:ite-,,gr\nd ,,kylix ,,) ,,!          
,,signature ,,( ,,! ,,pott]             
,,hegesibulos4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate 
,,lxxxi4    ,fig4 #acd4 ,,a*illes       
,,kills ,,p5!sileia3 ,,int]ior ,,( ,a   
,,r$-,,figur$ ,,kylix4    ,f            
,furtwngl]-,rei*hold1 ,grie*is*e        
,vas5mal]ei4    ! kylikes ( ,b]l9 &     
,a!ns on :ite gr\nd1 b he height5s !    
r$-figur$ te*nique by ! application (   
?9n$ black glaze1 by dull  r$ & light   
grey surfaces1 ) br[n & :ite additions1 

& by  applications ( gold4 ,! f\r       
figures :i* are =c$ into ?is circle     
almo/ bur/ ! frame1 n m]ely by !        
disproportion ( _! tall  =ms1 b /ill m  
by _! inn] greatness & passion4 ,9 !    
mid/  ( ! battle-field1 :]e ! sword     
rages1 & ! gr\nd lies full (  corpses1  
,a*illes has ov]tak5 ! ,amazon que51 &  
furi\s ) rage1  plunges 8 sword 9 h]    
he>t3 h[ev] mu* h] h&s & eyes plead  =  
m]cy1 x is too late4    ,! features (   
,p5!sileia betray m ( inn] life ?an ^? (
  ,orpheus3 & on a second ,muni* kylix1 
on :i* ,apollo 9 pres5ce ( ,ge  slays h]
 son ,tityos1 ! ma/] has gone a /ep     
fur!r 9 physiognomy4  ,! ?ree faces are 
z conv9c+ly graduat$ 9 expression z =   
example ^? on ! beautiful #8,lam5t = !  
dead1' by a contempor>y  ma/]1 9 ,a!ns4 
,on ! big int]ior ( 8 kylikes 7,fig4    
#acd7 ! #8horse' ma/] c\ld  give fre]   
play to 8 g5ius ?an on ! ext]iors1 :i*1 
z 9 !  kylikes ( ,b]l9 & ,a!ns1 he      
adorn$ ) pretty sc5es f !  /able4 ,!    
contra/ betwe5 ! great r\nd pictures )  

_! f9e  te*nique1 & ! lightly sket*$    
ext]iors1 is s great1 t "s  h ?\ght (   
two arti/s work+ 9 ! same /udio1 :o     
divid$ !  "w1 s t ! #8horse' ma/] w\ld  
be diff]5t f !  ,p5!sileia ma/]2 b !    
:ite-gr\nd ext]ior ( ! ,orpheus kylix   
seems to build ! bridge4 ,x is c]ta9ly  
*>act]i/ic t !  ext]iors ( kylikes 9 ?is
 p]iod no long] tempt$ tal5t$ pa9t]s  to
 su* lively compositions1 z 9 ! days ( !
 ,brygos & ,p]ugia  pa9t]s1 & t ev5 9 ! 
lifetime ( ! great ,euphronios !        
p>atactic decorative /yle mo/ consi/5tly
 prep>$ by ,duris laid  hold ( ^!       
ext]iors4 ,! new /yle requir$ big       
surfaces1 & !  mo/ fai?ful reflexions ( 
wall-pa9t+ are to be f\nd on l>ge       
vases4    ,! mo/ fam\s ( ^! great       
,polygnotan vases is ! ,p>is            
calyx-krat] f ,orvieto 7,fig4 #ace71 !  
figures ( :i*1 ap>t f  ,a!na & ,h]akles1
 h n yet be5 c]ta9ly id5tifi$4 ,f !     
expectant attitude ( ! figures x has be5
 sugge/$ t ! picture  repres5ts ! />t ( 
! ,argonauts1 or ! prep>ation ( ! ,attic

  h]oes = ! battle ( ,m>a?on4 ,! great  
my?ological sc5e is at  any rate 9 !    
mann] ( ! new p]iod1 :i* no long] has ! 
pref]5ce ( ! anci5ts = ! crisis ( action
 b r depicts  prep>ation & aft]-effect1 
reflection on ! de$ accompli%$ &  re/ f 
action4 ,t a ,polygnotan wall-pa9t+     
prec$$ !  vase-pa9t+ 9 ?is              
psy*ologically ref9$ conception1 may be 
reg>d$ z prov$4 ,= ! figures n only     
appe> 9 all sorts ( bold  =e%ort5+s1    
front & side views1 n only surprise u by
 an  abundance ( motives1 :i* are q     
beyond previ\s vase-pa9t+1 b  also %[ a 
s]ies ( peculi>ities1 :i* are expressly 
describ$ z  innovations ( ! great       
fresco-pa9t]4 ,:5 ! figures ( ! krat]   
op5 _! m\?s & %[ _! tee?1 :5 ! /ation>y 
int]ior  folds1 ! s-call$ drap]y eyes h 
%ad[s pa9t$ 9 !m1 ?is c  only be expla9$
 z imitation ( ! great pa9t]s1 &        
simil>ly !  gna%+ ( tee? & ! %ad+ ( !   
horses' bellies on ! ,c5taur  psykt]4 ,!
 ,argonautic krat] %[s ?is dep5d5ce v   
/rongly 9  its composition4 ,great pa9t+

 _h n only graduat$ ! p>ts ( !  body 9  
deep spatial lay]s1 b transf]r$ ?is     
novel deep5+ to !  arrangem5t ( its     
gr\ps1 di/ribut+ ! actors ov] hilly     
c\ntry1  :i* ei!r elevat$               
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxxxii4    ,fig4
 #ace4 ,,! ,,argonauts 7874             
,,kalix-,,krat] ,,( ,,polygnotan        
,,p]iod4    ,f ,furtwngl]-,rei*hold1    
,grie*is*e ,vas5mal]ei4    ! figures ( !
 backgr\nd or (t5 p>tly conceal$ !m4 ,x 
is  cle> t an art1 :i* *>act]iz$ ! r\nd+
 ( %ields &  bodies & ! recesses (      
drap]y by ! di/ribution ( light &  %ade1
 also gave actuality & effect ( dep? to 
! l&scape by  %ad+1 ?\gh 9 primitive    
fa%ion1 & a s]ies ( #8,polygnotan' vases
  proves ! fact1 by mak+ fl[]s1 bu%es & 
plants spr+ out ( !  gr\nd4 ,x is true !
 pa9t] ( ! ,argonaut krat] does n g s   
f>1 b he %[s m /rik+ly ?an any o!r      
vase-pa9t] !  l&scape ( ,polygnotan     
pa9t+s1 :i*1 n =gett+ ! surface  effect 
( vase-decoration1 he does n %ade b only
 indicates 9  outl9e by ! incis+ tool4  

,t 9 o!r ways1 too1 he alt]$ 8  patt]n  
to suit ! te*nique ( vase-pa9t+1 is     
prov$ by ! fre$om  9 ! use ( col\r &    
p]spective1 :i* on o!r specim5s ( ?is   
p]iod bur/ ! b>ri]s ( vase-pa9t+4       
,bo? enc\rag$ & w>n$ by su* examples1 "o
 mu/ look ?r\gh !  vase-pa9t+ ( ?is     
p]iod = o!r traces ( ,polygnotan pa9t+1 
especially on vases :i* agree 9 subject 
) ! wall-pa9t+s (  :i* we h acc\nts1 & n
 only 9 ! fre$om nam$1 b also 9  !      
inf]iority ( ! execution to !           
conception1 %[ ( :at _s  !y are !       
(fspr+4 ,"o c nev] expect copies4 ,! v  
fact t  exact replicas nev] occur among 
! ,polygnotan types1 %[s t !            
vase-pa9t]s dealt ) ! borr[$ prop]ty    
accord+ to _! own  individuality & = _! 
def9ite purpose4 ,s ! two cases we h    
select$ mu/ be judg$ individually4 ,!   
#8,p5!sileia' ma/] 0  probably /imulat$ 
to 8 treatm5t ( ! !me by a big ,amazon  
pa9t+2 b ! clev] pa9t] n m]ely translat$
 ?is impulse into  8 own brilliant      
te*nique & adapt$ x to 8 circul> field1 

b  also ext5d$ ov] x 8 p]sonal great    
feel+1 & translat$ !  picture into 8    
p]sonal /yle1 s t x has ! effect ( a    
natural  cont9uation ( 8 e>li] works4 ,!
 #8,argonaut' ma/] _h no conc]n  ) ?is  
great #8,e?os' or ! delicate poly*rome  
te*nique4 ,he  borr[$ m sup]ficially1   
took an extract f ! big sc5e ( 8  model 
9 8 /rong relief-l9es1 & emphasiz$ !    
individual  *>act]i/ics r ?an ! da% ( ! 
orig9al4 ,9 realism1 8  be>d$ h]o hold+ 
a spe> is n inf]ior to ! contempor>y    
w>rior  ( ! ,new ,york krat] 7,fig4     
#acj74 ,great pa9t+ w5t on tempe/u\sly  
develop+1 & 9 ! next age bur/ its fett]s
 ( col\r & space 9  a mann] :i* c\ld n b
 det] ev5 ! bolde/ vase-pa9t] f         
imitation1 if he 7 n to %ake (f e sane  
reg>d = !  pres]vation ( 8              
surface-effect4 ,s reflexions (         
wall-pa9t+ on  vases become r>]1 & !    
#8,polygnotan' vases rema9 an episode4  
,naturally !re 7 _m vase-pa9t]s :o did n
 ent] ?is dang]\s  gr\nd3 nay1 !        
majority did n d s4 ,) _m ! avoidance ( 

a  big surface w5t s f> t !y divid$ !   
outside ( a calyx-krat]  or big         
#8aryballos' into two friezes & fill$ !m
 ) small figures  9 defiance (          
con/ructive consid]ations4 ,out ( !     
s]ies ( ^!  #8little ma/]s1' :o beside !
 big-figure pa9t]s cont9u$ !  traditions
 ( ! elegant /yle1 let u m5tion e4g4 !  
pa9t] :o  decorat$ ! box sign$ by !     
pott] ,megakles 7,figs4 #acf-g7 )  *>m+ 
sc5es f wom5's ap>tm5ts1 & ! lid ) five 
comic  h>es2 or ! au?or ( ! girl ply+ ! 
top on a :ite-gr\nd kylix  ( ! pott]    
,hegesibulos 7,fig4 #acc71 a pott] :o 0 
active z e>ly  z ! ,leagros p]iod2 &    
especially ,sotades1 f ^: work%op came  
n only pla/ic vases 9 ! %apes ( horses1 
sph9xes1 knuckle-bones1  crocodiles     
dev\r+ negroes1 etc41 b also :ite-gr\nd 
kylikes (  mo/ elegant %ape1 ^:         
exquisite int]iors1 l ! friezes (  ^?   
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxxxiii4        
,figs4 #acf  #acg4    ,,lid ,,& ,,side  
,,( ,a ,,pyxis ,,) ,,! ,,signature ,,(  
,,! ,,pott] ,,megakles4    ,fig4 #ach4  

,,ma5ads3 ,,f ,a ,,r$-,,figur$ ,,po9t$  
,,amphora4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate     
,,lxxxiv4    ,fig4 #aci4 ,,polyneikes   
,,(f]s ,,eriphyle ,,! ,,necklace3 ,,f ,a
 ,,r$-,,figur$  ,,pelike4    ,f         
,furtwngl]-,rei*hold1 ,grie*is*e        
,vas5mal]ei4    ,fig4 #adj4    ,,orpheus
 ,,among ,,! ,,?racians3 ,,f ,a         
,,r$-,,figur$ ,,krat]4    dr9k+ vessels1
 lead u to ! beg9n+ ( ! age ( ,pheidias4
    ,?is transition is also accompani$  
by "s pa9t]s' signatures1 :i*  become   
r>]1 ! m ! individual p]=mances (       
vase-pa9t]s are  ca/ 9 ! %ade by ! great
 art4 ,! signatures d n pres5t u  ) !   
fir/ arti/s ( ! "t4 ,h]monax is some:at 
smoo? &  t$i\s1 & ,polygnotos1 !        
namesake ( ! great pa9t]1 to judge  f ! 
mix$ nature ( 8 unorig9al /yle1 mu/ h   
liv$ by  borr[+4 ,8 pelike f ,gela is a 
,polygnotan vase ) an ,amazon  sc5e2 on 
! ,london /amnos1 to be dat$ ab\t !     
middle ( !  c5tury1 advanc$ &           
old-fa%ion$ types are comb9$ 9 an       
unpleas+  fa%ion4    ,anonym\s ma/]s    

bett] repres5t ! transition f           
,polygnotos to  ,pheidias4 ,! ma/] ( a  
krat] ) a danc+ sc5e 9 ,rome 7!         
#8,villa ,giulia' ma/]71 is n di/+ui%$ =
 temp]am5t &  progressiv5ess1 b is r a  
correct & academic individual2 b  !     
neatly drawn sc5es ( 8 krat] & /amnoi1 9
 ! noble be>+  ( ! figures & ! mann] 9  
:i* !y gaze at ea* o!r1 betray  !       
approa* ( a new ideal ( man4 ,mu* m     
tal5t$ is ! ma/]1  :o on a po9t$ amphora
 at ,p>is comb9$ ! wond]ful gr\p ( two  
,ma5ads 7,fig4 #ach7 ) a sc5e ( ,bac*ic 
revelry1 z ,amasis did almo/  a c5tury  
be=e 7,fig4 #ih74 ,! two girls are (    
truly royal dignity1  l ea* o!r 9 ?is1 b
 subtly di/+ui%$ 9 expression4 ,!       
?ree-qu>t] view ( ! head is almo/ devoid
 ( h>%ness1 & only  ! ladle-%ap$ "u lip 
connects h] ) ! ,polygnotan female      
heads4    ,h[ ev5 ! drap]y becomes a    
vehicle ( expression & e fold  brea!s ! 
greatness ( ! :ole picture1 may become  
cle>] if we  look at ! #8,eriphyle' ( a 
pelike at ,lecce 7,fig4 #aci71 ) :i* we 

also pass ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,?is     
picture mu/ be comp>$ to  ! ,cor9?ian   
,amphi>aos krat] 7,fig4 #ff7 to see1 h[ 
9 ! int]val  ( #abj-acj ye>s ! s\l ( art
 has *ang$4 ,! lat] ma/]  repres5ts n ! 
dramatic culm9ation ( ! /ory b !        
psy*ological climax1 :5 ,polyneikes (f]s
 to ! wife ( ,amphi>aos  ! s$uctive     
necklace1 = :i* %e w s5d h] husb& to    
dea?4 ,z  (t5 on vases ( ?is p]iod1 two 
figures /& calmly fac+ "o  ano!r1 b !y  
are "h unit$ by mo/ delicate psy*ology2 
,eriphyle1  simply attir$ 9 pla9 peplos1
 is full ( an inn] life :i*  circulates 
?r\gh h] body to ! f+]-tips4 ,?is       
h>moni\s union (  a monum5tal type )    
intimate feel+ is at ! beg9n+ ( ! mo/   
,greek p]iod ( ,greek art-hi/ory1 ! mo/ 
human p]iod ( ! hi/ory  ( mank9d1 ! age 
( ,pheidias4    ,if we "n ! foll[+      
decades ( ! hi/ory ( vase-pa9t+ aft]    
,pheidias1 we d n mean t he 0 9 v close 
relations ) !  art ( ! vase-pa9t]s4 ,b !
 arti/1 :o 9 ! ,p>!non frieze  introduc$
 t inconceivable nobility ( =m1 :o 9 !  

,we/ side (  ! frieze develop$ ! play ( 
l9es to new greatness1 to height5 x  9 !
 p$im5t to a great outbur/ ( passion1   
impress$ ?is age s  mu* ) 8 nature t "o 
_c imag9e ! vase-pa9t+s z  unaffect$ by 
?is p[]ful influ5ce4    ,nev] 0 ,greek  
art s mu* an art ( expression z at ?is  
p]iod4 ,z  if 9 response to ! se>* = a  
^w to describe ?is new expression1  !   
beautiful musical pictures ( ! "t pres5t
 !mselves4 ,s9ce !  ,geometric /yle art 
_h cont9ually repres5t$ musical p]=m]s1 
b  x 0 res]v$ = ! age ( ,pheidias to    
give pictorial expression to  ! effect (
 musical s\nds on m54 ,! krat] f ,gela  
7,fig4 #adj7  belongs to ! e>ly         
,p]iclean age2 ! sure t\* 9 ! r5d]+ ( a 
twi/ ( ! body & its r\nd$ =m is n[ a    
matt] ( c\rse ev5 9  ! ha/y execution ( 
a second-rate draughtsman2 ! head type  
gets  !    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate        
,,lxxxv4    ,fig4 #ada4 ,,music3        
,,r$-,,figur$ ,,neck$ ,,amphora4        
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxxxvi4    ,fig4
 #adb4 ,,sleep ,,& ,,dea? ,,c>ry ,,out  

,a ,,w>rior ,,to ,,burial3              
,,:ite-,,gr\nd  ,,leky?os4    squ>e     
outl9e1 ! %ort5$ jaw1 ! long drawn nose1
 :i* are  *>act]i/ic ( ! age (          
,pheidias2 ! repetition ( ! epi!t  kalos
 %[s t ! cu/om ( inscrib+ a love-"n is  
dy+ out4  ,ab\t contempor>y is ! ,london
 amphora ) twi/$ h&les 7,fig4 #ada7  ) !
 ,muses ,melusa & ,t]psi*ore & ! b>d    
,musaios4 ,orpheus  among ! ,?racians & 
,t]psi*ore 9 a rev]ie ) ! h>p are       
purely pictures ( lyric feel+4    ,z if 
music _h tam$ !m1 ! vase-pictures ( !   
,p]iclean age  *ange _! nature4 ,all    
crudities h gone3 ! too bold  =e%ort5+s 
& ! reali/ic details tak5 f great pa9t+s
 are  less obvi\s3 no?+ any long]       
di/urbs ! free play ( ! l9es4  ,!       
conception ( m5 rises to its highe/     
possible po9t4 ,! figures  on ! ,muni*  
/amnos 7,fig4 #adf7 are n m]ely         
ma/]pieces ( fully  develop$ draw+ b    
also ideal types ( pure free humanity4  
,movem5ts  are (t5 m]ely motives (      
beauty3 ! fold /yle comb9es a new       

naturalism ) ! mo/ monum5tal effect4    
,?is new _s also animates ! f9e/ ( !    
:ite-gr\nd leky?oi1  ^: prop] hi/ory    
beg9s 9 ! ,glaukon p]iod 7p4 #acd7 & _c 
be  trac$ f> beyond ! #e? c5tury4 ,9 _! 
fir/ p]iod !y _h  pref]r$ to r5d]       
dome/ic sc5es1 repres5tations f ! female
  ap>tm5ts4 ,b ! purpose ( ^! grave     
vases cont9ually ass]ts  itself m & m4  
,! f]ryman ( ! dead appe>s1 to take     
goodly  m5 into 8 b>k2 ! bro!rs ,sleep &
 ,dea? dispose ( ! corpse  7,fig4 #adb72
 ,h]mes1 ! conductor ( s\ls1 waits to be
 foll[$2 !  dead man lam5ts = 8 life4 ,b
 ! dome/ic sc5es h giv5 place  to ! walk
 to ! grave2 & ! visit to ! tomb/one1   
beside :i*  ! dead man /&s or sits z if 
alive1 becomes ! typical subject (  !   
leky?oi4 ,! special te*nique ( ^! vases 
produces an effect  (t5 v diff]5t f !   
r$-figur$ /yle1 especially s9ce !  :ite 
fill+ ( ! outl9es 7p4 #acd7 is dropp$4  
,! employm5t (  glaze-col\r 9 ! r5d]+ ( 
outl9es1 & ! transition to  bru%-pa9t+1 
) :i* f ! fir/ surfaces _h be5 cov]$ 9  

diff]5t v>ieties ( col\r1 lead aft]w>ds 
to an unusual  individualization ( !    
l9e4 ,"o _c say t ?is te*nique          
approximates ! leky?oi to ! effect (    
wall-pa9t+ z mu* z x  sev]s x f         
r$-figur$ vase-pa9t+4 ,only a few       
exceptional late  specim5s 9 _! pictures
 op]at+ freely ) light & %ade bur/  !   
b\nds ( vase-decoration1 & %[ cle>ly )  
:at good s5se !  vase-pa9t]s r5\nc$     
competition ) ! great art1 :i* n[       
victori\sly solves ! problems ( full    
p]spective1 ( giv+ !  effect ( dep? 9   
space1 ) ! gradation ( dim5sions1 & !   
contra/s ( light & d>k4    ,9 a ,bo/on  
leky?os 7,figs4 #adc & #add7 we h an    
#8exi/5ce' picture  9 ! mann] ( ! new   
p]iod 7p4 #acf74 ,! dead w>rior /&s 9   
,polygnotan attitude1 ) b5t arm re/+ on 
8 hip 7cp4 ,fig4 #ace1  la/ to left71   
beside 8 alt>-%ap$ tomb1 & looks ov] x  
to !  girl1 :o )\t p]ceiv+ him approa*es
 ) fun]al (f]+s4 ,"o  notices 9 !       
treatm5t ( ! nude1 t he is ! product (  
an age  :i* already _h ! p]spective     

s5se3 s vividly d ! few l9es (  8       
cont\r1 8 muscles1 & 8 knee-pan1 give ! 
sugge/ion ( a  r\nd$ body2 & also !     
draw+ ( ! female nude1 :i* accid5t  has 
fre$ f ! drap]y add$ 9 p]i%able dull    
pa9t1 9 its v  reali/ic outl9e goes     
beyond any?+ previ\s4 ,s9ce ! ,circe &  
,ph9eus kylikes1 & ! num]\s black-figur$
 & r$-figur$ pictures  ( ba?+1 danc+1 & 
dr9k+ hetairai1 art _h busi$ itself )  !
 nak$ bodies ( wom5 z mu* z ( m53 & :]e 
nudity c\ld n  be repres5t$1 x indicat$ 
! outl9es ( ! body ?r\gh                
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxxxvii4        
,figs4 #adc  #add4 ,,y\? ,,& ,,maid5    
,,on ,a ,,:ite-,,gr\nd ,,leky?os4       
,fig4 #ade4 ,,woman ,,seat$ ,,at ,a     
,,grave/one3 ,,f ,a ,,:ite-,,gr\nd      
,,leky?os4    ! cov] ( ! drap]y 7p4     
#aai74 ,= ,polygnotos we h ! express    
tradition ( wom5 ) transp>5t g>m5ts1 &  
on ! ,argonaut krat]  ev5 ,a!na's gr&   
=ms are indicat$2 ! great lib]ator (    
wall-pa9t+ mu/ also h be5 a pione] 9 !  
draw+ ( ! female  body4 ,! new /yle "h  

too br+s p]fection & fills ! =m (  wom5 
) its noble greatness & simplicity4 ,t x
 too1 9 contra/  ) ! #d? c5tury1 es*ews 
all t is typically fem99e1 s(t &  un=m$1
 is a pro( h[ /rong 0 ! ideal ( male    
beauty4    ,a ,london leky?os 7,fig4    
#adb7 also repres5ts a dead soldi] at ! 
grave4 ,! w+$ bro!rs ,sleep & ,dea? )   
t5d] h& dispose (  8 corpse1 z !y d ) ! 
dead ,s>p$on 9 ! ,iliad3 & !            
leky?os-pa9t] took 8 type also f !      
,s>p$on pictures2 !  "y w>rior :o _h    
fall5 f> f 8 c\ntry1 %\ld on ! vase  h !
 same boon ( burial 9 8 native soil1 z 0
 grant$ by ,zeus  to ! ,lycian k+4 ,!   
f9e type 0 !n dive/$ ( its prop]  mean+ 
& receiv$ a m g5]al signification4 ,!   
,london vase1  :i* uses lu/reless col\rs
 = ! outl9es ( its figures also1 mu/  be
 some:at lat] ?an ! ,bo/on vase1 al?\gh 
! new te*nique1 t  is pure bru%         
te*nique1 w5t on = a "t beside ! old4   
,?\gh  /yli/ic e/imates n[ become       
difficult1 "o fancies 9 ! wond]ful      
vig\r ( ! draw+1 & 9 ! /rong]           

individuality ( ! hair1  t "o is ne>] to
 ! p]iod ( ! ,p>!non p$im5ts ?an 9 !    
some:at m au/]e ,bo/on gr\p4 ,:]e ! way 
l$ may be %[n by  ! woman sitt+ on !    
/eps ( a tomb on a leky?os 9 ,a!ns      
7,fig4  #ade71 :i* n only by ! /rongly  
pla/ic sugge/ion ( ! outl9e  goes beyond
 ! ,pheidian p]iod prop]1 b also 9 !    
gr&iose  height5+ ( ! simple motive %[s 
itself z "o ( ! works :i*  take up & ca/
 9 new m\lds ! pa?os ( ! ,p>!non        
p$im5ts4  ,e l9e 9 ! v individual draw+ 
( ! woman1 :o is  support+ h] left h& & 
lift+ h] g>m5t ) h] "r1 :ile  h] feet   
are unruly 9 submitt+ to ! sitt+ po/ure1
 is animat$ by  passionate unre/4       
,?\gh ! age ( ,pheidias lik$ pictures ( 
feel+ ) quiet figures  l ! music-sc5es1 
! ,muni* /amnos & ! leky?oi1 x did n    
exhau/ itself 9 !m4 ,beside ! vases )   
l>ge figures1 !re are  o!rs1 :i* cont9ue
 to cultivate ! elegant /yle & prep>e ! 
way = a class :i* fl\ri%es 9 ! la/      
decades ( ! c5tury4  ,little jugs )     
nurs]y sc5es1 pomade boxes ) pictures ( 

female  life1 globul> ungu5t pots )     
leky?os-l m\? are ! pr9cipal  vehicles (
 ?is /yle1 & ! 8,eretria0 ma/] is a     
typical  repres5tative4 ,on great &     
small vases we f9d sc5es ( animat$      
motion1 passionate sc5es ( conflict1 :i*
 on _! side too1 %>e 9  ! nobility ( !  
/yle ( ! age4 ,! brutal vig\r & h>dness 
(  old motives seems brok51 s(t5$1 (t5  
almo/ takes a turn to  elegance4 ,! ord]
 ( ! l>ge compositions ) its arrangem5t 
(  ! figures ov] "o ano!r & indication (
 ! brok5 gr\nd by  l9es closely foll[s !
 ,polygnotan sy/em4 ,b :ile !           
,polygnotan  dep? 9 space 0 produc$ by a
 naturali/ic t5d5cy1 :i* soon l$  to    
complete fre$om 9 ! great art1 x is     
cont9u$ by !  vase-pa9t]s z a m]e       
pr9ciple ( di/ribution & space-fill+1   
i4e41 x receives a decorative "*4    ,"o
 ( ! f9e/ pictures ( movem5t f ?is p]iod
 decorates a  /amnos at ,naples 7,fig4  
#adg73 wom5 :o are sacrific+ be=e a     
tree-trunk dress$ out z ,dionysos &     
danc+ to ! tamb\r9e4 ,!  exact dat+ (   

?is picture1 l ! :ole *ronology ( ! late
 &  po/-,pheidian vases1 is a matt] (   
dispute3 b ?is mu* is c]ta91  t x _c be 
und]/ood except z a ne> e*o ( ! art (   
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxxxviii4       
,fig4 #adf4 ,,r$-,,figur$ ,,/amnos4     
,fig4 #adg4 ,,(f]+s ,,at ,,! ,,image ,,(
 ,,dionysos3 ,,f ,a ,,r$-,,figur$       
,,/amnos4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate      
,,lxxxix4    ,fig4 #adh4 ,,pelops ,,&   
,,hippodameia3 ,,f ,a ,,r$-,,figur$     
,,neck$ ,,amphora4    ,f                
,furtwngl]-,rei*hold1 ,grie*is*e        
,vas5mal]ei4    ! ,p>!non p$im5ts4 ,into
 ! noble l9e-draw+ ( ! middle /yle  (   
,pheidias has come a new passionate     
movem5t1 :i* draws ! cont\r  9 m viol5t 
curves1 dissolves ! hair 9 /rong waves1 
?r[s !  drap]y into great folds1 &      
enliv5s ! cl++ p>ts )  re/lessly curv+  
inn] folds4 ,! upp] g>m5t ( ,dionysos is
 giv5  ri* effect by long bord]         
zig-zags1 int]sp]s$ />s & an  embroid]$ 
wrea?1 ! expression ( 8 eyes is /r5g!n$ 
by  emphasis on ! upp] lid4 ,details    

add$ 9 :ite & lib]al use (  ?9n$ black  
height5 ! col\r$ effect4 ,?is new /yle )
 its  m>k$ enhancem5t ( ! l9es is ! lat]
 /yle ( ,pheidias1 a  reflection ( ! la/
 & highe/ developm5t ( ! ,p>!non ma/]1  
:i* po9t$ ,attic art into new pa?s1 &   
liv$ its life out & di$  9 ! s*ool (    
,pheidias4    ,! amphora ) twi/$ h&les  
at ,arezzo 7,fig4 #adh7 mu/ be 9 close  
connection ) ! la/ phase ( ! ,pheidian  
/yle & _c be f>  remov$ f ! ,naples     
/amnos4 ,its %ape enri*es ! type ( !    
,t]pis*ore vase 9 ,london 7,fig4 #ada7  
by %>p] pr(il+ ( ! m\?  & foot1 b does n
 yet draw ! l[] "p into ! dull curve1   
:i* robs ! amphorae & bell-krat]s ( !   
end ( ! c5tury (  /rong & taut effect4  
,simil>ly ! sc5e1 ! wild c>e] ( ,pelops 
& ,hippodameia ov] ! sea1 height5s !    
t5d5cies ( ,pheidian art  )\t succumb+  
to ! palsy :i* c be felt 9 ! /yle (     
,meidias4 ,! div9e horses1 ! gift (     
,poseidon1 emit sp>ks ( !  fire ( ! /e$s
 on ! p$im5ts2 ! maje/ically animat$    
attitude  ( ,hippodameia rem9ds "o ( !  

,a!nian leky?os 7,fig4 #ade72 9  ,pelops
 e l9e is full ( passion & bold movem5t4
 ,"h too !  drap]ies are ri* &          
elaborate1 ! re/less bill[+ ( ! folds is
  m m>k$ ?an on ! ,naples /amnos1 & !   
fl[+ *iton folds1  :i* cl+ close to !   
body1 prep>e = ! exagg]ation de> to     
po/-,pheidian sculpture & pa9t+4 ,n only
 does ! draw+ (  individual =ms %[ a    
pla/ic conception ( space1 b ! :ole sc5e
  is inconceivable )\t a contempor>y big
 pa9t+ ) consid]able  l&scape           
capacities3 f ! tree-clad hilly coa/ !  
*>iot ru%es  out ^u ! deep sea4    ,9   
fi]y impetus only "o ( ! vase-pa9t+s (  
?is p]iod c  comp>e ) ! ,pelops vase1 ! 
some:at lat] ,naples fragm5t ( a        
,gigantoma*ia 7,figs4 #adi-aea74 ,an    
inv5tion ( truly ,titanic =ce1  :i* is  
also e*o$ on o!r lat] vases1 mu/ be !   
basis ( ?is  picture1 & ev5 ! unusual   
division 7unsuit$ to vases7 by an ar*   
po9ts to a model f ano!r bran* ( art4 ,9
 a rocky l&scape !  fight = exi/5ce ( ! 
gods & ! sons ( ! e>?-goddess takes     

place 9 ! e>ly morn+1 :5 ,helios is ris+
 on ! vault ( heav5  & ,sel5e is s9k+   
d[n into ocean1 z on ! ea/ p$im5t ( !   
,p>!non4 ,! bold movem5ts1 ! twi/+s &   
b5d+s ( !  combatants1 ! #8lo/' pr(ile1 
! swell+s & pack+s ( ! sk9  & muscles   
are r5d]$ ) sure t\*4 ,! pla/ic effect (
 !  middle l9e ( *e/ & abdom5 is        
increas$ by d\bl+1 &  horizontal folds  
br+ out ! l[] "p ( ! =ehead1 ! locks (  
hair & tips ( hide flutt] z if !y 7     
alive2 ! brea/s ( !  e>?-goddess are    
modell$ out ( ! drap]y z if b>e1 ! eyes 
are  deep-set1 ! und]lips project4    ,t
 ! r5d]+ ( ! female body 0 n[ n less    
accompli%$ ?an  t ( ! male1 beside !    
leky?os 9 ,a!ns1 a picture ( a  diff]5t 
ord] may %[4 ,on an ,ox=d jug appe>s 9 !
 spaci\sness  fav\r$ by ^! vases an old 
!me1 ,satyr & ,nymph 7,fig4 #aed74 ,"o  
c sc>cely realize ! nobility ( ,pheidian
 conception m fully ?an  by comp>+ ?is  
sc5e ) ! ,ph9eus kylix 7,fig4 #gd7 & its
  cong5]s4 ,:at e>ly ages _h repres5t$  
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xc4    ,figs4   

#adi-aea4 ,,gigantoma*ia3 ,,fragm5t ,,( 
,a ,,r$-,,figur$ ,,krat]4               
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xci4    ,fig4   
#aeb4 ,,adonis ,,& ,,aphrodite3 ,,f ,a  
,,r$-,,figur$ ,,hydria4    ) dra/ic     
hum\r1 is "h ref9$ & giv5 a s\l3 ev5 !  
,satyrs  & ,c5taurs1 ! rugg$ mon/]s ( ! 
woods & m\nta9s1 are tam$  by ! new _s  
:i* w n any long] endure brutality &    
obsc5ity4    ,! sleep+ nymph ,tragodia  
is n only correctly obs]v$ 9 h]         
=e%ort5+1 9 movem5t & di/ribution ( !   
weight ( ! body1  %e is also ! vehicle (
 a wond]ful feel+4 ,! picture1 :i*      
imm$iately prep>es = ! works ( !        
,meidias pa9t] & !  #8,pronomos' ma/]1 &
 beside ! great /yle ( ! ,pelops &      
,giant  vases %[s u ! cont9uance ( !    
ref9$ & elegant /yle1 _c  h be5 produc$ 
long aft] ,pheidias' dea?4    ,! "t ( ! 
,s*ool ( ,pheidias1 ( ^: be/ works we h 
be5  introduc$ to a selection1 gives u  
aga9 a few arti/s' names4 ,!  pa9t]     
,aison gives u a ,madrid kylix ) !      
exploits ( ,!seus1  :i* mu/ be ab\t     

contempor>y ) ! ,giant vase4 ,on !      
,!seus (  ! int]ior ! hair is dissolv$  
into lively curls1 :i* /& out  d>k on a 
light] gr\nd1 & ! pla/ic swell+ ( !     
belly goes to  ! utmo/ limit ( :at is   
possible2 9 8 protectress ,a!na we see  
already ! contra/ betwe5 ! leg t be>s ! 
weight & is  cov]$ by hang+ folds1 & !  
free leg1 :i* is closely cov]$ by  !    
drap]y2 :i* is exagg]at$ by             
,ari/ophanes1 :om ! pott]  ,erg9os      
employ$1 j z is ! hair ) light "u-pa9t+1
 & !  *iton cl++ z if moi/ & bl[+ back4 
,aison1 :o began 8  activity ev5 9      
,pheidian days1 draws m elegantly ?an 8 
y\ng]  colleague1 b nei!r ma/] initiat$ 
a new developm5t ( kylix  pa9t+4 ,!     
greatness ( bo? lay 9 exploit+ z        
artizans accessible  types4    ,) !     
works ( ,ari/ophanes we probably g fur!r
 f ! "t (  ,pheidias ?an ) ! ,naples    
fragm5t3 ! works ( ! #8,meidias'  pa9t] 
take u to ! "t ( ! ,nike balu/rade1     
i4e41 ! two  la/ decades ( ! #e? c5tury4
 ,!y too are an e*o ( ! art ( !  ,p>!non

 p$im5ts1 b 9 travell+ along ! road ?is 
e*o has lo/  its vig\r4 ,on ! unsign$   
,adonis hydria 9 ,flor5ce 7,fig4 #aeb7  
all !  figures exub]ate 9 lazy grace &  
f9e motives ( beauty4 ,p>ticul>ly  !    
gr\ps1 ,adonis 9 ! lap ( ,aphrodite1 &  
,hygieia ) ,paidia1  rem9d u ( !        
,p>!non1 ! wond]ful melt+ =ms ( !       
#8,fates'  & o!r p$im5t figures4 ,b :at 
!re 0 born ( passion1 is "h  become     
fa%ion1 & is playfully treat$4 ,!       
excitem5t ( ! faces  ) wide no/rils1 !  
b[+ & b5d+ ( bodies consci\s ( _!       
beauty1 ! support+ ( arms & play ( f+]s1
 ! :ole ext5t (  ! c>elessly unit$      
society on ! wavy hill-l9es 7p4 #ada7 9 
spite  ( all its grace has some?+ ( !   
=mula ab\t x4 ,! /yle ( !  drap]y is    
c]ta9ly an indication ( ! weak5+ ( e>li]
 vig\r4  ,! _m & ov] elegant brok5-up   
folds1 :i* cl+ unnaturally close  to    
brea/ & free leg1 ! curl+ ( ! cloak     
folds1 & !  indep5d5t movem5t ( ! tips1 
is a long way (f ! ,p>!non  p$im5ts1 :i*
 inaugurate ?is enhancem5t ( /yle1 b )\t

 loss  ( vig\r & by a k9d ( natural     
evolution4 ,! ef=t = f9e  effect1 :i* is
 express$ 9 ! ri* patt]n+1 is 9         
noticeable  contra/ to ! re/lessness ( !
 drap]y4 ,a c]ta9 incl9ation to  pomp is
 *>act]i/ic ( ! po/-,pheidian /yle4 ,!  
rais$ gilt  details ( ! clay1 :i* we "k 
already on ! :ite gr\nd leky?oi  7,fig4 
#acd71 ! box ( ,megakles 7,fig4 #acg7 & 
! works ( ! ,eretria  ma/] 7p4 #adh71   
are n[ 9 high hon\r1 & are pl5tifully   
employ$ on  ! ,adonis vase4    ,!       
,meidias pa9t] also produc$ a s]ies (   
simil> pure pictures (  #8exi/5ce' on   
hydriae1 e4g41 ! fair ,phaon1 ! s+]     
#8,?amyris1'  ,p>is ) ! goddesses1      
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xcii4    ,fig4  
#aec4 ,,! ,,giant ,,talos ,,ov]come ,,by
 ,,! ,,dioskuroi3 ,,r$-,,figur$         
,,volute-,,krat]4    ! ,eleus9ian       
deities1 & decorat$ o!r vases also 9 ?is
 mann]4  ,^! sc5es1 on :i* ! figures    
move less vigor\sly ?an ! l9es1  are m  
successfully r5d]$ ?an ! pa?os ( ! sc5e 
( abduction  on ! ,london hydria sign$  

by ! pott] ,meidias4 ,he 0 no bold      
progressive arti/2 8 te*nically         
exquisite & v delicately drawn  pictures
 reca/ 9 new %apes ! new ph5om5a ( art3 
9 him !  s]ies ( ma/]s ( ! type ( !     
#8,sotades' pa9t] & ! ,eretria  ma/]    
comes to an end4    ,8 contempor>y1 :o  
may aft] ! *ief figure ( ! ,satyric play
  vase at ,naples be call$ !            
#8,pronomos' ma/]1 likes figures (      
#8exi/5ce' 9 pretty poses1 b he draws !m
 ) m _s & does  m ju/ice to ! vehem5t   
/yle ( 8 "t4 ,on ! ,naples vase1 a  %[y 
volute-krat] ) ri* pr(il+1 he puts on ! 
obv]se ! ca/  ( an ,attic !atrical      
p]=mance 9 two almo/ equal r[s "o above 
! o!r1 & ?us />ts a pr9ciple (          
composition :i* 0 tak5 up  by !         
vase-pa9t+ ( ,l[] ,italy 7,fig4 #aeh74  
,lib]al use is made (  ?9n$ col\r1 !    
c5tre ( ! sc5e is d5ot$ by a :ite       
figure1  ! luxuriantly ornam5t$ dresses 
confuse ! g5]al impression4 ,9  respect 
( %ape & decoration "o may speak ( a    
decay ( ! f9]  tectonic s5se1 :i* rem9ds

 u surpris+ly ( ! vases ( ,l[]  ,italy4 
,! p]spective side-view ( ! foot/ool & (
 ! tripod  column are lib]ties tak5 by !
 great art1 :i* g5]ally ,attic          
vase-pa9t]s consci\sly avoid s z to keep
 to ! surface treatm5t4    ,!           
tripod-column1 :i* transplants u into ! 
,!atre ( ,a!ns1 z  ! ,a!na ( !          
,pana!naic vases to ! ,acropolis1 recurs
 aft]  ,polygnotan times (t5 9 ! mid/ ( 
my?ological sc5es1 & br+s  ! vases1 :i* 
%[ x1 anyh[ 9 relation to dramatic      
exhibitions4    ,x has be5 propos$ to   
recognise ! effect ( ! /age on          
vase-pa9t+1 e4g4 9 ! increas$ pomp ( !  
dresses4 ,?is effect  might at ! mo/ h  
tak5 place indirectly2 = t !            
vase-pa9t]s (t5 took z _! patt]ns votive
 pa9t+s (  victori\s ,*oregi1 is m ?an  
probable4 ,& 9 g5]al "o may draw        
conclusions z to ! great art f _m a f9e 
inv5tion1 :i* is  se5 on vase-pa9t+s at 
second-h&1 e4g4 f ! ,bac*ic sc5es on  ! 
rev]se ( ! #8,pronomos' vase4 ,?is      
conclusion is c]ta9ly also  ju/ifi$ 9   

view ( ! ,talos vase 7,fig4 #aec7 :i*   
trans=ms !  mighty e*oes ( ! late       
,pheidian art into ! pomp\s1 z !        
,meidias  vases into !                  
ornam5tal-elegant4 ,! vase-%ape is      
closely alli$ to  t ( ! #8,pronomos'3 ! 
c5tral figure 9 :ite1 s popul> 9 ?is    
p]iod1 recurs1 & 9 its spatial effect is
 enhanc$ by %ad$  modell+ f> above !    
proportions ( ! o!r figures1 :i* %[     
pla9ly ! consci\s re/ra9t ( !           
vase-pa9t]s4 ,?\gh ! #8,talos'  ma/]    
alt]$ ! composition ( 8 patt]n to suit 8
 vase1 he mu/  h pres]v$ ) tol]able     
fai?fulness ! gr&iose inv5tion (  !     
c5tre gr\p2 ! passionate impetus1 :i*   
fills ! :ole sc5e  & cat*es ev5 ! cloak$
 figures ( ! rev]se1 is "h mo/  conv9c+4
    ,) ?is f9e ma/]piece1 :i* almo/     
exagg]ates ! elem5t (  %[1 n sep>at$ by 
m ?an two decades f ! ,p>!non  p$im5t1  
we close ! hi/ory ( ! vases t %[ ! /yle 
(  ,pheidias4 ,nay1 "o may reg>d ! prop]
 hi/ory ( ,greek vase-pa9t+  z clos$ )  
^! po/-,pheidian vases4 ,n m]ely does ! 

pott]  make 8 vases untectonic by       
excessive pr(il+ & elaborate  ext5sion1 
b ! pa9t] too1 int]rupts ! unity ( !    
vase-surface  ) ! :ite-pa9t$ &          
pla/ically modell$ c5tral figure2 ?us 9 
a s5se ! silh\ette /yle is decl>$       
bankrupt4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate      
,,xciii4    ,fig4 #aed4 ,,satyr ,,&     
,,sleep+ ,,ma5ad3 ,,f ,a ,,r$-,,figur$  
,,jug4    ,fig4 #aee4 ,,wom5 ,,at ,,!   
,,ba?3 ,,f ,a ,,late ,,attic ,,pelike4  
,f ,furtwngl]-,rei*hold1 ,grie*is*e     
,vas5mal]ei4          ,,*apt] ,,vii4    
,,late ,,(f%oots      ,we %\ld          
unnaturally %ift ! c5tre ( gravity 9 our
 n>rative if we  treat$ ! late p]iod (  
,greek vase-pa9t+ ) any?+ l !  same     
fulness z its developm5t f ! ,geometric 
to ,meidias4 ,! fully  develop$ & (t5   
almo/ playfully treat$ vase-%apes give  
no long]  any really tectonic gr\nd = ! 
silh\ette /yle1 :i* _h exhau/$  !       
qualities compatible ) its inw>d nature3
 ! elegance ( !  vases feels ! pictorial
 decoration to be a burd51 z does ! /yle

  ( ! figures feel ! tectonic           
compulsion4 ,ev5 9 ! la/ ?ird (  ! #e?  
c5tury examples are multipli$ ( !       
transition to free bru%  te*nique4 ,!   
,pelops amphora 7,fig4 #adh7 adorns its 
black neck ) a  sph9x add$ 9 :ite1 !    
,talos vase 7,fig4 #aec7 & ) x a        
multitude  ( o!r vases seek to fix !    
impression by a :ite c5tral figure1 to  
:i* ! o!rs r5d]$ 9 ord9>y te*nique are  
only a pale foil4 ,9  ! c\rse ( ! #d?   
c5tury ?is foil too1 0 dropp$1 & black  
glaz$ vases ( elegant %ape 7 decorat$   
only ) figures or  ornam5ts loosely add$
 9 :ite4 ,! bru% te*nique1 bo? ! black (
  ,boeotian vases 7p4 #aaj7 & ! :ite (  
,attic & ,l[] ,italian1 made a  new     
developm5t 9 ornam5tation1 :i* culm9ates
 9 spiral t5drils  & bran*es ) dep? (   
space1 9 comb9ation ( figures & foliage 
( pla/ic effect4 ,besides ^! freely     
decorat$ vases ! r$-figur$  long        
cont9ue4 ,b ! c5tre ( gravity ( !       
manufacture lies no  long] 9 ,a!ns4 ,ev5
 9 ! "t ( ,pheidias ! ,attic s*ool s5t a

  bran* to ,l[] ,italy1 :i* took root 9 
! ,p]iclean colonies (  ,lucania1 ext5d$
 to v>i\s places 9 ,lucania1 ,campania1 
,apulia1 &  ,s\!rn ,etruria1 & soon grew
 up z a /rong plant4 ,9 ?is  production1
 :i* 9 ! #d? c5tury completely supplant$
 ,attic  importation1 few really orig9al
 arti/s took "p1 :o all seem to  belong 
to ! e>ly p]iod1 & p]haps 7 emigrat$    
,a!nians2 !  ma/] ( ! ,p>is #8,tiresias'
 krat] is "o ( !m4 ,f ! e>ly  gr\p1 9   
:i* good ,attic tradition is /rongly    
felt1 we select two  bell-krat]s4 ,!    
full1 & r empty heads1 ! v g5]al        
conception ( ! div9e types leave u no   
d\bt z to ! ,italian  orig9 ( ! ,p>is   
#8,ore/es' vase f\nd 9 ,lucania 7,fig4  
#aef71 :ile  ! wond]ful gr\p ( ! sleep+ 
,er9yes1 ,klytemne/ra urg+ !m to        
v5geance1 & ! purifi$ ,ore/es1 %[ u n   
only a f9e model b a  clev] h&4 ,f !    
draw+ & %ape ( ! vase x may v well      
belong to ! end ( ! #e? c5tury1 l !     
closely analog\s ,london  krat] 7,fig4  
#aeg74 ,?is vase ) mu* hum\r introduces 

to u "o (  ! fav\rite ,italian f>ces 7! 
,phlyakes7 & beg9s a long s]ies (       
simil> repres5tations f diff]5t         
work%ops4 ,?us e4g4 !  pa9t] ,as/eas    
pa9t$ two ,phlyax vases1 "o ( :i* 9     
comic p>ody  gives ! violation by ,aias 
( ,kass&ra1 :ile ! o!r is a s]i\s       
!atrical sc5e1 :i* ) its detail$ r5d]+ (
 ! /age cle>ly  demon/rates ! influ5ce (
 ! drama on vase-pa9t+4    ,! activity (
 ?is pa9t]1 :o f ! /iff v>iety ( ! /yle 
& ! localities ( ! f9ds mu/ be localiz$ 
9 ,s\? ,campania1  belongs to a lat]    
phase1 :i* does n conc]n u4 ,= ! m ^!   
,italo-,greek vases 9 %ape1 decoration &
 repres5tation develop local            
peculi>ities & dep>t f _! purely ,attic 
/>t+ po9t1 !  less d !y belong to our   
survey1 :i* excludes prov9cial v>ieties4
  ,out ( ! mass ( ,l[] ,italian vases ( 
! #d? c5tury1 :i* 9  %ape p>tly run     
p>allel ) ! ,attic1    ,illu/ration3    
,,plate ,,xciv4    ,fig4 #aef4 ,,ore/es 
,,& ,,! ,,furies3 ,,f ,a ,,lucanian     
,,bell-,,krat]4    ,fig4 #aeg4 ,,com$y  

,,sc5e3 ,,l[]-,,italian ,,bell-,,krat]4 
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xcv4    ,fig4   
#aeh4 ,,a*illes ,,& ,,!rsites3 ,,apulian
 ,,volute-,,krat]4    p>tly develop     
noticeably b>oque & locally limit$      
peculi>ities1  :i* 9 _! *iefly sepul*ral
 repres5tations1 influ5c$ by            
,orphic-,dionysiac cults1 (t5 fall into 
co>s5ess1 /iffness1 or  effem9ate       
insipidity1 let u take only "o example4 
,! ,bo/on volute  krat]1 #a metres high 
7,fig4 #aeh7 belongs to a gr\p (        
,apulian gr&  vases1 :i* elongate ! %ape
 ( ! ,talos vase 7,fig4 #aec7 & add  ri*
 ornam5t 9 :ite col\r4 ,on ! rev]se     
be>]s ( (f]+s above  "o ano!r 9 !       
fav\rite borr[$ motives 7sitt+1 /&+1    
runn+1 lean+ on a pill>1 draw+ up "o    
foot7 surr\nd a  :ite-pa9t$ ,h]on ) !   
dead man3 ! obv]se comb9es a simil>     
build+ ) a my?ological sc5e1 ! slay+ (  
,!rsites by  ,a*illes1 & ?us gives a    
my?ical prototype to ! dead man1 = ^:   
grave ! vase is design$4 ,! lib]al use (
 :ite pa9t1 ! #8black  gr\nd'           

ornam5tation ( ! neck & foot ) bran*es &
 t5drils  are progressive elem5ts1 :i*  
lead ! way = ,hell5i/ic products  l !   
,apulian ,gna?ia vases2 9 ! increas$    
pa?os ( ! faces is  trac$1 ?\gh         
prov9cially co>s5$1 ! /rong] weight giv5
 to  s5tim5t 9 ! #d? c5tury2 & !        
p]spective r5d]+ ( !  build+ op]at+ )   
light & %ade1 :i* (t5 ext5ds to !       
ornam5t1 po9ts to a p]iod1 :i* _h won   
complete fre$om 9 space1  & c]ta9ly c\ld
 di/ribute figures ov] ! l&scape m      
naturally  ?an ! vase-pa9t]1 :o fill$ ! 
tall space ) !m only 9 a  sup]ficially  
decorative way4    ,s5tim5t & light1 !  
great a*ievem5ts ( #d? c5tury art1 7 !  
ru9 ( ! decorative silh\ette /yle1 ^:   
figure _w c admit (  pa?os1 z little z !
 bur/+ ( its vase sides by p]spective   
views  corresponds to its surface       
decoration4 ,ev5 9 ,a!ns1 :]e out ( !   
successors ( ! ,meidias1 ,pronomos &    
,talos /yles an aft]-bloom  develop$    
7,figs4 #aee & #aei71 :i* f ! ri*       
exports 9 ! ,black  ,sea is usually     

call$ ! ,k]* /yle1 ! new t5d5cies ( art 
7  fatal to ! r$-figur$ /yle4 ,to be    
sure ?is 0 9 a diff]5t  direction to    
,l[] ,italy4 ,! figure _w ( ! elegant   
,attic vases1  :i* 9 ! new naturalness (
 motives & drap]y1 9 ! /rong  emphasis  
on female =ms1 is f> remov$ f ! types ( 
,pheidias1  betrays little ( ! enhanc$  
pa?os ( ! great pa9t+1 :i* "o  w\ld h to
 d$uce f ! sculpture ( ,skopas &        
,praxiteles1 ev5  if x 7 n expressly    
witness$ to by lit]>y tradition4 ,f !   
same f9] decorative s5se ! ,attic ma/]s 
made no use ( ! full  p]spective ( _!   
"t1 & int]rupt$ ! vase-surface nei!r by 
build+s or ornam5ts drawn 9 p]spective  
nor by composition 9  sev]al planes1 b  
foll[+ ! old mann] simply arrang$ above 
&  beside ea* o!r on ! surface _!       
g5]ally l>ge & re/ful  figures4 ,z 9 !  
po/-,pheidian /yle !y l to pick out s+le
  figures by :ite col\r1 & d n despise  
gild$ additions1 nay1 !y  ev5 (t5       
height5 ! decorative effect ( col\r by !
 application  ( light blue1 gre5 & rose1

 occasionally also by figures 9 relief  
& pa9t$ 7z ,x5ophantos did 9 8 aryballos
 ) hunt+ ,p]sians1  meant = ,ea/]n      
cu/om]s1 9 sign+ :i* he emphasizes 8    
,a!nian  citiz5%ip74 ,! v>y+ %ades ( !  
col\r scale give "o an inkl+  ( ! new   
problems ( light1 :i* 7 c]ta9ly /ruggl+ 
=  expression n only 9 sculpture2 9 !   
draw+ ( ! figures1  r5d]$ 9 /rong relief
 /rokes1 no?+ ( ?is is obs]v$4 ,?us !   
#8,k]*' ma/]s ensure to _! vases a f9]  
g5]al aspect ?an !  ,s\!rn ,italians1 j 
z _! commone/ figures are di/+ui%$  f ! 
,italian by a c]ta9 nobility2 b !y are  
f> beh9d ! huge  advances ( ! great art1
 :i* n[ 9 its me?ods ( expression       
atta9$ ! heights p]haps ( ,titian &     
,t9toretto1 & h an  arri] effect1       
li/less &    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate      
,,xcvi4    ,fig4 #aei4 ,,late ,,attic   
,,kalyx-,,krat]4    ,fig4 #afj4         
,,hell5i/ic ,,cup4    dull4 ,j z ! new  
/yle c\ld express itself bett] by !     
appli$  ?an by ! res]v$ ornam5tation1   
:i* 9 spite ( new =mations has  a /iff &

 lifeless effect1 s too ! r$-figur$     
/yle1 :i* z is  prov$ by f9ds at        
,alex&ria1 cont9u$ to exi/ d[n into !   
e>ly  ,hell5i/ic age1 0 no long] !      
cong5ial vehicle ( ! expression  ( its  
age2 & x 0 only seldom t notable        
p]sonalities attempt$  to practise x4   
,rightly recognis+ t ! days ( !         
draughtsman & 8 decorative  figure /yle 
7 pa/ & gone1 ! c]amic work%ops ( ! late
 #d?  c5tury1 & ! ,hell5i/ic1 :i* appe>$
 9 sev]al spots ( ! n[  dec5traliz$     
,greek _w1 m & m gave up ! r$-figur$    
te*nique4 ,! great increase ( ! means ( 
col\r+1 :i* is to be  assum$ = ! late   
pa9t+1 ! complete suppression ( =mal    
t5d5cies 9 fav\r ( impressionism did n  
p]mit ! silh\ette  /yle ev5 a subsidi>y 
place4 ,! future belong$ to free bru%   
te*nique1 t :i* pa9t$ 9 black1 & t :i*  
_h a black  gr\nd 7pp4 #aaj & #aeg74    
,! figur$ _w1 ! repres5tations1 no long]
 play any "p2 !  ,hell5i/ic pa9t]s pref]
 to put on _! elegant1 (t5 playfully    
treat$ vases t5drils1 fe/oons1 hang+    

bran*es & fillets1 wrea!s  & masks 9    
loose arrangem5t4 ,) ^! products ( ! m]e
  craftsman1 :i* are (t5 ( fasc9at+     
effect 7cp4 ,fig4 #afj71 b  (t5 9 %ape &
 decoration cause "o to miss ! delicate 
ta/e (  e>li] times1 ends ! hi/ory (    
,greek vase-pa9t+2 by pott]y )  relief  
ornam5t 7already h]ald$ by ! completely 
black *annell$  vases ( ! #d? c5tury &  
works l ! aryballos ( ,x5ophantos71  :i*
 n[ ga9s gr\nd m & m1 pa9t$ pott]y is   
completely  driv5 (f ! field4           
,,note      ,?anks are due to ,messrs4  
,f4 ,bruckmann1 ( ,muni*1 = p]mission to
  reproduce sev]al draw+s f             
,furtwngl]-,rei*hold1 ,grie*is*e        
,vas5mal]ei4          ,,index ,,(       
,,illu/rations      ,,plate ,i4 ,int]ior
 ( a kylix sign$ by ,euphronios z pott]3
 f  ,ca]e2 ,p>is1 ,l\vre1 ,g #ajd4      
,diamet] #j1ci4 ,f ,furtwngl]-,rei*hold 
#e4      ,frontispiece      ,,*apt] ,i43
 ,,! ,,/one ,,& ,,bronze ,,ages3--      
,pl4 ,,ii4 ,fig4 #a4 ,b[l f ,sesklo3    
,a!ns4 ,height #j1bj4 ,d>k pa9t+ on     

lemon-col\r$ gr\nd4 ,f ,ts\ntas1 ,dim9i 
& ,sesklo 7,greek71 pl4  #bb    ,fig4   
#b4 ,face-urn f ,troy ,,ii4-,v43 ,b]l94 
,height #j1cj4 ,f ,briti%  ,s*ool       
yell[i% clay4 ,f ,h4 ,s*liemann's       
,sammlung ,trojanis*]  ,alt]tm]1 ,hub]t 
,s*midt1 ,no4 #a1jhj & #a1jhd44444,to   
face page #b    ,pl4 ,,iii4 ,fig4 #c4   
,beak$ jug f ,syros3 ,a!ns1 ,nicole     
#abc4 ,height #j1af4  ,light-br[n pa9t+ 
on yell[ gr\nd4 ,f ,ephem]is ,ar*4      
#ahii1 pl4  #aj4 ,no4 #h    ,fig4 #d4   
,beak$ jug f ! six? %aft-grave at       
,myc5ae3 ,a!ns1 ,nicole  #ahi4 ,height  
#j1cj4 ,turn$ on ! :eel1 poli%$1        
lu/reless br[n 7&  r$7 pa9t+4 ,f        
,furtwngl] & ,ls*cke1 ,myk5is*e         
,tongefsse1  pl4 ,,ix4 ,no4 #dd444444d  
,pl4 ,,iv4 ,fig4 #e4 ,vase ( ,kam>es    
/yle f ! palace ( ,knossos3  ,c&ia4     
,height1 #j1bb4 ,pa9t+ :ite1 orange &   
c>m9e-r$ on black  glaze4 ,f ,briti%    
,s*ool ,annual ,,ix1 p4 #abj4    ,fig4  
#f4 ,unpa9t$ kylix ) yell[ smoo!d       
surface1 f ! f\r?  %aft-grave at        

,myc5ae3 ,a!ns1 ,nicole #afd4 ,diamet]  
#j1ab4 ,f  ,furtwngl] & ,ls*cke1        
,myk5is*e ,tongefsse1 pl4 ,v4 ,no4      
#bb44444f    ,pl4 ,v4 ,fig4 #g4         
,funnel-vase ( late ,m9oan ,i4 f a h\se 
at  ,palaika/ro3 ,c&ia4 ,height #j1aj4  
,turn$ on ! :eel1 ,annual ,,ix1 p4      
#caa1 fig4 #aj    ,fig4 #h4 ,funnel-vase
 ( late ,m9oan ,i4 f h\se on ! isl& (   
,pseira3 ,c&ia4 ,f ,seag]1 ,excavations 
on ! isl& ( ,pseira1 p4  #be1 fig4 #h   
,fig4 #i4 ,vase 7,pi?os7 ( ,kam>es /yle 
f ,phai/os3 ,c&ia4 ,height  #j1ej4 ,r$ &
 :ite pa9t+ on black glaze4 ,f ,monum5ti
 ,anti*i  ,,xiv41 pl4 ,,xxxv4 b444444,to
 face page #h    ,pl4 ,,vi4 ,fig4 #aj4  
,/irrup-vase ( late ,m9oan ,i41 f a h\se
 at  ,g\rnia3 ,c&ia4 ,height #j1bj4 ,f  
,h4 ,boyd ,hawes1 ,g\rnia1 pl4 ,h4      
,fig4 #aa4 ,amphora ( late ,m9oan ,i41 f
 a h\se on ,pseira4 ,) _m  details      
ov]pa9t$ 9 :ite4 ,f ,seag] op4 cit41 pl4
 ,,vii444444#aj    ,pl4 ,,vii4 ,fig4    
#ab4 ,amphora ( ,palace /yle f a grave (
 ,knossos4 ,f  ,ar*ologia1 #aije1 pl4   

,,ci4    ,fig4 #ac4 ,amphora ( ,palace  
/yle f a grave ( ,knossos4 ,f           
,ar*ologia1 #aije1 pl4 ,c444444#ab      
,pl4 ,,viii4 ,fig4 #ad4 ,late ,myc5ean  
,cup f ,ialysos 7,rhodes73 ,london4     
,height #j1bj4 ,d>k-br[n glaze-col\r on 
yell[ gr\nd1 details 9 :ite4  ,f        
,furtwngl]-,ls*cke1 ,myk5is*e ,vas51 pl4
 ,,viii41 #di4    ,fig4 #ae4 ,late      
,myc5ean /irrup-vase f ,ialysos         
7,rhodes73 ,london4  ,height #j1bc4     
,yell[i%-r$ glaze-col\r on yell[ gr\nd4 
,! t5tacles  ( ! cuttle-fi% f a peculi> 
ornam5t on ! rev]se1 a bird by  ! side (
 x4 ,f ,furtwngl]-,ls*cke1 ,myk5is*e    
,vas51 pl4 ,,iv41  #bd444444ad    ,pl4  
,,ix4 ,fig4 #af4 ,late ,myc5ean vase )  
ribb$ h&les f ,ialysos  7,rhodes73      
,london4 ,height #j1cd4 ,d>k-br[n       
glaze-col\r 79 p>ts burnt  r$7 on yell[ 
gr\nd4 ,f ,furtwngl]-,ls*cke1 ,myk5is*e 
,vas51  pl4 ,,vi41 #cb4    ,fig4 #ag4   
,late ,myc5ean vase ) ribb$ h&les f     
,rhodes3 ,muni* #dg4  ,height #j1de4    
,br[n1 p>tly r$1 glaze-col\r on yell[   

gr\nd4 ,biga  ) driv] & companion4      
,mn*5] ,vas5sammlung ,i41 p4 #f1 fig4   
#g44444,to face page #af      ,,*apt]   
,,ii43 ,,! ,,geometric ,,/yle3--    ,pl4
 ,x4 ,fig4 #ah4 ,attic ,geometric       
,amphora 7,dipylon class73 ,muni*       
#a1bej4  ,height ,o1#ej4 ,f photo4      
,fig4 #ai4 ,geometric ,amphora1 said to 
come f ,melos1 probably ,attic  7,black 
,dipylon73 ,muni*4 ,height ,o1#gc4      
,mn*5] ,jahrbu*1 #aiji1 ,,ii41  p4 #bjb1
 fig4 #a44444bj    ,pl4 ,,xi4 ,fig4 #bj4
 ,upp] half ( a ,dipylon grave-vase3    
,a!ns1  ,collignon-,c\ve #bad4 ,height  
,i1#bc4 ,f ,monum5ti dell' ,i/ituto     
,,ix41  pl4 #dj1 #a    ,fig4 #ba4       
,frieze f ! upp] half ( a b[l f ,!bes1 (
 :i* !  re/ is only decorat$ ) /ripes3  
,london4 ,f ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic  ,/udies1
 #ahii1 pl4 #h44444bb    ,pl4 ,,xii4    
,fig4 #bb4 ,rhodian ,geometric jug1 said
 to come f ,crete3 ,muni*  #dee4 ,height
 ,o1#bb4 ,mn*5] ,vas5sammlung ,i41 p4   
#dd1 fig4 #eg    ,fig4 #bc4             
,protocor9?9ian ,geometric cup 7skyphos7

 f ,greece3 ,muni*4  ,height ,o1#ab4    
,mn*5] ,jahrbu*1 #aiac1 ,i41 p4         
#gh44444bf    ,pl4 ,,xiii4 ,fig4 #bd4   
,attic ,geometric kylix f ,a!ns3 ,muni*4
 ,diamet]  ,o1#ah4 ,mn*5] ,jahrbu*1     
#aiac1 ,i41 p4 #gh4      ,,*apt] ,,iii43
 ,,! ,,sev5? ,,c5tury3--    ,fig4 #be4  
,cretan hydria f ,praisos3 ,c&ia4       
,height ,o1#cj4 ,f ,briti%  ,s*ool      
,annual1 ,,ix41 pl4 #i;c    ,fig4 #bf4  
,cretan jug f ,praisos3 ,c&ia4 ,height  
,o1#cc4 ,:ite on glaze4  ,f ,b4,s4,a4   
,,ix41 pl4 #i;d44444#bh    ,pl4 ,,xiv4  
,fig4 #bg4 ,cretan m9iature jug ) female
 head3 ,b]l9 #cjg4  ,height ,o1#aj4 ,f  
,a!nis*e ,mitteilung51 #ahig1 pl4 #f    
,fig4 #bh4 ,fragm5t ( a jug f ,aeg9a3   
,a!ns4 ,nicole #hdh4 ,diamet] ca4       
#j1be4 ,a!nis*e ,mitteilung51 #ahig1 pl4
 ,,viii444444,to face page #cj    ,pl4  
,,xv4 ,fig4 #bi4 ,fragm5t ( a plate f a 
grave at ,praisos3 ,c&ia4  ,orig9al     
diamet] ca4 #j1ce4 ,wre/le ) a sea      
mon/]4 ,f ,b4,s4,a4  ,x41 pl4 ,,iii4    
,fig4 #cj4 ,krat] ( ,ari/ono?os3 ,rome1 

,palazzo dei ,cons]vatori4 ,height      
#j1cf4 ,f ,mlanges d',ar*ologie et      
d'hi/oire1 #aiaa1 pl4 ,i444444#cb       
,pl4 ,,xvi4 ,fig4 #ca4 ,protocor9?ian   
leky?os3 ,london1 ,b4,m4 ,height #j1jg4 
,f ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 ,,xi41   
pl4 ,i41 #b    ,fig4 #cb4 ,protocor9?ian
 leky?os1 said to come f ,cor9?3 ,b]l9  
#ccf4 ,height #j1jf4 ,f ,ar*ologis*e    
,zeitung1 #ahhc1 ,i4    ,fig4 #cc4      
,protocor9?ian jug ( po/-,geometric /yle
 f ,aeg9a3 ,muni*  #bbe;a4 ,height      
#j1ah4 ,mn*5] ,vas5sammlung ,i41 p4 #aa1
 fig4 #ag44444cd    ,pl4 ,,xvii4 ,fig4  
#cd4 ,protocor9?ian leky?os1 said to    
come f ,!bes3  ,bo/on4 ,height #j1jg4 ,f
 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ar*ology1 #aijj1   
pl4  ,,iv444444#cf    ,pl4 ,,xviii4     
,figs4 #ce-g4 ,protocor9?ian jug1 f !   
neighb\rhood (  ,rome3 ,rome1 ,villa di 
,papa ,giulio4 ,height #j1bf4 ,f ,antike
 ,d5kml]  ,,ii41 pls4 #dd & #de44444ch  
,pl4 ,,xix4 ,fig4 #ch4 ,protocor9?ian or
 ,cor9?ian jug3 ,muni* #bcd4 ,height    
#j1dd4 ,f photo4    ,fig4 #ci4 ,cor9?ian

 alaba/ron1 f ,greece3 ,cambridge1      
,fitzwilliam  ,museum #cj4 ,height      
#j1bj4 ,f ,catalogue1 pl4 ,,iv4    ,fig4
 #dj4 ,cor9?ian aryballos1 f ,greece3   
,cambridge1 ,fitzwilliam  ,museum #cf4  
,height #j1bj4 ,f ,catalogue1 pl4       
,,iv444444#dj    ,pl4 ,,xx4 ,fig4 #da4  
,animal frieze f an e>ly ,cor9?ian jug3 
,muni* #bbh4  ,mn*4 ,vas5s4 ,i41 p4 #ab1
 fig4 #ah    ,fig4 #db4 ,animal frieze f
 a ,cor9?ian jug ( w9e-sk9 %ape3 ,muni* 
#bdf4 ,mn*4 ,vas5s4 ,i41 p4 #af1 fig4   
#bd44444,to face page #db    ,pl4 ,,xxi4
 ,fig4 #dc4 ,cor9?ian skyphos1 f ,samos3
 ,bo/on4 ,height ,o1#jh4  ,f photo4     
,fig4 #dd4 ,sc5e f ! late ,cor9?ian     
flask ( ,timonidas1 f ,kleonai          
7,peloponnese73 ,a!ns1 ,collignon-,c\ve 
#fbj4 ,height ( vase #j1ad4 ,f  ,a!nis*e
 ,mitteilung51 #aije1 pl4               
,,viii444444#dd    ,pl4 ,,xxii4 ,fig4   
#de4 ,p9ax 7votive-tablet71 f ,cor9?1   
sign$ by  ,timonidas3 ,b]l9 #hdf4       
,height #j1bb4 ,f ,antike ,d5kml] ,i41  
pl4 #h1  #ac    ,fig4 #df4 ,frieze ( an 

e>ly ,phal]on jug1 f ,analatos          
7,attica73  ,a!ns1 ,collignon-,c\ve     
#dfh4 ,f ,jahrbu*1 #ahhg1 pl4 #c44444df 
,pl4 ,,xxiii4 ,figs4 #dg-h4 ,neck & body
 designs ( an e>ly ,attic ,amphora1  f  
,a!ns3 ,a!ns1 ,collignon-,c\ve #feg4    
,height #a1bb4 ,f ,antike  ,d5kml] ,i41 
pl4 #eg44444dh    ,,pi4 ,,xxiv4 ,fig4   
#di4 ,e>ly ,attic ,amphora1 f ,piraeus3 
,a!ns1  ,collignon-,c\ve #fea4 ,height  
#a1aj4 ,f ,ephem]is1 #ahig1 pl4 #e      
,fig4 #ej4 ,cycladic 7,euboic7 ,amphora3
 ,/ockholm4 ,height #j1ei4 ,f  ,jahrbu*1
 #ahig1 pl4 #g44444ej    ,pl4 ,,xxv4    
,fig4 #ea4 ,jug ) griff9's head1 f      
,aeg9a3 ,london1 ,b4,m41 ,a  #edg4 ,f   
photo444444#eb    ,pl4 ,,xxvi4 ,fig4    
#eb4 ,*ief design on a 8,melian0        
amphora1 f ,melos3  ,a!ns1              
,collignon-,c\ve #dge4 ,height ( amphora
 #j1ie4 ,f ,conze1  ,melis*e ,tongefsse1
 pl4 ,,iv444444#ed    ,pl4 ,,xxvii4     
,fig4 #ec4 ,h]akles & ,iole 787 on a    
8,melian0 amphora1 said to  come f      
,crete3 ,a!ns1 ,collignon-,c\ve #dgg4 ,f

 ,ephem]is1 #ahid1  pl4 #ac    ,fig4    
#ed4 ,e>ly ,rhodian jug1 f ,rhodes3     
,hague1 ,s*eurle] ,collection4  ,height 
#j1bb4 ,f photo444444#ee    ,pl4        
,,xxviii4 ,fig4 #ee4 ,rhodian jug3      
,muni* #ddi4 ,height #j1cc4 ,mn*4       
,vas5s4 ,i41 p4 #db1 fig4 #ed    ,fig4  
#ef4 ,late ,rhodian jug1 f ,rhodes3     
,muni* #dej4 ,height #j1cc4 ,mn*4       
,jahrb41 #aiaa1 ,,ii41 p4 #bjj    ,fig4 
#eg4 ,euphorbos plate1 f ,rhodes3       
,london1 ,b4,m4 ,diamet] #j1ch4 ,f      
,photo444444,to face page #ef    ,pl4   
,,xxix4 ,fig4 #eh4 ,late ,rhodian       
cauldron 7lebes71 f ,italy3 ,p>is1      
,l\vre4 ,height #j1ce4 ,f photo444444#eh
    ,pl4 ,,xxx4 ,fig4 #ei4 ,gorgon      
plate1 f ,rhodes3 ,london1 ,b4,m4 ,f    
,j4,h4,s41  #ahhe1 pl4 #ei4    ,fig4    
#fj4 ,%]d f ,naukratis3 ,ox=d4          
7,busiris' head pa9t$ r$ on  :ite slip1 
details by leav+ ! p>ts unpa9t$74 ,f    
,j4,h4,s41  #aije1 pl4 ,,vi41 ,i4       
,fig4 #fa4 ,naukratite %]d f\nd on !    
,acropolis ( ,a!ns3 ,a!ns1  ,acropolis  

#dej;a4 ,yell[1 r$ & :ite pa9t+ on      
bright gr\nd4 ,f  ,akropolisvas5 ,i41   
pl4 #bd44444fj    ,pl4 ,,xxxi4 ,fig4    
#fb4 ,amphora1 f ,rhodes 7,fikellura73  
,london1 ,b4,m41 ,a  #acaa4 ,height     
#j1cd4 ,f ,mn*5] ,ar*ol3 ,/udi51 p4     
#cjj1 fig4 #bd4    ,fig4 #fc4 ,amphora  
7,fikellura73 ,alt5burg4 ,height #j1ca4 
,f ,bhlau1  ,nekropol51 p4 #ef44444fb   
,,*apt] ,,iv43 ,,! ,,black-,,figur$     
,,/yle3--    ,pl4 ,,xxxii4 ,fig4 #fd4   
,two friezes ( a ,cor9?ian krat]1 f     
,ca]e3  ,p>is1 ,l\vre ,e4 #fce4 ,height 
#j1df4 ,aft] photo4    ,fig4 #fe4       
,cor9?ian krat]1 f ,cor9?3 ,muni* #cdd4 
,height #j1ca4  ,mn*4 ,jahrb41 #aiaa1   
,,ii41 p4 #bij1 fig4 #a444444gj    ,pl4 
,,xxxiii4 ,fig4 #ff4 ,frieze ( a        
,cor9?ian krat]1 f ,ca]e3 ,b]l9  #afee4 
,height #j1df4 ,f ,monum5ti ,x41 pl4 #d1
 #e44444gb    ,pl4 ,,xxxiv4 ,fig4 #fg4  
,cor9?ian plate3 ,muni* #cdf;a4 ,diamet]
 #j1bh4  ,mn*4 ,vas5s4 ,i41 p4 #ca1 fig4
 #df    ,fig4 #fh4 ,*alkidian hydria1 f 
,italy3 ,muni* #eif4 ,height #j1df4 ,f  

photo444444,to face page #gd    ,pl4    
,,xxxv4 ,fig4 #fi4 ,*alkidian amphora1 f
 ,vulci3 ,wrzburg4 ,height  #j1da4 ,f   
photo444444,to face page #gd    ,pl4    
,,xxxvi4 ,fig4 #gj4 ,*alkidian amphora1 
f ,ca]e3 ,london1 ,b4,m41 ,b #aee4      
,height #j1de4 ,f photo4    ,fig4 #ga4  
,sc5e f ,*alkidian amphora ( ,italian   
prov5ance3 ,muni*  #eib4 ,mn*4 ,vas5s4  
,i41 p4 #fe1 fig4 #ge444444gh    ,pl4   
,,xxxvii4 ,fig4 #gb4 ,ionic eye kylix1 f
 ,italy3 ,muni* #ehi4 ,height  #j1aj4 ,f
 photo4    ,fig4 #gc4 ,head ( ,a!na1 f  
,ionic eye kylix3 ,muni* #eij4 ,mn*4    
,vas5s4 ,i41 p4 #fd1 fig4 #gd444444hj   
,pl4 ,,xxxviii4 ,fig4 #gd4 ,ph9eus      
kylix1 f ,vulci3 ,wrzburg4 ,diamet]     
#j1ci4 ,f ,furtwngl]-,rei*hold          
#da444444hb    ,pl4 ,,xxxix4 ,fig4 #ge4 
,ionic b4f4 fragm5ts1 f ,kyme 7,asia    
,m9or73  ,london1 ,b4,m4 ,f photo4      
,fig4 #gf4 ,neck design ( an ,ionic b4f4
 ,amphora1 f ,italy3 ,muni* #ehf4  ,mn*4
 ,vas5s4 ,i41 p4 #fb1 fig4 #gc444444hd  
,pls4 ,,xl4-,i1 ,figs4 #gg-h4 ,obv]se & 

rev]se ( an ,ionic b4-f4 ,amphora1  f   
,italy3 ,muni* #ehe4 ,f ,mn*4 ,vas5s4   
,i41 p4 #ei1 figs4 #fi &  #gj444444hf   
#hg    ,pl4 ,,xlii4 ,fig4 #gi4 ,*ief    
design on a ,ca]etan hydria3 ,vi5na1    
,museum fr  ,kun/ und ,indu/rie #bag4 ,f
 ,furtwngl]-,rei*hold #ea4    ,fig4 #hj4
 ,sp>tan kylix1 f ,italy3 ,muni* #chb4  
,height #j1ae4 ,f  ,mn*4 ,vas5s4 ,i41 p4
 #cd1 fig4  #dh44444hh    ,pl4 ,,xliii4 
,fig4 #ha4 ,ca]etan hydria1 f ,ca]e3    
,p>is1 ,l\vre ,e #gja4  ,height #j1dc4  
,f photo444444#hi    ,,xliv4 ,figs4     
#hb-c4 ,obv]se & rev]se ( a ,pontic     
amphora1 f ,italy3  ,muni* #hcg4 ,height
 ( vase #j1cc4 ,f ,furtwngl]-,rei*hold  
#ba444444ij    ,pl4 ,,xlv4 ,fig4 #hd4   
,sp>tan kylix1 f ,corneto3 ,b]l94 ,f    
,jahrbu* d4  ,d4 ,in/atus #aija1 pl4    
,,iii4    ,pl4 ,,xlvi4 ,fig4 #he4       
,sp>tan kylix 7,arkesilas71 f ,vulci3   
,p>is1 ,cab9et  des ,mdailles #ahi4     
,diamet] #j1bi4 ,f ,monum5ti ,i41 pl4   
#dg    ,pl4 ,,xlvii4 ,fig4 #hf4         
,fragm5ts ( a cauldron 7lebes7 by       

,sophilos3 ,a!ns1  ,acropolis4 ,grf     
#ehg4 ,height ( ! frieze #j1ji4 ,f ,grf1
  ,akropolisvas51 pl4 #bf    ,fig4 #hg4 
,attic tripod vase1 f ,a!ns3 ,muni*4    
,height #j1ab4 ,f  ,mn*4 ,jahrb41 #aiaa1
 ,,ii41 p4 #bia1 fig4 #e444444id    ,pl4
 ,,xlviii4 ,fig4 #hh4 ,boeotian b4-f4   
kan?>os3 ,muni* #dai4 ,height #j1ai4  ,f
 ,mn*4 ,vas5s4 ,i41 p4 #dj1 fig4 #eb    
,fig4 #hi4 ,detail ( ! ,franois vase4 ,f
 ,furtwngl]-,rei*hold1  #ac44444if      
,pl4 ,,xlix4 ,fig4 #ij4 ,franois vase1 f
 ,*iusi3 ,flor5ce1 ,museo  ar*eologico4 
,height #j1ff4 ,f ,furtwngl]-,rei*hold1 
pl4 #c1  #aj44444ih    ,pl4 ,l4 ,fig4   
#ia4 #8,little ,ma/]' kylix1 f ,vulci3  
,muni*1 ,jahn #cf4  ,height #j1ae4 ,f   
photo4    ,fig4 #ib4 ,attic b4-f4 kylix 
) knob h&les3 ,bo/on4 ,f                
photo444444#ajj    ,pl4 ,,li4 ,fig4 #ic4
 ,int]ior ( an eye kylix ( ,exekias1 f  
,vulci3  ,muni*1 ,jahn #cci4 ,diamet]   
#j1cj4 ,f ,g]h>d1 ,aus]les5e ,vas5bild] 
,i41 pl4 #di44444ajb    ,pl4 ,,lii4     
,fig4 #id4 ,sc5e f an ,attic b4-f4      

,amphora1 f ,vulci3 ,b]l9  #afhe4       
,height ( vase #j1di4 ,f ,g]h>d1        
,etruskis*e und ,kampanis*e  ,vas5bild]1
 pl4 #ba44444ajd    ,pl4 ,,liii4 ,fig4  
#ie4 ,sc5e f an ,attic b4-f4 ,amphora1  
probably f  ,vulci3 ,wrzburg1 ,urli*s   
#cca4 ,f photo444444#aje    ,pl4 ,,liv4 
,fig4 #if4 ,amphora ( ,exekias1 f       
,vulci3 ,rome1 ,museo  ,gregoriano1     
,helbig #abbj4 ,height ( vase #j1hj4 ,f 
photo4    ,fig4 #ig4 ,attic b4-f4 neck$ 
,amphora1 f ,italy3 ,muni*4 ,height     
#j1dj4  ,f photo444444,to face page #ajf
    ,pl4 ,,lv4 ,fig4 #ih4 ,neck$        
,amphora ( ,amasis3 ,p>is1 ,cab9et des  
,mdailles  #bbb4 ,height #j1cc4 ,f      
photo4    ,fig4 #ii4 ,detail f int]ior (
 a cauldron ( ,exekias1 f ,ca]e3  =m]ly 
,ca/ellani ,collection1 ,rome4 ,f ,wi5] 
,vorlegebltt]1  #ahhh1 pl4 #e1 #c       
b44444#ajg    ,pl4 ,,lvi4 ,fig4 #ajj4   
,*ief sc5e on a late b4-f4 hydria1 f    
,vulci3  ,b]l91 #ahig4 ,height ( vase   
#j1dd4 ,f ,g]h>d1 ,aus]les5e  ,vas5bild]
 ,,iv41 pl4 #bdi-ej44444ajh    ,pl4     

,,lvii4 ,fig4 #aja4 ,attic vase 9 %ape (
 negro's head ) late b4-f4  decoration (
 neck3 ,bo/on4 ,f photo4    ,fig4 #ajb4 
,pana!naic ,amphora1 f ,vulci3 ,muni*1  
,jahn #fee4 ,height  #j1fb4 ,f          
photo444444#aaj      ,,*apt] ,v43 ,,!   
,,r$-,,figur$ ,,/yle ,,9 ,,! ,,ar*aic   
,,p]iod3--    ,pl4 ,,lviii4 ,fig4 #ajc4 
,sc5e on an ,amphora 9 ! /yle ( !       
,&okides  pa9t]1 f ,vulci3 ,muni*1 ,jahn
 #chh4 ,height #j1ece4 ,f               
,furtwngl]-,rei*hold #d44444aad    ,pl4 
,,lix4 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,amphora ( ! pott]   
,pamphaios 7,niko/h5es' %ape71  f       
,etruria3 ,p>is1 ,l\vre ,g #b4 ,height  
#j1ch4 ,f photo444444#aaf    ,pl4 ,,lx4 
,fig4 #aje4 ,sc5e on an ,amphora (      
,eu?ymides1 f ,vulci3 ,muni*1  ,jahn    
#cgh4 ,height #j1fj4 ,f                 
,furtwngl]-,rei*hold #ad4    ,fig4 #ajf4
 ,%\ld] sc5e on a hydria ( ,hypsis1 f   
,vulci3 ,rome1  ,torlonia ,collection4  
,f ,antike ,d5kml] ,,ii41 pl4 #h44444aag
    ,pl4 ,,lxi4 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,detail (   
,amphora ( ,eu?ymides1 f ,vulci3 ,muni*1

  ,jahn #daj4 ,f photo4    ,fig4 #ajh4  
,detail f int]ior ( an ar*aic r4-f4     
kylix1 f ,orvieto3  ,bo/on4 ,f          
photo444444#aah    ,pl4 ,,lxii4 ,fig4   
#aji4 ,rhyton 79 %ape ( a horse's head7 
) r4-f4  decoration ( neck3 ,bo/on4 ,f  
photo444444,to face page #aai    ,pl4   
,,lxiii4 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,int]ior ( a kylix 
by ,sky!s1 f ,ca]e3 ,rome1  ,villa di   
,papa ,giulio4 ,diamet] ( int]ior       
,o1#aj4 ,f ,monum5ts ,piot  ,,xx41 pl4  
#g44444abj    ,pl4 ,,lxiv4 ,fig4 #aaa4  
,int]ior ( a kylix by ,epiktetos1 f     
,vulci4  ,london1 ,b4,m41 ,e4 #ch4 ,f   
,furtwngl]-,rei*hold #gc1 #a44444aba    
,pl4 ,,lxv4 ,fig4 #aab4 ,"p ( ! design  
on ! psykt] ( ,euphronios1 f  ,ca]e4    
,petrograd1 ,h]mitage1 #afgj4 ,f        
,furtwngl]-,rei*hold  #fc44444abb       
,pl4 ,,lxvi4 ,fig4 #aac4 ,obv]se ( a    
kalyx-krat] ( ,euphronios1 f ,ca]e4     
,p>is1 ,l\vre ,g #ajc4 ,height ( krat]  
,o1#df4 ,f ,furtwngl]-,rei*hold         
#ib44444abc    ,pl4 ,,lxvii4 ,fig4 #aad4
 ,kylix sign$ by ! pott] ,sosias1 f     

,vulci3  ,b]l9 #bbgh4 ,diamet] #j1cb4 ,f
 photo444444#abd    ,pl4 ,,lxviii4 ,fig4
 #aae4 ,int]ior ( a r4-f4 kylix1 f      
,ca]e3 =m]ly  ,branteghem ,collection1  
n[ ,london1 ,b4,m41 ,e #df4 ,f ,h>twig1 
,grie*is*e ,mei/]s*al51 pl4             
,,viii444444#abe    ,pl4 ,,lxix4 ,fig4  
#aaf4 ,int]ior ( a kylix ( ,brygos1 f   
,vulci3 ,wrzburg1  ,urli*s 7#ahgb7 #cdf4
 ,f photo444444#abf    ,pl4 ,,lxx4 ,fig4
 #aag4 ,detail ( an ar*aic r4-f4 po9t$  
amphora1 f  ,vulci3 ,muni*1 ,jahn #djh4 
,f ,photo4    ,pl4 ,,lxxi4 ,figs4       
#aah-i4 ,ext]iors ( a kylix ( ,brygos3  
,p>is1 ,l\vre4  ,f ,furtwngl]-,rei*hold 
#be44444abh    ,pl4 ,,lxxii4 ,fig4 #abj4
 ,r4-f4 skyphos1 f ,italy3 ,vi5na1      
,museum fr ,kun/  und ,indu/rie #cbh4 ,f
 photo4    ,fig4 #aba4 ,ext]ior ( a     
kylix1 f ,corneto3 ,corneto4 ,f         
,monum5ti  ,,xi41 pl4 #bj44444abi       
,pl4 ,,lxxiii4 ,fig4 #abb4 ,sc5e on a   
psykt] ( ,duris1 f ,ca]e3 ,london1      
,b4,m41 ,e4 #gfh4 ,height ( vase ,o1#bi4
 ,f ,furtwngl]-,rei*hold  #dh44444acj   

,pl4 ,,lxxiv4 ,fig4 #abc4 ,kylix (      
,hi]on1 f ,vulci3 ,b]l9 #bbij4 ,diamet] 
,o1#cc4 ,f photo444444#aca    ,pl4      
,,lxxv4 ,fig4 #abd4 ,kylix ( ,duris1 f  
,ca]e3 ,b]l9 #bbhe4 ,diamet]  #j1bh4 ,f 
photo4    ,fig4 #abe4 ,r4-f4 kylix1 f   
,vulci3 ,b]l9 #bbid4 ,diamet] #j1cj4 ,f 
photo4 44444,to face page #acb    ,pl4  
,,lxxvi4 ,fig4 #abf4 ,int]ior ( a r4-f4 
kylix1 f ,vulci3 ,muni*1 ,jahn  #cfh4   
,diamet] #j1cje4 ,f ,furtwngl]-,rei*hold
 #hf4444444acc      ,,*apt] ,,vi43      
,,! ,,/yle ,,( ,,polygnotos ,,&         
,,pheidias4    ,pl4 ,,lxxvii4 ,fig4     
#abg4 ,figure on a skyphos ( ,pi/ox5os1 
f ,ca]e3  ,s*w]94 ,f ,jahrbu* des ,d4   
,in/ituts #aiab1 pl4 #f    ,fig4 #abh4  
,detail ( a fragm5t>y :ite-gr\nd        
leky?os1 f ,attica3  ,bonn4 ,f ,j4,h4,s4
 #ahif1 pl4 #d44444acd    ,pl4          
,,lxxviii4 ,fig4 #abi4 ,kylix )         
:ite-gr\nd int]ior1 f ,rhodes3  ,london1
 ,b4,m4 ,d #b4 ,diamet] #j1bd4 ,f photo4
    ,fig4 #acj4 ,detail ( a r4-f4 krat]3
 ,new ,york4 ,f photo444444#ace    ,pl4 

,,lxxix4 ,fig4 #aca4 ,obv]se ( a r4-f4  
krat]1 f ,sicily 7873 ,bo/on4  ,height (
 vase #j1cf4 ,f ,furtwngl]-,rei*hold    
#aae1 #a44444acf    ,pl4 ,,lxxx4 ,fig4  
#acb4 ,fragm5t>y r4-f4 psykt]1 f        
,fal]ii3 ,rome1 ,villa  di ,papa        
,giulio4 ,f photo4    ,fig4 #acc4       
,int]ior ( a kylix1 ( ! pott]           
,hegesibulos3 ,brussels3  ,mn*4 ,jahrb4 
#aiac1 ,,ii41 p4 #hi44444ach    ,pl4    
,,lxxxi4 ,fig4 #acd4 ,int]ior ( a r4-f4 
kylix1 f ,etruria3 ,muni*1  ,jahn #cgj4 
,diamet] #j1dbe4 ,f ,furtwngl]-,rei*hold
 #f44444aci    ,pl4 ,,lxxxii4 ,fig4     
#ace4 ,obv]se ( a r4-f4 kylix-krat]1 f  
,orvieto3  ,p>is1 ,l\vre ,g #cda4       
,height ( vase #j1ee4 ,f                
,furtwngl]-,rei*hold  #ajh44444adj      
,pl4 ,,lxxxiii4 ,figs4 #acf-g4 ,design  
on lid & sides ( a pyxis (  ,megakles3  
,biblio?que ,royale1 ,brussels4 ,height 
#j1jfc4 ,diamet] #j1jhe4  ,f ,frhn]1    
,coll4 ,b>re1 pl4 ,,vii4    ,fig4 #ach4 
,detail ( a r4-f4 po9t$ amphora3 ,p>is1 
,cab9et des  ,mdailles #ceg4 ,f         

,furtwngl]-,rei*hold1 pl4 #gg1a44444,to 
face page  #adb    ,pl4 ,,lxxxiv4 ,fig4 
#aci4 ,sc5e on a r4-f4 pelike1 f ,rugge 
7,apulia73  ,lecce4 ,f                  
,furtwngl]-,rei*hold 44444#ff    ,fig4  
#adj4 ,sc5e on a r4-f4 krat]1 f ,gela3  
,b]l94 ,height ( vase  #j1ej4 ,f #ej    
,b]l9] ,w9ckelmannsprogramm             
7#ahij744444adc    ,pl4 ,,lxxxv4 ,fig4  
#ada4 ,r4-f4 ,amphora1 f ,vulci3        
,london1 ,b4,m41 ,e #bga4  ,height      
#j1eg4 ,f photo444444#add    ,pl4       
,,lxxxvi4 ,fig4 #adb4 ,:ite-gr\nd       
leky?os1 f ,attica3 ,london1 ,d #eh4    
,height ca4 #j1dh4 ,f photo444444#ade   
,pl4 ,,lxxxvii4 ,figs4 #adc-d4 ,y\? &   
maid5 on a :ite-gr\nd leky?os1  f       
,attica3 ,bo/on #hddj4 ,height ( vase1  
#j1dj4 ,f photo4    ,fig4 #ade4 ,detail 
( a :ite-gr\nd leky?os3 ,a!ns1          
,collignon-,c\ve  #ahbb4 ,f             
,furtwngl]-,riezl]1 ,weissgrundige      
,leky!n1 pl4 #ic44444adf    ,pl4        
,,lxxxviii4 ,fig4 #adf4 ,r4-f4 /amnos1 f
 ,vulci3 ,muni*1 ,jahn #chb4  ,height   

#j1dde4 ,f photo4    ,fig4 #adg4 ,sc5e  
on a r4-f4 /amnos1 f ,campania3 ,naples1
 ,heydemann  #bdai4 ,f photo444444#adh  
,pl4 ,,lxxxix4 ,fig4 #adh4 ,sc5e on a   
r4-f4 ,amphora1 f neighb\rhood (        
,arezzo3 ,arezzo4 ,height ( vase #j1ed4 
,f ,furtwngl]-,rei*hold1 pl4            
#fg44444adi    ,pl4 ,,xc4 ,figs4        
#adi-ea4 ,?ree details ( a fragm5t>y    
r4-f4 vase3 ,naples4  ,f ?ree photos1 9 
! ,muni* ,vase ,collection44444#aej     
,pl4 ,,xci4 ,fig4 #aeb4 ,sc5e on a r4-f4
 hydria1 f ,populonia3 ,flor5ce4        
,height ( vase #j1df4 ,f ,milani1       
,monum5ti scelti1 pl4 #d44444aea    ,pl4
 ,,xcii4 ,fig4 #aec4 ,r4-f4 volute      
amphora1 f ,ruvo3 ,ruvo1 ,jatta         
,collection #aeja4 ,height ( frieze     
#j1ce4 ,f ,furtwngl]-,rei*hold          
#ch444444aeb    ,pl4 ,,xciii4 ,fig4     
#aed4 ,sc5e on a r4-f4 jug3 ,ox=d4      
,height ( vase #j1ba4  ,f ,j4,h4,s4     
#aije1 pl4 #a4      ,,*apt] ,,vii43     
,,late ,,(f%oots3--    ,fig #aee4 ,sc5e 
on a late ,attic pelike1 f  ,k]*        

7,crimea73 ,petrograd1 ,h]mitage  #agie4
 ,height #j1ch4 ,f  ,furtwngl]-,rei*hold
 #hg1b444444,to face page #aed    ,pl4  
,,xciv4 ,fig4 #aef4 ,lucanian           
bell-krat]1 f !  ,basilicata3 ,p>is1    
,l\vre4 ,height  #j1ec4 ,f photo4       
,fig4 #aeg4 ,l[] ,italian bell-krat] )  
com$y sc5e 7,phlyax vase71 f  ,apulia4  
,london1 ,b4,m41 ,f4 #aea4  ,height (   
vase #j1ci4 ,f photo444444#aef    ,pl4  
,,xcv4 ,fig4 #aeh4 ,apulian volute      
amphora1 f ,b>i3  ,bo/on4 ,height #a1be4
 ,f photo444444#aeg    ,pl4 ,,xcvi4     
,fig4 #aei4 ,late ,attic kalyx-krat]1 f 
,greece3 ,muni*4 ,height #j1da4 ,f      
,mn*4 ,jahrb41 #aiac1 #a41 p4 #gi       
,fig4 #afj4 ,hell5i/ic cup ) designs    
pa9t$  9 :ite3 ,muni*4 ,height #j1ji4   
,f ,mn*4 ,jahrb41 #aiji1 ,,ii4 p4  #bjd1
 fig4 #h444444aeh          ,,index ,,(  
,,names    ,! names ( pa9t]s & pott]s   
are pr9t$ 9 italics4 ,all are  ,a!nian1 
unless x is o!rwise /at$4      ,a*aeans1
 #af4    ,a*illes1 #df1 #fe1 #fh1 #abe1 
#abh1 #abi1 #aci1 #aeg4    ,acropolis 7(

 ,a!ns71 #ii1 #ajc1 #aaj1 #aad1 #aae1   
#abb1 #acg1 #aec4    ,acropolis         
sculptures1 #ej4    ,adonis1 #aeb4      
gean ,sea1 #ag4    g9a1 #f1 #ad1 #bf1   
#cb1 #db1 #di1 #ej1 #eb1 #ec1 #fj4      
olians1 #ag4    olis1 #ij4    ,africa1  
#hi1 #ib4    ,aias1 #fh1 #gi1 #aef4     
,aison1 #aea4    ,aktaion1 #acg4        
,alaba/ron1 #dd4    ,alex&ria1 #aaj1    
#aei4    ,alkmaion1 #gc4    ,alt5burg1  
amphora at1 #fa1 #hd4    ,amasis1 #ig1  
#ajb1 #ajc1 #aje1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #ajh1     
#aac1 #aaf1 #abg1 #acf1 #adc4           
,amazons1 #ge1 #ha1 #hd1 #aci1 #ada4    
,amphi>aos1 #fg1 #ga1 #gb1 #gc1 #adc1   
#add4    ,amphitrite1 #abf4    ,amphora1
 #bd1 #di1 #eb1 #ed1 etc42              
7big-belli$71 #ej1 #gd1 #ajd2           
7neck$71 #ea1 #gd2 7po9t$71 #abf1 #abg2 
7,nolan71 #abg1 #acf2    7) twi/$       
h&les71 #adi2    7,pana!naic71 #ii1     
#aaj1 #abg1 #aec4    ,anakreon1 #aad1   
#ace4    ,&okides1 #eh1 #ajh1 #aji1     
#aad1 #aae1 #aag1 #aah1 #abj1 #aba4     
#8,&okides' pa9t]1 #aae1 #aca4          

,antaios1 #abc1 #abd1 #abe1 #abf4       
,ant5or 7sculptor71 #aab1 #aca4         
,aphidna 7,attica71 #f4    ,aphrodite1  
,temple (1 #db4    ,aphrodite1 #ace1    
#acg1 #aeb4    ,apollo1 #be1 #ed1 #ee1  
#fe1 #aci4    ,apulia1 #aef4    ,apulian
 vases1 #aeg4    ,arezzo1 amphora at1   
#adi4    ,argive alphabet1 #ei4         
,argolid1 ,!1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #ab1 #ai1 #bf1
 #cc1 #db4    ,argonaut ,ma/]1 ,!1      
#adj-b4    ,argonauts1 ,!1 #adj1 #adg4  
,argos 7giant71 #hf4    ,argos 7t[n71   
#ad1 #bf1 #cc4    ,ariadne1 #bb1 #abi4  
,ari/agoras 7kalos71 #acj4              
,ari/ono?os 78 ,ari/onoos1 p]haps       
,argive71 #cc1 #ch4    ,ari/ophanes1    
#aea4    ,arkesilas1 k+1 #ib4           
,artemis1 #ee1 #acg4    ,artemis !      
,p]sian1 #ed4    ,aryballos1 #dd1 #adb1 
#aeh4    ,asia ,m9or1 #e1 #f1 #ae1 #ag1 
#ai1 #db1 #ee1 #hj1 #hg1 #aja4          
,ass>lik1 #ai4    ,as/eas 7,campanian   
pa9t]71 #aef4    ,a/yanax1 #fe4         
,a!na1 #di1 #fe1 #ff1 #fg1 #fh1 #ga1    
#ha1 #ii1 #ajj1 #ajf1 #aaj1 #abf1 #adg1 

#aec4    ,a!nodotos 7kalos71 #abf4      
,a!ns1 #ai1 #ea1 #if1 #ii1 #ajf1 #aaa1  
#aba1 #aeg4    ,a!ns1 ,vases 91 #aci1   
#adg1 #adi4    ,attica1 #f1 #be1 #db1   
#ea4      ,b>bot9e1 #h4    ,beak$ jug1  
#e4    ,bell]ophon1 #ci1 #dj1 #fd4      
,b]l9 amphora1 ,ma/] ( !1 #aca4         
,b]l91 ,vases 91 #ib1 #ajd1 #aji1 #acj1 
#aca1 #acc1 #acd1 #ace1 #aci4    ,black 
,sea1 #bh1 #ef1 #hi1 #aeh4    ,boeotia  
7,boeotians71 #b1 #bb1 #bf1 #db1 #eb1   
#fj1 #id1 #if1 #aaj1 #aee4    ,bonn1    
,vases 91 #aai1 #acd1 #ace4    ,boreas1 
#hb4    ,boreas1 ,sons (1 #hb4          
,bo/on1 ,vases 91 #de1 #ajj1 #abf1 #acj1
 #ace1 #acg1 #adf1 #adg1 #aeg4    ,b[l  
7,s*ssel71 #bb1 #ff4    ,bronze ,age1   
#b1 #c1 #d4    ,bronze-f\ndry ,ma/]1    
#aca4    ,brygos pa9t]1 #abh1 #abi1     
#aca1 #aci4    ,buc*]o w>e1 #ij4        
,busiris 7,ph>aoh71 #hi4    ,butades    
7,sicyonian71 #fi4      ,cable patt]n   
7,guillo*e71 #cj1 #ce4    ,ca]e1 #db1   
#fh4    ,ca]etan hydriae1 #hg-i1 #ajg4  
,campania1 #aef4    ,c>?age1 #db4       

,ca/le ,a%by1 ,amphora at1 #hf1 #hg4    
,c5taurs1 #bb1 #ci1 #hf1 #hi1 #ih1 #abh1
 #adj1 #aej4    ,c5tauroma*y1 #ia1 #acj4
    ,*aire/ratos 7kalos71 #abf1 #abg1   
#abi4    ,*alkidian /yle1 #fi1 #gj1     
#ge-hj1 #id1 #if1 #ig1 #ajj1 #ajd1 #aje1
 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aah4    ,*alkis1 #ga1 #ge1
 #gf1 #gg1 #hj1 #id1 #if1 #ii1 #ajj1    
#aje1 #ajf1 #ajh4    ,*>es 7,cor9?ian   
pa9t]71 #de4    ,*>itaios1 #aja1 #ajc4  
,*elis1 #aba4    ,*igi jug1 #ch1 #dj1   
#de1 #ei1 #ff4    ,*ima]a1 ,!1 #ci1 #dj4
    ,circe1 #ajj1 #adf4    ,corfu1 #dd4 
,cor9?1 #bf1 #cd1 #db1 #ej1 #ef1 #fi1   
#gj1 #ij1 #id1 #ajj4    ,cor9?ian /yle1 
#dc1 #ej1 #gj-ge1 #ij1 #id1 #if4        
,corneto1 ,vases 91 #abc1 #abi4         
,cretans1 #aj1 #ab1 #cd4    ,crete1 #a1 
#b1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ai1 #bg1  
#cc1 #ee4    ,cyclades1 #ae1 #be1 #id4  
,cycladic 7pott]y1 etc471 #e1 #f1 #be1  
#eb1 #ed1 #hj4    ,cyprus1 #e1 #f1 #ad1 
#ae1 #ag1 #bf4    ,cyr5e1 #ib4          
#8,da$alic' types1 #cd4    ,da$alus1    
#ca4    ,daphne1 #hf4    ,deianeira1    

#cd4    ,de9iades1 #aai1 #abc4          
,delian 7or ,euboic7 w>e1 #ec1 #ha4     
,delos1 #be1 #ed1 #ee1 #ih4    ,delphi1 
#bf4    ,delta1 ,!1 #ef1 #ei4           
,demet]1 #ace4    ,dim9i1 #b4           
,diom$e1 #gi4    ,dionysos1 #ff1 #hb1   
#if1 #ig1 #ajj1 #ajf1 #ajh1 #adh1 #adi4 
,dipylon 7,a!ns71 #a1 #bd1 #bg1 #ce4    
,drpfeld 7,wilhelm71 #d4    ,dorians1   
,!1 #ag1 #ai4    ,duris1 #abj1 #abf1    
#abi1 #acj1 #aca1 #aci4      ,egypt1 #i1
 #ae1 #hc4    ,egyptian1 #hi4           
,eleusis1 #f1 #be1 #bf4    ,eos1 #acj1  
#ace4    ,ephesian sculpture1 #hh4      
,epiktetos1 #ajh1 #aad1 #aba1 #abb1     
#abc1 #abd4    ,epilykos 7kalos71       
#abj-c4    ,eretria1 #be1 #eb1 #id4     
,eretria ma/]1 ,!1 #adh1 #aeb1 #aec4    
,erg9os1 #aea4    ,ergoteles1 #aja4     
,ergotimos1 #ig1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajc4      
,eriphyle1 #gc1 #adc1 #add4    ,e?os1   
#acc1 #adb4    ,etruria1 #ij1 #ia1 #id1 
#ii1 #aef4    ,etruscan1 #a1 #ce1 #ij4  
,euboea1 #be1 #eb4    ,euboic 7or       
,delian7 w>e1 #ec4    ,eu*eiros1 #aja4  

,eum>es1 #aaa1 #aab4    ,euphorbos      
plate1 #eh4    ,euphrates1 ,!1 #ab4     
,euphronios1 #ah1 #aji1 #aad1 #aaf1     
#aag1 #abj1 #abb-i1 #aca1 #acc1 #acd1   
#ace1 #aci4    ,europa1 #fh1 #hh4       
,eurytios1 #gb1 #gi1 #ig4    ,eu?ymides1
 #aad1 #aaf-i1 #abb1 #abc1 #abe1 #abg4  
,euxi!os1 #aag1 #abc4    ,exekias1 #fh1 
#aja1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aje1 #ajg1 #ajh1     
#aac1 #aae4      ,face urns1 #d4        
#8,fates1' ,!1 #aeb4    ,fibulae1 #bb4  
,fikellura 7,samian7 w>e1 #fj-b1 #hc1   
#aaf4    ,flam$ w>e1 #g4    ,flor5ce1   
,vase 91 #ig4    ,franois vase1 #ga1    
#ie1 #if1 #ig-i1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajc1 #ajd1
 #ajh4    ,funnel vase1 #ab4            
,furtwngl]1 ,adolf1 #bj1 #fd4           
,gales1 #aad4    ,ge1 #aci4    ,gela1   
#adc1 #add4    ,geometric /yle1 #af1    
#ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #bb-h1 #bi1 #ca1    
#da1 #ed1 #ef1 #fi1 #ace1 #add4         
,g]yon1 #gh1 #gi4    ,gigantoma*ia1     
#aej4    ,glaukon1 son ( ,leagros       
7kalos71 #aad1 #abd1 #acj1 #acc1 #acd1  
#ace1 #acg1 #ach1 #ade4    ,gna?ia      

vases1 #aeg4    ,gorgon1 #dd1 #ej1 #eh1 
#aja4    ,gorgon lebes1 #di1 #ff1 #ig1  
#ajj4    ,griff9 head jug1 #ec4         
,hadra vases1 #aaj4    ,halim$es1 #gc4  
,hamilton1 ,sir ,william1 #a4           
,h>pies1 #ej1 #hb4    ,head1 ,vases 9   
%ape (1 #abj1 #adb 7,figs4 #aja1 #aji74 
,hector1 #ei1 #aah1 #abi4               
,hegesibulos1 #adb4    ,hel51 #bb1 #bc1 
#aah4    ,helios1 #aej4    ,hell5i/ic   
pa9t+1 #aei4    ,hephai/os1 #ff1 #fg1   
#ga1 #hh1 #ih4    ,h]akles1 #ci1 #ej1   
#ed1 #fj1 #fd1 #fe1 #ff1 #fg1 #ga1 #gb1 
#ge1     #gi1 #hi1 #ii1 #aae1 #aaf1     
#abc1 #abd1 #abf4    ,h]mes1 #dj1 #di1  
#hf1 #hh1 #ade4    ,h]mog5es 7kalos71   
#acj4    ,h]monax1 #adc4    ,h]on1 #aeg4
    ,hesiod1 #bb4    ,hetairai1 #aaf1   
#aai1 #abj1 #abc1 #adf4    ,hi]on1 #aca1
 #ace4    ,hipp>*os 7kalos71 #aji1 #aad4
    ,hippodamas 7kalos71 #abg1 #acj4    
,hippodameia1 #adi4    ,his*ylos1 #aja1 
#aba1 #abb4    ,hiss>lik 7,troy71 #d4   
,hom]1 #af1 #bb4    ,hom]ic poems1 #ag1 
#ga1 #ace 7see ,iliad & ,odyssey74      

,horse ma/]1 #abh1 #acc1 #acg1 #ach1    
#aci4    ,hydria1 #fg1 #gd1 #ajh1 #aji1 
#aai4    ,hygieia1 #aeb4    ,hymettos1  
#dh4    ,hymn 7,hom]ic71 #ee4           
,hypsis1 #aai1 #abe4      ,ida1 ,mt41   
#h4    ,iliad1 ,!1 #ei1 #fe1 #abe1 #adg4
    ,iliup]sis1 #fg1 #ajd1 #abh4    ,io1
 #hf4    ,iole1 #gb1 #gc4    ,ionia1    
#dg1 #id4    ,ionians1 #ag1 #fb4        
,ionic art1 #be1 #ee-fb1 #gi-hi1 #abj4  
,isocephalism1 ,law (1 #fh4    ,italy1  
#ae1 #bf1 #db1 #fj1 #ij4      ,japanese 
art1 #ab4    ,jug ) rotelle1 #da-c1 #eg2
    w9e-sk9-%ap$1 #da4      ,kabirion1  
#aaj4    ,ka*rylion1 #abc4    ,kali/an! 
7kale71 #ajb4    ,kalliades1 #acj4      
,kall9os1 #ib4    ,kaloi1 #ajb1 #aad4   
,kam>es /yle1 #e1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ac4
    ,kan?>os1 #if1 #abj1 #abi4          
,kass&ra1 #aef4    ,kavusi1 #bg1 #cj4   
,k]ameikos1 #aba4    ,k]* /yle1 #aeh4   
,kimon 7/atesman71 #acd4    ,kimon (    
,kleonai1 #aaa4    ,klazom5ai1 #hc1 #hd1
 #hg1 #aaf4    ,klazom5ian s>cophagi1   
#hg1 #aaa4    ,klazom5ian /yle1 #hc1    

#hd4    ,klean!s 7,cor9?ian pa9t]71 #fe1
 #fg4    #8,kleophrades' pa9t]1 #abg4   
,kleophrades1 son ( ,amasis1 #abg1 #abi4
    ,klitias1 #ah1 #ig1 #ih1 #aja1 #ajc1
 #ajd1 #ajh1 #aac4    ,klytemne/ra1     
#aef4    ,knossos1 #aj1 #ad4    ,kol*os1
 #hg1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #ajg4    ,korone1     
#aah4    ,krat]1 #ae1 #cc1 #cd1 #ga1    
#gb1 #gc1 7a colonnette7 #gd1 7calyx7   
#abc1 #acf1 #adj1 #adb1 7bell7 #abg1    
#acf1 #adi1 #aef1 7volute7 #aeg4        
,kyknos1 #gh4    ,kylix 7bird71 #bf1    
#eb1 #id1 7eye7 #ha1 7) (fset rim7 #ia4 
,kyme 7,italy71 #bg1 #bh1 #db1 #ec4     
,kypselos1 ,*e/ (1 #fg1 #ga1 #gh1 #ie4  
,lanuvian ,juno1 #ij4    ,leagros1 fa!r 
( ,glaukon 7kalos71 #aji1     #aad1     
#aae1 #abj1 #aba1 #abc1 #abd1 #abe1     
#abf1 #abg1 #acj1 #acd1 #adb4    ,lebes 
7cauldron7 #di1 7bronze7 #ec1 #eg1 #ff1 
#ga1 7) /&7 #gd1 #hf1 #ia1 #ie1 #ajh4   
,lecce1 ,pelike at1 #adc4    ,leto1 #ee4
    ,leukas1 #e1 #f4    ,lion ,gate1 ,!1
 #g4    ,little ,ma/]s1 #aja1 #ajb1     
#aje4    ,london1 ,vases 91 #eh1 #fa1   

#gh1 #ajh1 #aai1     #abb1 #abe1 #abf1  
#acj1 #ace1 #adc1 #ade1 #adg1 #adi1     
#aef4    ,lotus1 #aa4    ,l\trophoros 9 
,a!ns1 #acd4    ,l\vre 7see ,p>is74     
,l[] ,italy1 ,vases (1 #aec1 #aee1 #aeh4
    ,lucania1 #aef4    ,lydos 7!        
,lydian71 #ajc4      ,madrid1 vases 91  
#aaf1 #aea4    ,ma5ads1 #ff1 #ajj1 #ajf1
 #abg1 #aca1 #adc4    ,makron1 #aca1    
#ace4    ,m>a?on1 #aad1 #aae1 #adj4     
,m>9a 7,hagia71 #e1 #f4    ,massilia1   
#bh4    ,mattmal]ei 7lu/reless pa9t+71  
#f4    ,m$usa1 #di1 #ej4    ,megakles   
7,alkmaeonid71 #aad1 #aai4    ,megakles 
7pott]71 #adb1 #aeb4    ,meidias1 #ah1  
#adi1 #aea1 #aeg4    ,meleag]1 #ih4     
#8,melian' vases1 #ec-e1 #ha4    ,melos1
 #e1 #i1 #ab1 #ad1 #be1 #ec4    ,melusa1
 #ade4    ,memnon 7epic h]o71 #fe4      
,memnon 7kalos71 #aad1 #aba1 #abc4      
,m5elaos1 #ajd4    ,m5on1 pa9t]1 #aaf4  
,metallic effect 9 vase %apes1 #gf4     
,metope mae&]1 #eg1 #fa4    ,metopes1   
#ba4    ,miletus1 #be1 #cj1 #ee1 #ef1   
#aad4    ,m9oan /yle 7#a71 ,e>ly1 #e1   

#g2    7#b71 ,middle1 #h1 #i2    7#c71  
,late1 #aj1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad4    ,m9os1 #g4
    ,m9otaur1 #ff1 #ajd4    ,m9yan w>e1 
#f4    ,mnasalkes 7,!ban71 #eb4         
,mo*los 7,crete71 #g4    ,mono*romy1    
#cc1 #dd1 #dh4    ,muni*1 ,vases 91 #gf1
 #gh1 #hf1 #if1 #ajb1 #ajg1     #aae1   
#aag1 #aah1 #abc1 #abg1 #abh1 #acj1     
#ace1 #ach1 #aci1 #ade1 #adh4           
,musaios1 #ade4    ,muse1 #ie1 #ade4    
,myc5ae1 #f1 #g1 #ab1 #ad4    ,myc5ean1 
#a1 #g1 #h1 #ac1 #ad-ai 7late74         
,naples1 #a4    ,naples1 ,vases 91 #adh1
 #aej1 #aec4    ,naturali/ic /yle1 #aa1 
#ac4    ,naukratis1 #dc1 #ea1 #eh1 #ei1 
#fj1 #fa1 #hc1 #hh1 #ia1 #aja4          
,nauplia1 #ai4    ,ne>*os1 #aja1 #ajc1  
#ajd1 #aab4    ,neoli?ic1 #b1 #e4       
,neoptolemos1 #ajd4    ,n]eids1 #hi4    
,nessos vase1 #dg1 #dh1 #di1 #ej1 #ea4  
,new ,york1 ,vase 91 #acd1 #adb4        
,nike balu/rade1 #aea4    ,niko/h5es1   
#hg1 #aja1 #ajc1 #ajh1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aba1
 #abb4    ,nile1 ,!1 #i1 #ab4    ,nolan 
/yle1 #aca4    ,nudity1 #bj4    ,nymph1 

#hb1 #aej4      ,odysseus1 #gi1 #ajj4   
,odyssey1 #cb4    ,oi*alia1 #gb4        
,oltos1 #aaf1 #aai1 #abb1 #abc1 #abd1   
#abg4    ,olympia1 #ae1 #ec1 #fg4       
,olympos1 #fe1 #ff1 #fg1 #ga4           
,onesimos 7871 #abh4    ,onetorides     
7kalos71 #ajf4    ,or*om5os 7,boeotia71 
#e1 #f1 #ad4    ,ore/es1 #aef4          
,ori5tal art1 #bi-cb1 #ce1 #cg4         
,orpheus1 #acg1 #aci4    ,orvieto1      
,calyx-,krat] f1 #adj4    ,ox=d1 ,vases 
91 #aad1 #aej4      ,paidia1 #aeb4      
,palace /yle 7second late ,m9oan71 #ac1 
#ad4    ,palai/o1 #abd4    ,pamphaios1  
#aja1 #ajc1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aae1 #aaf1     
#aba1 #abb1 #abc4    #8,pan' ,ma/]1 ,!1 
#acg4    ,panaitios 7kalos71 #abf1 #abg4
    #8,panaitios' ,ma/]1 ,!1            
,frontispiece1 #abf1 #abh1 #abi1 #acj4  
,pana!naea1 ,!1 #ii4    ,pana!naic      
amphorae 7see ,amphora74    ,p>is 7(    
,troy71 #bb1 #dj1 #aeb4    ,p>is 1      
,vases 93 7#a7 ,l\vre1 #di1 #eh1 #gb1   
#gi1     #ia1 #id1 #aje1 #ajh1 #aaf1    
#abc1 #abf1 #abh1 #acj1 #adj1 #aef2     

7#b7 ,cab9et des ,mdailles1 #ib1 #ajf1  
#adc4    ,p>!non1 #add1 #adg1 #adh1     
#aej1 #aea4    ,patroklos1 #abe4        
,pausanias 7,descriptio ,graeci71 #ga4  
,p$ieus 7kalos71 #aji4    ,pegasus1 #ci4
    ,pei?9os1 #abd4    ,peleus1 #cb1    
#cc1 #ga1 #ie4    ,pelias1 #fg4         
,pelike1 #aaj1 #aai1 #adc4              
,peloponnese1 #ag1 #ij4    ,pelops1     
#adi1 #aej1 #aee4    ,p5!sileia1 #ha1   
#ach4    ,p5!sileia ,ma/]1 ,!1 #aci1    
#ada4    ,p]iclean age1 #add4           
,p]seus1 #di1 #ei1 #fd4    ,p]ugia      
,ma/]1 ,!1 #abh1 #acj1 #aci4            
,petrograd1 ,psykt] 91 #abc4            
,phai/os1 #aj1 #ad4    ,phal]on /yle1   
#dg1 #dh1 #di1 #ed4    ,phaon1 #aeb4    
,pheidias1 #aac1 #adb1 #adc1 #add1 #adh1
 #aea1 #aed4    #8,ph9eus' /yle1 #hj-c1 
#ajb1 #aje1 #ajg1 #aba4    ,ph9eus      
kylix1 #gf1 #gi1 #hj1 #ha1 #ic1 #adf1   
#aej4    ,ph9tias1 #aad1 #aai1 #abc1    
#abe4    ,phlyakes1 #aef4    ,phocis1   
#b1 #e4    ,phnicia1 #ae4    ,phnician  
metal "w1 #cj1 #dg1 #ee1 #eh4           

,physiognomy1 #ace1 #aci4    ,p9ax      
7votive tablet71 #df1 #ea1 #aad4        
,piraeus amphora1 #di4    ,pisi/ratidae1
 #aad4    ,pisi/ratus1 #ii4             
,pi/ox5os1 #abb1 #acd4    ,plate        
7,tell]71 #cb1 #eh4    ,pl9y1 #aaa1     
#aab4    ,poly*romy1 #h1 #aj1 #fj1 #ic  
7see ,kam>es1 ,naukratis47              
,polygnotan vases1 #adj1 #ada4          
,polygnotos1 #abc1 #acc1 #ach1 #adc1    
#adf4    ,polygnotos 7vase pa9t]71 #adc4
    ,polyneikes1 #add4    ,polyphemus1  
#cc4    #8,pontic' vases1 #hi1 #ij4     
,pontus1 #dc4    ,poseidon1 #fe1 #abf4  
,praisos1 #ca1 #cb1 #cf1 #df1 #ei4      
,praxiteles1 #aeh4    ,priam1 #ajd1     
#aag1 #abc4    #8,pronomos' ,ma/]1 ,!1  
#aea1 #aec1 #aed2    ,protocor9?ian1    
#bf1 #bg1 #cd1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch1 #da1      
#db1 #dc1 #dd1 #dg1 #di1 #ec1 #ef1 #ei1 
#ga1 #ge1 #abj4    ,psiax1 #aba4        
,psykt]1 #aai1 #abj1 #abc1 #acj1 #acg1  
#adj4    ,pylos1 #ad4    ,pyros 7,!ban71
 #eb4    ,py?on1 #abb1 #abi4      ,ram  
jug1 #cb1 #ec4    ,rank5ges*l+1 #cf4    

,rays1 ,circle (1 #ce4    ,r$-figur$    
/yle1 #hg1 #ajb1 #aji1 #aaa-c4          
,rh5eia1 #be1 #ed4    ,rhodes1 #a1 #ae1 
#ag1 #bf1 #cj1 #db1 #fa1 #ace4          
,rhodian w>e1 #ef-i1 #ha4    ,rome1     
,vases 91 #aje1 #abb4    ,rotelle1 #da1 
#eg4    ,russia1 ,s\?1 #hc1 #aeh4       
,samos 7see ,fikellura71 #cj1 #dc1 #fa1 
#ia4    ,s>cophagi 7see ,klazom5ai74    
,s>p$on1 #fe1 #adg4    ,satyrs1 #de1    
#ff1 #ge1 #gi1 #hb1 #hd1 #hh1 #ib1 #if1 
#ih1 #ajj1 #ajg1 #aaf1 #aai1 #abj1 #abf1
 #acj1 #aej4    ,s*liemann1 ,he9ri*1 #d1
 #g4    ,s*w]91 ,vase 91 #acd4          
,scy?ians1 #ge1 #ha1 #hd1 #hi4          
,sel5e1 #aej4    ,sesklo1 #b4    ,%aft  
graves 7,myc571 #f1 #g1 #ab4    ,sicily1
 #ae1 #bf1 #db1 #fj4    ,sicyon1 #cd    
7see ,butades74    ,sicyonian-,cor9?ian 
metal "w1 #da4    ,sil5us1 #ha4         
,silh\ette1 #ca1 #cb1 #cg4    ,silphion1
 #ib4    ,sir5s1 #de1 #ie4    ,skopas1  
#aeh4    ,skyphos 7two-h&l$ cup71 #ce1  
#ch1 #de1 #abj1 #abh1 #acd4    ,sky!s 7!
 ,scy?ian71 #aba1 #abb1 #abc4    ,sleep 

& ,dea?1 #ade1 #adg4    ,smikros1 #abj4 
,sophilos1 #ga1 #ie1 #if1 #ig1 #ii1     
#ajd4    ,sosias kylix1 #gi1 #abd1 #abe4
    #8,sosias' pa9t]1 #abe1 #abg4       
,sotades1 #abj1 #adb1 #aec4    ,sp>ta1  
#bf1 #dg1 #ij4    ,sp>tan w>e1 #ij-c1   
#abb4    ,spata1 #ad4    ,sph9x1 #ci1   
#dj1 #de4    ,/amnos1 #aai1 #acf1 #adc1 
#ade1 #adh4    ,/esagoras 7kalos71 #aad4
    ,/esias 7kalos71 #aje4              
,/esi*oros1 #ii4    ,/h5elos1 #gi4      
,/irrup-vase1 #ab1 #ai4    ,/ockholm1   
,vase 91 #eb4    ,/one ,age1 #a1 #b1 #c1
 #g4    ,/yliz$ ornam5t1 #aa4           
,syracuse1 #bh1 #cd1 #db4               
,taleides1 #ajd4    ,talos vase1 #aed1  
#aee1 #aeg4    ,tectonic /yle1 #aa1 #ac4
    ,t]psi*ore1 #ade1 #adi4    ,textile 
influ5ce1 #bc4    ,?amyris1 #aeb4       
,!ra1 #i1 #ab1 #be1 #bf1 #bg1 #db1 #ec1 
#aaa4    ,!bes1 #ad1 #bb4    ,!rsites1  
#aeg4    ,!seus1 #bb1 #ff1 #ih1 #aah1   
#abf1 #abi1 #acj1 #aea4    ,!ssaly1 #b1 
#c1 #e1 #f4    ,!tis1 #cb1 #fe1 #ga1    
#ie1 #ig4    ,?orikos 7,attica71 #ad4   

,?racian wom51 #acg4    ,timagoras1 #fg1
 #ajh4    ,timonidas 7,cor9?ian71 #de1  
#df1 #ea1 #gb1 #aac4    ,t9toretto1     
#aeh4    ,tiresias1 #aef4    ,tiryns1   
#e1 #cc4    ,titian1 #aeh4    ,tityos1  
#aci4    ,tleson1 #aja4    ,tragodia1   
#aea4    ,triada ,hagia 7,crete71 #ad4  
,tripod vase1 #if4    ,triptolemos1     
#ace4    ,triton1 #fg1 #hi1 #ajh4       
,troilos1 #de1 #fe1 #ha1 #ia1 #ih1 #ajh4
    ,troy1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #ag1 #abi4       
,tur91 ,psykt] 91 #aai4    #8,tyrrh5ian'
 vases1 #ii1 #ajj1 #ajc1 #ajf4          
,tyrtaios1 #ib4      ,vaphio1 #ad4      
,vase %apes 7see ,alaba/ron1 ,amphora1  
,aryballos1 ,beak$ jug1     ,b[l1 ,face 
urn1 ,funnel-vase1 ,head1 ,hydria1 ,jug1
 ,kan?>os1     ,krat]1 ,kylix1 ,lebes1  
,l\trophoros1 ,pelike1 ,plate1 ,psykt]1 
,skyphos1 ,/amnos1 ,/irrup vase1 ,tripod
 vase74    ,veii1 #db4    ,vi5na1 ,vases
 91 #aai1 #abh1 #abi4    ,villa ,giulia 
,ma/]1 ,!1 #adc4    ,volo1 #ad4    ,vurv
 vases1 #dg1 #ej1 #ea1 #hc1 #ic1 #ie1   
#ajj4      ,wall pa9t+ 7see ,butades1   

,eum>es1 ,kimon ( ,kleonai1             
,klean!s1 ,polygnotos71 #af1 #ca1 #cc1  
#fg1 #fh1 #ach1 #aeh4    ,w>rior vase 7f
 ,myc5ae71 #ae1 #cc4    ,wrzburg1 ,vases
 9 7#hb71 #aje1 #ajf1 #abh4             
,x5ophantos1 ,! ,a!nian1 #aeh4          
,zeus1 #fe1 #adg4      ,,pr9t$ ,,by     
,,h]b]t ,,reia*1 ,,ltd41 #bd ,,floral   
,,/41 ,,cov5t ,,g>d51 ,,london1         
,w4,c4#b4