,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,small ,,h\se ,a ,,simple ,,& ,,useful ,,s\rce ,,( ,,in=mation ,,on ,,! ,,me?ods ,,( ,,build+ ,,small ,,am]ican ,,homes1 ,,= ,,anyone ,,plann+ ,,to ,,build ,,by ,h4 ,,v&]voort ,,wal% ,,in/ructor ,,( ,,con/ruction ,,9 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,ar*itecture1 ,,columbia ,,univ]sity ,,) ,,illu/rations ,,by ,,! ,,au?or ,,new ,,york ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons #aibc ,,copyright1 #aibc1 ,,by ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,publi%$ ,febru>y1 #aibc ,illu/ration ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,pres5t-,,day ,,economic ,,tr\bles #a ,,ii4 ,,g5]al ,,types ,,& ,,co/s #g ,,iii4 ,,ess5tial ,,/&>ds ,,( ,,quality ,,9 ,,build+ ,,mat]ials #bj ,,iv4 ,,types ,,( ,,wood5-,,frame ,,con/ruction #ch ,v4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,masonry ,,& ,,wood ,,dwell+ #di ,,vi4 ,,safegu>ds ,,aga9/ ,,fire ,,9 ,,dwell+s #fi ,,vii4 ,,poor ,,me?ods ,,( ,,con/ruction ,,employ$ ,,by ,,unscrupul\s ,,build]s #ha ,,viii4 ,,ess5tial ,,features ,,( ,,good ,,plumb+ #id ,,ix4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,heat+ #aji ,x4 ,,light+ ,,& ,,electric ,,"w #aba ,,xi4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,trim #acj ,,xii4 ,,lessons ,,taught ,,by ,,depreciation #ada ,,xiii4 ,,select+ ,,mat]ials ,,f ,,adv]tisem5ts #aej ,,xiv4 ,,ro(+ ,,mat]ials #aeh ,,xv4 ,,pa9t+ ,,& ,,v>ni%+ ,,! ,,h\se #agg ,,xvi4 ,,labor-,,sav+ ,,devices ,,= ,,! ,,home #ahe ,,xvii4 ,,concrete ,,"w ,,ar\nd ,,! ,,h\se #aig ,,xviii4 ,,classification ,,& ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,ar*itectural ,,motifs ,,us$ ,,9 ,,small-,,h\se ,,design+ #bjh ,,xix4 ,,traditions ,,( ,,build+ ,,f ,,:i* ,,our ,,mod]n ,,me?ods ,,are ,,d]iv$ #bai ,,xx4 ,,traditions ,,( ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,doors ,,& ,,w9d[s #bcf ,,xxi4 ,,build+ ,,! ,,sett+ ,,= ,,! ,,h\se #bde ,,xxii4 ,,f9anc+ ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,"w #beh ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,small ,,h\se ,i ,,pres5t-,,day ,,economic ,,tr\bles ,imm$iately aft] ! w> ! h\s+ %ortage made itself v evid5t1 because ! l&lords discov]$ t x exi/$1 & realiz$ t !y _h x )9 _! p[] to exact extortionate r5ts4 ,/ati/icians got busy & put _! heads toge!r & in=m$ ! public t )9 ! next five ye>s !re w\ld h to be built "s #c1cjj1jjj new homes to prop]ly h\se ! p4 ,! build+ magaz9es likewise 7 pr$ict+ great ?+s 9 con/ruction1 & all 9 ! build+ indu/ry 7 look+ = fat ye>s ( prosp]ity1 = "h 0 ! ne$ & !re 0 ! pressure ( ! high r5ts4 ,:y %\ld n ! ?\s&s ( families t _h wait$ build n[1 :5 !y saw _! money go+ to wa/e 9 high r5ts8 ,all k9ds ( adv]tisem5ts 7 s5t out to urge ! public to build1 & own-y\r-own-home %[s sprang up 9 e l>ge city1 & "o c\ld f9d pl5ty ( build]s :o w\ld say t "o %\ld build imm$iately1 be=e prices w5t high]4 ,& see+ ! poor1 unprotect$ home-build]1 ! gre$ ( human nature seiz$ all 9 ! build+ indu/ry z x _h entangl$ all o!r bus9ess l9es1 & ! price ( mat]ials leap$ into ! air1 & ! co/ ( labor became swoll51 & all _h t bloat$ & enl>g$ look :i* comes ov] ! face ( him :o is sure ( 8 meal4 ,illu/ration3 ,be=e ! w> he plann$ = ?is ,at ! end ( #aiah ! av]age co/ ( all build+ mat]ials 0 up to #age p] c5t ov] t ( #aiac1 b by ! fir/ qu>t] ( #aibj !y _h gott5 up to #cjj p] c5t increase ov] #aiac prices4 ,lumb] _h gone up #cgc p] c5t4 ,labor _h also ris5 to #bjj p] c5t4 ,mr4 ,av]age ,citiz5 f\nd t ! home he _h be5 sav+ 8 money to build _h fl[n f 8 h&1 l a bird4 ,! sket*es & plans he _h prep>$ = a nice little #aj1jjj home n[ repres5t$ an inve/m5t ( #bj1jjj or m4 ,9 fact1 if he expect$ to build at all1 he _h to be reconcil$ to a small h\se ( six or sev5 rooms1 :i* w\ld co/ him n less ?an #aj1jjj or m1 or z mu* z ! l>ge h\se :i* he _h plann$ orig9ally to build4 ,!n :at happ5$8 ,mr4 ,av]age ,citiz5 did n build4 ,! confid5tly pr$ict$ build+ boom :i* ! build+ mat]ial manufactur]s _h look$ = did n mat]ialize4 ,prices 7 too high1 & ! public c\ld n be made to believe t !y w\ld n come d[n1 & ! public 0 "r4 ,illu/ration3 ,n[ 8 plans h %runk to ?is ,! light began to break z well z ! prices1 & we f9d ! co/ ( build+ mat]ials dropp+ sudd5ly4 ,by ! end ( #aibj !y _h rea*$ ! #bjj m>k4 ,by ,m>*1 #aibb1 !y _h rea*$ ! #aee level1 & are /ill go+ d[n ) slight fluctuation4 ,b dur+ all ( ?is "t we he>d all k9ds ( !ories z to h[ ! problem %\ld be met4 ,"s ar*itects w5t s f> z to pr$ict t p c\ld no long] build individual h\ses = !mselves2 t ! day ( ! small h\se 0 ov]4 ,!y claim$ t ! only solution 0 9 ! con/ruction ( gr\p h\ses4 ,su* gr\ps w\ld elim9ate mu* ( ! exp5sive /reet pav+ z ord9>ily requir$1 & cut to a m9imum ! wat] supply-l9es & sewage sy/ems4 ,semi-deta*$ h\ses 9 gr\ps 7 capable ( sav+ ! co/ on "o outside wall1 "o *imney1 "o set ( plumb+ pipes = ea* h\se 9 ! gr\p4 ,! heat+ c\ld also be r$uc$ to a community basis1 & ! l& s di/ribut$ t ! be/ air & light c\ld be _h ) ! m9imum wa/e4 ,_m ar*itects consci5ti\sly tri$ to r$uce ! co/ ( con/ruction ( ! small h\se by inv5t+ *eap] ways & me?ods ( build+4 ,h[ev]1 ! e/imates came 9 j z high1 because ! av]age small contractor :o builds ! small h\se 0 afraid ( innovations1 s9ce !re 0 too great an elem5t ( risk1 & he 0 cons]vative4 ,to meet ?is difficulty "s ar*itects atta*$ to _! (fice organization con/ruction dep>tm5ts by means ( :i* !y 7 able to build accord+ to _! economical plans & secure ! advantage ( ! sav+ 9 co/4 ,?is 0 held by _m to be unpr(essional4 ,o!r ar*itects secur$ l[] bids by hav+ a writt5 agreem5t ) ! v>i\s contractors :o 7 compet+ t1 if !y receiv$ ! contract1 ! own] w\ld be responsible = & pay = any increase 9 labor or mat]ial prices :i* might take place dur+ ! p]iod ( erection4 ,likewise ! contractor agre$ to give ! own] ! b5efit ( any r$uction 9 prices :i* might take place dur+ ! "t ( erection4 ,?is simple und]/&+ seem$ to relieve ! contractor ( n]v\sness1 & 8 bids 7 (t5 l[]4 ,/ill o!r ar*itects claim$ t ! co/ ( con/ruction c\ld only be r$uc$ by /&>diz+ all ( ! p>ts4 ,c]ta9 mills _h secur$ high-class tal5t to design /ock doors1 cornices1 w9d[s1 columns1 & ! l1 & ! results 7 v satisfactory1 bo? arti/ically & economically4 ,?is problem ( ! co/ ( ! small h\se 0 v acute1 &1 al?\gh x has be5 reliev$ some:at by ! decreas+ prices at ?is "t1 yet x w always be an integral "p ( ! problem ( build+ ! small h\se4 ,9 fact1 to prop]ly design ! small h\se & build x economically requires ! greate/ c>e = detail4 ,_m well-e/abli%$ ar*itects w n bo!r ) ?is ar*itectural problem1 = ! "t requir$ to consid] all ^! small details is great] ?an !y c af=d to give 9 proportion to ! fee !y receive4 ,= ?is reason mo/ ( ?is "w is done by ! "y ar*itect or by ! speculative build]1 :o g5]ally %[s v bad ta/e 9 select+ 8 design1 :ile ! "y ar*itect is apt to be some:at inexp]i5c$ 9 8 k ( con/ruction4 ,! v fir/ ?+ t mu/ be consid]$ 9 ! problem ( ! build+ ( ! small h\se is ! "q ( money1 because ?is det]m9es :at k9d ( a lot c be pur*as$1 h[ l>ge ! h\se c be1 & ( :at type ( con/ruction x c be built4 ,exp]ts on f9anc+ say t ! co/ ( ! h\se %\ld be su* t x c be paid (f 9 full )9 fifte5 ye>s4 ,?is means t ! co/ ( ! propos$ home mu/ be arrang$ to come )9 def9ite limits4 ,me?ods ( approximately det]m9+ ! co/ ( a h\se 9 its prelim9>y sket* /ages w be consid]$ lat]1 b x is suffici5t to say "h1 t once ?is fir/ problem is solv$ c>efully1 o!r matt]s are mu* easi] to take c>e (4 ,if "o kn[s ! co/1 ! "q ( borr[+ money is made easi]1 & "o is n misl$ into wild fancies ( l>g] h\ses ?an possibly ! pocketbook c\ld af=d4 ,! wor/ mi/ake t a "y ar*itect c make is to lead 8 cli5t to believe t he c h a c]ta9 design = less money ?an w actually be ! case4 ,x is always be/ to ov]e/imate ! co/ 9 ! beg9n+ ?an to und]e/imate x4 8,b10 says ! cli5t1 8,i c buy a h\se & lot at #8,heav5ly ,re/ ,real ,e/ate ,p>k' = t price1 & on ! in/alm5t plan1 too4 ,i don't see :y ! co/ ( a h\se built f y\r plans %\ld be s mu* great] ?an ?is40 ,& t is a big "q to answ]1 "o :i* ?is volume w attempt to make cle>1 "o to :i* only a k ( con/ruction c give a real & satisfactory answ]4 ,x is ! old /ory1 t a well-built article is b\nd to co/ m ?an a poorly built "o2 b h[ to "k ! well-built article6 ,,ii ,,g5]al ,,types ,,& ,,co/s ,types ( ,h\se ,con/ruction ,,type ,i ,illu/ration3 ,type ,i ,wood5 ,frame ,all small h\ses may be classifi$ into f\r types1 accord+ to _! con/ruction4 ,! fir/ type is ! commone/ & is ! wood5 frame /ructure4 ,?is has ext]ior walls & int]ior p>titions built ( light wood5 /uds1 & ! floors & ceil+s fram$ ) wood5 joi/s4 ,! ext]ior walls may be cov]$ ) clapbo>d1 %+les1 /ucco1 brick v5e]1 or /one v5e]4 ,! ro( is g5]ally cov]$ ) wood5 %+les1 al?\gh slate1 tile1 asbe/os1 & asphalt %+les are (t5 us$4 ,^! h\ses are ! mo/ num]\s1 because ! co/ ( wood 9 ! pa/ has be5 s mu* less ?an o!r mat]ials t !y appeal$ to ! av]age build]'s f9ancial s5se4 ,h[ev]1 ! co/ ( su* dwell+s to ! c\ntry z a :ole has be5 v high1 = !y are extremely dang]\s :5 attack$ by fire4 ,m ?an tw5ty-two millions ( doll>s are wa/$ by fire ea* ye> 9 ^! h\ses4 ,!y also co/ u a great deal 9 up-keep4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to see :at 0 ! total co/ p] ye> to repa9t !m & keep ! ro(s 9 ord]4 ,x c]ta9ly w\ld run into ! millions4 ,al?\gh wood increas$ f ab\t #cj4jj p] ?\s& bo>d feet to ab\t #he4jj 9 ! ,ea/]n m>kets f pre-w> days1 & is n[ dropp+ bel[ #ee4jj1 yet ! wood5 h\se is /ill li/$ z ! *eape/1 = ! co/ ( o!r mat]ials has also increas$1 z brick f #aj4jj p] ?\s& to #bc4jj until v rec5tly1 & cem5t f #b4jj to #c4be p] b>rel4 ,9 any comp>ison ( co/ ! wood5 frame build+ is tak5 z ! base or *eape/ type ( con/ruction1 al?\gh x is ! mo/ exp5sive 9 up-keep & fire-haz>d ( all4 ,until ! price ( wood increases 9 excessive proportion to o!r mat]ials1 !re is no d\bt t ?is type ( h\se w be ! commone/4 ,h[ev]1 !re is mu* t c be done to make !m m fire-resi/+1 &1 al?\gh we _c look to ! speculative build]s to use su* me?ods1 s9ce !y increase ! co/s slightly1 yet ! ar*itect %\ld n ov]look !m4 ,,type ,,ii ,illu/ration3 ,type ,,ii ,masonry & ,wood ,! second type ( dwell+ :i* is next 9 vogue has ext]ior walls ( /one1 brick1 concrete1 or t]ra-cotta1 & int]ior floors1 p>titions1 & ro( ( wood5 frame con/ruction4 ,^! are v slightly m firepro( ?an ! wood5 frame /ructure1 & z a class !y are m co/ly 9 ! beg9n+1 b require less exp5se 9 up-keep4 ,!y resi/ attack f ext]nal fires bett] ?an ! wood5 frame build+1 b if ! fire />ts )91 !y w burn j z readily4 ,al?\gh ! fire loss p] ye> ( ?is class is n ne>ly z great z = ! fir/ type1 yet x mu/ be appreciat$ t !re are n s _m ( !m4 ,! *ief advantage ( ! masonry h\se ( ?is second type lies 9 ! l[]$ co/ ( up-keep1 long] life1 & sav+ ( heat+-fuel 9 ! w9t]4 ,a great deal ( lit]ature has be5 circulat$ by brick1 cem5t1 & holl[ t]ra-cotta tile manufactur]s by :i* ! public has be5 educat$ to believe t ?is type ( /ructure is mu* m fire-resi/+ ?an x is4 ,( c\rse ?is campaign ( education 0 int5d$ to /imulate int]e/ 9 _! product1 & x _h no unselfi% motive back ( x4 ,! result ( ?is propag&a is evid5t 9 ! public belief t su* h\ses are firepro( h\ses1 :ile z a matt] ( fact !y are n4 ,illu/ration3 ,type ,,ii ,masonry walls ,int]ior,wood ,,type ,,iii ,! ?ird class ( dwell+ is q r>e1 & v few small h\ses are built t c\ld be classifi$ "u x4 ,"s build]s call !m firepro( h\ses1 al?\gh ?is is errone\s4 ,^! build+s h walls1 ro(s1 floors1 & p>titions built ( incombu/ible mat]ials1 b ! f9i%$ floors1 ! trim1 w9d[s1 & doors are ( wood4 ,! ext]ior walls are ( masonry con/ruction1 & ! con/ruction ( ! floors & ro(s consi/s ( /eel beams ) t]ra-cotta ar*es or concrete floor slabs1 spann+ 9 betwe5 !m1 & ! p>titions are ( t]ra-cotta1 gypsum1 metal la? & pla/]1 or o!r simil> mat]ials4 ,!y may also be built ( re9=c$ concrete ?r\gh\t1 or any o!r comb9ation ( ^! mat]ials4 ,!re h be5 v few examples ( ?is k9d ( con/ruction us$ 9 ! small h\se4 ,x is an un=tunate condition t x is m adaptable to ! co/ly mansion ?an to ! av]age h\se ( ! middle-class citiz51 = ! high co/ ( con/ruction ( ?is "*1 9 mo/ cases1 p]mits x to be us$ only by ! weal?y man4 ,examples :]e su* h\ses h be5 built g5]ally %[ an inve/m5t ( #cj1jjj or m1 or1 if !y 7 built to-day1 #ej1jjj or m4 ,^? attempts to use ?is =m ( con/ruction 9 ! small h\se h be5 made by l>ge build+ corporations1 & h be5 *iefly repres5t$ by concrete h\ses ( v ugly design4 ,illu/ration3 ,type ,,iii4 ,walls1 floors1 p>titions firepro(1 b w9d[s1 doors & trim ( wood4 ,,type ,,iv ,! f\r? & la/ type ( dwell+ is ! ideal firepro( h\se1 b x is s co/ly t v few examples exi/4 ,?is type c be t]m$ firepro( ) accuracy1 = all /ructural p>ts1 includ+ doors1 w9d[s1 & trim1 are ( incombu/ible mat]ials4 ,metal trim is us$ or wood t has be5 treat$ to make x fire-resi/+4 ,?is latt] class ( con/ruction is s out ( ! rea* ( ! av]age home-build]1 on acc\nt ( its co/1 t its value _c be ?or\ghly appreciat$4 ,practically ! only examples 9 exi/5ce are l>ge mansions1 built by weal?y cli5ts4 ,co/ ,does ,n ,indicate ,fire-,resi/ance4--,9 ?is classification ( build+s x w\ld almo/ seem t ! co/ ( a build+ indicat$ its firepro( qualities4 ,?is is n true1 h[ev]4 ,!re are _m exp5sive dwell+s :i* are j z great fire-traps z ! less exp5sive ones4 ,9 bo? cases ! fire haz>ds are ! same1 if !y are built ( ! same type ( con/ruction4 ,9 fact1 we c\ld build a #fj1jjj dwell+ accord+ to ,type ,,ii1 & also a #aj1jjj "o accord+ to ,type ,,ii1 & make ! latt] m fire-resi/+ ?an ! =m] by us+ c]ta9 precautions ( con/ruction 9 :i* ! spread ( fire is ret>d$4 ,except 9 unusual cases1 ! con/ruction ( ! ord9>y dwell+ w be ei!r accord+ to ! fir/ or second type1 & any fire precautions t are desirable mu/ be applicable to !m4 ,mo/ comp>isons ( relative co/s are made betwe5 ! dwell+s includ$ "u ^! two types1 & ! diff]5ce w be mo/ly a diff]5ce 9 ! k9d ( ext]ior walls us$ 9 ! con/ruction4 ,9 fact1 if any comp>isons are made betwe5 diff]5t k9ds ( build+s1 z to _! relative co/s1 x is ess5tial t only "o feature be made v>iable & t all o!rs be kept ! same4 ,! ,"q ( ,co/s ,ev] s9ce ! clos+ ( ! w> ! problem ( kn[+ ! co/ ( ! con/ruction ( ! small h\se has be5 a v intricate "o1 & no sure e/imates c\ld be made1 until ! plans 7 complet$ & let out = bids4 ,previ\s to ! w>1 :5 co/s 7 some:at /abiliz$1 x 0 possible to pr$ict ) a reasonable am\nt ( accuracy ! co/ ( ! dwell+ :5 ! plans 7 /ill only r\gh$ 94 ,9 ord] to %[ ! fluctuation 9 prices1 an example ( a sev5-room frame h\se ( ,type ,i c be m5tion$4 ,?is h\se 0 practically #cj by #cd feet1 & _h a cubical cont5ts ( ab\t #bi1ajj cubic feet & an area ( #b1fdj squ>e feet4 ,9 #aiad ?is h\se co/ #e1ebi4jj1 b at ! peak ( prices 9 #aibj ?is h\se co/ #ab1hae4jj1 :i* 0 an increase ( #aca p] c5t4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aibb ?is same h\se co/ #i1ejb4jj to build1 :i* 0 ab\t #ga p] c5t ov] t ( pre-w> prices4 ,) a heavy pressure ( ne$$ con/ruction 9 dwell+s1 ! co/ ( mat]ials seems to be settl+ d[n to a v gradual decrease 9 co/1 s t ! pres5t rates %[ a m /able curve ( decl9e ?an ^? ( ! latt] "p ( #aibj & dur+ #aiba4 ,! un=tunate factor :i* is noticeable is t c]ta9 build+ int]e/s believe t a build+ boom is inevitable1 & !re=e t x is ! "t to hold up prices aga94 ,:]ev] ?is has happ5$ a build+ boom has be5 head$ (f4 ,cubic-,foot ,sy/em ( ,e/imat+ ,! av]age cli5t1 9 spite ( ! difficulties above m5tion$1 insi/s ^u secur+ f ! ar*itect an approximate idea ( h[ mu* ( a h\se he c h = #ab1jjj4jj1 etc41 or :atev] sum he has be5 able to save = 8 small home4 ,9 ord] to approximate ?is figure1 ! ar*itect mu/ use ! cubic-foot sy/em ( e/imat+4 ,n[ "u *ang+ conditions ( prices ?is sy/em is r inaccurate1 s t x %\ld be us$ ) great c>e4 ,any figures :i* are giv5 "h are b\nd to be only approximations1 due to ! fact t !y are m or less ( a local nature & mu/ be giv5 at ?is "t ( writ+4 ,! only satisfactory way ( us+ ! cubic-foot sy/em ( e/imat+ is to secure prices f "o's own locality on "w rec5tly f9i%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,front ,elevation ,type ,,ii ,if ! approximate co/ ( a h\se ( ,type ,i is desir$1 obs]ve "s rec5tly erect$ h\se ( t same "*1 secure its dim5sion1 & calculate its cubical cont5ts & !n its co/ p] cubic foot4 ,9 ord] to be consi/5t1 ! me?od ( comput+ ! cubage mu/ be ! same 9 all cases4 ,! foll[+ is recomm5d$ z a uni=m basis3 #a4 ,det]m9e total area ( ! build+ on ! gr\nd floor1 includ+ all projections4 #b4 ,det]m9e ! av]age height ( ! build+ f ! cell> floor to ! av]age height ( ! ro(4 #c4 ,multiply ! above toge!r = ! cubical cont5ts4 #d4 ,op5 por*es may be add$ at "o-qu>t] _! cubical cont5ts1 & clos$ ones at _! full value4 ,illu/ration3 ,side ,elevation4 ,type ,,ii ,prices p] ,cubic ,feet ,ne> ,new ,york = ,two-,/ory ,dwell+s1 ,june1 #aibb ,type ,i #cb to #ch c5ts p] cubic foot ,type ,,ii #ch to #db c5ts p] cubic foot ,factors ,influ5c+ ! ,selection ( ,mat]ials ,f :at has be5 previ\sly /at$1 x w be notic$ t1 z a rule1 ! ar*itect 9 select+ ! k9d ( mat]ial ) :i* he w build 8 h\se is limit$ on acc\nt ( exp5se to ! fir/ two types ( con/ruction--namely1 ! frame dwell+ & ! masonry h\se ) wood int]ior4 ,! latt] two fire-resi/+ types are bett] fitt$ to ! l>g] mansions1 :]e exp5se is n s important an item4 ,und\bt$ly ! comp>ative co/s betwe5 ! v>i\s k9ds ( ext]ior walls w h mu* to d ) ! selection2 b m (t5 ! local conditions w outweigh ^! consid]ations4 ,9 "s places a h\se built ( /one w be ! be/ & mo/ economical2 9 o!rs1 :]e !re is an abundance ( good s&1 ! cem5t h\se w be suitable1 :ile ^? locat$ ne> brick c5tres w f9d ?is mat]ial adaptable4 ,! ideal me?od1 ( select+ a mat]ial ( con/ruction purely f an /hetic po9t ( view1 is n always possible4 ,b1 aft] all1 is n ! mo/ abundant local mat]ial ! mo/ h>moni\s to use = any "o locality8 ,nature adapts h] creations to ! soil & ! sc5]y into :i* %e places !m4 ,all h] animals are m>k$ ) colors :i* h>monize ) ! woods or fields 9 :i* !y live4 ,9 fact ?is h>mony is _! protection1 & 9 ! w> we imitat$ x 9 our cam\flage pa9t+4 ,x is a/oni%+ly evid5t1 9 ! ,new ,york ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 h[ f> m beautiful are animal tableaux :i* are set 9 pa9t$ sc5]y1 repres5t+ accurately _! natural habitat1 ?an ^? :i* are exhibit$ alone 9 ! cases1 )\t a sugge/ion ( _! surr\nd+s4 ,_! m>ks & color+s seem ridicul\s :5 !y are sep>at$ f _! natural surr\nd+s4 ,! same pr9ciple holds true 9 select+ ! mat]ial = ! small h\se4 ,a /one h\se1 built ( native /one1 9 a /ony1 rugg$ region1 is ! mo/ h>moni\s ( all4 ,a cem5t h\se 9 a flat1 s&y c\ntry always seems 9 accord ) ! sc5e4 ,a brick h\se 9 hills ( clay mo/ c]ta9ly appe>s ! be/1 & a wood5 h\se1 ne> ! great outskirts ( ! timb]-l&1 is a "p ( ! inspir+ picture4 ,:y are s _m ( ! old colonial h\ses s *>m+8 ,"o ( ! reasons is ! c>eful use ( local mat]ials4 ,"s ,pr9ciples ( ,economical ,design ,9 ! fir/ ar*itectural /udies ( ! h\se1 s9ce ?is problem ( co/ is ev] ) u1 x is well to be famili> ) "s ( ^? broad & g5]al pr9ciples ( economical design4 ,! l[] we keep our h\se to ! gr\nd1 ! less w be ! exp5se ( labor1 =1 :5 "w mu/ be done above ! rea* ( a man's h&s1 x means ! con/ruction ( scaffolds & ! lift+ by special hoi/s ( ! mat]ials4 ,?is is n s important a consid]ation ) ! light wood5 frame build+ z x is ) ! masonry h\se4 ,:]ev] we h brick1 /one1 or concrete ext]ior walls1 = ! sake ( economy !y %\ld be built l[4 ,mr4 ,erne/ ,flagg has f\nd ?is to be s v true t1 9 h\ses :i* he is con/ruct+ at ,dongan ,hills on ,/at5 ,isl&1 he has c>efully limit$ ! height ( all walls to "o /ory1 & />ts ! con/ruction ( 8 ro( f ?is level4 ,( c\rse1 at ! gable end ( ! h\se1 x is necess>y to c>ry !m up mu* high]4 ,n[1 ! />t+ ( ! ro( f ! top ( ! fir/ floor makes all ! second floor come )9 ! ro(1 & ?is h]et(ore has be5 impracticable1 on acc\nt ( ! great heat g5]at$ "u ! ro( & ! inability ( dorm]-w9d[s to v5tilate ! rooms prop]ly4 ,mr4 ,flagg has solv$ ?is problem by inv5t+ a simple ro( v5tilator :i* is locat$ on ! ridge ( ! ro(1 & s]ves ! purpose ( bo? light+ & v5tilat+4 ,s successful has ?is be51 t ! space :i* 9 mo/ h\ses is call$ ! attic1 & is wa/$1 has be5 made available & livable4 ,:at he has accompli%$ by ^! v5tilators is ! ability to />t ! ro( at ! top ( ! fir/ floor1 & ?us l[] ! ext]ior walls & set ! attic 9 ! place ( ! second floor & make x v livable4 ,n only does ?is pr9ciple ( design save consid]able money1 b x foll[s "o ( ^? great laws ( beauty1 s preval5t 9 nature4 ,x makes ! h\se l[ & ne/l+ 9 ! l&scape1 !reby h>moniz+ x ) ! surr\nd+s4 ,! h\se ( ! uncultur$ speculator />es blatantly at y & is pr\d ( its complete isolation & diff]5ce f ! l&scape2 b ! h\se ( ^? :o h ta/e is mode/ly 9 h>mony ) ! surr\nd+s4 ,! ugly h\se ?ru/s into ! air )\t close connection ) ! gr\nd1 :ile ! comely "o cuddles 9 nature's lap4 ,is x n /range t ?is pr9ciple ( economy is a law ( beauty8 ,!re are o!r features ( economy 9 design :i* %\ld be obs]v$4 ,! simpl] & m /raight=w>d ! design1 ! *eap] x is & ! m beautiful x c be made 9 ! h&s ( ! good arti/4 ,simplicity is ! highe/ art1 z x is also ! mo/ economical ?+4 ,likewise ! co/ ( a h\se c be r$uc$ by %ap+ z ne>ly to a squ>e z possible1 & r$uc+ ! outside walls to ! m9imum4 ,! semi-deta*$ h\se 9 ! gr\p plan accompli%es ?is 9 ! be/ mann]1 & gives to ! :ole /ructure t l[1 long skyl9e t is s v pleas+4 ,?is also makes "o soil-l9e & "o *imney d = bo? h\ses1 a great po9t 9 economy4 ,"s ar*itects believe ^! gr\p h\ses are ! only economical solution ( ! problem ( ! small h\se4 ,,iii ,,ess5tial ,,/&>ds ,,( ,,quality ,,9 ,,build+ ,,mat]ials ,mat]ials ,us$ ,x w be rememb]$ t ! commone/ types ( small h\ses are ! wood5 frame h\se & ! masonry-&-wood h\se4 ,n[ x is ess5tial t c]ta9 def9ite qualities be requir$ ( all mat]ials ( con/ruction :i* ent] into ! build+ ( ^! h\ses1 & al?\gh !re are _m facts cov]+ ! /&>d qualities & me?ods ( manufacture1 yet "o _c expect to rememb] all ( !m4 ,x is suffici5t if "o kn[s ^? qualities :i* mean satisfactory build+ & durability :5 appli$ to ! /ructure4 ,( ! l>ge numb] ( mat]ials :i* ent] into ! con/ruction ( a h\se1 ! foll[+ are ! mo/ important & %\ld be ma9ta9$ at a high /&>d3 wood1 clay products1 cem5t+ mat]ials1 metals1 glass1 & pa9t4 ,,woods ,x is possible to ent] into a long discussion ( ! classes1 qualities1 me?ods ( conv]sion1 defects ( wood & simil> subjects1 b ^! are n p]t95t to ! ma9 idea1 namely1 ! ess5tial qualities ( woods :i* are us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! small h\se4 ,!re is a preval5t impression abroad t ! supply ( wood is becom+ s deplet$ t x w 9 ! future be us$ only = special ornam5tal features4 ,?is is wrong1 = we /ill h en\gh virg9 =e/s left to supply ! c\ntry = sev]al g5]ations1 & ) ! gr[? ( =e/ry we w ma9ta9 a c]ta9 s\rce ( supply4 ,illu/ration3 ,waney edges ,knots ,/> & r+ %akes ,common timb] defects ,we h two classes ( woods on ! m>ket :i* are us$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! /ructure1 accord+ to _! special qualities4 ,^! are comm]cially kn[n z h>d & s(t woods1 al?\gh ?is is n a v sci5tific di/9ction1 s9ce "s ( ! s(t woods are h>d] ?an "s ( ! h>d woods1 & vice v]sa4 ,sci5ti/s h m accurate names ?an ^!1 b z ! above are s well e/abli%$1 !re is no d\bt z to :at is meant4 ,9 ! m>ket1 lumb] is n only classifi$ accord+ to ! above1 b accord+ to ! species ( tree x comes f1 & also accord+ to c]ta9 /&>d grades ( ! same k9d4 ,^! grades are det]m9$ by ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 defects4 ,! recogniz$ defects are knots1 %akes1 *ecks1 splits1 /reaks1 pit*-pockets1 /a91 rot1 wane1 w>p1 cupp+1 m9]al /reaks1 pi? on ! face ( ! bo>d1 & worm-holes4 ,v>i\s l>ge lumb] associations issue rules gov]n+ /&>d sizes & classifications = woods to be us$ 9 con/ruction4 ,! be/ & ! next be/ are ! usual grades :i* are us$ = ! int]ior & ext]ior trim ( h\ses4 ,^! grades h _m designations1 z 8cle>s0 & 8selects10 or 8,a0 & 8,b10 or 8,no4 #a0 & 8,no4 #b10 or 8fir/s0 & 8seconds40 ,! grades us$ = ! r\gh fram+1 su* z /uds1 joi/s1 raft]s1 subfloors1 & %ea?+1 are n s good4 ,!y are designat$ z 8,no4 #a common0 & 8,no4 #b common40 ,a poor] grade /ill1 kn[n z 8,no4 #c common10 is sometimes us$ = *eap tempor>y /ructures4 ,= ! details ( grad+ & /&>d sizes ( lumb]1 "o %\ld possess ,circul> #fd ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture on 8,h[ ,lumb] is ,grad$40 ,next to ! grad+ ( timb]1 ! mo/ important factor ( quality is ! relative durability ( ! v>i\s woods1 = ^u ?is dep5ds to a l>ge ext5t ! *oice ( !m = special places4 ,! table on page #bc is tak5 f a gov]nm5t classification4 ,f ?is table x w be notic$ t ! s(t woods z a class are relatively m durable ?an ! h>d woods4 ,?is is true1 because ( ! fact t ! /ructure ( s(t woods is simple1 :ile t ( ! h>d woods is complex4 ,:5 ! =m] become wet & exp& & !n dry out & %r9k1 ! /ructure is n /ress$ int]nally z mu* z is t ( ! h>d woods1 & !y are !re=e mu* m capable ( )/&+ ! action ( ! wea!r4 ,also c]ta9 ( ! s(t woods h natural prop]ties ( resi/+ dry or wet rot4 ,c]ta9 species ( woods are1 !re=e1 select$ = p>ticul> p>ts ( ! h\se accord+ to ! ne$s ( durability1 /r5g?1 appe>ance1 & local supply4 ,r\gh wood5 fram+ requires a wood t is fairly abundant & /rong4 ,! s(t woods are g5]ally us$1 & ^? :i* are classifi$ z durable 9 ! table are ! mo/ us$4 ,,relative ,,durability ,,( ,,! ,,common ,,woods ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,! ,s(t ,woods ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,v ,,durable ,,durable ,,int]m$iate ,,non-,,durable ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,nor!rn :ite,d\glas fir4 ,ea/]n hemlock4 ,true firs4 c$>4 ,tam>ack4 ,we/]n hemlock4 ,spruces4 ,we/]n r$ ,we/]n l>*4 ,loblolly-p9e4 c$>4 ,long-leaf yell[ ,norway p9e4 ,cypress4 p9e4 ,%ort-leaf yell[ ,r$wood4 ,ea/]n :ite p9e4 p9e4 ,sug>-p9e4 ,we/]n :ite p9e4 ,we/]n yell[ p9e4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! ,h>d ,woods ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,*e/nut4 ,black *]ry4 ,:ite a%4 ,basswood4 ,black walnut4 ,:ite oak4 ,butt]nut4 ,bee*4 ,black locu/4 ,r$ gum4 ,bir*4 ,yell[ popl>4 ,buckeye4 ,r$ oak4 ,cottonwood4 ,:ite elm4 ,h>d maple4 ,s(t maple4 ,sycamore4 ,cotton gum4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,= r\gh und]floor+ & %ea?+ ! *eape/ & mo/ abundant local wood is us$4 ,durability is n ess5tial4 ,= %+les ! mo/ durable woods mu/ be us$1 su* z cypress1 c$>1 & r$wood4 ,la? are g5]ally cut f wa/e slabs1 & %\ld be ( "s s(t wood l spruce or ( "o ( ! s(t] h>d woods4 ,sid+ %\ld be made f "o ( ! s(t woods1 especially ^? :i* are class$ z durable 9 ! table4 ,por* columns & ! l require v durable woods4 ,!y %\ld be holl[ except = v small ones4 ,built-up columns ( int]lock+ type are usually specifi$1 b ! lumb] us$ %\ld be ?or\ghly kiln-dri$ s t ! jo9ts w n op54 ,illu/ration3 ,edge gra9 ,flat gra9 ,diff]5ce 9 ! cut ( floor+ bo>ds4 ,! flat gra9 9 ! s(t] woods is n durable4 ,floor+ %\ld be capable ( resi/+ we> & %\ld n spl9t]4 ,! h>d woods z a class are m adaptable ?an ! s(t woods1 al?\gh yell[ p9e & ,d\glas fir are us$ a great deal on acc\nt ( _! *eapness4 ,^! latt] are divid$ into two grades3 8flat gra910 9 :i* ! annual r+s are almo/ p>allel to ! surface1 & 8edge gra910 9 :i* ! annual r+s run almo/ p]p5dicul> to ! surface4 ,! latt] is m desirable1 s9ce x we>s bett]4 ,! flat gra9 spl9t]s (f1 due to ! lay]s ( s(t spr+ wood & h>d summ] wood4 ,oak floor+ comes pla9 & qu>t] sawn1 :i* is practically ! same z ! cut ( yell[ p9e1 b s9ce oak is /rong ei!r way1 ! we>+ qualities are n v diff]5t4 ,maple is also an excell5t wood = floor+1 s9ce x is h>d & smoo?4 ,door & w9d[ frames may be made f _m k9ds ( wood1 al?\gh ! s(t & m durable woods are g5]ally accept$ z ! be/4 ,specially h>d & durable woods %\ld be us$ = ! ?re%olds4 ,doors :i* are to be us$ on ! ext]ior %\ld be ( a s(t & durable wood4 ,! *oice ( wood = int]ior doors is limit$ only by ! ta/e ( ! design]4 ,! doors :i* /& be/ ! w>p+ effect ( /eam-heat 9 ! w9t] are con/ruct$ ( :ite p9e cores ) a v5e] on ! ext]ior made f "s h>d wood4 ,sa% & bl9ds require a s(t & durable wood4 ,sa% are subject to ! dry+ ( /eam-heat on ! int]ior & cold & dampness on ! ext]ior4 ,sa% built ( yell[ p9e sapwood h rott$ 9 a few ye>s1 & :ile s(t maple1 bir*1 & basswood h be5 us$1 !y are n durable1 al?\gh easily work$4 ,:ite p9e is consid]$ to be ! be/ = sa% & bl9ds4 ,! selection ( woods = int]ior trim dep5ds only ^u ! design]'s ta/e1 s9ce nei!r relative durability nor /r5g? is a requirem5t4 ,! h>d] woods 9 ! pa/ h be5 us$ m ext5sively = int]ior trim ?an ! s(t1 because ( _! suppos$ly bett] & ri*] appe>ance1 b ?is is n s true to-day1 = new me?ods ( treat+ su* woods z cypress & yell[ p9e h %[n !m to be fitt$ = ! be/ arti/ic places4 ,( c\rse h>d woods are n d5t$ f knocks by furniture z easily z ! s(t woods1 & 9 ?is way reta9 _! appe>ance long]4 ,,clay ,,products ,bricks4--,9 consid]+ ! ess5tial qualities ( bricks = ! small h\se x mu/ be appreciat$ t ^? bricks :i* are us$ on ! ext]ior mu/ be able to resi/ ! effects ( wea!r & produce ! be/ arti/ic results1 :ile ^? :i* are 9 ! int]ior ( walls or *imney ne$ n be held up to su* rigid /&>ds4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! resi/ance ( bricks to fro/ & wea!r action is q simple4 ,a brick :i* /ruck by a hamm] gives a cle> r+ is "o :i* has be5 well burn$ & has no s(t spots1 cracks1 or weak places4 ,su* a brick c be said to be satisfactory = ext]ior use1 provid$ t x has ! prop] =m & color desir$ & is n s ov]burn$ z to be twi/$ & w>p$4 ,ano!r requirem5t sometimes specifi$ is t ! face brick made f s(t clay %\ld n %[ a p]c5tage ( absorption 9 excess ( #ae p] c5t1 & = ! /iff-m\ld$ or dry-press$ bricks n m ?an #aj p] c5t4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 _c be a h>d-&-fa/ rule1 due to ! v>iation ( clays4 ,c]ta9 r$ bricks1 unless !y are burn$ v h>d1 %[1 :5 built into ! wall1 a v ugly :ite surface discoloration1 call$ 8:itewa%0 or effloresc5ce4 ,?is is n entirely due to ! brick1 s9ce ! mort> t is us$ may sometimes produce x4 ,if x is due to ! brick x c be discov]$ be=e ! brick is us$ 9 ! wall1 by plac+ a sample brick on edge 9 a pan conta9+ "o in* ( ei!r ra9 or di/ill$ wat]4 ,z ! wat] is absorb$ by ! brick1 ! :ite discoloration w develop on ! top surface aft] sev]al days ( /&+ if x conta9s ! salts :i* w cause ! :itewa%4 ,^? bricks :i* h be5 v h>d-burn$ w n discolor "u any circum/ances4 ,if aft] pass+ ?is te/ ! brick wall %\ld develop :itewa%1 x c be laid to ! mort>4 ,9 ord] to prev5t any su* occurr5ce x is necess>y to wat]pro( ! jo9ts ar\nd w9d[-sills & betwe5 ! f\ndations & ! wall1 s t ! m9imum am\nt ( wat] w be soak$ up into ! wall :5 x ra9s4 ,an exp5sive addition ( #b p] c5t ( b>ium c>bonate to ! mort> w t5d to fix ! soluble salts :i* cause ?is effloresc5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,me?od ( te/+ a sample brick to see :e!r x w h a t5d5cy to :itewa% ,holl[ ,tiles4--,holl[ t]ra-cotta tiles cov]$ ) /ucco or brick v5e] are be+ us$ m ext5sively ?an ev]1 due to ! *eap] co/ ( lay+ !m1 s9ce !y are l>g] units1 & also to ! fact t !y build a cellul> wall4 ,:]ev] ^! tiles are us$ = be>+ walls x is important t !y be h>d-burn$1 b ! s(t] ones may be p]mitt$ 9 non-be>+ p>titions4 ,tiles = use 9 out] walls %\ld be h>d-burn$1 free f cracks1 /raight1 & %\ld n %[ a great] absorption ( wat] ?an #aj p] c5t4 ,z ^! tiles are int5d$ to support loads f floor-joi/s1 x is ess5tial t !y %\ld h ! correct proportion ( voids to solid %ells & webs4 ,! maximum wid? ( any voids %\ld n exce$ #d in*es & ! ?ickness ( any %ells or webs %\ld n be less ?an #ae p] c5t ( ?is measurem5t4 ,9 te/s x has be5 %[n t tiles laid ) webs v]tical are /rong] ?an ^? ) webs horizontal1 b ?is diff]5ce 9 /r5g? is n ( v great importance 9 ! small h\se1 :]e ! loads are v light4 ,! *ief ?+ to avoid 9 ! sett+ ( tile1 :5 !y are v]tical webb$1 is ! dripp+ ( mort> to ! bottom & ! insuffici5t spread+ ( x ov] ! ends ( ! webs & %ells4 ,?is c be ov]come by lay+ wire la? ov] ea* c\rse1 & !n butt]+ ! mort> on ! inside & outside edges4 ,! mort> is prev5t$ f fall+ out ( place by ! la?1 & because x is n cont9u\s ?r\gh ! wall1 any p5etration ( moi/ure ?r\gh x is /opp$4 ,illu/ration3 ,%[+ ! use ( metal la? 9 ! jo9ts ( v]tically webb$ holl[-tile1 to prev5t ! dropp+ ( ! mort> into ! voids & also all[ ! sep>ation ( mort> jo9t ,cem5t+ ,mat]ials ,! mo/ important cem5t+ mat]ials :i* ent] into ! con/ruction ( ! small h\se are lime1 cem5t1 gypsum1 & _! v>i\s mixtures1 z mort>1 pla/]1 & concrete4 ,! v>i\s te*nical requirem5ts = good lime & cem5t are v /rict & detail$1 & = ! small h\se x is cu/om>y to cov] _! qualities 9 ! briefe/ mann] by ref]r+ to ! /&>d specifications ( ! ,am]ican ,society = ,te/+ ,mat]ials4 ,slak$ lime %\ld be made f well-burn$ quicklime1 free f a%es1 cl9k]1 & o!r =eign mat]ials4 ,dry hydrat$ lime %\ld be ! f9ely divid$ product result+ f me*anically slak+ pure quicklime at ! place ( manufacture4 ,! specifications ( ! ,am]ican ,society = ,te/+ ,mat]ials cov]+ ! quality ( cem5t %\ld be foll[$ :]e l>ge pur*ases are made4 ,:]e small quantities are to be us$1 ! reliability ( ! deal] mu/ be ! basis ( pur*ase4 ,z mort>s & concretes made f ^! mat]ials are z important z ! cem5ts or limes1 x is ess5tial to h def9ite /&>ds = !m4 ,lime mort> %\ld be made ( #a "p by volume ( slak$ lime putty or dry hydrat$ lime & n m ?an #d p>ts by volume ( s&4 ,! use ( hydrat$ lime is recomm5d$1 s9ce ! poor qualities :i* are apt to develop f c>eless slak+ ( quicklime are ?us avoid$4 ,x also comes 9 small] packages1 & if ! entire quantity is n us$ at once x may be /or$ )\t det]ioration4 ,x is only necess>y to mix ! hydrat$ lime ) wat] until x becomes a pa/e1 & !n add ! necess>y s&4 ,! purpose ( add+ s& is to increase ! bulk & to r$uce ! %r9kage :i* pure lime pa/e w develop z x h>d5s4 ,pure lime pa/e1 )\t s&1 w %r9k1 crack1 & develop v little /r5g?4 ,by introduc+ s& ?is contraction is r$uc$1 b ! addition ( too mu* w decrease ! /r5g? slightly4 ,h[ev]1 ?is decrease ( /r5g? is v little4 ,a mort> made ( #a "p lime to #f p>ts s& is ne>ly z /rong z "o made f #a "p lime & #c p>ts s&4 ,! maximum am\nt ( s& to be us$ is g5]ally gov]n$ by ! ease ( work+1 & n s mu* by ! /r5g?4 ,a lime :i* is too s&y w n spread easily on ! tr[el4 ,cem5t mort> is1 ( c\rse1 a /rong] mat]ial & c be us$ 9 damp places :]e lime mort> w\ld det]iorate4 ,! !ory ( mixtures ( bo? cem5t mort> & concrete is to proportion ! mat]ials s t !y produce ! mo/ compact sub/ance4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! cem5t mort> ! cem5t %\ld j fill ! voids betwe5 ! p>ticles ( s&1 & 9 concrete ?is cem5t mort> %\ld j fill ! voids 9 betwe5 ! l>g] aggregate1 & ?is l>g] aggregate %\ld be s grad$ 9 size t x makes ! mo/ compact body4 ,x us$ to be ?\ght t c]ta9 def9ite num]ical proportions1 z laid d[n by !ory1 ( ! v>i\s +r$i5ts w\ld hold true = all k9ds ( s&s & aggregates4 ,= in/ance1 ! proportion ( #a "p ( cem5t1 #c p>ts ( s&1 & #f p>ts ( aggregate 0 ?\ght to be ! be/ = ord9>y use "u all conditions4 ,b ext5sive te/s by ! gov]nm5t h %[n t ! only real way to det]m9e ! correct proportions ( mixtures is to exp]im5t ) ! p>ticul> s& & gravel t w be us$1 & to te/ !m to see :at ratios give ! mo/ compact mass4 ,x has also be5 f\nd t r\nd aggregates1 l pebbles1 produce ! /ronge/ concrete1 s9ce ! p>ticles fl[ into place bett] ?an ! %>p] aggregates1 :i* =m]ly 7 consid]$ necess>y because ( ! suppos$ idea t !y made a bett] me*anical bond ) "o ano!r4 ,! proportion ( wat] is also important1 a quak+ mixture produc+ ! be/ results4 ,x is cu/om>y 9 small "w1 h[ev]1 :]e no exp]im5ts c be made on v>i\s mixtures to det]m9e _! prop] proportions1 to foll[ ! old rules ( ?umb = am\nts4 ,cem5t mort> %\ld be made ( cem5t & s& 9 ! proportions ( #a "p ( cem5t & n m ?an #c p>ts ( s& by volume4 ,illu/ration3 ,good4 ,v compact ,bad4 ,n compact because ( poor grad+ ( aggregate ,good & bad concrete ,if cem5t-lime mort> is to be us$ x %\ld n h m ?an #ae p] c5t by volume ( ! cem5t replac$ by an equal volume ( dry hydrat$ lime4 ,! addition ( hydrat$ lime to cem5t mort> improves its work+ qualities1 mak+ x slide m readily on ! tr[el & also increas+ its wat]pro(ness4 ,its /r5g? is n decreas$ )9 ! limits prescrib$4 ,9 concrete "w x is z important to h good s& & aggregate z cem5t4 ,s& %\ld be %>p1 clean1 co>se qu>tz4 ,! s& us$ %\ld n1 :5 x is rubb$ 9 ! h&1 leave ! palm /a9$4 ,gravel :i* is us$ z an aggregate %\ld be free f clay or loam1 except su* z naturally adh]es to ! p>ticles4 ,if !re is too mu* clay or loam1 x %\ld be wa%$ ) wat]4 ,:5 bank gravel is us$ ! be/ results w be obta9$ if x is scre5$ f ! s& & remix$ 9 ! prop] proportions = f9e & co>se aggregate4 ,= ord9>y mass concrete ! size ( aggregate %\ld v>y f in* to #b in*es1 & 9 re9=c$ "w %\ld n exce$ #a in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/ucco ,,on ,,metal ,,la? ,,ov] ,,wood ,,/uds ,! be/ proportion ( p>ts to use mu/ v>y accord+ to ! requirem5ts1 b = ! small h\se good results w be obta9$ by us+ #a "p ( cem5t1 #b p>ts ( s&1 & #d p>ts ( gravel or brok5 /one4 ,/ucco ,"w4--,/ucco is really a ,portl&-cem5t pla/] us$ on ! ext]ior1 & its success dep5ds a great deal ^u ! quality ( mat]ials employ$ & workman%ip4 ,all /ucco to a great] or less degree cracks1 b ! problem is to make ! cracks z small z possible4 ,! gov]nm5t is c>ry+ on an ext5sive inve/igation ( ! problem ( /ucco ?r\gh exp]im5ts on fifty-six ext]ior panels :i* h be5 "u obs]vation s9ce #aiae4 ,ea* "o ( ^! panels has be5 spread ^u a diff]5t base or made ) diff]5t proportions4 ,s f> only two panels h be5 f\nd to be entirely free f cracks1 al?\gh _m are practically un9jur$ by ! small cracks :i* h develop$4 ,x is !re=e q evid5t t z a rule x mu/ be assum$ t ! /ucco w crack to a c]ta9 ext5t1 & 9 ord] to cov] su* defects a r\gh surface is ! be/4 ,z to proportions ( mixtures1 !re is a great v>iation ( op9ion4 ,! commone/ is #a "p ( cem5t1 #b p>ts ( s&1 to :i* is add$ ab\t _/ "p ( hydrat$ lime by weight ( cem5t4 ,= a m detail$ acc\nt on /ucco1 s5d = ! ,progress ,report issu$ by ! ,bureau ( ,/&>ds on ! ,durability ( ,/ucco & ,pla/] ,con/ruction4 ,pla/]+4--,! qualities ( int]nal pla/] dep5d ^u ! con/ruction ( ! wall1 ! me?ods ( application ( ! pla/]1 & ! quality ( ! pla/]+ mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,scrat* coat is = bond+2 br[n coat = pla/icity2 f9i%$ coat = appe>ance ,! walls & ceil+ to :i* pla/] is to be appli$ mu/ be s con/ruct$ z to be practically rigid "u ! loads t !y w c>ry4 ,s9ce pla/] is n ela/ic1 any slight *ange 9 %ape ( ! surface w cause x to crack4 ,! common back+s :i* are satisfactory = pla/]+ are wood la?1 metal la?1 & masonry1 su* z concrete1 t]ra-cotta tile1 brick1 pla/] bo>d1 etc4 ,wood la? makes ! lea/ rigid back ( all1 & = ?is reason is n consid]$ ! be/1 al?\gh x is ! *eape/4 ,unless ! wood la?s are wet be=e ! pla/] is appli$1 !y w absorb ! moi/ure f ! pla/] & swell1 ?us crack+ ! wall4 ,metal la? = ?is reason is sup]ior4 ,masonry walls %\ld be made r\gh to give ! necess>y key = ! pla/] to cl+ to4 ,9 brick walls ! jo9ts are rak$ out1 9 concrete walls ! surface is pick$1 & ! outside ( t]ra-cotta tile is m>k$ ) grooves = ?is purpose4 ,! be/ results 9 pla/] are secur$ ) ?ree coats4 ,! fir/ coat is call$ ! scrat* coat1 & is int5d$ to =m a bond betwe5 ! wall itself & ! pla/]4 ,x %\ld be press$ into ! ap]tures betwe5 ! la? to secure a good bond+ key1 & its surface %\ld be scrat*$ ) a tool to give ! requir$ bond betwe5 x & ! next coat1 or br[n coat4 ,! br[n coat =ms ! ma9 body ( ! pla/] & av]ages ab\t in* to in* ?ick4 ,! f9i%$ coat is !n add$ on top ( ?is & is int5d$ to develop a plane surface ) ! desir$ color4 ,ea* coat %\ld be all[$ to dry out & !n be wet be=e ! next "o is add$4 ,if wood la? is us$1 ?is dry+ & wett+ w cause ! la? to %r9k & swell1 s t cracks w be develop$ 9 ! scrat* & br[n coats4 ,^! %\ld be fill$ 9 be=e ! f9i%$ coat is add$4 ,! mat]ials :i* %\ld be us$ 9 ! v>i\s coats dep5d ^u ! requirem5ts :i* are necess>y = ea* "o4 ,z ! mo/ important *>act]i/ic ( ! scrat* coat is /r5g?1 & t ( ! br[n pla/icity1 & ! f9al coat appe>ance1 ! mat]ials mu/ be proportion$ accord+ly4 ,,scrat*-,,coat ,,proportions ,hydrat$ lime #acc p>ts by weight ,s& #djj 8 8 ,hair #a "p 8 ,,br[n ,,coat ,hydrat$ lime #ajj p>ts 8 ,s& #djj 8 8 ,hair "p 8 ,,f9i%$ ,,coat ,smoo? ,f9i% #a "p by volume ( calc9$ gypsum4 #c p>ts 8 lime pa/e4 ,metals ,! mo/ us$ metal 9 ! small h\se is ! s-call$ t9-plate or ro(+ t94 ,x is n a true t9-plate1 = x conta9s #ge p] c5t lead & #be p] c5t t91 appli$ to a base ( s(t /eel or wr\ght iron4 ,x comes 9 two grades1 ,,ix & ,,ic1 ! =m] be+ ,no4 #bh gauge & ! latt] ,no4 #cj gauge4 ,! light] is us$ = ro(+ & ! heavi] = valleys & gutt]s4 ,! t9 does n entirely protect ! base metal1 s t x is necess>y to pa9t bo? sides be=e x is appli$4 ,galvaniz$ iron is ano!r =m ( %eet metal :i* is ext5sively us$ = "w on ! small h\se4 ,x consi/s ( %eet iron or /eel1 cov]$ ) z9c4 ,?is coat+ %\ld be free f p9holes or b>e spots1 & ( a ?ickness to prev5t crack+ or peel+4 ,if ! coat+ is suffici5t & well done1 x is sup]ior 9 la/+ quality to ! ord9>y t9-plate4 ,copp]1 s9ce ! w>1 has come back into use aga9 z a %eet metal = ! small h\se1 = its co/ has dropp$ )9 reason4 ,9 ord] to meet a c]ta9 popul> dem& a light grade ( copp] %eet ro(+ has be5 plac$ on ! m>ket1 al?\gh x has g5]ally be5 consid]$ t %eets weigh+ less ?an #af ounces p] squ>e foot 7 n suitable = ro(s4 ,glass ,!re are two k9ds ( w9d[-glass us$1 d\ble ?ick & s+le ?ick4 ,! =m] is in* ?ick or less1 & ! latt] is _/ in* ?ick4 ,x is cu/om>y to use d\ble ?ick 9 all w9d[-panes ov] #bd in*es 9 size4 ,! grad+ is ,,aa1 ,a1 & ,b1 accord+ to ! pres5ce ( defects1 su* z bli/]s1 sulphur /a9s1 smoke /a9s1 & /r+y m>ks4 ,plate glass is us$ only :]e ! exp5se w p]mit4 ,x is diff]5t f w9d[-glass 9 t ! latt] is made f bl[n glass1 :ile plate glass is made f gr9d+ & poli%+ d[n %eets ( roll$ glass4 ,!re are q a numb] ( o!r m9or mat]ials :i* ent] into ! con/ruction ( ! small h\se1 b !y are m or less id5tifi$ ) ! me*anical equipm5t & ! f9i%+1 & w be consid]$ "u ^! head+s4 ,%eet lead weigh+ #e to #f p\nds p] squ>e foot is (t5 us$ = c\nt]-fla%+4 ,lead]s & lead] heads ( ca/ lead h be5 made practical by "o company1 :i* has develop$ a me?od ( h>d5+ ! lead4 ,z9c1 l copp]1 is aga9 be+ urg$ ^u ! public by ! manufactur]s s9ce ! w> dem& is ov]4 ,z9c sp\ts are usually made f ,no4 #aa z9c gauge1 :i* is equal 9 ?ickness to ,no4 #bd /eel gauge4 ,!re is h>dly any ne$ to m5tion ! durable qualities ( copp]1 z9c1 or lead4 ,:]ev] ! co/ p]mits1 "o _c d5y t mat]ials ( su* durable nature are ! prop] ones to use4 ,,iv ,,types ,,( ,,wood5-,,frame ,,con/ruction ,types ,expla9$ ,illu/ration3 ,,brac$-,,frame ,!re are no %>p di/9ctions betwe5 ! v>i\s types ( wood5 frame con/ruction4 ,b 9 ord] to classify c]ta9 t5d5cies1 we w arbitr>ily def9e f\r types4 ,to ^! we w give ! names ( brac$-frame1 balloon-frame1 comb9ation-frame1 & plat=m-frame4 ,! brac$-frame is ! olde/ type1 & orig9at$ 9 ,colonial days 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,x 0 develop$ "u ! influ5ce ( a tradition ( heavy1 ,european half-timb] con/ruction1 & also n\ri%$ by ! abundance ( wood directly at h&4 ,! fact t nails 7 n made1 except by h&1 urg$ ! c>p5t]s to use me?ods ( fa/5+ :i* requir$ z few z possible4 ,because ( ^! factors1 !n1 c]ta9 def9ite *>act]i/ics ( ?is type ( wood5 frame con/ruction manife/ !mselves 9 ! use ( timb]s1 f> l>g] ?an necess>y = safety1 & jo9ts consi/+ ( mortises & t5ons4 ,z ! sawmill became me*anically m rapid1 & z nails 7 be+ turn$ out by ma*9es m pl5tifully1 ! ,yankee :o w5t ,we/ on adv5turesome trips1 & c>$ little = a p]man5t dwell+1 devis$ a sy/em ( light-frame con/ruction :i* became kn[n z ! balloon-frame4 ,?is 0 put toge!r ) ! greate/ spe$1 & requir$ only nails = fa/5+ all jo9ts4 ,! timb]s :i* 7 us$ 7 /&>diz$ to "o size1 namely1 #b in*es by #d in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,corn] ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,brac$-,,frame ,,mortice ,,t5on ,,jo9ts ,n[1 bo? ( ^! types _h advantages & disadvantages :i* 7 b\nd to influ5ce lat] build]s4 ,^? :o _h be5 accu/om$ to build accord+ to ! brac$-frame sy/em f\nd t lumb] 0 becom+ sc>c]1 & t nails 7 *eap] ?an !y =m]ly 74 ,c]ta9 features ( ! balloon-frame appeal$ to !m1 su* z its great] spe$ ( con/ruction1 its small] timb]s1 & lightness4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? p :o _h liv$ 9 h\ses con/ruct$ accord+ to ! balloon sy/em ( fram+ f\nd t !y 7 v flimsy1 t fires quickly consum$ !m1 t rats & v]m9 c\ld travel freely ?r\gh ! walls1 & t1 aft] all1 !y 7 only ! mo/ tempor>y sort ( %elt]4 ,^! folks look$ back at ! old me?ods ( build+1 & saw ! good features ( solidity & p]man5ce4 ,we _h1 !re=e1 ! gr[+ toge!r ( ! two sy/ems ( con/ruction into a type :i* we call ! comb9ation-frame dwell+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,balloon-,,frame ,,comb9ation-,,frame ,h[ev]1 progress did n /op at ?is po9t4 ,! h\ses built accord+ to ?is newly devis$ sy/em 7 f\nd to settle unev5ly1 :i* crack$ pla/] ceil+s & walls & made doors & w9d[s into lean+ p>allelograms4 ,! cause ( ?is 0 f\nd to be due to ! natural %r9kage ( wood z x dri$ out4 ,n[1 all wood %r9ks mo/ly across ! gra91 & n ) x1 s t ! am\nt ( settlem5t ( any wood5 wall dep5ds ^u ! am\nt ( cross-section ( wood :i* x conta9s4 ,if !re is m 9 ! int]ior p>titions ?an 9 ! ext]ior1 x is c]ta9 t ! floor-joi/s w settle d[n on ! inside ends m ?an ! outside4 ,?is is exactly :at happ5$4 ,x occurr$ n only 9 ! comb9ation-frame b 9 ! brac$ & balloon frame4 ,v>i\s devices 7 introduc$ to avoid ?is defect1 b all 7 m or less incomplete4 ,nev]!less1 x all l$ gradually to ! developm5t ( ! f\r? type ( con/ruction1 :i* is call$ ! plat=m-frame1 = lack ( a bett] "n4 ,?is frame solves ! problem ( unev5 settlem5t 9 ! wood5 /ructure4 ,x also makes ! location ( ! w9d[s ( ! second floor indep5d5t ( ^? ( ! fir/ floor1 :i* is n ! case ) ! balloon-frame1 = 9 ?is type ! /uds ext5d 9 "o piece f ! sill to ! plate1 requir+ ! c5tr+ ( ! w9d[s ( ! second floor ov] ^? on ! fir/4 ,! me?ods :i* are us$ 9 con/ruct+ ! small h\se ( to-day are n z simply classifi$ z ! previ\s description w\ld lead "o to believe4 ,! old ,new ,engl& brac$-frame has practically gone out ( exi/5ce1 yet _m ( its features rema94 ,! balloon-frame is us$ only 9 ! *eape/ sort ( /ructures1 yet _m ( its details are f\nd 9 ! mod]n dwell+2 ,! comb9ation-frame 9 all its _m v>i$ =ms c be call$ ! advanc$ type4 ,/udy ( ,detail 9 ! ,comb9ation-,frame ,! illu/rations %[ ! f\r types 9 _! entirety4 ,b 9 ord] to fully und]/& ! comb9ation-frame1 x is necess>y to "k :at features ( ! brac$-frame & balloon-frame are us$ to-day4 ,,! ,,features ,,( ,,! ,,brac$-,,frame ,,:i* ,,h ,,surviv$ #a4 ,! use ( ! girt1 because x p]mits ! location ( ! second-floor w9d[s at any po9t irrespective ( ! fir/ floor w9d[s4 ,?is _c be done :5 a ribbon-bo>d is us$1 = ?is requires /uds :i* ext5d cont9u\sly f sill to plate1 & if any w9d[s are to be locat$ on ! second floor1 !y mu/ be plac$ directly ov] ^? on ! fir/ floor4 ,! ribbon-bo>d does n act z a /op = ei!r v]m9 or fire1 z does ! girt4 ,h[ev]1 fire-/ops c be introduc$ 9 connection ) ! ribbon-bo>d1 if ! extra exp5se is no h9drance4 #b4 ,! use ( ! sill1 because x s]ves z a firm f\ndation = ! outside /uds & fir/ ti] ( floor-joi/s4 ,! balloon-frame has no sill1 = ! floor-joi/s are set directly ^u ! top ( ! f\ndation-wall1 & ! ext]ior /uds are built on top ( !m4 #c4 ,! use ( ! corn] braces1 because !y /iff5 ! frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,,typical ,,fram+ ,,( 8,,w> ,,h\ses40 ,,features ,,( ,,! ,,balloon-,,frame ,,:i* ,,h ,,p]si/$ #a4 ,! use ( small timb]s1 or ! /&>dization ( ! #b by #d = all p>ts except ! sill1 because ( economy4 ,! corn]-po/s are made ( ?ree #b by #d's1 & ! plate is made ( two #b by #d's4 #b4 ,! use ( ! nail$ jo9t1 because ( its *eapness & its great] /r5g?4 ,x w n rattle loose :5 ! timb] seasons1 z does ! mortise & t5on jo9t 9 ! brac$-frame4 #c4 ,! use ( ! ribbon-bo>d1 9 place ( ! girt1 = ^? h\ses :i* are to be /ucco$1 & a rigid1 outside wall-frame is desir$ f sill to plate4 #d4 ,! use ( diagonal %ea?+-bo>ds1 to brace ! frame in/ead ( ! corn]-pieces4 ,! reasons = ?is are n v c]ta91 s9ce diagonal brac+ ) %ea?+ is n always effective1 :ile x is extremely wa/eful4 ,! comb9ation-frame includes all ( ! pres5t-day me?ods :i* make use ( select$ features ( bo? ! brac$-frame & balloon-frame1 su* z 7 not$ above4 ,!re are no rules to foll[4 ,9 c]ta9 sections ( ! c\ntry "o type is favor$ m ?an ! o!r4 ,:]e a h\se is to be cov]$ ) /ucco1 ! balloon-frame is a bett] type to use ?an ! brac$-frame1 s9ce x gives a /iff] outside wall z a back+ = ! /ucco4 ,plat=m-,frame ,illu/ration3 ,,plat=m ,,frame ,x w be notic$ 9 ! illu/ration h[ diff]5t is ! am\nt ( cross-section ( wood 9 ext]ior & int]ior walls ( ! comb9ation-frame1 a ?+ :i* causes ! unequal settlem5t previ\sly allud$ to4 ,9 ord] to r$uce ?is to a m9imum1 x is (t5 specifi$ t ! /uds ( all int]ior p>titions be c>ri$ d[n to ! top ( ! cap ( ! p>tition bel[ or to ! top ( ! support+ gird]1 ?us r$uc+ ! am\nt ( cross-section timb]4 ,?is is n a complete cure1 h[ev]1 al?\gh x is a big improvem5t4 ,! real solution ( ! difficulty lies 9 ! use ( ! plat=m sy/em ( con/ruction4 ,9 ?is sy/em ! fir/ floor is built on top ( ! f\ndation-walls1 z ?\gh x 7 a plat=m4 ,a sill1 call$ ! box-sill1 is con/ruct$ = ! ext]ior support ( ! ends ( ! floor-joi/s by lay+ d[n a timb] ! same size z ! joi/s & sett+ ano!r "o on ! extreme edge 9 a v]tical position4 ,! angle ?us =m$ makes a re/+-box into :i* ! floor-joi/ c be fram$4 ,! int]ior ends ( ! floor-joi/s %\ld be support$ ^u a /eel ,i-beam ^u :i* has be5 plac$ a #b-;in*-?ick timb]4 ,! ,i-beam %\ld be support$ ^u /eel-tube columns :i* h be5 fill$ ) concrete4 ,on top ( ! floor-joi/s %\ld be nail$ ! und]floor+1 laid diagonally4 ,! fir/ floor !n appe>s z a p]fectly smoo? plat=m4 ,n[ :]ev] !re is to be erect$ an int]ior or ext]ior p>tition1 a #b by #d1 call$ ! sole piece1 is nail$ directly on top ( ! r\gh floor+4 ,?is s]ves z a sill = ! /uds ( ! p>tition1 :i* are n[ erect$ v]tically ^u !m & capp$ ) d\ble #b by #d's on ! top4 ,n[ ! second floor is built on top ( ! p>titions 9 ! same mann] z ! fir/1 & a new plat=m is con/ruct$1 s to speak4 ,^u ?is is !n erect$ ! p>titions ( ! second floor1 & on ?is ! floor ( ! attic4 ,9 fact1 ?is con/ruction proce$s floor by floor1 & ea* floor is an indep5d5t plat=m4 ,if ! draw+s are exam9$ x w be notic$ t ! am\nt ( cross-section ( wood 9 any "o be>+ p>tition is id5tically ! same z 9 any o!r4 ,! dwell+ built 9 ?is way1 !n1 _c settle unev5ly1 & ! crack$ pla/] & twi/$ doors w be elim9at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,clapbo>ds ,,ov] ,,wood5 ,,/uds ,features ,common to ,all ,!re are c]ta9 features :i* are common to all types ( frames4 ,= in/ance1 ! fram+ ar\nd all doors & w9d[s requires ! use ( d\ble #b by #d's or ! use ( "o #d by #d4 ,^! fram+ /uds ar\nd ! w9d[ are set #e in*es high] & #h in*es wid] ?an ! dim5sions ( ! f9i%$ w9d[4 ,^? ab\t ! door-op5+s are set #b in*es high] & #d in*es wid]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,brick ,,v5e] ,,ov] ,,wood5 ,,/uds4 ,all use %ea?+-bo>ds ( -in* /ock to cov] ! outside ( ! /uds1 & ^! are usually #f in*es to #h in*es wide4 ,! usual spac+ ( /uds is #af in*es on c5tres1 & !y are g5]ally ( #b by #d's1 al?\gh :]e any pipes or flues are run ?r\gh ! p>tition !y %\ld be #b by #f's4 ,int]ior /ud p>titions %\ld be bridg$ or brac$ once 9 _! height1 & p>titions :i* run p>allel to ! floor-joi/s %\ld h a capp+-bo>d1 s t ! prop] nail+ = la? c be secur$4 ,9 fact1 at all int]sections ( p>titions c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ t ! requir$ nail+ = la? is provid$4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ro(s ! av]age spac+ ( raft]s is #bj in*es on c5tres4 ,!y %\ld be d\bl$ ar\nd all op5+s4 ,! ridge is usually ( a #a-;in* by #aj-;in* piece4 ,! size ( ! raft]s v>ies ) ! l5g? ( span & load4 ,!y are usually #b in*es by #f in*es = %ort spans & light loads1 & #b in*es by #h in*es or #b in*es by #aj in*es = long spans & comp>atively heavy loads4 ,valley raft]s mu/ always be deep] & heavi] ?an ! raft]s & %\ld be design$ z a gird]4 ,! hip raft]s d n c>ry any great load1 b are (t5 made deep] to fit ! incl9e cut ( ! jack raft]s4 ,all floor-joi/s are spac$ #af in*es on c5tres1 & %\ld be bridg$4 ,! foll[+ is ! table commonly foll[$ = good h\se con/ruction1 al?\gh light] "w is mo/ (t5 specifi$3 ,,span ,,timb] #ab' & "u #b #aj cross-bridg$ once4 #ab' to #ae' #b #aj d\bl$ e o!r "o1 if good /iffness is desir$1 & bridg$ twice4 #ae' to #bj' #c #ab & ( long-leaf yell[ p9e1 cr[n$ at c5tre 1 & bridg$ ?ree times4 #bj' to #be' #c #ad ( long-leaf yell[ p9e1 cr[n$ at ! c5tre #a = ! #be' spans1 & bridg$ f\r times4 ,floor-joi/s %\ld be d\bl$ ar\nd all op5+s l>g] ?an #c feet1 & joi/s %\ld be hung f ! head] beam by metal /raps4 ,!re are _m precautions :i* %\ld be tak5 to prev5t ! spread ( fire 9 ! wood5 frame h\se1 b ^? w be consid]$ z a special subject4 ,likewise ! discussion ( c]ta9 defects ( con/ruction :i* are commonly f\nd 9 ! speculative h\se w be dealt ) lat]4 ,v ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,masonry ,,& ,,wood ,,dwell+ ,9 "o ( ! previ\s *apt]s x 0 po9t$ out t ! type ( con/ruction next 9 g5]al use to t ( ! wood5 frame h\se 0 ! dwell+ ( masonry & wood4 ,?is 0 designat$ z ,type ,,ii1 & def9$ z a build+ ) ext]ior walls ( /one1 brick1 concrete1 or t]ra-cotta1 & int]ior floors & p>titions ( wood5 frame con/ruction4 ,! diff]5ce 9 con/ruction betwe5 ! wood5 frame /ructure & ! masonry-&-wood build+ is mo/ly 9 ! mat]ial us$ = ! ext]ior walls4 ,! int]iors ( bo? types are con/ruct$ 9 practically ! same way1 ! floors be+ ( light wood5 joi/s & ! p>titions ( wood5 /uds4 ,! olde/ v>ieties ( ! masonry h\ses 9 ,am]ica are repres5t$ by ! /one & brick dwell+s ( ,colonial days4 ,^! are s sub/antially built1 & (t5 s arti/ic 9 conception1 t !y h become common models f :i* to draw inspiration4 ,! concrete h\se ( ! monoli?ic or block type1 & t ( holl[ t]ra-cotta tile1 is a mod]n developm5t4 ,! ,/one ,h\se ,! /one h\se is v adaptable to all ^? regions :]e ?is mat]ial c be secur$ f ! excavation ( ! cell> or f "s neighbor+ road improvem5t4 ,sometimes an old /one wall s]ves z a s\rce ( supply4 ,because ( ! native "* ( ?is mat]ial x w always be 9 h>mony ) ! l&scape4 ,9 build+ ! wall ( /one !re are a numb] ( ?+s to be obs]v$1 :]e success is desir$4 ,! wall %\ld be well bond$ toge!r1 ! l9tels ov] ! w9d[s %\ld be /rong1 ! f\ndations %\ld be adequate to prev5t cracks1 ! me?od ( lay+ %\ld be arti/ic1 & ! =m ( jo9t+ 9 h>mony ) x4 ,all native /ones us$ = rubble wall con/ruction h c]ta9 *>act]i/ics ( color & =mation4 ,c]ta9 /ones w split easily into long1 flat %apes1 o!rs seem to h v little lam9ation & break into jagg$1 irregul> patt]ns1 :ile o!rs are s s(t t !y l5d !mselves to easy %ap+ 9 squ>$ blocks ( regul> size4 ,sometimes1 ev51 ! neighborhood may be fill$ ) r\nd field /ones1 :i* c be us$ to imb$ into ! face ( ! wall & produce a surface ( r\nd bumps4 ,:atev] is ! "* ( ! native /one1 x %\ld be us$ 9 its simple/ =m & n =c$ into imitation ( "s o!r type4 ,! s(t br[n s&/ones :i* are se5 9 "s ,colonial h\ses are easily cut & squ>$2 b to cut up a h>d /one into su* c>efully %ap$ blocks1 9 imitation ( ?is ,colonial "w1 w\ld n only be a wa/e ( money b a wa/e ( arti/ic effect4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,lay+ ,accord+ to ! way 9 :i* ! /one naturally l5ds itself1 we h v>i\s types ( rubble walls4 ,! commone/ is ! r\gh rubble wall 9 :i* ! /ones h nei!r regul> %apes nor regul> sizes1 or ev5 c\rses4 ,! wall is compos$ ( l>ge /ones & small /ones 7! latt] are call$ spalls1 & fill 9 ! int]/ices betwe5 ! l>g] /ones74 ,! jo9ts ( mort> betwe5 ! /ones may be pla/]$ r\ghly ov] ! surface1 cov]+ mu* ( ! face ( ! /ones !mselves1 or !y may be r\ghly b neatly po9t$ ) :ite mort>1 or ! jo9ts may be rak$ out4 ,:]e ! /one has a natural t5d5cy to cleave into long1 flat %apes1 ! r\gh rubble may become m regul>ly c\rs$ 9 appe>ance4 ,all ( ^! types are respectively illu/rat$ 9 ,figures #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,r\gh ,rubble--,pla/]$ ,jo9ts ,fig4 #b4 ,r\gh ,rubble--l>ge :ite1 r\ghly po9t$ jo9ts ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,r\gh ,rubble--tr[l$ jo9ts ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,r\gh ,rubble1 or l$g$ "w ,rak$ ,jo9ts4 ,fig4 #e4 ,cobweb ,rubble--tool$ jo9ts--no spalls ,a s(t] /one1 :i* c be dress$ ) ! hamm]1 may be treat$ 9 two diff]5t ways3 ,x may be %ap$ to fit closely1 )\t us+ any spalls to fill up ! int]/ices1 &1 ?us1 appe> z a cut-out puzzle2 ?is is call$ 8cobweb rubble40 ,h[ev]1 ! m dignifi$ treatm5t is ! squ>$1 unc\rs$ rubble1 9 :i* ! blocks are cut to rectangul> %ape & ! jo9ts po9t$ ) a tool4 ,figures #e & #f illu/rate ^!4 ,a wall built entirely ( field /one dep5ds ^u ! mort> = its /r5g?4 ,x appe>s ! be/ :5 ! jo9ts ( ! surface are rak$ out1 p]mitt+ a l>ge "p ( ! /ones to project outw>d4 ,figure #g illu/rates ?is k9d ( rubble wall4 ,:5 ! rubble wall is built ) v c>efully squ>$ /ones1 & 9 regul> c\rses1 x p>takes m ( ! monum5tal "* ( a%l> "w & draws away f ! ru/ic value ( rubble4 ,9 det]m9+ ! am\nt ( cutt+ :i* is to be done1 ! "* ( ! build+ %\ld be consid]$1 rememb]+ t ! smoo!r & m f9i%$ ! wall1 ! m monum5tal is its appe>ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,squ>e unc\rs$ ,rubble tool$ jo9ts ,fig4 #g4 ,field /one ,rubble rak$ jo9ts ,illu/ration3 ,bond /one e #b' 9 ht4 & #c' 9 l5g? ,,mort>1 ,,bond1 ,,& ,,?ickness ,illu/ration3 ,?ickness ( rubble-/one wall ,! k9d ( mort> :i* %\ld be us$ = ! rubble wall dep5ds ^u its location & desir$ appe>ance4 ,all f\ndation-walls1 & all walls :i* are subject to dampness1 %\ld be built ) ,portl&-cem5t mort>4 ,lime mort> may be us$ 9 walls above grade1 al?\gh cem5t mort>1 or cem5t-lime mort> is sup]ior4 ,z ! /r5g? ( a rubble wall dep5ds m ^u ! mort> ?an ! bond1 x is well to use ! be/4 ,h[ev]1 c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! wall is well bond$4 ,a wall :i* consi/s ( two faces1 n bond$ toge!r1 %\ld n be built4 ,a bond /one :i* c>ries ?r\gh f "o face to ! o!r %\ld be set into ! wall e #b feet 9 height1 & e #c feet 9 l5g?4 ,?is bond /one %\ld be flat & ab\t #ab in*es 9 wid? & #h in*es ?ick4 ,! usual ?ickness ( walls = dwell+s n ov] ?ree /ories 9 height is #af in*es1 & ! f\ndation-walls are made #h in*es ?ick] ?an ! wall above or #b feet4 ,! foot+s "u a /one wall %\ld be ( concrete1 n less ?an #ab in*es ?ick1 & %\ld re/ ^u solid gr\nd at a dep? equal to1 or great] ?an1 ! fro/-l9e bel[ ! surface1 unless solid rock occurs above ?is po9t4 ,! wid? ( ! foot+s %\ld be su* t x projects outw>d on bo? sides ( ! wall at lea/ #d in*es4 ,,furr+ ,! int]ior ( all /one walls1 & 9 fact all masonry walls1 w %[ cond5sation ( moi/ure ov] ! int]ior surface1 & if !y are pla/]$ directly on ! int]ior ! decorations w be ru9$ by ! collection ( s mu* wat]4 ,! cause ( ?is cond5sation is ! same z t :i* =ms sweat on ! ext]ior surface ( a glass ( cold wat]4 ,9 ord] to elim9ate ?is disagreeable feature1 all masonry walls are furr$ on ! int]ior be=e ! la? & pla/] is appli$4 ,! furr+ makes an air space betwe5 ! wall & ! pla/]1 & all dampness is prev5t$ f p5etrat+ to ! int]ior surface ( ! pla/]4 ,to fur!r increase ! damp-pro( qualities ( a masonry wall !y are sometimes built holl[1 z1 = example1 ! holl[ brick wall1 or ! holl[ t]ra-cotta tile wall4 ,?is air space also s]ves z an insulator = heat1 prev5t+ ! escape ( heat f ! int]ior ( ! build+ 9 w9t] & ! p5etration ( x into ! /ructure 9 ! summ]4 ,illu/ration3 #aj4 ,furr+ ,/rip ,! commone/ type ( furr+ is ! #a-;in* by #b-;in* wood5 /rip1 nail$ to ! jo9ts ( ! masonry or to wall plugs ins]t$ 9 ! jo9ts4 ,metal furr+ /rips are also ext5sively us$1 & occasionally holl[ t]ra-cotta furr+ blocks4 ,brick ,h\se ,l ! /one h\se1 ! brick dwell+ is "o ( ! olde/ types 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,examples ( e>ly brick h\ses %[ a ta/e = good brick1 :i* lat] di$ out on acc\nt ( ! introduction ( ! fir/ ,am]ican ma*9e-made bricks4 ,^! e>ly ma*9e-made bricks 7 extremely ugly1 due to _! p]fection ( geometric %ape1 smoo?ness ( surface1 & monotony ( r$ color4 ,lat] improvem5ts 9 ! manufacture ( brick h releas$ ?is mat]ial = ext5sive arti/ic use4 ,! surface 0 giv5 a v>i$ color & texture1 & ! =m 0 n made s ma*9e-l4 ,to-day we h a v>iety ( bricks :i* range 9 colors ?r\gh r$s1 yell[s1 buffs1 gre5s1 blues1 & ev5 d>k violets4 ,textures ( wire-cut bricks are ri* & v>i$1 &1 if prop]ly h&l$1 c produce ! v f9e/ ar*itecture4 ,illu/ration3 #aa4 ,runn+ ,bond & me?od ( ,bond+ #ad4 ,flemi% ,bond ,illu/ration3 #ab4 ,engli% ,bond ,illu/ration3 #ac4 ,dut* ,bond or ,engli% ,cross ,bond ,,bond+ ,,& ,,con/ruction ,! ?ickness ( brick walls = dwell+s n high] ?an ?ree /ories ought to be #ab in*es1 al?\gh #h in*es is consid]$ by _m exp]ts to be q ?ick en\gh = small h\ses4 ,if ! f\ndation walls are ( rubble-/one !y %\ld be #h in*es ?ick]1 & if ( brick or concrete !y %\ld be #d in*es ?ick]4 ,usually ! walls w be fac$ ) "s v>iety ( face brick1 9 :i* case !y %\ld be bond$ into ! wall4 ,if a runn+ bond is us$1 ! face brick %\ld be bond$ into ! back+ at e six? c\rse by cutt+ ! corn]s ( ea* brick 9 t c\rse ( face brick & putt+ 9 a r[ ( diagonal head]s beh9d !m1 & also us+ suitable metal an*ors 9 bond+ c\rses at int]vals n exce$+ #c feet4 ,:]e ,flemi% bond is us$1 ! head]s ( e ?ird c\rse %\ld be a full brick & bond$ into ! back+4 ,if ! face brick is ( diff]5t ?ickness to t ( ! common brick back+1 ! c\rses ( ! ext]ior & int]ior %\ld be br\ght to a level b$ at int]vals ( ab\t eight c\rses 9 height ( face brick1 & ! face ti$ into ! back+ by a full head] c\rse or o!r suitable me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fisklock ,,brick ,,fundam5tal ,,bonds ,,9 ,,brickwork ,x is v easy to und]/& ! bonds 9 brickwork if ! fundam5tal =ms are kn[n4 ,!re are1 9 reality1 b two real bonds3 namely1 ! ,engli% & ! ,flemi% bond4 ,! s-call$ runn+ bond is no bond at all2 :ile ! common bond is f\nd only 9 common brick walls1 & uses a bond+ c\rse ( head]s e six? c\rse4 ,! ,dut* bond is only a slightly alt]$ arrangem5t ( ! ,engli% bond1 & is produc$ by m]ely %ift+ ! c5tr+ ( v]tical jo9ts ( ! /ret*] c\rse4 ,by arrang+ ^! fundam5tal bonds 9 v>y+ mann]s a decorative patt]n c be produc$ on ! wall ( brick4 ,illu/ration3 #ae4 ,brick ,jo9ts ,,types ,,( ,,jo9ts ,"h1 aga91 z 9 ! /one wall1 ! mort> jo9t plays a great "p 9 ! f9al effect ( ! design4 ,x c be safely set =? z a rule t ! r\gh] ! texture ( ! brick us$1 ! r\gh] & wid] %\ld be ! jo9t4 ,= ! smoo?-fac$ brick ! jo9t %\ld be small & f9i%$ ) a tool4 ,= a r\gh-fac$ brick ! jo9t %\ld be l>ge & r\gh 9 texture4 ,! v>i\s =ms ( brick jo9ts 9 common use are %[n 9 ! illu/rations4 ,illu/ration3 #af4 ,l9tel ,con/ruction ,,l9tel ,,con/ruction ,9 ! con/ruction ( l9tels 9 ei!r ! wall ( brick or /one1 ! introduction ( ei!r wood or /eel is necess>y = /r5g?4 ,:]e ! op5+s are less ?an #d feet 9 wid?1 timb] l9tels are us$ at ! back ( ! l9tel or ar*1 :i* are cut to s]ve z a c5tre = a r[lock or key$ ar*4 ,any face brick may be support$ by us+ a small /eel angle4 ,:]e l9tels are wid] ?an #d feet1 /eel ,i-beams1 *annels1 or angles mu/ be us$4 ,:]e ! span is m ?an #f feet1 x is necess>y to build 9 be>+ plates = ! support ( ! ends ( l9tels4 ,! ,ideal ,brick ,wall ,x w\ld be well to m5tion "h ! new type ( brick wall :i* is be+ adv]tis$ widely by ! ,common ,brick ,manufactur]s ,association4 ,?is wall is claim$ to be v suit$ to ! small h\se1 & no d\bt x w\ld be1 if x 7 possible to secure ! co-op]ation ( ! local mason4 ,?is type ( brick wall is built holl[1 & arrang$ z %[n 9 ! draw+s4 ,!re are no cont9u\s mort> jo9ts f ! ext]ior to ! int]ior ?r\gh :i* moi/ure c p5etrate4 ,!re are _m features ( advantage :i* ! foll[+ table %[s1 b1 un=tunately1 n all mason contractors w give ! own] ! advantage ( ! r$uction 9 co/ :i* ?is wall p]mits4 ,illu/ration3 #h ,,ideal ,,wall #ab ,,ideal ,,wall ,,common ,,brick ,= #ajj squ>e feet ( wall1 #h in*es ?ick1 ! foll[+ mat]ials are requir$3 ,,= ,,solid ,,brick ,,wall #a1bcc bricks4 #b4f sacks ( cem5t4 #b4i bags ( hydrat$ lime4 4#g cubic y>ds ( s&4 #i h\rs ( a bricklay]'s "t4 #aj h\rs ( a mason's help]'s "t4 ,,= ,,ideal ,,all ,,rolok ,,wall #ijd bricks4 #a sack ( cem5t4 #a4b sacks ( hydrat$ lime4 4#c cubic y>ds ( s&4 #h h\rs ( bricklay]'s "t4 #f h\rs ( a mason's help]'s "t4 ,holl[-,tile ,h\se ,! pa/ decade has se5 an increas+ use ( holl[ t]ra-cotta tile z a build+ mat]ial = ! walls ( ! small h\se4 ,x has _m advantages :i* h made its popul>ity increase1 su* z its l>g] & light] con/ruction unit1 r$uc+ ! labor ( sett+1 its cellul> wall features1 & its availability4 ,!re is mu* in=mation publi%$ by ! manufactur]s describ+ ! correct con/ruction1 b always1 ( c\rse1 ) an eye to adv]tis+ ! mat]ial4 ,h[ev]1 !re has be5 mu* conflict+ te/imony made conc]n+ ! practicability ( holl[-tile con/ruction1 & "s ( ! disadvantages %\ld be not$4 ,z a rule1 !y h prov$ to be /rong en\gh to support ! weight ( ! /ructure impos$ ^u !m1 b 9 ! ,s\?we/1 :]e tornado w9ds are preval5t1 ^! walls h be5 criticis$ because ( _! lack ( /ability & _! porosity4 ,holl[-tile walls h be5 ?r[n d[n :ile ^? con/ruct$ ( brick h /ood1 & driv+ ra9-/orms frequ5tly make ! inside ( ! walls wet4 ,! /ability c be increas$ by fill+ !m ) concrete1 b ! all[able /r5g? _c be consid]$ to h be5 rais$4 ,te/s h %[n t ?is fill+ does n increase ! /r5g?1 because ( ! diff]5ce 9 ! ela/icity ( ! two mat]ials4 ,,types ,,& ,,con/ruction ,!re are two types ( holl[ t]ra-cotta blocks1 "o :i* builds ) cells v]tically & ! o!r :i* builds ) cells horizontally4 ,?is latt] is g5]ally an int]lock+ tile4 ,! /ronge/ wall = v]tical-load resi/ance is built ) v]tical-cell tiles4 ,illu/ration3 #bj4 ,support ( floor-joi/s #ah4 #ab ,holl[-tile wall ,cells ,horizontal ,all holl[-tile %\ld be laid 9 ,portl&-cem5t mort>1 & ! webs %\ld be arrang$ s t !y build ov] "o ano!r4 ,! be>+ ( floor beams & gird]s on walls1 built ) blocks ( v]tical cells1 %\ld be made by cov]+ ! tile ) templates ( t]ra-cotta slabs1 fill+ !m ) concrete or protect+ !m ) plates ( /eel4 ,:]e *ases are requir$ = pipes !y %\ld n be cut into ! wall1 b special blocks %\ld be us$ to build ar\nd !m4 ,all l9tels "u #e feet %\ld be con/ruct$ ) tile ar*es1 re9=c$ ) concrete & /eel rods inside ( _! webs4 ,illu/ration3 #ag4 ,v]tical cell ,holl[-tile wall ,,precautions ,,aga9/ ,,dampness ,illu/ration3 #ba4 ,con/ruction ( l9tel ,illu/ration3 ,brick ,v5e]$ ,holl[-tile wall ,9 ord] to prev5t ! p5etration ( moi/ure ! mason %\ld butt] all jo9ts on ! inside & outside edges1 leav+ an empty space betwe51 9 ord] to insulate aga9/ ! transmission ( moi/ure ?r\gh ! jo9t4 ,to prev5t ! collection ( mort> 9 ! cells ( ! tile1 due to dropp+s dur+ con/ruction1 ! spread+ ( metal la? ov] ! top ( ea* c\rse ( tile w accompli% ?is & also make ! /r5g? ( ! wall great]4 ,al?\gh x is (t5 recomm5d$ t holl[-tile be pla/]$ directly ^u ! int]ior1 yet ?is is n safe 9 ^? sections ( ! c\ntry :]e !re are driv+ ra9-/orms4 ,= ?is reason x is advisable to fur !m on ! int]ior4 ,x is also recomm5d$ t a wat]pro(+ comp\nd be add$ to ! /ucco appli$ to ! ext]ior4 ,ano!r fact %\ld be obs]v$3 namely1 t all door & w9d[ frames1 s9ce !y are ( wood1 w t5d to %r9k & ?us op5 up ! jo9ts & p]mit ! leakage ( ra9-wat]4 ,oakum %\ld be /uff$ beh9d all brick m\lds to prev5t ?is4 ,c>e %\ld also be tak5 to make drips "u all sills1 s t no wat] w leak into ! int]ior ( ! wall4 ,all belt c\rses %\ld also h /eep wa%es4 ,/ucco %\ld n be c>ri$ d[n to ! grade level1 b a c\rse ( solid mat]ial1 l brick1 concrete1 or /one1 %\ld be built at ?is po9t4 ,,v5e]+ ,x is sometimes cu/om>y to v5e] walls ( holl[-tile ) brick1 especially ^? tiles :i* are ( ! int]lock+ type1 s9ce a bett] bond c be secur$4 ,9 any case1 any brick v5e] %\ld be bond$ to ! back+ ) a r[ ( head]s e #af in*es1 or be atta*$ ) metal ties4 ,?is v5e]+ %\ld n be consid]$ z "p ( ! requir$ ?ickness ( wall4 ,,wall ,,?ickness ,! ?ickness ( holl[-tile walls %\ld be ! same z = walls ( brick4 ,! con/ruction ( light #aj-;in* & #h-;in* walls1 :ile /rong en\gh z a sub/itute = a frame dwell+1 is n /rong aga9/ wea!r or fire4 ,! only ju/ification = ?9 walls is ! slightly r$uc$ co/ ( mat]ials4 ,holl[ blocks1 z a rule1 are n us$ = f\ndations1 al?\gh !y are satisfactory "u build+s n high] ?an #dj feet4 ,x is bett] to fill su* walls ) concrete & wat]pro( !m on ! ext]ior4 ,concrete ,h\se ,! developm5t ( ! concrete h\se has be5 /imulat$ by l>ge corporations erect+ t[ns ( !m 9 "o locality4 ,! erection ( concrete h\ses by individual build]s _c1 z a rule1 foll[ ^? sy/ems :i* are adapt$ to gr\p con/ruction4 ,! use ( l>ge preca/ units may be satisfactory = a developm5t ( a hundr$ or m h\ses1 b x is n economical = a s+le op]ation4 ,! use ( heavy /eel =ms = ca/+ monoli?ic h\ses ( concrete1 :ile "u c]ta9 favorable labor conditions may be satisfactory = a small job1 yet z a rule is bett] adapt$ to l>ge ent]prises4 ,su* /eel =ms are repres5t$ by ! ,lambie =ms & ! ,hydraulic =ms4 ,ev5 wood =ms ( heavy con/ruction1 l ^? us$ 9 ! ,+]soll sy/em 9 "w at ,union & ,phillipsburg1 are n adapt$ to an op]ation involv+ less ?an fifty id5tical h\ses4 ,ano!r sy/em1 comb9+ bo? ! preca/ & ! ca/-9-place "w1 call$ ! ,simpsoncraft sy/em1 is n economical = small op]ations4 ,?is uses ?9 preca/ slabs = walls & floors1 & preca/ concrete beams4 ,! preca/ p>ts are ti$ toge!r by ca/+ 9 place re9=c$ /uds ( concrete4 ,practically ! only available sy/ems :i* are useful = ! small op]ation are 7#a7 monoli?ic h\ses1 built ) light1 portable /eel =ms or wood5 =ms1 & 7#b7 ! concrete block h\se4 ,,block ,,h\se ,illu/ration3 #be4 ,typical ,concrete block wall ,! concrete h\se1 especially t built ( blocks1 (t5 has ! defect ( be+ damp on ! int]ior1 unless precautions h be5 tak5 to avoid ?is4 ,x is always be/ to fur ! int]ior ( walls1 al?\gh !re h be5 cases :]e ! blocks h be5 wat]pro($ & ! int]iors rema9$ dry4 ,usually ^? blocks :i* are ca/ 9 a v dry /ate are por\s1 :ile ^? :i* are p\r$ %[ consid]able compactness4 ,! great difficulty 9 us+ concrete blocks lies 9 ! inexp]i5c$ & in>ti/ic "w ( ! l>ge numb] ( 8w\ld-be manufactur]s10 ^: only claim to ! product consi/s ( hav+ pur*as$ a ma*9e :i* w turn out s _m blocks a day & reap !m an adv]tis$ =tune 9 a %ort p]iod4 ,a ?or\ghly reliable concrete block c be made1 if !re is us$ pl5ty ( good cem5t1 clean aggregate ) prop] proportions ( f9e & co>se to secure d5sity1 suffici5t wat] to make a wet mixture1 & !n ! product kept damp :ile cur+4 ,! surface %\ld also be f9i%$ 9 "s arti/ic mann]4 ,a good me?od consi/s 9 apply+ ab\t an in* ( :ite cem5t & %[y aggregate to ! out] fac+ ( ! block1 & !n1 :5 ! block has be5 set into ! wall1 f9i% x (f ) a /one-tool+ ma*9e1 su* z a po9t]1 op]at$ by a pneumatic hamm]4 ,blocks1 also1 %\ld be ( ! holl[-wall type1 s t an air space betwe5 c be secur$ = v5tilation & insulation4 ,,monoli?ic ,,h\se ,! commone/ me?od ( build+ monoli?ic walls ( concrete is to use wood5 =ms4 ,^! are built 9 sets ( panels1 "o = ! ext]ior & ! o!r = ! int]ior face ( ea* c\rse4 ,^! are successively rais$1 "o above ! o!r1 9 p\r+ ! walls4 ,mr4 ,erne/ ,flagg1 ar*itect1 has develop$ a rem>kably simple sy/em ( concrete-wall con/ruction ) ! wood5 =m4 ,r\ghly brok5 /one are set aga9/ ! inside ( ! =ms1 us$ = ! ext]ior face ( ! wall1 & ! re/ ( ! wall is fill$ up ) concrete4 ,by rais+ ! bo>ds :i* are us$ = ! =ms1 z ea* lay] h>d5s1 ! wall c be erect$ )\t skill$ labor & yet h ! appe>ance1 on ! ext]ior1 ( a /one wall4 ,( c\rse x is necess>y to po9t ! jo9ts ( ! /one "w aft] ! =ms h be5 remov$4 ,illu/ration3 #bb4 ,typical monoli?ic wall con/ruction #bd4 ,/one fac$ concrete wall develop$ by ,erne/ ,flagg ,( ! light /eel =ms1 ! mo/ important on ! m>ket are ! ,meta=ms & ! ,morrill =ms4 ,! ,meta=ms1 orig9ally ! ,rei*]t =ms1 are compos$ ( individual =m units4 ,all units are /&>diz$ & int]*angeable1 & equipp$ ) ! necess>y clamps & lock+ devices4 ,^! units are built ( %eet /eel1 /rongly re9=c$1 & measure #b feet squ>e4 ,a s+le c\rse ( ,meta=ms is compos$ ( an inn] & out] %ell ( plates4 ,z ! "w progresses ! bottom c\rse is tak5 (f & plac$ above = ! next1 !re be+ usually ?ree c\rses ( =ms 9 op]ation4 ,! ,morrill =m is also a %eet-/eel =m1 only x uses a h+$ 8sw+-up0 con/ruction1 by :i* ! l[] c\rses ( ! =m c be swung up into position = ! new c\rse z ! "w progresses4 ,! ,van ,guild] d\ble-wall ma*9es h be5 gradually increas+ 9 use ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,!y are n = sale1 b ! company e/abli%es a contract+ organization 9 diff]5t c5tres4 ,! ma*9e is a /eel m\ld :i* is mov$ along & upw>d z ! concrete wall is tamp$ 9 x4 ,x builds a d\ble wall 9 ti]s4 ,ea* ti] is #i in*es high & #e feet long4 ,a complete circuit ( "o ti] is made ar\nd ! wall1 & !n ! next ti] is begun on top4 ,illu/ration3 #bc4 ,a d\ble monoli?ic wall built by ! ,van ,guild] ma*9e4 ,,vi ,,safegu>ds ,,aga9/ ,,fire ,,9 ,,dwell+s ,! ,necessity = ,safegu>ds ,! majority ( small h\ses w be built ( ei!r wood-frame con/ruction or ( wood-&-masonry con/ruction = _m ye>s to come1 9 spite ( ! propag&a favor+ firepro( dwell+s1 = ! co/ ( mat]ials & labor are s adju/$ t h\ses ( ?is bett] type _c be built by ! av]age citiz54 ,9 fact1 #ij p] c5t ( ! h\ses erect$ to-day use wood5 /uds & floor beams4 ,?is me?od ( build+ co/s ! fire insurance companies ab\t #fj1jjj1jjj a ye>4 ,! actual loss mu/ be ev5 great] ?an ?is1 = n all h\ses are insur$4 ,we might z well face ^! facts frankly & accept ! next be/ means ( prev5t+ ?is enorm\s annual loss ( dwell+s by e/abli%+ safegu>ds aga9/ ?is fire dragon at ! mo/ vuln]able p>ts ( ! build+4 ,we mu/ place ! armor ( protection :]e x is ne$$ mo/1 & set up ! safegu>ds aga9/ fire :]e ! dang]\s enemy attacks4 ,on exam9ation ( ! insurance reports ^u ?is "q1 we f9d t #if p] c5t ( all ! fires orig9ate inside ( ! h\ses4 ,! mo/ important cause ( ^! fires is defective *imney con/ruction4 ,bad fireplace design1 c>eless flue con/ruction1 & poor masonry "w 9 ! *imney are responsible = _m a tragic fire & a total loss ( furniture1 clo!s1 & h\sehold goods ( well-mean+ citiz5s4 ,x is true t ?is is a cause ( fire :i* may be prev5t$ by build+ good *imneys & fireplaces1 b !re are o!r causes t are n s easily regulat$1 su* z explosions f k]os5e1 %ort circuits 9 ! electric iron or vacuum clean]1 c>eless ?r[+ ar\nd ( burn$ mat*es & cig>ettes1 & _m o!r accid5ts :i* are b\nd to occur 9 spite ( all precautions4 ,:5 su* fires />t1 !re is only "o ?+ to d3 ext+ui% !m 9 ! quicke/ possible mann]4 ,b ?is _c be done easily if ! walls & ! floors ( ! h\se are s built t !y act z hidd5 passages & flues = ! flames to creep insidi\sly ?r\gh\t ! build+1 break+ out 9 ! mo/ unexpect$ places & entrapp+ ! unw>y 9 dang]\s positions4 ,! way t _m dwell+s are con/ruct$ makes x possible = a fire to />t 9 ! cell> ov] ! smoke-pipe f ! furnace1 9 ! dead ( night1 creep sil5tly ?r\gh ! floors & up ! int]ior p>titions to ! attic & second floor1 until sudd5ly1 bur/+ =? 9 all its fury1 x has ! sleep+ inhabitants ensn>$ 9 a box ( fire t has cut (f _! escape4 ,! t]rible heat has eat5 away ! /r5g? ( ! be>+ p>titions1 ! floors collapse1 ! /airs are encircl$ ) a wri?+ flame1 & smoke & fire issue f ev]y:]e z sudd5ly z ?\gh !y _h be5 spontane\sly produc$4 ,!re is no "t to fight su* a fire z ?is2 ab\t all t c be done is to escape 9 safety1 & !n ! hi/ory ( su* conflagrations tells ( ! tragic dea? ( _m *ildr5 left beh9d 9 ! excitem5t4 ,x is ?is fe>ful dang] ( ! secret entrapp+ ( fire t x is possible to elim9ate f ! wood5 h\se4 ,at lea/ we c make ?is demon elem5t come out into ! op51 :]e we c see to fight him4 ,we c set safegu>ds aga9/ 8 passage ?r\gh floors & walls1 up /airs1 & beh9d wa9scots4 ,9 mo/ cases :]e h\ses are s protect$ a fire c be quickly ext+ui%$ by ! fire dep>tm5t or by a *emical fire-ext+ui%] kept 9 ! h\se4 ,?is bus9ess ( sett+ up fire-/ops :5 ! h\se is be+ con/ruct$ %\ld be kn[n4 ,! clos+ ( ! passage betwe5 ! pla/]1 furr+ /rips1 & masonry wall1 ! block+ ( cont9u\s ways ?r\gh ext]ior /ud walls & int]ior be>+ p>titions1 ! fill+ 9 ( ! holl[ spaces beh9d wa9scots1 ! protect+ ( ! "u side ( /airs1 & _m o!r precautions c be provid$ = 9 ! plans & specifications )\t add+ mu* to ! exp5se4 ,plac+ ( ! ,fire-,/ops ,!re are two g5]al places :]e ^! fire-/ops %\ld be con/ruct$3 9 ! v]tical walls to cut (f conceal$ drafts & 9 ! horizontal floors to act z b>ri]s betwe5 "o floor & ! next4 ,a fire :i* />ts 9 ! cell> c be conf9$ = "s "t f spread+ upw>d if ! ceil+ is cov]$ ) metal la? & pla/] & all ! possible v]tical op5+s 9 ! walls are /opp$ ) concrete1 m9]al wool1 or o!r effective mat]ial4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a fire :i* />ts 9 ! attic may spread to ! l[] /ories by sp>ks dropp+ d[n inside ( ! p>titions1 unless !y are prop]ly fire-/opp$4 ,x is v important1 h[ev]1 to h fire-/ops c>efully built1 = :5 gas is heat$ to ! temp]ature ( combu/ion x w pass ?r\gh v small crevices1 sett+ fire to ! mat]ials on ! o!r side4 ,x only requires a temp]ature ( #ajjj ,f4 to ignite wood1 & if ! air is ?is hot1 al?\gh x may appe> h>mless1 x w set fire to :atev] combu/ible mat]ial x t\*es4 ,= ?is reason1 fire-/ops c>elessly in/all$ are z good z none4 ,z an example ( ?is1 blocks ( wood are sometimes us$ betwe5 ! /uds z a fire-/opp+ mat]ial1 b1 z x requires "t to fit ?is mat]ial 9 place1 small cracks are (t5 left betwe5 ! blocks & ! /uds1 :i* p]mit ! heat$ gases easily to pass ?r\gh !m to ! o!r side4 ,?is is also true :5 bricks are us$ = fire-/ops4 ,z ! av]age /ud is only ab\t #c in* wide1 & ! av]age brick is #d in*es1 x is impossible to fill ! space betwe5 ! /uds ) bricks1 laid flatwise1 b !y mu/ be set on edge1 leav+ a wide crevice :i* mu/ be fill$ 9 ) mort>4 ,?is is (t5 poorly done or omitt$ entirely1 mak+ ! brick fire-/op inadequate4 ,9 enum]at+ ! places :]e fire-/ops %\ld be built1 ! mo/ important ones are ! block+ ( ! space betwe5 ! pla/] & furr$ brick wall at ea* floor level & ! clos+ ( ! air-space 9 ext]ior /ud walls at ea* floor 7,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c74 ,! fill+ 9 ( ! holl[ space at ! base ( e int]ior /ud p>tition is likewise necess>y 7,fig4 #d74 ,a wood5 cornice banks up ! heat f any neighbor+ fire1 & x is advisable to fire-/op ! space ar\nd ! ends ( ! raft]s :]e !y jo9 ) ! ceil+-joi/s ov] ! plate 7,fig4 #e74 ,:]e ! second floor ( ! h\se projects out ov] ! por*1 x %\ld be fill$ ) fire-/opp+ mat]ial1 n only = safety aga9/ fire b also to keep out ! cold 9 ! w9t] 7,fig4 #f74 ,! pockets into :i* slid+-doors roll %\ld be l9$ ) gypsum bo>d1 n only z a fire ret>dant b also to prev5t cold drafts f com+ out ( ^! pockets 7,fig4 #g74 ,! pla/] %\ld be c>ri$ d[n beh9d all wood5 wa9scots z a fire-/op 7,fig4 #h74 ,! space betwe5 ! /air c>riage %\ld also be clos$ at ea* /ory 7,fig4 #i71 & all *ases & ducts %\ld be fill$ at ea* floor level4 ,:]ev] expos$ pipes pass ?r\gh horizontal p>ts ( ! h\se !y %\ld be run ?r\gh sleeves4 ,:]ev] hot-air flues g f "o floor to ! next !y %\ld be pack$ ar\nd ) incombu/ible mat]ial 7,fig4 #aj71 & all regi/]s 9 floors %\ld be insulat$ 9 ! same way4 ,! space betwe5 floor-joi/s & *imneys mu/ also be fill$ 9 ) fire-/opp+ mat]ials4 ,illu/ration3 ,fire-/opp+ ( furr$ (f space 9 brick wall ,fig #a ,fire-/opp+ ( furr$ (f space 9 brick wall ,fig #b ,illu/ration3 ,fire /op at base ( ext]ior /ud wall ,fig #c ,fire /op = int]ior be>+ p>tition ( /uds ,fig #d ,illu/ration3 ,fire /op at end ( raft]s ,fig #e ,fire /op 9 ceil+ ( por* ro( :]e #bnd floor projects ov] ,fig #f ,illu/ration3 ,fire-/op ( slid+ door ,fig #g ,fire-/op ( ,wa9scot ,fig #h ,illu/ration3 ,fig #i ,fig #aj ,mat]ials to be ,us$ ,x is n necess>y to use exp5sive mat]ials = fire-/ops1 b !y %\ld be c>efully plac$4 ,mat]ials l m9]al wool are ! be/1 s9ce !y exp& z ! wood %r9ks & fill up ! space4 ,concrete :i* is held 9 position by /rips ( metal la? is also excell5t4 ,! concrete or mort> us$ c be made f refuse mat]ial1 & ne$ n h any great /r5g?4 ,old bricks are satisfactory if !y are slu%$ into position ) mort> :i* fills all ! crevices4 ,gypsum blocks are good except = damp location1 :]e !y absorb moi/ure easily &1 hold+ x1 induce dry rot 9 ! surr\nd+ timb]s4 ,asbe/os bo>d1 gypsum bo>d1 & metal la? & pla/] are suitable = cov]+ l>ge areas1 su* z cell> ceil+s1 ov] ! boil]4 ,9 fact1 fire-/opp+ c be *eaply done ) odd-&-end bits ( mat]ial :i* usually g to wa/e ar\nd ! build+4 ,! details ( con/ruct+ ^! fire-/ops are be/ %[n 9 ! illu/rations1 & no fur!r descriptions w be necess>y4 ,*imney ,con/ruction ,9 view ( :at 0 said 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is *apt]1 ! con/ruction ( a *imney by approv$ me?ods is also a safegu>d aga9/ fire4 ,x c be consid]$ a rule t e *imney %\ld be l9$ ) a t]ra-cotta flue1 t e *imney %\ld be an indep5d5t /ructure ( its own1 ) walls ?ick en\gh = /ability1 capable ( /&+ ^u _! own f\ndations & n hung f any "p ( ! /ructure1 t all woodwork ( ! build+ %\ld be fram$ f> en\gh f ! *imney to make no contact ) x1 &1 f9ally1 t all ! smoke-pipes :i* ent] into ! flues %\ld be pro( aga9/ leakage ( flames & heat ( su* int5sity z to cause combu/ion4 ,9 ! pa/ ?is ne$ ( l9+ ! flues ( a *imney ) t]ra-cotta flue tiles 0 n consid]$ important1 b to-day x is a well recogniz$ fact t no *imney is safe )\t ?is protective l9+4 ,!re are _m in/ances :]e *imneys are built )\t ?is l9+ & %[ no fire dang]s1 b ! action ( flue gases is sl[ & sure1 & ! mort> is attack$ gradually1 ) ! result+ dis9tegration ( ! brickwork1 ?r\gh :i* ! flames ev5tually f9d _! way to ! surr\nd+ wood timb]s4 ,x is f\nd t ev5 :]e t]ra-cotta flue l9+s are us$ ! hot gases f ! burn+ ( natural gas z a fuel break d[n _! resi/ance & !y crumble1 s t 9 su* cases ! flue l9+s %\ld be made ( fire-clays4 ,f practical exp]i5ce ! m9imum ?ickness all[able = any ( ^! flue l9+s %\ld be #a in*1 & ! jo9ts %\ld n be made ) coll>s4 ,:5 sett+ ^! l9+s !y %\ld be laid 9 cem5t mort>1 n 9 lime mort>1 = ?is dis9tegrates "u ! action ( gases f burn+ wood4 ,! jo9ts %\ld be /ruck smoo? on ! inside1 & ! space betwe5 ! l9+ & ! brickwork fill$ 9 solid ) mort>4 ,:]ev] two flue l9+s are run )9 ! same *imney space1 ! jo9ts %\ld be /agg]$ or (fset at lea/ #f in*es4 ,two l9+s1 h[ev]1 9 "o *imney space %\ld be ! maximum numb] p]mitt$4 ,:]e m are requir$1 ea* gr\p ( two %\ld be sep>at$ by brick walls ( at lea/ #d in*es1 :i* are well bond$ into ! outside walls ( ! *imney4 ,?is is 9 ord] to give /ability to ! *imney & also prev5t any fires 9 "o flue spread+ to o!rs4 ,! ?ickness ( outside walls ( ! *imney ar\nd ! flues %\ld n be less ?an #d in*es if built ( brick or re9=c$ concrete1 b if built ( /one !y %\ld be #h in*es4 ,:]ev] !re is no flue l9+ ( t]ra-cotta1 su* z 9 ! smoke-*amb]1 ! ?ickness ( ! masonry f ! int]ior to ! ext]ior %\ld nev] be less ?an #h in*es4 ,if *imneys are built ( re9=c$ concrete1 ! re9=cem5ts %\ld be run 9 bo? directions to prev5t cracks dur+ ! sett+ ( ! cem5t or f temp]ature /resses4 ,:]e concrete blocks are us$1 re9=cem5ts %\ld run cont9u\sly ar\nd ! blocks1 & ! %ell ( ! blocks %\ld n be less ?an #d in*es ?ick4 ,:]ev] ! walls ( dwell+s are ( brick & #ab or m in*es ?ick1 !y may be us$ to conta9 *imney flues4 ,if x is necess>y to corbel out ! flues f ! wall1 !y %\ld n ext5d f>!r ?an #d in*es f ! face ( ! wall1 & ! corbell+ %\ld n be done ) less ?an five c\rses ( bricks4 ,next 9 importance to ! correct l9+ ( flues is ! prop] con/ruction ( ! f\ndation "u *imneys4 ,!re are (t5 cases :]e x is necess>y to cut (f ! *imneys bel[ 9 "p or 9 :ole to supply room on ! fir/ floor4 ,?is %\ld be avoid$ z mu* z possible1 b if x _c be done x %\ld be support$ by /eelwork f ! gr\nd up4 ,illu/ration3 ,fire place ,fig #ab ,ano!r mi/ake t is cont9ually made is to cut (f ! *imney at too l[ a level & cap x ) only a pla/]+ ( mort>4 ,all *imneys %\ld be c>ri$ at lea/ #c feet above flat ro(s & #b feet above ! ridge ( a peak ro( & prop]ly capp$ ) /one1 t]ra-cotta1 or concrete4 ,if !y are n capp$1 & ! bricks improp]ly ti$1 ! mort> jo9ts w be loos5$ by ! action ( ! wea!r & ! heat issu+ f ! *imney1 & ev5tually ! bricks w be mov$ f _! position1 leav+ ! top 9 a dilapidat$ condition4 ,?is ext5sion ( ! *imney ?r\gh ! ro( leaves a jo9t :i* mu/ be cov]$ ) fla%+ to prev5t leak+4 ,! usual me?od ( build+ a t9-cov]$ cricket beh9d ! *imney1 & protect+ ! o!r sides ) t9 fla%+ c\nt]-fla%$ is v satisfactory2 b ! practice ( corbell+ ! brickwork out ov] ! ro(1 9 ord] to cov] ov] ! jo9t1 is extremely bad4 ,:5 a *imney built 9 ?is way settles1 ! corbell$-out p>ts cat* on ! ro(1 & ! :ole top ( ! *imney is lift$ (f1 leav+ a crack ?r\gh :i* ! hot gases pass to ! wood5 raft]s4 ,see illu/rations on pages #ade & #agj4 ,if !re are any fireplaces to be built 9 ! *imney ! walls %\ld nev] be less ?an #h in*es ?ick ar\nd !m4 ,x is be/ to l9e !m ) fire-brick ( at lea/ #b in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,he>?s %\ld ext5d 9 front ( ! fireplace at lea/ #bj in*es to prev5t sp>ks f fall+ on ! wood5 floors4 ,^! he>?s %\ld be support$ ^u trimm] ar*es or be con/ruct$ ( re9=c$ concrete4 ,x is important to keep ! woodwork ( any mantel away f ! op5+ at ! top at lea/ #ab in*es & at ! sides at lea/ #h in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #aa ,9 fact1 no woodwork %\ld be p]mitt$ to come 9 contact ) any "p ( ! *imney4 ,wood5 beams & joi/s %\ld be kept at lea/ #b in*es f ! *imney & at lea/ #d in*es f ! back ( any fireplace4 ,?is space1 z 0 previ\sly /at$1 %\ld be fill$ 9 ) fire-/opp+ mat]ial4 ,:]e a *imney is on ! l9e ) a wood5 /ud p>tition1 x is bett] to pla/] directly ov] ! brickwork ( ! *imney ?an to c>ry /uds ov] x on :i* la? & pla/] is con/ruct$4 ,by us+ metal la? ov] ! brickwork ! dang] ( cracks c be elim9at$4 ,:]e a base-bo>d mu/ be c>ri$ along ?is wall 9 :i* su* a *imney occurs1 ! pla/] %\ld be c>ri$ d[n beh9d x & !n asbe/os bo>d %\ld be plac$ beh9d ! base-bo>d to prev5t too mu* heat com+ 9 contact ) x4 ,if ^! precautions are tak5 9 ! con/ruction ( ! *imney & ! correct me?ods ( fire-/opp+ employ$1 ! h\se ( wood c be made less ( a fire-trap ?an x is to-day4 ,none ( ^! devices require mu* additional exp5se1 & %\ld1 on ?is basis1 h a broad appeal4 ,,vii ,,poor ,,me?ods ,,( ,,con/ruction ,,employ$ ,,by ,,unscrupul\s ,,build]s ,x w\ld be an endless task to li/ & describe all ( ! possible faults ( con/ruction :i* an unscrupul\s build] might use 9 ! erection ( a small h\se1 &1 inde$1 x w\ld result l>gely 9 rehe>s+ all ( ! details ( good con/ruction1 & !n rev]s+ !m1 %[+ t in/ead ( do+ ! correct ?+ x 0 done q ! opposite way4 ,b !re are c]ta9 obvi\s & gl>+ faults ( con/ruction :i* are employ$ by speculative build]s ) "o purpose 9 m9d1 namely1 to r$uce ! co/ b ma9ta9 a good appe>ance4 ,an int5tional & clev] disguise ( poor con/ruction is1 at he>t1 ! di%one/ ?+ aga9/ :i* ?is is writt54 ,! defects ( con/ruction :i* are ei!r ! result ( ignorance or unskill$ labor1 :ile !y are bad en\gh1 are n malici\s1 b ^? defects :i* are int5tionally plann$ are simply sy/ems ( /eal+1 & !y are usually f\nd 9 ! s-call$ speculative h\se1 :i* ! unw>y public buys 9 pref]5ce to secur+ an hone/ h\se1 design$ by an ar*itect4 ,& x is ?is sy/em ( di%one/ con/ruction t makes ! speculative h\se seem1 on ! face1 *eap] ?an ! hone/ h\se4 ,inde$1 x is ! :ole int5tion ( su* di%one/ me?ods ( build+ to make ! h\se seem1 on ! face ( x1 sub/antial1 good-look+1 & hone/1 b to hide1 b5ea? ! glam\r ( its ext]ior1 weaknesses ( /ructure :i* w cause all k9ds ( failures aft] a few ye>s ( /&+4 ,s long z ! h\se /&s toge!r until ! build] has sold x to "s unsuspect+ buy]1 t is all t int]e/s him4 ,9 obs]v+ "s ( ^! di%one/ me?ods ( con/ruction x is well to keep 9 m9d t !y w appe> on ! ext]ior well done1 b t _! faults are hidd51 & int5tionally plann$ to r$uce ! co/ = ! build]4 ,9 ord] to sy/ematize our obs]vations along ^! l9es let u imag9e a h\se :i* we w inspect 9 an ord]ly fa%ion4 ,we w beg9 ) ! cell> & proce$ upw>d to ! ro(4 ,?is h\se is an ord9>y frame dwell+ ^u a /one f\ndation4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,fake ,lead] ,! ,poorly ,made ,floor ,ent]+ ! cell>-door1 ! fir/ ?+ we notice is t at ! base ( ! /airs lead+ to ?is door is a puddle ( wat] left f ! la/ ra9-/orm4 ,^u inquir+ conc]n+ x we le>n t 9 e ra9-/orm1 & especially dur+ ! w9t] :5 ! gr\nd is froz51 ! surface wat] fl[s d[n ! /eps1 collects 9 ! areaway 9 front ( ! cell>-door1 & ov]fl[s ! sill into ! cell> itself--all because ! build] _h omitt$ a dra9-pipe 9 ! c5tre ( ?is area to save money4 ,becom+ int]e/$ 9 ?is matt] ( dra9age1 we look ar\nd at ! areas "u ea* ( ! cell>-w9d[s & f9d t ! dra9s h be5 omitt$ f ^!1 & t a few brok5 pebbles 7 ?r[n into ! bottom to give ! impression t ! wat] c\ld dra9 (f into ! soil1 & all ?is to save money & deceive ! buy]4 ,inspect+ ! gr\nd ar\nd ! f\ndation-wall we notice t ab\t ea* lead] ! e>? has be5 worn d[n by dripp+ wat]1 z ?\gh ! lead] _h back$ up & ! gutt] _h ov]fl[$4 ,inquiry %[s t su* is ! case 9 e ra9-/orm4 ,app>5tly ! outlet = ! lead] has be5 /opp$ up1 s1 9 ord] to f9d out :e!r ?is is true1 we ne$ to remove ! l[] section ( ! lead] f ! t]ra-cotta pipe to look into x1 = (t5 x becomes clogg$ at ?is po9t ) leaves & dirt4 ,break+ away ! cem5t jo9t & pull+ g5tly ^u ! %eet-metal lead]1 we sudd5ly f9d t x crumbles 9 our h&s1 & t ! lead] consi/s ( a coat ( pa9t hold+ a few p>ticles ( ru/ toge!r4 ,yes1 *eap1 ?91 s-call$ galvaniz$-iron lead]s to save money & deceive ! buy]6 ,b cont9u+ our se>* = ! /oppage we poke our cane into ! section ( t]ra-cotta pipe project+ above ! gr\nd :i* receiv$ ! lead]1 & f9d t x /ops %ort4 ,twi/+ x ar\nd to remove ! mat]ial :i* seems to block ! pipe we f9d1 mu* to our surprise1 t ! entire section ( t]ra-cotta pipe breaks (f1 & !n1 look+ clos]1 we f9d t ?is pipe does n connect ) a ca/-iron dra9age-pipe lead+ to ! plumb+ sy/em or to a dry well1 b _h m]ely be5 /uck into ! gr\nd to give ?is appe>ance & to save money & deceive ! buy]4 ,no wond] ! lead] back$ up & ! gutt]s ov]fl[$ 9 a ra9-/orm6 ,by ?is "t we h become v suspici\s ( ! h\se1 s t :5 we f9ally g d[n into ! cell> our att5tion is attract$ to a section ( ! cem5t floor ne> ! furnace :]e ! l>ge a%-cans are /&+4 ,! top surface has crack$ "u ! weight ( ! cans1 & x appe>s to be 9 ?9 sliv]s ( cem5t4 ,lean+ d[n & pry+ "u "o ( ^! crack$ pieces ) a knife1 a ?9 slab ( concrete1 ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick1 is lift$ up f ! floor1 & b5ea? ?is slab we f9d ab\t #b or #c in*es ( tamp$ a%es1 & !n dirt4 ,we m>vel t ?is floor has la/$ ev5 z long z x has ) s mu* wat] runn+ into ! cell> 9 damp wea!r4 ,?9k ( x1 #b in*es ( a%es & a qu>t] ( an in* ( cem5t mort> on ! top1 :5 ! correct me?od ( build+ is to lay ab\t #f in*es ( c9d]s = a f\ndation1 !n #c in*es ( concrete on top ( ?is1 & f9ally a top coat1 #a in* ?ick1 ( cem5t mort> ov] all4 ,look+ up f ! floor we are r impress$ by ! clean1 :itewa%$ effect ( ! walls ( ! cell>1 & "o w\ld h>dly believe t x 0 a damp "o1 b ar\nd ! w9d[s & at c]ta9 po9ts 9 ! wall ! :itewa% is /reak$ ) black1 z ?\gh wat] _h leak$ 94 ,go+ ov] to ^! places 9 ! wall x is q evid5t t dur+ ! w9t] & damp season wat] has soak$ ?r\gh ^! crevices4 ,pok+ ar\nd ) a p5knife we are amaz$ at ! ease ) :i* ! knife p5etrates ! mort> betwe5 ! jo9ts ( ! /ones4 ,work+ at x a little h>d] ) ! knife soon %[s t if ! cell> 7 a prison x w\ld n be v h>d to scrat* "o's way out ?r\gh t wall4 ,sudd5ly1 )\t w>n+1 "o ( ! /ones 9 ! wall drops out onto ! floor1 & we get a view ( ! con/ruction )94 ,= c]ta9 x is "o ( ^? /one walls built up ) two faces1 n bond$ toge!r1 except by mort> :i* seems to be made up ( mud & a small trace ( lime1 :i* lime has dis9tegrat$ ) ! con/ant dampness to :i* x has be5 subject$4 ,a piece ( ! mort> we f9d c be crumbl$ easily 9 ! h&4 ,?is is evid5ce ( ! employm5t ( ! *eape/ k9d ( labor = ! masonry "w & ! cutt+ d[n ( exp5se 9 us+ poor mat]ials4 ,we only h to look closely to see t !re is develop+ a long diagonal crack 9 ! wall1 & we c imag9e t if ! contractor built s poor a wall above ! gr\nd1 ! *ances are t !re is no foot+ b5ea? x4 ,ne> at h& a l>ge bulge is noticeable1 & :5 we hit x ) a hamm] ! :ole ?+ has a rott5 s\nd1 = ! inside face is bulg+ inw>d f ! load ^u x & ! unev5 settl+ ( ! f\ndations4 ,look+ up n[ at ! neatly :itewa%$ ceil+ we _c help b be suspici\s ( ! pla/] b5ea? ! surface1 s go+ ov] to t "p ( ! ceil+ above ! smoke-pipe lead+ f ! furnace to ! *imney we jab our cane aga9/ x1 &1 z we expect$1 a big slab breaks (f & cra%es to ! floor1 reveal+ p>tly *>r$ wood5 la? b5ea?1 :i* h be5 bak+ 9 ! heat ris+ f ! smoke-pipe1 & :i* w\ld ev5tually cat* fire4 ,exam9+ ! pla/] v closely we obs]ve t 9 addition to be+ a v ?9 coat x has no hair 9 x to act z a re9=cem5t = ! pla/] key :i* held x to ! la? base4 ,b be+ r inquisitive ab\t ! con/ruction hidd5 beh9d ! pla/]1 & hav+ brok5 "s ( x d[n1 ! removal ( ! few la? is wor? ! look beh9d !m4 ,& !re we see ! gird] :i* supports ! floor-joi/s re/+ ^u ! *imney in/ead ( on a special pi] or column4 ,?is sav$ ! contractor ! co/ ( ! pi] or ! column1 b ! own] w\ld probably lose 8 h\se "s day by fire creep+ ?r\gh ! jo9ts ( ! brickwork ( ! *imney to ! ends ( ?is wood5 gird]1 = x 0 q evid5t t ! mort> us$ 9 ! *imney 0 n mu* bett] ?an t us$ 9 ! wall1 & x is well kn[n t lime mort> dis9tegrates "u ! action ( hot gases f burn+ wood4 ,turn+ our att5tion n[ to o!r p>ts ( ! cell>1 we notice t 9 ! floor ( ! laundry a place _h be5 brok5 into1 & ^u inquiry we f9d t ?is hole 0 dug by ! plumb] 9 repair+ a /oppage ( ! sy/em ( dra9age-pipes "u ! floor4 ,x seems t ! contractor _h omitt$ plac+ any clean-outs 9 ! pipes :i* he _h laid "u ! cell> floor1 & ! own]'s wife1 by accid5t1 9 p\r+ a pail ( wa% wat] d[n ! wat]-closet 9 ! cell> _h all[$ a rag to g d[n ) x1 :i* clogg$ up ! sy/em1 s t ! wa/e f ! kit*5-s9k began to back up into ! laundry-tubs4 ,z !re 0 no way to get at ! pipes1 ! plumb]1 9 clean+ out ! sy/em1 0 oblig$ to break ?r\gh ! floor & cut out a hole 9 ! pipe to run a wire ?r\gh to ! clean-out on ! h\se-trap4 ,! contractor :o built ! h\se _h sav$ ab\t fifte5 doll>s 9 omitt+ ?is clean-out1 b ! own] lo/ fifty doll>s 9 plumb]s' bills be=e he repair$ ?is defect4 ,illu/ration3 ,fre% ,air ,inlet ,"u ,w9d[ ,ano!r defect 0 also f\nd by ! own] 9 ! sy/em ( wat]-supply4 ,!re _h be5 in/all$ only "o %ut-(f cock = ! entire build+1 s t :5ev] a new wa%] _h to be plac$ ^u a faucet on any fixture ! entire sy/em _h to be turn$ (f4 ,z mo/ ( ! faucets ?r\gh\t ! h\se 7 ( v *eap design1 ?is _h to be done v (t51 until "o day ! own] _h turn$ ! ma9 %ut-(f cock once too (t5 = its /r5g?1 & ! h&le broke (f4 ,he 0 oblig$ to call 9 ! plumb] to turn ! wat] on aga91 z well z in/all a new %ut-(f cock4 ,que/ion+ ! own] fur!r1 we le>n t a disagreeable odor ( sewage ent]s ! d9+-room w9d[s dur+ ! summ] mon?s :5 all ! sa% are op51 b z he admits he kn[s little ab\t plumb+1 he isn't sure ( its cause1 b he ?9ks x comes f a pipe :i* op5s directly b5ea? "o ( ^! w9d[s4 ,:5 we inve/igate we f9d t x is ! fre%-air inlet ( ! plumb+ sy/em ( ! h\se4 ,! contractor _h sav$ money on pip+ by c>ry+ ?is to ! ne>e/ outdoor po9t1 :i* happ5$ to be directly "u ! w9d[ ( ! d9+-room1 s t :5ev] any wat]-closet 0 flu%$ 9 ! h\se a puff ( f\l air 0 bl[n out ( ?is pipe 9 ! mo/ conv5i5t place = x to ent] ! h\se if ! w9d[s 7 op54 ,in/ead ( sp5d+ ! extra money = pip+ to c>ry ?is fre%-air inlet well away f any w9d[s1 ! contractor _h put 9 ! %orte/ l5g? possible4 ,aft] look+ at ?is pipe we glance at ! por* ne> by & notice t x is beg9n+ to sag4 ,s1 crawl+ "u ! por*1 we f9d t in/ead ( masonry pi]s "u ! por* columns1 !re are wood5 po/s driv5 into ! gr\nd1 & t n only h ^! begun to settle "u ! weight b also h rott$ away consid]ably ne> ! gr\nd1 :]e !y are subject to dampness4 ,:ile we are "u "h we notice t ! floor-joi/s are small1 #b by #d in* timb]s1 & h sagg$ a great deal because ( _! extreme scant9ess = ! span ov] :i* !y are plac$4 ,9 fact1 z we walk up on ! por* x vibrates "u our weight1 & :5 we ent] ! h\se we notice ! same weakness1 only to a slightly less degree4 ,! own] says t 9 ! beg9n+ ! floors 7 /iff en\gh1 b t ?is weakness _h be5 gett+ worse ea* ye>4 ,x is evid5t t !re is faulty bridg+ & too small timb]s4 ,probably 9 ! beg9n+ ! nails ( ! upp] floor+ help$ to /iff5 ! beams1 b z ^! became worn 9 _! sockets ! joi/s lo/ ?is additional /r5g?4 ,?is lack ( prop]-size fram+ timb]s sav$ ! build] money b w\ld co/ ! buy] a pretty p5ny "s day4 ,b we are a/oni%$ at ! excell5t appe>ance ( ! floors1 = by ?is "t ! ?+s t are good are m surpris+ ?an ! ?+s t are bad4 ,!n x occurs to u t ( c\rse ! floor w\ld be good1 = ?is is "p ( ! h\se :i* is visible & helps to cat* ! buy]'s eye4 ,b lat]1 :5 we g up-/airs1 we notice t ! floors are n s f9e1 b are ! common flat-gra9$ bo>ds :i* sliv] (f & cat* 9 y\r %oe if y scuffle4 ,! own] also po9ts out ! kit*5 z "o ( ! bigge/ fakes he has se54 ,x has an oak floor1 & :5 he _h b\ght ! h\se he _h be5 deeply impress$ ) ! luxury ( hav+ an oak floor n only 9 ! d9+-room b also 9 ! kit*54 ,b he is n s ke5 n[1 = ) con/ant scrubb+ ! *eap v>ni% & fill] _h come (f & ! pores ( ! oak h be5 expos$1 s t n[ ! floor is ! greate/ cat*-dirt ev] inv5t$1 & to make matt]s /ill worse ! oak _h be5 poorly season$1 ! bo>ds _h %runk1 ! cracks op5$1 & !re is no und]floor+ bel[ to prev5t ! du/ & dirt f sift+ ?r\gh ^! cracks f ! holl[ space betwe5 ! floor-joi/s4 ,! own] says he is ab\t to in/all a new floor4 ,he also admits t ! v>ni% :i* gave su* a f9e surface to ! d9+-room & liv+-room floors :5 he fir/ saw ! h\se 0 s poor1 & scrat*$ s badly1 t he _h to h ! floors completely done ov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,defective ,,pla/] ,glanc+ ar\nd at ! walls ( ! liv+-room & ! d9+-room we notice t ! wall-pap] has crack$ 9 a numb] ( places1 pull$ up1 & curl$ away4 ,x is extremely ugly & unkempt1 & we rem>k ab\t x to ! own]4 ,he says t he is completely disc\rag$ ab\t x1 t he has tri$ ev]y?+ to make ! wall-pap] /ay d[n1 b t z soon z ! w9t] comes on1 ! /eam-heat$ air on ! inside & ! cold air on ! outside seem to draw ! pap] up & away1 pull+ ! surface ( ! pla/] ) x4 ,he has glu$ l>ge pieces ( pap] :i* h curl$ up 9 ?is mann] back into position aga91 b ! pla/] 0 s weak t z soon z ! pap] began to peel (f1 ! top lay] ( pla/] pull$ away ) ! pap]4 ,9 fact1 exam9+ "o example ( ?is1 we obs]ve t ! pap] :i* _h sprung loose f ! wall has und]nea? x a ?9 coat ( pla/] ab\t a sixte5? ( an in* ?ick1 %[+ t ! glue _h fa/5$ ! pap] to ! pla/]1 b ! pla/] itself _h giv5 way4 ,?is type ( pla/]$ wall is ! result ( us+ *eap mat]ials1 & x is ano!r evid5ce ( ! extremes to :i* contractors w g to save money & deceive ! buy]4 ,z we pass by "o ( ! pockets into :i* ! slid+-doors roll we feel a draft com+ out ( x1 & we "q ! own] :e!r ! h\se is cold 9 w9t]1 & he admits x is worse ?an we suspect4 ,he in=ms u t x is especially cold on ! second floor 9 ^? rooms :]e ! floors project ov] ! por*4 ,we ask him :e!r he has notic$ any drafts com+ 9 ?r\gh ! cracks ar\nd ! base-bo>ds & trim1 & he po9ts to ^! cracks1 %[+ u bits ( cotton :i* he has plugg$ into !m4 ,we suspect t :at is ! tr\ble is ! omission ( %ea?+-bo>ds ov] ! /uds betwe5 ! ro( ( ! por* & ! ceil+-joi/s :]e ?is ro( int]sects ) ! h\se wall1 & also ! failure to fill ) c9d]s ! space betwe5 ! floor-joi/s ( ! project+ "p ( ! room :i* ext5ds ov] ! por*4 ,t ?is is true ! own] admits1 = he _h notic$ x :ile repair+ a few %+les on ! ro( ( ! por*4 ,! contractor _h sav$ a little money by ?is trick1 & no "o c\ld tell t he _h done x by m]ely look+ at ! ext]ior4 ,illu/ration3 ,:]e ,! ,cold ,air ,gets ,9 ,?is same l9e ( inquiry leads u to ask ! own] ab\t ! heat+-plant1 & we f9d t ! h\se _c be prop]ly heat$4 ,we !re=e suspect t ! radiation is too small1 s we calculate ! requir$ size ( a radiator = "o room1 & f9d t ! "o actually in/all$ is too small4 ,yet1 z ! own] says3 8,:5 he b\ght ! h\se1 h[ 0 he to "k t !re 0 n a l>ge en\gh heat+-plant80 ,we inquire !n :e!r he has any tr\ble ) ! fireplace1 :i* we presume he mu/ use to help out on cold days4 ,he admits he _c keep x f smok+ badly4 ,s we g ov] to x & run our h& up into ! ?roat to feel ar\nd1 & f9d t !re is no smoke-*amb]1 &1 :at is m1 ! flue is only ab\t #d in*es by #h in*es1 & is n ev5 l9$ ) t]ra-cotta flue tile4 ,we in=m him t he w nev] h a good fireplace draft until t *imney is rebuilt1 & t ! size ( ! flue looks m l ! v5t = a gas-log ?an any?+ else4 ,we !n w5t ?r\gh ! h\se not+ z _m defects z we c\ld1 :i* 7 beg9n+ to make _! appe>ance4 ,= example1 we f9d t all ! doors are badly sagg+1 %[+ t ! block+ has be5 omitt$ f ! back ( ! jambs :]e ! butts are screw$ on4 ,! putty 9 ! w9d[s is crumbl+ out1 z ?\gh x 7 clay4 ,all ! ?re%olds are ( s(t wood & are we>+ badly4 ,! trim 9 _m places 0 spr++ & twi/+1 due to ! use ( *eap & poorly season$ wood & ! omission ( en\gh nails4 ,"s ( ! door-/iles are made ( two pieces :i* h op5$ up at ! jo9ts & left ugly cracks4 ,all ! /airs squeak badly1 indicat+ t !y _h be5 poorly built4 ,"s ( ! balu/]s h work$ loose & rattle 9 _! mortises1 & ! h&-rail %akes :5 x is grasp$4 ,we notice a numb] ( /a9$ ceil+s1 & inquire ab\t ! ro(4 ,we are in=m$ t x has leak$ badly 9 ! valleys1 :]e ! t9 is n wide en\gh to prev5t ! wat] :i* runs d[n "o slope f wa%+ up "u ! %+les ( ! adjo9+ slope & ov] ! edge ( ! fla%+ t9 ( ! valley into ! h\se4 ,we le>n also t ! %+le ro( ( ! por*1 :i* has a v slight incl9e1 cont9ually leaks1 & look+ out ^u x we notice t ! %+les are set ne>ly #g in*es to ! wea!r in/ead ( less ?an #d in*es1 z !y %\ld be = s small a pit*4 ,we notice t x has leak$ ar\nd ! w9d[s1 &1 obs]v+ ! top ( ! trim on ! ext]ior1 note t !re is no fla%+ ov] x to ?r[ (f ! wat] fl[+ d[n f ! clapbo>ds4 ,:ile we are exam9+ ! w9d[s ! own] volunte]s to tell u ab\t 8 exp]i5ce ) ! w9d[s on ! second floor4 ,aft] he _h b\ght ! h\se he f\nd t only "o w9d[ 9 ea* b$room _h any weights & sa%-cords 9 x1 & t he _h to buy ^! = all ! o!r w9d[s :5 he discov]$ x4 ,he says he nev] ?\ght ( try+ ea* w9d[ be=e he pur*as$ ! place4 ,j !n we happ5 to be look+ at ! lock on "o ( ! doors1 & we spy "o ( ^? back-h&$ locks :i* nev] holds ! door clos$ & :i* always cat*es & keeps "o f clos+ ! door unless ! knob is turn$4 ,x is a "r-h& lock plac$ ^u a left-h& door4 ,we recognize 9 ?is ! contractor's ef=ts to use up all ! second-h& odd bits ( h>dw>e :i* he possess$4 ,by ?is "t we f9d ourselves s disgu/$ ) ! %>p tricks ( di%one/ build+ t we call a halt at look+ f>!r1 b we feel q conv9c$ t !re is a real diff]5ce 9 quality betwe5 su* a speculative h\se & ! hone/ h\se ( an ar*itect's design+1 &1 :at is m1 we feel conv9c$ t !re is a real reason = ! ar*itect's h\se co/+ m 9 ! beg9n+ ?an su* a h\se1 b t 9 ! end ! *eap speculative h\se is ! mo/ co/ly proposition :i* a buy] c inve/ 8 money 94 ,,viii ,,ess5tial ,,features ,,( ,,good ,,plumb+ ,! ,problem ,!re are ?ree ?+s :i* w affect ! plumb+ sy/em ( ! small h\se2 namely1 ! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce ( municipal plumb+ codes "u :i* ! /ructure is erect$1 ! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce ( a public sew]1 &1 f9ally1 ! type ( wat]-supply1 :e!r x is public or private4 ,illu/ration ,if !re are no plumb+ codes to foll[1 x is sometimes possible to save money on ! plumb+2 b unless ! specifications are v rigid1 !re is dang] ( poor "w be+ in/all$4 ,by sav+ money is n meant in/all+ *eap mat]ial1 b elim9at+ c]ta9 features :i* mo/ plumb+ codes require & :i* are n ess5tial 9 produc+ ! be/ possible type ( plumb+ sy/em4 ,= example1 9 mo/ cities ! ord9>y traps :i* are requir$ "u ea* fixture to prev5t ! sew]-gas f return+ into ! air ( ! h\se1 aft] ! wa/e wat] has dra9$ out1 mu/ be equipp$ ) back-v5t pipes 9 ord] to elim9ate dang]s ( siphonage4 ,! *eap ,s trap 7%ap$ l an ,s turn$ on its side7 )\t ?is back-v5t+ w siphon out1 t is1 lose its wat]-seal by atmosph]ic pressure pu%+ ! wat] out ( ! trap 9 its attempt to fill a vacuum creat$ by ! dis*>ge f a wat]-closet on ! floor above4 ,by back-v5t+ ^! traps1 z %[n on page #id1 ?is dang] ( siphonage is r$uc$1 &1 !re=e1 mo/ codes h adopt$ ?is regulation requir+ back-v5t+4 ,b to-day ! m>ket (f]s c]ta9 traps :i* are claim$ to be anti-siphonable & :i* d n require ?is back-v5t+1 ) ! consequ5t result ( r$uc+ ! co/ ( ! equipm5t4 ,mo/ plumb+ codes h n *ang$ _! old regulations1 = _m au?orities d n yet believe 9 ! possibility ( an anti-siphon trap1 & s require ! use ( ! back-v5t+ sy/em4 ,consequ5tly1 :]ev] ! small h\se is con/ruct$ )9 jurisdiction ( ^! laws1 ! plumb+ w co/ m ?an :]e ! anti-siphon trap c be us$ )\t ! elaborate sy/em ( back-v5t+4 ,likewise1 :]ev] !re is a public sew]1 ! problem ( sewage disposal is simple & *eap2 b if ! h\se is n locat$ ne> any su* public conv5i5ce1 special me?ods mu/ be employ$ = ! de/ruction ( ! wa/e matt]4 ,! be/ is ! septic tank 7see illu/ration7 ) ! small subsurface irrigation tile1 ?r\gh :i* ! p>tially purifi$ mat]ial f ! septic tank is di/ribut$ "u ! gr\nd = complete purification by air & bact]ia4 ,! o!r me?od ( disposal--p\r+ ! sewage into a cesspool--is to be deplor$1 unless !re is possibility ( an e>ly con/ruction ( a public sew]1 & no dr9k+-wat] is secur$ f ! premises4 ,illu/ration3--,,small ,,sewage ,,disposal ,,plant-- ,! ?ird consid]ation :i* affects ! plumb+ sy/em ( ! small h\se is :e!r x c draw ^u a public wat]-supply1 or :e!r x mu/ secure its private supply f a well or a ne>-by /ream or lake4 ,a private s\rce ( supply g5]ally means ! erection ( a /orage tank4 ,! be/ type ( tank = ?is purpose is ! pneumatic tank1 :i* is in/all$ 9 ! cell>1 & n 9 ! attic1 z 0 ! old-fa%ion$ tank4 ,! wat] is pump$ into ?is tank1 & ! air :i* is 9 x is trapp$1 s t ! m wat] t is pump$ into ! tank1 ! m compress$ becomes ! air4 ,?is spr+like cu%ion ( air gives en\gh pressure to =ce ! wat] to any fixture 9 ! h\se4 ,illu/ration3--,,plumb+ ,,sy/em ,,us+ ,,anti-,,syphon ,,traps-- ,simple/ ,type ( ,dra9age ,sy/em ,on page #ig is repres5t$ ! simple/ type ( dra9age sy/em t c be in/all$ 9 ! small h\se1 b s9ce x uses anti-siphon traps & no back-v5t+1 x w n be possible to make use ( x 9 all cities or t[ns :i* h plumb+ rules prohibit+ x4 ,! av]age small h\se does n h room = m ?an "o ba?1 a kit*5-s9k1 a set ( laundry-tubs1 & a toilet = ! s]vant1 g5]ally plac$ 9 ! cell>4 ,= purposes ( economy x is ess5tial to place all ( ^! fixtures on ! same soil-l9e1 ! ma9 pipe :i* ext5ds v]tically f ! horizontal h\se-dra9 9 ! cell> up ?r\gh ! ro(4 ,if ! ba?room is s locat$ t ! v]tical l9e :i* s]ves its fixtures _c s]ve ! kit*5-s9k or ! laundry-tubs1 !n a special wa/e-l9e or small v]tical pipe dra9+ fixtures o!r ?an wat]-closets1 mu/ be c>ri$ up & ?r\gh ! ro(1 :i* is extravagant ( mat]ial4 ,z ?is wa/e-l9e w be only #b in*es 9 diamet]1 x is necess>y to increase its diamet] to #d in*es be=e project+ x f ! ro(1 s9ce x may become clogg$ 9 ! w9t] ) fro/4 ,b ! ma9 soil-l9e is #d in*es 9 diamet] & ne$s no increas] on x4 ,! ma9 h\se-dra9 is also made #d in*es 9 diamet]1 & is g5]ally laid "u ! cell> floor ) a pit* ( in* to ! foot4 ,at ! junction ( ! v]tical soil-l9e ) x1 & also at any o!r po9t :]e !re is a m>k$ *ange 9 direction1 ! h\se-dra9 %\ld be equipp$ ) clean-out holes1 cov]$ ) brass screw-caps4 ,j :]e ! h\se-dra9 leaves ! h\se1 a h\se-trap is in/all$ 7see illu/ration71 & back ( ?is an inlet = fre% air to p]mit ! circulation ( air 9 ! sy/em4 ,! f\ndations %\ld be ar*$ ov] ! h\se-dra9 :]e x passes ?r\gh !m1 s t any settlem5t ( ! masonry w n come ^u ! pipe & cause x to be brok54 ,! mat]ial ( :i* ! h\se-dra91 soil-l9e1 & wa/e-l9e are made is usually ca/-iron1 & ( a grade kn[n z extra heavy4 ,! jo9ts are ! bell-&-spigot type1 :i* are /uff$ ) oakum & !n clos$ tight ) #ab ounces ( f9e1 s(t pig lead = ea* in* 9 diamet] ( ! pipe4 ,bran*es are usually ( galvaniz$ wr\ght iron or lead1 b lead %\ld be limit$ 9 use 9 mod]n plumb+1 al?\gh ! t]m plumb+ orig9at$ f ! ,lat9 ^w = lead4 ,! common limitations ^u ! l5g? ( bran*es ( lead pipe are3 #h feet = #a-;in* pipe1 #e feet = #b-;in* pipe1 #b feet = #c-;in* pipe1 #b feet = #d-;in* pipe4 ,! p>ts ( ! bran* pipes :i* are visible are g5]ally made ( brass nickel-plat$4 ,! jo9ts betwe5 lead pipe & lead pipe1 & betwe5 lead pipe & brass pipe1 are made by ! common wip$ jo9t4 ,jo9ts betwe5 lead pipe & ca/-iron pipe are made by fir/ wip+ ! lead pipe to a brass f]rule1 a piece ( pipe 9 %ape l a bell ) ! top cut (f1 & !n ins]t+ & caulk+ ?is into ! ca/-iron pipe4 ,! jo9ts betwe5 wr\ght-iron pipes are made ) ! screw jo9t1 & betwe5 wr\ght-iron & ca/ iron ) ! screw jo9t1 by us+ connections ( malleable ca/-iron :i* h be5 ?read$4 ,! usual sizes = bran* wa/es f ! fixtures are z foll[s3 = wat]-closets #d in*es1 = ba?room-tubs #a in*es1 = lavatories #a in*es1 = kit*5-s9ks #b in*es1 = laundry-tubs #a in*es1 & :5 9 sets ( ?ree #b in*es4 ,! size ( ! wa/e f ! ba?room-tub c be increas$ to #b in*es ) great advantage1 if ! additional slight exp5se is n objectionable4 ,! v]tical soil-l9es %\ld be support$ at ea* floor by metal /raps plac$ "u ! hub & fa/5$ to ! floor-joi/s4 ,x is v important to prop]ly fla% ! base ( ! project+ portion ( ! soil-l9e above ! ro(4 ,:]ev] ! bran* soil-l9e to ! wat]-closet is connect$1 a %ort ,,ty connection may be employ$ 9 ord] to avoid ! projection ( ! p>ts ( ! pipe beyond ! plane ( ! ceil+ 9 ! floor bel[4 ,h[ev]1 no %ort ,,ty connections %\ld be made 9 any horizontal pipes4 ,a v important economical consid]ation %\ld be not$ 9 lay+ out ! arrangem5t ( ! ba?room fixtures 9 ?is connection4 ,! horizontal bran* soil-l9es & wa/e-l9es mu/ be c>ri$ ?r\gh ! floor con/ruction1 & !y %\ld be s arrang$ t !y c run p>allel ) ! floor-joi/s2 o!rwise deep cuts w h to be made 9 !m4 ,9 ! case ( ! bran* soil-l9e x is ess5tial to place ! wat]-closet z ne> to ! ma9 soil-/ack z possible1 = ) a #d-;in* pipe ! joi/s mu/ be fram$ ar\nd x r ?an be cut1 s9ce s deep a g\ge w\ld weak5 too mu* ! /r5g? ( !m4 ,a simil> consid]ation mu/ be giv5 to ! fram+ 9 /ud p>titions :i* are be>+ ! loads ( ! floors above1 = too deep cuts 9 !m1 to all[ = ! passage ( pipes1 w weak5 !m greatly4 ,9 ?is connection x ought to be not$ t an ord9>y #d-;in* soil-pipe _c be c>ri$ 9 a /ud p>tition made ) #b by #d /uds1 s9ce ! out] edges ( ! jo9ts ( ! pipe w project beyond ! face ( ! pla/]1 & = ?is reason "s conv5i5t place %\ld be plann$ = !m 9 closets1 or #b by #f /uds %\ld be us$ 9 ! p>tition ?r\gh :i* !y are run4 ,! ,m ,complicat$ ,back-,v5t ,sy/em ,! ess5tial p>ts ( ! plumb+ sy/em rema9 ! same z describ$ above1 b ea* trap is consid]$ to be siphonable1 & mu/ be prev5t$ f los+ its wat]-seal by ! use ( back-v5t+ pipes4 ,:5ev]1 !n1 !re is an unusual am\nt ( semi-vacuum creat$ 9 ! pipes by ! dis*>ge ( "s fixture above1 ! outside air-pressure c relieve x by pass+ ?r\gh ! back v5ts r ?an by =c+ out ! wat]-seal 9 ! traps4 ,! usual type ( trap employ$ is ! modifi$ ,s trap ) ! small ,,ty connection to give :at is kn[n z cont9u\s v5t+4 ,=m]ly ! v5t 0 tak5 (f f ! cr[n ( ! ?ree-qu>t]-,s trap1 :i* 0 too ne> ! surface ( ! wat]-seal1 caus+ excessive evaporation & dang] ( clogg+1 b ) ! cont9u\s sy/em ( v5t+1 ! wa/e-pipe is a cont9uation ( ! v5t-l9e1 & ! trap ent]s into its side ?r\gh a ,,ty fitt+1 ov]com+ ! disadvantage ( ! old] sy/em4 ,! size ( traps %\ld con=m to ! size ( wa/e-pipes1 & usually ! size ( ! bran* v5ts is ab\t ! same size z ! wa/e-l9es4 ,h[ev]1 !re are special conditions :]e ?is v>ies4 ,= v5t+ ! wat]-closet trap1 x %\ld be not$ t ! v5t is n tak5 f ! trap :i* is conta9$ )9 ! fixture itself1 b is tak5 f ! upp] side ( ! b5d 7usually ( lead7 :]e ! fixture is jo9$ ) ! pip+ sy/em1 & is #b in*es 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plumb+ ,,sy/em ,,us+ ,,back-,,v5t+ ,:]e !re are two fixtures1 su* z ! lavatory & ! ba?tub1 ) #a-;in* bran* v5ts com+ f ! traps1 ^! may be jo9$ into "o ma9 bran* v5t1 :i* ne$ n be m ?an #a in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! pit* ( ! bran* v5ts ent]+ into ! ma9 v5t %\ld be at an angle ( ab\t #de degrees1 s t all ru/ scale w drop d[n into ! fixture outlet & be wa%$ away4 ,! ma9 v5t1 :i* runs p>allel ) ! ma9 soil-l9e1 ne$s to be only #b in*es 9 diamet]1 & %\ld be bran*$ 9 at ! bottom & ! top to ! ma9 soil-l9e1 z %[n 9 ! draw+s4 ,! mat]ial ( :i* bo? ma9 v5t & bran* v5t is made %\ld be galvaniz$-iron pip+4 ,! fre%-air inlet1 ! h\se-trap1 ! clean-outs1 & all o!r p>ts ( ! sy/em are ! same z 0 %[n = ! simpl] me?od ( plumb+4 ,ra9-,wat] ,dra9age ,! small h\se ne$ n dra9 (f its ro(-wat] into ! plumb+ sy/em1 if ! plumb+ code does n require x4 ,! simple/ & easie/ me?od to dispose ( x is to collect ! wat] 9 gutt]s1 lead x d[n ! wat]sp\ts into pipes :i* t]m9ate 9 a dry well 9 ! gr\nd4 ,small ro(s ov] por*es & back doors ne$ n ev5 h ! lead]s1 b spill ! ro(-wat] out onto ! gr\nd1 :]e a /one has be5 plac$ to prev5t ! und]m9+ ( ! surface ( ! lawn by ! we>+ action ( ! wat] /ream4 ,9 outly+ city di/ricts :]e ! sew]s h n yet be5 in/all$ x is cu/om>y to c>ry ! ro(-wat] 9 pipes bel[ ! level ( ! sidewalk to ! gutt]s ( ! /reet or to a lea*+ cesspool :i* is indep5d5t ( ! cesspool us$ = sewage disposal1 & :i* is practically ! same ?+ z a dry well1 = ! bottom is made ) gravel ?r\gh :i* ! ra9-wat] seeps (f into ! surr\nd+ soil4 ,:]ev] ! ra9-lead]s mu/ be connect$ to ! dra9age sy/em ( ! h\se1 ! %eet-metal lead]s are ins]t$ into ca/-iron pipes call$ %oes at ! base1 :i* 9 turn are trapp$ on ! inside ( ! cell> wall & connect$ ) ! h\se-dra94 ,x is always be/ to try to trap a gr\p ( lead]s to "o trap r ?an use a sep>ate trap = ea* lead]4 ,te/s & ,precautions ,!re is no?+ v complicat$ 9 ! plumb+ sy/em ( ! small h\se4 ,c]ta9 sanit>y precautions %\ld be obs]v$ 9 arrang+ l9es1 h[ev]4 ,= example1 ! t]m9ation ( ! ma9 soil-l9e %\ld n occur ne> a dorm] or o!r w9d[1 nor %\ld ! t]m9ation ( ! fre%-air inlet be locat$ 9 ! cell> wall "u a door or w9d[4 ,! sy/em :5 complet$ 9 ! r\gh$-9 =m %\ld be te/$ = leakage by fill+ x ) wat]1 & :5 all ! fixtures are connect$ & e "p ( ! sy/em is suppos$ to be 9 work+ ord]1 ei!r ! pepp]m9t or ! smoke te/ %\ld be us$ to detect any fur!r possible leakage4 ,! pepp]m9t te/ consi/s 9 p\r+ hot wat] & #b ounces ( oil ( pepp]m9t into ! top ( ! sy/em f ! ro(1 aft] all ! fixture traps h be5 fill$ ) wat]1 & !n detect+ ) ! nose :]e ! leaks are4 ,if ! smoke te/ is employ$1 a smoke ma*9e is be/4 ,old oily rags & t> pap] are burn$ 9 ! ma*9e1 :i* has its flue connect$ ) ! fre%-air inlet1 & ! smoke is pump$ ?r\gh ! sy/em until x appe>s escap+ f ! soil-l9e ext5sion on ! ro(4 ,if !re are any leaks1 ! odor & ! smoke /a9 w attract att5tion to !m1 & if ! wat]-closet traps 9 ! b[ls are defective1 ! yell[ /a9 ( ! smoke w make x v evid5t4 ,refrig]ator ,connections ,! dra9age f ! refrig]ator %\ld nev] be directly connect$ ) ! dra9age sy/em ( ! h\se4 ,if ! plumb+ code requires any connection at all1 ! usual arrangem5t is to drip ! ice-box wat] into a lead-l9$ tray :i* has a pipe at lea/ #a in*es 9 diamet] t c>ries ! wat] d[n to ! laundry-tubs 9 ! cell> & spills x into !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if !re are no plumb+ regulations1 x is be/ to dra9 ?is wat] (f into a small hole 9 ! gr\nd into :i* has be5 ?r[n gravel1 & ?is w p]mit ! wat] to soak into ! surr\nd+ soil4 ,wat]-,supply ,pipes ,if !re is a city supply ( wat]1 ! small h\se %\ld h a ma9 supply-l9e f ! wat]-ma9 9 ! /reet ( at lea/ -in* diamet]1 b ?is does n give ! s]vice t a l>g] pipe1 say a #a-;in* pipe1 does1 = (t5 ) ! small] pipe1 if ! wat] is be+ drawn 9 ! kit*51 none w be secur$ f ! faucets 9 ! second-floor ba?room4 ,! kit*5-s9k %\ld h a s]vice pipe ( at lea/ in*1 ! tubs ! same1 & ! lavatory in*4 ,all s]vice-l9es %\ld be compact & z direct z possible1 & long horizontal runs "u floors %\ld be avoid$4 ,hot-wat] supply-l9es %\ld be kept at lea/ #f in*es f cold-wat] l9es4 ,!re %\ld be a %ut-(f at ! entrance ( ! supply-l9e to ! h\se1 at ! base ( all v]tical ris]s1 & "u ea* fixture4 ,to avoid wat] hamm]1 x is be/ to take all faucets (f ! sides ( ! t]m9ation ( pipes1 r ?an f ! ends1 = 9 ?is way an air-cu%ion c =m1 reliev+ ! p\nd+ action ( ! wat] 9 ! pipes4 ,supply-l9es %\ld nev] be run 9 ! corn]s ( build+s :]e !y are 9 dang] ( freez+1 & !y %\ld be kept out ( ! ext]ior walls ( h\ses z mu* z possible = ! same reasons4 ,! pack+ ( pipes :]e !y pass ?r\gh ! floors w (t5 prev5t freez+ caus$ by cold drafts ar\nd !m4 ,hot-,wat] ,supply ,illu/ration ,x is g5]ally accept$ to-day t ! mo/ conv5i5t me?od ( secur+ hot wat] 9 ! small h\se is ) ! in/antane\s type ( gas-heat]1 connect$ ) a boil] = /orage purposes1 b capable ( deliv]+ wat] directly into ! pipes )\t passage ?r\gh ! boil]1 :5 a sudd5 dem& is made ^u x4 ,^! gas-heat]s h a sy/em ( ,buns5-burn]s :i* heat ! wat] z x passes ?r\gh a s]ies ( copp] coils1 & g5]ally ! wat] is w>m$ to a temp]ature ( #ajj degrees 9 "o passage4 ,!y are automatically controll$1 s t :5 ! temp]ature ( ! wat] goes bel[ a c]ta9 fix$ /&>d ! gas-burn] is light$ by a small pilot-light until ! prop] temp]ature is rea*$1 :5 x is %ut (f aga94 ,al?\gh ^! heat]s are arrang$ to deliv] hot wat] directly f ! coils1 yet if !y _h no boil] to /ore up ! wat]1 mu* l>g] heat]s w\ld be requir$ ?an necess>y4 ,= /orage purposes1 !n1 a #dj-;gallon boil] is satisfactory = a resid5ce ) "o ba? & "o kit*51 & if !re are two ba?s a #ej-;gallon boil] is ne$$4 ,! usual location ( ! boil] & heat] is 9 ! cell>4 ,h[ev]1 :]e !re is no gas to be us$1 ! coal-heat] mu/ be employ$--ei!r ! tank-heat] or ! wat]-back 9 ! kit*5-range4 ,! latt] 0 ! usual old-fa%ion$ me?od ( heat+ ! wat]1 & ! boil] 0 locat$ alongside ( ! kit*5-range4 ,! size ( ! wat]-back 0 proportion$ on ! basis ( #b squ>e in*es ( heat+ surface to ea* gallon /orage capacity 9 ! boil]4 ,! tank-heat] is a special coal-burn+ /ove1 design$ to s]ve z an iron-w>m] & a wat]-heat]1 be+ usually plac$ 9 ! laundry 9 ! cell>4 ,ano!r me?od ( secur+ hot wat]1 :i* is n recomm5d$1 is to place heat+ coils 9 ! furnace2 x ob/ructs ! fire-pot1 *ills ! fire1 ov]heats ! wat] 9 cold wea!r & und]heats x 9 w>m wea!r1 & does n op]ate at all dur+ ! summ]4 ,fixtures ,! mod]n ba?room fixture may be made ( "o ( ?ree mat]ials3 true porcela91 e>!nw>e1 or enamell$-iron4 ,! true porcela9 fixtures are ! heavie/1 ! mo/ durable1 & ! mo/ exp5sive4 ,! mat]ial is non-absorb5t & :ite 9 color1 & ! surface pres5ts a gloss :i* is 9 reality a =m ( glass4 ,:5 x is *ipp$ ! fracture %[s ! mat]ial bel[ z :ite1 & a drop ( ink w n be absorb$ by x4 ,9 imitation ( ! porcela9 fixtures are made e>!nw>e ones1 b :i* are 9 no way to be comp>$ to ! true porcela91 al?\gh a casual glance at !m w\ld lead "o to ?9k t !y 7 porcela9 fixtures4 ,h[ev]1 a *ip f ! surface w reveal ! yell[ & por\s texture ( ! e>!nw>e bel[ ! glaz$ surface4 ,! glossy :ite surface 9 "t /a9s & becomes cov]$ ) small hair-cracks1 unlike ! porcela9 fixtures1 & = ?is reason !y are n z sanit>y nor z durable4 ,!y are *eap] ?an ! true porcela9 fixtures1 b ?is mat]ial %\ld be avoid$ 9 wat]-closet b[ls1 b is admissible = use 9 tubs & lavatories4 ,! enamell$-iron fixtures are consid]$ by mo/ to be sup]ior to ! e>!nw>e fixtures1 s9ce !y d n craze1 are light]1 & g5]ally m durable4 ,! quality ( ?is w>e c be judg$ by ! abs5ce ( r\ghness1 bli/]s1 bubbles1 & spots1 & fre$om f hair-cracks & peel+4 ,ba?tubs ( ! mod]n type made ( enamell$ iron h ! ri* appe>ance ( porcela9 fixtures1 s9ce ! sides are roll$ ov] & cov]$ ) enamel1 unlike ! old-fa%ion$ types1 :i* _h ! int]iors l9$ ) ! enamel & ! ext]iors pa9t$ ) :ite pa9t4 ,! me*anical op]ation ( ! v>i\s fixtures is s well /&>diz$ t n mu* *oice is giv5 betwe5 ! catalogue ( "o firm & ano!r4 ,! be/ type ( wat]-closets are ! siphon1 ! siphon-jet1 & ! conv]g+ jets1 ! latt] be+ a m mod]n developm5t1 :i* has elim9at$ ! noise ( ! siphon action & yet :i* accompli%es a quick & rapid flu%+ action4 ,! lavatories :i* are mo/ commonly specifi$ are ( ! p$e/al type1 al?\gh ! mod]n t5d5cy 9 sanit>y ba?room design is to elim9ate z f> z possible all junction ( fixtures ) ! floor1 = x is "h t dirt & /a9s develop4 ,su* arrangem5ts c>ri$ to ! extreme w\ld require a sunk ba?tub1 a lavatory )\t legs1 & special comp>tm5t = ! wat]-closet1 b ?is w\ld be absurd = ! small h\se4 ,h[ev]1 ! built-9 ba?tub is f> sup]ior to ! old-fa%ion$ tub :i* /ood ^u legs1 & "u :i* all mann] ( dirt c\ld collect4 ,we (t5 he> ! rem>k t no wond] ! co/ ( liv+ to-day is s mu* high] ?an x 0 ) our ance/ors1 :o knew no?+ ab\t ! clean1 tile-l9$ ba?rooms ) porcela9 tubs1 :ite & gli/5+ lavatories ) all ! cold & hot wat] ne$$1 :ile 9 ! old days ! wood5 tub1 set up 9 ! kit*5 ne> ! range1 0 good en\gh = ! ,saturday-night ba?1 & ! t9 pan1 fill$ "u ! h&-pump outside on ! back por*1 0 good en\gh to wa% ! h&s 9 ea* morn+4 ,b al?\gh ! mod]n ba?room & ! mod]n plumb+ sy/em is an economic burd5 to ! small h\se1 x is d\btful if we %all ev] see ! day :5 x is aboli%$ 9 ord] to cut d[n on ! co/4 ,,ix ,,me?ods ,,( ,,heat+ ,sy/em ,adapt$ to ! ,small ,h\se ,! heat+ problem = ! small h\se 0 = our ance/ors a v simple me*anical device1 consi/+1 z we all "k1 ( ei!r ! fireplace or ! /ove4 ,! =m] me?od /ill has a *>m :i* we are n will+ to disp5se )1 al?\gh we d n dep5d ^u its effici5cy to d ! actual "w ( w>m+1 b in/all "s m complicat$ sy/em1 su* z a /eam heat+-plant1 to p]=m ! practical "w4 ,a fireplace has a s5tim5tal & intellectual w>m? t no radiator c supply4 ,ev5 ! /ove has a c]ta9 fasc9ation = _m1 recall+ cold w9try nights :5 ! family sat ab\t ! r$-hot ca/+1 ! wom5 knitt+ & ! m5 burn+ _! %oe-lea!r & smok+4 ,"s advocates ( ! /ove are s en]getic 9 _! argum5ts conc]n+ ! effici5cy ( ?is me?od ( heat+ t "o almo/ d\bts ! defects :i* lead inv5tors to manufacture o!r devices4 ,b ! h\sewife kn[s ! labor ( %ovell+ coal into ?ree or f\r /oves1 kn[s ! great cl\ds ( hot1 f9e a%es :i* rise into ! atmosph]e & settle ^u ! %elves1 ! tops ( picture-frames1 & ! poli%$ surface ( ! piano4 ,illu/ration3 ,w>m-,air ,furnace ) ,pipes ,/eam ,heat--,"o-pipe ,illu/ration3 ,/eam ,heat--,two-pipes ,hot ,wat] ,heat+ ,& ! inv5tor saw ! tir$1 worn look ( ! h\sewife1 remov$ ! /ove to ! cell> & in/all$ t9 pipes f ?is c5tral heat] to ! v>i\s rooms1 & !n wait$ = applause & pur*as]s4 ,x seem$ s simple1 b x did n solve ! problem entirely1 = :5 ! w9d blew f ! nor? into ! w9d[s1 x press$ out ! w>m air f ! expos$ rooms1 =c$ x d[n ! pipes up ?r\gh :i* x 0 suppos$ to come1 & !n ru%$ x up ! flues on ! s\? or w>m side ( ! h\se1 ov]heat+ ?is "p & leav+ ! cold rooms ( ! h\se unheat$4 ,! drum ( ! furnace ov] :i* ! air pass$ to receive its w>m? f ! burn+ coal w\ld leak e "t fre% fuel 0 add$1 = ! odor ( coal-gas became v evid5t ?r\gh\t ! h\se4 ,moreov]1 ! heat 0 v dry & unpleasant1 s t wat]-j>s _h to be set ab\t to moi/5 ! air4 ,!n came ! inv5tor aga9 ) a new device1 a /eam-boil]1 pipes to di/ribute ! /eam1 & radiators to give (f ! heat 9 ! /eam to ! room4 ,"h at la/ 0 a me?od ( heat+ :i* w\ld supply w>m? 9 ! cold p>ts ( ! h\se1 ev5 "u ! w9d[s1 ?r\gh :i* ! *illie/ air p5etrat$4 ,b ! sizes ( ! radiators 7 calculat$ to heat ! h\se to #gj degrees :5 x 0 z]o outside1 al?\gh ! av]age w9t] day 0 mu* w>m] ?an ?is4 ,9 ?is way ! occupants ( ! h\se 7 cook$ ) an excess ( heat dur+ mod]ate wea!r1 = !re 0 no way to regulate ! am\nt ( heat giv5 (f f ! radiator2 x ei!r 0 fill$ ) /eam1 giv+ (f its maximum quantity ( heat1 or else x 0 empty & cold4 ,to meet ?is difficulty pres5t$ by ! /eam-heat$ radiator1 ! hot-wat] sy/em 0 develop$4 ,in/ead ( di/ribut+ heat ) ! m$ium ( /eam :i* "u l[ pressure 0 fix$ at "o temp]ature1 heat 0 circulat$ by hot wat] f ! c5tral boil]4 ,! temp]ature ( ?is wat] c\ld be regulat$ = mild wea!r by l[]+ ! fire4 ,h[ev]1 s9ce ! hotte/ wat] 0 cool] ?an /eam1 x requir$ l>g] radiators & m pip+1 s t ! initial co/ ( a hot-wat] plant 0 m ?an t ( a /eam sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,simplifi$ diagram ( ,vapor-vacuum sy/em ,9 ord] to ov]come ! disadvantages ( ! inflexible /eam-radiator1 inv5tors f9ally develop$ ! s-call$ 8vapor-vacuum0 sy/em ( /eam-heat+4 ,9 ?is equipm5t ! air 0 driv5 f ! entire l5g? ( pipes & f ! radiators by ! pressure ( ! ris+ /eam f ! boil]1 & =c$ ?r\gh a special ejector :i* clos$ :5 ! /eam came 9 contact ) x1 prev5t+ ! return ( air into ! int]ior4 ,?us :5 ! pipes & radiators 7 fill$ ) /eam 7!re be+ no air left71 no pressure 0 set up to resi/ ! circulation ( ! wat] vapor1 & :5 ! hot /eam cond5s$ 9 a radiator to a ?imbleful ( wat]1 m /eam 0 drawn 9 to take its place1 = no air c\ld ent] ! pipes4 ,9 ?is way ! quantity ( /eam deliv]$ to ! radiators c\ld be regulat$ by a special valve ) a v>y+ numb] ( ports1 & by turn+ ! valve to a c]ta9 position en\gh /eam w\ld be p]mitt$ to ent] ! radiator to keep x half full1 or by %ift+ ! valve to ano!r po9t en\gh /eam w\ld ent] to fill ! radiator to ?ree-qu>t]s ( its capacity4 ,9 fact1 ! requisite am\nt ( /eam c\ld be admitt$ to ! radiator to balance ! spe$ ( cond5sation & reta9 :atev] level ( /eam 9 x 0 desirable4 ,?us ! /eam sy/em became at once a flexible sy/em ( heat+1 & c\ld meet ! *ang+ requirem5ts ( ! wea!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,hot wat] radiator heat$ by /eam ,a fur!r developm5t ( ! hot-wat] sy/em !n came ab\t4 ,9 ?is device ! radiators 7 made to conta9 wat]1 b ! heat 0 circulat$ ?r\gh ! pipes by means ( /eam4 ,?is /eam 0 p\r$ ov] ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! radiator & transf]r$ its heat to x4 ,accord+ to ! quantity ( /eam p\r$ ov] ! wat]1 ! latt] c\ld be heat$ to v>i\s temp]atures4 ,( c\rse ! wat] 9 ! radiator 0 ! m$ium = di/ribut+ ! heat outw>d f ! radiator itself4 ,/ill ano!r improvem5t 0 made ^u ! hot-wat] sy/em by introduc+ ! pr9ciple ( ! clos$ expansion tank4 ,9 ! ord9>y sy/em ! wat] is all[$ to exp& at ! top ?r\gh an expansion tank1 s t ! actual pressure on ! wat] ( ! sy/em is atmosph]ic4 ,"u ?is pressure ! temp]ature ( ! wat] _c be rais$ to m ?an #bab degrees ,fahr5heit1 = beyond ?is x boils & *anges to /eam4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! clos$-tank sy/em a s-call$ heat-g5]ator is add$ on ! l9e lead+ to ! expansion tank1 :i*1 by means ( a column ( m]cury1 is capable ( add+ #aj p\nds m pressure ?an ! atmosph]e to ! wat] 9 ! sy/em1 & ?us rais+ ! boil+-po9t to ab\t #bdj degrees4 ,?is g5]ator is s design$1 h[ev]1 t1 al?\gh x adds ?is great] pressure to ! wat]1 yet ! natural expansion ( ! wat] 9 ! sy/em is p]mitt$ ?r\gh x 9 case ( em]g5cy4 ,by p]mitt+ ! rais+ ( ! temp]ature ( ! wat]1 ! size ( radiators c be cut d[n #ej p] c5t1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 r$uces ! quantity ( wat] ne$$ & p]mits a quick] heat+ ( ! sy/em :5 ! fire is />t$4 ,?us a sav+ ( fuel is accompli%$ & ! disadvantage ( ! ord9>y hot-wat] sy/em is elim9at$2 namely1 ! long "t requir$ to get hot wat] 9 ! radiators aft] ! fire is />t$ 9 ! morn+ f its bank$ condition ( ! previ\s night4 ,illu/ration3 ,pipeless ,furnace ,h[ev]1 ! g5ius ( ! inv5tor 0 n at re/ on ! problem ( w>m-air heat+1 = he discov]$ t he c\ld aboli% ! flues1 :i* he once ?\ght 7 ess5tial1 & use b "o regi/] & "o flue4 ,?is is call$ ! pipeless furnace4 ,a regi/] is employ$ :i* has an out] & inn] section4 ,! out] section p]mits ! cold air f ! h\se to pass d[n ?r\gh x & ov] ! drum ( ! furnace4 ,! inn] section ( ! regi/] p]mits ?is hot air to escape upw>d & ?r\gh ! h\se by natural di/ribution4 ,?us ! hot air rises f1 & ! cool air settles back into1 ! furnace )\t utiliz+ flues4 ,! circulation ( ?is sy/em 0 f\nd to be sup]ior to ! old] me?od z ord9>ily in/all$1 & v mu* *eap] to in/all4 ,9 fact1 x is ! *eape/ ( all sy/ems ( heat+4 ,x is especially adapt$ to ! small1 l[-co/ h\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,hot ,wat] ,heat+--,boil] 9 ,d9+-,room ,to r$uce ! co/ ( hot-wat] heat+ & make x also available = ?is class ( small h\se1 ! manufactur]s produc$ ano!r type ( wat] heat+-plant4 ,9 ?is device ! wat]-heat] 0 in/all$ 9 "o ( ! rooms ( ! h\se1 l a /ove1 b ! ext]ior 0 design$ to s]ve z a hot-wat] radiator = ! room 9 :i* x 0 plac$4 ,f ?is heat] pipes 7 tak5 (f to di/ribute heat to o!r radiators1 locat$ 9 adjo9+ rooms4 ,! pr9ciple rema9s ! same z ! =m] sy/em2 ! only diff]5ce lies 9 ! r$uction ( co/ by elim9at+ ! boil] f ! cell> & utiliz+ x to heat ! room 9 :i* x 0 plac$4 ,o!r attempts to improve ! me*anics ( heat+ h be5 m along ! l9e ( p]fect+ ! op]ation ( valves or ! utilization ( o!r fuels ?an coal4 ,gas-radiators h be5 tri$1 b !y are s exp5sive to op]ate 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! c\ntry t !y are n always suit$ to ! ne$s ( ! small h\se4 ,electric heat]s1 too1 are n )9 ! pocketbook ( ! av]age p]son own+ ! small h\se4 ,fuel oil-burn]s also h be5 devis$ to take ! place ( ! coal-grate4 ,:]ev] oil is *eap en\gh to p]mit _! use !y are great labor-sav]s1 s9ce !y elim9ate all ! %ovell+ ( coal & h&l+ ( a%es4 ,^! w be discuss$ lat]4 ,briefly1 !n1 ! available sy/ems = ! heat+ ( ! small h\se are3 ,hot-air4--a4 ,furnace ) flues4 b4 ,furnace )\t flues4 ,/eam4--a4 ,ord9>y gravity sy/em4 ,"o-pipe4 ,two-pipe4 b4 ,vapor-vacuum sy/em4 ,hot-wat]4--a4 ,ord9>y op5-tank sy/em4 ,"o-pipe4 ,two-pipe4 b4 ,clos$-tank sy/em4 c4 ,special op5-tank sy/em ) boil] us$ z radiator4 d4 ,pat5t sy/em us+ wat] 9 radiators b /eam = circulation4 ,me?ods ,employ$ 9 ,calculat+ ! ,requir$ ,size ( ,heat] ,! basis ( calculat+ ! requir$ size ( any "o ( ! sy/ems previ\sly m5tion$ is to assume t a c]ta9 temp]ature ( heat is to be ma9ta9$ :5 ! wea!r is z]o1 & !n by means ( ! laws ( heat transmission e/imate ! quantity ( heat lo/ p] h\r f ! h\se4 ,! am\nt ( heat lo/ p] h\r is1 ( c\rse1 ! quantity :i* ! heat+ sy/em mu/ supply4 ,kn[+ ?is1 a sy/em is in/all$ :i* is capable ( supply+ ?is heat loss4 ,9 su* devices z ! w>m-air furnace ! requir$ size c be comput$ directly to meet ! heat loss1 b :]e radiators are us$ ! requir$ sizes ( ^! mu/ fir/ be det]m9$ to (fset ! losses f ! rooms 9 :i* !y are in/all$1 & !n ! size ( ! heat] mu/ be e/imat$ to supply suffici5t heat to ! radiators & to make up = ! losses ( heat ?r\gh ! di/ribut+-pipes4 ,! usual temp]ature to :i* ! small h\se is heat$ :5 x is z]o outside is #gj degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,x is !n assum$ t a c]ta9 quantity ( heat is lo/ ?r\gh ! walls ( ! h\se by radiation & convection & conduction1 & ano!r quantity lo/ by ! leakage ( w>m air out ?r\gh ! w9d[-cracks4 7,! quantity ( heat is measur$ 9 ,briti% !rmal units1 call$ ,b4 ,t4 ,u4's47 ,to und]/& ! mann] by :i* heat is lo/ ?r\gh ! ext]ior walls1 x is necess>y to "k ! mean+ ( radiation1 convection1 & conduction4 ,by /&+ be=e an op5 fire ! heat giv5 (f by radiation c be obs]v$ by %utt+ x (f ) a piece ( pap] held betwe5 ! face & ! fire4 ,?is is ! transmission ( ! heat ?r\gh ! e!r1 & is simil> to ! transmission ( light1 s9ce ?is heat w pass ?r\gh glass1 l light4 ,convection ( heat is illu/rat$ by heat+ air 9 "o place & transf]r+ t air to ano!r place1 :]e x w give up its heat to surr\nd+ bodies4 ,conduction ( heat is illu/rat$ by heat+ ! end ( an iron rod & notic+ t ! heat w ev5tually be transmitt$ along ! l5g? ( x to ! o!r end4 ,! heat )9 a h\se escapes f ! int]ior to ! cold] atmosph]e ( ! ext]ior ?r\gh ! walls1 by radiation ?r\gh ! glass w9d[s & ! sub/ance ( ! walls1 by ! convection action ( ! w>m air ( ! int]ior giv+ up its heat to ! int]ior face ( ! wall & ! cold air ( ! ext]ior extract+ ?is heat f ! ext]ior face & c>ry+ x (f1 & also by ! action ( conduction ( ! mat]ials ( :i* ! wall is compos$4 ,! quantity ( heat lo/ is measur$ by ! numb] ( ,b4 ,t4 ,u4's lo/ ?r\gh "o squ>e foot ( ! wall ea* h\r4 ,z ! w9d[-glass loses heat ?r\gh x m quickly ?an ! wall1 x is necess>y to calculate ?is sep>ately4 ,! process1 !n1 = e/imat+ ! heat loss f a room is z foll[s3 #a4 ,e/imate ! numb] ( squ>e feet ( expos$ wall surface 9 ! room1 includ+ w9d[s4 #b4 ,subtract f ! above ! area ( ! w9d[s to f9d ! net wall area4 #c4 ,multiply ?is net wall area by ! numb] ( ,b4 ,t4 ,u4's :i* ! wall loses p] squ>e foot ( surface = ea* h\r4 ,^! factors are giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,z]o outside & #gj degrees inside--,numb] ( ,b4 ,t4 ,u4's ,,type ,,( ,,wall lo/ = ea* squ>e foot ( wall surface ea* h\r ,brick wall1 furr$ & pla/]$3 #h ?ick #ba4j #ab ?ick #ag4e ,frame wall1 %ea!d1 clapbo>d$1 & pla/]$ #ba4g 7) build+-pap] use #bj4c7 ,holl[-tile wall & concrete & /one h factors ab\t ! same z = ! furr$ brick wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,,side ,,elevation #d4 ,add to ?is ! numb] ( ,b4 ,t4 ,u4's lo/ p] h\r ?r\gh ! w9d[s4 ,?is is det]m9$ by multiply+ ! area ( ! w9d[s by ! heat loss 9 ,b4 ,t4 ,u4's p] h\r = ea* squ>e foot ( w9d[1 :i* is #gh4h = s+le w9d[s1 & :]e /orm-w9d[s are add$ x is #ca4e ,b4 ,t4 ,u4's4 #e4 ,?is total sum is ! numb] ( ,b4 ,t4 ,u4's lo/ ?r\gh walls & w9d[s = ea* h\r4 #f4 ,to ?is mu/ be add$ ! heat lo/ by leakage ?r\gh ! w9d[-cracks4 ,?is is secur$ by measur+ ! l5g? ( w9d[-cracks on ! side :i* has ! greate/ l5g? ( crack & multiply+ ?is by #afh1 or ! numb] ( ,b4 ,t4 ,u4's lo/ ea* h\r = ea* l9e> foot ( w9d[-crack4 ,= v tight w9d[s r$uce above to #hd4 #g4 ,! total ( all ! above gives ! numb] ( ,b4 ,t4 ,u4's lo/ ea* h\r f ! room :5 ! outside temp]ature is z]o & ! inside is #gj degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,kn[+ ! quantity ( heat lo/ p] h\r1 a radiator mu/ be in/all$ :i* w supply ?is am\nt p] h\r4 ,z ! av]age /eam-radiator supplies ab\t #bej ,b4 ,t4 ,u4's p] h\r f ea* squ>e foot ( its surface1 ! numb] ( squ>e feet requir$ = a radiator to be in/all$ 9 ! room c be f\nd by divid+ #bej into ! numb] ( ,b4 ,t4 ,u4's :i* 7 f\nd to be lo/ f ! room ea* h\r4 ,a hot-wat] radiator gives (f ab\t #aej ,b4 ,t4 ,u4's p] h\r = ea* squ>e foot ( surface1 s t ! radiator is g5]ally ab\t "o-?ird l>g] ?an ! /eam-radiator4 ,kn[+ ! requir$ numb] ( feet ( radiation = ! radiator1 ! prop] size c be select$ f ! manufactur]'s catalogue4 ,by lump+ ! total numb] ( squ>e feet ( radiation = all ! radiators ?r\gh\t ! h\se toge!r & add+ #ce p] c5t to ?is to make up = loss ?r\gh pipes & "u-rat+ ( boil]s1 ! size ( ! boil] c be select$ f ! catalogue to fit ?is ne$4 ,to e/imate ! size ( a w>m-air furnace1 ! total quantity ( heat lo/ f all ! rooms ( ! h\se %\ld be calculat$ 9 ! same way1 & !n #be p] c5t add$ to all[ = cold attics & exposure4 ,?is quantity %\ld !n be multipli$ by #b4d & divid$ by #h1jjj to f9d ! numb] ( p\nds ( coal :i* w be requir$ to be burn$ p] h\r4 ,by divid+ ?is am\nt by #e1 ! grate area ( ! requir$ furnace c be f\nd1 & ! correct size select$ f ! manufactur]'s catalogue4 ,x ,,light+ ,,& ,,electric ,,"w ,mod]n ,developm5ts ,:5 we talk ( light+ ! mod]n home1 !re is g5]ally b "o idea t ent]s our m9ds--electric light+4 ,ev5 ^? dwell+s remote f any p[]-h\se are in/all+ small g5]ators 9 pref]5ce to ! oil or gas light+ sy/ems4 ,illu/ration3 ,! mod]n #ej-watt bulb ,!n1 too1 :5 we ref] to good light+ we no long] ?9k ( gl>+ bulbs ( light1 expos+ all ! h>% gl[ ( ! :ite1 hot filam5ts1 caus+ "o's eyes to squ9t & /ra9 to f9d ?+s 9 ! corn]s ( ! room2 b we picture a room flood$ ) mell[ illum9ation emitt$ f fixtures :i* %ield ! direct rays ( light f our vision4 ,ano!r *ange t has come ab\t 9 our conception ( good illum9ation is ! quantity & int5sity ( ! light we expect f ! inc&esc5t bulb4 ,x 0 only a few ye>s ago t we m>vell$ at ! yell[ light giv5 (f by ! #af-;c&le-p[] c>bon-filam5t bulb4 ,b to-day if a bulb gave (f z feeble an attempt at light+ z did ^! old ones we w\ld ?9k x on its way to ! gravey>d ( lightn+-bugs4 ,we _c talk ( #af-;c&le-p[] lamps :5 ! gl[ ( a mod]n ,mazda light is ar\nd4 ,we us$ to specify on ! plans s _m #af-;c&le-p[] lights = ! d9+-room or liv+-room fixtures1 & x is h>d to *ange our habits to ref] to ! mod]n #dj or #ej watt lamps :i* h tak5 _! place 9 ! home4 ,?us )9 a p]iod ( n m ?an t5 ye>s our :ole conception ( illum9ation has be5 jolt$ out ( a rut4 ,indirect ,light+ ,n[ we h react$ s f> 9 ! matt] ( protect+ our eyes f a direct view ( ! s\rce ( light t "s en?usia/s advocate a sy/em ( indirect illum9ation1 conceal+ ! lights s completely f ! eyes t _! location is difficult to "k4 ,?is is c>ry+ ! problem too f> beyond its rational limits4 ,su* a sy/em ( indirect illum9ation r$uces %ad[ to a m9imum2 consequ5tly ! =ms & ! beauty ( objects 9 ! room are flatt5$4 ,moreov]1 ! eye unconsci\sly is confus$ at n be+ able to locate ! s\rce f :i* ! illum9ation comes1 &1 be+ puzzl$1 ! m9d naturally res5ts x4 ,= ! small h\se1 at lea/1 ! sy/em ( indirect illum9ation c>ri$ to ?is extreme is n at all suitable4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #a ,a type ( fixture :i* develops a p>tial indirect illum9ation1 & yet :i* all[s a c]ta9 quantity ( light to come ?r\gh direct to ! eyes1 s t ! s\rce ( light is easily disc]nible is ! mo/ satisfy+ & mo/ sugge/ive ( home com=t4 ,su* a fixture is %[n on page #abb4 ,common-,s5se ,solution ,ne$$ ,moreov]1 ! light+ ( a small h\se mu/ be /udi$ ) common s5se1 & no rule ( ! ?umb c be laid d[n4 ,c]ta9 en?usia/ic illum9at+ eng9e]s (f] typical plans & sugge/ions = ! wir+ ( h\ses1 :i* plans are cr[d$ s full ( outlets t !y look l a map ( ! />ry heav5s4 ,we h 9 front ( u n[ su* a plan 9 :i* a small liv+-room is m>k$ to conta9 f\r wall outlets conta9+ two lights ea*1 two m outlets on ea* side ( ! fireplace1 a wall plug = atta*+ a portable lamp or two lights1 & a c5tral ceil+ outlet = f\r lights4 ,9 addition to ^! is ano!r base plug & floor plug4 ,! room is ab\t #ad by #ag feet1 & if all lights 7 turn$ on at once & all base plugs atta*$ to lamps !re w\ld be a possible gr& total ( tw5ty #ej-watt lamps 9 ?is m$ium-siz$ room4 ,su* brilliant illum9ation might please ! jad$ n]ves ( ! tir$ bus9ess man1 b 8 wife w\ld nev] cons5t to su* a g>i% display ( weal?-eat+ curr5t4 ,! problem ( illum9ation = ! small h\se c be sanely consid]$ f five diff]5t angles3 7#a7 ,g5]al illum9ation2 7#b7 local illum9ation2 7#c7 ornam5tal illum9ation2 7#d7 movable lamps2 & 7#e7 light control4 ,by g5]al illum9ation is meant ! light+ requir$ to flood ! room z a :ole1 & n locally 9 any "o corn]4 ,! easie/ & commone/ me?od ( do+ ?is is to provide a c5tral fixture1 conta9+ f two to f\r #ej-watt lamps1 or _! equival5t1 :i* are hidd5 9 "s comm]cial type ( semi-indirect light+ fixture4 ,! type ( fixture %[n on page #abb is "o ( ! f9e/1 & ) a silk %ade ar\nd x ! w>m1 *e]ful effect ( a home is greatly enhanc$ by ?is me?od ( light+4 ,:5 ?is fixture is hung 9 ! d9+-room or liv+-room a s+le #bjj-watt ,mazda lamp is employ$1 :ile 9 ! o!r rooms a s+le #ajj-watt lamp is us$4 ,9 ! kit*5 no %ade is necess>y4 ,usually 9 lay+ out ! electric outlets ^u a plan ! c5tral d9+-room & liv+-room lights are %[n to c>ry f\r #ej-watt lamps1 & ^? 9 ! o!r rooms1 9 ! hall1 & on ! por* are m>k$ to h two #ej-watt lamps or _! equival5t4 ,b x is n absolutely ess5tial to h a c5tral light = g5]al illum9ation4 ,"s ar*itects pref] to h a c]ta9 numb] ( wall lights controll$ by "o swit*1 & obta9 a g5]al gl[ ) ^! lamps4 ,by secur+ ! "r type ( fixture :i* %ields ! raw filam5t ( light f ! eyes1 ?is me?od ( g5]al illum9ation (t5 produces a feel+ ( com=t & homelik5ess unsurpass$ by ! o!r sy/em4 ,9 ^? rooms :]e "w is done "u ! c5tral light1 su* z ! kit*5 & pantry1 & :]e opaque1 indirect reflectors h be5 us$ ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( ! h\se1 x is ess5tial to provide direct light+-fixtures1 s t ! light c be ?r[n d[n ^u ! work+ plane4 ,transluc5t reflectors or prismatic reflectors are us$1 & a fro/$ bulb or a porcela9-tipp$ bulb is mo/ suitable ) ?is reflector4 ,local illum9ation is int5d$ to give great] int5sity ( light ov] c]ta9 portions ( ! room :]e "w is c>ri$ on4 ,ei!r a wall light or a special drop light1 protect$ by a reflector1 is us$4 ,su* lights are plac$ conv5i5tly ov] ! kit*5-s9k & side table1 ov] ! laundry-tubs & iron+-bo>d1 ov] ! coal-b91 ne> ! boil] & ov] ! "w-b5* 9 ! cell>1 by ! side ( ! lavatory 9 ! ba?room1 ov] at ! side ( ! dress] 9 ! b$rooms1 inside ( closets & alongside ( ! s]v+-table 9 ! d9+-room4 ,^! local outlets are g5]ally plann$ to c>ry two #ej-watt lamps or _! equival5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,types ( ,direct ,light+ ,reflectors ,o!r wall lights ?an ^! are usually introduc$ = ornam5tal purposes4 ,! side lights = ! fireplace 9 ! liv+-room1 or ! panel lights on ! wall1 or ! bracket lights = ! bookcase _c be consid]$ m ?an ornam5tal features4 ,n m ?an "o #ej-watt lamp is plann$ = ^! outlets4 ,9 addition to ! g5]al1 local1 & ornam5tal illum9ation are ^? portable lamps :i* h become m & m a s]viceable & decorative feature ( ! home4 ,! read+-lamp 9 ! liv+-room1 ! light = ! music on ! piano1 ! table-lamp 9 ! b$room1 & ! c&le-lamps on ! d9+-room table are ! mo/ us$ ( ?is portable type4 ,to prop]ly atta* ^! bulbs1 a base-bo>d outlet mu/ be in/all$ at a conv5i5t place 9 ! room1 s t ! electric cord to ! light w n h to be too long nor pass across any "p ( ! floor :]e x may trip up ! feet ( "s abs5t-m9d$ memb] ( ! family4 ,:5 ! light+ ( ! small h\se has be5 consid]$ f ^! angles1 ! control is !n ! ess5tial problem4 ,! incom+ fe$]1 ! met]1 ! h\se swit* & s]vice swit*1 & ! di/ribut+ panel mu/ be locat$ conv5i5tly 9 ! cell>4 ,(t5 ! di/ribut+ panel ) its fuses is plac$ on ! fir/ floor = conv5i5ce ( replac+ a burn$ out fuse :5 "s l9e has be5 ov]*>g$4 ,! next matt] ( control is ! location ( swit*es4 ,all c5tral outlets & g5]al illum9ation %\ld be controll$ by a swit* at ! entrance-door to ! room4 ,! usual type ( swit* us$ is ! s-call$ ?ree-way swit*4 ,illu/ration3 ,! #c-way ,swit* to control light at two places ,! hall light %\ld be controll$ f up-/airs & f d[n-/airs4 ,! por* lights & ! front & re> door lights %\ld be swit*$ on & (f ei!r f ! inside or outside ( ! h\se4 ,"o light 9 ! cell> %\ld be gov]n$ by a swit* at ! top ( ! cell> /airs4 ,& ?is is ab\t all ! complication ( control necess>y4 ,n[1 9 addition to ! light+ ( a h\se1 c]ta9 floor & base-bo>d outlets mu/ be provid$ = atta*+ v>i\s electrical devices t h become r common4 ,9 e cell> !re %\ld be at lea/ "o special p[]-curr5t outlet = any h\sehold ma*9]y t might be in/all$4 ,9 ! laundry !re %\ld be at lea/ two special outlets to :i* a wa%+-ma*9e1 a mangle1 electric dri]1 or an electric iron c be connect$4 ,!re %\ld be at lea/ "o special outlet 9 ! kit*5 to :i* may be atta*$ a motor = op]at+ ! c(fee-gr9d]1 egg-beat]1 ice-cream freez]1 di%-wa%]1 etc4 ,sometimes an electric refrig]ator may be in/all$1 9 :i* case an outlet mu/ be provid$ = ?is motor4 ,sometimes a special outlet is in/all$ 9 pantry = a di%-w>m] or wat]-heat]4 ,9 ! d9+-room a floor outlet %\ld be provid$ = op]at+ on ! table su* ?+s z a toa/]1 *af+-di%1 c(fee-p]colator1 egg-boil]1 etc4 ,9 ! liv+-room a floor outlet w be f\nd useful = su* electric app>atus z w\ld be c>ri$ on a tea-table or = runn+ a home /]eopticon4 ,9 ! ba?room & 9 ! ma/]'s b$room a special outlet is useful to connect up su* devices z vibrators1 hair-dri]s1 curl+-irons1 %av+-mugs1 electric heat]s1 etc4 ,base-bo>d outlets ( ! ord9>y type %\ld be di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! h\se to provide conv5i5t connections = vacuum clean]s & fans4 ,mo/ ( ^! electric devices require n m ?an #fjj watts4 ,electric irons1 toa/]s1 *af+-di%es1 c(fee-p]colators1 & o!r heat+ me*anisms use up to ?is maximum ( watts1 b motor-op]at$ ma*9es1 l fans & ice-cream freez]s1 require ab\t #ajj watts4 ,z to ! k9d ( wir+ :i* ! ar*itect %\ld specify1 he has a limit$ *oice4 ,! knob-&-tube sy/em is ! *eape/1 b n ! safe/4 ,! flexible cable 7,,bx7 is bett]1 al?\gh slightly m exp5sive4 ,rigid conduits or flexible /eel conduits are n suit$ to ! economic ne$s ( ! small h\se & are n us$1 except 9 special places4 ,= example1 an ov]head fe$ wire may be br\ght 9 f ! /reet at ! level ( ! cornice1 & !n c>ri$ d[n to ! cell> 9 a rigid conduit on ! outside ( ! h\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,cleat ,illu/ration3 ,knob ,tube ,illu/ration3 ,flexible ,conduit 7,,bx7 ,rigid ,conduit ,9 addition to ! wir+ = light+ !re mu/ be an indep5d5t sy/em = bell s]vice4 ,! curr5t = su* a sy/em mu/ be suppli$ by dry batt]ies :5 ! local p[] company gives a s]vice ( direct curr5t1 b :5 x supplies an alt]nat+ curr5t a trans=m] c be us$ & ! bells op]at$ ^u ?is en]gy4 ,9 ! kit*5 !re %\ld be a magnet-op]at$ annunciator1 connect$ ) ! front & re> doors & ! d9+-room pu%-button4 ,9 lay+ out ! light+ plans = a small h\se ! /&>d symbols %[n "h are us$1 b a key %\ld always be giv5 to _! mean+ ^u "s "p ( ! %eet1 = x mu/ be appreciat$ t ! contractor c easily =get4 ,z an aid to lay+ out ! light+ sy/em on ! plans1 ! foll[+ *eck+ li/ is sugge/$1 s9ce x is simple4 ,illu/ration3 ,,small ,,h\se ,,electrical ,,equipm5t ,,li/ ,unless specifi$ to ! contr>y1 x is usual to assume t wall outlets 9 ! liv+-room are to be plac$ #e feet #f in*es above ! floor1 9 b$rooms #e feet #d in*es1 & 9 halls #f feet #c in*es4 ,! usual height at :i* swit*es are plac$ is #d feet4 ,?us1 by us+ common s5se & ! phrase 9 ! specifications1 8,all "w %all meet ! requirem5ts ( ! ,national ,electric ,code10 & requir+ ! contractor to furni% a c]tificate ( approval = ! entire in/allation z issu$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,fire ,und]writ]s hav+ jurisdiction 9 ! community1 ! ar*itect has a reasonable surety ( secur+ a good & safe sy/em ( wir+ & light+4 ,,xi ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,trim ,! wood trim1 ! doors & w9d[s1 & ! built-9 furniture ( ! small h\se c make or m> its appe>ance m ?an any o!r "o factor4 ,inde$1 9 no o!r =m ( ar*itecture is ! /udy ( ^! details m important1 & yet 9 no o!r type ( build+ is ! limitation ( co/ m exact+ly impos$ ^u ! ar*itectural treatm5t ( ! trim4 ,illu/ration3 ,! k9d ( /ock trim :i* "s mills cont9ue to keep on h& ,illu/ration3 ,a good ,/ock ,trim ,f 8,curtis ,co40 ,by ! v economy dem&$ 9 ! small h\se1 ! ar*itect mu/ make ! m\ld+s ( 8 cas+ 9 ! simple/ possible =ms4 ,! trim ar\nd doors & w9d[s on ! ext]ior & int]ior c boa/ ( no special m\ld+s4 ,9 fact ! selection mu/ be made f /ock mat]ial or else ! co/ w be too great4 ,mo/ plan+ mills h /&>d types ( trim1 b g5]ally !y are v badly design$4 ,h[ev]1 "o _c g wrong 9 us+ a pla9 bo>d cas+ in* by #c in*es1 :i* has slightly r\nd$ corn]s4 ,! tops ( doors & w9d[s :i* h ?is simple cas+ %\ld be capp$ ) a fillet _/ in*1 a head cas+ in* by #e in*es1 & a cap m\ld #a in*es by #b in*es4 ,?is elim9ates ! mitr$ corn]1 :i* is ( su* d\btful value 9 *eap "w1 s9ce mo/ wood trim is n prop]ly season$ & w quickly op5 all mitr$ jo9ts4 ,to mat* ?is simple trim ! w9d[ apron %\ld be a pla9 bo>d in* by #c in*es1 & ! /ool #a in*es by #c in*es4 ,a pl9? block at ! base ( ! door trim 9 size #a in*es by #c in*es by #g in*es w mat* up ) a pla9 base-bo>d1 in* by #g in*es1 or "o ( simil> size1 ) a cyma recta m\ld+ on top4 ,if ! local mill f :i* ! trim is pur*as$ has /ock m\ld+s ( pleas+ design1 ! ar*itect may safely specify !m1 b he %\ld n make ! economic mi/ake ( dem&+ specially design$ cas+ f full-size details ( 8 own4 ,! small h\se _c /& ?is additional co/4 ,illu/ration3 ,any ,mill w h ! above 9 /ock ,9 select+ ! trim1 x is always important to be> 9 m9d t x mu/ h>monize ) ! walls & h no obtrusive appe>ance1 s9ce x acts ) ! walls z a backgr\nd = ! furniture4 ,9 ,colonial "w ! pa9t+ ( ! trim :ite1 pe>l-gray1 or cream is always ! mo/ pleas+1 & s ! ar*itect %\ld select a wood :i* w be/ take ! pa9t4 ,:ite wood & :ite p9e are ideal = ?is purpose4 ,gum wood is good1 b !re is always ! *ance t x w n hold its place & twi/4 ,yell[ p9e is difficult to pa9t well1 s9ce ! h>d summ] wood has a t5d5cy to /& out beyond ! s(t] spr+ wood1 mak+ ! surface irregul>2 b ?is difficulty c be ov]come if a numb] ( prim+ coats are us$ to fill 9 ! gra9 be=e ! enamel is appli$4 ,x is a mi/ake to f9i% ! pa9t$ trim ) a glossy enamel1 = ?is w de/roy its quietness & backgr\nd effect4 ,a matte surface ( pa9t or an egg-%ell enamel f9i% is bett]4 ,?is same pr9ciple %\ld be foll[$ 9 select+ & treat+ ! h>dwood cas+ :i* is n to be pa9t$4 ,! trim %\ld nev] be f9i%$ ) a bright1 glossy v>ni% & /a91 = no?+ is m ugly 9 its f9al effect4 ,treat ! h>dwood trim1 su* z oak1 *e/nut1 a%1 & ! l1 ) an oil /a92 rub 9 a fill]1 /a9$ slightly d>k]1 & !n %ellac4 ,ov] ?is apply a wax f9i%1 & rub ?is d[n ) a %oe bru%4 ,v>ni% manufactur]s make grades ( v>ni% :i* give ! dull effect ( wax1 & ^! c be us$1 if desir$2 b :y8 ,_m pref] to ev5 omit ! %ellac & dep5d entirely ^u ! wax = ! gloss4 ,:5 trim is deliv]$ to ! job1 x %\ld n be /or$ 9 a damp place nor fitt$ 9 place be=e ! pla/] is entirely dry4 ,9 fact1 9 ord] to protect ! trim f los+ its %ape1 z soon z x comes on ! job a prim+ coat1 or fill]1 %\ld be appli$ to x1 & ! ends & back pa9t$ ) :ite-lead & oil4 ,x w be notic$ t all well-design$ trim has a g\g$-out space at ! back to p]mit circulation ( air ar\nd x1 & also to make x easi] to fit aga9/ a flat surface ( pla/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,/ock ,b$ ,m\ld+s ,/ock ,cr[n ,m\ld+s ,m\ld+s = ! trim ( ext]ior cornices1 /r+-c\rses1 & ! l are (t5 specially design$ by ar*itects = ! small h\se1 b x is a mu* bett] plan to use /ock m\ld+s1 select+ !m to approximate ! design t is desir$4 ,?r\gh ! ef=ts ( _m conc]ns ! m>ket af=ds _m well-design$ /ock patt]ns ( m\ld+s = ext]ior purposes4 ,! idea is s\nd1 & makes possible a great v>iety ( designs ?r\gh ! /&>dization ( p>ts1 b at ! same "t cutt+ d[n ! co/4 ,likewise ! /&>dization ( doors & w9d[s is ano!r economic aid = ! small h\se4 ,z a rule1 all ext]ior doors %\ld be at lea/ #a in*es ?ick1 & ( :ite p9e1 pa9t$4 ,! v5e]$ door is n a v satisfactory type = outside use1 unless1 p]haps1 x is protect$ by ! por*1 = ev5 ) ! be/ wat]pro( glue !re is a consid]able t5d5cy on ! "p ( ! v5e] to break away f ! s(t p9e core4 ,"s consid] t ! #a-;in*-?ick door is satisfactory = ext]ior doors 9 ! small h\se1 b1 g5]ally speak+1 x is be/ to use ?is ?ickness only = int]ior doors4 ,s(twood doors1 #a in*es ?ick1 h panels1 if !y are rais$1 only #a in*es ?ick2 :ile doors #a in*es ?ick h rais$ panels only _/ in* ?ick1 & flat panels _/ in* ?ick4 ,! latt] is q evid5tly too ?9 = ext]ior doors4 ,int]ior doors ( v5e]$ woods usually h flat panels1 _/ in* ?ick1 except ! "o-panel door1 :i* is z ?ick z _/ in*4 ,su* panels consi/ ( ?ree lay]s1 ! two outside v5e]s & ! int]ior s(twood core ) ! gra9 runn+ at "r angles to ! v5e]4 ,! /iles & rails ( well-built v5e]$ doors are made ( built-up p9e blocks1 glu$ & lock$ toge!r1 ) a tongue-&-groove jo9t1 & fa/5$ at ! corn]s ) h>dwood d[els4 ,/rips ( h>dwood to mat* ! v5e]$ face %\ld be plac$ on ea* edge ( ! /iles & rails4 ,illu/ration3 ,/ock ,ext]ior ,doors ,/ock ,int]ior ,doors ,! common-/ock sizes ( doors are z foll[s3 #b feet by #f feet4 #b feet by #f feet #f in*es4 #b feet by #f feet #h in*es4 #b feet #d in*es by #f feet #f in*es4 #b feet #d in*es by #f feet #h in*es4 #b feet #f in*es by #f feet #f in*es4 #b feet #f in*es by #f feet #h in*es4 #b feet #f in*es by #g feet4 #c feet by #f feet #h in*es4 #b feet #h in*es by #g feet4 #c feet by #f feet #h in*es4 #c feet by #g feet4 ,! commone/ type ( w9d[ = ! small h\se is equipp$ ) ! d\ble-hung sa%4 ,?is sa% %\ld be made ( #a-;in* :ite p9e1 mortis$ & t5on$ at ! corn]s4 ,! meet+ rail ought to be rabbet$ s t wat] is prev5t$ f seep+ ?r\gh1 & ! bottom rail ought also to be rabbet$ to fit ov] a simil> rabbet 9 ! sill4 ,! size ( ! l[] rail is usually #c in*es wide1 ! sides & top rails #b in*es wide1 & ! meet+ rail #a in*es wide4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t a w9d[ has little ar*itectural *>m )\t munt9s1 & ^! are made in* wide1 z a rule4 ,! glass ( ! w9d[ is ins]t$ into ! sa% frame at lea/ in*1 & its plane is ab\t "o-?ird 9 f ! outside face ( ! rails4 ,! ov]-all dim5sions ( a w9d[ sa% are det]m9$ by ! size glass us$1 & z glass is cut 9 in*es1 ! ov]-all dim5sions ( a sa% w be 9 fraction ( in*es4 ,= example1 a d\ble-hung sa% ( twelve lights1 ea* #h in*es by #aj in*es1 w give a sa% op5+ ( #b feet #d in*es by #c feet4 ,if ! lights measure #i in*es by #ab in*es1 !n ! sa% size w be #b feet #g in*es by #d feet #f in*es4 ,illu/ration ,! be/ type ( d\ble-hung w9d[-frame is con/ruct$ s t ! bl9d /op is rabbet$ to receive ! pulley /ile1 prev5t+ any w9d f bl[+ ?r\gh4 ,! pulley /iles are usually made ( yell[ p9e1 b ! outside cas+ & sills %\ld be ( :ite p9e4 ,x is also a good precaution to h ! sill rabbet$ to receive ! gr\nd /rip1 s t air _c come und]nea? ! sill4 ,! use ( #a_/ in*-?ick mat]ial is common = all p>ts ( ! frame except ! sill1 :i* ought to be #a in*es ?ick4 ,a #b-;in* dep? %\ld be all[$ = ! weights 9 ! box1 & a space ( in* left betwe5 ! /ud & ! top ( ! frame4 ,p>t+ /rips are made in* wide4 ,:]e ! frame is to be built into a masonry wall1 ! back ( ! weight-box is clos$ 91 & a m\ld+1 call$ ! brick m\ld1 %\ld be provid$ = cov]+ ! outside jo9t betwe5 frame & masonry4 ,9 ord] to make ?is jo9t tight 9 holl[-tile con/ruction1 x is ess5tial to /uff ! back ( ! brick m\ld ) ela/ic ro(+ cem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,casem5t ,,w9d[s ,!re is n mu* reason to rehe>se "h ! pros & cons ( ! casem5t w9d[4 ,:5 su* w9d[s op5 91 ! scre5s & bl9ds are easi] to h&le1 b ! wea!r is apt to leak 9 m4 ,:5 ! sa% op5s out1 scre5+ is difficult1 unless "s pat5t op]at+ h>dw>e is us$1 b ! w9d[ is m wea!rpro(4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! difficulty ( wea!r+ c be ov]come to a l>ge ext5t by n attempt+ to keep out ! ra91 b lead x d[n & ar\nd ! sides1 dra9+ x (f at ! sill4 ,?is is accompli%$ by cutt+ a -in* half-r\nd groove ar\nd ! sides & 9 ! sill to act z a canal = collect+ ! wat] :i* has seep$ 94 ,a few -in* r\nd weep-holes f ! groove 9 ?is sill outw>d w dra9 ?is collection ( wat] (f4 ,casem5t frames are made ( heavi] mat]ial ?an ^? us$ = d\ble-hung sa%1 #a in*es be+ common4 ,z ! sa% is hung f ! sides l a door1 its weight mu/ n be s great t x w cause x to sag1 & = ?is reason x is cu/om>y to limit ! wid? ( sa% to #b feet maximum4 ,"s design]s believe t ! sa% %\ld also be at lea/ #a in*es ?ick4 ,illu/ration ,al?\gh bl9ds add to ! co/ ( ! small h\se )\t app>5tly add+ practical value1 yet !y are "o ( ! mo/ useful m$iums ( secur+ v>iation ( color on ! elevations4 ,9 ,colonial days %utt]s s]v$ to protect ! h\se1 & 7 made solid ) only a small hole 9 !m1 g5]ally ( "s ornate cut-out design1 l a half-moon1 fl[]-pot1 etc4 ,to-day we want slats = v5tilation4 ,a good compromise1 !n1 is to make ! l[] "p ( slats & ! upp] "p solid1 ) a cut-out design4 ,! /iles & rails ( ! %utt] are made ( #a-;in* mat]ial1 ! bottom rail be+ #c in*es wide1 ! /iles & top rails #b in*es wide4 ,int]m$iate rails are (t5 made #b in*es wide4 ,x is be/ to project ! /ile #a in* bel[ ! bottom ( ! l[] rail1 s t wat] collect+ on ! sill c dra9 (f und]nea? ! bl9d4 ,9 addition to ! bl9ds1 ! w9d[ %\ld be equipp$ ) scre5s4 ,^! %\ld be ( copp]1 = only ?is mat]ial is economical 9 ! long run4 ,!y are usually made ( -in* mat]ial1 & ! l[] rail1 /iles1 & top rail made #a in*es wide4 ,o!r mill "w ( ! ext]ior1 su* z por* columns1 rails1 etc41 ought to be built up f /ock m\ld+s & patt]ns4 ,!re are num]\s conc]ns sell+ well-design$ wood5 columns4 ,! great dang] ( us+ /ock columns1 h[ev]1 is 9 ! fitt+4 ,c]ta9 /ock l5g?s are made ) well-plann$ entasis1 b if ! design calls = an int]m$iate l5g? ! column is cut %ort1 :i* de/roys its proportions4 ,on ?is basis _m select squ>e columns1 or ?9 wood5 columns )\t mu* entasis4 ,! illu/rations %[ "s common-/ock sizes = o!r outside trim1 su* z lattice1 top rails1 bottom rails1 balu/]s1 etc4 ,illu/ration ,( ! int]ior mill "w ! /airs are ! mo/ important4 ,= ! small h\se !y %\ld be v simple1 n only = economy b = appe>ance4 ,pla9 r\nd & squ>e balu/]s1 #a_/ in*1 & two to a tread1 simple h&-rail & simple newel po/1 #c in*es1 are m effective ?an elaborately turn$ memb]s4 ,! height ( ! h&-rail f ! top ( ! tread to ! h&-rail on a l9e ) ! face ( ! ris] %\ld be #b feet #f in*es4 ,! slope ( ! /airs %\ld pref]ably be conf9$ betwe5 #cj degrees & #ce degrees1 & ! common proportion betwe5 tread & ris] %\ld be ma9ta9$ 7tread & ris] #ag in*es74 ,illu/ration ,! treads %\ld be ( #a-;in* h>dwood1 & ! ris]s ( #a_/-;in* s(twood1 rabbet$ into ! ris]4 ,outside /r+s ought to be in* ?ick :]e f9i%+ on a -in* base4 ,inside /r+s %\ld be #a_/ in*es ?ick4 ,enclos$ /airs betwe5 walls %\ld h /r+s fitt$ d[n on treads & ris]s1 b else:]e inside /r+s %\ld be rabbet$ = treads & ris]s4 ,newels %\ld be h\s$ out ov] supports4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is is :at ! speculative build] sp5ds money on ,a feature ( ! small h\se :i* is neglect$ too mu* is ! in/allation ( built-9 furniture4 ,!re is a sub/antial quality ab\t su* furniture :i* no mobile furniture c possess4 ,! bookcase built into ! wall1 ! w9d[-seat p]man5tly a "p ( ! room1 a *>m+ mantel-piece1 good panell+1 built-9 *9a-closets1 tables1 & b5*es 9 ! breakfa/ alcove1 a mod]n kit*5 dress] ) ! equipm5t ( a portable cab9et1 dress+-tables1 & closet %elves & draw]s1 m$ic9e-cases & radiator enclosures are features :i* add s mu* to ! small h\se t x seems /range t !y are s (t5 omitt$4 ,_m a speculative build] has realiz$ ! value ( su* furniture & sold 8 h\se ^u ! attractiv5ess ( x4 ,he kn[s t ! "y c\ple :o pur*ases ! small h\se usually comes f ! small ap>tm5t1 & has little furniture to sp>e4 ,"h !n is a place to sp5d money & n to economize4 ,,xii ,,lessons ,,taught ,,by ,,depreciation ,:at happ5s to ! small h\se aft] x has be5 built8 ,?is is a "q :i* %\ld int]e/ bo? ! ar*itect & build]1 because f ! answ] c be _h "s v important lessons 9 con/ruction4 ,to "k :]e ! wea!r1 me*anical we> & te>1 fire & wat]1 beg9 ! decay ( ! h\se is to "k :]e to specify mat]ials :i* w give ! greate/ durability to ! :ole4 ,?is decay is call$ ! natural depreciation ( ! h\se1 b x is ! ar*itect's duty to make ?is z insignificant z possible4 ,x is ess5tial to /udy ! local conditions "u :i* ! h\se w h to /&4 ,at ! edge ( ! sea%ore1 :]e ! damp & salty w9ds are preval5t1 "o w\ld be fooli% to specify metal = scre5s1 gutt]s1 valleys1 & lead]s1 :i* t5d$ to g to pieces by corrosion4 ,b 9 a dry locality ! specify+ (1 say1 galvaniz$ iron = ^! p>ts w\ld save money on ! initial co/1 & might n cause too great depreciation4 ,likewise1 ! *oice ( ! g5]al mat]ials ( :i* ! h\se is built %\ld be influ5c$ by ! exp]i5ce ( ! neighborhood4 ,a wood5 h\se 9 a sea%ore resort requires pa9t+ v (t51 & p]haps a brick h\se w\ld 9 ! end be m economical4 ,a wood-%+le ro( on a h\se1 tuck$ away "u ! d5se trees ( a lake %ore1 w\ld h a v %ort life1 & ! use ( "s m p]man5t mat]ial w\ld ju/ify ! additional exp5se4 ,inde$1 on all h&s1 9 e locality1 we h lessons to le>n conc]n+ :at happ5s to a h\se aft] x has be5 built1 & h[ x might h be5 avoid$4 ,to /imulate ! read] to obs]ve m 9 ?is direction we w call att5tion to "s ( ! mo/ obvi\s ways 9 :i* a h\se depreciates4 ,exam9e mo/ h\ses :i* h /ood = t5 to tw5ty ye>s1 & x w be f\nd t ! f\ndations 9 ne>ly e case h settl$ unev5ly1 to a great] or less ext5t4 ,?is may be due to un=ese5 causes1 su* z ! action ( und]gr\nd wat]1 fro/1 & dis9tegration ( mort>1 b g5]ally x is ! result ( f\ndations built by ! rule ( ! ?umb4 ,a wood5 h\se seems s light t ! av]age build] nev] bo!rs to consid] ! foot+s nor ! load+s on !m4 ,_m walls are built )\t any foot+s at all1 ev5 ?\gh "p ( !m re/ on /one & o!r p>ts on e>?4 ,n[1 ( c\rse1 no?+ s]i\s z a rule comes ( ?is slightly unev5 settlem5t1 b1 add x to o!r ?+s1 & ! depreciation ( ! prop]ty goes on rapidly4 ,illu/ration3 ,unev5 ,settlem5t ,z an example ( ?is1 "o h\se might be m5tion$ :i* 0 greatly m>r$ by ! settl+ ( ! foot+s "u ! por* columns4 ,^! columns support$ ! second floor1 :i* project$ ov] ! por*4 ,! am\nt ( settlem5t 0 only ab\t two in*es1 b ?is caus$ ! w9d[s to lose _! rectangul> %ape1 mak+ ! op]ation ( ! sa% impossible1 de/roy$ ! dra9age direction ( ! gutt]s1 necessitat+ ! relocation ( ! lead]s & ! repit*+ ( ! gutt]s1 op5$ up ! crack betwe5 ! floor & ! base-bo>d1 & made a l>ge crack 9 ! pla/] wall & ceil+4 ,! cause ( x all 0 ! build+ ( ! por* column foot+s ^u fill$-9 e>?1 :ile ! f\ndations ( ! re/ ( ! h\se 7 ^u rock4 ,unev5 settlem5t 0 sure to take place "u su* conditions4 ,?is same damag+ effect ( settlem5t is (t5 noticeable 9 wood5 frame h\ses1 :i* h n be5 prop]ly con/ruct$ to avoid unev5 di/ribution ( cross-section wood 9 ! walls & p>titions4 ,:]ev] !re is a diff]5ce ( cross-section ( wood 9 two walls :i* support ! same beams1 !re is sure to be unev5 settl+4 ,! wall :i* has ! greate/ numb] ( l9e> in*es v]tically ( horizontally laid timb]s w settle ! mo/4 ,?is w cause sagg+ floors1 sprung door frames1 & op5 jo9ts4 ,_m crack$ /ucco walls on ! ext]ior h be5 caus$ by too mu* cross-section wood 9 _! fram+4 ,a balloon-fram$ wall makes ! be/ back+ = an outside wall ( /ucco1 because ! /uds ext5d f sill to plate )\t any horizontal timb]s int]v5+4 ,b x c always be pr$ict$ t ! masonry walls & p>ts ( ! h\se w settle be=e ! wood5 walls & p>titions4 ,! *imney w settle m rapidly ?an ! surr\nd+ p>titions ( wood1 & %\ld1 = ?is reason alone1 be built entirely indep5d5t ( any o!r "p ( ! /ructure4 ,:]e ! wood5 fram$ wall butts into a *imney & ! pla/] is cont9u\s ov] ! brick ( ! *imney & ! /uds ( ! wall1 !re is sure to develop a crack at ! jo9t because ( ! unequal settlem5t1 unless ! pla/] is re9=c$ at ?is po9t ) metal la?4 ,likewise1 x is bad to support any "p ( ! wood5 floor ^u a gird] :i* be>s ^u ! *imney1 n only on acc\nt ( ! excessive s9k+ ( ! *imney1 b ! subsequ5t dang] ( fire :i* x creates4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,a v bad me?od ( con/ruct+ a *imney 0 import$ f ,europe1 ye>s ago1 :i* develops s]i\s fire dang]s f its mann] ( settl+4 ,in/ead ( fla%+ & c\nt]-fla%+ ! jo9t ( ! *imney ) ! ro(1 ?is me?od employ$ ! use ( a project+ c\rse ( brick begun at ! level ( ! ro(4 ,?us ! "p ( ! *imney above ! %+le ro( 0 made l>g] ?an t und]nea?1 & ! outw>d /ep 0 us$ z a wea!r lap ov] ! ro(+ mat]ial1 & no fla%+ 0 ne$$ to make ! jo9t tight4 ,n[1 :5 ! *imney settl$ fa/] ?an ! ro(1 z x w\ld1 ! upp] "p c\ld n drop1 b 0 caught ^u ! ro(1 & lift$ f ! l[] "p4 ,?is made a crack ?r\gh :i* ! hot gases c\ld escape to ! attic timb]s & />t a fire4 ,on ! o!r h&1 wood5 fram$ walls w settle badly1 too1 :5 dry rot sets into ! sills4 ,?is is a v common defect 9 old h\ses1 & g5]ally1 :5 any remodell+ mu/ be done1 ! sills h to be cut out & new ones set into place4 ,dry rot 9 ! sills is caus$ by excessive dampness ) no circulation ( air4 ,v (t5 a build] may take great pa9s to fire-/op 8 walls ar\nd ! sill1 b =get to leave v5tilation space1 & ! sill is soon attack$ by ! fungus ( rot4 ,unless timb]s :i* come 9 contact ) masonry are treat$ ) creosote1 or pa9t$1 !y w be subject to dry rot 9 ! av]age damp1 w>m climate4 ,illu/ration3 ,solid ,column ,_m por* columns rot at _! base & p]mit ! settl+ ( ! ro(4 ,solid columns are ! lea/ durable 9 ?is respect1 = 9 a %ort "t _! core w g bad & ! l[] "p w crumble4 ,wood base blocks = columns %\ld be p]=at$ ) holes to p]mit ! seepage ( wat] "u !m4 ,ca/-iron bases are pref]r$ to ! wood5 "o1 :5 ! column is to set ^u a masonry por* floor4 ,settl+ causes _m o!r defects besides ^? m5tion$4 ,! h\se-dra9 may be brok5 & ! cell> flood$ ) sewage1 if ! wall ar\nd ! pipe has be5 cem5t$ up & x settles4 ,! pit* ( dra9-pipes may be alt]$ s mu* t back-up action ( wa/e wat] may occur2 /eps may be caus$ to sag s t !y become unsafe2 l9tels may be brok54 ,! movem5t ( ! foot+s by fro/ is ano!r evil t is noticeable 9 _m old h\ses4 ,sidewalks are crack$1 por* /airs loos5$1 dra9s 9 areas clos$4 ,9 mo/ cases l ?is ! foot+s are n ext5d$ f> en\gh bel[ ! fro/-l9e1 or insuffici5t c9d] f\ndations are laid4 ,illu/ration3 ,wea!r$ ,*imney ,b ! action ( freez+ wat] leaves its m>ks on o!r p>ts ( ! h\se4 ,unless "s corrugations 9 lead]s are made1 ! ice 9 ! w9t] may bur/ !m4 ,! mort> on cop+s is loos5$ by ?is action1 & on *imney tops1 :]e heat & gases also help1 ! brickwork soon breaks d[n4 ,_m failures ( /ucco "w are directly caus$ by fro/1 & sometimes wat] leaks into ! cells ( holl[ t]ra-cotta blocks1 freezes1 & bur/s out ! %ell-l sides4 ,! putty ar\nd ! w9d[ is loos5$ by ! dry+ action ( ! w9d1 & ! pry+ action ( ! fro/4 ,wat]-supply pipes 9 wall ne> ! outside are brok5 :5 ! cold w9ds freeze !m1 & ! expos$ gas-pipes 9 ! *illy p>ts ( ! cell> are (t5 entirely clogg$ 9 a sev]e w9t]4 ,leaks ar\nd w9d[s 9 masonry walls are />t$ by fro/1 & x is common to see tile on ! por* floor1 or brick bord]s & bases loos5$ by ! same p[]ful ag5t t breaks b\ld]s f ! m\nta9sides4 ,! heat ( ! sun is ano!r de/roy] ( ! h\se4 ,x is dea? on pa9t1 = x is =ev] bak+ x 9 ! /eam ( ! dew ( ! previ\s night1 & :5 ! body ( l9se$-oil is gone1 ! pa9t is no good4 ,& x dries out ! wood too mu* "s days & spoils ! jo9t+4 ,x w>ps bo>ds up & op5s ! mitr$ jo9ts4 ,x causes ! wood %+les to crack & %rivel1 s t :5 ! next heavy ra9 comes ! ceil+s are /a9$ by leaks4 ,t> = ! ro( & s(t cem5ts are caus$ to run out ( place4 ,!n1 too1 !re is ! det]iorat+ influ5ce ( ! artificial heat inside ( ! h\se4 ,! fireplace tiles are bak$ loose f _! mort> b$s1 ca/-iron damp]s are crack$1 *imneys are clogg$ ) soot & cat* fire1 & ?imbles :i* receive ! smoke-pipe ( ! furnace are brok54 ,b ! heat f ! radiator does mu* damage4 ,x black5s ! ceil+ above x by hurl+ little p>ticles ( du/ up aga9/ x2 x w>ps & twi/s ! wall-pap]2 x mis%apes ! doors & w9d[s1 & breaks loose ! /rips ( v5e]1 & x (t5 spills wat] ov] ! floor to ru9 ! ceil+s bel[4 ,add$ to all ( ! above depreciation is ! natural we> & te> caus$ by ! t5ants4 ,floors are worn to spl9t]s :]e !y 7 ( flat-gra9 wood2 ?re%olds are ?9n$ d[n1 /air tread scoop$ out4 ,pla/] is brok5 by mov+ furniture1 & decorations /a9$ by accid5ts ( all v>ieties4 ,locks1 h+es1 & bolts are brok54 ,p>ticul>ly is ! me*anical equipm5t ( ! h\se subject to su* det]iorat+ influ5ces4 ,plumb+ fixtures are brok51 pipes are clogg$1 & jo9ts made to leak ?r\gh ! corrod+ action ( /rong acids p\r$ d[n ! pipes4 ,radiator valves are turn$ out ( adju/m5t1 boil]s are burn$ out1 & hundr$s ( o!r ?+s happ5 to ?is "p ( ! h\se because ( c>eless h&s4 ,?us we may say t ! important factors ( depreciation :i* an ar*itect %\ld keep 9 m9d are unequal settlem5t1 action ( fro/1 wa%+-out effects ( ra9-wat]1 corrosion1 ! heat ( ! sun1 ! artificial heat ( ! furnace1 & ! fooli%ness ( t5ants4 ,unequal settlem5t c be prev5t$ by c>efully exam9+ ! con/ruction1 & ! action ( fro/1 heat1 & sun c be m9imiz$ by ! use ( prop] mat]ials1 & ! fooli%ness ( t5ants c be p>tly (fset by select+ ^? me*anical devices :i* are z ne> fool-pro( z human h&s c make !m4 ,,xiii ,,select+ ,,mat]ials ,,f ,,adv]tisem5ts ,9 ! plann+ ( ! con/ruction ( ! small h\se1 ! ar*itect has _m problems ( selection1 su* z ! *oos+ ( ?is br& ( ro(+ mat]ial f among _m makes or ! specify+ ( ?is type ( furnace f among _m patt]ns1 &1 9 fact1 ! selection ( ! be/ type & ! be/ mat]ials :i* ! m>ket af=ds 9 all bran*es ( /ructural & me*anical devices4 ,if he does n specify any "o br&1 b m]ely /ates t ! contractor %all use an approv$ make ( pa9t or an acceptable br& ( hydrat$ lime1 he has m]ely def]r$ 8 ultimate *oice 9 ! matt] to a lat] date1 = 9 ! end he mu/ decide :e!r ! p>ticul> make or br& is acceptable1 & 9 ord] to d ?is he mu/ "k en\gh ab\t ! v>i\s makes & br&s on ! m>ket to judge wisely & 9 a fair _s1 = ! *ief motive 9 back ( ! contractor's *oice w be r "o ( money ?an quality4 ,illu/ration ,! problem1 !re=e1 :i* confronts ! ar*itect 9 act+ z judge ( mat]ials & br&s z to _! quality is v s]i\s & extremely full ( pitfalls1 & outside ( 8 p]sonal exp]i5ce & t ( 8 fri5ds1 ! *oice mu/ be made ^u ! claims ( ! manufactur]s z pres5t$ 9 adv]tisem5ts4 ,n[1 ( c\rse1 ! difficulties :i* adv]tis+ lit]ature pres5ts are ! ov]/atem5ts :i* are f\nd 9 !m & ! suppression ( facts :i* appe> to ! mak]s z d]ogatory ( _! product4 ,b if ! circul>s ( in=mation & adv]tis+ /atem5ts are collect$ = any "o type ( me*anism or any "o type ( mat]ial or sy/em ( con/ruction1 x w be f\nd t ! tru? ( ! matt] w be implant$ 9 ! accumulat$ /atem5ts ( ! v>i\s conc]ns manufactur+ ^! me*anisms or mat]ials4 ,:at "o manufactur] does n say ano!r w1 & v (t5 a rival firm w reveal ! defects ( its competitor's products by its adv]tisem5ts4 ,9 fact1 if y want to f9d out :at is ! 8nigg] 9 ! wood-pile10 read ! adv]tisem5ts ( a rival manufactur]4 ,( c\rse x is n good ta/e 9 adv]tis+ to knock ! o!r fell['s products1 b g5]al /atem5ts are made :i* are en\gh to enlight5 ! al]t read] z to :at %\ld be ! good po9ts to look =4 ,= example1 suppose ! ar*itect knew little or no?+ ab\t :at %\ld be ! good qualities ( a hot-air furnace ( ! pipeless type1 b _h be=e him ! adv]tisem5ts ( v>i\s mak]s :i* we w designate z ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 & ,e1 al?\gh ! quotations :i* are giv5 are accurately tak5 f real adv]tisem5ts ( well-kn[n firms1 ! id5tity ( :i* we h purposely conceal$ "u ! assum$ titles ( ! lett]s ( ! alphabet4 ,let u pick up adv]tisem5t ( 7,a7 manufactur]1 & select :at appe> to be ! important /atem5ts :i* occur 9 x4 ,we read3 8,! grate is slightly cone-%ap$1 :i* breaks up all cl9k]s & makes ! fuel roll t[>d ! wall ( ! fire-pot1 :]e air is mix$ ) ! gas4 ,?is g5]ates a mu* great] degree ( heat ?an x is possible to obta9 ) ! old duplex & flat grates1 & cl9k]s t w\ld =m & be wa/$ 9 o!r furnaces are !reby consum$40 ,f ?is ! ar*itect has le>n$ to consid] ! "q ( ! grate1 & c]ta9ly he has def9itely f\nd out :at is ! disadvantage ( ! furnaces :i* use ! old duplex or flat grates4 ,x ought to be 8 aim to ask ! manufactur] ( furnaces us+ ^! types ( grates :at !y h to say 9 def5se ( ?is indictm5t4 ,b let u cont9ue to read3 8,! a%-pit is l>ge & roomy on ! inside1 & is provid$ ) a v l>ge door1 :i* makes x conv5i5t = ! removal ( a%es40 ,x is evid5t f ?is t !re are furnaces on ! m>ket :i* h ?is defect ( too small an a%-pit & door4 ,! ar*itect c !n m5tally pigeonhole ?is z a po9t to be consid]$ 9 exam9+ a furnace4 ,cont9u+ our read+ we come across ?is /atem5t3 8,! 7,a7 radiator is ca/ 9 "o piece1 ) no jo9ts to be cem5t$ or bolt$ toge!r40 ,?is is evid5tly a reflection ^u ! weaknesses ( o!r makes :i* h radiators t are bolt$ & cem5t$ toge!r1 & on inve/igation we soon le>n t furnaces (t5 h leaky radiators :i* p]mit ! coal-gas to escape into ! w>m air deliv]$ ?r\gh ! h\se4 ,"h is a def9ite defect to be rememb]$4 ,suppose we turn n[ to adv]tisem5t 7,b71 & "h we read ! foll[+3 8,insulat+ air-*amb] acts z a positive division betwe5 ! bodies ( w>m & return air40 ,?is is c]ta9ly a h9t ( a possible defect 9 a furnace4 ,p]haps n all ( ! furnaces are adequately insulat$ at ?is division betwe5 ! bodies ( return+ cold air & ! outgo+ w>m air1 ) ! result+ loss ( effici5cy & sluggi%ness ( circulation4 ,read+ on 9 ! same adv]tisem5t we f9d ! foll[+3 8,! 7,b7 smoke-plate is an add$ precaution aga9/ ! leakage ( smoke & gas40 ,evid5tly !re is "s possibility ( smoke leak+ into ! w>m air1 or else ?is device w\ld n h be5 sugge/$1 & probably !re are "s furnaces :]e ?is is a v s]i\s objection4 ,turn+ to ! next adv]tisem5t1 7,c71 we read3 8,only ! be/ grade ( iron goes into ! ca/+40 ,?is is ano!r consid]ation2 = evid5tly1 f ! foll[+1 c]ta9 types ( furnaces d n use ! be/ ca/+s1 & give tr\ble4 8,breakd[ns & imp]fections are r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,! endless s]ies ( treatm5ts & repairs is nev] requir$40 ,a fur!r read+ tells u t 8! humidifi] is ample capacity10 :i* /atem5t sugge/s ! possibility t n all humidifi]s are l>ge en\gh4 ,b look :at adv]tisem5t 7,d7 in=ms u3 8,no heat lo/ by be+ radiat$ ?r\gh cas+ into cell>40 ,?is is c]ta9ly an int]e/+ po9t to consid]4 ,& read+ on we le>n3 8,long fire-travel 9 radiator insures a cool smoke-pipe & !re is no fuel wa/$40 ,?is is surely a matt] ( design t ought to be obs]v$ 9 good furnaces4 ,/ill ano!r fact is br\ght to light by 8,fire-pot--"o piece1 heavy-ribb$ = purposes ( increas+ its radiat+ surface & to give x great] p[] ( resi/ance aga9/ expansive =ce ( ! fire40 ,b "h is some?+ none ( ! o!r adv]tisem5ts h told u3 8,/eel radiators are pref]able = ! use ( h>d coal2 ca/-iron radiators = s(t or h>d coal or wood40 ,also3 8,radiators c be turn$ 9 ei!r direction1 !reby p]mitt+ smoke-pipe to be connect$ ) *imney f ! mo/ advantage\s po9t40 ,f9ally1 :5 we read 9 adv]tisem5t 7,e7 ! foll[+1 8,grate-b>s are quickly remov$ & replac$4 ,no bolts us$10 we wond] :e!r o!r furnaces use bolts1 & :e!r !re is a real objection to !m4 ,tak+ ! in=mation giv5 9 ^! adv]tisem5ts1 we c n[ make ! foll[+ li/ ( po9ts to be consid]$ 9 select+ any "o make3 #a4 ,is ! grate s design$ t cl9k]s w n =m8 #b4 ,are ! grate-b>s easily removable8 #c4 ,is ! a%-pit l>ge & roomy & is ! door amply l>ge8 #d4 ,is ! radiator 9 "o piece or s well fa/5$ t x is gas-tight8 #e4 ,is ! radiator /eel or a high grade ( ca/-iron8 #f4 ,is ! inn] cas+ s well insulat$ t x prev5ts premature heat+ ( ! desc5d+ air-curr5ts8 #g4 ,:at protection is !re to prev5t ! *ance passage ( smoke into ! w>m air-*amb]8 #h4 ,is ! out] cas+ prop]ly insulat$ to prev5t ! wa/e ( heat into ! cell>8 #i4 ,is ! humidifi] ( ample capacity8 #aj4 ,h[ is ! fire-pot design$ to increase ! effici5cy ( its radiat+ surface & h[ is x /r5g!n$ aga9/ ! expansive =ce ( ! fire8 #aa4 ,is !re a long en\gh passage = fire-travel1 s t no wa/e ( heat is lo/ up ! *imney8 #ab4 ,is ! radiator flexible en\gh to p]mit ( ! connection ( ! smoke-pipe f ! mo/ advantage\s po9t8 ,mo/ c]ta9ly ?is is an array ( matt]s to be consid]$ 9 ! selection ( a furnace :i* no "o1 except an exp]t1 w\ld ?9k (1 b !y are all drawn f ! adv]tisem5ts1 & ?is process ( /udy is op5 to any "o :o is int]e/$ 9 le>n+ ! te*nical difficulties involv$ 9 ! selection ( ?is p>ticul> me*anical device4 ,p]haps n all ( ! k ga9$ is sci5tific1 b at lea/ !re are /imulat+ bits ( in=mation t %\ld be inve/igat$4 ,let u take "o m example ( ?is amus+ game ( comp>+ adv]tisem5ts z appli$ to ro(+ mat]ials4 ,"h we w f9d _m conflict+ /atem5ts1 b out ( ! :ole battle ( words we c glean "s int]e/+ tru?s4 ,turn to adv]tisem5t 7,a7 & we read ! foll[+3 8,ne>ly e objection to wood %+les z a ro(-cov]+ is applicable to slates1 :i* h /ill o!r adv]se features4 ,slates are n firepro(4 ,ask ! und]writ] h[ ! insurance companies reg>d !m1 & especially h[1 9 comp>ison ) clay tiles1 !y are n p]man5t1 ?\gh m s ?an wood %+les4444 ,slates attract lightn+1 & :ile ! sun w>ps %+les & ! w9d rips !m (f1 slates are easily brok51 & if !re is ev5 a slight settlem5t or vibration1 repairs are necess>y4 ,moi/ure gets "u !m1 & dur+ ! w9t] mon?s especially causes !m to lift up & break (f4 ,:5 ! ice ?aws1 ! brok5 pieces slide out1 leav+ a defective place 9 ! ro(4 ,?is w happ5 e w9t] ) a slate ro(1 & to keep su* a ro( 9 p]fect condition x mu/ be gone ov] ea* spr+ & ! brok5 slates replac$ ) new ones40 ,turn+ to adv]tisem5t 7,b7 = asbe/os %+les we read a diff]5t po9t ( view3 8,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 slate1 p>ticul>ly t :i* is obta9able on ! m>ket at pres5t1 does n la/ mu* long] ?an clay tile or t9 %+les40 ,b read+ f adv]tisem5t 7,c7 we are amus$ at ! foll[+3 8,slate be+ solid rock1 !y simply _c we> out4 ,!y _c ru/1 decay1 crack1 te>1 w>p1 %r9k1 dis9tegrate1 melt1 burn1 or sm\ld]4 ,!y w n contract or exp& "u ! influ5ce ( heat or cold4 ,!y nev] ne$ pa9t+4 ,!y w n attract lightn+--nor w !y p]mit ! gr[? ( moss or decay+ vegetable matt]4444 ,"o ( ! mo/ important advantages is f ! insurance /&po9t4 ,_m ro(s 7n alone wood5 %+les7 are highly inflammable2 b a slate ro( w n ignite f sp>ks f fire 9 an adjac5t build+1 f pass+ locomotives1 or f any o!r cause4 ,?is fact is s well recogniz$ t insurance companies all[ a v sub/antial r$uction 9 rates on slate-ro($ build+s40 ,! contradictory /atem5ts "h are v amus+1 b ! tru? c be se5 betwe5 ! l9es1 t ! mak]s ( clay tile really believe t slate is _! real rival1 & h se>*$ v h>d to pick flaws 9 x z a mat]ial = ro(+4 ,& :5 ! adv]tisem5t ( ! asbe/os %+le manufactur] is read1 we le>n t slate does n la/ mu* long] ?an clay tile4 ,b bo? are insi/5t ^u ! op9ion ( ! fire und]writ]s1 & = ?is reason we naturally turn to see :at !y h to say1 & we f9d t bo? slate & tile are "u ,class ,a ro(+ mat]ials1 ) little diff]5ce made betwe5 !m4 ,z = ! po9t ( attract+ lightn+1 :y is slate us$ = swit*bo>ds if x is z good a conductor ( electricity z a /atem5t ( ! above type w\ld imply8 ,x is q evid5t t "o's op9ion ( slate aft] all ?is controv]sy w be ab\t on a p> ) "o's op9ion ( clay tile1 & t "o w realize t poor grades ( ei!r slate or tile1 or poor workman%ip1 are r m ! causes ( failure ?an ! mat]ial itself4 ,_m m examples might be giv5 ( ?is int]e/+ me?od ( le>n+ ! tru? f adv]tisem5ts1 b ! pr9ciple 9 all cases rema9s ! same1 s t fur!r quotations w\ld only amuse r ?an in/ruct4 ,,xiv ,,ro(+ ,,mat]ials ,a ro(+ mat]ial %\ld n be judg$ by its fir/ appe>ance1 b r by its condition aft] f\r or five w9t]s h pass$ ov] x4 ,& 9 *oos+ ! ro( = ! small h\se1 ?is is a /atem5t :i* applies ) ev5 great] emphasis1 s9ce ! temptation is magnifi$ to select t mat]ial :i* is l[ 9 co/ & bright ^u its fir/ appe>ance4 ,z an illu/ration1 !re are c]ta9 types ( wood-%+le ro(s :i* h a *>m 9 ! beg9n+ t is apt to disappe> ) age4 ,^! are con/ruct$ ( %+les1 dipp$ 9 _m v>ieties ( color$ creosote /a9s1 br[ns1 r$s1 gre5s1 blues1 yell[s1 & ! l1 & :5 newly laid h a w>m1 mottl$1 & colorful texture :i* sugge/s ! multiplicity ( tone t nature (t5 produces ) age4 ,9 fact1 ! design] :o orig9at$ ?is ro( 0 try+ to imitate ! ag+ effect ( nature1 mu* z ,tiffany glass is an imitation ( ! effect ( "t ^u c]ta9 anci5t glasses2 only 9 ! latt] case ! op]ation is ! same b ! "t elem5t r$uc$1 :ile 9 ! case ( ! ro( x is a !atrical imitation ( nature at "w4 ,& !re are _m o!r fads 9 ro(+1 all ( :i* h z _! basis ! imitation ( ! wea!r+ effect ( nature4 ,ridge-poles are con/ruct$ ) a sag to resemble ! settlem5t :i* is (t5 obs]v$ 9 picturesque old h\ses4 ,%+les are laid1 l ! scales ( an armadillo1 & ridges1 hips1 & eaves are r\nd$ to pres5t ! appe>ance ( old ?at*$ ro(s4 ,asbe/os %+les are brok5 ) r\gh edges1 & defective tiles are us$--all = ! purpose ( giv+ t ragg$ appe>ance :i* nature develops ) age4 ,n[1 to a c]ta9 ext5t !re is an elem5t ( ar*itectural tru? 9 su* devices1 b !y %\ld be us$ ) ! greate/ discretion1 =1 z has be5 previ\sly ask$3 8,if a ro( looks old :5 x is new1 h[ old does x look :5 x really is old80 ,be=e discuss+ ! v>i\s me?ods ( lay+ ro(+ mat]ials1 let u obs]ve "s ( !m aft] !y h be5 on ! h\se = a few ye>s4 ,( c\rse1 we are all famili> ) ! %ort life ( ! wood5 %+le1 :i* is only ab\t fifte5 ye>s4 ,b ! life c be ext5d$ by dipp+ !m into creosote /a9s1 ei!r j be=e lay+ or by ! m conv5i5t processes ( factory dipp+4 ,c$> has be5 f\nd to be ! be/ wood = ^! %+les1 s9ce x has a natural resi/ance to decay4 ,! old h&-split %+les 7 m durable ?an ! mod]n %+les1 = ! surface t !y expos$ to ! wea!r 0 ! natural cleavage plane ( ! wood fibres4 ,! saw$ %+le delights 9 curl+ & twi/+ out ( a flat plane1 & always seems to split s t ! crack l9es up ) ! space betwe5 ! %+les on ! c\rse above1 ?us p]mitt+ ! ra9 to leak ?r\gh4 ,& !n ! nails ei!r ru/ away or ! wood rots ar\nd !m1 until individual %+les drop away f ! o!rs1 leav+ small or l>ge holes 9 ! ro(4 ,x is well recogniz$ t ! sp>ks f a neighbor+ fire f9d a ready meal 9 ! punk & rott5 butts ( ! %+les1 & _m a h\se has be5 burn$ to ! gr\nd because ( ?is4 ,! ne>e/ competitor to ! wood5 %+le 9 co/ is ! asphalt %+le1 :i* is made f ro(+ felt1 saturat$ ) asphalt comp\nds1 & surfac$1 "u pressure1 ) cru%$ slate ( gre5i% or r$ hue4 ,! life ( ^! %+les dep5ds a great deal ^u ! ?ickness ( ! body4 ,"s ro(s1 laid ) v ?9 asphalt %+les1 develop an appe>ance ( *ick5-pox aft] a ye> or two1 = ! heat+ effect ( ! sun1 ! lift+ =ce ( ! w9d & ice cause c]ta9 individual %+les to b5d up f ! plane ( ! ro( &1 9 extreme cases1 ev5 flap 9 a heavy gale1 l s _m small p9-fea!rs4 ,b ?is is n s true ( ! ?ick] grades ( ^! %+les4 ,(t51 too1 ^! asphalt %+les bulge "u ! hot sun1 b ?is is due to c>eless lay+1 = ea* %+le %\ld be sep>at$ f ! o!r by a small space to all[ = ?is expansion4 ,x takes a good _m ye>s = ! cru%$ slate on ! surface to we> (f1 b gradually ?is happ5s1 z also ! ela/icity ( ! body deg5]ates4 ,f9ally1 z ! surface beg9s to m\lt1 ! %+le itself becomes /iff & brittle & beg9s to break (f4 ,( c\rse1 ^! %+les are sup]ior to wood 9 resi/+ sp>ks f a ne>-by fire1 & _! life is long]1 if !y h a ?ick en\gh body4 ,t same mat]ial us$ = asphalt %+les is made into roll ro(+s4 ,s-call$ %+le /rips are made1 :i* consi/ ( long1 n>r[ rolls ( asphalt$ felt ) ! cru%$ slate surface1 ! l[] edge ( :i* is cut out to =m ! l[] ?ird ( ! %+les1 &1 :5 appli$ to ! ro(1 ! appe>ance is id5tical to a ro( laid ) individual units4 ,ano!r type ( roll ro(+ is made to imitate wood %+les1 by hav+ a %+le patt]n /amp$ ) black asphalt ^u ! surface ( cru%$ slate4 ,x is laid on ! ro( f ! ridge d[n to ! eaves1 lapp+ jo9ts ) ! next roll ab\t two in*es4 ,at a di/ance ! black patt]n gives ! cam\flag$ appe>ance ( a %+le ro(4 ,! *ief objection to any ( ^! ro(s is t ! long & l>ge areas are nail$ d[n along ! edges s t ! sag & expansion ( ! mat]ial raises little bumps & hills ov] ! entire ro(1 :i*1 to say ! lea/1 is v unsightly4 ,!n1 aga91 ! nails are expos$1 & unless !y are copp]1 ! *ances are t !y w ru/ away be=e ! ro( is worn out1 p]mitt+ ! edges to become loose & ! w9d to get "u ! mat]ial & rip x away f ! ro(4 ,moreov]1 ! roll ro(+ has only "o ?ickness at any po9t1 :ile ! %+le ro(+ has ei!r two or ?ree lay]s ov] ! entire area ( ! ro(4 ,! *eap] grades ( slate ro(1 su* z "o w\ld be tempt$ to use on ! small h\se1 %[ weaknesses 9 ag+ t %\ld n be us$ z argum5ts aga9/ slate ro(s 9 g5]al4 ,^! *eap ro(s are built up ( poor] grades ( slate1 & v ?9 %eets at t1 & a poor grade ( nail is us$4 ,! effect ( wea!r+ on su* ro(s is to *ip (f pieces ( slate & to ru/ ! nails1 s t :ole units drop (f4 ,g5]ally1 too1 9 ^! *eap slate ro(s1 ! t> pap] is omitt$ f und]nea?1 & ! w9d suction ?r\gh ! ro( draws ! sn[ ?r\gh ! cracks onto ! floor ( ! attic1 :]e x melts & /a9s ! ceil+s bel[4 ,h[ev]1 prop]ly select$ & well-laid slate ro(s h none ( ^! disadvantages1 b !n ! co/ ( !m is g5]ally a b>ri] to us+ !m on ! small h\se4 ,z ) ! slate ro(1 s ) ! tile ro(1 ! co/ is g5]ally ! reason = n select+ x1 & yet1 f an economical po9t ( view1 9 ! end !y are n z exp5sive1 s9ce ) ! less durable ro(s "o is nev] sure ( h[ mu* damage to ! int]ior a leak w cause4 ,tile ro(s ( poor quality h z bad reputations z slate ro(s4 ,small1 ?9 tile are v brittle1 & fall+ limbs & o!r objects (t5 break individual tiles1 & x is v h>d to replace !m4 ,unless ! tile are laid ^u a build+-pap] ! w9d suction is ev5 worse ?an ) slate ro(s4 ,probably ! greate/ defects 9 tile or slate ro(s is n 9 ! mat]ial itself1 b 9 ! fla%+s & valley con/ruction4 ,in/ead ( us+ copp] ! fla%+s are usually ( t91 :i* is p]mitt$ to ru/ out because ( neglect 9 pa9t+4 ,leaks develop 9 ! valleys & ar\nd *imneys 9 spite ( ! ro(+ mat]ial4 ,:ile asbe/os %+les c %[ great practical durability1 ev5 sup]ior to slate & tile 9 "s cases1 yet !re are _m in/ances ( ugly wea!r+4 ,tile & slate ro(s develop w>m1 lovely tones ) age4 ,asbe/os %+les1 s9ce !y are *iefly made f cem5t "u pressure1 mu/ necess>ily dep5d = _! color ^u in]t pigm5ts introduc$ into _! composition at ! "t ( manufacture1 & = ?is reason _! color is apt r to fade ?an become ri*] ) age4 ,_! t5d5cy is to return to ! natural color ( ! cem5t4 ,= ?is reason we see on e h& r$ asbe/os %+le ro(s :i* h blea*$ out to sickly & ?ir/y p9ks1 & br[n ro(s t h blan*$ to :iti%-br[n1 mu* l ! color :i* *ocolate c&y develops :5 x is v /ale4 ,!n1 too1 c]ta9 makes ( asbe/os %+les %[1 z "t goes on1 salt-l deposits on ! surface1 l ! :itewa% :i* appe>s ^u brick walls4 ,?is gives a motley appe>ance to ! ro(1 = "s %+les w develop ?is :ite /a9 m ?an o!rs4 ,! read] %\ld n draw f ^! /atem5ts ! g5]al conclusion t ! asbe/os %+les %\ld n be us$1 & t !re h be5 none made t ov]come ! above difficulties1 b x w\ld be well = him to obs]ve ^! defects be=e decid+ ^u any "o br&4 ,! manufactur]s ( t9 advise t ! t9 be pa9t$ on bo? sides :5 laid1 & !reaft] kept pa9t$ at f\r to five-ye> int]vals4 ,9 o!r words1 ! t9 ro( is z good-look+ z ! pa9t :i* cov]s x1 = x has no color or texture ( its own4 ,c !re be mu* *>m 9 a ro( ( ?is k9d8 ,c "o picture a cosey & homelike small h\se ) ei!r a flat or /&+ seam t9 ro(8 ,p]haps ! flat decks :i* d n %[ are satisfactory1 :5 cov]$ ) t91 b ^? ^u :i* any walk+ is to be done %\ld be cov]$ ) wood lattice or else ! nails ( ! %oes may pun* ?r\gh ! t9 & cause a leak4 ,t9 ro(s h _! place & _! duty to p]=m1 b !y are h>dly suit$ to flat ro(s ov] :i* is to be done mu* walk+4 ,heavy deck canvas1 laid 9 pa9t & cov]$ ) pa9t1 is ! be/ = ?is purpose4 ,! f]ry-boats give evid5ce ( ! practical we> ( ?is k9d ( ro(4 ,t9 or galvaniz$-iron %+les or imitation tiles are (t5 se5 appli$ to ! ro(s ( small h\ses4 ,! own] probably admir$ a real tile ro(1 & ! ne>e/ approa* 8 pocketbook w\ld p]mit him to come to x 0 ! use ( imitation tile ( t91 copp]1 or galvaniz$ iron4 ,mo/ ar*itects ridicule ?is peculi> weakness 9 human nature :i* *ooses imitation diamonds1 glass pe>ls1 oil-pap] /a9$-glass w9d[s1 & press$-metal tiles1 in/ead ( real ones1 b !y %\ld look to !mselves be=e !y ?r[ /ones1 & ask :o inv5t$ ! imitation ?at*$ ro( ( wood5 %+les4 ,%+le ,ro( ,! wood5-%+le ro( is ( su* old & traditional orig9 9 ?is c\ntry t x seems useless to describe ! ess5tial features ( its con/ruction1 yet = ! sake ( complet5ess we %all call att5tion to ! important po9ts to be obs]v$4 ,cypress1 c$>1 & r$wood are consid]$ to be ! be/ woods f :i* to saw %+les4 ,! gra9 ( ! wood %\ld be v]tical & %[ ! edge4 ,x is g5]ally conc$$ t creosote-dipp$ %+les :i* are treat$ at ! factory are easi] to apply ?an ^? dipp$ on ! job1 &1 z all wood %+les %\ld be treat$ ) "s pres]vative1 x is well to consid] !m4 ,h[ev]1 mu* criticism has be5 aim$ at factory-dipp$ %+les1 9 t !y are g5]ally too brittle f ov]dry+ 9 ! kilns1 b ?is is n true ( all makes4 ,! sizes & ! wea!r+ ( "s ( ! /&>d creosot$ %+les are z foll[s3 #af in*es l5g?s1 r&om wid?s1 laid #d in*es to ! wea!r1 & ei!r #e or #f %+les at ! butt ends to #b in*es4 #ah in*es l5g?s1 r&om wid?s1 laid #e in*es to ! wea!r1 & #e butt ends to #b in*es4 #bd in*es l5g?s1 r&om wid?s1 laid #g in*es to ! wea!r1 & in* ?ick at ! butt ends4 ,!re are ab\t ?irty v>ieties ( color$ /a9s to select f1 & special %apes are cut = con/ruct+ ! s-call$ ?at*$ ro(1 ! %+les be+ b5t to a curve ( ab\t #bj in*es radius4 ,! pit* ( wood5-%+le ro(s %\ld n be less ?an #h in*es rise p] foot = ! ord9>y wea!r+ %[n 9 ! above /atem5ts4 ,! tops ( raft]s are cov]$ ) %+le la?1 ) a spac+ suitable to ! wea!r+ arrangem5t ( ! %+les4 ,!re are "s :o advocate ! use ( %ea?+ to cov] ! raft]s 9 a tight mann] & also ! use ( build+-pap] und]nea? ! %+les1 b1 al?\gh ?is gives a tight] & w>m] ro(1 dry rot attacks ! %+le mu* quick] because ( ! accumulation ( dampness on ! "u side ( ! %+le c\rses4 ,! fir/ c\rse ( %+les at ! eaves %\ld be a d\ble c\rse ) ! upp] lay] break+ jo9ts ) ! l[]1 & ! %+les %\ld project ab\t #b in*es beyond ! m\ld+s ( ! eaves & ab\t #a in*es beyond ! edge ( ! gable ends ( ! ro(4 ,hips may be f9i%$ ei!r ) ! saddle-bo>d or ) a r[ ( %+les runn+ p>allel to ! l9e ( ! ridge4 ,hips are be/ f9i%$ ) a r[ ( %+les runn+ p>allel ) _! edges1 :i* treatm5t is call$ ! ,bo/on hip4 ,if ! c\rses are c>ri$ to ! hip l9e & mitr$1 !n ! jo9t mu/ be wat]pro($ by us+ t9 %+les und]nea? ! wood5 ones1 ^! t9 %+les be+ fold$ ov] ! hip4 ,! me?od ( fla%+ ar\nd *imneys1 at ! base ( dorm]s1 & 9 op5 valleys w be m fully discuss$ 9 connection ) slate ro(s1 &1 s9ce ! pr9ciples are ! same1 :at is said = slate ro(s 9 ?is connection is true = wood5-%+le ro(s4 ,me?od ( ,lay+ ,ro(s ,,slate ,!re has be5 mu* made ( ! s-call$ ,european me?od ( lay+ slate ro(s 9 rec5t ye>s1 b ?is type ( ro( co/s m ?an ! ord9>y slate ro(1 s9ce special heavy slate is us$ at ! eaves1 & ! wea!r+ is r$uc$ z ! c\rses approa* ! ridge1 & special c>e is tak5 9 bl5d+ color$ slates4 ,:ile ?is type ( ro( is v beautiful1 x is really1 f a po9t ( view ( co/1 r out ( ! race :5 appli$ to ! small h\se1 = x w be h>d en\gh to /ret* ! e/imates ( ! small h\se to include ev5 ! ord9>y slate ro(4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ! ord9>y slate ro(1 ! raft]s %\ld be cov]$ ) -in* ?ick1 tongu$-&-groov$ ro(+-bo>ds4 ,9 ord] to prev5t buckl+1 if !y %\ld swell ) dampness1 x is ess5tial n to drive ! jo9ts betwe5 bo>ds up too tight4 ,z ^! bo>ds are surfac$ only on "o side1 ?is side is laid aga9/ ! raft]s & ! tongues are plac$ upw>d s t a bett] %$d+ ( wat] is secur$4 ,good nail+ ) t5p5ny nails is important1 & all jo9ts at ends ( bo>ds %\ld be made ov] raft]s4 ,a *eap] b n s good a b$ = ! slate c be made ) common1 unsurfac$ %ea?+-bo>ds4 ,9 ! *eape/ k9d ( "w %ea?+-bo>ds are n us$1 b only %+les la?4 ,ov] ! top ( ?is r\gh bo>d+ %\ld be tack$ #aa p\nds p] #ajj squ>e feet slat]'s ro(+ felt1 laid horizontally & lapp+ jo9ts #c in*es4 ,! usual comm]cial sizes ( slates are _/ in* ?ick1 & ( ! foll[+ /&>d sizes3 #f by #ab in*es1 #g by #ab in*es1 #h by #ab in*es1 #g by #ad in*es1 #h by #ad in*es1 #aj by #ad in*es1 #h by #af in*es1 #i by #af in*es1 #aj by #af in*es1 #ab by #af in*es1 #i by #ah in*es1 #aj by #ah in*es1 #ab by #ah in*es1 #aj by #bj in*es1 #ab by #bj in*es1 #aa by #bb in*es1 #ab by #bb in*es1 & #ab by #bd in*es4 ,!y h two holes 9 ea* piece = nails1 :i* nails %\ld be #a-;in* copp] slat]'s nails1 or #c;d galvaniz$ slat]'s nails = *eap] "w4 ,! fir/ c\rse %\ld be />t$ #b in*es bel[ ! l9e ( ! %ea?+-bo>ds at ! eaves1 & ! necess>y tilt is giv5 ) a _/ by #a in* cant /rip4 ,a d\ble ?ickness ( slate is us$ = ! fir/ c\rse1 ! upp] lay] break+ jo9ts ) ! l[]4 ,at ! gable ends ! slate %\ld n ov]hang m ?an #a in*es4 ,! exposure to ! wea!r = c\rses ( slate is det]m9$ by tak+ "o-half ( ! l5g? ( ! slate m9us #c in*es4 ,! ridges ( ! ro( may be f9i%$ 9 two ways1 ei!r ) ! comb$ ridge or ! saddle ridge4 ,! comb$ ridge is =m$ by project+ a f9i%+ c\rse & a comb+ c\rse ( slate on ! nor? or ea/ side ( ! ro( #a in*es beyond ! top & comb+ c\rse on ! opposite side ( ! ro(4 ,bo? c\rses are laid ) slate set l5g?wise1 ! l5g? be+ twice ! wid? ( ! slate us$ on ! ro(4 ,?is la/ c\rse is laid 9 ela/ic ro(+ cem5t1 & ! nails are also cov]$ ) x4 ,! saddle ridge is =m$ by alt]nately butt+ ! ends ( ! top c\rse on "o side ) ! top c\rse on ! o!r1 & !n do+ ! same ) ! comb+ c\rse4 ,?is makes a zigzag jo9t :i* is clos$ by ! ela/ic cem5t us$ 9 sett+4 ,! ,bo/on hip is ! be/4 ,ea* c\rse is br\ght at its upp] or nail+ edge to )9 #b in*es ( ! hip l9e4 ,a small /rip ( slate !n f9i%es ?is (f by fitt+ to a mitre cut made on a slate set p>allel ) ! l9e ( ! hip4 ,^! hip slates h ! l[] corn] ( _! butt ends on a l9e ) ! next l[] c\rse1 & !y are lapp$ ) ! opposite hip slate & made tight ) ro(+ cem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,slate ,,ro( ,hips may also be f9i%$ by br++ ea* c\rse up to ! hip l9e1 & mitr+ !m ) ! opposite c\rses on ! o!r side ( ! hip4 ,valleys %\ld be l9$ ) #af ounces copp]1 #d p\nds lead1 ,,ix t91 or a prep>$ ro(+ roll weigh+ #cg p\nds p] #ajh squ>e feet4 ,measur+ f ! c5tre ( ! valley to ! edge ( ! slate along ! valley1 ?is di/ance %\ld be #b in*es at ! top & increase in* 9 e #h feet l5g? ( valley1 to wid5 x out t[>d ! bottom4 ,! fla%+ %\ld ext5d up "u ! slate on ei!r side ab\t two-?irds ! wid? ( ! slate us$4 ,if #h-;in* by #af-;in* slates are us$1 ?is means t ! di/ance %\ld be ab\t #e in*es4 ,if ! slopes ( ! two int]sect+ ro(s are diff]5t1 & !re is a *ance t ! volume ( wat] sweep+ d[n ! l>g] & /eep] incl9e may be =c$ up "u ! slate at ! valleys1 ! metal l9+ %\ld be crimp$ up 7inv]t$ ,v-%ape7 at ! c5tre1 #a in*1 to =m a little dam aga9/ ! ru% ( ! flood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,slate ,,details ,fla%+ us$ aga9/ *imneys1 dorm]s1 or o!r v]tical walls %\ld be b5t up #d in*es & ext5d into ! slate c\rses #d in*es4 ,all v]tical fla%+s aga9/ masonry %\ld be cap-fla%$ & made tight ) ela/ic cem5t4 ,! cap-fla%+ %\ld ext5d d[n ov] ! fla%+ #c in*es1 & be ins]t$ into ! masonry at lea/ #b in*es4 ,illu/ration ,sometimes ! clos$ valley is design$ = slate ro(s1 9 :i* case ! valleys mu/ be r\nd$ out ) ! ro(+-bo>ds1 block$ to position4 ,! slate c\rses %\ld be c>ri$ ar\nd ?is curv$ valley1 b ea* c\rse 9 ! valley %\ld be cov]$ ) fla%+ j "u ! lap ( ! c\rse above & ext5d up t[>d ! nails4 ,,tile ,,ro(+ ,prep>ations ( ! ro( = ! lay+ ( tile %\ld foll[ simil> l9es describ$ = slate ro(s4 ,ov] ! ro(+-bo>ds %\ld be tack$ asphalt ro(+ felt1 weigh+ n less ?an #cj p\nds p] #ajj squ>e feet & lapp+ #b in*es4 ,! valleys %\ld be l9$ ) ?is felt1 runn+ ! entire l5g?1 & !n ! fla%+ metal plac$ on top1 secur$ ) clips at int]vals4 ,! wid? ( ! valley metal %\ld n be less ?an #bd in*es1 & bo? edges %\ld be turn$ up in* ! entire l5g? ( ! /rip4 ,! felt cov]+ ! ma9 surface ( ! ro( %\ld lap ov] ! valley metal #d in*es4 ,cant /rips mu/ be nail$ along ! eaves to />t ! fir/ c\rse ( tile1 unless special tiles are provid$4 ,copp] nails %\ld be us$ to fa/5 ^! tiles1 & ea* unit %\ld be lock$ ) ! next1 z ! patt]n dem&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,tile ,ro( ,illu/ration3 ,tile ,ro( ,tiles :i* bord] ! hips %\ld be cut close aga9/ ! hip bo>d1 & ela/ic cem5t us$ to make ! jo9t tight4 ,all hips & ridges are f9i%$ ) specially design$ ridge & hip roll tiles1 & ! int]ior spaces %\ld be left empty & n be fill$ ) po9t+ mort> z is sometimes done4 ,,asbe/os ,,%+les ,asbe/os %+les are appli$ 9 practically ! same way z slate4 ,ov] ! ro(+-bo>ds %\ld be laid slat]'s felt z = a slate ro(1 & a cant /rip by #a in*es %\ld be nail$ along ! eaves l9e to />t ! fir/ c\rse ( asbe/os %+les1 :i* %\ld be a d\ble c\rse & ov]hang ! eaves #a in*es4 ,! av]age size ( asbe/os %+les is #i by #ah in*es by in* = ! l[] lay] ( ! fir/ c\rse1 & #h by #af in*es by in* = ! upp] lay] ( ! fir/ c\rse & ! o!r c\rses4 ,!y are laid ab\t #g in*es to ! wea!r1 & ! ridges & hips may be f9i%$ ) ! ,bo/on hip1 or by a specially design$ ridge & hip roll4 ,:]e ! hip roll is us$ ! ridge-pole %\ld project above ! ro(1 or a false "o be add$ s t a sub/antial nail+ c be _h = ?is tile4 ,! mo/ widely adv]tis$ asbe/os %+le ro(s employ %+les :i* h r\gh edges1 & :i* h v>i\s %ades ( color+1 "s gray1 "s r$1 o!rs r$di% br[n1 & o!rs grayi% br[n4 ,! causes :i* l$ to ! developm5t ( ?is type ( ro( 7 ! arti/ic failures ( ! fir/ asbe/os %+le ro(s4 ,^! e>ly ro(s 7 made ) %+les :i* _h edges z smoo? & %>p z /eel plates1 surface texture z slick z a tr[ell$ cem5t floor1 & colors ( ei!r gray or pale r$ t 7 s p]fectly mat*$ t at a di/ance ! individual %+les bl5d$ into "o dead-level plane1 s t ! ro( ( ! h\se look$ m l ! armor$ plate ( a battle%ip ?an any?+ else--x 0 s p]fectly made4 ,,asphalt ,,%+les ,be=e lay+ asphalt %+les ! raft]s %\ld be cov]$ ) tongu$ & groov$ ro(+-bo>ds1 & ^! cov]$ ) black wat]pro( build+-pap]1 lapp$ #b in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,asphalt ,,%+les ,!re are two types ( asphalt %+le units4 ,"o consi/s ( a unit ( tw9 %+les1 s arrang$ t ! butt ends :i* %[ to ! wea!r appe> z two individual %+les1 & ! o!r consi/s ( "o %+le unit4 ,bo? types are usually laid #d in*es to ! wea!r & nail$ ) #a-;in* galvaniz$ nails ,no4 #aj wire ) -in* heads4 ,at ! eaves %\ld be nail$ a galvaniz$-metal drip edge1 & ov] ?is a d\ble c\rse ( %+les = ! fir/ c\rse4 ,hips & ridges are f9i%$ ) :at appe>s to be a ,bo/on hip1 b ! %+les are b5t ov] ! hip l9e4 ,! valleys & gutt]s are be/ :5 !y are l9$ ) /rips ( ready ro(+ simil> to ! %+les !mselves4 ,asphalt %+les :i* come 9 long rolls or units ( f\r or five are laid 9 a simil> mann]1 except t1 due to _! cont9u\s l5g?1 !y are unable to exp& )\t bulg+ up on ! ro(4 ,,t9 ,,ro(s ,flat ro(s1 ) an incl9e ( ab\t in* to ! foot1 %\ld be cov]$ ) ! flat-seam ro(4 ,! /&+ seam may be us$ on ro(s ) a pit* n less ?an #b in*es to ! foot4 ,! t9 is laid ^u ! %ea?+-bo>ds )\t an int]m$iate lay] ( build+-pap]2 9 fact1 t> pap] %\ld nev] be us$4 ,9 cities build+ codes (t5 require t t9 ro(s %\ld be laid ^u ro(+ felt _/ in* ?ick1 plac$ ov] ! %ea?+-bo>ds1 b ?is is a fire precaution aga9/ burn+ br&s :i* may drop ^u ! ro(1 = ?is felt cu%ion gives an air insulation1 prev5t+ ! quick ignition ( ! deck+ bel[ ! t94 ,illu/ration3 ,t9 ,ro(s ,9 lay+ ! flat-seam ro( a numb] ( %eets are fa/5$ toge!r to =m a long /rip ( t94 ,! edges are b5t ov] in*1 s t !y c be int]lock$ ) ! next /rip4 ,! t9 is fa/5$ to ! ro( ) t9 cleats t lock into ! seams ( ! %eets & are fa/5$ at ! o!r end ) two #a-;in* b>b$-wire nails4 ,^! cleats are spac$ ab\t #h in*es ap>t4 ,all ! seams are flatt5$ d[n1 & sold] well sweat$ into !m1 ros9 be+ ! only flux us$4 ,t91 approximately 9 ?ickness #cj-;gauge1 ,u4 ,s4 ,/&>d1 is call$ ,,ic1 & recomm5d$ = ! ro( prop]1 :ile valleys & gutt]s %\ld be l9$ ) ,,ix t91 approximately #bg-;gauge4 ,x %\ld be pa9t$ on bo? sides1 be=e lay+1 ) pure l9se$-oil & r$ lead1 or r$ oxide1 ,v5etian r$1 or metallic br[n4 ,two coats %\ld be giv5 to ! expos$ side & a ?ird coat ab\t a ye> lat]4 ,be=e ! second coat is appli$ ! fir/ %\ld h dri$ = at lea/ two weeks4 ,! con/ruction ( ! /&+ seam ro( is %[n 9 ! draw+s to consi/ ( long /rips ( t91 made ( /&>d %eets fa/5$ toge!r ) ! flat & sold]$ seam1 b ! edges ( ! /rips fa/5$ to ! next /rip ) ! s-call$ /&+ seam1 :i* mu/ run p>allel to ! pit* ( ! ro(4 ,cleats1 spac$ a foot ap>t1 are us$ to fa/5 ! t9 to ! %ea?+-bo>ds4 ,"o edge ( ! next /rip is turn$ up #a in*es1 & !n ov] ! top ( ! edge ( ! o!r /rip4 ,! cleat is lock$ 9 betwe5 ! two4 ,! up/&+ seam is !n turn$ d[n aga9 ^u itself1 tightly lock+ ! /rips toge!r4 ,copp] & ,z9c ,ro(s ,= a :ile1 dur+ ! high prices creat$ by ! w>1 ! ?\ght ( build+ a copp] ro( or a z9c ro( on ! small h\se w\ld h be5 receiv$ ) a d\btful %ake ( ! head4 ,?is is no long] ! case1 h[ev]1 = ! prices ( ^! mat]ials h come d[n to )9 reason1 & !re is no d\bt z to _! durability4 ,no "o has que/ion$ ! wea!r+ qualities ( copp] or z9c4 ,! copp] ro(s :i* h %[n su* practical durability on l>ge build+s h usually be5 laid ab\t ! same z t describ$ = /&+ seam t9 ro(s4 ,cold-roll$ or s(t copp] %eets1 usually #bj in*es wide1 are us$ = ?is ro( cov]+1 weigh+ n less ?an #af ounces to ! squ>e foot4 ,?is type ( ro( is r exp5sive = ! small h\se1 ev5 ) ! r$uc$ co/ ( copp]1 & = ?is reason a light] grade has be5 made1 & (f]$ = use 9 ! =m ( press$-metal %+les ( v flat design4 ,^! copp] %+les h be5 treat$ s t o!r colors ?an ! copp] %ades c be secur$4 ,! z9c manufactur]s h also plac$ on ! m>ket z9c %+les ( special int]lock+ flat design = use on small h\ses4 ,x has always be5 a debat$ "q z to :e!r press$-metal %+les 7 ar*itecturally p]missible4 ,c]ta9ly !re are "s =ms :i* imitate ! clay tile %+le t are decid$ly in>ti/ic1 b ! m natural flat patt]ns are less subject to ?is criticism4 ,,xv ,,pa9t+ ,,& ,,v>ni%+ ,,! ,,h\se ,actually ! process ( v>ni%+ or pa9t+ ! woodwork & metalwork on ! h\se is ! spread+ ( a ?9 protective coat1 "o ?\s&? "p ( an in* ?ick or less1 ov] ! surface1 9 ord] to protect x f ! we> & te> ( use & wea!r & decay4 ,& a m>vel x is t any mat]ial c\ld be f\nd :i* spread 9 s ?9 a film c\ld )/& ! *emical action ( ! sun's rays1 ! expansion & contraction ( ! surface ov] :i* x is laid1 ! abrasive action ( bl[n s&1 hail1 & ra91 ! natural we> ( walk+ feet & rubb+ clo!s & bump+ furniture1 & a doz5 o!r accid5ts :i* conspire to m> ! surface ( woodwork 9 ! home4 ,is x a wond] t = ?is protective coat ( v>ni% all exp]ts dem& t ! be/ mat]ials be us$8 ,b out ( ignorance x is n always s1 = ! l[] co/ ( v>ni% & pa9t is m evid5t ?an ! quality ( ! sub/ance ( :i* !y are made4 ,! v>ni%es :i* are mo/ us$ 9 good h\ses are made ( res9s1 melt$ 9 a kettle & mix$ ) l9se$-oil1 & ?9n$ ) turp5t9e z !y cool4 ,!y h ! peculi> prop]ty1 :5 spread ) a bru% ov] a surface1 ( h>d5+ by a *emical *ange br\ght ab\t by absorb+ oxyg5 f ! air1 & mak+ a /rong1 transp>5t1 protective coat ov] ! sub/ance ^u :i* !y h be5 appli$4 ,! k9d ( res9s,a h mu* to d ) ! quality ( ! v>ni%1 s9ce ! l9se$-oil & turp5t9e are apt to be ab\t ! same grade 9 all v>ni%es4 ,d>k or light v>ni%es c be made2 h>d or s(t & ela/ic surfaces c be produc$2 v>ni%es capable ( resi/+ ! wette/ k9d ( wea!r & ^? :i* turn :ite "u ! lea/ dampness are manufactur$ = v>i\s purposes1 & practically 9 all cases ^? v>ni%es :i* are ! be/ are ! highe/ 9 co/4 ,a ,v>ni% res9s or gums are import$ f c\ntries t ! av]age man kn[s little ab\t4 ,! isl& ( ,zanzib> furni%es "o ( ! co/lie/ & f9e/ ( gums4 ,x is call$ ,zanzib> copal & is ! gum ( a fossil tree4 ,new ,zeal& furni%es ! mo/ widely us$ gum1 kauri4 ,x is dug out ( ! gr\nd by ! natives4 ,! we/ coa/ ( ,africa furni%es ! gum kn[n z ,si]ra ,leone copal1 :i* is us$ mu* 9 automobile "w4 ,! *eap v>ni%es :i* are ! mo/ abundant ^u ! m>ket1 & :i* are us$ = *eap furniture & h\ses1 are made ( ros9 & n res91 or are res9 v>ni%es adult]at$ ) ros94 ,mo/ h\ses erect$ by speculative build]s are f9i%$ ) *eap ros9 v>ni%es1 b no ar*itect %\ld be guilty ( specify+ !m1 = he %\ld "k bett] ?an to attempt to save money by pur*as+ ! poor] grades ( v>ni%es1 s9ce ! real co/ ( v>ni%$ "w is 9 ! labor r ?an 9 ! co/ ( ! mat]ials us$4 ,^! *eap ros9 v>ni%es _c /& up "u ! sponge te/1 :i* is m]ely ! application ( a wet sponge to ! surface ov]night4 ,! next morn+ ! ros9 v>ni% w be f\nd to be :ite & dissolv$ d[n to ! wood1 & w nev] recov] its appe>ance4 ,bett] grades ( v>ni% may turn :ite "u ?is sponge te/1 b ^u dry+ return to _! orig9al color1 b ! f9e/ grades ( v>ni% w n be affect$ at all4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! v>ni%es c also be obs]v$ by rubb+ ! ?umb ov] ! surface ( su* a f9e v>ni% z is on a piano & notic+ t no effect o!r ?an a high] poli% is produc$1 :ile if ! same rubb+ is done on a *eap v>ni%1 x w be crumbl$ (f f ! wood4 ,e "o has se5 ! ugly surface cracks :i* develop ) age 9 old doors or ^u old *ur* pews 9 mu/y *ur*es ( ! d>k ages ( ,am]ican ar*itecture4 ,9 ne>ly all cases ^! cracks are due to *eap ros9 v>ni%es4 ,be=e v>ni%+ or pa9t+ any int]ior woodwork1 x is important to obs]ve all ! prelim9>y precautions1 or else failure may result1 ev5 ?\gh ! "w is consci5ti\sly p]=m$ 9 ! latt] /ages4 ,"o ( ^! e>ly precautions is to pa9t ! back ( all trim = doors & w9d[s ) "s good l9se$-oil pa9t1 & apply a fir/ coat ( fill] to ! outside surface1 & all ?is z soon z x arrives on ! job4 ,?is is to prev5t ! wood f absorb+ ! dampness :i* is preval5t 9 all new build+s1 & z mo/ trim has be5 kiln-dri$ beyond ord9>y requirem5ts = con/ruction "w1 x is v ?ir/y = wat]1 & w soak x up quickly f ! atmosph]e4 ,?is trim %\ld n be p]mitt$ to /& 9 ! build+ ov]night )\t ! prim+ coat4 ,z ! fir/ coat ( fill] is l9se$-oil1 !re is n mu* excuse = n do+ ?is1 = x c be appli$ v rapidly4 ,( c\rse :]e ! wood is to be /a9$ ) an oil /a91 ! application ( ! l9se$-oil be=e ! /a9 is appli$ w prev5t ! prop] p5etration ( ! /a9 into ! wood1 &1 z ! ar*itect g5]ally insi/s ^u see+ samples ( ! /a9+ "w be=e x is appli$1 ! above precautions ( protect+ ! wood z soon z x comes are (t5 ?r[n to ! w9ds4 ,& 9 connection ) ?is matt] ( /a9s1 a ^w may n be amiss4 ,mo/ manufactur]s make among _! _m /a9s c]ta9 brilliant-r$ mahogany colors1 bright ,iri%-gre5 colors1 & horrible yell[s4 ,^! are made to meet c]ta9 gaudy ta/es %[n by ! public1 b ( _! use by ar*itects no ^w c\ld condemn !m en\gh4 ,& on a p> ) ^! /a9s is ! v>ni%+ ) no /a9 at all ( yell[ p9e trim1 an ar*itectural atrocity :i* is committ$ on e h& 9 small h\ses4 ,! quiet br[ns1 grays1 grayi% gre5s1 & ! l are ! only safe ranges ( color = /a9+ int]ior trim1 =1 aft] all1 ! cas+ ( doors & w9d[s mu/ bl5d 9 ) ! walls & s]ve z a backgr\nd = ! furniture & n scree* at x4 ,& directly 9 l9e ) ?is /atem5t %\ld be emphasiz$ ! rule t highly poli%$ surfaces 9 v>ni%es = trim are z mu* out ( place z brilliant colors4 ,_m ar*itects pref] wax 9 place ( ! poli% ( v>ni%1 & ) good reason4 ,! manufactur]s ( v>ni%es make c]ta9 grades :i* dry ) a dull f9i%1 & also %[ samples ( beautiful dull f9i%es :i* c be secur$ by ! labori\s me?od ( rubb+ ! f9al coat ( v>ni% ) p[d]$ pumice-/one1 wat]1 & felt4 ,b be=e any v>ni%+ c be done1 & = t matt] any pa9t+1 x is ess5tial t ! pores ( ! wood are fill$1 s t ! surface to be v>ni%$ has no s(t & absorb5t places1 b pres5ts a h>d & glossy body4 ,woods l oak1 a%1 & *e/nut h su* l>ge pores t pa/e fill]s are requir$ to fill !m 94 ,^! pa/e fill]s consi/ ( a solid "p l pulv]iz$ qu>tz & a liquid "p ( a quick-dry+ v>ni%4 ,x is rubb$ ov] ! surface ( ! wood & into ! pores & p]mitt$ to set1 :5 ! excess is !n wip$ (f ) excelsior &1 f9ally1 felt4 ,:5 ! wood is /a9$ ) an oil /a91 ?is fill] may be color$ to mat*4 ,ar*itects are (t5 %[n samples ( ! beautiful f9i%es :i* are possible ) ! use ( ?is or t manufactur]'s /a9s & v>ni%es1 & suppli$ ) specifications by :i* !y are told !y c secure ^! f9i%es1 b mu* to _! sorr[ ! results are n l ! samples1 & probably nev] w be4 ,all ( ^! samples are made "u ideal conditions by ! mo/ c>eful exp]ts4 ,laboratory conditions & regul>ity & fir/-class skill c produce f9i%es on a small sample bo>d :i* c\ld n possibly be reproduc$ 9 a build+ except at enorm\s co/s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is always m or less du/ bl[+ ar\nd 9 a newly con/ruct$ build+1 & n ! greate/ c>e is tak5 9 x to provide ! exact control ( humidity & temp]ature requir$ = dry+ v>ni%es4 ,&1 z e "o kn[s1 ! m5 :o d ! pa9t+ are g5]ally f> f be+ ! mo/ skilful artisans ( _! trade4 ,x1 too1 is a big temptation to put on "o or two heavy coats ( v>ni% in/ead ( ?ree or f\r ?9 coats1 & !re is n an exp]t liv+ :o c tell h[ _m coats ( v>ni% are on a piece ( wood aft] ! "w is done4 ,unless ! ar*itect has obs]v$ ea* /ep ( ! application1 he _c d5y1 :5 ! pa9t] %[s him ! f9i%$ woodwork1 t !re are n z _m coats ( v>ni% on x z he requir$ 9 8 specifications4 ,yet "t w tell ! tale1 b !n x is too late4 ,h[ev]1 ! treatm5t ( floors & /air treads is ! worry ( _m an ar*itect1 al?\gh he ought to rememb] t 9 factories %eet /eel is laid on ! floors at ! doorways1 & ev5 ?is we>s ?r\gh4 ,:y %\ld he be di%e>t5$ if aft] a ye> ! /air treads & ! pat*es ( floors ne> ! door-sills are scrat*$ d[n to ! wood ?r\gh coats ( v>ni% "o-?\s&? ( an in* ?ick8 ,ev5 ! be/ v>ni% w break d[n "u ?is abrasion1 b only ! be/ %\ld be us$4 ,*eap floor v>ni%es are n wor? ! labor ( lay+1 & yet h[ _m sp5d money on !m4 ,"s ar*itects1 & ) good reasons1 pref] f9i%+ ! floors ) wax in/ead ( v>ni%4 ,z a base = ?is wax1 a ?9 coat ( v>ni% is excell5t4 ,v>i\s manufactur]s h diff]5t =mulas = floor waxes1 & !y are m or less complex1 b g5]ally turp5t9e is ! s(t5+ & dry+ mat]ial4 ,! wax pa/e is rubb$ into ! floor & poli%$ ) weight$ bru%es--a t$i\s job4 ,h[ev]1 x is a job :i* any s]vant or h\sewife ( ord9>y intellig5ce c p]=m1 s t :5ev] ! floors become worn ar\nd ! doors or ! /air treads become %abby1 ! h\sekeep] is able to repair !m easily1 & !re is no d\bt t a wax$ floor is m beautiful ?an a v>ni%$ "o4 ,b rememb] ! slipp+ & slid+ rugs on a wax floor & be sure to fa/5 !m d[n4 ,:5 exam9$ critically1 pa9t is n mu* m ?an a v>ni% ) a f9ely gr\nd opaque p[d]1 call$ ! pigm5t1 susp5d$ 9 x4 ,?is pigm5t takes away ! transp>5t qualities ( ! v>ni% & gives a def9ite color to ! surface4 ,enamels actually d use v>ni%es z _! vehicle or base1 b ord9>y pa9t uses l9se$-oil1 :i* acts mu* l a v>ni%1 9 t x has ! prop]ty ( becom+ h>d & ela/ic "u ! oxidiz+ effect ( ! air4 ,! ext]iors ( mo/ h\ses are pa9t$ ) :ite-lead or z9c-:ite pigm5ts mix$ ) l9se$-oil4 ,z9c makes a h>d] pa9t ?an :ite-lead1 b x is be/ to mix ! two pigm5ts toge!r 9 ! proportion ( "o-?ird ( z9c to two-?irds ( :ite-lead4 ,9 ext5sive inve/igations ! ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,/&>ds sugge/s t mu* sav+ ( money 9 pa9t w\ld be made if :ite pa9t 7 ab&on$ altoge!r 9 favor ( d>k-color$ pigm5ts = ext]ior use4 ,horrible sugge/ions1 b ^! are ! facts 9 ! case6 ,:ite & light-t9t pa9ts inv>iably fail on ! s\? side ( a h\se1 be=e ! pa9t on ! o!r side %[s signs ( det]ioration4 ,?is is because ! light ( ! sun breaks d[n ! /r5g? ( ! l9se$-oil1 :i* is ! body ( ! pa9t film4 ,= ?is reason d>k pigm5ts1 :i* are m opaque1 cut (f ! light & protect ! oil film m ?an ! light]-color$ pigm5ts4 ,ano!r common cause ( failure 9 ext]ior pa9t+ is ! application ( x to ! wood dur+ unseasonable wea!r1 :5 ! surface ( ! wood is wet4 ,pa9t w only prop]ly adh]e to a wood surface :5 x is free ( any moi/ure4 ,ano!r "o ( ! causes ( failure ( lead & z9c pa9ts = ext]ior "w sugge/$ by "s au?orities is ! use ( volatile ?9n]s l turp5t9e & b5z9e4 ,!y say t su* ?9n]s %\ld n be p]mitt$ on ! job1 = !y are a temptation to ! pa9t]4 ,if raw l9se$-oil is us$1 & x is necess>y to %ort5 ! "t requir$ = dry+1 "s good dri] %\ld be add$1 say #e p] c5t4 ,?is dri] %\ld be pale 9 color & free f ros94 ,dri]s are usually made ( oil comb9$ ) a good proportion ( lead & a little ( manganese4 ,:ite p9e1 ,d\glas fir1 yell[ p9e1 cypress1 or any ( ^! woods1 usually conta9 "s knots1 :i* are sure to damage ext]ior :ite pa9t unless prop]ly treat$4 ,^! knots h a c]ta9 am\nt ( pit* 9 !m1 :i* w p5etrate ?r\gh any oil pa9t & leave an ugly m>k4 ,!y %\ld be cov]$ ) %ellac1 :i* is n affect$ by ! pit*4 ,%ellac is a _s v>ni% made f %ellac res9s dissolv$ 9 alcohol4 ,! yell[ %ellac is ! /ronge/1 b ! :ite is us$ :]e a light-color$ pa9t is to be appli$ on top ( x4 ,! pit* :i* is s bad 9 knots is (t5 di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! wood1 z 9 ,s\!rn yell[ p9e1 & ?is w (t5 cause ! pa9t to peel (f4 ,to prev5t ?is to a c]ta9 ext5t1 "s specifications advise us+ b5zol 9 ! prim+ coat1 9 ord] to make ! pa9t p5etrate m deeply into ! wood & get a bett] grip on ! surface4 ,! prim+ coat ( any pa9t+ job %\ld ei!r be pure l9se$-oil or l9se$-oil ) v little pigm5t 9 x4 ,its purpose is to fill ! pores ( ! wood be=e ! o!r coats are appli$1 = if an ord9>y ?ick coat ( pa9t 7 appli$ to raw wood1 ! surface w\ld draw s mu* oil out ( ! film ( pa9t t mo/ ( ! pigm5t w\ld be left dry & unfa/5$ ^u ! outside4 ,only aft] ! wood has be5 giv5 ! prim+ coat is x !n "t to putty up ! nail holes & o!r defects1 & n be=e1 because ! dry wood1 z 9 ! case ( pa9t1 w suck out ! oil f ! putty & leave x )\t any?+ to b9d x toge!r4 ,! be/ putty = ?is "w is made ( l9se$-oil ) en\gh :ite-lead 9 x to make a ?ick pa/e4 ,! putty :i* is commonly us$1 h[ev]1 is made ( :it+ or gr\nd *alk mix$ ) l9se$-oil4 ,?is is durable if real l9se$-oil is us$1 b (t5 "s inf]ior adult]ant is sub/itut$4 ,aft] ! holes are all putti$1 ! o!r coats ( pa9t may be add$4 ,at lea/ two good coats %\ld be appli$1 & ?ree coats give sup]ior results4 ,pl5ty ( "t %\ld be all[$ betwe5 coats to p]mit ?or\gh dry+ ( ! previ\s "o4 ,,xvi ,,labor-,,sav+ ,,devices ,,= ,,! ,,home ,! ,dem& ,! ne$ = labor-sav+ devices to help 9 h\sekeep+ is m evid5t 9 ! small h\se ?an 9 ! l>g] h\se1 al?\gh ! co/ ( su* ma*9]y (t5 prev5ts its in/allation 9 ! =m]1 :]eas 9 ! latt] x is m to be f\nd1 s9ce ! p]son :o builds a l>ge h\se is apt to h m funds to draw ^u4 ,yet labor-sav+ devices really belong to ! small h\se1 = ! l>ge h\se is /ill run by ! s]vant1 b ! small "o is kept by ! lady ( ! h\se4 ,%e rightly objects to work+ 9 ! old-/yle kit*51 :i* 0 v l>ge & ugly1 & ! useless up-keep ( _m rooms t are really n ne$$ is n to h] lik+1 s t 9 practice ! small h\se is 9 a way a labor-sav+ device 9 itself1 s9ce x r$uces ! am\nt ( h\se to be kept1 & makes ! kit*5 small & attractive4 ,!n1 frankly1 labor-sav+ ma*9]y is m becom+ to ?is h\se1 :i* is 9 itself design$ to save labor1 & money wisely sp5t ^u su* devices is by no means out ( proportion to ! co/ ( con/ruction1 ev5 if 9 direct comp>ison x %[s a l>g] p]c5tage ratio to ! build+ co/ 9 ! small h\se ?an 9 ! l>ge h\se4 ,! fundam5tal ne$s :i* dem& me*anical p[] 9 place ( brawn c be classifi$ into ! foll[+3 7a7 ,ma*9es = clean+4 7b7 ,ma*9es = prep>ation ( food4 7c7 ,ma*9es = mov+ objects ab\t ! h\se4 7d7 ,ma*9es design$ to wat* ov] v>i\s h\sehold c>es4 7e7 ,ma*9es to simplify & make pleasant ! toilet4 ,b be=e su* ma*9es c\ld be develop$ to a po9t ( usefulness1 "s s\rce ( p[] _h to be f\nd :i* c\ld be us$ by ! av]age family4 ,?is to-day is electricity4 ,if ! h\se _c tap 9 on "s public g5]at+ plant1 !n x is n at all too co/ly a proposition to in/all a private g5]at+ plant run by a gasol5e-eng9e4 ,! rapid spread ( public-s]vice wires ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry & ! increas+ dem& = private g5]at+ plants is evid5ce t1 :]e money p]mits1 ! p are ready to take advantage ( ! p[] ( electricity to r$uce ! labor ( keep+ h\se4 ,?is electric en]gy :i* is be+ m widely di/ribut$ has call$ =? inv5tion aft] inv5tion ( labor-sav+ ma*9]y4 ,x w\ld n be h>d to compile a li/ ( "s five hundr$ or m su* ma*9es1 good1 bad1 & indiff]5t4 ,pick up any magaz9e & glance ?r\gh ! adv]tisem5ts1 & a fairly compreh5sive li/ ( h\sekeep+ ma*9es c be made1 or look ?r\gh "s "o ( ! popul> sci5tific magaz9es & page aft] page w be f\nd devot$ to new inv5tions along ?is l9e4 ,= example1 9 ! latt]1 ?is is a small li/ made f a page ( "o ( ^! magaz9es3 ,a comb9$ electric toa/] & heat]1 a special bru% on a long wire h&le = clean+ ! dra9-pipe ( ! refrig]ator1 an electric clo!s-wr+] :i* has roll]s s(t en\gh n to break ! buttons1 a comb9$ crib & w>drobe1 ! latt] be+ "u ! mattress1 a du/-pan :i* is held 9 position by ! foot1 a c\nt]balanc$ electric light t c be hung ov] ! back ( a *air & an electric wat]-heat] to fa/5 to ! faucet4 ,ma*9es = ,clean+ ,"u ?is classification ought to be includ$ ma*9es :i* r$uce ! ne$ ( clean+1 = !y accompli% ! same results1 b 9 a negative way4 ,"o ( ! dirtie/ & meane/ jobs ab\t ! h\se is ! sift+ & %ovell+ ( a%es f ! furnace4 ,! light a%es are b\nd to be track$ ?r\gh ! h\se on ! feet1 or float 9 ! ris+ w>m air to ! rooms above1 :ile ! sift+ process is go+ on4 ,! cont9u$ ne$ ( remov+ a%es & putt+ m coal 9 ! furnace to make m a%es (t5 disgu/s ! h\sekeep] s mu* t ! ap>tm5t-h\se looks v attractive1 = "h ?is dirty "w is done by ! janitor4 ,n[ ! mod]n oil-burn]1 suitable to heat ! furnace ( a small h\se1 repres5ts a real labor-sav+ device1 because x elim9ates ?is problem ( ! a%es1 b x requires electric p[] to make x practical1 s9ce a me*anical movem5t is necess>y to prop]ly atomize ! oil = burn+4 ,look+ imp>tially at ! late/ inv5tions along ?is l9e t are n[ on ! m>ket1 "o _c help b admit t !y are highly desirable f ! labor-sav+ po9t ( view1 if n always f an economical "o4 ,! easy control ( ! fire ( "o ( ^! oil-burn]s is admirable4 ,9 mild wea!r ! flame c be turn$ d[n q l[1 burn+ p]haps only twelve gallons ( oil 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 b if ! wea!r sudd5ly becomes cold ! flame is easily advanc$ to meet ! conditions4 ,no extra %ovell+ ( coal is requir$ 9 cold wea!r1 & ! worry ( bank+ ! fire 9 ! ev5+ is elim9at$4 ,b "o mu/ n =get ! v>i\s improvem5ts :i* h be5 made 9 coal-burn+ furnaces to elim9ate ! a%-&-coal-%ovell+ labor z mu* z possible4 ,!re is ! self-fe$+ boil]1 :i* has a l>ge magaz9e ( coal :i* c be fill$ once a day & :i* automatically supplies ! fire ) fuel z x burns up4 ,!n1 too1 !re is ! l>ge a%-pit 9 :i* ! a%es may accumulate = "s "t be=e removal is necess>y1 or ! revolv+ a%-collector sunk into ! floor bel[ ! furnace into :i* ! a%es may be dropp$ & tak5 out 9 cans4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,portable ,,vacuum ,,clean] ,= clean+ purposes1 "o mu/ recognize ! enorm\s grip t ! vacuum clean] has _h on ! popul> m9d1 & ne>ly e h\sekeep] w\ld own "o if money p]mitt$ x4 ,p]haps ! in/allation ( pipes ?r\gh\t ! h\se = a c5tral clean+-ma*9e 9 ! cell> is a little too exp5sive = ! small home1 b c]ta9ly electric base plugs %\ld be locat$ 9 ! rooms to :i* ! portable type ( clean] c be atta*$4 ,su* outlets %\ld be plac$ 9 c5tral positions 9 ord] to p]mit ! mov+ ( ! ma*9e to all p>ts ( ! v>i\s rooms4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,up-,,to-,,date ,,laundry ,! laundry %\ld be equipp$ ) electric outlets to :i* an electric wa%] c be plugg$4 ,^! ma*9es usually require ab\t #cjj watts4 ,electric irons require ab\t #fjj watts4 ,if laundry labor-sav+ devices are to be b\ght z a complete equipm5t1 a small =tune c be sp5t ^u !m1 = !re are electric wr+]s1 electrically driv5 mangles = iron+ flat "w1 a special iron+-bo>d ) electric iron atta*m5t1 & electrically heat$ clo!s-dri]s4 ,a plan ( a well-equipp$ laundry is %[n 9 ! cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,di% ,,wa%] ,,& ,,table ,illu/ration3 ,,kit*5 ,,dress] ,,( ,,:ite ,,enamel$ ,,/eel ,if we consid] ! ma*9es us$ 9 ! kit*5 = clean+ purposes1 a consid]able li/ c be made1 b ! gas & oil /ove & fireless cook] %\ld n be =gott51 s9ce !y accompli% clean+ 9 a negative way1 = !y elim9ate ! dirt & a%es ( ! old-fa%ion$ coal-range4 ,!n1 too1 ! automatic gas wat]-heat]1 & also ! oil wat]-heat]1 give ! be/ mat]ial = clean+ t is kn[n to mank9d--hot wat]4 ,b z electricity becomes m available we h ! electric /ove & ! electric wat]-heat]1 :i* is sup]ior to ! gas & oil heat]1 z f> z labor-sav+ is consid]$4 ,!n !re is ! electric di%-wa%]1 :i* p]=ms all ! wa%+1 r9s+1 & dry+ op]ations4 ,! di%es & o!r tablew>e are securely held 9 removable racks :ile be+ wa%$1 ?us prev5t+ breakage4 ,:5 n 9 op]ation ?is di%-wa%] c be us$ z a :ite-enamel-topp$ kit*5-table4 ,"o mu/ n =get ! electric silv]-poli%] & knife-gr9d] & o!r small] in/rum5ts = clean+ t c be op]at$ by a small motor4 ,ma*9es = ! ,prep>ation ( ,foods ,ma*9es ( ?is k9d include a great v>iety ( small inv5tions int5d$ to safely /ore ! food1 prep>e x = cook+1 & cook x4 ,!re is ! small electric refrig]ator1 ! !rmonor :i* keeps foods *ill$ by evaporation ( wat]1 ! ord9>y ice-box1 ) its special door to put ice 9 f ! outside1 ! special receiv+-box 9 ! wall into :i* ! milkman c place 8 milk-bottles 9 ! morn+ or ! but*] 8 meat4 ,!n = ! small h\se is ! v important kit*5-cab9et1 ) its special place = ! keep+ ( fl\r1 sug>1 di%-pans1 & a hundr$ o!r ?+s t are ne$$ to be h&y at ! "t ( prep>+ ! food4 ,electrically op]at$ c(fee-gr9d]s1 meat-*opp]s1 bread-mix]s1 egg-beat]s1 toa/]s1 c(fee-p]colators1 *af+-di%es1 samov>s1 fry+-pans1 teakettles1 radiant grilles1 & o!r simil> devices are b a few sugge/ions ( ! multitude ( inv5tions actually on ! m>ket & f\nd practical z labor-sav+ ma*9es4 ,:y %\ld "o sweat at ! br[ on a hot summ] day freez+ ! ice-cream :5 an electrically driv5 motor c d ! same "w at ! co/ ( a few c5ts8 ,:y %\ld "o swelt] 9 ! hot kit*5 dur+ ! jam & jelly mak+ season :5 an electric fan c give ! necess>y cool+ breeze1 & ! electric /ove apply ! heat m to :at x is cook+ ?an to ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e8 ,( c\rse ! answ] is t ! co/ ( su* equipm5t is too high1 b we are gradually le>n+ h[ to make ^! articles *eap]1 & also le>n+ h[ mu* en]gy !y save u4 ,old traditions are break+ d[n 9 ! kit*51 & ! new ma*9es are accept$ m readily ?an !y us$ to be4 ,no long] does ! y\ng] g5]ation ?9k t :at 0 good en\gh = fa!r or "m is good en\gh = x4 ,gr&mo!r us$ to we> h] f+]s d[n peel+ potatoes & c>rots1 & /a9 !m black1 b daught] pref]s to use a simple scrap+ device ( h>d /ones set 9 a wat]pro( sub/ance1 :i* acts l r\gh s&pap] ^u ! sk9s ( ! vegetables1 & !n gr&mo!r us$ to *op meat 9 a b[l1 b n[ x is put 9 at "o end ( an electric gr9d] & comes out ha% at ! o!r4 ,! old] g5]ation ( cooks 7 n attract$ by labor-sav+ devices1 b ! po9t ( view to-day is diff]5t4 ,t is ! reason t ! small h\se is attract+ m buy]s to-day ?an =m]ly1 = its small up-keep & its small & *e]ful kit*5 are means ( escape f too heavy h\sehold duties4 ,ma*9es = ,mov+ ,objects ab\t ! ,h\se ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,table-,,s]vice ,,wagon ,! electric dumb-wait] belongs to ?is class1 b x is n in/all$ 9 small h\ses v (t54 ,h[ev]1 e "o c af=d ! clo!s-*ute1 :i* guides ! dirty clo!s d[n to ! laundry4 ,! table-s]vice wagon is a v conv5i5t help 9 s]v+ a meal & remov+ ! di%es :5 !re is no maid to wait ^u ! d9]s4 ,!n !re is ! *9a-closet :i* op5s ?r\gh to ! kit*5 f ! d9+-room4 ,! di%es are wa%$ 9 ! kit*5 & plac$ 9 ! closet1 & at ! next meal !y are tak5 out f ! d9+-room side )\t wa/e ( /eps4 ,! old a%-c ne$ n be lugg$ out ( ! cell> if a small telescope hoi/ is in/all$1 & ! coal c be put into ! cell> ?r\gh a metal coal-*ute1 in/ead ( ?r\gh ! w9d[4 ,wet clo!s f ! laundry c be hung out ( ! w9d[ on a revolv+ dri] )\t go+ out into ! y>d1 or plac$ 9 an electric dri] 9 ! laundry on ra9y days4 ,! transportation ( small objects ab\t ! h\se c be v mu* r$uc$ if ma*9]y = ?is purpose is in/all$ 9 ! beg9n+4 ,mo/ p ?9k x is wor? ! price1 & z soon z !y see a way to pay+ = x !y are c]ta9 pur*as]s4 ,ma*9es ,t ,automatically ,keep ,wat* ,!re is no ne$ ( gett+ up at five o'clock 9 ! morn+ to turn ! draft on 9 ! furnace s t ! h\se w be w>m by breakfa/4 ,an electric !rmo/atic control c be made to d ?is1 & 9 fact x c be regulat$ to keep ! h\se 9 good temp]ature all ! day4 ,x is n necess>y to light a fire to h hot wat] if an automatic gas-heat] is next to ! boil]1 :i* lights ! gas ) a pilot-light :5 ! faucet is turn$ on or :5 ! temp]ature gets bel[ a pr$et]m9$ numb] ( degrees4 ,"o does n ne$ to worry ab\t burn+ ! roa/ 9 ! ov5 if an automatic clock-tim] is on x1 :i* turns (f ! gas aft] ! meat has cook$ ! correct numb] ( h\rs4 ,food 9 a fireless cook] nev] worries ! h\sekeep]1 = x w n burn1 & %e kn[s x w be ready to s]ve :5 tak5 out4 ,%e does n h to /ay home to let ! deliv]y boy 9 ) ! vegetables1 = he c put !m into a small metal box built into ! wall1 :i* has a door t p]mits him to put 8 goods 91 b does n p]mit any "o gett+ an arm into ! h\se1 & ! ice-man c deliv] ice )\t call+ h] to ! door4 ,& s x goes2 ea* new inv5tion along ?is l9e removes ! ne$ ( ?9k+ ( ! small ?+s ab\t ! h\se & ( be+ cont9ually on h& & a slave to !m4 ,ma*9es to ,simplify ! ,toilet ,we (t5 =get ! elegance ( ! mod]n ba?tub1 b ?9k ( ! labor ( our =efa!rs :5 ! ba? night came ar\nd4 ,! wat] _h to be heat$ on ! /ove1 ! tub gott5 out & fill$ ) cold wat] f ! pump1 & !n w>m$ up ) ! wat] 9 ! teakettle1 & aft] all 0 f9i%$ ! wat] & tub _h to be remov$4 ,x 0 q an ev5t1 & !re is no wond] t a ba? 0 tak5 only once a week4 ,b :at is x to h a ba? to-day1 ) pl5ty ( hot wat]1 a !rmo/atic control ( its temp]ature1 a f9e %[]1 & a w>m ba?room4 ,b su* ?+s z a ba?room ) its mod]n lavatory1 wat]-closet1 & ba?tub & til$ floor & wa9scot are commonplace ?+s1 & are always expect$ to be in/all$ 9 a h\se4 ,"o does n "q ! advisability ( sp5d+ money on ?is equipm5t1 & s x w be 9 ! future ) mu* ( ! ma*9]y :i* we hesitate to buy to-day on acc\nt ( ! additional co/ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! h\se4 ,illu/ration ,if "o is will+ to sp5d ! money1 electrically op]at$ %ampoo+-ma*9es c be in/all$1 curl+-irons1 vibrators1 ozonators1 hair-dri]s1 %av+-mugs1 heat-ba?s1 etc41 b ^! seem luxuries to u yet4 ,b w ! next g5]ation look ^u !m ?is way8 ,a v elegant ba?room may also be equipp$ ) built-9 receptacles 9 ! tile wa9scot = hold+ soap1 sponges1 toilet-pap]1 tumbl]s1 too?-bru%es1 etc4 ,f9e :ite-enamell$ m$ic9e-cab9ets are n uncommon to see built into ! walls4 ,glass rods = t[els & glass %elves = miscellane\s objects add mu* to ! practical up-keep ( ! ba?room4 ,faucets ov] ! ba?tubs & lavatories are n[ cov]$ ) :ite enamel & h porcela9 h&les1 s t ! "w ( poli%+ nickel ones is done away )4 ,wat]-closet b[ls are design$ ) su* deep wat]-seals & ) su* p[]ful flu%+-jets t !y d n ne$ ! clean+ t ! old] types requir$4 ,tubs are built into ! walls & d[n on ! floors1 s t dirt _c collect "u !m1 z x did "u ! old leg-support$ tubs4 ,?us ea* ye> br+s =? m improvem5ts t are help+ to r$uce ! labor ( keep+ h\se4 ,,xvii ,,concrete ,,"w ,,ar\nd ,,! ,,h\se ,concrete has become su* an excell5t s]vant to ! ne$s ( v>i\s objects built ar\nd ! h\se t no apology w be (f]$ = devot+ a *apt] to its use4 ,( c\rse1 "o is famili> ) ! arti/ic flag/one walk ) op5 jo9ts ?r\gh :i* ! grass is all[$ to gr[1 & "o _c d5y ! beauty ( brick pavem5ts2 b 9 spite ( ^! ! concrete walk is f\nd ab\t m h\ses :]ev] "o goes ?an any o!r type1 &1 al?\gh 9 mo/ cases v ugly1 yet x _c be relegat$ to ! pa/ ev5 by ! mo/ fa/idi\s1 = its exi/5ce dep5ds ^u v fundam5tal qualities ( practical s]viceability4 ,& likewise1 al?\gh we may n h se5 concrete walks t _h ! *>m ( rubble-/one or brick1 yet !y are com+ to be us$ m & m1 = !y c be made to appe> v beautiful if prop]ly made4 ,concrete g>d5 furniture1 concrete pools1 f\nta9s1 g>d5 ornam5ts1 t5nis-c\rts1 & o!r famili> adjuncts to ! lawn ab\t ! h\se1 are mak+ !mselves evid5t on all sides4 ,!re is some?+ ab\t ! mat]ial t l5ds itself to su* uses1 = ev5 ! own] ( ! h\se c get out & "w 9 x1 & ne$ n call 9 a contractor4 ,illu/ration3 ,r\gh ,ca/ ,f9i% or ,splatt] ,da% ,pebble ,da% ,h[ev]1 mu* ( ! prejudice t exi/s aga9/ concrete is due to its usual ugly appe>ance1 :i* is no fault ( ! mat]ial b ( ! "o :o built ) x4 ,we see too mu* concrete t is dull1 pa/y1 & gray1 & m>r$ on ! surface ) cobweb l9es ( cracks2 b ?is ne$ n be4 ,concrete surfaces c be made z brilliant z any o!r mat]ial by prop]ly treat+ x4 ,all t is ne$$ to d ?is is to c>efully /udy ! me?ods ( produc+ textures1 & texture is no?+ m ?an break+ up ! surface into small pat*es ( light & d>k1 s int]m+l$ t !y give int]e/4 ,= example1 aft] ! =ms h be5 remov$1 ! outside ( ! concrete c be cov]$ ) cem5t mort>1 ?r[n onto x ) a :isk-broom1 :i* w make ! mort> /ick to ! surface 9 little lumps & hills4 ,! light play+ ov] su* a surface w ca/ %ad[s 9 ! holl[s betwe5 ! lumps & light up ! tops ( ! lumps4 ,?is w give a texture ( int]e/ t is pleas+ to ! eye4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! cem5t mort> may be pla/]$ ov] ! surface ( ! concrete & us$ z a /ick+ b$ to hold small pebbles ( diff]5t colors & %ades ?r[n aga9/ x4 ,^! pebbles w be colorful1 "s d>k & dull & "s light or sp>kl+ l glass4 ,?us a play ( brok5 light w be ?r[n back f ! surface to ! eye1 & ! obs]v] w be pleas$4 ,!n1 too1 ! out] lay] ( ! cem5t1 :i* 0 next to ! =ms1 may be compos$ ( :ite cem5t & "s aggregate l small *ips ( m>ble4 ,:5 ! =ms are remov$ x w be f\nd t ?is beautiful aggregate w n %[1 b ! entire surface w p>take ( ! monoton\s :ite or gray ( ! cem5t4 ,h[ev]1 if ?is ?9 coat+ ( cem5t is remov$1 !n ! v>iety & sp>kle ( ! aggregate bel[ w be reveal$4 ,?is might be done by /rik+ ! surface all ov] ) a /one-cutt+ tool :i* is us$ to surface /ones1 or x might be done by a scrubb+ or rubb+ ) c>borundum blocks4 ,!re are innum]able ways by :i* texture c be develop$ on any?+ made ( concrete1 & exp]im5t+ 9 ?is l9e is a mo/ fasc9at+ employm5t4 ,= ?is reason1 if prop]ly h&l$1 concrete is p>ticul>ly adapt$ to ! mak+ ( all k9ds ( h\se accessories1 s9ce x is also easily %ap$ 9 m\lds4 ,illu/ration3 ,f9i% made by ! ,po9t] ,f9i% made by ! ,bu% ,hamm] ,! mat]ials us$ = ?is concrete "w h mu* to d ) its success4 ,ord9>ily !re is no ne$ ( inspect+ ! cem5t1 = mo/ ( ! well-kn[n br&s ( cem5t on ! m>ket are ab\t z reliable z human ef=t c make !m4 ,! mat]ials :i* d ne$ consid]ation1 h[ev]1 are s& & gravel4 ,! "o ess5tial ( s& is t x be free f loam1 mica1 clay1 & organic matt]4 ,no s& %\ld conta9 m ?an #c p] c5t by weight ( loam or clay or #a p] c5t ( mica4 ,! quantity ( loam or o!r f9e impurities c be det]m9$ by %ak+ ! s& up ) wat] 9 a bottle1 & all[+ x to settle4 ,! f9e impurities w settle on ! top & its proportional relation to ! s& e/imat$4 ,to det]m9e :e!r ! s& has mu* organic matt] 9 x1 a #ab-ounce prescription bottle c be fill$ ) s& to #d in*es & !n add$ to ?is %\ld be add$ a #c-p]-c5t solution ( cau/ic soda until ?is solution & ! s& fill sev5 ounces4 ,! cont5ts %\ld be %ak5 well & all[$ to /& = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,if ! liquid :i* settles on top %[s a d>k color1 !n ! s& has too mu* organic matt] 9 x1 b if x is cle> or slightly yell[ x may be us$ )\t wa%+4 ,! size ( s& p>ticles %\ld be su* t !y w pass ?r\gh a qu>t]-in* scre54 ,! usual size ( aggregates %\ld range f "o-qu>t] in* to an in* & a half 9 diamet]1 & ! v>i\s sizes %\ld be s grad$ t !y w make ! mo/ compact mass4 ,! common run ( bank gravel mu/ be scre5$ & wa%$4 ,to make really good concrete t is wat]-tight1 ! grad+ ( ! aggregate is mo/ important4 ,9 fact1 to det]m9e ! v>i\s quantities t %\ld be us$ ( ! mat]ials on h&1 "s me?od mu/ be adopt$ to give ! quantity ( cem5t necess>y to fill ! voids 9 ! s& & ! quantity ( cem5t & s& necess>y to fill ! voids 9 ! aggregate4 ,a r crude way ( do+ ?is is to employ wat] z ! measure ( ! voids4 ,fill a pail ) s&1 & !n p\r wat] into x until ! wat]1 :i* is absorb$ by ! s&1 comes to ! same level z ! s&4 ,note ! quantity ( wat] us$ up4 ,if x repres5t$ #de p] c5t ( ! volume ( ! s&1 !n x is kn[n r\ghly t ab\t #ej p] c5t ( ! volume ( ! s& ought to be ! quantity ( cem5t ne$$ to fill 9 ! voids ( ! s&4 ,?us1 "o "p ( cem5t to two p>ts ( s&4 ,if n[ ! gravel is measur$ 9 ! same way & x is f\nd t ! voids %[ ab\t #dj p] c5t ( ! volume ( ! aggregate1 !n1 assum+ a little m ?an ! wat] %[s1 ab\t #ej p] c5t ( s& & cem5t w be requir$ to fill up ^! voids4 ,t is1 !re %\ld be j twice z mu* /one z !re is cem5t & s&4 ,we f9ally1 !n1 arrive at ! proportion = ! concrete z foll[s3 #a "p ( cem5t to #b p>ts ( s& to #d p>ts ( gravel4 ,! am\nt ( wat] :i* is add$ to make ! mixture ( concrete %\ld n be too mu*4 ,x %\ld be ( su* a quantity t ! mix is mu%y b n wat]y1 ev5 :5 x is to be p\r$ into =ms4 ,sidewalks & ,por* ,floors ,illu/ration3 ,concrete ,sidewalk ,x is g5]ally recogniz$ t "o-c\rse concrete sidewalks are ! mo/ successful :5 built by ! av]age workman1 = ! slab is ( "o uni=m body & n two lay]s1 :i* might n h knitt$ toge!r prop]ly4 ,= por* floors & walks ^! slabs %\ld be #e in*es ?ick & laid on a good f\ndation4 ,x is be/ to excavate #d in*es = ! dep? ( ! walk1 tamp ! gr\nd1 & p\r wat] ov] x1 to note :e!r x is absorb$ or /ays on top4 ,if x is n readily dra9$ (f1 x ought n to be us$ z ! f\ndation ( ! walk1 b %\ld be excavat$ to a dep? ( #aj in*es to #ab in*es4 ,9 ?is excavation %\ld !n be tamp$ gravel or c9d]s1 & "s provision %\ld be made by :i* any wat] t w\ld seep ?r\gh ?is gravel may be dra9$ (f4 ,! timb]s us$ = ! =ms along ! edges ( ! walk may be #b by #f's1 held 9 position ) pegs4 ,slabs %\ld !n be det]m9$ = l5g?4 ,usually !y %\ld n be 9 excess ( #f feet 9 any "o direction & -in* expansion jo9ts %\ld be plac$ 9 ! walks e #be feet4 ,if alt]nate slabs are laid1 ! =ms c be remov$1 s t ! int]m$iate slabs c be p\r$ betwe5 !m4 ,( c\rse1 a p>tial bond w be develop$ betwe5 slabs 9 ?is way1 b ^! jo9ts w be ! weake/ po9t 9 ! walk1 & if settlem5t takes place unequally & "o slab breaks f ! o!r1 ! crack w develop at ?is jo9t & n appe> on ! face4 ,! expansion jo9ts %\ld1 h[ev]1 be real sep>ations1 made ) /rips ( asphaltic felt set betwe5 slabs4 ,! usual mixture = concrete walks %\ld be #a "p cem5t to #b p>ts s& to #c p>ts ( gravel4 ,! mixture %\ld n h too mu* wat] 9 x1 & :5 p\r$ into ! =ms ! top %\ld be levell$ (f ) a /raight /ick /ret*$ across f "o side ( ! =m to ! o!r4 ,too mu* tr[ell+ %\ld be avoid$1 s9ce ?is is apt to draw excess wat] to ! surface & also cem5t1 :i* w %[ hair cracks :5 h>d5$4 ,x is be/ n to use a metal tr[el b a wood5 "o1 s t a p>tial s&y surface is made4 ,aft] ! walk has be5 laid x %\ld be protect$ f dry+ out too quickly by lay+ ov] x #d in*es ( e>? or two or ?ree lay]s ( burlap1 :i* %\ld be wet d[n ab\t twice a day = a week4 ,all walks & por* floors %\ld h grad$ tops1 s t wat] w run (f ( !m4 ,?is is usually in* to ! foot4 ,sometimes por* floors give tr\ble f 8du/+0 & we>+ away ( ! surface to a gritty & r\gh condition4 ,?is may h be5 caus$ by all[+ ! floor to dry too quickly or by hav+ tr[ell$ x too mu* & drawn cem5t to ! surface4 ,x may be rem$i$ by us+ "s "o ( ! comm]cial floor h>d5]s or by pa9t+ ! floor ) wat]-glass solution or boil$ l9se$-oil4 ,wat]-glass solution %\ld be dilut$ ) #d to #f p>ts ( wat] & appli$ ) a bru% 9 z _m coats z ! concrete w absorb4 ,:5 boil$ l9se$-oil is us$1 x %\ld be all[$ to dry betwe5 coats1 & z _m coats %\ld be add$ z ! concrete w absorb4 ,bo? ( ^! treatm5ts w d>k5 ! floor1 b ! latt] w d>k5 x ! mo/1 & appe>s to be m effective4 ,t5nis-,c\rt ,9 lay+ out any o!r plat=m con/ruction ( concrete1 su* z a t5nis-c\rt1 ! same pr9ciples ( con/ruction %\ld be obs]v$ :i* 7 giv5 above = sidewalks4 ,h[ev]1 m c>e %\ld be tak5 ) ! dra9age & f\ndation ( ! t5nis-c\rt4 ,n only %\ld ! #f-;in* c9d] or gravel b$ be laid1 b all ar\nd ! out] edge ( ! c\rt %\ld be dug a tr5* ab\t #ah in*es wide & #c feet deep4 ,!re %\ld be laid at ! bottom ( ?is a dra9-pipe1 ) op5 jo9ts1 slop+ f ! c5tre ( "o end ( ! c\rt ar\nd bo? sides & jo9+ toge!r aga9 at ! middle ( ! o!r end & connect$ ) ano!r pipe to c>ry (f ! wat] ( t dra9-pipe to "s l[] level4 ,! diamet] ( ! dra9-pipe %\ld be ab\t #e in*es & ! slope #f in*es f its highe/ level to its l[e/ level4 ,! upp] surface ( ! c\rt itself %\ld slope across f "o long side to ! o!r ) a pit* ( #b in*es4 ,! division l9es ( ! slabs %\ld foll[ z closely z possible ! division l9es ( ! t5nis-c\rt4 ,! l5g? ( ! concrete plat=m %\ld be #ba feet great] at ea* end ?an ! l5g? ( ! c\rt & ! wid? #ab feet wid] ea* side4 ,?is makes ! entire concrete c\rt #fj feet by #abj feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,concrete ,t5nis-,c\rt ,concrete ,driveway ,illu/ration3 ,concrete ,runways to ,g>age ,su* driveways may lead to ! g>age or up to ! por* ( ! h\se4 ,"o ( ! *eape/ types to ! g>age is a d\ble runway = ! :eels ( ! automobile4 ,^! runways %\ld be ab\t #d feet #h in*es on c5tres & made #ah in*es wide4 ,!y %\ld be con/ruct$ 9 ! same way t walks are built4 ,:]e a full-wid? concrete driveway is built1 x %\ld be made ab\t #f in*es ?ick at ! c5tre & #e in*es at ! edges1 slop+ f ! c5tre out4 ,at int]vals ( e #be feet expansion jo9ts %\ld be built z 0 specifi$ = walks4 ,concrete ,/eps ,! only difficult problem 9 ! con/ruction ( concrete /eps is ! mak+ ( =ms4 ,^! %\ld be well brac$ to prev5t bulg+ :5 ! concrete is tamp$ into !m4 ,! aggregate ought n to be ov] in* diamet]1 s t z ! mat]ial is tamp$ into ! =ms & ! sides spad$1 a good surface w be left :5 ! =ms are remov$4 ,if ! aggregate is too l>ge1 "s pieces may cat* along ! =ms1 & :5 !y are remov$ l>ge holes w be f\nd 9 ! ris]s ( ! /eps4 ,! treads %\ld be f9i%$ ) a wood tr[el4 ,illu/ration3 ,concrete ,g>d5 ,reta9+ ,wall ,small ,reta9+ ,walls ,:]ev] t]races or lawns ne$ ! support ( a small reta9+ wall1 concrete is excell5t = ?is purpose4 ,! f\ndations ( su* walls %\ld be c>ri$ d[n bel[ ! fro/-l9e4 ,! usual mixture is #a 3 #b 3 #d4 ,dra9s %\ld be built at int]vals along ! l[] "p ( ! wall1 to all[ ! seep+ gr\nd wat] to come out4 ,at int]vals ( ab\t e #be feet expansion jo9ts %\ld be made1 some:at ! %ape ( ! tongue & groove 9 floor+4 ,! base ( su* a reta9+ wall %\ld be at lea/ z wide z _/ ! height ( wall4 ,pools & ,f\nta9-,bas9s ,illu/ration3 ,concrete ,pool ,su* ornam5ts to ! g>d5 are n entirely outside ( ! possibilities ( ! small h\se own]'s pocketbook4 ,!y %\ld h ! ext]ior walls c>ri$ d[n bel[ fro/-level1 & ! bottom & sides re9=c$ ) /eel4 ,= ! bottom wov5-wire re9=cem5t w answ] ! purpose & = ! sides -in* re9=c+ rods %\ld be us$4 ,^! pools ought n to be m ?an ab\t #b feet deep1 9 :i* case ! bottoms may be made #f in*es ?ick & ! sides #ab in*es at ! top & #ad in*es at ! bottom4 ,ornam5tal ,g>d5 ,furniture ( ,concrete ,illu/ration3 ,simple ,types ( ,concrete ,g>d5 ,seats ,!re is no great difficulty or secret 9 mak+ simple g>d5 furniture ( concrete4 ,g5]ally :]e ! furniture is ( simple l9es1 ! m\ld c be made ( wood4 ,if1 say1 a b5* is to be made1 ! top might be m\ld$ z a slab ( concrete1 & ! legs at ! ends z slabs1 & all fitt$ toge!r4 ,if fl[]-boxes are desir$1 ! m\ld w\ld necess>ily h to be a little m complicat$1 b n greatly s4 ,! "o ?+ to rememb] 9 mak+ any ( ^! m\ld$ bits ( concrete is t !y %\ld always h emb$d$ inside ( !m re9=c+ wire la?4 ,illu/ration3 ,concrete ,vase = ,g>d5 ,( c\rse ! mak+ ( ornam5tal pots & vases is r difficult & takes "s skill4 ,"h ! orig9al %ape mu/ be modell$ 9 clay1 & a pla/] m\ld made ( x1 :i* is %ellack$ inside & greas$4 ,special cores mu/ also be design$1 & :]e f9e surfaces are desir$ v>i\s processes ( mix+ +r$i5ts mu/ be resort$ to4 ,?is is a special field ( itself1 & m5 :o d ?is k9d ( "w g5]ally h /udi$ out me?ods ( _! own4 ,"s examples ( ?is k9d ( "w are illu/rat$4 ,,xviii ,,classification ,,& ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,ar*itectural ,,motifs ,,us$ ,,9 ,,small-,,h\se ,,design+ ,!re are n _m ar*itectural motifs t c be us$ 9 design+ ! small h\se1 & ! ones :i* are employ$ ov] & ov] aga9 are fundam5tally a "p ( ! con/ruction4 ,! plan mu/ build up into block =ms1 because ( ! requirem5ts ( con/ruction1 & ! design] has only a h&ful ( %apes t make good ro(s1 = ! same reason4 ,! v>ieties ( dorm]-w9d[s t he c put on ! ro( are limit$ to a few t are capable ( be+ reasonably con/ruct$4 ,he _c be orig9al 9 ! =ms he selects1 = !y h all be5 ?\ght out be=e4 ,he %\ld "k !m z he does ! alphabet & build ) !m z he builds words ) lett]s4 ,= example1 take ! plan ( ! small h\se4 ,c !re be mu* room = orig9ality "h8 ,usually !re are at ! mo/ f\r rooms :i* mu/ be arrang$ on ! gr\nd floor ( ! small h\se3 ! liv+-room1 d9+-room1 kit*51 & pantry4 ,on ! second floor are g5]ally plac$ ! b$rooms4 ,does x n seem reasonable to assume t all ( ! be/ comb9ations ( s few rooms mu/ be q limit$ 9 numb]1 & t ! *ances are t !y h already be5 ?\ght out8 ,_m a "y design] has labor$ en?usia/ically ^u :at he believes is 8 orig9al lay\t = a small h\se1 only to f9d lat] t 8 solution has be5 already work$ out & p]haps a trifle bett]4 ,:5 an inv5tor tackles any p>ticul> problem1 8 fir/ /ep1 if he is wise1 is to consult ! pat5ts :i* h previ\sly be5 issu$ along ?is l9e1 & !n he w "k :at has be5 done4 ,illu/ration3 ,squ>e ,plan ,rectangul> ,plan 8,l0-,plan ,illu/ration3 ,rectangul> ,plan ) ,small ,ext5sion ,t-,plan ,illu/ration3 ,comb9ation ( 8,t0-plan ) ,l-plan ,u-,plan ,try z h>d z he w1 no design] c get away f ! fact t ! *eape/ arrangem5t ( rooms 9 8 small-h\se plan makes a squ>e unit & builds a squ>e block h\se1 b t su* a plan is "o ( ! mo/ difficult =ms to make pleas+ to ! eye4 ,= ?is reason ! room arrangem5t1 :i* gives a rectangul>-%ap$ h\se1 is m (t5 adopt$4 ,b we (t5 tire ( too mu* repetition ( ! rectangul> h\se1 & design]s try to v>y x a little4 ,!re is n mu* leeway "h1 h[ev]4 ,by add+ a w+ at "r angles to ! ma9 rectangle ( ! h\se1 we c h an ,l-%ap$ plan :i* is easi] to give ar*itectural v>iety to1 b v uneconomical1 = ! numb] ( l9e> feet ( ext]ior wall = a h\se ( ?is %ape is j z great z t = a h\se :i* is a rectangle 9 plan1 z long z ! ,l & z wide4 ,?is also holds true ( ! ,u-%ap$ plan & ! ,t-%ap$ plan & ! comb9ation ( ! ,t & ! ,l %ap$ plans4 ,9 fact1 z soon z ! design] tries to get away f ! simple/ rectangul> %apes 9 ! small h\se1 ! economic re9s pull him back1 & he mu/ g sl[ 9 select+ too picturesque plans4 ,limit$1 !re=e1 9 8 possible scope1 ! real "w ( ! design] %\ld be "o ( p]fect+ ! acceptable solutions :i* h be5 already work$ out4 ,only once 9 a g5]ation are absolutely new arrangem5ts /umbl$ on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gambrel ,,gable ,illu/ration3 ,,wall ,,gable ,,hip ,,ro( ,,flat ,,ro( ,on top ( ^! v>i\s-%ap$ blocks1 :i* ^! plans w =m1 a ro( mu/ be erect$4 ,"h aga9 "o w\ld ?9k t ! ar*itectural motifs w\ld be q v>i$1 & yet :5 ! matt] is /udi$ x is n ! case4 ,!re are only five fundam5tal %apes ( ro(s :i* c be plac$ ^u ^! blocks1 & two ( ^! types are really ! same1 & ano!r ought n to be employ$1 s t1 aft] all1 !re are actually only ?ree fundam5tal ro( motifs to use4 ,^! are ! gable ro(1 ! gambrel ro(1 & ! hip ro(4 ,! wall-gable ro( is m]ely a type ( end treatm5t = ! gable ro(1 & ! flat ro( is n suit$ to ! av]age small h\se 9 ! c\ntry or suburbs1 because ( traditions4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,b ,^! two h\ses are ugly z s91 yet are consid]$ v practical4 ,all rooms on #bnd floor are squ>e & cell>s are high & dry4 ,illu/ration3 ,c ,?is h\se is consid]$ impractical1 because rooms on #b floor are n squ>e & are light$ ) dorm]s1 & ! cell> is l[ & p>tly omitt$4 ,b ar*itecturally some?+ c be said ( x4 ,9 ! small h\se ! design] has ! *oice ( ei!r plac+ ^! ro(s above ! second floor or plac+ ! second floor )9 ! ro(4 ,:]e ! =m] is select$ he sets = himself a v difficult ar*itectural problem--t ( try+ to make ! proportions ( a h\se limit$ 9 gr\nd area fit "u a ro( plac$ too high4 ,?is has r>ely be5 solv$ ) any satisfaction1 = 9 ne>ly all cases ! h\se looks too high & /ilt$4 ,! comp>ative draw+s %[ h[ true ?is is4 ,notice h[ h\se ,a & ,b look /ilt$1 :ile h\se ,c has a *>m :i* no mann] ( design+ w\ld ev] add to ! =m]4 ,is x n a fact to be reckon$ ) t ! small h\se is be/ solv$ ar*itecturally if ! second floor is plac$ )9 ! ro(8 ,economy ( mat]ial is c]ta9ly secur$ 9 ?is way1 & ! con/ruction is greatly simplifi$4 ,! *ief difficulties are to prop]ly v5tilate ^! rooms "u ! ro(1 & to give !m good light+ )\t mak+ too _m & too l>ge dorm]s4 ,?is is a h>d problem1 b x has be5 solv$ successfully4 ,! ,dut* gambrel ro( 0 develop$ = ?is purpose1 & !re has be5 no d\bt z to its beauty1 except :5 wrongly us$ by plac+ x above ! second /ory or pok+ ! second floor ?r\gh x 9 "o long1 s+le dorm]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v>iations ,,( ,,design ,,develop$ ,,f ,,! ,,few ,,fundam5tal ,,/ructural ,,motifs ,x is q evid5t f ! above h[ important ! ro( design+ is 9 ! small h\se4 ,x goes )\t say+ t ! simple/ arrangem5t ( ro(s is ! *eape/ to build & ! easie/ to ma9ta94 ,e valley means a leak at "s lat] date1 = z c>eful z may be ! build]1 ! hi/ory ( ro( valleys %[s t !y leak soon] or lat]4 ,! design] _c freely mix 8 ro(s ei!r4 ,gambrel ro(s1 hip ro(s1 & gabl$ ro(s d n g toge!r h>moni\sly1 )\t consid]able /udy1 & z a g5]al rule !y %\ld n be requir$ to d s4 ,! usual me?ods ( con/ruction ( ^! types ( ro(s are indicat$ well en\gh 9 ! draw+s & ne$ no explanation4 ,! ridge-poles 9 all cases are n ( any /ructural importance1 b act z alignm5ts = raft]s4 ,= ?is reason !y are made only an in* ?ick4 ,hip raft]s h mu* ! same function 9 hip ro(s4 ,:5ev] valley raft]s are ne$$1 ^! mu/ be design$ l floor gird]s4 ,if dorm]s are built into ! ro(1 x is cu/om>y to d\ble ! raft]s ar\nd ! op5+s4 ,:]e gable dorm]s are con/ruct$1 "o ( ! valley raft]s mu/ be ext5d$ to ! ridge-pole1 or else ! raft]s w collapse4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gambrel ,,ro( ,,con/ruction ,illu/ration3 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,gable ,,ro( ,illu/ration3 ,,hip ,,ro( ,,con/ruction ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,a ,,dorm] ,ev5 :5 x comes to ! design ( dorm]-w9d[s1 ! limits ( orig9ality are q re/rict$4 ,! draw+s %[ all ( ! possible types t h be5 us$ ) any success4 ,v>iations 9 ! proportions & ! details ( ^! motifs is ab\t all t ! design] c hope =1 & yet ?is is "o ( ! h>de/ problems to solve4 ,! correct design+ ( dorm]-w9d[s is a v r>e ?+ to be se54 ,h[ _m h\ses ( mod]n ,colonial /yle h ugly dorm]s6 ,!y are usually made too l>ge & too wide & fat4 ,! dorm]-w9d[s us$ 9 ! old ,colonial h\ses 7 n>r[ & high1 & 9 ^? proportions 7 _! *>m+ appeals4 ,to-day a d\ble-hung w9d[ ) weight-boxes is us$ 9 ^! dorm]s1 & ! :ole wid? made too wide because ( ^! additions to ! sides4 ,?is is a w>n+ t ! design] %\ld be c>eful 9 adapt+ old motifs to mod]n requirem5ts4 ,?is p>ticul> problem has be5 correctly solv$ ) ! use ( ! weight-box1 b h[ _m times x has n be5 solv$ is evid5t on all sides4 ,ano!r un=tunate use ( ! dorm]-w9d[ motif is ! ext5sion ( ! second floor up ?r\gh ! l[] slope ( ! gambrel ro(4 ,?is cuts away any legitimate l[] section ( ! gambrel ro(1 & 9 ord] to pres]ve x1 ! design] projects x outw>d f ! ends ( ! h\se1 & has x skirt by ! side ( ! second floor l an add$ toboggan-slide ) no e>?ly reason = its exi/5ce4 ,!n1 too1 ! prairie-s*oon] dorm]1 ! semicircle "o1 & ! eyebr[ dorm] are c]ta9ly types to be us$ ) great c>e1 = !y c become eyesores )\t ef=t1 & !y co/ a good deal to con/ruct4 ,:]e ! dorm] is to be made inconspicu\s ! flat-ro( type has be5 successfully employ$1 b ! ro(+ mat]ial on x %\ld be t9 or copp]4 ,9 "s ( ! trap-door types ( dorm]s :]e ! pit* is v slight1 ! ro(+ mat]ial ought to be ( %eet metal4 ,! sides ( dorm]s are made less conspicu\s by cov]+ !m ) ! same mat]ial z us$ on ! ro(1 b ?is is n always desirable4 ,h[ev]1 all v]tical jo9ts ( dorm]s ) ! ro( %\ld be c>efully fla%$ to prev5t leaks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,flat ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,gable ,,end ,! treatm5t ( ! gable ends ( dorm]s is practically ! same z t requir$ = ! treatm5t ( ! gable ends ( ! ma9 ro(4 ,"h aga91 al?\gh on ! face ( x !re seem to be innum]able ways ( treat+ ! gable ends ( ro(s1 yet !re are comp>atively few me?ods4 ,! draw+s %[ ab\t all ! possible ways1 & any types :i* appe> to diff] f ^! c be %[n to be m]ely v>iations4 ,! simple/ me?od ( treatm5t is to place a small m\ld+ "u ! ends ( ! %+les4 ,a v>iation ( ?is c be made by add+ a wide bo>d bel[ ! m\ld+ or a c\rse ( %+les runn+ p>allel ) ! edge4 ,! classic cornice c be us$1 b great ta/e is ne$$ 9 h&l+ ?is motif1 = any pit* :i* is n ( ! traditional classic p$im5t =m is apt to look badly4 ,! v]ge-bo>d motif comes f half-timb] traditions1 & is g5]ally us$ 9 a v c>eless fa%ion4 ,9 g5]al1 x usually looks be/ :5 "s visible means ( support is made a "p ( ! design4 ,illu/ration3 ,,flat ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,gable ,,end ,illu/ration3 ,,adaptation ,,( ,,classic ,,p$im5t ,illu/ration3 ,,v]ge-,,bo>d ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,gable ,,end ,! %+le imitation ( ! ?at*$-ro( gable is "o ( ^? amus+ ar*itectural fads :i* d n h v deep roots1 & soon] or lat] are =gott54 ,! wall-gable treatm5t is v dignifi$1 b is usually associat$ ) l>g] h\ses1 b :5 simplifi$ x has a *>m :i* none ( ! o!r motifs c (f]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%+le ,,imitat+ ,,gable ,,end ,,( ,,?at*$-,,ro( ,,wall ,,gable ,o!r ?an ^! few1 !re are no common motifs to use 9 adorn+ ! gable end ( a ro(4 ,?is & ! previ\s /atem5ts only g to prove t ! orig9ality ( design 9 ! small h\se is limit$ )9 a n>r[ scope1 & t ! real beauty is n obta9$ 9 try+ to f9d diff]5t =ms1 b 9 try+ to use ! traditional /ructural =ms 9 ! be/ proportions & giv+ c>eful att5tion to ! details4 ,9 fact1 x has be5 said t h\se design+ is l>gely an assembl+1 into pleas+ g5]al proportions1 ( c>efully design$ traditional details4 ,,xix ,,traditions ,,( ,,build+ ,,f ,,:i* ,,our ,,mod]n ,,me?ods ,,are ,,d]iv$ ,importance ( ,tradition ,! art ( build+ has gr[n by evolution1 l o!r ?+s 9 ?is _w4 ,! c>p5t] :o builds 9 wood to-day builds accord+ to c]ta9 cu/oms :i* come d[n to him f c5turies ( c>p5t]s4 ,mod]n me?ods ( con/ruct+ ! small h\se h all human hi/ory = _! backgr\nd4 ,:5 we speak ( mod]n me?ods1 we m]ely ref] to ^? :i* are us$ at ?is "t1 z !y h evolv$ f pa/ exp]i5ce & be5 consid]$ satisfactory4 ,to he> "s ar*itects & build]s talk1 "o w\ld ?9k t mod]n ,am]ica _h ! monopoly on good con/ruction1 & t our sy/em ( build+ 0 newly inv5t$4 ,h[ (t5 h we he>d rem>ks l ! foll[+ f ! self-/yl$ practical man3 8,! g5ius ( ! pres5t age is em95tly practical & con/ructive4 ,improvem5ts ( e k9d & +5i\s contrivances = easily effect+ results1 :i* 9 pa/ ages 7 only accompli%$ by sl[1 labori\s ef=t1 444 etc40 ,b !y 7 say+ ?is k9d ( ?+ 9 #aheh1 = ! above is quot$ f a book ( ?is date1 s t ev5 ! practical man is traditional 9 8 rem>ks ab\t build+4 ,!re are also too _m "y m5 to-day wa/+ _! "t discov]+ :at !y ?9k are new ways ( build+1 b :i* h be5 kn[n = c5turies & disc>d$ z unsatisfactory4 ,if !y w\ld only /udy :at _h already be5 done1 !y w\ld save !mselves a lot ( tr\ble4 ,/yles ( ,design ,*ange1 b ,con/ruction ! ,same ,! /yles 9 design+ h\ses may *ange f ye> to ye>1 or m likely f g5]ation to g5]ation1 b ! me?ods ( build+ & ! traditions 9 back ( !m cont9ue on1 ) only slight *anges :i* m>k ! evolution ( ! art4 ,9 z brief a p]iod z we h _h 9 ?is c\ntry to produce dome/ic ar*itecture1 we c notice v di/9ct /yles ( design1 b runn+ ?r\gh !m all are simil> ways ( build+4 ,our e>lie/ ,colonial h\ses 7 built accord+ to traditions br\ght ov] f ,engl&4 ,^! traditions 9 turn _h deep roots 9 ,europe1 back to primitive days1 :5 h\ses 7 n mu* m ?an tempor>y1 movable %acks4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o g5]al tr5d ?r\gh :i* build+ me?ods seem to pass4 ,fir/1 we h r heavy1 clumsy ways ( build+2 ?is is foll[$ by a long p]iod ( exp]im5tal cutt+ d[n ( ! mat]ials ( con/ruction & /&>dization ( p>ts2 foll[+ ?is comes ! /age ( extreme lightness ( con/ruction1 :5 ! build]s g z ne> ! limit ( safety z possible1 & !n accid5ts occur :i* t5d to discr$it ! sy/em4 ,! e>ly ,engli% h\ses 7 built ( heavy oak-trees4 ,lat] half-timb] h\ses us$ small] /ructural memb]s & m /&>d sizes4 ,^! traditions 7 br\ght to ?is c\ntry1 b x 0 soon f\nd t heavy oak 0 n necess>y = _! /ability1 b t "s ( ! native s(t woods w\ld answ] ! purpose4 ,! ?9n+-d[n process cont9u$1 until we develop$ ! frame dwell+ ( balloon con/ruction :i* is practically built ( #b by #d pieces ?r\gh\t4 ,we are n[ hav+ a build+ code =mulat$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce1 :i* is int5d$ to e/abli% ! m9imum requirem5ts = small-h\se con/ruction1 s t greate/ economy ( mat]ial c be secur$1 b also a prec$5t set = ! m9imum cutt+ d[n ( mat]ial 9 build+4 ,9 ! compilation ( ?is code ?is t5d5cy to r$uce ! quantity ( mat]ial us$ 0 v evid5t 9 ! discussions :i* c5tr$ ar\nd ! problem ( :e!r ! brick walls = small h\ses %\ld be #ab or #h in*es ?ick4 ,9 ,colonial days !y ?\ght no?+ ( build+ !m #b feet ?ick4 ,to-day we hesitate at build+ !m z ?ick z #ab in*es4 ,9 fact1 our build+ codes %[ no uni=mity ( op9ion on ! matt]1 & our exp]ts disagree4 ,! prelim9>y =m ( ! above-m5tion$ code has settl$ ^u an #h-;in* ?ickness = walls n exce$+ #cj feet1 & made additional all[ance = an extra #e feet 9 height on ! gable end ( ! build+4 ,! process ( ?9n+ d[n is /ill go+ on1 z ?is indicates4 ,! illu/rations repres5t+ briefly ! hi/orical progress ( /yles 9 dome/ic ar*itecture 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are giv5 to %[ h[ ^! /yles h v>i$1 & impress ! read] ) ! r con/ant und]curr5t ( con/ruction me?ods ?r\gh\t ^! *anges4 ,9 ! e>ly ,colonial h\ses ! wood5 frames 7 built ( heavy oak timb]s :i* 7 hewn into %ape & dress$ d[n ) ! adze4 ,sometimes raft]s & joi/s 7 sawn1 & ! fur!r along we progress 9 "t ! m we f9d ! saw be+ us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,am]ican ,,dome/ic ,illu/ration3 ,,am]ican ,,dome/ic ,illu/ration3 ,,am]ican ,,dome/ic ,if we n[ jump to ! p]iod betwe5 #ahfe & #ahhi1 we f9d t ! awful atrocities ( ar*itecture 7 be+ built 9 ! ,ea/ ) simil> heavy frames1 al?\gh slightly less massive4 ,:]e tradition 0 less /rong 9 ! ,we/1 ! balloon frame _h gr[n up1 b dur+ ! same p]iod h\ses ( equally bad design 7 built ) "o or ! o!r sy/ems1 %[+ t ! sy/em ( con/ruction _h v little to d ) ! /yle ( ar*itecture4 ,ev5 consid] ! v>iety ( /yles us$ 9 mod]n dome/ic "w1 & !n "o c realize t all ( ^! diff]5t types ( build+s are built mu* 9 ! same way4 ,good design has app>5tly little relation to good con/ruction1 al?\gh good design is improv$ :5 x expresses ! con/ruction4 ,we (t5 see v beautiful h\ses set up = mov+-picture plays1 b ^! are built ( flimsy /age sc5]y4 ,we h also se5 v ugly h\ses :i* make u curse ! build] = hav+ built !m s well4 ,fundam5tal ,build+ ,traditions ,inh]it$ f ,engl& ,x is f ,engl& t we h inh]it$ mo/ ( our build+ traditions ( dome/ic "w4 ,! e>lie/ me?ods ( con/ruct+ a home 7 mu* ! same = all ,european c\ntries4 ,wov5 bru%wood ( ! crude/ sort 0 und\bt$ly ! fir/ beg9n+s ( dome/ic con/ruction4 ,! next /ep 9 advance 01 accord+ to a ,g]man !ory1 inv5t$ by a woman4 ,x consi/$ ( erect+ lean+ poles & /akes & fill+ ! space betwe5 ) inwov5 wattlework4 ,! %apes 7 conical1 l ! ,indian t5ts1 b lat] ! gable ro( %ape 0 adopt$ because ( ! great] int]ior space all[$4 ,9 build+ ! gable-%ap$ h\ses ! e>ly build]s us$ v heavy & massive con/ruction = ! ridge-pole & its support1 = !y believ$ t ?is upheld ! raft]s4 ,?is tradition 0 kept alive until q rec5t times1 b n[ we "k t :5 raft]s are support$ at _! base1 ! ridge-pole practically takes none ( ! weight & ne$ only be us$ = ease ( erection4 ,illu/ration3 ,,primitive ,,type ,,old ,,engli% ,,cruck ,,con/ruction ,b to our ance/ors ! important problem 9 fir/ erect+ ! h\se 0 to secure ! sub/antial support ( ! ridge-pole4 ,obvi\sly ! erection ( two =k$ trees at ei!r end ( ! ridge-pole made an excell5t solution1 b :5 ! room 0 long ?is meant t ! int]ior _h to be clutt]$ up ) int]ior po/s4 ,we f9d !n t "o ( ! primitive me?ods 9 ,engl& ( elim9at+ ! int]ior po/s 0 ! adoption ( ! cruck sy/em ( con/ruction :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,by select+ two b5t trees & plac+ !m toge!r 9 a %ape l a wi%-bone1 ! ridge-pole c\ld be well support$ )\t int]ior columns4 ,by plac+ cross-tie beams on ^! b5t trees & ext5d+ !m outw>d1 ! plates = support+ ! l[] ends ( ! raft]s c\ld be held 9 position4 ,?is p]mitt$ ! c>p5t]s to erect ! ext]ior walls indep5d5tly ( ! ro(1 a ?+ :i* !y seem to h desir$4 ,!re is ano!r v>iation ( ! above me?od ( support+ ! ridge-pole1 & t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,in/ead ( select+ a b5t tree1 "o 0 secur$ :i* 0 upright = a c]ta9 height1 & !n :i* b5t to "o side ) a bran*4 ,by plac+ two ( ^! trees toge!r1 a p]fect end 0 =m$ = ! h\se4 ,h[ev]1 ?is 0 n a v good type1 s9ce x meant ! select+ ( v unusual-%ap$ trees4 ,illu/ration3 ,,engli% ,,po/ ,,truss ,,con/ruction ,= ?is reason ! sy/em ( po/-&-truss con/ruction1 :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #d1 0 ! natural outcome ( ! above4 ,diagonal brac+ at ! corn]s evid5tly 0 f\nd to be useful 9 resi/+ high w9d-/orms1 & x 0 usually employ$4 ,!re app>5tly rema9$ a di/ru/ ( masonry walls among ! c>p5t]s1 = !y cont9u$ to support ! ro(s entirely ^u heavy timb] fram+1 & records %[ t ! ext]ior walls 7 built up aft] ! ro(-fram+ _h be5 complet$4 ,!re are evid5ces t ! e>ly types ( walls1 aft] ! primitive wov5 bru%wood walls prov$ insecure1 7 made l a b>ricade ( trees2 t is1 !y 7 m]ely a cont9u\s l9e ( v]tically plac$ tree-trunks4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 0 a ru9\sly exp5sive type ( wall :5 timb] became sc>ce1 & x is no wond] t x grew to a sy/em ( con/ruction l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,ev5 ?is requir$ a good deal ( wood1 s t ! fill+ ( ! space betwe5 ! timb]s r logically became masonry or pla/] on la?4 ,h[ev]1 ! me?od ( build+ %[n 9 ,fig4 #e has all ( ! elem5ts ( ! sy/em ( con/ruction us$ 9 fram+ mod]n ext]ior walls4 ,! mo/ important diff]5ce is 9 ! size ( ! timb]s us$4 ,illu/ration3,,type ,,( ,,anci5t ,,wood5 ,,wall ,,engli% ,,half ,,timb] ,,con/ruction ,! half-timb] con/ruction ( ! ,middle ,ages 0 only ! arti/ic treatm5t ( ?is crude sy/em ( build+4 ,9 draw+ numb] #f is a v simple half-timb] h\se :i* %[s practically no attempt at all to decorate4 ,! con/ruction is p]fectly evid5t1 & !re are no curves & c>v+ us$ to ornam5t ! build+1 z c be se5 on "s ( ! m elaborate h\ses ( ! cities4 ,?is simple build+ sy/em 0 ! traditional backgr\nd ( ! ,engli% c>p5t]1 & x is n at all extraord9>y t he br\ght 8 me?ods ( build+ ov] to ?is c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,type ,,( ,,fram+ ,,= ,,colonial ,,( ,,fir/ ,,p]iod ,,brac$ ,,frame ,,z ,,develop$ ,,f ,,new ,,engl& ,,colonial ,ev5 ! cu/om ( call+ 9 ! neighbors & fea/+ !m :5 a h\se-rais+ 0 celebrat$ came directly f ,engli% traditions4 ,! old po/-&-truss con/ruction ( ! e>ly ,engli% h\ses requir$ fram+ on ! gr\nd & !n lift+ into position aft]w>d4 ,records %[ t ! p f ! surr\nd+ c\ntryside 7 call$ 9 to help1 & _! wages ( hire 7 paid by ! h\se own] ) a huge fea/4 ,9 e>ly ,colonial days ! ne>e/ neighbors 7 likewise call$ 9 to help raise ! frame1 & ! ho/ 0 suppos$ to fe$ ! ga!r+1 aft] ! "w 0 f9i%$1 & make a jolly p>ty ( eat+ & dr9k+--a sort ( social debt1 b n look$ ^u z wages1 z 9 old] days4 ,! h>d climate :i* ! e>lie/ ,am]ican coloni/s _h to face & also ! abundant supply ( wood :i* lay at _! v doors 7 factors :i* slightly alt]$ ! traditions ( build+4 ,aft] ! h\se _h be5 fram$ & ! spaces betwe5 ! timb]s fill$ ) pla/] or masonry1 ! ext]ior 0 cov]$ ov] ) clapbo>ds or %+les z an extra cov]+ aga9/ ! wea!r4 ,! use ( clapbo>ds or %+les z an ext]ior cov]+ ( c\rse 0 n new1 = _m ,engli% f>mh\ses %[ t x 0 us$ 9 t c\ntry4 ,b ) ?is diff]5ce 9 ext]ior appe>ance1 ! fram+ und]nea? 0 ! same z %[n 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,revolt aga9/ ,new ,engl& ,traditions ,x 0 only a matt] ( "t :5 ! ?9n+-d[n process began to make itself evid5t 9 ! traditions ( ,colonial c>p5try1 & f its clumsy beg9n+s x evolv$ into ! m or less /&>d =m ( con/ruction :i* we call ! brace-frame4 ,! difficulty ( secur+ good labor 9 ! ,we/1 & also ! increas+ use ( ! p[] sawmill1 made x possible & necess>y to /&>dize a quick & easy me?od ( build+ :i* w\ld meet ! great dem& = h\ses 9 rapidly gr[+ communities4 ,quot+ f ! ,new ,york ,tribune ( ,janu>y #ah1 #ahee1 we h a v int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! conditions :i* 7 !n preval5t t br\ght ab\t ?is lat] v>iation ( ! wood5 frame /ructure4 ,! conditions !re describ$ seem almo/ l our mod]n difficulties ) labor & mat]ials4 8,mr4 ,rob9son said3 444 ,i w\ld saw all my timb]s = a frame h\se1 or ord9>y frame outbuild+1 ( ! foll[+ dim5sions3 #b #h in*es2 #b #d2 #b #a4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 built !m1 :5 ,i liv$ on ! ,gr& ,prairie ( ,indiana1 _m miles f sawmills1 ne>ly all ( split & hew$ /uff1 mak+ use ( rails or r\nd poles1 r$uc$ to /raight l9es & ev5 ?ickness on two sides1 = /uds & raft]s4 ,b saw$ /uff is mu* ! easie/1 ?\gh 9 a timb] c\ntry ! o!r is f> ! *eape/4 ,fir/1 level y\r f\ndation1 & lay d[n two ( ! #b #h pieces1 flatwise1 = side-walls4 ,^u ^! set ! floor-sleep]s1 on edge1 #cb in*es ap>t4 ,fa/5 "o at ea* end1 & p]haps "o or two 9 ! middle1 if ! build+ is l>ge1 ) a wood5 p94 ,^! end-sleep]s are ! end-sills4 ,n[ lay ! floor1 unless y design to h "o t w\ld be likely to be injur$ by ! wea!r be=e y get on ! ro(4 ,x is a great sav+1 ?\gh1 ( labor to beg9 at ! bottom ( a h\se & build up4 ,9 lay+ ! floor fir/1 y h no /uds to cut & fit ar\nd1 & c let y\r bo>ds run out ov] ! ends1 j z x happ5s1 & aft]w>d saw !m (f smoo? by ! sill4 ,n[ set up a corn]-po/1 :i* is no?+ b "o ( ! #b #d /uds1 fa/5+ ! bottom by f\r nails2 make x plumb1 & /ay x ea* way4 ,set ano!r at ! o!r corn]1 & !n m>k (f y\r door & w9d[ places & set up ! side-/uds & put 9 ! frames4 ,fill up ) /uds betwe51 #af in*es ap>t1 support+ ! top by a l9e or /rip ( bo>d f corn] to corn]1 or /ay$ /uds betwe54 ,n[ cov] t side ) r\gh %eet+ bo>ds1 unless y int5d to side-up ) clapbo>ds on ! /uds1 :i* ,i nev] w\ld d1 except = a small1 common build+4 ,make no calculation ab\t ! top ( y\r /uds2 wait till y get up t high4 ,y may use !m ( any l5g?1 ) brok5 or /ub-%ot ends1 no matt]4 ,:5 y h got ?is side bo>d$ z high z y c rea*1 proce$ to set up ano!r4 ,9 ! meantime o!r workm5 c be la?+ ! fir/ side4 ,:5 y h got ! sides all up1 fix ^u ! height ( y\r upp] floor1 & /rike a l9e ^u ! /uds = ! "u side ( ! joi/4 ,cut out a joi/ #d in*es wide1 half in* deep1 & nail on firmly "o ( ! in* /rips4 ,^u ^! /rips re/ ! *amb] floor-joi/4 ,cut out a joi/ #a in* deep1 9 ! l[] edge1 & lock x on ! /rip1 & nail ea* joi/ to ea* /ud4 ,n[ lay ?is floor1 & g on to build ! upp] /ory1 z y did ! l[] "o2 splic+ on & l5g!n+ out /uds :]ev] ne$$1 until y get high en\gh = ! plate4 ,splice /uds or joi/s by simply butt+ ! ends toge!r1 & nail+ /rips on ea* side4 ,/rike a l9e & saw (f ! top ( ! /uds ev5 ^u ea* side--n ! ends--& nail on "o ( ! in* /rips4 ,t is ! plate4 ,cut ! ends ( ! upp] joi/ ! bevel ( ! pit* ( ! ro(1 & nail !m fa/ to ! plate1 plac+ ! end ones inside ! /uds1 :i* y w let run up promiscu\sly1 to be cut (f by ! raft]4 ,n[ lay ! g>ret floor by all means be=e y put on ! ro(1 & y w f9d t y h sav$ #ej p] c5t ( h>d labor4 ,! raft]s1 if support$ s z n to be ov] #aj feet long1 w be /rong en\gh ( ! #b #d /uff4 ,bevel ! ends & nail fa/ to ! joi/4 ,!n !re is no /ra9 ^u ! sides by ! weight ( ! ro(1 :i* may be cov]$ ) %+les or o!r mat]ials--! *eape/ be+ composition or cem5t ro(s4 ,to make "o ( ?is k9d1 take s(t1 spongy1 ?ick pap]1 & tack x ^u ! bo>ds 9 c\rses l %+les4 ,comm5ce at ! top ) hot t> & saturate ! pap]1 ^u :i* sift ev5ly f9e gravel1 press+ x 9 :ile hot--t is1 :ile t> & gravel are bo? hot4 ,"o coat w make a tight ro(2 two coats w make x m durable4 ,put up y\r p>titions ( /uff #a #d1 unless :]e y want to support ! upp] joi/--!n use /uff #b #d1 ) /rips nail$ on top1 = ! joi/ to re/ ^u1 fa/5+ all toge!r by nails1 :]ev] timb]s t\*4 ,?us y w h a frame )\t a t5on or mortise1 or brace1 & yet x is f> *eap]1 & incalculably /rong] :5 f9i%$1 ?an ?\gh x 7 compos$ ( timb]s #aj in*es squ>e1 ) a ?\s& aug] holes & a hundr$ days' "w ) ! *isel & adze1 mak+ holes & p9s to fill !m4 8,to lay out & frame a build+ s t all its p>ts w come toge!r requires ! skill ( a ma/] me*anic1 & a ho/ ( m5 & a deal ( h>d "w to lift ! great /icks ( timb] into position4 ,to erect a balloon build+ requires ab\t z mu* me*anical skill z x does to build a bo>d f5ce4 ,any f>m] :o is h&y ) ! saw1 iron squ>e1 & hamm]1 ) "o ( 8 boys or a common labor] to assi/ him1 c g to "w & put up a frame = an outbuild+1 & f9i% x (f ) 8 own labor1 j z well z to hire a c>p5t] to score & hew great oak /icks & fill !m full ( mortises1 all by ! sci5ce ( ! #8squ>e rule4' ,x is a wa/e ( labor t we %\ld all l5d our aid to put a /op to4 ,besides1 x w enable _m a f>m] to improve 8 place ) new build+s1 :o1 ?\gh he has long ne$$ !m1 has %udd]$ at ! ?\ght ( cutt+ d[n half ( ! be/ trees 9 8 wood-lot1 & !n giv+ half a ye>'s "w to haul+ x home & pay+ = :at ,i d "k is ! :olly useless labor ( fram+4 ,if x _h n be5 = ! k ( balloon frames1 ,*icago & ,san ,francisco c\ld nev] h aris51 z !y did1 f little villages to great cities 9 a s+le ye>4 ,x is n alone city build+s1 :i* are support$ by "o ano!r1 t may be ?us erect$1 b ^? ^u ! op5 prairie1 :]e ! w9d has a sweep f ,mack9aw to ! ,mississippi1 = !re !y are built1 & /& z firm z any ( ! old frames ( ,new ,engl&1 ) po/s & beams #af in*es squ>e40 ,! above address1 :i* 0 deliv]$ be=e ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ,f>m]s' ,club1 has be5 quot$ 9 detail because ( ! int]e/+ po9t ( view ( ! days ( #ahee :i* x reveals4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,rob9son _h f9i%$ !re 7 o!r comm5ts1 especially "o by ,mr4 ,y\mans1 9 :i* he describ$ e>ly conditions ( build+ 9 ,san ,francisco4 ,he also said t he _h adopt$ ?is plan ( build+ on 8 f>m 9 ,s>atoga ,c\nty1 :]e he f\nd great difficulty 9 gett+ c>p5t]s t w\ld d z he wi%$4 ,!y c\ld n give up t5ons & mortises1 & braces & big timb]s1 = ! light ribs1 #b by #d in*es1 ( a balloon frame4 ,does ?is n rem9d ! mod]n read] ( comm5ts he has he>d ^u all sides ^! days conc]n+ labor :i* w n d :at is want$ b insi/s on do+ ?+s 9 ! old way8 ,"s p]t95t rem>ks 7 also made by a ,mr4 ,/illman1 :o te/ifi$ t he _h se5 :ole blocks ( h\ses built 9 two weeks at ,san ,francisco1 & bett] frames he nev] saw4 ,he said !y 7 put up a /ory at a "t1 ! fir/ two floors (t5 be+ fram$ & sid$ 9 & liv$ 9 be=e ! upp] "p ( ! h\se 0 up4 ,h we any su* h\s+ crisis z ?is1 9 ^! days1 or did we d any quick] build+ ( w> villages ?an t describ$ above8 ,& n[ we read f ! ,prelim9>y ,report on ! ,build+ ,code ,committee ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce ! cry/alliz$ tradition ( ?is sy/em ( wood5 frame con/ruction :i* 0 evolv$ s _m ye>s ago t we sometimes =get ! conditions ( its mak+3 8,ext]ior ,walls4--#a4 ,wood /udd+ %all be #b #d in*es nom9al size or l>g]1 & spac$ n to exce$ #af in*es on c5tres4 ,all walls %all be securely brac$ at corn]s4 ,! m9imum sizes specifi$ 9 ^! requirem5ts %all 9 all cases be und]/ood z ref]r+ to nom9al sizes ( su* timb]s4 #b4 ,ext]ior walls1 except ^? ( dwell+s or p>ts !re( n m ?an "o /ory high1 %all be %ea!d ) bo>ds n less ?an in* ?ick4 ,%ea?+-bo>ds %all be laid tight & prop]ly nail$ to ea* /ud ) n less ?an #b t5p5ny nails4 ,:]e ! %ea?+ is omitt$ all corn]s %all be diagonally brac$ & su* o!r measures tak5 to secure rigidity z may be necess>y4 #c4 ,wood %ea?+ may be omitt$ :5 o!r types ( con/ruction are us$ t are prov5 ( adequate /r5g? & /ability by te/s conduct$ by recogniz$ au?orities4 #d4 ,:5 joi/s are support$ on l$g] or ribbon bo>ds1 su* bo>ds %all n be less ?an #a #d in*es1 %all be laid into ! /uds & securely nail$ ) n less ?an #b nails to ea* /ud4 ,! floor-joi/s %all be well spik$ to ! sides ( ! /uds40 ,,xx ,,traditions ,,( ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,doors ,,& ,,w9d[s ,w9d[s ,illu/ration3 ,primitive w9d[ ,:at are ! elem5ts ( design 9 ! elevations ( ! small h\se8 ,surely !y are n ! five classical ord]s1 z commonly us$ 9 monum5tal ar*itecture1 b r !y are ! doors & w9d[s4 ,! successful plac+ & c>eful detail+ ( ! doors & w9d[s ( a small h\se w h m to d ) ! ar*itectural attractiv5ess ( ! /ructure ?an any?+ else1 =1 aft] all1 ! mo/ important "p ( any elevation is ! treatm5t ( ! holes 9 x4 ,! walls w\ld be pla9 & un9t]e/+ b = ! holes :]e ! doors & w9d[s are plac$4 ,! f5e/ration _c be too l>ge or too small1 & "h is ! problem4 ,we desire pl5ty ( light & air1 b we mu/ also recognize t w9d[s :i* are too l>ge leave little wall space 9 ! rooms1 are cold 9 w9t]1 & appe> less homelike ?an small] & snugg] appe>+ ones4 ,!n1 too1 w9d[s :i* are ( pla91 cle> glass 9 v l>ge %eets make ^! holes appe> op5 & black1 & ?is is q contr>y to our traditions ( ! w9d[s ( a home1 :i* %\ld be safe & cosey4 ,! omission ( munt9s f ! w9d[s ( small h\ses is a great mi/ake 9 design1 ev5 ?\gh ^! small panes require a little m "w to wa%4 ,illu/ration3 ,lattice ,w9d[ ,our traditions ( door & w9d[ con/ruction come1 z d o!r /ructural traditions1 f ,engl&4 ,und\bt$ly ! e>lie/ /ructures _h no w9d[s at all1 b 7 light$ by ! op5+s ?r\gh ! defective con/ruction ( ! walls & also ?r\gh ! door4 ,our ance/ors ( ^? days 7 m int]e/$ 9 protect+ !mselves f outside intrud]s ?an !y 7 9 fre% air & sun%9e 9 _! rooms4 ,:5 x 0 safe to build w9d[s !y 7 only holes 9 ! walls4 ,"s ( ! old huts1 built on crucks1 a con/ruction previ\sly describ$1 _h holes 9 ! ro(s = w9d[s1 :i* s]v$ ! d\ble purpose ( lett+ 9 light & lett+ out ! smoke ( ! fire4 ,we get an inkl+ ( :at a w9d[ 0 f ! v d]ivation ( ! ^w itself1 :i* comes f ! old ,norse ^w 8w9d-auga0 or w9d-eye4 ,?is does n s\nd l a glaz$ sa%1 nor does ! o!r ,anglo-,saxon t]m = w9d[1 8w9d-dur10 mean+ w9d-door1 sugge/ a clos$ ap]ture4 ,( c\rse ^! w9d[s 7 und\bt$ly clos$ 9 "s way or o!r 9 /ormy wea!r or :5 dang] 0 outside4 ,probably a wood5 bo>d or %utt] 0 us$1 :i* _h a small peep-hole cut 9 x4 ,^! 7 hung f ! top1 & :5 op5$ 7 held 9 position ) a prop on ! outside4 ,!re is no c]ta9ty ( :5 ! small] dome/ic h\ses ( ,engl& began to use glaz$ w9d[s4 ,9 #aeai ,william ,horman wrote3 8,i wyll haue a latesse be=e ! glasse = brekynge40 ,?is w\ld sugge/ t w9d[s ( latticework 7 pref]r$ because ( ! co/ ( glass1 & ?is might h be5 fill$ in/ead ) canvas1 horn1 or tile to let 9 "s light4 ,b ano!r writ] 9 #aefb says3 8,lattice keepe? out ! light & lette? 9 ! w9de40 ,:5 glass w9d[s 7 us$1 h[ev]1 ! small bits ( glass 7 held 9 position by lead 9 diamond-%ap$ patt]ns1 :i* probably 7 adopt$ f ! =m ( ! old lattice w9d[s1 al?\gh lat] x 0 f\nd t rectangul> panes 7 *eap]4 ,b ! use ( glass 9 small h\ses is comp>atively mod]n1 =1 be=e ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii1 glass w9d[s 7 r>e except 9 *ur*es & g5tlem5's h\ses4 ,illu/ration3 ,an old unglaz$ w9d[1 ! e>ly beg9n+s ( sa% ,traditions ( /one mullion$ w9d[s 7 v /rong1 & ^! br\ght ab\t a sy/em ( build+ wood51 unglaz$ sa% :i* _h mullions made ( oak1 set 9 a heavy oak frame4 ,"o ( ^! is %[n 9 ! draw+s4 ,! ^w 8sa%0 is d]iv$ f ! ,fr5* 8*assis10 & its e>lie/ spell+ 0 8%as0 or 8%a%40 ,9 a book1 8,me*anick ,ex]cises10 writt5 by ,moxon 9 #agjj1 he m5tions 8%as frames & %as lights40 ,x 0 ^! old1 unglaz$ wood5 sa% :i* gave bir? to ! mod]n d\ble-hung & casem5t w9d[4 ,illu/ration3 ,crude beg9n+ ( ! slid+ ,sa% ,z fir/ made1 !y op5$ by slid+ 9 _! frames1 ei!r horizontally or v]tically4 ,if !y 7 built to slide v]tically !y 7 n c\nt]balanc$ ) weights1 z 9 our mod]n w9d[s1 b 7 held 9 position ) a hook :i* caught 9 not*es cut 9 ! side ( ! frame4 ,x is int]e/+ to quote "h :at ,william ,horman wrote 9 #aeai3 8,i haue _m prety wynd[es %ette ) l\ys goynge up & d[ne40 ,x is suppos$ t ! idea ( c\nt]balanc+ ^! sa% by means ( weights1 atta*$ by a cord runn+ up ov] a pulley1 came to ,engl& f ,holl&4 ,?is type began to be us$ ab\t ! latt] half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & al?\gh ! e>ly examples 7 clumsy & heavy & ! groove 9 :i* ! sa% 7 made to run 0 work$ out 9 ! solid1 yet by ! process ( ye>s ( ref9em5t ! mod]n d\ble-hung w9d[ 0 evolv$4 ,! traditions ( ^! slid+ w9d[s 7 br\ght to ,am]ica 9 ,colonial days1 & !y prov$ to be ! mo/ suitable types = our rigor\s climate1 :]eas ! w9d[s1 :i* swung l doors f _! sides1 call$ casem5t w9d[s1 did n prove s wea!r-resi/+4 ,illu/ration3 ,mod]n ,d\ble-hung ,w9d[ ,casem5t ,w9d[ ,sa% sw+s inw>d ,to he> "s individuals talk1 "o w\ld almo/ ?9k t ! d\ble-hung w9d[ 0 a mod]n1 ,am]ican inv5tion ( arti/ic atroci\sness1 & t ! casem5t w9d[ 0 peculi>ly ,engli%1 hav+ ! sole "r to arti/ic m]it4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! fa%ion 9 ,engl& = casem5t w9d[s 0 an import$ "o f ! ,cont95t1 :i* nev] rea*$ c]ta9 f>m sections ( ,engl&4 ,9 fact1 "s ye>s ago c]ta9 agricultural labor]s refus$ to live 9 cottages fitt$ ) casem5t w9d[s :i* _h be5 built by a di/rict c\ncil4 ,! ,georgian revival1 :i* _h s mu* influ5ce ^u our e>ly ,colonial "w1 & :i* is also v mu* alive to-day 9 ?is c\ntry1 br\ght into fa%ion aga9 ! traditional d\ble-hung w9d[4 ,( c\rse !re is mu* to be said aga9/ ! arti/ic appe>ance ( ! d\ble-hung w9d[ z comp>$ ) ! casem5t w9d[1 b :5 all is said & done we /ill g on us+ m d\ble-hung w9d[s ?an casem5t w9d[s1 = 9 ! majority ( cases !y prove to be m sub/antial 9 resi/+ ! heavy w9ds & /orms ( our climate4 ,e n[ & aga9 we he> "s prom95t ar*itect urg+ ! use ( casem5t w9d[s1 & we c f9d pl5ty ( manufactur]s ( casem5t w9d[ h>dw>e tell+ u to use !m1 & ! mak]s ( /eel casem5t sa% drum 9 our e>s ! practical qualities ( /eel sa%1 & "o is l$ to wond] :y !y are n us$ m4 ,b traditions are /rong] ?an adv]tisem5ts4 ,doors ,!re is an anci5t ,engli% expression1 8put t' duur i' t' hoile0 7put ! door 9 ! hole71 :i* comes d[n f ! times :5 ! door 0 n fa/5$ by h+es & did n sw+ into place1 b _h to be lift$ up & plac$ ov] ! door op5+4 ,:5 ! door 0 op5$ x lean$ aga9/ two /akes driv5 into ! gr\nd1 or "s simil> support4 ,^! old doors 7 v small1 z comp>$ ) our mod]n doors1 & 7 probably made ( light wattle1 = we read 9 "s old rhymes ( ?r[+ doors & w9d[s on ! attack+ enemy4 ,ev5 :5 solid-wood doors 7 us$ !y 7 made ( "o piece ( wood4 ,doors made ( a numb] ( planks ( wood fa/5$ toge!r by batt5s or l$ges 7 a lat] type4 ,x 0 notic$ t ^! sagg$ :5 hung 9 position & cross brac+ 0 f\nd necess>y4 ,^! old batt5 or l$g$ doors 7 swung on pivots ( wood :i* re/$ 9 sockets bor$ into ! l9tel & ! sill4 ,^! pivots 7 call$ h>rs1 & lat] 7 made ( iron4 ,! evolution ( ! h+e idea f ! h>r is %[n 9 a s]ies ( draw+s4 ,= _m ye>s ^! great h+es became a v decorative "p ( ! door1 & great c>e 0 tak5 ) _! design+4 ,our mod]n butt is q ! opposite 9 its *>act]i/ics1 = in/ead ( be+ a feature ^u ! face ( ! door x is completely hidd51 except ! socket & p94 ,illu/ration3 ,primitive ,door ,old door ( solid wood plank ,batt5 or ,l$g$ ,door ,illu/ration3 ,an old ,engli% ,l$g$ ,door ,9 build+ ! old l$g$ doors1 ! planks 7 set v]tically & held toge!r ) batt5s ?r\gh :i* 7 driv5 wood5 pegs4 ,! ends ( ^! pegs 7 *amf]$1 & a curi\s m>k ( tradition c be not$ 9 ! lat] doors1 :i* 7 fa/5$ ) iron p9s t 7 also *amf]$ on ! ends1 l ! wood5 p9s4 ,lat] con/ruction ( doors %[s ! use ( wea!r-/ripp+ ov] ! v]tical jo9ts & also ! use ( v>i\s lay]s ( planks1 ) _! gra9s runn+ at "r angles 9 ea* alt]nate lay]4 ,! end timb] ^u :i* ! h>r 0 plac$ 0 ?ick] ?an ! plank+1 & lat] ! timb] ^u ! opposite side 0 made heavi] 9 ord] to /r5g!n ! crude locks4 ,) ?is *ange & ! mov+ ( ! batt5s to ! upp] & l[] edges ( ! door1 & ! introduction ( wea!r-/ripp+ ov] ! cracks betwe5 planks1 !re 0 creat$ ! prototype = ! mod]n panell$ door4 ,x 0 only a slight /ep f ?is to frame ! /yles1 top & bottom rails1 & lock rails ar\nd ! panels betwe5 !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,wood5 ,h>r ,iron ,h>r ,iron ,h>r ,iron ,h+e ,hoolie ,developm5t ( ! ,door ,h+e ,illu/ration3 ,mod]n ,loose-jo9t ,butt ,loose-p9 ,butt 7#i7 ,ano!r type ( door t 0 ( traditional con/ruction1 & f ! "n ( :i* we d]ive our ^w hat*1 0 ! s-call$ 8heck-door40 ,?is door corresponds to ! common 8dut*-door10 :i* is famili> to u 9 ,dut* ,colonial h\ses4 ,x 0 capable ( be+ op5$ 9 two halves2 ! upp] half c\ld be swung 9 )\t ! l[] half4 ,?is type ( door 0 inv5t$ f ! necessity ( protection aga9/ ! sudd5 intrusion ( /rang]s & also small animals1 l pigs & h5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,simple ,batt5 ,door ,illu/ration3 ,developm5t ( ! panel door f ! batt5 door4 ,! olde/ me?od ( fa/5+ doors 0 to draw a long b> across !m on ! inside1 v mu* l ! b>s :i* 7 us$ 9 ,colonial h\ses 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,a hole 0 cut into ! jamb into :i* ?is b> c\ld be run :5 lock$1 & 9 ! opposite jamb 0 ano!r hole into :i* x c\ld be slid out ( ! way4 ,! disadvantage ( ?is type ( door fa/5+ 0 t x c\ld only be fa/5$ & unfa/5$ f ! inside4 ,?is l$ to o!r devices1 su* z a bolt t c\ld be op]at$ f ! outside & a lat* t c\ld be lift$ by a /r+1 or a hole 0 cut 9 ! door ?r\gh :i* a small bit ( metal c\ld be pass$ t c\ld be us$ z a lift = ! lat*4 ,to-day we ?9k ( locks & bolts & lat*es z di/9ct1 b ?is 0 n s at ! "t !y 7 be+ evolv$4 ,our ^w lock 0 us$ 9 ! s5se ( secur+ ! door 9 any mann]4 ,b gradually1 z1 /ep by /ep1 ! v>i\s me*anisms = lock+ a door 7 develop$1 ! ^w became limit$ 9 its mean+1 al?\gh we sometimes use x to-day 9 ! s5se ( clos+ ! door4 ,,xxi ,,build+ ,,! ,,sett+ ,,= ,,! ,,h\se ,!oretical ,features ( ,gr\nd ,arrangem5t ,!re are five fundam5tals :i* %\ld be consid]$ 9 f9i%+ ! gr\nds ab\t ! small h\se1 = x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! f9e/ gem ( dome/ic design w be lo/ unless x is plac$ 9 ! "r sett+4 ,^! five pr9ciples are ! production ( an intimate relation betwe5 h\se & gr\nds1 ! =mation ( a natural frame ab\t ! h\se1 ! build+ ( int]e/+ approa*es1 ! plant+ = seasonal effects1 & ! gr[+ ( int]e/+ & beautiful vi/as z view$ f ! h\se4 #a4--;,,intimate ,,relation ,,betwe5 ,,h\se ,,& ,,gr\nds ,9 consid]+ ?is "p ( ! problem1 ! design] mu/ beg9 at ! v outset to solve x4 ,if ! plot is level or capable ( easy conv]sion into t]races1 !n ! "* ( ! h\se itself may be some:at =mal1 symmetrical1 & dignifi$2 b x w\ld be wrong to build a h\se ( ?is k9d ^u a roll+ & rollick+ site4 ,?is latt] k9d ( gr\nd dem&s ! picturesque type ( h\se1 & ! ro( l9es %\ld be plann$ to c>ry up "s ( ! curves ( ! hillocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/udi$ ,,plant+ ,9 all cases1 h[ev]1 x is g5]ally recogniz$ t ! small h\se c be/ be ti$ into ! surr\nd+s by mak+ x l[1 say a /ory & a half or "o /ory1 = "o ( two /ories or ev5 two & a half (f]s an unga9ly elevation = an ar*itectural composition4 ,9 r>e in/ances h h\ses ( ?is proportion be5 arti/ically f9i%$4 ,at any rate1 ! h\se %\ld be kept z l[ z possible 9 ! front1 & ! ugly1 /ilt$ f\ndations %\ld n protrude above ! level ( ! lawn4 ,no?+ is s effective 9 produc+ a feel+ ( intimacy betwe5 h\se & gr\nds z to keep ! level ( ! fir/ floor only ab\t six in*es above ! grade4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 makes x difficult to light & v5tilate ! cell>1 s9ce any w9d[s 9 ! f\ndation-walls w\ld h to op5 into areas4 ,a compromise c be made by grad+ ! lawn d[n at ! back ( ! h\se1 s t en\gh ( ! f\ndation c ext5d above ! gr\nd to p]mit ( well-light$ cell> w9d[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?\ghtless ,,plant+ ,ano!r me?od by :i* an intimate connection betwe5 gr\nd & h\se c be produc$ is 9 ! bl5d+ ( wall mat]ials & f\ndation-/ones4 ,if ! walls ( ! h\se are ( /ucco1 & ! l[] "p ( !m built ( rubble-/one1 !n a gradual transition c be made f ! /one to ! /ucco by c>ry+ ! /ucco d[n ov] c]ta9 p>ts ( ! /one "w1 s t x fl[s into ! mort> jo9ts--l ! wat]s ( a lake fl[ into ! little ind5tations ( a rocky %ore4 ,?is w elim9ate any %>p horizontal l9e :]e ! f\ndation-wall ( /one ends & upp] wall ( /ucco beg9s4 ,z ! /one has a natural intimacy ) ! soil1 x easily makes ! transition ) ! gr\nd1 & its effectiv5ess is v m>k$ :]e ! site is hilly & p>ts ( ! f\ndation are built ^u little rocky jutt+s4 ,?is same easy transition c be made f /one f\ndation to brick wall4 ,x is n possible to d x ) ! wood5 wall1 h[ev]4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ widely us$ me?od ( produc+ an intimate connection betwe5 gr\nd & walls ( ! h\se is ) f\ndation plant+4 ,!re is mu* abuse ( ?is me?od4 ,to surr\nd ! base ( ! h\se ) bill[y clumps ( %rubb]y1 s t x appe>s almo/ z if x 7 spr++ f a b$ ( cl\ds1 is n at all satisfy+4 ,nor %\ld ! own] h to be ev]la/+ly kept at ! job ( trimm+ d[n ^! plants or remov+ dead ones :i* refuse to gr[ 9 ! poor soil & bad dra9age next to ! cell>4 ,& ! h\se %\ld n be made to m\rn beh9d a b$ ( ev]gre5s1 protect$ at int]vals ) s5t9el-l c$>s1 d>k & =ebod+1 aga9/ ! wall & sigh+ & :9+ 9 ! w9d4 ,r %\ld a delicate use be made ( f\ndation plant+ by us+ v9es1 & n[ & !n a small %rub or little ev]gre54 ,! object %\ld be to make a %ad+ & transition f ! gre5 lawn to ! walls ( ! h\se by c>ry+ upw>d ^u ! walls or aga9/ !m "s ( ! climb+ plants1 t ! gre5 ( ! gr\nd may fade gradually into ! :ite ( ! /ucco or ! r$ ( ! brick wall4 ,public build+s ne$ massive & impressive f\ndations1 b ! small h\se %\ld be ne/l$ 9 ,nature's lap4 #b4--,,natural ,,fram+ ,,= ,,h\se ,:5 view$ by ! pass]-by 9 ! /reet ! plant+ ar\nd ! h\se %\ld be s arrang$ t x makes a natural frame = x & creates a composition = a picture4 ,reg>d$ f ?is angle !re %\ld be backgr\nd trees1 trees & %rubb]y flank+ ! sides along ! edge ( ! plot1 a gre5 op5 lawn /ret*+ =w>d to ! /reet1 "s column>-%ap$ trees or lacelike trees wisely plac$ to sugge/ ! middle gr\nd1 & !n a wall or l[ h$ge ) l[ plant+s to make a =egr\nd4 ,! backgr\nd trees %\ld be tall & mix$ 9 "*1 s t _! skyl9e is n /iff & wall-l4 ,! trees :i* run along ! edge ( ! lot ought also to be v>i$ 9 type4 ,l[ %rubs %\ld fill 9 ! spaces betwe5 _! trunks1 b z !y come =w>d on ! prop]ty !y %\ld be m scatt]$1 l[] & ?9n]1 s t ! neighbor+ prop]ty c be se51 & f9ally !y %\ld end1 all[+ a bl5d$ connection betwe5 ! lawns on ei!r side4 ,!re are "s :o advocate t ! site %\ld be completely wall$ 9 ) %rubs or f5ces & sep>at$ entirely f ! neighbor+ plots1 b ?is is n q 9 h>mony ) our traditions1 & ought n to be c>ri$ to ?is individual exclusiv5ess1 al?\gh ! re> ( ! lot may be s scre5$ 94 ,! gre5 lawn %\ld n be brok5 ) fl[]-b$s1 =1 tak5 at its l>ge/1 x is b\nd to be little1 & no?+ %\ld be introduc$ to break x up4 ,! w9d+s ( ! front pa? may be su* t clumps ( l[ %rubb]y & a few column> trees1 l c$>s or ,lomb>dy popl>s1 c be plac$ along its edge & produce a motif = ! middle gr\nd1 l a mov+ silh\ette aga9/ ! elevation ( ! h\se z "o passes by4 ,! build+ up ( ! =egr\nd %\ld be ) "s l[ plant+ ov] :i* "o c look4 ,! use ( f5ce or wall is legitimate if x does n cut (f ! view4 ,gates are a little out ( h>mony ) our ,am]ican traditions1 = !y mean t !y %\ld be att5d$ by a gatekeep]1 a human tool t is q ext9ct 9 ! av]age home1 & especially 9 ! small "o4 #c4--;,,int]e/+ ,,approa*es ,g5]ally speak+1 due to ! smallness ( ! av]age plot ^u :i* ! little h\se is erect$1 ! build+ ( a prom95t pa?way to ! front door directly 9 a /raight l9e f ! /reet1 cutt+ ! lawn & ! prop]ty 9 two equal halves1 is n pleas+4 ,! lawn w be small en\gh z x is )\t *opp+ x into two pieces4 ,if a /raight approa* is desirable1 x %\ld be made ( mat]ials t w n visibly produce ?is effect ( division4 ,/one slabs ( gre5i% color or neutral tones set ) op5 jo9ts1 or ev5 /epp+ /ones1 solve ! problem4 ,b ! /raight approa* has n ! my/]y & picturesque quality ( "o :i* curves ar\nd ! outside ( ! lawn1 & is fram$ 9 ) plant+1 s t ! view ( ! h\se is con/antly *ang+ z "o proce$s4 ,! roadway to ! g>age might also be ! way to ! h\se4 ,no?+ looks ugli] ?an ! /raight cut f /reet to g>age4 ,plann+ ! location ( ?is s]vice build+ s t x _c be se5 f ! /reet is an excell5t /ep 9 ! "r direction4 ,! mat]ial ( :i* ^! pa?s & roads %\ld be con/ruct$ ought to be 9 h>mony ) ! h\se4 ,brick pa?s look well ) brick h\ses1 /one pa?s & gravel pa?s look well ) /one h\ses1 concrete pa?s & roads g well ) concrete & /ucco h\ses1 = "o naturally associates ^! mat]ials z be+ left ov] f ! build+4 ,x is ! mo/ natural ?+ 9 ! _w to use up a few ( ! bricks = ! pa?s aft] "o gets ?r\gh build+ ! brick h\se1 or lay+ "s ( ! /ones to walk ^u1 aft] f9i%+ ! h\se ( /one1 or us+ up a few odd b>rels ( cem5t = ! walks :5 ! job on ! concrete h\se is ov]4 ,& be+ s natural a ?+1 !re is a likable ge/ure 9 do+ x4 #d4--,,plant+ ,,= ,,! ,,seasons ,! composition ( ! picture :i* is ! aim 9 all ( ?is "w ab\t ! h\se1 %\ld n be spoil$ by c>eless selection ( plants = ! v>i\s seasons ( ! ye>4 ,x is v unwise to place 9 ! front ( ! h\se t5d] %rubs & fl[]s :i* )] & die 9 ! w9t] mon?s or :i* h to be wrapp$ 9 swaddl+-clo!s4 ,is !re any?+ m =lorn ?an to see a lot ( burlap-wrapp$ or hay-pack$ mummy trees or %rubs1 /&+ out on ! cold w9try lawn 9 front ( ! h\se8 ,a few ev]gre5 trees & a few broad-leaf trees :i* %[ delicate limbs :5 b>e1 & a few %rubs t hold ! sn[s t settle ^u !m are ! ?+s to plant 9 ! front ( ! h\se4 ,leave ! t5d] plants to ! g>d5 9 ! re>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,type ,,( ,,small ,,g>d5 ,,type ,,( ,,small ,,g>d5 ,& ?is g>d5 at ! back ( ! h\se %\ld be treat$ 9 a mo/ private way4 ,x %\ld be surr\nd$ ) a wall or high h$ge4 ,!re %\ld be walks1 bord] plant+s1 a little t\* ( wat]1 & a seat 9 ! smalle/ g>d54 ,x %\ld be locat$ s t x c be view$ f ! h\se & enjoy$4 ,"h all ( ! f9e1 delicate1 & colorful fl[]s & plants c be plac$4 ,9 ! w9t] mon?s ! protect$ plants ) _! ugly clo!s w n seem s out ( place 9 ?is secret$ pat* ( gr\nd4 #e4--;,,improv+ ,,! ,,view ,,f ,,! ,,h\se ,next 9 importance to plann+ ! sett+ ( ! h\se & its appe>ance f ! /reet %\ld be ! plann+ ( ! views f w9d[s ( ! h\se itself4 ,! developm5t ( ! private g>d5 at ! back is "o help :i* 0 previ\sly allud$ to1 b !re are g5]ally ugly ?+s :i* c be se5 f ! w9d[s ( ! h\se t ne$ scre5+ out4 ,^! ugly objects may be on ! neighbor+ prop]ty1 or !y may be ! dry+-y>d = ! clo!s1 or ! g>age4 ,:atev] !y are1 a scre5 ( trees c be us$ to %ut !m f ! view4 ,b ! mo/ important "p ( ?is problem is to make ! be/ ( any view t may be possible f ! h\se4 ,a f>-away riv]1 a hill1 or a mead[ might be br\ght to sight by trimm+ "s trees or bru%4 ,di/ant l&scapes are mo/ satisfy+ to ! eyes1 = !y re/ !m4 ,con/ruction ( ! ,lawn ,f :at has be5 said1 ! importance ( ! lawn 9 front ( ! h\se c be appreciat$4 ,x is ! rug spread out be=e ! jewel-box4 ,ov] x "o c view ! beauty ( ! home1 & s x ne$s ! be/ att5tion4 ,! v fir/ ?+ to consid] 9 build+ ! lawn is to arrange = good dra9age & a deep top lay] ( good soil1 say #ah to #bd4 ,pockets :]e wat] may collect & settle mu/ be dra9$ ) tiles plac$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! surface wat] %\ld be c>efully di/ribut$ away f ! h\se4 ,an ord9>y site w h /ones & we$s scatt]$ ov] x4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ^! /ones %\ld be c>t$ away & ! we$s cut d[n ) a scy!1 & a pl\gh run ov] ! surface to a foot 9 dep?1 unless ! subsoil is n s&y & holds wat]1 9 :i* case a deep] pl\gh+ is bett]4 ,!n /ones & we$s %\ld be tak5 out ( ?is e>?1 n once1 b z _m times z ! e>? deliv]s up /ones & we$s4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! grad+ may be />t$1 & ?is %\ld be ) long1 easy grades4 ,:]e trees & %rubs edge ! lawn1 a slight holl[ 9 ! grade w improve x4 ,?is grad$ soil is n ready = grass until x has be5 cov]$ ) #be to #ej loads p] acre ( ?or\ghly decay$1 compo/$ /able manure1 or1 if n ?is1 bone-du/1 wood-a%es1 sup]phosphates ( lime1 nitrate ( ammonia1 etc4 ,?is dress+ %\ld be rak$ into ! top-soil ) ! h>r[ & h& rake1 & :atev] we$s & /ones come up ) ?is op]ation %\ld be remov$4 ,grass se$ %\ld !n be select$ :i* w give ! mo/ rugg$ gr[? = ! p>ticul> conditions ( ! site4 ,(t5 ?is c be/ be accompli%$ by us+ a mixture ( se$4 ,! diff]5t k9ds ( grass h qualities suit$ to c]ta9 types ( soil4 ,= example1 ,k5tucky blue-grass1 :ile co>se & n s attractive z "s o!rs1 gr[s vigor\sly & holds its own 9 s&y soil4 ,rhode ,isl& b5t-grass makes good sod 9 moi/ climates1 & r$top is apt to die (f 9 a dr\ght4 ,?is se$ mu/ be s[n lib]ally to make all[ances = loss 9 g]m9ation1 & ev5ly to prev5t pat*y gr[?4 ,ab\t six bu%els p] acre is consid]$ en\gh4 ,all ( ?is mu/ be rak$ "u ) a f9e-too!d iron rake & press$ d[n ) a heavy roll]4 ,z soon z ! blades are tall en\gh to be caught 9 ! m[]1 ?is new grass %\ld be cut1 = ?is helps to make x gr[ ?ick] & keep d[n ! we$s4 ,b "w on ! lawn does n end "h4 ,con/ant c>e is ! price ( a good "o4 ,con/ruction ( ,roads & ,pa?s ,att5tion has already be5 call$ to ! use ( mat]ials = pa?s & roads :i* h>monize ) ! mat]ials ( ! h\se4 ,9 a previ\s *apt]1 details 7 giv5 on ! con/ruction ( concrete pa?s & roads4 ,!re=e o!r types w be consid]$ "h1 su* z brick1 gravel1 & /one4 ,! driveway to ! g>age ought to be ab\t #aj feet wide & fl>e out to a #ae-;foot wid? at ! h\se1 :]e ! c> is driv5 up to ! entrance1 s t an incom+ c> c pass by any :i* is /&+ 9 front ( ! door4 ,?is roadway %\ld wid5 out into a ,y %ape 9 front ( ! g>age1 z %[n 9 ! draw+s1 to p]mit ( back+ out & turn+ ar\nd4 ,a r\nd turn+ area 9 front ( ! g>age may be sub/itut$ = ?is ,y-%ap$ arrangem5t4 ,any curves made 9 ! driveway %\ld h a radius f c5tre ( ! curve to outside edge ( ! road ( #cj feet #f in*es1 al?\gh a ,=d c> c run on a road hav+ a radius ( only #ad feet4 ,if ! driveway is to be ( gravel & ! subsoil is wet or clayey1 dra9age mu/ be arrang$ = along ! edges4 ,tr5*es #c feet to #d feet deep %\ld be dug on ei!r side & #c-;in* diamet] agricultural tile laid at ! bottom ) op5 jo9ts cov]$ ) coll>s1 !n a lay] ( sod1 & !n #f in*es ( field /one or gravel1 & f9ally top-soil4 ,:]ev] !re are pockets t w\ld collect surface wat]1 outlets %\ld be con/ruct$ & cov]$ ) iron grat+4 ,all ! subsoil tile %\ld connect ) "o ma9 tile & dra9 (f at "s l[ po9t4 ,= ord9>y light traffic ! road itself may be built ) a f\ndation ( /ones to a dep? ( #b feet4 ,?is %\ld be cov]$ ) a lay] ( co>se gravel #b in*es ?ick1 a top lay] ( f9] gravel #d in*es ?ick1 & roll$ ) a heavy roll] aft] wat] or "s bitum9\s b9d] has be5 spr9kl$ ov] x4 ,a cr[n ( in* to ! foot %\ld be made1 & any grades ought to be kept ab\t #e feet 9 #ajj feet1 & at ! mo/ #aj feet 9 #ajj feet4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( gravel walks ! grade %\ld be kept to )9 #ab feet 9 #ajj feet & be cr[n$ in* p] foot4 ,! success ( ! brick walk dep5ds ^u ! f\ndation us$4 ,a poor "o w p]mit ! bricks to settle unev5ly1 crack1 & break away at ! edges4 ,! bricks !mselves may be laid 9 any numb] ( diff]5t & int]e/+ patt]ns1 su* z ! basket weave or ! h]r+-bone4 ,a r[ ( bricks on edge along ! outside ( ! walk makes an excell5t f9i%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,types ,,( ,,/one ,,pa?s ,illu/ration3 ,,types ,,( ,,brick ,,walks ,! f\ndations ( ! brick walk may be built ( s&1 c9d]s1 or concrete4 ,! fir/ two give a walk some:at irregul>1 & grass c be made to gr[ 9 ! jo9ts4 ,to beg9 ! lay+ ( a brick walk1 ! e>? %\ld be excavat$ to a dep? ( #d in*es1 & ei!r a b$ ( s& #b in*es ?ick1 or a concrete ( "o "p cem5t to eight p>ts s& #c in*es ?ick %\ld be spread4 ,:5 ! bricks h be5 arrang$ on ?is b$1 s& %\ld be work$ into ! jo9ts betwe5 !m by leav+ a lay] on ! walk = a few days & bru%+ x into ! crevices4 ,:]e concrete is us$ = ! base1 a m rigid walk w result1 & 9 su* types x is cu/om>y to use mort> to fill ! jo9ts4 ,a ?9 #a3c gr\t c be bru%$ into ^! jo9ts & ! little t is sme>$ ov] ! surface c be wa%$ (f ) scrubb+-bru%1 wat]1 & #e-p]-c5t muriatic acid4 ,a bett] me?od is to p\r gr\t into ! jo9ts1 wip+ ! brick clean be=e ! mort> sets4 ,!re are a numb] ( diff]5t types ( /one walks t c be us$1 dep5d+ ^u ! "* ( ! /one 9 ! neighborhood4 ,flat flag/one walks are usually r un9t]e/+1 & _m pref] ! picturesque effect :i* is produc$ by /epp+ /ones4 ,^! ought to be plac$ ab\t #bb in*es ap>t to make walk+ easy on !m4 ,a v int]e/+ & mu*-us$ walk is made by sett+ flat /ones ( diff]5t %apes toge!r1 l ! pieces ( a cut-out puzzle1 b leav+ a small space betwe5 ea* /one 9 :i* grass or moss c be gr[n4 ,,xxii ,,f9anc+ ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,"w ,! problem ( f9anc+ ! small h\se is a "p ( ! problem ( build+1 & to "s ext5t is a v p]sonal affair1 & e prospective own] has 8 own difficulties & p]sonal solutions4 ,^? :o h sav$ = a numb] ( ye>s en\gh money to inve/ 9 ?is adv5ture ( home-build+ are q simply fix$1 & all t !y ne$ consid] is h[ l>ge a h\se !y c h = ! money sav$4 ,a me?od 0 %[n 9 an e>ly *apt] by :i* ! approximate co/ ( a h\se c\ld be det]m9$ :5 ! plans 7 9 ! r\gh4 ,?is consi/$ ( /udy+ ! h\ses built 9 ! neighborhood :]e ! new home 0 to be erect$1 calculat+ _! cubical cont5ts & divid+ ?is into _! total co/1 s t _! co/ p] cubic foot c\ld be kn[n4 ,by comp>+ ?is result ) ! figures :i* ! local build]s _h (f]$1 a fair idea c\ld be obta9$ ( h[ mu* p] cubic foot ! new h\se w\ld run4 ,a few figures 7 giv5 = ! diff]5t types ( con/ruction1 b no?+ c]ta9 c be pr$ict$ f !m1 =1 z 0 po9t$ out1 ! co/ is def9itely relat$ to ! locality & ! "t4 ,once1 h[ev]1 hav+ arriv$ at a reasonably correct co/ figure = ! cubic foot1 ! "q ( h[ big a h\se is to be _h = ! money is quickly det]m9$4 ,divide ?is co/ p] cubic foot into ! total sum ( money :i* is to be us$ = build+ ! h\se1 & ! all[able numb] ( cubic feet 9 ! new h\se w be f\nd4 ,if n[ ! av]age height ( ! new h\se1 f ! cell> to ! av]age height ( ! ro(1 is divid$ into ?is all[able cubic cont5ts1 ! all[able gr\nd area = ! plan w be kn[n4 ,= example1 suppose ! sum t c be inve/$ 9 ! h\se itself is #aj1jjj1 & x is f\nd t ! h\ses 9 ! locality1 ( simil> con/ruction1 co/ p] cubic foot ab\t #ce c5ts4 ,divid+ #ce c5ts into #aj1jjj1 x is f\nd t a h\se hav+ approximately #bh1egj cubic feet c be con/ruct$4 ,if #h feet is all[$ f cell> floor to level ( fir/ floor1 #i feet f fir/ to second floor1 & #ac feet f second floor to ! av]age height ( ! ro(1 !n a total av]age height = ! h\se w be f\nd to be #cj feet4 ,divid+ ?is #cj feet into #bh1egj cubic feet1 x w be f\nd t a floor area ( approximately #iej squ>e feet c be _h4 ,n[1 z ! floor area ( ! plan ( any two-/ory h\se is det]m9$ by ! area requir$ = ! second floor & n ! fir/1 ! desir$ sizes ( ! v>i\s b$rooms %\ld be approximat$1 & ! results add$ toge!r to see :e!r !y come )9 ! all[able floor area4 ,cont9u+ ?is example1 suppose t ! ma/] b$room is to be approximately #ad feet by #ae feet1 ! o!r ?ree b$rooms approximately #ab feet by #ab feet1 ! toilet ab\t #g feet by #aj feet1 ! hall ab\t #h feet by #ab feet1 !n by add+ ! area ( ^! rooms toge!r x w be quickly f\nd out :e!r ! all[able area has be5 exce$$4 ,ma/] b$room1 #ad feet by #ae feet #baj squ>e feet ,?ree o!r b$rooms1 #ab feet by #ab feet #dcb 8 8 ,toilet1 #g feet by #aj feet #gj 8 8 ,hall1 #h feet by #ab feet #if 8 8 ------------------------------ ,total #hjh squ>e feet ,?is numb] ( squ>e feet is )9 ! am\nt all[$1 :i* is #iej1 b additional area mu/ be add$ to ?is = closets1 say #c feet by #d feet = ! closet ( ! ma/] b$room1 & #c feet by #c feet = ! closets ( ! o!r rooms1 & o!r closets = l95 & space = *imneys & ! l1 mak+ ab\t #fj squ>e feet1 :i* %\ld be left = ?is "p ( ! plan4 ,?is makes ! area ab\t #hfh squ>e feet1 & no all[ance has be5 made = por*es or passageways4 ,x is q evid5t f ?is t ! numb] ( b$rooms desir$1 _! approximate size1 & ! size ( ! toilet & closets is ne>ly up to ! maximum :i* ! limitations ( co/ w p]mit4 ,work+ ) ^! approximate figures1 ! plans ( ! h\se c be r\ghly prep>$1 ! area requir$ = ! second-floor rooms be+ us$ z a basis = ! all[able area ( ! fir/ floor1 s9ce x is m ?an en\gh1 = ! second-floor area ( a h\se1 z has be5 said1 is always great] ?an ! m9imum area = ! fir/ floor4 ,:5 r\ghly prep>$ plans & elevations h be5 arrang$ on ?is basis1 ! cubage c aga9 be *eck$1 & if x is ov] ! all[$ am\nt1 ! size %\ld be cut d[n2 if "u1 increas$4 ,! cubical cont5ts ( por*es may be comput$ at "o-qu>t] ( ! cubage ( ! ma9 portion ( ! h\se1 b if enclos$ ) glass !y %\ld be e/imat$ at _! full cubic cont5ts4 ,hav+ ?us r\ghly arriv$ at ! plans & elevations ( ! h\se :i* is )9 ! all[$ cubage1 a r\gh outl9e specification %\ld be prep>$ 9 :i* ! ess5tial mat]ials1 workman%ip1 & me*anical equipm5t are def9$4 ,en\gh in=mation w !n be _h f :i* a r\gh e/imate c be secur$ f a local contractor1 or ev5 ! ar*itect may make an e/imate1 bas$ ^u previ\s examples ( o!r h\ses4 ,if ?is r\gh e/imate comes )9 ! all[able figure :i* is to be sp5t = con/ruction1 !n ! contract draw+s c be safely />t$1 & a reasonable assurance c be _h t ! co/ ( ! h\se w n g beyond ! am\nt ( money available4 ,z mo/ contractors w give an outside price on any prelim9>y e/imates ( ?is k9d1 unless radical *anges are made 9 ! plans1 x c almo/ surely be ! case t ! f9al e/imate on ! contract docum5ts w be less4 ,h[ev]1 !re are (t5 times :5 ! f9al figures exce$ ^! prelim9>y e/imates1 & "o %\ld always be prep>$ to %r9k p>ts ( ! build+ or )draw "s ( ! f9e/ requirem5ts ( ! specifications4 ,b "o ( ! prime ess5tials 9 f9anc+ any build+ op]ation is to be sure t ! contract draw+s conta9 ev]y?+ :i* is desir$ 9 ! f9i%$ build+1 & t none or v few *anges are made 9 ! build+ aft] ! contract is let & ! build+ is 9 process ( con/ruction4 ,alt]ations f ! orig9al plans1 aft] con/ruction "w has begun1 come "u ! bugbe> title = all ar*itects1 8,extras40 ,!y always mean wa/e ( money4 ,likewise1 ?+s :i* 7 omitt$ f ! plans & specifications1 :i* are lat] f\nd to be necess>y1 run up extraord9>y bills1 & ! g5]al impression :i* mo/ p h t a build+ op]ation always co/s m 9 ! end ?an 0 orig9ally c\nt$ ^u is due l>gely to ! neglect ( ^! factors4 ,compet5t ar*itects make su* complete plans & specifications t extras ( ! 8omission type0 are avoid$1 b mo/ small h\ses are built f plans t are n complete1 or prep>$ by ar*itects :o sell _! s]vices at su* l[ rates t !y _c af=d to take ! "t to *eck up ! plans c>efully4 ,x is "r "h t ! ar*itect has a real bus9ess po9t to give ! cli5t1 namely1 t if he does n pay = c>efully prep>$ plans & specifications 9 ! beg9n+1 he w pay out mu* m 9 ! end = extras4 ,up to ?is po9t ! f9anc+ ( ! small h\se1 = ! "o :o has ! money1 is n complicat$1 b ?is is ! unusual condition1 because ! av]age p]son :o builds ! small h\se has n ! ready ca% to put into x1 = t is ! reason he builds a small h\se4 ,! av]age individual :o builds ! small h\se g5]ally has a c]ta9 am\nt :i* c be inve/$ & ! re/ mu/ be borr[$1 & !re are _m :o advise t ev5 if "o did h ! :ole am\nt to inve/1 x w\ld be bett] to borr[ "s = ! build+ op]ation1 & keep out z mu* z possible = inve/m5ts 9 o!r l9es :]e ! money might br+ 9 great] returns4 ,! problem naturally turns ^u :]e & h[ mu* c be borr[$ = ! build+ op]ation4 ,"h aga9 a v p]sonal matt] is involv$4 ,"s w h v close fri5ds f :om !y c secure a l>ge fir/ & second mortgage at a fairly reasonable rate1 o!rs may be able to secure a fir/ mortgage f "s f9anc+ in/itution :i* w be an am\nt equal to "o-half ! total co/ ( l& & h\se1 & !n !y may be able to secure a second mortgage f "s fri5d1 = mo/ bus9ess h\ses are n prone to take second mortgages4 ,(t5 a great] sum c be rais$ on ! contract sy/em1 = by ?is me?od ! p]son l5d+ ! money is m c]ta9ly assur$ ( secur+ quick control ( x 9 case ( ! necessity ( action :5 paym5ts on ! int]e/ fail4 ,by ! contract me?od1 ! individual l5d+ ! money holds ! de$ ( ! prop]ty1 & c secure control ( ! prop]ty m quickly ?an if he _h a mortgage & ! own] held ! de$4 ,9 _m cases :]e =eclosure ( mortgages are f\nd necess>y1 !re may be a delay ( a ye> or m be=e ! money-l5d] c secure control ( ! prop]ty1 b if he holds ! de$ ! delay is %ort5$1 & because ( ?is fact he is apt to l5d m money ?an #ej p] c5t ( ! total value4 ,( c\rse1 9 ! contract me?od ! own] secures ! de$ to ! prop]ty :5 8 la/ paym5t is made ^u ! pr9ciple & he has wip$ out all ( 8 int]e/ indebt$ness4 ,b probably "o ( ! mo/ satisfactory sy/ems yet devis$ = f9anc+ ! small h\se is ?r\gh ! v>i\s build+ & loan associations :i* h gr[n to great /r5g? 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,^! associations n only (f] inve/m5t opportunities = small inve/ors1 b !y make excell5t & easy t]ms = ^? to :om !y l5d money = home-build+4 ,! arrangem5ts ) ^! in/itutions make ! paym5ts on mortgages almo/ l ! paym5ts 9 mon?ly r5ts1 & yet at ! same "t ! pr9ciple is cont9ually be+ r$uc$1 s t 9 ab\t twelve ye>s x is completely paid (f4 ,!n1 too1 "o is assur$ ( n be+ 9 ! h&s ( "s unscrupul\s money-l5d]1 z sometimes "o discov]s a fri5d to be1 h[ev] tru/wor?y he may h seem$ be=e ?is bus9ess relation develop$4 ,^! build+-loan associations w l5d z high z #hj p] c5t on ! value ( h\se & gr\nds1 provid$ ! "* ( ! individual 9 ! community w>rants x4 ,_! av]age-size loans h be5 comput$ to be ab\t #d1jjj4 ,if ! m9imum paym5t is adh]$ to1 ! loan is usually paid up 9 twelve ye>s1 al?\gh arrangem5ts c be made by :i* ?is c be %ort5$4 ,! int]e/ *>g$ is f #f p] c5t to #h p] c5t4 ,if ! money is n secur$ ?r\gh ! above s\rce1 !n x is cu/om>y to pay a commission to ! ag5t :o secures a loan f "s f9anc+ in/itution or private inve/or4 ,?is commission diff]s1 accord+ to ! locality1 rang+ f #a to #d p] c5t on fir/ mortgages1 & f #e p] c5t upw>d on second mortgages4 ,if a contract is desir$ on a second mortgage1 ! ag5t w be oblig$ to secure x f "s private individual1 = fir/-mortgage companies w n pur*ase !m4 ,?is (t5 leads to disc\nts ( f #ae to #cj p] c5t on second mortgages & contracts4 ,x is well = e prospective own]1 be=e he consid]s f9anc+ ! con/ruction ( a small h\se1 to sit d[n & figure out all ( ! incid5tal exp5ditures :i* are connect$ ) x1 = (t5 "s ( ! m9or items are n tak5 into acc\nt1 & !y may spoil ! :ole s*eme4 ,tak+ a typical example1 ! items ( exp5se are z foll[s3 #a4 ,co/ ( ! lot4 #b4 ,fee = title se>*4 #c4 ,tax se>* & record+ fee4 #d4 ,possibly co/ ( survey+ lot1 b n always4 #e4 ,brok]'s fee = secur+ mortgage4 #f4 ,int]e/ on ea* advance ( ! loan dur+ erection4 #g4 ,co/ ( ! build+ less ! am\nt borr[$4 #h4 ,ar*itect's fee4 #i4 ,own]'s liability insurance4 #aj4 ,fee = fil+ plans 9 ,build+ ,dep>tm5t4 ,co/ to be ,met dur+ ,ye> ( ,own]%ip #a4 ,int]e/ on build+ loan4 #b4 ,paym5t on r$uction ( loan4 #c4 ,int]e/ lo/ on own]'s money :i* he inve/$ 9 ! lot & build+4 #d4 ,fire insurance4 #e4 ,up-keep1 usually ab\t #a p] c5t4 #f4 ,taxes on prop]ty & wat]-supply4 #g4 ,possible assessm5ts4 #h4 ,ma9t5ance co/1 su* z coal1 gas1 & electricity4 ,! above li/ ( exp5ses %\ld be frankly fac$ 9 ! beg9n+1 tabulat$1 & duly consid]$ by e prospective own] ( ! small h\se4 ,!re are "s ar*itects :o = fe> ( disc\rag+ _! cli5ts f build+ w n sit d[n ) !m & %[ !m a pla9 /atem5t ( ! money !y w h to inve/1 & :5 all ( ^! m9or items beg9 to pop up dur+ ! progress ( ! op]ations1 ! cli5t beg9s to lose confid5ce1 wond]s :]e ! next unexpect$ bill w come f1 & blames ! ar*itect = hav+ misrepres5t$ conditions to him4 ,any prospective own] :o has to be bl9d-fold$ to ! co/s :i* he mu/ meet 9 ord] to mu/] up c\rage to build ought to be left alone1 = he w d ! ar*itect no good1 b consid]able h>m4 ,individuals :o h _! ca/les 9 ! air s high t !y _c r$uce _! dreams to doll>s & c5ts be=e !y beg91 ought nev] to build4 ,^! are ! k9d t />t ! cry t x always co/s m to build ?an "o ev] figur$ on 9 ! beg9n+4 ,b com+ back to ! "q ( secur+ ! build+ loan1 x w be f\nd t ne>ly all l5d]s w insi/ t ! own] put 8 money 9 fir/4 ,t is1 he mu/ meet ! fir/ paym5ts to ! build] himself1 until he has put 9 all ( 8 %>e4 ,! re/ w !n be tak5 up by ! f9anc+ in/itution1 b always en\gh w be held back to assure suffici5t funds = ! completion ( ! h\se & ! paym5t ( all bills4 ,! l5d] g5]ally /ates at :at p]iods ( ! con/ruction money w be pass$ ov]1 & ?is s*$ule is g5]ally adopt$ z ! "o = ! p]iodic paym5ts to ! build]4 ,( c\rse ! contractor mu/ be consult$ on ! matt] & 8 approval secur$1 b !re w be little difficulty on ?is score1 = he w recognize ! p[] ( ! f9anc+ in/itution to dictate ! dates ( paym5t4 ,z to ! matt] ( contract+ = ! con/ruction ( ! small h\se1 !re is little d\bt t = s small a build+ ! me?od ( secur+ "o g5]al contractor to assume ! responsibility ( ! :ole "w is ! be/4 ,!re are _m :o believe 9 employ+ day labor1 & hir+ ! s]vices ( a sup]vis+ build]4 ,! co/ is itemiz$ & ! contractor adds a p]c5tage z 8 %>e4 ,?is insures bett]-class "w1 b 9 practically all cases x is m exp5sive1 & no assurance c be _h ( ! f9al co/4 ,:5 ! plans are let out to v>i\s contractors = bids1 !re %\ld be no obligation atta*$ to !m t ! l[e/ bidd] w secure ! job4 ,?is is a protection1 = ! human elem5t (t5 ent]s into relations ( ?is k9d1 & ! l[e/ bidd] may n be ! mo/ tru/wor?y p]sonage1 nor h ! be/ reputation4 ,:5 ! contract is f9ally let1 !re are a numb] ( ?+s :i* x %\ld cov] t are int5d$ to protect ! f9ances ( ! own]4 ,= in/ance1 ! contractor %\ld be requir$ to ma9ta9 insurance t w protect him f ! claims "u workm5's comp5sation acts1 & f any o!r claims = damages = p]sonal injury1 includ+ dea?1 :i* might arise f ! op]ations ( build+4 ,! own] %\ld also ma9ta9 a simil> liability insurance to protect himself4 ,! own] %\ld c>ry a fire insurance on ! entire build+ & mat]ials to at lea/ #hj p] c5t ( ! total value4 ,:5 !re is d\bt z to ! f9ancial /r5g? ( a contractor1 he %\ld be requir$ to furni% a bond cov]+ ! fai?ful p]=mance ( ! contract & ! paym5t ( all obligations4 ,!n1 too1 x is cu/om>y to set =? ca% all[ances 9 ! specifications to cov] c]ta9 items1 l plumb+ fixtures1 h>dw>e1 & electric light fixtures4 ,! contractor %\ld be made to decl>e t ! contract sum includes ^! ca% all[ances4 ,c>eful und]/&+ ) ! contractor %\ld be arrang$ z to ! me?od by :i* he w be paid4 ,g5]ally1 z 0 previ\sly /at$1 ! f9anc+ in/itution has control ov] ! s*$ule ( paym5ts1 &1 once ?is is agreeable to ! contractor1 he %\ld be requir$ to submit to ! ar*itect an application = ea* paym5t1 ) receipts & o!r v\*]s1 %[+ 8 paym5ts = mat]ials & labor1 includ+ paym5ts to subcontractors1 at lea/ t5 days be=e ea* paym5t falls due4 ,x is ! duty ( ! ar*itect to det]m9e ! accuracy ( ea* "o ( ^! applications = paym5t be=e he issues ! c]tificate ( paym5t = su* am\nt z he decides is prop]ly due4 ,!re are "s ar*itects :o make x a practice to hold back a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( ! fir/ paym5t1 & cont9ue ?is ) e lat] paym5t1 until ! la/1 9 ord] to h a club ov] ! head ( ! contractor & also a factor ( safety1 le/ ! build] has r5d]$ an application = paym5t 9 excess ( ! am\nt ( labor & mat]ial deliv]$4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 w cause h>d feel+s sometimes1 & create friction betwe5 ar*itect & contractor1 a ?+ /udi\sly to be avoid$1 & = ?is cause su* proc$ure %\ld be dropp$ :5 ! ar*itect kn[s ! "* ( ! contractor4 ,! ar*itect %\ld always res]ve ! "r to )hold "p or all ( ! c]tificate ( paym5t :5 defective "w is n rem$i$1 or :5 any claims are fil$1 or !re is reasonable evid5ce t claims w be fil$1 or :5 ! contractor fails to make paym5ts to subcontractors1 or to deal]s = mat]ials1 or :5 !re is a reasonable d\bt t ! contract c be complet$ = ! balance unpaid1 or :5 any damage involv+ liabilities has be5 done by "o contractor to ano!r4 ,! ar*itect %\ld also hold back ! f9al paym5t1 if !re are any li5s exi/+ aga9/ ! build+1 until !y are remov$4 ,9 ord] to avoid _m ( ! trivial & annoy+ exp5ses :i* occur 9 a build+ op]ation1 ! contractor %\ld be requir$ to pay = all p]mits & lic5ses 7b n p]man5t easem5ts7 :i* are necess>y accord+ to local laws4 ,! contractor %\ld also be made to pay all royalties on pat5ts1 if !re are any1 & all lic5se fees4 ,b1 probably1 ! mo/ difficult "p ( ! build+ op]ation to f9ance are ! extras4 ,:5 some?+ is f\nd to h be5 omitt$ f ! plans & specifications1 & ! contractor did n cov] x 9 8 bid1 or :5 ! own] *anges 8 m9d & requires an alt]ation1 !n ?is extra "w mu/ be paid = at a high rate1 = ne>ly all contractors look ^u su* extras z good pick+s4 ,9 fact1 !re are "s contractors :o delib]ately g ov] ! plans & specifications to note :at extras may be ne$$1 & !n c\nt+ ^u _! pr(its f ^! extras1 !y put 9 a l[ bid1 s t !y c beat _! competitors1 secure ! job1 & !n proce$ to make up _! losses ) bills :i* !y put 9 = ! extras4 ,likewise1 a contractor :o is hone/1 if he f9ds himself los+ money on any build+ op]ation1 w try to ease 8 losses & ga9 pr(it ) ! extras4 ,!re mu/1 !re=e1 be "s basis ^u :i* e/imates = ^! extras w be det]m9$4 ,! values = ^! extras or *anges 9 ! "w may be det]m9$ by a submitt$ e/imate & acceptance 9 a lump sum1 by a unit price nam$ 9 ! contract or subsequ5tly agre$ ^u1 or by ! co/ & p]c5tage1 or by ! fix$-fee me?od4 ,if ! contractor claims t any in/ructions1 by draw+s or o!rwise1 involve extra co/ "u 8 contract1 he %\ld be requir$ to give ! ar*itect writt5 notice ( x be=e proce$+ to d ! "w1 )9 two weeks aft] receiv+ su* in/ructions4 ,a f9al problem ( f9anc+ %\ld be consid]$1 & t is ! em]g5cy :i* might arise %\ld ! contractor neglect to prosecute ! "w prop]ly or fail to p]=m any provision ( 8 contract4 ,if su* is ! case1 ! own] %\ld res]ve ! "r 9 ! contract1 t aft] ?ree days' writt5 notice to ! contractor he may make good su* defici5cies & d$uct ! co/ f ! paym5t due ! contractor at t "t4 ,( c\rse e contract %\ld provide = ! own]'s "r to t]m9ate ! contract %\ld ! contractor fail to d 8 "w1 or prove bankrupt1 or p]si/5tly disreg>d laws1 or cont9ually violate ! provisions ( ! contract4