,,when ,,the ,,word ,,is ,,given 444 ,by ,louis ,e4 ,lomax ,,the ,,reluctant ,,african ,,the ,,negro ,,revolt ,,when ,,the ,,word ,,is ,,given 444 ,,louis ,e4 ,,lomax ,when the ,word is ,given 444 ,a ,,report ,,on ,,elijah ,,muhammad1 ,,malcolm ,x1 ,,and ,,the ,,black ,,muslim ,,world ,illustration ,,the ,,world ,,publishing ,,company ,,cleveland ,,and ,,new ,,york ,published by ,the ,world ,publishing ,company #bbca ,west #aajth ,street1 ,cleveland #b1 ,ohio ,published simultaneously in ,canada by ,nelson1 ,foster ,scott ,ltd4 ,library of ,congress ,catalog ,card ,number3 #fc-bafbd ,,first ,,edition ,,wp#ifc ,copyright #aifc by ,louis ,e4 ,lomax4 ,all rights reserved4 ,no part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher1 except for brief passages included in a review appearing in a newspaper or magazine4 ,printed in the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,design by ,larry ,kamp ,to ,james ,leonidas ,lomax1 consecrated preacher1 dedicated teacher1 and devoted parent4 ,what little love there is among men today is due to men like ,uncle ,james4 ,,contents ,introduction #aa ,,part ,,one3 ,the ,coming of the ,prophet #a4 ,,make ,,it ,,plain1 ,,mr4 ,,minister6 #ag #b4 ,,from ,,moses ,,to ,,malcolm ,x #ce #c4 ,,the ,,nation ,,of ,,islam #ei #d4 ,,the ,,black ,,muslims ,,and ,,the ,,negro ,,revolt #he ,,part ,,two3 ,the ,prophet's ,voice #a4 ,,muhammad ,,at ,,atlanta #aji #b4 ,,malcolm ,x ,,at ,,harvard #acj #c4 ,,malcolm ,x ,,on 8,,unity0 #adi #d4 ,,malcolm ,x',s 8,,university ,,speech0 #aei #e4 ,,malcolm ,x ,,at ,,queens ,,college #agb #f4 ,,malcolm ,x ,,at ,,yale #agi ,a ,,summing ,,up3 ,louis ,lomax ,interviews ,malcolm ,x #aig ,suggested ,additional ,reading #bac ,index #bae ,,introduction ,this book comes at a time when the ,american race issue seems at a climax4 ,disturbing though it may be1 it is encouraging that such a book as this can be written1 that a group like the ,black ,muslims not only lives among us but that it can be investigated and studied4 ,this means that at long last we are about to become honest about the race question4 ,negroes are saying what they think2 white people are pausing to listen4 ,these are the prerequisites of dialogue in a free society1 and ,i predict that on the whole the ,black ,muslims will have a healthy influence on our social structure4 ,i know white people are frightened by ,malcolm ,x and ,elijah ,muhammad2 maybe now they will understand how ,i have felt all my life1 for there has never been a day when ,i was unafraid2 we ,negroes live our lives on the edge of fear1 not knowing when or how the serpent of discrimination will strike and deprive us of something dear--a job here1 a house there1 an evening out over there1 or a life itself4 ,but things are better now than they once were2 ,i am convinced they will soon be better than they are now4 ,i am optimistic because ,i feel ,negroes are now determined to better their lot2 ,i believe we will win because there is every evidence that white people are beginning to yield some of their power1 and that--power--is what the argument is really about4 ,i have drawn on a spate of newspaper articles for this manuscript4 ,i must give particular thanks to my friends ,alex ,haley and ,c4 ,eric ,lincoln1 ,professor of ,social ,relations1 ,clark ,college1 ,atlanta4 ,haley's article on the ,muslims and his unpublished notes were of immense help2 ,lincoln's book1 ,the ,black ,muslims in ,america1 is the definitive work on the followers of ,elijah ,muhammad and it was my bible as ,i tried first to understand and then to portray the ,black ,muslims4 ,dr4 ,lincoln and ,i shared research when he was preparing his fine work1 and he has most graciously given me his consent to draw freely from his material1 particularly that related to the origins and early history of the movement4 ,thanks to ,ann ,westbay and ,frances ,hannah for their work as typists4 ,both of them also served as valuable critics as the manuscript took shape2 for this additional service ,i owe them much appreciation4 ,most of all ,i am indebted to the ,black ,muslims themselves4 ,for more than four years1 now1 they have tolerated my questions and presence1 knowing that ,i differ with them on many issues4 ,without their permission1 over the years1 this kind of book would have been impossible4 ,the summer of #aifc saw the ,negro ,revolt move into full view2 it also saw the ,black ,muslims reach an almost incredible peak of public concern and notice4 ,the intent of this work is to provide information and insight as companions to that concern4 ,for correct information is the ultimate weapon of freedom4 ,even so1 there are unpleasant and chilling things in this book4 ,the ,black ,muslims--for some--are an unpleasant and chilling people1 but freedom includes the right to be chilling1 and the ,black ,muslims have no monopoly on unpleasantness4 ,in reality1 ,western man is on trial in this book4 ,without the failings of ,western society1 the ,black ,muslims could not have come into being2 without the continued failings of our society1 the ,black ,muslims cannot endure4 ,here1 then1 ,western white man1 is a bitter pill4 ,do with it as you see fit4 ,,louis ,e4 ,,lomax ,st4 ,albans1 ,new ,york ,july1 #aifc ,,part ,,one ,the ,coming of the ,prophet #a4 ,,make ,,it ,,plain1 ,,mr4 ,,minister6 ,the ultimate comment upon racialism in this republic is that the all-black ,nation of ,islam--a ,chicago-based theocracy whose citizens are known as the ,black ,muslims--is one of the few religions ever produced by the ,american experience4 ,incensed liberals1 ,negro and white1 will deny my assertion that the ,black ,muslims are a religious body1 but the issue1 both legally and theologically1 has been settled3 ,courts in several states have ruled that the followers of ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad are1 indeed1 adherents to a religious faith--as such1 ,black ,muslim prison inmates have the right to hold services of worship as do other convicts4 ,and no one who understands theologian ,paul ,tillich's argument that religion is nothing more than one's ultimate concern can doubt that the teachings of number-two ,black ,muslim leader1 ,malcolm ,x1 constitute a religion4 ,malcolm ,x is the ,st4 ,paul of the ,black ,muslim movement4 ,not only was he knocked to the ground by the bright light of truth while on an evil journey1 but he also rose from the dust stunned1 with a new name and a burning zeal to travel in the opposite direction and carry ,america's twenty million ,negroes with him4 8,this is the day of warning10 ,malcolm shouts to the ,negro1 8the hour during which prophecy is being fulfilled before your very eyes4 ,the white man is doomed6 ,don't integrate with him1 separate from him6 ,come ye out from among the white devils and be ye separate40 ,nobody knows just how many ,negroes have said 8yes0 to ,malcolm ,x's call4 ,estimates of the ,black ,muslim membership vary from a quarter of a million down to fifty thousand4 ,available evidence indicates that about one hundred thousand ,negroes have joined the movement at one time or another1 but few objective observers believe that the ,black ,muslims can muster more than twenty or twenty-five thousand active temple people4 ,the ,black ,muslims are feverish proselytizers1 however1 and they get amazing results from ,negro prison inmates and the abandoned black masses who live in a world of despair and futility4 ,early commentators on the movement pointed to their work among prison inmates as further evidence that the ,black ,muslims were a dissolute lot4 ,the opposite has proved to be true--the ,muslims have been able to change the lives of these men once they emerge from prison4 ,while the percentage of repeaters among ordinary ,negro criminals runs very high1 the ,black ,muslim converts seldom1 if ever1 return to a life of crime4 8,many of my followers--and ministers--were once criminals10 ,elijah ,muhammad boasted in ,washington1 ,d4,c41 8but ,i changed all that by giving them knowledge of self4 ,once they discovered who the devil was and who ,god was1 their lives were changed40 8,all praise due to ,allah10 the crowd of some five thousand shouted as they leaped to their feet and applauded with rejoicing4 ,non-,muslim ,negroes used to scoff when ,elijah wrote and talked about 8knowledge of self40 ,they are less apt to scoff now that a new wave of race pride has engulfed the ,negro and a coterie of clean-cut1 well-dressed1 polite1 and chillingly moral ,black ,muslim ex-convicts parade through the ,negro community each day4 ,the same general approach1 teaching race pride as knowledge of 8self10 accounts for the success the ,black ,muslims have among low-income ,negroes4 ,for these people are in something of a prison1 too2 they see themselves as failures and need some accounting for why they are what they are1 why they are not what they are not4 ,these needs are met when the wayward and the downtrodden sit at the feet of ,malcolm ,x and hear him proclaim the divinity of the black man1 hear him blame the white man for sin and lawlessness and then go on to herald the impending destruction of the 8blue-eyed white devil40 ,bean ,pie and ,beatitudes ,the life of the ,black ,muslim centers around his temple--sometimes called a mosque--and the temple restaurant4 ,they are usually located close together1 in the heart of the ,negro ghetto1 and are the nerve centers of work and worship4 ,temple services are held two or three times a week and are generally preceded by family and group meals at the restaurant4 ,families--most of them former ,methodists and ,baptists--come in groups1 the men dressed in black1 the women in flowing white1 and the children wearing pins or buttons to let the world know of their commitment to ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad4 ,the restaurants--like the ,black ,muslim homes--strictly adhere to ,moslem dietary laws4 ,muslim sisters glory in their ability to prepare dishes that satisfy the traditional eating habits of the ,american ,negro without violating these laws4 ,the best example of imaginative ,black ,muslim cooking is their famous bean pie1 something of a gourmet's delight in the ,negro community4 ,negroes in ,new ,york have been known to come to ,harlem from miles around just to buy a bean pie for the family table4 ,the restaurants also serve as business headquarters for the movement2 they are the distribution centers for ,black ,muslim newspapers and other periodicals1 the place where one is invited to have a talk with a ,black ,muslim leader4 ,temple ,number ,seven ,restaurant at #aafth ,street and ,lenox ,avenue in ,harlem is where ,minister ,malcolm ,x holds forth3 he can be seen there almost any time conducting the financial affairs of the movement and holding press conferences4 ,then1 on a sign from one of his assistants1 ,malcolm bounds out of the restaurant to conduct temple service at ,temple ,number ,seven1 half a block away4 ,throughout the nation the ,muslims generally meet in rented halls--a ,masonic ,temple in one town1 over a pool room in another4 ,men and women enter the temple together1 but once in the vestibule the families are separated4 ,everybody is searched thoroughly and all sharp objects1 to say nothing of weapons1 are taken away4 ,the search is carried out by well-trained sisters and brothers who work with the efficiency of jail guards4 ,they assign a small paper bag to each worshiper1 and such objects as nail files1 pocket-knives1 scissors--any sharp objects that might conceivably be used as weapons--are put into the bag for safe keeping until the parishioner leaves the temple4 ,even the ordeal of being searched is made palatable by a pleasant brother or sister who explains that the visitor must be relieved of all weapons because once the truth about the white man is explained1 the visitor might run out and start his private ,armageddon before the 8word0 comes4 ,the men and women are ushered into the temple through separate doors and are ordered to sit on opposite sides4 ,the auditorium is generally a drab room1 one used by many groups in the course of a week4 ,in ,birmingham1 ,alabama1 for example1 the ,black ,muslims use the ,masonic ,hall auditorium4 ,the ,sunday ,i visited the services there one could see posters1 fans1 and other materials left by groups who had used the same hall earlier in the week4 ,the chairs of the auditorium are arranged in rows1 a wide gulf between the 8brothers0 side and that of the 8sisters40 ,dark-suited young men1 members of ,the ,fruit of ,islam1 patrol the floor incessantly4 ,they dart about1 nudging children to silence1 awakening a slumbering brother or sister1 and performing whatever duties might come to hand1 all the while keeping up a rapid-fire 8,that's right10 8,you tell it like it is10 in response to what the minister is saying4 ,the visitor finds himself inside a strange new world at a ,black ,muslim service4 ,many religions separate men and women during their services1 but few ,negroes are members of such faiths and so they are intrigued from the outset4 ,their sense of being in on something exotic1 thus meaningful1 is increased when one of the lesser ministers takes the platform and says a few words in ,arabic4 ,the ,negro is told that this was his language before the white man kidnaped his father and truncated his culture4 8,as-,salaam-,alaikum60 the minister says--,peace be unto you4 8,wa-,alaikum-,salaam10 the visitor is taught to reply--8,peace also be unto you40 ,the ,black ,muslims have little or no liturgy4 ,they do not sing in the temple1 for they have not yet developed hymns that enunciate their faith4 ,the nearest thing ,i have heard to a ,black ,muslim hymn is a plaintive and moving song written by ,minister ,louis ,x of ,boston1 8,the ,white ,man's ,heaven ,is the ,black ,man's ,hell40 ,it is often sung in the temples1 but only as a solo by some gifted member of the congregation4 ,many of the ,black ,muslims are excellent musicians2 indeed1 they are sidemen for some of the best-known jazz groups in the nation4 ,i have been in temple meetings where a group of brothers set the stage for the service by playing a protracted jazz riff4 ,the music was as complex and as far out as anything you would hear at ,new ,york's ,five ,spot ,caf or any other den of progressive jazz4 ,as these accomplished jazz men play out their frustrations1 the audience sits in cold silence4 ,sometimes the musicians come on a beat or a shading that strikes some common chord1 and the ,muslims smile slightly and nod at one another4 ,when the music is done--it goes on and on until it runs down1 just as it does in the jazz clubs--the congregation applauds1 and somewhere a male voice can be heard to say1 8,all praise due to ,allah60 ,then the stage is set for the 8teaching40 ,in lieu of the cross1 the focus of the ,black ,muslims' religious service is a huge blackboard divided into two sections4 ,on one side is a drawing of the ,american flag with the ,christian cross superimposed on it4 ,under this flag is written1 8,slavery1 ,suffering and ,death40 ,on the other side of the blackboard is the half-crescent symbol of ,islam1 and under it is written1 8,freedom1 ,justice and ,equality40 ,under both flags1 running the full length of the blackboard1 is the somber warning3 8,which one will survive the ,war of ,armageddon80 ,and it is against this backdrop that the minister gets up to 8teach40 ,each temple has its own minister1 who is extremely well trained in what he is to say and do4 ,and he does it well4 ,the ,black ,muslims have but one message3 ,the white man is by nature evil1 a snake who is incapable of doing right1 a devil who is soon to be destroyed4 ,therefore1 the black man1 who is by nature divine and good1 must separate from the white man as soon as possible1 lest he share the white man's hour of total destruction4 ,this sermon1 or 8teaching10 is the high point of the service1 what everybody has come to hear4 ,an air of expectancy runs through the crowd as the moment to begin the teaching approaches4 ,this is stock drama for the ,black ,muslims whether the meeting be a national affair where ,elijah himself is to speak or a local meeting where the temple minister is to teach4 ,this air of expectancy is set stirring by the second-in-command1 who keeps up a running promise that something good is about to happen4 ,as warm-up man for ,elijah's ,washington1 ,d4,c41 speech1 ,malcolm ,x electrified a crowd of some five thousand in ,uline ,arena with this3 8,you are here to get some good news40 8,make it plain40 8,but you must remember that what is good news for some is bound to be bad news for others40 8,all praise due to ,allah10 the people shouted back4 8,what is good news for the sheep10 ,malcolm continued1 8is bad news for the wolf60 8,make it plain1 ,mr4 ,minister4 ,make it plain40 ,the good news1 as everybody knew1 was that ,elijah would be there soon with a message of freedom for the 8sheep0 7the black man7 and a message of destruction for the 8wolf0 7the white man74 ,the setting for local meetings is much the same4 ,in ,new ,york ,minister ,henry ,x gets the crowd ready for ,malcolm by saying1 8,we are here to receive a blessing4 ,the truth is going to be told here this afternoon40 8,all praises due to ,allah40 8,the ,messenger's ,minister will be here shortly with word from the man who saw ,god40 8,make it plain40 8,the ,minister is going to tell you who and what you are60 8,say the word40 8,then he is going to tell you who and what the devil is60 8,make it plain40 8,then he is going to show you why you had better hurry up and get out from among the devil before you get destroyed with him40 ,this brings the crowd to their feet1 cheering4 ,the side door to the upstairs temple swings open and ,malcolm ,x1 a tall1 rawboned1 ,ichabod-,crane-looking man1 strolls in flanked by an ,honor ,guard4 ,as he walks to the platform his light-skinned1 granite face is stern4 ,he looks and acts like a military officer who may give a fatal order any minute4 ,his clothes1 always a size or so too large1 literally drape from his body1 making him look more gaunt than he actually is4 8,big ,red10 as ,malcolm was called when he was peddling prostitutes and dope on the streets of ,harlem1 is a dashing and handsome man4 ,women of all races and creeds are drawn to him4 ,he speaks with an authority that is all but hypnotic4 8,when ,i say the white man is a devil10 ,minister ,malcolm shouts1 8,i speak with the authority of history40 8,that's right10 the people shout back4 8,the record of history shows that the white men1 as a people1 have never done good40 8,say on1 brother1 say on40 8,he stole our fathers and mothers from their culture of silk and satins and brought them to this land in the belly of a ship--am ,i right or wrong80 8,you are right2 ,god knows you are right40 8,he brought us here in chains--right80 8,right40 8,he has kept us in chains ever since we have been here40 8,preach on1 ,brother ,minister1 preach on40 8,now this blue-eyed devil's time has about run out60 ,the people leap to their feet1 rejoicing4 8,now the fiery hell he has heaped upon others is about to come down on the white man60 8,all praise due to ,allah10 the people shout4 8,god--we call him ,allah--is going to get this white1 filthy1 hog-loving beast off our backs10 ,malcolm promises4 8,say on--yes1 yes1 yes44440 8,god is going to hitch him to the plow and make him do his own dirty work40 8,yes1 yes4 ,say on60 8,god is going to take over the garment district and make those white dogs push their own trucks40 ,men in the audience jump up and down and shout their approval3 8,all praises due to ,allah4 ,praise ,his holy name60 8,now1 now10 ,malcolm says1 8calm down1 because ,i want you to hear me4 ,now ,i want to tell you who ,god is4 ,i want you to understand who ,allah is so you will know who is going to get this white1 dope-peddling beast off your back40 ,malcolm smiles4 ,a ripple of laughter runs through the audience--you see1 they know who ,allah is2 they know who ,god is2 they know just who is going to get the white man off their backs4 ,but they have come to hear ,malcolm 8make it plain0 again4 8,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad teaches us that ,god--,allah--is not a spook2 we don't worship any ghost for a ,god4 ,we don't believe in any dead ,god40 8,that's right40 8,our ,god is a live ,god40 8,yes40 8,he is walking around here with you1 among you1 in you40 8,yes10 the people shout back4 8,god is black1 like you2 ,god is oppressed1 like you2 ,he looks like you2 ,he acts like you2 ,he walks like you2 ,he talks like you44440 ,by this time1 the people are back on their feet cheering4 ,but ,malcolm has gone as far toward describing ,god as he will go for a while4 8,now10 he says1 8you have to listen with understanding to know what ,i am talking about40 8,we with you40 8,we don't let white devils in our meetings40 8,no1 no1 no60 8,but we have to worry about some of you because the white man has messed up your mind so bad that some of you will run back and tell everything4 ,that's why we can't tell you everything2 that's why you have to listen carefully and with understanding if you are going to find out just who ,god is4 ,but if ,he walks like you1 and looks like you1 and talks like you1 and suffers like you2 and if ,he is with you1 in you1 and all around you 444 then 444 well1 you figure it out60 ,the people1 particularly the men1 lift their voices in a long shout1 for they have again been told that the black man1 taken collectively1 is ,god--,allah--that ,allah will soon1 now1 destroy the devil1 the white man4 ,malcolm ,x1 as he does three or four times each week1 has 8made it plain40 ,he has told black men that they--as ,god--must deliver themselves from the evils and hurts of the white man4 ,and that1 of course1 is what they came to temple to hear4 ,on another ,sunday afternoon the message will take a different form4 ,malcolm this time elects to make his famous 8deaf1 dumb1 and blind0 speech4 ,i1 for one1 believe ,malcolm is at his best when he deals with this issue4 ,the speech begins as ,malcolm ,x literally heaps abuse on his audience4 8,you are deaf1 dumb1 and blind10 he tells them4 8,you are lost in the wilderness of ,north ,america1 and the black man's new day has been delayed because of you4 ,now ,i am here to get you ready40 8,make it plain10 the people shout back4 8,now the first thing you must do is clean yourself up40 8,yes1 that's right1 that's right60 8,you must clean yourself up both physically and morally40 8,that's right6 ,that's right60 8,you must learn that certain foods are unclean4 ,the hog is a filthy beast1 and it is against ,god's will for you to eat it40 8,that's right40 8,you can never clean yourself up as long as you have hog in your body40 8,make it plain2 make it plain40 8,then you must clean yourself up morally40 8,that's right1 ,brother ,minister1 that's right40 8,this white devil is responsible for all the dope and prostitution you see here among us40 8,that's right40 8,he has filled us with his immorality40 8,all praise due to ,allah40 8,he has so confused us that our community is filled with addicts1 thieves1 and prostitutes40 8,that's right40 8,and you will notice10 ,malcolm continues1 8that these are ,christians who are dealing in dope and prostitution4 8,and you and ,i know this is true because when we were ,christians we used dope40 8,yes40 8,we lied40 8,yes40 8,we stole40 8,yes40 8,we were unfaithful to our wives40 8,yes40 8,we did everything antisocial and immoral40 8,that's right40 8,but now that we know who ,god is1 now that we have found ,allah--our original true ,god--now that we have learned love and respect for self1 now that all this has happened1 we have cleaned ourselves up40 8,all praises due to ,allah40 8,we love our own black women40 8,yes40 8,we protect our women and children from the devil and his works40 8,yes40 8,and we have stopped turning the other cheek60 8,yes40 8,we respect authority1 but we are ready to fight and die in defense of our lives40 8,all praises due to ,allah60 ,broadsides at ,christianity delivered by ,malcolm ,x and other ministers seem to make the strongest impression on the audience4 ,the minister explains that the ,negro was introduced to ,christianity while a slave1 a bondsman to the man who taught him about ,jesus4 ,employing any history text1 he reads at length1 using 8the white man's own writings to show that ,christianity is a white man's religion40 ,this strikes home1 because the average ,negro has read enough to know that there is a good deal of historical soundness in what the minister says4 ,then the minister goes on to point out that the ,christian church 7and they quote ,adam ,clayton ,powell on this7 8is the most segregated institution in ,america40 ,and the ,negro does not need a history book to know that this statement has total validity4 ,then the minister goes on to attack ,christianity on the grounds that its practitioners are immoral4 ,he calls the roll of criminals and public failures1 making much of the fact that they are 8all ,christians40 ,the minister uses clippings from the newspapers showing white clergymen and church-goers either sanctioning segregation or being neutral about it4 ,during the ,birmingham crisis ,i attended the ,black ,muslim service and saw ,minister ,james ,x deliver a devastating indictment of ,christianity simply by showing pictures of ,birmingham ,negroes being turned away from white churches4 ,one picture showed the rebuffed ,negroes praying on the church steps while white bullies1 their fists balled up1 stood near-by4 ,black ,christians are also indicted for immorality2 the minister points out that 8,all of us were once in the church and we did everything evil40 ,i have watched this argument at work and come away amazed at the way the ,black ,muslims take the ,christian ethic as a measuring stick2 they then arouse the guilt complex of the wayward ,christians in the audience and then go on to blame ,christianity for the individual's moral failure4 ,this1 to be sure1 is a contorted argument4 ,but it works4 ,christians sit in the temple audience and confess their ,christian failing1 then they repent themselves right out of the ,christian church4 ,after the sermon the visitors are asked to raise any questions that may trouble them4 ,the ministers deal with each question in detail1 but the ,black ,muslim ushers 7,the ,fruit of ,islam7 make certain the questioner is not an 8agitator10 someone who has come into the temple just to start a philosophical or theological argument4 8,you are in here to be taught1 ,brother10 ,i heard one ,black ,muslim say to a visitor1 8not to argue40 ,and when the visitor frankly says he does not understand what the ,black ,muslims are up to1 or that1 after honestly trying1 he is unable to agree1 the minister explains that this is not to be held against the visitor4 8,you are among the deaf1 dumb1 and blind10 the minister explains kindly4 ,then he assures the visitor that further study and estrangement from 8the teaching of the devil0 will open his eyes and ears4 ,the climax of each temple service comes when visitors are invited to join the movement4 ,there is great rejoicing when converts come forth4 ,eric ,lincoln1 who has attended more of these services than ,i have1 says that the larger temples average a dozen or so converts at each meeting4 ,once the visitor decides to join the temple1 he is given a letter he must copy by hand3 ,address ,city and ,state ,date ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,muhammad #dhjg ,south ,woodlawn ,avenue ,chicago #ae1 ,illinois ,dear ,savior ,allah1 ,our ,deliverer3 ,i have been attending the teachings of ,islam by one of your ,ministers1 two or three times4 ,i believe in it1 and ,i bear witness that there is no ,god but ,thee1 and that ,muhammad is ,thy ,servant and ,apostle4 ,i desire to reclaim my ,own4 ,please give me my ,original name4 ,my slave name is as follows3 ,name ,address ,city and ,state ,this letter of application is dispatched to ,chicago1 and if the copy contains no errors1 the visitor is sent a detailed questionnaire that inquires into his family and employment status4 ,this completed1 the applicant is given a thorough investigation by local members of ,the ,fruit4 ,if the applicant stands muster1 he is admitted to membership in the ,black ,muslim movement4 ,then1 and only then1 is the convert allowed to drop his 8slave0 name4 ,if his name is1 say1 ,john ,king1 he becomes ,john ,x2 if there are other ,johns in the local temple1 his 8,x0 will denote that he is the third1 fourth1 or whatever number ,john to join that particular temple4 ,thus it is very common to find ,john #b,x or ,john #g,x4 ,lincoln discovered a midwestern ,muslim whose name was ,john #ag,x4 ,the 8,x0 is the ,black ,muslim's way of saying that his own origins--before the white man--and name are a mystery2 it is also the ,muslim's shout that he is an 8ex10 and 8no longer what ,i was when the white man had me deaf1 blind1 and dumb40 ,i have sat with ,black ,muslims during temple meetings and have seen the people1 particularly the young children1 come alive with a new sense of identity2 they seem to have a new reason to go out and do battle with the rats and roaches in the slums that are their homes4 ,a feeling of unity and love for one another grips the entire room as they silently stand to be dismissed4 ,they stretch forth their hands1 palms upward1 and in the name of ,allah1 the most powerful and all-merciful ,god1 they vow to go in peace4 ,but every ,black ,muslim temple meeting is saturated with expectation4 ,it reaches its peak when the minister makes the promise that the ,war of ,armageddon is drawing closer and closer4 ,no one ever really says it1 but there is an intense feeling that one day soon1 at just such a meeting1 the 8word0--probably from ,elijah ,muhammad but through ,malcolm ,x--will be given4 ,just what the word is nobody says2 just what will happen when the word is given nobody seems to know4 ,yet everybody--man1 woman1 and child--is determined to be on hand when the 8word0 comes4 ,such meetings as these have been going on all over the nation for several years4 ,most of us heard talk about the 8temple people10 as the ,black ,muslims were called1 but there was very little real information about them4 ,nobody seemed to know just how many temple people there were1 how they were organized1 what they were really about4 ,the consensus was that they were just another offbeat sect1 one of the scores of 8,islamic0 movements that have sought to convert ,american ,negroes during the past century4 ,we had no idea of the power of the ,black ,muslims as a religious and political organization capable of rallying mass support4 ,but early in #aiei we got the message4 ,the ,alert ,is ,given ,shortly after dark on the night of ,april #ad1 #aieh1 police at ,harlem's #bhth ,precinct received what had all the appearances of a routine call--a fight between two ,negroes at the corner of #abeth ,street and ,seventh ,avenue4 ,the dispatch officer barked into his microphone1 and his orders squawked out in a dozen radio cars patrolling the area4 ,the cars1 their revolving red lights glaring1 sped to the scene of the incident4 ,police poured out of the cars1 their clubs at the ready1 and began to batter their way through the mob that had gathered4 ,one ,johnson ,hinton1 a man nobody knew and who had nothing to do with the fight1 was one of the spectators who had stopped to watch the melee4 ,the police shoved and knocked aside several ,negroes and finally came upon ,hinton4 ,what happened then is still a matter of argument1 but one fact is agreed upon by all concerned3 ,hinton and the police entered into a verbal exchange and a policeman knocked ,hinton to the ground1 his head split open4 ,a police ambulance was called and police took the position that another ,negro agitator had been subdued4 ,but they were in for a major surprise1 and the city was on the brink of a race riot4 ,hinton1 it turned out1 was a ,black ,muslim1 ,johnson ,x1 a member of ,malcolm's ,temple ,number ,seven in ,harlem4 ,within minutes after ,hinton hit the ground the word spread that a ,black ,muslim had been assaulted by the police4 ,an hour later some five hundred sullen1 angry ,black ,muslim men put a cordon around the #bhth ,precinct ,station house where ,hinton was being held4 ,this meant trouble1 and plenty of it4 ,precinct ,captain ,mc,gowan realized he had the makings of a riot on his hands and sent out an urgent call for responsible ,negroes to rush to the scene and intervene4 ,one of the first to arrive was ,james ,hicks1 editor of ,the ,amsterdam ,news1 a ,harlem newspaper4 ,hicks accurately sized up the situation and told ,captain ,mc,gowan that only one man1 ,minister ,malcolm ,x1 could manage the crowd and get them to disperse4 ,the police captain asked1 in essence1 8,who he80 ,shortly afterward ,captain ,mc,gowan found out just who ,malcolm ,x was4 ,flanked by several strapping1 angry ,muslim brothers1 ,malcolm walked into the station house4 ,as he entered the door1 he gave a sign1 and the hundreds of ,muslim brothers surrounding the area knew their stand was affirmed4 ,the call went out for still more ,muslim brothers to converge upon the area4 ,once inside the station1 ,malcolm ,x sat down for hard bargaining4 ,first1 there was the matter of ,brother ,johnson ,hinton lying on the floor of a jail cell with his head split open4 ,malcolm demanded that ,hinton be given immediate hospital treatment4 ,this was agreed to4 ,then ,malcolm went on to place on record the facts of the affair4 ,johnson was standing on the street1 he was not involved in the fight1 he at no time disobeyed a police order1 and the police struck him out of sheer flailing frustration4 ,as ,johnson ,hinton was carried out of the station to an ambulance1 ,malcolm walked out the door and paused at the top of the steps4 ,the dimly lit night was filled with ,black ,muslims and onlookers4 ,malcolm made a slight gesture1 and1 according to both police and editor ,hicks1 in exactly three minutes the streets were empty4 ,the hundreds of ,muslims simply vanished--at least the police thought they had vanished4 ,in actuality they shifted their cordon to the hospital where ,hinton was being treated4 ,and it was only after ,malcolm emerged from the hospital and gave another sign that the ,black ,muslims finally dispersed to their various homes4 8,no man10 ,police ,captain ,mc,gowan said to ,james ,hicks1 8should have that much power over that many people4 ,we cannot control this town if one man can wield that kind of power40 ,johnson ,hinton now walks around with a silver plate in his head4 ,an all-white jury awarded him seventy-five thousand dollars in damages against the ,city of ,new ,york4 ,those knowledgeable about the case and the ,black ,muslims feel that seventy-five thousand dollars is a small fee to pay for the service ,malcolm ,x rendered the city that night4 ,as the jury found1 the police were absolutely wrong1 and as ,negroes know1 ,hinton's was only one of the ,negro heads that are cracked open without reason by the ,new ,york police each year4 ,but there was a difference between ,johnson ,hinton and all the other ,negroes who get their heads split open in ,harlem3 ,hinton had black brothers and sisters who cared about him2 he was a member of a tightly knit congregation of believers whose basic tenet is 8fight in defense of your life0 and whose main social ethic is 8be ready to exact justice when one of your brothers is abused40 ,the ,muslims will deny it1 but they have a 8crisis system0 that moves into action whenever a ,muslim is abused4 ,it involves a telephone pyramid--one man calls ten people and each of them calls ten--that in one hour can produce upward of a thousand ,muslims at any given point in ,new ,york4 ,and the night ,johnson ,hinton's head was split open was the night ,new ,york police officials went into a huddle and named the ,black ,muslims1 particularly ,malcolm ,x1 as people to watch4 #b4 ,,from ,,moses ,,to ,,malcolm ,x ,the black ,muslims have been in the national spotlight for only four years now1 although the movement itself was born more than a quarter of a century ago4 ,it attracted some attention in ,chicago and ,detroit but did not emerge as a national concern until ,minister ,malcolm ,x1 then serving as leader of the ,new ,york ,muslims and as a sort of roving bishop for the entire movement1 burst upon the scene4 ,as is all too often the case with white people1 the ,establishment took one look at the ,black ,muslims and lurched from apathy to frenzy4 ,no one paused long enough to study just what the ,muslims believe1 what makes them a religion1 how they function as a religion4 ,one of the reasons why this has not been done is that the ,establishment1 both ,negro and white1 was afraid that open acceptance of the ,black ,muslims as a religion would legitimize them4 ,meanwhile1 as ,i mentioned earlier1 courts in several states have issued findings that the ,muslims are1 indeed1 a religion1 and as such enjoy the same freedom as1 say1 ,roman ,catholics4 ,but this is to get ahead of the story4 ,in truth1 the scheme of events1 both economic and moral1 that led to the formation of the ,black ,muslims first began to unravel on the west coast of ,africa some five hundred years ago4 ,and we must begin there and then if we are to understand clearly the here and now4 ,prior1 and basic1 to a full comprehension of the meaning of the ,negro's ,african experience1 we must pause and understand the role of religion in the life of a people4 ,the ,negro as ,african and ,tribesman ,american ,negro slaves were captured from the west coast of ,africa4 ,they were by no means products of a monolithic culture4 ,they represented many tribes and sub-tribes4 ,they spoke a myriad of languages4 ,indeed1 one of the incredible ironies of the 8,middle ,passage0 was that the ,african slaves chained together in the hold of a boat as it crossed the ,atlantic were unable to talk to one another because they did not have a common language4 ,yet these were not uncivilized people4 ,west ,africans had developed a complex society1 as ,lerone ,bennett1 ,jr41 suggests1 long before ,european penetration4 ,their political institutions1 rooted in family groupings1 spiraled outward into village states and empires4 ,they had their armies and courts and1 if this is of any comfort to modern ,americans1 their own internal-revenue departments4 ,speaking of ,africa before the ,european penetration1 anthropologist ,melville ,j4 ,herskovits wrote1 8,of the areas inhabited by non-literate peoples ,africa exhibits the greatest incidence of complex governmental structure40 ,not even the kingdoms of ,peru and ,mexico could mobilize resources and concentrate power more effectively than could some of these ,african monarchies1 which are more to be compared with ,european states of the ,middle ,ages than referred to in the common conception1 8primitive state40 ,agriculture1 herding1 and artistry were important to the ,west ,african1 but the concept of private property was not widely accepted4 ,the land belonged to the community4 ,the core of ,west ,african society was the family4 ,interestingly enough1 most of the ,african tribes constructed their families along matrilineal lines--the family tree was traced through the mother4 ,on the whole1 the ,west ,africans were a mixture of various stocks by the time of the slave invasions4 ,centuries of interbreeding had produced ,africans of varying shapes1 colors1 and features4 ,although they spoke many languages1 they approached a semblance of linguistic unity in that only four of the ,african languages had been reduced to writing before the coming of the white man4 ,whatever their tongue or color the ,west ,africans were a deeply religious people4 ,no greater injustice has been done to a people than that committed by spurious ,american historical and anthropological writings which suggest that ,african religion should be written off as infantile animism4 ,on the contrary1 the ,west ,africans had developed complex answers to such major tribal inquiries as 8,what is man80 8,who is ,god80 8,what is life80 and 8,how final is death's sting80 ,at rock bottom1 the religion of ,west ,africa embraced a concept of 8,life ,forces40 ,the 8,life ,force0 of the ,creator was present in all things animate and inanimate and was viewed as a particularized but microcosmic fragment of the ,supreme ,being1 ,god1 ,who created the earth4 ,as ,lerone ,bennett1 ,jr41 suggests1 this ,african concept of ,god as a vital force in everything bears a striking resemblance to ,henri ,bergson's 8lan vital40 ,religion formed the center of ,west ,african life4 ,every event took on religious meaning4 ,and there is no telling what towering civilization might have blossomed and survived there had the white man not made his intrusion4 ,africans as ,moslems ,the character of this work demands that we examine the impact of ,islam on the black ,africans1 particularly on those of the ,west ,coast1 if we are to understand and evaluate the current preachings of ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad and ,malcolm ,x4 ,dr4 ,john ,hope ,franklin feels that influences of the religion of ,mohammed on the ,african way of life have been exaggerated4 ,it seems certain that ,mohammedanism had little influence upon black ,africans prior to the fourteenth century4 ,as early as the seventh century the ,moslems swept from ,arabia over into ,egypt4 ,subsequently1 they moved into ,north ,africa with great success4 ,but when they attempted to penetrate the land of the black ,african below the ,sahara1 they encountered complex resistance from the kingdoms of ,ghana1 ,melle1 and ,songhay1 where thriving cultures were already in operation4 ,some ,negro monarchs accepted ,mohammedanism for economic or political reasons1 but their subjects clung to their tribal religions4 ,the ,moslems were never able to win over the peoples of ,melle1 ,hausa1 ,yoruba1 and ,susu despite the fact that ,negroes were accepted as their equals4 ,and when invited to enjoy both the economic and cultural advantages the religion offered1 the masses of ,west ,african ,negroes rejected ,islam in favor of their own tribal way of life4 ,it is of singular significance that ,christianity was already entrenched in ,north ,africa when ,mohammedanism made its appearance there in the seventh century4 ,the two faiths became locked in a life-and-death struggle for the control of ,north ,africa4 ,but in ,west ,africa1 the region from which the bulk of the ,negro slaves were taken1 ,christianity was all but unknown until the ,portuguese and ,spanish set up their missions in the sixteenth century4 ,almost from the onset ,christianity was beset by moral ambivalence2 on the one hand the ,spanish and ,portuguese missionaries espoused a doctrine of equality and brotherhood while on the other hand ,spanish and ,portuguese slave traders were seizing thousands of ,africans and shipping them off to the ,new ,world to become slaves4 ,it was thus aboard 8,the ,good ,ship ,jesus0 that the first slaves arrived in ,america4 ,as ,john ,hope ,franklin comments1 8,if the natives of ,west ,africa were slow to accept ,christianity1 it was not only because they were attached to their own particular form of tribal worship1 but because it was beyond the capacity of the unsophisticated ,west ,african mind to reconcile the teaching of brotherhood and the practice of slavery by the white interlopers40 ,the ,european ,christians1 however1 found no conflict between ,christ and slavery and by #ahfj the twenty ,negroes who landed at ,jamestown in #afai had become four million4 ,the ,lord's ,song in a ,strange ,land ,the literature of the ,american ,negro rumbles with the controversy over the transplantation1 or lack of it1 of ,african culture4 ,some ,africanisms have survived in the ,new ,world1 particularly in the ,west ,indies and in ,haiti4 ,but the impact of the ,new ,world culture upon the ,africans--who were already culturally diffused--was decisive4 ,what happened to the ,african is exemplified by the pious captain who held prayer service twice a day on his slave ship4 ,after the prayer services were over1 he retired to his cabin and wrote the now-famous hymn which begins 8,how sweet the ,name of ,jesus sounds in a believer's ear1 it quells the sorrow1 drowns his fears1 and drives away his tears40 ,further evidence of the complete ,americanization of the ,african lies in the fact that descendants of the first ,negro slaves--,negro ,christians born in ,spain and ,portugal--settled in the ,new ,world long before the ,mayflower came4 ,these ,negroes were explorers1 not slaves4 ,some of them accompanied the ,french into the ,mississippi ,valley1 and others went with the ,portuguese into ,south ,america4 ,thirty ,negroes were with ,balboa when he discovered the ,pacific ,ocean1 and several were with ,menndez as he marched into ,florida4 ,the bulk of the ,negroes in ,america are descendants1 at least partially1 of ,africans who arrived in this country first as indentured servants and who were then lowered into slavery4 ,it was under the aegis of slavery that the black ,american accepted ,jehovah as his ,god4 ,it is this ignominious first meeting between ,jesus and the black ,american that ,malcolm ,x probes so accurately and exploits so effectively4 ,christ and ,his ,cotton ,curtain ,when the ,black ,muslims call upon ,american ,negroes to forsake ,christianity and return to ,islam1 they not only flirt with historical inaccuracy1 but they declare open war against the ,negro church1 which has been properly described by ,e4 ,franklin ,frazier as the most important institution the ,american ,negro has built4 ,that the ,black ,muslims have had remarkable success in leading thousands of ,negroes out of the ,christian church and into the temples of ,islam is clear evidence that somewhere in the history of ,american ,christendom faith failed the ,negro4 ,and when it is realized that the ,black ,muslims are able to attract three times as many fellow travelers as they do members1 the failure of ,christianity becomes even more pronounced4 ,how and why that failure came about lies deep in the swamps and plantations of the ,south1 and we must return there and examine the record of that failure if we are to grasp fully the meaning of ,malcolm ,x when he says1 8,christianity is a white man's religion40 ,every people has a sense of the past1 the handed-down record of what has gone before1 the ,ark of the ,covenant1 as the collective experience of a people4 ,for the ,american ,negro this sense of the past begins in ,america1 not ,africa1 for it was in ,america that the ,american ,negro was forged into a people4 ,under the tutelage of white plantation masters the first slaves discovered a common language that made it possible for them to communicate with each other and thus make a collective expression of their resentment of the peculiar institution known as slavery4 ,the white slave owner was ,christian1 and despite some efforts to prohibit ,negro exposure to the ,bible1 most slave masters or1 more particularly1 their wives--saw to it that the slaves heard the gospel4 ,one of the moving scenes of ,american history is that of slave and slave master gathered together in church on the plantation to hear the gospel of a ,christ of brotherhood4 ,most plantation masters saw to it that the minister kept his sermon confined to such texts as 8,servants1 be obedient to them that are your masters0 7,ephesians #f3e74 ,there was a deeper meaning for the slave in the religious life of the plantation4 ,strangely enough1 it was the ,old ,testament with its rich history of the ,jews and their bouts with famines1 pestilence1 idolatry1 and slavery that attracted the imagination of the religious slave4 ,working in the field by day1 having his wife sold away from him down the river to another plantation1 seeing his son stripped naked to the waist and given a hundred lashes for being 8uppity10 the ,negro slave found a cruel parallel between his life and that of those who begged favor to let them return to their homeland and who finally were delivered by ,god1 who visited a series of disasters upon the slave master4 ,here in the ,negro plantation church--called by scholars 8,the ,invisible ,institution0--the ,negro began to translate the history of the ,jews into words of deliverance and hope4 ,it was thus that slaves began to translate the social history of the ,jews into ,negro spirituals3 ,didn't my ,lord deliver ,daniel8 ,go down1 ,moses1 way down in ,egypt land1 tell ,old ,pharaoh let my people go4444 ,we are climbing ,jacob's ladder1 every round goes higher and higher4444 ,soldiers of the ,cross ,jordan's river is chilly and cold1 none can cross but the true and bold4444 ,swing low1 sweet chariot1 coming for to carry me home4444 ,soon ,i will be done with the troubles of the world1 going home to live with ,god4444 ,at first it appeared that the ,american church would embrace integration of the ,negro and lead the attack against the institution of slavery4 ,in #aghd1 for example1 the ,methodist ,church declared slavery 8contrary to the golden laws of ,god0 and went on to order its members to set all slaves free within twelve months4 ,but ,southern states led by ,virginia forced a suspension of the resolution4 ,five years later the ,baptist ,church passed pretty much the same resolution4 ,but it1 too1 recanted under pressure from the ,deep ,south4 ,even so1 many churches accepted ,negroes as parishioners1 though many whites feared that they could be flirting with disaster if they adopted a truly liberal policy with respect to ,negro membership4 ,by the same token1 they were leery of all ,negro churches on the plantation4 ,they feared that ,negro ministers and church officials would exercise considerable authority over their slave communicants and thus the church could become a center of rebellion4 ,the ,american church was having other problems at the time1 and its concern with the ,negro question was not prime4 ,the ,anglican clergy1 flouting their ,toryism1 were causing many ,american parishioners to seek complete disassociation from the ,church of ,england4 ,in fact1 every religious denomination1 with the exception of the ,roman ,catholic1 was busy establishing an ,american wing of its church in the hope that it would be completely separate from its ,european sponsor4 ,the ,catholic ,church itself finally acquiesced and became separate under the control of a special ,prefect ,apostolic4 ,this intercontinental war between the churches of the ,new ,world and the ,old eclipsed the problem of the ,negro as far as white churchmen were concerned and set the scene for the establishment of separate churches for ,negroes4 ,negro ,baptist churches began to sprout while the war for independence was still being waged4 ,george ,liele1 a ,negro leader1 founded a ,baptist church in ,savannah1 ,georgia1 in #aggi that became the nucleus of the ,negro ,baptists in that state4 ,virginia ,negroes organized a ,baptist church in ,petersburg in #aggf1 in ,richmond in #aghj1 and in ,williamsburg in #aghe4 ,according to ,dr4 ,john ,hope ,franklin1 many of the white clergy in ,virginia assisted ,negroes in setting up and organizing their separate churches4 ,it was in the ,north that the ,negro church really burgeoned4 ,foremost among the ,northern ,negro churchmen was ,richard ,allen1 an ex-slave who had purchased his freedom from his ,delaware master in #aggg1 the year he also accepted ,christ as his saviour4 ,in #aghf ,allen moved to ,philadelphia and began to hold prayer meetings for ,negroes4 ,his efforts to establish a ,negro church were opposed by whites and some ,negroes4 ,but when the officials of ,st4 ,george's ,church1 where ,allen frequently preached1 began to segregate a large number of ,negroes who came to hear him1 it became clear to ,allen's ,negro detractors that the time was right for a ,negro church4 ,the final break came when white church officials pulled ,allen1 ,absalom ,jones1 and ,william ,white from their knees while they were praying in what had been set aside as the white section of the church4 ,an innately dramatic man1 ,allen led the ,negroes out of ,st4 ,george's ,church and organized ,mother ,bethel1 now the central church of ,negro ,methodism4 ,allen and his followers organized what became the ,african ,methodist ,episcopal ,church and by #ahbj they had four thousand followers in ,philadelphia alone4 ,the organization spread as far west as ,pittsburgh and as far south as ,charleston4 ,in ,new ,york ,city1 because of discrimination and segregation ,negroes withdrew from the ,john ,street ,methodist ,episcopal ,church and established what is now the ,african ,methodist ,episcopal ,zion ,church1 one of whose leading bishops is ,dr4 ,stephen ,gill ,spottswood1 the current chairman of the board of the ,,naacp4 ,the same trend was developing among ,negro ,baptists of the ,north4 ,in #ahji thirteen ,negro members of a white ,baptist church in ,philadelphia were dismissed to form a church of their own4 ,the ,negro ,baptists of ,boston set up their own church in the same year under the leadership of ,reverend ,thomas ,paul4 ,at the same time he was shepherding the ,boston congregation1 ,rev4 ,paul also organized a ,negro ,baptist church in ,new ,york ,city4 ,the church was later named ,abyssinian and is now pastored by the controversial minister-politician1 ,adam ,clayton ,powell1 ,jr4 ,both white and ,negro clergymen agree that the development of separate churches was inconsistent with the teachings of religion1 but the ,negro clergymen were adamant1 feeling that a separate church would give them an opportunity to develop leadership4 ,more1 there were theological points that ,negro churchmen found difficult to accept4 ,one was the notion1 widely held among white ,christians particularly in the ,south1 that the ,negro was the descendant of ,ham1 the son of ,noah1 who laughed at his father's nakedness and thus doomed himself and his descendants to be hewers of wood and drawers of water--that is to say1 servants--to the descendants of ,noah's other sons4 ,this theological justification for the concept of ,negro inferiority reached its peak during the early part of the nineteenth century1 when a spurious body of anthropological and biological scholarship offered 8scientific proof0 of the ,negro's innate inferiority both as a spiritual being and as a person4 ,it was the 8,linnaean ,web0 that did it3 scientists at that time completely embraced the notions of ,linnaeus that the classification of peoples in terms of skull sizes and shapes as well as in terms of color was the first step toward knowledge4 ,the ,american scene of the early #ahjjs was peopled with a variety of racial stocks1 and the majority of the white ,protestant group fell victims of the all-too-easy temptation to judge the worth of an individual merely by looking at the color of his skin or the shape of his nose4 ,thus1 the image of the hook-nosed ,jewish peddler2 the drunken1 shiftless ,irishman2 the stupid1 soggy ,german2 the hot-tempered ,italian2 and the ragged1 lazy ,negro4 ,only in the ,negro church1 then1 did the ,negro find a sense of dignity and meaning4 ,only there was he made to feel a true and equal child of ,god4 ,the ,negro church developed a peculiar theology that spoke to the frustration of the ,american ,negro1 and it was there that the ,negro translated ,christianity into the hope of ,negro deliverance4 ,but two factors1 hardly noticed at the time1 were to keep the ,negro church from becoming a completely closed institution3 first1 the ,negro church was a part of the ,negro community1 which was an affront to every sensitive ,negro citizen2 the ,negro community was an enclave of terror and police brutality1 and the growing ambition of every ,negro was somehow to escape this troubled land and live out his days in a less menacing atmosphere4 ,the other factor that operated against the ,negro church was its consuming concern with the salvation of souls1 the readying of men for full and total adjustment in the world beyond the grave4 ,like its white counterpart1 the ,negro church neglected the social ethic1 was unconcerned about where men would live1 what they would eat1 and how they would clothe themselves on this side of the ,jordan4 ,meanwhile1 the nation lunged from slavery through ,reconstruction into the race riots of the early #aijjs4 ,white attitudes hardened1 segregation signs sprouted over every bathroom and drinking fountain1 in every railroad train and bus1 and the white segregationist invoked the name of ,god to justify his lynchings1 police brutality1 injustice before the law1 as well as the denial of every right the ,constitution had given to the ,negro4 ,negro churchmen realized the situation was getting grave4 ,a young theologian1 ,benjamin ,e4 ,mays1 now ,president of ,morehouse ,college1 and one of the three ,american official mourners at the funeral of ,pope ,john ,,xxiii1 wrote his doctoral thesis on the ,negroes' ,god4 ,that was almost forty years ago1 and even then ,dr4 ,mays suspected that the ,negroes' religion had better take on more militancy and that this militancy should be rooted in some kind of ,god concept4 ,at the end of ,world ,war ,,ii ,american ,negro soldiers--so movingly described in ,john ,oliver ,killens' novel ,and ,then ,we ,heard the ,thunder--came home determined to do something about their own society4 ,the children of these soldiers are now marching the streets of ,birmingham1 ,jackson1 and ,new ,york ,city4 ,they were spawned by the same era that produced ,malcolm ,x and comedian ,dick ,gregory1 both of whom are part and parcel of the same movement4 ,it is not coincidental that the freedom riders and ,malcolm ,x came upon the scene at the same time4 ,they both emerged from a growing ,negro consensus that old paths have led nowhere1 that they lead the wandering ,negro around and around the foot of the mountain but never lead him on toward his goal4 ,the ,peddler of ,silks and ,scripture ,nineteen-thirty was the year after the big crash on ,wall ,street4 ,for the ,negro in ,detroit the crash had a double meaning4 ,it not only meant that he would be unemployed1 that there would be no money1 but that the subtle discrimination of the ,north--the very thing that had caused him to leave the ,south--would become bold and overt4 ,into the ,negro ghetto of ,detroit1 late in the summer of #aicj1 there came a peddler1 a man of unknown origin and lineage1 who sold silks and satins from door to door4 ,he was a strange-looking man4 ,because of his pale yellow coloring1 some thought he was an ,arab1 others thought he was a ,palestinian1 and others felt that he had come from ,india4 ,he called himself ,w4 ,d4 ,fard on most occasions4 ,other times he was variously known as ,mr4 ,farrad ,mohammad1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,m4 ,ali1 ,professor ,ford1 and ,mr4 ,wali ,farrad4 ,one of his ,detroit followers quotes him as having said1 8,my name is ,w4 ,d4 ,fard1 and ,i come from the ,holy ,city of ,mecca4 ,more about myself ,i will not tell you yet1 for the time is not yet come4 ,i am your brother4 ,you have not yet seen me in my royal robes40 ,there are no documented facts as to just who ,fard was or where he came from4 ,however1 he found easy entry into the homes of lower-class ,detroit ,negroes1 who were eager to purchase the silks he claimed were like those worn by black men in ,africa4 ,dr4 ,eric ,lincoln has gathered information showing that ,fard also used his presence in ,negro homes to spread a curious doctrine which1 in ,lincoln's words1 found anxious ears 8among culture-hungry ,negroes40 ,the evidence suggests that ,fard mixed the peddling of silks with lectures on the black man's past4 ,he became known as 8,the ,prophet0 and concentrated his teachings on his experience in the ,near and ,far ,east4 ,fard often warned his listeners against certain foods and drinks4 8444 he would eat whatever we had on the table10 one of his followers said1 8but after the meal he began to talk4 #8,now don't eat this food1 it is poison for you4 ,the people in your own country do not eat it4 ,since they eat the right kind of food they have the best health always4 ,if you would just live like the people in your home country1 you would not be sick any more4' ,so we all wanted him to tell us about ourselves and about our home country and about how we could be free from rheumatism1 aches1 and pains40 ,fard was also well versed in the ,bible and he used it as a textbook while1 at the same time1 advising ,negroes to renounce ,christianity4 ,realizing that the ,bible was the only religious literature known to the ,negro1 ,fard skillfully used it to support his version of the black man's history and the white man's destiny4 ,in the beginning ,fard peddled his wares by day and held house meetings at night4 ,but as the ,depression deepened and his attack upon the white man grew more bitter1 the crowds overflowed the small living rooms and dining rooms of the ,detroit slum area4 ,the followers of ,fard hired a hall1 which they named ,the ,temple of ,islam4 ,and that was the birth of the phenomenon known today as the ,black ,muslims4 ,fard seems to have been a very friendly1 relaxed man with an intuitive mastery of mass psychology4 ,his attacks on members of the white race and on the ,bible shocked his listeners into ecstasy and many became converts to his amazing brand of ,islam4 8,up to that day ,i always went to the ,baptist ,church10 one convert said4 8,after ,i heard the sermon from the prophet1 ,i was turned around completely4 ,when ,i went home and heard that dinner was ready1 ,i said1 #8,i don't want to eat1 ,i just want to go back to the meeting4'0 ,it was inevitable that legends would pop up about a man like ,w4 ,d4 ,fard4 ,eric ,lincoln has gathered and reported them as follows3 ,one such legend is that ,fard was a ,jamaican ,negro whose father was a ,syrian ,moslem4 ,another describes him as a ,palestinian ,arab who had participated in various racial agitations in ,india1 ,south ,africa and ,london before moving on to ,detroit4 ,some of his followers believed him to be the son of wealthy parents of the tribe of ,koreish--the tribe of ,mohammed1 founder of classical ,islam4 ,others say that he was educated at ,london ,university in preparation for a diplomatic career in the service of the ,kingdom of ,hejaz1 but that he sacrificed his personal future 8to bring #8freedom1 justice1 and equality' to the #8black men in the wilderness of ,north ,america1 surrounded and robbed completely by the ,cave ,man4'0 ,fard announced himself to the ,detroit police as 8the ,supreme ,ruler of the ,universe10 and at least some of his followers seem to have considered him divine4 ,at the other extreme1 a ,chicago newspaper investigating the ,black ,muslim ,movement refers to ,fard as 8a ,turkish-born ,nazi agent who worked for ,hitler in ,world ,war ,,ii40 ,as for ,fard himself1 he said that he had been sent to alert the black people of ,america to the unlimited possibilities of the universal black man in a world now usurped1 but temporarily so1 by white 8blue-eyed devils40 ,this teaching was a sweet shock to illiterate ,negroes whose lives had been spent in fear of the white man4 ,they were irresistibly attracted to a black man who would stand tall1 call the white man a snake1 a devil--a blue-eyed devil1 at that--and predict that his reign over the world would soon come to an ignominious end4 ,and when ,fard taught that the white man was full of tricks1 always to be suspected1 never to be trusted1 the ,southern ,negroes who had come to ,detroit in search of freedom only to find futility could not resist the temptation to shout 8,amen40 ,as ,eric ,lincoln says1 8,the ,north was no promised land3 ,it was the ,south all over again with the worst features of racial prejudice thinly camouflaged by sweet talk about equality40 ,the black ,detroiters who heard ,fard were starving1 living in overcrowded slums4 ,they were the victims of police brutality1 the continuing symbol of the power of the white establishment4 ,they were bitter toward the white workers who took over 8,negro jobs0 as work became more scarce4 ,even the white welfare workers in ,detroit1 according to ,eric ,lincoln1 deliberately abused ,negroes by making them wait long hours in line before passing out pitiful supplies of flour and lard4 ,all this fear resulted in deep resentment and despair4 ,the words of ,fard began to make more sense than ever4 ,once ,fard had secured a temple1 the frequency of his meetings was stepped up and the movement became more formalized4 ,prospective members were put through rigid examinations and were called upon to make commitments and pledges4 ,the sermons at ,fard's meetings were always based on the same subject3 the untrustworthiness of the white man and the need for the ,negro to understand and return to his glorious history in ,africa and ,asia4 ,eric ,lincoln says that ,fard1 with no literature or material to espouse his cause1 used the writings of ,joseph ,f4 8,judge0 ,rutherford1 then leader of ,jehovah's ,witnesses2 ,van ,loon's ,story of ,mankind2 ,breasted's ,the ,conquest of ,civilization2 the ,quran2 the ,bible2 and certain literature of ,freemasonry1 to bring his people to 8knowledge of self40 ,the followers of ,fard were encouraged to buy radios so that they could hear the expressions of ,rutherford and ,frank ,norris1 the ,baptist fundamentalist preacher4 ,once temple meetings began1 however1 ,fard told his members that the words of any white man could not be trusted1 for the white man was incapable of telling the truth4 ,he insisted that the white man's writings were filled with a symbolism that must be interpreted4 ,fard went on to establish himself as the interpreter and brought the throng to its feet cheering when he said that the stupid white man was actually a tool in the hands of ,allah1 that the white man was a dumb idiot who unknowingly told the 8truth0 and thus predicted his own doom4 ,fard himself gave the movement its two basic theological pieces3 ,the ,sacred ,ritual of the ,nation of ,islam1 still the key document for the ,black ,muslims1 and ,teachings for the ,lost ,found ,nation of ,islam in a ,mathematical ,way1 a religious cryptogram distributed among ,muslims but which only ,fard could interpret4 ,within four years after he had set up the first temple1 ,fard1 who turned out to be an extremely able executive1 not only had a burgeoning membership of followers1 but had founded a ,university of ,islam1 a combination of elementary and high-school education devoted to higher mathematics1 astronomy1 and the 8ending of the spook civilization40 ,to augment all this1 ,fard established 8,the ,muslim ,girls ,training ,class0 to drill ,muslim women in the art of being good housewives and mothers4 ,and to put down any trouble with unbelievers and police1 he organized 8,the ,fruit of ,islam10 a quasi-military organization in which men were divided into squads headed by captains and taught the tactics of judo and the use of firearms4 ,completing the temple structure1 a minister was appointed by ,fard to run the entire organization4 ,the ,man from ,sandersville ,one of ,fard's ,detroit converts was ,elijah ,poole1 a ,negro from ,sandersville1 ,georgia1 and the son of a ,baptist minister4 ,poole was born on ,october #g1 #ahig1 one of the thirteen children of ,wali and ,marie ,poole1 both of whom had been slaves4 ,after completing the fourth grade--he was then sixteen years old--,poole left home4 ,in #aibc he and his wife1 ,clara ,evans1 along with their two children moved to ,detroit4 ,of all the disenchanted ,detroit ,negroes1 ,elijah ,poole was probably the bitterest4 ,the lure of ,detroit had proved a nightmare2 he worked in factories at several different jobs until the ,depression hit in #aibi4 ,in #aicj ,poole attended one of the house meetings and heard ,fard2 in ,poole's words1 ,fard took him 8out of the gutters in the streets of ,detroit and taught me knowledge of ,islam40 ,almost from the onset ,fard and ,poole seemed to become fast friends4 ,early members of the sect have stated that ,elijah ,poole became something of an errand boy for ,fard and also helped him publish a newspaper4 ,the key fact in the relationship between ,elijah ,poole and ,fard was time4 ,poole came into the movement at the moment police in ,detroit were breathing down ,fard's neck4 ,indeed it was fear of trouble from the police--and nonbelievers--that caused ,fard to organize ,the ,fruit of ,islam4 ,the same concern caused ,fard to organize his temple in such a manner that he would seldom risk public exposure4 ,once ,fard had fashioned his tightly knit organization he appointed a ,chief ,minister of ,islam to preside over the entire movement4 ,elijah ,poole was tapped by ,fard as the first ,chief ,minister of ,islam and given the coveted 8original name0 ,muhammad4 ,earlier in #aicb1 three years after he joined the movement1 ,elijah ,muhammad went to ,chicago and established what has since become known as ,temple ,number ,two1 which is now the headquarters of the ,black ,muslim movement4 ,trouble in ,detroit1 however1 seems to have cut short ,muhammad's sojourn in ,chicago4 ,the history of this period is clouded by controversy1 but the following is the best sequence of events observers have been able to piece together3 ,shortly after 7perhaps before7 ,elijah ,muhammad left ,detroit for ,chicago one of the ,muslim brothers got into trouble with the ,detroit police because of his alleged part in the sacrificial killing of a fellow ,muslim4 ,it is a matter of record that the ,muslims did teach sacrificial killing at that time and that ,fard was arrested in connection with the charge4 ,muhammad has written of the incident in these words3 ,he was persecuted1 sent to jail in #aicb1 and ordered out of ,detroit1 ,michigan1 ,may #bf1 #aicc4 ,he came to ,chicago in the same year1 was arrested almost immediately1 and placed behind prison bars4 ,he submitted himself with all humility to his persecutors4 ,each time he was arrested he sent for me that ,i may see and learn the price of truth for us 7the so-called ,negroes74 ,muhammad gave ,fard refuge in ,chicago4 ,shortly thereafter ,elijah was named ,fard's first ,minister of ,islam and returned to ,detroit1 where he took over the movement despite opposition from several of ,fard's followers4 ,shaken by his encounter with police1 ,fard withdrew from public view1 leaving ,elijah ,muhammad to stand as the public presence for the movement4 ,during #aicc ,fard was seen less and less2 then1 in #aicd1 he simply vanished4 ,to this writing1 state and federal authorities have been unable to solve the riddle of ,fard's disappearance4 ,as ,eric ,lincoln says1 8,all reports about the whereabouts of ,fard wind up at a dead end40 ,the report that he was seen aboard a ship bound for ,europe was never substantiated4 ,the report that he met foul play at the hands of ,detroit police or some of his dissident friends was never confirmed4 ,and the dark hint that ,elijah ,muhammad himself was in some way connected with ,fard's disappearance has not been supported by any evidence4 ,although rumors persist to this day that ,muhammad induced ,fard to offer himself up as a human sacrifice1 there is no evidence to support them4 ,yet as ,eric ,lincoln comments1 8,it is interesting to note that ,fard is honored by ,black ,muslims everywhere as the #8,saviour' and is celebrated as such every year on his birthday1 ,february #bf40 ,once ,fard fell from view1 ,muhammad became leader of the movement4 ,he was able to bring many dissidents back into the temple1 but soon broke with the ,detroit faction and returned to ,chicago to set up his headquarters4 ,muhammad had learned church administration from his clergyman father and was able to organize several new temples of ,islam4 ,fard was apotheosized and referred to as the ,prophet of ,allah2 ,muhammad proclaimed himself the ,messenger of the ,prophet of ,allah4 ,to this day1 the wellspring of ,muhammad's power flows from the fact that he was with ,fard in life and possibly in death4 ,on one occasion he said1 8,i have it from the mouth of ,god that the enemy had better try to protect my life and see that ,i continue to live4 ,because if anything happens to me1 ,i will be the last one that they murder4 ,and if any of my followers are harmed1 ten of the enemy's best ones will be killed40 ,fard and ,muhammad shared an affinity for getting into trouble with the law4 ,in #aicd ,muhammad refused to transfer his children from the ,university of ,islam to another1 accredited school1 and he was convicted of contributing to the delinquency of a minor and placed on six months' probation4 ,eight years later the ,messenger was arrested by federal authorities1 convicted of refusing to register for the draft1 and sentenced to four years in the federal prison at ,milan1 ,michigan4 ,the indictment1 however1 alleged that ,muhammad taught ,negroes that their interests were in a ,japanese victory in ,world ,war ,,ii1 since ,negroes were ethnic brothers of the ,japanese4 ,muhammad's pro-,japanese sentiments were probably influenced by ,japanese efforts1 principally through a skilled operative named ,major ,takahashi who was in ,chicago around #aich1 to proselytize among the ,muslims and other ,negro groups4 ,rank-and-file ,muslims1 however1 showed little interest in ,takahashi's propaganda1 just as they had shown little interest in ,communist overtures in #aicb4 ,like other men with a messianic complex1 ,muhammad seemed to grow both in stature and spirit behind bars4 ,first of all1 he was clearly able to direct the movement even while he was in prison1 and once he was released1 he began uttering statements that made ,fard and1 indeed1 the early ,elijah ,muhammad sound conservative4 ,in bold staccato phrases1 punctuated by clearing of the throat so endemic to ,southern ,negro preachers1 ,muhammad shouted to the throng that the white man is a snake1 a devil by nature1 evil1 incapable of doing right4 ,despite the fact that he was still garbed in his 8release suit10 ,muhammad told the ,chicago crowd that it made no sense for ,negroes in this country to have fought against the ,japanese1 who were victimized by the same blue-eyed devil who had victimized the ,american ,negro4 ,but ,muhammad did not stop there2 he said that the ,american ,negro had had no stake in ,world ,war ,,ii4 8,rather10 ,muhammad said1 8the ,american ,negro should be saving his energy and ammunition for #8,the ,battle of ,armageddon1' which will be waged in the wilderness of ,north ,america4 ,this battle--and this is one of the central teachings of the ,nation of ,islam--will be for freedom1 justice1 and equality4 ,it will be waged to success or under death40 ,muhammad always titillates his followers by telling them that he cannot at this moment let them know just when the battle will take place and who the protagonists will be4 ,but one has only to sit in the audience and hear his followers applaud and laugh to know that they fully believe that the time of the bloodletting is nigh and that the struggle will be between black and white4 ,despite his boldness1 the movement stagnated under ,muhammad's leadership4 ,in the mid-forties 8,the ,big ,x0 came on the scene4 ,and with the arrival of ,malcolm ,little--christened into ,islam ,malcolm ,x and elevated by ,elijah ,muhammad to be ,malcolm ,shabazz1 but known to the pimps1 prostitutes1 and dope addicts as 8,big ,red0--the ,black ,muslim movement really began to move4 ,big ,red ,malcolm ,little was born in ,omaha1 ,nebraska1 in #aibe1 and like ,elijah ,muhammad he was the son of a ,baptist minister4 ,the family soon moved from ,omaha to ,lansing1 ,michigan4 ,malcolm's father was a follower of the ,black ,nationalist1 ,marcus ,garvey1 who felt that all ,negroes should return to ,africa and escape the oppression of the white man4 ,the ,ku ,klux ,klan burned down the family home when ,malcolm was only six years old4 8,the firemen came10 ,malcolm says1 8and just sat there without making any effort to put one drop of water on the fire4 ,the same fire that burned my father's home still burns in my soul40 ,following ,garvey's teaching that the ,negroes should go into business1 ,mr4 ,little then set out to build his own store4 ,soon after this1 according to ,malcolm1 8my father was found with his head bashed and his body mangled under a streetcar40 ,malcolm ,shabazz to this day remains convinced that his father was lynched by white people who resented even the prospect of a ,negro gaining some economic independence4 ,with his father's death1 ,malcolm's family was forced to separate4 ,in moving terms1 clenching his fists1 and at times breaking into tears1 ,malcolm has described to me how his mother boiled dandelion greens from day to day trying to keep her eleven children from starving to death4 8,we stayed dizzy and sick because we stayed hungry40 ,at night ,malcolm and his brothers would go out and steal what food they could to fill their stomachs4 ,the ,littles were a clannish bunch4 ,they struggled to stay together1 but the pangs of hunger were too great1 and they were ripped apart4 ,malcolm was sent to an institution for boys4 ,this turned out to be the second molding factor in the life of ,malcolm ,x4 ,he was one of the few ,negroes--if not the only one--in the institution and he developed a warm love for the white matron who defended him when other kids were 8kicking him around40 ,in the only complimentary statement ,i have heard him make about a white person1 ,malcolm says of the matron1 8,she was good to me4 ,i followed her around like a little puppy4 ,i was a kind of mascot40 ,she arranged for him to attend a near-by school where1 although he was the only ,negro pupil1 his keen mind put him at the head of the class1 which only gained him the resentment of both the teacher and the pupils4 8,when ,i was in the eighth grade10 ,malcolm says1 8they asked me what ,i wanted to become4 ,i told them ,i wanted to study law4 ,but they told me that law was not a suitable profession for a ,negro4 ,they suggested that ,i think of a trade such as carpentry40 ,that ripped it6 ,malcolm soon left school and came east to ,new ,york1 and in a matter of weeks penetrated the underworld where he became a trusted lieutenant4 ,malcolm's early days in the underworld are described in unpublished notes by writer ,alex ,haley in the following words3 ,admitted to the underworld's fringes1 sixteen-year-old ,malcolm absorbed all he heard and saw4 ,he swiftly built up a reputation for honesty by turning over every dollar due his boss 78,i have always been intensely loyal074 ,by the age of #ah1 ,malcolm was versatile 8,big ,red40 ,he hired from four to six men variously plying dope1 numbers1 bootleg whiskey and diverse forms of hustling4 ,malcolm personally squired well-heeled white thrill-seekers to ,harlem sin dens1 and ,negroes to white sin downtown4 8,my best customers were preachers and social leaders1 police and all kinds of big shots in the business of controlling other people's lives40 ,his income often reached as high as two thousand dollars a month4 ,and ,i have heard ,malcolm talk of paying off the cops from a thousand-dollar bankroll which he pulled from the pocket of his two-hundred-dollar suit4 ,but not even 8,big ,red0 had enough money to pay all of the policemen and eventually ,malcolm ,x went to prison for burglary4 ,it was in #aidg1 in the maximum security prison at ,concord1 ,massachusetts1 that ,malcolm was converted to the teachings of ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad by one of his fellow prisoners who was a member of the ,detroit temple4 ,from that moment ,malcolm has neither smoked1 cursed1 drunk1 nor run after women4 ,he is the most puritanical man ,i have ever met4 ,i have interviewed him scores of times but he will not meet me for an interview at any place where liquor is sold4 ,he does not object to my smoking1 but in polite terms he makes it understood that he would rather ,i didn't smoke around him4 ,i have entertained him in my home along with other guests1 and he has sat relaxed on the floor as we drink4 ,he has never taken anything but coffee1 although he knows full well that none of us would ever betray him4 ,indeed1 it is around the widely known and deeply admired morality of ,malcolm ,x that one of the few pieces of humor about the ,muslim movement came into being4 ,the story is that ,malcolm was attempting to convert a ,negro ,baptist to the teaching of ,islam4 8,what are the rules of your organization80 the ,negro asked4 8,well10 ,malcolm said1 8my brother1 you have to stop drinking1 stop swearing1 stop gambling1 stop using dope1 and stop cheating on your wife60 8,hell10 the convert replied1 8,i think ,i had better remain a ,christian40 #c4 ,,the ,,nation ,,of ,,islam ,any objective evaluation of the ,black ,muslims as a religious body must begin with a fresh look at religion itself1 its origin and meaning4 ,the current1 widespread antipathy toward the ,black ,muslims makes such a basic review of the roots of religion all the more necessary4 ,above all we must shut out the voices of those who insist that the ,black ,muslims are not a religion because they--the critics--don't like what the ,muslims preach and do4 ,after all1 the ,mormon ,church holds1 among other things1 that the ,negro is inferior because he is the descendant of ,ham1 the accursed son of ,noah4 ,as a result ,negroes are allowed to join the ,mormon ,church1 but are barred from high church office4 ,but none of us will take the position that the ,mormons are not a religion4 ,to understand the ,black ,muslims--and the ,mormons1 for that matter--we must retrace that contorted and tribal path man and ,god have walked together en route to the here and now4 ,religion as a ,group ,experience ,the world has always been a mystery to man4 ,it excites his imagination1 challenges his courage1 and piques his intellect4 ,but the individual never meets the world alone4 ,he is of his group2 the group is part of the world he inherited on the day he discovered himself and the other members of his group--like the thunder and the lightning and the sun and the trees and the rivers and the canyons and the hurricanes and the manna trees that are part of that which confounds him4 ,collectively confounded1 then1 the group members react as one4 ,they create a god almost always in their own image and attribute to him all of the omnipotence and omnipresence required to account for a plot of matter spinning dizzily through space into nowhere4 ,and if he is in their image1 then he is their father and they are his children4 ,he watches over them and protects them from the pestilences that come by day and the evils that crawl by night4 ,they are his chosen people and he walks with the warriors of the tribe as they go forth to battle temporal evil1 which is to say1 anything and anybody that differs from their tribe4 ,in return1 the tribesmen insist that god make demands upon them4 ,and god grants their request3 ,he commands them to bow down and worship him1 and to put no other god before him4 ,he commands them to love one another even as they love him and he loves them4 ,his commandments on social ethics always parallel the social history of the tribe involved4 ,if one day some members of the tribe feel sick from having eaten the meat from a given animal1 then god decrees that such meat is unclean and that it is sinful to eat of it4 ,if the social history of the people discloses that the affinity between the man and his woman is so intense that the intrusion of any other man or woman upon that relationship brings on community disorder1 then god decrees that a man shall have one wife and a woman one husband1 and then commands that the neighbors covet not the man's wife or the woman's husband4 ,and when the tribe matures to the point of having old men1 elders1 steeped in the history of the tradition of the people1 god orders that the aged be respected and all be venerated as his leaders on earth4 ,thus it is that the god of a tribe becomes 8their0 god4 ,history is replete with battle scars left when the gods of an opposing people fought it out on the plains and in the valleys4 ,when tribe meets tribe in war1 at least one of the tribes is bound to lose4 ,but even in defeat the god of the tribe becomes more powerful than ever before as the tribe is convinced that1 though it has lost a battle1 it will eventually win the war4 ,thus1 in the words of one of the great tribal leaders1 8,our god is able to deliver4 ,but if not1 we will not bow down and serve your god40 ,although tribal life revolves around the god concept1 few tribal states have actually become theocracies4 ,religious leaders have taken their place beside temporal leaders1 and they function in concord1 under the umbrella of their god to make the state a practical institution4 ,with the dawn of modern history1 gods began to fuse and merge as people began to widen the circle of their experience and accept the reality of tribal pluralism1 and civilizations that have survived to matter in the context of the current world are those that fly the banner of the world's four or five major religions4 ,modern man knows little of all this because he inherited already thought-out religions4 ,thus he has no idea how primitive and crude his gods once were4 ,and it is precisely because of modern man's religious sophistication that the ,black ,muslims rasp3 ,at stage center1 and before an audience that is weary of racism and religious bigotry1 the all-black ,nation of ,islam gleefully re-enacts the shoddy scenes of our cultural beginnings4 8,we are in the image of ,god10 ,malcolm says4 8,make it plain1 ,brother ,minister4 ,make it plain40 8,that means that ,god--we call him ,allah--must be black like me60 8,all praise due to ,allah40 8,god was here in the beginning40 8,yes sir1 that's right40 8,so we were here from the beginning0--and ,malcolm ,x smiles4 ,the people come roaring to their feet with shouts of thanks and deliverance4 8,and that which was here from the beginning must be the daddy of everything else4 ,am ,i right or wrong80 8,you right4 ,that's right40 8,this blue-eyed devil talking about he is superior4 ,it's about time he found out that we are his pappy60 8,make it plain1 ,brother4 ,make it plain40 8,now listen to this10 ,malcolm told a rally of three thousand on a ,harlem street corner1 8and you will know why black is superior40 8,come on4 ,come1 let's hear it60 8,black is the prime color4 ,it is the strong color40 8,yes60 8,you can get any other color you want by mixing colors1 but you cannot find colors that you can mix and produce black4 ,only black can produce black40 8,make it plain40 8,and if black is prime1 that means it is ,god1 that means it is good40 8,that's right60 8,therefore the less black you are the less good you are40 8,all praise due to ,allah40 ,and now the people sense the great truth that is about to come1 and they begin to break with laughter4 8,therefore when you are white1 you are as nonblack as you can be40 8,make it plain1 ,malcolm4 ,make it plain40 8,therefore when you are white you are absolutely nongood2 am ,i right or wrong80 8,you right60 8,in other words10 ,malcolm shouts1 8the white man is therefore absolutely evil1 a snake and a devil1 and his time of destruction draws nigh60 ,with this the crowd breaks with joy4 ,the applause lasts for several minutes2 white policemen standing guard at the meeting nudge white onlookers1 telling them to 8move on40 ,this argument1 that ,god is black and the white man a devil1 presents the ,black ,muslims with the identical philosophical dilemma that has plagued most religions3 ,how could a good 7black7 ,god create a bad 7white7 thing8 ,the doctrine concerning ,yakub is the ,black ,muslims' attempt to answer that riddle4 ,in biological terms of reference1 accepting the ,muslim notion that the black man is the original man1 they must explain how the black race produced white people4 ,elijah ,muhammad states the argument in these terms3 ,the ,caucasian race was created out of the weak of the black race2 they are the handiwork of ,yakub1 a black scientist who rebelled against ,allah4 ,dr4 ,eric ,lincoln is correct when he says that the doctrine of ,yakub is the central myth of the ,black ,muslim movement4 ,but it is also the tenet the ,black ,muslims seem to know least about4 ,writing in the ,pittsburgh ,courier1 ,elijah ,muhammad detailed in these words the mechanics by which the black scientist ,yakub made the white man3 ,who are the white race8 ,i have repeatedly answered that question in this column for nearly the past three years4 8,why are they white-skinned80 ,answer3 ,allah 7,god7 said this is due to being grafted from the ,original ,black ,nation1 as the ,black ,man has two germs 7two people7 in him4 ,one is black and the other brown4 ,the brown germ is weaker than the black germ4 ,the brown germ can be grafted into its last stage1 and the last stage is white4 ,a scientist by the name of ,yakub discovered this knowledge 444 #f1fde years ago1 and was successful in doing this job of grafting after #fjj years of following a strict and rigid birth control law4 ,according to ,elijah ,muhammad the experiment was a success1 but it also resulted in the 8blue-eyed devils0 who now people the world and have low physical and moral stamina4 ,muhammad then goes on to show the physical superiority of the black man by underlining the victories of ,negro ballplayers and prize fighters4 ,he then points up what he calls the low morality of the white man by citing the gas chambers of ,germany1 the atomic bomb of ,hiroshima1 and all the abuses white ,southerners 7and ,northerners7 have heaped upon the ,negro4 ,summing up the results of ,yakub's experiment1 ,elijah ,muhammad issues this finding3 ,the human beast--the serpent1 the dragon1 the devil1 and ,satan--all mean one and the same3 the people or race known as the white or ,caucasian race1 sometimes called the ,european race4 ,since by nature they were created liars and murderers1 they are the enemies of truth and righteousness1 and the enemies of those who seek the truth4444 ,but their certification of the white man as a devil1 one incapable of doing good1 rests on more than metaphysical grounds4 ,it involves history4 ,to make their historical point the ,black ,muslims part company with the established world historians4 ,they begin their argument by establishing--with some accuracy--that the black man in ,africa had a developed civilization at the time that1 in ,malcolm's words1 8the white savages of ,europe were living in caves and crawling around on their all-fours40 ,it was the intrusion of the white man into ,africa that spoiled things and brought slavery to the ,new ,world4 ,the decline of the black man in ,africa is only temporary4 ,the white devil was given about six thousand years to flaunt his evil and then he was to be destroyed as the black man returned to power4 ,the white man's time ran out just as ,world ,war ,i was raging2 the ,black ,muslims overcame the fact that this was an excellent time for the prophecy to come true--after all1 white people were out to destroy each other--with the argument that sets the ,american stage for the followers of ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad4 ,the only reason the destruction of the white man didn't come off on schedule1 according to the ,muslims1 is that so many black men are all mixed up with the white1 that it is impossible to destroy the evil men without destroying some 8originals10 that is to say1 ,negroes4 ,this1 then1 is what ,muhammad and ,malcolm are talking about when they speak to 8the lost-found black man in the wilderness of ,north ,america40 ,they are really saying that the restoration of black men to world power is being delayed because of the ,american ,negro2 the white man has been given a new dispensation1 actually1 not because he deserves it but to give the ,negro time to separate from those scheduled for destruction4 ,herein lies the reasoning behind ,muhammad's talk about a separate state2 this is why the ,black ,muslims with their tremendous power over people are unable to participate in any of the current civil-rights actions2 they can't help fight for better jobs1 better schools1 or better housing4 ,they are committed to getting out from among the white man as soon as possible1 lest they share his doom of the fire1 which is sure not only to come next time1 but to come soon4 ,to plug up the logical and emotional leaks in such an argument as this1 the ,black ,muslims must propagate a continuously expanding 8line40 ,they must maintain the 8,islamic0 tinge but at the same time keep their teaching within ,american terms of reference that ,negroes can understand2 they must take ,negroes who have a struggle with ,english and teach them ,arabic2 they must convince the most ,western of men that they are ,arabs4 ,this cultural island-hopping can backfire1 sometimes with amusing results4 ,i attended a ,black ,muslim bazaar with writer ,alex ,haley4 ,elijah ,muhammad was scheduled to appear but sent his son1 ,akbar1 instead4 ,akbar1 a slender1 dark-brown twenty-five-year-old1 came before the crowd of some two thousand garbed in a flowing white sheet4 ,in ,middle ,eastern ,arabic circles ,akbar would have been considered in his ,sunday best1 but to ,harlem ,negroes ,akbar's dress smacked of the ,ku ,klux ,klan1 hardly an image one wishes to raise in a man he hopes to convert4 ,yet this is the cross-cultural problem the ,black ,muslims must continually deal with4 ,i have seen ,malcolm ,x do this with tremendous effectiveness4 ,i once debated with him on ,,tv in ,los ,angeles4 ,he took the stand of a ,muslim1 saying that the ,moslem faith was the black man's original culture4 ,malcolm must make this basic thrust or all else he says rests on historical sand4 ,as we were leaving the studio1 we were greeted by several white students1 ,moslems from ,persia1 who complained to ,malcolm that they had attempted to visit ,muhammad's temples and were refused entry because they were white blue-eyed devils4 ,malcolm glossed the matter over1 and they all parted wishing ,allah's blessing each upon the other4 ,in reality1 ,malcolm is not interested in any white people1 ,moslem or not4 ,these ,persians could no more get in a ,black ,muslim temple than ,governor ,faubus could4 8,let's look at it this way10 ,malcolm told the ,persians4 8,if a lion is in a cage1 his roar will be different from the roar of the lion who is in the forest4 ,that10 he concluded1 8is why you couldn't get in our temple4 ,but both the lion in the forest and the lion in the cage are lions4 ,that is what matters4 ,lions love lions2 they hate leopards40 ,translated1 ,malcolm was saying that the ,american ,negro1 as a ,moslem1 must make different noises from the free ,moslems of1 say1 ,persia1 because the ,american ,negro is in a cage4 ,the cage1 of course1 is white civilization2 that is why the roar of the ,american ,negro ,moslem is so provincial2 that is why ,persians would do well to worship ,allah in their own way in their own temples1 while the ,black ,muslims and ,allah have their rendezvous in a dinky auditorium over a pool hall in ,los ,angeles' ,negro ghetto4 ,it is in such meetings that ,malcolm adds the historical ingredient to his theology4 ,it takes two forms3 ,first1 the ,black ,muslims excite ,negroes to shouts by proving that the ,negro is somebody1 a man with a past and a history4 ,i know from personal experience that ,malcolm ,x is one of the best-versed people in ,america on ,african history4 ,i have sat with him in private and general gatherings where he has recited startling facts about the nature of early ,african civilizations4 ,when challenged1 ,malcolm is always able to produce a text--and a legitimate one at that--to support what he says4 ,malcolm's teachings come as a surprise not because they are new1 previously unknown facts about ,africa1 but because the entire system of education in the ,western ,world1 particularly in ,america1 has carefully distorted the true history of ,africa to support the notion of white1 male supremacy4 ,and so it is from ,malcolm ,x1 not from his sixth-grade history teacher--who is probably white--that the ,negro child in the ,north learns the truth about ,africa and what once really happened there4 ,the second historical aspect of the ,muslim doctrine involves an intensive study of the role of the ,american ,negro in ,american history4 ,here again ,malcolm and his followers walk into a void left by the ,american education system4 ,the black child in ,harlem learns about the ,revolutionary ,war but he does not learn that the man who set it off by leading the ,americans in the ,boston ,massacre was a ,negro1 ,crispus ,attucks4 ,the black child sees the clock work but he does not know that ,benjamin ,bannaker1 a ,negro1 invented the pendulum4 ,the black child visits the blood bank but he does not know that a ,negro1 ,dr4 ,charles ,drew1 discovered how to preserve blood and thus made the bank possible4 ,nobody tells the ,negro child these things in school4 ,on the contrary1 the child is taught that ,american civilization flowed1 for the most part1 from white brains4 ,and when ,malcolm1 to use his words1 8pulls the cover off the white devil and tells black men the truth about the work of their ancestors10 the ,negro child shrieks with pride and joy--probably for the first time in his life4 ,malcolm ,x brings his message of importance and dignity to a class of ,negroes who have had little1 if any1 reason to feel proud of themselves as a race or as individuals4 ,their encounters with white people are always unpleasant situations in which ,negroes find themselves embarrassed or emasculated4 ,think it out for yourself3 ,what contact does the ,negro in ,harlem have with the white man8 ,the white man is the man they must meet every morning when they go to work in the garment district2 the man they must meet when the rent is due2 the man they face when they go to the pawnshop2 the man who comes and sells things on credit2 the man who buys the installment paper and comes to collect the payments2 the man who gets work when they cannot2 the man whom they see on ,,tv loosing dogs on ,negro children2 the man they face as a schoolteacher who does not understand them and who is often contemptuous of them--the man1 the man1 the man1 the white man1 the goddam white man6 ,and when ,malcolm ,x says the white man is a devil1 they roar 8amen0 because every experience they have with a white man is a devilish one4 ,chilling though it may be1 the ,black ,muslims have erected their teaching on a group experience common to all ,american ,negroes4 ,few of us concur in their conviction and sentencing of the white race4 ,but none of us can question the accuracy of the indictment on which that conviction rests4 ,elijah ,goes to ,mecca ,the hajj1 the long1 dusty pilgrimage to ,mecca that every ,moslem looks forward to1 is the final criterion of whether one is or is not a ,moslem4 ,only certified followers of ,islam are allowed to enter ,mecca during the holy period of the pilgrimage4 8,elijah ,muhammad is not a ,moslem10 said ,imam ,talib ,ahmad ,dawud in #aifj4 8,he is just plain ,elijah ,poole of ,sandersville1 ,georgia40 ,dawud1 an ,american ,negro and leader of the ,muslim ,brotherhood ,,usa1 was then locked in a bitter struggle with the ,black ,muslims over the question of their religious authenticity4 ,but the ,imam's remarks couldn't have been more ill-timed4 ,even as ,dawud was denouncing the ,black ,muslims1 ,elijah was packing his bags for a trip 8back home where ,i can visit and pray with my own people40 ,several days after he departed from ,new ,york1 ,elijah placed his credentials before the eagle-eyed hajj committee1 the final judge of who may march to ,mecca and pray4 ,elijah ,muhammad was admitted without delay1 and ,black ,muslims--the word was cabled back and came over the wire services--held meetings of praise and thanks all over the nation4 ,that was that4 ,muhammad was admitted to the hajj1 he made the holy walk to ,mecca4 ,who1 then1 is to dispute his religious credentials8 ,muhammad's journey to ,mecca brought an end to all the arguments about his true affiliation with traditional ,islam4 ,when ,mike ,wallace and ,i were preparing a ,,tv documentary on the ,black ,muslims1 the orthodox ,moslems denounced the movement4 8,they teach race hate10 one ,islamic spokesman told us1 8and that means they couldn't be ,moslems40 ,the ,federation of ,islamic ,associations of ,chicago is the official ,moslem organization in the ,united ,states and ,canada4 ,they have denounced ,elijah2 they have praised him for conducting the largest ,arabic school in ,america and for accepting the ,koran as law1 but federation officials are 8suspicious0 of him4 ,these ,moslems1 however1 are largely of ,european descent1 although their ranks are peppered with a few ,negro converts4 ,their rejection of ,elijah rests on his argument concerning racism1 and they flinch when ,muhammad calls himself 8,the ,messenger of ,allah40 ,rejection from such a group is grist for the ,black ,muslims' mill4 ,malcolm ,x holds them up to high ridicule and scorn1 saying they have been corrupted by ,christianity and that they look very much like 8the blue-eyed devil who enslaved us and took away our culture40 ,in his 8,university ,speech0 7see ,part ,two of this book7 ,malcolm rains fire upon these 8,european ,moslems0 who have 8passed us by in an attempt to make our slave masters ,moslems40 ,there are several clear differences between ,black ,muslims and orthodox ,moslems4 ,whether these differences read ,elijah and his followers out of the ,islamic brotherhood is a matter to be determined by ,islamic officials4 ,these are some of the differences between the two groups3 --,the ,black ,muslims will not allow white persons in their temples2 orthodox ,moslems accept worshipers of all races4 --,the ,black ,muslims maintain a separate movement2 there seems to be little or no organizational link with the orthodox ,moslems4 ,the ,black ,muslims do not visit the orthodox ,moslem temples1 and the orthodox ,moslems do not come to hear ,malcolm ,x4 --,nowhere in the ,koran or in any orthodox ,moslem literature is there support for the ,black ,muslim's teaching about the evil scientist ,yakub4 ,nor is there any support in the teachings of orthodox ,moslems to support ,elijah's account--see his 8,atlanta ,speech0 in ,part ,two--that this world was once the moon and was blown up by an evil scientist who wanted to destroy true followers of ,allah4 --,orthodox ,moslems universally condemn the ,black ,muslim teaching that the white man is a devil by nature4 --,orthodox ,moslems universally object to the ,black ,muslim preachment concerning a separate state4 ,but once ,muhammad walked into ,mecca these differences ceased to matter4 ,to be sure1 orthodox ,moslems want no part of ,elijah and1 if pushed1 will denounce him4 ,but the hajj committee has rendered what must be accepted as the final verdict4 ,behind this trip to ,mecca lies a typical ,black ,muslim story4 ,malcolm ,x had visited the ,near and the ,far ,east the year before4 ,his mission was to make certain key contacts for ,muhammad4 ,i followed ,malcolm by some several months into ,cairo1 ,egypt1 and talked with ,moslem officials who had received him with open arms4 ,malcolm was in ,cairo during the holy season1 at the very time when thousands of chanting ,arabs were wending their way toward ,mecca4 ,malcolm himself was cleared to make the hajj2 he could have gone to ,mecca in #aiei and that would have settled the controversy once and for all4 ,malcolm elected not to go1 not to upstage his teacher and leader4 ,instead he returned home with the word that all was well in ,mecca1 that ,elijah and his family would be received there with open arms4 ,the following year1 while ,malcolm remained at home1 ,elijah went to ,mecca4 ,malcolm's ambassadorial work in ,cairo--and that is precisely what it was--stunned many of his ,american detractors4 ,others of us who had been close observers of the movement were not surprised4 ,we knew that ,malcolm has always maintained excellent relations with top ,arabs at the ,united ,nations4 ,few1 if any1 of these meetings were ever public4 ,but they did occur and there is every indication that they are still going on4 ,the road to ,mecca was cleared long before ,malcolm and ,elijah left these shores2 powerful pro-,nasser ,arabs are quietly in ,malcolm's corner1 and many ,black ,muslim bazaars open with the reading of cabled greetings from 8,our ,beloved ,brother ,gamal ,abdel ,nasser40 ,the emphasis of orthodox ,islam is universal love and brotherhood among men of all races4 ,the central teaching of the ,black ,muslims is that all white men are devils and will soon be destroyed4 ,it seems superfluous to point out the wide disparity between these two views4 ,but both ,muslim and ,moslem worship ,allah4 ,and that--at least so the hajj committee said--is all that matters4 ,the answer to this ambiguity1 ,i suspect1 lies in the gangling structure of the ,moslem hierarchy4 ,unlike1 say1 the ,catholic ,church1 the ,moslem faith is not a tightly knit1 fully administered organization4 ,i have talked with ,moslems about all this1 and while they would rather that ,elijah did not say much of what he says1 they are still smarting over the ,christian ,crusades and readying for the moment of truth with the ,jews4 ,the ,black ,muslims carefully describe themselves as 8anti-,zionist0 rather than as against the ,jews4 ,but herein1 ,i suspect1 is the resolution of the entire matter of ,elijah's relationship to orthodox ,islam4 ,a high ,islamic official in ,cairo explained it to me in these words3 8,of course your ,black ,muslims are improperly informed4 ,but they are turning men to ,allah1 away from ,christianity1 toward ,mecca4 ,this is what we want2 this is what we must have4 ,we need new blood in western ,islam4 ,if ,muhammad can give that new blood we welcome him4 ,as for his teachings10 the official continued1 8we will see to it that the correct view is given to the black man in ,america4 ,now the thing is to get them facing toward ,mecca40 ,is ,this a ,true ,religion8 ,although ,elijah has made his holy pilgrimage to ,mecca1 the debate over the religious validity of the ,black ,muslims still rages1 with the movement's critics holding to their charge that ,elijah ,muhammad teaches hate whereas true religion teaches love4 ,a case can be made that these critics are doubly in error1 first in their assumption that their own faith teaches universal love1 and secondly in their conclusion--aided by news accounts--that the ,black ,muslims actually preach hatred of others4 ,every religion is a closed network of believers2 it has its dogma1 its ritual1 its gods4 ,the followers of that faith are taught to love one another and are urged to proselytize sinners 7outsiders7 wherever they can be found4 ,most religions draw creedal1 not racial1 lines4 ,persons of any race may embrace the tenets of the faith and become members4 ,however1 this is not always the case and racial overtones have crept into major world faiths4 ,the late1 and loved1 ,pope ,john flirted with immortality by coming to grips with the issue of racism in religion4 ,not only did he infuse the ,church with the fresh air of universalism1 but he halted a service because a priest violated--forgot1 actually--,his ,holiness' order that a reference to the ,jews as a 8perfidious people0 be stricken from the ,catholic prayer service4 ,the pending second session of the ecumenical council may see the introduction of a proposal that would call on the ,church to speak out against anti-,semitism4 ,the proposal was not brought up in the first session because the ,church fathers feared what the ,arabs might say6 ,the ,jews and the ,protestants face essentially the same problems as the ,roman ,catholics4 ,st4 ,paul rose to glory because he translated being a ,jew from a biological to a spiritual proposition4 ,many ,jews have not accepted that translation and they snicker when ,sammy ,davis1 ,jr41 walks into their temple4 ,racism is such a fact of ,american ,protestant church life that most major denominations are divided along racial lines4 ,then there is the question of religion and geography4 ,the world's major faiths were spawned in certain areas and took root among people of a common ethnic stock4 ,thus the followers of ,buddha are apt to be ,orientals2 but for slavery and colonization all of the followers of ,christ would be ,european4 ,but for the same kind of cultural intermingling1 ,allah's followers would be the peoples of ,asia ,minor and ,north ,africa1 and the black peoples below the ,sahara would still be practicing the varied tribal and family faiths mentioned earlier in this essay4 ,but time and trouble make saints of everybody 444 and universalism occurs only when feuding faiths clash on the plains of practical reality4 ,thus ,american ,protestants now have a commission that is given over entirely to eliminating all anti-,semitism from the gospel of ,christ4 ,the ,episcopal ,bishop of ,california1 ,james ,pike1 has gone so far as to suggest that we take down the cross as a symbol of our faith lest this encourage the teaching that the ,jews killed ,our ,lord4 ,this teaching--that the ,jews killed ,christ--is no longer fashionable as it was when ,i was baptized4 ,now one is told that the ,romans killed ,christ4 ,and since the once-heathen ,romans are now ,christians--even though they are ,catholics--,i suppose this makes things better4 99 99 99 99 99 ,now let's turn to the other side of the coin4 ,during a recent lecture before the ,jewish ,graduate ,club at ,columbia ,university ,i talked about the need for all orthodox religions to relax their dogmas and accept other peoples as equals4 ,one fiercely intent man leaped to his feet and shouted to me1 8,you want to rob us of our culture because you people don't have one of your own60 ,this was sheer nonsense and the host rabbi rose to say so4 ,but ,i pressed the issue3 ,could ,i join their temple8 ,the younger ,jews shouted 8,yes--we would love to have you40 ,the older fellows were not quite so sure4 8,are you as ,jews chosen of ,god1 thus the only ones who are really blessed80 ,i asked one of the fundamentalists4 8,yes10 he shot back4 8,are you chosen in a way that ,i can never be80 ,i continued4 8,yes40 ,he faltered4 8,you are not a ,jew2 you cannot be among the elect40 ,by this time the younger ,jews were on their feet screaming denunciations of him4 ,but the issue of ethnic exclusiveness that splits today's ,jewish community had been laid bare4 ,dogma and ritual are further evidences of the tribalism endemic to religion4 ,i was born and raised a ,baptist2 long before ,i could read and write ,i knew that any person who had not been immersed in water was doomed to ,hell4 ,there was nothing to argue about1 no need for polemics and reasoning2 there would be no ,methodists in ,heaven6 ,the point of truth is this3 ,ethnic and dogmatic bigotry are imbedded in every religious faith plying its wares in the world market2 we religious liberals are students of apologetics1 sophisticated believers who prefer to forget our crude and tribalistic roots in favor of an enlightened social ethic4 ,alas1 along came ,elijah and made us see ourselves as we once were2 along came ,malcolm ,x and made us understand what we are now1 and why4 ,the argument that the ,black ,muslims are not a valid religion because of the exclusivity of their fellowship1 then1 is clearly spurious4 ,every religion is a sort of sanctified country club1 a coming together of peers in the name of their god4 ,the second argument against the religiosity of the ,black ,muslims is equally spurious3 ,like all faiths1 the ,black ,muslims never say hate the other fellow2 they say love your own kind4 ,religious bigotry is ,western civilization's major moral blind spot1 and ,malcolm ,x has taken up squatters' rights just there4 ,thus it is that secularism must save the church--the layman must lead the clergyman to the mourner's bench and make him confess brotherhood in the name of a democratic and pluralistic society4 ,the nature of our social moment demands that we free ,god from racialism and dogmatics4 ,racialism1 the malignant one of the two cancers1 must be dealt with first since it is the prime moral issue of our time4 ,and it must be dealt with by all peoples of all faiths working in concert4 ,should our social order change1 should we somehow come to grips with the evils that have spawned the ,black ,muslims1 the movement would be forced to refine itself or perish4 ,malcolm ,x is the best authority for this4 ,i have often pressed him on his categorical denunciation of the white man as a devil1 and his reply is always the same3 8,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad teaches us that the white man is a devil4 ,we hold to that teaching because history proves the white man is a devil4 ,if he is not a devil10 ,malcolm ,x concludes1 8then let him prove it4 ,let him give justice1 freedom1 and equality to our people40 ,i have deliberately kept my analysis of the ,black ,muslims in personal terms of reference because this is precisely how most ,negroes feel about the matter--after all1 the attraction of the movement for ,negroes is one of the major points of this essay4 8,of course ,i disagree with ,malcolm10 the wife of a ,negro newsman told me4 8,but ,i disagree with a lot of other religions1 too4 ,if he teaches hate1 so do they2 what's the difference8 ,i wonder why the white people are after him40 ,she smiled4 8,could it be because he is colored80 ,the ,black ,muslims have their ,god1 their gospel1 their ritual trappings1 their approval from official heads of the ,islamic faith4 ,as a religion1 then1 there is little left to do but disagree with them and then leave them alone4 ,this1 of course1 pains liberals1 ,negro and white1 who want to hear a ringing denunciation of the ,black ,muslims4 ,negro leaders are always quick to denounce ,elijah1 but the ,negro masses are strangely silent4 ,there is a reason for this silence1 something both the ,negro leadership and the white power structure would do well to examine3 ,deep down in their hearts1 as ,james ,baldwin so accurately states1 the black masses don't believe in white people any more4 ,they don't believe in ,malcolm either1 except when he articulates their disbelief in white people4 ,in the end--and this is the thing white people will be a long time in grasping--the ,negro masses neither join nor denounce the ,black ,muslims4 ,they just sit at home in the ghetto amid the heat1 the roaches1 the rats1 the vice1 the disgrace1 and rue the fact that come daylight they must meet the man--the white man--and work at a job that leads only to a dead end4 ,this brings me to the core of the matter1 to the final measure of every religion3 it is a thing called compassion1 a concern and caring about the other fellow4 ,it is rooted in the glaring awareness that we all have fallen short of the high mark set for us1 and thus we need the honest sympathy and understanding of all men everywhere4 ,for though you may have your ,god1 your holy book1 your ritual1 and your symbols2 though you may give of your wages to build the temple2 and though you may have been to ,mecca1 or ,jerusalem1 if you have not compassion you are but meanness couched in ,scripture1 you are but an ancient stink1 a reason for men to hold their noses as they crawl on toward a land of human understanding and brotherhood4 ,the ,nation ,once the convert becomes a ,black ,muslim he is baptized as a citizen in the ,nation of ,islam4 ,they have a flag1 a symbol1 and a cause4 ,from this day forward his life centers around activity at the ,muslim restaurant and temple4 ,who are these ,black ,muslims8 ,where do they live1 and what do they do for a living8 ,these questions baffle all observers because any ,negro you encounter could be a ,black ,muslim4 ,usually the men wear identifying pins1 and the ,muslim women can generally be spotted by their dress1 particularly the long1 flowing headpiece4 ,but these identifying signs are not always present4 ,i have encountered ,black ,muslims working in printing plants1 in barbershops1 as messenger boys1 as night-club entertainers1 and as cab drivers4 ,i will never forget taking a stroll in ,central ,park where ,i came across a ,muslim sister working as a nursemaid to three white children6 ,since most nurses and maids are ,negroes1 the rise of the ,black ,muslims has sent a quiet but very real chill through the employment agencies in several major cities4 ,after all1 there is no telling what these ,muslim women will do when the 8word0 comes1 when the ,battle of ,armageddon is declared4 ,and there is no way for employment agencies to determine if ,negro applicants are ,black ,muslims before sending them out as servants in white homes4 ,nor is there any way for heads of households to know just who their butlers and cooks are4 ,to borrow from ,james ,baldwin1 nobody knows their name4 ,it could be 8,x40 ,the ,black ,muslims flatly refuse to discuss their organizational finances with anyone4 ,however1 observers of the movement are convinced that the tithes collected at temples and the income from temple restaurants form the basis of the ,muslim economy4 ,the local restaurant--and most of them are called 8,shabazz0 restaurants after ,malcolm ,x whose 8restored0 ,arab name is ,shabazz--is under the supervision of the local minister4 ,he seems to have fairly complete control1 but all matters are subject to review by ,malcolm ,x as ,elijah's roving ambassador4 ,the local ministers are allowed a certain portion of what they raise1 but only top insiders know just how ,mr4 ,muhammad makes this determination4 ,the major leaders of the movement all seem to have taken a vow of poverty and live on expenses furnished by the movement itself4 ,i know this is true of ,malcolm ,x and ,i suspect it to be true of others4 ,but it must be remembered that the ,black ,muslims are both thrifty and industrious2 they are encouraged to open their own businesses and many of the top leaders are themselves businessmen4 ,elijah ,muhammad1 ,jr41 runs one of the largest bakeries in ,chicago2 ,raymond ,sharrieff is said to have ownership in a clothing store there4 ,all evidence indicates that local ,muslim leaders finance themselves through various enterprises and that the bulk of the funds raised in the temple itself flow on to the movement headquarters in ,chicago4 ,whoever and wherever these ,black ,muslims are they lead an exacting1 regimented life4 ,in their homes they practice strict dietary laws--precisely those of the kosher ,jews--and avoid contact with white people as much as possible4 ,the private role of both the man and the woman in the family is clearly defined1 and the children are indoctrinated with the faith while they are still young4 ,muslim men are watched by ,the ,fruit and must engage in some kind of gainful employment4 ,they are encouraged to go into small business whenever possible2 they are assured of patronage from their fellow ,muslims4 ,a number of ,negro businessmen have been attracted to the ,nation of ,islam because it provides them with a ready source of customers4 ,other ,muslim brothers can be seen on the streets every day selling ,muslim newspapers4 ,they are allowed to keep a goodly portion of what they earn and are thus independent4 ,the temple restaurants employ scores of ,muslim men and women1 thus decreasing the ranks of their unemployed4 ,other ,muslims are door-to-door salesmen and find easy entry in the ,negro community1 where the white door-to-door salesmen have become anathema4 ,but the average ,black ,muslim works for some white man somewhere in some capacity4 ,he is urged to learn a trade and thus ready himself for the day when he will be called upon to be one of the heads of industry and commerce in the ,muslims' own1 separate state4 ,the ,black ,muslim men are lectured constantly about family responsibility and are subject to trial before their peers if they violate the rules of the order4 ,punishment can vary from a small fine to temporary or permanent banishment from the temple4 ,no ,muslim will associate with an offender for the duration of his exile4 ,it is said that ,malcolm ,x's brother was once banished and that ,malcolm refused even to write the man until the period of punishment had been served4 ,black ,muslim women are schooled in the art and need for homemaking1 and are taught to take a back seat in the presence of their husbands4 ,muslim women almost never talk to strangers--non-,muslims1 that is--and maintain a general silence that is unnerving4 ,they also eschew make-up and fancy dress4 ,when ,i first encountered the ,muslims some five years ago1 this ban on feminine adornment was rigidly enforced4 ,but there seems to have been a strong revolt among temple women and the ban has been relaxed to the point where employing make-up is now optional4 ,yet ,i have seen few ,muslim women exercise this option4 ,the wife of a major ,muslim official1 say ,joseph ,x of ,new ,york1 certainly wouldn't exercise it4 ,the ,black ,muslims are a male-oriented organization4 ,a man reaches real stature in the movement when he becomes a member of ,the ,fruit of ,islam1 the functional and disciplinary arm of the movement4 ,the ,fruit hold separate temple services1 where they are taught1 among other things1 every possible method of self-defense4 ,every local temple has a ,captain of ,the ,fruit--in ,new ,york it is ,joseph ,x--and the entire network is headed by the son-in-law of ,elijah ,muhammad1 ,raymond ,sharrieff4 ,the ,fruit enforce brotherhood among the men of the temple and form the honor guard whenever ,malcolm ,x or ,elijah ,muhammad makes a public appearance4 ,the ,fruit work under the local minister1 but there is a line of authority that runs down to the local captains directly from ,sharrieff's ,chicago headquarters4 ,the ,muslim ,girls ,training ,class 7,,mgt71 for young women1 is headed by ,sister ,lottie ,x1 also of ,chicago4 ,the division of authority seems to be along these lines3 ,the local ,fruit and ,,mgt work under the local minister on local matters4 ,but unless the matter in question is one of clearly defined doctrine the local minister gets clearance from ,chicago before issuing his orders4 ,on national matters1 those affecting the movement as a whole1 ,the ,fruit and the ,,mgt take orders directly from headquarters4 ,these orders are issued to members of the temple who obey without question4 ,one of the functions of ,the ,fruit and the ,,mgt is fund-raising4 ,none of the rumors about ,muslims receiving help from outside--,communist or segregationist--sources has proved true4 ,the fact of the matter is that the ,black ,muslims are hard-working1 frugal people2 they never buy on installment1 and they give a tenth--at least--of their earnings to the temple4 ,this income is augmented by bazaars1 plays1 rallies1 and the sale of their own newspapers and magazines4 ,then there is the matter of the various lawsuits the ,muslims have carried on with astonishing success4 ,the ,black ,muslims have collected upward of a quarter of a million dollars ,i know about in the past four years or so1 mostly as a result of police brutality against their members4 ,these suits are filed in the name of the individual ,muslim but they are carried on by the temple1 and ,i suspect the temple shares in the results4 ,further regimentation of life within the ,nation is achieved by demanding that members send their children to ,black ,muslim schools wherever possible4 ,in two cities1 ,chicago and ,detroit1 the ,muslims have 8universities0 where they train the children from kindergarten through high school4 ,it will be recalled that ,elijah ,muhammad first got into trouble with the law when he decided to send his children to the ,muslim school rather than the public schools4 ,now authorities in both cities have approved the ,muslim schools as accredited centers of learning4 ,these schools are well disciplined and skillfully run4 ,early in #aifb there was considerable concern in ,chicago over just what the ,black ,muslims were teaching in their schools4 ,a biracial committee visited the ,university of ,islam there and came away stunned4 ,said committee member ,judge ,edyth ,sampson1 a former ,u4,s4 delegate to the ,united ,nations1 8,these people are doing a magnificent job with their young students4 ,i am deeply impressed by what ,i saw40 ,what ,mrs4 ,sampson and her fellow committee members saw was essentially this3 ,black ,muslim boys and girls stand muster for cleanliness and decorum each morning4 ,the classes are separated1 boys in one section1 girls in the other1 and the students' day is divided between religious and secular education4 ,they are taught both ,english and ,arabic2 they are drilled in the history of the black man in ,africa and ,america4 ,then they are taught the history of the ,black ,muslim movement from ,fard down to ,minister ,malcolm ,x4 ,in #aifc ,sister ,christine ,x1 one of the directors of the school1 authored a new first reader which is now being employed4 ,the exercises in the book are something ,american educators would do well to study3 ,my name is ,nora ,x4 ,my father's name is ,james ,x1 and my mother is ,frances ,x4 ,we are ,muslims4 ,we have our own flag4 ,our flag is over there on the wall4 ,the symbols on our flag are a star and a crescent4 ,then the students are told to use the following words in sentences3 ,allah1 black1 ,muhammad1 ,god1 ,temple1 nation1 flag1 ,armageddon1 ,elijah4 ,other exercises in the book call for the student to write short essays on ,mr4 ,muhammad and other notables within the movement4 ,then as the students progress through school they are taught to link subject matter to the history of the black man4 ,for example1 when the students are being taught mathematics they are repeatedly reminded that much of modern math is based on work done by the ,egyptians2 they are not allowed to forget that ,english is not their native tongue1 that their language is ,arabic1 that the white man robbed them of their tongue when he kidnaped their foreparents from ,africa4 ,the thing that arrests me most about these schools is that they are now turning out the first generation of youth completely schooled in the ,black ,muslim doctrine4 ,unlike ,malcolm ,x1 ,john ,ali1 and other prominent ,muslims of today who had to be 8de-brainwashed0 before they saw the light1 the movement now has several score teen-agers who have been grounded in their faith just as a devout ,catholic child is reared in his4 ,as of now the movement suffers greatly from a lack of trained leaders4 ,only a handful of capable men and women are available to the organization and the nature of their doctrine is such that trained ,negroes are hardly apt to join4 ,but a few more years will see the emergence of well-trained ,black ,muslims who1 ,i am certain1 will give the organization more administrative order than it now has4 ,meanwhile the ,black ,muslims are bombarding ,negroes all over the nation with their message to the 8lost-found1 so-called ,negro in the wilderness of ,north ,america40 ,for a number of years ,mr4 ,muhammad had a weekly column in some of the nation's best ,negro newspapers4 ,now the ,muslims publish their own weekly1 ,mr4 ,muhammad ,speaks1 a thirty-six-page tabloid that has the largest circulation of any ,negro newspaper being published4 ,the ,muslims also conduct a weekly radio program on stations in some forty cities throughout the nation4 ,all this is augmented by the appearances of ,malcolm ,x on radio and ,,tv programs each week4 ,all in all1 the ,black ,muslims have covered the nation2 their basic teachings are known and debated by ,negroes everywhere4 ,on the whole1 then1 the state of the ,nation of ,islam is good2 its population is growing1 its economy is well into the black1 and its foreign relations--though strained--are better than they have ever been before4 #d4 ,,the ,,black ,,muslims ,,and ,,the ,,negro ,,revolt ,the ,separate ,state ,on the day every television network carried scenes of ,birmingham police dogs attacking ,negro children1 ,malcolm ,x submitted to an interview4 ,asked what he thought of the events at ,birmingham1 ,malcolm said3 8,martin ,luther ,king is a chump1 not a champ4 ,any man who puts his women and children on the front lines is a chump1 not a champ40 ,this was ,malcolm's most inglorious hour4 ,it will take him months of hard work to regain the ground he lost among non-,muslim ,negroes with that single statement4 ,even the ,negro moderates1 those who disapprove of the direct-action technique1 were silenced by the dogs1 fire hoses1 and club-swinging policemen4 ,since ,birmingham ,i have been on a lecture tour that carried me to eight major cities in as many states2 ,i found that ,negroes were melted into one by the fire of that battle2 ,i saw a unity ,i have never seen in rank-and-file ,negroes before2 ,i felt a mutual love that is all but unknown among ,negroes2 ,i sensed a dislike for white people that borders on the disgraceful4 ,martin ,king--and we know his strengths as well as his weaknesses--triggered ,birmingham4 ,this nation's ,negroes were with him4 ,if he was a 8chump10 so were we all4 ,malcolm's statement had the effect of making every ,negro who wept when he saw dogs attacking ,negro children feel like a moral idiot2 ,malcolm's analysis--if proper--means that every ,negro woman who shouted resentment when she saw her black sisters knocked to the ground is spiritually illiterate and intellectually stupid4 ,malcolm--in a contorted way1 to be sure--allowed himself to become one with ,bull ,conner4 ,malcolm ,x1 the brilliant student of mass psychology1 blundered badly4 ,the ,black ,muslims had a multiple choice at ,birmingham3 ,they could have joined us in the demonstrations2 they could have kept quiet2 they could have denounced us4 ,i was there and watched the ,black ,muslim position take shape4 ,minister ,james ,x of the ,birmingham temple wanted ,malcolm to come and make a major speech during the turmoil2 ,minister ,jeremiah ,x1 minister to the ,atlanta temple and roving southern bishop for the movement1 was of much the same mind4 ,knowing the ,black ,muslim line of authority as ,i do1 ,i am certain that ,james and ,jeremiah reflected not only ,malcolm's desire to come but ,elijah ,muhammad's decision to let the ,big ,x fly to ,birmingham if the proper stage were set4 ,the matter was debated by ,negro non-,muslims who could have set just such a stage4 ,some felt it would be a good thing to have ,malcolm speak in ,birmingham1 since the ,klan held a rally there at the peak of the crisis4 ,others felt the ,black ,muslims should stay out of the picture4 ,there was a standoff on the question1 and silence prevailed4 ,non-,muslim ,negroes knew ,malcolm ,x could not speak in favor of integration4 ,and they prayed--both to ,jehovah and ,allah--that ,big ,red would take advantage of that excellent opportunity to keep quiet4 ,malcolm elected to speak against us4 ,we were all pained by his outburst1 but now--after several weeks of reflection--it is clear that ,malcolm did precisely what he had to do4 ,for the ,negro revolt had caught up with the ,black ,muslims4 ,the ,black ,muslims came to power during a moral interregnum1 at a time when it seemed certain that this nation would refuse to obey its own desegregation laws4 ,but the sudden new militancy of the ,negro has forced an unscheduled confrontation between the ,muslims and this republic3 ,america must prove that it is not a nation of white devils or perish4 ,the ,black ,muslims1 on the other hand1 must face the reality of change in the ,american way of life4 ,the ,negro has always privately talked loud and bitterly about the ,american white man4 ,the ,black ,muslims brought that talk into the open1 on television and radio1 and made it plain for all to see and hear4 ,this was good for both the ,negro and the white man3 it shocked and frightened white people to hear what we have been thinking and saying about them for five hundred years2 the ,black ,muslims were a catharsis for us1 purging our innards of the bile brought on by slavery and segregation4 ,released from consuming anger we dropped the faade of puritan legalism and went racing into the streets screaming that defiance which is endemic to the tribe of restless natives we ,american ,negroes most certainly are4 ,thus the inspired ,negro students who took our fight into the streets1 who shouted 8now or never10 have challenged the ,black ,muslims by interposing the theology of desegregation4 ,in ,the ,negro ,revolt ,i described that theology in these words3 ,the sit-ins raged throughout the spring of #aifj and convinced even more people that direct mass action was the shorter1 more effective route to their goal of desegregation4 ,but1 from an internal viewpoint1 more significant than the stale coffee and soggy hamburgers was the brand of ,negro that was emerging4 ,they were no longer afraid2 their boldness1 at times1 was nothing short of alarming4 ,and although few people knew it1 a new religion1 peculiar to the ,negro1 was being born4 ,this faith1 given incipient articulation by ,martin ,luther ,king1 was the culmination of a hundred years of folk suffering4 ,like all faiths1 it is peculiar to the people who fashioned it2 it was a hodgepodge1 as every faith is1 of every ethical principle absorbed by my people from other cultures4 ,and so the best of ,confucius1 ,moses1 ,jesus1 ,gandhi1 and ,thoreau was extracted1 then mixed with the peculiar experience of the ,negro in ,america4 ,the result was a faith that justified the bus boycott and inspired ,negro college students to make a moral crusade out of their right to sit down in a restaurant owned by a white man and eat a hamburger4 ,as ,pastor ,kelly ,miller ,smith walked to the lectern to begin his ,sunday sermon1 on that first ,sunday of ,march1 #aifj1 in ,nashville1 ,tennessee1 he knew his parishioners wanted and needed more than just another spiritual message4 ,the congregation--most of them middle-class ,americans1 many of them university students and faculty members--sat before him waiting1 tense2 for ,nashville1 like some thirty-odd other ,southern college towns1 was taut with racial tension in the wake of widespread student demonstrations against lunch counter discrimination in department stores4 ,among the worshipers in ,pastor ,smith's ,first ,baptist ,church were some of the eighty-five students from ,fisk and from ,tennessee ,agricultural and ,industrial ,university who had been arrested and charged with conspiracy to obstruct trade and commerce because they staged protests in several of ,nashville's segregated eating places4 ,just two days before1 ,nashville police had invaded ,mr4 ,smith's church--which also served as headquarters for the demonstrators--and arrested one of their number1 ,james ,lawson1 ,jr41 a ,negro senior theological student at predominantly white ,vanderbilt ,university1 on the same charge4 8,father1 forgive them10 ,mr4 ,smith began1 8for they know not what they do40 ,and for the next half-hour1 the crucifixion of ,christ carried this meaning as he spoke3 8,the students sat at the lunch counters alone to eat1 and when refused service1 to wait and pray4 ,and as they sat there on that ,southern ,mount of ,olives1 the ,roman soldiers1 garbed in the uniforms of ,nashville policemen and wielding night sticks1 came and led the praying children away4 ,as they walked down the streets1 through a red light1 and toward ,golgotha1 the segregationist mob shouted jeers1 pushed and shoved them1 and spat in their faces1 but the suffering students never said a mumbling word4 ,once the martyr mounts the ,cross1 wears the crown of thorns1 and feels the pierce of the sword in his side there is no turning back4 8,and there is no turning back for those who follow in the martyr's steps10 the minister continued4 8,all we can do is to hold fast to what we believe1 suffer what we must suffer if we would forgive them1 for they know not what they do40 ,this new gospel of the ,american ,negro is rooted in the theology of desegregation2 its missionaries are several thousand ,negro students who--like ,paul1 ,silas1 and ,peter of the early ,christian era--are braving great dangers and employing new techniques to spread the faith4 ,it is not an easy faith1 for it names the conservative ,negro leadership class as sinners along with the segregationists4 ,yet this new gospel is being preached by clergymen and laymen alike wherever ,negroes gather4 ,here1 then--in the ,american ,negro's mind and for his loyalty--is being waged one of the several battles gods have fought during the history of man4 ,this particular encounter is between a home-grown ,allah who is one with black men the world over1 but who has a special yen for the ,american ,negro1 and a transmuted ,jesus who was born in ,judea1 crucified on ,golgotha's heights1 rose from the dead to ascend into heaven1 but submitted to reincarnation as a student sit-in4 ,and so it is that ,allah and ,jesus fight it out for the spiritual allegiance of the ,american ,negro at a lunch counter in ,woolworth's4 ,this is indeed a long way from the mountains near ,olympia and the flats of ,greece where the gods once romped and fought for glory4 ,but gods follow man2 wherever man is1 wherever the great issues of man are being determined1 there also one will find the gods4 ,man and the issue are now centered around the rise and current crisis of ,western civilization4 ,the ,british historian-theologian ,arnold ,toynbee suggests that the black ,westerner may well determine the fate of ,atlantic civilization4 ,the gods apparently agree1 and they have come to our shores to ply their wares4 ,but ,western man1 particularly the ,negro1 is demanding more of his gods than man once did4 ,once upon a time all god had to do was promise man life after death1 an eternal remission for the sins man committed on earth while trying to sing a hymn in a strange land4 ,but the gods can no longer get away with such shoddy realism2 men want to eat good food1 sleep without being awakened by nibbling rats1 work at jobs commensurate with their abilities1 live where their earning power allows them1 and use all facilities paid for out of public funds4 8,we don't want to eat a hot dog in this store10 ,jeremiah ,x said to me as we watched scores of ,birmingham youngsters stage sit-ins2 8we want the store and the ground on which it sits40 ,this is the dilemma the ,black ,muslims now face3 ,they must eschew everything tinged by 8integration10 yet they must seek acceptance among the black masses who are risking their all--particularly in the ,south--for the sake of fuller involvement in the ,american mainstream4 ,the ,muslims' reply1 of course1 is the separate state1 a place where all ,american black men will live1 have their own government1 readopt ,arabic1 reaccept ,allah1 and ready themselves for the hour when the 8word0 will be given and ,armageddon will proceed4 ,the tragedy of this is that ,black ,muslim leaders1 including ,elijah ,muhammad1 have said they know such a state will never come into being4 ,this admission by them relieves me of the need to discuss the impracticality of the proposal4 ,rather1 ,i am engaged by the fact that the ,black ,muslims continue to urge ,negroes to back the demands for such a state rather than act to better their plight in the nation as it now is4 ,their promise of a separate state1 like the chariot that was scheduled to swing low and take us home a century ago1 is but another of the mirages that has kept the ,american ,negro from digging water in the land that is his and under his feet4 ,black ,muslims are forbidden to vote2 thus they cannot help us overcome such men as ,eastland and ,talmadge4 ,they are against all forms of integration2 thus they cannot help us in the fight for better jobs1 schools1 and housing4 ,the ,negro masses are beginning to indict the ,black ,muslims for impotence2 they talk but cannot act2 they criticize but cannot correct4 ,thus the ,black ,muslims are running the risk of becoming just another sect1 an offbeat faith that expiates destiny by the shouting of voices1 the stomping of feet1 and the banging of tambourines4 ,their early promise of becoming a meaningful new faith has been made pallid by their lack of an activated social gospel4 ,to put it bluntly1 the ,black ,muslims are flirting with the same doom that overtook ,christianity4 ,as the interview in ,part ,two shows1 ,i have questioned ,malcolm ,x in depth about this4 ,he is adamant1 his voice has the ring of finality4 ,in substance1 his position is this3 ,the ,negro ,revolt will fail because integration will not work2 it will not work because the white man is wicked by nature and will not give ,negroes full participation in ,american life4 ,it is not that the white man refuses to integrate1 but that his wicked nature makes it impossible for him to give justice1 equality1 and freedom to other peoples4 ,even the victories that have been won are tricks1 token integration offered to a few ,negroes to quiet the ,negro masses4 ,when ,negroes realize they have been tricked1 that the white man has no intentions of integrating1 trouble will break out4 ,and this is when the ,black ,muslims will inherit the earth1 particularly ,america4 ,this nation could avoid all this by granting ,negroes states of their own4 ,but they are too wicked to do even that4 ,so let ,armageddon rip4 ,even so1 ,i pressed ,malcolm3 ,,lomax3 ,minister ,malcolm1 will the ,black ,muslims join picket lines and demonstrations for better jobs1 housing1 and schools8 ,,malcolm ,x3 ,only ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad can answer that4 ,the ,friends and ,followers of ,malcolm ,x ,it pains ,malcolm ,x that most people consider him the spokesman for the ,black ,muslims4 ,malcolm prefaces all his public statements with the phrase1 8,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad teaches us that 44402 he attributes his every thought and action to the teachings of ,mr4 ,muhammad4 8,the ,messenger is the ,prophet of ,allah10 ,malcolm once explained to me1 8and ,i am but ,elijah's servant40 ,following a ,los ,angeles ,,tv debate between ,malcolm ,x1 two other ,negroes1 and me1 my aunt invited some fifty people to meet the members of the panel at her home4 ,malcolm ,x appeared and of course became the center of attraction4 ,the guests were upper-middle-class ,negroes--doctors1 lawyers1 teachers1 professionals all4 ,some ten white persons were also present4 ,one woman asked ,malcolm why he prefaced his remarks by saying1 8,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad teaches us that44440 8,because10 ,malcolm said cuttingly1 8,mr4 ,muhammad is everything and ,i am nothing4 ,when you hear ,charlie ,mc,carthy speak1 you listen and marvel at what he says4 ,what you forget is that ,charlie is nothing but a dummy--he is a hunk of wood sitting on ,edgar ,bergen's lap4 ,if ,bergen quits talking1 ,mc,carthy is struck dumb2 if ,bergen turns loose1 ,mc,carthy will fall to the floor1 a plank of sawdust fit for nothing but the fire4 ,this is the way it is with the ,messenger and me4 ,it is my mouth working1 but the voice is his40 ,malcolm ,x may well be ,elijah ,muhammad's ,charlie ,mc,carthy1 but it was ,charlie ,mc,carthy who made ,edgar ,bergen rich and famous4 ,by the same token1 observers are convinced that whereas ,elijah ,muhammad is the maximum leader of the movement1 ,malcolm ,x is the man who will have to save the ,black ,muslims from becoming just another sect or cult4 ,malcolm's role rests on more than his indisputable ability and public presence2 it is augmented by the absence of other talented men in the movement4 ,i have met and talked with every major figure in the ,black ,muslim hierarchy1 and there is not one among them who can do the job that must be done if the organization is to make a continuing impression on non-,muslim ,negroes4 ,this is not to say that there are no able administrators within the movement2 on the contrary1 ,i1 for one1 am convinced that ,malcolm is not a good administrator1 that men like ,john ,x are better suited than he for this role4 ,but ,john ,x cannot capture the mind and imagination of ,,tv viewers as ,malcolm ,x has done4 ,both of ,muhammad's sons are extremely able1 but they cannot cause the nation's press to beat a path to ,muhammad's door1 as ,malcolm has done4 ,malcolm ,x now holds down three jobs3 he is minister of ,temple ,number ,seven1 ,new ,york2 minister of ,temple ,number ,four1 ,washington1 ,d4,c42 and traveling bishop-trouble shooter for the entire movement4 ,malcolm roams the nation holding press conferences and being the official presence wherever ,muslims get into trouble with the police2 he moves between temples1 making sure that internal problems are handled correctly2 he moves from town to town organizing new temples and addressing mass rallies2 he has spoken at most major universities outside the ,south and fills the air waves with his beguiling jargon4 ,then ,malcolm commutes several times a month to ,phoenix1 ,arizona1 where the asthma-stricken ,elijah ,muhammad now lives1 for further guidance and policy conferences4 ,hardly a day passes that ,malcolm does not speak with the ,messenger from wherever he is by telephone4 ,i know from many personal experiences that even so trivial a request as one for ,malcolm to sit for an interview is cleared with ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad4 ,i also know that ,muhammad sometimes says 8no0 and that ,malcolm obeys4 ,many commentators make much over what they call the 8,new ,york-,chicago0 cleavage within the ,black ,muslim movement4 ,i am inclined to doubt the reality of that cleavage1 but ,i am also convinced that there are stresses and strains within the movement1 the same kinds of stresses and strains that afflict any organization that involves human beings4 ,elijah ,muhammad officially lives in ,chicago but actually spends almost all of his time in ,arizona4 ,this is for reasons of health alone and talk to the contrary is untrue4 ,from ,phoenix the ,messenger runs everything4 ,chicago is the nerve center of the movement1 and ,elijah activates it by telephone calls and couriers4 ,it is now clear that ,elijah has delegated to ,chicago the responsibility for turning out the movement's publications and over-all policy statements4 ,it is equally clear that the finances and other administrative chores of the movement are carried out in ,chicago4 ,malcolm at one time carried some of these responsibilities1 particularly the publishing of the ,muslim newspaper1 and many observers thought they saw an intraorganizational fight when these responsibilities were taken from him and given to ,chicago4 ,they are wrong2 what they saw was a freeing of ,malcolm ,x1 a decision by ,muhammad that ,malcolm was needed as ambassador-at-large for the ,black ,muslims1 that he should not be tied down to the responsibility of editing and publishing a weekly newspaper4 ,this decision by ,muhammad was made possible because ,john ,x1 a former ,,fbi agent and perhaps the best administrative brain in the movement1 was shifted from ,new ,york to ,chicago4 ,raymond ,sharrieff is without doubt the strong man of the movement4 ,he is tall1 big1 and quiet1 as a strong man should be4 ,but his strength1 too1 flows down from that enigmatic man1 ,elijah ,muhammad4 ,muhammad has been able to harness ,malcolm ,x1 ,john ,x1 and ,sharrieff to the same plow and make them pull in tandem4 ,but once ,muhammad dies--at least1 so most observers feel--this triumvirate will fly apart and wreck the movement4 ,i doubt it4 ,the ,black ,muslims know the world is waiting for just this to happen1 and ,i am positive they have already made certain that it will not happen4 ,the ,new ,policy ,succession is not the major question facing the ,black ,muslims2 the young1 thinking men in the hierarchy know what the big issue is1 know that they must issue a new policy statement if they are to capture the minds of the ,negroes who are carrying out the current revolution4 ,calling the white man a devil and exhorting all ,negroes to prepare for life in a separate state simply is not enough to win over the children who marched at ,birmingham and all over this republic4 ,no1 if the ,black ,muslims are to get a hearing1 they must have more than this to say4 ,this new policy statement is the prime concern of the ,black ,muslim movement4 ,several factors are involved3 ,first1 the consensus among the ,black ,muslim hierarchy is that the current ,negro demonstrations will end in bitter defeat and disappointment4 ,these men1 including ,elijah ,muhammad1 are unalterably convinced that white ,america will not honor the promise of integration4 ,then1 at least so the thinking goes1 the ,negro people will set off trouble2 they will denounce and abandon ,martin ,luther ,king1 ,roy ,wilkins1 and ,james ,farmer2 they will turn for leadership to someone who foresaw the defeat clearly4 ,in the meantime1 however1 good but misguided ,negroes will take to the streets and demonstrate because they still have faith in integration1 they still believe in the ability of white people to do the right thing4 ,i predict the ,black ,muslims will erect a policy of active wait-and-see2 they will not join picket lines and participate in demonstrations1 but they will take a more active part in general community life4 ,this1 ,i think1 is the meaning behind the recent announcement that the ,black ,muslims are considering active participation in politics4 ,the suggestion was made during the movement's annual convention in ,chicago early in the spring of #aifc4 ,it is still not clear just what the ,muslims have in mind1 but ,i see them first moving to register their people and then supporting ,negro candidates who share some of the ,muslims' concerns4 ,illustration3 ,malcolm ,x addressing a ,harlem rally protesting crime4 ,many civic and elected officials share the platform with him1 look on as ,malcolm ,x says1 8,dope1 prostitution1 and numbers could not flourish here in ,harlem without the knowledge of the police60 7,photo by ,robert ,l4 ,haggins7 ,illustration3 ,malcolm ,x raising money during a ,washington1 ,d4,c41 rally at which ,elijah ,muhammad spoke4 ,black ,muslims give a portion of their wages to the temple each week1 and these donations are the movement's major source of income4 ,however1 ,muslims do raise additional funds at rallies and bazaars4 7,photo by ,eve ,arnold1 ,magnum7 ,illustration3 ,a ,muslim meeting at ,urlene ,arena1 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,malcolm ,x confers with ,wallace ,muhammad4 7,richard ,saunders from ,pictorial7 ,illustration3 ,muslim women at ,urlene ,arena meeting4 7,richard ,saunders from ,pictorial7 ,illustration3 ,malcolm ,x speaking at ,harvard ,law ,school4 ,all over the nation he has told such audiences of the ,black ,muslims' teaching4 7,photo by ,robert ,l4 ,haggins7 ,illustration3 ,black ,muslims demonstrating in front of courthouse during trial of one of their brothers4 7,photo by ,robert ,l4 ,haggins7 ,illustration3 ,members of ,the ,fruit of ,islam stand inspection4 7,richard ,saunders from ,pictorial7 ,illustration3 ,malcolm ,x 8makes it plain0 at ,temple ,number ,seven in ,harlem4 7,richard ,saunders from ,pictorial7 ,illustration3 ,elijah ,muhammad1 who makes all major decisions1 confers with his chief aids3 7top left7 ,raymond ,sharrieff1 chief of ,the ,fruit of ,islam2 7top right7 ,malcolm ,x2 7bottom left7 ,national ,secretary ,john ,x2 7bottom right7 ,elijah ,muhammad1 ,jr41 gives orders to ,the ,fruit of ,islam by walkie-talkie1 while ,malcolm ,x listens4 7,photo by ,eve ,arnold1 ,magnum7 ,illustration3 ,malcolm ,x makes phone call from ,muslim store in ,chicago4 7,photo by ,eve ,arnold1 ,magnum7 ,illustration3 ,minister ,henry ,x takes ,muslim youths on tour of the ,museum of ,natural ,history4 8,this was our culture before the white man kidnaped us10 he tells them4 7,photo by ,eve ,arnold1 ,magnum7 ,illustration3 ,four ,muslim sisters have dinner at a temple restaurant4 7,photo by ,eve ,arnold1 ,magnum7 ,illustration3 ,muslim women making their own costumes--long flowing dresses and headpieces4 7,photo by ,eve ,arnold1 ,magnum7 ,illustration3 ,muslim youngsters being taught ,arabic at the ,university of ,islam in ,chicago1 the largest ,arabic school in the nation4 ,the ,university is accredited and trains youth from kindergarten through high school4 ,picture above blackboard is of ,elijah ,muhammad4 ,the star and crescent is the symbol of the ,nation of ,islam4 7,photo by ,eve ,arnold1 ,magnum7 ,these candidates will not be ,black ,muslims2 they will be 8race0 men who are willing to 8speak out10 an act that is so dear to the hearts of ,muslims4 ,these ,negro candidates will not back such ,muslim programs as the quest for an all-black state1 but neither will they denounce the ,black ,muslims4 ,some ,black ,muslims may run for office1 however4 ,malcolm ,x has often flirted with the idea of seeking a ,congressional seat1 and there are those1 including me1 who feel he would win if he selected the right area4 ,this would mean that the ,black ,muslims would work with political candidates who must also work with other groups1 some of whom would support direct action4 ,this would indirectly ally the ,muslims with direct action and would improve their image1 provided they accompanied such action with the cessation of attacks on men like ,martin ,luther ,king and ,roy ,wilkins4 ,as ,i see it1 this is the best possible position for the ,black ,muslims3 it would ally them with the ,negro push for better housing1 jobs1 and schools while at the same time allowing them to abstain from direct action2 it would also free them to say that a separate state is still the best answer4 ,most of all1 such a move would lift the ,black ,muslims to the level of respectability they have so long wanted4 ,other ,negro spokesmen would have to practice summitry with the ,muslims1 and they would become an accepted rather than feared force in the ,negro community4 ,a second factor involved in the ,black ,muslim search for a new policy turns on ,akbar ,muhammad1 the youngest son of ,elijah1 who has just returned to ,america after two years of study at ,egypt's famed ,al-,azhar ,university4 ,al-,azhar is the cultural center of orthodox ,islam1 and its professors are the brains of that faith4 ,it is beyond question that ,elijah's position has been enhanced by ,akbar's period of study there2 it is just as certain that the ,black ,muslim movement will be affected by ,akbar's return4 ,at this writing ,akbar has been home less than a month4 ,he is in the company of ,malcolm ,x and will make a nation-wide tour of ,muhammad's temples1 where he will lecture on traditional ,islam and the influence of ,africa in current world affairs4 ,already his influence is being felt4 8,akbar ,comes to ,harlem0 was the billing for a major ,black ,muslim rally held shortly after his return4 ,the ,new ,york press1 ,negro and white1 was filled with ads and special announcements inviting people to come out and hear ,akbar ,muhammad1 the youngest son of ,elijah ,muhammad1 report on his sojourn and studies in ,africa and ,egypt4 ,much was made of the fact that ,akbar had been a student at ,al-,azhar ,university4 ,even more was made of the fact that he had attended the recent summit meeting of ,african heads of state as a correspondent for the ,muslim newspaper1 ,mr4 ,muhammad ,speaks4 ,observers of the movement were certain that his speech would be heavily pro-,african1 that he would argue for a closer relationship between the ,black ,muslim movement and traditional ,islam1 and that he once again would remind ,american ,negroes of their ,african heritage4 ,but ,akbar ,muhammad's two-hour talk before some four thousand ,negroes on that ,saturday afternoon in ,harlem proved to be a complete surprise2 further1 it laid bare the only real schism there is within the ,black ,muslim movement4 ,after a highly charged introduction by ,malcolm ,x the distinguished speaker rose4 ,twenty-five-year-old ,akbar ,muhammad is much like his father1 medium brown1 diminutive1 slightly built4 ,he stood at the lectern stroking his goatee during the three-minute ovation from the crowd4 ,then he spoke3 8,as-,salaam-,alaikum40 ,his ,arabic was exquisite4 ,his inflection alone was enough to let the black masses know they were hearing something different from the southern-accented 8,peace be with you0 they hear from the ordinary ,black ,muslims4 ,all up and down the block ,muslims leaped into the air with ecstasy1 praising ,allah for the 8back home0 diction one of their leaders had acquired4 ,akbar had been speaking a scant five minutes when the crowd became strangely silent4 ,elijah's son was clearly giving a new teaching1 a gospel that contradicted much of what ,malcolm ,x and others had been saying for the past few years4 8,we must have unity among ,negroes10 ,akbar said4 ,it is time for all of us--,,core1 the ,,naacp1 ,dr4 ,martin ,luther ,king1 the ,student ,nonviolent ,coordinating ,committee1 and the ,black ,muslims--to sit down together behind closed doors and unite4 ,negro leaders must now stop calling each other names4 ,we must stop calling ,dr4 ,king names1 and he must stop talking about us before the enemy4 ,we may not be able to walk all the way to freedom together1 but we can walk half the way together1 so let's unite and walk together as far as we can4 ,the audience began to warm to his strange message4 ,the notion of unity among ,negro leaders--including the ,muslims--was not new4 ,malcolm ,x had launched the same theme three years ago but found no takers among established ,negro leaders4 ,recently1 however1 the breach had widened2 ,malcolm called ,martin ,luther ,king 8a chump1 not a champ02 ,king took to a ,new ,york pulpit and denounced 8those among us who would have us live in a separate state40 ,the night of that sermon ,king was pelted with eggs as he entered the church4 ,malcolm ,x denied that the ,black ,muslims were responsible for the incident but he also refused to say he was sorry that it had happened4 ,all this was less than two weeks before the speech by ,akbar4 ,i watched the setting as ,akbar continued to speak4 ,the stage obviously had been readied for him4 ,this was no ordinary rally3 ,elijah ,muhammad1 ,jr41 had flown in from ,chicago to be present1 along with ,john ,x ,ali1 ,national ,secretary for the movement4 ,ministers ,jeremiah 7,baltimore71 ,louis ,x 7,boston71 and ,thomas ,j4 7,hartford7 were there4 ,minister ,woodrow 7,atlantic ,city7 was on hand with his camera crew1 and ,joseph ,x1 captain of the ,new ,york ,fruit1 turned his men out in full dress4 ,this was clearly a major move1 and the ,muslims had worked hard to underscore its importance4 ,but what did it all mean8 8,now if we can unify10 ,akbar continued1 8we can get help4 ,i have just come from ,africa10 he said with a sly smile1 8and ,i bring you a message from our ,african brothers4 ,now you newsmen get this correct4 ,i am only bringing a message to the people1 a message sent by their brothers in ,africa4 ,this is the message3 ,spokesmen from ,african states--,i'll even go so far as to tell you that they are on the west coast of ,africa--told me to tell you that if you unite1 they are ready to help us win our freedom4 ,they are ready to help us with arms1 men1 and know-how60 ,the crowds at such street rallies in ,harlem are always infiltrated with black nationalists1 and the mere thought of ,africans sending arms1 men1 and know-how to aid the ,american ,negro was enough to set off rejoicing4 ,to the dismay of newsmen1 who hoped he would go into the who1 what1 when1 where1 and how of all this1 ,akbar let the matter drop4 ,instead he turned to a discussion of the white man4 8,i don't hate any man because of the color of his skin10 ,akbar said4 8,i look at a man's heart1 ,i watch his actions1 and ,i make my conclusions on the basis of what he does rather than how he looks40 ,there are two ways of interpreting what ,akbar said3 ,he could have been saying that action1 not skin color1 was the determining factor in any moral judgment2 or he could have been spouting the ,muslim line that the white man can prove he is not evil by nature by acting correctly4 ,either way1 what ,akbar was saying is a long way from the strong line preached by both ,malcolm ,x and ,elijah4 ,and when this is coupled with ,akbar's public denunciation of those ,negro leaders who call other ,negro leaders names1 his speech takes on an even stranger character4 ,akbar closed his talk with a call for unity among black men all over the world4 8,what we must have10 he said1 8is unity among ,american ,negroes2 once we get that1 ,africans are willing to help us with men1 guns1 and know-how4 ,then we can proceed to unity of black men all over the world40 ,as ,akbar finished1 the crowd applauded with vigor2 they were all aware that they had witnessed a peculiar thing4 ,first1 ,akbar had not mentioned the separate state a single time during his speech4 ,this is indeed strange coming from the son of the ,messenger1 the man whose basic tenet is a call for 8several states0 where ,negroes can form their own government4 ,second1 ,akbar did not once use the phrase1 8,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad40 ,he made only one reference to his father1 and that came when he said1 8,the ,teacher tells us that we should prepare ourselves for black unity40 ,most of all1 ,akbar's talk had none of the strident denunciations of white men that one expects to hear at a ,black ,muslim rally4 ,it was ,malcolm ,x who pointed up the strangeness of the doctrine we had heard4 8,i am guilty60 ,malcolm told the crowd after ,akbar finished4 8,i am guilty of calling other ,negro leaders names4 ,as you know1 no one has done more of that recently than ,i have4 ,but today we have heard a new teaching1 and we are all going to abide by it4444 ,now brothers with the white buckets will pass among you4 ,and you integrate those white buckets with some green dollar bills4 ,meanwhile ,i am going to talk to you4444 ,if you help ,mr4 ,muhammad1 you are helping the man who has helped you4 ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad is the man who has told you the truth about yourself2 ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad is the man who has told you the truth about the white man4444 ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad is the man who has made it possible for ,brother ,akbar to go to school back home in ,egypt2 ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad is the man who tells you to stand up2 ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad is the man who tells you to look up2 ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad is the man who tells you to clean yourself up1 provide for your wife and children1 protect your family4 ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad will make you stop drinking2 ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad will make you stop stealing2 ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad will make you be true to your family2 ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad will get that monkey dope addiction off your back2 ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad will get this white1 blue-eyed gorilla off your back60 8,make it plain1 ,brother ,minister1 make it plain40 ,black men and their women all up and down the streets shouted and jumped for joy4 ,this was what they had come to hear in the first place4 ,big ,red had made their cups run over4 ,now they were ready to go home4 ,the ,harlem rally was ,akbar's hour4 ,malcolm ,x had given the ,messenger's son1 the bright kid away at school in ,egypt1 a major ,new ,york hearing with the press in full attendance4 ,and ,akbar had acted like an ,arab2 he had talked traditional ,islam and preached black unity4 ,it was abundantly clear that ,akbar is much more committed to ,africa than he is to a separate black state here in ,america4 ,he reflects the ,arabs' involvement with black unity throughout the world4 ,and here lies the schism1 for it is clear that ,malcolm ,x is closer to ,elijah ,muhammad1 in terms of just what the ,american ,negro should do1 than is ,elijah's own son4 ,this schism1 however1 is not as wide or as serious as the ,muslims' detractors would have it4 ,elijah's big point is that the ,negro should have a separate state2 the ,arabs simply shrug this off4 ,but the imminent fall of white civilization is something upon which they all agree and for which they are all preparing4 ,one can expect1 then1 that the ,black ,muslims will become more 8,islamic0 and more 8political0 in the days just ahead4 ,the new emphasis on traditional ,islam will be primarily a matter of ritual and temple organization2 the new 8political0 attitude will be an attempt at a social ethic that would place the ,muslims in favor with the black masses without committing them to 8integration0 causes4 ,but this is a holding operation1 something the ,black ,muslims1 like ,god1 suffer to be so4 ,they are going to effect an accommodation with the ,negro ,revolt1 but they are certain that the ,american white power structure will defraud us all4 ,then the ,nation of ,islam can say1 8,we told you so10 and sound the bugle for ,armageddon4 ,how sound would such a new policy be8 ,from an organizational point of view ,i think it would make sense4 ,not only is it the most liberal position they can possibly accommodate1 but it shows that some--perhaps quite a few people--inside the movement are thinking creatively4 ,as a non-,muslim1 ,i have much the same reservations about the new policy as ,i had about the old4 ,i don't share their total pessimism on how the ,negro ,revolt will end4 ,i can foresee a situation in which the white power structure fails to yield and ,negroes start trouble2 that not only can happen1 but it probably will happen in isolated pockets before the race issue is settled4 ,i doubt that the trouble will be nation-wide1 but even widespread rioting would not necessarily mean the triumph of the ,black ,muslims4 ,to state it bluntly1 ,negroes1 as we have done in the past1 can have a race riot without becoming ,black ,muslims6 ,let there be no denying that such a tragedy will play into the hands of the ,black ,muslims2 there are1 indeed1 grave risks involved1 and the best way to avoid them is to see to it that the tragedy doesn't occur4 ,peace ,be ,unto ,you ,the ,black ,muslim movement is undeniably a sect1 if for no other reason than that it is dominated and run by charismatic leadership4 ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad is the mystical and powerful presence of the movement1 the meaning around which everything else occurs and orbits4 ,elijah ,muhammad has never claimed immortality2 thus even the ,black ,muslims know he will eventually die4 ,critics of the movement predict that there will be a frenetic1 perhaps bloody1 scramble for leadership at ,muhammad's death4 ,my prediction is that the ,black ,muslim hierarchy will gather in conclave and that they will come out with a new leader4 ,that leader will not be ,malcolm ,x4 ,rather1 ,i suggest that ,malcolm1 ,john1 and ,sharrieff will be retained in the posts they now occupy and a younger man--almost certainly one of ,muhammad's sons--will be the new ,messenger4 ,there are three reasons why ,i feel this will prove true3 #a4 ,the mystique of the movement is that ,muhammad met and knew ,allah--,fard4 ,thus it follows that the flesh and blood of ,muhammad has inherited the magic of that encounter4 ,muhammad will be raised to sainthood1 and the ,muslim gospel will continue to be prefaced with the phrase1 8,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad taught us44440 ,thus the new ,messenger should be a physical reminder of ,elijah4 #b4 ,john and ,sharrieff are sensible1 practical men4 ,they know the impact ,malcolm has made on the ,american scene1 and they will keep him precisely where he is1 for this is the only way they can stay where they are4 #c4 ,finally1 ,i am persuaded of the morality of these ,black ,muslim leaders4 ,think of their doctrine what one may1 ,i am convinced that they would no more fight publicly over the question of leadership than would the cardinals of the ,roman ,church4 ,indeed1 ,i feel the conclave will move just as the ,catholic ,church has often moved1 that the question of a new leader will be overshadowed by a debate over policy4 ,i see ,malcolm1 then1 not as the maximum leader1 but as prime minister and behind-the-scenes policy maker4 ,this is no cause for rejoicing4 ,akbar ,muhammad1 who ,i suspect will be the new ,messenger1 is steeped in traditional ,islam4 ,he will bring to the maximum-leadership post the zeal and determination one associates with the early ,mohammedans4 ,followers of ,allah have always been strong on internal brotherhood and notoriously short of patience and mercy toward outsiders4 ,those of us who have studied the movement have had to stand muster before ,raymond ,sharrieff1 and to a man we are agreed that we would not enjoy tangling with him and ,the ,fruit4 ,once ,elijah is dead1 ,i suspect the prospect of tangling with him will be even less inviting4 8,i'll be honest with you10 ,malcolm ,x said to me4 8,everybody is talking about differences between the ,messenger and me4 ,it is absolutely impossible for us to differ4 ,what he says is law2 that is what is done4 ,but ,i'll tell you this10 he added4 8,mr4 ,muhammad was with ,allah1 and he has been granted divine patience2 he is willing to wait on ,god to deal with the devil4 ,well1 the rest of us have not seen ,allah2 we don't have this divine patience1 and we are not so willing to wait on ,god4 ,the younger ,black ,muslims want to see some action60 ,for the first and1 to my knowledge1 only time ,malcolm deviated from the ,messenger's position when he said that4 ,malcolm ,x means it1 he is not alone3 ,akbar means it1 ,john ,x means it1 ,sharrieff means it1 and ,wallace1 another son of ,elijah's1 means it4 ,these men are waiting for integration to fail4 ,this republic would do well to take them seriously4 ,the ,black ,muslims will endure but they will not prevail4 ,rather1 they will linger for years to come and be a constant reminder of what this republic did to thousands who sought its promise4 ,they will integrate this nation's body politic and make us continually aware of what can happen if white men don't learn to love before black men learn to hate4 ,and maybe one day before ,i die we can all join together--black and white and ,malcolm ,x--and say1 8,as-,salaam-,alaikum40 ,that is to say1 peace be unto you4 ,,part ,,two ,the ,prophet's ,voice #a4 ,,muhammad ,,at ,,atlanta 8,come and see and hear the most fearless black man in ,america today2 the man who is going to defy the ,ku ,klux ,klan60 ,this is the way the ,black ,muslims billboarded ,elijah ,muhammad's now-famous 8,atlanta ,speech0 of #aifa4 ,for when it was announced that ,muhammad was to speak in ,atlanta1 the ,klan issued a statement that they1 too1 would hold a rally and a march on the same day1 at the same time4 ,the ,black ,muslims' propaganda machinery went into action1 and the ,atlanta ,speech was advertised as a major confrontation between ,elijah and the ,klan4 ,something a little different from that is what actually occurred4 ,malcolm ,x flew into ,atlanta several days before the scheduled meeting and began talks with police and other city officials4 ,malcolm was assured that the police would enforce law and order1 that the ,black ,muslims could proceed with their meeting without fear of trouble from the ,klan or anyone else4 ,even so1 the ,black ,muslims took advantage of every opportunity to dramatize their presence and activities4 ,long before the meeting began members of ,the ,fruit of ,islam took up posts on rooftops overlooking the route ,muhammad would travel to ,magnolia ,hall4 ,even more ,fruit cordoned the hall itself4 ,with a seating capacity of only five hundred1 the auditorium was jammed hours before the meeting began2 another two thousand people lined up along the dirt road leading to the auditorium and heard the speech over loud-speakers4 ,they would have fared just as well had they stayed home since the entire five-hour speech was broadcast over a local ,negro-oriented radio station4 ,the expectation mounted as word came that ,muhammad had landed at the airport2 several minutes later it was announced that ,muhammad was taking a few moments of ease at the home of the local minister2 then word came that ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad was en route to the temple4 ,the ,fruit of ,islam formed themselves into a double column that stretched from the platform inside the auditorium1 out the front door1 down the steps1 and across the sidewalk to the curb where ,elijah would disembark4 ,as the crowd cheered1 a long black limousine pulled up to the auditorium and ,elijah ,muhammad--a five-foot-five1 unimpressive little man--along with a retinue of some six members of his family swept into the building down the corridor formed by ,the ,fruit4 ,the applause inside the temple was loud and sustained2 nervously adjusting his bow tie1 ,elijah ,muhammad1 the ,messenger of ,allah1 took several bows before the people resumed their seats4 ,after a long and impassioned introduction by ,malcolm ,x1 ,elijah ,muhammad rose to speak4 ,most of that long1 rambling lecture follows4 ,it is a full statement of ,black ,muslim doctrine replete with attacks on ,negro leaders--,negro preachers in particular4 ,herein we will find a detailed account of how the evil black scientist ,yakub created the white world2 we learn why the white race has endured for so long2 but most of all ,elijah used the ,atlanta ,speech to make an impassioned plea to ,negroes to become 8fearless40 ,observers feel that ,muhammad's repetitious urging that ,negroes cease to fear white people is one of his strongest attractions for the ,negro masses4 ,of particular interest1 at least to me1 is the ,paulinean stance ,elijah ,muhammad assumes in this speech4 ,he begins by offering greetings of peace and the good life2 then he goes on to thank his local minister1 ,jeremiah ,x1 for having arranged this meeting4 ,this done1 ,muhammad links the ,black ,muslims with the 8#gbe million more brothers and sisters in the ,world of ,islam10 and issues a special note of thanks to those of his followers who have come from as far away as ,california4 ,finally1 ,i wish to underscore the closing of this speech3 8,i am ,god's last ,messenger to you4 ,you must accept ,allah as ,god40 ,this is the only time ,i have encountered the doctrine of ,elijah as the last ,messenger4 ,but it bolsters my suggestion that when he dies1 ,muhammad will still be 8,the ,messenger0 and that the new leader of the movement will be a younger man1 a titular head1 while strong men like ,malcolm ,x and ,raymond ,sharrieff carry the load4 ,,as-,,salaam-,,alaikum3 ,in the name of ,allah1 the most ,merciful ,god1 to whom all holy praises are due1 the ,lord of all the worlds2 the most ,merciful ,finder 7of7 and ,lifegiver to the ,lost-found1 mentally dead so-called ,negroes here in the ,wilderness of ,north ,america4 99 99 99 99 99 ,my ,beloved ,brothers and ,sisters3 ,i am more than honored by your presence here this afternoon and your sincere welcome to me and to my followers here in this great city of ,atlanta4 ,i thank ,allah for ,minister ,jeremiah1 my faithful minister here whose tireless efforts in ,atlanta and throughout the ,south have made this great gathering here today possible4 ,the work that ,minister ,jeremiah has been doing here in the ,south has pleased ,allah1 and it has pleased me too4 ,year after year ,i receive letters from many converts here in ,atlanta1 and ,i know that the ,word of ,allah is spreading rapidly among our people here in the ,south because of the ever increasing volume of your letters to me4 ,and1 my beloved people1 ,i want you to know that those of you here in ,atlanta and in other parts of the ,south who accept ,islam1 which is the true religion of ,almighty ,god1 are not alone4 ,not only do you have a fast-growing number of brothers and sisters in all of the ,northern cities1 but you have #gbe million more brothers and sisters in the ,world of ,islam4 ,i am also thankful to my followers who have traveled here to ,atlanta to be with me today from my various temples throughout ,america1 and especially the caravan of young ,muslims who motored over #b1jjj miles all the way from ,los ,angeles1 ,california1 to be here on this grand occasion4 ,my followers are with me wherever ,i go1 and it is wonderful to have such sincere people who will follow you all around the country like this because it shows unity1 and it also shows there is no religion that can produce unity like the unity produced by ,islam4 ,yes1 today the ,muslims are in all the major cities of ,america1 and if you look around in the smaller cities you will find us there also4 ,just walk around saying1 8,as-,salaam-,alaikum10 and pretty soon someone will reply1 8,wa-,alaikum-,salaam40 ,beloved brothers and sisters1 again ,i must thank ,allah for permitting me to be in your presence here in ,atlanta this afternoon4 ,i am thankful also to the ,atlanta ,police ,department for the courtesies they have shown us here in this city1 and ,i want everyone to know we are a people who are grateful to anyone who is nice to us1 and peaceful toward us4 ,we are a people of peace4 ,we are seeking to spread brotherly love among the so-called ,negroes for it is they who have been deprived of brotherly love4 ,we 7,muslims7 have come through the same trials and tribulations as they have1 and now we want them to see and share the brotherhood that ,islam has given us4 ,islam is not a new religion4 ,islam is not a religion that has been organized by the white man4 ,islam is the religion of ,god ,himself1 and ,islam is the religion of all the prophets of ,god1 from ,adam to ,muhammad 7the last74 ,islam was the religion of ,moses1 ,noah1 ,abraham1 and ,jesus4 ,islam will be the last of the three great religions 7,buddhism1 ,christianity1 and ,islam7 that now dominate the earth4 ,islam must be the last of these three great religions because ,god ,himself is the ,author of ,islam1 and ,islam is to bring peace and contentment after this war and trouble-making world which you now know has been destroyed 444 and you can see that this trouble-making world is already on its way out4 ,islam has not made great progress for the past #f1jjj years because this is the religion that ,god ,himself would spread in the 8last days40 ,if ,islam had been forced upon all the people of the earth during the past #f1jjj years there would not have been any 8,world of ,christianity10 there would not have been any 8,world of ,buddhism0 444 and there would never have been anything like the 8,caucasian ,world40 ,islam would have prevented their progress4 ,god ,himself has held ,islam 8in check0 to give these other 8worlds0 free reign during the past #f1jjj years4 ,but1 ,islam was the religion of the black people who lived before ,adam was made1 as far back as #ff trillion years ago when the earth and the moon were together and formed one and the same planet 444 and which at that time was called 8moon0 instead of earth4 ,according to the word of ,allah to me1 one of our wise black scientists was upset over the dialect the people were speaking1 and he wanted to change the language and make all of the people speak the same dialect4 ,he became angry because he could not get the others to go along with him1 and when he saw that he could not accomplish what he wanted1 he drilled a huge shaft into this planet for about four or five thousand miles deep1 and filling that hole with high explosives he set it off1 with the intention of destroying all civilization4 ,he thought he would get rid of us4 ,that part of the planet which we call 8moon0 today was blasted #ab1jjj miles from its original pocket that it had been rotating in at the time of the explosion1 and this part that we call 8earth0 today dropped #cf1jjj miles from that pocket and found another pocket and started rotating again 444 7it all happened in the twinkling of an eye7 444 and that part 7moon7 that was blasted away dropped all of its water upon this part 7earth71 and this is why three-fourths of the earth's surface today is covered by water1 and also why there is no life on the moon4 ,we are the people who devised that great destruction of our planet4 ,that part 7moon7 that you see up there in the sky shining at night was once joined with this part 7earth7 that we now five on4 ,before the explosion the entire planet was then called 8moon40 7,not really by the word 8moon0 that we use today1 but by a word in ,arabic that means practically the same thing47 ,we will have another great destruction1 and we will provide that one too4 ,we ourselves 7the black nation7 are a people who can never be destroyed4 ,there never was a time when we 7the black nation7 didn't exist4 ,we don't have any birth record of the black nation4 ,we have no beginning and we have no ending4 ,so don't talk about getting rid of the ,black ,man1 because you cannot do it4 ,again ,i say1 we are happy to be in ,atlanta today1 the capital of ,georgia 444 my birth state4 ,i was born in this state1 and grew up in this state4 ,i was a grown man1 married and the father of children even before ,i left this state4 ,so don't try and make me acquainted with ,georgia4 ,i am already acquainted with ,georgia4 ,this great city of ,atlanta with its five colleges1 institutions of learning1 is one of ,america's most important cities1 and is even the gateway to the ,south4 ,we thank the city for permitting us to enter it1 and the courtesy of the police department1 and the mayor of this great city1 and the governor of the state4 ,we are happy to be called one of your own state-borned sons4 ,my beloved people1 ,i am one of your brothers2 ,i am not a foreigner1 but ,i have a ,divine ,message from the ,lord of the ,worlds that sounds foreign to you because you have not heard it before4 ,i want you to know that we so-called ,negroes are the people who have been on this planet for trillions of years4 ,i say so-called ,negro because you are not a ,negro4 ,you are members of the ,asiatic ,nation1 from the ,tribe of ,shabazz4 ,there is no such thing as a race of ,negroes4 ,this is a false name given you during slavery by your slave master1 who1 after robbing you completely of your knowledge of your homeland1 your parents1 and your culture1 called you 8,negro0 or ,nigger because that word means something that is 8,,neuter0 or 8,,neutral40 ,therefore you are now a little group of people on this earth who stand out because you have become neutralized by ignorance of yourself and your own kind1 and of your enemy4 ,you are 8neutral0 444 not united with yourselves1 among yourselves1 nor are you united with your own people of your own world4 ,since ignorance of self and hatred of self makes you reluctant to unite with your own kind1 and despite your love and worship of your slave master he will not let you unite with him 444 thus you are in the middle1 standing alone1 neutralized by your own lack of knowledge1 unacceptable to either friend or foe 444 ,,negroes666 ,this is why you are called ,,negro4 ,the slave master gave you this name because he understood the meaning of it1 although ,webster has cunningly kept you away from the true meaning of it by saying it refers to black people 444 and especially the black ,african who has no education or independence4 ,my dear brothers and sisters1 and distinguished educators of ,atlanta1 you have often wondered why you had to call yourselves by this name 8,negro40 ,it has been due to the fact that you didn't know its origin and you didn't know your origin4 ,you have been asleep4 ,you don't know whom you are from1 where you are from1 where you are going1 how you should stand1 how you should sit 444 you know nothing at all but what your slave master chooses to tell you1 and since he tells you only that which will benefit himself and his own kind1 you have been made into a ,,neutral person 444 a shiftless1 helpless ,,negro4 ,if the white man says to you1 8,johnny1 go back home1 ,i have no work for you today10 you go back home and sit down and wait for the white man to send for you 7when he sees fit7 to come back and work on his job4 ,you don't try to create a job for yourself4 ,you are shiftless because the lack of 8proper0 education and self-knowledge has left you lifeless 7mentally1 economically1 and otherwise74 ,i am not making fun of you4 ,i am trying to lead you to the point where you can see the basic cause of your condition4 ,i am one of you4 ,i came through the same trials and tribulation and the same hell that you did4 ,what ,i say about you ,i am also saying it about myself4 ,i am your brother2 ,i am here1 if necessary1 to give my life to save yours4 ,i am not running from death4 ,i am running to save your life4 ,so take me for a friend and not an enemy4 ,you must learn to make jobs for yourselves so that the next time 8boss0 tells you he does not have any work for you1 you can tell him that you are going to do some work for yourself4 ,three hundred years under the persecution of your slave master has made you into a blind1 deaf1 and dumb 444 and an absolutely 8dead0 people4 ,he has taught you to eat the rotten and worse type of foods1 even the flesh of that poisonous animal1 the swine 7pork7 444 filling your stomach with this poison meat 7pork7 has deteriorated you physically1 mentally as well as morally4 ,the ,arab word for the pig is 8,khainsuer40 78khain0 means 8,i see10 and 8suer0 means 8very foul407 ,this word thus means 8,i see something that is very foul1 filthy1 diseased0 444 something that is not fit to be eaten by intelligent1 civilized people4 ,your slave master reared you on this poisonous meat1 which has dulled your brains1 and you ceased to think about your past history1 and then you were deprived easily of the knowledge of your own ,god and your own religion4 ,thus it became easy for the slave master to deprive you also of the knowledge of your own kind1 and the knowledge of his kind4 ,now you don't know the way back to your own kind1 and his kind won't accept you 444 so they call you ,nigger or ,negro1 which means deaf1 dumb1 and blind 444 neutral1 dead1 lifeless4 ,we1 the ,nation of ,islam1 who believe in freedom1 justice and equality stand not only before you today1 but before the entire world as we declare this truth about the ,american so-called ,negroes4 ,the nations of earth are faced today with a worse problem than has ever presented itself in the history of mankind1 and the primary ingredient of this great 8world problem0 involves the condition and position of the so-called ,negro here in ,america 444 #bj million ex-slaves who have become a nation within a nation and who are now crying out for something that they can call their own4 ,this is creating a problem not only for ,america1 but for the entire world1 and that problem is3 how to give you a knowledge and understanding of yourself1 teach you the knowledge of your own ,god and your own religion1 and to teach you the knowledge of your own nation so that you can make a stand for yourselves as other nations are making for themselves4 ,this problem is so delicate and complicated that only ,god ,himself can solve it4 ,i am not a man who has grabbed a suitcase with a bible in it upon my own impulses4 ,no6 ,i stand before you as a man who has been chosen for you by ,god ,himself4 ,i did not choose myself4 ,this must be made clear6 ,the ,divine ,revelation which ,i have received and which ,i am preaching to you and to the entire world came to me from the ,mouth of ,god4 ,i did not see ,him in a vision and receive my mission in a vision as others before me received theirs4 ,i was in the ,presence of ,god for over three years1 and ,i received what ,i am teaching you directly from ,his ,mouth4 ,let the infidels curse and swear at me4 ,let the infidels go on the warpath of propaganda against ,elijah1 but ,i warn you3 8,you better listen today to him who has received his instructions directly from the ,mouth of ,almighty ,god40 ,i did not receive this gospel from a paper1 nor a book1 nor from a vision1 nor from an angel1 but directly from the ,mouth of ,almighty ,god ,himself4 ,my beloved people3 ,i know your problems and your burdens2 ,i know your problems and your burdens2 ,i know what you go through2 you don't have to tell me 444 for ,i have the ,,absolute ,,cure for all your problems and ailments4 ,all you have to do is listen to what ,i say1 and then jump up on your feet and follow me4 ,i don't want you to be too proud1 as others were in former times2 they were too proud to follow the words of the prophets4 ,i don't want you to be like that4 ,i want you to place more value on your life than they did4 ,think something of your future1 and your children1 and your people4 ,accept ,allah and ,his religion and follow me and ,i will lead you to ,him and to a heaven right here on this earth4 ,come and follow me1 and you will not have to wait until after you die to see ,god1 nor will you have to wait until after you die to enjoy a heaven somewhere up in the sky4 ,beloved brothers and sisters3 after receiving this ,divine ,revelation that ,i am teaching you from the ,mouth of ,god1 ,i have not stopped one day for the last twenty-nine years4 ,i have been standing1 preaching to you throughout these past twenty-nine years1 while ,i was free and even while ,i was in bondage4 ,i spent three and one-half years in the federal penitentiary and also over a year in the city jail for teaching this truth4 ,i was also deprived of a father's love for his family for seven long years while ,i was running from hypocrites and other enemies of this word and revelation of ,god1 and which will give life to you and put you on the same level with all other civilized and independent nations of this earth 444 and this is the greatest desire of ,almighty ,god ,allah and ,elijah ,muhammad4 ,this afternoon ,i want to teach the so-called ,american ,negroes the true knowledge of themselves that will lift them from the bottom and place them back at the top of civilization4 ,i know how you feel4 ,i know how you think4 ,you think as ,ezekiel says of you4 ,ezekiel says1 8,this whole ,house of ,israel1 they say their hope was lost and they were cut off from their fathers40 ,you are a people who are all hopeless because you think there is no hope for you4 ,you think that because you have been cut off from your own people for so long there is no chance of you ever uniting or of ever becoming anything but what you now are4 ,i say you are wrong4 ,the ,god of your ,fathers1 whose proper name is ,allah1 will strengthen you and cause you to stand upon your own feet as an independent people in the eyes of other people on this earth4 ,this ,truth that ,i am teaching will raise you up from the grave1 not out of the earthly grave1 but out of the 8grave of ignorance40 ,you just need the knowledge of yourself1 your own ,god and your own religion4 ,god has missioned me to give you this ,truth3 freedom1 justice1 and equality4 ,these are the things ,i must teach you about3 freedom first1 because you have never been free here in ,america4 ,you know nothing about the pleasures or happiness of a free person4 ,you know nothing about justice4 ,you know nothing about equality1 or being equal with other civilized nations of earth4 ,i know you and your thoughts about me and what ,i teach4 ,inwardly1 some of you are with me #ajj per cent1 but outwardly you are not4 ,why8 ,because you have the greatest enemy over you a man can have1 and that is 8,,fear40 ,fear is your greatest enemy4 ,you were filled with fear of your slave master when you were little babies1 over #djj years ago when our fathers were brought in chains to the ,western ,hemisphere on a slave ship that was named 8,the ,good ,ship ,jesus40 ,the captain of that ship was an ,english ,christian named ,john ,hawkins4 ,the ,american white people had come to this country from ,europe and had already begun to subdue the ,indians4 ,we were brought here to a people who could not speak our language nor could we speak theirs4 ,thus the language of our forefathers was soon destroyed1 and you know nothing about it today4 ,the language of the slave master was forced upon our foreparents1 and they were brought up also wearing the names of the slave masters4 ,today1 you are still speaking their language and wearing their names4 ,during #cjj long years of slavery you were deprived of the privilege of even going to church1 and there were no such things as schools for you in those days4 ,besides depriving you of education the slave master did not teach you about ,god1 ,jesus1 and the ,holy ,ghost that he is now teaching you about today4 ,you were never allowed to sit with them in their churches until just a few years ago4 ,beloved brothers and sisters1 think over this3 for over #djj years you had no knowledge of yourselves1 no knowledge of your own religion1 and no knowledge of the biblical prophecies and predictions pertaining to the 8lost people0 who would be on this planet until the last days1 and whom ,god ,himself would have to search for and then save them from the clutches of their enemies4 ,you have never been given a knowledge of that because your slave master knew those prophecies were speaking about you 7the ,american so-called ,negroes74 ,for less than #ajj years now a little bit of the ,christian religion has been taught to you in a diluted form1 but never the full text of it4 ,you have never learned the prophetic fate of ,christianity1 nor do you know anything about the ,caucasian people who have translated the bible into their language4 ,yet1 you are a people who think you know all about the bible1 and all about ,christianity1 and you are even foolish enough to believe that nothing is right but ,christianity4 ,your slave master tampered with the words of the bible2 he 8translated0 it2 he 8revised0 it2 he fixed the reading of it to make you a worse slave than your foreparents were4 ,the slave master is the 8god0 who 8sent0 some of your fellow slaves to preach to you4 ,their favorite text was1 8,servant1 obey your master40 ,but he didn't really have to preach that because the lashes of the whip upon the backs of your parents for #cjj years had beaten them into obedient submission4 ,but1 my beloved brothers and sisters1 the ,christian religion you now are believing in so strongly came down to you from your slave masters4 ,they kept that religion and its secrets guarded from your parents' ears for #cjj years4 ,what was then so sacred in ,christianity8 ,what was so sacred in the bible which they kept locked away from the slaves8 ,what was so sacred about these things that the slave master did not want his slaves to read or even hear preached8 ,if it was so good1 why didn't he want his slave to hear this good then8 ,why didn't he want his slave to believe in ,god then8 ,first of all1 the slave master did not want the slaves to know the truth about ,god nor about ,his true religion1 fearing that the slave would then begin looking for his ,god to deliver him from his white oppressors4 ,i know some of you are afraid to listen to this truth but ,i am going to preach it to you until you are free of that fear4 ,a man told me a few years ago that ,i would be wasting my time to come to ,georgia4 ,he said that the ,negroes in ,georgia were more afraid of white people than you will find anywhere else on this earth4 ,i told him that ,i myself was born in ,georgia and did not see why they should be afraid of the white man4 ,i told him that ,i was a grown man1 married and with two children when ,i left ,georgia4 ,i also told him that they need not fear the white man2 the only thing they need to fear is the fear within themselves4 ,i say to you that your fear of the white man is ,,the ,,great ,,evil4 ,fear is of such nature that it will make you deprive yourself of your own salvation4 ,fear is the enemy that will make you stoop and bring yourself to disgrace before the world4 ,fear is the real enemy that you and ,i should throw into the garbage can4 ,my beloved brothers and sisters1 how could you accept of ,god1 ,jesus and the ,holy ,ghost4 ,how do you know8 ,i am not asking you to answer these questions1 because ,god has missioned me to answer them for you4 ,you don't know the answers4 ,all you know is what you have heard your slave master say4 ,you say ,christianity is the right religion and that you believe in ,god the ,father1 ,god the ,son1 and ,god the ,holy ,ghost4 ,you believe that this ,jesus is ,god's son1 and that ,he gave ,his son to save you4 ,you say that the ,holy ,ghost 8overpowered0 a virgin girl named ,mary1 yet you don't call the child the son of the ,holy ,ghost1 you call the child 8the son of ,god40 ,you charge ,god with being the father of this virgin girl's child4 ,my beloved brothers and sisters1 how could you accept a religion that teaches you to believe the ,god of ,righteousness was responsible for making a virgin girl in ,palestine pregnant with a child #b1jjj years ago1 called this child his 8son10 and let this 8son0 die for the sins of the wicked world8 ,when a man is not married to a woman and he commits such a sinful act it is called adultery4 ,god is not married to a woman1 and if ,he commits such a sinful act that produces a child out of wedlock1 which actually opens the gateway of adultery to the entire world1 then it is a shame to ask me to believe in that god4 ,we in ,islam do not ascribe 8sonship0 to ,almighty ,god1 because ,he has no son4 ,all of us are ,his 8spiritual0 children1 but ,he has no physical son4 ,to say that ,god has produced a physical son out of wedlock 7without being married to the mother of that son71 and then placed this son before our eyes and said1 8,this is my beloved son2 all who believe in him and follow him shall be saved10 actually opens the gateway for all kinds of adultery and other indecent acts4 ,god had already told ,his prophet ,moses that the people should be stoned to death for adultery4 ,now if ,god had come #b1jjj years after giving the law against adultery to ,moses1 and after 8courting0 or 8overpowering0 ,mary1 and she was a virgin girl who had never been touched by any man1 and yet she became pregnant with ,his child1 and that child is the flesh and blood 8son0 of ,god 444 then the ,christians are charging ,god ,himself with having committed adultery with ,mary4 ,this just could not have been done if ,god was a spirit4 ,if ,he was a spirit ,he could not father a flesh and blood son4 ,he would have to have a son like ,himself4 ,if ,he was a spirit1 then ,his son would have to be a spirit too4 ,and1 if ,he did beget a son by ,mary1 then all other women would be justified in producing sons that same way1 by committing adultery and then blaming it on the 8spirit40 ,the ,western ,world is always defending ,christianity and they mock me and other ,islamic teachers4 ,they do not want ,islam preached to you1 but the reason you are hearing it today is because it is time4 ,this preaching of ,islam to you today cannot be stopped2 it is like the rising of the sun 444 right on time4 ,here in ,america there are also three and one-half million indirect believers in ,islam1 in the secret order called ,shriners1 or ,higher ,masons4 ,when you take the thirty-third degree in masonry you are no longer called a ,mason2 you are then called a ,moslem ,son1 and in that order 7or degree7 you are taught the prayers of the ,moslems and you come under the teachings of ,islam4 ,in that ,high ,degree you are taught to turn your face ,eastward1 toward the ,holy ,city of ,mecca in ,arabia4 ,all of this is part of the ,moslem religion1 ,islam4 ,today1 ,islam must be taught to the so-called ,american ,negroes4 ,you must learn about this religion1 because there can be no judgment of the devil and his wicked world until after you 7the lost people of ,god7 have heard the truth about ,god and the truth about the devil as ,i am teaching you today4 ,it is only after you have heard the teachings of ,islam that you can make a wise choice between ,god and the devil4 ,we are not trying to force you to accept ,islam1 but we are trying to make you realize that we know what is in store for the world2 we know what tomorrow will bring4 ,therefore1 we are not in fear of losing our lives1 but we will lay down our lives this very minute for the truth4 ,we are not running from death2 we are running only to save lives 444 ,,your ,,lives666 ,you must have freedom1 justice1 and equality4 ,you cannot be free as long as you are calling yourselves by your slave master's name2 you cannot be free as long as you do not know who you are2 you cannot be free as long as you do not know your own people2 you cannot be free as long as you don't know how to even ask for freedom4 ,beloved brothers and sisters1 ,god has given me the key that will open the door of freedom1 justice1 and equality that has been locked against you4 ,you must be taught a knowledge of your own ,god4 ,my mission is to make you acquainted with ,him1 to prepare you to meet ,him face to face4 ,god is not a mystery today2 ,he is not something invisible4 ,he is not a spirit4 ,he is not something other than flesh and blood2 ,he is in the flesh and in the blood4 ,god is a human being6 ,god would have no joy or pleasure in humans 7us7 if ,he ,himself were something other than a human being4 ,god would have no joy or pleasure in the material universe if ,he ,himself were other than material4 ,the devil is also a flesh and blood human being4 ,the devil is not an invisible spirit4 ,the bible and the ,holy ,quran both plainly state that ,god is going to destroy the devil in a ,lake of ,fire in 8the last days40 ,if the devil was an invisible spirit he could not be destroyed4 ,you can destroy a man but you cannot destroy a spirit4 ,so ,i repeat to you1 my beloved brothers and sisters1 ,god and the devil both are flesh and blood human beings4 ,there is no such thing as seeing ,god or the devil after you die4 ,there is no such thing as a heaven up in the sky or a hell down in the ground4 ,all of that is fantasy1 false stories made up by your slave master to further enslave you4 ,god is a man6 ,the devil is a man6 ,heaven and hell are two conditions1 and both are experienced in this life right here on this earth4 ,you have already suffered the worse kind of hell in the hands of the only real devil6 ,it is the devil who did not want you to know this truth that ,god has missioned me to teach my people4 ,he is afraid that when you learn his real identity you will then separate yourselves from him and thereby escape the fiery destruction ,god has prepared for him4 ,he wants to keep you from your salvation in the hereafter4 ,he knows that without this truth that ,i am teaching you1 you could never avoid the fire that ,god has ordained for him and enter into the ,hereafter4 ,and by ,,hereafter1 we mean the ,kingdom of ,righteousness that ,god will establish 8here0 on this earth 8after0 the devil has been destroyed in the ,divine ,lake of ,fire4 ,beloved brothers and sisters1 it has been predicted by all the prophets that ,god is coming4 ,well1 if ,god is coming 7and ,he must be coming because the whole world claims to be 8looking0 for ,him71 then ,he must be something visible4 ,if ,he is an invisible spirit then the world wouldn't be 8looking0 for ,him to come4 ,the world couldn't say1 8,we will see ,him0 444 because we don't 8look0 for a spirit1 we feel for a spirit4 ,if ,god is a spirit and ,he says ,he made ,adam in ,his own image and likeness1 then ,i say to you ,adam would have been a spirit4 ,but ,god did not make a spirit2 ,he made a man like ,himself4 ,man looks like ,god and ,god looks like man because ,god is a man4 ,man acts like ,god2 he acts with power4 ,man does not just sit down and wait for the wheat to grow itself1 harvest itself1 make itself into flour1 bake itself1 and then bring itself to him to eat1 does he8 ,no666 ,man plants the wheat1 man cultivates it1 man threshes it1 man grinds it into flour1 man bakes the bread1 and then man eats it4 ,if man sits all day in the house waiting for a spirit to produce that bread he would starve to death4 ,no spirit in heaven or in hell will bring you bread 444 and no spirit in heaven or in hell will bring you freedom1 justice1 or equality4 ,i say to you1 my beloved brothers and sisters1 your slave master and his imps 7the ,negro preachers7 have blinded you by such ignorant teachings and today you are still foolishly sending your praises and your prayers to an invisible ,god who is supposed to be somewhere out in space1 and who cannot be found by you until after you die4 ,and1 this same ignorant doctrine has you believing there is an invisible devil down in the earth somewhere beneath your feet 444 while in reality the devil is right here on top of the earth1 walking around on two feet like you are1 and you are looking at him every day4 ,god is a man1 a flesh and blood being1 but ,he is a ,divine ,being4 ,why do we call ,god a ,divine ,being8 ,because ,he is a being like we are but ,his wisdom1 power1 and other capabilities and attributes are ,supreme 444 making ,him the ,highest ,power1 the ,supreme in ,power1 or ,supreme ,power4 ,he is a being like ourselves1 but ,he has the ,divine ,capacity of exercising ,his ,power or to project through ,his ,power the powers of the ,universe 444 and therefore we call ,him the ,supreme ,being and the ,god of the ,universe4 ,he has the ,divine ,power to will whatever ,he wishes and to bring it into existence with ,his ,divine ,will4 ,but ,he is not an invisible spirit somewhere up in the sky4 ,his home is right here on this earth4 ,i would defy any spirit outside the spirit that is in a man to do anything for me or to me4 ,i would defy any devil that is outside of a man to do anything for me or to me4 ,but ,i do recognize the devil in these that can do us harm and have done us harm4 ,no spirit independent of man can do us harm or good4 ,beloved brothers and sisters1 let us bring our minds out of the sky2 let us stop being spooky2 let us learn to face reality2 let us look around here on this earth as other intelligent and civilized people are doing4 ,here in ,atlanta is the seat of education for the so-called ,negroes in this country4 ,yet most ,negroes here are still locked into the most crowded and undesirable areas4 ,therefore1 ,i would like to know what are our educated people doing with this education to elevate the living standards of your own people1 and to eliminate the misery and poverty yet suffered by the so-called ,negro masses who do not have education8 ,you who are college graduates1 and you who are educators and instructors here in ,atlanta1 ,georgia3 ,i would like for you to tell me what you are doing with this education you have received from the white man toward making your own people more independent8 ,what are you doing for your people with your education8 ,should not you take that education to unite your people and bring them up out of the 8mud of ignorance10 and make them an independent people8 ,but with all your education you yourself are still dependent upon your slave master for a job1 and for your food1 clothing and shelter4 ,with your education1 you have enough land and farmers to do something about the condition of the so-called ,american ,negro4 ,but you must first agree that the most important ingredient has been omitted from your education1 and that is the knowledge of ,god1 the devil1 of yourself1 and of your enemy4 ,accept ,allah and ,his true religion 7,islam71 and come and follow me4 ,i am ,god's ,messenger to you4 ,i have the keys to your salvation4 ,come and follow me and ,i will show you how to use your education1 your skills and talents1 for the good of your own people and yourself4 ,in the unity and harmony and ,brotherhood created by the religion of ,islam1 it is easy for us to pool our knowledge and finance to set up farms and grow food to feed our people2 we can set up factories to manufacture our own necessities1 and other businesses with which we can establish trade and commerce and become independent as other civilized people are4 ,then1 in this way you will be using your education to bring your people out of the slums and the breadlines4 ,they will cease to be the 8last hired and the first fired10 when you use your education to make jobs for them4 ,i thank you1 my beloved brothers and sisters1 for being here this afternoon1 and listening so attentively to this truth4 ,i am ,god's last ,messenger to you4 ,you must accept ,allah as ,god4 ,you must know that ,islam is your religion4 ,come and follow me2 let me teach you1 and ,i will put #bj million so-called ,american ,negroes overnight on the road to success 444 on the road toward complete independence in a home of your own1 where you will never any more have to beg anyone for freedom1 justice1 or equality4 ,thank you1 my beloved brothers and sisters4 ,may ,allah forever bless you1 as ,i leave you with the greetings of the peaceful and the righteous3 ,as-,salaam-,alaikum 444 which means1 8,peace be unto you40 #b4 ,,malcolm ,x ,,at ,,harvard ,this #aifj speech1 delivered by ,malcolm ,x before a jam-packed ,harvard ,law ,school ,forum1 comes from what ,i have called the ,black ,muslims' 8rasping0 period4 ,these were their early days on the national scene1 and it would be interesting to find out if ,malcolm would make just such a speech now4 ,malcolm is clearly on the defensive in the first half of his long talk2 he is responding to criticism rather than spreading his own gospel4 ,it is only after he has answered charges that the ,black ,muslims are not orthodox ,muslims2 only after he has denied that the ,black ,muslims teach hate2 and after he has put the ,negro middle class in their place for their criticism of him--only after all this does ,malcolm get down to what he really went to ,harvard to say4 ,in essence it is this3 ,the ,american ,negro must have a separate state4 ,this is the only way white men can atone for their sins and escape destruction2 this is the only way ,negroes can return to their own4 ,the ,harvard ,speech is the best statement--and defense--of the proposed all-,negro state that the ,black ,muslims have issued4 ,it shows why ,i suggest that the ,black ,muslims are completely 8,americanized0 in their aims and approaches4 ,indeed1 the reader will get a good chuckle when ,malcolm delivers a blistering attack on non-,american ,moslems1 some one hundred thousand of them he says1 who have migrated to this country but have been unable to gather converts4 ,then ,malcolm reminds them that ,elijah has been able to garner thousands4 ,so then1 ,malcolm continues1 does this not mean that ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad is indeed the ,messenger8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mr4 ,,chairman1 ,,ladies ,,and ,,gentlemen3 ,we thank you for inviting us here to the ,harvard ,law ,school ,forum this evening to present our views on this timely topic3 ,,the ,,american ,,negro2 ,,problems ,,and ,,solutions4 ,but to understand our views1 the views of the ,black ,muslims1 you must first realize that we are a religious group1 and you must also know something about our religion1 the religion of ,,islam4 ,the ,creator of the ,universe1 whom many of you call ,god or ,jehovah1 is known to the ,muslims by the name ,,allah4 ,since the ,muslims believe there is but ,,one ,,god1 and that all the prophets came from this ,,one ,,god1 we believe also that all prophets taught the same religion1 and that they themselves called that religion ,,islam1 an ,arabic word that means the complete submission and obedience to the will of ,,allah4 ,one who practices this ,divine ,obedience is called a ,,muslim 7commonly known1 spelled1 and referred to here in the ,west as ,moslem74 ,there are over #gbe million ,muslims on this earth1 predominantly in ,africa and ,asia1 the non-white world 444 and we here in ,america who are under the ,divine ,leadership of ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad1 are an integral part of the vast ,world of ,islam that stretches from the ,china ,seas to the sunny shores of ,west ,africa4 ,a unique situation faces the #bj million ex-slaves here in ,america because of our unique condition1 thus our acceptance of ,islam1 and into ,islam1 affects us uniquely 444 differently than all other ,muslim 8converts0 anywhere else on this earth4 ,mr4 ,elijah ,muhammad is our ,divine ,leader and ,teacher here in ,america4 ,mr4 ,muhammad believes in and obeys ,god #ajj per cent1 and is teaching and working among our people to fulfill ,god's ,divine ,purpose today4 ,i am here at this ,harvard ,law ,school ,forum this evening to represent ,mr4 ,elijah ,muhammad1 the spiritual head of the fastest-growing group of ,black ,muslims in the ,western ,hemisphere4 ,we who follow ,mr4 ,muhammad know that he has been divinely taught and sent to us by ,god ,himself4 ,we believe that the miserable plight of the #bj million black people in ,america is the fulfillment of divine prophecy4 ,we believe that the serious race problem that our presence here poses for ,america is also the fulfillment of divine prophecy4 ,we also believe that the presence today in ,america of ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad1 his teachings among the #bj million so-called ,negroes1 and his naked warning to ,america concerning her treatment of these #bj million ex-slaves is all the fulfillment of divine prophecy4 ,therefore1 when ,mr4 ,muhammad declares that the only solution to ,america's serious race problem is complete ,,separation of the two races1 he is fulfilling that which was predicted by all of the biblical prophets to take place in this day4 ,but1 because ,mr4 ,muhammad takes this uncompromising stand1 those of you who don't understand biblical prophecy wrongly label him as a racist1 a hate teacher1 or of being anti-white1 and of teaching black supremacy4 ,but1 this evening1 we are all here at the ,harvard ,law ,school ,forum together3 both races1 face to face4 ,during the next few moments we can question and examine for ourselves the wisdom or the folly of what ,mr4 ,muhammad is teaching4 ,many of you who classify yourselves as 8white0 express surprise and shock at this truth that ,mr4 ,muhammad is teaching among your #bj million ex-slaves here in ,america1 but you should be neither surprised nor shocked4 ,as students1 scholars1 professors and scientists you should be well aware that we are living in a world and at a time when great changes are taking place4 ,new ideas are replacing the old ones4 ,old governments are collapsing1 and new nations are being born4 ,the entire 8old system0 which has held the ,old ,world together has lost its effectiveness1 and now that ,old ,world is going out4 ,a new system or ,new ,world must replace the ,old ,world4 ,just as the old ideas must be removed to make way for the new1 ,god has declared to ,mr4 ,muhammad that the evil features of this wicked ,old ,world must be exposed1 faced up to1 and removed in order to make way for the ,new ,world that ,god ,himself is getting ready to establish4 ,the ,divine ,mission of ,mr4 ,muhammad here in ,america today is to prepare us for this ,new ,world of ,righteousness1 by delivering to us a message that will give us a better understanding of this ,old ,world's many defects 444 and then we will all agree that ,god must remove this wicked ,old ,world4 ,we see by reports in the daily press that even many of you who are scholars and scientists think that this message of ,islam that is being taught here in ,america among your #bj million ex-slaves is 8new10 or that it is something ,mr4 ,muhammad himself has made up4 ,mr4 ,muhammad's religious message is not 8new40 ,all of the scientists and prophets of old predicted that a man such as he1 with a doctrine or message such as this that ,mr4 ,muhammad is spreading among your #bj million ex-slaves1 would make his appearance among us at a time such as we are living in today4 ,it is also written in your own scriptures that this prophetic figure would not be raised up from the midst of the educated class1 but that ,god would make ,his choice of a man from among the lowly1 uneducated1 downtrodden and oppressed masses 444 among the lowest element of ,america's #bj million ex-slaves4 ,just as it was in the days when ,god raised up ,moses from among the lowly ,hebrew slaves1 and missioned him to separate his oppressed people from a slave master named ,pharaoh1 and ,moses found himself opposed by the scholars and scientists of that day1 who are symbolically described in the bible as 8,pharaoh's ,magicians40444 ,and just as ,jesus1 himself a lowly carpenter1 was also missioned by ,god in that day to find his people 7the 8lost sheep07 and separate them from their ,gentile enemies1 and restore them back among their own people 444 ,jesus also found himself opposed by the scholars and scientists of his day1 who are symbolically described in the bible as 8scribes1 priests1 and pharisees40 ,just as the learned class of those days disagreed and opposed both ,moses and ,jesus primarily because of their humble origin and status1 today ,mr4 ,elijah ,muhammad is likewise being opposed by the learned1 educated intellectuals from among his own kind primarily because of his humble origin and status in their eyesight1 and efforts are made by these modern-day 8magicians1 scribes1 and ,pharisees0 to ridicule ,mr4 ,muhammad by magnifying the humble origin of his many followers4 ,moses was raised up among his enslaved people at a time when ,god was planning to remove the power of the slave master and bring about a great change by placing the slaves in a land of their own where they could give birth to a 8,new ,civilization10 completely independent of their former slave master4 ,pharaoh opposed ,god's plan and ,god's servant1 so ,pharaoh and his people were destroyed4 ,jesus was sent among his people again at a time when ,god was planning to bring about a great change4 ,the new dispensation preached by ,jesus #b1jjj years ago ushered in a new type of civilization1 the ,christian civilization1 better known as the ,christian world4 ,the ,holy ,prophet ,muhammad 7may the peace and blessings of ,,allah be upon him7 came #fjj years after ,jesus with another dispensation that did not destroy or remove the ,christian civilization1 but it did put a dent in it1 a wound that has lasted even until today4 ,now today1 ,god has sent ,mr4 ,elijah ,muhammad among the downtrodden and oppressed so-called ,american ,negroes to warn us that ,god is again about to bring about another great change 444 only this time1 it will be a ,,final ,,change6 ,this is the day and the time for a ,,complete ,,change4 ,mr4 ,muhammad is teaching that the religion of ,islam is the only solution to the problems confronting our people here in ,america1 but he also warns us that it is even more important for us to know the base or foundation of that which we must build upon tomorrow4 ,therefore1 the way in which ,mr4 ,muhammad teaches us the religion of ,islam1 and the particular kind of ,islam he teaches us1 may appear to be different from that which is taught in the ,old ,world of ,islam1 but the basic principles and practices are the same4 ,you must remember3 the condition of ,america's #bj million ex-slaves is uniquely pitiful4 ,but1 just as the old religious leaders in the days of ,moses and ,jesus refused to accept ,moses and ,jesus as religious reformers1 today many of the religious leaders in the ,old ,muslim ,world may also refute the teachings of ,mr4 ,elijah ,muhammad 444 not realizing the unique condition of these #bj million ex-slaves1 and by not understanding that ,mr4 ,elijah ,muhammad's teachings are divinely prescribed to rectify the miserable condition of our oppressed people here 444 but as ,god made ,pharaoh's ,magicians bow before ,moses1 and the ,scribes and ,pharisees bow before ,jesus 444 it is ,god's plan today to make all opposition 7both at home and abroad7 bow before this truth that is now being taught by ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad4 ,we are #d1jjj years from the time of that great change which took place in ,moses' day 444 we are #b1jjj years from the time of that great change that took place in ,jesus' day 444 and if you will but look around you on this earth today it will be as clear as the five fingers on your hand that we are again living at the time of a great change right now4 ,god has come to close out the entire ,old ,world 444 the ,old ,world in which for the past #f1jjj years practically the entire earth has been deceived1 conquered1 colonized1 ruled1 enslaved1 oppressed and exploited by the ,,caucasian ,,race4 ,when ,pharaoh's civilization had reached its peak1 and his time to rule over the slaves was up1 ,god appeared unto ,moses and revealed to him that ,he had something different for his people4 ,likewise1 ,god has told ,mr4 ,muhammad that ,he has something different for his ,people 7the so-called ,negroes7 here in ,america today1 something that up until now has never before been revealed 444 ,mr4 ,muhammad teaches us that this ,old ,world has seen nothing yet 444 the ,,real ,,thing is yet to come4 ,the ,black ,muslims who follow ,mr4 ,muhammad are not only making our exit out of the door of the ,old ,world1 but the door to the ,new ,world is yet to be opened 444 and what is inside that door is yet to be revealed4 ,this present teaching of ,mr4 ,muhammad among your #bj million ex-slaves is only to prepare us to walk out of this wicked ,old ,world in as intelligent1 pleasant1 and peaceful a way as is possible4 ,this present teaching among the so-called ,american ,negroes is designed only to show proof to us why we should give up this wicked ,old ,house4 ,the roof is leaking2 the walls are collapsing1 and we find it is no longer able to support the tremendous weight caused by our continued presence in it4 ,and since the knowledge of the deterioration and eventual collapse of this ,old ,building has come to ,mr4 ,muhammad from ,almighty ,god ,himself1 whose proper name is ,,allah1 the ,lord of all the ,worlds1 the ,master of the ,judgment ,day 444 ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad is pointing these dangerous present conditions and future events out to you who have enslaved us1 as well as to us4 ,with the proper support and guidance our people can get out of this sagging ,old ,building before it collapses4 ,but this support and guidance that we need actually consists of being taught3 a thorough knowledge of the origin1 history and nature of the ,caucasian race1 as well as a thorough knowledge of our own black nation4 ,we must have a knowledge of the true origin and history and the white man's ,christian religion1 as well as an understanding of the ,islamic religion that prevails primarily among our brothers and sisters in ,africa and ,asia4 ,you will probably ask us3 ,why then1 if this ,old ,house is going to collapse or go up in smoke1 are the ,black ,muslims asking for some states to be set aside for us right here in this country 444 it's like asking for a chance to retain rooms in a house that you claim is doomed for total destruction8 ,god is giving ,america every opportunity to repent and atone for the crime she committed when she enslaved our people1 just as ,god gave ,pharaoh a chance to repent before ,he finally destroyed him because he was too proud to free his slaves and give them complete justice4 ,we are asking you for territory here only because of the great opposition we receive from this government in our efforts to awaken our people1 unite them1 separate them from their oppressors1 and return them to our own land and people4 ,you should never make the drastic mistake of thinking that ,mr4 ,muhammad has no place to take his followers in the ,world of ,islam4 ,no sir6 ,he is not shut out there like many of you wish to believe4 ,all who accept ,islam and follow him have been offered a home in the ,muslim ,world4 ,our people have been oppressed and exploited here in ,america for #djj years1 and now with ,mr4 ,muhammad we can leave this wicked land of bondage1 but our former slave master is yet opposing his efforts and is unjustly persecuting his followers who have left the ,christian church and accepted the religion of ,islam4 ,this is further proof that our ,caucasian slave master does not want us or trust us to leave him and live elsewhere on this earth1 and yet if we stay here among them he continues to keep us at the very lowest level of his society4 ,pick up any daily paper or magazine and examine the anti-,muslim propaganda and the false charges leveled against our beloved religious leader by some of ,america's leading reporters4 ,this only points up the fact that the ,caucasian race is never willing to let any black man who is not their puppet or parrot speak for our people or lead our people out of their enslaving clutches without giving him great opposition4 ,the ,caucasian slave master has opposed all such leaders in the past1 and even today he sanctions and supports only those ,negro spokesmen who parrot his doctrines1 his ideas 444 or those who accept his so-called 8advice0 on how our people should carry on our struggle against his #djj years of tyranny4 ,the ,christian world has failed to give the black man justice4 ,this ,christian government has failed to give #bj million ex-slaves justice for our #caj years of free slave labor4 ,despite this1 we have been better ,christians even than those who taught us ,christianity4 ,we have been ,america's most faithful servants during peace time1 and her bravest soldiers during war time4 ,and still1 white ,christians have been unable to recognize us and accept us as fellow human beings4 ,today we can see that the ,christian religion of the ,caucasian race has failed us4 ,thus the black masses are turning away from the church back to the religion of ,islam4 ,the government sends its agents among our people to tell lies3 they have a well-organized all-out effort to harass them1 in an effort to frighten those of our people in this country who wish to accept the religion of ,islam1 and unite under the spiritual guidance and divine leadership of ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad4 ,therefore1 ,mr4 ,muhammad has declared to you1 and to your government1 that if you don't want your #bj million ex-slaves to leave you and return to our own land and people 444 and since your actions have proved that the ,caucasian race will not accept these #bj million ex-slaves here among them as complete equals 444 then let us separate ourselves from you right here1 into a separate territory that we can call our own1 and on which we can do something for ourselves and for our own kind4 ,since we cannot live among the ,caucasians in peace1 and there is not enough time left for us 7this new ,negro7 to wait for the ,caucasian race to be 8re-educated0 and freed of their racial prejudices1 and their inbred beliefs and practices of white supremacy 444 ,i repeat3 ,let our people be separated from you1 and give us some territory here that we can call our own1 and live in peace among ourselves4 ,according to recent news dispatches appearing in daily papers throughout this nation3 ,in prisons all over the country the wardens are unjustly persecuting the inmates who want to change from the ,christian religion and accept the religion of ,islam and follow the spiritual guidance of ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad4 ,these prison wardens even admit that when the inmates change from ,christianity to ,islam they become model prisoners1 but despite this they are being persecuted and prevented from reading the ,holy ,quran1 the same ,holy ,book that is read daily by hundreds of millions of our darker brothers and sisters in ,africa and ,asia4 ,when the true facts about this religious persecution are made known among the #gbe million ,muslims in the ,world of ,islam1 that strategic area that stretches from the ,china ,seas to the shores of ,west ,africa1 how do you think the ,american ,caucasians will then look in the eyes of those non-white people there8 ,the very fact that there is a concerted effort against ,islam by wardens across the country is proof that the ,american government is trying to stamp out the religion of ,islam here in a frantic effort to keep it from spreading among her #bj million ex-slaves whom she continues to confine to the lowly role of second-class citizenship4 ,further proof of this is the fact that these #bj million so-called ,negroes have never even been taught about the religion of ,islam during the entire #djj years since the ,caucasian first brought our people here away from our ,african ,muslim culture in chains 444 and despite the fact that ,islam is1 and always has been1 the prevailing religion among our people in ,africa4 ,now the ,american ,caucasian1 in a last act of desperation1 is accusing ,mr4 ,muhammad of not being a true ,muslim1 and of not teaching true ,islam4 ,if the ,american ,caucasian knows so much about true ,islam1 and has suddenly become such an authority on it1 why hasn't he taught it to his #bj million ex-slaves before now8 ,also1 the ,american ,caucasian today loves to print glaring headlines saying that the orthodox ,muslims don't recognize or accept ,mr4 ,muhammad and his ,black ,muslims as true ,muslims4 8,divide and rule0 has long been the ,caucasian strategy to continue their colonization of dark people4 ,the ,american ,caucasian actually has colonized #bj million black people here in this country simply by dividing us from our ,african brothers and sisters for #djj years1 converting us to his ,christian religion1 and then by teaching us to call ourselves 8,negroes0 444 and telling us we were no longer ,african 444 7,i guess he says this because our exposure to this 8superior0 white culture makes us 8different0 444 so-called 8civilized407 ,as hundreds of thousands of the ex-slaves here in ,america today refuse to attend the church of the ,caucasians who enslaved us1 shunning all further use of the word 8,negro10 and because we are accepting ,,allah as our ,god1 ,islam as our religion1 and ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad as our religious leader and teacher 444 now the ,americans who enslaved us are reverting back to the old trick of their fellow colonialists 444 8divide and rule0 444 by trying to separate us from the ,muslim ,world1 thinking that they can in this way alienate us from our people in ,africa and ,asia who also serve and follow ,almighty ,god1 ,,allah4 ,there are probably #ajj1jjj of what you 7whites7 call orthodox ,muslims in ,america1 who were born in the ,muslim ,world1 and who willingly migrated here4 ,but1 despite the fact that ,islam is a propagating religion1 all of these foreign ,muslims combined have not been successful in converting #a1jjj ,americans to ,islam4 ,on the other hand1 they see that ,mr4 ,muhammad1 all by himself1 has hundreds of thousands of his fellow ex-slaves turning ,eastward toward ,mecca five times daily giving praises to the ,great ,god ,,allah4 ,no true ,muslim1 in his right mind1 would denounce or deny this meek and humble little black man1 who was himself born in ,georgia1 the very worst part of this country1 as a leader1 a defender of the faith1 a propagator of the faith1 who has rekindled the light of ,islam here in the ,west4 ,his ,caucasian opposers have never gotten even one responsible ,muslim official to criticize or denounce ,mr4 ,muhammad4 ,they succeed only in getting some jealous or envious little peddler or merchant who migrated here and wants to be recognized as some sort of leader himself1 and who will therefore accept the ,caucasian's thirty pieces of silver to attack this man of ,god4 ,how would ,mr4 ,muhammad ever make a trip into the forbidden areas of ,arabia1 and visit the ,holy ,cities of ,mecca and ,medina 444 being welcomed and honored by its most respected religious leaders 444 the great ,imams themselves 444 if he himself was not recognized as a great religious man1 and a man of ,god1 doing miraculous works by spreading ,,allah's name here in the ,west among the #bj million ex-slaves of ,america8 ,how could ,mr4 ,muhammad visit the capitals of the ,muslim ,world1 and be received by its respected leaders1 if he too was not recognized and respected as a ,muslim leader by them8 ,he visited ,al-,azhar1 the oldest ,mosque and ,muslim ,university in the world1 and had tea with the ,chief ,imam1 the ,grand ,sheikh ,shaltuat1 who kissed him on his forehead in true ,muslim fashion 444 yet the ,american ,caucasians1 hoping to block his success among our people1 continue to oppose him and say he is not a true ,muslim4 ,again you will say3 ,why then don't he and his followers leave this house of bondage right now1 and go and live in the ,muslim ,world8 ,all of the ,black ,muslims can live in the ,muslim ,world tomorrow1 but ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad wants justice for the entire #bj million so-called ,negroes4 ,you and your ,christian government make the problem even more complicated4 ,you don't want your #bj million ex-slaves to leave you1 yet you won't share equal justice with them right here4 ,since you don't want them to leave this country with us1 and you won't give them equal justice among your kind 444 then we will agree only if you let us separate ourselves from you right here4 ,just give us a portion of this country that we can call our own4 ,put us in it4 ,then give us everything we need to start our own civilization here 444 that is1 support us for #bj to #be years1 until we are able to go for ourselves4 ,this is ,god's plan4 ,this is ,god's solution4 ,this is justice1 and compensation for our #caj years of free slave labor4 ,otherwise ,america will reap the full fury of ,god's wrath1 for her crimes against our people here are many4 ,as your bible says3 8,he that leads into captivity shall go into captivity2 he that kills with the sword shall be killed by the sword40 ,this is the law of justice and this is in your own ,christian scriptures4 ,the black masses are shaking off the drugs1 or narcotic effect of the token integration promises4 ,a cup of tea in a white restaurant is not sufficient compensation for #caj years of free slave labor4 ,the black masses as represented by the ,black ,muslims will never be satisfied until we have some land that we can call our own4 ,again ,i repeat3 we are not asking for territory here because ,mr4 ,muhammad has no place else to take us4 ,but1 to benefit the entire #bj million so-called ,negroes1 #bj million ex-slaves1 who1 despite the fact that the ,emancipation ,proclamation was issued #ajj years ago4444 ,these oppressed people are still begging their former slave master for recognition as human beings 444 therefore1 ,mr4 ,muhammad is asking this government to stop toying with our people1 stop fooling them year in and year out with false promises of token integration4 ,token integration will not solve our problem4 ,this is a false solution4 ,a 8token0 solution4 ,it is a hypocritical approach to the problem1 a tricky scheme devised by you1 and propagated by your ,negro puppets whom you yourself have appointed as our 8leaders0 and 8spokesmen40 ,integration is not good for either side4 ,it will destroy your race1 and your government knows it will also destroy ours 444 and the problem will still remain unsolved4 ,god has declared that these #bj million ex-slaves must have a home of their own4 ,after #djj years here among the ,caucasians1 we are absolutely convinced that we can never live together in peace1 unless we are willing to remain subservient to our former masters 444 therefore1 immediate and complete separation is the only solution4 ,,naacp ,attorney ,thurgood ,marshall has admitted publicly that six years since the ,supreme ,court decision on ,,desegregation of the schools1 only #f per cent desegregation has taken place4 ,this is an example of integration6 ,a kidnaper1 a robber1 an enslaver1 a lyncher is just another common criminal in the sight of ,god1 and the above-mentioned criminal acts have been committed on a mass scale for #djj years by your race against ,america's #bj million so-called ,negroes4 ,it is true that today ,america professes to be sorry for her crimes against our people1 and she says she wants to repent1 and in her desire to atone or make amends she offers her #bj million ex-slaves flowery promises of 8token0 integration4 ,many of these downtrodden victims want to forgive ,america2 they want to forget the crimes you have committed against them1 and some are even willing to accept the formula of 8token integration0 that you yourself have devised as the solution to correct the problems created by your criminal acts against them4 ,in a court of justice the criminal can confess his crimes and throw himself on the mercy of the court if he has truly repented1 but neither the criminal nor his victims have any say-so in suggesting the sentence that is to be passed upon the guilty 444 or the price that the confessed criminal must pay4 ,this is left in the hands of the ,judge4 ,we are living in the ,day of ,judgment right now4 ,god is the ,judge that our ,american slave master must now answer to4 ,god is striking this great country with tornadoes1 storms1 floods1 rain1 hail1 snow 444 and terrific earthquakes are yet to come4 ,your people are being afflicted with increasing epidemics of illness and disease1 divine plagues that ,god is striking you with because of your criminal acts against the #bj million ex-slaves 444 and today instead of repenting and truly compensating our people for their #caj years of free slave labor that built up this great country for you1 you buy out the ,negro leaders with #cj pieces of silver and get them to sell our people on accepting your 8token integration40 ,when one uses a 8token0 on the bus or streetcar that 8token0 is a substitute for the real money4 ,token means 8a substitute10 that which takes the place of the real thing4 ,token integration takes the place of the real thing4 ,two black students at ,georgia ,university is ,,token integration4 ,four black children in ,new ,orleans white schools is ,,token integration4 ,a handful of black students in the white schools in ,little ,rock is ,,token integration4 ,none of this is ,,real integration2 it is only a pacifier designed to keep these awakening black babies from crying too loud4 ,the white man's violent rebellion1 and relentless struggle against ,,token integration is sufficient to prove what would happen if the ,negro leaders demanded ,,real ,,integration4 ,also1 according to the above-mentioned rate of speed since the desegregation decisions of the ,supreme ,court1 it will take us another thousand years to get the white man in the ,south sufficiently 8re-educated0 to accept our people in their midst as equals 444 and if the rest of the truth is told1 it will also take the white man here in the ,north1 ,west and ,east just as long as his brother in the ,south 444 if the frightened ,uncle ,tom leadership ever stops accepting his master's 8tokens0 and begins to demand the real thing4 ,to many of you here at the ,harvard ,law ,school ,forum this evening1 this sounds ridiculous2 to some it even sounds insane4 ,but these #bj million black people here in ,america now number a nation in their own right4 ,do you believe a nation within another nation can be successful8 ,especially when they both have equal education8 ,once the slave has his master's education1 the slave wants to be like his master1 wants to share his master's property1 and even wants to exercise the same privileges as his master even while he is yet in his master's house4 ,this is the ,,core of ,america's troubles today2 and there will be no peace for ,america as long as #bj million so-called ,negroes are here ,,begging for the rights which ,america knows she will never grant us4 ,even this limited education ,america has granted her ex-slaves has already produced great unrest 444 and ,almighty ,god says the only way for ,america to ever have any future peace or prosperity is for her #bj million ex-slaves to be ,,separated from her 444 and it is for this reason that ,mr4 ,muhammad teaches us that we must have some land of our own4 ,if we receive equal education1 how long do you expect us to remain your passive servants1 or second-class citizens8 ,there is no such thing as a second-class citizen4 ,we are ,,full ,,citizens or we are not citizens at all4 ,when you teach a man the science of government he wants an equal part 7or position7 in that government 444 or else he wants a government himself4 ,he begins to demand equality with his master4 ,no man with equal education will serve you4 ,the only way you can continue to rule us is with a superior knowledge1 or by continuing to withhold equal education from our people4 ,america has not given us equal education1 but she has given us enough to make us want more 444 and to make us demand equality of opportunity 444 and this is causing unrest 444 plus international embarrassment 444 thus the only solution is immediate ,,separation4 ,as your colleges and universities turn out an ever increasing number of so-called ,negro graduates with education equal to yours1 they will automatically increase their demands for equality in ,,everything else4 ,this equal education will increase their spirit of equality and make them feel that they should have ,,everything that you have1 and their increasing demands will become a perpetual headache for you 444 and continue to cause you international embarrassment4 ,in fact1 the same ,negro students you are turning out today will soon be demanding the same things you now hear being demanded by ,mr4 ,muhammad and the ,black ,muslims4 ,in my conclusion3 ,i must remind you that since your own ,christian bible states that ,god is coming in the 8last days10 or at the 8end of the ,old ,world10 and that ,god's coming would bring about a ,,great ,,separation 444 and since we see all sorts of signs throughout the earth that indicate that ,,the ,,time ,,of ,,god',s ,,coming is upon us 444 why don't you repent while there is yet time8 ,do justice by your faithful ex-slaves4 ,give us some land of our own right here1 some ,,separate ,,states1 so we can separate ourselves from you 444 then everyone will be satisfied1 and perhaps we will all be able to then live happily ever after1 as your own ,christian bible says 444 8every one under his own vine and fig tree40 ,otherwise3 all of you who are sitting here1 your government1 and your entire race will be destroyed and removed from this earth by ,almighty ,god1 ,,allah4 ,i thank you4 #c4 ,,malcolm ,x ,,on 8,,unity0 ,malcolm ,x delivered this speech at a so-called 8unity0 rally on the streets of ,harlem early in the spring of #aifj4 ,as the text indicates1 politics was in the air1 and the ,black ,muslims were calling for 8unity0 among ,negro leaders4 ,the stage was set for the rally when the ,black ,muslims telegraphed some fifteen outstanding ,negro leaders1 asking them to participate in the affair4 ,none of them came1 but this did not stop ,malcolm ,x from unburdening himself4 ,here again we see ,malcolm ,x on the defensive1 but in a somewhat different way4 ,in the first half of the speech ,malcolm is pulling in his horns2 he is saying 8unity10 8freedom10 8peace40 ,he is suggesting a summit meeting of ,negro leaders4 8,let's have our arguments behind closed doors10 ,malcolm shouts1 8but let's come out unified40 ,at that juncture1 however1 nobody was willing to practice summitry with the ,black ,muslims4 ,malcolm used this speech to point up the ,black ,muslim concern for morality2 he attacks the dope1 crime1 and prostitution of ,harlem as well as those--black and white--who thrive upon these evils4 ,as expected1 ,malcolm concludes with the call for a separate state2 he restates his ,harvard offer3 the white race can be spared from destruction if they give the ,negro a separate state4 ,the rally lasted five hours2 thirteen black nationalist groups were represented1 and some four thousand people blocked off #abeth ,street and ,seventh ,avenue at the peak of the rally4 ,,as-,,salaam-,,alaikum1 ,,beloved ,,brothers ,,and ,,sisters1 ,,welcome ,,to ,,our ,,harlem ,,freedom ,,rally4 ,when we say 8our0 we do not mean ,muslim nor ,christian1 ,catholic nor ,protestant1 ,baptist nor ,methodist1 ,democrat nor ,republican1 ,mason nor ,elk4 ,by 8our0 ,harlem ,freedom1 we mean the black people of ,harlem1 the black people of ,america1 and the black people all over this earth4 ,the largest concentration of black people on earth is right here in ,harlem1 so we are gathered here today in ,harlem ,square to a ,freedom ,rally1 of black people1 by black people1 and for the benefit of black people4 ,we are not here at this ,rally because we have already gained freedom4 ,no6 ,we are gathered here rallying for the freedom which we have long been promised1 but have as yet not received4 ,this ,rally is for that perfect freedom which up until now this government has not granted us4 ,there would be no need to protest to the government if we were already free4 ,freedom is essential to life itself4 ,freedom is essential to the development of the human being4 ,if we don't have freedom we can never expect justice and equality4 ,only after we have freedom do justice and equality become a reality4 ,today we are gathered at this ,rally to hear from our leaders who have been acting as our spokesmen1 and representing us to the white man downtown4 ,we want to know how our leaders really think1 how they talk1 how they feel 444 and most important of all1 we want them to know how we feel4 ,many of these leaders have suddenly become 8experts on ,harlem0 and as such are often regarded by the white man as the 8voice of ,harlem40 ,if this must be the case1 then we want the voice of these leaders to ring sometimes in ,harlem too4 ,leaders have differences1 and these differences ofttimes cause serious division among the masses4 ,but the ,,hour is too short today for black people to afford the luxury of 8differences40 ,again ,i repeat1 we are not gathered here today because we are ,muslims or ,christians1 ,protestants or ,catholics1 ,baptists or ,methodists1 ,democrats or ,republicans1 ,masons or ,elks 444 but because as a collective mass of black people we have been colonized1 enslaved1 lynched1 exploited1 deceived1 abused1 etc4 ,as a collective mass of black people we have been deprived1 not only of civil rights1 but even our human rights1 the right to human dignity 444 the right to be a human being6 ,this ,freedom ,rally is to be a united effort by all our leaders4 ,we have set aside all petty differences1 and in the ,spirit of ,bandung we have come together on this same platform1 wherein each one can voice his personal feelings and his personal solution to this grave crisis we face4 ,the ,western ,world today faces a great catastrophe4 ,it stands on the brink of disaster4 ,mr4 ,muhammad says the only way our people can avoid the fiery destruction that ,god ,himself will soon unleash upon this wicked world is for our people to come together among themselves in unity and practice true brotherhood4 ,mr4 ,muhammad says ,god is with us to unite our people into one brotherhood1 and to aid those that are oppressed1 and to uplift those who are downtrodden4 ,the ,western ,world1 filled with evil and wickedness1 is groping and stumbling blindly through spiritual darkness toward its inevitable doom4 ,mr4 ,muhammad says we must qualify ourselves so that ,god's spiritual light will guide us past the pitfalls of destruction4 ,the ,western ,world is filled with drunkenness1 dope addiction1 lying1 stealing1 gambling1 adultery1 fornication1 prostitution and hosts of other evils4 ,these evils must be removed if the world is to have peace4 ,these evils are the primary cause of troubles all over the earth4 ,these evils promote greed and lust1 increase wickedness and unrest1 and destroy all hopes for peace4 ,you want peace4 ,i want peace4 ,everyone craves for a world of peace4 ,mr4 ,muhammad says anyone who will submit to the ,god of ,peace will have peace4 ,even the white man himself can prolong his time today if he will submit to the ,god of ,peace1 and give freedom1 justice1 and equality to the 8people of ,god0 444 the so-called ,negroes here in ,america4 ,the city of ,nineveh in the bible to whom ,jonah was sent to warn is a good prophetic example of today4 ,they were actually spared because they repented when the warning came to them from ,god4 ,god will spare our slave master today too if he will repent4 ,the whole dark world wants peace4 ,when ,i was in ,africa last year ,i was deeply impressed by the desire of our ,african ,brothers for peace1 but even they agree that there can be no peace without freedom from colonialism1 foreign domination1 oppression and exploitation4 ,the ,god of ,peace and ,righteousness is about to set up ,his kingdom of peace and righteousness here on this earth4 ,knowing that ,god is about to establish ,his righteous government1 ,mr4 ,muhammad is trying to clean up our morals and qualify us to enter into this new righteous nation of ,god4 ,the ,american so-called ,negroes must recognize each other as brothers and sisters 444 stop carrying guns and knives to harm each other1 stop drinking whiskey1 taking dope1 reefers1 and even cigarettes4 ,no more gambling6 ,save your money4 ,stop fornication1 adultery and prostitution4 ,elevate the black woman2 respect her and protect her4 ,let us rid ourselves of immoral habits and ,god will be with us to protect and guide us4 ,then1 we must form a platform that will be good for all of our own people1 as well as for others4 ,as black people we must unite4 ,we must recognize and give intelligent active support to our political leaders who fight for us unselfishly1 sincerely1 and fearlessly4 ,but1 to prove their sincerity and their right for the support of the black masses1 these leaders must first display fearlessness1 intelligence1 and unity among themselves4 ,they must stop their public bickering with each other4 ,they must stop attacking each other in front of the white man1 and for the benefit of the white man4 ,if the black leaders must have differences of opinion1 learn to go into the closet with each other1 but when you come from behind closed doors1 show a united front in the face of the one who is a common enemy to all of us4 ,mr4 ,muhammad has invited all of the leaders here today for that purpose4 ,he wants our people united1 but unity will never exist among the black masses as long as our leaders are not united4 ,we want to get behind leaders who will fight for us 444 leaders who are not afraid to demand freedom1 justice1 and equality4 ,we do not want leaders who are hand picked for us by the white man4 ,we don't want any more ,uncle ,toms4 ,we don't want any more leaders who are puppets or parrots for the white man4 ,we want brave leaders as our spokesmen1 who are not afraid to state our case1 who can intelligently demand what we need1 what we want1 and what is rightfully ours4 ,we don't want leaders who are beggars1 who feel they must compromise with the enemy4 ,and we don't want leaders who are selfish or greedy 444 who will sell us out for a few pieces of silver4 ,a big election is coming up this year4 ,what kind of leaders do we want in office8 ,which ones will the black masses get behind8 ,mr4 ,muhammad has thousands of followers1 and millions of sympathizers4 ,he will place his weight behind any fearless black leaders who will stand up and help the so-called ,american ,negroes get complete and immediate freedom4 ,if these black leaders are afraid that to be identified with us they will irk the white man1 or lose the white man's favor or his support1 then they can no longer expect the support of the black masses4 ,they call us racial extremists4 ,they call ,jomo ,kenyatta also a racial extremist and ,tom ,mboya a moderate4 ,it is only the white man's fear of men like ,kenyatta that makes him listen to men like ,mboya4 ,if it were not for the extremists1 the white man would ignore the moderates4 ,to be called a 8moderate0 in this awakening dark world today1 that is crying for freedom1 is to receive the 8kiss of death0 as spokesmen or leaders of the masses 444 for the masses are ready to burst the shackles of slavery whether the 8moderates0 will stand up or not4 ,we have many black leaders who are unafraid1 especially when they know the black masses stand behind them4 ,many of them are qualified to represent us not only in this ,united ,states government1 but could also represent us in this government if we are given #ajj per cent citizenship and the opportunity for ,,first-,,class participation 444 or else we can get behind these same leaders in setting up an independent government of our own4 ,we1 the black masses1 don't want these leaders who seek our support coming to us representing a certain political party4 ,they must come to us today as black leaders representing the welfare of black people4 ,we won't follow any leader today who comes on the basis of political party4 ,both parties 7,democrat and ,republican7 are controlled by the same people who have abused our rights1 and who have deceived us with false promises every time an election rolls around4 ,mr4 ,muhammad grieves over the disunity that exists even among the intellectuals and professional so-called ,negroes4 ,it is these 8educated0 so-called ,negroes who should be leading us out of this maze of misery and want4 ,they possess the academic know-how1 great amounts of technical skills 444 but they can't use it for the benefit of their own kind simply because they themselves are also disunited4 ,if these intellectuals and professional so-called ,negroes would unite1 not only ,harlem would benefit1 but it will benefit our people all over the world4 ,mr4 ,muhammad says disunity is our number one stumbling block1 and this disunity exists only because we lack knowledge of ,,self 7our own kind74 ,so-called ,negro 8intellectuals0 seem to think integration is the answer4 ,but1 is it8 8,integrate0 means to become as one unit4 ,how can these 8intellectuals0 expect the white man to accept us into his social unit1 political unit1 or economic unit when we are not yet in unity 7as a unit7 among our own kind8 ,we1 the ,muslims1 are for 8,brotherhood10 but not for integration6 ,what is the difference8 ,brotherhood is based on love1 which automatically produces voluntary acts of 8sincere benevolence40 ,but integration produces hypocrisy4 ,it forces the white man to pose as a 8liberal10 to be pretensive and false4 ,thus1 8benevolent0 acts which are 8forced by integration laws0 are producing white hypocrites1 and reducing chances of creating a 8mutual-working-agreement0 between the two races4 ,your thirst for integration makes the white man think you want only to marry his daughter4 ,we 7,muslims7 who follow ,mr4 ,muhammad don't think ,god ever intended for black men to marry white women4 ,mr4 ,muhammad and his followers are violently opposed to intermarriage4 ,this is conveniently and purposely misinterpreted by our enemies to mean that we are anti-white1 anti-,christian1 and anti-,american 7simply because we refuse to chase after the white man's women674 ,let the white man keep his women1 and let us keep ours4 ,some ,negroes who love race-mixing1 and want white women1 are angry at ,mr4 ,muhammad because he teaches against race-mixing 444 so they slip around and make the white man think we are anti-white4 7,i'm surprised that the white man is dumb enough to believe these ,uncle ,toms1 who stoop so low1 like ,,judas1 to be stool pigeons against their own kind47 ,we have oceans of dark people on this earth3 in ,africa1 ,asia1 and even here in ,america4 ,our women are the most beautiful1 like a bouquet of flowers4 ,why should we chase white women8 ,in this 8changing0 world today1 what would we do married to a white woman8 ,her people don't want you in their neighborhood around them1 and our fast awakening people don't want you to bring her back into our neighborhood any more to live around us4 ,thus1 you both become a 8misfit0 444 unwelcomed and unwanted in either society 444 where can you go8 ,because we ,muslims look at this as it is and face reality does not mean we are anti-white4 ,we don't want his white mother1 his white sister1 nor his white daughter4 ,we want only an equal chance on this earth1 but to have an equal chance we must have the same thing the white man himself needed before he could get this nation started 444 ,,we ,,must ,,have ,,some ,,land ,,of ,,our ,,own6 ,why do we want some land of our own8 ,because land is essential to freedom4 ,how else can #bj million black people who now constitute a nation in our own right1 a ,,nation ,,within ,a ,,nation1 expect to survive forever in a land where we are the last ones hired and the first ones fired 444 simply because we have no land of our own8 ,for over #djj years we have been very faithful to our ,american slave masters4 ,now ,god is warning them through ,mr4 ,muhammad that they should be nice enough to give us some land so we can separate ourselves from them and get started for ourselves4 ,this is no more than what the white man should do4 ,it is in complete accord with the ,christian religion4 ,their bible says that when a slave is set free1 his slave master should give him something to help him get started on his own 444 never send him away empty-handed4 ,if the ,hebrews in the bible numbered only #fjj1jjj in the land of their bondage1 and ,god was concerned with giving them freedom in a land of their own1 a land 8flowing with milk and honey0 444 then what about #bj million so-called ,negroes here in ,america1 who have the 8freedom0 only to look for a job8 ,can you not see that our former 8leaders0 have been fighting for the wrong thing 444 the wrong kind of freedom8 ,mr4 ,muhammad says we must have some land where we can work hard for ourselves1 make ourselves equal1 and live in dignity4 ,then and only then we won't have to beg the white man for the crumbs that fall occasionally from his table4 ,no one respects or appreciates a beggar4 ,since we say ,lincoln freed us1 let us avail ourselves of that freedom by uniting together and doing something for our own kind4 ,but1 we must have some of this earth4 ,we have been in ,america over #djj years4 ,we have been so-called 8free0 #ajj years1 and yet he still calls us 8the white man's burden40 ,we ,muslims don't want to be a burden on ,america any longer4 ,god has given ,mr4 ,muhammad a divine message1 program1 and solution4 ,,we ,,must ,,have ,,some ,,land6 ,the white man should be glad to give his loyal 8slaves0 some land so we can get out of his way and go for ourselves4 ,we will then set up our own farms1 factories1 business1 and schools 444 and show him how much we appreciate the education he has given us1 by using it to become self-sustaining 444 economically and otherwise4 ,we want some land where we can create unity1 harmony and brotherhood 444 and live together in peace4 ,since ,america now sees that this false show of integration and intermarriage will not work1 she should make immediate steps to set aside a few of these states for us1 and put us there to ourselves4 ,if ,america will repent and do this1 ,god will overlook some of our wicked deeds 7as in the days of ,nineveh7 444 but if ,america refuses to give ,mr4 ,muhammad what ,god instructed him to ask for 444 then1 like the biblical houses of ,egypt and ,babylon 7slave empires of the bible71 ,god will erase the ,american government and the entire race that it favors and represents1 from this planet 444 and ,god will then give the whole earth back to the original owners1 the black man6 #d4 ,,malcolm ,x's 8,,university ,,speech0 ,the following is ,malcolm ,x's 8university speech10 a long lecture he used in the hope of converting students--particularly ,negroes--on various university campuses during #aifa-aifb4 ,it is of some interest that this speech was given at ,atlanta ,university1 the great citadel of ,negro learning in the ,deep ,south1 and ,dr4 ,lonnie ,cross1 chairman of the department of mathematics1 not only joined the movement but became assistant to ,jeremiah ,x1 minister of the ,atlanta ,temple4 ,this lecture contains a unique passage4 ,it will be recalled that in his ,harvard speech ,malcolm chastised ,moslems from the ,east who had migrated to ,america but failed to gather converts4 ,in this speech he goes further2 in a stinging passage ,malcolm flatly accuses ,moslems from the ,east of attempting to turn 8our slave masters0 7the ,american white man7 into good ,moslems4 ,he accuses orthodox ,moslems of 8passing us by0 and attempting to proselytize the foes of the ,negro rather than the ,negro himself4 ,this is without doubt the strongest position any ,muslim has ever taken against the orthodox ,moslem movement and further underscores my contention that the ,black ,muslims are not really concerned about orthodox ,islam4 ,they need the faade of world-wide ,islam1 of course1 but the ,black ,muslim movement is a home-grown operation with home-grown aims and ideas4 ,nowhere is that more clearly stated than in this 8university speech40 ,islam1 the natural religion of black mankind1 is sweeping through and resurrecting black ,america like a 8flaming fire10 under the ,divine ,guidance of ,messenger ,elijah ,muhammad4 ,fools try to ignore facts1 but wise men must face facts to remain wise4 ,fools refuse to change from their silly ways and beliefs1 but the mental powers of the wise man encourage mental flexibility and enable him to keep an ,,open ,,mind4 ,this gives him the ability to re-adjust himself whenever it becomes necessary for a ,,change4 ,as fast as added 8light0 increases the wise man's ability to understand1 he changes his 8course0 or his 8pace0 according to the newly revealed facts before him4 ,fools1 however1 just blunder on1 blindly1 heedless of the ever-changing conditions on the road over which they must travel 444 thus1 the ,,blind ,,drivers and their 8cars0 usually end up in the ,,ditch4 ,in the past1 the 8religious roads0 leading through black ,america presented smooth sailing for the 8,old ,touring ,cars0 7,churches7 of ,christianity4 ,they met few obstacles and had little opposition or competition4 ,the 8drivers0 7preachers7 had it easy4 ,their 8course0 was never challenged4 ,they ruled supreme on the religious roads of black ,america4 ,however1 today time is making a great ,,change4 ,the religious roads of black ,america have suddenly become blocked by a ,,rocky ,,barrier1 and all the black and white preachers combined are incapable of removing it4 ,the firm1 down-to-earth1 thought-provoking teachings of the religion of ,islam are now obstructing this path over which it was once easy sailing for these preachers of white man's ,christianity4 ,islam poses both a challenge and a threat because ,islam is the 8resurrecting power40 ,thousands of so-called ,negroes are beginning for the first time to think for themselves1 since turning away from the segregated ,christian church1 and are rejoining the ranks of their black brothers and sisters of the ,east4 ,their age-old faith is the religion of ,islam1 the religion of our foreparents1 the true religion of black mankind4 ,the ,spiritual ,leader and ,teacher of the many thousands of 8,new ,believers0 here in black ,america is ,messenger ,elijah ,muhammad4 ,before we heard the teachings of ,messenger ,muhammad1 we 7,american so-called ,negroes7 were in the grave of ignorance4 ,we had been taught by our ,christian slave master1 as well as by our own ignorant religious leaders1 that ,god had cursed us black and sentenced us to a lifetime of servitude to the ,christian white race4 ,the same slave master's ,christian religion promised us that we 7,negroes7 would sprout wings after death and fly up into the sky where ,god would have a place especially prepared for us4 ,since we poor 8cursed0 slaves were not to get anything on earth while we were alive1 we soon learned to expect it only after death1 8up in the sky40 ,thus1 this earth1 and all its vast riches which we ourselves originally owned1 was left to the deceitful maneuverings of the white race1 for them to build a heaven for themselves and their own kind 8in ,,this life40 ,such religious teachings were purposely designed to make us 7so-called ,negroes7 feel inferior to the white ,christian slave master4 ,soon he was successful in making us fear him1 obey him1 and worship him 444 instead of the true ,supreme ,being1 the ,god of our own foreparents1 ,almighty ,god1 ,,allah4 ,messenger ,muhammad has taught us how we eventually became like the beggar ,lazarus of the bible 7,luke #af3bj73 ,our condition became very sore4 ,we sat here amid the rubbish of the ,western ,world1 at the feet of the rich1 white ,christians 444 begging for the crumbs 7civil rights and token integration7 to fall from their table4 ,but from this very same slave master whom our foreparents had made rich1 by giving freely of their slave labor for nearly #djj years 7,gen4 #ae3ac71 we received only the hardest and dirtiest jobs at the lowest wages2 the poorest houses in the ghettos at the highest rent2 the poorest food and clothing at the highest prices4 ,our schools were like shacks1 and were staffed by teachers who knew and could teach only that which the slave master dictated to them4 ,messenger ,muhammad has taught us how we 7so-called ,negroes7 were kidnaped from the ,east by the white ,christian slave master1 brought to ,america in chains1 and robbed of our own ,god1 ,his religion1 our language1 culture1 names1 flag1 and even our own nationality4 ,after robbing us of all that we originally could proudly call our own1 then the slave master taught us to call ourselves 8,negroes40 ,he told us that we were to be called 8,negroes0 because he found us along the banks of the ,niger ,river4 ,messenger ,muhammad asks us today3 8,since when does one's nationality originate from a river80 ,this same slave master taught us that 8negro0 means 8black0 in ,spanish4 ,messenger ,muhammad again asks us why1 then1 do not the dark1 ,spanish-speaking people in ,spain1 ,south and ,central ,america accept it 7,negro7 as their nationality too8 ,messenger ,muhammad says that we too should get our ,n,a,t,i,o,nality from the ,,nation that our foreparents originated 7as do all other recognized peoples74 ,the bible speaks of how we were purposely cut off from our own kind after being robbed of our identity by the cruel ,christian slave master 7,ezekiel #cg3aa2 ,psalms #acg3a-i1 #hc3d74 ,the slave master then took our names1 language1 and religion from us so we would have to accept his1 obey him1 and worship him 7,dan4 #a3f-g74 ,messenger ,muhammad has given us many scriptures to prove his teachings to us are true and in accord with the prophecies of the bible4 ,he says it is we 7so-called ,negroes7 in ,america who were robbed and made deaf1 dumb1 and blind to the knowledge of our own ,god and of our own selves2 so that today we are like ,,dry ,,bones ,,in ,,the ,,valley 7spiritually dead1 and in a mental grave of ignorance74 ,we are now able to speak only the slave master's tongue1 and are still being called the same 8slave names0 given to our fathers during slavery by the slave master 444 names such as ,jones1 ,smith1 ,powell1 ,king1 ,bunche1 ,diggs1 ,dawson1 etc4 ,these are all ,,slave ,,names1 names of the very same slave master who has shown characteristics of his beast-like nature in his treatment of us4 ,the original names of our foreparents were cut off from them1 kept secret from us by the 8beast0 7,rev4 #ae3b71 and therefore today we do not know what our real names should be4 ,we have really been robbed6 ,all other people have their own religion1 which teaches them of a ,god with whom they themselves can associate4 ,a ,god who at least looks like one of their own kind4 ,but1 we 7so-called ,negroes71 after #djj years of masterful brainwashing by the slave master1 picture our 8god0 with the same blond hair1 pale skin1 and cold blue eyes of our murderous slave master4 ,his ,christian religion teaches us that black is a curse2 thus1 we who accepted the slave master's religion found ourselves loving and respecting everything and everyone except black1 and could picture ,god as being anything else but ,,black4 ,in fact1 many so-called ,negroes would rather believe that ,god is ,,invisible1 a 8colorless spirit10 than to admit even the possibility of his being black4 ,yet ,daniel saw ,him with kinky hair 7like lamb's wool7 in the seventh chapter of ,daniel1 ninth verse4 ,how grossly deceived we have been6 ,messenger ,muhammad says that the teachers and religious leaders of our own kind here in ,america were as blind to the ,,real ,,truth as we2 therefore1 they themselves were not even qualified to lead us beyond that which the slave master had falsely taught them4 ,,how ,,can ,,the ,,blind ,,lead ,,the ,,blind8 ,thus1 we remained in the ,,ditch 7the ,,grave of spiritual ignorance1 mental bondage7 which was dug for us to fall into by our white ,christian slave master4 ,not only did our own preachers and educators here fail to give us the truth1 our darker brothers who were born in the ,east came here from the ,east and neglected to convert us back to the original religion 7,,islam7 of our foreparents4 ,many of our brothers from the ,east even failed to recognize us as their long-lost brothers 78lost sheep07 who had been kidnaped from the ,nation of ,islam #djj years ago1 and made to dwell here in this strange land1 among these wicked people who are not of our own kind 7,gen4 #ae3ac71 nor of our own choice4 ,our brothers from the ,east passed us by1 and instead1 tried to lecture on ,islam to our slave master1 thinking1 so foolishly1 that they would be able to turn the slave master into a righteous ,muslim 444 knowing all the time that the same slave master was the very one who had kidnaped1 robbed1 enslaved1 and lynched 7murdered7 their long-lost brothers4 ,yes1 our brothers from the ,east came here and seemed to be apologists for ,islam1 instead of rightly spreading it1 or defending it from the sly insults of the unbelieving slave master4 ,messenger ,muhammad teaches us that ,almighty ,god1 ,,allah1 is all-powerful and independent4 ,,allah needs no one to apologize for ,him4 ,islam1 ,his ,true ,religion1 is not a religion of compromise4 ,islam is truth itself1 and this truth has long been kept a secret from us4 ,for #djj years1 we 7so-called ,negroes7 were deprived of ,islam 7life7 by our white slave master1 who in turn indoctrinated 7brainwashed7 us with his false religion of ,christianity 444 and like the biblical ,lazarus1 we soon became so dead mentally and spiritually1 that our attitude 7disposition7 became offensive 7stank7 in the nostrils of the intelligent and civilized world4 ,our kind in the ,east failed to recognize us as their long-lost brothers 7the lost sheep74 ,our people in the ,east forgot us completely1 and we1 too1 soon forgot our blood-ties with them4 ,but ,almighty ,god ,,allah forgets not4 ,as ,he promised in the ,old ,testament 7,mal4 #d3e7 that ,he would send ,,elijah to the 8lost sheep0 7the so-called ,negroes of ,america7 in the 8last days0 7of the white man's world71 to teach us the truth that would free us from our white slave master1 and turn our hearts and minds back toward our own kind 7our fathers in the ,east74 ,and1 in the last days of this wicked world1 the hearts of our people in the ,east would be turned once again toward us 7,isaiah #dc3e74 ,we who have been raised by ,,elijah from the 8grave0 that was dug for us by the slave master1 bear witness that this same ,,elijah1 who was predicted to come1 has been raised from our midst today and is even now with us here in ,america in the person of ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad4 ,he is the 8first begotten0 from this grave of ignorance1 from the midst of we 7so-called ,negroes7 who have long been a mentally dead people4 ,he is the 8,first ,fruit0 raised from us who slept1 and he has been raised from this grave by ,almighty ,god1 ,,allah ,himself4 ,examine his works among us1 for his works are sufficient testimony to his identity4 ,only a fool1 or an envious person1 would fail to see the greatness of this man after examining his work4 ,we who have been raised from the grave by him bear witness of his work4 ,in a short time1 ,messenger ,muhammad is accomplishing what our educators and religious leaders here failed to do for #ajj years1 and what our brothers from the ,east neglected to do4 ,messenger ,muhammad has brought our minds out of the sky 7where the ignorant preachers had sent it71 and has made us better able to face the reality of living4 ,he has restored life 7truth7 to our long-lost dead people4 ,who else other than ,almighty ,god1 ,,allah1 could have given ,messenger ,muhammad the power to do what all others have failed to do8 8,and ,allah sent down ,,water from above1 and therewith gives life to the dead earth after its death4 ,surely there is a ,,sign in this for a people who listen40 7,quran #af3fe47 ,praise be to ,,allah6 ,who would have believed it8 ,an ex-slave1 a man like ,moses 7,deut4 #ah3ah71 to whom ,,allah has given sufficient power to stand up and speak the truth so boldly here in the land of our bondage1 facing not only the wrath of the wicked slave master 7modern ,pharaoh71 but also the wrath of his own kind1 who are ignorant of the truth4 ,they are too blind to see what is good for them4 ,there are those also who are jealous and envious of his ,wisdom and his ,divine ,mission4 ,messenger ,muhammad's teachings have really inspired us with a thirst today for truth4 ,we who follow him are filled with an enthusiastic desire to wear the ,crown of ,life1 the jewels of which are3 ,wisdom1 ,knowledge1 ,understanding 444 ,freedom1 ,justice1 ,equality 444 ,food1 ,clothing1 ,shelter 444 and ,love1 ,peace1 and ,happiness4 ,he teaches us that these must be enjoyed while we are living4 ,these are the very essentials of life1 and they adorn the ,crown of ,life which we shall all wear in ,,allah's ,paradise1 the ,kingdom of ,god1 which shall soon be set up on this earth1 for us to enjoy while we are living4 ,almighty ,god1 ,,allah1 has a religion of life1 not of death1 that teaches us to live1 the importance of living1 and how to live4 ,,allah is the ,god of the living1 and not the ,god of the dead4 ,all praise is due to ,,allah6 ,we who once followed foolishly and blindly after the slave master's plurality of gods 7,,trinity7 and sought to have our heaven 7the necessities of life7 up in the sky after we die1 are no longer fooled today by the slave master's lies4 ,today1 we know there is but ,,one ,,god4 ,there is no ,god but ,,allah6 ,and1 we bear witness that ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad is ,his last and greatest ,messenger to us here in ,north ,america4 ,yes1 we who were once dead 7mentally1 morally1 socially1 politically1 and economically71 lying at the rich white man's feet here in the grave of ignorance1 are being raised today from this 8death40 ,we are being made upright 444 ,,perpendicular 444 by the ,,word of this ,noble ,messenger of ,almighty ,god1 ,,allah4 ,he has the ,message of ,life for #bj1jjj1jjj so-called ,negroes here in ,america4 8,the people 7,negroes7 that walked in darkness 7ignorance7 have seen a great light 7,islam73 they that dwell in the land 7of bondage7 in the shadow of death 7the ,cross7 upon them has the light shined0 7,isaiah #i3b74 ,examine our previous condition1 then judge ,messenger ,muhammad according to his work among us4 ,we who are striving to carry his teachings into practice today are well on the road to mental1 moral and financial independence4 ,thanks to ,his ,message we are well aware today of the importance of ,freedom1 ,justice1 ,equality 444 ,wisdom1 ,knowledge1 ,understanding 444 ,food1 ,clothing1 ,shelter 444 ,love1 ,peace and ,happiness1 in sufficient quantity and quality1 while we are living4 ,this great teacher has filled us with a desire to rest not1 until we have our own righteous nation1 united together under ,,allah1 the ,one ,god1 wherein brotherhood is a practiced reality instead of a future dream or a 8far-away promise0 as it is in the ,christian religion of our slave master4 ,even you must bear witness that ,messenger ,muhammad is without question the most fearless and uncompromising representative of ,almighty ,god1 ,,allah1 and ,his ,religion of ,islam4 ,messenger ,muhammad doesn't offer any apology to this wicked race1 nor to the fearful and unbelieving 8,uncle ,toms0 among our own kind4 ,he has a ,message from ,god4 ,it is a warning of condemnation of the wicked1 and despite all opposition he goes right ahead1 boldly delivering his message4 ,he says 7as ,noah1 ,lot1 and ,moses did before him7 that you can take it or leave it4 ,so many of you will say that you believe in ,almighty ,god1 ,,allah2 but1 yet you hesitate to teach the naked truth1 for fear of hurting the tender feelings of this wicked white race4 ,since you are filled with fear of the beast 7,rev4 #ba3h71 instead of standing in the way1 holding up progress1 hardening your hearts with envy1 jealousy1 and unbelief 444 step out of his way so he can prove to the world that there is no ,god but ,,allah1 and that this ,great ,god ,,allah has come to redeem ,his long-lost people 444 the so-called ,negroes of ,america 7,rev4 #g3b74 ,according to the bible1 destruction of the slave master by ,almighty ,god can no longer be avoided nor delayed4 ,and1 oh how well the slave master 7modern ,pharaoh7 knows this4 ,yes1 this government1 which was founded upon the slavery and suffering of ,god's 8chosen people10 is quite upset today because of the teachings of ,messenger ,muhammad 7the modern ,moses71 the same as the biblical ,pharaoh was4 ,government agents have visited and questioned me so persistently and thoroughly that ,i spent many a sleepless night wondering what it is about the presence of this little meek and humble man that has them so terribly concerned and upset4 ,yes1 they visited and questioned many of his followers1 but the more they visit and question us the more clearly we are able to see and know that this is indeed a ,divine ,man1 ,god-sent to us poor slaves 7,exodus #c3f-aj71 with truth that forever frees us from fear of this wicked1 modern ,pharaoh4 ,this little black man has not been to college2 his formal education in the slave master's school system is very limited1 and he is not eloquent in his speech 7,ex4 #d3aj71 whereas these government agents who question us are highly trained and well schooled in all the modern sciences of life4 ,they are well learned1 yet the teachings of this little 8unlearned0 man has them hurt1 confused1 and upset4 ,the average unlearned man cannot upset a learned person 444 unless he has been given something by the ,,most ,,learned ,,one1 the ,all-,knowing ,one1 ,almighty ,god1 ,,allah ,himself4 ,all praise is due to ,,allah6 ,how well ,he has enabled us to see that this little meek and humble man is he of whom the bible says3 8,how knoweth this man letters 7such great wisdom7 having never learned 7being unlearned7 4440 7,john #g3ae74 ,no man in history has ever fit such a prophetic picture more perfectly than this little 8unlearned0 man who is teaching us today with such great authority4 ,yes1 he may be 8unlearned0 according to the educational standards of the slave master1 but he has been well schooled by ,almighty ,god1 ,,allah ,himself 444 for he tells us constantly that his doctrine 7message7 is not his own but was authored by the ,one ,god1 ,,allah1 who sent him 7,john #g3ae74 ,all praise is due ,,allah6 ,a man born in ,georgia1 mentally blind1 deaf1 and dumb1 as ignorant as all the rest of us4 ,yet we see him today upsetting the slave master's health1 just as biblical ,moses did in ancient times to the slave master of that day 7,ex4 #e3b71 simply by declaring ,god's plan to give these poor slaves 7,america's so-called ,negroes7 a land of our own1 wherein we won't have to beg any slave master any more for 8civil rights10 for we shall then have in our own land a righteous government1 wherein ,,freedom1 ,,justice1 and ,,equality and all the other essentials of life will be natural products1 flowing for us and to us 444 like 8milk and honey40 ,in the ,holy ,quran it says3 8,he it is who raised from among the ,,illiterates a ,messenger from among themselves1 who recites to them the book and the wisdom 444 although they were before in manifest error40 7#fb3b47 ,also1 8,those who follow the ,messenger-,prophet1 the ,,illiterate ,,one1 whom they find in the ,torah and the ,gospel4 ,he enjoins them good1 and forbids them evil1 and makes lawful to them good things and prohibits for them impure things1 and removes from them their burden and the shackles which were on them4 ,so those who believe in ,him and help ,him1 these are the successful40 7#g3aeg47 ,i1 myself1 being one who was lost and dead1 buried here in the rubbish of the ,west1 in the thickest darkness of sin and ignorance1 hoodwinked completely by the false teaching of the slave master1 am able to stand upright today1 ,,perpendicular1 on the square with my ,god1 ,,allah1 and my own kind 7in the ,east7 444 able for the first time in #djj years to ,,see and ,,hear4 ,i bear witness that ,almighty ,god1 ,,allah1 is the ,finder of the lost sheep 7,american ,negroes7 and the ,life-,giver to the dead4 ,he1 ,,allah1 is the only ,saviour for the #bj1jjj1jjj so-called ,negroes1 who were kidnaped by the white race and enslaved here in ,america4 ,also1 ,i bear witness that ,messenger ,elijah ,muhammad has been taught 7raised7 by this ,great ,god of the ,universe1 the ,architect of the ,universe1 the ,supreme ,being ,himself1 ,,allah4 ,and ,i bear witness that ,messenger ,elijah ,muhammad is in turn raising us from the dead today1 teaching us ,,truth1 and raising us from the dead level of ignorance4 #e4 ,,malcolm ,x ,,at ,,queens ,,college ,mr4 ,muhammad ,speaks is the official newspaper of the ,black ,muslim movement4 ,it is a highly charged1 well-edited propaganda sheet of some thirty-six pages4 ,one recent edition carried the full text of a speech ,malcolm ,x delivered at ,queens ,college in ,new ,york4 ,more interesting than the speech--at least ,i feel so--is the way the editors of the paper led into the text4 ,here is a clear example of how ,black ,muslims are informed about what their leaders are doing4 ,the paper had a circulation of over fifty thousand a year ago1 and ,i suspect it has all but doubled that now4 ,the picture painted here is that of their second-in-command1 ,malcolm ,x1 issuing words of wisdom in the places of higher learning4 ,of particular interest is the description of students skipping class to question ,malcolm4 ,i was not at ,queens ,college1 but ,i have been with ,malcolm--most of the time to debate with him--at other universities4 ,and ,i know this scene to be valid4 ,whether people believe ,malcolm ,x is one thing1 but there can be no doubt that they come in droves--particularly white people--to hear him4 ,and they always linger to ask questions4 ,new ,york ,minister ,malcolm ,x continued his series of successful presentations of the teachings of the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad in ,boston1 ,st4 ,louis and ,new ,york1 during the past few weeks4 ,on ,tuesday1 ,may #bdth1 ,malcolm ,x spoke at the ,boston ,theological ,seminary in ,boston1 ,mass4 ,the prior week ,malcolm ,x was heard by several hundred ,st4 ,louis ,negroes who jammed ,carpenter's ,hall1 where ,malcolm ,x said1 8,america must give ,negroes full freedom or face disaster40 ,malcolm went on to say that complete and total separation resulting in the ,negro having a few states of his own is the only solution to the so-called ,negro problem4 ,upwards of two hundred students gathered in room one hundred of the ,remsen ,building at ,new ,york's ,queens ,college last month to hear ,minister ,malcolm ,x1 head of ,muhammad ,temple of ,islam ,number ,seven1 defend the doctrine of ,islam as taught by the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad4 ,the students gathered at the invitation of the ,queens ,college ,chapter of the ,,naacp and heard ,minister ,malcolm say1 8the ,american black man faces a unique situation because of his unique position in ,america4 ,this is why so many ,american black men are turning to ,islam and also why ,islam must be presented to them in a form peculiar to the circumstances they face4 ,this causes many people to say we are not teaching the orthodox form of ,islam40 ,minister ,malcolm continued1 8,this is not true4 ,we are teaching the true ,islamic faith but we are making it applicable to the peculiar conditions faced by the ,american black man40 ,asked to comment on ,mr4 ,muhammad's twelve point program for the salvation of the ,american ,negro1 ,minister ,malcolm said1 8our central teaching as far as the social action of the ,american black man is concerned is that he should be separated from his slave masters4 ,as the ,bible says1 #8let every man be under his own vine and fig tree4' ,mr4 ,muhammad teaches that the ,american black man1 like the children of ,israel1 are strangers1 not in a land of their own40 8,much of the unrest now current would be eliminated10 ,minister ,malcolm said1 8if the request of ,mr4 ,muhammad were granted4 ,once the slave is educated he wants to be equal with his master1 to share his master's property4 ,if the slave is as well educated as the master then the slave will no longer be content to serve4 ,that is the core of the racial unrest in ,america today4 ,that is why we must be separated and allowed to become a people self-sufficient and self-supporting40 ,the appearance of ,minister ,malcolm was scheduled to last for fifty-five minutes but the interest was such that scores of students remained out of classes to continue discussions with ,minister ,malcolm for an hour past the stated deadline4 ,the following is a complete transcript of ,minister ,malcolm's ,queens ,college speech3 ,we thank you for inviting us here today to present our views on this topic3 8,the ,negro's ,position in the ,recent ,american ,society40 ,but1 to understand our views you must first know something about our religion1 ,islam4 ,the ,creator of the ,universe1 whom many of you call ,god or ,jehovah1 is known to the ,muslims by the name ,,allah4 ,since the ,muslims believe all prophets came from that ,,one ,,god and therefore all taught one and the same religion1 rightly called ,,islam1 which means the complete submission and obedience to ,,allah4 ,one who practices this ,divine ,obedience is called a ,muslim 7commonly known1 spelled1 and referred to here in the ,west as ,moslem74 ,there are over #fjj million ,muslims on this earth1 predominantly in ,africa and ,asia1 and we here in ,america under the ,divine ,guidance of ,mr4 ,elijah ,muhammad are an integral part of the vast ,world of ,islam that stretches from the ,china ,seas to the sunny shores of ,west ,africa4 ,a unique situation faces the black man here in ,america because of his unique condition1 thus his acceptance of ,islam and into ,islam affects him uniquely 444 differently than all other converts to ,islam4 ,mr4 ,elijah ,muhammad is our ,divine ,leader and ,teacher here in ,america4 ,he believes in and obeys ,god #ajj per cent and is teaching and working among us to fulfill ,god's ,divine ,purpose4 ,what is this purpose8 ,god's purpose today 7just as it was in biblical days7 is the complete ,,separation of the so-called ,negroes from their slave master 444 as the bible says concerning today3 8,let every man be under his own vine and fig tree40 ,the best biblical example of this is the enslavement of the ,hebrews in the land of ,egypt under ,pharaoh 444 a free man and some slaves who were 8strangers in a land not their own10 and how ,jehovah chose ,moses to ,,separate them from their slave master4 ,since the slave master today declares his 8former0 slaves are free1 ,mr4 ,muhammad says that for the betterment of our future and that of our former slave master ,god has declared we also must be ,,separated4 ,to many of you here in this college auditorium1 this sounds ridiculous2 to some it even sounds insane4 ,but #bj million black people here in ,america now number a nation in their own right4 ,do you believe a nation ,,within another nation can be successful8 ,especially when they both have equal education8 ,once the slave has his master's education1 the slave wants to be like his master1 wants to share his master's property1 and wants to exercise the same privileges as his master4 ,this is the ,,core of ,america's troubles today2 and there will be no peace for ,america as long as #bj million so-called ,negroes are here ,,begging for the equal rights which ,america knows she will never grant us4 ,even the limited education ,america has granted her ex-slaves has already produced great unrest 444 and ,almighty ,god says the only way for ,america to ever have peace is for us to be ,,separated from her 444 and therefore ,mr4 ,muhammad teaches us that we must have some land of our own4 ,if we receive equal education1 how long do you expect us to remain your passive servants1 or second-class citizens8 ,there is no such thing as second-class citizens4 ,we are ,,full ,,citizens or we are not citizens at all6 ,when you teach a man the science of government he wants an equal part 7or position7 in that government 444 or else he wants to be a master in that government himself4 ,he demands equality with his master4 ,no man with equal education will serve you4 ,the only way you can continue to rule us is with a superior knowledge1 or by continuing to hold equal education from our people4 ,america has not given us equal education1 but she has given us enough to make us want more 444 and to make us demand equality of opportunity 444 which is causing great unrest4 ,thus1 the only ,,solution is complete ,,separation6 ,you believe in the fulfillment of biblical prophecy1 that a great ,,day ,,of ,,separation is coming1 and that the knowledge of truth will cause this ,,separation4 ,we are living at that time today6 ,you are not common people here in this college audience4 ,you are students1 scholars1 professors2 you have education enough to weigh current events as well as history against the truth of what ,mr4 ,muhammad is teaching4 ,for over #cjj years our parents served yours4 ,during slavery our parents didn't ask your parents for civil rights4 ,our parents did not have enough education to do so4 ,they were taught by their educated white masters that they were born inferiors 444 born to serve the whites 444 8superior0 whites who restricted them without citizenship even after the so-called emancipation proclamation4 ,today ,mr4 ,muhammad sees nothing but the ,,destruction of both races if they stay together4 ,,integration will cause ,,disintegration of both4 ,a child stays within the mother until the time of birth4 ,when the time of birth arrives1 the child must be ,,separated1 or it will ,,destroy its mother and itself4 ,the mother can't carry that child after its time4 ,the child wants to be free2 it cries for a world of its own4 ,if the mother will not give it up ,,naturally1 the doctors must forcibly take it from her 444 which sometimes causes her death4 ,if she can set it free naturally and easily1 so much the better 444 if not1 it must be ,,taken4 ,twenty million so-called ,negroes in ,america today number a nation ,,within a nation and are crying for ,,freedom4 ,we must be freed4 ,we must be born4 ,we must be ,,separated 444 or cause the ,,destruction of both6 ,,separation is the only solution today4 ,is this insane8 ,is this so ridiculous8 ,during slavery our parents would have been put to death for advocating integration with the white man 444 and now that ,god has declared this is the ,,day ,,of ,,separation1 the white man wants 7or at least is ,,talking about7 integration with his ex-slave4 ,america can solve her present problems and avoid a worse crisis by setting up some ,,separate ,,states for us right here in ,america4 ,remember the ,hebrews in biblical ,egypt 444 after their #djj years of bondage to ,pharaoh were up1 ,god had to fulfill his promise to them that he had made through ,abraham 444 but their biblical slave master would not let them go4 ,thus it cost the slave master his own freedom1 his country1 and his life for opposing ,god's ,plan to ,,separate ,his people from their slave master and set them in a land of their own4 ,god would not have ,,destroyed the slave master if he would have listened 444 but just as ,america is today1 the biblical slave master 7,pharaoh7 was also too rich1 too strong1 and too proud to listen to ,moses 444 whom they contemptuously looked upon only as an inarticulate ex-slave4 ,mr4 ,muhammad is opposed today1 both by his own people and by whites1 simply because he advocates complete ,,freedom1 ,,justice1 and ,,equality for ,america's #bj million so-called ,negroes4 ,america is a free nation4 ,why should ,america oppose ,mr4 ,muhammad for teaching ,,freedom for her #bj million so-called ,negroes8 ,he is not asking for an 8integrated society0 which would only lead to the dreaded ,,intermarriage with ,america's white sons and daughters 444 he is demanding complete ,,separation where we will have complete ,,freedom1 ,,justice1 and ,,equality in a land of our own4 ,and1 if ,god is with ,mr4 ,muhammad today to ,,separate us and put us in a land wherein we can form our own nation equal with other civilized nations 444 would you want ,god to ,,destroy your country like he did biblical ,egypt 444 for opposing ,,his ,,divine ,,plan8 #f4 ,,malcolm ,x ,,at ,,yale ,speaking1 as always1 in behalf of 8,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad10 ,malcolm ,x journeyed to ,yale ,university in #aifb to debate with ,herbert ,wright1 then ,national ,youth ,secretary of the ,,naacp4 ,the first third of this ,yale ,speech is ,malcolm's attempt to put the ,black ,muslims' doctrine in world perspective4 ,one may dispute1 as ,herbert ,wright did1 the lessons ,malcolm draws from current history1 but this lecture shows once again how the ,black ,muslims are struggling to give their doctrine the advantages of learning and information4 ,malcolm's point is that the world situation demands that the ,american ,negro have a separate state and that even such threats as the ,communist take-over in ,cuba will not subside until that all-,negro state is brought into being4 ,this talk has a particularly scorching indictment of middle-class ,negroes4 ,several people who were present at the debate have told me that ,herbert ,wright became difficult at times1 for ,malcolm1 and that ,malcolm responded with an unusual amount of bile4 ,this was one of a series of debates between ,wright and ,malcolm ,x1 and the ,,naacp finally ordered a halt to the encounters4 ,remembering that the ,black ,muslims have a prohibition against voting1 the reader will be particularly interested in ,malcolm's arguments as to why the majority of ,american ,negroes do not vote4 ,he sees this apathy at the polls as a rebellion against 8integration-minded0 ,negro leadership4 ,and this may be a commentary on why the ,muslims have themselves decided to enter politics4 ,in behalf of my beloved leader and teacher1 ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad1 and the many young ,muslims who follow him1 we wish to thank you for this opportunity to explain our position today in what we feel to be the only solution to the serious race problems confronting ,america and the entire troubled ,western ,world4 ,in this crucial hour in which we live today1 it is essential that our minds constantly be kept open to reality4 ,we have both races here in this ,yale ,law ,school ,auditorium tonight4 ,let us not be emotional4 ,let us be governed and guided only by facts4 ,i represent ,mr4 ,elijah ,muhammad1 the spiritual head of the fastest-growing group of ,black ,muslims in the ,western ,hemisphere4 ,we who follow him know that he has been divinely taught and sent to us by ,god ,himself4 ,we believe that the miserable plight of the #bj million black people in ,america is the fulfillment of divine prophecy4 ,we believe that the serious race problem that our presence here poses for ,america is also the fulfillment of divine prophecy4 ,we also believe the presence today in ,america of ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad1 his teachings among the so-called ,negroes1 and his naked warning to ,america concerning her treatment of these so-called ,negroes is all the fulfillment of divine prophecy4 ,thus1 when ,mr4 ,muhammad declares that the only solution to ,america's race problem is complete separation of the two races1 he is fulfilling that which was predicted by all of the biblical prophets to take place in this day4 ,but1 because ,mr4 ,muhammad takes this uncompromising stand1 those who don't understand biblical prophecy wrongly label him as a racist and as a hate teacher1 or as being anti-white1 or as teaching ,black ,supremacy4 ,so tonight1 while we are all here together1 face to face1 we can question and examine for ourselves the wisdom or the folly of what ,mr4 ,muhammad is teaching4 ,studying world conditions in the light of facts1 facing reality as grown men and women 444 seeing things not as we would like them to be1 but as they really are 444 only then can we determine the rightness1 the validity1 the divine origin of ,mr4 ,muhammad and the solution which he offers as the only hope for ,america's #bj million so-called ,negroes1 and also as the only hope for this troubled ,western ,world4 ,if ,mr4 ,muhammad's solution is from ,god1 is it in time to save #bj million so-called ,negroes8 ,is it in time to save ,america8 ,is it in time to save the ,western ,world8 ,let us look closely and see4 ,the ,western ,world finds itself today constantly engulfed in crisis after crisis4 ,the ingredients for disaster lurk constantly on all sides 444 both at home and abroad4 ,the ,western ,world's leading diplomats are whispering in the halls of the ,,un that catastrophe can come any moment1 any hour1 any second4 ,whether this grave crisis be studied at the international level1 the national level1 or the local level1 we will discover the primary ingredient always encountered1 in one form or another1 is the race issue 444 the race question 444 the race problem4 ,whether it is the ,congo1 ,algeria1 ,south ,africa1 ,china1 ,cuba1 or ,panama4 ,let us take the advice ,paul gave in the bible2 let us toss our emotions aside and reason together4 ,let us look closely at this chaotic world-picture before us1 and in the light of the facts let us then determine if ,mr4 ,muhammad's divine solution fits the picture before us4 ,but many of you may be asking yourselves3 8,why should we listen to this little so-called ,negro 444 this little ,georgia-born ex-slave8 ,what can he do8 ,what can he tell us80 ,well1 my friends1 the ,western ,world's most learned diplomats have failed to solve this grave race problem4 ,her learned politicians have failed4 ,her learned theologians have failed4 ,her learned legal experts have failed4 ,her sociologists have failed4 ,her civil leaders have failed4 ,her fraternal leaders have even failed4 ,since the ,western ,world's most skillful scientists and scholars have failed to solve this race problem1 it is time for us to sit down tonight and reason together1 and ,i'm certain we will be forced to agree that it takes ,god ,himself to solve this grave racial dilemma4 ,when we face these facts1 we see the necessity for ,,divine intervention 444 we see the necessity for a ,,divine ,,solution4 ,if ,god is going to intervene1 will ,he come ,himself1 or will ,he send someone with ,his solution8 ,will we be able to accept this divine solution when it comes8 ,how will we know if the ,messenger who brings us the solution is really a man from ,god8 ,what yardstick will we use to measure him8 ,will this man of ,god be someone from ,harvard1 ,yale1 ,columbia1 ,howard1 or ,tuskegee8 ,will this man of ,god be a black man or a white man8 ,will he be a theologian or preacher from one of the prevailing religions of the ,western ,world8 ,will he be a politician from one of the major political parties8 ,what type of man do you think ,god would choose to deliver ,his solution to this troubled ,western ,world8 ,how are we to determine whether or not ,mr4 ,muhammad is a man from ,god8 ,and1 how are we to determine if it is time for ,god ,himself to intervene8 ,let us not be emotional2 let us reason together4 ,look around us at the condition of the world4 ,never before has man had in his hands the power to destroy human life on such a vast scale4 ,never before has there been such propaganda1 mass lies1 mass suspicion1 mass confusion1 mass dissatisfaction1 mass unrest1 mass hatreds 444 and the ingredients for such mass bloodshed4 ,never before has ,america made so many crucial blunders1 one after another1 and suffered such great loss of prestige in the eyes of the world1 despite the advice of her expert advisors4 ,the ,u-#b spy plane incident caused the ,president of the strongest country on earth to be tricked1 trapped and exposed before the whole world as a liar 444 despite the advice of expert advisors4 ,at the ,paris ,summit ,conference1 the same ,president was cursed1 ridiculed1 and humiliated again before the eyes of the entire world 444 despite the advice of his expert advisors4 ,in ,korea1 students1 mere children1 toppled the government of ,syngman ,rhee1 the best friend ,america had in the ,far ,east1 despite the advice of her expert advisors4 ,in ,turkey1 children toppled the government of ,menderes1 ,america's best friend in the ,middle ,east 444 despite the advice of expert advisors4 ,in ,tokyo1 students1 mere children again1 defied the ,president to come to ,japan1 and blocked him from entering after he had traveled thousands of miles from home and had arrived at their back door 444 a most humiliating insult 444 despite the advice of his expert advisors4 ,and ,cuba1 a little midget island-government in the ,caribbean1 is challenging ,giant ,america1 accusing her of economic aggression1 confiscating all of her investments1 and getting unexpected support from ,mexico and other strategically located ,latin ,american countries 444 and all of this1 despite the advice of her expert advisors4 ,my friends1 if the expert politicians1 the expert theologians1 the expert diplomats and other scientists1 professors and scholars have failed to devise a solution to these grave world problems1 surely you will agree that it is now time for ,god to send us someone with a solution from ,himself4 ,is ,mr4 ,muhammad from ,god8 ,is he on time8 ,does his divine solution fit the events of today8 ,look at the racial volcano that has erupted in the ,congo1 with the ingredients present for an even greater racial explosion building up into what could easily touch off the dreaded #crd ,world ,war 444 and once again the diplomats in the ,,un are whispering that ,western ,civilization is tottering on the brink of disaster4 ,why are the ,africans in the ,congo rising against the white ,belgian oppressors8 ,why are the ,africans in ,kenya rising against their white ,british oppressors8 ,why are the ,africans in ,angola rising against their white ,portuguese oppressors8 ,why are the ,africans in ,algeria rising against their white ,french oppressors8 ,in short3 ,why is the black man today all over ,africa rising up against his white ,european overlords8 ,in the ,congo1 ,central ,africa1 the black man is saying1 8,we must have our own land40 ,in ,kenya1 ,east ,africa1 the black man is saying1 8,we must have our own land40 ,in ,angola1 ,west ,africa1 the black man is saying1 8,we must have our own land40 ,in ,algeria1 ,north ,africa1 the black man is saying1 8,we must have our own land40 ,even deep into ,south ,africa1 all over the entire ,african continent1 the only solution in the minds of the awakening black man is3 8,we must have our own land40 ,the cry of the black man in ,africa for the return of his own land is so widespread1 so unrelenting1 so uncompromising 444 it stands to reason that only ,god ,himself is inspiring him and driving him onward in this spirit of freedom4 ,if ,god has made the black man in ,africa realize he cannot rest until he has some land of his own 444 surely that same ,god will look westward toward ,america and see #bj million black people here1 ,,second-,,class ,,citizens1 who are also in dire need of some land that we can call our own4 ,if ,mr4 ,muhammad says 8some land of our own0 is ,god's solution to this grave race problem1 why land8 ,why is land so important to everyone today8 ,the white man in ,great ,britain could once boast that his control extended over so much of the black man's land that the sun never set on the ,british ,empire4 ,today1 when the sun rises1 we can hardly find the ,british ,empire4 ,how important is land8 ,well1 look what happened to the ,british ,empire when she lost the lands she had colonized in ,asia3 lands like ,india1 ,china1 ,burma1 ,malaya1 etc4 444 her inability to continue robbing ,asia of the natural resources produced by the land almost wrecked the ,british economy1 decreased her military strength and her political prestige so low she could no longer use 8force0 to hold her ,african colonies4 ,as her grip on the black man's land loosened1 ,britain dwindled4 ,loss of land meant loss of ,empire 444 loss of wealth1 power1 and of prestige4 ,as the black men in ,africa and ,asia regain control over their lands1 the ,french1 ,belgians1 ,dutch1 ,portuguese1 ,spanish1 and all other ,european ,empires also begin to crumble and topple downward4444 ,as we face these facts1 we are forced to agree that the economy of white ,europe1 the military power of white ,europe1 and the political prestige of white ,europe was based upon the lands in ,africa and ,asia which they had taken from the ,,black ,,man4 ,the combined powers of white ,europe have not been able to stem this black tide in ,africa that is sweeping aside the shackles of colonial slavery4 ,the ,africans have become militant and are marching toward freedom4 ,africa is the only continent where a new nation is being born every day 444 and these new nations are taking their seats in the family of other independent nations symbolized by the ,united ,nations4 ,and1 this fast-growing black block formed by these newly born ,african nations1 united with our ,darker ,brothers in ,asia1 can already easily out-vote the white colonial powers in the ,,un who had formerly enslaved them4 ,these newly born independent black nations can also take a firm stand in behalf of other black people all over the world who are still enslaved1 persecuted1 exploited 444 or deprived of their basic rights4 ,as the rise of these newly independent black nations collapses the economic1 military1 and political strength of ,america's allies in white ,europe1 what effect does this have upon white ,america8 ,does white ,america face the same black web in which the colonial powers of white ,europe find themselves entangled8 ,and1 if so1 how will this affect ,america's attitude toward the black people of ,africa8 ,how will this affect ,america's attitude toward the #bj million black people who are yet suffering the bondage of so-called second-class citizenship right here in ,america 444 #bj million so-called ,negroes who have also been deprived of freedom1 justice1 and equality 444 #bj million so-called ,negroes who not only have been deprived of their civil rights1 but who have even been deprived of their ,,human ,,rights 444 the right to hold their heads up1 and to live in dignity like other human beings4 ,let us not be emotional1 but let us face these facts4 ,let us reason together4 ,this has become a serious problem for ,america1 and for the entire world4 ,will the ,divine ,solution that ,god has given ,mr4 ,elijah ,muhammad help white ,america avert the racial dilemma in which the awakening dark nations of ,africa and ,asia have already placed ,america's allies in white ,europe8 ,before we can intelligently decide to accept or reject ,mr4 ,muhammad's solution1 let us take a closer look at ,america itself3 ,america is the richest and most powerful nation on this earth4 ,her ,president is almost like a 8god10 for he has in his hands almost every other country on this earth4 ,therefore1 every four years1 when a new ,president1 or 8god10 is about to be selected1 the eyes of even the foreign nations are turned toward the ,american elections 444 for they too are wondering who1 what type of man1 will be the next 8god40 ,yet1 at the two great political conventions in which the two candidates are selected1 despite ,america's need to impress1 and favorably influence the foreign nations1 foreign policy is never the great controversial issue 444 the controversial issue is always over domestic policy 444 the ,,civil ,,rights ,,issue 444 in which the so-called ,american ,negro is the primary figure 444 the ,,star on the world stage 444 for it is he who holds the balance of power in all elections 444 it is he who can easily determine 8who0 will be the next 8god40 ,therefore1 this great political drama not only stars the ,negro1 but all the political schemes are designed primarily to woo him1 to please him1 to tempt him1 ensnare him1 to get his allegiance and capitalize upon his political support4 ,the ,negro's position is most strategic1 but his mental condition is too pathetic for him to take intelligent advantage of this vital position 8fate0 has placed him in4 ,the ,american ,negro is suffering from a mental sickness4 ,his mind has been 8tampered0 with by his slave master4 ,the ,western ,world is sick4 ,america is sick 444 but the ,negro in ,america is the sickest of them all4 ,the sickening condition of the ,negro in ,america is infecting ,uncle ,sam's entire body and endangering the security and future of the whole ,western ,world4 ,mr4 ,muhammad says that only after the ,american ,negro's condition is 8corrected0 will ,uncle ,sam's health improve 444 for only then will ,uncle ,sam look 8healthy0 in the inquiring eyes of the fast-awakening dark world4 ,since we see the vital necessity of correcting the miserable condition of the ,american ,negro1 and we must also agree that all other efforts to solve this problem have failed1 will ,mr4 ,muhammad's 8prescription0 cure the ailments of these #bj million second-class citizens8 ,many of you will say3 8,no6 ,muhammad is a ,black ,supremist4 ,he is an extremist4 ,he stresses race too much4 ,he is a racist40 ,my friends3 ,if you were to see a man attired in white1 with a sharp instrument in his hands1 bending over someone who is prostrate on a table1 your lack of understanding might compel you to shout1 8murderer60 ,but when you know the place is a hospital1 the sleeping man is a patient1 the man attired in white is a surgeon1 and the sharp instrument must be used to perform some surgery that is necessary to save the patient's life 444 you can then accept the fact that although the operation is very painful1 it must be performed4 ,uncle ,sam is sick1 because he has a black 8lump0 growing in his white body that doesn't belong there1 and this black 8growth0 is getting larger every day1 and increasing ,uncle ,sam's internal pains4 ,god ,himself has ordained that this surgery must be performed1 for if the #bj million rapidly increasing so-called ,negroes are not separated from the white parts of the body1 it will soon cause the death and destruction of ,uncle ,sam4 ,god has given ,mr4 ,muhammad some sharp truth4 ,it is like a two-edged sword4 ,it cuts into you4 ,it causes you great pain1 but if you can take it1 it will cure you and save you from what otherwise would be ,,certain ,,death4 ,in your mental anguish many of you will emotionally insist that ,mr4 ,muhammad is not teaching the real religion of ,islam4 ,you will still insist that he is teaching a racial1 economic1 and political philosophy4 ,my friends1 ,islam is the religion taught by all of the prophets3 ,noah1 ,lot1 ,abraham1 ,moses1 and even ,jesus4 ,islam is the true name of the religion ,god gave to the prophets in the past to cure their people of whatever moral or spiritual ailments that were afflicting them in that day4 ,since we have examined the ailments of the crumbling ,western ,world1 and the ills that are infecting ,america 444 let us look more closely at the miserable condition of the ,american ,negro3 ,here are #bj million people who have lost their original identity2 they cannot even speak their own mother tongue4 ,how can #bj million people lose their language8 ,what happened to it8 ,what was it8 ,why don't they at least know what it was8 ,why don't the educated ,negroes know something about their own history1 their own culture1 the last names of their forefathers1 their own nationality1 their own country1 their own flag1 their own religion1 and their own ,god8 ,my friends1 surely you will agree that no other people in history1 biblical or otherwise1 have been so completely stripped and robbed by their slave master of all knowledge concerning their own kind 444 and because of this1 no other people in history1 biblical or otherwise1 have ever presented such a problem to their former slave masters or to the world 444 as the problem created by the presence of the #bj million so-called ,negroes here in ,america today4 ,the ,new ,york ,tribune1 in an editorial 7,feb4 #e1 #aifj71 pointed out that out of #aa million qualified ,negro voters1 only #b1gjj1jjj actually took time to vote4 ,this means that1 roughly speaking1 only #c million of the #aa million ,negroes who are qualified to vote take an active part 444 and the remaining #h million remain voluntarily inactive1 and yet it it is this small minority of ,negro voters who help determine who will be the next ,president4 ,if who will be the next ,president can be influenced by #c million ,negro voters1 it is easy to see why the presidential candidates of both political parties put on such a false show with the civil rights bill1 and with promises of integration4 ,they must woo or impress the #c million voting ,negroes who are the actual 8integration seekers40 ,if so much fuss is made over these #c million 8integration seekers10 what would the presidential candidates have to do to appease the #h million non-voting ,negroes if they ever decided to become politically active in this election year8 ,who are the #h million non-voting ,negroes1 what do they want1 and why don't they vote8 ,the #c million voters are the so-called middle- 7or high-7 class ,negroes1 referred to by ,howard ,university ,sociology ,professor ,e4 ,franklin ,frazier1 as the 8,,black ,,bourgeoisie10 who have been educated to think as patriotic individualists1 with no racial pride 444 who believe in1 and look forward to1 the future 8integrated-intermarried0 society promised them by the ,negro politicians 444 and therefore1 this 8integration-minded0 #c million remain an active part of the white-controlled political parties4 ,but it must never be overlooked1 that these #c million integration seekers are only a small minority of the #aa million qualified voters4 ,the #h million non-voting ,negroes are the majority1 the downtrodden black masses4 ,they have refused to vote1 or to take part in politics1 because they reject the ,uncle ,tom approach of the 8clergy-politician0 leadership that has been hand-picked for the ,american ,negroes by the white man himself4 ,the clergy-politician leadership does not speak for the ,negro majority2 they don't speak for the black masses4 ,they speak for the 8,,black ,,bourgeoisie10 the 8brainwashed0 7white-minded7 middle-class minority 444 who1 because they are ashamed of black1 and don't want to be identified with black or as being black1 are seeking to lose this 8identity0 by mingling1 mixing1 intermarrying1 and integration with the white man4 ,the race problem cannot be solved by listening to this white-minded 7brainwashed7 minority4 ,the white man must try to learn what does the majority want4 ,the next ,president would be wise to try and learn what the black masses want4 ,and1 the only way to find this out is by listening to the man who speaks for the black masses of ,america4 ,i declare to you and to the entire world1 that the man here in ,america who speaks for the majority1 the downtrodden1 dissatisfied black masses 444 is this same man whom so many thousands of our people are flocking toward to see and hear 444 this same ,mr4 ,muhammad who is labeled by you as a ,black ,supremist1 and as a ,racist6 ,if the #c million middle-class ,negroes are casting their ballots for integration and intermarriage 444 what do the non-voting black masses who are in the minority want8 ,find out what the black masses want1 and then perhaps ,america's grave race problem can be solved4 ,the black masses are tired of following these hand-picked ,negro 8leaders0 who sound like professional beggars1 as they cry year after year for white ,america to accept us as first-class citizens4 ,since this clergy-politician 8leadership10 which was carefully hand-picked for us by the white man1 has failed to solve the problem for the downtrodden black masses 444 ,god ,himself has stepped into the picture1 and has made ,messenger ,elijah ,muhammad a wise1 fearless1 and uncompromising spokesman for the #bj million black people here in ,america1 who1 behind the ,divine ,leadership of this man of ,god1 will now never be satisfied until we have a home in a land that we can proudly call our own4 ,we have accepted your invitation to come here to ,yale ,university ,law ,school this evening to let you know first hand why #bj million so-called ,negroes cannot integrate with white ,america 444 why white ,america1 after #ajj years of religious hypocrisy and political trickery will never accept us as first-class citizens here 444 and why we must therefore seek some separate territory of our own4 ,in your blind emotion1 again many of you will cry out that this is wrong1 that this is not religion1 that this is not ,islam 444 that this is just another economic-political philosophy4 ,i must remind you to keep an open mind4 ,let your own ,christian bible be the judge3 ,you credit ,moses with being a religious man1 a man of ,god1 doing ,god's work4 ,yet1 what did ,moses actually do8 ,what did ,moses teach8 ,moses freed his people from their slave master4 ,moses told the oppressor of his people3 8,let my people go40 ,moses separated his people from their masters1 and then led them into a separate territory of their own4 ,you admit ,moses was a man of ,god1 yet you will have to agree ,moses did not teach integration4 ,moses taught separation4 ,moses didn't take time to dwell on religious practices4 ,he just let his people know that he represented the ,god of their forefathers1 whose desire it was for them to be separated from their slave master and placed in a land that they could call their own4 ,mr4 ,muhammad's message and mission today is the same as that of the biblical ,moses4 ,mr4 ,muhammad is a modern ,moses in this modern-day house of bondage4 ,many of you will cry out that you don't go by what ,moses said or did1 but rather by what ,jesus said4 ,you claim that ,jesus taught love and that ,mr4 ,muhammad teaches hate4 ,but1 my friends1 have you really read the bible8 ,are you familiar with ,luke #ad3bf where ,jesus taught3 8,if any man come to me1 and hate not his father1 and mother1 and wife1 and children1 and brethren1 and sisters1 yes1 and even his own life also1 he cannot be my disciple40 ,in other words1 ,jesus taught that you must hate everyone in your family1 even your own self 444 and ,muhammad teaches us to love our brothers and sisters 444 yet you say ,muhammad teaches hate and that ,jesus taught love4 ,many of you will say that ,jesus was no respecter of persons1 that he came to all the world4 ,you say ,muhammad bars white people1 therefore he can't be from ,god4 ,my friends1 ,jesus told his followers to go not the way of the ,gentiles1 go only to the 8lost sheep40 ,he definitely advised his followers to discriminate and make a distinction between the ,gentiles and the 8lost sheep40 ,but you still cry out that ,jesus is coming back at the end of the world to make us all the same1 make us one people 444 integrate us4 ,no1 my friends1 ,jesus himself did not even advocate integration4 ,he referred to the end of this world as that great 8,,harvest ,,time40 ,he likened the people of today as 8wheat and tares10 who would be allowed to 8grow together10 or integrated1 until ,god comes at the end of this world and separates the people ,himself 444 then ,he would cause one to be burned in a ,lake of ,fire1 and those whom ,he chooses for ,himself ,he would save4 ,jesus also spoke of the people of today as being like 8sheep and goats10 whom ,god would separate at the end of the world 444 some for salvation and some for destruction4 ,jesus did not advocate integration2 he advocated ,,separation6 ,noah's solution was not integration2 in his day it was also a message of separation4 ,lot's solution was separation4 ,and1 remember1 my friends1 ,jesus warned that 8as it was in the days of ,noah and ,lot1 so shall it be these last days0 444 not integration1 but complete separation of the two races 444 or ,,destruction6 ,surely you can now see that ,mr4 ,muhammad's message1 or solution1 is the same as that of ,noah1 ,lot1 ,moses1 and ,jesus4 ,how can you still doubt if ,mr4 ,muhammad is from ,god8 ,what you really should be concerned about is has ,mr4 ,muhammad come in time to save you2 and what must you do now to save yourselves4 ,when ,mr4 ,muhammad says that we must have some of these states1 before you flinch and hold up your hands in 8mock shock10 let us look and see if #bj million so-called ,negroes deserve such a solution4 ,if ,i were to collect the combined wages of everyone in this ,yale ,university ,law ,school auditorium tonight for just one week1 ,i would have plenty of money4 ,if ,i could work all of you for nothing for just one year ,i would be extremely rich4 ,well1 what about the millions of black people who worked here in ,america as your slaves for over #cjj years without one payday8 ,what happened to their wages8 ,who collected the profits1 or amassed the fortunes received from their free labor8 ,facing these unpleasant facts1 surely you can easily see now how ,america became so rich so fast4 ,how will #bj million so-called ,negroes today receive a 8just compensation08 ,we have hundreds of years' 8back pay0 that is long overdue1 and must be paid sooner or later 444 or is there to be no such things as ,,justice for your faithful ex-slaves8 ,the ,american government has appropriated billions of dollars to pay the ,indians for lands taken from their foreparents by your foreparents4 ,again ,i say1 my friends1 let us reason together3 surely you will agree that ,god is more just than your government 444 yet your government has felt morally and legally obligated to pay billions of dollars to the ,indians for the crime committed against them4 ,what about the #bj million so-called ,negroes6 ,if the ,indians must be paid for land taken from them1 what about the free labor and lives of our foreparents that were taken from us for over #cjj years8 ,if the white politicians have agreed that the ,indians should be paid for their lands 444 what price or payment will the ,,god ,,of ,,justice demand for #bj million black people who were robbed of our labor1 lives1 identity1 culture1 history 444 and even our human dignity8 ,what will ,god's price be8 ,what will ,god's solution be8 ,can ,america pay ,god's price8 ,and1 if not1 what will be the alternative8 ,the handwriting is on the wall for ,america4 ,as ,america faces crisis after crisis 444 as ,america sees dangerous troubles mounting on all sides 444 and as ,america stares with stubborn blindness1 refusing to read the handwriting on the wall 444 since her 8experts0 have shown they are unable to read its meaning1 will ,america now accept an ambassador from ,god1 a ,divine ,messenger1 a ,warner1 to read the handwriting for her and tell her what solution she must accept4448 ,or1 will ,america blindly reject ,god's ,messenger1 and in so doing bring on her own ,divine ,destruction8 ,i trust you will weigh well these words4 ,a ,,summing-,,up3 ,,louis ,,lomax ,,interviews ,,malcolm ,x ,,lomax3 ,minister ,malcolm1 we are all by now familiar with your basic philosophy2 we have heard you speak1 seen you on television1 and read your remarks in magazines and newspapers4 ,by now1 ,i think1 everybody knows your position that the white man is a devil1 a man incapable of doing right2 you hold that the black man is of ,god's divine nature1 that he fell from power because of weakness2 you hold further that the white man's rule over the earth was scheduled to end in #aiad1 but that his end has been delayed because of the need to get the ,american ,negro into the fold of black brotherhood4 ,,malcolm ,x3 ,yes1 sir1 that is what ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad teaches us4 ,the white devil's time is up2 it has been up for almost fifty years now4 ,it has taken us that long to get the deaf1 dumb1 and blind black men in the wilderness of ,north ,america to wake up and understand who they are4 ,you see1 sir1 when a man understands who he is1 who ,god is1 who the devil is 444 then he can pick himself up out of the gutter2 he can clean himself up and stand up like a man should before his ,god4 ,this is why we teach that in order for a man to really understand himself he must be part of a nation2 he must have some land of his own1 a ,god of his own1 a language of his own4 ,most of all he must have love and devotion for his own kind4 ,,lomax3 ,wouldn't you say the ,negro has a nation--,america8 ,,malcolm ,x3 ,sir1 how can a ,negro say ,america is his nation8 ,he was brought here in chains2 he was put in slavery and worked like a mule for three hundred years2 he was separated from his land1 his culture1 his ,god1 his language6 ,the ,negro was taught to speak the white man's tongue1 worship the white ,god1 and accept the white man as his superior4 ,this is a white man's country1 and the ,negro is nothing but an ex-slave who is now trying to get himself integrated into the slave master's house4 ,and the slave master doesn't want you6 ,you fought and bled and died in every war the white man waged1 and he still won't give you justice4 ,you nursed his baby and cleaned behind his wife1 and he still won't give you freedom2 you turned the other cheek while he lynched you and raped your women1 but he still won't give you equality4 ,now1 you integration-minded ,negroes are trying to force yourselves on your former slave master1 trying to make him accept you in his drawing room2 you want to hang out with his women rather than with women of your own kind4 ,,lomax3 ,are you suggesting that all of us who fight for integration are after a white woman8 ,,malcolm ,x3 ,i wouldn't say all of you1 but let the evidence speak for itself4 ,check up on these integration leaders1 and you will find that most of them are either married to or hooked up with some white woman4 ,take that meeting between ,james ,baldwin and ,robert ,kennedy2 practically everybody there was interracially married4 ,harry ,belafonte is married to a white woman2 ,lorraine ,hansberry is married to a white man2 ,lena ,horne is married to a white man4 ,now how can any ,negro1 man or woman1 who sleeps with a white person speak for me8 ,no black person married to a white person can speak for me6 ,,lomax3 ,why8 ,,malcolm ,x3 ,why8 ,because only a man who is ashamed of what he is will marry out of his race4 ,there has to be something wrong when a man or a woman leaves his own people and marries somebody of another kind4 ,men who are proud of being black marry black women2 women who are proud of being black marry black men4 ,this is particularly true when you realize that these ,negroes who go for integration and intermarriage are linking up with the very people who lynched their fathers1 raped their mothers1 and put their kid sisters in the kitchen to scrub floors4 ,why would any black man in his right mind want to marry a lyncher1 a murderer1 a rapist1 a dope peddler1 a gambler1 a hog eater4444 ,why would any black man want to marry a devil 444 for that's just what the white man is4 ,,lomax3 ,i have heard you say that a thousand times1 but it always jolts me4 ,why do you call the white man a devil8 ,,malcolm ,x3 ,because that's what he is4 ,what do you want me to call him1 a saint8 ,anybody who rapes1 and plunders1 and enslaves1 and steals1 and drops hell bombs on people 444 anybody who does these things is nothing but a devil4 ,look1 ,lomax1 history rewards all research4 ,and history fails to record one single instance in which the white man--as a people--did good4 ,they have always been devils2 they always will be devils1 and they are about to be destroyed4 ,the final proof that they are devils lies in the fact that they are about to destroy themselves4 ,only a devil--and a stupid devil at that--would destroy himself6 ,now why would ,i want to integrate with somebody marked for destruction8 ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad teaches us to get away from the devil as soon and as fast as we can4 ,this is why we are demanding a separate state4 ,tell the slave master we will no longer beg for crumbs from his table2 let him give us some land of our own so we can go for ourselves4 ,if he doesn't give us some land1 there is going to be hell to pay4 ,as ,i said at ,howard ,university and ,queens ,college1 once the white man let the ,negro get an education1 the ,negro began to want what the white man has4 ,but he let ,negroes get education and now they are demanding integration2 they want to have exactly what he has4 ,and the white man is not going to give it to them6 ,,lomax3 ,but we have made some gains4444 ,,malcolm ,x3 ,what gains8 ,all you have gotten is tokenism--one or two ,negroes in a job or at a lunch counter so the rest of you will be quiet4 ,it took the ,united ,states ,army to get one ,negro in the ,university of ,mississippi2 it took troops to get a few ,negroes in white schools at ,little ,rock and another dozen places in the ,south4 ,it has been nine years since the ,supreme ,court decision outlawing segregated schools1 yet less than ten per cent of the ,negro students in the ,south are in integrated schools4 ,that isn't integration1 that's tokenism6 ,in spite of all the dogs1 and fire hoses1 and club-swinging policemen1 ,i have yet to read of anybody eating an integrated hamburger in ,birmingham4 ,you ,negroes are not willing to admit it yet1 but integration will not work4 ,why1 it is against the white man's nature to integrate you into his house4 ,even if he wanted to1 he could no more do it than a ,model ,t can sprout wings and fly4 ,it isn't in him4 ,now ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad says it would be the easiest thing in the world for the white man to destroy the ,black ,muslims4 ,we contend that the white man is a devil4 ,if he is not a devil1 let him prove it6 ,he can't do it1 ,lomax2 it isn't in him2 it is against his nature4 ,he'll keep on granting tokenism2 a few big ,negroes will get big jobs1 but the black masses will catch hell as long as they stay in the white man's house4 ,the only possible way out for the white man is to give us some land of our own2 let us get out1 get away from his wicked reign and go for ourselves4 ,but the white man will not do that1 either4 ,he is going to keep you integration-minded ,negroes cooped up here in this country1 and when you discover that the white man is a trickster1 a devil1 that he has no intentions of integrating1 then you ,negroes will run wild4 ,that will be the time4444 ,,lomax3 ,the time for what8 ,,malcolm ,x3 ,only ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad can answer that6 ,,lomax3 ,this is strong gospel1 ,minister ,malcolm2 many people1 ,negro and white1 say what you preach amounts to hate1 that your theology is actually anti-,semitic4 ,what is your comment to that8 ,,malcolm ,x3 ,the white people who are guilty of white supremacy are trying to hide their own guilt by accusing ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad of teaching black supremacy when he tries to uplift the mentality1 the social1 mental1 and economic condition of the black people in this country4 ,jews who have been guilty of exploiting the black people in this country1 economically1 civically1 and otherwise1 hide behind--hide their guilt by accusing ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad of being anti-,semitic1 simply because he teaches our people to go into business for ourselves and try and take over the economic leadership in our own community4 ,and since the white people collectively have practiced the worst form of hatred against ,negroes in this country and they know that they are guilty of it1 now when ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad comes along and begins to list the historic deed--the historic attitude1 the historic behavior of the white man in this country toward the black people in this country1 again1 the white people are so guilty1 and they can't stop doing these things to make ,mr4 ,muhammad appear wrong1 so they hide their wrong by saying 8he is teaching hatred40 ,history is not hatred4 ,actually we are ,muslims because we believe in the religion of ,islam4 ,we believe in one ,god4 ,we believe in ,muhammad as the ,apostle of ,god4 ,we practice the principles of the religion of ,islam1 which mean prayer1 charity1 fasting1 brotherhood1 and ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad teaches us that since the ,western society is deteriorating1 it has become overrun with immorality1 that ,god is going to judge it and destroy it1 and the only way the black people who are in this society can be saved is not to integrate into this corrupt society but separate ourselves from it1 reform ourselves1 lift up our moral standards and try and be godly--try to integrate with ,god--instead of trying to integrate with the white man1 or try and imitate ,god instead of trying to imitate the white man4 ,,lomax3 ,it is suggested also that your movement preaches violence4 ,,malcolm ,x3 ,no1 sir4 ,the black people of this country have been victims of violence at the hands of the white men for four hundred years1 and following the ignorant ,negro preachers1 we have thought that it was godlike to turn the other cheek to the brute that was brutalizing us4 ,today ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad is showing black people in this country that1 just as the white man and every other person on this earth has ,god-given rights1 natural rights1 civil rights1 any kind of rights that you can think of1 when it comes to defending himself1 black people--we should have the right to defend ourselves also4 ,and1 because ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad makes black people brave enough1 men enough to defend ourselves no matter what the odds are1 the white man runs around here with a doctrine that ,mr4 ,muhammad is advocating violence when he is actually telling ,negroes to defend themselves against violent people4 ,,lomax3 ,reverend ,martin ,luther ,king teaches a doctrine of nonviolence4 ,what is your attitude toward this philosophy8 ,,malcolm ,x3 ,the white man supports ,reverend ,martin ,luther ,king1 subsidizes ,reverend ,martin ,luther ,king1 so that ,reverend ,martin ,luther ,king can continue to teach the ,negroes to be defenseless--that's what you mean by nonviolent--be defenseless in the face of one of the most cruel beasts that has ever taken people into captivity--that's this ,american white man1 and they have proved it throughout the country by the police dogs and the police clubs4 ,a hundred years ago they used to put on a white sheet and use a bloodhound against ,negroes4 ,today they have taken off the white sheet and put on police uniforms and traded in the bloodhounds for police dogs1 and they're still doing the same thing4 ,just as ,uncle ,tom1 back during slavery1 used to keep the ,negroes from resisting the bloodhound or resisting the ,ku ,klux ,klan by teaching them to love their enemies or pray for those who use them despitefully1 today ,martin ,luther ,king is just a twentieth-century or modern ,uncle ,tom or religious ,uncle ,tom1 who is doing the same thing today to keep ,negroes defenseless in the face of attack that ,uncle ,tom did on the plantation to keep those ,negroes defenseless in the face of the attack of the ,klan in that day4 ,now1 the goal of ,dr4 ,martin ,luther ,king is to give ,negroes a chance to sit in a segregated restaurant beside the same white man who has brutalized them for four hundred years4 ,the goal of ,martin ,luther ,king is to get ,negroes to forgive the people1 the people who have brutalized them for four hundred years1 by lulling them to sleep and making them forget what those whites have done to them1 but the masses of black people today don't go for what ,martin ,luther ,king is putting down4 ,,lomax3 ,minister ,malcolm1 you often speak of unity among our people4 ,unity for what8 ,,malcolm ,x3 ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad teaches us that ,god now is about to establish a kingdom on this earth based upon brotherhood and peace1 and the white man is against brotherhood and the white man is against peace4 ,his history on this earth has proved that4 ,nowhere in history has he been brotherly toward anyone4 ,the only time he is brotherly toward you is when he can use you1 when he can exploit you1 when he will oppress you1 when you will submit to him1 and since his own history makes him unqualified to be an inhabitant or a citizen in the kingdom of brotherhood1 ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad teaches us that ,god is about to eliminate that particular race from this earth4 ,since they are due for elimination1 we don't want to be with them4 ,we are not trying to integrate with that which we know has come to the end of its rope4 ,we are trying to separate from it and get with something that is more lasting1 and we think that ,god is more lasting than the white man4 ,,lomax3 ,then your movement does not share the integration goals of the ,,naacp1 ,,core1 ,martin ,luther ,king's movement1 and the ,student ,nonviolent movement4 ,,malcolm ,x3 ,you don't integrate with a sinking ship4 ,you don't do anything to further your stay aboard a ship that you see is going to go down to the bottom of the ocean4 ,moses tried to separate his people from ,pharaoh1 and when he tried1 the magicians tried to fool the people into staying with ,pharaoh1 and we look upon these other organizations that are trying to get ,negroes to integrate with this doomed white man as nothing but modern-day magicians1 and ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad is a modern-day ,moses trying to separate us from the modern-day ,pharaoh4 ,until the white man in ,america sits down and talks with ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad1 he won't even know what the race problem--what makes the race problem what it is4 ,just like ,pharaoh couldn't get a solution to his problem until he talked to ,moses1 or ,nebuchadnezzar or ,belshazzar couldn't get a solution to his problem until he talked to ,daniel1 the white man in ,america today will never understand the race problem or come anywhere near getting a solution to the race problem until he talks to ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad4 ,mr4 ,muhammad will give him ,god's analysis1 not some kind of political analysis or psychologist's analysis1 or some kind of clergyman's analysis1 but ,god's analysis4 ,that's the analysis that ,moses gave ,pharaoh2 that's the analysis that ,daniel gave ,belshazzar4 ,today we have a modern ,belshazzar and a modern ,pharaoh sitting in ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,lomax3 ,i am struck by the fact that each of the biblical figures you mentioned--,pharaoh1 ,nebuchadnezzar1 and ,belshazzar--came to a rather sorry end4 ,are you willing to complete the analogy and say the ,american white establishment will come to a bitter end1 perhaps be destroyed8 ,,malcolm ,x3 ,i have spoken on this many times1 and ,i am sure you know what ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad teaches on this4 ,but since we are on record ,i will--as they sometimes say in ,harlem--make it plain4 ,now1 sir1 ,god is going to punish this wicked devil for his misdeeds toward black people4 ,just as plagues were visited on ,pharaoh so will pestilences and disasters be visited on the white man4 ,why1 it has already started3 ,god has begun to send them heat when they expect cold2 he sends them cold when they expect heat4 ,their crops are dying1 their children are being born with all kinds of deformities1 the rivers and the lakes are coming out of the belly of the earth to wash them away4 ,not only that1 but ,god has started slapping their planes down from the sky4 ,last year #aifb ,god brought down one of their planes loaded with crackers whose fathers had lynched your and my brothers and sisters4 ,they were from your state1 ,lomax1 down there in ,georgia where both you and ,mr4 ,muhammad come from4 ,now1 long before that plane crash ,i predicted in ,los ,angeles that ,god was going to strike back at the devil for the way white cops brutalized our brothers in ,los ,angeles4 ,when the plane fell1 ,i said this was ,god's way of letting his wrath be known4 ,now for that ,i was called names--some of these ,uncle ,tom ,negroes rushed into print to condemn me for what ,i said4 ,but what was wrong with what ,i said8 ,everybody has a ,god and believes that his ,god will deliver him and protect him from his enemies6 ,why can't the black man have a ,god8 ,what's so wrong when a black man says his ,god will protect him from his white foe8 ,if ,jehovah can slay ,philistines for the ,jews1 why can't ,allah slay crackers for the so-called ,negro4 ,i said much the same thing when that submarine--the ,thresher--went down to the bottom of the sea4 ,i realize that there were some originals ,negroes on board1 but that simply underlines my point that the so-called ,negro should not integrate with white people4 ,he should stay as far as possible from them at all times4 ,,lomax3 ,just a moment1 if ,i may1 ,minister ,malcolm4 ,now1 you talk about separation from the white man4 ,,malcolm ,x3 ,yes1 sir4 ,,lomax3 ,you even take it so far as to suggest that we shouldn't even get on airplanes and ships with white people4 ,am ,i correct in that8 ,,malcolm ,x3 ,yes1 sir1 on the whole4 ,yes4 ,,lomax3 ,but ,minister ,malcolm1 few people1 ,negro or white1 travel as much as you and ,i do4 ,you spend much of your life getting on and off aircraft4 ,don't you fear that you just might be aboard when ,god sees fit to slap down a jet and kill a few score white people8 ,,malcolm ,x3 ,sir1 my faith in ,god is such that ,i am not afraid4 ,i know that ,i will not die until my time comes4 ,but if ,i am aboard one of these vessels1 ,i will be happy to give my life to see some of these white devils die4 ,like ,samson1 ,i am ready to pull down the white man's temple1 knowing full well that ,i will be destroyed by the falling rubble4 ,,lomax3 ,but ,minister ,malcolm1 you make no accommodation for the changes that have come about as a result of the ,negro ,revolt4 ,what do you think will be the results of the current demonstrations against segregation8 ,,malcolm ,x3 ,lomax1 as you know1 these ,negro leaders have been telling the white man everything is all right1 everything is under control1 and they have been telling the white man that ,mr4 ,muhammad is wrong1 don't listen to him4 ,but everything that ,mr4 ,muhammad has been saying is going to come to pass1 is now coming to pass4 ,now the ,negro leaders are standing up saying that we are about to have a racial explosion4 ,you're going to have a racial explosion1 and a racial explosion is more dangerous than an atomic explosion4 ,it's going to explode because black people are dissatisfied2 they're dissatisfied not only with the white man1 but they're dissatisfied with these ,negroes who have been sitting around here posing as leaders and spokesmen for black people and actually making the problem worse instead of making the problem better4 ,,lomax3 ,do you deny that ,negroes are now getting the protection of the ,federal ,government2 after all1 both the ,president and the ,attorney ,general have come to our aid4 ,,malcolm ,x3 ,you never will get protection from the ,federal ,government4 ,just like ,king is asking ,kennedy to go to ,alabama to stand in a doorway--to put his body in a doorway4 ,that's like asking the fox to protect you from the wolf6 ,the masses of black people can see this1 and it is only the ,negro leadership1 the bourgeois1 hand-picked1 handful of ,negroes who think that they're going to get some kind of respect1 recognition1 or protection from the ,government4 ,the ,government is responsible for what is happening to black people in this country4 ,the ,president has power4 ,you notice he didn't send any troops into ,birmingham to protect the ,negroes when the dogs were biting the ,negroes4 ,the only time he sent troops into ,birmingham was when the ,negroes erupted1 and then the ,president sent the troops in there1 not to protect the ,negroes1 but to protect them white people down there from those erupting ,negroes4 ,,lomax3 ,are not ,negroes ,american citizens8 ,,malcolm ,x3 ,if they were citizens1 you wouldn't have a race problem4 ,if the ,emancipation ,proclamation was authentic1 you wouldn't have a race problem4 ,if the #acth1 #adth1 and #aeth ,amendments to the ,constitution were authentic1 you wouldn't have a race problem4 ,if the ,supreme ,court desegregation decision was authentic1 you wouldn't have a race problem4 ,all of this is hypocrisy that has been practiced by the so-called white so-called liberal for the past four hundred years that compounds the problem1 makes it more complicated1 instead of eliminating the problem4 ,,lomax3 ,what1 then1 do you see as the final result of all these demonstrations8 ,,malcolm ,x3 ,any time you put too many sparks around a powder keg1 the thing is going to explode1 and if the thing that explodes is still inside the house1 then the house will be destroyed4 ,so ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad is telling the white man1 8,get this powder keg out of your house--let the black people in this country separate from you1 while there's still time40 ,if the black man is allowed to separate and go into some land of his own where he can solve his own problems1 there won't be any explosion1 and the ,negroes who want to stay with the white man1 let them stay with the white man--but those who want to leave1 let them go with ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad4 ,,lomax3 ,now that you have mentioned the ,messenger1 ,i would like to ask you about this article in the ,new ,york ,amsterdam ,news4444 ,,malcolm ,x3 ,it's a lie4 ,any article that says there is a 8minor0 difference between ,mr4 ,muhammad and me is a lie4 ,there is no such thing as a 8minor0 difference with the ,messenger4 ,any difference with him is major4 ,it is a lie1 a lie1 a lie somebody paid the author to write4 ,i was up there in his office yesterday and ,i was ready to waste harm1 or kill him for that4 ,he planted a false seed1 and it could start trouble4 ,he the author knows my telephone number4 ,if he ran on talk of a difference between me and the ,messenger1 he could have called me4 ,no1 he went ahead and printed this lie4 ,he was not there1 but ,i told the editor of the paper that ,i was out to find him2 ,i told them to call the police then1 because as soon as ,i found the man who wrote this ,i was going to do him in4 ,how could there be any difference between the ,messenger and me8 ,i am his slave1 his servant1 his son4 ,he is the leader1 the only spokesman for the ,black ,muslims4 ,but ,i will tell you this3 ,the ,messenger has seen ,god4 ,he was with ,allah and was given divine patience with the devil4 ,he is willing to wait for ,allah to deal with this devil4 ,well1 sir1 the rest of us ,black ,muslims have not seen ,god1 we don't have this gift of divine patience with the devil4 ,the younger ,black ,muslims want to see some action4 ,,lomax3 ,what kind of action8 ,,malcolm ,x3 ,some things are better done than said4 ,,lomax3 ,according to your own newspaper1 one of the things you ,muslims may do in the near future is vote4 ,,malcolm ,x3 ,yes4 ,after long and prayerful consideration1 ,the ,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad allowed us to announce the possibility of ,muslims voting4 ,the announcement came at our annual ,saviour's ,day convention in ,chicago4 ,,lomax3 ,what does it mean8 ,,malcolm ,x3 ,mr4 ,muhammad is the only one who can explain that fully4 ,however1 ,i can say that we may register and be ready to vote4 ,then we will seek out candidates who represent our interests and support them4 ,they need not be ,muslims2 what we want are race men who will speak out for our people4 ,,lomax3 ,there are rumors that you may run against ,adam ,clayton ,powell4 ,,malcolm ,x3 ,why must ,i run against a ,negro8 ,we have had enough of ,negroes running against and fighting each other4 ,the better bet is that we would put a ,muslim candidate in the field against a devil1 somebody who is against all we stand for4 ,,lomax3 ,what are the chances of the ,black ,muslims joining us in picket lines for better jobs8444 ,,malcolm ,x3 ,as ,i told you1 only ,mr4 ,muhammad can answer that4 ,but let me tell you something3 ,better jobs and housing are only temporary solutions4 ,they are aspects of tokenism and don't go to the heart of the problem4 ,this is why integration will not work4 ,it assumes that the two races1 black and white1 are equal and can be made to live as one4 ,this is not true4 ,the white man is by nature a devil and must be destroyed4 ,the black man will inherit the earth2 he will resume control1 taking back the position he held centimes ago when the white devil was crawling around the caves of ,europe on his all fours4 ,before the white devil came into our lives we had a civilization1 we had a culture1 we were living in silks and satins4 ,then he put us in chains and placed us aboard the 8,good ,ship ,jesus10 and we have lived in hell ever since4 ,now the white man's time is over4 ,tokenism will not help him1 and it will doom us4 ,complete separation will save us--and who knows1 it might make ,god decide to give the white devil a few more years4 ,,suggested ,,additional ,,reading ,baldwin1 ,james4 ,the ,fire ,next ,time4 ,new ,york3 ,dial ,press1 #aifc4 ,bennett1 ,lerone1 ,jr4 ,before the ,mayflower4 ,chicago3 ,johnson ,publishing ,co41 #aifb4 ,beynon1 ,erdmann ,d4 8,the ,voodoo ,cult ,among ,negro ,migrants in ,detroit10 ,the ,american ,journal of ,sociology1 ,,xliii1 ,no4 #f 7,may #aich74 ,franklin1 ,john ,hope4 ,from ,slavery to ,freedom4 ,new ,york3 ,alfred ,a4 ,knopf1 #aief4 ,frazier1 ,e4 ,franklin4 ,black ,bourgeoisie4 ,chicago3 ,the ,free ,press of ,glencoe1 #aieg4 ,handlin1 ,oscar4 ,race and ,nationality in ,american ,life4 ,boston3 ,little1 ,brown1 #aieg4 ,herskovits1 ,melville ,j4 ,myth of the ,negro ,past4 ,new ,york3 ,harper ,brothers1 #aida4 ,lincoln1 ,c4 ,eric4 ,the ,black ,muslims in ,america4 ,boston3 ,beacon ,press1 #aifb4 ,leibrecht1 ,walter and others4 ,religion and ,culture3 ,essays in ,honor of ,paul ,tillich4 ,new ,york3 ,harper ,brothers1 #aiei4 ,lomax1 ,louis ,e4 ,the ,reluctant ,african4 ,new ,york3 ,harper ,brothers1 #aifj4 ----1 ,the ,negro ,revolt4 ,new ,york3 ,harper ,brothers1 #aifb4 ,myrdal1 ,gunnar4 ,an ,american ,dilemma4 ,new ,york3 ,harper ,brothers1 #aidd4 ,,index ,abyssinian ,baptist ,church 7,new ,york71 #dd ,africa ,akbar brings promise of help from1 #ajj1 #aja culture of matrilineal society1 #cg political institutions1 #cf-cg religion1 #cg-ci knowledge of history of1 #fg-fh languages of1 #cf1 #cg ,malcolm ,x in1 #ga-gb1 #aeb nationalism in1 #ahd-hf ,african ,methodist ,episcopal ,church1 #dd ,african ,methodist ,episcopal ,zion ,church1 #dd ,airplane crash 7#aifb71 #bjf ,al-,azhar ,university ,akbar ,muhammad at1 #ig1 #ih ,elijah ,muhammad at1 #adb ,alcohol1 ,malcolm ,x and1 #eh ,ali1 ,john ,x1 #hd1 #ajj1 #ajd administrative ability of1 #ic1 #ie ,allah as black1 #be-bf1 #fb-fc1 #afc-fd divine plagues of1 #ade ,elijah ,muhammad as ,messenger of1 #ed1 #gj1 #acb1 #acc1 #ace1 #aff1 #afi-ga as last ,messenger1 #aaa1 #abi promised in ,old ,testament1 #afe ,see also ,muhammad1 ,elijah ,fard as ,prophet of1 #ed ,see also ,fard1 ,w4 ,d4 has no 8son10 #abc-bd ,islam as religion of1 #aac a live ,god1 #be1 #abe-bh ,paradise of1 #afg rebellion of ,yakub against1 #fc-fe1 #ga ,allen1 ,richard1 #dc-dd ,and ,then ,we ,heard the ,thunder 7novel71 #df ,anti-,semitism ,black ,muslims and1 #gb-gc1 #bja ,christianity and1 #gc-ge ,arabic language in ,black ,muslim services1 #ba taught in ,university of ,islam1 #hc used by ,akbar ,muhammad1 #ih-ii ,armageddon1 ,battle of1 #bb1 #ca1 #gi1 #bja ,muhammad's teachings about1 #ee 8,as-,salaam-,alaikum10 #ba ,atlanta1 ,ga41 #hf 8,atlanta ,speech0 of ,elijah ,muhammad1 #ga1 #aji-bi ,atlanta ,university1 ,malcolm ,x's speech at1 #gj1 #aei-ga ,attucks1 ,crispus1 #fh ,baldwin1 ,james1 #gg1 #gi1 #aii ,bannaker1 ,benjamin1 #fh ,baptist ,church attacks slavery1 #db ,negro churches founded1 #dc1 #dd ,bean pie1 #bj ,belafonte1 ,harry1 #aii ,bennett1 ,lerone1 ,jr41 #cf1 #cg ,bergson1 ,henri1 #cg ,bible ,fard's use of1 #dh1 #ej quoted by ,elijah ,muhammad1 #aai quoted by ,malcolm ,x1 #adc1 #afc-gj1 #aic as theological basis of ,negro's 8inferiority10 #dd-de1 #ei1 #aba ,see also ,christianity 8,big ,red10 see ,malcolm ,x ,birmingham1 ,ala41 #bi1 #bjh ,black ,muslim policy toward #aifc demonstrations1 #he-hg1 #ij temple in1 #ba ,black1 ,god as1 #be-bf1 #fb-fc1 #afc-fd ,black ,bourgeoisie1 #aij-ia ,black men must become fearless1 #aaa1 #abj1 #abb by nature good1 #bb as original men1 #fb-fe1 #aac-ae as so-called ,negroes1 #aae-af1 #afb-fc ,see also ,negroes ,black ,muslim movement 8,americanized10 #aca business activities of1 #gi-hj restaurants1 #ai-bj1 #gi1 #hj converts to1 #cj-ca 8crisis system0 of1 #cd dietary laws of1 #hj filthiness of pork1 #bg1 #aag restaurants1 #ai-bj in teachings of ,fard1 #dh do not preach violence1 #bjc-d dress of1 #ai1 #gh ,akbar's sheet1 #ff education by1 see ,muslim ,girls ,training ,class2 ,universities of ,islam finances of1 #gi fund-raising1 #hb ,fruit of ,islam1 see ,fruit of ,islam1 ,the future of1 #ie-ajf successor to ,muhammad1 #ajd-f history of1 #ce1 #dg-eh ,chicago headquarters set up1 #eh ,fard disappears1 #ec-ed founded by ,fard1 #dh-ea ,japanese proselytization1 #ed ,malcolm ,x joins movement1 #ee-eh ,muhammad and ,fard1 #eb-ed ,jews and1 #gb-gc1 #bja lawsuits of1 #hb ministers of ,chief ,minister of ,islam1 #eb ,fruit of ,islam and1 #ha-hb supervise restaurants1 #gi morality of1 #eh1 #hj-ha1 #aec ,negro unity and ,akbar ,muhammad's speech1 #ii-ajc belief that ,negro ,revolt will fail1 #ib1 #if1 #bjg-i ,birmingham policy1 #he-hg1 #ij ,malcolm ,x's 8unity speech10 #adi-eh value of ,black ,muslims to ,negro ,revolt1 #hg number of members1 #ah opposing factions in ,akbar and ,malcolm ,x1 #ajb-c ,muhammad vs4 ,detroit faction1 #ec1 #ed 8,new ,york-,chicago0 cleavage1 #id-ie orthodox ,moslems and1 see ,moslems politics and in ,malcolm ,x's 8unity speech10 #aed-ee possible future policy1 #if-ig voting by ,black ,muslims1 #ia1 #ahj1 #baj punishments in1 #hj racial teachings of1 #bja-b opposition to race-mixing1 #aef1 #agh1 #aia1 #aih-ii orthodox ,muslim objections1 #gj-ga separation does not mean being anti-white1 #acb1 #aha1 #ahh-hi radio programs of1 #hd as a religion1 #ag1 #ei-gh ,the ,sacred ,ritual of the ,nation of ,islam1 #ea theology1 #fb-fe1 #ga why it is a religion1 #gf-gh ,see also ,allah2 ,black men2 ,muhammad1 ,elijah--teaching of2 ,white men sacrificial killing in1 #eb-ec services of1 see 8,teachings0 in temples temples of1 see ,temples of ,islam women in1 #ha separated in temples1 #bj-ba ,see also ,girls in ,black ,muslim movement ,black ,muslims in ,america1 ,the1 #ab ,black supremacy not taught by ,black ,muslims1 #acb1 #aha ,blackboard in temples1 #bb ,blood1 ,drew discovers how to preserve1 #fh ,boston1 ,mass4 ,malcolm ,x's speeches in1 #acj-dh1 #agc ,negro ,baptist church in1 #dd ,boston ,massacre1 #fh ,breasted's ,the ,conquest of ,civilization1 #ej ,business activities of ,black ,muslim movement1 #gi-hj temple restaurants1 #ai-bj1 #gi1 #hj ,cairo1 ,egypt ,malcolm ,x in1 #ga-gb ,see also ,al-,azhar ,university ,catholic ,church1 #dc anti-,semitism and1 #gc-gd ,caucasian race1 #acf ,see also ,white men ,chicago1 ,ill4 as headquarters of ,black ,muslims1 #ed1 #id-ie ,japanese activities in1 #ed temple in1 #eb ,university of ,islam in1 #ed1 #hb-hd ,christianity anti-,semitism and1 #gc-ge denunciations of1 #bg-bi1 #aba-bd1 #aci1 #afj-fd ,catholic ,church1 #dc1 #gc-gd 8most segregated institution in ,america10 #bh ,negro churches1 #dj-dg founded1 #dc-dd on plantations1 #da-db theology of ,negro church1 #de-df theology of desegregation1 #hg-ij slavery and in ,west ,africa1 #ch-ci ,see also ,slavery theological justification of ,negro 8inferiority10 #dd-de1 #ei1 #aba ,christine ,x1 ,sister1 #hc ,columbia ,university ,jewish ,graduate ,club1 #ge ,communists1 ,black ,muslims and1 #ee ,compassion in religion1 #gg-gh ,concord1 ,mass41 #eh ,converts to ,black ,muslims1 #cj-ca ,,core1 #ii ,crime1 ,black ,muslims and1 #ah-ai 8,crisis system0 of ,black ,muslims1 #cd ,cross1 ,dr4 ,lonnie1 #aei ,cuba1 #ahc-hd ,davis1 ,sammy1 ,jr41 #gd ,dawud1 ,imam ,talib ,ahmad1 #fi 8,deaf1 dumb1 and blind10 #ca1 #aag ,malcolm ,x's speech1 #bf-bh ,desegregation ,black ,muslim opposition to1 #ij-ib 8,brotherhood0 vs4 8integration10 #aee-ef 8integration with ,god10 #bjb 8token integration10 #add-df1 #bjj-a1 #baj-aa ,see also ,separation of black man of schools1 #add-df1 #bjj1 #bjh theology of1 #hg-ij ,detroit1 ,mich4 faction vs4 ,muhammad in1 #ec1 #ed ,fard in1 #dg-ec segregation in #aicjs in1 #dg1 #ej ,university of ,islam in1 #ea1 #hb ,dietary laws of ,black ,muslims1 #hj filthiness of pork1 #bg1 #aag restaurants and1 #ai-bj in teachings of ,fard1 #dh 8,divide and rule10 #ada ,door-to-door salesmen1 #hj ,drew1 ,dr4 ,charles1 #fh ,education by ,black ,muslims1 see ,muslim ,girls ,training ,class2 ,universities of ,islam ,elijah ,muhammad1 see ,muhammad1 ,elijah ,emancipation ,proclamation1 #bjh ,evans1 ,clara 7,mrs4 ,elijah ,poole71 #eb ,evil scientist experiments of ,yakub1 #fc-fe not supported by orthodox literature1 #ga moon blown up by1 #ga1 #aad ,fard1 ,w4 ,d41 #dg-ed arrested1 #ec birthday of1 #ed disappears1 #ec founds ,black ,muslims1 #dh-ea legends about1 #di literature of1 #ej-ea ,muhammad and1 #eb-ed as ,prophet of ,allah1 #ed ,farmer1 ,james1 #if ,fear shown by so-called ,negroes1 #aaa1 #abj1 #abb ,federation of ,islamic ,associations1 #gj ,finances of ,black ,muslims1 #gi fund-raising1 #hb ,franklin1 ,john ,hope1 #ch1 #ci1 #dc ,frazier1 ,e4 ,franklin1 #dj 8,black ,bourgeoisie0 of1 #aij-ia 8,freedom1 ,justice1 and ,equality0 7slogan71 #bb1 #aag1 #aff ,freedom movement1 see ,negro ,revolt ,freemasonry1 #ej1 #abd ,fruit of ,islam1 ,the1 #ha-hb at 8,atlanta ,speech10 #aaj authority over1 #hj-ha1 #aje as honor guard1 #bd1 #ha investigates converts1 #cj organized by ,fard1 #ea1 #eb separate temple services of1 #ha in temple services1 #ba1 #bi watches members1 #hj ,garvey1 ,marcus1 #ef ,ghana1 kingdom of1 #ch ,girls in ,black ,muslim movement ,the ,muslim ,girls ,training ,class1 #ea1 #ha-hb in ,university of ,islam1 #hc ,god ,mays' doctoral thesis on1 #df in primitive religion1 #fj-fa ,west ,african concept of1 #cg ,see also ,allah 8,good ,ship ,jesus1 ,the10 #ci1 #abj ,haley1 ,alex1 #ab1 #eg1 #ff ,ham1 ,negroes as descendants of1 #dd-de1 #ei ,hansberry1 ,lorraine1 #aii ,harlem1 see ,new ,york ,city ,harvard ,university1 ,malcolm ,x's speech at1 #acj-dh ,hausa people1 #ch ,hawkins1 ,john1 #abj ,henry ,x1 ,minister1 #bc ,herskovits1 ,melville ,j41 #cf ,hicks1 ,james1 at ,hinton incident1 #cc1 #cd ,hinton1 ,johnson1 #cb-cd ,history of ,negroes knowledge of1 #fg-fh taught at ,university of ,islam1 #hc-hd ,see also ,negroes 8,honorable ,elijah ,muhammad10 not used in ,akbar's speech1 #aja ,horne1 ,lena1 #aii ,integration1 see ,desegregation ,intermarriage1 #aef1 #agh1 #aia1 #aih-ii 8,invisible ,institution10 #da ,islam ,nation of1 see ,black ,muslim movement in teaching of ,muhammad1 #aac ,james ,x1 ,minister1 #bi in ,birmingham crisis1 #hf ,jamestown1 ,va41 landing of slaves at1 #ci ,japanese attempts to proselytize ,black ,muslims1 #ed ,jazz in temples1 #bb ,jehovah's ,witnesses1 #ej ,jeremiah ,x1 ,minister1 #ajj1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aei and ,birmingham crisis1 #hf1 #ij ,jesus1 #acd-ce advocated separation1 #aic-id ,allah has no 8son10 #abc-bd ,jews ,black ,muslims and1 #gb-gc1 #bja ethnic exclusiveness of1 #gd-ge ,john ,,xxiii and1 #gc-gd ,john ,x ,ali1 #hd1 #ajj1 #ajd administrative ability of1 #ic1 #ie ,john #ag,x1 #ca ,john ,,xxiii1 ,pope1 and ,jews1 #gc-gd ,johnson ,x1 #cb-cd ,jones1 ,absalom1 #dc ,joseph ,x1 ,captain1 #ha1 #ajj ,kennedy1 ,robert1 #aii ,kenyatta1 ,jomo1 #aed ,killens1 ,john ,oliver1 ,and ,then ,we ,heard the ,thunder1 #df ,king1 ,martin ,luther1 #hh1 #if1 #ig ,akbar calls for peace with1 #ii ,malcolm ,x on1 #he-hf1 #ii1 #bjc-d1 #bjh ,koran1 see ,quran ,ku ,klux ,klan1 #ff1 #hf 8,atlanta ,speech0 and1 #aji burn down ,malcolm ,x's home1 #ef ,languages of ,african ,negroes1 #cf1 #cg ,see also ,arabic language ,lansing1 ,mich41 ,malcolm ,x1 in1 #ef ,lawson1 ,james1 ,jr41 #hh-hi ,lawsuits of ,black ,muslims1 #hb ,liele1 ,george1 #dc ,lincoln1 ,c4 ,eric1 #cj1 #fc ,the ,black ,muslims in ,america1 #ab on ,fard1 #dg-ej 8,linnaean ,web10 #de ,little1 ,malcolm1 see ,malcolm ,x ,los ,angeles1 ,calif41 temple in1 #fg ,lottie ,x1 ,sister1 #ha ,louis ,x1 ,minister1 #ajj 8,the ,white ,man's ,heaven ,is the ,black ,man's ,hell10 #ba ,mc,gowan1 ,police ,capt41 #cc1 #cd 8,make it plain10 #bc-bd1 #bg ,make-up among ,muslim women1 #ha ,malcolm ,x1 ,minister at ,akbar's ,new ,york speech1 #ih1 #aja-b brother of1 #hj converted to ,black ,muslims1 #eh described1 #bd early life of childhood1 #ef-eg in underworld1 #eg-eh ,elijah ,muhammad and1 #ca1 #ee-ef1 #eh1 #gi1 #ib-ie1 #aji ,malcolm describes ,muhammad1 #afi-gj ,malcolm in ,middle ,east1 #ga-gb ,malcolm warms up crowd1 #bc1 #aaj ,malcolm's only deviation from ,muhammad1 #aje-f1 #bji-aj in ,hinton incident1 #cc-cd historical knowledge of1 #fg-fi ,lomax' interview of1 #aig-baa ,negro unity and ,birmingham policy1 #he-hg calls for ,negro unity1 #adi-eh ,negro ,revolt will fail1 #ia-ib1 #bjg-i vilifies ,negro leaders1 #he-hf1 #ii1 #aja1 #bjc-d as ,new ,york minister1 #bj1 #id orthodox ,moslems and1 #gj1 #ace-cf1 #ada-dc1 #aei-fj1 #afd-fe ,black ,muslims as part of world community1 #aca-cb ,persian ,moslems1 #ff-fg as possible ,congressional candidate1 #ig1 #baj probably not ,muhammad's successor1 #ajd-f on radio and ,,tv1 #hd 8restored0 name of1 #gi as ,st4 ,paul of ,black ,muslims1 #ag speeches of1 #agc ,atlanta ,university1 #gj1 #aei-ga ,harvard ,university1 #acj-dh ,queens ,college1 #agb-gh at 8unity rally10 #adi-eh ,yale ,university1 #agi-ie in temple services1 #bd-bh1 #fb-fc as ,washington minister1 #id on white man as devil1 #ai1 #bd-be1 #fb-fc1 #fh-fi1 #gf-gg1 #aii-bjj ,marshall1 ,thurgood1 #add ,masons1 #ej1 #abd ,mays1 ,dr4 ,benjamin ,e41 #df ,mboya1 ,tom1 #aed ,mecca ,masons and1 #abd ,muhammad's pilgrimage to1 #fi-gc ,melle1 kingdom of1 #ch ,messenger of the ,prophet of ,allah1 #ed1 #gj1 #acb1 #acc1 #ace1 #aff1 #afi-ga as last ,messenger1 #aaa1 #abi promised in ,old ,testament1 #afe ,see also ,muhammad1 ,elijah ,methodist ,church attacks slavery 7#aghd71 #db ,negro ,methodism founded1 #dc-dd ,milan1 ,mich41 ,muhammad in prison in1 #ed-ee ,mohammedanism1 see ,moslems ,moon blown up by evil scientist1 #ga1 #aad ,mormon ,church1 ,negroes in1 #ei ,moses1 #acd-ce ,muhammad as modern-day1 #bje ,moslems in ,africa1 #ch ,black ,muslims and1 #ff ,akbar ,muhammad's speech1 #ajj-c doctrinal differences1 #gj-ga ,malcolm ,x's attacks on1 #gj1 #ace-cf1 #ada-dc1 #aei-fj1 #afd-fe ,muhammad's pilgrimage1 #fi-gc1 #adb-dc orthodox ,muslims in ,u4,s41 #fi-gj as part of world community1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aca-cb1 #adj ,persians refused entry into temple1 #ff-fg recognized by hajj committee1 #fi-gc ,mosques1 see ,temples of ,islam ,mother ,bethel1 #dd ,mr4 ,muhammad ,speaks1 #hj1 #hd circulation of1 #agb reports speeches of ,malcolm ,x1 #agb-gd responsibility for1 #ie ,muhammad 7the ,prophet71 #ace ,muhammad1 ,akbar1 #id in ,arabic dress1 #ff increased influence of1 #ig-ih ,new ,york speech of1 #ih-ajc as possible successor to ,elijah ,muhammad1 #ajd-f ,muhammad1 ,elijah arrests of draft registration1 #ed-ee ,university children1 #ed 8,atlanta ,speech0 of1 #ga1 #aji-bi becomes ,chief ,minister1 #eb ,birmingham crisis and1 #hf ,fard and1 #eb-ed goes to ,chicago1 #eb-ed ,malcolm ,x and1 see ,malcolm ,x manner of preaching of1 #ee as ,messenger of ,allah1 #ed1 #gj1 #acb1 #acc1 #ace1 #aff1 #afi-ga as last ,messenger1 #aaa1 #abi promised in ,old ,testament1 #afe in ,phoenix1 #id-ie pilgrimage to ,mecca of1 #fi-gc1 #adb-dc probable successor to1 #ajd-f teaching of1 #aaj-bi ,allah1 #aac1 #abc-be black men should become fearless1 #aaa1 #abj1 #abb ,christianity1 #aba-bd former criminals1 #ah history of black man1 #aac-ah ,japanese in ,world ,war ,,ii1 #ed1 #ee knowledge of self1 #ah1 #ej1 #aaf-ag separate state1 #ia white man1 #ee1 #abe-bh why ,islam has not made progress1 #aac ,yakub1 #fc-fe ,muhammad1 ,elijah1 ,jr41 #id1 #ii as businessman1 #gi ,muhammad1 ,wallace1 #ajf ,music in temples1 #ba-bb ,muslim ,brotherhood ,,usa1 #fi ,muslim ,girls ,training ,class1 ,the1 #ha-hb established by ,fard1 #ea ,muslims1 see ,black ,muslim movement2 ,moslems ,,naacp1 #dd1 #ii1 #add1 #agc sponsors debates with ,malcolm ,x1 #agi-hj ,nashville1 ,tenn41 sit-ins in1 #hh-hi ,nation of ,islam1 see ,black ,muslim movement 8,negro0 ,malcolm ,x's discussion of1 #afb-fc ,muhammad's discussion of1 #aae-af ,negro ,revolt ,akbar ,muhammad's speech and1 #ii-ajc belief that it will fail1 #ib1 #if1 #bjg-i #aifc ,birmingham crisis1 #he-hg1 #ij ,malcolm ,x's speech for1 #adi-eh value of ,black ,muslims to1 #hg ,negroes in ,africa languages1 #cf1 #cg matrilineal society1 #cg political institutions1 #cf-cg religion1 #cg-ci ,americanization of1 #ci-dj 8do not desire integration10 #aij-ia history of1 #fg-fh taught in ,university of ,islam1 #hc-hd 8inferiority0 of1 #dd-de1 #ei intermarriage of1 #aef1 #agh1 #aia1 #aih-ii ,japanese proselytization of1 #ee political apathy of1 #ahj1 #ahg-hh1 #aij-ia religion of1 #dj-dg 8clergy-politician leadership10 #aia ,negro churches founded1 #dc-dd on plantations1 #da-db theology of desegregation1 #hg-ij theology of ,negro church1 #de-df slavery of ,christianity and1 #ch-db ,malcolm ,x's discussion of1 #acg-ci1 #afa-fc1 #bjh ,muhammad's discussion of1 #aae-bb ,new ,york ,city ,akbar ,muhammad's speech in1 #ih-ajc ,black ,muslim rallies in1 #fb-fc1 #ih-ajc ,malcolm ,x at ,queens ,college1 #agb-gh ,malcolm ,x in underworld of1 #eg-eh ,negro churches organized in1 #dd ,temple ,number ,seven ,hinton incident1 #cb-cd restaurant1 #bj ,nonviolence ,malcolm ,x on1 #bjc-d ,see also ,king1 ,martin ,luther ,norris1 ,frank1 #ej ,number of ,black ,muslims1 #ah ,omaha1 ,nebr41 #ef ,paradise of ,allah1 #afg ,paul1 ,rev4 ,thomas1 #dd ,pendulum of clock invented by ,negro1 #fh ,petersburg1 ,va41 ,negro ,baptist church organized in1 #dc ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,negro churches organized in1 #dc-dd ,phoenix1 ,ariz41 ,elijah ,muhammad in1 #id-ie ,pike1 ,bishop ,james1 #gd ,pittsburgh ,courier1 #fc ,police arrest ,fard1 #ec in ,hinton incident1 #cb-cd lawsuits against1 #hb mentioned in 8,atlanta ,speech10 #aji1 #aab-ac1 #aae ,see also ,muhammad1 ,elijah--arrests of ,politics ,black ,muslims and in ,malcolm ,x's 8unity speech10 #aed-ee possible future policy1 #if-ig voting by ,black ,muslims1 #ia1 #ahj1 #baj 8clergy-politician leadership10 #aia-ib political apathy of ,negro1 #ahj1 #ahg-hh1 #aij-ia ,poole1 ,elijah1 see ,muhammad1 ,elijah ,pork1 see ,dietary laws of ,black ,muslims ,powell1 ,adam ,clayton1 ,jr41 #bh1 #dd1 #baj ,prison ,black ,muslim proselytizing in1 #ah ,black ,muslim services in1 #ag1 #adj ,elijah ,muhammad in1 #ed-ee ,malcolm ,x in1 #eh ,prophet of ,allah1 #ed ,see also ,fard1 ,w4 ,d4 ,protestants1 see ,christianity ,punishment of ,black ,muslims1 #hj ,queens ,college1 ,malcolm ,x at1 #agb-gh ,quran1 #abe1 #aff1 #agj does not support ,black ,muslim teachings1 #ga ,fard's use of1 #ej ,racism of ,black ,muslims1 #bja-b opposition to race-mixing1 #aef1 #agh1 #aia1 #aih-ii orthodox ,muslim objections1 #gj-ga separation does not mean being anti-white1 #acb1 #aha1 #ahh-hi ,see also ,black men2 ,white men ,christianity and anti-,semitism1 #gc-ge in early ,american church1 #db-dd theological justification for ,negro 8inferiority10 #dd-de1 #ei ,radio programs of ,black ,muslims1 #hd ,rallies on street corners1 #fb-fc ,religion of ,african ,negroes1 #cg-di of ,american ,negroes1 #dj-dg 8clergy-politician leadership10 #aia ,negro churches founded1 #dc-dd on plantations1 #da-db theology of desegregation1 #hg-ij theology of ,negro church1 #de-df ,black ,muslim movement as1 #ag1 #ei-gh ,the ,sacred ,ritual of the ,nation of ,islam1 #ea theology1 #fb-fe1 #ga why it is a religion1 #gf-gh ,see also ,allah2 ,black men2 ,muhammad1 ,elijah--teaching of2 ,white men as closed network of believers1 #gc-gf compassion in1 #gg-gh as group experience1 #fj-fa ,see also ,christianity ,restaurants1 temple1 #ai-bj1 #gi1 #hj ,revolutionary ,war1 #fh ,richmond1 ,va41 ,negro ,baptist church organized in1 #dc ,rutherford1 ,joseph ,f4 8,judge10 #ej ,sacred ,ritual of the ,nation of ,islam1 ,the1 #ea ,sacrificial killing1 #eb-ec ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo41 ,malcolm ,x in1 #agc ,sampson1 ,judge ,edyth1 #hc ,savannah1 ,ga41 ,negro ,baptist church organized in1 #dc ,saviour1 #ed ,see also ,fard1 ,w4 ,d4 ,scientists experiments of ,yakub1 #fc-fe not supported by orthodox literature1 #ga moon blown up by1 #ga1 #aad as 8,pharaoh's ,magicians10 #acd ,searching of visitors to temples1 #bj ,segregation in ,detroit of #aicjs1 #dg1 #ej of ,negro church1 #dc-df ,see also ,desegregation 8,self10 knowledge of1 #ah-ai1 #ej1 #aaf-ag1 #abj1 #aee ,separation of black man1 #bb-bc advocated by ,jesus1 #aic-id does not mean being anti-white1 #acb1 #aha1 #ahh-hi not mentioned in ,akbar's speech1 #aja ,old ,house will collapse1 #acg a separate state1 #ij-ib1 #ig1 #acg-dh1 #aeg-eh1 #age-gh usually objected to by orthodox1 #ga ,shabazz1 ,malcolm1 see ,malcolm ,x ,shabazz1 ,tribe of1 #aae ,sharrieff1 ,raymond1 #gi1 #ie after ,muhammad's death1 #ajd-f as head of ,the ,fruit1 #ha 8,sheep10 #bc ,shriners1 #abd ,silks and satins1 #bd1 #baa sold by ,fard1 #dg 8,slave0 names1 #cj-ca1 #abj-ba1 #afc ,slavery ,christianity and1 #ch-db ,malcolm ,x's discussion of1 #acg-ci1 #afa-fc1 #bjh ,muhammad's discussion of1 #aae-bb ,smith1 ,pastor ,kelly ,miller1 #hh-hi ,smoking1 ,malcolm ,x and1 #eh ,songhay1 kingdom of1 #ch ,spottswood1 ,dr4 ,stephen ,gill1 #dd ,supreme ,court outlawing of segregation1 #add-df1 #bjj1 #bjh ,susu people1 #ch ,takahashi1 ,major1 #ed ,teachings of the ,lost-,found ,nation of ,islam in a ,mathematical ,way1 #ea 8,teachings0 in temples1 #bb-bh converts at1 #cj 8deaf1 dumb1 and blind0 speech1 #bf-bh emotional effect of1 #ca ,fruit of ,islam during1 #ba1 #bi separate services for ,the ,fruit1 #ha warm-up for1 #bc-bd1 #aaj ,temple ,number ,two 7,chicago71 organized1 #eb ,temple ,number ,seven 7,new ,york7 ,hinton incident at1 #cb-cd ,malcolm ,x as minister of1 #bj1 #id restaurant of1 #bj ,temples of ,islam1 #ai-cc first 7,fard's71 #dh1 #ej-ea generally rented halls1 #bj music in1 #ba-bb ,persian ,moslems refused entry to1 #ff-fg restaurants of1 #ai-bj1 #gi searching of visitors to1 #bj seating arrangements in1 #bj-ba services in1 see 8,teachings0 in temples 8,that's right10 #ba ,theology1 see ,christianity2 ,religion ,thomas ,j41 ,minister1 #ajj ,tillich1 ,paul1 #ag ,thresher 7submarine71 #bjf ,toynbee1 ,arnold1 #ij ,universities of ,islam1 #hb-hd founded by ,fard1 #ea local authorities and1 #ed1 #hb 8,university ,speech0 of ,malcolm ,x1 #gj1 #aei-ga ,van ,loon's ,story of ,mankind1 #ej ,violence not preached by ,black ,muslims1 #bjc-d ,wallace1 ,mike1 #gj ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,malcolm ,x as minister in1 #id ,muhammad's speech in1 #bc ,white1 ,william1 #dc 8,white ,man's ,heaven ,is the ,black ,man's ,hell1 ,the10 #ba ,white men ,akbar ,muhammad on1 #ajj-a created by ,yakub1 #fc-fd1 #ga as devils ,elijah ,muhammad on1 #ee1 #abe-bf ,malcolm ,x on1 #ai1 #bd-be1 #fb-fc1 #fh-fi1 #gf-gg1 #aii-bjj teaching condemned by orthodox1 #ga ,fard's teachings on1 #di1 #ej-ea by nature evil1 #bb1 #fc1 #fd responsible for crime1 #bg1 #aeb to be destroyed1 #ee1 #fe-ff1 #abf1 #adh1 #bjd-f ,see also ,separation of black man ,wilkins1 ,roy1 #if1 #ig ,williamsburg1 ,va41 ,negro ,baptist church in1 #dc 8,wolves10 #bc ,women in ,black ,muslim movement1 #ha separated from men in temple1 #bj-ba ,see also ,girls in ,black ,muslim movement ,woodrow1 ,minister1 #ajj 8,word10 the1 #ca1 #gi1 #bja ,see also ,armageddon1 ,battle of ,wright1 ,herbert1 debates with ,malcolm ,x1 #agi-hj 8,x10 as name1 #cj-ca ,yakub1 experiments of1 #fc-fe not supported by orthodox literature1 #ga ,yale ,university1 ,malcolm ,x at1 #agi-ie ,yoruba people1 #ch 8,you tell it like it is10 #ba ,,about ,,the ,,author ,louis ,e4 ,lomax1 one of the nation's best-known social critics and lecturers1 was born in ,valdosta1 ,georgia1 on ,august #af1 #aibb4 ,educated at ,paine ,college1 ,augusta1 ,ga41 ,american ,university1 and ,yale ,university1 ,mr4 ,lomax has served on the faculty of ,georgia ,state ,college1 in ,savannah1 as assistant professor of philosophy4 ,his career as a professional writer began with the ,afro-,american and subsequently he became a staff feature writer for the ,chicago ,american4 ,his magazine articles have appeared frequently in ,harper's1 ,life1 ,pageant1 ,the ,nation1 and ,the ,new ,leader4 ,in #aiei1 when ,mr4 ,lomax joined ,mike ,wallace's news staff in ,new ,york1 he became the first ,negro newsman to appear on television4 ,his first book1 ,the ,reluctant ,african1 was given the ,saturday ,review ,anisfield-,wolf award of #aifj for the book dealing 8most creditably with social and group relations40 ,his second book1 ,the ,negro ,revolt1 was both definitive and prophetic3 ,lomax predicted that ,negroes would take their cause from the courtroom into the streets and market place1 and his reportorial analysis of the forces now at work in the race struggle has placed him among ,america's foremost authorities on social issues4 ,one of the most sought-after lecturers in the nation today1 ,mr4 ,lomax lives with his wife in ,st4 ,albans1 ,new ,york4 ,,transcriber',s ,,notes3 ,italicized text is surrounded by underscores3 italics4 ,emboldened text is surrounded by equals signs3 bold4 ,obvious typographical errors have been corrected4 ,archaic or alternate spelling has been retained from the original4