,mississippi ,piney ,woods3 a photographic study of folk architecture by ,patti ,carr ,black an exhibition at the ,mississippi ,state ,historical ,museum ,illustration3 ,cover photograph3 ,grist mill at ,lake ,bounds1 ,clarke ,county ,,mississippi ,,piney ,,woods a photographic study of folk architecture by ,patti ,carr ,black ,mississippi ,department of ,archives and ,history ,jackson1 ,mississippi #aigf ,reprinted #aihj ,illustration3 ,map ,tennessee ,hills ,black ,prairie ,pontotoc ,ridge ,flat ,woods ,north ,central ,hills ,jackson ,prairie ,brown ,loam and ,loess ,hills ,delta ,,piney ,,woods ,my appreciation and thanks to the many residents of the ,piney ,woods who gave me directions1 information1 and access to their homes1 especially ,miss ,gertie ,ainsworth1 ,hulan ,purvis1 ,bob and ,patricia ,harris1 ,clarence ,smith1 ,charles ,a4 ,mc,gee1 ,s4 ,d4 ,sullivan1 and ,mrs4 ,l4 ,e4 ,turner4 ,introduction ,illustration3 ,opposite3 ,sam ,hosey house near ,moss1 ,jasper ,county 8,then a house appeared on its ridge 444 as if something came sliding out of the sky1 the whole tin roof of the house ran with new blue4 ,the posts along the porch softly bloomed downward1 as if chalk marks were being drawn1 one more time1 down a still misty slate4 ,the house was revealed as if standing there from pure memory against a now moonless sky4 ,for the length of a breath1 everything stayed shadowless1 as under a lifting hand1 and then a passage showed1 running through the house1 right through the middle of it44440 --,eudora ,welty ,the dogtrot house described by ,eudora ,welty in ,losing ,battles is in every ,mississippian's memory4 ,dogtrots1 a part of the ,mississippi landscape since the early #aith century1 were one of the most popular forms of folk structures in the state1 particularly in the southeastern section4 ,the study of folk architecture has been largely ignored in ,mississippi1 with the major attention going to large mansion houses4 ,even the term 8antebellum0 has been used to refer only to affluent homes4 ,many dogtrots1 log houses1 and other rural homes in ,mississippi are antebellum 7built before the ,civil ,war7 and are far more widespread and characteristic of #aith century ,mississippi architecture4 ,the houses built by the pioneers themselves represent an important and basic element of ,mississippi culture4 ,they reveal the ingenuity and courage and affirmation of men and women who built their homes with little money1 limited materials1 and no formal training as architects and builders4 ,few of these structures are left standing in their original form and every day brings the destruction of more4 ,this study is intended to be a sampling1 not an exhaustive survey of ,piney ,woods folk architecture4 ,it was undertaken with the support and encouragement of ,dr4 ,byrle ,kynerd1 director of the ,mississippi ,state ,historical ,museum and ,dr4 ,william ,ferris of ,yale ,university and was made possible by a grant from the ,national ,endowment for the ,arts4 ,the ,piney ,woods ,the southeastern quarter of ,mississippi1 known as the ,piney ,woods1 extends southward from ,interstate #bj to within twenty miles of the ,gulf ,coast1 and from the ,alabama line to the ,brown ,loam ,belt west of the ,pearl ,river4 ,it is a high rolling land1 once covered by dense stands of long-leaf pine1 and patches of hardwood in the bottoms4 ,numerous rivers and creeks criss-cross its sandy soil4 ,the ,leaf and ,chickasawhay form the ,pascagoula ,river that empties into ,pascagoula ,bay4 ,the ,pearl ,river1 with its tributaries1 the ,strong and the ,bogue ,chitto1 empties into the ,gulf of ,mexico4 ,the ,piney ,woods1 originally inhabited by the ,choctaw ,indians1 was ceded to the ,united ,states by a series of treaties beginning with the ,treaty of ,mount ,dexter in #ahje4 ,in the great migration after the ,war of #ahab1 settlers began coming in by horseback1 on foot1 by wagon teams1 moving west across the ,fort ,stephens-,natchez road and the ,three-,chopped ,way and down ,jackson's ,military ,road4 ,they came by flatboat down the rivers1 and later by steamboat up the ,pearl4 ,they came from the ,carolinas1 ,georgia1 and ,tennessee to the land described by ,j4 ,f4 ,h4 ,claiborne in #ahdj as 8covered exclusively with the long-leaf pine2 not broken1 but rolling like the waves in the middle of the great ocean4 ,the grass grows three feet high and hill and valley are studded all over with flowers of every hue40 ,early ,settlers ,the pioneers of the ,piney ,woods were not agriculturists4 ,they were primarily livestock graziers and hunters1 whose chief interest in the land was to have a place for a cabin1 a few out-buildings and stock pens1 small corn and vegetable patches1 and open range for their livestock4 ,in #ahgj ,william ,h4 ,sparks of ,natchez wrote about the settlements in the ,piney ,woods4 ,he said they 8were constituted of a different people 7from the agricultural population farther west73 ,most of them were from the poorer districts of ,georgia and the ,carolinas4 ,true to the instincts of the people from whom they were descended1 they sought as nearly as possible just such a country as that from which they came1 and were really refugees from a growing civilization consequent upon a denser population and its necessities4 ,they were not agriculturists in a proper sense of the term2 true1 they cultivated in some degree the soil1 but it was not the prime pursuit of these people1 nor was the location sought for this purpose4 ,they desired an open1 poor1 pine country1 which forbade a numerous population4 ,here they reared immense herds of cattle1 which subsisted exclusively upon coarse grass and reeds which grew abundantly among the tall1 long-leafed pine1 and along the small creeks and branches numerous in this section4 ,through these almost interminable pine forests the deer were abundant1 and the canebrakes full of bears4 ,they combined the pursuits of hunting and stock-minding1 and derived support and revenue almost exclusively from these40 ,gradually1 in the second wave of migration1 farmers began moving into the ,piney ,woods1 men who desired the ownership of the land rather than its free use4 ,older settlers began to decrease their herds and increase their fields1 but by #ahfj still only a fraction of the land was 8improved land40 ,because the soil was poor and the farms tended to be small1 the plantation system and slavery never thrived there4 ,the number of slaveowners were few and the ,piney ,woods has remained predominantly white4 ,in the closing decade of the #aith century1 the railroads opened the country to the lumber industry4 ,northern lumber companies bought vast areas1 sawmills were established1 lumber towns sprang up4 ,in less than thirty years the great pine forests were stripped1 ghost towns were left1 and the stumps of cut-over land attested to the ravaging of the forests4 ,reforestation has restored much of the land to loblolly-shortleaf pine forests1 and industrialization is slowly changing the character of the ,piney ,woods4 ,folk ,architecture ,because of the availability of trees1 log houses were the most common type of house built in the ,piney ,woods during the #aith century4 ,the most typical style1 still found today1 is the 8double-pen0 construction1 also called 8dogtrot0 or 8two-pens-and-a-passage40 ,scholars disagree on the origin of the dogtrot4 ,some have attributed it to ,scandinavian influence1 while others have shown a close relationship to the double-pen houses of ,africa4 ,henry ,glassie has suggested that the dogtrot developed in the lower ,tennessee ,valley around #ahbe4 ,however1 a description of a dogtrot in ,mississippi as early as #aghi has been recorded4 ,in ,narrative of a ,journey ,down the ,ohio and ,mississippi in #aghi-ij 7,cincinnati1 #ahhh7 ,samuel ,s4 ,forman of ,new ,jersey described his uncle's house that he visited on a plantation bordering ,st4 ,catherine ,creek1 four miles from ,natchez3 ,the place had a small clearing and a log house on it1 and he put up another log house to correspond with it1 about fourteen feet apart1 connecting them with boards1 with a piazza in front of the whole4 ,the usual term applied to such a structure was that it was 8two pens and a passage40 ,this connecting passage made a fine hall1 and altogether gave it a good and comfortable appearance4 ,it seems probable that the dogtrot construction was a natural physical development1 possibly happening in various countries simultaneously4 ,shorter logs or timbers were more easily handled and the size of a cabin possibly was determined by the length of logs the builder could handle4 ,later when an additional room was needed1 the corner timbering of the log pen made it impossible to butt the units together4 ,the space left between the pens was made wide enough to be useful4 ,all of the log dogtrots studied in the ,piney ,woods were built in stages1 following the same pattern4 ,the settler built a one-room log house or 8pen40 ,later1 as his family and fortune increased he built an identical log pen and connected the two with a common roof1 leaving a passageway or 8dogtrot0 between the pens and providing an overhang for porches front and back4 ,one pen usually served as a kitchen and living room and the other as a bedroom4 ,the covered passage formed an area for household activities1 children's play1 and a cool sitting spot for summer evenings4 ,today the passageway is more likely to house the 8deep freeze40 ,as the family grew and more rooms were needed1 the sides of the front or back porch were walled off and called 8shed rooms0 or 8drop sheds0 7,fig4 #a74 ,all log houses were not dogtrots1 and dogtrot construction was not limited to log houses4 ,many later frame houses were built in the popular style4 ,when ,hulan ,purvis of ,rankin ,county decided to build a frame house for his family in #aiaj1 he emulated the construction of his father's dogtrot1 using the same type of 8long-strawed0 pine1 but pine that had been planed at the sawmill rather than hewn by hand 7,fig4 #bc74 ,many of the early dogtrots have been remodelled1 enclosing the passageway for a central room 7,fig4 #be74 ,others have been abandoned or destroyed4 ,not all houses with open passageways are dogtrots4 ,the ,bob ,goodloe house in ,smith ,county is an example of a non-dogtrot because the two sides of the house are not of equal size or symmetrical relationship 7,fig4 #bf74 ,tools ,the only tool a man actually needed to build a log house was an axe4 ,with an auger1 an adze1 a drawing knife1 a froe and maul1 a broadaxe1 or saw1 he could build it more efficiently4 ,tools and building techniques were passed down from generation to generation4 ,one such technique enabled a man to raise the walls higher than he could lift a log by placing two logs at an angle against the wall to serve as a skid and using forked sticks or ropes to guide the logs into place4 ,another technique was splitting logs by standing them vertically between scaffolding and sawing downward1 lowering the scaffolding as the log was cut4 ,illustration3 #a4 ,sullivan ,house1 near ,mize1 ,smith ,county4 ,built #ahaj-bj by ,tom ,sullivan in 8,sullivan's ,hollow40 ,present owner3 ,shep ,sullivan ,illustration3 #b4 ,first sheriff's office1 ,pike ,county4 ,built in #ahae by ,laban ,bacot4 ,present owner3 ,mrs4 ,lloyd ,hamilton ,illustration3 #c4 ,john ,walters cabin1 ,rankin ,county1 #ahfjs4 ,present owner3 ,james ,huff ,illustration3 #d4 ,tool shed1 ,walthall ,county4 ,present owner3 ,george ,wingo ,illustration3 #e4 ,blacksmith shop1 ,lake ,bounds1 ,clarke ,county1 ca4 #aijj4 ,present owner3 ,mrs4 ,gertrude ,gatlin ,illustration3 #f4 ,jonathan ,ainsworth house1 near ,harrisville1 ,simpson ,county1 ca4 #ahfj-gj4 ,present owner3 ,miss ,gertie ,ainsworth ,illustration3 #g4 ,,saddle ,,notch ,aunt ,judy cabin1 ,wiggins1 ,stone ,county1 ca4 #ahgj4 ,present owner3 ,b4 ,c4 ,batson ,illustration3 #h4 ,v-,,notch ,sullivan house1 ,smith ,county1 ca4 #ahaj-bj4 ,present owner3 ,shep ,sullivan ,illustration3 #i4 ,,half-,,dovetail ,,notch ,wiley ,mc,neill house1 ,clarke ,county1 ca4 #ahbj-cj4 ,present owner3 ,charles ,mc,gee ,illustration3 #aj4 ,,square ,,notch ,lang barn1 near ,shubuta1 ,clarke ,county4 ,built over an #ahae-ahcj dogtrot4 ,present owner3 ,mrs4 ,mildred ,wilkins ,illustration3 #aa4 ,,half-,,squared ,strong ,river farm house1 ,simpson ,county4 ,present owner3 ,mrs4 ,guy ,gillespie ,illustration3 #ab4 ,,saddle-,v ,,combination ,carter ,place1 ,george ,county1 pre-,civil ,war4 ,present owners3 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,bill ,bailey ,illustration3 #ac4 ,heart pine section for foundation block4 ,wiley ,mc,neill house1 ,clarke ,county1 ca4 #ahbj-cj4 ,present owner3 ,charles ,mc,gee ,illustration3 #ad4 ,native sand rocks for foundation block4 ,john ,a4 ,mc,leod house1 ,forest ,county1 #aibj4 ,present owner3 ,mrs4 ,lida ,rogers ,illustration3 #ae4 ,porch well4 ,sam ,hosey house1 near ,moss1 ,jasper ,county4 ,present owner3 ,ross ,hosey ,illustration3 #af4 ,bricks replaced mud-and-stick chimney in #aiea4 ,the original foundation stones remain4 ,wiley ,mc,neill house1 ,clarke ,county4 ,illustration3 #ag4 ,loft windows4 ,wiley ,mc,neill house1 ,clarke ,county4 ca4 #ahbj-cj4 ,illustration3 #ah4 ,shingle or board roof4 ,tool shed1 ,walthall ,county4 ,present owner3 ,george ,wingo ,illustration3 #ai4 ,window shutter4 ,john ,walters cabin1 ,rankin ,county1 #ahfjs4 ,present owner3 ,james ,huff ,illustration3 #bj4 ,detached kitchen4 ,david ,bracey ,ward house1 ,silver ,creek1 ,lawrence ,county4 ,present owner3 ,mrs4 ,alma ,hedgepeth ,illustration3 #ba4 ,jonathan ,ainsworth house1 near ,harrisville1 ,simpson ,county1 ca4 #ahfj-gj4 ,present owner3 ,miss ,gertie ,ainsworth ,illustration3 #bb4 ,william ,jackson ,purvis house1 ,rankin ,county1 pre-#ahhj4 ,present owner3 ,hulan ,purvis ,illustration3 #bc4 ,hulan ,purvis house1 ,rankin ,county1 #aiaj4 ,present owner3 ,hulan ,purvis ,illustration3 #bd4 ,sullivan house1 near ,mize1 ,smith ,county1 #ahaj-bj4 ,present owner3 ,shep ,sullivan ,illustration3 #be4 ,press ,bond house1 ,bond1 ,stone ,county1 ca4 #ahgj4 ,present owner3 ,mrs4 ,mary ,alice ,coker ,illustration3 #bf4 ,a non-dogtrot4 ,bob ,goodloe house1 ,burns1 ,smith ,county4 ,present owner3 ,bob ,goodloe ,illustration3 #bg4 ,parker 8tent0 7#ahhj71 oldest cabin on ,salem ,church ,campground1 established in #ahdb4 ,illustration3 #bh4 ,boykin ,methodist ,church1 ,smith ,county1 #aheh4 ,illustration3 #bi4 ,china ,grove ,methodist ,church1 ,walthall ,county1 #ahed4 ,illustration3 #cj4 ,a-roof4 ,deen barn1 ,jefferson ,davis ,county4 ,illustration3 #ca4 ,lang barn1 ,clarke ,county4 ,built over an #ahae-ahcj dogtrot4 ,illustration3 #cb4 ,log barn1 ,carter ,place1 ,george ,county4 ,present owner3 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,bill ,bailey ,illustration3 #cc4 ,a decorative tree mobile ,illustration3 #cd4 ,bedsprings for a gate ,illustration3 #ce4 ,street light reflectors used as post covers to prevent rotting ,illustration3 #cf4 #g-up sign used for backsplash ,construction ,the log houses were built of peeled or 8skunt0 logs of native longleaf pine1 called 8lightered10 8yellow10 8heart0 or 8long-strawed0 pine4 ,the settler selected trees with straight smooth trunks approximately the same size4 ,the trees were felled1 cut into the correct length1 and peeled4 ,they were hauled to the building site with ox or mule teams4 ,the foundation blocks were usually vertical sections of large heart pine logs 7,fig4 #ac71 although some houses used native iron rock as foundation stones 7,fig4 #ad74 ,these foundations held the sills of the house a foot or two off the ground so that the light and air under the house protected it from dampness and 8wood lice0 or termites4 ,in some cases1 the sills were laid directly on the earth4 ,the sills of the ,wiley ,mc,neill house1 ,clarke ,county1 laid on the ground around #ahcj1 today show little sign of rotting or termite damage4 ,the resin in heart pine acts as a natural preservative1 making the wood almost indestructible4 ,some of the houses were built with whole peeled logs 7,fig4 #d72 others with split logs 7,fig4 #e7 and still others with square-hewn logs 7,fig4 #f74 ,the logs were notched or 8scribed0 at the corners to fit securely and steadily4 ,the style of the notch varied with the cultural background1 skill or preference of the builder4 ,saddle notching1 ,v-notching1 ,half-dovetailing1 ,square cornering1 ,halved cornering and a saddle-,v combination are found in the ,piney ,woods 7,figs4 #g-ab74 ,of these1 the half-dovetail is the most difficult to produce4 ,it is self locking1 as is the ,saddle and ,v-notch1 while the ,square and ,half-,square require the use of pegs to hold the timber in place4 ,the spaces between the logs were either chinked with clay and moss or battened with split pine pickets4 ,the log houses left standing today in the ,piney ,woods are generally battened inside and out with pine boards4 ,exacting builders squared off the corners1 but usually logs were left to extend beyond the notches4 ,the floor joists rested on the sills and were fitted to make an even base for the floor of wide hand-planed pine boards4 ,many of the earlier houses had clay floors1 but no house was found still retaining the dirt floor4 ,the ceiling1 made of wide rough-hewn board1 was attached to ceiling joists1 providing a loft space in many of the houses4 ,small ladder-like stairs led through a hole in the ceiling to the loft1 which was sometimes used for sleeping quarters or for storage of seeds1 herbs1 nuts1 and gourds1 7,fig4 #ag74 ,the rafters were made of small1 peeled pine poles4 ,pine planks nailed to the rafters formed the base of the shingle roof4 ,straight grained pine trees were selected for roof shingles4 ,the tree was cut into blocks eighteen to twenty inches long and split into 8bolts40 ,a froe and maul were used to rive out the boards to a half-inch thickness and the roof was covered with the boards overlapping 7,fig4 #ah74 ,in the ,piney ,woods1 such shingle roofs were called 8board0 roofs4 ,today most have been replaced by tin or masonite4 ,the overhang of the roof provided about eight feet front and rear for porches4 ,each pen usually had a window on both sides of the fireplace1 cut into the wall after the log pen was built4 ,there were no window panels in the early houses1 but thick shutters made of hand-planed pine boards 7,fig4 #ai74 ,each pen had a fireplace4 ,the early chimneys were 8catted10 made of 8stick and mud10 and built on a foundation of native rocks1 such as sand or iron rocks4 ,the chimney was framed up with carefully laid pieces of oak strips4 ,prairie grass or sage was mixed with water and clay and thrown over each rung of the framing4 ,the log grass overlapped each rung1 filling the spaces4 ,after the entire frame was covered1 it was dressed down with mud4 ,when the clay hardened1 the chimney was ready for fire4 ,fireplaces were fitted with a bar and hooks to hold vessels for heating water and cooking4 ,these inflammable stick-and-mud chimneys and fireplaces were replaced with bricks after kilns began operating 7,fig4 #af74 ,as a house grew1 usually a kitchen was built behind and away from the house as a protection against fire4 ,it was connected to the house by a board walkway either covered or uncovered 7,fig4 #bj74 ,it is rare today to find the detached kitchen still standing for most house owners1 with access to electricity1 tore down the kitchen wing and made a kitchen shed from a portion of the back porch4 ,in the #bjth century1 outdoor toilets gave way to modern plumbing in shed rooms4 ,before 8running water0 was available1 it was considered a great convenience to have an additional well in the house4 ,these wells were usually on a front porch and had a narrow cylinder for drawing water 7,fig4 #ae74 ,the ,ainsworth house in ,simpson ,county1 the ,purvis house in ,rankin ,county1 and the ,sullivan house in ,smith ,county are well-preserved log dogtrots4 ,jonathan ,ainsworth built his log house on the ,florence-,harrisville road in north ,simpson ,county between #ahfj-ahgj 7,fig4 #ba74 ,gertie ,ainsworth1 present owner and granddaughter of ,jonathan1 was born in the house as was her father1 ,charles ,houston ,ainsworth4 ,made of squared split-logs approximately #ad inches in diameter1 the house was built in stages1 following the typical pattern of progression4 ,the #bd-;foot square north pen was constructed first with square notching4 ,an identical pen was added a few years later1 leaving a passageway between1 with the whole house roofed over to provide a front and back porch4 ,soon afterwards1 a kitchen and dining room1 each about twelve feet square1 were built off the rear of the house4 ,in #aicg1 these structures were torn down and the north pen again became the kitchen and the south portion of the back porch was walled up as a bedroom4 ,later1 with the arrival of electricity1 the north back porch was walled up for a kitchen4 ,none of the outbuildings are the original ones4 ,the present corn crib was built in #aiaa2 the 8car house0 in #aibe2 the barn in #aice4 ,miss ,ainsworth remembers fruit houses1 which were built of small logs and daubed with mud4 ,the house does not have plumbing and ,miss ,ainsworth still draws her water from the well conveniently placed on the front porch4 ,the ,purvis house stands in the ,walters ,community in southeast ,rankin ,county 7,fig4 #bb74 ,william ,jackson ,purvis began building the house prior to #ahhj4 ,the fourth generation of his family now lives there4 ,although both rooms have been ceiled and paneled in recent years and the south fireplace removed1 the basic exterior remains unchanged4 ,the original pen was built on the east side of present-day ,highway #dc and moved to the west side around #ahhb4 ,the code for reassembling the pen can still be seen carved in the logs4 ,the north pen was added some twenty years later4 ,the split-logs of pine are put together with ,v-notching4 ,an unusual feature is a storm-pit built under the north pen with an entrance through an opening in the floor4 ,in #aije when the first son married1 the north portion of the front porch was walled off for the newly-weds4 ,in the #aigjs the north rear porch was walled off as a kitchen and the south rear porch as a bathroom4 ,the house now has both electricity and plumbing4 ,a functioning farm until recently1 the out-buildings include a smoke house1 cow barn1 mule barn1 blacksmith shop1 seed house1 chicken house1 and tool shed4 ,the blacksmith shop still contains the old bellows and a handmade grinding tool4 ,the tool shed holds hand-carved mule hames1 a hand-pegged rake1 and other garden tools4 ,tom ,sullivan built his one-room cabin of square-hewn logs in ,choctaw ,indian country4 ,the area later became known as ,sullivan's ,hollow1 ,smith ,county4 ,the original log cabin was built #ahaj-ahbj when ,sullivan migrated from ,georgia1 and his descendants have lived in it ever since4 ,a double-pen was added later using split logs instead of the original square-hewn4 ,three shed rooms have been added over the years1 the last one for a bathroom in #aife 7,fig4 #bd74 ,interior walls are battened with pine boards and the ceiling is made of 8sawed0 boards4 ,the mud-and-stick chimneys on each end were replaced by brick chimneys in #aiae4 ,the dogtrot passageway is usually closed up in the winter months with plastic panels4 ,the house is occupied today by ,shep ,sullivan1 a sixth generation descendant of the builder4 ,the ,campground ,serving a special function were the campgrounds where ,protestant religious meetings were held once or twice a year1 usually during 8laying-by0 time4 ,the early camp meetings were held in an arbor-like shelter constructed of oak posts with ,v-tops forming a frame for horizontal poles that were then covered with leafy branches4 ,this shelter was called the tabernacle4 ,rough plank seats were constructed by laying long planks on supports held up by stakes driven in the ground4 ,the dirt floor was covered with pine straw or sawdust to keep the dust down and the pulpit was made of rough planks4 ,smaller shelters called tents where the people camped out were built around the tabernacle and furnished with pine plank or pole beds and tables1 straw and shuck mattresses4 ,later more substantial campgrounds1 such as present-day ,salem ,church campground1 were built with a permanent tabernacle and sturdy cabins4 ,the ,salem ,campground on the ,jackson-,george ,county line is the oldest extant campground in the state 7,fig4 #bg74 ,the first camp meeting at ,salem was held in #ahbf and the present site was selected in #ahdb4 ,the campground today is still arranged in the original ,u-shape1 but the materials of the buildings have been replaced4 ,the tabernacle is built of rough lumber1 with three sides open and log posts supporting the roof4 ,the floor1 covered with pine straw1 holds wooden benches which can seat #cjj people4 ,the cabins which surround the tabernacle are still traditionally known as 8tents40 ,each cabin has two rooms1 one for sleeping1 one for eating1 cooking1 or sitting1 and the floors are covered with pine straw4 ,a wooden bench adorns each front porch4 ,the oldest tent on the campground is the ,parker tent built around #ahhj4 ,meetings have been held every year at ,salem ,campground since #ahbf except for two years during the ,civil ,war4 ,churches ,after transportation improved and as the country became more thickly populated1 churches were built4 ,rural ,piney ,woods churches were simple structures4 ,boykin ,methodist ,church 7,fig4 #bh7 near ,burns and ,piney ,grove ,church at ,polkville are typical examples4 ,the pioneer church building was rectangular1 made of rough sawn pine1 with pine shutters at the windows and home-made benches fronting toward the home-made pulpit4 ,there was no ceiling1 with the room rising to exposed hand-hewn rafters4 ,often there were two front doors1 one for the men and one for the women1 and one rear door4 ,on the grounds of ,piney ,grove1 one can still see the long stretch of tables which were built for 8protracted meetings0 which took the place of camp meetings4 ,instead of camping out1 the people attended services during the day and went home for the night4 ,there was always 8dinner on the ground0 at the protracted meeting4 ,churches in more affluent areas generally had slave galleries1 cabinet work on the pews1 and glass windows4 ,china ,grove ,methodist ,church built in #ahed in ,walthall ,county is a good example 7,fig4 #bi74 ,barns ,although roof styles vary1 the barn type used almost exclusively in the ,piney ,woods is the transverse-crib barn4 ,henry ,glassie1 folk historian1 has theorized that the transverse-crib barn developed in the southern ,tennessee ,valley4 ,the ,piney ,woods settlers came from that area in large numbers4 ,roof styles include the gambrel and the pitched roof1 but the most prevalent style is the ,a-roof 7,figs4 #cj-cb74 ,grist ,mills ,each community usually had one farmer who built a water mill for grinding corn into meal4 ,lake ,bounds in ,clarke ,county has been the site of a grist mill since the beginning of the #aith century4 ,the present mill was built by ,j4 ,m4 ,martin in #aice and is still operating4 ,recycling ,materials ,dr4 ,william ,r4 ,ferris pointed out in ,mississippi ,folk ,architecture1 that 8salvaged0 items are common in folk structures4 ,items discarded as 8junk0 in non-folk culture become functional or decorative in folk culture4 ,a tour through the ,piney ,woods is a study in the art of recycling4 ,bed-springs become a garden gate4 ,prince ,albert tobacco cans decorate a flower bed1 rubber tires become planters1 styrofoam egg cartons become tulips4 ,materials are imaginatively transformed into new uses 7,figs4 #cc-cf74 ,conclusion ,folk architecture1 defined as traditional structures built by craftsmen with no formal training in architecture1 is disappearing4 ,it came from and belonged to people whose lives were closely bound to the soil4 ,today technology is continuing to alter the cultural landscape and the mobile house trailer1 the concrete-block structure1 the prefabricated house are the new folk structures4 ,illustration3 ,mississippi ,state ,historical ,museum ,transcriber's ,notes --,silently corrected a few typos4 --,retained publication information from the printed edition3 this e,book is public-domain in the country of publication4 --,in the text versions only1 text in italics is delimited by underscores4