,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics71 & text enclos$ by equal signs is 9 bold 7bold74 ,additional ,transcrib]'s ,notes are at ! end4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,f ,,an ,,easy ,,*air 99 99 99 99 99 ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or ,,ext9ct ,,animals ,by ,,sir ,e4 ,,ray ,,lanke/]1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,) a ,portrait ( ! ,au?or1 & #bah o!r ,illu/rations4 ,demy #hvo4 ,second ,edition1 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,nature4--8,we give ! book a he>ty welcome1 feel+ sure t its p]usal w draw _m "y recruits to ! army ( naturali/s1 & _m read]s to its pages40 ,,! ,,k+dom ,,( ,,man ,by ,,sir ,e4 ,,ray ,,lanke/]1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,) ab\t #fj ,illu/rations4 ,demy #hvo4 ,second ,edition4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,daily ,,news4--8,=ms "o ( ! mo/ /imulat+ & sugge/ive books ( rec5t times4 ,we feel t we _c praise x too highly40 ,,outlook4--8,?is fasc9at+ & inexp5sive book 444 9 :i* mu* k is imp>t$ 9 a mann] t attracts40 99 99 99 99 99 ,,f ,,an ,,easy ,,*air ,,by ,,sir ,,ray ,,lanke/]1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s4 8,! _w is s full ( a numb] ( ?+s1 ,i am sure we %\ld all be z happy z k+s40 ,r4 ,l4 ,,/ev5son ,illu/ration ,,london ,,ar*ibald ,,con/able ,,co41 ,,ltd4 #aiji 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ri*>d ,,clay ,,& ,,sons1 ,,limit$ ,,bread ,,/reet ,,hill1 ,e4,c41 ,,& ,,bungay1 ,,suffolk4 ,publi%$ ,octob]1 #aijh4 ,repr9t$ ,janu>y1 #aiji4 ,,preface ,?is little book is a reproduction1 ) "s em5dations1 ( articles :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,daily ,telegraph 9 ! six mon?s betwe5 ! beg9n+ ( la/ ,octob] & ! end ( ,april4 ,if x %\ld meet ) success1 fur!r collections ( ! same k9d w be publi%$ f "t to "t4 ,e4 ,r4 ,l4 ,augu/1 #aijh4 ,,cont5ts ,,page #a4 ,sci5ce & ! ,/udy ( ,nature #a #b4 ,! ,desire to ,"k ! ,_w ( ,nature #c #c4 ,sc>es & ,wond]s #e #d4 ,"w at ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute #i #e4 ,! ,sea ,s]p5t #aj #f4 ,giraffes & ! ,okapi #aa #g4 ,! ,great ,geologi/s ( ,la/ ,c5tury #ad #h4 ,exp]im5ts ) ,preci\s ,/ones #ai #i4 ,diamonds #bc #aj4 ,sci5ce & ,fi%]ies #bg #aa4 ,discov]ies z to ,mal>ia #bi #ab4 ,malta ,fev] #cd #ac4 ,a ,cure = ,sleep+ ,sickness #cf #ad4 ,tsetse-,flies & ,disease #ch #ae4 ,monkeys & ,fleas #da #af4 ,! ,jigg] ,flea #db #ag4 ,public ,e/imate ( ! ,value ( ,sci5ce #dc #ah4 ,! ,common ,h\se-fly & ,o!rs #de #ai4 ,c]ebral ,inhibition #dh #bj4 ,col\r-photography & ,photographs ( ,m>s #di #ba4 ,orig9 ( ,names by ,errors 9 ,copy+ #ej #bb4 ,false ,news z to ,ext9ct ,mon/]s #ea #bc4 ,mi/letoe & ,holly #eb #bd4 ,! ,cattle ,%[ #ee #be4 ,! ,exp]im5tal ,me?od #ei #bf4 ,hypnotism & an ,exp]im5t on ! ,influ5ce ( ! ,magnet #fj #bg4 ,lum9\s ,owls & ,o!r ,lum9\s ,animals & ,plants #fe #bh4 ,rem9isc5ces ( ,"l ,kelv9 #fh #bi4 ,! ,s-call$ ,j>gon ( ,sci5ce #gj #cj4 ,rats & ! ,plague #gc #ca4 ,anci5t ,temples & ,a/ronomy #gh #cb4 ,al*emi/s ( ,to-day & ,ye/]day #hd #cc4 ,a ,/ory ( ,%am ,diamonds & ,pe>ls #hh #cd4 ,! ,nature ( ,pe>ls #hi #ce4 ,a ,k+ ,:o 0 a ,zoologi/ #ic #cf4 ,! ,transmission to ,(fspr+ ( ,acquir$ ,qualities #ig #cg4 ,v>iation & ,selection ,among ,liv+ ,?+s #ajc #ch4 ,! ,movem5t1 ,gr[?1 & ,dw9dl+ ( ,glaci]s #ajh #ci4 ,votes = ,wom5 #aag #dj4 ,tobacco & ! ,hi/ory ( ,smok+ #abd #da4 ,cruelty1 ,pa91 & ,k #aca 99 99 99 99 99 ,,f ,,an ,,easy ,,*air #a4 ,sci5ce & ! ,/udy ( ,nature ,?is volume consi/s ( brief notes 9 pla9 language on a v>iety ( sci5tific matt]s4 ,i speak ( new discov]ies1 real or s-call$ by mi/ake2 ( old well-e/abli%$ facts & explanations ( /range occurr5ces :i* are m famili> to m5 ( sci5ce ?an to p :o h n _h ! "t & opportunity to asc]ta9 :at is1 & :at is n prov$ & kn[n ab\t ,nature & h] ways4 ,i d n address my read] f ! pr(essor's *air1 b f an easy *air4 ,j z 9 ! club or my fri5d's smok+-room1 ,i might talk ( ^! ?+s1 s d ,i propose to talk "h4 ,my hope is t :at ,i h to say w int]e/ ^? :o are n exp]ts 9 sci5ce1 & yet h a desire = tru/wor?y in=mation & op9ion on ! va/ v>iety ( topics :i* come up day by day = consid]ation & discussion1 & c only be expla9$ or rightly und]/ood by ! aid ( t sy/ematis$ k :i* is call$ sci5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sci5ce & ! sci5tific po9t ( view h a v wide1 inde$1 an unlimit$ range4 ,?\gh ! mak+ ( discov]ies ( real importance & ! full und]/&+ ( ! /eps by :i* !y are made involves1 z a rule1 long /udy & special tra9+1 yet !re is a va/ deal ( heal?y excitem5t & pleasure connect$ ) ! progress ( sci5ce1 9 :i* all c %>e by receiv+1 z x 71 messages f ! front4 ,by contribut+ true records & obs]vations ( fact :i* s]ve1 9 h[ev] small a way1 z ammunition & mat]ial ( w> = ! use ( ! fight+ l9e1 we c all help & take "p 9 ! advance ( sci5ce4 ,a great feature ( :at is call$ sci5ce is t x is true4 ,! actual result a*iev$ by sci5ce is ! record ( 8t :i* is0--x c be exam9$1 te/$1 & prov$4 ,b sci5ce does n m]ely collect accurate records ( fact4 ,9 ord] to discov] new ?+s1 new relations1 & hidd5 causes %e has to make use ( guesses & flights ( imag9ation4 ,! 8hypo!ses0 or guesses are n wild ones1 b reasonable suppositions bas$ on c>eful consid]ation ( exi/+ k4 ,!y are nev] mi/ak5 by tra9$ work]s 9 sci5ce = 8facts10 nor put =w>d z su*4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y are te/$ & s confirm$ or reject$ by exp]im5t or trial4 ,h5ce ! necessity ( accuracy 9 obs]vation = ! purposes ( sci5ce2 h5ce ! prov]bial 8sci5tific accuracy40 ,x is ( no use to =m a guess bas$ ^u errone\s /atem5ts4 ,x is m]e wa/e ( "t to accept & build !ories ^u loose wond]-mong]s' gossip4 ,&1 fur!r1 ! evid5ce :i* y obta9 9 ord] to confirm or dismiss y\r 8guess0 mu/ be equally beyond suspicion z to its accuracy4 ,x mu/ be an obs]vation ( fact free f prejudice & illusion4 ,y\r guess1 if prov$ to be true1 adds to ! solid record ( sci5ce new facts & new pro(s ( relation%ips1 :i* aga9 lead on ! imag9ation ( m5 ( sci5ce to new guesses1 & s to new confirmation or rejection1 & to ! gr[? ( ! va/ record ( accurate k4 ,to seek out 9 ! endless :irl+ complexity ( ?+s :i* surr\nd u 9 e>?1 sky1 & sea1 ! tru?1 ! k ( 8t :i* is10 ( ! relation ( ^! ?+s to "o ano!r z cause & effect & _! action & influ5ce on ourselves--?is is ! aim ( sci5ce4 ,to sub/itute real und]/&+ & ! p[] ( control ( ! surr\nd+ _w = ! mislead+ & cruelly h>mful conceptions exi/+ 9 ! m9ds ( simple unskill$ mank9d--?is is ! daily a*ievem5t ( sci5ce4 #b4 ,! ,desire to ,"k ! ,_w ( ,nature ,! practical value ( sci5ce 9 secur+ ! happ9ess ( human communities is n1 h[ev]1 ! reason :i* op]ates mo/ /rongly 9 excit+ m5 & wom5 to give !mselves to ! cultivation & improvem5t ( ?is or t bran* ( x4 ,a ri* bank] "o day 0 look+ r\nd ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum ) me4 ,x 0 8 fir/ visit4 ,aft] a "t he said1 8,x's v f9e6 wond]ful6 ,b :at's x all =8 ,:]e does ! money come 98 ,t's :at ,i c't und]/&4 ,:y does ! ,gov]nm5t sp5d money on ?is if x don't lead to mak+ money80 ,i tri$ to conv9ce him t !re exi/s 9 u all a div9e 8curiosity10 a desire to "k reg>dless ( pr(it or loss1 a ?ir/ :i* we may cultivate & satisfy1 9 ! full assurance t :il/ its satisfaction is a delight 9 itself1 we are all ! :ile fulfill+ ! de/9y ( man1 help+ 9 ! conque/ ( ,nature4 ,my fri5d _h app>5tly lo/ t in/9ctive ?ir/ :i* is ! prim>y impulse to ! pursuit ( sci5ce1 t capacity = pleasure :i* ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son truly notes 9 ! words ( ! *ild ( 8 8,g>l& ( ,v]se03 8,! _w is s full ( a numb] ( ?+s1 ,i am sure we %\ld all be z happy z k+s60 ,! exi/5ce ( t little *ild & ( numb]less 8gr[n-ups0 :o h become or h nev] ceas$ to be1 9 ?is matt]1 ev5 z he1 is ! reason :y sci5ce has its help]s & work]s ( all ranks1 & x is ( !m t ,i *iefly ?9k 9 writ+ ^! notes4 ,at a d9n] ( ! ,savage ,club a ye> or s ago my fri5d ,dr4 ,nans51 ! ,norwegian ,m9i/]1 quot$ "s l9es f a ,sc&9avian poet1 :i* he translat$ some:at z foll[s3 8,z y j\rney ?r\gh life d n g too fa/1 d n press on bl9dly2 !re are s _m beautiful ?+s by ! way4 ,turn y\r head1 /ay a few m9utes4 ,leave ! du/y road4 ,take 9 & enjoy ! wond]s & delights :i* are at y\r feet40 ,motori/s1 please take note6 ,= ^? :o c ent] m ?or\ghly into ! pursuit ( sci5ce !re are ev5 great] joys4 ,to ! v few !re is ! privilege n m]ely ( realis+ well-e/abli%$ tru?s1 & ( p]haps assi/+ 9 secur+ _! f\ndations or ext5d+ _! application1 b ( discov]+ va/ unexplor$ regions1 new possibilities1 new revelations ( ! unfa?om$ dep?s ( ,nature's work+s4 ,?\gh few c hope to be lead]s 9 ^! en?rall+ adv5tures1 yet we c be close to ^? :o are1 &1 hold+ _! h&s1 sympa?ise ) _! s\l's vision4 8,!n felt ,i l "s wat*] f ! skies1 ,or ! /\t ,cortes1 :51 ) eagle eyes1 ,he />$ at ! ,pacific4444 ,sil5t1 ^u a peak 9 ,d>i540 ,su* a "o ne$ h none ( ! conv5tional sett+ ( romantic ent]prise4 ,he may be /&+ be=e a mu*-/a9$ table1 cov]$ ) bottles1 9 an atmosph]e ( acrid fumes1 ) a te/-tube 9 8 h&1 or he may be j rais+ 8 head ) a f>-(f gaze1 z he sits1 b5t o'er a microscope1 9 ,london4 #c4 ,sc>es & ,wond]s ,!re are c]ta9 subjects :i* come )9 my k5 ^u :i* p>agraphs are publi%$ 9 ! pap]s ne>ly e o!r day ( a wildly romantic & mislead+ "*4 ,^! subjects may be classifi$ z3 7#a7 ,liv+ & ext9ct mon/]s4 7#b7 ,cures = canc] & tub]cle4 7#c7 ,unsuspect$ dang]s ( infection by disease-g]ms4 ,x w\ld h>dly be pleasant = me to quote ^! p>agraphs 9 ord] to d5y _! /atem5ts4 ,!y are (t5 head$1 8,= ! ,little ,ones10 or 8,f a ,=eign ,correspond5t40 ,! old-e/abli%$ & bett] title = su* ann\ncem5ts is 8,= ! ,m>9es40 ,i %all endeav\r to m5tion z !y occur to me1 among o!r ?+s1 new & duly-c]tifi$ facts relat+ to mon/]s1 & to ! inve/igation ( disease4 ,) ref]5ce to reports :i* h be5 s]i\sly put =w>d dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 ,i may say t ! alleg$ discov]y ( a mammo? 9 ,nor? ,am]ica #ga;ft4 long & #dj;ft4 tall is nons5se4 ,9 ! ann\ncem5t to :i* ,i allude1 ! measurem5ts h be5 alt]$ f "s orig9al & m correct /atem5t & made to appe> a/oni%+ by error or design4 ,no new facts ( importance be>+ ^u ! treatm5t ( ei!r canc] or tub]cle h be5 lately discov]$ :i* c be expla9$ to ! g5]al public4 ,"w is proce$+ nev]!less4 ,no new s\rce ( dang] f disease-g]ms has be5 detect$ s9ce ?is "t la/ ye>4 ,x is true t ! du/ 9 railway c>riages1 & especially 9 sleep+-c>s1 :i* are n prop]ly clean$ e day aft] occupation by travell]s1 is full ( microbes1 &1 l ! du/ ( rooms :i* h be5 cr[d$ by human be+s1 may be a s\rce ( disease infection4 ,! rem$y = ?is is c>eful cleans+ aft] ea* j\rney1 & a special con/ruction ( ! c>s l a til$ ba?-room1 s z to avoid ! accumulation ( dirt4 ,at pres5t ?is is1 & long has be51 neglect$4 ,ano!r s]i\s & m rec5t dang] is t aris+ f ! cr[d+ ( pass5g]s 9 und]gr\nd railway tubes4 ,bo? 9 ,p>is & ,london ?is has be5 recognis$ z a real & press+ dang]4 ,tr\ble has be5 giv5 by ! du/ rais$ 9 ! ,p>is ,tube1 b ! dang] caus$ by du/ has be5 avoid$ 9 ,london4 ,x is a def9itely-asc]ta9$ fact t _m bact]ia1 includ+ disease-produc+ k9ds1 are rapidly kill$ by exposure to /rong sunlight4 ,h5ce und]gr\nd tubes & ! *9ks & recesses ( railway c>riages are m liable to h>b\r disease-g]ms ?an ! op5-air roadways & ! c>riages :i* ply on !m4 ,great cleanl9ess & ! use ( g]micide wa%+ fluids are ! obvi\s precautions to be tak5 9 ! abs5ce ( sunlight4 ,z to mammo?s & elephants--! =m] is a misspell+ ( ! ^w 8mammont10 ! "n giv5 by ! natives ( ,nor!rn ,sib]ia to ! ext9ct elephant1 hairy1 b o!rwise closely simil> to ! ,indian elephant1 :i* )9 ! p]iod ( prehi/oric man 7#ej1jjj to #aej1jjj ye>s7 0 abundant ov] ! :ole ( ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e4 ,mammo?s' tusks 7ivory7 are /ill l>gely import$ f ,sib]ia4 ,! bigge/ ,african elephant may1 p]haps1 /& #ac;ft4 at ! %\ld]4 ,no mammo? or o!r ext9ct elephant seems to h exce$$ ?is4 ,! /uff$ ,african elephant 9 ,cromwell road measures #aa;ft4 #b;94 at ! %\ld]4 ,mr4 ,c>negie's great ext9ct reptile ,diplodocus is only #ab;ft4 #i;94 f ! gr\nd at ! highe/ "p ( its back4 ,! bigge/ tusk ( a rec5t elephant ev] se5 0 b\ght by me = ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum sev5 ye>s ago4 ,x weighs #bbhlb41 & measures #aj;ft4 #b;94 along ! curve4 ,x 0 recognis$ ?ree ye>s ago by ,mr4 ,jephson 7"o ( ,/anley's companions7 z "o ( a pair :i* he _h weigh$ 9 ,c5tral ,africa4 ,x 0 9 ! possession ( ,em9 ,pa%a :5 t un=tunate g5tleman 0 8rescu$0 by ,/anley & ,jephson4 ,aft] ! subsequ5t assass9ation ( ,em91 8 ivory treasure f\nd its way to ,zanzib>1 & ?is tusk be+ "p ( x1 0 sold & br\ght to ,london4 ,a real new mon/] ( great size is ! c>nivor\s reptile describ$ by ,pr(essor ,osborne1 ( ,new ,york1 z ,tyrannosaurus4 ,!re is no mi/ake or exagg]ation ab\t ?is report4 ,! specim5 is 9 ! ,new ,york ,museum1 & has be5 describ$ 9 detail & drawn to scale by ,pr(essor ,osborne4 ,! skeleton /&s up l t ( a huge bird or a kang>oo on ! two h9d legs--z does t ( ! veget>ian reptile ,iguanodon4 ,! ,iguanodon & ! ,tyrannosaurus are ( ab\t ! same height1 namely #ag;ft4 ,b ! new mon/] has enorm\s tig]-l tee?1 twelve on ea* side ( ! jaw1 above & bel[1 & ! jaws are ?ree feet long1 :il/ ! :ole head is broad & %ort4 ,iguanodon1 on ! o!r h&1 has be5 long kn[n f ,engli% & ,belgian rocks1 & c be se5 9 ,cromwell ,road4 ,x has a beak l a tortoise1 & ! small tee? ( a vegetable-fe$]4 ,bo? animals _h v %ort front limbs or arms1 b 9 ,tyrannosaurus ^! are really ridicul\sly out ( proportion1 accord+ to m famili> /&>ds1 = ! :ole arm is n bigg] ?an "o ( ! toes ( ! h9d foot4 ,?is new giant c>nivor\s reptile is f\nd 9 rocks ( ! same age z our gre5s& & *alk 9 ,wyom+1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,x prey$ ^u huge vegetable-eat+ reptiles1 ! rema9s ( :i* are f\nd 9 ! same /rata1 & h be5 recon/ruct$4 ,! m]e size ( ^! ext9ct reptiles is a v natural cause ( wond] & admiration4 ,at ! same "t1 x is well to rememb] t ! body ( ! l>ge/ ,african elephant is z big1 or v ne>ly z big1 z ! body ( ! bigge/ ( ^! ext9ct reptiles4 ,"s ( ^! giant ext9ct reptiles _h v long tails & necks1 :i* ! elephant _c boa/4 ,no ext9ct animal is kn[n :i* approa*es 9 bulk ! great :ales ( v>i\s k9ds at pres5t inhabit+ ! sea4 ,! /rik+ ?+ ab\t _m huge ext9ct animals is t !y are repres5t$ to-day by simil>ly con/ruct$ animals ( mu* small] size4 ,?us we "k giant ext9ct slo?s1 :i* contra/ /rangely ) ! small liv+ slo?s ( to-day1 giant ext9ct rat-l animals & giant ext9ct kang>oos f> exce$+ ! bulk ( liv+ rats & kang>oos4 ,b x is di/9ctly n true t all rec5t animals are deg5]ate & small z comp>$ ) ext9ct relat$ k9ds4 ,! mod]n horse is f> l>g] ?an its ext9ct ance/ors1 :i* we c trace back 9 a gradual dim9i%+ s]ies to a little bea/ no bigg] ?an a spaniel4 ,s1 too1 ! e>lie/ elephants kn[n are q small creatures4 ,! int]e/+ po9t ab\t ext9ct animals is really n s mu* t !y 7 (t5 l>ge ( _! k9d1 b t !y are (t5 ( k9ds q unkn[n at ! pres5t day among liv+ animals4 ,on ! o!r h& sometimes 7b by no means always7 !y c be %[n to be connect$ z ance/ors to liv+ animals by a s]ies ( int]m$iate =ms4 ,! rema9s ( ! connect+ =ms are f\nd emb$d$ 9 successive rock-/rata1 int]m$iate 9 age betwe5 ! pres5t day & ! remote p]iod :5 ! e>lie/ memb]s ( ! s]ies 7 alive & fl\ri%+--& we c foll[ out 9 _m in/ances 7= example1 9 ! p$igree ( ! horse1 & aga9 ( ! elephant7 ! gradual b v ext5sive *anges by :i* ! desc5dants ( a long ext9ct k9d ( animal h be5 8trans=m$0 into mod]n rec5t animals1 famili> to u4 #d4 ,"w at ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute ,pr(essor ,elias ,mets*nik(f 0 busy1 :5 ,i saw him at ! ,in/itut ,pa/eur 9 ,p>is la/ ,septemb]1 ) an exp]im5tal inve/igation ( 8app5dicitis40 ,he f9ds t *impanzees c exhibit ?is disease1 & he is l$ by exp]im5ts on ^? animals to believe t a gas-produc+ micro-organism--! bacillus arog5icus--already kn[n z occurr+ 9 ! human inte/9e--is especially active 9 excit+ ! disease4 ,p>asitic worms or o!r =eign bodies mu/ fir/ w\nd ! delicate l9+ ( ! app5dix be=e ! virul5t gas-=m+ bacillus c p5etrate & />t inflammation & abscess4 ,mets*nik(f 0 also inve/igat+ a disease ( tropical regions1 kn[n z 8! ,yaws40 ,mo/ p w\ld imag9e t ?is "n ref]s to a disease l ! gapes1 b x is q diff]5t1 be+ an ulc]ation ( ! sk9 caus$ by a spirillum4 ,spirilla--corkscrew-l ?reads ( excessive m9ut5ess--are p>asitic organisms1 l bact]ia1 bacilli1 & micrococci4 ,!y are ( diff]5t k9ds--"s h>mless1 "s deadly4 ,"o is common 9 ! m\? ( ! heal?ie/ ( u--ano!r causes "o ( our mo/ t]rible diseases4 ,!y c be di/+ui%$ by ! microscope1 ?\gh mu* alike4 ,:at microscopi/s call 8d>k-gr\nd illum9ation0--t is1 illum9ation by horizontal rays ( light1 obta9$ by a prism atta*$ bel[ ! glass slip on :i* ! object is plac$ = exam9ation ) ! microscope1 has be5 f\nd at ! ,in/itut ,pa/eur to be a v ready way ( %[+ ! spirilla 9 fre% blood or sputum4 ,! spirilla are alive1 & are se5 :5 highly magnifi$1 %oot+ rapidly across ! field ( view ) a corkscrew action1 l brilliant silv] ?reads4 ,! detection ( ! microbe :i* causes an infective disease1 is (t5 ! fir/ /ep to ! control ( ! disease1 or to k :i* enables man to avoid ! disease altoge!r4 ,"s /rik+ examples ( ?is h occurr$ ( late ye>s4 #e4 ,! ,sea ,s]p5t ,! sea-s]p5t r>ely puts 9 an appe>ance n[1 ?\gh a ,corni% 8manife/ation0 0 report$ la/ ye>4 ,a rec5t acc\nt ( a /range m>9e mon/]1 decl>$ by "s to be1 ( c\rse1 ! sea-s]p5t1 se5 b to disappe>1 0 t giv5 by ,"l ,craw=d's companions two ye>s ago4 ,9 t case1 & 9 o!rs 9 :i* a huge f9-l /ructure1 support$ by f9-rays1 has be5 se5 project+ f ! my/]i\s animal1 x is n improbable t :at 0 se5 0 a l>ge seal ( ! 8e>$0 k9d1 rais+ "o ( its long1 webb$ h9d-feet f ! wat]1 a trick :i* "s ( !m are kn[n to h4 ,o!r reput$ sea-s]p5ts h be51 9 reality1 a s*ool ( porpoises1 or a l9e-l flight ( sea-birds1 or a mass ( seawe$1 or a :ale 9 association ) "o or o!r ( ^!--or1 aga91 a real m>9e snake #e;ft4 long 7su* are well kn[n & v poison\s71 or a ribbon-fi% #ab;ft4 long4 ,!re is 8no reason :y !re %\ld n be0 a huge & seldom-se5 k9d ( animal liv+ 9 ! sea--l a s]p5t 9 appe>ance4 ,no "o c say1 z ! result ( obs]vation1 t !re is n1 s9ce no "o has ?or\ghly explor$ ! d>k1 unfa?om$ dep?s ( ocean4 ,yet we ga9 v little :5 we h admitt$ our ignorance1 & agre$ t !re is no reason :y some?+ %\ld n be4 ,! real "q is1 8,does ! ?+ 9 "q exi/80 n 8,c\ld x possibly exi/80 ,does ! great sea-s]p5t exi/8 ,! answ] to t is1 ,!re is n mu* evid5ce to %[ t x does4 ,mo/ p]sons :o h look$ into ! matt] w\ld be will+ to bet #ajj1jjj to #a aga9/ its be+ captur$1 dead or alive1 & br\ght be=e ! ,royal ,society )9 t5 ye>s' "t4 ,unless x be s captur$ & 8tabl$0 x matt]s v little :e!r x exi/s or n4 ,x mu/ be 8discov]$0 9 ord] to become really int]e/+4 #f4 ,giraffes & ! ,okapi ,! baby giraffe at ! g>d5s 9 ! ,reg5t's ,p>k is a mo/ int]e/+ & beautiful creature4 ,9 t respect %e only resembles on a small scale h] gr[n-up relatives4 ,next to elephants1 giraffes take prec$5ce = /rang5ess1 beauty1 & impos+ size4 ,c]ta9ly !y h done s ) me ev] s9ce ,i turn$ "o ,sunday aft]noon long ago f ! great novelty ( ! day1 ! fir/ hippopotamus s5t f ,egypt1 r\nd :om ! _w ( fa%ion 0 cr[d+1 & gaz$ into ! beautiful eyes t hung ov] me1 support$ by a gracefully-curv+ neck4 ,my t5d] reg>d = ! beautiful creature 0 n %ak5 ev5 :5 ,i felt a sudd5 j]k to ! ela/ic b& pass+ "u my *9 & saw my new ,leghorn /raw hat1 ) its ornam5tal bun* ( ,egyptian :eat & broad p9k ribbon1 disappe> betwe5 ! lips ( ! beauty4 ,a sl[ "r & left movem5t ( ! jaw foll[$1 accompani$ by a tranquil k9dly look sugge/ive ( a desire = m4 ,t 0 "o ( ! old /ock ( ,reg5t's ,p>k giraffes1 :o br$ freely at ! g>d5s & made money = ! society4 ,!y di$ out ?irty ye>s ago or m4 ,f "t to "t s9ce !n !re h be5 "o or two mis-%ap5 giraffes 9 ,london1 b !y did n eat *ildr5's hats nor produce "y ( _! own4 ,a new dyna/y ( ,kord(an giraffes has n[ arriv$1 & a bett] _s prevails4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ ?+ ab\t ! giraffe is ! okapi4 ,! rem>k s\nds absurd1 b x is true4 ,! okapi is ! new animal f ! ,congo =e/ ( ,c5tral ,africa1 discov]$ 9 #aija by ,sir ,h>ry ,john/on4 ,x is z big z a v l>ge /ag1 has a neck l a de]1 & is /rip$ on ! haun*es & legs1 n spott$ z is ! giraffe4 ,yet its tee? & its horns prove x to be a close ally1 n ( de]1 b ( ! giraffe4 ,any po9ts ( agreem5t betwe5 giraffes & ! okapi are1 !re=e1 important4 ,i h exam9$ ! baby giraffe at ! ,zoo1 & f9d t %e has /ripe-l b&s ( hair on ! face & on o!r p>ts ( ! head4 ,bo? h] fa!r & "m are f ,kord(an1 & h "s six or sev5 /rongly-m>k$ b&s ( d>k hair ov] ! eyes & on ! muzzle4 ,x is important to note any col\r-/rip+ 9 ! giraffe's sk91 s9ce ! giraffe's col\r-m>k+s are mo/ly 9 ! =m ( great spots1 :il/ ! okapi is only m>k$ by /ripes or b&s some?+ l ^? ( a zebra1 b conf9$ to ! haun*es & ! legs1 ! re/ ( ! body be+ d>k br[n4 ,! t5d5cy to develop col\r /ripes 9 ! giraffe is important1 s9ce x %[s u t ! /ripes d n sep>ate ! okapi absolutely f ! camelop>d2 !y are a common possession or possibility ( ! two animals4 ,x 0 my exam9ation ( a half-bro!r ( ! little giraffe n[ alive at ! ,g>d5s :i* l$ to ! discov]y ( /rip+ on ! head & face ( giraffes4 ,! "m 9 t case _h di$ be=e ! bir? ( h] "y "o1 & ! dead calf 0 giv5 to me by ! secret>y ( ! ,zoological ,society4 ,sixty-eight ye>s ago ,sir ,ri*>d 7!n ,pr(essor7 ,ow5 receiv$ a new-born giraffe f ! ,g>d5s1 & report$ on x to ! ,zoological ,society4 ,no "o _h exam9$ "o s9ce t date2 none 7 obta9able f ! ,zoo1 & ,i c\ld get none f ,african travell]s & sportsm51 9 spite ( urg5t reque/s4 ,i 0 accord+ly greatly pleas$ to secure "o f ! ,london ,g>d5s4 ,a great peculi>ity ( ! "y giraffe is t x is born ) a pair ( well-gr[n horns1 ne>ly an in* long1 & cov]$ ) co>se black hair4 ,no o!r horn-be>+ mammal--no antelope1 buffalo1 ox1 %eep1 goat1 /ag1 or o!r de]--is born ) horns1 s f> z we "k1 & we "k a good _m ( ^! animals well4 ,be=e bir? ! "y giraffe's horns are flat f back to front1 & q s(t & flexible4 ,!y c be press$ backw>ds1 s z to be made to lie flat on ! head4 ,directly aft] bir? a h>d1 bony deposit comm5ces inside ! horn1 & aft] "s ye>s' gr[? x becomes firmly fus$ to ! skull4 ,b ! h>d bony core nev] breaks ?r\gh ! hairy sk9 :i* cov]s x4 ,! bony core ( ! okapi's pair ( horns1 on ! contr>y1 does 8cut0 or break ?r\gh ! sk91 expos+ a %>p1 h>d po9t1 a qu>t] ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,9 ! de] tribe1 z ev]yone kn[s1 ! po9t ( ! bony horn-core spreads out z a l>ge1 bran*+ gr[? f :i* all cov]+ is %$1 & =ms ! 8antl]40 ,! de] tribe %$ ! antl]s e ye> f ! top ( ! horn-core1 & gr[ a new & l>g] pair to take ! place ( ! old ones4 ,moreov]1 9 !m ! horn-core itself is a /em-l upgr[? ( ! bone ( ! skull 7( ! frontal bone74 ,9 ! okapi & ! giraffe ! horn-core is a sep>ate bone1 free at fir/ & fus+ ) ! skull only :5 ! adult condition is rea*$4 ,! little antl]s or b>e-po9ts ( ! okapi's horn-cones or cores seem to be %$ 9 segm5ts z gr[? goes on1 & are only m9ute ?+s comp>$ ) ! antl]s ( /ags4 ,! giraffe's horns1 on ! o!r h&1 always rema9 cov]$ by sk9 & hair & h a broad1 r\nd$ top1 n a %>p po9t4 ,! real cl9*+ feature 9 ! okapi & giraffe :i* decides at once _! close aff9ity to "o ano!r is f\nd 9 ! out] too? on ea* side ( ! gr\p ( eight tee? plac$ 9 ! front ( ! l[] jaw4 ,9 bo? ?is p>ticul> too? has a broad1 *isel-l cr[n1 divid$ into two portions by a deep v]tical slit4 ,none ( ! o!r ungulate or ho($ animals h ?is v curi\s %ape ( too?4 ,x is a sort ( family 8m>k0 or 8feature0 9 okapis & giraffes1 z may be se5 9 specim5s %[n 9 ! gall]y ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum1 :]e we h n[ no less ?an ?ree f9e1 well-/uff$ okapis & sev]al v>ieties ( giraffe4 #g4 ,! ,great ,geologi/s ( ,la/ ,c5tury ,! c5t5>y ( ! f\ndation ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,london1 celebrat$ la/ ye>1 0 a g5u9e fe/ival 9 ! sci5tific _w4 ,?\gh geology _h its tea*]s & se>*]s be=e #ahjg 7,hutton & ,w]n]1 & ! ,neptunian & ,plutonic s*ools1 ) _! !ories z to ! orig9 ( rocks on ! "o h& by m>9e deposit1 or on ! o!r by igne\s ag5cy1 fl\ri%$ be=e t date71 yet x is true t ! adequate conception ( ! problems ( geology & ! prop] use ( accurate obs]vations & ( judici\s !ory bas$ on ^? obs]vations1 9 relation to ! problems ( geology1 co9cid$ ) ! f\ndation ( ! society4 ,x 0 n ! fir/ 8special0 sci5tific society f\nd$ 9 ,london2 !re 0 already ! ,l9nean ,society 7f\nd$ 9 #aghh7 = ! cultivation ( zoology & botany4 ,yet x incurr$ ! displeasure ( ! wor?y presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society1 ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 :o at fir/ jo9$ x1 & !n )drew f x1 :51 9 #ahji1 x ceas$ to be a d9+-club1 meet+ at a ,london tav]n1 & acquir$ rooms ( its own at ,no4 #d1 ,g>d5-c\rt1 ,temple4 ,app>5tly !re 0 a notion 9 ^? days t ! 8,royal ,society = ! promotion ( ,natural ,k10 f\nd$ 9 #affb1 %\ld ex]cise a sort ( pat]nal control ov] any society =m$ = ! special promotion ( "o bran* ( sci5ce4 ,indep5d5ce has1 h[ev]1 be5 f\nd to be ! heal?ie/ condition1 & we n[ h n only ! ,l9nean & ! ,geological1 b ! ,zoological1 ! ,*emical1 & ! ,physical ,societies1 vigor\s & important corporations1 publi%+ _! 8,transactions10 & meet+ = discussion4 ,!re is1 x is true1 a dang] t ! ,royal ,society may be left ev5tually1 ow+ to ^! indep5d5t e/abli%m5ts1 9 ! sole possession & control ( ! doctors & ! eng9e]s4 ,x is a curi\s fact t ! ^w 8physiology10 :i* 9 ,cic]o's "t 7he says 8,physiologia natur ratio07 & 9 ! ,middle ,ages meant :at we n[ call 8natural hi/ory10 has be5 ab&on$ by o!r sci5ces1 & appropriat$ by ! m$ical m54 ,9 ,engl&1 b n abroad1 ! doctors h ev5 usurp$ ! words 8physician0 & 8physic40 ,9 ,france1 on ! contr>y1 & m correctly1 ,"l ,rayleigh & ,sir ,william ,crooks are call$ di/+ui%$ 8physicians10 & ! !ory ( ! lum9if]\s e!r is 8physic40 ,! ,geological ,society issu$ its fir/ volume ( ,transactions 9 #ahaa4 ,! orig9 ( ! society is !re /at$ to be due to 8! desire ( its f\nd]s to communicate to ea* o!r ! results ( _! obs]vations1 & to exam9e h[ f> ! op9ions ma9ta9$ by ! writ]s on geology are 9 con=mity ) ! facts pres5t$ by nature40 ,a m exact & intelligible /atem5t ( ! attitude ( sci5tific m51 !n & n[1 c\ld n be =mulat$4 ,!re are few1 if any1 among u n[ :o knew _m ( ! orig9al memb]s ( ! ,geological ,society1 b ,i rememb] meet+1 :5 ,i 0 a y\?1 ,leon>d ,horn]1 ! fir/ secret>y ( ! society1 & fa!r-9-law ( ,sir ,*>les ,lyell4 ,i also knew ,dr4 ,pet] ,m>k ,roget1 an orig9al memb]1 :o 0 ! olde/ fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society :5 he di$ 9 #ahfi4 ,sir ,h5ry ,holl&1 ! fa!r ( ! pres5t ,"l ,knuts=d1 became a memb] 9 #ahji1 & publi%$ a pap] on ! rock-salt di/rict 9 ! fir/ volume4 ,he 0 an em95t m$ical man1 & a great travell]4 ,he wrote1 among/ o!r ?+s1 ^u ! turquoise m9es ( ,p]sia & ^u longevity4 ,he 0 a fri5d ( my fa!r's1 & ,i _h ! advantage ( talk+ ! latt] subject ov] ) him be=e ,i wrote a little book on 8,comp>ative ,longevity0 9 #ahfi4 ,x 0 n until #ahbe t ! ,geological ,society obta9$ a *>t]1 & 0 incorporat$4 ,two great names appe> 9 ! fir/ c\ncil ( ! newly-incorporat$ society--,mur*ison & ,lyell4 ,mur*ison became ! ,director ( ! ,geological ,survey1 & z 8,sir ,rod]ick0 0 a famili> & picturesque figure 9 ! sci5tific _w ( ! second & ?ird qu>t]s ( la/ c5tury4 ,he wore an ,inv]ness cape & a tall hat ) a l>ge & mu*-curl$ brim1 an old-fa%ion$ /ock1 & a tail-coat4 ,9 8 h& he always grasp$ a l>ge1 h&some cane1 ) :i* he express$ 8 applause dur+ ! discussions at ! society1 or emphasis$ 8 own rem>ks4 ,he 0 fond ( allud+ to himself z 8an old soldi] ( ! hamm]10 & almo/ always ent]$ into a discussion ) ^! words1 8,x is n[1 sir1 a qu>t] ( a c5tury s9ce1 9 company ) my illu/ri\s fri5d1 ,sir ,somebody ,some?+1 ,i _h ! privilege & pleasure ( %[+ t0--:atev] x might be4 ,discussions at ! ,geological 9 ! sixties & sev5ties 7 real1 animat$1 almo/ viol5t discussions4 ,i ne$ h>dly say t !y 7 p]fectly delightful4 ,godw9 ,au/5 0 a f9e1 incisive speak]1 :o seem$ ready to back 8 /atem5ts & views ) 8 fi/s1 if ne$ be4 ,lyell1 ! greate/ ( all1 0 mo/ mode/1 & almo/ timid 9 press+ an op9ion1 b full ( p]sonal exp]i5ce & m9ute k ( facts4 ,john ,phillips1 ! nephew ( ! fa!r ( ,engli% geology1 ,william ,smi?1 0 melliflu\s & p]suasive2 ,jukes1 robu/ & defiant2 ,huxley 7secret>y & !n presid5t71 cle>1 tr5*ant1 & uncompromis+4 ,i rememb] an occasion :5 ,sir ,rod]ick1 ) te>s 9 8 voice1 if n 9 8 eyes1 decl>$ he w\ld n /ay 9 ! room to he> t fossil fi%es 7 discov]$ 9 8 own special doma9--! ,silurian rocks1 :]e he _h long s9ce %[n t !y did n occur--& he left ! meet+4 ,_m ,silurian fi%es h n[ be5 f\nd1 b we all lov$ ,sir ,rod]ick = ! he>t & feel+ :i* he ?rew into 8 "w & 8 public utt]ances4 ,! aim ( geology is to describe accurately ! long succession ( *anges 9 ! cru/ ( 8?is cool+ c9d]10 ! e>?1 & to assign !m 9 an ord]ly way to _! causes4 ,h5ce1 x calls ^u ne>ly all o!r bran*es ( sci5ce = help--a/ronomy1 physics1 *emi/ry1 m9]alogy1 botany1 & zoology4 ,at ! same "t1 x is ess5tially a recreative pursuit1 =1 z ,mr4 ,horace ,woodw>d says 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,london--publi%$ by ! society--8! fulness ( ! sci5ce c nev] be atta9$ )\t ! vivify+ influ5ce ( m\nta9 & moor1 ( valley & sea coa/40 ,x is ow+ to ?is t ! soldi]s ( ! hamm]1 f ,mur*ison1 ,s$gwick1 ,lyell1 ,ramsay1 ,e!ridge1 ,salt]1 onw>ds to ! pres5t g5]ation ( 8/one-crack]s10 are among/ ! happie/1 mo/ g5ial1 & m5tally al]t ( our m5 ( sci5ce4 ,t ^w 8/one-crack]0 ,i take f a lett] address$ to me :5 ,i 0 a boy ( twelve by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,s4 ,h5sl[1 ,pr(essor ( ,m9]alogy & lat] ( ,botany at ,cambridge1 f\nd]1 ) ,adam ,s$gwick1 ! great ,woodw>dian ,pr(essor ( ,geology1 ( ! n[ fl\ri%+ ,cambridge ,philosophical ,society1 & ! tea*]1 guide1 & fateful fri5d ( ,*>les ,d>w94 ,x 0 he :o s5t ,d>w9 on ! voyage ( ! ,beagle4 ,i _h met ?is wond]ful old naturali/ at ,felix/[e :5 explor+ ! m>%es = r>e plants & insects ) my fa!r4 ,my fa!r 0 a fir/-rate man at a c\ntry walk1 & c\ld tell y all ! "t ab\t ! fl[]s1 flies1 /ones1 & bones y might enc\nt]4 ,b ,h5sl[ surpass$ him4 ,i rememb] to ?is day ne>ly e ^w ,h5sl[ said1 & ev]y?+ he did on t memorable aft]noon ne>ly fifty ye>s ago4 ,among/ o!r ?+s he expla9$ h[ ! r\gh fl9t implem5ts rec5tly discov]$ 9 riv] gravels--prov+ man's great antiquity--c\ld be %[n to owe _! %ape to bl[s1 ea* bl[ caus+ a 8con*oidal0 fracture4 ,& he /ruck ) 8 hamm] "s v l>ge fl9ts :i* 7 ly+ 9 a heap 9 ! mead[1 & produc$ ! mo/ p]fect dome-l brok5 surface or bulb ( p]cussion4 ,he promis$ to give me a real paloli?ic fl9t implem5t & also a geological hamm]4 ,! lett] :i* rea*$ me lat] 9 ,london ran z foll[s3 8,de> incipi5t ,/onecrack]--,enclos$ y w f9d a draft = #ajs4 ) :i*1 at ! %op 9 ,newgate-/reet1 y c obta9 a geological hamm] id5tical 9 all respects ) my own4444 ,9 a sep>ate p>cel ,i s5d y a fl9t implem5t :i* ,i obta9$ myself 9 ! gravel pit at ,/4 ,a*euil44440 ,! hamm]1 ! fl9t-axe1 & ! lett] are to ?is day treasur$ ) deep affection & rev]5ce = ! giv]1 by ! boy :o 0 ?us s k9dly initiat$ 9 ! 8art & my/]y0 ( ,/one-crack]s4 ,h5sl[ di$ 9 #ahfa at ! age ( #fe4 ,8 daught] 0 ! fir/ wife ( ,sir ,joseph ,hook]1 ! great botani/ & travell]1 :o celebrat$ 8 n9etie? bir?day 9 ,july1 #aijg1 & is /ill 9 full m5tal & bodily heal? & vig\r4 #h4 ,exp]im5ts ) ,preci\s ,/ones ,a man ( sci5ce _c say a ^w ab\t exp]im5ts ) preci\s /ones n[adays1 b he is liable to be misund]/ood & repres5t$ z hav+ discov]$ h[ to make valuable gems out ( dirt1 or ( enorm\s size1 & 9 va/ quantity4 ,la/ ye> ! production ( a few small cry/als by ! electrical decomposition ( bisulphide ( c>bon 0 ann\nc$ z some?+ to affect ! /ock m>ket in/ead ( z a matt] ( int]e/ to a few le>n$ *emi/s4 ,! cry/als 7 suppos$--errone\sly z x turn$ out--to be diamond4 ,we 7 also gravely told t a compet5t ,fr5* *emi/ _h discov]$1 & t ! di/+ui%$ geologi/1 ,pr(essor ,lapp>5t1 _h communicat$ ! fact to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 t ! radiation ( radium act+ on 8cor9don10 or1 z we %\ld pref] to write x 9 ,engl&1 8corundum0--a base1 dull1 col\rless cry/al--conv]ts t dull sub/ance into sapphires1 rubies1 em]alds1 & topazes--& t ! deal]s atte/ ! value ( ! preci\s /ones s produc$4 ,?is is really great nons5se1 & arises f a little confusion 9 ! use ( ! names ( preci\s /ones1 & ignorance ( :at ! sub/ances indicat$ by ^? names are--defects :i* we _c attribute to ! ,fr5* *emi/1 b mu/ suppose to h 8crept 90 to ! reports :i* cross$ ! ,*annel4 ,corundum is a col\rless cry/al1 opaque or transluc5t4 ,9 *emical composition x is ! oxide ( alum9ium--/&+ 9 ! same relation to t light1 :ite metal z ru/ or hematite ore does to ! metal iron4 ,x w\ld n be at all a/\nd+ if by simple treatm5t we c\ld conv]t corundum into sapphire or into ruby1 s9ce sapphire & ruby h precisely ! same *emical con/itution z corundum--are1 9 fact1 only col\r$ v>ieties ( corundum4 ,sapphire is blue1 transp>5t corundum2 gre5 & yell[ 8sapphires0 are also common4 ,! ,ori5tal ruby is simil>ly only r$1 transp>5t corundum--l x only oxide ( alum9ium or alum9a4 ,diamonds are pure cry/all9e transp>5t c>bon4 ,commonly !y are col\rless & transp>5t1 b are sometimes black or :ite & opaque4 ,transp>5t diamonds are (t5 f\nd ( a /raw col\r1 r>ely ( a deep blue 7! ,hope ,diamond71 m r>ely gre5 7! ,dresd5 ,diamond71 & r>e/ ( all r$4 ,if radium 7 really able 7z "s p h wrongly inf]r$ f ! ,fr5* exp]im5ts7 to *ange ! *emical nature ( corundum & conv]t x into topaz & em]ald1 ! case w\ld be v diff]5t f t ( m]ely *ang+ ! col\r ( ! corundum4 ,:at is to-day call$ 8topaz0 is a %]ry-yell[ cry/al consi/+ ( silicate ( alum9a & ( fluoride ( alum9a4 ,x turns p9k :5 heat$1 & is also kn[n ( a blue col\r & col\rless4 ,! topaz ( ! anci5ts f ! coa/s ( ! ,r$ ,sea is ( a diff]5t *emical nature1 & is n[ call$ p]idot4 ,yell[ corundum is sometimes wrongly call$ ,ori5tal topaz1 & ! yell[-br[n qu>tz cry/als prop]ly kn[n z cairngorms are sometimes wrongly call$ ,scot* topaz4 ,s t ! ^w 8topaz0 is us$ loosely z well z /rictly1 & confusion results4 ,em]ald is widely di/9ct f corundum1 sapphire1 & ruby4 ,x is a silicate ( alum9a & b]yllium1 & 9 its co>se & pale-col\r$ v>iety is kn[n z b]yl4 ,f all ?is x appe>s t "s names ( preci\s /ones indicate sub/ances q di/9ct f "o ano!r *emically1 built ( diff]+ elem5ts1 & also p] contra t :at is actually "o & ! same k9d ( preci\s /one 9 *emical composition & native cry/all9e =m may pres5t examples possess+ v>i\s col\rs & degrees ( transp>5cy1 ea* v>iety be+ call$ by a di/9ct "n1 & reg>d$ popul>ly z a di/9ct k9d ( /one4 ,radium rays c conv]t col\rless alum9a or corundum into blue alum9a 7sapphire7 or r$ alum9a 7ruby71 b !y _c *ange alum9a into b]yllia 7t is into em]ald71 nor into fluoride 7t is into topaz74 ,"o naturally asks1 8,to :at is ! col\r ( ^! preci\s /ones due80 ,! answ] is difficult1 because v m9ute traces ( *emical impurity1 su* z iron1 cobalt1 manganese1 or *romium may suffice to t9t an o!rwise transp>5t1 col\rless cry/al ) ! brighte/ r$1 yell[1 blue1 violet1 or gre54 ,moreov]1 x is c]ta9 f :at we "k ( traces ( metallic impurity 9 artificial glass t x may exi/ 9 su* a /ate ( *emical comb9ation z to give no t9t :atev] to ! glass1 b aft] prolong$ exposure to light or o!r ag5cies1 ! m9ute impurity may comb9e *emically ) oxyg5 pres5t 9 ! glass & develop col\r4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 old w9d[-glass (t5 assumes a violet or ame?y/9e t9t aft] long exposure4 ,?is v>y+ col\r ( ! comb9ations ( metals accord+ to :e!r !y are oxidis$ or n1 & ! degree ( oxidation1 or ! special salt :i* !y may =m1 is 9 itself an unexpect$ ?+ to ^? :o are n *emi/s4 ,! metal *romium1 = in/ance1 gives rise to col\rless1 to yell[1 r$1 gre51 & blue comb9ations4 ,manganese1 a metal commonly associat$ ) iron1 gives rise to brilliant gre51 to violet1 & to w9e-r$ comb9ations1 & if scatt]$ z microscopic p>ticles ( black oxide 9 glass w\ld produce no col\r effect at all4 ,f :at we "k ( glass & ! ease ) :i* x is col\r$ to e %ade ( ! ra9b[ by ! admixture ( traces ( metallic impurities--s t 8pa/e0 or glass gems ( all col\rs c be manufactur$--x is n surpris+ to f9d t natural cry/als1 transp>5t & (t5 devoid ( col\r 7su* z corundum1 diamond1 qu>tz1 & topaz71 are yet also f\nd m or less frequ5tly col\r$ 9 v>i\s t9ts4 ,nev]!less1 x is ! fact t 9 v few cases h *emi/s be5 able to prove by analysis :at precisely is ! cause ( ! col\r 9 any giv5 cry/al or preci\s /one1 al?\gh !y may /rongly suspect ?is or t z ! col\r-giv+ impurity4 ,! actual quantity ( a metallic impurity suffici5t to give a t9t is s excessively m9ute t ! *emi/ f9ds x impossible to det]m9e :at x is by exam9+ "o small preci\s /one4 ,he has n a suffici5t bulk ( mat]ial to op]ate on4 ,hav+ rea*$ ?is po9t1 we c see t su* pot5t di/urb+ ag5ts z ! rays ( radium--p5etrat+ a col\rless1 or fa9tly-col\r$1 cry/al--may det]m9e oxidation or o!r *emical comb9ation )9 ! cry/al ( traces ( metal 7iron1 cobalt1 manganese1 *romium7 already pres5t !re1 & s give x an increas$ col\r or an altoge!r new t9t4 ,9 #aije 7!re=e long be=e ! rec5t ,fr5* exp]im5ts _h %[n t ! radium rays w act 9 ?is way on corundum1 ! 8base v>iety0 ( sapphire & ruby71 ,sir ,william ,crookes publi%$ an acc\nt ( 8 exp]im5ts z to ! action ( ! radium rays on ! diamond4 8,"s f9e col\rless cry/als ( diamond10 writes ,sir ,william ,crookes 9 #aije1 87 emb$d$ 9 radium bromide1 & kept undi/urb$ = m ?an twelve mon?s4 ,at ! end ( t "t !y 7 exam9$4 ,! radium _h caus$ !m to assume a beautiful blui%-gre5 col\r1 & _! value z #8fancy /ones' _h be5 mat]ially increas$40 ,on ano!r occasion ,sir ,william f\nd t a yell[i% 8(f col\r0 diamond _h its t9t *ang$ to a pale blue-gre5 :5 emb$d$ = six weeks 9 a tube ) radium bromide4 7,i h se5 ?is /one47 ,he also has succe$$ 9 improv+ ! cle>ness ( diamonds by expos+ !m to radium rays4 ,ev]yone :o has exp]im5t$ ) radium kn[s t x causes ! glass :i* may be us$ to keep x cov]$ to develop a br[n or purple t9t4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! explanation ( ! results obta9$ by ! ,fr5* obs]v] ) corundum1 z report$ a few mon?s ago4 ,!re 0 no 8trans=mation0 ( "o sub/ance into ano!r1 nor did he himself sugge/ t !re 04 ,! radium rays m]ely act$ *emically on m9ute impurities pres5t 9 col\rless or pale-col\r$ cry/als1 & s produc$ col\r z !y d 9 diamonds or 9 glass4 #i4 ,diamonds ,8 ,maje/y ,k+ ,edw>d 0 pres5t$ ) ! great ,cull9an diamond f ! ,transvaal 9 ,novemb] #aijg4 ,?is diamond weighs "o p\nd & "o-?ird 7avoirdupois7--m ?an #ba oz4 ,i h plac$ a good glass model ( x 9 ! ,c5tral ,hall ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum2 9 ! case ) x is a glass model ( ano!r big diamond1 ! 8,excelsior10 z n[ cut1 & also models ( ! 8,pitt0 diamond1 9 ! r\gh & 9 ! cut condition4 ,diamonds lose enorm\sly 9 ! process ( cutt+4 ,! ,excelsior1 l ! ,cull9an1 is a ,cape diamond ( f9e quality1 & free f col\r4 ,x 0 ! bigge/ diamond kn[n until ! giant ,cull9an 0 f\nd3 9 ! r\gh x weigh$ #g oz41 or less ?an a ?ird ( ! ,cull9an4 ,z n[ cut1 x only weighs #a-c_/d oz4 ,x is r$uc$ to a qu>t] ( its orig9al size4 ,9 ! same way1 ! ,pitt diamond1 an ,indian "o1 nam$ aft] ,g5]al ,pitt1 ( ,madras1 weigh$ orig9ally #c oz41 & is n[ 7x is 9 ,p>is1 9 ! ,l\vre1 & is call$ 8,! ,reg5t07 less ?an an ounce 9 weight4 ,! bigge/ ,indian diamond kn[n--! ,nizam--is n q twice ?is size1 :il/ ! ,koh9oor1 :i* is probably a fragm5t 7a ?ird7 ( ! 8,great ,mogul0--a diamond :i* has disappe>$1 leav+ only tradition & surmises z to its hi/ory--weighs no m ?an ?ree-qu>t]s ( an ounce4 ,?is seems a small affair by ! side ( ! tw5ty-"o ounces ( ! ,cull9an4 ,no "o c guess :at w happ5 to ! ,cull9an 9 cutt+ x4 ,at ! be/1 x may be r$uc$ to some?+ betwe5 f\r & five ounces 9 weight1 & x may 8fly0 into fragm5ts4 ,x w\ld be necess>y delib]ately to cut x up into small] /ones 9 ord] to obta9 ! full result ( fla%+ ( light & col\r :i* tw5ty-"o ounces ( diamond c produce4 ,& ! op]ation ( cutt+ & poli%+ is enorm\sly exp5sive4 ,"o w\ld h hop$ t ,sir ,william ,crookes & o!r m5 ( sci5ce w\ld h be5 ask$ to exam9e ?is wond]ful mass ( transp>5t c>bon by means ( pol>is$ light1 ,rntg5 rays1 & radium1 & to det]m9e exactly its specific gravity be=e x 0 brok5 up4 ,inde$1 x w\ld probably h reta9$ its greate/ int]e/ & value if nev] cut at all4 ,glass or 8pa/e10 z x is call$1 is made :i* _c :5 new be di/+ui%$ f diamond by anyone b an exp]t1 arm$ ) ! necess>y te/s4 ,& ! same is true z to pa/e imitations ( all preci\s /ones except+ ! em]ald 7^: beautiful gre5 t9t _c be exactly obta9$71 ! cat's-eye1 :i* has a peculi> fibr\s /ructure1 & ! opal4 ,! real value & quality ( preci\s /ones1 z comp>$ ) glass1 dep5ds on _! durability1 _! h>dness1 _! resi/ance to scrat*+1 & 8dull+0 ( face & edge4 ,ev5 our ,anglo-,saxon ance/ors1 z may be se5 9 ! f9e collection rec5tly dug up at ,ipswi* by ,miss ,lay>d1 & plac$ 9 ! old h\se s]v+ z ! municipal museum !re1 made gems ( glass & pa/e4 ,9 mod]n times ! art ( mak+ artificial 8preci\s /ones0 has rea*$ a degree ( p]fection :i*1 s f> z decorative purposes are conc]n$1 leaves ! natural /ones no claim to sup]iority4 ,gigantic z ! ,cull9an diamond is1 x repres5ts only ab\t half ! daily output ( ! ,de ,be]s m9es4 ,by ! end ( #aijd t5 tons ( diamonds1 valu$ at #fj1jjj1jjj /]l+1 _h be5 remov$ f ! ,kimb]ley m9es4 ,x is difficult to imag9e :at has become ( !m all1 & s9ce !y are1 unlike pa/e1 durable & p]man5t1 h[ ! dem& = additions to ^? 9 use1 keeps up4 ,twelve ye>s ago ab\t f\r million p\nds 0 sp5t annually by ! public on ! pur*ase ( diamonds4 ,x is /at$ t ! annual dem& & exp5diture are n[ ev5 l>g]4 ,diamond is a peculi> =m or v>iety ( ! *emical elem5t c>bon--a v peculi> =m mo/ p w say :o rememb] t *>coal & lamp-black are ! common =m ( c>bon4 ,t "o & ! same un*angeable *emical elem5t c exi/ z an amorph\s black lump or p[d]1 & also )\t addition or loss ( *emical con/itu5ts1 z ! cle>e/1 h>de/1 & mo/ brilliant ( cry/als1 is a p>adox4 ,! same /range capacity = exi/+ 9 two totally diff]5t =ms is exhibit$ by o!r fairly famili> elem5ts4 ,sulphur is f\nd 9 t]ti>y wat]-deposit$ clays 9 ,sicily 7x has no?+ to d ) ,etna or ,vesuvius7 9 ! =m ( cle>1 lemon-col\r$ cry/als half an in* or m 9 l5g?4 ,if y take "s comm]cial /ick-sulphur & melt x 9 a porcela9 spoon1 & p\r half ! melt$ /uff l treacle into a j> ( wat]1 y w f9d t x cools z transluc5t ?reads :i* are pliable & s(t4 ,! o!r half :i* y leave 9 ! spoon to cool %oots out into ! =m ( long brittle cry/als ( a ne$le-l %ape4 ,^! two v>ieties ( sulphur are ne>ly z diff]5t z lamp-black & diamond4 ,diamonds are f\nd at ! ,cape 9 a 8blue gr\nd0 :i* is ( volcanic orig91 =m$ by ! action ( /eam "u enorm\s pressure4 ,! blue volcanic mud has be5 ?ru/ up f great dep?s 9 ! e>?'s surface 9 ! =m ( 8pipes0 #ajj y>ds to half a mile 9 diamet]4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t at v high temp]atures 7#d1jjj deg4 ,c5tigrade7 ! metal iron dissolves c>bon4 ,! late ,pr(essor ,moissan1 ( ,p>is1 obta9$ artificial diamonds by sudd5ly cool+ ! iron 9 :i* c>bon 0 dissolv$ by plung+ ! crucible into wat]4 ,! out] %ell ( iron cools & =ms a tightly clos$ %ell enclos+ ! /ill liquid core4 ,z ?is core cools x t5ds to exp&1 & ?us produces an enorm\s pressure4 ,! melt$ c>bon cool+ "u ?is pressure assumes ! cry/all9e col\rless =m kn[n z diamond4 ,!re is good reason to believe t diamonds are =m$1 or h be5 =m$1 9 association ) metallic iron 9 a simil> way1 on a l>ge scale1 9 great dep?s ( ! e>?'s cru/1 & are %ot up to ! surface ) o!r dbris 9 ! volcanic /eam mud :i* is ! 8blue gr\nd40 ,a few diamonds ( small size h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,ural ,m\nta9s1 o!rwise !y are n natural products ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,x is 9 ,india1 ,au/ralia1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ,s\? ,africa t !y are pick$ up1 ei!r 9 b$s ( /reams1 or 9 peculi> volcanic mud1 or emb$d$ 9 ev5 h>d] rock4 ,_m are 9 a condition ( sev]e /ra9 :5 f\nd1 & conta9 m9ute cavities fill$ ) liquid c>bonic acid4 ,!y are liable1 9 consequ5ce1 to break or ev5 fly into p[d] :5 w>m$ by ! h& or /ruck4 ,?\gh usually col\rless1 diamonds may be yell[1 gre51 blue1 or r$1 & ! rays ( radium cause col\rless diamonds to become col\r$4 ,"s diamonds1 b n all1 are phosphoresc5t--t is to say1 l ! well-kn[n lum9\s pa9t--aft] exposure to /rong light !y acquire ! p[] ( %9+ !mselves = a c]ta9 "t :5 remov$ to a d>k *amb]4 ,& ! curi\s ?+ is t1 ?\gh !mselves col\rless1 "s give out blue1 "s gre51 "s yell[1 & "s r$ light4 ,! mo/ wond]ful1 h[ev]1 9 ?is respect are ! r>e diamonds :i* become lum9\s m]ely by rubb+1 & leave phosphoresc5t /reaks on ! clo? ) :i* !y are rubb$4 ,?is prop]ty is simil> to ! phosphoresc5ce %[n by o!r k9ds ( cry/als :5 heat$ or :5 simply fractur$4 ,diamonds are readily di/+ui%$ f pa/e by ! ,rntg5 rays1 s9ce !y are transp>5t to ^? rays1 :il/ pa/e 7or glass7 is opaque to !m4 ,radium also causes diamonds1 b n pa/e1 to phosphoresce4 ,all diamonds are n equally h>d1 ?\gh !y are ! h>de/ ( /ones1 & h>d] ?an /eel1 b n h>d] ?an ! metal tantalum4 ,"s ,au/ralian diamonds are kn[n 7f ,inv]el1 ,new ,s\? ,wales7 :i* are s h>d t at "o "t !y c\ld n be cut & poli%$2 b only f\r ye>s ago ! rapidity ( ! :eels us$ 9 ^! processes 0 greatly increas$1 & ^! t]ribly h>d diamonds 7 br\ght into subjection4 ,?us x is cle> t !re are _m extraord9>y features ( int]e/ ab\t ! diamond1 & t its brilliance & high price con/itute only a small "p ( its fasc9ation4 #aj4 ,sci5ce & ,fi%]ies ,sci5ce1 ! k ( ! va/ sy/em ( ord]ly1 inexorable activities "u :i* we exi/1 & ( :i* we1 & all t we c appreh5d1 are b m or less significant p>ts1 is n only to be reg>d$ z a gratification ( our curiosity1 z food = our imag9ation1 & ! basis ( our philosophical !ories4 ,x is1 9 addition to ^!1 a ?+ ( unp>allel$ importance to ! imm$iate daily welf>e ( e man1 woman1 & *ild1 & ^u its due cultivation & use dep5d ! future welf>e1 ev5 ! exi/5ce1 ( :ole races ( mank9d4 ,x is a />tl+ fact t s few ( ^? :o und]take to lead & to legislate = ! p ( ?is c\ntry h any real conviction1 or ev5 a dim und]/&+ ( ?is tru?4 ,9 ,novemb] #aijf a ,committee appo9t$ by ! ,gov]nm5t took evid5ce z to ! desirability ( cont9u+ ! int]national inve/igation ( ! ,nor? ,sea1 ^u :i* ,great ,brita9 ent]$ five ye>s ago 9 conjunction ) o!r ,nor!rn ,/ates4 ,only a few weeks be=e1 a numb] ( sci5tific exp]ts engag$ 9 ?is /udy ( ! ,nor? ,sea1 ) a view to ga9+ su* k ( t great 8wa/e ( wat]s0 z may help ! nations ( adjac5t l&s to draw f x /ores ( food )\t de/roy+ ! s\rce or recklessly injur+ ! supply1 7 ent]ta9$ at d9n]1 at ! ,guildhall1 by ! ,city ,fa!rs1 & treat$ to spee*es by h]$it>y legislators4 ,! view express$ by ^! speak]s 0 t ! int]e/s ( ! great fi%+ indu/ry & ( ! fi% trade 7 be/ und]/ood by ! practical fi%]man4 ,sci5ce 0 a 8h&maid10 useful 9 h] place1 b n to be p]mitt$ to und]m9e e/abli%$ int]e/s & ! ho>y wisdom ( ! practical man1 h] employ]4 ,a ,g]man exp]t ( high (ficial position1 "o ( ! gue/s1 took a diff]5t l9e4 ,he 0 a/oni%$1 ev5 %ock$1 t ,great ,brita91 ! ,/ate mo/ l>gely conc]n$ 9 ! ,nor? ,sea fi%]ies1 %\ld be hesitat+ ab\t cont9u+ to take "p 9 ! int]national inve/igation4 ,9 ,g]many1 he said1 !y took a diff]5t c\rse 9 su* matt]s4 ,m5 ( bus9ess & practical legislators1 :5 call$ ^u to deal ) an important problem1 s\ght fir/ ( all = sci5tific k ( ! conditions 9 "q1 z complete & ?or\gh z possible1 & !n proce$$ to act ^u ! sure f\ndation ga9$4 ,m k1 mu* m k z to ! causes & conditions at "w 9 reg>d to ! life & movem5ts ( fi%es 9 ! ,nor? ,sea 0 ne$$4 ,! "w ( ! ,int]national ,committee mu/ be cont9u$1 & 8 7! ,g]man7 ,gov]nm5t w\ld c]ta9ly cont9ue to d its %>e ( ! "w4 ,! contra/ 9 ! ,briti% & ! ,g]man attitude t[>ds sci5ce is :at is int]e/+ 9 ?is episode4 ,x is true t m5 ( sci5ce 9 ?is c\ntry h to be cont5t to take a v mode/ "p 9 public affairs1 & to all[ politicians & self-/yl$ 8practical0 m5 to treat sci5ce z 8a h&maid50--?ankful :5 sci5ce is n reg>d$ z an enemy4 ,b !y "k well en\gh1 & ^? :o are really 8practical m50 "k1 t sci5ce is no h&maid51 b 9 reality ! ma/]--! ma/] :o mu/ be obey$2 :o alone c give true guidance2 :o alone c save ! ,/ate4 ,! soon] & ! m ?or\ghly ! p ( ?is c\ntry h recognis$ ?is fact1 & insi/ ^u its unqualifi$ acceptance 9 practice by _! repres5tatives & gov]nors1 ! bett] = !m & _! po/]ity4 #aa4 ,discov]ies z to ,mal>ia ,rec5t sci5tific "w1 discov]y1 & application to practical affairs ( ! results ( discov]y1 9 reg>d to ?ree great ob/acles to human life & prosp]ity illu/rate ! vital importance to ! /ate ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,! ob/acles 9 "q are ! diseases kn[n z mal>ia1 yell[ fev]1 & ,m$it]ranean1 or ,malta fev]4 ,x is n[ tw5ty-five ye>s s9ce ,dr4 ,lav]an1 ( ,p>is1 discov]$ t mal>ia1 or ague1 is caus$ by a v m9ute p>asite :i* exi/s 9 ! r$ blood corpuscles ( ^? /rick5 ) ! fev]1 & sugge/$ t x is probably c>ri$ f victim to victim by blood-suck+ mosquitoes 7gnats74 ,major ,ross1 ( ! ,indian ,army1 :o has be5 rew>d$ = 8 discov]y by ! ,nobel prize1 det]m9$ to f9d out :at gnat x is :i* c>ries ! mal>ia-g]m f man to man1 & by mo/ p]sev]+ exp]im5t & microscopic exam9ation %[$ t x is n ! common] gnat or mosquito 7,culex71 b ! spot-w+$ k9d 7,anopheles71 :i* alone c spread ! mal>ial infection4 ,b ,major ,ross is1 be=e ev]y?+ else1 a m$ical man1 & 8 great purpose has be5 to apply 8 discov]y to ! prev5tion ( disease4 ,:ole regions ( ! e>?'s surface are r5d]$ dang]\s1 or ev5 un9habitable1 = civilis$ m5 by mal>ia2 9 o!r words1 by ! ,anopheles mosquito4 ,accord+ly1 ,ross set to "w to f9d ! be/ means ( de/roy+ ^! ag5ts ( disease4 ,he f\nd t ! ,anopheles gnat bre$s 9 natural collections ( wat] ly+ ^u ! surface ( ! gr\nd 9 op5 c\ntry1 & n z _m common v>ieties ( gnats d1 9 vessels & ci/]ns 9 h\ses4 ,! pools frequ5t$ by ! mal>ia-c>ry+ gnat are small & easily dra9$4 ,! obvi\s direction ( sci5ce1 !re=e1 0 to remove or to cov] up ^! pools :]ev] !y 7 f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( human habitations4 ,al?\gh ,major ,ross made 8 discov]ies 9 ,india1 & al?\gh he op5$ a campaign aga9/ mal>ia by removal ( surface pools 9 ! ,colonies ( ,we/ ,africa--8! :ite man's grave0--twice visit+ ! *ief ,briti% settlem5ts--only half-he>t$1 incomplete measures h be5 tak51 insuffici5t funds h be5 exp5d$1 & a sup9e executive & half-incr$ul\s (ficials h fail$ to d m ?an p>tially r$uce ! preval5ce ( mal>ia 9 ^? regions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :]e intellig5t (ficials h und]/ood & accept$ ! cle> results ( sci5ce 9 reg>d to mal>ia1 ! mo/ /rik+ & satisfactory consequ5ces h foll[$4 ,at ,ismailia1 on ! ,suez ,canal1 mal>ia 0 almo/ univ]sal2 9 #ahff !re 7 9 a population ( eight ?\s&1 #b1cjj cases4 ,9 #ahig !re 7 ov] #b1jjj1 & 9 #aijb1 :5 ,ross 0 ask$ by ! ,pr9ce d',ar5b]g to visit ! place & advise z to measures to be tak51 !re 7 #a1eea cases4 ,ross direct$ ! fill+ up ( ! bre$+ pools4 ,! m>%es 7 fill$ up ) s&1 ! irrigation *annels 7 deep5$ or treat$ ) k]os5e oil 7:i* spreads z a f9e film1 & *okes ! gnat l>v71 & ! cess-pits 7 r5d]$ un9habitable by *emical treatm5t4 ,9 "o ye> ! cases ( mal>ia fell to #bad1 9 #aije !y 7 only ?irty-sev51 & n[ ! ,suez ,canal ,company (ficially reports1 8all trace ( mal>ia has disappe>$ f ,ismailia40 ,! same satisfactory results h be5 obta9$ 9 ,port ,said1 9 ,kh>t\m1 9 ,port ,swett5ham ( ! ,f$]at$ ,malay ,/ates1 9 ,havannah ,city1 9 ,panama1 &1 9 fact1 :]ev] intellig5t conviction has l$ to ! active & complete employm5t ( ! me?ods necess>y = ! de/ruction ( ! gnats4 ,"u ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t ( ,india & ! ,african & ,we/ ,india ,colonies1 little has be5 done4 ,:y8 ,because ( ! h&maid5 !ory & ! o/ri*-l refusal ( our (ficials to face & accept ! ma/]4 ,an ev5 m wond]ful & b5efic5t result has be5 obta9$ 9 ! case ( t t]rible disease 8,yell[ ,jack10 or 8,black ,vomit0--! yell[ fev]4 ,ow+ to ! discov]ies & def9ite pro( by ,ross z to ! "p play$ by gnats 9 mal>ia1 ! able m$ical m5 9 ! public s]vice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica h ?or\ghly exam9$ exp]im5tally ! mode ( infection ( human be+s ) ! g]m ( yell[ fev]1 & h conclusively prov$ t infection is solely & entirely due to ! bite ( "o species ( gnat--! ,/egomyia fasciata4 ,!y h prov$ to absolute c]ta9ty t yell[ fev] is n c>ri$ ?r\gh ! air1 nor by food or dr9k1 nor by contact ) infect$ p]sons or _! clo?s or emanations1 b only by ! fasciate gnat1 a h\se-frequ5t+ species1 :i* sucks ! blood ( a yell[ fev] pati5t1 & aft] twelve days1 & n till !n1 becomes capable ( imp>t+ ! infection to ^? :om x may /ab or 8bite40 ,! firm demon/ration ( ?is fact 0 n made )\t great devotion1 c\rage1 & self-sacrifice4 ,9 ! ard\r ( _! pursuit n a few ( ! exp]im5t]s risk$ & lo/ _! lives4 ,among ^! ! "n ( ,dr4 ,laze>1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army1 is prom95t4 ,he delib]ately p]mitt$ himself to be bitt5 by a /ray mosquito 9 a yell[ fev] hospital1 9 ord] to %[ t ! insect c\ld convey ! infection4 ,he 0 bitt5 on ,sept4 #ac1 #aijj1 & di$ on ,sept4 #be1 hav+ prov$ 8 po9t4 ,! actual g]m1 microbe1 or m9ute p>asitic organism :i* causes yell[ fev]1 & is c>ri$ by ! fasciate gnat1 has n yet be5 detect$4 ,nev]!less1 )\t see+ & isolat+ ! microbe1 ! m$ical m5 ( ,am]ica 7,/]nb]g1 ,f9lay1 ,c>roll1 & o!rs7 h1 by de/roy+ ! gnat & prev5t+ its access to m5--especially to pati5ts already infect$1 &1 !re=e1 c]ta9 to infect ! gnats & cause !m to spread ! disease--practically made an end ( yell[ fev] 9 _m great cities ( ! ,new ,_w1 :]e x 0 only six ye>s ago an ev]-pres5t horror1 /rik+ m5 d[n ) a sudd5ness & ) a deadl9ess :i* p>alys$ human activity4 ,"h1 z 9 o!r cases1 intellig5t appreciation ( ! results ( sci5ce by a gov]nor or a municipality has sav$ ?\s&s ( lives4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ,rio de ,janeiro1 8! opposition enc\nt]$ by ! sanit>y au?orities ( ! city f political factions & ! ridicule to :i* !y 7 subject$ by ! local ,press0 7 insup]able 7,i quote f an (ficial report71 & s a few m ?\s& lives 7 sacrific$ be=e ! ma/] 0 recognis$ & ! pr(f]$ safety accept$4 ,9 ,v]a ,cruz1 9 ,new ,orleans1 & 9 ,panama yell[ fev] has be5 r$uc$ to a vani%+ quantity by remov+ ! pools & tanks 9 :i* ! fasciate gnat c bre$1 & by mak+ use ( wire-gauze to prev5t ! access ( mosquitoes to h\ses1 b$-*amb]s1 dra9s1 & ba?s1 & especially to prev5t n only _! access to1 b _! egress f1 ! rooms & b$s ( pati5ts already infect$ ) disease4 ,9 ! city ( ,havannah1 dur+ ! ,am]ican occupation ( ,cuba 7#aijj-aijc71 ,colonel ,gorgas r$uc$ ! dea?-rate due to yell[ fev] f an annual av]age ( #gea to s small a figure z six4 ,! same en]getic & fai?ful adm9i/rator has be5 at "w1 ) ev5 m rem>kable results1 9 ! canal zone ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama s9ce #aijd4 ,! attempt ( ! ,fr5* to cut ! canal 0 foil$ *iefly by yell[ fev] & mal>ia4 ,x is e/imat$ t _! ef=t co/ q #ej1jjj lives4 ,assi/$ by an able & en?usia/ic /aff1 & *>g$ ) ! task by a ,gov]nm5t :i* compreh5ds ! fact t ! really 8practical m50 are ! m5 :o recognise sci5ce z ! ma/] 7n z ! negligible ecc5tric h&maid71 ,colonel ,gorgas has bani%$ ! mosquito f 8 zone ( occupation4 ,z a consequ5ce !re is nei!r mal>ia nor yell[ fev] on ! ,panama works4 ,9 #aijf ! total dea?-rate among/ #e1jjj :ite employs on ! ,panama ,canal works 0 only sev5 9 ! ?\s&4 ,fur!r1 9 la/ ,april ! daily sick-rate ( ! total =ce ( ab\t #dj1jjj p 0 only sev5te5 9 ! ?\s&4 ,colonel ,gorgas decl>es t !re is b little sickness ( any k9d among ! ,am]icans 9 ! employ ( ! ,panama ,commission1 & t !y & _! wives & *ildr5 are fully z vigor\s & robu/ 9 appe>ance & 9 fact1 z ! same numb] ( p 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re is no reason :y ! c5tres ( weal?1 civilisation1 & population %\ld n aga9 be 9 ! tropics1 z !y 7 9 ! dawn ( man's hi/ory4 #ab4 ,malta ,fev] ,m$it]ranean or ,malta fev] 0 = long confus$ ) typhoid & o!r fev]s4 ,our soldi]s & sailors at ,malta1 ,gibralt>1 & ,cyprus1 z well z _m frequ5t]s ( ! ,african & ,asiatic %ore1 7 subject to ?is disease1 & (t5 incapacitat$ by x4 ,9 #ahhg ,colonel ,david ,bruce discov]$ 9 ! blood ( pati5ts ! m9ute ,micrococcus melit5sis1 :i* is its cause1 & e/abli%$ ! fact t x is a def9ite indep5d5t disease4 ,! hospital at ,malta has receiv$ z _m z #fbd pati5ts 9 a ye> suff]+ f ,malta fev] f among ! #h1jjj soldi]s on ! isl& & ! #ab1jjj sailors on ! ,m$it]ranean ,/ation4 ,& z !y /ay 9 hospital on an av]age = f\r mon?s1 ?is means #gd1hhj days ( illness4 ,?is means a consid]able loss to ! ,/ate1 z well z a l>ge am\nt ( p]sonal suff]+ t]m9at$1 9 "s cases aft] two ye>s' sickness1 by dea?4 ,! ,w> ,(fice1 ,admiralty1 & ,colonial ,(fice appli$ 9 #aijd to ! ,royal ,society ( ,london to und]take a fur!r inve/igation ( ?is disease4 ,! society s5t out a small commission1 :i* has be5 at "w = ?ree ye>s1 & has publi%$ sev5 volumes ( reports4 ,! problem be=e ! commission 0 to discov] ! mode ( infection by ! ,malta-fev] g]m 7! ,micrococcus melit5sis71 & ?us1 if possible1 to arrive at a means ( arre/+ ! infection4 ,v>i\s hypo!ses1 guesses z to probable & possible me?ods ( dissem9ation1 7 ent]ta9$ & exam9$4 ,z ! g]m occurs 9 ! blood1 x 0 naturally consid]$ possible t gnats or o!r insects 7 ! c>ry+ ag5t4 ,b negative results foll[$ all exp]im5ts 9 ?is direction4 ,!n x 0 f\nd t ! 8g]m0 passes out ( ! body 9 l>ge quantities by ! r5al secretion1 & x 0 ?\ght t x might be convey$ 9 a dri$ =m ) du/ 9 ! air4 ,?is also prov$ to be an incorrect supposition4 ,next a v important discov]y 0 made4 ,! g]m 0 f\nd 9 ! blood & ! excretions ( #aj p] c5t4 ( ! goats :i* are kept 9 ,malta z ! sole s\rce ( milk1 & are driv5 ?r\gh ! /reets to supply cu/om]s1 :il/ #ej p] c5t4 ( ! goats 7 f\nd to h be5 infect$ at "s "t4 ,!n ! g]m 0 f\nd 9 ! milk itself1 & x only rema9$ to prove by exp]im5t t x 0 f ! goats' milk t human be+s acquire ! infection4 ,a monkey f$ ) ! milk ( an infect$ goat acquir$ ! fev]4 ,! next /ep 0 to /op ! consumption ( goats' milk by ! soldi]s & sailors 9 ! hospital & b>rack4 ,actually we 7 c>efully fe$+ our invalid soldi]s & sailors 9 ! great hospital at ,valetta ) a highly poison\s infect$ fluid--! milk ( ! ,maltese goat6 ,! prev5tive measure--! /oppage ( goats' milk--only came into op]ation 9 ,july1 #aijf4 ,9 ! fir/ six mon?s ( t ye> !re 7 ?irty-"o cases ( ,malta fev] 9 e ?\s& ( ! g>rison 7numb]+ ab\t #h1jjj m574 ,9 ! prec$+ six mon?s !re _h be5 =ty-sev5 cases p] ?\s&4 ,n[ :5 ! goats' milk 0 /opp$ aft] ,july1 #aijf1 :at 0 ! result8 ,f ,july to ,decemb]1 #aijf1 !re 7 only t5 cases p] ?\s& ( ! g>rison4 ,9 actual numb]s !re 7 9 ,july1 ,augu/1 & ,septemb] 9 #aije z _m z #beh cases1 :il/ 9 ! same mon?s 9 #aijf1 aft] removal ( goats' milk f ! diet>y ( ! troops1 !re 7 only tw5ty-six cases1 & ^! 7 probably due to ! indep5d5t pur*ase ( goats' milk by soldi]s outside ! b>racks4 ,9 ! naval hospital until #aijf almo/ e pati5t :o rema9$ 9 ! hospital a few weeks took ! disease4 ,s9ce ! exclusion ( goats' milk n a s+le case has occurr$4 ,! ,director-,g5]al ( ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,navy reports t !re has be5 no case ( ,malta fev] dur+ ! ye> among ! sailors1 & only sev5 cases among ! soldi]s up to ! end ( ,septemb]1 #aijg4 ,gibralt> _h a fev] ( its own1 id5tical ) ,malta fev]4 ,x has n[ be5 %[n t x 0 probably introduc$ by ! importation ( goats f ,malta = ! supply ( milk4 ,?is is likely1 because ! importation ( ,maltese goats ceas$ 9 #ahhc1 & ! fev] began to disappe> f ,gibralt> 9 #ahhe1 & f9ally vani%$ altoge!r 9 #aije4 ,9 ,s\? ,africa ,malta-fev] is common among/ ! :ite population4 ,x is probable1 accord+ to ,colonel ,birt1 t x 0 introduc$ by means ( infect$ goats import$ f ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! soldi]s1 h[ev]1 9 ,s\? ,africa are free f ?is disease1 except+ ^? :o h already contract$ x 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 s9ce 9 ,s\? ,africa goats' milk does n ent] into ! diet>y ( ! soldi]4 ,x is ! civilian population :i* suff]s4 #ac4 ,a ,cure = ,sleep+ ,sickness ,diamonds & sleep+ sickness are bo? special ,african problems4 ,x 0 ow+ to ! proposal to employ natives f ,ug&a 9 ! ,s\? ,african diamond m9es t ! ,colonial ,secret>y 7,mr4 ,*amb]la9 at t date7 ask$ ! ,royal ,society to say :e!r ! sleep+ sickness :i* _h brok5 out ) t]rible viol5ce 9 ,c5tral ,africa con/itut$ an ob/acle to t employm5t1 on acc\nt ( ! dang] ( introduc+ ! disease into ,s\? ,africa4 ,! ,royal ,society advis$ ! ,gov]nm5t n to all[ ! transport ( natives f ! infect$ di/ricts ( ,ug&a1 & s5t out a commission to ,c5tral ,africa to /udy ! disease4 ,! result 0 ! discov]y by ,colonel ,bruce ( ! p>asite ( sleep+ sickness call$ ,trypanosoma--a k9d previ\sly kn[n 9 "s o!r diseases--& ( ! fact t x is a tsetse-fly :i* c>ries x4 ,a qu>t] ( a million natives h di$ 9 ,c5tral ,africa )9 ! la/ six ye>s f sleep+ sickness4 ,! ,tropical ,diseases ,committee ( ! ,royal ,society has />t$ an inquiry into ! action ( drugs on ! p>asites 7kn[n z trypanosomes7 :i* cause sleep+ sickness & ! horse & cattle disease ( ! 8fly-belts0 ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,! m9ute p>asites :i* cause ,malta1 yell[1 & mal>ial fev]1 & o!r infections1 are no d\bt be/ dealt ) by exclud+ !m f access to ! human body :5 t is possible4 ,b once !y h effect$ a lodgm5t & comm5c$ to multiply 9 ! blood or tissues1 x is /ill possible to get at !m by means ( drugs1 :i* poison !m )\t injur+ _! human victim4 ,?us qu99e has be5 ( enorm\s s]vice 9 *eck+ ! ravages ( ! mal>ia p>asite1 & really 9 ,great ,brita9 has ext]m9at$ 8ague10 :i* is ! ,engli% "n = mal>ia4 ,_m exp]im5ts h be5 made dur+ ! la/ two ye>s1 ) ! view ( f9d+ "s drug :i* w1 9 l mann]1 de/roy ! trypanosomes :i* h e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ! blood & lymph-passages ( ! human body1 & are sl[ly kill+ _! victim ) sleep+ sickness4 ,an ars5ic comp\nd1 8atoxyl10 has be5 f\nd effective :5 inject$ into ! pati5t's body1 & accord+ to ,dr4 ,ko*1 :o return$ la/ ye> f ,ug&a1 he has f\nd no?+ bett] ?an ?is treatm5t1 discov]$ by ,dr4 ,?omas & ,dr4 ,bre9l1 ( ! ,liv]pool ,s*ool ( ,tropical ,m$ic9e1 ?ree ye>s ago4 ,dr4 ,plimm] & ,dr4 ,?omson1 :o h be5 exp]im5t+ 9 ,london = ! ,royal ,society1 h f\nd a drug :i* is m effective ?an atoxyl 9 de/roy+ c]ta9 trypanosomes :i* attack rats1 & is n[ be+ tri$ 9 ! treatm5t ( sleep+ sickness4 ,?is is ! t>trate ( sodium & antimony--a salt correspond+ to ! well-kn[n t>t> emetic1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t x conta9s sodium in/ead ( potassium4 ,x seems t ?is sodium v>iety ( t>t> emetic is v de/ructive to trypanosomes 9 ! blood & lymph1 & has no injuri\s effect ( a l[]+ nature1 su* z occurs :5 ! potassium salt is us$4 ,z ! antimony drug is f> *eap] ?an atoxyl1 x w be possible to apply x freely to horses & cattle suff]+ f 8nagana0 & 8surra10 :i* are diseases due to trypanosomes ( a special k9d4 ,two :ite m5 :o _h become infect$ by ! trypanosome ( sleep+ sickness 9 ,we/ ,africa h be5 treat$ ) ! new drug 9 ,london1 & ! p>asites h completely disappe>$ f _! blood 9 consequ5ce1 ?\gh x rema9s to be se5 :e!r a p]man5t cure has be5 effect$4 ,"o _c imag9e a situation ( m ?rill+ int]e/ ?an t exi/+ 9 ! nurs+ home :]e ^? two victims 7 giv5 a /rong hope ( escape f :at seem$ to be c]ta9 dea?1 :il/ ! fate ( ?\s&s ( ,african natives1 simil>ly infect$1 0 hang+ 9 ! balance6 ,aft] six mon?s f ! date ( treatm5t ! report is satisfactory4 ,! p>asites h n yet re-appe>$ 7,july1 #aijh7 9 ! two pati5ts treat$ 9 ,novemb]4 #ad4 ,tsetse-,flies & ,disease ,dr4 ,ko* appe>s to h be5 que/ion$ on 8 return to ,europe by "s j\rnali/s z to ! results ( 8 /udy ( sleep+ sickness dur+ ! pa/ ye> & a half 9 ,ug&a4 ,x 0 already kn[n 7?ree ye>s ago71 f ! obs]vations ( ,pr(essor ,m9*91 ,dr4 ,gray1 & ,dr4 ,tullo* 7! ,royal ,society's obs]v]s 9 ,ug&a71 t ! tsetse-fly 9 ,ug&a sucks ! blood ( crocodiles1 also ( fi%es & ( hippopotami4 ,dr4 ,ko* confirms ?is obs]vation4 ,m9*9 also obs]v$ a trypanosome 9 ! blood ( ! crocodile diff]+ f t ( sleep+ sickness4 ,:e!r crocodiles help1 9 an important degree1 to keep tsetse-flies alive 9 ! regions :]e !y occur1 by (f]+ !m a ready meal ( blood1 is unc]ta94 ,s f> z ! facts are kn[n1 !y d n lead to ! belief t ! crocodile is a 8res]voir ho/0 = ! trypanosome ( sleep+ sickness4 8,res]voir-ho/0 is a v useful & expressive "n = animals :i* c tol]ate or support a p>asite 9 _! blood :i* is deadly to o!r animals4 ,! p>asite fl\ri%es 9 abundance 9 ! res]voir-ho/ ) entire satisfaction to bo? ho/ & gue/4 ,b a blood-suck+ fly or gnat1 ( promiscu\s ta/es 9 ! matt] ( blood1 comes along1 sucks ! res]voir-ho/ a bit1 & !n goes (f = ano!r meal to a susceptible animal1 into :i* x introduces ! p>asite n[ adh]+ to its already blood-sme>$ proboscis or beak4 ,su* a hi/ory 0 fir/ e/abli%$ by ,bruce 9 reg>d to ! trypanosome p>asite :i* causes ! deadly nagana disease 9 ! 8fly-belts0 ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,! big game animals are res]voir-ho/s to ?is p>asite1 f :i* !y are c>ri$ by ! tsetse-fly to horses1 mules1 & dogs1 :i*1 be+ ( =eign orig91 are n tol]ant ( x1 b are kill$ by ! poison to :i* its multiplication 9 _! blood gives rise4 ,?us1 too1 native *ildr51 bo? 9 ,africa & ! ,ea/ ,indies1 appe> to be tol]ant ( ! mal>ia p>asite1 & act z res]voir-ho/s f :i* ! spot-w+$ gnats suck & di/ribute ! p>asite to ! non-tol]ant1 susceptible adult natives & :ite m54 ,! tsetse-flies are little bigg] ?an ! common h\se-fly1 & bite1 or r /ab1 v rapidly aft] alight+ on ! sk94 ,! /udy ( flies & gnats1 & o!r blood-suck+ insects1 has become extremely important1 & has be5 c>ri$ on ) great en]gy by _m speciali/s s9ce x became kn[n t ^! insects play su* a t]ribly important "p 9 ! causation ( disease4 ,at ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum ,i receiv$ 79 response to a circul> issu$ at my reque/ by ,h4,m4 ,gov]nm5t7 ?\s&s ( specim5s ( gnats 7mosquitoes7 f all p>ts ( ! _w1 & "s hundr$s ( new species h be5 describ$ 9 a s]ies ( volumes by ,pr(essor ,f4 ,v4 ,!obald1 publi%$ by ! tru/ees4 ,o!r volumes are 9 prep>ation illu/rat+ ! blood-suck+ flies ( v>i\s regions ( ! _w1 & "o conc]n+ ^? ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s has already appe>$4 ,! common gnat1 ! spot-w+$ gnat1 & ! tsetse-fly--z well z ! microscopic p>asites caus+ mal>ia & sleep+ sickness--are illu/rat$ by greatly enl>g$ models--v c>efully execut$ "u my direction1 :i* are exhibit$ 9 ! c5tral hall ( ! museum4 ,x is a curi\s fact t ! col\r$ races ( m5--especially ^? ( ,africa--h little or no objection to be+ bitt5 by flies4 ,!y seem to accept ! att5tion ( flies & ticks ) indiff]5ce4 ,! m5 sleep 9 ! day "u trees1 & are will+ food-supply to ! insects4 ,! eyelids ( *ildr5 are lit]ally inhabit$ by flies 9 "s c\ntries1 & ! folds ( ! sk9 ( fat adults hide :ole r[s ( fa/-hold+ ticks4 ,b ! :ite man does n will+ly p]mit ei!r fly1 flea1 or gnat to settle on him4 ,he is 7or has be571 nev]!less1 unwisely tol]ant ( h\se-flies 9 8 habitations1 & ! poor] & less cleanly population are 9 l>ge proportion infe/$ ) w+less insects4 ,! newly e/abli%$ k t c]ta9 flies 7gloss9a or tsetse-fly7 are ! c>ri]s ( sleep+ sickness1 t gnats are ! c>ri]s ( mal>ia & ( yell[ fev]1 t fleas are ! c>ri]s ( ! plague1 & t c]ta9 k9ds ( ticks are ! c>ri]s ( cattle-fev]s & dog-fev]s1 & probably ( "s obscure fev]s ( man1 mu/ make u all m anxi\s ?an we 7 ab\t contact ) insect life4 ,= ages popul> tradition has ascrib$ diseases ( "o k9d & ano!r 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w to ! bites ( flies4 ,b actually x is little m ?an fifty ye>s ago s9ce x 0 really %[n t deadly g]ms or p>asites exi/$ :i* c\ld be1 & actually are1 c>ri$ by flies f "o animal to ano!r1 & introduc$ into ! blood by ! flies' /ab4 ,?is 0 fir/ %[n 9 reg>d to ! bact]ium ( spl5ic fev] 7or an?rax1 or wool-sort]s' disease71 a blood-disease ( cattle :i* is transf]r$ by ! big1 fi]cely-bit+ 8horse-flies0 7tabanus71 f animals to man1 & is inv>iably fatal4 ,ano!r bact]ial disease1 8p]nici\s dema10 is inflict$ on man 9 ! same way4 ,^! cases 7 exceptional1 & x is only q rec5tly t ! ag5cy ( flies & fleas 9 great epidemics1 & 9 diseases caus+ ?\s&s ( dea?s e ye> 9 well-kn[n regions1 has be5 discov]$4 #ae4 ,monkeys & ,fleas ,! w+less p>asites kn[n z p$iculi are n kn[n z active ag5ts 9 spread+ disease g]ms1 probably because !y d n readily transf] !mselves f "o animal to ano!r4 ,x is 9 ?is connection a really rem>kable fact t monkeys are n infe/$ by fleas1 & t only 9 few cases & n 9 _m k9ds h p$iculi or ac>i be5 obs]v$4 ,9 ?is respect ! l[] races ( m5 7& ev5 ! high]7 seem to h fall5 away f a grade ( excell5ce atta9$ by _! despis$ quadruman\s c\s9s4 ,:5 ?is fact z to ! fre$om ( monkeys f insect p>asites is m5tion$1 ^? :o h wat*$ monkeys 9 captivity w imm$iately say1 8,surely ,i h se5 monkeys c>efully pick+ insects f "o ano!r's fur40 ,! fact is t x is ?is v habit ( 8pick+0 :i* prev5ts monkeys f h>b\r+ fleas4 ,:]eas a dog or a cat c only scrat*1 ! monkey has an opposible ?umb & delicately s5sitive f+]s4 ,t :i* has become ! h& ( man1 ) all its m>vell\s skill & effici5cy1 has be5 elaborat$ 9 its e>ly /ages z a means = keep+ ! hair clean4 ,:5 monkeys are se5 c>efully remov+ some?+ ) f+] & ?umb f _! own or _! companion's hair1 x is n an insect b a little piece ( fatty secretion & scurf :i* is ?us remov$4 ,! habit1 :i* seems to be g5]al 9 all k9ds ( monkeys1 ev5 ) ! an?ropoids1 su* z ! *impanzee & ! orang1 has ( c\rse be5 effici5t 9 remov+ any p>asitic insects :i* may at "o "t h infe/$ monkeys--all o!r furry animals are lib]ally suppli$ ) !m1 z also are birds--b is n[ prev5tive ( any re-e/abli%m5t ( su* visitors4 ,! popul> judgm5t ( ! monkey's habit is simil> to t ( ! ,japanese ,a9o1 :o rem>k$ to a travell] :o arrang$ to h a ba? 9 8 room e day t he mu/ be a v dirty man to require x4 #af4 ,! ,jigg] ,flea ,"o flea is record$ z hav+ be5 once tak5 on an an?ropoid ape 7a gorilla71 & is ! 8jigg]10 ,pulex p5etrans4 ,?is is a v s]i\s pe/1 ! hi/ory ( :i* %[s h[ man himself op5s up ! pa? by :i* dang]\s diseases spread4 ,! jigg]-flea 0 orig9ally kn[n only 9 ! ,s\? ,am]ican tropics4 ,x spread f !re to ! ,we/ ,indies 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,x burr[s into ! sk91 usually betwe5 ! toes1 b else:]e also1 & causes an abscess & sore z big & deep z a hazel-nut4 ,sev]al su* cavities at a "t are dang]\s1 & (t5 lead to blood-poison+ & dea?4 ,europeans avoid ! burr[+ ( ! jigg] by hav+ _! toes c>efully exam9$ e morn+1 b black m5 are less c>eful4 ,f ! ,we/ ,indies1 ab\t ?irty ye>s ago1 ! jigg] 0 c>ri$ 9 %ips to ,we/ ,africa4 ,!re x fl\ri%$ & spread f village to village across ,c5tral ,africa1 decimat+ ! population4 ,x appe>s to h be5 c>ri$ to a l>ge ext5t by dogs1 9 ^: sk9 x fl\ri%es4 ,x has n[ pass$ ?r\gh ,africa to ,india1 & we %all no d\bt soon he> ( its hav+ complet$ ! circuit ( ! globe4 ,a great _m k9ds ( fleas are kn[n1 _m furry animals hav+ _! own special species1 :i* does n leave !m to take up its dwell+ on o!r k9ds ( animal4 ,! common rat has a l>ge flea ( its own1 :i* app>5tly is n ! flea :i* c>ries ! plague f rats to m54 ,x is a 8w&]+0 flea :i* does ?is1 namely1 ! ,*eops flea4 ,?is flea1 common 9 ! ,ea/ b unkn[n 9 cold] regions1 does n /ay z "o c\ld wi% x to d--on ! rat2 b travels ab\t visit+ human be+s & dogs1 & s c>ries ! plague bacillus f rats to m54 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ^! fleas plague w\ld be a rat-disease unkn[n 9 m54 ,x is probable t we d n n[adays live s ?or\ghly *eek-by-j[l ) rats 9 ,we/]n ,europe z =m]ly1 s t ev5 if rats infect$ ) plague & h>b\r+ ! ,ea/]n ,*eops flea arrive 9 our docks1 ! w&]+ flea is too f> (f to rea* u 9 our mod]n h\ses4 #ag4 ,public ,e/imate ( ! ,value ( ,sci5ce ,! ,royal ,society1 ! full title ( :i* is ,! ,royal ,society ( ,london = ! ,promotion ( ,natural ,k1 has its anniv]s>y meet+ & d9n] on ,/4 ,&rew's ,day4 ,! heal? ( ! m$alli/s ( ! ye> #aijg 0 giv5 f ! *air by ,"l ,rayleigh1 & !y repli$ "o by "o to ! toa/4 ,pr(essor ,mi*els51 ( ,*icago1 receiv$ :at is consid]$ ! greate/ hon\r ! society has to be/[--! ,copley ,m$al 7f\nd$ m ?an two hundr$ ye>s ago7 = 8 rese>*es on light4 ,he relat$ 9 8 spee* h[ he _h tri$ to int]e/ a weal?y bus9ess man 9 ! exp]im5ts go+ on 9 8 laboratory1 9 ! hope t 8 fri5d might be mov$ to give pecuni>y aid = ! provision ( new app>atus4 ,"o by "o1 he %[$ 8 delicate in/rum5ts & expla9$ _! uses2 no impression 0 produc$4 ,at la/ he expla9$ h[ ! bright l9es ( ! spectrum ( flame1 col\r$ by inc&esc5t elem5ts 7su* z !atre-go]s "k z r$ fire1 gre5 fire1 blue fire1 c471 c be recognis$ by means ( ! spectroscope 9 ! light ( ! sun--prov+ ! pres5ce ( ! metals & o!r elem5ts ( ?is e>? 9 t remote body4 ,he especially expla9$ & %[$ 8 fri5d ! exp]im5ts by :i* sodium1 ! metal ( :i* cau/ic soda is ! 8ru/10 is ?us prov$ to be pres5t 9 ! sun4 ,at la/ 8 fri5d spoke4 ,he said3 8,:o ! ---- c>es if !re is sodium 9 ! sun80 ,pr(essor ,mi*els5 did n tell ! fell[s ( ! ,royal ,society h[ he repli$ to t abrupt inquiry4 ,a m enc\rag+ spee* 0 t ( ,"l ,fitzmaurice1 ! ,"u-,secret>y ( ,/ate = ,=eign ,affairs1 :o repli$ to ! toa/ ( ! gue/s4 ,he decl>$1 9 s _m words1 8,x is e day becom+ m & m c]ta9 t sci5ce is ! ma/]40 ,he said t 9 8 own bus9ess z a diplomati/ he f\nd t ! *ief matt]s :i* he _h to discuss & decide dep5d$ on sci5tific k & ! in=mation & guidance giv5 to him & 8 colleagues by sci5tific m54 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t _h s5t a bi%op & a poet to negotiate ! ,treaty ( ,utre*t4 ,b nei!r w\ld be ( any use 9 mod]n diplomacy4 ,:at !y always _h to seek at ! pres5t day 0 ! aid ( ! sci5tific dep>tm5ts ( ! ,navy or ! ,army1 or ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,su* matt]s z ! relative m]its ( a ,*annel tunnel or a ,*annel f]ry1 ! limitations ( t]ritory by l&1 by sea1 or above ! l& 9 ! air1 ! int]national agreem5ts z to measures = *eck+ ! spread ( disease or ( insect pe/s1 &1 inde$1 mo/ matt]s :i* _h come be=e him s9ce he _h be5 9 (fice1 _h to be decid$ by ! sci5tific exp]ts4 ,he did n propose t diplomati/s %\ld at once vacate _! po/s & endeav\r to secure ! occupation ( !m by m5 ( sci5ce1 b he ?\ght t at no di/ant date su* a c\rse w\ld be consid]$ n only reasonable1 b necess>y6 #ah4 ,! ,common ,h\se-fly & ,o!rs ,! common h\se-fly is n s innoc5t z he looks1 b really a dirty little ?+4 ,he has n a %>p beak-l proboscis1 & _c /ab1 b he has a s(t1 dabb+ proboscis1 :i* he pu%es on to e k9d ( fil? z well z walk+ ) 8 six legs on su* matt]4 ,!n he comes & wipes (f m9ute p>ticles & g]ms on to our food1 our lips1 our f+]s1 & faces4 ,x is q c]ta9 t he1 & o!rs alli$ to him1 are ?us ! means ( spread+ typhoid fev] 9 camps :]e !re are op5 latr9es & op5 l>d]s & mess tables4 ,! h\se-fly bre$s f a maggot1 j z ! blue-bottle or bl[-fly does1 b v few p h ev] se5 or recognis$ ! maggot ( ! h\se-fly4 ,! reason is t x lays its eggs 9 horse dung1 & ! grubs are hat*$ 9 ! muck-heaps ( /ables4 ,t is also ! reason :y x is mu* less num]\s 9 ,london ?an x us$ to be1 s9ce /ables & mews are n[ few] & clean] ?an !y 74 ,x is also ! reason :y ! h\se-fly ab\nds 9 ill-kept c\ntry inns & f>mh\ses4 ,its bre$+ gr\nd is j outside ! w9d[4 ,!re is n only "o common h\se-fly 9 ?is c\ntry3 !re are ?ree k9ds1 9 addition to ! blue-bottle or bl[-fly1 :i* is di/+ui%$ at once by its great size & blue col\r1 & lays its eggs 9 c>rion4 ,late 9 ! ye> y may (t5 see :at w\ld pass = "y or />vel+ h\se-flies go+ ab\t among ! o!rs4 ,?is is a di/9ct species1 ! ,homalomyia canicul>is ( entomologi/s4 ,! ?ird k9d only to be di/+ui%$ by c>eful exam9ation ) ! aid ( a magnify+ glass1 is ,an?omyia radicum4 ,bo? ^! are mu* less abundant ?an ! common h\se-fly 7,musca dome/ica71 ) :i* !y almo/ always occur4 ,_! bre$+ habits are simil> to ^? ( ! common h\se-fly4 ,a f\r? k9d ( fly is inv>iably mi/ak5 = ! common h\se-fly :5 x is notic$1 z x sometimes is1 9 consequ5ce ( ! %>p /ab :i* x inflicts4 ,z rec5tly z ! beg9n+ ( ,novemb] la/ ye> ,i 0 8bitt50 or prick$ by "o ( ?is f\r? k9d 9 a ,london club4 ,!y are common en\gh on ! sea %ore 9 autumn1 & may be a sev]e nuisance4 ,p g5]ally take !m = common h\se-flies :i* h lo/ _! temp] 9 ! hot wea!r & give way to ! bad habit ( 8bit+0 out ( %e] exasp]ation4 ,really1 ( c\rse1 a h\se-fly c\ld n /ab or prick ) its broad-end$ proboscis4 ,! fly 9 "q1 :i* looks almo/ exactly l a well-gr[n h\se-fly1 b possesses a %>p & bus9ess-l beak or proboscis1 is kn[n to sci5tific m5 z ,/omoxys calcitrans4 ,!re are _m k9ds ( ,/omoxys scatt]$ all ov] ! _w1 & x is probable1 ?\gh n actually prov$1 t !y c>ry p>asites su* z ! trypanosomes ( horse & cattle diseases f "o animal to ano!r1 z d ! species ( ,gloss9a or tsetse-fly4 ,b we h yet to le>n m ab\t ^! flies & ! p>asites !y transf]4 ,9 ! case ( ! gnat1 x has be5 discov]$ t ! mal>ia p>asite is swall[$ by ! gnat1 & multiplies 9 x1 produc+ ?\s&s ( spores 9 its blood1 & x is ^! spores :i* ! gnat h&s or r 8m\?s0 on to man4 ,no su* multiplication ( ! trypanosome 9 ! tsetse-fly 7,gloss9a7 is kn[n4 ,! tsetse-fly passes on ! trypanosome z x receiv$ x1 & yet x seems z ?\gh x is n any & e bit+ fly :i* c pass on ! trypanosome ( nagana1 or ( sleep+ sickness1 b only ! p>ticul> species ( tsetse-fly4 ,p]haps x is a case ( great] abundance1 ! tsetse-flies be+ ! obvi\s & dang]\s c>ri]s ( trypanosome disease :]e !y occur1 on acc\nt ( _! abundance & ! fi]c5ess & cel]ity ( _! attack4 ,x is almo/ c]ta9 t 9 ,india1 ,burma1 & ,s\? ,am]ica "s o!r flies mu/ transf] ! trypanosomes f animal to animal1 caus+ ! diseases kn[n z surra & mal de cad]as1 because no tsetse-flies--t is to say1 no flies ( ! g5us ,gloss9a--occur 9 ^? c\ntries1 & no o!r mode ( transf]5ce1 except by "s blood-suck+ insect1 seems probable4 ,ants 9 ,africa are c>ri]s ( infection1 & possibly also 9 ,london kit*5s1 :]e a little r$ ant sometimes ab\nds4 ,! black beetle or cockroa* is a creature to be got rid (1 z x is v probable t x spreads c]ta9 k9ds ( infection ov] food & di%es dur+ ! h\rs ( 8revelry by night0 :i* k9d-he>t$ p all[ x to enjoy 9 _! kit*5s4 #ai4 ,c]ebral ,inhibition ,! be/ golf-play] does n ?9k1 z he plays 8 /roke1 ( ! hundr$-&-"o muscul> contractions :i*1 accurately co-ord9at$1 result 9 8 mak+ a f9e drive or a p]fect approa*2 nor does ! piani/ exam9e ! ord] ( movem5t ( 8 f+]s4 ,8 8sub-lim9al self10 8 8unconsci\s c]ebration10 att5ds to ^! details )\t 8 consci\s int]v5tion1 & all ! bett] = ! abs5ce ( :at ! n]ve-physiologi/s call 8c]ebral inhibition0--t is to say1 ! delay or arre/ due to ! s5d+ r\nd ( ! message or ord] to ! muscles by way ( ! high] bra9-c5tres1 in/ead ( lett+ x g directly f a l[] c5tre )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! seats ( att5tion & consci\sness4 ,! sneez+ caus$ 9 mo/ p by a p9* ( ord9>y snuff c be r5d]$ impossible by 8c]ebral inhibition10 set up by a wag] ) ! snuff-tak+ victim t he w fail to sneeze 9 ?ree m9utes1 h[ev] mu* snuff he may take4 ,8 att5tion to ! me*anism ( ! anticipat$ sneeze1 & 8 desire = x1 inhibit ! :ole app>atus4 ,s long z y c make him anxi\s to sneeze & fix 8 att5tion on ! ef=t to d s1 by a judici\s exhortation at int]vals1 he w n succe$ 9 sneez+4 ,:5 ! ?ree m9utes are up1 & y bo? h ceas$ to be int]e/$ 9 ! matt]1 he w probably sneeze unexpect$ly & %>ply4 ,i 0 set on to ?is tra9 ( ?\ght by a rec5t visit to an exhibition ( photographs4 ,!re 7 _m v int]e/+ illu/rations ( ! application ( photography to sci5tific inve/igation4 ,among o!rs ,i saw a f9e enl>g$ photograph ( ! common millip$e 7,julus t]re/ris71 & my desire 0 r5ew$ to h a bioscopic film-s]ies ( ! movem5ts ( ?is creature's legs4 ,"s ye>s ago ,i attempt$ to analyse1 & publi%$ an acc\nt (1 ! regul> rhy?mic movem5t ( ! legs ( millip$es4 ,i f\nd t ! 8phases0 ( =w>d & backw>d sw+ are pres5t$ 9 gr\ps ( twelve pairs ( legs1 ea* pair ( legs be+ 9 ! same phase ( movem5t z ! twelf? pair beyond x4 ,b in/antane\s photography w\ld give complete c]ta9ty ab\t ! movem5t 9 ?is case1 & 9 ! case ( ! ev5 m beautiful 8rippl+0 movem5t ( ! legs ( "s ( ! m>9e worms4 ,"s k9dly photograph] might take up ! inve/igation & prep>e a s]ies ( films4 ,! problem is rais$ & ! effects ( 8c]ebral inhibition0 describ$ 9 a little poem :i* ,i am told we owe to ! au?or ( 8,lorna ,doone40 ,z x is n widely kn[n1 ,i give x "h z a record ( 8c]ebral inhibition03 8,a c5tip$e 0 happy 'til ,"o day a toad 9 fun ,said1 #8,pray :i* leg moves aft] :i*8' ,?is rais$ h] d\bts to su* a pit* ,%e fell exhau/$ 9 ! dit*1 ,n kn[+ h[ to run40 ,! po9t1 ( c\rse1 is t %e c\ld execute ! complex movem5t ( h] legs well en\gh until h] bra9 0 set to "w & h] consci\s att5tion giv5 to ! matt]4 ,!n 8c]ebral inhibition0 took place & %e broke d[n4 #bj4 ,col\r-photography & ,photographs ( ,m>s ,!re 7 admirable photographs ( wild birds & _! ne/s1 & ( insects & plants 9 ?is exhibition4 ,i saw ! new ,lumire col\r$ transp>5t photographs ?r[n by a lant]n on ! scre51 & c\ld di/+ui% ! dots ( r$1 gre51 & violet col\r on :at1 at a little di/ance1 appe>$ to be a brilliantly :ite "p ( ! picture 7! %irt coll> ( a 8sitt]071 j z "o sees a mosaic ( col\r$ dots 9 ! blaz+ sunlight ( ! pictures pa9t$ by ! ,fr5* s*ool ( s-call$ 8vibri/es0 7,monod & o!rs74 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! photographs 0 a set ( pr9ts f unt\*$ photographs ( ! planet ,m>s1 execut$ 9 ,july #aijg by ,pr(essor ,p]ceval ,l[ell at 8 obs]vatory 9 ,arizona4 ,! ,m>s photographs are ea* ab\t z big z a dri$ pea 7t is ! bigge/ size possible ) ! feeble light reflect$ by ,m>s71 b 8sev]al ( ! canals10 says ,mr4 ,l[ell1 8are di/9ctly visible on ! photographs1 & "o has be5 photograph$ d\ble40 ,i %\ld h lik$ to exam9e ^! photographs 9 a good light ) a l5s4 ,! /atem5t quot$ means t ! canals 9 ,m>s c no long] be reg>d$ z due to errors ( eyesight & imag9ation1 & t ! annual d\bl+ or =mation ( a second canal p>allel to :at 0 e>li] 9 ! ye> a s+le canal1 is actually record$ by a dis9t]e/$1 imp>tial photographic plate4 ,are ^! canals ! "w ( intellig5t inhabitants ( ,m>s8 ,i w n v5ture to say 9 reply m ?an ?is1 t ,i h nev] he>d any o!r explanation ( _! occurr5ce4 ,b t1 ( c\rse1 /ill leaves ! matt] op54 #ba4 ,orig9 ( ,names by ,errors 9 ,copy+ ,a curi\s illu/ration ( a mi/ake p]petuat$ by a cl]ical error is ! title ( ,visc\nt ,gl]awly4 ,! title 0 int5d$ to h be5 ,gl5awly1 b ! bad writ+ ( a cl]k conv]t$ ! 8n0 into an 8r10 & ! "n hav+ be5 s ent]$ 9 ! pat5t ( nobility1 or "s su* docum5t1 c\ld n be alt]$4 ,! same ?+ has happ5$ to ! mammo?4 ,8 prop] native "n is 8mammont10 b 8mont0 became 8m\t10 & !n 8mo?40 ,a simil> cl]ical error is responsible = ! "n ,gavial1 :i* is appli$ to ! long1 n>r[-nos$ crocodile ( ,india1 bo? z a sci5tific "n 7,gavialis7 & colloquially4 ,really ! 8v0 is due to a misread+ ( an 8r10 ! creature's native "n be+ ,g>ial4 ,x 0 s writt5 d[n & s5t home by an e>ly explor]1 b 8 h&writ+ be+ want+ 9 cle>ness1 ! ^w 0 copi$ z ,gavial & ! sci5tific pat5t issu$ 9 t "n4 #bb4 ,false ,news z to ,ext9ct ,mon/]s ,! t5d5cy ( ,engli% newspap]s to b$eck !mselves e n[ & aga9 ) rank absurdities copi$ f ,am]ican rubbi%-%eets is a disease4 ,on no subject outside ! field ( natural hi/ory & m$ic9e w\ld any editor dream ( pr9t+ ! /uff :i* does duty z 8news0 9 reg>d to ^! dep>tm5ts--/uff :i* has n ev5 ! semblance ( be+ c>efully concoct$1 b yet is f\nd 8good en\gh0 to circulate z s]i\s in=mation4 ,ano!r ant$iluvian mon/]1 mu* l>g] ?an ! mammo?1 0 report$ 9 a ,london ev5+ pap] at ! end ( ,novemb] #aijg4 ,! article devot$ to x is a mass ( absurdity1 a burlesque ( a g5u9e note on ! subject4 ,x appe>s t ! mo/ ord9>y ?+ happ5$ at ,los ,angeles1 ,cali=nia1 namely1 t "s workm51 9 driv+ a tunnel1 une>!d "s fossil bones4 ,we are n surpris$ to le>n 7?\gh x is ann\nc$ z a m>vel7 t ! bones 7 ^? ( a ma/odon 7( :i* y may see a :ole skeleton 9 ,cromwell-road71 & ^? ( ! ext9ct ,am]ican elephant call$ ,elephas columbi4 ,?is v commonplace occurr5ce 0 c]ta9ly n wor? record+ 9 a ,london daily pap]4 ,s x is elaborately dress$ up ) details int5d$ to 8fet*0 ! innoc5t read]4 ,! writ] says ,elephas columbi is z mu* l>g] ?an ! ,sib]ian mammo? z t is l>g] ?an ! horse ( to-day4 ,! tru? is t ,elephas columbi & ! mammo? are z ne>ly z possible ( ! same size4 ,to writ] goes on to tell ( a 8fossil horse10 f\nd at ! same place1 8a wond]ful two-to$ animal m>k$ by 8 clov5 ho(40 ,t is cool impud5ce2 x is precisely 8! d\ble ho(0 :i* none ( ! horse tribe possess1 b all ! de]1 cattle1 & %eep d4 ,he next tells u t elephants & ma/odons 7 nev] f\nd toge!r be=e1 b suppos$ to h %unn$ ea* o!r's company4 ,?is is an inv5tion2 _! rema9s are f\nd side by side all ov] ,europe4 ,!n sudd5ly ! surpris+ /atem5t is made1 l a bolt f ! blue1 8,engl& ceases to be ! ,"m ,c\ntry & ,g]many ! ,fa!rl& to u10 & ! pre-em95ce ( ,am]ica 9 provid+ ! bigge/ ?+ on e>? is decl>$ to h be5 already manife/ 8:5 ! _w rose out ( *aos40 ,x is satisfactory to be told t ,engl& is n ! ,"m ,c\ntry ( ?is sill9ess2 b :e!r ! _w :i* solemnly pr9ts & reads x c be said to h yet 8ris5 out ( *aos0 mu/ be reg>d$ z d\btful4 #bc4 ,mi/letoe & ,holly ,*ri/mas ?+s & cu/oms comprise mu* t has great int]e/ f a sci5tific po9t ( view4 ,our mod]n celebration ( ,*ri/mas 9 ,engl& is a comb9ation ( ! ,*ri/ian fe/ival ( ! ,nativity ) t ( ! ,epiphany1 & t ( ,/4 ,ni*olas1 :o long ago 0 sub/itut$ = ! sea god ,neptune1 ( classical my?ology1 by sea-f>+ folk4 ,santa ,claus--or ,sa9t ,ni*olas--has 8 fe/ival at ! beg9n+ ( ,decemb]1 b he has be5 c>ri$ ov] to ,*ri/mas ,day1 & appe>s z 8,fa!r ,*ri/mas0 9 mod]n celebrations4 ,!re is no great antiquity ab\t ?is "p ( ! tradition :i* we try to keep alive at ,*ri/mas4 ,! mak+ ( ,*ri/mas ,day & ,*ri/ma/ide into a special *ildr5's fe/ival is1 on ! o!r h&1 a mov+ back ( ! fe/ival ( ! ,epiphany1 :5 gifts 7 br\ght to ! *ild ,*ri/ by wise m5 ( ! ,ea/4 ,9 ,rome ,i h assi/$ 9 celebrat+ our ,twelf? ,night "u ! "n 8,befani10 at a great illum9at$ public fair1 ne> ! ,pan!on1 :]e *ildr5 are tak5 to buy toys4 ,!re has be5 9 ,engl& also a simil> mov+ back ( ! v anci5t--ev5 prehi/oric--celebrations ( ! ,new ,ye> to ,*ri/mas1 & h5ce x is t ! my/]i\s & sacr$ 8mi/letoe0 ( ! ,druids is m+l$ 9 our h\ses ) ! less significant b beautiful holly z a decoration4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 h[ev]1 did n1 & does n1 sanction ! introduction ( mi/letoe into ! sacr$ edifice1 & n _m ye>s ago ^? :o lov$ & truly und]/ood tradition w\ld n p]mit mi/letoe to be mix$ ) holly ev5 9 ! private h\se at ,*ri/ma/ide4 ,mi/letoe1 x 0 held1 c\ld n be rightly introduc$ until ! new ye>4 ,! new ye>1 h[ev]1 ( ! ,druids diff]$ 9 date f t ( ! lat] cal5d>1 & fell 9 :at is to u ! second week ( ,m>*4 ,! holly tree1 ) its spl5did r$ b]ries & %9+1 prickly leaves1 is a beautiful decorative plant1 v h>dy & abundant3 x 0 us$ by ! old ,romans 9 _! 8,saturnalia10 a fea/ :i* ne>ly co9cid$ ) ! ,*ri/mas ( ! new religion4 ,!re is a species ( holly 9 ,s\? ,am]ica ! leaves ( :i* are made into tea by ! ,indians1 ! ,p>aguay tea or matt4 ,?is tea is an unpleasant1 bitt] decoction1 devoid ( aroma1 if ,i may judge f samples :i* ,i h ta/$ 9 ,london4 8,ilex0 is ! botanical "n ( ! g5us to :i* bo? our holly-tree & ! ,p>aguay tea belong1 b x mu/ n be confus$ ) ! ev]gre5 oak to :i* ! "n ,qu]cus ilex is giv5 on acc\nt ( ! resemblance ( its leaves to ^? ( a holly4 ,! mi/letoe 7or mi/il-tan1 ! pale bran*1 9 ,anglo-,saxon7 is a pale-col\r$1 small-fl[]$ memb] ( a great family ( p>asitic plants1 ! ,loran?ace4 ,!y all live ^u trees1 & draw a "p ( _! n\ri%m5t f ! juices ( ! tree into :i* _! rootlets p5etrate4 ,! tropical allies ( ! mi/letoe are v beautiful plants1 ) f9e bun*es ( brilliantly-col\r$ fl[]s & broad h&some gre5 leaves4 ,our mi/letoe is mo/ commonly f\nd p>asitic on apple trees & popl> trees4 ,x occurs on ne>ly all our trees1 b is v r>e on ! oak4 ,a c>eful inquiry "s "t ago result$ 9 ! discov]y ( only sev5 oaks 9 all ,engl& on :i* mi/letoe 0 gr[+4 ,! ,druids took _! sacr$ mi/letoe f ! sacr$ oak tree on acc\nt ( its r>ity4 ,to !m x 0 a *>m aga9/ inf]tility & /]ility1 &1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 0 cut & di/ribut$ at ! new ye> ) great c]emony & ! sacrifice ( heif]s4 ,its pair$ :ite b]ries conta9 a viscid fluid :i* gives x its botanical "n ,viscum album--& causes ! se$s to adh]e to ! beaks ( birds--& ?us to be transport$ to a di/ance & introduc$ by ! birds' attempts to wipe _! beaks into ! cracks ( ! b>k ( trees1 9 :i* ! se$s g]m9ate4 ,! :ite-b]ri$ mi/letoe is ! only ,engli% k9d1 & r$ mi/letoe seems altoge!r out ( "*4 ,b a r$-b]ri$ species 7,viscum cruciatum7 is p>asitic on ! olive tree 9 ,spa91 ,nor? ,africa1 & ,syria4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ?\gh ! :ite-b]ri$ mi/letoe is excommunicat$ by ! ,we/]n ,*ri/ian ,*ur* on acc\nt ( its use 9 pagan wor%ip1 ! r$-b]ri$ mi/letoe 0 ga!r$ f olive trees 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ge?semane & 9 ! enclosure ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re at ,j]usalem by ,sir ,joseph ,hook]1 ! great botani/4 ,! r$-b]ri$ mi/letoe 0 successfully rais$ f se$ on "y olive trees six ye>s ago 9 ?is c\ntry by ! ,hon4 ,*>les ,ellis1 ( ,fr5%am1 ne> ,haslem]e1 & 0 figur$ at t "t by ,hook]4 ,! mi/letoe has an evil "n 9 ,sc&9avian my?ology4 ,baldur1 ! beautiful1 ! ,sun-god1 0 made1 l ,a*illes1 invuln]able to spe>s & arr[s cut f :atev] tree gr[s on e>?4 ,all ?+s _h tak5 an oa? n to hurt him1 & ! gods ( ,walhalla amus$ !mselves by ?r[+ all sorts ( d>ts & clubs at him--none c\ld hurt him4 ,at la/ ! bl9d god ,hd]1 :o lov$ ! beautiful ,baldur none ! less because he himself 0 weakly & sightless1 also v5tur$ to ?r[ a d>t at 8 invuln]able fri5d4 ,x sp$ home1 pi]c$ ,baldur's he>t1 & kill$ him4 ,! d>t 0 made ( mi/letoe1 a tree t does n gr[ on e>?1 b lives z a p>asite high up on o!r trees1 & _h tak5 no oa? to sp>e ,baldur4 ,x _h be5 put into ! bl9d god's h& 9 a fri5dly helpful sort ( way by a design+ female1 :o 0 really ! evil _s ,loki 9 disguise4 ,:at is ! allegory8 ,does ! mi/letoe d>t /& = calumny8 ,is ! mi/letoe associat$ ) calumny because x is a p>asite 9 high places8 ,if "o mu/ *oose betwe5 ! mi/letoe my? ( ,norsem5 & ,briton--! latt]1 :i* survives 9 ! p[] accord$ to ! mi/letoe to lic5se1 ev5 to comm&1 by its m]e ov]head exi/5ce1 ! giv+ & tak+ ( unexpect$ kisses & ( expect$ ones1 too1 is c]ta9ly ! m *e]ful & suitable to ! hopeful ent]prise ( ,new ,ye>4 #bd4 ,! ,cattle ,%[ ,i always look ^u ! ,*ri/mas ,cattle ,%[ ( ! ,smi?field ,club z a sci5tific delight4 ,bre$+ is a mo/ s]i\s bran* ( sci5tific k1 held by _m p 7( :om ,i am "o7 to be ( m importance to /atesm51 politicians1 & philan?ropi/s ?an any o!r k9d ( k1 & yet almo/ absolutely neglect$ & completely ignor$ except by our f>m]s & horticulturi/s4 ,:5 exam9+ 9 turn ! spl5did animals at ,isl+ton ,i h felt indignant t x %\ld be n improbable t1 ow+ to ignorance & neglect 9 (ficial qu>t]s1 ! long matur$ traditions & built-up skill ( our cattle-bre$]s w be de/roy$1 cru%$ out ( exi/5ce by huge1 deva/at+ capitali/ 8comb9es40 ,soon we %all n get ! beef we wi% =1 b we %all h to take :atev] inf]ior /uff ! giant monopoli/ *ooses to =ce on u--or g )\t6 ,our wond]ful /ock1 s pati5tly & happily br$1 ! envy ( ! _w1 w disappe>1 & our bre$]s =get _! art4 ,we %all none ( u 9 ,brita9 "k m ab\t prime beef1 roa/s1 grills1 & m>r[-bones ?an d ! p ( ,europe or ! eat]s ( t]rap9 & s(t-%ell$ crabs4 ,x is wond]ful t man1 by delib]ate *oice 9 select+ ! sires & dams1 has be5 able to produce su* widely-diff]5t races z ! %ort-horn1 ! ,highl& & ! ,sussex bre$1 & n only to produce !m1 b to keep !m !re g5]ation aft] g5]ation4 ,9 ,nature1 no su* deviations are all[$--h] motto is 8,"o species1 "o %ape10 :i* is only relax$ s z to all[ a few geographical v>ieties4 ,x is man :o makes all ^! /range bre$s1 j z he has made su* a que]1 irregul>1 v>i$ lot ( creatures f ! human /ock4 ,)draw once & = all man's guid+ 8intellig5ce10 or p]v]sity1 if y *oose s to call x1 & all ^! cattle w\ld 9 a few hundr$ ye>s rev]t to "o =m1 ne>ly 7b n q7 ! same z t !y came f4 ,s1 too1 ! ,%eep2 s1 too1 ! ,pigs4 ,& man himself1 if "o c\ld poison him univ]sally ) a m9d-de/roy+ microbe1 w\ld become a beautiful1 heal?y1 silly creature1 dy+ at fir/ by millions annually1 & at la/ repres5t$ by a hundr$ ?\s& unv>y+ specim5s1 inhabit+ ! w>m b heal?y corn]s ( ! e>?1 aimlessly happy1 free f disease1 nei!r increas+ nor decreas+ 9 numb]4 ,x is legitimate1 & is a means ( exam9+ ! :ole problem ( man's hi/ory1 to inquire :e!r we h reason or n to suppose t1 7 intellig5t man ?us remov$ arbitr>ily & completely f ! sc5e1 a new 8"l ( ! _w0 w\ld arise1 by normal evolution>y process4 ,a bird1 an elephant1 a rat1 might give rise to ! new l9e ( progressive developm5t1 &1 un*eck$ by man1 once jeal\s & repressive1 b n[ d[n-fall51 ?is new /ock might acquire su* bra9s & wits z we m5 n[ boa/ (1 & p ! e>?4 ,y nev] c tell6 ,b x is n ! bus9ess ( sci5ce to expatiate on su* possibilities4 ,! dome/icat$ cattle ( ,europe are ( v anci5t prehi/oric orig94 ,!y are = conv5i5ce call$ 8,bos taurus10 & seem to be d]iv$ f ! huge ,bos primig5ius or ,auro*s1 ! ,urus ( ,cs>1 :i* 0 wild 9 ,c5tral ,europe 9 8 "t1 & f ! ,indian ,bos indicus--:i* is repres5t$ by ! ,indian & ,african native bre$s ( 8hump$0 cattle4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 v difficult to trace mo/ ( man's dome/icat$ animals or 8 cultivat$ plants to _! orig9al wild =ms & orig9al habitation4 ,at ! ,cattle ,%[ we only see ,briti% & ,iri% bre$s1 & only ^? cattle br$ z meat-mak]s--! ,highl&1 ! ,wel%1 ! ,%or?orns1 ! poll$ ,angus1 ! ,s\? ,devons1 ! ,h]e=d1 ! ,sussex1 ! ,gall[ay1 ! ,dext]4 ,b !re are o!r ,briti% bre$s fam\s = _! milk-produc+ quality1 su* z ! ,gu]nseys & ,j]seys1 :il/ 9 ,hung>y1 ,italy1 & ,spa9 !y h magnific5t bre$s ( great size1 & (t5 ) truly spl5did spirally-turn$ horns 7e4g4 ! ,spani%71 :i* are us$ = pl\gh+ & c>t+1 & are fatt5$1 kill$1 & eat5 aft] do+ t5 ye>s' good "w4 ,^! f9e creatures are n se5 9 ,engl&4 ,!y come ne>e/ to ! ext9ct ,auro*s1 :i* 01 h[ev]1 bigg] ?an any ( !m4 ,x1 too1 exi/$ 9 prehi/oric times 9 ,engl&1 & we f9d its bones 9 ! gravel ( ! ,?ames ,valley4 ,! la/ auro*s1 or wild bull ( ,europe1 0 kill$ 9 ,pol& ne> ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! wild ,*ill+ham cattle are ,roman cattle run wild4 ,_m ( ^! bre$s & ! bones ( ! auro*s to comp>e z to size may be se5 9 ! nor? hall ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum1 :]e ,i comm5c$ a collection ( dome/icat$ bre$s ( cattle1 %eep1 horses1 dogs1 c41 eight ye>s ago4 ,*ill+ham cattle are to be se5 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s4 ,an int]e/+ fact 9 ?is connection is t ! spl5did bull :i* is kept 9 half-wild h]ds 9 ,spa9 = ! purpose ( 8bull-fights10 is ( a totally diff]5t race f t ( ! big1 long-horn$ agricultural cattle4 ,x may be se5 at ,cromwell-road1 a specim5 kill$ 9 ! r+ hav+ be5 procur$ at my reque/ & pres5t$ to ! museum ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ! ,briti% ,consul at ,seville4 ,! ,spani% fight+ bull is1 curi\sly en\gh1 m l our ,*annel ,isl& milk-produc+ cattle ?an any o!r4 ,x probably came to ,spa9 f ,nor? ,africa--b !re seems to be no record or hi/ory conc]n+ x--& if !re 7 x w\ld probably be a fanta/ic inv5tion4 ,x seems t only ! bulls ( ?is special bre$ c be play$ ) & dazzl$ by ! matador's r$ cloak4 ,a ,scot* bull 0 once br\ght by sea to ,seville & introduc$ to ! ar5a4 ,he paid no att5tion to cloaks1 r$ or o!rwise1 b always w5t /raight = 8 man4 ,x is /at$ t he 0 soon left q alone 9 ! r+6 ,! native ,african cattle 7( ,indian orig97 at ,ujiji & 9 ,dam>al& h ! bigge/ horns ( any true ,bos--z mu* z #ac-a_/b ft4 along ! curve f po9t to po9t4 ,we h to di/+ui% f our own cattle1 = :i* !re is no "n except 8,bos taurus10 = nei!r ox1 bull1 c[1 heif]1 nor /e] w d--! o!r bov9es--! buffaloes1 ! yak1 & ! bison--besides ^? great bea/s ! gayal & ! gaur ( ,india & ! bant+ ( ,malay4 ,all ^! may be se5 & /udi$ ei!r 9 ! ,museum or ! ,zoological ,g>d5s4 #be4 ,! ,exp]im5tal ,me?od ,! obs]vations lately made by a ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ] ab\t an attempt to put salt on a bird's tail rem9d me ( my fir/ attempt to deal exp]im5tally ) a popul> sup]/ition4 ,i 0 a v tru/ful little boy1 & ,i _h be5 assur$ by v>i\s gr[n-up fri5ds t if y place salt on a bird's tail ! bird becomes z x 7 transfix$ & daz$1 & t y c !n pick x up & c>ry x (f4 ,on sev]al occasions ,i c>ri$ a packet ( salt into ! ,london p>k :]e my si/] & ,i 7 daily tak5 by our nurse4 ,9 va9 ,i ?rew ! salt at ! sp>r[s4 ,!y always flew away1 & ,i came to ! conclusion t ,i _h n succe$$ 9 gett+ any salt or1 at any rate1 n en\gh on to ! tail ( any "o ( !m4 ,!n ,i devis$ a great exp]im5t4 ,!re 0 a sort ( creek eight feet long & ?ree feet broad at ! we/ end ( ! ornam5tal wat] 9 ,/4 ,james's ,p>k4 ,my si/] attract$ sev]al ducks ) (f]+s ( bread into ?is creek1 & ,i1 /&+ ne> its entrance1 ) a huge pap] bag ( salt1 trembl$ ) excitem5t at ! approa*+ success ( my s*eme4 ,i p\r$ quantities--:ole ounces ( salt--on to ! tails ( ! doom$ birds z !y pass$ me on _! way back f ! creek to ! op5 wat]4 ,_! tails 7 cov]$ ) salt4 ,b1 to my surprise & horror1 !y did n /op6 ,!y gaily swam =w>d1 %ak+ _! fea!rs & utt]+ d]isive 8quacks40 ,i 0 pr(\ndly tr\bl$ & di/ress$4 ,i _h cle>ly prov$ "o ?+1 namely1 t my nursemaid1 uncle1 & sev]al o!r tru/$ fri5ds--b n1 ,i am /ill glad to rememb]1 my fa!r--7 ei!r delib]ate deceiv]s or !mselves ! victims ( illusion4 ,i 0 confirm$ 9 my y\?ful wi% to try :e!r ?+s are z p say !y are or n4 ,some:at e>ly p]haps1 ,i adopt$ ! motto ( ! ,royal ,society1 8,nullius 9 v]ba40 ,& a v good motto x is1 too1 9 spite ( ! wor?y ,todhunt] & o!r toil+ p$agogues1 :o h decl>$ t x is outrage\s to enc\rage a y\? to seek demon/ration r ?an accept ! /atem5t ( 8 tea*]1 especially if ! latt] be a cl]gyman4 ,my exp]im5t 0 on closely simil> l9es to t made by ! ,royal ,society on ,july #bd1 #affj--;9 reg>d to ! alleg$ prop]ty ( p[d]$ rh9oc]os horn--:i* 0 reput$ to p>alyse poison\s creatures su* z snakes1 scorpions1 & spid]s4 ,we read 9 ! j\rnal-book1 /ill pres]v$ by ! society1 "u ?is date3 8,a circle 0 made ) p[d] ( unicorne's horn1 & a spid] set 9 ! middle ( x1 b x imm$iately ran out sev]al times repeat$4 ,! spid] once made "s /ay ^u ! p[d]40 #bf4 ,hypnotism & an ,exp]im5t on ! ,influ5ce ( ! ,magnet ,a m int]e/+ result foll[$ f an exp]im5t made 9 ! same _s tw5ty-five ye>s lat]4 ,i 0 9 ,p>is1 & w5t ) a m$ical fri5d to visit ! celebrat$ physician ,*>cot1 to :om at t "t ,i 0 a /rang]1 at ! ,salptrire ,hospital4 ,he & 8 assi/ants 7 mak+ v int]e/+ exp]im5ts on hypnotism4 ,*>cot all[$ great latitude to ! "y doctors :o work$ ) him4 ,!y initiat$ & c>ri$ ?r\gh v wild 8exploratory0 exp]im5ts on ?is difficult subject4 ,*>cot did n disc\rage !m1 b did n accept _! results unless e/abli%$ by unassailable evid5ce1 al?\gh 8 views 7 absurdly misrepres5t$ by ! newspap]s & wond]mong]s ( ! day4 ,at ?is "t !re _h be5 a revival ( ! anci5t & fanciful doctr9e ( 8metallic sympa?ies10 :i* fl\ri%$ a hundr$ ye>s ago1 & 0 ev5 !n b a revival ( ! /range fancies z to 8sympa!tic p[d]s10 :i* 7 br\ght be=e ! ,royal ,society by ,sir ,k5elm ,digby at "o ( its fir/ meet+s1 9 #affj4 ,9 ! j\rnal-book ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,june #e ( t ye>1 we read1 8,magnetical cures 7 !n disc\rs$ (4 ,sir ,gilb]t ,talbot promis$ to br+ 9 :at he knew ( sympa!ticall cures4 ,^? t _h any p[d] ( sympa?y 7 desir$ to br+ "s ( x at ! next meet+4 ,sir ,k5elm ,digby relat$ t ! calc9$ p[d] ( toades rev]b]at$1 apply$ 9 bagges ^u ! /oma* ( a pe/if]ate body1 cures x by sev]al applications40 ,! belief 9 sympa!tic p[d]s & metals 0 a la/ survival ( ! m$ival doctr9e ( 8signatures10 itself a =m ( ! feti% /ill practis$ by ,african wit*-doctors1 & directly connect$ ) ! univ]sal sy/em ( magic & wit*craft ( ,european z well z ( m remote populations4 ,to ?is day1 su* beliefs lie close b5ea? ! ?9 cru/ ( mod]n k & civilisation1 ev5 9 ,engl&1 treasur$ 9 obscure tradition & ready to bur/ =? 9 grotesque revivals 9 all classes ( society4 ,! ,royal ,society put _m ( ^! reput$ me*anisms ( wit*craft & magic to ! te/1 & by %[+ _! failure to produce ! effects attribut$ to !m1 help$ greatly to cause wit*es1 wiz>ds1 & _! foll[]s to draw 9 _! horns & disappe>4 ,! g]m1 h[ev]1 rema9$1 & reappe>s 9 v>i\s =ms to-day4 ,?irty ye>s ago "s ( ! doctors 9 ,p>is believ$ t a small disc ( gold1 or copp]1 or ( silv]1 laid flat on ! arm c\ld produce an abs5ce ( s5sation 9 ! arm1 & t :il/ "o p]son c\ld be ?us affect$ by "o metal ano!r p]son w\ld respond only to ano!r metal1 accord+ to a suppos$ 8sympa?y0 or special aff9ity ( ! n]v\s sy/em = ?is or t metal4 ,?is a/oni%+ doctr9e 0 ?\ght to be prov$ by c]ta9 exp]im5ts made ) ! curi\sly 8n]v\s0 7hy/]ical7 wom5 :o frequ5t ! ,salptrire ,hospital z out-pati5ts4 ,t ! loss ( s5sation1 :i* 0 real en\gh1 0 due to :at is call$ 8sugge/ion0--t is to say1 a belief on ! "p ( ! pati5t t su* w\ld be ! case1 because ! doctor said x w\ld--& _h no?+ to d ) "o metal or ano!r1 0 subsequ5tly prov$ by mak+ use ( wood5 discs 9 place ( metallic ones1 ! pati5t be+ l$ to suppose t a disc ( metal ( ! k9d ) :i* %e believ$ h]self 8sympa!tic0 0 be+ appli$4 ,s5sation disappe>$ j z readily z :5 a special metallic disc 0 us$4 ,! old hypo!sis ( ! influ5ce ( a magnet on ! human body 0 at ?is "t reviv$1 & ,*>cot's pupils f\nd t :5 a susceptible female pati5t held 9 ! h& a b> ( iron surr\nd$ by a coil ( copp] wire lead+ to a *emical electric cell or batt]y no?+ happ5$ s long z ! connection 0 brok54 ,b z soon z ! wire 0 connect$ s z to set up an electric curr5t & to make ! b> ( iron into a magnet1 ! h& & arm 7up to ! %\ld]7 ( ! "y woman hold+ ! b>1 lo/ all s5sation4 ,%e 0 n all[$ to see h] h& & arm1 & 0 app>5tly q unconsci\s ( ! ?ru/+ ( l>ge c>pet-ne$les into1 & ev5 ?r\gh1 !m1 ?\gh z long z ! b> ( iron 0 n magnetis$ %e %runk f a p9-prick appli$ to ! same "p4 ,i saw ?is exp]im5t ) ,*>cot & "s o!rs pres5t1 & ,i notic$ t ! ord] to an assi/ant to 8make contact10 t is to say1 to conv]t ! b> ( iron into a magnet1 0 giv5 v emphatically by ,*>cot1 & t !re 0 an attitude ( expectation on ! "p ( all pres5t--:i* 0 foll[$ by ! demon/ration by means ( ne$le-prick+ t ! "y woman's arm _h lo/ s5sation1 or1 z !y say1 80 9 a /ate ( an/hesia40 ,*>cot w5t away say+ he %\ld repeat ! exp]im5t be=e "s m$ical fri5ds 9 an h\r or two4 ,9 ! meantime1 be+ left alone 9 ! laboratory ) my companion z witness1 ,i empti$ ! *emical fluid 7potassium bi*romate7 f ! electric batt]y & sub/itut$ pure wat]4 ,x 0 n[ incapable ( sett+ up an electric curr5t & conv]t+ ! b> into a magnet4 ,:5 ,*>cot return$ ) 8 visitors1 ! pati5t 0 br\ght 91 & ! :ole ritual repeat$4 ,!re 0 no effect on s5sation :5 ! b> 0 held 9 ! h& s long z ! ord] to set ! curr5t go+1 & s magnetise ! b>1 _h n be5 giv54 ,at la/ ! ^w 0 giv51 8,make60 & at once ! pati5t's arm became an/hetis$1 z e>li] 9 ! day4 ,we ran l>ge c>pet-ne$les into ! h& )\t ! smalle/ evid5ce ( ! pati5t's k4 ,! ord] 0 giv5 to break ! curr5t 7t is1 to cease magnetis+ ! b>71 & at once ! "y woman exhibit$ signs ( discom=t1 & remon/rat$ ) ,*>cot = all[+ su* big ne$les to be ?ru/ into h] h& :5 %e 0 devoid ( s5sation6 ,my exp]im5t _h succe$$ p]fectly4 ,x w\ld n h done to let ,*>cot1 or anyone else 7except my witness7 "k t :5 ! ord] 8,make0 0 giv51 !re 0 no 8mak+10 b t ! b> rema9$ z be=e un-magnetis$4 ,! conviction ( ev]yone1 includ+ ,*>cot himself1 t ! b> became a magnet1 & t loss ( s5sation w\ld foll[1 0 a necess>y condition ( ! 8sugge/ion0 or control ( ! pati5t4 ,x 0 ?us demon/rat$ t ! /ate ( ! iron b> z magnet or n magnet _h no?+ to d ) ! result1 b t ! important ?+ 0 t ! pati5t %\ld believe t ! b> became a magnet1 & t %e %\ld be influ5c$ by h] expectation1 & t ( all ^? ar\nd h]1 t ! b>1 be+ n[ a magnet1 s5sation w\ld disappe> f h] arm4 ,) appropriate apologies ,i expla9$ to ,*>cot t ! electric batt]y _h be5 empti$ by me1 & t no curr5t _h be5 produc$4 ,! assi/ants ru%$ to v]ify ! fact1 & ,i 0 expect+ t ,i %\ld be frigidly reque/$ to take my leave1 :5 my h& 0 grasp$1 & my %\ld] held by ! great physician1 :o said1 8,mais que v\s avez bi5 fait1 mon *] ,monsieur60 ,i _h _m delightful h\rs ) him 9 aft] ye>s1 bo? at ! ,salptrire & 9 8 beautiful old h\se & g>d5 9 ! ,b\lev>d ,/4 ,g]ma94 ,!re are few 8subjects0 9 ?is c\ntry = ! /ud5t ( hypnotism to equal ! pati5ts ( ! ,salptrire & o!r hospitals 9 ,france--& v few among/ ^? :o read1 & ev5 write1 ab\t 8occultism0 & 8sup]-normal ph5om5a0 "k ! lead+ facts :i* h be5 e/abli%$ 9 reg>d to ?is important bran* ( psy*ology4 ,! /udy ( ! natural hi/ory ( ! m9d1 its modes ( activity1 & its defects & diseases is ( fundam5tal importance--b its results are (t5 ei!r unkn[n or greatly misund]/ood by ^? :o h mo/ ne$ ( su* k1 namely ^? :o1 mi/ak+ ! attitude ( an ignorant *ild = t ( 8a c&id inquir]10 try to =m a judgm5t z to ! tru? or untru? ( /ories ( gho/s1 ?\ght-transf]5ce1 _s-controls1 cry/al-gaz+1 div9+-rods1 amulets1 & ! evil eye4 #bg4 ,lum9\s ,owls & ,o!r ,lum9\s ,animals & ,plants ,a correspond5t lately describ$ 9 a lett] to a ,london newspap] :at he believ$ to h be5 8a lum9\s owl10 :i* 0 se5 fly+ ab\t at night 9 ,norfolk4 ,he m5tion$ ! well-kn[n fact t ! d5se greasy pat* ( fea!rs on ! brea/ ( ! h]on is said to be lum9\s by _m tru/wor?y obs]v]s4 ,x is v probable t x 0 "s c>nivor\s or fi%-eat+ bird1 :i* 0 ?us se5 9 a lum9\s condition at night4 ,! occurr5ce is mu* m 9 accordance ) kn[n facts ?an mo/ p w\ld suppose to be ! case4 ,light1 ev5 /rong light1 is produc$ by _m natural objects )\t ! accompanim5t ( heat4 ,we usually expect n m]ely fire :]e !re is smoke1 b heat--9 fact1 great heat1 :]e !re is light or flame4 ,yet !re are _m in/ances to ! contr>y1 & ! ^w 8phosphoresc5ce0 is us$ to indicate a production ( light )\t heat 9 ref]5ce to ! fact t phosphorus is lum9\s1 ev5 :5 cov]$ ) wat]1 al?\gh no appreciable heat accompanies ! light su* z we are accu/om$ to obs]ve 9 ord9>y 8combu/ion0 or burn+4 ,!re is m ?an "o k9d ( phosphoresc5ce4 ,we sep>ate ! phosphoresc5ce :i* is due to ! oxidation ( peculi> fatty matt]s 9 ! bodies ( plants & ( animals 7su* z gl[-worms7 f t :i* is caus$ by ! break+ or heat+ ( cry/als 7:ite ars5ic & apatite71 or by long] or %ort] exposure to ! sun's rays 7lum9\s pa9t71 or by radio-activity1 or by electrical dis*>ges 9 vacuum tubes4 ,! 8lum9\s owl0 ( ! above-m5tion$ correspond5t & ! lum9\s brea/ ( ! h]on probably owe _! /range appe>ance to ! birds hav+ sme>$ !mselves ) phosphoresc5t c>rion or dead fi%1 ! lum9osity ( :i* is due to bact]ia4 ,! simple/ case ( phosphoresc5ce 9 liv+ ?+s is t ( ! almo/ ubiquit\s phosphoresc5t bact]ia1 m9ute microbes l ^? :i* cause putrefaction4 ,!y c be obta9$ & cultivat$ f almo/ any sample ( sea wat]4 ,a ?9 slice ( meat plac$ 9 a %all[ di% ( salt wat]1 s z to be b>ely cov]$ by ! liquid1 w 9 cool1 damp wea!r1 almo/ c]ta9ly become cov]$ ) ! gr[? ( ?is phosphoresc5t g]m & appe> brilliantly lum9\s4 ,! populations ( seaside t[ns h (t5 be5 t]rifi$ by all ! meat 9 ! but*]s' %ops sudd5ly becom+ ?us phosphoresc5t4 ,! gr[? may be cultivat$ 9 flasks ( salt bro?4 ,i h prep>$ su* flasks1 :i*1 :5 %ak5 s z to introduce oxyg51 give out a heatless blaze ( light ( a gre5i% col\r1 brilliant en\gh to light up a room4 ,i once f\nd a bone 9 a dog's k5nel :i* 0 brilliantly phosphoresc5t ow+ to ?is bact]ium4 ,i kept x = sev]al days & %[$ x to ,huxley z well z to o!r fri5ds4 ,a c]ta9 k9d ( phosphoresc5t bact]ia are p>asitic 9 ! blood ( s&hopp]s1 caus+ a disease :i* kills !m4 ,! diseas$ s&hopp]s %9e l gl[-worms4 ,i h f\nd !m abundantly on ! sea %ore ne> ,b\logne & ne> ,tr\ville1 b n yet on ! ,engli% coa/4 ,! bact]ia c be se5 ) ! microscope & inoculat$ f diseas$ lum9\s s&hopp]s into heal?y ones by us+ a ne$le to prick fir/ ! diseas$ & !n ! heal?y creature4 ,! animals ( ! sea are (t5 provid$ ) secret+ organs1 produc+ a fatty body :i* c be oxidis$ & made lum9\s at ! pleasure ( ! animal4 ,?us _m m>9e worms & m9ute sea-%rimps give out brilliant fla%es ( light4 ,jelly-fi% ( _m k9ds1 & ! m9ute noctiluca1 no bigg] ?an a p9's head1 & ! ?ree-horn$ animalcule ,c]atium tripos are ! usual cause ( ! phosphoresc5ce ( ! sea on our own coa/4 ,deep-sea fi%es are provid$ ) l>ge phosphoresc5t discs or plates on ! surface ( ! body1 :i* are sometimes furni%$ ) l5ses l a bull's-eye lant]n4 ,gl[-worms & fire-flies & "s tropical beetles are examples ( insects :i* h fatty phosphoresc5t organs :i* !y c illum9ate 7oxidise7 at pleasure1 "u ! control ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,"s ( ! ,we/ ,indian phosphoresc5t beetles are rem>kable = hav+ 8lights0 ( two diff]5t col\rs4 ,9 ! m>%es ar\nd ,mantua ! fire-flies are s abundant at ! end ( ,june t ! air = miles is full ( !m1 & ! sight s extraord9>y & beautiful z to be wor? a long j\rney to see4 ,i h se5 fire-flies z f> nor? z ,bonn on ! ,rh9e4 ,once ,i 0 ne>ly upset by a horse %y+ at a gl[-worm on a bank 9 ,worce/]%ire4 ,"s m\lds & well-gr[n toad/ools are phosphoresc5t1 & a phosphoresc5t e>?worm1 a peculi> species1 n[ well kn[n1 0 fir/ ( all discov]$ 9 ! ,s\? ( ,irel& by ! late ,pr(essor ,allman4 ,9 ! autumn ,i h (t5 pick$ up ! phosphoresc5t c5tip$e1 :i* is rem>kable = ! fact t ! phosphoresc5t mat]ial is a k9d ( slime :i* exudes f ! body--! creature leav+ ?us a lum9\s trail beh9d x z x crawls4 ,! piddock1 or pholas--a bor+ sort ( mussel--has brilliant phosphoresc5t gl&s1 & ! boys at ,naples love to mun* ^! %ell-fi% at night1 & !n to al>m ! pass]-by by op5+ _! m\?s1 & %[+ a brilliant gre5 light )94 ,cases are record$1 b n rec5tly1 ( p]sons suff]+ f tub]culosis becom+ phosphoresc5t2 a possible1 b c]ta9ly a r>e1 occurr5ce4 ,animal & vegetable phosphoresc5ce is v>i$ 9 col\r4 ,! light emitt$ is blue-gre51 gre51 yell[1 orange1 & ev5 r$ 9 diff]5t cases4 ,x is always due to ! oxidation ( a sep>ate fatty *emical body1 :i* c 9 _m in/ances be extract$1 !n dri$1 & subsequ5tly made lum9\s by moi/5+ ) e!r1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* oxidation by ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e is facilitat$4 #bh4 ,rem9isc5ces ( ,"l ,kelv9 ,! late ,"l ,kelv9 0 "o ( ! mo/ fasc9at+ p]sonalities 9 ! le>n$ _w4 ,he utt]$ ) a delightful simplicity ! ?\ghts1 h[ev] romantic & fanciful1 :i* bubbl$ up 9 8 wond]ful bra94 ,x 0 because he 0 s mu* ( a poet t he 0 s great a man ( sci5ce4 ,atoms & molecules & vortices1 & ! vibrations & gyrations ( e!r1 & 8sort+ demons0 7 all pictur$ 9 8 m9d's eye1 & us$ z c\nt]s ( ?\ght to give %ape & ! equival5t ( tangible reality to 8 conceptions4 ,by su* conceptions he 0 able to pres5t to himself & 8 li/5]s ! complex me*anisms ( cry/als1 ( liquids1 ( gases1 ( electrical & magnetic curr5ts1 & ! endless a/\nd+ proce$+s ( rays ( light unsuspect$ by ! ord9>y man4 ,i ?9k ! la/ occasion on :i* he spoke 9 public 0 aft] ,sir ,david ,gill's brilliant address to ! ,briti% ,association at ,leice/] la/ ,augu/4 ,"l ,kelv9 0 sitt+ close to me on t occasion1 & ,i notic$ t he nev] mov$ 8 gaze f ! speak]4 ,he foll[$ ,sir ,david's acc\nt ( />s1 ^: di/ance is /at$ by ! numb] ( ye>s x takes = _! light to travel to ?is e>?1 l an enraptur$ s*oolboy1 & *e]$ :5 ! evid5ce = ! exi/5ce ( two great /reams ( movem5t ( ! heav5ly bodies1 9 opposite directions1 go+ no "o kn[s :i!r1 com+ no "o kn[s :5ce1 0 sket*$ to u by ! lectur]4 ,9 propos+ a vote ( ?anks to ,sir ,david ,gill1 ,"l ,kelv9 bur/ into a sort ( rhapsody1 9 :i*1 ) unaffect$ en?usiasm1 he decl>$ t we _h be5 tak5 on a j\rney f> m wond]ful ?an t ( ,aladd9 on ! en*ant$ c>pet2 we _h be5 c>ri$ to ! remote/ />s & well-nigh r\nd ! univ]se1 & br\ght back safely to ,leice/] on ! w+s ( sci5ce1 & ! mo/ m>vell\s ?+ ab\t x all 0 t x is true6 ,a few weeks be=e ?is ,"l ,kelv9 0 at ! d9n] 9 celebration ( ! jubilee ( ! f\ndation ( ! ,*emical ,society4 ,9 ! spee* :i* he !n made he ref]r$ to ! pa9ful accid5t ( a ye> or s ago :i* we _h all s mu* regrett$1 :5 he _h burnt 8 h& accid5tally 9 "s exp]im5ts ) phosphorus1 & _h _h to c>ry 8 arm 9 a sl+ = "s weeks4 8,"l ,rayleigh1 ! presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society10 he said1 8has j told u h[1 z a boy1 he gave pro( ( 8 devotion to *emical sci5ce by burn+ 8 f+]s ) phosphorus--b ,i ?9k my devotion mu/ be consid]$ great] ?an 81 = ,i burnt my f+]s v badly ) phosphorus only la/ ye>1 :5 ,i 0 #hc ye>s old4 ,x 0 at ! end ( ,april4 ,my fri5ds said ,i 0 old en\gh to "k bett]1 & x %\ld h happ5$1 n at ! end ( ,april1 b on ! fir/ day1 ( t mon?40 ,"l ,kelv9 0 associat$ 9 "w 9 ! sixties & sev5ties ) ano!r spl5did man1 ,tait1 ( ,ed9burgh1 :o1 besides be+ a great pr(essor ( 8,natural ,philosophy10 & jo9t au?or ( ! celebrat$ treatise kn[n z ,?omson & ,tait1 0 a great a?lete--a golf] ( ! fir/ class1 a fir/-rate billi>d play]1 & a wise lov] ( good ale1 :i* he drank & gave to 8 fri5ds to dr9k1 :il/ he disc\rs$ z few1 if any1 to my k1 c n[ d1 ( ?+s philosophical1 ma!matical1 & humane4 #bi4 ,! ,s-call$ ,j>gon ( ,sci5ce ,x is (t5 discuss$ z to :e!r sci5ce fails to obta9 ! att5tion ( ! public & to excite intellig5t int]e/1 ow+ to ! obscure language :i* lectur]s & writ]s use :5 attempt+ to exp\nd sci5tific views & discov]ies to 8! ord9>y man10 or :e!r ! fault lies ) ! 8ord9>y man0 himself1 :o is too frivol\s to bo!r ab\t foll[+ c>efully ! words address$ to him1 &1 moreov]1 has nev] le>nt ev5 ! ,a ,b ,c ( sci5ce at s*ool4 ,x is c]ta9ly ! case1 z ,pr(essor ,turn]1 ! ,ox=d pr(essor ( a/ronomy1 has po9t$ out1 t a popul> lectur] c\ld tell 8 auditors a good deal m 9 an h\r if !y already _h ! elem5ts ( 8 subject at _! f+]s' ends ?an he c "u ! exi/+ /ate ( neglect ( s*ool education 9 ! natural sci5ces4 ,t1 h[ev]1 seems to be obvi\s en\gh1 & does n t\* ! real "q4 ,i h _h a long exp]i5ce1 bo? 9 lectur+ myself & 9 assi/+ 9 ! tra9+ ( o!rs to lecture & also to in=m ! un9/ruct$ public by means ( museum-labels & popul> notes4 ,x seems to me t !re are a l>ge numb] ( m5 :o1 ev5 ?\gh capable ( express+ !mselves cle>ly "u usual circum/ances1 yet fail to d s :5 try+ to exp\nd or to tea*1 9 consequ5ce ( ?ree di/9ct faults1 any "o ( :i* is en\gh to r5d] _! disc\rse or writ+ hopelessly obscure to 8! man 9 ! /reet40 ,^! are1 fir/1 a k9d ( pride 9 us+ special t]ms & modes ( expression :i* infatuates ! lectur] or writ]1 & leads him1 )\t reflection1 to an attitude ( m9d express$ by say+1 8,t is ! correct /atem5t ab\t ?is matt]1 %ort & true4 ,if y don't und]/& x1 !re are o!rs :o c4 ,y c leave x alone2 x is n wor? my :ile to sp5d "t & tr\ble to expla9 fur!r2 x is = y to give y\rselves ! tr\ble to f9d out :at ,i mean40 ,! second fault is a real incapacity 7:i* occurs 9 _m le>n$ m57 to realise ! /ate ( m9d ( ! un9/ruct$ man1 woman or *ild :o eag]ly desires to be in/ruct$3 ?is is want ( imag9ation & want ( sympa?y4 ,!re is no cure = ^? :o fail z tea*]s = ei!r ( ^! two reasons4 ,! ?ird fault is mu* m widely at "w1 & ! mo/ k9dly sympa!tic lectur]s & writ]s--b m especially lectur]s--(t5 suff] f x & c\ld easily am5d _! practice4 ,x consi/s 9 ! attempt to tell ! audi5ce or read] too mu*--va/ly too mu*--9 ! limit ( "o h\r1 or )9 ! space ( a few l9es or pages4 ,?is failure is well-nigh univ]sal4 ,i h he>d a di/+ui%$ discov]]1 an eloqu5t & able man1 try to tell a completely ignorant audi5ce 9 "o h\r ! results ( ye>s ( exp]im5t & "w by _m m5 on ! electrical curr5ts obs]v$ 9 n]ves4 ,! audi5ce did n "k :at is meant by an electrical curr5t1 nor any?+ ab\t n]ves1 nor a s+le "o ( ! te*nical t]ms necess>ily us$ by ! lectur]4 ,! task 0 an impossible "o4 ,9 six lectures x might h be5 accompli%$1 & great delight & increase ( und]/&+ af=d$ to ! li/5]s in/ead ( p]plexity & a s5se ( _! own incapacity & ! hopeless obscurity ( sci5ce4 ,t1 ,i am conv9c$1 is ! real tr\ble1 viz41 ! attempt to tell too mu* 9 a %ort "t1 ! failure by ! lectur] to arrange 8 exposition 9 a s]ies ( well-consid]$1 def9ite /eps1 ea* excit+ ! desire to "k m1 & ea* giv5 suffici5t "t & exp]im5tal illu/ration or pictorial demon/ration to lodge its mean+ & value safely & s\ndly 9 ! t5d] bra9 ( ! ignorant b will+ li/5]4 ,i am conv9c$ t !re is 9 v _m lectur]s a t5d5cy to try to cr[d & compress into "o lecture :at %\ld occupy t5--if ! will+ & intellig5t b ignorant li/5] is to feel happy & is really to und]/& :at is said & done = 8 in/ruction4 ,a special difficulty also arises f ! fact t ! lectur] (t5 feels himself call$ ^u to address & to say some?+ to ^? among ! audi5ce :o already "k a good deal ab\t 8 subject1 z well z to make ?+s cle> to ^? :o are absolute novices4 ,"s p h made ?is discussion ! opportunity = attack+ on ! "o h& ! ,engli% language1 & on ! o!r ! use ( special names appli$ by m5 ( sci5ce to special ?+s & special processes4 ,we _c at once *ange ! ,engli% language1 ev5 did we wi% to d s4 ,b ! creation ( special names to di/+ui% ?+s n di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r 9 common spee* is a necessity4 ,x _c be avoid$4 ,x is m]e impati5ce & temp] to call ! names & t]ms :i* are necess>y z c\nt]s ( ?\ght 8j>gon40 ,no d\bt !re may be 9 "s lectur]s & writ]s a t5d5cy to excessive use ( special t]ms & names1 b ! real tr\ble 9 ! matt] arises f ! too rapid ?ru/+ ( a l>ge numb] ( su* unfamili> words ^u an untra9$ audi5ce4 ,if new words are introduc$ 9 mod]ation !y c be assimilat$4 ,!y _c be disp5s$ ) altoge!r4 ,a correspond5t lately compla9$ to me t ,i wrote ( ! m9ute creature :i* causes ! sleep+ sickness z a ,trypanosome1 :]eas1 _h ,i call$ x 8a blood-p>asite0 he w\ld h kn[n :at ,i meant1 & be5 able to foll[ my /atem5t m easily4 ,i am sorry to say t ,i _c agree ) him4 ,!re are _m k9ds ( blood-p>asites2 !re are ! worms kn[n z ,fil>i1 !re are ! vegetable microbes kn[n z bact]ia & bacilli & spirilla1 & !re are m9ute creatures ( an animal nature call$ pyroplasma & trypanosoma 7beside "s o!rs74 ,^! mu/ be di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r if we are to und]/& any?+ ab\t ! causation ( disease by microbes4 ,x w\ld be m]e muddl+ & confusion to simply call !m all by ! same "n1 simply 8blood p>asite40 ,t w\ld cause ! same sort ( confusion z w\ld occur if ! ,smi?s or ,br[ns ( our acqua9tance _h no ,*ri/ian names by :i* we c sep>ate ea* memb] ( ! class f ! o!rs & assign to him 8 own special qualities1 op9ions1 & prop]ty4 ,:at "s p call 8sci5tific j>gon0 is assur$ly n a ?+ to be pr\d ( or to m\? ) a s5se ( sup]iority4 ,nev]!less1 x is absolutely necess>y1 & mu/ be introduc$ g5tly & consid]ately to ! /rang] :o c & w1 if reasonably h&l$1 appreciate ! immeasurable advantage ( hav+ di/9ct words to signify di/9ct ?+s4 ,t1 aft] all1 is an elem5t>y feature 9 all language4 ,& j z ! 8j>gon0 ( a game1 a sport1 or a pr(ession has a fasc9ation = ^? :o use x1 & =ms a bond ( union or special und]/&+ betwe5 !m1 s inevitably does ! j>gon ( a bran* ( sci5ce fl\ri% 9 ! ?\ght & on ! lips ( ^? :o devote !mselves to t bran*1 & b9d !m 9 a sort ( freemasonry4 ,we d n expect cricket]s or golf]s to talk 9 pla9 ,engli%2 :y %\ld we expect *emi/s or naturali/s to d s8 ,aft] all1 x is a "q ( mod]ation & ( gradually increas+ ! dose4 ,! beg9n] mu/ n be t]rifi$ by an array ( outl&i% words4 #cj4 ,rats & ! ,plague ,rats6 ,:o said rats8 ,t is an important "q1 because ! ^w means diff]5t ?+s to diff]5t p4 ,to "s p]sons 8rats0 means simply 8nons5se06 ,to ,sir ,james ,cri*ton ,br[ne x means ! deva/ator ( /ores & ! dread c>ri] ( bubonic plague4 ,to ! naturali/ x means a gr\p or natural cohort ( small mammals simil> to our common rat & m\se1 repres5tatives ( :i* are f\nd 9 e qu>t] ( ! globe & 9 almo/ e isl& ( ! sea4 ,! di/9ct 8k9ds0 or 8species0 are numb]$ by ! hundr$4 ,!y are extraord9>ily alike1 & c only be di/+ui%$ & classifi$ into prop] 8species0 by c>eful exam9ation & measurem5t4 ,mr4 ,oldfield ,?omas1 ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum1 has made a special /udy ( !m4 ,to give an idea ( 8 "w1 x may be m5tion$ t n9ety diff]5t names _h be5 giv5 by previ\s writ]s to z _m app>5tly di/9ct k9ds ( rat occurr+ 9 ,india4 ,b by c>eful measurem5t & /udy ( ! relations to "o ano!r ( ^! rats1 ,mr4 ,?omas has r$uc$ ! numb] ( really di/9ct ,indian species ( rats & mice 7= a m\se is only a small] rat7 to n9ete54 ,:at we call 9 ,engli% wat]-rats1 or wat]-voles1 field-voles1 & su* little =eign bea/s z ! lemm+ & ! ham/]1 are v close to rats 9 appe>ance1 b are sep>at$ on acc\nt ( cle> diff]5ces ( /ructure f true rats & mice4 ,at a meet+ 9 ,london ! total de/ruction ( 8rats0 0 advocat$4 ,:e!r x 0 affirm$ at ! meet+1 or 0 m]ely an error ( ^? :o wrote & comm5t$ on ! matt] aft]w>ds1 ,i d n "k1 b x 0 v g5]ally /at$ 9 ?is connection t ! old ,black rat 7kn[n to naturali/s z ,mus rattus7 is q ext9ct 9 ,engl&1 & t its place has be5 tak5 by ! ,norwegian1 or ,grey rat 7,mus decumanus71 also call$ ! ,hanov]ian rat1 because x became noticeable by its abundance 9 ?is c\ntry at ! "t ( ! accession ( ! ,hanov]ian k+s4 ,! ,black rat is n ext9ct 9 ,engl&1 n ev5 v r>e4 ,mr4 ,/5dall lately s5t me specim5s caught 9 8 w>eh\se 9 ! ,city ( ,london1 :]e !y are abundant4 ,9 _m localities1 e4g4 ,great ,y>m\?1 & 9 isolat$ dwell+-places !y occur1 & ev5 outnumb] ! ,norwegian rat4 ,a mo/ important & rem>kable fact is t ! rats :i* infe/ %ips are (t5 all ,black rats4 ,! ,black rat1 or ,alex&r9e rat 7z ,mr4 ,?omas calls x71 lives 9 our h\ses1 9 ! ro(1 9 recesses ( woodwork4 ,x is a h\se rat1 :]eas ! ,grey1 or ,norwegian rat1 lives 9 ! sew]s & ! banks ( dit*es1 & only comes up into ! basem5t ( h\ses ?r\gh defective build+4 ,! ,grey rat has driv5 out ! wat]-voles f _m riv] banks ne> t[ns1 j z he has to a great ext5t tak5 ! place ( ! ,black rat 9 h\ses :]e ! kit*5 & food /ores are close to & 9 communication ) ! sew]6 ,! ,black rat _c be really di/+ui%$ by 8 blackness4 ,t is :y "s naturali/s call him ! ,alex&r9e rat1 s z to avoid a mislead+ implication4 ,he is (t5 ( a bright yell[i%-br[n col\r along ! back--) long] d>k-br[n hairs & a good deal ( grey else:]e--q l ! ,norwegian or ,grey rat 9 col\r4 ,at ! same "t he is (t5 blacki%1 & frequ5tly v black4 ,! col\r ( all ^! k9ds ( rats & mice c v>y1 accord+ to ! conditions & col\r surr\nd+s 9 :i* !y live4 ,black1 :ite1 s&y-br[n1 or a mixture ( spots ( all ?ree col\rs1 or a uni=m 8m\se-br[n0 t9t1 are 7z mo/ boys "k7 ! possibilities reveal$ by all[+ !m to bre$ 9 captivity4 ,nature selects accord+ly ! p>ticul> t9t :i* af=ds protection f obs]vation by enemies 9 a giv5 locality4 ,! real di/9ction betwe5 ! ,black 7,alex&r9e7 rat & ! ,grey 7,norwegian7 rat is t ! ,black rat is small]1 has a tail long] ?an its body 7#abe p] c5t471 & long & wide e>s1 :i* /& out f ! head4 ,! ,grey 7,norwegian7 rat is a l>g]1 heavy-bodi$ rat1 ) a tail %ort] ?an its body 7#ij p] c5t471 & %ort e>s4 ,bo? ^! rats are common 9 ,india1 b !re is a ?ird k9d1 :i* is ! commone/ ( ! ?ree 9 ,calcutta1 & is probably ! "o mo/ conc]n$ 9 ! dissem9ation ( plague4 ,x diff]s 9 "s def9ite features f bo? ! ,black rat & ! ,grey rat1 al?\gh x is v mu* l ! latt] 9 g5]al appe>ance4 ,x is call$ ,nesokia ,b5gal5sis1 or ,mole-rat4 ,x is a big rat--its tail is only #gj p] c5t4 ! l5g? ( its body2 ! pads on ! soles ( its feet diff] f ^? ( ! two o!r rats2 its fur is ?9 & bri/ly1 & :5 x is put into a cage x erects its bri/les & spits6 ,x is1 l ! ,black rat1 a /able & gran>y rat1 & makes burr[s 9 :i* x /ores gra94 ,! rats ( ,calcutta h be5 c>efully /udi$ lately by ,dr4 ,hossack1 9 consequ5ce ( _! connection ) ! bubonic plague4 ,9 ! old] native p>ts ( ,calcutta1 ! ,mole rat is twice z common z ! ,norwegian ,grey rat1 & ! ,black rat n s abundant z ! latt]4 ,9 ! c5tral ,european "p ( ! t[n ! ,grey rat is common] ?an ! ,mole rat--because1 app>5tly1 ! bett]-built h\ses d n af=d su* facilities = burr[+4 ,! ,black rat is "h also by a good deal ! mo/ uncommon ( ! ?ree4 ,all ^! rats suff] f ! plague1 die f x1 & ! fleas :i* liv$ 9 _! fur leave !m z !y get cold1 & make _! way on to human be+s1 :om !y consequ5tly infect ) ! plague bacillus4 ,?is has n[ be5 q conclusively prov$ by ! ,indian doctors *>g$ by ,gov]nm5t ) ! /udy ( ! causes ( ! plague4 ,! plague bacillus--a m9ute1 rod-l organism1 :i* gr[s 9 ! blood & lymph1 once x has effect$ a lodgm5t1 & !re produces deadly poison--0 discov]$ "s f\rte5 ye>s ago1 b x is only rec5tly t ! plague bacillus has be5 %[n to live 9 ! inte/9e ( ! flea1 :i* sucks x up ) ! blood or o!r fluids ( ! rat on :i* x lives4 ,! flea1 :i* readily goes to man1 does n suff] f ! plague bacilli :i* x has gorg$1 b conveys !m to man ei!r by its bite or by its excrem5t4 ,?is be+ s1 x becomes important to "k all ab\t ! fleas ( rats4 ,q unexpect$ facts h be5 discov]$ 9 reg>d to !m4 ,9 ,europe a v l>ge flea is f\nd on ! grey & ! black rat4 ,?is k9d has n1 ,i believe1 ev] be5 f\nd on human be+s or be5 kn[n to bite !m4 ,b 9 ,india1 9 ! ,philipp9es1 & 9 ! ports ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ?is nor!rn rat-flea is r>e1 & its place is tak5 by a small] & m actively vagrant flea1 :i* ,mr4 ,*>les ,ro?s*ild 7:o is ! great au?ority on fleas7 f\nd ^u sev]al diff]5t k9ds ( small animals 9 ,egypt4 ,he nam$ x 8,pulex *eopis40 ,?is is ! flea 7& n our big nor!rn rat-flea7 :i* acts z ! c>ri] ( plague-g]ms f rats to man 9 ,india4 ,x appe>s f exp]im5ts t ! common flea ( man 7,pulex irritans7 & ! cat-&-dog flea 7,pulex felis71 z well z ! big nor!rn rat-flea 7,c]atophyllus fasciatus71 c h>b\r ! plague-bacillus if f$ on plague-/rick5 animals1 b !re are no obs]vations to %[ 7z !re are ab\t ! 8,*eops flea07 t !y pass habitually f man to rats & rats to m54 ,x is happily s long 7#bjj ye>s7 s9ce we _h a real outbreak ( plague 9 ,europe t we are /ill 9 d\bt z to :e!r ! ,grey rat or ! ,black rat is ! m susceptible to ! disease--& :at flea1 if any1 acts1 or has act$1 z ! c>ri] f rat to man 9 ?is "p ( ! _w4 ,! sugge/ion has be5 made t ! ,grey ,norwegian rat takes plague less easily ?an ! ,black rat1 or ?an ! ,indian ,mole-rat 7,nesokia71 & t ! multiplication ( ! ,grey rat 9 ,engl& & ,france & consequ5t decrease 9 ,black rats1 is1 !re=e1 an advantage1 s f> z plague is conc]n$4 ,possibly ) ! ,grey rat has come ! big rat-flea1 :i* does n attack man z does ! ,*eops flea4 ,! disappe>ance ( plague 9 ,we/]n ,europe seems to correspond 9 date ) ! arrival ( ! ,grey rat4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 an alt]ation 9 ! "* ( our h\ses & _! great] 8accommodation0 = ! new rat r ?an ! old black species may acc\nt bo? = ! increase ( ! latt] & = ! abs5ce ( dirt & v]m9 9 ! dwell+-rooms & b$-*amb]s :i* =m]ly enabl$ ! plague-bacillus to fl\ri% among/ u1 & to rea* ! human population--z x does n[ 9 ,india & ,*9a4 ,all ?is %[s h[ necess>y x is to h accurate true k ( su* despis$ creatures z rats & fleas1 if we are to live 9 great cr[d$ cities closely pack$ toge!r4 ,& x %\ld also make u try to ga9 fur!r k z to ^! creatures1 s t we may =m a reasonable anticipation ( ! consequ5ces we are br++ d[n on our heads :5 we set ab\t ext]m9at+ ?is or t race ( animals4 ,we are n yet sure t ! ,norwegian ,grey rat is n a bless+ 9 disguise4 #ca4 ,anci5t ,temples & ,a/ronomy ,janss51 ! ,fr5* a/ronom]1 :o di$ ab\t ! same "t z ,"l ,kelv91 acquir$ celebrity by 8 discov]y ( a me?od = see+ & /udy+ ! great flames or prom95ces :i* surr\nd ! sun4 ,! gl>e ( ! great fi]y ball is su* t ! eye is bl9d$ 9 ord9>y circum/ances to ! light ( ^! prom95ces4 ,!y 7 only kn[n f _! com+ into view dur+ ! total eclipse ( ! sun's disc by ! moon4 ,!n !y 7 se5 z a great fr+e ( po9t$1 tongue-l flames ar\nd ! d>k5$ disc4 ,b at o!r times no use ( smok$ glass or telescope c\ld br+ !m into view4 ,janss5 w5t to ,india 9 #ahfh to /udy ^! prom95ces ( ! sun dur+ ! total eclipse ( t ye>4 ,8 purpose 0 to exam9e ) a spectroscope ! light giv5 out by ! prom95ces4 ,! day aft] ! eclipse ,janss5 f\nd t he c\ld /ill exam9e ! prom95ces & make out _! %ape & ! *emical elem5ts pres5t 9 !m by look+ at !m ?r\gh ! spectroscope1 al?\gh ! sun's disc 0 n[ uncov]$1 & x 0 impossible to see ! prom95ces ) ! unaid$ eye or ) ! telescope4 ,a "y ,engli% a/ronom]1 hundr$s ( miles ap>t f ,janss51 on ! same day1 ,aug4 #ah1 #ahfh1 made ! same discov]y 9 ! same way1 indep5d5tly4 ,! ,engli% a/ronom] 0 ,norman ,locky]1 & ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces caus$ a m$al to be /ruck 9 commemoration ( ?is discov]y4 ,! m$al is be=e me z ,i write4 ,x %[s ! heads ( ,janss5 & ( ,locky] side by side1 z !y 7 =ty ye>s ago4 ,ea* has c>ri$ on 8 rese>*es & discov]ies ) unabat$ vig\r s9ce t happy conjunction4 ,sir ,norman ,locky] has = _m ye>s add$ to 8 con/ant /udy ( ! sun1 fix$ />s1 & nebul by means ( ! spectroscope & photographic record ( spectra1 an inquiry into ! evid5ce af=d$ by a/ronomical facts fir/ z to ! age ( ,greek & ,egyptian temples1 & latt]ly z to t ( ! my/]i\s av5ues & circles ( /ones 7su* z ,/oneh5ge7 scatt]$ ab\t ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 ( ! hi/ory & use ( :i* we h only vague traditions & no actual records4 ,^! /one circles & av5ues are v num]\s 9 ,great ,brita94 ,! *ief are ,/oneh5ge1 ,avebury1 & ,/anton ,drew 9 ! middle ,s\? ( ,engl&2 ! ,hurl]s1 ,boscaw5-,un1 ,tregaseal1 ! ,m]ry ,maid5s1 & ! ,n9e ,maid5s 9 ,cornwall2 ,m]rivale ,av5ue & ,f]nwor?y ,av5ue 9 ,devon2 _m circles 9 ,ab]de5%ire1 9 ,cumb]l&1 ,d]by%ire1 & ,ox=d%ire1 z well z monum5ts ( ! same k9d 9 ,wales4 ,sir ,norman ,locky] has obta9$ measurem5ts ( mo/ ( ^! & plans %[+ ! relations ( ! pr9cipal l9es ( _! gr\nd plan to ! po9ts ( ! compass1 & s to ! position occupi$ by ! sun & by c]ta9 />s on giv5 days ( ! ye> at ! ris+ or sett+ ( ^? heav5ly bodies4 ,x may well be ask$ :at is ,sir ,norman's object 9 do+ ?is8 ,! explanation is z foll[s3 ,! build]s ( ,*ri/ian *ur*es 9 ,europe h1 z a rule1 set out ! gr\nd plan ( ! *ur* %ap$ l a ,lat9 cross1 s t ! arms ( ! cross run nor? & s\?--! head po9ts to ! ea/1 or ,ori5t1 & ! base to ! we/4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is cu/om ! ^w 8ori5tation0 has come into use1 to signify ! direction purposely giv5 to ! ma9 l5g? ( a temple or *ur*4 ,n[ x appe>s t _m1 if n all1 anci5t temples 7includ+ ! anci5t /one circles & av5ues ( ,brita97 7 purposely s 8ori5t$0 by _! build]s t a p>ticul> />1 or ! sun itself1 %\ld at a fix$ day & h\r 9 ! ye> be se5 dur+ its movem5t across ! heav5s ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! build+ especially design$ = ?is purpose1 s z to all[ ! light ( ! /> to fall into ! mo/ sacr$ "p ( ! temple1 ! 8,naon10 or ,holy ( ,holies4 ,at ! mom5t ( its appe>ance special c]emonies 7 p]=m$ by ! prie/s & wor%ipp]s 9 ! temple4 ,! temple 0 d$icat$ to & c>efully 8ori5t$ to0 t p>ticul> />4 ,?us1 9 anci5t ,greece1 ! ,pleiades1 ,sirius 7! dog />71 ,spica1 & o!r />s 7 ?us us$2 9 ,egypt1 ,capella1 ,canopus1 & ,alpha ,c5tauri2 9 ,brita91 ,arcturus1 z well z ^? us$ by ! ,greeks4 ,^! temples 7 really a/ronomical obs]vatories1 & 7 meant always to rema9 8ori5t$0 to _! special />1 :i* mu/1 if ! e>? 7 /eady 9 its position1 al?\gh sp9n+ l a top1 & also circl+ r\nd ! sun1 duly appe> ea* ye> at ! expect$ day & m9ute 9 ! special 8w9d[0 or ap]ture design$ s z to all[ ! />--!n1 & !n only--to %9e into ! temple4 ,b ! a/ronom]s h discov]$ t ! e>? is n /eady6 ,x 8wobbles0 v sl[ly & regul>ly z a top wobbles4 ,! position ( ! axis ( rotation--correspond+ 9 position to ! /em ( a top--does n rema9 "o & ! same1 b is pull$ aside by ! attraction ( ! sun & moon1 & moves r\nd z "o may (t5 see 9 ! sp9n+ ( a top4 ,! e>? takes ab\t #bf1jjj ye>s = its poles to complete ! cycle ( its wobble4 ,moreov]1 9 addition to ?is1 !re is ! fact t ! e>?'s axis 7/em ( ! top7 is n ne>ly upright1 b incl9$ at a consid]able angle 7#bc deg47 to ! horizontal or plane ( its orbit r\nd ! sun1 & t ?is incl9ation v sl[ly *anges1 9 addition to ! wobbl+ movem5t4 ,! am\nt & rate ( ^! *anges 9 ! incl9ation ( ! axis ( ! e>? h be5 def9itely asc]ta9$ by a/ronom]s4 ,i m5tion ! nature ( ^! movem5ts because !y cle>ly en\gh mu/ upset altoge!r ! desir$ result ( ! ori5tation ( temples4 ,! la/-m5tion$ sl[ increase ( obliquity affects sol> temples *iefly1 & ! m rapid wobbl+ affects ! /> temples--bo? to su* a degree t temples ori5t$ two or ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago are n[ q out ( l9e1 & no long] 8cat*10 s to speak1 _! p>ticul> /> or ! sun on ! appo9t$ day4 ,!y no long] po9t truly1 because ! 8pit*0 ( ! e>? has alt]$ s9ce !y 7 set4 ,! next po9t is t a/ronom]s are able to calculate ) surpris+ accuracy f o!r obs]vations h[ mu* exactly at ?is mom5t ! 8po9t+10 or 8alignm5t10 mu/ be 8out0 z comp>$ ) a ?\s&1 fifte5 hundr$1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 or m ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,accord+ly1 if y "k ! /> to :i* an anci5t temple 0 set or align$1 ! day ( ! sol> ye> :i* 0 ! fe/ival or critical mom5t ( ! appe>ance ( ! /> 9 ! sacr$ ap]ture--& h[ mu* ! temple is to-day out 9 its po9t+1 t is to say1 ! exact am\nt ( sw++ :i* w\ld br+ ! temple back into its orig9al relation to ! />--y h a means ( measur+ ! age ( ! temple2 y h a measure ( ! "t :i* has elaps$ s9ce x acquir$ ?is am\nt ( dep>ture f correct ori5tation4 ,a/ronomy tells y h[ mu* x mu/ get out ( l9e 9 e hundr$ ye>s4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,p5rose1 ,f4,r4,s41 inve/igat$ ?is matt] 9 reg>d to sev]al ,greek temples2 o!rs besides ,sir ,norman ,locky] h writt5 on ! ab]ration & calculable age ( ,egyptian temples4 ,x has1 = in/ance1 actually be5 f\nd t ! temple ( ,ptah 0 align$ to ! sun 9 ! ye> #ebjj ,b4,c4 ,! alignm5t is no long] correct1 & x appe>s t ! ,egyptians !mselves discov]$ t "s ( _! mo/ anci5t temples _h lo/ correct alignm5t1 & erect$ new & correct$ build+s 9 connection ) !m1 & re-d$icat$ !m4 ,n[ ,sir ,norman is mak+ a vigor\s ef=t to procure all ! possible measurem5ts & indications conc]n+ ! prehi/oric circles & av5ues ( ,brita9 be=e x is too late4 ,!y are be+ m & m rapidly de/roy$4 ,/oneh5ge has be5 c>efully measur$ & its pres5t alignm5t det]m9$ by v>i\s surveyors4 ,its age is discuss$ by ,sir ,norman ,locky] 9 an int]e/+ book1 b we may soon expect a fur!r discussion ( ! :ole subject ( ^! prehi/oric ,briti% monum5ts f 8 p54 ,9 "s cases1 z 9 t ( ,/oneh5ge1 ! relation ( ! temple to ! sun is obvi\s & confirm$ by tradition & exi/+ cu/om4 ,b 9 _m cases inve/igation is r5d]$ v difficult by ! abs5ce ( any imm$iate indication ( :at precisely is ! heav5ly body to :i* ! temple 0 at its f\ndation ori5t$4 ,9 ! case ( ,/oneh5ge1 ! conclusion at :i* ,sir ,norman ,locky] arrives is t !re 0 an e>li] circle ( small /ones 7/ill repres5t$71 b t ! temple 0 r$$icat$1 & ! l>g] trili?ons 7ea* consi/+ ( two uprights & a cross-piece7 erect$1 & ! ma9 op5+ ( ! circle align$ to ! midsumm] ris+ sun ab\t #agjj ,b4,c41 ) a possible error ( #bjj ye>s1 m or less4 ,?is is arriv$ at by measurem5ts %[+ ! exact am\nt by :i* ! alignm5t is 8out0 at ! pres5t day4 ,?is date is confirm$ by ! rec5t discov]y ( num]\s /one hamm]s :5 "o ( ! big /ones 0 dug "u & re/or$ to ! upright position f :i* x _h slipp$4 ,! /one age is believ$ to h giv5 place 9 ,brita9 to ! use ( metal be=e #agjj ,b4,c41 & no metal tools 7 f\nd at ,/oneh5ge4 ,/oneh5ge--! mo/ wond]ful1 my/]i\s1 & complete ( ! great a/ronomical temples ( ,we/]n ,europe--has come d[n to u f ! absolute d>kness ( prehi/oric ages4 ,its secrets are /ill buri$ 9 ! gr\nd ar\nd & "u its huge monoli?s4 ,?is prodigi\s relic ( ! pa/ is actually ! private possession ( "o happy man1 ,sir ,edmund ,antrobus4 ,only two ye>s ago he e>n$ ! gratitude ( all m5 by employ+ workm5 & ma*9]y1 at consid]able exp5se1 to re/ore "o ( ! great /ones to its upright position4 ,! extraord9>y ?+ is t :atev] money is ne$$ = ! purpose is n at once (f]$ to enable him to exam9e & replace ) scrupul\s c>e e /one1 big & small1 e scrap ( soil1 )9 an area ( _m hundr$ y>ds1 embrac+ ,/oneh5ge & all ar\nd x4 ,i und]/& t he is will+ to sell ?is great possession to ! nation4 ,x surely ought to be acquir$ z national prop]ty1 & rev]5tly excavat$ & pres]v$1 :il/ e fragm5t ( significance f\nd 9 ! excavations %\ld be plac$ 9 a special museum at ,amesbury or ,salisbury1 "u unassailable gu>dian%ip4 ,ye> by ye> x has crumbl$ away4 ,we owe ! s9c]e/ ?anks to ,sir ,edmund ,antrobus = hav+ plac$ a light wire f5ce ar\nd ! v5]at$ relics1 & = putt+ a gu>dian 9 *>ge s z to arre/1 ev5 at ?is late/ mom5t1 ! f9al desecration & de/ruction ( ?is spl5did ?+ by he$less ruffians4 ,! protection af=d$ is1 nev]!less1 insuffici5t4 ,! delay 9 exam9+ ev]y?+ on ! spot & 9 mak+ all t rema9s absolutely secure is a national disgrace4 #cb4 ,al*emi/s ( ,to-day & ,ye/]day ,! claim to h devis$ a secret process 9 virtue ( :i* sug> or *>coal plac$ 9 an iron crucible & heat$ to a trem5d\s temp]ature is f\nd on subsequ5t cool+ to conta9 l>ge m>ketable diamonds has a close simil>ity to ! pret5sions ( ! al*emi/s4 ,x diff]s 9 ! fact t v m9ute diamonds h actually be5 =m$ by a sci5tific *emi/ 7,m4 ,moissan7 9 su* a way1 :il/ ! al*emi/s' se>* 0 = a sub/ance--! 8philosoph]'s /one10 z x 0 call$1 :i* 0 nev] discov]$1 b 0 suppos$ to h ! prop]ty1 if mix$ & heat$ 9 a crucible ) a base metal1 ( conv]t+ ! latt] into gold4 ,f "t to "t ^? engag$ 9 ?is se>* hone/ly ?\ght t !y _h succe$$2 o!rs 7 impo/ors1 & o!rs lab\r$ ye> aft] ye>1 l$ on by elusive results & dazzl+ possibilities4 ,9 ,engl&1 aft] ! true sci5tific _s _h be5 br\ght to be> on su* inquiries by ,rob]t ,boyle & ! f\nd]s ( ! ,royal ,society 9 ! lat] ye>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 little 0 he>d ( 8al*emy10 & ! ^w 8*emi/ry0 took its place1 signify+ a new me?od ( /udy 9 :i* ! actual prop]ties ( bodies1 _! comb9ations & decompositions1 7 c>efully asc]ta9$ & record$ )\t any prepossessions z to ei!r ! my?ical philosoph]'s /one or ! elixir ( life4 ,b z late z #aghc--only a hundr$ & tw5ty-five ye>s ago--we come across a /range & tragic hi/ory 9 ! records ( ! ,royal ,society associat$ ) ! "n ( ,james ,price1 :o 0 a g5tleman common] ( ,magdal5 ,hall1 ,ox=d4 ,aft] graduat+ z ,m4,a41 9 #aggg he 01 at ! age ( tw5ty-n9e1 elect$ a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d conf]r$ on him ! degree ( ,m4,d4 9 recognition ( 8 discov]ies 9 natural sci5ce1 & especially = 8 *emical lab\rs4 ,price 0 born 9 ,london 9 #ageb1 & 8 "n 0 orig9ally ,higg9bo?am1 b he *ang$ x on receiv+ a =tune f a relative4 ,?is =tunate "y man1 ^: abilities & "* impress$ & int]e/$ ! le>n$ m5 ( ! day1 provid$ himself ) a laboratory at 8 c\ntry h\se at ,/oke1 ne> ,guild=d4 ,"h he c>ri$ on 8 rese>*es1 & ! ye> aft] t 9 :i* hon\rs 7 conf]r$ on him by 8 univ]sity & ! great sci5tific society 9 ,london1 he invit$ a numb] ( noblem5 & g5tlem5 to 8 laboratory to witness ! p]=mance ( sev5 exp]im5ts1 simil> to ^? ( ! al*emi/s--namely1 ! transmutation ( bas] metals into silv] & into gold4 ,! ,lords ,onsl[1 ,palm]/on1 & ,k+ ( t date 7 among/ ! company4 ,price produc$ a :ite p[d]1 :i* he decl>$ to be capable ( conv]t+ fifty times its own weight ( m]cury into silv]1 & a r$ p[d]1 :i*1 he said1 0 capable ( conv]t+ sixty times its own weight ( m]cury into gold4 ,! prep>ation ( ^! p[d]s 0 a secret1 & x 0 ! discov]y ( !m = :i* ,price claim$ att5tion4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 made4 ,9 sev5 successive trials ! p[d]s 7 mix$ 9 a crucible ) m]cury1 fir/ f\r crucibles1 ) weigh$ quantities ( ! :ite p[d]1 & !n ?ree o!r crucibles ) weigh$ quantities ( ! r$ p[d]4 ,silv] & gold appe>$ 9 ! crucibles aft] heat+ 9 a furnace1 z pr$ict$ by ,price4 ,! preci\s metal produc$ 0 exam9$ by assay]s & pron\nc$ g5u9e4 ,specim5s ( ! gold 7 exhibit$ to 8 ,maje/y ,k+ ,george ,,iii41 & ,price publi%$ a pamphlet entitl$ 8,an ,acc\nt ( ,"s ,exp]im5ts1 c410 9 :i* he repudiat$ ! doctr9e ( ! philosoph]'s /one1 b claim$ t he _h1 by labori\s exp]im5t1 discov]$ h[ to prep>e ^! composite p[d]s1 :i* 7 ! practical realisation ( t long-s\ght m>vel4 ,he did n1 h[ev]1 reveal ! secret ( _! prep>ation4 ,! greate/ excitem5t 0 caus$ by ?is publication appe>+ "u ! "n ( ,james ,price1 ,m4,d4 7,oxon471 ,f4,r4,s4 ,x 0 translat$ into =eign languages1 & caus$ a trem5d\s commotion 9 ! sci5tific _w4 ,"s ( ! old] ,fell[s ( ! ,royal ,society1 fri5ds ( ,price1 n[ urg$ him privately to make kn[n 8 mode ( prep>+ ! p[d]s1 & po9t$ out ! propriety ( 8 br++ 8 discov]y be=e ! society4 ,b ?is ,price refus$ to d4 ,to "o ( 8 fri5ds he wrote t he fe>$ he might h be5 deceiv$ by ! deal]s :o _h sold m]cury to him1 & t app>5tly x already conta9$ gold4 ,he 0 urg$ by two lead+ ,fell[s ( ! society to repeat 8 exp]im5ts 9 _! pres5ce1 & he !reupon wrote t ! p[d]s 7 exhau/$1 & t ! exp5se ( mak+ m 0 too great = him to be>1 :il/ ! lab\r involv$ _h already affect$ 8 heal?1 & he fe>$ to submit x to a fur!r /ra94 ,! ,royal ,society n[ int]f]$1 & ! presid5t 7,sir ,joseph ,banks7 & (fic]s insi/$ t1 8= ! hon\r ( ! society10 he mu/ repeat ! exp]im5ts be=e delegates ( ! society1 & %[ t 8 /atem5ts 7 tru?ful & 8 exp]im5ts )\t fraud4 ,"u ?is pressure ! unhappy ,dr4 ,price cons5t$ to repeat ! exp]im5ts4 ,he und]took to prep>e 9 six weeks t5 p[d]s simil> to ^? :i* he _h us$ 9 8 public demon/ration4 ,he appe>s to h be5 9 a desp]ate /ate ( m9d1 kn[+ t he c\ld n expect to deceive ! exp]ts ( ! society4 ,he ha/ily /udi$ ! works ( "s ( ! ,g]man al*emi/s z a =lorn hope1 tru/+ t he might *ance ^u a successful me?od 9 _! writ+s4 ,he also prep>$ a bottle ( laurel wat]1 a deadly poison4 ,?ree ,fell[s ( ! ,royal ,society came on ! appo9t$ day1 9 ,augu/1 #aghc1 to ! laboratory1 ne> ,guild=d4 ,x is relat$ 7,i hope x is n true7 t "o ( !m visit$ ! laboratory ! day be=e ! trial1 &1 hav+ obta9$ entrance by brib+ ! h\sekeep] 9 ,price's abs5ce1 discov]$ t 8 crucibles _h false bottoms & recesses 9 :i* gold or silv] c\ld be hidd5 be=e ! quicksilv] & p[d] 7 introduc$4 ,dr4 ,price appe>s to h receiv$ 8 visitors1 b :e!r he comm5c$ ! te/ exp]im5ts 9 _! pres5ce or n does n appe>4 ,:5 !y 7 solemnly assembl$ 9 ! laboratory he quietly drank a tumbl]ful ( ! laurel wat] 7hydrocyanic acid71 :i* he _h prep>$1 & fell dead be=e !m4 ,he left a =tune ( #ab1jjj 9 ! ,funds4 ,x has be5 discuss$ :e!r ,dr4 ,price 0 a madman or an impo/or4 ,probably vanity l$ him on to ! c\rse ( deception :i* end$ 9 ?is tragic way4 ,he c\ld n br+ himself to confess failure or deception1 nor to abscond4 ,he end$ 8 tr\ble by suicide4 ,he 0 only ?irty-"o ye>s ( age6 ,n inappropriately he has be5 call$ ! 8,la/ ( ! ,al*emi/s10 ?\gh a long int]val ( "t sep>ates him f ! la/ b "o & ! days :5 ! old traditions ( ! ,arabians' al-*emy 7 really treasur$ & ! my/ic art /ill practis$4 #cc4 ,a ,/ory ( ,%am ,diamonds & ,pe>ls ,x has be5 rec5tly decl>$ by a deal] 9 preci\s /ones t ?\gh diamonds & o!r /ones c be v well imitat$1 yet pe>ls _c be4 ,?is is h>dly correct1 z artificial pe>ls s well made z to defy detection by ! casual glance ( any b a pr(essional exp]t are common en\gh4 ,:o does n "k ! pa!tic /ory by ! greate/ ( ,fr5* writ]s1 ,guy de ,maupassant1 ( ! wife ( a poor ,gov]nm5t cl]k1 :o borr[$ a necklace f ano!r lady to we> at a reception at ! 8,m9i/ry08 ,%e lo/ ! necklace 7,i =get :e!r x 0 ( pe>ls or ( diamonds1 or bo?72 b %e & h] husb& 7 too pr\d to confess ! fact1 & pur*as$ ano!r necklace exactly l ! lo/ "o1 = a sum ! outlay ( :i* r$uc$ !m = ! re/ ( _! lives to a /ate ( p5ury & social exile4 ,!y return$ ! new necklace 9 place ( ! lo/ "o )\t a ^w1 & accept$ _! fate4 ,by *ance1 ! poor ru9$ lady1 fifte5 ye>s aft]w>ds1 met h] old fri5d1 :o _h long s9ce pass$ f h] acqua9tance1 toge!r ) o!r prosp]\s p4 ,mov$ by h] =m] fri5d's k9d reception1 %e relat$ ! true hi/ory ( ! pe>l necklace ( long ago4 8,great heav5s60 exclaim$ ! prosp]\s lady4 8,! necklace ,i l5t y 0 made ) imitation gems6 ,x 0 n wor? five p\nds60 ,too late6 ,no?+ n[ c\ld give back to ! high-m9d$1 self-respect+ little c\ple ! lo/ ye>s ( y\? pass$ 9 privation & bitt]ness4 #cd4 ,! ,nature ( ,pe>ls ,pe>ls h be5 lately /udi$ by zoologi/s1 & _! true hi/ory made kn[n4 ,!y are a disease1 caus$1 l s _m o!r diseases1 by an infect+ p>asite4 ,x is common k t !y are f\nd mu* z we see !m 9 jewell]y1 z little lu/r\s sph]es emb$d$ 9 ! s(t bodies ( v>i\s %ellfi%1 su* z mussels1 oy/]s1 & ev5 "s k9ds ( :elks4 ,!y are n f\nd 9 ! %ellfi% l crabs & lob/]s1 call$ ,cru/acea1 b only 9 ^? l snails1 clams & oy/]s1 call$ ,mollusca4 ,p9k pe>ls are f\nd 9 "s k9ds ( p9k-%ell$ :elks4 ,a pe>l-mussel or pe>l-oy/] has a pe>ly l9+ to its %ell1 :i* is always be+ laid d[n lay] by lay] by ! surface ( ! mussel's or oy/]'s body1 :]e x re/s 9 contact ) ! %ell1 :i* consequ5tly increases 9 ?ickness4 ,if a gra9 ( s& or a little fi% gets 9 betwe5 ! %ell & ! s(t body ( its mak]1 x rapidly is coat$ ov] ) a lay] ( pe>l1 & s a pe>ly boss or lump is produc$1 project+ on ! inn] face ( ! %ell1 & =m+ "p ( x4 ,^! are call$ 8bli/]-pe>ls10 & are v beautiful1 ?\gh ( little value1 s9ce !y are n complete all r\nd1 b m]ely knobs ( ! g5]al 8"m-(-pe>l0 surface4 ,^! bli/]-pe>ls c be produc$ artificially by introduc+ a h>d body betwe5 ! %ell & ! liv+ oy/] or mussel4 ,x us$ to be ?\ght t ! true sph]ical pe>ls 7 caus$ by a h>d granule ( "s k9d press+ its way into ! s(t sub/ance ( ! %ell-fi%1 pu%+ a lay] ( ! pe>l-produc+ surface l a pocket 9 front ( x4 ,b x is n[ kn[n t ?is 8pu%+ 90 is ! "w1 n ( an inanimate granule1 b ( a m9ute p>asitic worm1 :i* becomes ?us enclos$ by a pocket ( ! out] sk94 ,! pocket closes up at its neck1 & lays d[n lay] aft] lay] ( pe>l sub/ance ar\nd ! intrusive p>asite1 ! dead rema9s ( :i* c be detect$ ) ! microscope 9 sections ( ! pe>l =m+ !re a c5tral k]nel or nucleus4 ,^! p>asitic worms 7 fir/ detect$ 9 ! small pe>ls =m$ by ! common edible sea-mussel4 ,?\gh !y are v small1 sea-mussel pe>ls are collect$ = ! m>ket at ,conway1 9 ,nor? ,wales1 & also on ! coa/ ( ,france4 ,! p>asitic worm is ! "y ( a worm :i*1 :5 adult1 lives 9 ! inte/9e ( c>nivor\s fi%es4 ,x appe>s t x has to pass f & ) ! mussel into %ellfi%-eat+ sea fi%es1 :]e1 al?\gh ! mussel is dige/$1 ! p>asite is n1 b gr[s 9 size & alt]s its %ape consid]ably4 ,!n aft] a "t ! worm is swall[$1 ) ! fi% 9 :i* x has fix$ itself1 by %>ks1 dogfi%1 & su* fi%-eat+ fi%es4 ,9 ^! at la/ x becomes adult & ( "s size1 an in* or s long1 v>y+ accord+ to ! p>ticul> k9d1 & produces _m ?\s&s ( eggs1 :i* hat* out z m9ute creatures swimm+ 9 ! sea-wat]1 & =tunate if !y fall ^u a b$ ( mussels4 ,!y ent] ! mussel's %ell & make _! way into its s(t sub/ance4 ,a c]ta9 numb] 7v few7 get encas$ 9 ! sk9 & cov]$ up by pe>l-lay]s1 :i* is ! mussel's way ( kill+ !m & putt+ !m out ( mis*ief4 ,! o!rs :i* h ent]$ o!r regions ( ! mussel's body ?rive1 & h a *ance ( be+ swall[$ by a mussel-eat+ fi%1 & !n a fur!r *ance ( t fi% be+ eat5 by a %>k4 ,if ?is happ5s ! lucky worm--l ! ,italian :o gets a w9n+ numb] 9 ?ree successive draw+s ( a lott]y--ga9s ! big prize4 ,he becomes adult & produces innum]able "y1 :o 9 _! turn ent] ^u ! *anceful c>e] ( a mussel p>asite4 ,?us we see t a pe>l is n only a disease or abnormal gr[? caus$ by a p>asite1 b is actually an elaborately =m$ tomb or s>cophagus1 9 :i* ! p>asite is enclos$ lay] ^u lay]4 ,?is mode ( dispos+ ( p>asites & o!r intrusive bodies is n unusual 9 animals4 ,! t]rible little fle%-worm--! ,tri*9a--:i* causes ! dea? ( rats1 pigs1 & m5 :o eat raw meat1 is sometimes conqu]$ 9 ?is way4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! muscles 7fle%7 ( man & animals enclos$ 9 little pe>l-l sacs1 half ! size ( a hempse$1 & x dies !re1 unless ! invad$ animal %\ld die1 & its fle% be eat5 7z raw ham = in/ance7 by ano!r animal4 ,! bury+ ( inconv5i5t corpses 9 pla/] ( p>is1 correspond+ to pe>ls z we n[ "k !m1 has be5 a me?od ( concealm5t occasionally adopt$ by crim9als4 ,on ! :ole1 pe>ls h n v pleasant associations4 ,! hi/ory ( ! special p>asitic worm :i* invades ! beautiful little pe>l-oy/] ( ,ceylon has rec5tly be5 foll[$ out by skilful naturali/s4 ,!re1 too1 a small] oy/]-eat+ fi% ( a peculi> k9d1 & a l>g] fi% :i* eats ! fir/ fi%1 are necess>y = ! reproduction & multiplication ( ! pe>l-produc+ p>asites4 ,! new ,ceylon ,pe>l-,fi%+ ,company has1 !re=e1 to see to x t bo? ^! k9ds ( fi% are enc\rag$ to live 9 ! sea ne> :]e ! pe>l oy/]s are f\nd1 & x is _! object to increase ! p>asitic disease by :i* pe>ls are =m$1 & ensure an abundance ( p>asites4 ,an int]e/+ new me?od has be5 rec5tly appli$ to ! exam9ation ( pe>l oy/]s = pe>ls4 ,! ,rontg5 rays are us$ to produce a skiagraph 7su* z surgeons use 9 se>*+ = a bullet7 ( ! pe>l oy/]s :5 br\ght into h>b\r4 ,!y are ?us rapidly exam9$ "o by "o1 )\t injury1 & ! %ad[-picture %[s ! pe>l or pe>ls inside ^? oy/]s :i* are infect$4 ,! pe>lless oy/]s are return$ to ! dep?s ( ! sea1 :5ce !y came--^? ) small pe>ls only are kept 9 special res]ves or sea-lakes1 9 ord] t ! pe>l may gr[ 9 size1 :il/ only ^? ) good-siz$ pe>ls are op5$ at once1 9 ord] t ! pe>l may be extract$ & s5t to m>ket4 ,!re 7 great f9d+s ( pe>ls 9 ! fre%-wat] pe>l mussels ( ! ,scot* riv]s 9 =m] days4 ,9 ! la/ =ty ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury ^! pe>ls 7 export$ f ,scotl& to ,france to ! value ( #ajj1jjj4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury n only did !y get _! pe>ls f ,european riv]s in/ead ( f ! ,ea/2 b1 in/ead ( be+ excit$ ab\t ! artificial production ( diamonds1 !y 7 driv5 wild ) a/oni%m5t by ! demon/ration ( ! volatilisation ( ^! /ones--! disappe>ance ( diamonds into invisible vap\r :5 suffici5tly heat$4 ,t ! h>de/ /one 9 nature c\ld be ?us dissipat$ into ?9 air seem$ incr$ible4 ,on ,aug4 #aj1 #agga1 a *emi/ nam$ ,r\elle invit$ to 8 laboratory to witness ?is wond] a company compris+ ! ,m>grave ( ,bad5 & ! ,pr9cess 8 wife1 ! ,dukes ( ,*aulne & ( ,niv]nois1 ! ,m>*ionesses ( ,nesle & ( ,pons1 ! ,c\ntess ( ,polignac1 & "s memb]s ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 includ+ ! great *emi/ ,lavoisi]4 ,f\r diamonds--! l>ge/ belong+ to ! ,c\nt ,lauraguais--7 submitt$ be=e ! eyes ( all to ! heat ( a furnace1 & 9 ?ree h\rs _h completely evaporat$4 ,!re 01 no d\bt1 room "h = a my/ification & = ! ab/raction ( ! diamonds ) a view to di%one/ appropriation4 ,b no su* purpose exi/$4 ,! exp]im5t 0 a g5u9e "o1 & ,r\elle & 8 bro!r 7 hone/ inve/igators4 ,!y e/abli%$ ! fact1 n[ demon/rat$ z a lecture exp]im5t1 t ! diamond is volatilis$ at v high temp]atures4 ,a m celebrat$ 8evaporation0 ( diamonds--t :i* is kn[n z 8! affair ( ! ,que5's necklace0--took place a few ye>s lat] 9 ,p>is1 :5 no sci5tific inve/igation 0 connect$ ) ! emb>rass+ disappe>ance ( ! ,royal tr9ket4 #ce4 ,a ,k+ ,:o 0 a ,zoologi/ ,! ,k+ ( ,portugal1 ,c>los di ,braganza1 :o 0 assass9at$ 9 ! spr+ ( #aijh1 0 "o ( ! mo/ gift$ & vigor\s m5 ( 8 age1 fe>less & intellig5t to a r>e degree1 good-he>t$1 & devot$ to ! welf>e ( 8 p4 ,if any man 7 ju/ifi$ 9 hav+ no fe> ( outrage because he 0 consci\s t 8 uprightness 0 prov$ & kn[n to all m51 8 b5evol5ce exp]i5c$ by all1 8 ability & va/ k recognis$ by all1 ,dom ,c>los 0 t man4 ,fanaticism1 h[ev]1 takes no acc\nt ( ! virtues ( its victims4 ,until society has inv5t$ a me?od = keep+ in/rum5ts ( de/ruction out ( ! rea* ( dang]\s1 m or less maniacal individuals1 all ^? :o excite ! fanatic's bra91 ev5 by ! excell5ce & nobility ( _! lives1 risk dea? :5ev] !y tru/ !mselves to ! t5d] m]cies ( a cr[d4 ,psy*ology may "o day enable u to detect1 & improv$ sup]vision ( *ildr5 enable u to segregate be=e x is too late1 ! lat5t assass9s 9 our mid/4 ,if !y h n a k+ z _! qu>ry _! reason is palsi$ by a presid5t1 & 7 !re no presid5ts1 !y w\ld become homicidal 9 ! pres5ce ( a prefect or a policeman--ev5 ( a pr(essor4 ,"s f\r ye>s ago ,i _h ! hon\r ( conduct+ ,dom ,c>los r\nd ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum 9 ,cromwell ,road4 ,he arriv$ )\t att5dant or escort1 & ,i pass$ two h\rs alone ) him4 ,i _h be5 told t he 0 a great %ot & fond ( natural hi/ory1 t he play$ e a?letic game1 rode1 & swam bett] ?an ! be/1 t he 0 a f9e wat]-col\r pa9t]1 a real arti/--& a fir/-rate musician & s+]4 ,i 0 a/oni%$ at 8 k & p]sonal exp]i5ce 9 natural hi/ory4 ,8 burly =m & bright1 hone/ face gave me a mo/ agreeable impression1 & :5 he said 7z ,i _h be5 told he w\ld7 to ea* explanation ( a specim5 ^u :i* ,i v5tur$ = 8 edification1 8,i "k6 ,i "k60 felt t x 0 true1 & t he really did "k4 8,i h %ot ?irty ( !m 9 ! s\? ( my c\ntry10 he said ( "s r>e bird4 8,i "k6 ,i "k6 ,i h describ$ a new species l t 9 my book on ! birds ( ,portugal4 ,i %all s5d x to y60 0 8 comm5t on ano!r4 ,:5 we came to "s wond]ful coral-l specim5s--sea-p5s & sea-fea!rs1 dr$g$ 9 ! deep sea & pres]v$ 9 spirits1 = exhibition 9 ! ,museum--he said1 to my a/oni%m5t1 8,^? are v bad4 ,i get mu* bett] ?an ^? 9 my ya*t (f ! ,portuguese coa/4 ,i pres]ve !m myself2 x is a real art4 ,i %all s5d y "s40 ,i said !y w\ld be a v welcome addition4 8,yes1 ,i "k6 ,i "k60 he said4 8,w\ld y l "s fi%es1 too8 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,monaco has "s f9e ?+s1 & he l$ me to collect also myself4 ,i h n[ _m ?+s bett] ?an 84 ,i %all s5d y "s fi%es1 too40 ,& he did4 ,a few mon?s aft] 8 return to ,portugal he s5t to ! ,museum a l>ge collection1 pres]v$ 9 _s1 :i* includ$ _m v f9e & int]e/+ specim5s ( deep-wat] ,atlantic fi%es2 also 8 "w1 ) col\r$ plates1 on ! ,birds ( ,portugal1 & a mo/ rem>kable publication on ! tunny fi%]ies ( ! ,s\? ,coa/ ( ,portugal--giv+ a c>eful survey ( ! wat]s1 sea bottom1 curr5ts1 fauna1 & flora 9 correct1 exp]t =m1 su* z might issue f a ,gov]nm5t ,fi%]ies ,bo>d1 b 9 ?is case done1 z mode/ly indicat$ on ! title-page1 by ! ,head ( ! ,/ate himself1 8,dom ,c>los di ,braganza40 ,he w5t into ! "w-rooms ( ! ,museum1 :]e "s new fi%es 7 be+ drawn1 & conv]s$ ) ! naturali/ 9 *>ge1 & criticis$ ! draw+s4 ,he saw ev]y?+1 appreciat$ ev]y?+1 & !n look+ at 8 wat*1 said1 8,i h only five m9utes to get to a lun* p>ty4 ,?ank y v mu* = ! mo/ delightful "t4 ,i %\ld l to /ay all ! day2 x is a spl5did place10 & 0 (f 9 8 br\gham4 ,i exhibit$ ! specim5s & books s5t by 8 ,maje/y = "s weeks 9 ! ,c5tral ,hall ( ! museum1 be=e !y 7 incorporat$ 9 ! great collection1 = ,i felt t x 0 a r>e & int]e/+ ?+ t a k+ %\ld n m]ely take a sportsman's pleasure 9 birds1 bea/s1 & fi%es1 b actually be1 s to speak1 8"o ( u0--a zoologi/ :o discov]s1 describes1 & names new ?+s4 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,monaco is ! only o!r head ( a ,/ate :o is a s]i\s sci5tific naturali/4 ,he has built & end[$ a magnific5t museum & laboratory at ,monaco1 :]e 8 skill$ assi/ants c>ry on rese>*es & look aft] ! extremely valuable & important collections :i* he has himself made 9 a s]ies ( cruises 9 ! ,atlantic ext5d+ ov] _m ye>s4 ,he has n only employ$ capable naturali/s to help him1 b is himself ! *ief au?ority & an orig9al discov]] 9 8oceanography10 ! sci5ce ( ! great oceans4 ,a ye> or s ago1 :5 ,dom ,c>los visit$ ,p>is1 a special fte & reception 0 organis$ 9 8 hon\r at ! 8,musum d',hi/oire ,naturelle10 9 ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes4 ,! 8,museum0 ( ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes is a v rem>kable in/itution1 includ+ a zoological & botanical g>d51 laboratories ( *emi/ry1 physics1 & physiology1 besides ! great collections ( m9]als1 fossils1 skeletons1 & pres]v$ specim5s ( animals & plants4 ,x is gov]n$ by ! pr(essors & ! director :o are 9 *>ge ( ! g>d51 ! laboratories1 & ! collections1 & owes its dignity & its celebrity to ! di/+ui%$ m5 ( sci5ce :o = a c5tury & a half h made discov]ies & taught !re4 ,!y are n subject to a bo>d ( em95t & weal?y p]sons1 nor is ! adm9i/ration ( ! antiquities at ! ,l\vre & ( ! ,national ,libr>y muddl$ up ) t ( ! great sci5tific work%op ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,:5 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,republic conceiv$ ! plan ( ent]ta9+ ! ,k+ ( ,portugal at ! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory !re 7 ^? :o suppos$ t ! ,m9i/] ( ,education w\ld1 z a great ,/ate (ficial1 be call$ ^u to arrange ! proce$+s4 ,no?+ ( ! sort 0 done4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! ,m9i/] _h no au?ority 9 reg>d to ! ,museum1 :i*1 z an indep5d5t ,/ate in/itution1 organis$ & c>ri$ out ! reception ?r\gh its own (fic]s4 ,! director & pr(essors receiv$ ,presid5t ,fallires & ! ,k+1 escort$ by ! troops ( ! ,republic4 ,! g>d5 & build+s 7 ablaze ) light & col\r1 & a l>ge company assembl$ to take "p 9 ! fte4 ,9 ! great hall ( ! museum ,becqu]el1 ,moissan1 & o!rs %[$ _! mo/ rec5t discov]ies z to radium1 artificial diamonds1 & su* matt]s to ! ,k+2 o!rs exhibit$ new birds & fi%es1 ! okapi & newly-discov]$ fossils1 & briefly expla9$ _! hi/ory & significance4 ,! ,k+ conf]r$ decorations on ! sci5tific /aff1 & gave fri5dly ackn[l$gm5ts to all :o _h ?us s\ght to gratify 8 special ta/es1 & prep>$ = him a really exceptional gala-demon/ration ( sci5tific discov]y4 ,! (ficial 8middle-m510 :o 9 o!r c\ntries contrive to div]t ! hon\r & emolum5ts due to m5 ( sci5ce1 to _! own pr(it1 7 on ?is occasion happily kept at a di/ance4 #cf4 ,! ,transmission to ,(fspr+ ( ,acquir$ ,qualities ,! cruel fate ( ,dom ,c>los ( ,portugal naturally en\gh produc$ philosophic & ?\ghtful articles 9 "s ( ! j\rnals ( ! day4 ,an able writ] told 8 read]s t ! 8k+ly ca/e0 has *>act]i/ics peculi> to itself1 8:i* illu/rate ! ,d>w9ian law40 ,he does n say :at ,d>w9ian law1 & ,i am afraid he w\ld f9d x difficult to d s4 ,he says t p :o = c5turies h _h _! own way 7h[ _m k+ly families h done s871 :o h always liv$ on good food & nev] ta/$ bad w9e1 & h con/antly conv]s$ ) int]e/+ p 7n usually ! *ance ( pr9ces67 mu/ c]ta9ly1 if subject to 8! laws :i* gov]n animal & plant life10 produce well-m>k$ *>act]i/ics 9 _! (fspr+--& he goes on to speak ( a f9e appetite = food 7:at he describes is really a morbid condition connect$ ) indige/ion7 z indig5\s to ,royalty1 & decl>es t ! gift ( recognis+ faces & rememb]+ names is 8a faculty cultivat$ by g5]ations ( practice40 ,"o mu/ recognise ) satisfaction ! desire to expla9 ! facts & v>ieties ( human life & "* by ref]5ce to 8! laws :i* gov]n animal & plant life40 ,x is by fai?fully & truly c>ry+ out ! inquiries sugge/$ by t desire t ! k :i* is ! sole & absolutely ess5tial condition = ! safe conduct ( human life & ! increas$ happ9ess ( human communities1 c be obta9$1 & by su* inquiries only2 &1 fur!r1 only ^u ! condition t ! inve/igation is conduct$ 9 ! true sci5tific _s ) accuracy & )\t prejudice4 ,! rem>ks ^u ! k+ly ca/e :i* ,i h quot$ above %[ ) :at 8leg]ity & tem]ity0 a clev] & respect$ writ] w =mulate phrases & conclusions :i* are1 9 face ( :at ,d>w9 & 8 successors h demon/rat$1 absurdly errone\s1 9 fact1 topsy-turvy z comp>$ ) ! reality4 ,! ma9 doctr9e :i* ,d>w9 & 8 foll[]s h e/abli%$ is t nei!r ca/es nor families ( high] or l[] liv+ ?+s1 includ+ man1 acquire any new *>act]i/ics by exposure to special circum/ances or by consum+ f9] or co>s] food1 :i* c or d become innate or fix$ 9 ! race4 ,! individual may be improv$ or deprav$1 enl>g$ or enfeebl$1 by ! conditions ( 8 individual life1 b he _c transmit ! qualities--! improvem5t1 ! depravity1 ! enl>gem5t1 or ! dw9dl+--:i* h be5 ?us atta9$ by him to 8 (fspr+4 ,! race _c be *ang$ 9 ?is way4 ,all ! p>5ts c transmit is ! quality :i* !y !mselves h inh]it$ ( resi/+ or ( collaps+1 ( becom+ enfeebl$1 or ( %[+ /r5g? & vig\r1 "u c]ta9 giv5 conditions4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ,royalty are n *>act]i/ics br\ght ab\t by ! ,royal /ate1 any m ?an ! *>act]i/ics ( ,engli% race-horses are br\ght ab\t by ! rac+ /ate or by life 9 a bre$]'s /able4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ,royalty are l ^? ( o!r liv+ ?+s1 ! *>act]i/ics ( a c]ta9 family or bl5d ( families or /ra9s4 ,:atev] *>act]i/ics di/9ct ,royal families h 9 common ) "o ano!r are n due to ! exi/5ce ( a natural law 9 virtue ( :i* ! occupations & opportunities ( ! ,royal /ate produce 8faculties0 or 8*>act]i/ics0 9 ! 8blood0 or 8/ock40 ,su* simil>ity ( *>act]i/ics is due ei!r to ! simil>ity ( ! dem&s & conditions ( ,c\rt life 9 all p>ts ( ,europe1 act+ z an educat+ =ce on ! individual1 or to ! int]m>ry+ & consequ5t bl5d+ ( family *>act]i/ics among a l>ge proportion ( ! ,royal ,h\ses at pres5t exi/+4 ,x is v difficult--inde$ impossible until mu* m is writt5 & read on ! subjects ( bre$+ & ( psy*ology--to p]suade p to ab&on ! notion t a man :o has drunk good w9e & conv]s$ ) int]e/+ p w1 z a direct result1 transmit some?+ :i* he has 8tak5 up0 or absorb$ f ! good w9e & ! clev] p to 8 (fspr+1 & t a faculty = ?is or t art or accompli%m5t cultivat$ by g5]ation aft] g5]ation is increas$ !reby1 & transf]r$ z x 7 into ! v vitals ( ! race--! reproductive g]ms :i* ea* individual has )9 him4 ,!re is no tru? :atev] 9 ^! fancies4 ,!y are popul> & v natural delusions1 :i* are n only devoid ( direct pro( by simple obs]vation & exp]im5t1 su* z t made by all bre$]s ( /ock & by m$ical m51 b are also contr>y to ! great g5]al pr9ciples :i* h be5 f\nd to expla9 ! v>i$ & mo/ important facts kn[n z to bre$+1 inh]itance1 & v>iation4 ,! same errone\s !ory ( inh]itance n[ appli$ to royalty has be5 put =w>d 9 reg>d to ! feeble-m9d$1 ! ill-gr[n1 & ! incapable at ! o!r end ( ! social scale4 ,! only way 9 :i* a quality1 good or bad1 desirable or undesirable1 is int5sifi$1 made inh]5t & dom9ant 9 a race or /ra9 or family1 is by selective bre$+--selection due to natural rejection ( ^? individuals n possess+ ! quality1 or to artificial rejection ( su* individuals by ! /ock own] & bre$]4 ,no human mak] ( bre$s--:e!r ( cattle1 horses1 birds1 or plants--ev] yet proce$$ by ex]cis+1 fe$+1 educat+1 or o!rwise manipulat+ 8 sires & dams2 he simply selects ^? z p>5ts :i* by natural v>iation h ! quality1 m or less1 :i* he desires1 & he de/roys or /]ilises ^? :i* fail to satisfy 8 requirem5ts4 ,he is p]fectly confid5t t 9 ?is way he c ensure ! reproduction & exagg]ation or dom9ance ( ! *>act]i/ics :i* he desires2 he kn[s t he _c obta9 a 8/ra90 or 8bre$0 by any treatm5t1 any fe$+1 or education ( ^? :i* are born )\t ! natural1 innate possession ( ! desir$ quality1 9 a m or less m>k$ degree4 ,once ! *>act]i/ic turns up z a cong5ital v>iation1 x c be int5sifi$ by c\pl+ its possessor ) a mate ( l quality2 b bo? sire & dam h to be rigidly select$ ) ?is purpose 9 view4 ,su* me?ods are n adopt$ 9 human families1 ev5 royal ones4 ,9 consid]+ ^! que/ions z to *>act]i/ic qualities or want ( qualities 9 gr\ps & classes ( human communities1 we see !n t we h 9 ! fir/ in/ance to di/+ui% v broadly betwe5 ! body or /ructure ( ! individual1 & ! 8/irps0 or g]m ( ! race :i* he c>ries )9 him4 ,! =m] may be va/ly *ang$ = ! bett] or worse z comp>$ ) av]age individuals1 )\t affect+ 9 any way ! latt]4 ,! g]m is c>ri$ by ! individual memb] ( ! race 9 an almo/ complete /ate ( isolation or safety f ! influ5ces :i* affect ! individual's /ructure g5]ally 78 body z di/9ct f 8 g]m9al or reproductive sub/ance7 injuri\sly or b5eficially4 ,! g]m v>ies also1 b indep5d5tly4 ,t is a matt] ( prim>y importance4 ,equally important 9 ! case ( man is a peculi>ity :i* affects 8 manife/ation ( qualities 9 a way unkn[n 9 any o!r liv+ ?+4 ,human society1 9 m m>k$ & dom9at+ =m1 9 proportion z x is :at we call 8civilis$10 has creat$ = itself an inh]itance :i* is n dep5d5t on ! v>iations ( /ra9s & ! laws ( actual bre$+4 ,ov] & above--v mu* above--:at ea* man inh]its 9 ! =m ( qualities & *>act]i/ics ( 8 special family & /ock--is ! enorm\s mass ( accumulat$ exp]i5ce1 k1 tradition1 cu/om1 & law--:i* p]vades & envelops1 z x 71 ! m]e physical g5]ations ( ?is or t pullulat+ cr[d ( human individuals4 ,tradition1 at fir/ convey$ by ge/ure & imitativ5ess f p>5ts to (fspr+1 !n by ^w ( m\?1 !n by writ+1 & f9ally by pr9t$ record1 sanction$ & en=c$ by all k9ds ( p]suasion & compulsion--has culm9at$ 9 an educative discipl9e :i* affects e individual 9 ! community 9 ! mo/ p[]ful way--& con/itutes an inh]itance ( a significance & activity altoge!r transc5d+1 & indep5d5t ( t due to ! physical transmission ( bodily & m5tal qualities4 ,public op9ion1 law1 k1 belief1 cu/om1 & habit exi/1 & pursue _! own c\rse ( *ange1 z x 71 outside ! successive bodily g5]ations ( a population4 ,yet !y det]m9e 9 v l>ge measure ! *>act]i/ics :i* ea* class1 & ! community z a :ole1 exhibit4 ,we h to di/+ui% ^? results :i* are due to physical h]$ity1 simil> 9 man & 9 animals--f results due to ?is all-p[]ful education peculi> to man--education1 :i* = civilis$ man proce$s f almo/ innum]able s\rces--f p>5ts1 nurses1 playfell[s1 companions1 social1 pr(essional1 & political organisations1 z well z f ! pr(ess$ tea*]1 & f ! local peculi>ities ( ! simple/ conditions ( life4 ,h5ce x is t man inh]its v little 9 ! way ( ready-made in/9cts1 tricks ( 8 n]v\s me*anism--b1 on ! contr>y1 has an enorm\sly long p]iod ( individual gr[? & education1 & inh]its 8educability0 to a degree :i* v>ies 9 e family & race4 ,to e/imate correctly1 & s to deal ) ^! v>i\s factors 9 human life1 we require to "k 9 detail ! laws ( bre$+1 h]$ity1 v>iation1 & selection 9 animals1 &1 fur!r1 ! laws or =mulat$ results ( enquiry z to ! 8educability0 ( ! human be+1 ! range & ! limits ( 8education10 ! relation ( h]$it>y quality to education1 ! causes ( m5tal ab]ration & defect1 ( m5tal qualities ( all k9ds1 ! value & ! dang]s ( all k9ds ( educational influ5ces1 :e!r physical1 social1 or intellectual4 ,^! are matt]s 9 reg>d to :i* !re mu/ be 9 ! future m & m ( common k & agreem5t2 at pres5t !y are lightly t\*$ by politicians & j\rnali/s 9 a way :i* is inconsi/5t ) a k ( ! facts or ( _! importance4 ,:5 publici/s airily decl>e t ! virtues ( k+s & ! vices ( paup]s are bo? due to ! h]$it>y transmission ( *>act]s acquir$ by ! peculi>ities ( diet & ex]cise ( ! prog5itors ( ^! classes x is "t to prote/4 ,to cite ! "n ( ,d>w9 & 8! laws :i* gov]n animal & plant life10 9 support in/ead ( 9 condemnation ( su* baseless fancies1 is1 "o mu/ suppose1 an evid5ce1 n ( a desire to mislead1 b ( a regrettable indiff]5ce to ! conclusions ( t bran* ( human k :i* is ( m importance ?an any o!r to ! /atesman & ! philan?ropi/4 8,selection10 :e!r due to survival 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce or ex]cis$ by man z a 8bre$]0 or 8fanci]10 is ! only way 9 :i* new *>act]i/ics1 good or bad1 c be implant$ 9 a race or /ock1 & become "p ( ! h]$it>y quality ( t race or /ock4 ,?is applies equally to man & to animals & plants4 ,& ?is selection is no tempor>y or casual ?+4 ,x means 8! selection = bre$+0 ( ^? individuals :i* spontane\sly by ! innate v>iability :i* all liv+ ?+s %[ 7s t no two individuals are exactly alike7 h exhibit$ f bir? onw>ds1 m or less cle>ly1 indications ( ! *>act]i/ic :i* is to be select$4 ,no?+ done to !m aft] bir?1 & n done to o!rs ( _! family or race1 causes ! desir$ *>act]i/ic2 x appe>s unexpect$ly1 almo/ unacc\ntably z an 9-born quality4 ,x may be a slight diff]5ce only1 n easy to take note (2 b if x enables ^? :o possess x to get ! bett] ( _! competitors 9 ! /ruggle = life1 !y w survive & mate & s transmit _! *>act]i/ic to ! next g5]ation1 :il/ ^? :o d n possess x & are beat5 9 life & fail to obta9 food1 safety1 & mates1 w p]i% & disappe>1 & _! defective /ra9 w p]i% ) !m4 #cg4 ,v>iation & ,selection ,among ,liv+ ,?+s ,selection is n a ?+ once done & !n dropp$--natural selection is cont9u\s & nev]-end+1 except 9 r>e & special circum/ances1 su* z man may br+ ab\t by 8 int]f]5ce1 & !n x does n really cease b only *anges its dem&4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( a race or species are ma9ta9$ by natural selection1 j z mu* z !y are produc$ by x4 ,cessation ( a previ\sly active selection 7:i* is sometimes br\ght ab\t by exceptional conditions7 results 9 a dep>ture ( ! individuals ( ! race1 no long] subject to t selection1 f ! /&>d ( =m & *>act]i/ics previ\sly ma9ta9$4 ,to und]/& ?is1 we mu/ consid] = a mom5t ! great prop]ty ( liv+ ?+s1 :i* is call$ 8v>iation40 ,no two animals1 or plants ev51 :5 born ( ! same p>5ts1 are ev] exactly alike4 ,n only t1 b if we look at a great numb] ( individuals ( a race or /ock1 we f9d t "s are v diff]5t f ! o!rs1 9 col\r1 9 proportion ( p>ts1 9 "*1 & o!r qualities4 ,z a rule x is difficult to look at su* a numb]1 because 9 ,nature only two on ! av]age out ( _m hundr$s1 sometimes ?\s&s1 born f a s+le pair ( p>5ts1 gr[ up to take _! p>5ts' place1 & ^! two are ^? 8select$0 by natural survival on acc\nt ( _! close resemblance to ! p>5ts4 ,b if we exp]im5tally re> all ! (fspr+ ( a plant or animal to full gr[?--n all[+ !m to p]i% by competition = food1 or place1 or by inability to escape enemies--!n we see m cle>ly h[ great is ! 9-born v>iation1 h[ _m & wide are ! dep>tures f ! fav\r$ /&>d =m :i* are naturally born & owe _! peculi>ities to ?is bir?-quality--call$ innate or cong5ital v>iation--& n to any?+ :i* happ5s to !m aft]w>ds diff]+ f :at happ5s to _! bro!rs & si/]s4 ,( c\rse1 we are all famili> ) ?is 8cong5ital or innate v>iation10 z %[n by bro!rs & si/]s 9 human families4 ,h[ & :y d innate v>iations arise8 ,!y arise f *emical & me*anical action ^u ! 8g]ms0 or reproductive cells conta9$ 9 ! body ( ! p>5ts1 & also sometimes f ! mat+ 9 reproduction ( two /ra9s or races :i* are already diff]5t f "o ano!r4 ,:5 an animal or plant is giv5 unaccu/om$ food or br\ght up 9 new surr\nd+s 7z1 = in/ance1 9 captivity7 its g]ms are affect$1 & !y produce v>iations 9 ! next g5]ation m abundantly4 ,! be/ analogy = :at occurs is t ( a 8%ak+ up0 or di/urbance ( ! p>ticles ( ! g]m or reproductive mat]ial1 some:at z ! beads & bits ( glass 9 a kaleidoscope are %ak5 & *ange f "o well-balanc$ arrangem5t to ano!r4 ,& ! same analogy applies to ! cross+ or f]tilis+ ( 8/ra90 or 8race0 by ano!r diff]+ f x4 ,a di/urbance is ! consequ5ce1 & a dep>ture 9 ! =m & "* ( ! "y f any?+ arriv$ at be=e (t5 takes place4 ,^! v>iations h no necess>y fitness or correspond5ce to ! *ang$ conditions :i* h produc$ !m4 ,!y are1 s to speak1 dep>tures 9 all & e direction--n v great1 b /ill great en\gh to be select$ by survival if occurr+ 9 wild extra-human nature1 & obvi\s en\gh :5 produc$ 9 cultivat$ animals & plants to be se5 & select$ by man1 ! /ock-bre$] or fanci]4 ,inde$ ! /ock-bre$] & horticulturi/ g to "w 9 ?is way delib]ately4 ,?\gh :5 !y h fatt5$ an animal or f$ up a plant !y _c make x transmit its fatness or increas$ size to its (fspr+1 yet !y c1 by special fe$+ & *ange ( conditions ( life--or by cross-bre$+--break up ! fix$ t5d5cy or quality ( ! g]ms )9 ! p>5ts s treat$4 ,?us !y get (fspr+ produc$ :i* %[ /range & unexpect$ v>iations ( _m k9ds--new fea!rs1 new col\rs1 new %apes ( leaf1 increas$ size ( root1 l5g? ( limb--all k9ds ( v>iations4 ,f ! cong5ital v>ieties ?us produc$ by 8/irr+ up10 8break+ d[n10 or di/urb+ ! g]m-matt] 7g]m-plasm7 ( ! p>5ts1 ! bre$] next proce$s to select & mate ^? :i* %[ ! "* :i* suits 8 fancy1 :il/ he de/roys or rejects ! o!rs4 ,?us he e/abli%es1 & by repeat$ selection 9 e g5]ation ma9ta9s1 & if he desires increases1 ! *>act]i/ics :i* he values4 ,bir?-v>iation is !n an inh]5t prop]ty ( liv+ ?+s 7includ+ man7 z mu* z h]$ity1 :i* is ! "n = ! prop]ty express$ 9 ! resemblance ( (fspr+ to p>5t4 ,& bir?-v>iation1 or cong5ital v>iation--t is to say1 ! be+ born ) a p[] to gr[ into some?+ diff]5t 7n greatly1 b /ill obvi\sly1 diff]5t7 f _! p>5ts or ance/ry1 & f _! bre?r5 & c\s9s1 ?\gh n subject$ aft] bir? to any treatm5t or conditions diff]+ f ^? common to all ( !m--is a quality ( liv+ ?+s :i* mu/ be di/+ui%$ altoge!r f ! p[] ( ! individual itself1 ?\gh n born ) qualities diff]+ f ^? ( its bro!rs & si/]s1 to v>y or *ange 9 "s respects z comp>$ ) o!r individuals :5 x is specially f$ or expos$ to special treatm5t4 ,! fir/ is *ange1 or v>iation1 ( ! 8/irps10 or g]m plasm2 ! second is *ange1 or v>iation1 ( ! transi5t body ( ! individual4 ,! fir/ is indef9ite & may be ( almo/ any k9d or =m2 once x has appe>$1 x is a p]man5t possession ( ! race desc5d$ f its own]4 ,! second is def9ite & a direct reaction to ! environm5t4 ,su* an individually induc$ or /imulat$ *ange is (t5 call$ an 8acquir$ "*40 ,x does n affect ! /irps1 ! inn] reproductive g]ms1 & _c be h&$ on by inh]itance to a new g5]ation4 ,:at happ5s1 !n1 :5 !re is a cessation ( selection8 ,all sorts ( bir?-v>iations appe> & gr[ up4 ,! f9e adju/m5t ( =m--ma9ta9$ by natural selection c>ri$ on unceas+ly--no long] obta9s4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! race become less emphasis$4 ,all sorts ( bir?-v>iations h an equal *ance1 & ! t5d5cy mu/ be = ^? *>act]i/ics :i* h mo/ rec5tly be5 e/abli%$ & ma9ta9$ by sev]e selection to dw9dle & !n to disappe> altoge!r4 ,! majority ( bir?-v>iations w--:5 selection is prev5t$--always t5d to pres5t a less5$1 r ?an an increas$1 developm5t ( any "o *>act]i/ic--! excell+ m9ority w no long] be select$1 b all w h an equal *ance 9 mat+ & reproduc+4 ,h5ce1 bit by bit1 all sali5t features1 all ! *>act]i/ics ( ! race previ\sly ma9ta9$ by selection1 w1 z a result ( survival ( all v>iations & g5]al cross+ & int]bre$+--dw9dle & disappe>4 ,x is to ?is process t ! t]m 8deg5]ation0 has be5 appli$ by biologi/s4 ,h[ f> x may g1 & :at are its limits & v>i\s outcomes1 ,i _c n[ discuss4 ,x is sometimes spok5 ( z 8retrogression0--:i* implies wrongly a return to a previ\s /ate4 ,f "s po9ts ( view x might be call$ 8simplification40 ,! po9t to :i* ,i h be5 mak+ is ?is--t civilis$ mank9d appe>s to be v ne>ly 9 reg>d to mo/ po9ts ( /ructure & quality 9 a condition ( 8cessation ( selection40 ,x is ! bett]-provid$ & well-f$1 well-clo!d1 protect$ classes ( ! community1 9 :i* ?is cessation ( selection is mo/ complete4 ,racial deg5]ation is1 !re=e1 to be look$ = 9 ^? classes q z mu* z 9 ! half-/>v$1 ill-clad1 /ruggl+ poor1 if1 inde$1 x %\ld n be expect$ to be m /rongly m>k$ 9 !m4 ,!re are facts :i* t5d to %[ t su* anticipations are well-f\nd$4 ,?is is a matt] requir+ fur!r discussion4 ,x is probable1 ,i may say 9 anticipation1 t :il/ natural selection 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is only obscurely op]ative 7except z to alcoholism & "s diseases7 9 civilis$ man1 yet :at ,mr4 ,d>w9 call$ sexual selection--! influ5ce ( pref]5ce 9 mat+--has an important scope1 & x may be t h]eaft] x w be ( enorm\s importance 9 ma9ta9+ ! quality ( ! race4 ,mean:ile1 x seems t ! unregulat$ increase ( ! population1 ! indiscrim9ate1 unque/ion+ protection ( infant life & ( adult life also--)\t selection or limitation--mu/ lead to results :i* c only be describ$ z g5]al deg5]ation4 ,h[ f> su* a conclusion is ju/ifi$1 & :at are possible modify+ or c\nt]act+ influ5ces at "w :i* may affect ! future ( mank9d1 are que/ions ( surpass+ int]e/4 ,9 any case1 x is int]e/+ to note t ! cessation ( selection is m complete1 & ! consequ5t deg5]ation ( ! race w\ld1 !re=e1 seem to be m probable 9 ! high] prop]ti$ classes ?an 9 ! b>e-foot$ toil]s1 ^: ranks are ?9n$ by />vation & e>ly dea?4 ,"o may well ask1 8,is ?is really s80 #ch4 ,! ,movem5t1 ,gr[?1 & ,dw9dl+ ( ,glaci]s ,la/ summ] we 7 wat*+ ! gradual *ange ( ! brilliant sunlight on ! sn[s ( ,mont ,blanc z ! %ad[s crept up ! p9e-cov]$ sides ( ! valley ( ,*amonix4 ,we not$ h[ ! highe/ peak--! true summit ( ,mont ,blanc--rema9$ almo/ :ite & brilliant :5 ! some:at l[] & ne>] ,dome de ,g\t] 7s (t51 :5 cl\ds are ab\t1 mi/ak5 = ! true summit by t\ri/s7 _h assum$ a m>vell\s %ade ( saffron-rose col\r4 ,! crevasses ( ! glaci]s 7 m>k$ by an une>?ly pale-gre5 t9t & delicate purple hues ( weird beauty 7 spread+ ov] ! evanesc5t =ms ( ! great sn[-field1 :5 "o ( ! hotel gue/s--a citiz5 ( ,g5eva--said1 8,ah1 yes6 ,look at !m :il/ y may1 & wond] at !m1 ^? glaci]s ( ! ,alps4 ,!y are b ! remnants1 ! roots1 z x 71 ( ! va/ glaci] :i* once fill$ ! :ole ( ?is vale ( ,*amonix & spread d[n into ! valley ( ! ,rhone1 & pl\gh$ out ) ! sl[ movem5t ( its huge mass ! deep rock bas9 ( ! ,lake ,leman4 ,e ye> !y dw9dle1 z !y h dw9dl$ = ages pa/1 & soon--p]haps n m ?an ano!r #ajj ye>s h5ce--!y w h disappe>$ utt]ly f human sight & k40 ,i cont9u$ to gaze at ! sc5e1 & z ! night fell & ! di/ant details 7 lo/ to view ,i felt z ?\gh a v5]able1 b decrepit1 fri5d _h pass$ f my sight1 nev] to return4 ,i 0 rejoic$ to see ! glaci]s /ill !re :5 ! morn+ sun %[$ =? _! /range opaque :ite & fa9tly gre5 masses on ! m\nta9 sides--/up5d\s outp\r+s1 z x 71 ( :ipp$ cream t9t$ ) pi/a*io-nut4 ,b 0 x true1 t lam5t ( ! ,g5evese savant8 ,und\bt$ly ! glaci]s 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,alps h be5 %r9k+ = ! la/ ?irty ye>s4 ,x is long] ?an t s9ce ,i fir/ saw ! glaci]s ( ! ,*amonix valley1 & !re is no d\bt t !y h %runk up s9ce !n1 leav+ acres ( b\ld]s & b>e poli%$ rock :]e 0 ! ice ,i =m]ly climb$4 ,! glaci] ( ,arg5tire1 ne> ! upp] end ( ! valley1 is a mile or m %ort] ?an x 02 ! ice caves :i* we us$ to visit at ! foot ( ! ,m] de ,glace h melt$ away1 & ! end ( ! glaci] is n[ high up above a precipit\s surface ( poli%$ rock f> f ! site ( ! little pavilion1 ) its gay flag & amiable gu>dian1 :o us$ to exhibit ! m>vell\s ice cav]n4 ,i f9d on look+ into ! matt] t x is true t !re has1 dur+ ! latt] half ( ! pa/ c5tury1 be5 a great dw9dl+ ( ! l[] end or 8sn\t10 a draw+ back1 z x 71 n only ( ,swiss glaci]s1 b ( glaci]s 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w--z1 = in/ance1 9 ,alaska & 9 ! ,himalayas4 ,b ,i _c avoid a feel+ ( satisfaction 9 record+ ! op9ion ( geological au?orities t1 contr>y to ! ass]tion ( ! ,swiss pessimi/1 !re is n any gr\nd = believ+ t ! pres5t noticeable %r9k+ is due to a cont9u\s process by :i* ! enorm\s glaci]s ( remote ages h be5 incessantly r$uc$ until n[ !y are b rootlets or /umps ( ! =m] masses1 de/9$ to evaporate completely "u ! cont9u$ remorseless op]ation ( increas+ temp]ature4 ,on ! contr>y1 x appe>s t1 ?\gh !re are n accurate records & measurem5ts z to pa/ c5turies z !re w be z to pres5t & future ye>s1 yet !re is abundant evid5ce t ,alp9e glaci]s h gr[n long] 9 "s c5turies & retreat$ 9 o!rs4 ,! p]iod ( alt]nate ext5sion & retraction has n be5 asc]ta9$ ) accuracy1 b by "s geologi/s x is suppos$ to be ab\t fifty ye>s4 ,! retraction or %r9k+ is n due to a cont9u\s increase ( ! temp]ature ( ! e>?'s atmosph]e--or ( ?is hemisph]e--b to cont5d+ causes :i* op]ate alt]nately t[>ds increase & t[>ds decrease :5 "o or two hundr$ ye>s are consid]$4 ,su* are ! great] or less ra9fall & sn[fall ov] a v l>ge area1 & ! =mation & p]si/5ce ( cl\ds1 conc]n$ ) :i* are probably ^? v>y+ quantities--! spots on ! sun4 ,! simple pro( t glaci]s h ext5d$ & aga9 retreat$ )9 hi/oric times is furni%$ by ! fact t 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,alp9e range ! retreat ( a glaci] has uncov]$ anci5t m9]s' excavations1 :i* mu/ h be5 work$ :5 ! glaci] did n rea* ! spot excavat$4 ,subsequ5tly ! glaci] advanc$1 & n[ aft] "s hundr$s ( ye>s x has aga9 retreat$ & expos$ ! ice-cov]$ bor+s & work+s4 ,! tradition ( a glaci]-enclos$ village 9 ! ,z]matt m\nta9s1 %ut (f f ! _w by ! advance ( glaci]s1 lo/ & my/]i\s1 is evid5ce t su* advance has be5 obs]v$ by ! native population4 ,! natives :o live ne> glaci]s "k t !y advance & retreat1 b ! fact t ! :ole glaci] is really a sl[ly fl[+ visc\s mass--a sort ( froz5 b n immobile riv]--0 only e/abli%$ by sci5tific obs]vation 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,! froz5 riv] is f$ by ! sn[ :i* falls on ! high] m\nta9 ridges1 & is squeez$ into ! =m ( ice in/ead ( sn[ p[d] by its own weight z x slips d[n ! incl9es1 w>m$ by ! uncl\d$ sun%9e4 ,! big glaci]s move mu* m rapidly 7or p]haps "o %\ld say less sl[ly7 9 ! middle ?an at ! sides4 ,! measurem5ts :i* h be5 made diff] 9 diff]5t glaci]s & 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same glaci]1 & %[ small] movem5t 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]4 ,! advance ( ! sides is ret>d$1 z 9 ! case ( an ord9>y riv] ( fl[+ wat]1 by friction aga9/ ! rocks1 :i* enclose ! glaci] z its banks enclose a riv]4 ,a good av]age case %[s a fl[ d[nw>ds 9 summ] ( half a foot a day at ! sides & a foot & a half 9 ! middle4 ,! di/ance bel[ ! sn[-l9e to :i* ! fl[+ glaci] desc5ds d[n a m\nta9 gorge--be=e x melts away & becomes a riv] ( liquid wat]--dep5ds1 z does ! rate at :i* x moves1 9 ! fir/ place1 on ! temp]ature ( ! region & on ! %>pness ( ! slope4 ,a glaci] w fl[ d[nw>ds 7z w a lump ( pit*7 along a sc>cely p]ceptible incl9e1 b m sl[ly ?an d[n a /eep] incl9e1 & x w1 consequ5tly1 get fur!r d[n into ! w>m valley )\t altoge!r melt+ away :5 ! slope is /eep4 ,b ap>t f ^! consid]ations1 ! bigg] & ?ick] 7or deep]7 ! glaci]1 t is to say1 ! m sn[ :i* ea* ye> falls at its />t+-place & goes to mak+ x1 ! fur!r d[n w x fl[ be=e melt+ away2 & x is ! heavy sn[fall ( _m ye>s ago or ( a s]ies ( ye>s long pa/ :i* has to-day rea*$ 9 ! =m ( ice ! l[] end ( ! glaci]4 ,s1 ?\gh ! l[] end ( ! glaci] may melt m quickly if ! valley has become hott]1 yet ! heavy sn[falls ( fifty ye>s ago may only n[ h rea*$ ! valley1 & may q c\nt]balance ! melt+ action ( ! w>m] summ]s4 ,or rev]se conditions1 namely1 less sn[ & l[] or un*ang$ temp]ature 9 ! valley1 may prevail4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ( ,india has lately e/abli%$ a def9ite survey & record ( ! movem5t ( sev]al ,himalayan glaci]s & ( ! v>iation 9 ! di/ance to :i* _! 8sn\ts0 desc5d into ! valleys4 ,twelve glaci]s 7 exam9$ la/ ye>1 & w be prop]ly wat*$ 9 future4 ,! ,y5gutsa glaci] has ga9$ ab\t two miles 9 l5g? s9ce ,sir ,m>t9 ,conway visit$ x 9 #ahib2 ! great ,hisp> glaci] has slightly retreat$4 ,! ,hassanabad glaci] ?ree ye>s ago increas$ its l5g? by a rapid progress ( ! free 8sn\t0 ( z mu* z six miles 9 ?ree mon?s1 & is n[ no long] increas+ or advanc+6 ,_m ye>s ago x _h rea*$ its pres5t position1 & !n retreat$4 ,! rock masses c>ri$ on ! ice & left 9 great heaps at ! po9t :]e ! glaci] melt$ away are kn[n z t]m9al 8mora9es10 & (t5 s]ve to %[ ! position to :i* ! sn\t ( a glaci] once ext5d$--f> bel[ its pres5t limit4 ,a curi\s fact z to ! increase & %r9kage ( glaci]s is t ( two neighb\r+ glaci]s1 z 9 ! case ( ! glaci] ,blanc & ! glaci] ,noir 9 ,dauph9 7,france71 "o may be advanc+ :il/ ! o!r is 9 retreat4 ,fur!r /udy & k ( ! causes ( ^! v>iations w ?r[ important light on que/ions ( g5]al meteorology4 ,al?\gh !re is no evid5ce to lead u to suppose t exi/+ glaci]s are n[ actually 9 a condition ( g5]al retreat1 lead+ to _! ultimate disappe>ance1 yet x is "o ( ! mo/ c]ta9 & int]e/+ results ( geological /udy t "s hundr$ & fifty ?\s& ye>s ago ! nor!rn hemisph]e 0 f> cold] ?an x is n[1 ow+ p>tly to ! same *ange 9 ! incl9ation ( ! e>?'s axis to :i* ,i allud$ on a =m] page 7p4 #ha7 z affect+ ! ori5tation ( anci5t a/ronomical temples--a *ange :i* dim9i%$1 :5 at its extreme1 ! effective am\nt ( heat receiv$ f ! sun 9 ^! regions ( ! e>?4 ,! peculi> scrat*+1 poli%+1 & erosion ( rocks1 ! exi/5ce ( mora9es1 & o!r evid5ce1 prove t enorm\s glaci]s cov]$ ! nor? ( ,europe1 t ,engl& & ,scotl& 7 9 l>ge "p cov]$ by a great ice-%eet or glaci]1 & t ! great valleys ( ,switz]l& su* z ! ,rhone ,valley & ! bas9 ( ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 7 fill$ by enorm\s glaci]s1 :i* help$ to m\ld & deep5 ! valleys4 ,! pres5t glaci]s are truly ! remnants or rootlets ( ^? enorm\s masses ( ! glacial epo*4 ,on su* ( ! l& surface z 0 n !n cov]$ by ice1 exi/$ ! hairy elephant or ,sib]ian mammo?1 ! woolly rh9oc]os1 wild cattle1 lions1 be>s1 hy5as1 & o!r animals n[ ext9ct 9 ?is "p ( ! _w4 ,man _h made 8 appe>ance1 hunt$ ^! animals1 & liv$ 9 caves4 ,8 weapons & c>v+s & _! bones tell u ! /ory 9 no unc]ta9 t]ms4 ,! bigge/ ,swiss glaci]s ( to-day1 comp>$ to ! great glaci] ( ! ,rhone ,valley1 ( :i* !y are b ! highe/ tribut>ies1 /ill surviv+ unmelt$ among ! m\nta9-tops1 are 9 size z a m\nta9 fre%et is to ! great /ream ( ,lo* ,lomond1 or z ! ,s]p5t9e 9 ,hyde ,p>k to ! neighb\r+ ,?ames4 ,va/ z 0 ! great glaci] ( ! ,rhone ,valley1 & imm5se z has be5 ! "w done by wat] & ice 9 c>v+ ! great highway 9 ! m\nta9-mass ( ,switz]l&1 x has all be5 effect$ s9ce ! date ( ! =mation on ! sea-bottom & ! subsequ5t elevation ( ! /rata :i* we call 8! *alk0--a deposit :i* comes n v f> d[n 9 ! s]ies ( /rata ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,only #c1jjj;ft4 ( deposit exi/ above x1 :il/ bel[ x are m ?an #fj1jjj;ft4 ( wat]-deposit$ or 8s$im5t>y0 rocks4 ,! huge ,alps h ris5 s9ce ! date ( ! 8*alk10 = we f9d /rata conta9+ m>9e %ells ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod at a height ( #aj1jjj;ft4 9 ^? m\nta9s4 ,:]e ^? %ells n[ are 0 ! bottom ( ! sea at a comp>atively rec5t date1 probably n m ?an fifty million ye>s ago6 ,& n only h ! ,alps be5 rais$ s9ce !n f ! sea level to #ae1jjj;ft4 7! height ( ,mont ,blanc71 b ! huge m\nta9 valleys & ! great *asm ( ! ,rhone ,valley _m miles wide1 ) its floor ?\s&s ( feet bel[ ! m\nta9 ridges1 h be5 sc\r$ out4 ,deep] & wid] x has gradually become z x has tak5 %ape1 :il/ ! m\nta9 sides h be5 remov$ fir/ by wat] & lat] by ice--by ! great glaci] consi/+ ( solid ice1 miles wide & a ?\s& & m feet 9 ?ickness4 ,! wat] no long] fills ! valley 9 solid =m1 b once aga9 ru%es along z an irresi/ible torr5t1 te>+ & we>+ ! rock )\t re/ or m]cy1 c>ry+ x (f by ?\s&s ( tons day by day1 ye> by ye>1 to ! pla9s ( ,prov5ce & ! deep floor ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea4 ,! blue col\r ( ! glaci] ice--l t ( pure wat]--is n[ kn[n to be due to no impurity or admixture ( o!r sub/ances4 ,x does n1 z 0 suppos$ by ,tyndall1 owe its blu5ess to a du/ ( f9e/ col\rless p>ticles z d blue smoke1 ! blue sky1 & z d ! blue eyes :i* h attract$ ! obs]vation ( naturali/s 7& o!rs7 9 ,irel& & ! ,nor? ( ,europe4 ,wat]1 :e!r liquid or solid1 is blue1 j z 8blue copp]as0 is1 or z 8,prussian blue0 is2 b light mu/ pass ?r\gh "s t5 or tw5ty feet ?ickness ( x to make ! col\r evid5t to our eyes4 ,! gre5 t9t is due to an admixture ( yell[1 ! exact cause ( :i* is n q easy to discov]4 ,probably x is due to m9ute quantities ( e>?y matt] mix$ ) ! surface sn[4 ,! press+ ( ! high-ly+ sn[1 s z to =m solid ice or 8glaci]10 is conc]n$ ) ! same prop]ty ( sn[ z t :i* enables u to make sn[ 8b9d0 into a sn[ball4 ,y _c make sn[balls dur+ v h>d fro/--! sn[ mu/ be 9 air ( a ?aw+ temp]ature at ! mom5t x is squeez$ by ! h&4 ,! h& itself w n be w>m en\gh to produce t temp]ature :5 ! !rmomet] is bel[ freez+-po9t4 ,! sn[ comm5ces to melt 9 ! h& :5 "o squeezes x1 & !n :5 ! squeez+ is /opp$ ! wat] =m$ quickly freezes aga9 & cem5ts ! sn[ p>ticles toge!r to =m ice1 enclos+ innum]able m9ute bubbles4 ,! heat ( ! sun & ! pressure ( ! weight ( ! sn[ itself take ! place 9 ! m\nta9s ( ! w>m? & pressure ( ! human h&4 ,! m9ute air bubbles make ! newe/ glaci]-ice :ite & opaque1 especially :5 se5 9 a great mass2 b gradually !y get squeez$ toge!r1 & ! glaci] ice becomes fir/ 8fibr\s0 9 appe>ance1 & !n1 aft] long ye>s ( pressure by its own weight1 fairly cle>4 ,ice 9 great masses has ! prop]ties ( a visc\s body1 l pit* or s(t seal+-wax1 ow+ to ! fact t :]ev] ! solid mass breaks its p>ticles melt a v little & !n freeze aga94 ,"u increas$ pressure ice melts at a l[] temp]ature ?an :5 x is n subject$ to pressure4 ,:5 ! pressure is remov$ ! wat] freezes aga94 ,?us cru%$ ice or sn[ c be put into a 8squeeze-m\ld0 & press$1 s z to =m a solid mass ( ice ( any %ape y may *oose4 ,f\r or five slabs ( ice1 plac$ "o ov] ! o!r1 v soon become1 ow+ to ?is prop]ty1 "o cont9u\s solid mass4 ,:ite glaci] ice is s full ( air bubbles z to be comp>able 9 /ructure to sponge1 or1 m closely1 to cork4 ,a cube ( su* ice exposes1 ow+ to its r\gh air-hole pitt$ surface1 a mu* l>g] surface ( contact to ! atmosph]e ?an does a cube ( p]fectly smoo? cle> ice4 ,consequ5tly 9 a w>m room or *amb] ! :ite ice melts mu* m quickly ?an does ! cle>1 & h5ce y %\ld *oose cle> ice r ?an :ite ice if y wi% = a block :i* w la/4 ,be=e leav+ ! glaci]s1 let me briefly relate an incid5t aris+ f _! sl[ b regul> d[nw>d fl[ to ! region :]e !y melt away & deposit1 z a t]m9al mora9e1 ! burd5 ( rocks !y h receiv$ ye>s be=e 9 regions f> above4 ,a "y man ( five-&-tw5ty1 on 8 honeymoon1 visit$ ! ,alps1 & v5tur$ alone on to a glaci]4 ,he fell into a deep 8crevasse10 or ice-fissure1 & 8 body 0 n recov]$4 ,! exact spot :]e he fell into ! ice-*asm 0 recognis$1 & ! m\nta9-folk1 :o knew _! glaci] & its rate ( movem5t well1 told ! brok5-he>t$ "y wid[ t x w\ld take ?irty ye>s be=e t region ( ! glaci] w\ld h mov$ s f> d[nw>ds z to rea* ! l[e/ limit1 & 9 due c\rse melt away4 ,%e haunt$ ! glaci] 9 :i* h] "y husb& 0 entomb$ ye> aft] ye>1 & at la/1 :5 %e 0 n[ grey-head$ & )]$ by "t1 t special tract ( ice _h desc5d$ s f>1 & 0 s ne> ! ?aw+1 ?9n$-out m>g9 ( ! glaci] t !y 7 able to break into x ) axe & pole4 ,!n %e1 an old woman1 _h a wond]ful exp]i5ce4 ,!y l$ h] to ! glaci]'s edge4 ,h] "y husb&1 pres]v$ ^! ?irty ye>s 9 ! ice1 :i* _h melt$ ar\nd him & re-froz51 lay !re un*ang$4 ,8 features 7 n m>r$ by ! lapse ( ye>s1 nor 0 8 clo?+ r5t or injur$4 ,he seem$ z "o asleep1 re/+ aft] a long day's climb1 & %e1 poor s\l1 _h1 dur+ a blissful int]val1 ! conviction t all ^? we>y ye>s ( wait+ 7 b a long1 bad dream1 t %e1 too1 /ill 0 "y1 & 0 wak+1 z %e _h lov$ to d long ye>s ago1 9 "t to see him lift 8 lids & smile4 #ci4 ,votes = ,wom5 ,n[ t s _m p placidly accept ! notion t wom5 are to h votes 9 ! election ( memb]s ( ,p>liam5t1 "o is tempt$ to ask :e!r sci5ce has any facts to put =w>d :i* %\ld be consid]$ be=e s great a *ange 9 our national organisation is made4 ,!re are v>i\s int]e/+ facts z to ! relations ( males & females 9 ! animal _w & z to ! relative /r5g? & activity ( ! sexes--:i* are sometimes cit$ z argum5ts 9 ! matt]4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 x is cle> en\gh t among animals ! female is end[$ ) qualities :i* be> exclusively ^u h] function z ! gu>dian ( ! eggs or g]ms ( a new g5]ation4 ,%e n\ri%es ^? g]ms at ! exp5se ( h] own sub/ance be=e bir?1 fe$s !m1 t5ds !m & protects !m--aft] bir?4 ,! male 9 _m cases contributes to ! fe$+ & protection ( ! "y1 b is z (t5 z n q unconc]n$ ) su* matt]s4 ,9 ! high] animals ! male is f> m p[]ful ?an ! female1 & fights ) o!r males bo? = ! possession ( a mate or a h>em1 & = ! undi/urb$ occupation ( fe$+ gr\nds = himself & family4 ,among l[] animals !re are curi\s cases ( ! great] /r5g? & size ( ! female4 ,?us1 among spid]s1 ! female is ne>ly twice z bulky z ! male4 ,%e makes1 9 _m cases1 a ne/ ready = h] "y1 & is visit$ !re by ! w&]+ irresponsible male1 :o1 9 spite ( great dang] to himself1 is irresi/ibly attract$ to seek a brief c>ess f ! t]rible spid]ess4 ,%e is t]rible1 n only on acc\nt ( h] bulk1 b because %e makes a rule ( kill+1 & suck+ ! blood (1 h] infatuat$ admir] unless he is suffici5tly al]t & agile to escape f h] side m quickly ?an he came to x4 ,! c\rt%ip ( spid]s is a v int]e/+ bit ( natural hi/ory4 ,! males execute a sort ( dance1 & are /rangely excit$ by ! vibrat+ note ( a tun+ =k4 ,two ,am]ican naturali/s1 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,peckham1 & also ,dr4 ,mc,cook1 h /udi$ ?is subject 9 great detail4 ,a /range-look+1 d>k gre5 worm1 z big z a walnut1 ) a ribbon-l trunk six or eight in*es 9 l5g? atta*$ to its m\?1 lives 9 holes 9 ! rocks 9 ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,a simil> worm has be5 f\nd (f ! ,norwegian coa/4 ,fanciful names are giv5 by zoologi/s to ^! two worms--! fir/ is call$ ,bonellia1 ! second ,ham+ia4 ,x does no h>m to cite _! names1 & ,i d s ) an apology to ^? :o d n l names4 ,^! goodly siz$ worms are females1 only females4 ,= ye>s ! correspond+ male 0 unkn[n4 ,at la/ a m9ute creature "o-eigh? ( an in* 9 l5g?1 l a t9y fragm5t ( gre5 ?read1 0 f\nd crawl+ ab\t on & into ^! big gre5 ,bonellias4 ,its /ructure :5 x 0 exam9$ ) ! microscope prov$ x to be ! adult male ( ! worm on :i* x 0 crawl+4 ,x 0 s insignificant & m9ute z to escape all obs]vation except t ( a tra9$ naturali/ se>*+ = x ) a magnify+ glass4 ,"s sev5 or eight ( ^! dim9utive males are f\nd on "o female1 infe/+ h] z fleas infe/ a m\se1 & ( ab\t ! same relative size4 ,! microscopic husb& ( ! ,norwegian ,ham+ia x 0 my good =tune to discov] _m ye>s ago1 :5 ,i 0 dr$g+ m>9e animals 9 ! deep wat]s ( ! ,/avang] ,fjord4 ,s !re is no?+ 9 ! et]nal fitness ( ?+s proclaim+ ! male z ! necess>y sup]ior ( ! female ?r\gh\t ,nature4 ,! fact is t ! "q ( equality & ( g5]al sup]iority & inf]iority has no place 9 reg>d to male & female f a naturali/'s po9t ( view4 ,x is true t wom5 are s v mu* less end[$ ) muscul> /r5g? ?an m5 t practically e woman is inf]ior to e man 9 ?is respect4 ,x is also true t woman's bra9 is small] ?an man's1 & t ap>t f m]e size1 ! intellectual activity & capacity ( wom51 by :atev] te/ y exam9e x1 is less ?an t ( man4 ,:5 exceptional cases on bo? sides are exclud$1 ! def9ite intellectual inf]iority ( ! av]age woman1 z comp>$ ) ! av]age man1 is e/abli%$ z a fact4 ,! obs]vations ( ^? conc]n$ 9 ! education ( "y m5 & "y wom5 side by side confirm ?is1 & x is fur!r demon/rat$ by a consid]ation ( ! intellectual p]=mances ( av]age m5 & av]age wom54 ,t1 at any rate1 is my own exp]i5ce z a ,univ]sity tea*]4 ,b wom51 on ! o!r h&1 fill a place 9 human life z mo!rs1 & adm9i/rators ( detail1 & z companions1 9 :i* man1 by ! nature ( ?+s1 _c compete ) !m at all4 ,at ! h\se ( ! late ,sir ,james ,kn[les1 "s tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 :5 discuss+ ! relative value ( ! physical & intellectual capacities ( ! m5 z comp>$ ) ! wom5 ( ! ,engli% work+ class1 ,mr4 ,glad/one 7at t "t ! head ( ! ,gov]nm5t7 said to me1 8,i am ( op9ion t ! relative value ( a man & a woman is 9 all classes ( society ab\t ! same z x 0 9 my gr&fa!r's "t 9 ,jamaica :5 !y pur*as$ slaves4 ,!y gave #abj = a man & #hj = a woman1 & t is a fair measure ( _! relative value all ! _w ov]40 ,x is necess>y to rememb] t ,mr4 ,glad/one 0 n e/imat+ ! ultimate value ( woman 9 human life :5 he said ?is4 ,he w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 h consid]$1 z ,i d1 t x is absurd to attempt to e/imate t or to raise a discussion z to g5]al sup]iority & inf]iority 9 ref]5ce to ! male & ! female ( ! human species4 ,!y are creatures z necess>y "o z ! o!r1 diff]+ f "o ano!r pr(\ndly & excell+ "o ano!r 9 div]se qualities & capacities4 ,)\t ?is complem5t>y division ( fitness & quality our life w\ld be a monotone robb$ ( ! inf9ite v>iety :i* *>act]ises humanity4 ,:at ,mr4 ,glad/one e/imat$ z be+ less by "o-?ird 9 wom5 ?an 9 m5 is p[]--"w-value--:e!r physical or intellectual4 ,i ?9k ,mr4 ,glad/one's e/imate mu/ be admitt$ z true4 ,b ,i d n = a mom5t say t :5 ?is inf]ior intellectual & physical capacity ( woman is admitt$ ! "q is settl$ z to :e!r wom5 %\ld vote = ! election ( repres5tatives to c>ry on ! affairs ( ! c\ntry4 ,! affairs ( ! c\ntry6 ,!y are1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! protection ( p]son & prop]ty by ! law1 :i* mu/ be upheld by =ce if necess>y2 !n def5ce aga9/ =eign aggression1 also a matt] ( =ce2 &1 fur!r1 ! education & tra9+ n only ( *ildr5 b ( ! ripe y\? ( ! c\ntry--a matt] ( intellect--:i* also has a weighty influ5ce 9 ! mak+ ( wise laws4 ,!n !re is ! devis+ ( weapons & means ( def5ce by l& & by sea1 z well z ! discov]y & application ( k 9 reg>d to disease1 bo? ( m9d & body1 = ! b5efit ( ! community4 ,& !re w soon be a good deal m6 ,x does n necess>ily foll[1 because wom5 _c !mselves d "s ( ^! ?+s at all1 & = ! o!rs are less able ?an m51 t !y %\ld n give a vote 9 elect+ ! m5 :o are to att5d to !m4 ,! only "q is1 ,w\ld x make life bett] = bo? wom5 & m5 7 !y all[$ to d s8 ,! argum5t t ! pay+ ( taxes on m5's prop]ty qualifies m5 to give a vote1 & !re=e ! pay+ ( taxes on wom5's prop]ty %\ld1 ipso facto1 entitle wom5 to give a vote1 is fallaci\s1 because ! pay+ ( taxes is n ! reason or det]m9+ cause ( m5 hav+ a vote1 b only a subsidi>y te/ or qualification :i* might be aboli%$ or modifi$4 ,! prop]ty ( m9ors pays ! tax1 b x is n propos$ on t acc\nt t *ildr5 %\ld vote4 ,! prop]ty qualifications 9 use at pres5t are m]ely a me?od = exclud+ c]ta9 m51 & we might h an intellectual qualification or a muscul> qualification = ! same purpose4 ,inde$1 we d at pres5t exclude male imbeciles & ^? :o are immature4 ,! reason = ext5d+ ! ,p>liam5t>y vote to a l>g] & l>g] body ( ! male population has be5 to secure ! ass5t ( ! /r5g? & manhood ( ! c\ntry to ! laws & public acts ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 & to ensure its will+ p>ticipation 9 t ma9t5ance ( ! c5tral ,gov]nm5t's decisions by physical =ce1 :i* is ! ultimate & by no means v remote me?od by :i* !y are ma9ta9$4 ,x does n seem to be likely to be an improvem5t on our pres5t sy/em t wom51 :o mu/ always be reg>d$ z specially privileg$ because ( _! physical weakness1 %\ld nev]!less be all[$ to influ5ce by ! m]e numb] ( _! votes ! decision ( que/ions 9 :i* ! employm5t ( ! physical /r5g? ( m5 act+ z def5d]s ( our t]ritory1 gu>dians ( ! peace1 or m9i/]s ( ! law1 is ! ess5tial condition ( an effective result foll[+ on su* decision4 ,to a naturali/ human population does n appe> z a numb] ( units ( :i* a few m are female ?an male--b r z a s]ies ( families1 consi/+ ( m51 wom51 & *ildr51 b\nd toge!r by a v>iety ( reciprocal s]vices1 dep5d5t "o on ano!r1 ord]$ & discipl9$ to a di/ribution ( functions & duties by ! tradition & exp]i5ce ( ages4 ,! notion t ! pat]familias is ! rightful *ief ( 8 wife & *ildr51 & t ?r\gh him !y are repres5t$1 & %\ld be cont5t to be repres5t$1 9 ! local & great] ,/ate ,gov]nm5t--is "o ( long /&+ 9 civilis$ ,europe4 ,! p[]s ( ! pat]familias h be5 gradually limit$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! developm5t ( social life s9ce ! "y m5 & ! old ba*elors1 too1 h be5 giv5 a %>e ( p[] 9 ! ,/ate3 b ! rec5t proposal to break ! fabric ( 8 h\sehold by giv+ ! ,p>liam5t>y fran*ise to wom5 is s sudd5 & /range a notion t he seems n to h realis$ :at x means4 ,! apa?y :i* _m m5 exhibit 9 reg>d to ?is proposal is z rem>kable z ! amiable c\rtesy ) :i* o!rs ass5t to x r ?an 8disoblige a lady40 ,look+ at ! proposal n z a "q ( ju/ice1 :i* really has no?+ to d ) x1 b 9 ref]5ce to ! inquiry z to :e!r x is likely1 if c>ri$1 to increase ! happ9ess & prosp]ity ( ! community1 ,i mu/ say t1 s f> z ! natural hi/ory ( man gives indications1 x seems to me t if wom5 acquir$ ! ,p>liam5t>y fran*ise & made active use ( x1 !y w\ld be l$ into a new attitude ( indep5d5ce & sep>ation f ! m5 & f ! family gr\p to :i* !y are by bir? or alliance atta*$4 ,i fe> t ! great bus9ess ( mak+ ! ne/ beautiful1 produc+ & t5d+ ! "y1 nurs+ ! sick1 help+ ! ag$1 consol+ ! afflict$1 rew>d+ ! brave1 ( danc+ & s++ & creat+ gaiety )9 ! *>m$ circle :]e political conte/s & affairs ( ,/ate are ( no acc\nt1 w\ld be neglect$ & )\t hon\r4 ,9 ! end ^! am5ities ( life w\ld probably fall into ! h&s ( comm]cial companies & be s5t out at s mu* a head--import$ f ,g]many4 ,woman w\ld n be ! ga9]1 = %e c only ga9 by cont9u+ to a/oni% man by all %e does = 8 en*antm5t & delight1 to s]ve him & to cr[n 8 life--%e w only suff] by becom+ 8indep5d5t40 ,! movem5t :i* is suppos$ to lead to a high] developm5t ( womanhood1 & consi/s 9 wom5 mobb+ p on _! door/eps1 wav+ flags & %\t+ at o!r p's meet+s1 & /ruggl+ 9 ! arms ( policem51 seems to be inconsi/5t ) a developm5t 9 ! direction :i* has hi!rto be5 popul> & successful 9 ! progress ( man f savag]y to dec5cy4 ,x is difficult to suppose t m5 w really be s bl9d to ! facts ( ! real importance & true value ( wom5 z to all[ ?is movem5t to succe$ :il/ !y look on ) vague incr$ulity z to its be+ any?+ m ?an a huge joke4 ,!re is1 too1 f9ally1 "o s]i\s w>n+ to be d]iv$ f ! asc]ta9$ facts ( human physiology & psy*ology4 ,! immutable task1 ! sacr$ de/9y1 ( wom5 is to become ! mo!rs ( new g5]ations4 ,no?+ :i* is likely to int]f]e ) or less5 ! respect & v5]ation due to wom5 9 view ( ?is trem5d\s natural det]m9ation ( _! in/9cts & aspirations %\ld be lightly sanction$ by m5 s long z !y h ! p[] ( decid+ ! matt]4 ,!re is good & suffici5t gr\nd = fe>+ t ! new /atus ( wom5 :i* w\ld be e/abli%$ by _! entry on an equal foot+ ) man into ! ar5a ( political /ruggle & public life1 w\ld injuri\sly affect 9 a majority or l>ge m9ority ( cases t mode ( life & economy ( /r5g? :i* is necess>y = ^? :o mu/ give s mu* to ! great & exact+ dem&s ( mat]nity4 ,! gratification ( ! :im ( a few e>ne/ b injudici\s wom5 w\ld be an altoge!r insuffici5t ju/ification = ! injury ( ! 8physique0 ( wom5 9 g5]al by ! /ra9 ( public competition ) m51 & = ! widespread developm5t 9 wom5 ( an increas$ habit ( self-ass]tion & self-suffici5cy--habits :i* mu/ make !m unwill+ to accept _! natural duties z wives & mo!rs--& mu/ make m5 equally unwill+ to promote !m to ^! hon\rs & privileges4 #dj4 ,tobacco & ! ,hi/ory ( ,smok+ ,a proposal is be=e ,p>liam5t to prev5t little boys f 8smok+0 9 public places4 ,little girls are1 z ! bill at pres5t /&s1 n to be int]f]$ )4 ,p]haps ?is is because !y are n to h votes :5 !y gr[ up1 & s !y may d z !y l4 ,ap>t f ! "q z to :e!r ! smok+ ( tobacco is injuri\s to ! heal? or n1 !re are _m curi\s que/ions :i* arise f "t to "t z to ! hi/ory & use ( tobacco4 ,i h no d\bt t = *ildr5 ! use ( tobacco is injuri\s1 & ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t x is only free f objection 9 ! case ( /rong1 heal?y m51 & t ev5 !y %\ld avoid any excess1 & %\ld only smoke aft] meals1 & nev] late at night4 ,! /ronge/ man1 :o c tol]ate a cig> or a pipe aft] breakfa/1 lun*1 & d9n]1 may easily get into a condition ( 8n]ves0 :5 ev5 "o cig>ette acts z a poison & causes a sl[+ ( ! he>t's action4 ,a curi\s mi/ake1 almo/ univ]sally made1 is t ( suppos+ t ! oily juice :i* =ms 9 a pipe or at ! end ( a cig> is 8nicot9e10 ! *ief n]ve-poison ( tobacco4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ?is juice1 ?\gh x conta9s injuri\s sub/ances1 conta9s little or no 8nicot9e40 ,nicot9e is a col\rless volatile liquid1 :i* is vap\ris$ & c>ri$ along ) ! smoke2 x is n deposit$ 9 ! pipe or cig>-end except 9 v small quantity4 ,x is ! *ief ag5t by :i* tobacco acts on ! n]v\s sy/em1 & ?r\gh t on ! he>t--! ag5t ^: effects are s\ght & enjoy$ by ! lov] ( tobacco4 ,a s+le drop ( pure nicot9e w kill a dog4 ,nicot9e has no aroma1 & has no?+ to d ) ! flav\r ( tobacco1 :i* is due to v m9ute quantities ( special volatile bodies simil> to ^? :i* give a sc5t to hay4 ,mo/ p are acqua9t$ ) ! ?ree ways ( 8tak+ tobacco0--t ( tak+ its smoke into ! m\?1 & m or less into ! lungs1 t ( *ew+ ! prep>$ leaf1 & t ( snuff+ up ! p[d]$ leaf into ! nose1 :5ce x ultimately passes to ! /oma*4 ,a f\r? modification ( ! snuff+ & *ew+ me?ods exi/s 9 :at is call$ ! 8snuff /ick40 ,accord+ to ! noveli/1 ,mrs4 ,hodgson ,burnett1 ! c\ntry wom5 9 ,k5tucky use a %ort /ick1 l a bru%1 :i* !y dip into a pap]full ( snuff2 !y !n rub ! p[d] on to ! gums4 ,snuff-tak+ has almo/ disappe>$ 9 8polite society0 9 ?is c\ntry )9 ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s1 b snuff+ & *ew+ are /ill l>gely practis$ by ^? ^: occupation r5d]s x impossible or dang]\s = !m to c>ry a light$ pipe or cig>--su* z sailors & fi%]m5 & work]s 9 _m k9ds ( factories & eng9e-rooms4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s que/ions 9 reg>d to ! hi/ory ( tobacco is t z to :e!r its use orig9at$ indep5d5tly 9 ,asia or 0 introduc$ !re by ,europeans4 ,x is l>gely cultivat$ & us$ = smok+ ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/ f ,turkey to ,*9a--includ+ ,p]sia & ,india on ! way--& special v>ieties ( tobacco1 ! ,turki%1 ! ,p]sian1 & ! ,manilla are well kn[n1 & only produc$ 9 ! ,ea/1 :il/ special =ms ( pipe1 su* z ! 8hukah0 or 8hooka10 ! 8hubble-bubble10 & ! small ,*9ese pipe are di/9ctively ,ori5tal4 ,n only t1 b ! isl&]s ( ! ,f> ,ea/ are invet]ate smok]s ( tobacco1 & "s ( !m h peculi> me?ods ( obta9+ ! smoke1 z1 = in/ance1 c]ta9 ,nor? ,au/ralians :o employ 8a smoke-box0 made ( a jo9t ( bamboo4 ,smoke is bl[n into ?is receptacle by a fai?ful sp\se1 :o closes its op5+ ) h] h& & pres5ts ! boxful ( smoke to h] husb&4 ,he inhales ! smoke & h&s ! bamboo jo9t back to 8 wife = refill+4 ,! ,asiatic peoples are great lov]s ( tobacco1 & x is c]ta9 t 9 ,java !y _h tobacco z e>ly z #afja1 & 9 ,india 9 #afje4 ,! hookah 7a pipe1 ) wat]-j> atta*$1 ?r\gh :i* ! smoke is drawn 9 bubbles7 0 se5 & describ$ by a ,european travell] 9 #afad4 ,%\ld we n1 !re=e1 suppose t 9 ,asia !y _h tobacco & practis$ smok+ be=e x 0 introduc$ f ,am]ica into ! ,we/ ( ,europe8 ,x seems unlikely t ,we/]n nations %\ld h giv5 ?is luxury to ! ,ea/ :5 practically ev]y?+ else ( ! k9d has come f ! ,ea/ to ,europe--! grape & w9e made f x1 ! orange1 lemon1 pea*1 fig1 spices ( all k9ds1 pepp] & inc5se4 ,yet x is c]ta9 t ! ,ori5tals got ! habit ( smok+ tobacco f u1 & n we f !m4 ,incr$ible z x seems1 ! inve/igations ( ! ,swiss botani/1 ,de ,c&olle 7see 8 delightful ,hi/ory ( ,cultivat$ ,plants--a wond]ful volume1 publi%$ = #es41 9 ! ,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies7 & ( ,colonel ,pra91 =m]ly 9 ,india1 n[ ,director ( ,kew1 h r5d]$ x q c]ta9 t ! ,ori5tals owe tobacco & ! habit ( smok+ entirely to ! ,europeans1 :o br\ght x f ,am]ica1 z e>ly z #aeeh4 ,9 ! ye> #aefj ,jean ,nicot1 ! ,fr5* ,ambassador1 saw ! plant 9 ,portugal1 & s5t se$s to ,france to ,ca!r9e de' ,m$ici4 ,x 0 nam$ ,nicotiana 9 8 hon\r4 ,b ! introduction into ,europe ( ! practice ( smok+ is *iefly due to ! ,engli%4 ,9 #aehf ,ralph ,lane1 ! fir/ ,gov]nor ( ,virg9ia1 & ,sir ,francis ,drake br\ght ov] ! pipes ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians & ! tobacco prep>$ by !m4 ,! ,engli% en?usiasm = tobacco smok+1 8dr9k+ a pipe ( tobacco10 z x 0 at fir/ call$1 0 extraord9>y bo? = its sudd5 developm5t1 its some:at excessive "*1 & ! viol5t antagonism :i* x ar\s$1 &1 z we le>n f ,mr4 ,fr$]ic ,h>rison1 /ill ar\ses4 ,x 0 at once call$ 8div9e tobacco0 by ! poet ,sp5s]1 & 8our holy h]b nicotian0 by ,william ,lilly1 & n long aft]w>ds d5\nc$ z a devili% poison by ,k+ ,james4 ,! reason :y ! ,engli% _h mo/ to d ) ! introduction ( smok+ is t ! inhabitants ( ,s\? ,am]ica did n smoke pipes1 b *ew$ ! tobacco1 or took x z snuff1 & less frequ5tly smok$ x z a cig>4 ,f ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama z f> z ,canada & ,cali=nia1 on ! o!r h&1 ! cu/om ( smok+ pipes 0 univ]sal1 & wond]ful c>v$ pipes ( great v>iety 7 f\nd 9 use by ! natives ( ^! regions1 & also dug up 9 v anci5t burial gr\nds4 ,h5ce ! ,engli% coloni/s ( ,virg9ia 7 ! fir/ to introduce pipe-smok+ to ,europe4 ,! ,portuguese _h discov]$ ! coa/s ( ,brazil z e>ly z #aejj1 & x is !y :o c>ri$ tobacco to _! possessions & trad+ ports 9 ! ,f> ,ea/--to ,india1 ,java1 ,*9a1 & ,japan1 s t 9 less ?an a hundr$ ye>s x 0 well e/abli%$ 9 ^? c\ntries4 ,probably x w5t ab\t ! same "t f ,spa9 & ,engl& to ,turkey1 & f !re to ,p]sia1 & rapidly develop$ n only special new =ms ( pipe 7! hookah7 = its consumption1 b also )9 a few ye>s special v>ieties ( ! plant itself4 ,^! 7 rais$ by cultivation1 & h =m]ly be5 errone\sly reg>d$ z native ,asiatic species ( tobacco plant4 ,! def9ite pro( ( ! fact t tobacco 0 9 ?is way introduc$ f ,we/]n ,europe to ! ,ori5tal nations is1 fir/1 t ,asiatics h no ^w = x except+ a corruption ( ! orig9al ,am]ican "n tabaco1 tobacco1 or tambuco3 x is c]ta9 t x is n m5tion$ 9 ,*9ese writ+s nor repres5t$ 9 _! pott]y be=e ! ye> #afhj4 ,9 ! next place1 x appe>s t c>eful exam9ation ( old h]b>iums & ( ! records ( e>ly travell]s :o knew plants well & record$ all !y saw1 proves t no species ( tobacco is a native ( ,asia4 ,!re are fifty species ( tobacco1 b all are ,am]ican except+ ! ,nicotiana suaveol5s1 :i* is a native ( ! ,au/ralian cont95t1 & ! ,nicotiana fragrans1 :i* is a native ( ! ,isle ( ,p9es1 ne> ,new ,cal$onia4 ,=ty-eight diff]5t species ( tobacco 7t is to say1 ( ! g5us ,nicotiana7 are f\nd 9 ,am]ica4 ,( ^! ,nicotiana tabacum is ! only "o :i* has be5 ext5sively cultivat$4 ,x has be5 f\nd wild 9 ! ,/ate ( ,ecuador1 b 0 cultivat$ by ! natives bo? ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica be=e ! adv5t ( ,europeans4 ,x seems probable t all ! tobaccos gr[n 9 ! ,old ,_w = smok+ or snuff+ are only cultivat$ v>ieties--(t5 ) v special qualities--( ! ,n4 tabacum1 ) ! exception ( ! ,%iraz tobacco plant1 :i*1 ?\gh call$ ,n4 p]sica1 is ( ,brazilian orig91 & ! ,n4 ru/ica1 ( ,l9nu1 a native ( ,mexico1 :i* has a yell[ fl[]1 & yields a co>se k9d ( tobacco4 ,?is has be5 cultivat$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica & also 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,b tobaccos s diff]5t z ! ,havannah1 ! ,m>yl& & ,virg9ian1 ! incomp>able ,latakia1 ! ,manilla1 & ! ,r\melian or ,turki%--all come f culture-v>ieties ( ! "o great species1 ,nicotiana tabacum4 ,! treatm5t ( tobacco-leaf to prep>e x = use 9 smok+1 snuff+1 & *ew+ requires great skill & c>e1 & is direct$ by ! tradition & exp]i5ce ( c5turies4 ,z is ! case ) 8hay10 ! dri$ tobacco-leaf und]goes a k9d ( f]m5tation1 &1 9 fact1 m ?an "o su* *ange4 ,! cause ( ! f]m5tation is a micro-organism :i* multiplies 9 ! dead leaf & causes *emical *anges1 j z ! yea/ organism gr[s 9 8wort0 & *anges x to 8be]40 ,x is said t ! flav\r & aroma ( special tobaccos is due to special k9ds ( f]m5t1 & t by introduc+ ! ,havannah f]m5t or micro-organism to tobacco-leaves gr[n away f ,cuba1 y c give !m mu* ( ! "* ( ,havannah tobacco6 ,a v valuable k9d ( tobacco is ! ,r\melian1 f :i* ! be/ ,turki% cig>ettes are made4 ,x has a v delicate flav\r1 & v small quantities ( an aromatic k9d prep>$ f a di/9ct v>iety ( tobacco plant gr[n ne> ,ephesus & on ! ,black ,sea 7probably a cultivat$ v>iety ( ,nicotiana ru/ica7 are judici\sly bl5d$ ) x4 ,?is bl5d+1 & ! use ( ! v f9e/ qualities ( tobacco-leaf1 are ess5tial po9ts 9 ! production ( ! be/ ,turki% cig>ettes4 ,! s-call$ 8,egyptian0 cig>ettes are made f less valuable ,turki% tobacco1 ) ! addition ( an excess ( ! aromatic k9d4 ,x is a mi/ake to suppose t opium or o!r matt]s are us$ to adult]ate tobacco4 ,! only proce$+ ( ! k9d :i* occurs is ! mix+ ( inf]ior1 *eap1 & co>se-flav\r$ tobaccos ) bett] k9ds4 ,wat] & also />* are us$ fraudul5tly to increase ! weight ( leaf-tobacco4 ,b skilful 8bl5d+0 is a legitimate & mo/ important feature 9 ! manufacture ( cig>s1 cig>ettes1 & smok+ mixtures4 ,! fir/ 8smok+0 ( tobacco se5 by ,europeans 0 t ( ! ,c>ibs or ,indians ( ,san ,dom+o4 ,!y us$ a v curi\s sort ( tubul> pipe1 %ap$ l ! lett] ,y4 ,! div]g+ arms 7 plac$ "o up ea* no/ril1 & ! end ( ! /em held 9 ! smoke ( burn+ tobacco-leaves1 :i* 0 ?us 8sniff$ up0 into ! nose4 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 on ! o!r h&1 _h pipes v simil> to ^? /ill 9 use4 ,! natives ( ,s\? ,am]ica smok$ ! roll$ leaf 7cig>s71 *ew$ x1 & took x z snuff4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t 9 ,asia smok+ ( "s k9d ( dri$ h]bs may h be5 a habit be=e tobacco 0 introduc$--s9ce ev5 ,h]odotus /ates t ! ,scy?ians 7 accu/om$ to inhale ! smoke ( burn+ we$s1 & %[$ _! enjoym5t ( x by h[l+ l dogs6 ,b inve/igation does n support ! view t any?+ correspond+ to individual or p]sonal 8smok+0 exi/$4 8,bang0 or 8ha%i%0 7! ,indian hemp7 0 n 8smok$10 b swall[$ z a k9d ( pa/e be=e ! introduction ( tobacco-smok+ 9 ! ,ea/--z we may ga!r f ! /ories ( ! 8,arabian ,nights0--al?\gh ! practice ( smok+ hemp 7:i* is ! *ief con/itu5t ( 8bang07 & also ( smok+ ! n>cotic h]b 8h5bane10 has n[ be5 e/abli%$4 ,opium 01 & is1 eat5 9 ,india1 n 8smok$40 ,! 8smok+0 ( opium is a ,*9ese inv5tion ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! ,ori5tal hookah sugge/s a hi/ory ant]ior to ! use ( tobacco1 b no?+ is kn[n ( x4 ,! ^w signifies a cocoanut-%ell1 & is appli$ to ! j> 7sometimes actually a cocoanut7 conta9+ p]fum$ wat]1 ?r\gh :i* smoke f a pipe1 fix$ s z to dip into ! wat]1 is drawn by a long tube ) m\?piece4 ,x seems possible t ?is app>atus 0 9 use = inhal+ p]fume by means ( bubbles ( air drawn ?r\gh rose-wat] or su* liquids1 be=e tobacco-smok+ 0 introduc$1 & t ! tobacco-pipe & ! p]fume-j> 7 !n comb9$4 ,b travell]s be=e ! ye> #afjj d n m5tion ! exi/5ce ( ! hookah 9 ,p]sia or 9 ,india1 ?\gh z soon z tobacco came into use ?is app>atus is describ$ by ,floris1 9 #afad1 & by ,ole>ius1 9 #afcc1 & by all subsequ5t travell]s4 ,! conclusion to :i* c>eful inquiry has l$ is t ?\gh v>i\s ,asiatic races h appreciat$ ! smoke ( v>i\s h]bs & enjoy$ inhal+ x f "t immemorial1 yet !re 0 no def9ite 8smok+0 9 e>li] times4 ,no pipes or roll$-up packets ( dri$ leaves--to be plac$ 9 ! m\? & suck$ :il/ sl[ly burn+--7 9 use be=e ! introduction ( tobacco by ,europeans1 :o br\ght ! tobacco-plant f ,am]ica & ! mode ( enjoy+ its smoke1 & pass$ on its se$s to ! p ( ,turkey1 ,p]sia1 ,india1 ,*9a1 & ,japan4 #da4 ,cruelty1 ,pa9 & ,k ,x is difficult to write or to read or ev5 to ?9k ab\t 8cruelty0 & pres]ve "o's sob] judgm5t & reason4 ,mo/ p are upset by emotion :5 torture & ! details ( ! infliction ( pa9 are discuss$4 ,all ! m mu/ we rememb] t emotion is a p[]ful driv+ =ce1 b a bad guide4 ,only true k & s\nd reason+ c guide u aright4 ,an awful fact ab\t ! emotional /ate produc$ by witness+ or he>+ ab\t ! agonies ( human be+s or ( s5ti5t animals is t to "s p 7actually v few & dim9i%+ 9 numb] among civilis$ races7 x is di/9ctly a s\rce ( pleasure1 ?\gh to mo/ ( u x is intol]ably pa9ful4 ,?is fact =ms "o ( ! mo/ difficult problems ( psy*ology4 ,x seems t j z !re are p :o enjoy see+ dang]\s acrobatic p]=mances or climb+ !mselves among ice & rocks at ! risk ( _! lives1 or read+ ( hairbread? escapes1 ( bloody murd]s1 ( gho/s1 & o!r horrors--all ( :i* are repulsive to ! majority--s !re are "s p :o exp]i5ce delici\s %udd]+s--8des frissons exquis0--:5 !y see a man or an animal 9 torture or read a description ( su* ?+s4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury x 0 n unusual = a c\ntry c\s9 on a visit to ,london to be tak5 z a treat to see half a doz5 m5 & boys hang$ at ,newgate1 & !n to complete ! happy day by a visit to ,b$lam to see ! madm5 flogg$6 ,=tunately1 public op9ion & education seem to h be5 able actually to alt] ! op]ation ( ! emotions excit$ by ^! brutalities--s t to-day practically ev]yone 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates ( ,europe reg>ds ! unnecess>y infliction ( pa9 ) horror & indignation1 & is anxi\s to avoid witness+ pa91 ev5 9 cases :]e x is a necess>y evil4 ,x is a mi/ake to suppose t !re is any t5d5cy on ! "p ( sci5tific m5 or m$ical m5 to be call\s or indiff]5t to ! infliction ( pa94 ,! surgeon sometimes has to inflict pa9 9 ord] to prev5t great] future pa9 or dea?--b he is n indiff]5t to ! pa9 he causes4 ,he is n ev5 8cruel only to be k9d0--b appe>s cruel to ! un?9k+ because he has to give pa9 :i* he kn[s w save 8 pati5t f f> great] pa91 & he has to ma9ta9 a calm & det]m9$ attitude 9 ord] to help ^? ar\nd him to ex]cise self-control4 ,! m$ical art is1 above all ?+s1 an art ( remov+ & aboli%+ pa91 & its practition]s are all ! m s5sitive conc]n+ pa9 because !y "k m & see m ( x ?an o!r p1 & make x _! *ief bus9ess to alleviate suff]+4 ,*>les ,d>w9 took a prom95t "p tw5ty-five ye>s ago 9 urg+ ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! day n to make a law :i* w\ld prev5t physiologi/s & m$ical m5 f obta9+ k z to animal life & disease by exp]im5t4 ,! great naturali/ 0 a great lov] ( animals & a mo/ g5tle & t5d]-he>t$ man4 ,he wrote to me 9 #ahgj3 8,exp]im5t mu/1 ( c\rse1 be all[$ = ! progress ( physiology & m$ic9e1 b n = damnable & dete/able curiosity4 ,i w write no m ab\t x1 or ,i %all n sleep to-night40 ,mr4 ,d>w9 0 allud+ to horrible s-call$ 8exp]im5ts0 :i* 9 =m] days--especially 9 ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury--7 made by utt]ly irresponsible & ignorant amateurs1 witness$ by fa%ionable ladies1 & report$ 9 ! newspap]s & lett]s ( ! day4 ,x is ^! reckless & useless 8exp]im5ts0 :i* rightly excit$ horror & opposition a c5tury ago1 & 7 describ$ by ! "n 8vivisection40 ,we h to ?ank ^! blund]+ philosoph]s ( ! salons ( a pa/ age = ! mi/ak5 feel+ ) :i* "s p reg>d ! really valuable & c>eful inve/igations :i* are made by m$ical m5 at ! pres5t day1 ) ! use ( e precaution to prev5t pa9 to ! animals us$4 ,! te/+ ( drugs1 ! inoculation ( p>asitic disease1 & ! trial ( diff]5t modes ( remov+ or controll+ ! disease s inoculat$1 c>ri$ on by highly tra9$ & le>n$ m51 :o ?or\ghly "k :at !y are ab\t1 & :o communicate ) "o ano!r f all p>ts ( ! _w z to ! progress !y are mak+ 9 cur+ or ev5 aboli%+ diseases1 su* z diph!ria1 *ol]a1 sleep+ sickness1 & ph?isis are v diff]5t f ! impud5t unsci5tific 8exp]im5ts0 ( ! days ( ,horace ,walpole4 ,! inquiries c>ri$ on 9 ! mod]n laboratories ( our great univ]sities %\ld n = a mom5t be confus$ ) ! horrors p]=m$ to glorify & %[ ! sup]ior cold-blood$ness ( draw+-room pret5d]s to sci5ce1 9 ^? /range times4 ,i believe t mo/ s5sible p feel z ,mr4 ,d>w9 felt1 & ,i myself w\ld c]ta9ly subscribe to :at he wrote to me 9 ! lett] :i* ,i h quot$ above4 ,among/ ^? :o feel ?us /rongly on ! subject !re are "s :o c control _! emotion & calmly consid] :e!r ! pa9 inflict$ "u any giv5 circum/ances is ju/ifiable z lead+ to a great ultimate dim9ution ( pa9 by ! k obta9$4 ,!re are o!rs :o are con/itutionally incapable ( controll+ _! emotion 9 ?is matt]4 ,!y he> dreadful /ories ( cruelty1 & are s upset t !y are incapable ( asc]ta9+ :e!r ! /ories are true or n4 ,!y are q unfit to weigh ! "q z to :e!r ! pa9 giv5 9 ! case !y he> ( may or may n be a necess>y /ep t[>ds avoid+ f> great] pa9 9 ! future = ?\s&s ( human be+s & s5ti5t animals4 ,f> be x f me to ?9k h>%ly ( ^! t5d]-he>t$ p1 ?\gh _! mi/ak5 outcry may t5d to /op ! discov]y ( pa9-sav+ & life-sav+ k4 ,i feel m sympa?y ) !m ?an ) ^? 7happily r>e7 individuals :o are really indiff]5t to see+ or giv+ bodily pa9 to m5 or to animals4 ,!re is reason to hope t c>eful & well-consid]$ /atem5t ( ! facts w ev5tually enable _m ( ^? :o are m5tally unh+$ by descriptions ( pa9 & blood%$ to recognise t !y h be5 deceiv$1 p>tly by _! own fancies & p>tly by ! false /atem5ts ( pr(essional agitators4 ,un=tunately1 !re are always pres5t 9 human society individuals :o f9d x to _! advantage to excite ! m9ds ( _! m emotional fell[-citiz5s by tales ( horror4 ,! lu/ ( su* p[]--! p[] to lead or urge a l>ge body ( m5 driv5 by emotional excitem5t into viol5t action--has l$ f "t to "t to exagg]ation1 misrepres5tation1 & elaborate plot & p]jury direct$ aga9/ a gr\p ( innoc5t or wor?y p1 ^: proce$+s 7 my/]i\s or misund]/ood by ! community at l>ge4 ,?us1 f "t to "t1 ! cr[d has be5 infuriat$ & l$ to ! murd] ( ! ,jews by agitators1 :o />t$ ! baseless /ory t ! ,jews _h sla9 a ,*ri/ian *ild1 & us$ its blood at _! fea/ ( ! ,passov]4 ,titus ,oates & ,"l ,george ,gordon made use ( ! unreason+ emotion ( ! cr[d 9 ! same way4 ,to a less s]i\s ext5t ! emotional unreasonabl5ess ( a numb] ( m5 & wom5 is be+ play$ ^u at ! pres5t day by q a l>ge v>iety ( agitators1 w\ld-be lead]s ( crusades & campaigns aga9/ ! b5efic5t "w ( ! physiological & m$ical laboratories ( our univ]sities & m$ical s*ools4 ,!re are "o or two o!r features ab\t 8cruelty0 & ! m5tal conditions lead+ to & aris+ f x1 :i*1 h[ev] uncanny & tr\bl+1 %\ld be c>efully consid]$ :5 public op9ion is r\s$ 9 reg>d to its repression4 ,among ^! is ! fact t ! ^w is freely appli$ to ! m]e infliction ( pa9 )\t consid]ation ( ! "q z to :e!r !re is a guilty m9d det]m9+ x4 ,/orms & fro/s are call$ 8cruel0 by poetic lic5se2 b x is probably q wrong to call a cat or a tig] cruel4 ,^! animals take pleasure 9 play+ ) _! prey1 z !y w\ld ) an inanimate ball or me*anical toy4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t !y are consci\s ( ! infliction ( pa9 or take pleasure 9 pa9 z pa94 ,& s x mu/ happ5 sometimes ) ?\ghtless human be+s :o disreg>d ! pa9 :i* !y cause1 :5 eag]ly engag$ 9 8sport0 or 9 ! pursuit ( "s all-absorb+ & consum+ purpose4 ,! :ole subject ( cruelty is a di/ress+ "o1 b %\ld n on t acc\nt be misappreh5d$ or dealt ) wildly & bl9dly4 ,tw5ty-five ye>s ago a ,royal ,commission sat :i* 0 appo9t$ to inquire z to :at re/rictions1 if any1 x 0 desirable to place ^u ! practice ( mak+ exp]im5ts on animals = physiological & m$ical purposes4 ,z a result ( its lab\rs an ,act ( ,p>liam5t 0 pass$ :i* made def9ite regulations = ! purpose ( prev5t+ unqualifi$ p]sons f indulg+ 9 reckless exp]im5ts on animals4 ,!re 7 /ories circulat$ by ! agitators !n--z !re are n[--to ! effect t m$ical /ud5ts p]=m horrible & pa9ful op]ations 7vivisections1 z ! agitators t]m !m17 on live animals 9 secret or ) ! connivance ( _! tea*]s4 ,x 0 prov$ tw5ty-five ye>s ago t ^! /ories 7 false4 ,at ! same "t an elaborate law 0 pass$ to satisfy ! emotional p]sons misl$ by ! agitators1 :i* made x necess>y = an exp]im5t] 7#a7 to h a lic5ce 7dep5d5t on a c]tificate z to 8 compet5cy72 7#b7 t he %\ld use an/hetics2 & 7#c7 t exp]im5ts %\ld only be c>ri$ out 9 lic5s$ laboratories4 ,! agitators ( ! pres5t day h by he>t-r5d+ /ories1 simil> to ^? told tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 produc$ a simil> excitem5t & a simil> result1 namely1 a ,royal ,commission on ,vivisection1 :i* has be5 occupi$ = a ye> & a half 9 li/5+ to ! /atem5ts & delusions ( ^? :o decl>e t ! law made tw5ty-five ye>s ago is insuffici5t1 & t all sorts ( cruelties are committ$ by ! physiologi/s & doctors4 ,! ,commission has also que/ion$ ! lead+ physiologi/s & m$ical m5 9 ! c\ntry1 & li/5$ to _! volunt>y /atem5ts4 ,i h se5 ! v volum9\s report ( ! evid5ce ?us giv5 on bo? sides4 ,! v>i\s accusations made aga9/ ! m$ical m5 9 ! conduct ( _! laboratories h be5 c>efully gone into4 ,x is cont5d$1 on _! side1 t ^! *>ges are bas$ on misund]/&+--! misund]/&+ :i* "o w\ld expect f an ignorant p]son ) a /rong feel+ or prejudice 9 ! direction ( ! misund]/&+4 ,= in/ance1 ! fact t *lor(orm is adm9i/]$ & ! animal r5d]$ ins5sible :5 op]at$ on1 has be5 ov]look$ 9 "s ( ! acc\nts :i* excit$ ! s-call$ 8antivivisectors0--notably 9 ! mislead+ acc\nt ( 8! br[n dog40 ,! :ole ( ! evid5ce %\ld be read by ^? :o are really 9 d\bt on ! matt]4 ,probably x w n be long be=e ! ,commission reports1 & its conclusions w comm& ! v greate/ respect1 n only because its memb]s include em95t lawy]s1 m$ical m5 & indep5d5t repres5tatives :o 7 ready to give an imp>tial m9d to ! inquiry1 b also because x is obvi\s t ! v greate/ c>e has be5 tak5 to obta9 ! fulle/ evid5ce f bo? sides4 ,sir ,james ,flet*] ,m\lton1 "o ( ! ,lords ,ju/ices ( ! ,c\rt ( ,appeal1 has made a /atem5t to ! ,commission 9 def5ce ( sci5tific exp]im5t :i* is a ma/]piece ( p]suasive reason+ & lucid exposition4 ,x is some:at rem>kable t !re h be5 & are p]sons 9 high judicial (fice :o h %[n active ho/ility to ! cause ( sci5ce & k 9 ?is matt] ow+ to _! want ( acqua9tance ) ! facts & _! read9ess to be c>ri$ away by bl9d emotion4 ,"l ,ju/ice ,m\lton1 on ! o!r h&1 is a sci5tific man by education & e>ly tra9+1 & has come =w>d to /ate 9 a pla9 & reasonable way :at is ! view ( ! matt] :i* comm5ds itself to him4 ,!re is reason to hope t 8 view w be approv$ by ^? :o read :at he says calmly & )\t bias4 ,8 *ief po9t is t _m p are will+ to admit t x is "r to de/roy animals 7ev5 by me?ods :i* inflict great pa9 on !m7 :5 an imm$iate result ( a good & useful k9d is to be obta9$--z :5 we kill animals to s]ve z food or 9 ord] to prev5t !m f injur+ u or de/roy+ our crops & /ores4 ,yet ^! same p]sons1 he po9ts out1 by "s defect ( imag9ation are unable to see t ! ga9+ ( pa9-sav+ or disease-prev5t+ k z ! result ( inflict+ pa9 & dea? on a small numb] ( animals ju/ifies u 9 p]mitt+ t pa9 & dea?4 ,!y are unable to admit ! ju/ification because ! k & its practical application does n directly & at once foll[ ^u ! fir/ comm5cem5t ( ! se>* = x1 & !y h n suffici5t acqua9tance ) ! matt] to enable !m to realise & confid5tly believe t ! b5efic5t result w ensue4 ,! k has to be built up /ep by /ep1 & ! infliction ( pa9 on ! animals is sep>at$ by an appreciable lapse ( "t f ! b5efic5t result--:i* is none ! less ! result :i* 0 aim$ at1 & ! true consequ5ce ( ! pa9 inflict$4 ,putt+ aside = ! mom5t ! fact t 9 ^! inquiries ! pa9 is r$uc$ to a m9imum by ! use ( an/hetics1 x w\ld seem t we ought to be able to recognise t ! caus+ ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( pa9 to _m hundr$s ( rabbits1 & ev5 dogs1 is ju/ifi$ by ! consequ5t removal ( a f> great] am\nt ( pa9 f ?\s&s ( m5 & animals :o are sav$ f suff]+ at a lat] date by ! k s ga9$4 ,"l ,ju/ice ,m\lton sugge/s two cases ( ! infliction ( pa9 on animals = comp>ison4 ,suppose1 he says1 a %ip to arrive 9 port :i* 7z might easily happ5 to-day7 is infe/$ by plague-/rick5 rats2 !re are1 p]haps1 t5 or tw5ty ?\s& rats on bo>d4 ,if ! rats escap$ & l&$ !y might 7n c]ta9ly1 b probably7 infect a :ole city1 ev5 a mu* l>g] area1 ) plague1 & cause dea? & disa/] to ?\s&s ( human be+s4 ,ev]yone w agree t ! own] ( ! %ip w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 de/roy+ all ! rats on ! %ip by sulphur fumes1 or :atev] o!r pa9ful me?od might be necess>y to prev5t ev5 "o f escap+4 ,a va/ am\nt ( suff]+ w\ld be inflict$ on ! rats 9 ord] to prev5t a f> great] cont+5t am\nt ( suff]+4 ,n[ suppose t a man1 by infect+ "s hundr$s ( rats & o!r animals ) plague1 & by try+ v>i\s exp]im5ts on ^! animals ) curative drugs1 & by o!r op]ations ^u !m1 c 9 all probability arrive at su* a k ( plague & h[ to *eck x z to enable u to arre/ its propagation1 & s to save ?\s&s1 or ev5 millions1 ( human be+s f ?is pa9ful & deadly disease1 are we to say t ?is inve/igator mu/ n c>ry on 8 /udies1 mu/ n f9d out h[ to /op plague 9 future because to d s he w h to give "s am\nt ( pa9 to a hundr$ or m animals8 ,cle>ly1 if we ju/ify ! %ip[n] we mu/ ju/ify ! inquiries & exp]im5ts ( ! m$ical discov]]4 ,9 bo? cases we mu/ hold--e sane man really does hold--t x is "r to inflict pa9 ) ! expectation 7n a c]ta9ty 9 ei!r case1 b only a reasonable probability7 ( prev5t+ a f> l>g] & m s]i\s am\nt ( pa9 9 ! future4 ,x is ! *oice ( ! less] ( two evils4 ,& ?us we are l$ to admit t x is "r t exp]im5ts & /udies att5d$ ) "s pa9 to animals %\ld be c>ri$ on1 on condition t compet5t & s]i\s p]sons make !m1 = ! purpose ( ga9+ increas$ k ( ! processes ( life & disease4 ,su* /udies h already yield$ great results--! pa9 9 ! w>ds ( hospitals & 9 sick rooms is n a t5? ( :at x 0 a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! dea?-rate ( great cities is a ?ird less ?an x 0 fifty ye>s ago4 ,mod]n m$ic9e & mod]n surg]y are really & demon/rably imm5se ag5cies = prev5t+ pa9 & ! angui% & mis]y :i* is caus$ by untimely dea?4 ,a ,society = ! ,def5ce ( ,rese>* has be5 e/abli%$ ?is ye> 7#aijh7 ) ! ,e>l ( ,crom] z its presid5t4 ,! ,society has issu$ "s valuable pamphlets %[+ :at improvem5ts 9 m$ical k h be5 rec5tly effect$ by means ( inoculations & o!r exp]im5ts 9 :i* animals h be5 us$ ?\gh subject$ to z little pa9 & discom=t z consi/5t ) ! enquiries made4 ,ignorant oppon5ts ( m$ical rese>* ass]t t ! sci5tific /udy ( ! processes ( life & disease 9 laboratories has n help$ 9 ! great progress 9 m$ical practice :i* m>ks ! la/ fifty ye>s4 ,b ! m$ical m5 :o are ! lead]s ( _! pr(ession unanim\sly ass]t1 & prove by detail$ acc\nts ( ! discov]ies made1 t su* /udy has be5 ess5tial to ! progress e/abli%$1 & is ess5tial = fur!r progress4 ,"l ,li/]1 :o by 8 antiseptic me?od ( treat+ surgical w\nds has sav$ m pa9 to pres5t & future g5]ations ( m5 ?an all ! tortur]s ( ! ,inquisition ev] inflict$ or dream$ ( inflict+1 has be5 ! lead] 9 decl>+ ! ine/imable value to humanity--9 fact1 ! absolute necessity--( physiological exp]im5ts on animals4 ,^: judgm5t on ?is "q c be consid]$ ( great] value ?an 88 ,! anti-vivisection agitators1 = ! purpose ( excit+ ! emotions ( ^? :o li/5 to !m1 use ! ^w 8torture0 z describ+ ! action ( su* m5 z ,pa/eur & ,"l ,li/]4 ,to torture is to inflict an ev]-increas+ am\nt ( pa91 ) ! view ( 8extort+0 a submission1 a confession1 or treasure f a victim4 ,to sugge/ t sci5tific & m$ical m5 apply pa9 9 ?is way1 & to spread ! ^w 8torture0 among ! ignorant1 emotional public1 9 connection ) _! inquiries1 is di%one/ z well z ungrateful4 ,"o valuable result ( ! "w ( ! pres5t ,royal ,commission on :at is call$ 8,vivisection10 b %\ld be call$ 8! use ( animals 9 ! discov]y ( means ( controll+ disease & alleviat+ pa910 is t x is made q cle> t !re is v little pa9 at all inflict$ 9 ?is b5efic5t "w1 ow+ to ! fact t an/hetics & n>cotics are adm9i/]$ to ! animals :5 any?+ :i* might cause pa9 is done4 ,i d n hesitate to say t !re is 9 ?is c\ntry less pa9 caus$ 9 a :ole ye> 9 all ! laboratories :]e ?is great "w = ! public good is c>ri$ on ?an 9 a s+le day's rabbit-%oot+4 ,x is important to correct1 if possible1 ! misund]/&+ :i* v naturally exi/s z to :at physiologi/s & doctors mean by 8exp]im5t40 ,9 ord9>y language an 8exp]im5t0 sugge/s a haphaz>d v5ture1 ! do+ ( some?+ bl9dly & 9 ignorance1 j 8to see :at w happ540 ,x is true t long ago 9 ! eighte5? c5tury !re 7 m5 call\s en\gh & ignorant en\gh to make su* 8fool's exp]im5ts0 on liv+ animals4 ,b :5 sci5tific m5 speak ( 8! exp]im5tal me?od0 & ! acquisition ( k by exp]im5t1 !y d n allude to haphaz>d attempts to see :at w happ5 :5 some?+ extraord9>y is done4 ,! exp]im5t ( ! exp]im5tal me?od is arrang$ s z to provide a def9ite answ] to a def9ite "q1 & ! "q has be5 ?\ght out by a man :o kn[s ! :ole record ( previ\s exp]im5t & k 9 reg>d to ! subject :i* is "u inve/igation4 ,?us 9 ! inquiry z to ! possible prev5tion ( ! deadly effect ( snake poison introduc$ into ! human body by ! bite ( snakes1 ! fir/ "q ask$ 01 8,is x true1 z sometimes /at$1 t a poison\s snake is n poison$ by hav+ its own poison inject$ into its fle%80 ,! exp]im5t 0 tri$4 ,! answ] 01 8,x is true40 ,next x 0 ask$1 8,is ?is due to ! action ( v small doses ( ! poison :i* pass con/antly f ! poison gl& into ! snake's blood1 & s r5d] ! snake #8immune1' z happ5s 9 ! case ( o!r poisons80 ,! exp]im5t 0 tri$4 ,snakes )\t poison gl&s 7 f\nd to be kill$ by ! introduction ( snake's poison 9 a full dose into _! blood4 ,!n x 0 f\nd t a horse c\ld be inject$ ) a dose ( snake poison1 or half ! quantity necess>y to cause dea?1 & t x recov]$ 9 a few days4 ,! "q 0 n[ put1 8,is ! horse s treat$ r5d]$ immune to snake poison1 z ! snake is :i* receives small doses ( poison into its blood f its own poison gl&80 ,accord+ly ! exp]im5t 0 made4 ,! horse 0 giv5 a full dose ( snake poison1 & did n suff] any inconv5i5ce4 ,at int]vals ( two days x 0 giv5 increas+ injections ( snake poison )\t suff]+ 9 any way1 until at la/ an injection 9 "o dose ( ?irty times ! deadly quantity ( snake poison--t is1 en\gh to kill ?irty unprep>$ horses--0 made into ! same horse1 & x did n %[ ! smalle/ inconv5i5ce4 ,! "q 0 ?us answ]$3 ,immunity to snake-bite c be conf]r$ by ! absorption ( small quantities 7non-le?al doses7 ( snake poison4 ,! next "q 0 ?is3 8,if some?+ has be5 =m$ 9 ! horse's blood by ?is process1 :i* is an antidote to snake poison1 %\ld x n be possible1 by remov+ "s ( ! horse's blood & inject+ a small quantity ( x into a small] animal1 to protect t animal f snake bite80 ,! exp]im5t 0 accord+ly made4 ,rabbits & dogs receiv$ injections ( ! blood ( ! immune horse4 ,an h\r aft] !y receiv$ full doses ( snake poison4 ,!y suff]$ no inconv5i5ce at all2 !y 7 8protect$10 or 8r5d]$ immune40 ,! next "q 01 8,w ! antidote act on an animal aft] x has already be5 bitt5 by a snake80 ,! exp]im5t 0 made4 ,rabbits 7 inject$ ) snake poison4 ,aft] a qu>t] ( an h\r !y 7 on ! po9t ( dea?4 ,a dose ( ! immune horse's blood 0 n[ inject$ into ea*--9 t5 m9utes !y _h completely recov]$ & 7 fe$+4 ,! means 0 ?us f\nd ( prev5t+ dea? f snake-bite4 ,! protective horse-blood 0 prop]ly prep>$1 & s5t out at once to ,co*9 ,*9a & to ,india4 ,x 0 !re tri$ ^u human be+s :o _h be5 accid5tally bitt5 by deadly snakes1 & x prov$ absolutely effective2 x sav$ ! m5's lives4 ,x is n[ us$ 7:]ev] x c be obta9$ 9 "t7 z ! sure antidote to snake-bite1 ?\gh x is n at pres5t possible to supply x :5ev] & :]ev] x is ne$$4 ,t is an example1 briefly told1 ( ! exp]im5tal que/ion+ ( ,nature--su* z is pursu$ 9 ! laboratories ( m$ical m5 & physiologi/s4 ,!y d n p]=m haphaz>d exp]im5ts2 b ea* exp]im5t is s arrang$ z to give a def9ite answ] to a def9ite "q1 lead+ to a l>ge result4 ,by no o!r process c k ( _m ?+s1 :i* x is urg5t = u to h1 be obta9$4 ,we %\ld h to wait c5turies if we m]ely wat*$ ,nature1 & hop$ = "s accid5tal circum/ance to reveal ! facts4 ,:at1 aft] all1 d we und]/& & mean by 8pa908 ,x is n m]ely ! %>p /+1 & consequ5t %r9k+ caus$ by w\nds & viol5ce4 ,t1 we "k well en\gh1 is a b5efic5t arrangem5t by :i* m5 z well z animals are prev5t$ f knock+ !mselves to pieces1 & are driv5 into avoid+ dang] to life & limb4 ,b 8pa90 includes1 besides ?is1 ! angui% aris+ f ! we>y1 fruitless /ruggle aga9/ disease & />vation1 f ! disa/] to ! h\sehold caus$ by ! untimely dea? ( its ma9/ay1 f ! slaught] ( *ildr5 by poison\s foods1 & f ! neglect ( ! laws ( heal? ( body & m9d4 ,ignorance1 ! 8curse ( ,hell10 is ! cause ( all suff]+4 ,k is ! w+ :i* takes u heav5w>d1 & frees u f mis]y4 ,i _c put x bett] ?an 9 ,%akespe>e's words4 ,x is man's de/9y to dim9i% pa9 on ?is e>?1 & t n by timidly %r9k+ f & emotionally rav+ ab\t ! horrors ( pa91 b by fac+ !m & delib]ately accept+ ! responsibility ( produc+ a small & brief suff]+ to a few animals z ! price ( ! salvation ( 8 fell[-creatures f ! f> great] pa9 :i* is ! assur$ & fatal companion ( ignorance--accurs$ ignorance6 ,a rec5t writ] has told u t he _c believe t good w foll[ f ! wilful de/ruction by man ( ,nature's greate/ & mo/ beautiful production--a liv+ ?+4 ,he poses z a s5tim5tali/ & seems to reg>d x z ! indication ( a sup]ior & g5tle m9d to refuse to sanction ! removal or ev5 ! tempor>y discom=t ( :at ,nature has call$ into life4 ,i1 too1 claim to be a s5tim5tali/1 b ! s5tim5t :i* ?rills me is "o ( revolt aga9/ ! ne$less & rem$iable suff]+ ( all humanity--suff]+ :i* man has br\ght on himself by 8 /umbl+1 half-he>t$ resi/ance to ,nature's dra/ic me?od ( purify+ & /r5g!n+ ! race1 h] remorseless slaught] ( ! unfit4 ,x is ?is suff]+ :i* "s w\ld all[ _! fell[-m5 /ill to endure1 n[ & = g5]ations to come1 r ?an h _! own tranquillity di/urb$ by ! record ( t modicum ( imm$iate pa9 & sacrifice ( animal life :i* is ! price ( fre$om = mank9d f f> great] pa9 h]eaft]4 ,we h to le>n to mitigate & to m9imise pa91 n to run away f x4 ,x is *ildi% to weep ov] ! di/ortion & de/ruction ( ,nature's products by man's viol5ce & ignorance4 ,:at we c & %\ld d is to see t our deal+s ) ?is fair e>? & its liv+ freight are guid$ n by va9 regret1 b by k & =esight4 ,,! ,,end ,r4 ,,clay ,,& ,,sons1 ,,ltd41 ,,bread ,,/4 ,,hill1 ,e4,c41 ,,& ,,bungay1 ,,suffolk4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,punctuation has be5 made consi/5t4 ,v>iations 9 spell+ & hyph5ation 7 reta9$ z !y appe> 9 ! orig9al publication1 except t obvi\s typographical errors h be5 correct$4