,a ,,manual ,,of ,,mending ,,and ,,repairing ,,with ,,diagrams ,,by ,,charles ,,godfrey ,,leland ,,new ,,york ,,dodd1 ,,mead ,,and ,,company #ahif ,,copyright1 #ahif1 ,,by ,,dodd1 ,,mead ,,and ,,company4 ,,burr ,,printing ,,house1 ,,frankfort ,,and ,,jacob ,,sts41 ,n4 ,y4 ,,contents ,,pages ,,introduction vii-xxiii ,,materials ,,used ,,in ,,mending #a-aa ,,mending ,,broken ,,china1 ,,porcelain1 ,,crockery1 ,,majolica1 ,,terra-,,cotta1 ,,brick ,,and ,,tile ,,work #ab-cb ,,mending ,,glass1 ,,together ,,with ,,several ,,allied ,,processes3 ,,approved ,,cements--,,silicate ,,of ,,soda #cc-di ,,wood-,,shavings ,,in ,,mending ,,and ,,making ,,many ,,objects--,,ornamental ,,work ,,of ,,shavings--,,marquetry--,,repairing ,,panel ,,pictures ,,with ,,shavings #ej-eg ,,repairing ,,woodwork #eh-he ,,on ,,repairing ,,and ,,restoring ,,books1 ,,manuscripts1 ,,and ,,papers1 ,,with ,,directions ,,for ,,easy ,,binding ,,and ,,paper-,,mending--,,book-,,worms--,,the ,,ravages ,,of ,,book-,,worms #hf-abj ,,papier-,m,,ch3 ,,repairing ,,toys--,,making ,,grounds ,,for ,,pictures ,,and ,,walls--,,carton-,,cuir ,,and ,,carton-,,pierre #aba-acc ,,mending ,,stone-,,work3 ,,mosaics--,,ceresa-,,work--,,porcelain ,,or ,,crockery ,,mosaic #acd-adb ,,repairing ,,ivory #adc-aee ,,repairing ,,amber3 ,,how ,,to ,,perfectly ,,re-,,join ,,broken ,,amber1 ,,and ,,to ,,imitate ,,it--,,how ,,to ,,melt ,,amber ,,in ,,fragments ,,to ,a ,,single ,,body #aef-aeh ,,indiarubber ,,and ,,gutta-,,percha3 ,,mending ,,indiarubber ,,shoes ,,and ,,making ,,garments ,,waterproof1 ,,with ,,other ,,applications #aei-afh ,,mending ,,metal-,,work ,,or ,,repairing ,,by ,,means ,,of ,,it3 ,,fireproof ,,cements1 ,,with ,,iron ,,binders #afi-ahb ,,repairing ,,leather-,,work3 ,,trunks1 ,,shoes1 ,,or ,,in ,,any ,,other ,,forms--,,joining ,,straps--,,making ,,cheap ,,shoes #ahc-aih ,,to ,,mend ,,hats1 ,,blankets1 ,,and ,,similar ,,fabrics ,,by ,,felting #aii-bja ,,invisible ,,mending ,,of ,,garments1 ,,laces1 ,,or ,,embroideries #bjb-bje ,,mending ,,mother-,,of-,,pearl ,,and ,,coral #bjf-bji ,,restoring ,,and ,,repairing ,,pictures #baj-bcj ,,general ,,recipes #bca-bec ,,index #bee-bfd ,,introduction ,the author of this work modestly trusts that all who read it with care will admit that in it he has distinctly shown that mending or repairing1 which has hitherto been regarded as a mere adjunct to other arts1 is really an art by itself1 if not a science1 since it is based on chemical and other principles1 which admit of extensive application and general combination4 ,it has its laws--a fact which has never been hinted at by any writer1 since all recipes for restoration in existence are each singly inventions made to suit certain cases4 ,this work has been conceived on a different principle4 ,a thorough knowledge of this art of repairing1 mending1 or restoring various objects is of very great value1 since there is no household in which it is not often called into requisition4 ,in the kitchen or drawing-room1 in the library and nursery1 there are daily breakages1 of which a large and needless proportion are losses1 simply because such a man as a general mender1 who is accomplished in all branches of the art1 does not exist4 ,and1 what is more1 it is equally true that no one has ever realised to what a vast extent mending and saving may be carried1 with a little expenditure of time1 practice1 and money1 by any intelligent person who will devote serious attention to it4 ,within a comparatively few years discoveries in science or in nature have enlarged the ability of the mender to an extraordinary extent--,i need only mention the applications now made with silicate of soda1 celluloid1 gutta percha1 and glycerine to confirm what ,i say--so largely1 indeed1 that only the accomplished technologist and chemist is really aware of what can be done in general repairing compared to what was possible only a few years ago4 ,i believe that there are few thoroughly practical persons 7and1 ,i may add1 few who take an interest in art in any form1 or even in books7 who will read this work without deep interest1 and without acquiring information of such value that in comparison to it the cost of the book will seem a trifle4 ,though mending or restoring is a subject which in some form comes home to and concerns everybody1 and which it is assuredly everybody's interest to understand1 this is1 ,i believe1 the first book in which its application to a great variety of wants has been made1 and that in such a clearly co-ordinated manner1 and according to such a simple principle1 that whoever reads it can have no difficulty in mending any object1 even though it be not described here4 ,in all works of the kind which ,i have seen the recipes for repairing have been given simply according to their subjects1 without any view to general principles of application1 and a great proportion of these were in turn simply copied from old books of miscellaneous 8receipts10 or newspapers in which every so-called new discovery is announced as infallible1 or as if it had been tried and tested to perfection4 ,that ,i have not recklessly accumulated in this fashion all kinds of recipes to fill my pages will appear very plainly to every chemist or technologist1 who will perceive that1 proceeding from a comprehensive table of generally recognised and long-tested bases of cements1 ,i have given deductions and combinations scientifically agreeing with their laws and with experiment4 ,the true object of giving a great number of recipes has not been solely or simply to supply the house-keeper or mechanic with instructions for certain repairs1 but also to suggest to the technologist and inventor new ideas and applications4 ,thus1 when we know that given proportions of zinc in powder1 silicate of soda1 and chalk form a strong cement1 resembling zinc1 it is as well to suggest that this may be varied by employing other metals and substances1 such as bronze-powders and mineral oxides1 to be always preceded by a little experiment4 ,i venture to say that any intelligent person who masters this work can1 on this hint1 make for himself innumerable inventions2 and ,i am sure that there is not the editor of a single technological journal who will not testify to the fact that every year a great many patents are taken out and fortunes made from recipes which are neither so scientifically combined nor practically useful as those which ,i here give4 ,that there are fortunes still to be made is abundantly proved by the fact that there are very few people1 comparatively speaking1 who know where to get or how to make waterproof glue1 or how to mend with it1 neatly and durably1 shoes1 umbrellas1 and many rents in garments2 how to unite a broken strap2 mend1 by felting1 torn hats2 rehabilitate perfectly worm-eaten and torn-away paper2 restore decayed broken wood2 or mend1 in fact1 anything except with common glue or mucilage--both of which soon give way and crack or melt4 ,so long as such general ignorance prevails1 just so long there will be an opportunity for the inventor to make and sell cements1 and for the repairer to find employment4 ,i call special attention to the fact that this book contains no merely traditional1 untested recipes which have been simply transferred from one ,housekeeper's ,manual to another for generations4 ,where ,i have not been guided by my own personal experience--which is1 ,i venture to say1 not very limited--,i have either followed truly scientific works1 such as the three hundred volumes of the ,chemical-,technical ,library of ,a4 ,,hartleben2 or1 when citing from older authors1 have invariably given recipes which agree with the principles advanced by modern analysts and inventors4 ,and though not a professor of chemistry1 yet1 as ,i studied it and natural philosophy in my youth under ,,leopold ,,gmelin1 ,l4 ,,passelt1 and ,professor ,,joseph ,,henry1 ,i trust that ,i have been sufficiently qualified to avoid errors in what ,i have written4 ,in short1 that ,i have not recklessly accumulated every recipe which ,i could find1 and that what ,i give are really trustworthy1 will appear plainly to the chemist or technologist1 who will perceive that1 proceeding from a given table of generally recognised and long-tested bases of cements1 c41 ,i have then given deductions and combinations scientifically agreeing with their laws and with experiment4 ,my book is not a pice de manufacture1 or of hack-work1 but one which is the result of many years of practical experience in the minor arts and industries1 on which subject alone ,i have published twenty-two works1 without including pamphlets1 lectures1 and at least one hundred letters or articles in leading magazines and newspapers4 ,there is1 in short1 very little mending or making described in this book which ,i have not at one time or other personally effected1 having had all my life a passion for mending and restoring all kinds of objects1 and that scientifically and thoroughly4 ,as ,i have observed1 there is in every household continual breakage of many kinds--8or of the rending which cries for mending0--it is a matter of some importance that some one in the family should pay special attention to such matters4 ,how often have ,i seen very valuable objects stuck together--anyhow and clumsily--with putty1 wafers1 sealing-wax1 glue1 flour-paste1 or anything which will 8hold0 for a time1 when a perfect cure might have just as well been effected had the proper recipe been taken to the first chemist4 ,this is equally true as regards taking ink or stains out of garments1 or repairing the latter perfectly1 or mending shoes or indiarubber cloth1 or felting worn hats and many other articles1 all of which are treated of in this work4 ,it is true that everybody is not naturally ingenious1 or clever1 or gifted1 but all may become skilful menders if they will duly consider the subject 7which requires no hard study7 and experiment on it a little4 ,and here ,i would seriously address a few words to all who are interested in education4 ,there is a certain faculty which may be called constructiveness1 which is nearly allied to invention1 and which is a marvellous developer in all children of quickness of perception1 thought1 or intellect4 ,it is the art of using the fingers to make or manipulate1 in any way2 it exists in every human being1 and it may be brought out to an extraordinary degree in the young1 as has been fully tested and proved4 ,now1 if we take two children of the same age1 sex1 and capacity1 both going to the same school and pursuing the same studies1 and if one of the two devotes from two to four hours a week to an industrial art class 7i4e41 studying simple original design1 easy wood-carving1 repouss1 embroidery1 c471 it will be found--as it has been by very extensive experiment--that the latter child will at the end of the year excel the former in all branches of learning2 that is to say1 in arithmetic or geography1 so greatly does ingenuity proceed from the fingers to the brain4 ,now1 mending is so nearly allied to all the minor or mechanical arts1 it enters into them so closely1 that it in a manner belongs to and is an introduction to them all4 ,like them1 it stimulates invention or ingenuity1 and is perhaps of far greater practical utility or direct use4 ,boys and girls learn very willingly how to mend1 and1 from a long experience in teaching them1 ,i should say that a class with experiments and practical instruction in what is given in this book should take precedence of all carpentry1 metal-work1 joining1 leather-work1 or any other branches whatever4 ,for it is easier than any of them1 and it is of far more general utility1 as the following pages clearly show4 ,such teaching would cost next to nothing for outfit1 and would be the best introduction to technical education of all kinds4 ,there is an immense amount of breakage in this world1 yet1 as a ,french writer on the subject observes1 there are more great artists than good menders2 the latter being so extremely rare that proofs of it are seen in bungling restorations in every museum in ,europe1 and in the almost impossibility of finding 7out of ,italy7 men who can perfectly mend first-class ceramic ware4 ,we see this ignorance in reproductions of delicate ivory ware coarsely cast in gypsum1 and in a vast rejection and destruction of antiquities in wood1 stone1 or ceramic ware1 simply because they are most ignorantly supposed to be beyond repair when they might1 with proper knowledge1 be very easily and cheaply restored1 to great profit4 ,and if the reader will visit the 8dead rooms0 of any museum in ,europe and then study this book1 he will find ample confirmation of what ,i say4 ,and here ,i would mention that every collector or owner of any kind of works of art1 of bric--brac1 or curiosities1 who will master the art of mending1 can find an illimitable field for picking up bargains in almost every shop of antiquities in ,europe1 especially in the smaller or humbler kind4 ,for it is very far from being true that these dealers know 8how to mend everything20 on the contrary1 ,i have often found them very ignorant indeed of mending1 and have frequently instructed them in it4 ,thus ,i now have before me a 8,holy ,family0 of the early sixteenth century1 bas-relief in stamped leather1 twelve inches by eight1 for which ,i paid two francs1 but which ,i might have had for one1 it being utterly dilapidated1 and apparently of no value4 ,in two or three hours ,i restored it perfectly1 and it would now sell for perhaps a hundred francs4 ,by it hangs a 8,madonna and ,child10 painted on a panel1 gold ground1 fourteenth century1 which1 including a very broad and remarkable old frame1 ,i purchased both for twelve francs4 ,the panel was warped like a sabre1 ,illustration1 the colour and gesso ground badly scaled away in many places4 ,it was split in two pieces2 in short1 it appeared to be nearly worthless4 ,now it is in very good condition1 and would be an ornament to any gallery4 ,as regards repairing ceramic ware or china1 glass1 and porcelain1 art has of late years made remarkable advances1 this kind of mending being the most in requisition4 ,as for old carved wood1 no matter how badly broken it may be1 eaten away by worms1 or rotten1 or even wanting large pieces1 so long as its original form is evident1 it can be very easily repaired or restored to all its original beauty and integrity1 as ,i shall fully explain4 ,in this alone there is a vast field for investment or money-making1 because there are annually destroyed almost everywhere quantities of old wood-carvings2 for1 being badly worm-eaten1 they are ignorantly supposed to be irreparable4 ,the same may be said of ancient carved ivories1 which are ready to drop at a touch into dust1 as were those from ,nineveh in the ,british ,museum1 yet which are now firm and clear4 ,it is also true of the bindings of old books1 many of marvellous beauty1 whether of stamped leather1 parchment1 or carved4 ,even more interesting and curious is the repairing or restoring worm-eaten manuscripts or papers of any kind1 or parchment1 the easy process of filling the holes not being known to many bibliophiles4 ,this art is becoming known in ,germany1 where it is not unusual to buy an old book for a mark1 rebind it in hard old parchment1 repair it generally for two or three1 and then sell it1 according to the subject1 for several hundred or thousand per cent4 profit4 ,it is greatly to be regretted that it is so little known1 especially in ,england1 that to repair a few holes or restore a little broken1 crumbling carving it is not absolutely necessary to tear down an entire ,gothic church and build a new one1 as is so very generally the case4 ,there is no stone-work1 however dilapidated it may be1 which cannot be mended very perfectly1 and that in almost all cases with a material which sets even harder than the original1 as was perfectly shown at the ,paris ,exhibition of #ahhi4 ,dilapidated stone carved work1 of all ages and kinds1 which could be perfectly restored to a degree which even very few artists suspect1 abounds in ,italy1 where it can be purchased for a song4 ,the song1 it is true1 is generally sung to a small silver accompaniment1 but the purchaser may make it golden for himself4 ,for very few know how to restore a knocked-off nose so that the line of juncture be not visible2 yet even this is possible1 as ,i shall show4 ,and ,i may here remark that in all the first galleries and museums of ,europe1 without one exception1 there is abundant evidence to prove that1 of all the arts1 the one of repairing and restoring is the one least understood and most strangely neglected4 ,there is hardly a village so small that one man or woman could not make in it or eke out a living by repairing different objects4 ,in towns and cities the demand for such work is much greater1 for there ladies break expensive fans and jewellery1 and children their dolls and toys1 for mending of which the 8rehabilitators0 require 8much moneys10 especially in the ,united ,states1 where prices for anything out of the way are appalling4 ,i would therefore beg all people who are gifted with some small allowance of 8ingenuity10 tact1 art1 or common-sense to consider that ,mending or ,restoring is a calling very easily learned by a little practice1 and one by which a living can be made1 even in its humblest branches1 as is shown by the umbrella-menders and chair-caners in the streets4 ,but common-sense teaches that any one who shall have mastered all that is explicitly set forth in this book ought certainly to be able to gain money1 even largely2 for1 as ,i said1 the opportunities of purchasing dilapidated works of art1 mending and selling them1 are innumerable1 and ,restoration is as yet everywhere in its mere rudiments and very little practised4 ,that which might be a very great general industry of vast utility1 employing many thousands now idle1 only exists in a hap-hazard1 casual way1 as dependent on other kinds of work4 ,but to me it appears as a great art by itself1 dependent on certain principles of general application4 ,and when we consider what is generally wasted for want of proper knowledge of this great art1 it seems to me to be but rational that if we had in ,london a school for teaching mending and restoring in all its branches as a trade1 with a museum to show the public1 probably to its great astonishment1 what marvels can be wrought by renewing what is old1 it would be of great service to the country at large4 ,a very little reflection will convince the least visionary or most practical reader that what is wasted or annually destroyed of valuable old works1 which cannot be replaced1 because they are no longer manufactured1 if restored1 would form the basis of a great national industry4 ,it has not as yet1 however1 entered into the head of any one to conceive this1 simply because no one has ever been educated as a general restorer1 but only in a secondary1 supplementary1 small way as a specialist1 generally as a botcher4 ,and ,i maintain1 from no inconsiderable knowledge of the subject1 that the best menders and restorers by far are those who understand the most branches of their calling4 ,the reason for this is plain2 it is because a repairer1 when he comes to some unforeseen difficulty--for example1 in mending china--and finds the cements used are not exactly applicable1 he will1 if sensible1 think of some other adhesive used in other kinds of work1 or other combinations or appliances4 ,i go so far as to say that an exhibition of specimens showing all that can be done in mending and restoration in ceramic art1 leather1 carved stone1 books1 carved and wrought wood1 castings1 metal1 furniture1 fans1 and toys1 would probably serve as sufficient beginning to establish classes and a school4 ,the objects should1 when possible1 be accompanied by a duplicate or photograph showing the condition they were in before restoration1 on the principle of the picture-cleaners1 who amaze the public with such startling contrasts of dirt and splendour4 ,how this can all be done will be found in this book1 which ,i venture to suggest will often be found useful in every family1 or wherever 8things0 are broken and worn4 ,for the collector of curiosities who would willingly pick up bargains1 ,i seriously and earnestly commend it as a vade mecum by means of which he may literally make money in any shop4 ,for1 as ,i have already said1 strange as it may seem1 the small dealers in bric--brac are generally very ignorant of all the curious secrets of restoration1 or else they have no time or means to attend to such work4 ,again1 if the collector has learned what ,i here teach1 he will often detect restoration allied to forgery in expensive antiques1 guaranteed to be perfect4 ,it has been well observed by ,m4 ,,ris-,,paquot1 in his valuable work1 ,l',art de restaurer soi-mme les ,faences et ,porcelaines1 that it often happens1 most unfortunately1 that precious relics whose value is immense1 such as the ,italian faences and those of ,palissy or ,henri ,,ii41 come to collections in such a condition1 so pitifully injured1 that de visu we cannot buy them because we know of nobody who can actually restore them1 and because this delicate work requires so much special knowledge4 ,add to this1 that their great value and rarity disincline us to trust to the first-comer1 or general workman1 treasures which he might utterly ruin by clumsiness or ignorance4 ,i may add that ,i seldom walk out in ,florence without seeing old worn faences for sale for a mere trifle which with a little retouching1 gilding1 and firing could be made quite valuable4 ,in such instances there need be no complaint of destroying the venerable effect and value of antiquity4 ,in them antique material may be legitimately employed as a basis for newer work1 especially when it is broken away1 worn down to the core1 or full of holes4 ,now1 with what this book teaches in his mind1 the artist or tourist will very soon realise1 if he be at all ingenious1 or can avail himself of the aid of some friend who has even a very slight knowledge of art1 that he can at a slight outlay purchase objects which will become very valuable when afterwards restored at home4 ,as ,i can imagine no head of a family1 and no dealer in miscellaneous works of art or any small wares1 no provider of furniture or furnisher1 to whom this work will not be a most acceptable gift1 so ,i am very confident that every traveller who has trunks to mend or broken straps to join1 and every emigrant roughing it in the forests or the bush of ,australia or ,canada1 may learn from it many useful devices1 and the fact that with nothing more than a small tin of liquid glue and another of indiarubber he can effect more than could be imagined by any one who has not studied the subject4 ,on this ,i speak not without experience1 having found that1 both as a soldier and a traveller in the ,wild ,west of ,america1 my knowledge of mending was of great use to my friends as well as myself4 ,a perusal of the ,index of what is here given will satisfy the reader that this manual is in fact a vade mecum for almost all sorts and conditions of men and women1 and that there are none who would not be thankful for it4 ,a friend adds to these remarks the suggestion that this work may properly be included among the presents to a bride as an aid to housekeeping2 and it will probably be admitted that it would prove quite as useful as many of the gifts which are usually bestowed on such occasions4 ,i have truly said that1 while breaking and decay are universal1 there are literally nowhere any generally accomplished repairers--that is to say1 experts who know and can practise even what is set forth in this book4 ,certain menders of broken china there are1 of whom the great authority on fictile restoration1 ,,ris-,,pasquot1 declares that none can be trusted with anything valuable4 ,there are so few needle-women who can sew up a rent perfectly that a lady 8to the manor born0 paid in ,rome two pounds1 or fifty lire1 for being taught the stitch1 described in this book1 by which it can be done4 ,that it was a great secret to an expert and accomplished needle-woman proves that it cannot be generally known4 ,a house-furnisher in ,london doing a large business once explained to me with manifest pride how he had1 by dint of persuasion and treating1 obtained from another what is really one of the simplest recipes for restoring a brown stain4 ,all of this being true1 it is apparent enough that any accomplished mender and restorer1 lady or gentleman1 can hardly fail to make a living by the art2 and ,i sincerely believe that it is the simple truth that it is set forth in the following pages so fully and clearly that any one who will make the experiment can learn from it how to make a living4 ,this is effectively1 in all its fulness1 a new art and a new calling1 and it is time that it were established4 ,it is a great mistake to suppose that manufacturers are necessarily good menders of what they make4 ,i have found1 as have my readers1 that it is not the great watchmaker who oversees the production of thousands of watches to whom a watch can be most safely trusted for rehabilitation4 ,for1 in nine cases out of ten1 it is some extremely humble brother of the craft1 who does nothing but mend in a small shop1 who restores your chronometer most admirably4 ,the same is true as regards trunks anywhere out of ,england1 since in ,germany and ,france anything of the kind is invariably botched with incredible want of skill4 ,this runs through most trades2 for which reason ,i believe that a really well-accomplished general mender1 earnestly devoted to the calling in every detail and resolved to be perfect in it1 could ere long repair better than most manufacturers1 since the latter1 in these days1 all work by machinery or by vast subdivision of labour1 and not1 so to speak1 by hand4 ,but all repairing must be by hand4 ,we can make every detail of a watch or of a gun by machinery1 but the machine cannot mend it when broken1 much less a clock or a pistol6 ,the value of this book will appear to any one who knows how little really good repairing there is in ,europe4 ,since writing the foregoing pages ,i have gone through the galleries of the ,vatican and many other museums1 and been amazed at the coarse1 ignorant1 and bungling manner in which the great majority of antique statues and other objects of immense value have been mended up4 ,there is in most cases no pretence whatever to conceal the lines of repair1 and when this has been attempted it has failed through ignorance of recipes and instructions which may be found in this work4 ,a ,,manual ,,of ,,mending ,,and ,,repairing ,,materials ,,used ,,in ,,mending 8,there are full many admirable and practical recipes 7,hausmitteln71 which are often known only in certain families40--,die ,natrliche ,magie4 ,by ,,johann ,c4 ,,wiegleb1 #aghb4 ,the art of mending or of repairing may be broadly stated as being effected1 firstly1 by mechanical processes1 such as those employed by carpenters in nailing and joining1 in embroidery with the needle1 and in metal-work with clumps1 or soldering2 and1 secondly1 by chemical means4 ,the latter consist of cements and adhesives1 which are1 however1 effectively the same thing4 ,this glue1 or gum1 is an adhesive or sticker2 that is1 a simple substance which causes two objects to adhere4 ,the same1 when combined with powder of chalk or glass1 would be a ,,cement4 ,this latter term is again applied somewhat generally and loosely by many1 not only to all adhesives1 but also more correctly to all soft substances which harden1 such as ,portland cement1 mortar1 and putty1 and which are often used by themselves to form objects1 such as 8bricks0 and castings2 but these latter1 having also the quality of acting as adhesives or stickers1 are naturally regarded as being the same4 ,as will be speedily observed in the great number of recipes for mending which will be given in this book1 there are many which occur frequently in different combinations2 therefore it will be advisable and indispensable for those who wish to master mending as an art to indicate these as a basis4 ,as ,,sigmund ,,lehner has observed in his valuable work on ,die ,kitte- und ,klebemittel1 there have been such vast numbers of recipes published of late years for adhesives in various technological works1 that the combination of the usual materials depends almost on the judgment of the experimenter1 and every practical operator will soon learn to make inventions of his own4 ,these materials1 according to ,,stohmann1 may be classified as follows3-- ,i4 ,those in which ,,oil is the basis4 ,,ii4 ,resin or pitch4 ,,iii4 ,caoutchouc 7indiarubber7 or gutta-percha4 ,,iv4 ,gum or starch4 ,v4 ,lime and chalk4 ,,lehner extends the list as follows into adhesives1 or cements3-- ,i4 ,for glass and porcelain in every form4 ,,ii4 ,for metals not exposed to changes of temperature4 ,,iii4 ,for stoves and furnaces1 or objects exposed to heat4 ,,iv4 ,for chemical apparatus and objects exposed to corrosive liquids4 ,v4 ,luting or cements1 to protect glass or porcelain vessels from the action of fire4 ,,vi4 ,cements for microscopic preparations1 for filling teeth and similar work4 ,,vii4 ,those for special objects1 such as are made of tortoise-shell1 meerschaum 7ivory71 c4 ,,oils are divided into those 7such as olive7 which never become hard1 and the linseed1 which in time dries into a substance like gum4 ,the latter combined with a great variety of mineral substances1 such as plumbago1 calcined lime1 magnesia1 chalk1 red oxide of iron1 soapstone1 or with varnishes1 forms insoluble 8soaps10 which1 as cements1 resist water4 ,they require a long time to set or become hard4 ,,resins and ,,gums include a great number of substances1 such as resin or hard pitch1 which is distilled from pine-trees2 shellac1 mastic1 elemi1 copal1 kauri gum1 amber1 gum arabic1 dextrine made from flour1 the gum of the peach and cherry1 and of many other trees4 ,to these may be added frankincense and tragacanth1 which is less an adhesive than a stiffener and dresser4 ,gums are generally rather brittle2 this is remedied by combination with oily substances1 volatile oils1 or caoutchouc4 ,with these gums ,,lehner includes asphaltum4 ,the defect of such adhesives is1 as he also remarks1 that they will not resist high temperatures4 ,this1 however1 will apply to most objects4 ,,varnish4--,this belongs properly to the gums1 but is technically regarded as a separate material4 ,it is gum in solution in turpentine or spirits4 ,for details vide ,die ,fabrikation der ,copal- ,terpentinl und ,spiritus-,lacke1 by ,l4 ,e4 ,ands2 ,leipzig1 price #e m4 #dj pf4 ,,caoutchouc and ,,gutta-,,percha are gums which when hard are still elastic1 and resist the action of water4 ,i have read that a perfect imitation or substitute for them has been made of turpentine1 but have not seen it1 though ,i have met with glue made with oil and turpentine1 which very much resembled them in elasticity or flexibility4 ,reduced to a liquid form with ether1 benzine1 c41 these gums can be kept in a liquid state for a long time1 and then hardened in any form by exposure to the air4 ,they enter into a very great variety of cements1 such as are meant to be tough or waterproof4 ,indiarubber is1 on the whole1 the best1 and gutta-percha the cheapest1 for cements4 ,,glue4--,this is made1 by boiling1 from horns and bones2 it is essentially the same as gelatine4 ,it is the most generally known of all adhesives1 and may be modified by certain admixtures to suit almost any substance4 ,it has the peculiarity that it must always be boiled in a balneum mari1 or in a kettle in hot water in another kettle4 ,its strength is vastly increased by admixture with nitric acid or strong vinegar4 ,on the subject of glue in all its relations1 the reader may consult ,die ,leim- und ,gelatine-,fabrikation1 or 8,the ,manufacture of ,glue and ,gelatine10 by ,f4 ,dawidowsky2 ,vienna1 price #cs4 ,,flour-,,paste ,,and ,,starch-,,paste4--,these mixtures1 though generally used for weak work1 such as to make papers adhere1 can be very much strengthened by admixture with glue and gums4 ,combined with certain substances1 such as paper1 mineral powders1 and alum1 they1 when submitted to pressure1 become intensely hard1 and resist not only water but heat1 when not excessive4 ,also combined with varnishes they are decided resistants4 ,,lehner speaks of them as if they were perishable in any condition4 ,,sturgeon',s ,,bladder4--,with this the bladders of several kinds of fish are classed4 ,cut in small pieces and dissolved in spirits it makes a very strong adhesive1 which is mixed with many others4 ,,lime is the most extensively used cement in the world4 ,combined with water it forms mortar4 ,it is united with many substances1 such as caseine or cheese1 the white of eggs1 and silicate of soda1 to make powerful minor cements4 ,on the subject of lime the practical technologist should consult ,kalk und ,luftmortel1 by ,dr4 ,herrmann ,zwick2 ,vienna1 ,a4 ,hartleben1 price #cs41 in which all details of the subject are given in full4 ,,eggs4--,the yolk1 and more particularly the white1 of eggs is sometimes used as an adhesive1 and it enters into many very excellent cements4 ,for details as to the chemistry and technology of this material consult ,die ,fabrikationen von ,albumin- und ,eierkonserven 7,a ,full ,account of the ,characteristics of all ,egg ,substances1 the ,fabrication of ,egg1 and ,blood ,albumen1 c471 by ,karl ,ruprecht2 ,vienna1 ,a4 ,hartleben1 price #bs4 #c;d4 ,,neutral ,,substances1 ,,or ,,binding ,,materials4--,almost any substance not easily soluble in water1 and many which are1 from common dust or earth1 or clay1 sand1 chalk1 powdered egg-shells1 sawdust1 shell-powder1 c41 when combined with certain adhesives1 form cements4 ,this is sometimes due to chemical combination1 but more frequently to mechanical union4 ,in the latter case the adhesive clinging to every separate grain has the more points of adhesion1 just as a man by clinging with both hands to two posts is harder to remove than if he held by one4 ,,caseine ,,or ,,cheese4--,this in several forms1 but chiefly of curd in combination with several substances1 but mostly with lime or borax1 forms a very valuable cement4 ,it is also combined with strong lye and silicate of soda4 ,it must not1 however1 be too much depended on as a resistant to water or heat4 ,,blood1 generally of oxen or cows1 combined with lime1 alum1 and coal ashes1 forms a solid and durable cement4 ,,glycerine forms the basis1 with plumbago1 c41 of several cements4 ,like oil1 it renders glue flexible and partly waterproof4 ,for chemical details on this subject1 vide ,das ,glycerin1 by ,j4 ,w4 ,koppe1 ,leipzig4 ,,gypsum is combined with many substances to form cements1 some of them of great and peculiar value4 ,,iron pulverised is the basis of a great number of very durable and strongly resistant cements4 ,,alum may be included among the bases1 as it is very important in several compositions1 forming a powerful chemical aid4 ,it is excellent as aiding resistance to both moisture and heat4 ,for an exhaustive work on alum consult ,die ,fabrikation des ,alauns1 c41 by ,frederic ,junemann1 which should be carefully studied by all who work in cements4 ,there is a very great number of 8indifferent0 or minor aids to these1 such as sugar1 milk1 honey1 spirits of wine1 water1 ochre1 galbanum1 tannin1 ammonia1 feldspar1 plumbago1 sulphur1 vinegar1 salt1 zinc 7white71 umber1 bismuth1 tin1 cadmium1 clay1 ashes1 c41 which are essential in certain combinations4 ,,dextrine1 the gum of flour or starch1 or ,leiokom1 much resembles gum-arabic1 but is more brittle4 ,its adhesiveness depends somewhat on the manner in which it is dissolved4 8,it is10 says ,,lehner1 8prepared by heating starch which has been moistened with nitric acid2 also by warming paste with very much diluted sulphuric acid40 ,,wax1 including that of bees as well as paraffine1 is used in repairs1 and forms a part of several cements4 ,on this subject consult ,das ,wachs1 or 8,wax and its ,technical ,applications10 by ,ludwig ,sedna2 ,leipzig1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,silicate ,,of ,,soda1 ,,or ,,liquid ,,glass4--,this is generally sold in the form of a very dense liquid4 ,it is prepared by mixing quartz or flint sand with soda1 or more rarely with potash4 8,it is10 says ,,lehner1 8a glass which is distinguished from other glasses by being easily soluble in water4 ,it is believed to be a very modern invention2 but ,i have seen ,venetian glasses of the fifteenth century which appeared to be painted with it1 or something very similar2 and ,i have found decided indications of a knowledge of it in two writers of the sixteenth century1 ,,wolfgang ,,hildebrand and ,,van ,,helmont4 ,according to ,wagner1 there are three kinds of liquid glass4 ,by itself liquid glass can only be used for mending glass2 but when combined with other substances1 such as cement1 calcined lime1 or clay1 or glass1 in powder1 it forms a body as hard as stone1 or a double silicate1 which is strongly resistant to chemical influences40 ,it occupies the first position as an adhesive for glass1 nor is it surpassed as a cement in solid form4 ,on this subject vide ,wasserglas und ,infusorienerde1 c41 by ,hermann ,krtzer2 ,vienna1 #cs4 ,,natural ,,cement1 ,,or ,,hydraulic ,,lime4--,this is familiarly known to all readers as ,portland cement1 but it is found of different qualities in many countries1 and is also made artificially4 ,certain mineral substances have the quality when powdered and combined with water of setting hard as stone2 hence the name hydraulic4 ,i have seen at ,budapest articles of ,portland cement made in ,hungary which equalled in appearance fine black slate or marble1 and1 while much less brittle1 were indeed in every respect more durable and resistant to exposure4 ,these artificial cements can be largely incorporated with indifferent substances1 such as sand2 they1 however1 require intense baking1 and may in consequence be regarded as a kind of fictile ware4 ,portland cement is very thoroughly treated in ,hydraulischer ,kalk und ,portland ,cement 7in all their relations71 by ,dr4 ,h4 ,zwick4 ,,tragacanth1 though called a gum1 is properly nothing of the kind1 not being a true adhesive4 ,it is the product of the ,astragalus verus1 a tree found in ,asia4 ,it swells out in water1 and softens1 but without dissolving4 ,it is more of a glaze than a paste2 hence it is used extensively by confectioners1 bookbinders1 or to stiffen laces4 ,it enters1 however1 into the composition of several cements4 ,,bread may be classed as a material by itself1 as it derives certain peculiar virtues from the yeast which causes its fermentation4 ,with certain combinations it becomes wax-like1 or hard1 and may be used to advantage in many repairs as well as for modelling4 ,it has the great advantage of being easily worked and always at hand4 ,,celluloid is treated of in this work under the head of ,artificial ,ivory4 ,it is made from gun-cotton and camphor4 ,for full information on this subject consult ,das ,celluloid1 or 8,celluloid1 its ,raw ,materials1 ,manufacture1 ,peculiarities1 and ,technical ,applications1 c410 by ,dr4 ,fr4 ,bckmann1 ,vienna and ,leipzig4 ,,potatoes1 peeled and mashed1 and kept for thirty-six hours in a mixture of eight parts of sulphuric acid to a hundred of water1 and then dried and pressed1 form a white1 hard substance very much like ivory1 or1 as one may say1 like white boxwood4 ,,lehner expresses his doubt as to whether artificial meerschaum pipes were ever made of this substance1 but ,i have seen them1 and can testify that they looked like meerschaum1 and certainly were much harder than bruyere1 or briar-wood4 ,whether they will 8colour0 ,i cannot say4 ,the principle by which potatoes1 paper1 and many other substances can be hardened like parchment or horn is curious4 ,potatoes consist of about seventy per cent4 water and twenty-five per cent4 of starch1 the remainder being salts and cellulose1 which forms cells surrounded by the grains of starch4 8,when such a substance is for some time brought into contact with diluted sulphuric acid1 that which results is simply a contraction of the cells0 7i4e41 a hardening71 8or a kind of parchmenting40 ,thus soft paper is converted into parchment4 ,it is evident that chemistry is as yet in its infancy as regards the conversion of cellulose by acid into hard substances4 ,since cotton1 paper1 and potatoes all produce by this process different substances1 it is probable that hundreds of organic1 or at least vegetable1 substances will all yield new forms4 ,there is a marked difference between paste made of starch or flour1 each having its peculiar merits4 ,the former is principally prepared from potatoes4 ,to prepare the cement we mix it with a very little water1 stirring it very thoroughly till it assumes a bluish appearance4 ,a little more hot water is then added1 and the mass left till an opal-like tinge indicates that it has formed4 ,to this then add hot water ad libitum4 ,as it is almost colourless in very thin coats1 it is largely used to glaze and give body or weight to1 and often to simply falsify1 woven fabrics1 which by its aid seem heavier4 ,to increase this weight white lead and other substances are used4 ,to make the best flour-paste1 flour should be kneaded in a bag under water till all the starch is washed away4 ,what remains is a substance closely allied to caseine1 or the white of egg4 ,combined with lime it forms a hard cement4 ,a very slight admixture of carbolic acid 7also oil of cloves7 will keep paste from souring or decay4 ,this acid has the property of destroying the growth of the minute vegetation which constitutes fermentation1 just as other strong scents or perfumes are supposed to disinfect rooms1 c4 ,a very great number of other ingredients1 such as the oxides of lead or zinc1 manganese1 baryta1 sulphur1 sal ammoniac1 flint-sand1 clay1 salt1 ochre1 varnish1 galbanum1 or frankincense1 enter into certain recipes1 but those already given may be regarded as constituting by far the principal portion of all cements in ordinary use4 ,,mending ,,broken ,,china1 ,,porcelain1 ,,crockery1 ,,majolica1 ,,terra-,,cotta1 ,,brick ,,and ,,tile ,,work4 ,fictile or ,ceramic ware embraces1 roughly speaking1 all that is made of clay1 or mineral bases or materials1 and which is subsequently baked to give it hardness4 ,the better the material and the more intense the heat1 or the greater the number of bakings to which most kinds are subjected1 the harder and more lasting will they be4 ,the old china ware which preceded porcelain1 a great many specimens of old ,roman vessels1 and1 for a more modern example1 old ,italian majolica and ,hungarian wine-pitchers1 made all within a century1 are as hard as stone4 ,they chip a great deal before they break1 just as agate might do4 ,,terra-,,cotta is simply earth or clay 8baked40 ,in most of the examples known as terra-cotta1 earth predominates4 ,pure fine clay well fired is superior to what is generally called terra-cotta4 ,neither can we really class with it articles made of superior ,portland cement1 of which1 as ,i have said1 ,i have seen many made at ,budapest which were like the finest hard slate4 ,many writers confuse majolica with faence2 others regard the latter as what we should call crockery1 or such ware as ranges between glazed terra-cotta and porcelain4 ,,majolica consists generally of terra-cotta covered with a glaze4 ,a glaze is a fusible substance1 we may say a kind of glass1 mixed with colouring matter1 which is at the same time a protection and an ornament4 ,enamel is glass in fine powder melted1 used generally on metal or by itself4 ,the base of the paint is a substance fusible by heat which is mixed with colours also fusible4 ,therefore when the painting is submitted to heat it melts1 adheres1 and is permanent4 ,glazing1 enamelling1 and china painting are essentially the same4 ,terra-cotta is not difficult to mend4 ,i can best illustrate this by an example4 ,a friend once gave me a terra-cotta vase from the ,pyramid of ,cholula1 in ,mexico4 ,these are supposed to be of very great antiquity4 ,this contained a fragment of pottery1 probably a sacred relic of ruder style1 and ,i suppose of far earlier times4 ,the vase1 however1 had been broken to fragments1 and the owner was about to throw it away as worthless4 ,i begged it of him4 ,firstly1 ,i put the principal pieces together1 using1 to make them adhere1 glue with nitric acid4 ,for finer work ,i should have used ,turkish cement or the best gum-mastic dissolved in spirit or fish glue4 ,piece by piece with care ,i reconstructed the whole4 ,there was wanting1 however1 one piece about three inches square4 ,i pasted with great care a piece of paper inside the vase for a back1 and then poured on it plaster of ,paris liquefied with water4 ,to make this set hard1 the plaster or gesso should be made with burnt alum-water and dissolved gum-arabic4 ,this exactly supplied the missing piece4 ,when it was finished1 ,i filled in all the broken edges and other cavities with the plaster-paste1 which set even harder than the terra-cotta4 ,the outer colour of the vase was of reddish rusty black4 ,i painted the whole over with a corresponding colour2 that is to say1 ,i rubbed it in by thumb1 which is very different from mere painting4 ,by cementing and rubbing ,i so restored the whole that the repair was hardly perceptible4 ,this process is carried to great perfection in ,italy with broken ,etruscan ware4 ,i may here remark as regards rubbing in oil or water colours1 that it is little known or practised1 but it is of great value in restoration when we wish to produce certain curious antique-looking effects4 ,i once knew in ,rome an artist who had bought for a trifle an old carved baule or chest4 ,by rubbing in with care on it ,naples yellow and brown shades1 and subsequent friction1 he had made it look strangely like old ivory4 ,mere painting1 however skilfully performed1 would not have given it its antique ivory look4 ,the same artist had purchased one or two common1 large1 yellowish terra-cotta wine-jars4 ,he drew on them classical figures1 cut out the outlines a little with chisel and file1 and smoothing the figures with sandpaper1 also ivoried the whole by rubbing in colour4 ,this was but a few hours' work1 yet the effect was startling4 ,what had cost but a few francs would have sold for hundreds4 ,i should add that with the aid of fine retouching flexible varnish this process could be very much facilitated4 ,any one who can draw or paint at all can try this experiment on any old piece of wood-carving1 or on a common yellow coarse earthenware4 ,smooth the latter first with sandpaper1 then rub in the colours4 ,the same is applicable to old carving in marble4 ,all of these devices are of use to the restorer4 ,as regards restoration of terra-cotta1 the field is wide and profitable4 ,not only in ,italy1 but even in ,london1 we may find for sale broken ,etruscan vases or similar objects for a trifle1 which are extremely easy to restore4 ,these are generally of red or light yellow clay baked4 ,if you have1 let us say1 a vase fractured1 obtain clay of the same colour--if you cannot readily get it1 take pipeclay--and colour it with a strong infusion of red or yellow1 though this is not necessary if the exterior is black4 ,mix the clay well with glue or gum-arabic and alum-water1 supply the missing portions1 and let them harden4 ,with a little care and practice1 remarkable restorations may thus be made4 ,i may here add that with this composition1 bottles1 decanters1 and cups can be coated1 which1 when painted or rubbed in1 exactly resemble ,etruscan or other ancient pottery4 ,to prevent cracking1 they should first be painted with thick1 coarse oil paint mixed with sand or umber1 which forms a ground4 ,let it dry--the longer the better--and then rub in1 thinly1 the gum and clay4 ,there is another composition of blanc d',espagne1 or whiting1 and silicate of soda1 which sets even harder1 but which is a little more difficult at first to work1 which may be used for such restoration4 ,this can be directly painted on glass for a ground4 ,majolica or ,faence can generally be sufficiently well mended with acidulated glue1 but as the latter often communicates a dark stain1 it is better to use for fine ware1 or any which is to be used1 the so-called ,turkish cement4 ,the best quality of this is made of the finest quality of gum-mastic dissolved in spirit4 ,it is so tenacious that in the ,east gems are frequently directly attached by means of it to metal1 and they will often break sooner than separate from it4 ,most chemists have for sale1 or will prepare for you1 some form of it4 ,the silicate of potash and whiting can also be supplied by chemists2 they should be mixed with great care1 so as to form a medium paste1 and then used rapidly and with skill1 because this cement hardens very quickly4 ,it is1 however1 a very powerful binder1 and sets as hard as glass4 ,having put together and cemented the broken pieces of a cup or vase1 they must be kept in place till the cement dries4 ,this is effected by means of many contrivances1 regarding which the operator must employ some original inventiveness4 ,firstly1 the pieces can often be simply tied1 or attached by pieces of tape1 or parchment1 or paper glued on4 ,in other cases india-rubber bands are useful4 ,again1 bits of wood1 or sticks and wires1 are the things useful4 ,a bed of wax is generally a sure guard4 ,it is best to do this with great care1 and not impatiently rely on holding the pieces together with the fingers till they stick4 ,this is often the most difficult part of the whole operation2 therefore it should be done well and deliberately4 ,and here it may be remarked that1 as in surgery1 the most complicated cases of fracture may be studied out and adjusted2 for which reason ,i dare say that skilful surgeons would be good menders of crockery1 just as good astronomers are always good riflemen4 ,when the broken pieces are adjusted and all is dry1 there remain the chips1 hollows1 ragged edges1 and 8hairs10 as the ,french call them1 or lines of juncture1 to be filled and smoothed4 ,this is done with the cement which you employ1 according to the quality of the material1 either plaster and gum-arabic1 silicate and whiting1 or powdered chalk4 ,some experts succeed with white of an egg and finely powdered quicklime1 which holds firmly1 but which requires practice to amalgamate4 ,fill the cavities carefully1 pressing the cement well in1 as the ,romans did1 with a stick or point4 ,when all is smooth1 paint over the blank spaces and varnish with ,sohne1 ,no4 #c1 or with a slight coating of silicate4 ,fine copal varnish is rather tougher or less brittle4 ,the most thorough process of all is to unite the fragments with a vitreous or metallic flux1 such as the silicate--there are several of these--and then have the work baked or fired4 ,it can then be painted with porcelain colours under glaze1 and fired again4 ,as this is very delicate1 difficult1 and expensive1 few amateurs will care to try it4 ,it is1 however1 perfect1 and by means of it the most complete reparation can be effected4 ,the ,japanese do this simply with the blow-pipe1 by means of which they fix enamel powders even on wood4 ,this use of the pipe is also difficult1 but the ancient ,romans are said to have employed the process with most minor work4 ,as a thread of glass will melt in a candle1 and as fine-glass powder is equally fusible1 it can be understood that under the flame of a blow-pipe the latter can often be melted so as to avail in restoration4 ,,crockery1 ,,or ,,fa,,ence1 ,,and ,,porcelain4--8,crockery10 by which we commonly understand such ware as that of the blue willow plates1 is far superior to terra-cotta1 since its core or basis is thin1 and very hard1 and its gloss of a different description1 and more incorporated with the body2 or it is of a single superior body4 ,,porcelain differs entirely from the other two kinds of fictile ware1 being an elaborate mineralogical compound1 its base being kaolin1 a friable1 white1 earthy substance1 requiring great care in its preparation1 and petunse1 or feldspar1 which is united with the kaolin4 ,the result is a very delicate and beautiful diaphanous ware1 or one through which light passes to a limited degree4 ,both crockery and porcelain are far more difficult to mend1 owing to the impossibility--particularly with the latter--of making fractures disappear4 ,the first and most simple process of mending both kinds of ware is to make small holes with a drill along the edges of the fracture1 and then1 adjusting the fragments1 bind them together with wire4 ,m4 ,,ris-,,paquot claims that 8the honour of this discovery belongs properly to a humble and modest workman named ,,delille1 of the little village of ,montjoye1 in ,normandy40 ,but the archologist will say of this claim1 as the ,english judge did of a similar one1 that the plaintiff might as well apply for a patent for having discovered the art of mixing brandy with water1 since there was probably never yet a savage who had wire1 or even string1 who did not know enough to mend broken calabashes1 jars1 and pipes by this solid method of sewing4 ,from the time when large earthen punch-bowls were first used in ,europe1 we find them mended with silver wire4 ,it is needless to devote whole pages with illustrations1 as ,m4 ,,ris-,,paquot has done1 to show how to effect such mending4 ,the holes are made with either a bore or hand drill1 such as can be bought in every tool shop4 ,if the reader will obtain one and experiment with it on any penny plate or broken fragment1 he will soon master all the mystery4 ,the wire is made fast by a turn with a pair of nippers or pincers4 ,before fastening1 wash the edges of the ware with white of egg in which a very little whiting1 or finely powdered lime or plaster of ,paris1 has been mixed4 ,i may here observe that the wire for china-drilling should be half round1 or flat on one side4 ,to prepare this1 take brass wire1 say a length of about two feet1 and1 holding an old knife1 draw the wire firmly and steadily against it4 ,there are endless cements for sale by chemists1 all warranted perfect1 to mend glass and china1 and most of them do indeed answer the purpose very well1 for nature has given us not a few materials wherewith to repair accidents4 ,thus1 even boiling in milk will often suffice to reunite broken edges4 ,but ,i believe that of all1 the ,turkish cement already described1 which is made of gum ,,mastic 7a term improperly applied in ,france to putty1 by ,americans to lime-plaster on houses1 and by ,levantines to spirit with resin in it71 is the most adhesive and resistant to heat1 cold1 or moisture4 ,the art of mending does not consist so much of knowing what to use for an ,,adhesive 7since1 as ,i have said1 every chemist's shop abounds in these7 as in skill and tact with which fragments are brought and kept together1 missing portions supplied1 and in knowing the substance with which to fill a blank4 ,there are cases in which1 when a hole has been knocked in a china or glass plate1 it can be drilled out round1 and a disc of the same substance or colour1 or even of another1 inserted4 ,this is almost an art by itself1 and by means of it very singular and puzzling effects may be introduced2 as1 for instance1 when a number of holes are drilled in a white china plate and then filled with discs of coloured china1 agate1 coral1 c4 ,in the ,east1 turquoise and coral beads are often thus set into porcelain1 as well as wood4 ,the mastic or acidulated glue is used to make the objects inserted hold firmly4 ,as the smoker1 when he breaks his pipe across the stem1 has it repaired with a short silver slide or tube1 so when a china jar is broken across the neck1 the reparation can be concealed by a silver collar1 which is sometimes a great improvement2 as1 for instance1 when the head of a china dog1 or even of a china man1 is taken off4 ,but in a great many cases1 or in all where this kind of concealment is advisable1 it may be made1 like ,csar's wife1 beyond suspicion1 by making the collar or concealing ornament1 or leaf or flower1 of silicate and whiting so as to resemble the ware itself1 which can be done very nicely4 ,,silicate ,,of ,,soda is sometimes sold in the form of a dry solid1 which is placed in a little vinegar1 and warmed4 ,when dissolved it can be used ad libitum4 ,it is often used as a glaze for stone4 ,there is a curious old story about mending broken crockery by means of magic--or rather by deceit--which1 though not of a practical nature1 is at least amusing4 ,it is partially told in a book published about #afgj1 entitled ,joco-,seriorum ,natur et ,artis ,magi ,naturales ,centuri ,tres4 ,it happened once in ,mergentheim that there was a great fair1 when the whole courtyard of the palace was full of earthenware vessels for sale ab assidentibus muliebibus 7by attendant women74 ,seeing this1 the ,prince of ,mergentheim went about among these women1 and so arranged it that they divided all their stock into two parts1 or exact duplicates1 half of which they hid away1 while the other half was exposed for sale4 ,while at dinner the ,prince spoke much of magic1 and professed to be able to produce such a delirium in people's minds that they would act like lunatics4 8,thus1 for instance10 he said1 pointing casually out of the window1 8you see all those women4 ,i can drive them mad at once40 ,whereupon one who was present wagered a handsome carriage and four horses that the ,prince could not do it4 ,the latter smiled1 waved his hand1 and uttered a spell1 when lo6 all at once the market-women began1 bacchantium more--like raging ,bacchant--to attack their crockery with sticks and stools1 and hurl it about1 and dash it to pieces4 ,the one who had betted the chariot protested that it was a trick arranged beforehand4 ,the ,prince replied1 8,well1 the pots are all broken4 ,if ,i can mend them again by a spell1 wilt thou then believe80 ,the other said1 8,most certainly40 ,then the ,prince waved his wand and said1 8,it is done4 ,let us go down into the courtyard and see40 ,and when there1 sure enough they found the pots all whole again--at least they discovered others exactly like them in their places4 ,the legend continued that the ,prince1 though he kept the carriage and horses as a trophy1 liberally paid for them4 ,the author of the ,tres ,centuri1 who does not record the secret of the little arrangement1 declares that he does not know whether it was all done by a fraud or by magic4 ,if it was the latter1 ,i regret that the incantation by which broken crockery is mended is now lost4 ,the most powerful spell known to me is ,recipe ,gumm ,mastich du unci cum ,spirito ,vini fiat mixtio--that is1 mastic cement4 ,it is generally combined with sturgeon's bladder glue4 ,this cement answers very well for glass4 ,one of the old recipes1 which was very good indeed1 is thus given by ,,johannes ,,wallburger 7#agfj73--8,take finely cut and a little powdered sturgeon's bladder0 7still sold by all chemists71 8soften it all night in spirits1 add to this a little clean and powdered mastic1 boil it a little in a brass pan4 ,should it become too thick1 add a little spirits40 ,this may be also used for many other purposes4 ,a strong but coarser adhesive1 especially for crockery and stone1 can be made as follows3--,take old and hard goat's milk cheese1 and warm it in hot water till it forms1 by pounding1 a mass like turpentine4 ,add to this1 while grinding1 finely pulverised quicklime and the well-shaken white of eggs4 ,i do not hesitate to give a variety of such recipes1 because in every one the artist will find valuable suggestions for other purposes than simply glueing broken articles together4 ,this latter is a valuable 8filler0 for many purposes4 ,glue was formerly made into a strong cement by boiling it for a time in water1 but before it had become incorporated with the water1 the latter was poured off and strong spirits substituted and stirred well in4 ,a very popular old cement for crockery1 of which there were several variations1 was made by mixing glue1 turpentine1 ox-gall1 the juice of garlic1 and sturgeon-bladder1 tragacanth1 and mastic4 ,all of this singularly smelling mixture was put into a pan and boiled in strong spirits1 such as whisky1 then kneaded on a board under a roller1 again boiled with more spirits1 yet again rolled1 and this was repeated a third time1 and then cooled till it could be cut into cakes4 ,when these were to be used they were again steeped in spirits4 ,but with this cement1 glass or metal could be most firmly attached to wood4 ,i confess that ,i have never tried it1 but it was evidently a very strong cement4 ,another of these somewhat complicated recipes for crockery1 glass1 and porcelain1 which ,i find in the ,tausandknstler1 #aghb1 is as follows3--,half an ounce of finely cut sturgeon's bladder1 two teaspoonfuls of alabaster powder or gypsum1 quarter of an ounce of tragacanth1 one teaspoonful of silberglatt1 two of powdered mastic1 two of frankincense1 two of gum-arabic1 one of ,marienglas1 one tablespoonful of spirits of wine1 one of beer-vinegar4 ,boil it and stir1 and apply4 ,any drops sticking to the mended article may be removed with vinegar4 ,when it is to be used again revive it by heating1 adding spirits of wine and beer-vinegar4 ,the gum-frankincense is here worth noting4 ,a common cement for mending broken glass or china is prepared as follows3--,to two parts of gum-shellac add one of turpentine2 boil them over a slow fire1 and form the mass into small cakes before it dries4 ,to use it1 warm with a lamp4 ,to mend ivory or wood1 take a cake and let it dissolve in spirits of wine4 ,a very strong cement is made as follows3--,take one ounce of finely powdered mastic dissolved in six of spirits of wine and two ounces of shredded sturgeon's bladder dissolved in two ounces common spirits2 add one half ounce of gum-ammoniac as it hardens2 warm it when it is to be used4 ,this is as strong a cement as can be made4 ,defects1 cracks1 and repairs in porcelain1 c41 may often be concealed as follows3--,paint the spot with silicate of soda1 not too much thinned1 and dust it over before it dries with bronze powder4 ,this will set so hard that it may be polished with an agate burnisher4 ,it is also possible that many of my readers have heard of gesso painting1 an art perfected by ,mr4 ,,walter ,,crane4 ,this consists of painting with plaster of ,paris in solution1 with the point of a brush1 depositing the soft paste in relief4 ,the same principle is applicable to painting in silicate and whiting on glass surfaces4 ,by means of it decoration can be given to any glass bottle or other object4 ,,lime enters into the composition of many cements1 the simplest being the mortar formed by its admixture with water4 ,but the quality of this is very much determined by that of the lime4 ,the chunam of ,india1 which resembles white marble or a fine white stone1 is made of sea-shells burned to lime4 ,a wonderfully hard1 fine1 white cement used by the ,romans for their best mosaic-work1 and which set with great rapidity1 was made of shell-lime with the white of eggs4 ,i have found the same composition worthless when made with inferior stone-lime4 ,a good cheap cement for porcelain and glass is combined as follows3-- ,starch or wheat flour #h ,glue #d ,purified chalk #ab ,turpentine #d ,spirits of wine #bd ,water #bd ,pour a part of the spirits and water mixed on the flour and chalk1 add the glue1 boil it down till the latter dissolves1 and stir the turpentine into the whole4 ,this can be used to make artificial wood with shavings or sawdust4 ,a very good cement for porcelain1 and one which is colourless1 is made by cutting the finest clear gelatine into bits1 and dissolving it in vinegar of #ej1 stirring it in a porcelain vessel until well mixed4 ,when cold it will harden1 but softens under the influence of heat1 when it may be applied to the broken edges of the porcelain1 which are to be pressed together4 ,it will be perfectly hard within twenty-four hours4 ,it is to be observed that the art of keeping such joined pieces together is the most difficult problem in mending4 ,this cement is widely applicable to many objects1 and also admits of considerable modification and additions1 like all cements4 ,as it is colourless1 it may be combined with ivory dust1 or white powders of baryta1 magnesia1 whiting1 c41 to form artificial ivory with glycerine4 ,with sturgeon's bladder it makes a still stronger cement4 ,,lehner observes that glue has the property1 when combined with acid chrome salt 7sauren chromsalzen71 of losing its solubility when exposed to the light1 so that it can be used as a cement for broken porcelain and glass4 ,if the juncture is to be invisible1 take the purest white gelatine2 otherwise the cheaper gilder's glue will answer4 ,to prepare the chrome glue1 dissolve the gelatine or the glue in boiling water1 then add the solution of double chromic acid alkali1 or the red chrome alkali of commerce1 stir it well up1 and put it into tin boxes4 ,the formula is3-- ,gelatine or gilders' glue #e-aj ,water #ij ,red chrome alkali #a-b ,dissolved in water #aj ,to use1 warm the cement1 apply it to the broken glass1 which must then be exposed for several hours to the sunshine4 ,cracked bottles are mended by a very ingenious process1 described by ,,lehner4 ,the bottle is corked1 but not tightly1 and then exposed to heat about #ajj centigrade4 ,then the cork is driven in tightly1 which causes an expansion of the cracks1 which are at once filled by means of a finely pointed brush with the silicate4 ,removed to a cooler place the glass contracts on the as yet fluid silicate1 and the fractures are mended4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,very ,,strong1 ,,clean ,,cement ,,for ,,porcelain ,,or ,,glass is made as follows3-- ,well-cleaned glass powder #aj 0 fluor spar powder #bj ,silicate of soda solution #fj ,this must be very quickly stirred and applied4 ,this is one of the hardest and best cements1 and it resists heat and other influences so well that when very carefully amalgamated it may be applied to the manufacture of many useful articles4 ,the same may be made with the substitution of white pipeclay for fluor spar1 or with the addition of the same in somewhat larger proportion4 ,pipeclay or any good clay can also be combined with glycerine to prevent its drying4 ,with gelatine and a little glycerine it will harden and not crack4 ,this requires careful amalgamation and rapid work4 ,to prepare very fine glass-powder for this cement1 heat any glass till red-hot1 then drop it into cold water4 ,it may then be reduced in a mortar to an impalpable powder4 ,earthenware tubes or pipes which are to be exposed to intense heat may be luted or joined with the following cement3-- ,peroxide of manganese #hj ,white oxide of zinc #ajj ,silicate of soda #bj 8,this does not melt1 save at a very high temperature2 and when melted it forms a glassy substance1 which holds with extreme tenacity0 7,,lehner74 ,to prepare caseine cement for crockery or marble1 it may be observed that we should always take fresh white cheese and macerate or knead it thoroughly till only pure ,,caseine remains4 ,by adding to this one-third of powdered quicklime and blending the two ingredients very thoroughly we get a very strong glue4 ,an admixture of #aj parts silicate of soda also forms a powerful cement4 ,the following for tile-work and common brick-crockery1 or terra-cotta or porcelain1 is very highly commended by ,,lehner1 who says that anything mended with it will sooner break in another place than where it is cemented3-- ,slacked lime #aj ,borax #aj ,litharge #e ,the cement is mixed with water1 and the tile or crockery1 c41 heated just before being mended4 ,i cannot insist too strongly on this--that no one is to expect that by simply taking recipes1 as written1 compounding and applying them1 there will be a successful result at the first trial4 ,we must always have the best material1 often fresh1 and generally attempt the application more than once4 ,perseverando vinces--8,by perseverance you will conquer40 ,not only must the quality of the ingredients used be of the best1 but the composition be made exactly in the order in which they are given4 ,the same substances often give very different results1 simply because the order of combination in the two was different4 ,,to ,,repair ,,pavements3-- ,calcined lime #aj ,purified chalk #ajj ,silicate of soda #be ,this hardens slowly4 ,it can1 when mixed with small sharp-edged fragments of broken stone1 be used to form pavements1 or as a bed for mosaics4 ,for the same purposes1 or for cementing marble slabs1 a cement known as that of ,b,,ttger may be used4 ,it is made thus3-- ,purified chalk #ajj ,thick solution silicate of soda #be ,this becomes 7,,lehner7 in a few hours so hard that it can be polished4 ,it is the principal1 and almost the only1 cement used by ,m4 ,,ris-,,pacquot1 or commended in his work on mending crockery4 ,it admits of a great variety of modifications4 ,it is very superior as a bed for mosaics of all kinds4 ,it forms1 like the preceding1 also a good bed for scagliola and ceresa4#a ,i would here say of the latter1 that ,i could wish to see it more generally used for mural or wall ornament1 since any one who can paint a face or decoration boldly and largely in oil or water colours will find it very easy4 ,it admits of rapid execution1 and is striking from its brilliancy4 ,everything in it depends on having a good bed to which it can easily adhere4 ,i may here observe that beds like these which set hard and fine are also adapted to fresco-painting1 in which the difficulty is to select colours which1 when absorbed and dried1 do not fade4 ,most paints made from mineral substances combine with silicate of soda4 ,i may here remark that a curious and easy art1 very little known1 consists of carving or cutting low reliefs on tiles or terra-cotta or brick-like ware1 which1 when outlined or in relief1 can be glazed in colour with silicate of soda2 also with many other cements4 ,a common and good ,,cement ,,for ,,porcelain ,,or ,,glass is made as follows3-- ,calcined gypsum or plaster of ,paris #ej ,calcined lime #aj ,white of egg #bj ,this must be quickly mingled and rapidly used1 as it sets very rapidly and becomes extremely hard4 ,it makes an admirable bed for mosaics or ceresa4 ,when plaster of ,paris is simply combined with burnt alum in water1 the objects mended with it require several weeks to set or adhere4 ,gypsum combined with gum alone holds firmly1 but does not resist water 7vide ,general ,recipes74 ,,cements ,,for ,,luting or closing chemical apparatus3-- ,dried clay #aj ,linseed-oil #a ,this endures heat to boiling-point of quicksilver4 ,a more resistant fireproof is as follows3-- ,manganese #aj ,grey oxide of zinc #bj ,clay #dj ,linseed-oil varnish #g ,of the oil only so much is needed as to combine the mass to a paste4 ,a ,,luting for very high temperatures3-- ,clay #ajj ,glass powder #b ,another ,,cement3-- ,clay #ajj ,chalk #b ,boracic acid #c ,,lehner has in his work on ,cements many valuable suggestions as to mending porcelain4 ,firstly1 that in such mending1 the adhesive be applied with care1 in as even and as thin a coat as possible2 to which ,i would add1 that the unskilful amateur is apt to daub it on irregularly and carelessly1 with the impression that the more cement there is the better it will stick1 which is just so far wrong that every superfluous grain is just so much of an impediment to good drying or adhesion4 ,again1 the inexpert daubs it on with a stick or 8anything10 when a fine-pointed brush or hair-pencil should be used4 ,,broken ,,china ,,which ,,is ,,to ,,be ,,mended should be carefully covered away so as to protect it from dust1 which is hard to clean off4 ,beware of fitting the pieces together again and again1 as is often done4 ,if the broken china was used to contain milk or soup1 c41 it should be laid in lye to dissolve all the fatty substance1 and then be washed with clear water4 ,painted porcelain cannot1 however1 be laid in lye1 which would ruin all the colours2 in this case wipe them clean with dilute acid4 ,the great difficulty in mending is to bring the pieces together and keep them so till the adhesive dries4 ,,lehner recommends that when objects are small and costly1 a mould of gypsum be constructed round them4 ,in most cases putty or wax is far more manageable4 ,as before remarked1 indiarubber bands are chiefly to be relied on2 even if not capable of holding permanently1 they aid greatly in tying with cord4 ,in the ,manual of ,f4 ,,goupil1 rewritten by ,,frederick ,,dillaye1 the following method of restoring broken vases1 c41 is commended3-- 8,form a solid mass of clay in the form of the original object4 ,then place on it1 one by one1 the fragments in their place1 keeping the clay moist4 ,when this is done1 paste over the exterior strips of paper1 in sufficient quantity to hold the whole firmly together4 ,then remove the moist clay1 and paste strong slips of paper0 7or thin parchment7 8over the interior so as to hold the whole4 ,then0 7when dry7 8carefully moisten and remove the outer coating40 ,the author mentions that this is only applicable to vases the mouth of which is wide enough to permit the hand to be introduced4 ,i would here1 however1 add1 that even when it is too small for this purpose1 the restoration can be equally well effected as follows3--,make the core of wet clay1 or1 better1 of beeswax1 then paste over it thin tough paper4 ,cover this with gum-arabic solution1 and set the pieces on it4 ,when dry1 melt out the wax or clay4 ,fish-gum1 colle de poisson--that is to say1 what is generally called sturgeon's bladder1 which includes the bladder of several kinds of fishes dissolved--is best for glass1 marble1 porcelain1 and all kinds of mending where the cement should not show4 ,this1 when combined with oil1 is said1 if mixed with cloth-dust and fibre of wool or silk or cotton1 to spin up into thread4 ,,mending ,,glass ,,with ,,several ,,allied ,,processes ,,approved ,,cements--,,silicate ,,of ,,soda 8,glck und ,glas ,wie bald bricht dass40 8,good luck1 like glass1 ,soon breaks1 alas6 ,yet skill can bring it so to pass ,as to mend a fortune or a glass40 --,old ,german ,proverb4 ,putty is naturally the first cement which suggests itself in connection with the mending of glass1 since this latter material is most familiar to the world in the form of windows1 although in many places--as1 for instance1 ,florence1 where it is called mastico and pasta--it is little used or known4 ,the word is from the ,french pote1 which also means a potful4 ,it is very useful1 not only for setting glass-panes1 but for filling holes in wood1 and forms a part of certain mixtures as a cement for moulding ornaments4 ,it may be weak and brittle1 or else strong and very hard1 according to the manner in which it is prepared4 ,it is commonly made by combining chalk in paste1 with water1 with linseed-oil2 other powders are also used4 ,in ,america it is made with pulverised soap-stone and oil4 ,its excellence depends on the quality of the oil and the care with which it is kneaded4 ,it should be kept in a damp cellar1 in wet cloth or under water4 ,should it dry and become brittle1 fresh oil must be added4 8,to take hard old putty from glass window-panes1 cover it with a mixture of one part of calcined lime1 two of soda1 and two of water0 7,,lehner74 ,oxide of lead combined with oil makes an excellent but yellow putty4 ,it sets very hard4 ,the white or grey oxide of zinc combined with linseed-oil or linseed-oil varnish makes a cement which is used for making glass adhere to wood or metal4 ,thick lacquers1 such as copal or amber1 may be used instead of common varnish with better effect1 and the composition is better when calcined lime or oxide of lead are added4 ,the excellence of the cement depends on the degree to which the ingredients are amalgamated or rubbed in together2 and this rule holds good for all similar mixtures4 ,varnish1 or heavy or 8flat0 lacquer of copal or amber1 forms of itself a strong adhesive1 with the only drawback that it takes a long time to dry4 ,a ,,very ,,good ,,cement ,,for ,,glass 7,,lehner7 is as follows3 ,gutta-percha #ajj ,black pitch 7asphalt7 #ajj ,oil of turpentine #ae ,this is a glue of general application1 and specially good for leather and mending shoes4 ,the reader who would thoroughly study the subject of glass may consult ,die ,glas-,fabrikation1 a very admirable work by ,raimund ,gerner1 glass manufacturer2 ,a4 ,hartleben1 ,vienna and ,leipzig1 price #ds4 #f;d4 ,small triangles of sheet tin or iron are often used to fasten panes4 ,the mending of broken glass is in most cases much the same as that of broken crockery or porcelain4 ,the cement made from mastic1 or mastic combined with sturgeon's bladder1 or generally of silicate with whiting1 is the proper adhesive4 ,as silicate of soda is simply liquid glass1 it can be employed to fill spaces or to make glass2 but1 owing to its sticky nature1 it is hard to manage4 ,this may be often effected by first preparing a layer of soft paper1 on which successive coats of silicate are laid4 ,when dry the paper can be washed away4 ,,silicate ,,of ,,soda has become of such importance that a ,french work on mending fictile ware is almost entirely limited to its use as a binder1 when combined with whiting4 ,water-glass was long supposed to be a modern invention1 till some one found it described in ,van ,helmont's works1 ,a4,d4 #afaj4 ,but ,i have found it also in the ,joco-seriorum ,natur1 #aede2 in the ,magia ,naturalis of ,wolfgang ,hildebrand1 which is of the same time2 and1 finally1 by ,paracelsus 7,liber de ,prparationibus71 where he describes it as ,destillatio ,crystalli4 ,and the author of the ,joco-seriorum speaks of soft glass as a thing which had been treated by several writers4 ,according to ,,wagner there are three kinds of soluble glass--7i47 the soluble potash glass1 #de silex1 #c charcoal1 #cd carb4 potass42 7ii47 soluble soda glass1 #ajj pts4 quartz1 #fj cal4 sulp4 soda1 #ae of charcoal2 7iii47 double soluble glass1 #ajj quartz1 #bb cal4 soda1 #bh carb4 potass41 #f wood-coal4 ,water-glass combines well with any 8indifferent0 powder1 such as powdered glass1 to make a strong cement4 ,to powder glass1 heat it red-hot1 drop it into cold water and pulverise it4 ,it will become as fine as flour1 and in this state combines with gum-arabic1 or glue1 or gums to make a powerful glass-mender4 ,mixed with powdered glass1 oxide of zinc1 or whiting1 powdered marble1 calcined bone1 plaster of ,paris1 wood-ashes1 c41 it can be worked like putty4 ,mixed with colours it is used for stereochrome painting1 a kind of fresco4 ,missing pieces of glass1 such as leaves from a chandelier1 can be easily replaced with water-glass1 and all cracks or defects glazed over with it4 ,this mending is allied1 however1 to certain processes in art which are so interesting that ,i venture on a description of them4 ,a great deal of mending and restoring in glass can be effected by means of the blow-pipe and spirit-lamp or gas-flame4 ,difficult as this may sound1 it is not only an easy1 but also a very curious and entertaining1 occupation4 ,in any city an expert or workman may be found who would give a few lessons4 ,i have very often been impressed with the fact that so little artistic invention or originality is found in glass-work4 ,even the far-famed ,venetian work is extremely limited1 and 8mannered0 or conventional1 compared to what it might be4 ,the following is an old recipe for repairing glass3--,take finest powdered glass1 best mastic1 with equal parts of white resin and distilled turpentine4 ,melt all well together4 ,to use1 gradually warm it and then apply4 ,quicklime and white of egg1 intimately rubbed into one another on a flat surface1 make a good cement for ordinary glass or pottery4 ,the cement of gum-arabic is much stronger when made as follows3--,take gum-arabic and dissolve it in acetic acid 7vinegar7 instead of water4 ,it must be melted in a hottish place1 as it will in that case be much better4 ,the finest quality of sheet-gelatine makes a transparent glue1 invaluable where colour is to be avoided4 ,,to ,,mend ,a ,,cracked ,,glass ,,bottle ,,or ,,decanter4--,heat the bottle1 pressing in the cork1 till the hot air within expands the cracks1 which must be at once filled with the liquid glass4 ,then1 as the water-glass is driven in by the pressure of the outer air1 as the bottle cools the cracks are closed4 ,you cannot well mend a broken looking-glass1 but something can be done with the large pieces4 ,varnish or paste a piece of paper and lay it on the quicksilver4 ,then with an ,american glass-cutter1 price one shilling1 or a diamond-cutter1 divide them into squares for small mirrors4 ,two of these of equal size can easily be converted into a folding kaleidoscope 7not described by ,,brewster in his work on the ,kaleidoscope74 ,lay the two pieces face to face1 and paste over the whole1 on the quicksilvered side1 a piece of thin leather or muslin4 ,when dry1 with a penknife1 cut a slit down between the two on three sides4 ,it will then open and shut like a portfolio4 ,this may serve as a travelling1 looking or shaving glass1 but it is very useful to designers of patterns4 ,place the glass upright on a table at a right angle1 or more or less1 and lay between the mirrors any object or a pattern1 and you will see it multiplied from three to twelve times1 according to the angle4 ,beautiful variations of designs can thus be made1 ad infinitum4 ,they may be used as reflectors1 when placed behind a light4 ,take such a piece of looking-glass and lay a piece of paper on the back1 and then with an agate or ivory point write or draw on it1 but not as hard as to break the silvering4 ,then turn it to the sun or a strong light1 and let the reflection fall on a white surface4 ,though nothing be perceptible on the face of the mirror1 the writing will appear in the reflection4 ,glass is engraved as metal is etched2 with this exception1 that1 instead of sulphuric or nitric acids1 fluoric acid is used4 ,both glass and china can also be directly etched with a steel point1 aided by emery powder2 which latter art ,i have never seen described1 but which ,i have successfully practised4 ,it is fully set forth in my forthcoming work on 8,one ,hundred ,arts40 ,malleable glass1 or at least that which does not break easily when let fall1 is prepared by dipping the objects made from it1 while quite hot1 into oil4 ,i conjecture that panes of window-glass thus prepared would not be broken by hail1 as ,i have observed that plate-glass is not4 ,it sometimes happens that goblets of thin glass--especially those which have had a peculiar kind of annealing or tempering--ring beautifully when blown on so as to vibrate them4 ,the effect is almost magical on one who hears it for the first time4 ,i mention it that the reader may1 when he finds old ,venetian or any other thin glass goblets for sale1 see if there be not among them a finely ringing one4 ,an organ could be thus made to play by wind4 ,with regard to music on glass1 take any ordinary bottle1 and by rubbing on it a cork a little wetted you can1 with a little practice1 produce a startling imitation of the chirping1 and even warbling1 of birds4 ,i knew one who could thus imitate to perfection nightingales and call forth responsive songs4 ,the effect depends in a degree on the quality of the cork1 and also that of the glass4 ,with a violin-bow very musical sounds may be drawn from the edge of a pane of glass4 ,it seems as if these methods might also be developed into musical instruments4 ,it is well known that tubes of glass suspended when a candle is placed beneath them give forth musical sounds1 often of great richness and strength4 ,there are also the musical glasses1 which may be played in two ways1 either by rubbing the edges with a wetted finger or by filling the glasses more or less with water till an octave is formed1 and then tapping them with a stick of wood4 ,all of which has1 indeed1 nothing to do with mending glass1 yet which may not be without interest to those who wish to learn all its qualities4 ,among ,,glass ,,cements in common use which can be recommended are the well-known ,polytechnic1 also the ,imperial ,liquid ,glue 7no heating required71 ,hayden ,co41 ,warwick ,square1 ,london4 ,there is also a very good glass cement made and sold by ,keye1 filter-maker1 ,hill ,street1 ,birmingham4 ,the ,venetians made ordinary glass goblets very beautiful by painting on them in relief with a substance which ,i suspect was in some cases a form of silicate1 or else with a kind of paint which was not enamel1 yet which seems to have been partly vitreous4 ,it rather resembles oil paint with glass powder1 but ,i doubt if it was this4 ,working in glass implies the mending and restoration of stained-glass windows2 that is1 of painting on glass and a study of designs4 ,of all this there is almost a literature4 ,among other works ,i can commend ,a ,book of ,ornamental ,glazing ,quarries1 by ,a4 ,w4 ,franks1 #a1 #as42 ,divers ,works of ,early ,masters in ,ecclesiastical ,decoration1 by ,owen ,jones1 #c1 #ajs42 ,westlake's ,history of ,stained ,glass1 vol4 i41 ,fourteenth ,century1 #acs4 #f;d42 vol4 iii41 ,fifteenth ,century1 #ahs41 published by ,batsford1 #eb ,high ,holborn4 ,at ,rimmel's1 in ,oxford ,street1 the reader can generally obtain these1 and all works on similar subjects at prices much below the original cost4 ,a ,,mending ,,cement ,,for ,,glass is made as follows3-- ,common cheese #ajj ,water #ej ,slacked lime #bj ,this is found in many books of recipes4 ,it must be observed that the cheese is to be for sometime carefully pounded with the water till quite soft1 and the lime then very quickly stirred in4 ,this is not only useful to mend glass1 but can be applied to many other purposes4 ,the cheese is best when fresh4 ,,caseine 7or pure cheese7 can be combined with ease with liquid silicate of soda 7,,lehner71 and thus forms a very strong cement for porcelain or glass1 or any other material4 ,fill a flask with one-fourth of fresh caseine to three-fourths of silicate1 and shake it thoroughly and frequently4 ,another formula is as follows3-- ,caseine #aj ,silicate of soda #fj ,this must be used very promptly1 and the article mended dried in the air4 ,a ,,cement which may be used in several combinations is made by dissolving fresh acidulated caseine 7made by adding vinegar to milk1 and carefully washing the deposit7 in a very little caustic lye4 ,it must be kept corked in bottles4 ,these caseine or cheese or curd cements hold well1 but do not well resist water1 except in powerful combination4 ,the excellence of cements depends to a great degree on the quality of the materials and the scrupulous observance of care in making4 ,thus for the following1 for glass3-- ,glue #bjj ,water #ajj ,calcined lime #ej in which we have one of the commonest and oldest formulas1 the value depends on 8the make-up0 that is1 the glue must be left in cold water for two days1 then boiled in a balneum mari1 or a double kettle1 in lukewarm water2 that is1 it must not boil1 or the glue will be weakened4 ,the so-called ,,diamond or ,,turkish ,,cement1 for glass or any other fine work1 has been known since early times as incredibly strong4 ,its formula1 according to ,lehner1 is as follows3-- ,i4 ,sturgeon's bladder #bj ,water #adj ,spirits of wine #fj ,,ii4 ,gum-mastic #aj ,alcohol #hj ,,iii4 ,gum-ammoniac #f ,these are three separate portions1 ,no4 ,i4 being prepared by warming and filtering4 ,the gum-ammoniac is reserved from the others1 and added after they are mingled4 ,a ,,strong ,,base ,,for ,a ,,cement ,,for ,,glass1 as well as wood or stone1 is made by gradually stirring finely sifted wood-ashes into silicate of soda1 or strong acid glue1 till a syrup-like substance results4 ,in ,america the best ashes for this purpose are those of the hickory4 ,perhaps beech wood yields them equally good4 ,there is a ,,diamond ,,cement which is of special value to attach gems to rings or metal1 to make coral or pearl or ivory adhere together1 and1 in short1 for all fine work where a very strong adhesive is required4 ,it is as follows3-- ,sturgeon's bladder #h ,gum-ammoniac #a ,galbanum #a ,spirits of wine #d ,the sturgeon's bladder is cut into small pieces and steeped in the spirits1 and the rest1 in solution1 then added4 ,it must be warmed again when used4 ,as this cement will bear long exposure to moisture before being at all injured by it1 it can be used as a medium for painting on glass1 and thereby producing effects very little inferior1 either as regards beauty or durability1 to glass itself4 ,the experiment can be easily tried1 as any chemist can make up the recipe4 ,when finished1 the painting can be coated with liquid silicate of soda1 which will give it all the property of glass4 ,a ,,lime ,,cement ,,for ,,glass is made as follows3-- ,calcined lime #cj ,litharge #cj ,linseed-oil varnish #e ,,jewellers' ,,cement4 ,extremely strong3-- ,fish-glue solution #ajj ,mastic varnish 7pure7 #ej ,the fish-glue must first be dissolved in spirits of wine4 ,,to ,,join ,,glass ,,and ,,metal1 c4--,stir slacked and powdered lime in hot glue4 ,this sets as a very hard substance4 ,it can be extensively modified and varied for many substances1 and used for painting4 ,,cement ,,for ,,glass3-- ,gum-arabic #ej ,sugar #aj ,water #ej ,oil of turpentine #aj ,the gum1 sugar1 and water are first carefully combined1 and then the turpentine well stirred with the mixture4 ,,salle',s ,,cement ,,for ,,glass3-- ,muriate of lime #b ,gum-arabic #bj ,water #be ,not commended by ,,lehner1 as being too soluble4 ,,to ,,close ,,bottles3-- ,powdered resin #f ,caustic soda #b ,water #aj ,to be thoroughly mixed and left for several hours4 ,before using1 stir well into it eight to nine parts of calcined plaster of ,paris4 ,this will in half-an-hour take firm hold or 8set10 and is waterproof4 ,a good filler for cracks4 ,the reader who desires to be perfectly informed as to glass in all its relations can obtain1 by application to ,j4 ,,baer1 ,rossmarkt1 ,frankfort on the ,main1 ,germany1 a catalogue which is perhaps the most extensive on the subject ever published4 ,coloured or stained glass windows may be repaired or made by the following process1 which has the advantage of being quite as durable as any in which the colours are burned in3--,take two panes of glass1 and paint on one your pattern with fine varnish and transparent colour mixed4 ,when dry1 go over the whole1 with a broad1 soft brush1 with a liquid mastic cement1 which must be quite transparent and thin4 ,any transparent strong cement will serve1 but it is advisable to use the mastic in all cases as a narrow border and at the edges4 ,if you have an engraving1 especially one on very soft spongy paper1 take a pane of glass1 cover it with a coat of varnish1 and just before it dries press the engraving face down1 on it4 ,when quite dry1 with a sponge slightly damped and the end of the finger1 peel away all the soft paper1 leaving the lines of the engraving4 ,these may now be coloured over1 with even very little skill and care4 ,a very good effect may be produced1 so that a very indifferent artist can in this way produce very tolerable pictures4 ,then1 to better preserve this1 double it with the other pane4 ,by painting and shading also on this second pane1 as ,i have discovered1 very beautiful and striking effects of light and shade can be developed1 so that this forms1 as it were1 a new art by itself4 ,this will remind the reader of the porcelain lamp-shades1 which so much resemble pictures in ,indian ink2 but the effects of the double panes are more singular and far more varied4 ,there may be even a third pane employed4 ,as the materials for this art are far from expensive1 and as it is extremely easy1 ,i have no doubt that it will be extensively practised4 ,protecting one glass picture by another is not a new art2 but ,i am not aware that the obtaining a series of lights by thus reduplicating the panes has been practised4 ,a modification of it is as follows3--,cut out several panes1 corresponding to the size of the two glass covers1 of quite transparent paper or parchment1 prepared by rubbing with oil or vaseline1 lard1 or the like4 ,paint on these the required modifications of the picture4 ,the advantage of this is1 that a great many shades can thus be given in a thinner space1 creating an astonishing effect4 ,as this is not at all a mere imitation of stained glass1 and as it produces effects not to be found in the latter1 it may rank as an art by itself4 ,the chief of these effects is relief1 especially shown in the human figure4 ,but the most extraordinary are the variations of chiaroscuro which it affords1 by availing himself of which the artist may create or obtain striking suggestions for oil or aquarelle pictures2 for these transparencies can be so infinitely and ingeniously varied that no one can fail to derive from them many ideas4 ,this may be tested by simply preparing any picture1 say of a statue1 a castle on a rock1 or a face4 ,cut out from sheets of the same size in very transparent paper a series of shadows adapted to it1 and adjust them4 ,they may be all in monochrome or one colour1 or in many hues4 ,they may range1 with proper care1 from almost imperceptible shadow to opaque black4 ,by beginning with only two stencils or shaded pictures--for as regards these the artist must be guided by his own skill--and gradually increasing the number1 the proper adjustment will soon be found4 ,i advise the beginner in copying to proceed from monochrome to two colours before attempting many4 ,teachers in aquarelle will find that such copies are--after a certain degree of proficiency shall have been obtained--much superior to those commonly used1 as they come nearer to nature4 ,the most perfect form of this curious art is an improvement which1 ,i believe1 is my own invention4 ,this consists of introducing leaves of painted mica between the two glasses4 ,in this way four grades or tones of colour and light and shade can be made in a picture4 ,mica-leaves can be made into one by using mastic cement4 ,rub the edges with emery-paper to roughen them4 ,as ,i have already intimated1 the materials for this work are so cheap and the process so easy1 that all which ,i here assert may be at once verified by the outlay of a few shillings1 with a few hours of time4 ,it is1 in another form1 the same thing as arranging lights around a statue in a dark room1 but adapted to all kinds of pictures4 ,as a ,latin poet has declared1 8,it is an easy thing to add to arts10 when a beginning has once been made 78,inventis facile semper aliquid addere071 so ,i will add to this a curious discovery in glass made by me in ,venice a few years ago4 ,i was being taken by ,sir ,,austin ,,layard over his celebrated glass-factory4 ,it was he who1 with the aid of ,sir ,,william ,,drake1 first revived the almost forgotten manufacture of glass in ,murano4 ,while standing with him by a furnace watching a workman skilfully forming ornaments in glass1 it suddenly occurred to me that the ,chinese were said to have possessed in remote times an art1 now lost1 of making vases or bottles which appeared externally to be quite plain1 but on the surface of which1 when red wine was poured in1 patterns or inscriptions appeared of the same colour4 ,it at once occurred to me that this could be perfectly effected by making a bottle1 on the interior of which the ground should be of considerable thickness1 say half-an-inch1 while the inscription or pattern would be no thicker than ordinary window-glass4 ,then if the whole exterior were to be lightly ground on a wheel or sandpapered1 the difference between ground and pattern would not be perceptible until red wine or some highly coloured fluid were poured in1 when the pattern would at once show itself4 ,sir ,,austin ,,layard was so much struck by the suggestion that he sent at once for his foreman1 ,signore ,castellani1 who said that he had heard of such bottles1 but always supposed it was a fable4 ,he1 however1 at once admitted that they could be made as ,i proposed1 but added that the expense would be so great as to render the invention practically useless4 ,it has1 however1 since occurred to me that such bottles could be made1 and cheaply1 as follows3--,take a ,florence flask1 and divide it into two parts with a diamond1 using a saw for the bottom4 ,then on the sides within place the ground4 ,it could be made of silicate of soda and powdered glass or flint1 or even of white wax1 hardened with powdered glass4 ,close the bottle with silicate1 and grind the whole4 ,when any glass has been broken and mended1 the fracture still discernible may be thus concealed by grinding the surface1 and in many cases by surrounding it with a ring or tube of metal1 also by one of silicate1 or with an ornament formed with it4 ,a glass stopper when too large can be easily filed down to fit4 ,should the neck of the bottle be too narrow1 it can also be enlarged by the same process4 ,when the rim of a goblet is fractured1 it can be ground down on a grindstone4 ,i have done it with a file4 ,a pane of glass can be somewhat rudely cut into shape with a pair of strong scissors1 under water4 ,in this1 as in other things1 practice leads to perfection4 ,an old method of effectually closing bottles of wine was as follows3--,the edge of the opening on the top was ground down on a stone1 and a small disc of glass was exactly fitted to it4 ,heat was then applied till both were in partial fusion and the cover was welded to the bottle4 ,a little powdered glass would aid the fusion1 or it could be effected with silicate without heating4 ,the process is the same as using glass stoppers1 rather sunk in1 and sealing up with silicate4 ,a broken champagne bottle is not easily mended1 but ,i have seen one curiously utilised4 ,the bottom only had been broken1 and it was cut off round and evenly with a file4 ,within it there hung from the cork by a cord a very large nail or small bolt of iron4 ,thus prepared1 it made a capital and appropriate dinner-bell4 ,here in ,italy ,i have often seen bells made of crockery or terra-cotta2 their tone is better than would be supposed4 ,,wood-,,shavings ,,in ,,mending ,,and ,,making ,,many ,,objects 8,in human industry1 there is on an average a loss of fifty per cent4 in labour or material40--,observations on ,art1 by ,,charles ,g4 ,,leland4 ,there is no country in the world in which the art of mending is so much required as in the ,united ,states of ,north ,america4 ,the reason for this is the extraordinary and sudden changes in temperature1 causing the expansion and contraction of cells and fibre1 especially in wood1 which results in cracks4 ,thus seasoned furniture and carvings1 which have remained unchanged for centuries1 it may be for a thousand years1 in any part of ,europe1 shrink and split very often within a month after being placed in a drawing or dining room in ,boston or ,philadelphia1 as ,i know by sad experience4 ,thus ,i have known a very beautiful ,italian mandoline1 three hundred years old1 richly inlaid with ivory1 to so shrink and warp in ,america that a professional mender declared that nothing could be done with it4 ,the sounding-board had curled up like a scroll and split1 and the mosaic or inlaying had fallen out in bits4 ,in such a case1 carefully detach the warped piece or pieces1 and dampen the concave side carefully with a sponge till it resumes its flatness or usual form4 ,when this is attained1 take very thin shavings of a firm wood1 as thin as they can be shaved1 and glue them transversely1 or grain across grain1 to the under or plain side of the board4 ,this will probably prevent all warping in future1 especially if the best mastic and fish-glue is employed4 ,it may here be noted that where the shavings cannot be obtained1 thin parchment or even note-paper may be used1 and that good1 strong varnish1 or not too thin1 may be used for a binder4 ,there are many cases in which parchment or paper are preferable to wood in repairing1 as being less liable to warp or crack4 ,illustration3 ,patterns cut from ,wood-,shavings4 ,,wood-,,shavings1 which are as yet but little utilised in art1 have1 however1 before them 8a great future40 ,combined with glue1 or other binders1 they can be made1 even under the hand-roller1 into boards1 which have the advantage that they can be moulded1 curved1 or turned to suit many emergencies which would require a great deal of saw or carving work4 ,it is not unusual to employ veneers1 or very thin sheets of wood1 as a guard across the grain where shrinking is to be apprehended1 as in tablets for painting on or panels1 and it is a great pity that this very cheap precaution is so little used4 ,but there are very few cases in which shavings are not as applicable1 and they have the great advantage of being obtainable wherever there is a plane and wood4 ,holes or defects in wood--for example1 in ,american shingle roofs or the clap-boarded sides of houses--can often be more cheaply and readily repaired with shavings and glue 7into which oil is infused7 than by any other means4 ,and it may be observed that such a coating of shavings and glue1 laid on to a new roof1 is the cheapest and most effective protector against rain or sun or frost4 ,in certain work wood-shavings can be advantageously combined with paper to give a solid1 smooth surface and firm body4 ,here the paper-paste1 with or without sawdust1 is first forced into the cavities1 and the shavings superadded4 ,shavings and glue are excellent for the temporary repair of boats1 and if the mending be properly executed1 it will be as durable as the original wood4 ,it would be an easy matter indeed to make a canoe entirely of shavings and glue4 ,if the hand-roller be well used and thoroughly applied1 the result will be a very firm fabric4 ,illustration3 ,pattern to be cut out of ,shavings and applied with ,glue to a ,panel4 ,it may be worth knowing in the wilderness1 that where a backwoodsman has a plane 7and he can always make one if he has a chisel1 which1 again1 can be made out of a knife-blade7 he can make shavings1 and with these and some kind of binder--even clay--he can lay a dry1 hard floor1 when perhaps boards are not to be obtained4 ,the substratum may be of beaten clay or stone4 ,if of sufficient thickness and well rolled1 such a floor as this would be impervious to damp4 ,any surface can be very well veneered with shavings and glue4 ,smooth the surface by pressure or rolling1 and when dry glass-paper it4 ,veneers are often not to be had2 shavings may be got in every carpenter's shop4 ,not only very strong and elastic canes1 but even bows of a superior quality1 can be made of shavings4 ,the ,indians in ,pacific ,america make the latter by pasting and pressing one shaving on another with great care4 ,it may be understood that where the grain1 as in a piece of wood1 runs altogether in one way1 it will split with the grain4 ,but where it is not uniform or connected1 and is very powerfully incorporated by pressure with a good binder1 we may easily have a very elastic and tough fabric1 not so likely to split as wood4 ,thus we can make from hickory shavings a wood less liable to warp or split than the original wood itself4 ,wood-shavings and glue are admirably adapted to repair broken boxes or any other articles of wood1 especially for smoothing over roughly mended surfaces and covering knot-holes or other defects4 ,in all cases when possible use the roller1 and when pasting one piece on the other cross the grains4 ,,musical ,,instruments1 such as guitars1 violins1 and mandolins1 are very easily repaired with shavings and glue2 and this is1 indeed1 in many cases1 the very best means of reparation1 since1 while a piece of wood may or may not injure the tone1 the shavings always give a good vibration4 ,and where it is quite beyond the power of any ordinary amateur1 say a lady1 to set in a piece of wood or apply one1 or to get it of a proper thickness1 anybody with care can paste on thin shavings--the thinner the better--till the defect is repaired4 ,in many cases parchment or paper will answer just as well1 and ,i have myself thus perfectly mended violins which were apparently beyond all bettering1 and got to the stage of lasciate ogni speranza1 or hopelessness4 ,there are1 however1 many cases of badly fractured objects in which the owner gives up hope1 because it seems impossible to make a beginning4 ,now1 8whatever can be made can be mended0 is true of everything except morals1 and even in these there is more to be done than men wot of4 ,and in a great number of these cases parchment strips1 thin linen tape1 or especially wood-shavings1 can be used with success4 ,bring the broken edges together if they warp apart1 and attach them with the strip and strongest cement2 that is1 with small pieces of the 8fastener40 ,do not attempt to do everything at once4 ,when the edges are united and the binder dried1 fill in all crevices or holes with a suitable paste or 8filler0--not too much at once1 in certain cases4 ,then1 as will generally be required1 cover the surface with thin shavings and binder2 as it dries1 file or glass-paper it smooth4 ,the shavings will make1 with mastic and fish-glue1 in many cases1 a far better repair than could be effected with a piece of wood or parchment1 because they will never split1 like the former1 if they are applied lying transversely or crossways1 nor stretch like the latter4 ,it may depend1 in many cases1 on what wood the shavings consist of4 ,as ,i have observed1 even in the bush a plane can be made with a chisel or a piece of a table-knife blade1 set in a wooden block2 but elsewhere any carpenter will easily supply what is wanted1 ad libitum4 ,the paste or filler of wood-powder or paper-pulp will be found described in other chapters4 ,,ornamental ,,work ,,of ,,shavings--,,marquetry ,a curious kind of ornament can be made by cutting out decorative patterns1 human figures1 animals1 flowers1 c41 from shavings with scissors or pen-knives1 then glueing them on a smooth soft board4 ,apply as much pressure as possible1 so as to make them sink into the wood1 and when dry coat the whole with varnish1 till an even surface is established4 ,rub over the dried surface with finest glass or emery-paper1 and then smooth patiently with the palm of the hand4 ,if this be well executed the result will be a perfect imitation of inlaid wood1 although it is really an art by itself1 which1 ,i believe1 is my own invention4 ,thin veneers may also be used instead of shavings4 ,ebony or walnut thus appliqu on larch or holly make exquisite work4 ,this kind of ornament has great advantage over inlaid wood or marquetry1 for the pieces of which it consist are far less liable to be detached or peel off1 while it looks quite as beautiful4 ,and be it observed that1 laid with a transverse grain1 it prevents warping and strengthens the ground1 while inlaying weakens it2 for to make the bed for inlaying or mosaic we must excavate the bed till it is extremely thin and liable to warp1 whereas in shaving-work we make a light but very strengthening addition4 ,a single experiment will suffice to convince the reader of the merits of this very useful1 elegant1 and novel art4 ,it is specially applicable to ornamenting albums and book-covers1 where it may be used even on pasteboard4 ,,repairing ,,panel ,,pictures ,,with ,,shavings ,it is often a very difficult matter to obtain a thin panel or strips and do all the work properly when we wish to put into shape a warped panel1 let us say of an old picture1 which is on the point of splitting4 ,the inserting screws is very dangerous4 ,i myself have inadvertently thus made a fearful blemish in a ,madonna's face4 ,but if we use shavings there is no such danger4 ,wet the back till the panel is flat1 and then gradually glue on the shavings across the grain4 ,this is as well done with small bits as large4 ,with a picture it would be well to continue the coating to the thickness of one-third of an inch or more1 but a very thin coating will go far to prevent warping or bending4 ,the thinnest panels or veneers may be thus 8backed up0 into solid boards4 ,in all cases where practicable1 use heavy pressure on the roller4 ,,repairing ,,woodwork 8,among the thousand mad schemes which were proposed by projectors was one for making sawdust into boards40--,history of the ,south ,sea ,bubble4 ,very few people1 even among workmen and artists1 are aware of what remarkable and curious restoration the most decayed pieces of wood are capable4 ,we will1 however1 begin with the simplest repairing1 or that of furniture4 ,when articles of furniture have been strongly and properly made of oak or other hard wood1 and as properly used1 they will last for centuries2 and should some unforeseen accident take away legs or arms1 they can be perfectly replaced1 especially in the admirable old-fashioned ,german objects of the kind1 which were all put together with wooden pins or by means of mortise and tenon1 so that1 when need required1 they could be packed as boards2--nor were they the less elegant for this4 ,but if furniture be simply sawed from soft1 cheap deal or poplar1 and merely glued together 7as most cheap furniture made in ,england is71 it will soon warp and break up1 and all the mending in the world will not make it better than it was when new4 ,glue is1 therefore1 the great material for most woodwork1 and1 as ,i shall show1 in two very different forms4 ,having a broken chair-leg1 which can1 however1 be fitted together1 first prepare your glue in a proper kettle--that is1 a balneum mari1 or one kettle in another4 ,in the outer is only boiling water2 in the inner the glue1 mixed with water4 ,the reason for this is1 that glue1 when softened with water1 dries up very rapidly under the action of air or fire1 while the softer heat of water keeps it1 so to speak1 8alive40 ,but if1 while the glue is soft1 we pour1 say1 a teaspoonful of nitric acid into half-a-pint of glue1 it will remain soft a much longer time--which is a valuable secret to many1 especially where large1 broad surfaces of veneers are to be glued on1 and where1 the process being slow1 it is desirable for the adhesive to remain soft for many minutes4 ,and here ,i would mention that the acid-glue will remain in a liquid state for one year if tightly corked up in a bottle4 ,its only defect is a disagreeable1 pungent smell4 ,this glue can be improved by being made as follows3--,take of best glue three parts1 place them in eight parts of water1 and allow the mixture to soak some hours4 ,take half a part of hydrochloric or muriatic acid and three-quarters of a part of sulphate of zinc2 add to these the glue1 and keep the whole at a moderately high temperature till fluid--that is to say1 boil the glue as usual in a balneum mari or in hot water1 after soaking it all night in water4 ,then stir in the hydrochloric 7or muriatic7 acid and sulphate of zinc4 ,this is a first-class glue4 ,keep it in a bottle with an oiled cork2 any other stopper would adhere4 ,but for all ordinary work the glue1 with nitric acid1 will suffice1 as it holds with great tenacity to anything4 ,this glue1 which keeps liquid for a long time1 and which holds without scaling off1 as common glue often does1 may also be made with very strong vinegar4 ,the latter1 in fact1 amounts to the same thing in most ,european countries1 but especially in the ,united ,states1 where1 according to the ,new ,york ,tribune1 there is literally no vinegar sold or made1 save from sulphuric acid and water4 ,perhaps when mankind shall have reached a higher stage of civilisation1 all dealers will be compelled by law to place on every article of food sold the list of ingredients of which it is composed4 ,we should then know how much oleomargarine passes for butter1 and what proportion of 8delicious conserves0 are manufactured from apples alone or turnips4 ,observe that in glueing ordinary wood together the two pieces to be attached should be gradually but very well heated first4 ,this renders them more inclined to 8take0 the glue4 ,this is applicable to other substances4 ,also note that when two surfaces have been made to adhere with ordinary water-glue1 should they come apart when cold1 it is very difficult to make them unite again4 ,but this is not the case with acid-glue4 ,and if you have such surfaces which will not unite1 wash them with nitric acid or very strong vinegar1 and the glue then applied will 8take40 ,also observe that the acid-glue is far stronger than the common kind4 ,having the broken leg fitted1 first with a narrow gimlet or brad-awl make a hole crossing the fracture1 then glue the pieces together1 and before the glue dries put a screw or two through the hole2 i4e41 screw the pieces together4 ,this will hold perfectly1 if you will sink the head of the screw in the wood1 smooth it with a file1 then putty it over and paint it4 ,it seems strange that anything can be so mended as to be stronger than before2 yet this is literally true as regards the broken leg of a chair1 a cane1 a beam1 the mast or spar of a vessel1 or any similar long piece of wood4 ,this is effected as follows3--,cut the two separated pieces into two exactly fitting 8steps0 or mortises1 as shown in this illustration4 ,illustration ,fasten these with glue and screws2 or1 better still1 by adding to both two sliding1 tightly fitting ring-tubes1 or one long one4 ,this will actually make the stick stronger than it was at first4 ,the rings should be covered with paper1 glued1 and then painted and varnished4 ,the processes of glueing and screwing are applicable to most fractures of furniture4 ,where a piece of wood is broken away1 it1 or a similar piece1 must be inserted4 ,when wood is warped it may be straightened by applying wet towels4 ,observe that if a flat panel is warped thus-- ,illustration you must wet the upper or concave side1 put it under heavy weight1 and as soon as it becomes straight1 screw it down with transverse strips4 ,drawers which are made from badly seasoned wood are a grief to the heart4 ,they warp and stick4 ,when you find that such is the case you can save yourself much annoyance by examining them1 planing away the obstructions1 and nailing transverse strips of wood across2 that is to say1 pieces in which the grain of the strip crosses that of the wood4 ,very good and well-seasoned ,english furniture often warps badly in ,india2 therefore it should be thus protected4 ,this can in most cases be better done with strips of metal4 ,in large wardrobes1 presses1 or chests1 where there are broad and often thin panels1 this precaution should always be taken4 ,as ,i write ,i have just seen two exquisitely painted and valuable pictures on panel1 one of which had curved and split in two1 while the other was badly warped for want of such a precaution1 which would have cost only a penny's worth of strip and screws and half-an-hour's work to save them4 ,it will very often happen in mending furniture that neither nail1 glue1 nor screw can be relied on4 ,in such case bore with a suitable gimlet and pass wire through the hole4 ,flexible wire twisted in two strands1 with the ends properly secured1 say to the head of a screw1 all being sunk beneath the level1 will hold almost anything4 ,frames for looking-glasses or pictures often 8spring0 at the joints4 ,in such cases a screw with acidulated glue will make them permanently strong4 ,always put handles to drawers4 ,the vile invention or device of using the key for a handle is by far too common4 ,metallic handles of brass are preferable to wooden knobs4 ,keys are often lost1 or else break4 ,the bottom of a drawer should always be secured by screws4 ,when the bottom of a drawer1 as frequently happens1 shrinks and becomes too short1 so that there is a long opening1 the latter should be filled with a strip of wood4 ,the chief cause why modern furniture is apt to become loose or separate is chiefly due to its being made either of unseasoned or soft wood1 such as weak deal or poplar1 which absorbs moisture from the air and then dries and shrinks1 or because it is made of too many pieces only glued together1 and that with cheap1 bad glue4 ,,restoring ,,decayed ,,wood4--,the worst cases of decay or of worm-eaten wood can be perfectly restored in this manner3--,take fine sawdust of the same kind of wood as the original4 ,let it be as fine as possible1 either cut with a refined saw or powdered in a mortar4 ,sift it4 ,then with acidulated glue1 or else plain1 clear1 white ,salisbury glue for light wood1 make a paste1 well mixed4 ,with this you can fill up holes 7using a spatula or flexible knife or ivory paper-knife74 ,but1 what is more1 you can thus make a very strong artificial wood which can be moulded into any form1 and when dry polished by cutting over the surface with a chisel or flat gouge1 and using a file or glass-paper to finish4 ,in fact1 you can mould or model figures with this wood-paste by itself4 ,putty is generally used for such repairs1 but the wood-paste is like wood1 and quite as durable4 ,if you have a mould of plaster of ,paris1 boil it in oil1 clean it1 and then oil it4 ,with the wood-paste you can make ornaments which can be applied to plain wood surfaces4 ,splints1 fractures1 cracks1 holes1 corners broken away1 are all easily restored with wood-paste4 ,in moulding it the fingers should be oiled to prevent its sticking4 ,any kind of dry sawdust can thus be converted into a paste1 which1 when dry1 becomes wood4 ,it may be very much hardened under a hydraulic-press or by a wooden hand-roller4 ,housekeepers should use this composition for filling up rat-holes1 or any kind of crevices in furniture1 or panels1 or doors and walls1 especially where such cracks harbour insects4 ,it would be perfectly possible to construct an entire house of such wood-cement1 and one which would be perfectly durable1 or even more so than wood1 since beams and planks thus made never crack1 split1 nor warp4 ,with it the boldest vaulting and arch work can be more easily made than in stone or with wood1 as the latter is usually worked4 ,as builders in ,turkey form domes by making circles of clay or mud1 and gradually add to the first a smaller one1 so by using wood-paste the largest space could be covered or domed over without building a scaffolding4 ,there are many places in the world where 7as in the prairies of ,america1 ,russia1 and ,hungary7 large timber is wanting1 but where small wood for sawdust is more available1 and yet where1 as cattle abound1 glue would be very cheap4 ,this material deserves more serious attention than it has ever received4 ,more than twenty years after ,i had invented1 or at least projected and put in practice1 this method of making artificial wood1 ,i found the following in the ,manuel ,gnral du ,modelage1 par ,f4 ,goupil2 ,paris1 ,le ,bailly3-- 8,to make vases1 take fine dry sawdust and pass it through a sieve4 ,it may be made into a paste with a compound of turpentine1 resin1 and wax4 ,or mix the adhesive with five parts of best strong white glue 7colle de ,flandre7 to one part of fish-glue4 ,melt them separately1 444 pour them together1 boil to a proper consistency1 and mix with the sawdust4 ,by this process figures can be cast which1 when finished by hand1 exactly resemble carved wood40 ,another recipe is to take #gej grammes of strong glue to #a kilogramme of gall nuts4 ,to be mixed cold4 ,mix in hot water with sawdust4 ,since writing the foregoing ,i have found the following recipe in a ,,ms4 of #aghj1 a family heirloom kindly lent me by ,miss ,roma ,lister3-- 99 99 99 99 99 8,to cast ,wood in ,moulds as fine as ,ivory1 of a fragrant ,smell1 and indifferent ,colours4--,dry ,lime ,tree wood sawdust in a pan by a gentle fire1 and beat it to a fine powder in a stone mortar4 ,sift it through ,cambric1 and keep it in a dry place free from dust4 ,then add to an equal quantity of ,gum ,tragacanth and ,gum ,arabic #d times the quantity of ,parchment ,glue4 ,boil them in ,pump ,water1 and filter through ,linen4 ,stir into it the ,wood powder till it becomes of the substance of a thick pastry2 stir it all together1 and set it in a glazed pan in hot sand1 for the moisture to evaporate till it be fit for casting4 ,mix your colours with the ,paste1 and to give it a ,scent put ,oil of ,cloves or ,roses or the like1 which1 if you please1 you may mix with powdered ,amber4 ,anoint the mould with ,oil of ,almonds1 and put your paste into it4 ,let it dry for #d or #e days1 then take off your mould1 and the ,images will be as hard as ,ivory4 ,you may cut1 turn1 carve1 and plane this wood1 and it will have a fine scent4 ,the mould may be ,plaster of ,paris1 but it were better made of metal40 ,i would add to this1 that where heavy pressure or hand-rolling can be applied this becomes really hard4 ,also note that any light1 dry wood of fine texture can be dried and powdered for this purpose4 ,the paste1 even with common fine glue1 can be used for very fine repairing4 ,by sifting and pulverising1 the dust may be made as fine as flour4 ,a little calcined and powdered glass adds to its strength4 ,to make panels for furniture1 walls1 or boxes1 take firstly a thin panel of seasoned wood1 fasten two strips of sheet-tin across the back to prevent warping1 and make or apply the cast to this4 ,very beautiful work can thus be produced very cheaply4 ,it may be here observed that this principle of mixing a powdered substance with glue or gum or an adhesive runs through all the arts of mending4 ,the powder of cocoa-nut shells1 slate1 of paper1 plaster of ,paris1 of leather1 clay1 lime1 fine sand1 and many other substances1 can all be combined with adhesives1 acids1 or chemical solvents in such a manner as to form what may be called generically cements1 or substances1 or pastes1 which become hard4 ,any glue or gum1 or liquid which will make two surfaces adhere1 can be mixed with most organic or inorganic hard substances in powder so as to form a paste which1 when dry1 forms a solid1 hard substance1 because the grains of the powder are thereby cemented together4 ,most of these yield to the action of water1 but there are a few which resist both water and fire1 all of which will be described in this work4 ,broken ebony can be filled in cracks with a very neat and dainty paste or cement made as follows3--,take dried rose-leaves1 or any others as soft1 steep them in just enough water to soften them1 add of gum-tragacanth and gum-arabic just enough to make a paste1 and sufficient ivory black to give it an ebony colour4 ,macerate the whole in a mortar4 ,in the ,east a few drops of otto of roses or of geranium are added4 ,from this heads are made1 also medallions1 or any other small objects4 ,the composition sets very hard1 and much resembles ebony4 ,i have made many small objects of it myself1 and can testify to its excellence4 ,it is in this manner that the black rosaries from ,constantinople are made4 ,a very good cement for filling cracks in furniture or other woodwork is made as follows3--,one part of finely powdered resin and two parts of yellow wax are melted together1 and to this is added two parts of finely pulverised ochre1 or other suitable colouring earthy substance4 ,this is an excellent cement in all respects1 except that it yields to great heat4 ,for all such repairing sawdust and glue is much to be preferred4 ,in repairing furniture1 remember the screws hold much more firmly if they are just dipped in boiling beeswax or turpentine4 ,if you are not accustomed to screwing or nailing1 just make a hole with a brad-awl1 else you will find the screw or nail going out of the side of the box1 or in some other undesired direction4 ,clamps1 or pieces of wood connected by screws1 ties1 or elastic bands1 are indispensable in much glueing pieces together4 ,they are1 however1 easily made4 ,a good clamp can be made by bending over the two ends of a strong piece of wire4 ,hammer the ends into the wood4 ,glue is more elastic when mixed with a little glycerine4 ,this should be borne in mind when mixing glue with sawdust to form artificial wood1 and1 in fact1 in many manufactures and combinations where it is specially desirous to have a certain degree of toughness or flexibility in the object made4 ,to utilise waste matter is allied to mending1 which is only preventing waste4 ,for this purpose common wood-shavings may be used for a pretty art4 ,take good shavings of any wood1 and after moistening them with glue or gum tragacanth and arabic1 press them flat4 ,trim them with scissors into leaves1 or make them into flowers1 and attach them together4 ,then pour over them liquid plaster of ,paris1 in which there is gum-arabic and alum dissolved4 ,take a bush1 or plant without leaves1 and gum the leaves to it or to its twigs4 ,cover bare places with the gypsum4 ,when dry varnish the whole4 ,a ,professor ,,heigelin1 in ,stuttgart1 once had an exhibition of such work4 ,frames can be decorated in this manner4 ,paint1 gilding1 and enamel1 or bronze powders1 can1 of course1 be applied4 ,shavings combined with weak glue submitted to pressure form artificial wood or boards1 which can be improved by further combination with waste-paper4 ,made with a solution of alum it is fireproof4 ,its strength will be in proportion to the pressure applied4 ,it can often be employed in repairing when suitable wood is wanting1 and has the advantage that it can be turned to any shape4 ,the reader can easily satisfy himself by experiment that these artificial woods made from sawdust or shavings1 combined with adhesives1 are very easy to manufacture1 very cheap1 and1 when properly made1 extremely strong4 ,when strong pressure or rolling can be applied1 the quantity of adhesive may be diminished4 ,linen or muslin rags1 cotton-wool1 or any textile fabric can be added to the shavings1 as well as waste-paper of all kinds4 ,anything fibrous or stringy will aid in the binding4 ,this subject may be studied in detail in a work entitled ,die ,verwerthung der ,holtzabflle--,the rendering valuable of ,refuse-,wood1 such as ,shavings1 ,refuse ,dye-,wood1 c41 showing how they may be converted to ,artificial ,wood1 ,fuel1 ,chemicals1 ,explosives1 c4--by ,,ernst ,,hubbard2 ,vienna1 price #c marks4 ,wood of all kinds is in ,america sawed into such thin veneers that they are used to serve as wall-paper1 being attached with paste4 ,when damp they bend like paper4 ,such veneer is very useful for repairing wooden surfaces4 ,common putty is not always to be trusted in for repairing wood4 ,it sometimes shrinks1 and is never very hard4 ,the glue with glycerine and sawdust or cocoa-nut dust is preferable4 8,scratches and chance cuts may be remedied by merely melting or washing and rubbing in with cold water4 ,but for most small defects a filler is used4 ,this is a kind of paint or liquid cement1 the object of which is to fill up the pores of certain coarse woods and make the surface fine4 ,soft wax1 flour1 and varnish are used for this purpose40 ,any dealer in paints and varnishes will supply a filler for any special work4 ,staining or colouring wood is an important part of repairing4 8,oiling alone is a kind of colouring1 for all oiled wood becomes much darker in a short time40#b ,soda dissolved in water gives to oak wood a much darker tone4 ,dark tea and alum is also useful1 and still better very strong coffee4 ,also porter or beer mixed with umber4 ,also a decoction of walnut-leaves boiled down4 ,in using these or any other colours the following rules must be strictly observed3--7#a47 ,use a sponge or brush1 and do not apply the dye freely or pour it on1 as you will run great risk of warping the wood or making it split4 7#b47 ,exercise the greatest care in drying it near a fire4 7#c47 ,do not expect to colour all at once by a profuse application4 ,however light the colour may seem1 always when it is dry rub off the colour with a rag or chamois-skin1 and then make a second wash4 ,this process will make the dye strike in deeper and last longer4 ,,stevens' ,stains1 also those of ,,mander1 are very good and strong4 ,they generally require dilution4 ,ammonia is much used to give wood a dark rich colour4 ,wood thus treated1 if afterwards exposed to the smoke of a wood fire1 assumes a very ancient appearance4 ,bichromate of potash with water is a good dark dye1 but it must be carefully handled1 as it is very poisonous and injurious to clothing4 ,it is used to give a waterproof quality to certain cements4 ,good writing-ink is a very good black dye4 ,when it is quite dry1 oil1 rub1 and polish it1 and the ink will resist a great deal of wetting4 ,it should be remembered that with ink1 as with dyes1 there should always be at least two applications1 and that the first should be very thoroughly dried1 if possible1 in a strong light1 though not in sunshine1 before the second is laid on4 ,three coats of blackest ink well dried in1 then rubbed in well1 and finally oiled1 form an almost waterproof cover4 ,when panels of marquetry or of inlaid wood of different colours are broken away or require to be replaced1 it can be done in the following manner3--,take a panel of very firm fine white wood--holly is the best2 next to it ,swiss or ,german larch--draw on it your pattern1 and then with a penknife go over all the pattern1 cutting into the panel about a quarter of an inch1 or rather less--in no case far enough to cut through4 ,then carefully fill all these lines with a firm cement1 and let it dry well4 ,then with a dye--not with paint--color each piece appropriately4 ,the cement and lines will prevent the dye from spreading from piece to piece4 ,this is known as ,venetian marquetry4 ,when finished1 apply ,soehne varnish1 and rub down very carefully by hand4 ,it is a very beautiful and easy work1 not to be distinguished when well done from real inlaying4 ,very cheap and plain old furniture can be easily made very elegant by having panels1 c41 of this work applied4 ,the reader may begin with a small box or three-legged stool1 working directly on the wood1 and will then probably be encouraged to proceed4 ,dark brown patterns on light yellow wood look well4 ,this work is very easy and elegant1 very little made1 and may be therefore profitable4 ,any kind of light or white wood1 such as deal or pine1 may be used for common decoration4 ,cheap violins and guitars are sometimes made into handsome ornaments for rooms by this process4 ,for designs for this purpose consult the ,manuals of ,design1 ,wood-,carving1 and ,leather-,work1 by the ,author 7,whittaker ,co41 ,no4 #b ,white ,hart ,street1 ,london1 ,e4,c474 ,marquetry may also be mended by making and colouring wood-paste1 in which case prepare the ground with great care1 by roughening1 to hold the glue2 also by using coloured cements1 such as bread1 well worked with powder and glycerine-glue4 ,it does not seem to occur to many people--even to those living in the country--that there is a great deal of strong1 plain1 useful furniture which can be easily made at home at no very great expense1 boards of good quality being cheap enough4 ,with a few lessons from an expert1 or even with the study of a good elementary manual of cabinetmaking1 any amateur can succeed4 ,whoever can make a good box can make an antique chair1 and this can1 however plain1 be carved1 stained1 or marquetried into beauty2 but let him beware of sawed curves4 ,where there are worms in furniture or other wood1 they should always be very promptly exterminated1 else they will destroy it in time4 ,to remove them1 dissolve #b drachms of corrosive sublimate in #b oz4 of methylated spirit and #b oz4 of water1 to be applied freely with a feather or brush4 ,this is an unfailing remedy2 but the mixture is poisonous1 and therefore should be kept labelled out of harm's way 7,work1 ,sept4 #ahib74 ,in restoring or repairing woodwork we must have some knowledge not only of paints1 varnishes1 putties1 and filling1 but also of agents which prevent organic change or are applicable to peculiar accidents4 ,one of the principal of these is known as knotting4 ,its properties and general nature are freely explained in the following article from ,the ,decorator1 ,sept4 #ahib3-- 99 99 99 99 99 8#8,knotting1' or1 as it is usually written1 ,patent ,knotting1 is a quick-drying1 semi-transparent fluid4 ,it is made from naphtha and shellac2 hence its quick-drying nature4 ,the knots of woodwork1 especially pine1 contain much resin1 which gradually exudes from the surface4 ,this resin will speedily darken1 and ultimately destroy1 the covering film of oil paint with which woodwork is usually coated4 ,the object of coating knots in woodwork with #8patent knotting composition' is to seal up1 so to term it1 the resin4 ,in the earlier history of house-painting processes a mixture of red lead and strong glue-size1 applied warm1 was often used4 ,the chief point in view is to stop the #8cause1' but without objectionable #8effect2' therefore the thinnest perceptible covering--so long as it is effectual--is the best4 ,the patent knotting of commerce is the article now generally purchased and used4 ,the knots are given one or two bare coatings--according to the nature of the knot1 and the conscience of the workman4 ,the best knotting is the colour of dark oak varnish2 the worst is the blackest and dirtiest-looking4 ,it always pays to have the best knotting1 since #8black knotting' requires an extra coat of paint to cover the dark patches which #8grin through' any light tints4 ,for the best work it is usually advisable--especially when the woodwork has to be finished1 and perhaps hand-polished1 in #8ivory-white' enamel--to have the knots cut out with a chisel or gouge1 then fill up with lead #8filling-up' in distemper4 ,i recently had to have the door of an elaborately decorated drawing-room so treated1 since1 despite being fresh knotted1 the resin began to discolour the work1 which had received some six coats of paint and enamel1 ere the room was furnished--a very annoying and costly matter4 ,very occasionally knots are gilded over with best gold-leaf2 this is generally conceded to be an effectual plan to adopt1 when gouging is not resorted to1 for finest work4 ,knotting woodwork is1 therefore1 not an insignificant detail of house-painting1 especially when we are dealing with a door-side2 that alone1 when finished in hand-polished enamel1 may cost a ten-pound note to produce4 #8,tin-paint' will do for common priming2 good linseed oil is the chief element required4 ,all new woodwork requires three coats of good lead and oil paint before standing any time--viz41 priming and two after-coats4 ,this is known as #8builders' finish4' ,when permanently decorated it usually requires #8getting up' to a proper surface1 and two or three more coats40 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is sometimes an advantage to 8gouge0--i4e41 to cut--out a bad knot and fill the cavity with wood1 wood-paste1 or carton-pierre4 ,a very beautiful stain can be given to wood by rubbing it with nitric or sulphuric acid1 and exposing it to the heat of a fire4 ,in this way ,american hickory can be made to look like rosewood4 ,pine becomes red1 which grows darker with increased heat4 ,,mending ,,furniture4--,there is but one rule for repairing creaky chairs and tables with loose legs4 ,they must be carefully taken apart1 which can be done with chisels1 a knife1 and hammer1 and then glued and screwed or put together again as they were originally made4 ,the old-fashioned rounds or rungs of chairs1 now so seldom seen1 were a great aid to strength and durability4 ,i have already remarked that when a drawer in a bureau table is troublesome by continually sticking or catching1 take it out1 find where it rubs1 and plane away the obtrusive portion4 ,if it is made of badly seasoned1 green1 warping wood1 nail across it strips of tin4 ,to which ,i add that doors of closets1 cabinets1 c41 which are shrunk must have strips of wood glued to their edges4 ,in some cases strips of paper will do as a temporary substitute4 ,it is no exaggeration whatever to declare that two or three centuries ago the slight and trashily made article of furniture was a great exception1 while at the present day it is the well-made1 durable article which forms the rarity--to the great shame1 be it said1 firstly1 of all furniture-makers1 and1 secondly1 to fashionable 8taste10 which prefers slightness to strength4 ,this trashy and flimsy lightness is vastly to the profit of the cabinetmaker1 since he can thus utilise the cheapest and smallest pieces of worthless wood by turning them into supports for light tagres or shelves1 cross-backs and legs of spider-like little chairs1 and all parts of small curved sofas1 which are to be duly puttied1 ,french polished1 or completely hidden in velveteen or rep4 ,it is not unusual to see what is considered a handsomely furnished room in which there is not one absolutely well-made or strong article which would bear careful examination or turning up4 ,it is a pitiful sight indeed to see a load of such furniture on its way from the cabinetmakers1 or the mill where it is sawed out by steam1 to the place where it is to be veneered or painted1 glazed1 and clothed into elegance4 ,the pieces of refuse pine wood and ,american greenish-yellow poplar stuck together with glue1 and as few short nails as possible1 look so shammy and shabby6 ,i have wondered1 in beholding them1 at the marvellous boldness of their makers1 who could deliberately calculate the time that such stuff would endure before its dbacle4 ,and as it is all destined to be broken and mended sometime or other1 it is the more necessary that the art of repairing should be studied4 ,unfortunately1 badly seasoned deal cannot be repaired into well-seasoned oak4 ,yet he who will take the pains to ascertain the price of the latter will be amazed to learn that so few people have it made into good1 solid1 strong furniture4 8,it is not there that the expense comes in40 ,if the reader1 having some sense or taste in art1 would make his own furniture1 employing an assistant at six shillings a day to do the rough sawing and planing1 he would find that he could have strong1 substantial furniture2 and if he would add to this so much knowledge of panel-carving as he could acquire in a few lessons1 he might make it beautiful4 ,a ,,cement ,,for ,,wood is made as follows3-- ,caseine #aj ,borax #e ,this is carefully worked into a thickish milk-like mass4 ,it may be used as a glue for wood or as a paste for paper4 ,it admits of many modifications4 ,to make a very good waterproof cement for wood1 as well as other purposes1 take this cement when it shall have hardened1 or after it has been applied1 and wash it over frequently with a very strong extract of gall-apples4 ,this forms1 according to ,,lehner1 an insoluble union with caseine4 ,a ,,cement ,,much ,,employed ,,in ,,china to combine and make woodwork1 basket-work1 pasteboard1 c41 waterproof is made as follows3-- ,slacked lime #ajj ,stirred ox-blood #ge ,alum #b ,this is commended as being very strong and durable4 ,it is probable that a slight increase of the alum in solution1 or an addition of strong infusion of gall-apples1 would improve it4 ,a ,,water-,,proof ,,cement ,,for ,,wooden ,,casks is made as follows3-- ,strong solution of glue #aj ,linseed-oil varnish #e ,oxide of lead #a ,boil together for ten minutes4 ,this cement must not be brought into connection with lye 7,,lehner74 ,a good1 strong1 cheap cement for joining wood with metal or stone is made with ,carpenters' glue #ej ,sifted wood-ashes #ajj ,while the glue is soft stir into it the wood-ashes in greater or lesser quantity1 according to their quality and fineness1 till a syrupy mass is formed4 ,clay can also be combined with this mixture to make casts4 ,common peat of fine quality 7for there are different kinds or degrees of it71 carefully cleaned from sticks and fibres1 combined with common glue infused freely with nitric acid1 submitted to strong pressure1 is said to form a valuable substitute for wood1 which may be used not only for repairing1 filling chinks in trees1 making up decayed timber1 c41 but also to form blocks and planks4 ,i have elsewhere mentioned that shavings are utilised in ,germany4 ,combined with glue1 infused with glycerine1 and submitted to pressure1 they form boards which are even less brittle than many which are in ordinary use4 ,the peculiar advantage of this artificial timber is the limitless length of the boards which can be thus made1 which is often a great desideratum in flooring1 or indeed in any building where piecing should be avoided4 ,a canoe can thus be made on another as mould1 in which case the shaving-cement is to be hardened by rollers4 ,there is a book on this subject1 elsewhere mentioned4 ,it may be observed that1 as long and broad timber becomes every year more rare and valuable1 artificial timber from smaller plants must certainly take its place4 ,,whitewash ,,for ,,wood is rendered more durable and glossy by the addition of liquid glue1 well stirred in4 ,it is still further improved by the addition of milk4 ,this lasts so much longer than common wash that it is in the end perhaps ten times as cheap4 ,when well made it has been known1 when applied to the exterior of certain ,government buildings in ,washington1 ,u4,s4,a41 to last for seven years4 ,if colouring matter1 such as umber1 be added1 let the latter be mixed separately with the glue1 and very thoroughly1 before it is joined to the lime4 ,the addition of a few eggs to the mixture will improve it4 ,the lime prepared with the following forms a still better and stronger wash1 which is well worth the extra expense3-- ,glue #fj ,linseed-oil varnish #bj ,the varnish1 while hot1 is mixed with the boiling glue1 and it is to be used at once4 ,this is 7,,lehner7 useful to coat and caulk casks1 especially those in which such fluids as highly rectified spirits of wine are carried4 ,be it observed that the hotter the mixture is when applied the more deeply does it penetrate1 yet the less is in the end required4 ,a ,,good ,,cement ,,for ,,carpenters3-- ,slacked lime #ej ,flour #ajj ,linseed-oil varnish #ae ,,woodwork which is to be under water or much exposed to rain may be cemented with the following3-- ,calcined lime #aj ,flint sand #ae ,iron 7powder filings7 #e ,ochre #bj ,brick-dust #bj ,the powder must be well mixed by shaking1 and1 just before use1 to be mixed with water4 ,the following may be used for ,,joints ,,in ,,timbers1 holes and cracks1 or for covering the surfaces1 as it is an excellent protective against wet4 ,it may also be used for stone1 c43-- ,purified brick-dust #aj ,calcined lime #aj ,purified red iron ore #aj ,work this to a paste with dissolved soda4 ,modifications of this combination of soda with iron and brick-dust will readily occur to all who have carefully studied this work4 ,a ,,cement ,,for ,,wood3-- ,slacked lime powder #a ,rye-meal #b ,linseed-oil varnish #a ,to which burnt umber or similar powder may be added at discretion4 ,this cement dries slowly1 but becomes very hard4 ,it is good for filling cracks1 holes1 c4 ,,french ,,glue ,,for ,,wood3-- ,gum-arabic #a ,water #b ,potato starch #c-e ,,sawdust1 as ,i have explained1 from my own conjecture and experiment1 can be combined with cements so as to form an artificial wood1 which can be easily moulded or carved1 and with which all kinds of worm-eaten and decayed wood can be restored4 ,i find that for this purpose ,,lehner gives the following3-- 8,take the finest sawdust and combine it with linseed-oil varnish1 kneading the mass very carefully40 ,this1 when properly combined and worked1 would form a very good artificial wood4 ,it may be here observed1 that because the experimenter finds at a first trial that the wood is too brittle or too hard1 he is not to conclude that the recipe is good for nothing4 ,thus1 to prepare it with1 glue we should take-- ,water #bj ,glue #a ,first boil the glue very carefully1 and stir into it the finest wood-dust or cocoa-nut shell powder4 ,the quality will be improved if the latter has already been steeped for some time in a strong solution of oak-bark or gall-apples in spirit1 or1 instead of the latter1 water4 ,this disposes the dust to amalgamate with the glue4 ,stir the whole thoroughly4 ,a commoner or coarser preparation for simply repairing is made by combining plaster of ,paris1 glue in watery solution1 and sawdust4 ,common bone-dust1 plaster of ,paris1 and glue make a good cement for light wood-dust4 ,with a little glycerine it can be used for moulding4 ,add a little pipeclay1 and if the bone-dust be very fine the surface will take a very high polish4 ,finish with oil and hand rubbing4 ,this composition combines well with perfectly softened and macerated paper--not merely soaked--to form panels1 which1 however1 to make them hard1 should be pressed or rolled4 ,,cements ,,for ,,deals ,,or ,,boards ,,of ,,soft ,,wood3-- ,i4 ,caseine #ejj grams4 ,water #d qts4 ,spirit sal-ammoniac #j4e qt4 ,calcined lime #bej grams4 ,,ii4 ,glue #b ,water #ad ,cement lime #g ,sawdust #c-d ,,for ,,splits ,,in ,,trees1 or fractures in the bark3-- ,pitch or resin #ej ,tallow #aj ,oil of turpentine #e ,spirits of wine #e ,the resin is first melted1 the turpentine then stirred in1 then the tallow1 and finally the spirits4 ,i have spoken of artificial wood as chiefly made of sawdust combined with a binder such as glue4 ,there are1 however1 strictly speaking1 other kinds4 ,the first of these is made from cellulose1 which is disintegrated wood which still retains its fibre4 ,it was discovered1 ,i believe1 by accident1 in ,new ,york about thirty years ago4 ,a stick1 which fitted tightly1 had been left in a cannon1 when the latter was fired off4 ,the result was that the stick was converted into a pulpy1 fibrous mass1 which was found to be admirable as a material for making paper4 ,this1 combined with glue1 makes good boards4 ,bark of different kinds is also combined in powder with glue to make wood4 ,in all of these mixtures1 where it is desirable to avoid brittleness or hardness1 there must be an admixture of oil or glycerine4 ,there is generally about #bj_/ajj of the latter to #hj_/ajj of sawdust1 but the proportion varies according to the degree of elasticity or hardness required4 ,to make boards the mixture is passed under heavy rollers1 and when dry it is further treated with alum in solution1 or tanner's infusion of oak-bark1 to make it waterproof4 ,this is not necessary for ordinary work or repair4 ,,to ,,imitate ,,cedar4--,take any white wood and boil it for several hours in the following mixture3-- ,catechu #bjj ,caustic soda #ajj ,water #aj1jjj ,this penetrates very deeply into any wood4 ,it is a very good protective4 ,,to ,,prepare ,,wood ,,for ,,paint4--,when you have a board or box1 c41 however rough1 and of any kind of inferior wood1 first smooth the surface1 if possible by planing1 or else with a rasp and glass-paper4 ,fill all the holes and chinks with putty1 or bread and gum1 or gum and plaster of ,paris4 ,then1 with a mixture of glue 7not too stiff7 and fine white plaster of ,paris1 rub over all the surface to perfect smoothness1 and when quite dry remove any irregularities with finest glass-paper4 ,then paint as desired4 ,this is an approved method of repairing old panel pictures1 which were all made with such a ground of plaster and glue4 ,,to ,,repair ,,marquetry ,,or ,,inlaid ,,woodwork4--,this1 as ,i have already said1 and will now describe more in detail1 is made of different pieces of coloured wood1 glued on a panel4 ,take a piece of fine hard wood1 such as holly1 and saw it out to exactly fit the place where pieces are missing4 ,draw the pattern on it1 and then outline it very neatly with a fine pen-knife-point1 so as to cut a little way into the wood1 but not through it4 ,fill up this line thus cut with a composition of varnish and any black powder4 ,then with dyes1 not oil paint or water-colour1 but such as are made with spirit1 colour the pattern1 a separate colour to every piece4 ,the dye will sink in and grow pale2 then apply it again1 and till it is of the hue desired4 ,polish the whole4 ,this is what is called ,venetian marquetry4 ,it is1 very easy to make1 and produces beautiful results1 quite equal to the sawed-out and inlaid work4 ,it is1 moreover1 much more durable and far less expensive4 ,,mander',s dyes are used for such staining4 ,even a single inlaid figure of wood1 set into a panel1 as in the back of a chair1 gives a character1 and apparently greater value1 to the whole4 ,such inlaying is easily made with a fret-saw4 ,if we take two thin plates of wood1 one dark and one light1 and saw the same pattern out of both1 we can then set one into the other1 and so make two inlays by one process4 ,parquetry is large inlaying for floors4 ,for this it is well to study such forms as can be set together1 as1 for instance1 squares1 diamonds1 crosses1 ,t's and the like4 ,violins1 guitars1 and lutes can be beautifully adorned by the ,venetian process4 ,as the colours do not wear away1 and cannot scale off like common inlaying1 it will be seen that it is by far the best way to decorate them4 ,furniture of all kinds can be ornamented in the same way4 ,it is peculiarly appropriate to picture-frames4 ,it being very little known1 objects thus prepared meet with a ready sale4 ,when a corner of a pane in a window1 as often happens--as also to the glass of a picture-frame or mirror--is broken away1 we can easily make or have made a small ornament which will fit into the corner and conceal the defect1 ,this can be made of wood1 papier-mch 7which is best71 or hard putty or cement4 ,it may be gilded or painted4 ,windows may be prettily ornamented in this manner1 even if not broken4 ,illustration3 ,mirror with ,ornaments of ,papier-mch or ,wood-,paste4 ,,on ,,repairing ,,and ,,restoring ,,books1 ,,manuscripts1 ,,and ,,papers ,,with ,,directions ,,for ,,easy ,,binding ,,and ,,paper-,,mending--,,book-,,worms ,it happens often enough that some valuable old manuscript or early printed work1 if not destroyed as useless1 is sold for a trifle because it is torn and worm-eaten or otherwise injured4 ,the loss to literature from this cause has been terrible1 and it is all the more so because in most cases it was the result of sheer ignorance4 ,paper is a composition of linen1 cotton1 or other vegetable fibre reduced to powder and then combined with size1 which is a kind of glue1 paste1 or binding medium4 ,therefore paper can be mended by using1 in the soft1 macerated1 or pasty form1 paper itself--which very simple fact appears to have been hitherto a secret from the greater portion of mankind4 ,that is to say1 having a piece of paper with a small round hole in it--looking as if some one had fired a shot through it--take another piece of paper of the same quality and reduce some of it to a very fine powder or mash it fine with a knife1 combine it with good flour-paste infused with a little clear white glue1 and make a soft paste with the powder2 then1 laying a porcelain tile or piece of tin under the sheet1 with a hole in it1 to prevent sticking1 spread the paste1 which is really soft paper1 with a knife over the hole4 ,when dry it will be mended permanently4 ,observe that the pulp must be a fine paste1 not merely paper mixed with paste--i4e41 lumpy and stringy1 but soft4 ,secondly1 that a better 8binder0 or size than flour-paste is one made from scraps of parchment boiled1 till all the gelatine is extracted4 ,take the latter and let it boil till thick4 ,it makes a finely glazed surface4 ,do not begin to do this with a book1 but with a sheet out of which holes have been punched4 ,it is delicate work1 and you must not expect to succeed in it at once4 ,but in time1 with care1 you will remake the paper with great skill4 ,there are workmen who can even reunite torn edges in this manner so that the mending is almost imperceptible4 ,this is remaking paper with paper4 ,in some cases it will suffice to simply neatly paste a piece of paper over a torn-away space4 ,this may be done--as in most cases--very clumsily1 or it may be performed artistically and daintily4 ,in the latter case1 using a very sharp and specially thin bladed penknife1 shave down or scrape away the overlapping edge1 and apply the paste sparingly with the point of a camel's-hair small brush4 ,before it is quite dry lay the leaf on a smooth1 hard surface1 and with the penknife or a burnisher flatten down the thinned edge to an uniform surface4 ,this also requires a little practice1 but when learned the artist may effect miracles of restoration4 ,one may1 and that not infrequently1 buy for shillings books which when mended sell for many pounds4 ,it often happens that we find some curious little old book which has been sadly cut or worn1 almost down to the type4 ,take it1 and with a flat rule carefully cut out every page1 leaving just a little rim of margin4 ,then having obtained old paper corresponding to your text1 or good modern hand-made ,dutch1 using strong glue-paste or flour and gum-arabic1 or paper-paste1 make borders1 on which paste the old pages4 ,if you have old paper--there are dealers who can supply it--you may do this so well that the juncture will be hardly perceptible4 ,in any case you will greatly enhance the value of the book4 ,in this1 as in all such work1 never attempt to restore anything of value till you shall have succeeded by experimenting4 ,this is very seldom done1 and yet books thus restored sell for a price which must make the work very profitable4 ,one reason1 however1 why we see so little of it is the extravagant price charged for all such work by the agent who supplies it4 ,the prices paid for books thus restored and mounted are extremely high1 simply because there are so few people who know how to do it well2 and yet1 as any of my readers may find1 the art is an easy one1 requiring only neatness and care4 ,there are very few libraries where such restorers might not be employed1 to the very great profit of the collection4 ,all purchasers for libraries are continually rejecting books because they are tattered and worn or 8holey10 which could be sent to the hospital and doctored into value4 ,and it is1 indeed1 to be regretted for the sake of the public that our great libraries have not all shops attached where duplicates and damaged rarities restored could be sold at fair1 not fancy1 prices4 ,for it is firstly the great librarian who sees and rejects the most books1 and who could do an immense amount of good1 and greatly stimulate an interest in collection and literature--and make money--if he would also facilitate acquisition4 ,the art of restoring and of mending is as yet so much in its infancy1 and is so little understood and practised1 that there is not one book in a thousand1 even of rariora and curiosa1 preserved as it might be4 ,it may be worth while to lay some stress on the fact that many persons1 especially women1 if they will take a little pains to experiment1 can easily make a living by thus restoring books and injured documents4 ,there are1 indeed1 many other means of earning money indicated in this work4 ,a ,,cheap ,,and ,,durable ,,varnish specially made for bookbinders is prepared as follows3--,take coarsely powdered gum-copal1 add to it oil of thyme 7oleum thymi serpilli7 or pure oil of rosemary 7oleum rosmarini71 sufficient to form a solution4 ,pour off the superfluous liquid1 and mix the remainder with sufficient alcohol to dissolve it well4 ,in making take only so much of the oil of thyme or rosemary as will cover the copal1 and of alcohol about eight or ten parts to the whole4 ,special varnishes1 and perhaps better1 are known to many bookbinders1 who will sell them1 or inform you where to obtain them4 ,i know of none so good as that of ,,soehn,e1 which is1 however1 very expensive1 costing about ninepence per ounce4 ,it is rather brittle1 however1 for pictures4 ,when a book is dog's-eared1 or its leaves have been turned1 if the paper be of a thin1 poor quality1 its chances of restoration are better than if it were good and stiff4 ,in the former case damp the leaves one by one with water in which a little gum tragacanth has been infused4 ,this is not so much an adhesive as a mere stiffener1 and is used as such for laces4 ,then flatten them1 putting a piece of smooth white paper between every leaf4 ,there is1 ,i fear1 nothing to be done where the reader is so utterly devoid of all the instincts of a gentleman or a lady as to turn over a stiff1 thick1 highly glazed paper to mark the place6 ,i have just found this done in a magnificently illustrated work from a circulating library1 and1 to aggravate the offence1 it was on pictured pages6 ,i would here remark that if every reader would keep by him a piece of indiarubber or eraser1 and obliterate1 or at least render illegible1 all the scribblings made on margins1 this detestably vulgar practice would soon be at an end4 ,it may be observed that to repair pages which have been torn across1 or engravings1 the rent is usually transverse--that is1 such as to leave a small flap edge4 ,if we take very strong gum in very minute quantity on the point of a camel's-hair brush1 we may often succeed with great care in perfectly reuniting the edges4 ,observe that in this1 as in everything1 the mender should not draw his conclusions from the first effort1 which will probably be a failure1 but from frequent careful observation and experiment4 ,there are marvellously few people in the world who take the pains to become really good menders of anything--excepting lace and the like--hence there are few things mended at all except by botchers and amateurs4 ,,ink-,,stains can be removed from paper by laying underneath the blot a pad of clean blotting-paper or fine muslin4 ,take a fine sponge1 dip it in lemon-juice1 and press it gently on the stain1 so as to moisten it4 ,then with a clean1 white1 soft rag1 folded into a pad1 press on the spot1 and the pad1 lifted off1 will remove a little of the ink4 ,repeat this process a few times1 taking care to change the pad in your hand every time to a clean spot4 ,do not try to rub the stain out 7as most people do71 but to draw the ink away or out by sucking up or by absorption4 ,if you simply rub or press the ink in again which has just been drawn out1 you will only make bad worse4 ,and here ,i would observe that by this process of pressing1 absorbing1 and changing the 8sucker0 applied1 you can draw appalling stains out of almost anything4 ,you cannot1 of course1 prevent chemical action or change of colour1 but in most cases this is the best process4 ,it is better to begin with lemon-juice and a little salt and water where the paper is thin4 ,when it is strong1 a mixture of muriatic acid and water generally extracts ink4 ,in a great many cases the staining fluid can be drawn out by absorption before any chemical change in the colour of the stuff can have been effected4 ,therefore it is all-important to know how to do this yourself at once1 and not wait till it can be sent to a dyer or scourer or cleaner4 ,in a few hours' time that which could have been promptly extracted will be past all cure4 ,when you spill ink on paper1 promptly apply1 first of all1 blotting-paper1 and then try absorption4 ,if any stain remains then1 apply the acid4 ,,to ,,take ,,out ,a ,,grease-,,spot4--,heat an iron 7,i generally effect it with a burning cigar71 and hold it as near as possible to the stain without burning the paper4 ,if this be well done the grease1 wax1 c41 will rapidly disappear4 ,if there are any traces left1 place on it powdered calcined magnesia for a time4 ,this is also a good means to extract grease1 wax1 or oil from cloth4 ,very often1 where lemon-juice or acid would ruin the colour of a cloth or other fabric1 chloroform will take out the spot and leave the colour unchanged4 ,bone1 well calcined and powdered1 is an excellent absorbent of grease4 ,it should be remembered that all such processes must be renewed1 for after the powder or cloth applied has received a certain quantity of the grease or stain1 it ceases to be taken in4 ,a gentle pressure or rubbing1 after laying paper over the powder1 facilitates the absorption4 ,the celebrated ,,athanasius ,,kircher1 who wrote in the sixteenth century1 has left an amusing account of how he one night1 stopping at a convent in ,sicily1 took a book from the library 7it was ,,stephanus ,,fagundez' ,in ,prcep'a ,ecclesi7--8a new book and elegantly bound0--and spilt over it and in it all the midnight oil from his lamp6 ,in great alarm he sent for quicklime1 but there was none to be had4 ,so he bade the monks bring him some bones1 which he quickly calcined and pulverised and applied4 ,and the next morning there was not a trace of a spot1 only a little smell of oil1 which soon vanished4 ,he adds1 that plaster of ,paris would have done as well4 ,ascertain carefully the nature of the spot before trying to extract it4 ,for resinous substances use spirits1 or eau de cologne1 or turpentine4 ,benzine extracts several substances4 ,an old recipe for removing ink-stains was to take a spoonful of good aquafortis1 in which break a piece of chalk the size of a large barley corn2 add two spoonfuls of rose-water and one of vinegar4 ,this should be mixed in a clean glass and left to stand for several hours4 ,it is to be applied with a piece of new sponge1 by pressure1 and not too freely nor too long4 ,when the paper is nearly dry renew the process1 and when the ink shall have disappeared1 promptly wash out the acid with pure water and a clean linen rag4 7,but it is too strong for many fabrics47 ,when the ink does not penetrate the paper it can be removed by erasure with a sharp penknife1 or a preparation of vulcanised indiarubber and powdered pumice-stone sold by most stationers4 ,when this latter does not 8bite10 its action can be aided by very slightly moistening it4 ,after erasure rub the spot scraped with very finely powdered pumice-stone1 and polish with a burnisher or any smooth substance4 ,even when an inkstand has been spilled over a printed or long-written page1 we can by prompt action extract the new ink and leave the old plain as ever2 but the reader who expects to work this miracle of changing night into day must not wait till the accident happens to first attempt to remedy it1 or he will probably fail4 ,let him first of all1 not once but often1 pour ink on some waste and worthless page1 and then experiment first with the blotting-paper1 then with the dilute acids and the padding4 ,the time will not by any means be wasted4 ,a fresh ink-spot can be easily removed from paper by rubbing it with a finely pulverised mixture of saltpetre1 sulphur1 alum1 and pumice4 ,if the spot is an old one1 moisten it first a little with water4 ,ink-spots1 c41 in old ,,mss4 were sometimes ingeniously covered by ornaments in gold or colour4 ,when an entire page or many pages of a book are missing1 it often happens that1 at much less expense than would be supposed1 an ingenious printer can restore the whole4 ,there are many books for which it would be worth while to have the type cast1 for even with a page thus restored the book may be worth ten times as much as if it were wanting4 ,missing pages are often supplied by photographic fac-similes from another copy4 ,it was only yesterday1 as ,i write1 here in ,florence1 that ,i heard a tourist declare that there was nothing worth buying to be found1 and that everything curious was snapped up at once4 ,to which ,i could not assent1 never having seen so many objects as of late which ,i regarded as great bargains4 ,but they were all dilapidated1 and the tourist generally likes to see everything in splendid condition4 ,to him who can restore old books and ivories and leather-work and panel pictures1 there will be no lack of bargains for a long time anywhere4 ,the men who sell are not all such marvellous experts in mending up1 repairing1 and forging as literary dealers in the wonderful would have us believe4 ,if they were so clever they would not let valuable panel pictures split in two before their eyes from ignorance of knowing how to straighten and tack them at a penny's cost4 ,there is abundance of clever forging1 of lying ivories and silver-work and sham antique leather1 but of restoration of smaller or of single objects there is very little2 and there is1 as ,i have said1 in this a vast field for every collector who knows enough to make practical application of what is taught in this book4 ,it is so far from true that everything is now snapped up1 that ,i confidently assert that there is hardly a bric--brac shop in ,europe in which a skilled repairer cannot find a bargain1 and in most cases several4 ,it will often be of service to the mender of books to be able to prepare parchment-paper for himself4 ,if we take a mixture of one part nitric acid to three of water--the proportions varying very much with the quality of the acid and of the paper--and dip into it a piece of soft unglazed paper1 the latter will at once harden into a substance like parchment4 ,it should be at once washed in changes of pure water4 ,i may here observe that neither in making this nor anything else should the operator be satisfied with a single experiment4 ,regarding paper1 there are certain curious facts worth knowing by every reader4 ,before the invention or general use of window-glass1 a very transparent kind of paper was1 according to ,,kircher 7,de ,secretis71 prepared as follows3-- ,take paper from the mill1 not as yet sized1 and mix with it to six parts of turpentine two of mastic4 ,this really makes a very clear1 or at least diaphanous1 medium1 which may be used for temporarily repairing broken glass windows4 ,the same writer informs us that if we take fine parchment 7pergamenam hdinum71 prepared without lime1 or naturally dried1 we should lay it in water1 which will just cover it1 in which has been well infused boiled honey and the white of eggs4 ,this was used to repair coloured glass windows4 ,there is also given in the ,zauberbuch of ,,johann ,,wallberger1 ,frankfort1 #agfj1 a recipe for the same purpose3-- 8,take parchment prepared without lime1 and steep it in a mixture of thick gum-arabic dissolved in water1 the yolk of eggs well shaken1 and clarified honey40 ,it is worth observing1 as regards these recipes from old works1 that while those founded on modern chemistry and experiment are generally cheaper and apparently better1 the former are often more durable in effect1 and were1 indeed1 more thoroughly tested4 ,there were a great many parchment windows in those days1 and there are none now4 ,and in these old works of ,,porta1 ,,weckerus1 ,,tenzelius1 ,,kircher1 ,,alexander ,,of ,,piedmont1 ,,mizaldus1 ,,valentine ,,krautemann1 and many more of which ,i have a large collection1 there are many curious prescriptions1 many of which ,i have seen revived from time to time of late years as modern scientific inventions--on which subject an interesting article could be written4 ,a weak solution of oxalic acid in water is often the best to remove ink and other stains from strong white paper or linen4 ,it should be applied by gently pressing or dabbing 7not rubbing7 with a cotton pad4 ,as soon as the stain is removed1 dab it again with clean water4 ,take good care1 however1 that there are no scratches or cuts on your fingers1 for if the acid gets into them it will cause great pain4 ,i may here mention that the old bookbinders' paste was made as follows3-- ,take a quarter of a pound of starch1 steep it a quarter of an hour in water1 and stir it till it is milky4 ,add a pinch of alum1 and boil it once more4 ,this was said to keep better than paste made from flour4 7,add a few drops of oil of cloves or carbolic acid1 and it will keep very well47 ,flour can1 however1 be used instead of starch1 and a good adhesive be the result4 ,a little glue very much improves it4 ,there is a great difference in the quality of cement made from bread1 as the condition of the latter has been changed by fermentation4 ,,binding4--,repairing books is nearly allied to binding1 and the latter is1 in perfection1 a somewhat difficult art4 ,yet it is not at all difficult for a careful person to bind up many works in such a manner that they will bear much reading1 and with a little artistic skill look very well4 ,this may be effected as follows3-- ,when a book is stitched together1 there are sewed into the back two or more cross pieces of string or strips of muslin1 which project a little on either side1 and which1 by being pasted down inside the cover under a leaf1 hold the book and cover together4 ,this is further strengthened sometimes by another strip of muslin4 ,when the back is firmly gummed or pasted to the book1 so as to bend with it1 it is called a flexible back1 which also adds to the strength of the whole4 ,illustration ,if the reader will now take a simply sewn or stitched book1 without binding1 and will place across its back two or more strips of parchment1 and glue them on with the strongest possible cement--mastic being the best1 but acidulated glue or flour-paste with glue1 or even dextrine-paste1 will answer the purpose--and if he will again paste up and down over these a strip just the width of the back1 he will have all that is necessary to make a strong binding1 for this will hold as well as the strings4 ,note that the parchment strips must first be thoroughly wet through and macerated1 or crumpled till quite soft4 ,again1 that when the paste is nearly dry the strip should be rubbed in4 ,next cut out two pieces of strong pasteboard1 each a very little larger than the length and width of the book4 ,these are the covers4 ,illustration ,now paste the outside of the straps exactly to the inside of the covers1 leaving just enough space for opening and closing4 ,when dry1 the book should open and close easily4 ,then take the outer cover of leather or cloth1 which is cut in the shape indicated in the accompanying outline1 paste it well over the back1 and then turn the edges over and paste them down over the cover inside1 so as to form a narrow margin1 as may be seen by examining any book4 ,also turn down1 before doing this1 the edges at the ends of the book4 ,the binding will be much stronger if1 after pasting the ends of the parchment strips to the covers1 we paste over them in turn good1 strong pieces of paper1 close to the back1 to prevent the strips from pulling up4 ,if there be fly or blank leaves on the sides of the book1 paste one of each down over the inside of the cover4 ,this will conceal the margin and add greatly to the strength of the book4 ,but if there be none1 you can supply them1 firstly1 by a method which will make your binding even stronger than that of most books4 ,take a very strong piece1 let us say1 of ,whatman's or any other good tough linen drawing-paper1 just of the size to cover the whole book--that is1 back and sides4 ,cut in it four slits1 and pass the strips which are to bind the book to the cover through1 and gum them down1 and then paste the fly-leaf thus added down over the strips4 ,but it will answer every purpose if you simply gum fly-leaves on by a very narrow margin of 8adhesive40 ,all of this will become clear to any one who will carefully examine a book4 ,and anybody who has the dexterity to fold a letter neatly or do up a parcel properly1 can in a short time1 after one or two experiments1 succeed in binding a book in this manner4 ,i have observed that those who fail as amateur bookbinders generally do so because they attempt too much too soon1 and aim at producing elegant masterpieces before they have learned to manage with ease such common work as ,i have described4 ,though this manner of strip-binding is little known1 it was1 strange to say1 the very first ever practised2 for1 according to ,,olympiodorus1 one ,,philatius was the first who taught the use of glue to fasten written or blank leaves together1 for which great discovery a statue was erected to him4 ,binders were called among the ,romans ligatores1 as they are still in ,italy1 legatori2 and it was here1 indeed1 that ,i myself learned the craft1 as ,i now generally bind my own books4 ,those who prepared and sold the covers for ,roman booksellers were called scrutarii4 ,there is a very easy way to bind up pamphlets1 ,,mss41 or letters when they have any margin for a back4 ,if you cannot have them stitched--which1 though difficult to an inexpert1 can be done for a mere trifle--then sew them together across from side to side4 ,where the pages are of great value1 gum them together by a very narrow doubled or folded strip of adhesive4 ,this done1 bind as before1 or else simply paste on a cover of drawing-paper at the back1 and the fly-leaves to the sides4 ,a great deal of loose literature1 flying leaves1 clippings from newspapers1 letters1 c41 can in this way1 at no great expenditure of time or money1 be converted into really valuable books4 ,i may here observe that cloth for binding1 thin leather1 and even common parchment or parchment-paper1 are much cheaper than would be supposed1 and that the average cost1 all expenses included1 of binding a duodecimo book in these would only be from threepence to a shilling4 ,any waste parchment will serve for binding4 ,any person1 however1 who can emboss leather with tracer and stamp1 even though but a little1 after a week's practice1 can decorate and ornament books so as to greatly enhance their value4 ,nor do ,i exaggerate when ,i say that here is a field in which any person who can draw or copy decorative patterns moderately well might make a living4 ,the reader will find the fullest details as to how this is done in my ,manual of ,leather ,work4 7,price #es4 ,london1 ,whittaker ,co41 #b ,white ,hart ,street1 ,e4,c47 ,in the present work ,i can only state that it is executed as follows3--,bind your book with cardboard in fairly thick1 hard1 and firm brown leather2 there is a kind made for the purpose in ,germany4 ,draw the pattern on it1 or else draw it on paper with a crayon-pencil1 and rub it from the back on the leather4 ,this done1 go over it with the fine point of a miniature brush in ,indian ink4 ,dampen the leather slightly as you work with a sponge1 and mark the outline with a tracer and stamp the ground with a matt4 ,you may leave it brown1 but if the work be coarse1 ,i advise painting the whole with ink or ,indian ink1 and then coating it with ,,soehn,e',s varnish1 ,no4 #c4 ,rub this down well by hand4 ,if you can supply the design 7which should always be bold and simple71 any wood-carver will1 for a few shillings1 execute it in intaglio on a block of wood1 which should be at least one inch in thickness1 and also have a transverse piece screwed to its back to prevent its warping4 ,with this you can stamp off as many covers as you want4 ,retouch them by hand with tracer and stamp4 ,if blackened1 and then touched up with gilding and varnished1 such books are very attractive1 and should sell well4 ,any person who can design1 or even trace1 a pattern can have it cut on a block for a few shillings1 and anybody having such a block can print off any number of impressions in damp leather1 and retouch them with stamp and tracer1 and glue them to cardboard covers1 for books or albums1 and sell them at a good profit4 ,yet1 though this has been clearly set forth by me several times in manuals1 c41 ,i have never yet met with a single amateur who has attempted it4 ,there is as a rule far more suffering in this world from laziness1 inertness1 and an indisposition to try to do something than from any other contaminating influences which lead to poverty4 ,when a book is even woefully dilapidated1 so that there is no margin to stitch1 do not despair4 ,first separate every leaf1 smooth it1 and1 if necessary1 dampen it with a slight infusion of tragacanth4 ,then1 if there is even the twentieth part of an inch of margin left1 take strips of good1 tough1 thin paper1 and with care stitch the leaves to these strips4 ,for some severe cases you must use very thin transparent or tracing paper to gum over the text1 but which must be visible through it4 ,this1 if neatly done1 does not look so badly as it would seem4 ,if one strip be folded and used to connect two leaves1 the stitching and binding become easy4 ,i have already described how to restore margins and fill worm-holes4 ,i think that if any person of literary habits will consider all that is written in this chapter1 and will begin to practise it with deliberation and care1 he will surely succeed1 and find it a very profitable and agreeable occupation4 ,all of such men have pamphlets1 ,,mss41 autographs1 letters1 newspaper clippings1 and papers1 which1 if classed and made up into book-form1 would be more available for use1 and far more valuable4 ,i say nothing of repairing old books2 it speaks for itself as an easy and lucrative employment4 ,and it may be observed that a young man who can thus bind and repair would make a most valuable assistant-librarian1 though the business can be mastered very soon indeed2 and it would often happen that in choosing a secretary1 where there are many papers to file or a library to look after1 or an assistant in an antiquarian book-shop--particularly the latter--preference would be given to one who had mastered practically what is taught in this chapter4 ,and as on board ship the best sailor is generally the best mender--every old tar being proverbially skilled in repairing and having a quick eye for emergencies1 even on shore--so the one who can rehabilitate and 8form0 books will probably be a good assistant in all things4 ,it may often happen to a writer or copyist that he has occasion to erase a word1 and cannot write over the space lest the ink should spread4 ,in old times this was remedied as follows3--,a very little juniper gum1 levigated to the finest powder1 was rubbed over the spot with a soft linen rag4 ,in all kinds of repairing or technical work it is sometimes necessary to draw circles when the artist has no compasses4 ,yet this can be done to perfection1 almost by free-hand1 and very easily4 ,take several sheets of paper or a blotter2 lay on it the piece to be drawn on4 ,take a pencil in the fingers1 as is usual1 rest the hand on the nail of the little finger as a point--having previously pulled the sleeve of his coat well up1 so as to get a full view--and then with the left hand draw or revolve the paper4 ,in most cases a perfect circle will be the result4 ,this is admirable practice for learning to draw circles entirely by free hand1 as may be found by experiment4 ,paper can be made1 if not absolutely fire-proof1 at least deprived of inflammability1 by being steeped in alum-water1 or in oleum tartari per deliquium1 or oil of tartar4 ,stationers might find a sale for such paper4 ,if the document which was thrown by a certain ,duchess into the fire had been thus prepared1 it might have been rescued by a bystander before it perished4 ,the art of preservation1 or prevention of injury1 is allied to restoration1 for which reason it would be well if more people who send books by mail would use protecting corners1 which can readily be made by anybody with a pair of strong scissors from thin sheet brass1 tin1 or iron4 ,take a piece of metal of a rectangular shape1 as follows3-- ,illustration ,then double it into a triangle over a piece of cardboard1 or of wood1 exactly the thickness of the cover of the book3-- ,illustration ,very valuable books should be kept in boxes of thin metal1 especially in ,india4 ,such cases should not be made to open and shut with a hinged lid1 but with a covering1 and like a cigar case4 ,such cases1 or at least metallic guards1 should also be used when a book is wrapped and tied in the usual manner and sent by mail4 ,i am quite sure that at least every other book which ,i have received by mail during the past year has shown on its edges melancholy scars from its strings1 reminding one of the wounds which the heroic red ,indian retained from his bonds4 ,a guard is simply a piece of sheet-metal1 bent as follows1 once or twice3-- ,illustration ,these guards are invaluable for packing books in trunks4 ,their price is trifling1 and in the end there would be great economy in using them4 ,books should not be packed very tightly together on their shelves4 ,it bursts the binding1 especially of modern works in boards and paper4 ,the old parchment flexible bindings were in every respect better1 and they could even now be made far more cheaply than is generally supposed to be possible4 ,i have before me a book nearly three hundred years old1 bound in skiver parchment 7split1 or very thin71 which has evidently been much used1 yet which is still in good condition4 ,but parchment need not be prepared very carefully for ordinary binding1 and it could be sold for half the price charged by law stationers for what is used to write on4 ,in the ,united ,states one must pay much more for a sheepskin than for a sheep1 indeed in some cases three or four times as much--that is to say1 the skin as a parchment in ,new ,york costs as much as three sheep in the ,far ,west--and yet the expense of bringing the skin to the ,east and of tanning it are in no proportion whatever to the stationer's profits4 ,any one who will examine an ordinary old parchment-bound book1 such as lies before me1 will see at a glance why it must be more durable than a modern binding4 ,in the modern book the stiff back rises full to the edge1 or generally above the level of the sides1 and is made of muslin1 paper1 or at best of soft leather4 ,therefore in time it breaks from pressure and friction1 or wears away4 ,the parchment or vellum had in most cases this back-edge put back or kept down as much as possible1 and the tough covering was all in one piece4 ,it is very true that it is not possible to obtain plain1 old-fashioned parchment now1 and that those who would have vellum1 or even sheep1 must pay an enormous price for it4 ,this would not1 however1 be the case long if there were as great a popular demand for parchment binding as there now is for flimsy muslin4 ,those who prefer the former will find no difficulty in having it made for them1 and in binding their books themselves according to the directions which ,i have given4 ,i shall in the chapter on ,papier-mch show how covers for books may be cheaply made at no great expense1 which may be beautifully embossed and are extremely durable4 ,this is1 briefly1 by having a flat mould or die1 on which lay alternate coats of paper and firm paste 7into which glue and alum enter71 then passing over them a bread-roller1 continually adding paste and paper till the whole is complete4 ,when finished1 rub in black or any other colour1 then rub in oil1 rub again1 apply ,,soehn,e1 ,no4 #c1 and finally rub by hand4 ,this will make very beautiful binding4 ,it is much to be regretted that1 although there has been of late years1 owing to machinery and patent processes1 such immense production of cheap and showy binding1 as shown in photograph albums1 there has been as steady and rapid decrease in quality1 strength1 and durability4 ,it is becoming unusual1 even in very expensive books1 to find one which can be honestly and well opened or is well stitched4 ,i have1 since writing that last word1 tested it with two books recently published1 one costing six shillings1 the other a guinea4 ,the latter was fairly well put together and 8held10 but was warped in the stitching and pasting4 ,it was 8bad work40 ,as for the six shilling book1 it cracked clear through to the back at every page which ,i opened1 and yet ,i did not open it very widely4 ,i should say that any amateur who could not learn to bind books better in a month or six weeks than these were bound must be stupid indeed4 ,the examination of a number of other books shows that what ,i have said is now generally true1 and that even very expensive and pretentiously elegant works are not half so well bound in reality as were common and cheap school-books two hundred years ago4 ,this ,i have also confirmed by examining a number of the latter bound in parchment1 which bid fair to last for centuries to come4 ,should this cheap1 trashy1 and showy style of binding continue1 and with it a constant rise in the price of everything made by hand1 the result will be that everything durable will be made by 8amateurs0--that is1 by people who to artistic spirit unite a certain personal independence4 ,owners of libraries will bind their own books1 or else employ people who will work as artists1 and not like mere machines4 ,the vulgar and ignorant will continue to buy showy1 cheap duplicates--induced by hearing1 8',ere's an harticle1 mum1 that we're sellin' a great many hof0--while the cultured will prefer the hand-made1 which is not necessarily more expensive4 ,in fact1 if the unemployed in ,england--or the victims of the wholesale steam trash-maker--could be taught easy hand-work1 as they all can be1 it would be possible to not only vastly relieve national poverty1 but we could have a variety of articles of better quality4 ,for it appears to be1 by some strange law1 a fact that1 with all the improvements in machinery1 men can still make by hand--and well--pictures1 clothes1 shoes or boots1 bookbindings1 and works of art generally--that is to say1 anything in which skill or character can be shown2 while1 on the contrary1 in all such matters machinery1 instead of making any progress1 is1 owing to competition1 actually falling behind6 ,scientific and other journals are continually boasting of new discoveries and improvements1 but despite this the jerry-built houses of three-fourths of ,london1 the sawed and glued cheap and vile furniture 7made by scientific steam7 with which they are filled1 the average quality of everything into which skill and taste are supposed to enter1 show that this boasted 8end of the century0 is also rapidly coming to an end in good taste and the quality of its work4 ,he who will learn to mend with care1 taste1 and skill1 firstly his books1 will find that to progress from this to binding and to making elegant covers is only going from ,a to ,b4 ,the binding of the olden time1 while it was incredibly strong1 vigorous1 and quaint1 was extremely easy to make1 as ,i have satisfied myself by much examination and personal practice4 ,the stitching was not with the weakest and cheapest cotton-thread2 still less was it with wires too thin for the purpose2 it was executed with linen pack-thread1 from the top to the bottom of the page1 in three or four stitches1 so that the book could really be opened and bent back till the covers touched without injury to it4 ,all of which could be given to-day with the parchment covers at the same price which the book now costs1 and to pay the same profit1 were it not that public 8taste0 prefers showy trash4 ,beyond good1 strong stitching1 all the necessary process of binding is very easy4 ,it requires neatness and care1 and some practice1 but it is decidedly not difficult4 ,he who has mastered it will find that other kinds of mending1 and also the practice of allied minor arts1 are simply the succeeding letters of the alphabet4 ,it is a fact1 to which ,i invite attention1 that dilettante amateurs of books invariably understand by binding nothing more than its refinements and easily ruined adornment1 which books had better be without4 ,amateurs of this class always attempt at once the most difficult work1 and generally fail4 ,as a rule1 almost without exception1 the prize specimens of modern binding seen at exhibitions are chiefly remarkable for ornament1 which will not endure handling or rubbing1 such as surface-gilding4 ,pamphlets or letters1 c41 can be bound with 8eyelets10 and the clamp or punch which is sold with them4 ,or they may be simply gummed together1 in which case use the powerful fish-glue1 which holds perfectly4 ,the easiest and most effective method of side-binding1 or where leaves are held together by passing the tie through from side to side1 is as follows3--,have by you strips of metal1 say sheet-tin1 one-fourth or one-third of an inch in breadth2 also small rivets or tacks4 ,take two strips of the same length as the pamphlet or papers to be bound1 and strike holes in them with a brad-awl and hammer1 on a solid piece of wood1 at regular distances4 ,then place these strips on the book1 and drive the rivets through the holes4 ,turn the whole round1 and laying the other side on an anvil or a reversed flat-iron1 flatten the points of the rivets so that they will hold4 ,any old tins1 such as are thrown away in such numbers1 can be made to supply strips4 ,a strip of parchment or strong paper bent over to form a back can then be pasted over the strips to improve the appearance of the volume4 ,any tinman will1 for a trifle1 supply these strips and punch the holes neatly for use4 ,they should be found in every library1 and ought to be in every stationer's4 ,it may be observed that in inserting the rivets or tacks you should place them alternately1 one on one side and one on the other4 ,a lighter form of this binding is to take a flat-headed drawing-pin1 similar to those used by artists1 and have a round1 flat tin or brass disc1 like a thin sixpence or threepenny-bit1 corresponding to it4 ,in the latter punch a small hole1 and rivet as before4 ,tinmen will also punch these discs2 in fact1 they often throw away a great many cut from certain kinds of work4 ,where the leader may have a great number of books to bind1 he will find it an economy or a means to secure good work to hire a girl who is an experienced book-stitcher to come and work for him4 ,he can thus be sure of having his works well sewed from top to bottom with strongest linen-thread in ancient style1 instead of their being shabbily wired 7and all wiring is shabby1 since the thin does not hold1 and the thick bursts the binding71 or still more shabbily looped together with weak cotton-thread4 ,this effected1 he can easily do his own binding4 ,he may not rival a ,grolier1 or turn out such exquisite 8gems0 as require to be kept in caskets1 and are utterly unsuitable for use or reading1 and1 like most 8elegant and unrivalled0 modern binding1 marvels of tooling and gilding4 ,but he can most assuredly hope to bind strongly in parchment as books were bound in the olden time1 and if he chooses to also ornament them with richly stamped leather covers1 he can in a short time learn to do the latter1 as may be seen in the ,manual of ,leather-,work4 ,the great test of excellence in a book is1 ,can it be freely handled and read without injury8 ,the most careless examination of most books will convince the reader that this test is almost unknown4 ,the exquisitely whitened vellum bindings of ,florence and ,venice1 which are stained almost with the pressure of a lady's clean finger2 the photograph album1 so beautifully stamped in leather as thin as blotting-paper1 which scratches and wears into shabbiness in a week1 if often opened--all the show-pieces of exhibitions will not endure use4 ,and it seems as if1 after all the binding of this decade shall have perished1 that of the common1 cheap books of the seventeenth century will be as good as ever4 ,a great number of the adhesives and cements mentioned in this book are quite applicable to mending bindings or making paper stick to paper1 c4 ,the following is1 however1 not only a paste1 but also a glaze1 and is extensively used as such on labels1 boxes1 and cards3-- ,boil borax with water1 and work it thoroughly into caseine till it forms a clear1 thick1 and extremely adhesive cement1 which is also much used to varnish leather or muslins4 ,it is often desirable to have a varnish or glaze for the covers of books1 and still more frequently a paste1 which will hold very firmly and yet not penetrate1 as glue and paste very often do4 ,to make such a cement1 mix heavy solution of warm glue with freshly made starch or flour-paste4 ,add to this one-fourth part of turpentine and one-fourth of spirits of wine4 ,this excellent cement is applicable to many purposes4 ,to paper walls well we make flour-paste1 and to every quart add ten grammes of alum dissolved in hot water4 ,then wash the wall with glue-water1 and cover the paper with the paste4 ,the alum and glue form a combination which is leathery and insoluble1 and not only arrests decay1 but clings with great force4 ,most wall-paper put on with common paste decays more or less in time1 and becomes simply poisonous4 ,a ,,strong ,,gum ,,or ,,adhesive ,,for ,,paper1 ,,cardboard ,,work1 ,,or ,,binding3-- ,i4 ,dissolve3-- ,gilder's glue #ajj ,water #bjj ,add to this3-- ,bleached shellac #b ,alcohol #aj ,,ii4 ,dissolve together3-- ,dextrine #ej ,water #ej ,unite the two solutions thus formed2 pass them through a cloth1 so as to fall into a flat mould4 ,when dry1 use by dissolving in hot water4 ,,american ,,glaze ,,for ,,postage-,,stamps3-- ,dextrine #b ,vinegar #a ,water #e ,alcohol #a ,stamps are1 however1 very often surreptitiously removed by means of moisture4 ,the following recipe renders this difficult4 ,it consists of two preparations1 one of which is applied to the stamp and one to the letter4 ,it is particularly needed in ,america1 where1 according to a statement in a newspaper1 nearly one-third of all the postage-stamps are removed from letters1 cleaned1 and used over again4 ,i4 ,for the ,letter4 ,chromic acid #b4e gr4 ,caustic potash #ae4j 0 ,water #ae4j 0 ,sulphuric acid #j4e 0 ,sulphuric copper-oxide of ammonia #cj4j 0 ,fine paper #d4j 0 ,,ii4 ,on the ,stamp4 ,sturgeon's bladder in water #g4j gr4 ,vinegar #a4j 0 ,the chromic acid forms with the glue a substance insoluble in water1 which causes the stamp not to yield to moisture4 ,the two should be kept in two cups1 and the letter first smeared with one and the stamp with the other4 ,i have read of a physician who1 finding that his postage-stamps were often stolen1 adopted the precaution of giving their backs an application of croton-oil1 or some similar powerful 8anti-thief-matic10 the result of which was great temporary illness in his landlady and her family4 ,for this recipe the reader must apply to a chemist6 ,,eder',s ,,gum ,,for ,,photographs4--,dissolve oxyhydrate of ammonia in vinous acid1 to one part of which add twenty of starch-paste4 ,,cement ,,for ,,leather ,,or ,,paper ,,in ,,binding ,,books1 ,c4--,take #a kilogramme of wheat-flour1 and make it to a paste with #bj grammes of finely powdered alum4 ,boil this till a spoon will stand uptight in it4 ,cover the cardboard or cover with this1 lay the leather or muslin upon it1 and then with a roller press one upon the other4 ,leather should first be damped4 ,care must be taken that the paste be not too moist2 secondly1 that it is laid on very evenly and thinly4 ,engravings or texts which have had a piece torn out can be restored as follows3-- ,obtain a photograph from a perfect copy on corresponding paper1 then with gum set it in1 so as to supply the deficiency4 ,as the ravages of the ,book-worm form an important item in mending books1 and as there is always some interest for collectors regarding this much talked of and rarely seen insect1 ,i take the liberty of reproducing from the ,american ,science of ,march #bd1 #ahic1 an article on the subject4 ,an appropriate motto for it might be3-- 8,come hither1 boy2 we'll hunt to-day ,the book-worm1 ravening beast of prey40 ,,the ,,ravages ,,of ,,book-,,worms ,at a meeting of the ,massachusetts ,historical ,society1 held ,february #i1 #ahic1 ,dr4 ,samuel ,a4 ,green1 after showing two volumes that had been completely riddled by the ravages of insects1 as well as some specimens of the animals in various stages1 made the following remarks3-- 99 99 99 99 99 ,for a long period of years ,i have been looking for living specimens of the so-called 8book-worm10 of which traces are occasionally found in old volumes2 and ,i was expecting to find an invertebrate animal of the class of annelids4 ,in this library at the present time there are books perforated with clean-cut holes opening into sinuous cavities1 which usually run up the back of the volumes1 and sometimes perforate the leather covers and the body of the book2 but ,i have never detected the live culprit that does the mischief4 ,for the most part the injury is confined to such as are bound in leather1 and the ravages of the insect appear to depend on its hunger4 ,the external orifices look like so many shot-holes1 but the channels are anything but straight4 ,from a long examination of the subject ,i am inclined to think that all the damage was done before the library came to this site in the spring of #ahcc4 ,at all events1 there is no reason to suppose that any of the mischief has been caused during the last fifty years4 ,perhaps the furnace-heat dries up the moisture which is a requisite condition for the life and propagation of the little animal4 ,nearly two years ago ,i received a parcel of books from ,florida1 of which some were infested with vermin1 and more or less perforated in the manner ,i have described4 ,it occurred to me that they would make a good breeding farm and experiment station for learning the habits of the insect2 and ,i accordingly sent several of the volumes to my friend ,mr4 ,samuel ,garman1 who is connected with the ,museum of ,comparative ,zoology at ,cambridge1 for his care and observation4 ,from him ,i learn that the principal offender is an animal known popularly as the ,buffalo ,bug1 though he is helped in his work by kindred spirits1 not allied to him according to the rules of natural history4 ,mr4 ,garman's letter gives the result of his labours so fully as to leave nothing to be desired1 and is as follows3-- 8,,museum ,,of ,,comparative ,,zoology1 ,,cambridge1 ,,mass41 ,february #g1 #ahic4 8,,dr4 ,,samuel ,a4 ,,green1 ,,boston1 ,,mass4 8,,sir1--,the infested books sent for examination to this ,museum1 through the kindness of ,mr4 ,george ,e4 ,littlefield1 were received ,july #ae1 #ahia4 ,they were inspected1 and1 containing individuals of a couple of species of living insects1 were at once enclosed in glass for further developments4 ,a year afterward live specimens of both kinds were still at work4 ,besides those that reached us alive1 a third species had left traces of former presence in a number of empty egg-cases4 8,five of the volumes were bound in cloth4 ,on these the principal damage appeared at the edges1 which were eaten away and disfigured by large burrows extending inward4 ,two volumes were bound in leather4 ,the edges of these were not so much disturbed2 but numerous perforations1 somewhat like shot-holes externally1 passed through the leather1 enlarging and ramifying in the interior4 ,as if made by smaller insects1 the sides of these holes were neater and cleaner cuttings than those in the burrows on the edges of the other volumes4 8,the insects were all identified as well known enemies of libraries1 cabinets1 and wardrobes4 ,one of them is a species of what are commonly designated #8fish bugs1' #8silver fish1' #8bristle tails1' c4 ,by entomologists they are called ,lepisma2 the species in hand is probably ,lepisma saccharina4 ,it is a small1 elongate1 silvery1 very active creature1 frequently discovered under objects1 or between the leaves of books1 whence it escapes by its extraordinary quickness of movement4 ,paste and the sizing or enamel of some kinds of paper are very attractive to it4 ,in some cases it eats off the entire surface of the sheet1 including the ink1 without making perforations2 in others the leaves are completely destroyed4 ,the last specimen of this insect in these books was killed ,february #e1 #ahic1 which proves the species to be sufficiently at home in this latitude4 8,the second of the three is one of the #8,buffalo ,bugs4' or #8,carpet ,bugs1' so called2 not really bugs1 but beetles4 ,the species before us is the ,anthrenus varius of scientists1 very common in ,boston and ,cambridge1 as in other portions of the temperate regions and the tropics4 ,very likely the #8shot-holes' in the leather-bound volumes are of its making1 though it may have been aided in the deeper and larger chambers by one or both of the others4 ,the damage done by this insect in the house1 museum1 and library is too well known to call for further comment4 ,living individuals were taken from the books nearly a year after they were isolated4 8,the third species had disappeared before the arrival of the books1 leaving only its burrows1 excrement1 and empty egg-cases1 which1 however1 leave no doubt of the identity of the animal with one of the cockroaches1 possibly the species ,blatta ,australasi4 ,the cases agree in size with those of ,blatta ,americana1 but have thirteen impressions on each side1 as if the number of eggs were twenty-six4 ,the ravages of the cockroaches are greatest in the tropics1 but some of the species range through the temperate zones and even northward4 ,an extract from ,westwood and ,drury will serve to indicate the character of their work3-- 8#8,they devour all kinds of victuals1 dressed and undressed1 and damage all sorts of clothing1 leather1 books1 paper1 c41 which1 if they do not destroy1 at least they soil1 as they frequently deposit a drop of their excrement where they settle4 ,they swarm by myriads in old houses1 making every part filthy beyond description4 ,they have also the power of making a noise like a sharp knocking with the knuckle upon the wainscotting1 ,blatta gigantea being thence known to the ,west ,indies by the name of drummer2 and this they keep up1 replying to each other1 throughout the night4 ,moreover1 they attack sleeping persons1 and will even eat the extremities of the dead4' 8,this quotation makes it appear that authors as well as books are endangered by this outlaw4 ,with energies exclusively turned against properly selected examples of both1 what a world of good it might do mankind6 ,the discrimination lacking1 the insect must be treated as a common enemy4 ,as a bane for #8silver fish' and cockroaches1 pyrethrum insect powder is said to be effectual4 ,for a number of years ,i have used1 on lepisma and roach1 a mixture containing phosphorus1 #8,the ,infallible ,water ,bug and ,roach ,exterminator1' made by ,barnard ,co41 #g ,temple ,place1 ,boston1 and1 without other interest in advertising the compound1 have found it entirely satisfactory in its effects4 ,bisulphide carbon1 evaporated in closed boxes or cases containing the infested articles1 is used to do away with the #8,buffalo ,bugs4'--,very respectfully yours1 8,,samuel ,,garman40 ,i can remember that many years ago there was to be seen in the bookshop of ,john ,penington1 ,philadelphia1 a book-worm preserved in spirits in a vial4 ,the manner in which this species of teredo penetrates wood and leather as well as paper is not the least curious of its habits4 ,the great amount of injury inflicted by boring-insects in books1 wood1 and all weak substances is sufficient reason for giving so much space to this subject4 ,from a ship to a manuscript1 nothing is safe from them4 ,,papier-,m,,ch ,,repairing ,,toys--,,making ,,grounds ,,for ,,pictures ,,and ,,walls--,,carton-,,cuir ,,and ,,carton-,,pierre ,soft paper1 when mixed with water1 gum1 or1 better still1 with flour-paste1 forms a substance which can be moulded to any form1 and which1 when dry1 will be as hard as cardboard4 ,its hardness and durability may be increased by mingling with it many substances4 ,combined with soft leather in small fragments or with the dust of leather1 it forms what the ,french call carton-cuir4 ,in this1 or even in its natural state--that is1 paper and paste--papier-mch1 as it is termed1 can under pressure be made as hard as any wood4 ,i have seen all kinds of articles of furniture made from it4 ,in ,america there are manufactories in which pails or buckets1 tubs1 firkins1 and even durable boats1 are thus manufactured4 ,there is in ,bergen1 ,norway1 a church built entirely of it mixed with lime4 ,for certain kinds of mending it is very valuable4 ,though not so plastic as clay1 papier-mch can1 with a little practice1 be moulded into any form4 ,it consists simply of pasting piece on to piece1 pressing it meantime as much as possible with the fingers or a wooden implement like a pestle4 ,the pressure should be applied as it gradually dries4 ,any one can thus make very hard cardboard with a bread-roller on a board4 ,if you have the cardboard cover of a book badly damaged1 with even a portion gone1 it can be restored by using papier-mch in which a solution of glue or gum has been infused4 ,glue it specially at the edges4 ,for such repairing take paper-dust or pulp1 combined with gum-arabic in alum-water solution1 or simply the gum4 ,this is easily moulded and smoothed into any cracks or torn places4 ,if parchment be torn away it is easily replaced4 ,cut a piece to replace the missing portion1 dampen it and the edge which it is to join till quite soft1 then glue the two together1 using pressure4 ,i have just effected this myself with a cover of which half was gone1 and the mending is hardly visible4 ,use the broad knife freely to press down the edges4 ,by combination with a mixture of nitric or sulphuric acid and water1 soft paper becomes parchment-like and very hard4 ,this requires careful experimenting1 for its success depends on the quality of the acid and the texture of the paper4 ,very remarkable results have been obtained from this1 such as material resembling ivory1 horn1 and tortoise-shell1 in large blocks4 ,waste-paper is so common and cheap that papier-mch can always be made anywhere4 ,it is well adapted to close cracks in wood1 walls1 or elsewhere2 and for those who wish for an employment or amusement1 it affords endless facilities4 ,one of these is the mending or making of toys4 ,a common mask is made as follows4 ,on a face carved in wood and oiled there is spread common coarse soft paper wetted1 which is carefully pressed down1 and more paper and paste added1 till it is of the requisite thickness4 ,it is then1 when rather dry1 taken off and left to dry perfectly4 ,it is then painted and varnished4 ,should a mask be broken1 wet it1 paste glue-paper over it1 and paint it again4 ,papier-mch is popularly synonymous with that which is trashy and sham in art1 simply because its capacities and applications are not known4 ,thus leather-work was long despised as only affording imitations of carved wood4 ,but in the hands of a true artist--that is1 of an original designer1 who applies1 and not a mere artisan1 who imitates or copies--papier-mch is as much a subject for art as any other material4 ,it can be used in many ways1 more or less allied to mending1 as are all arts4 ,thus paper in fine powder1 or reduced to a fine paste--or pulp--can be1 with a little practice1 mixed with gum and painted with a brush on a surface so as to produce relief4 ,a very little elevation or depression thus serves to produce grounds which may serve to give light or shadow to pictures4 ,thus pastel painting or crayon in colours rubbed in1 which has always been1 even in the most vigorous hands1 a weak or 8softly sweet0 art1 may be made very vigorous by firmly relieving and roughening the ground2 for1 as the great ,american painter1 ,,allston1 often strengthened his colours by mixing sand with them1 so pastel painting which lacks 8sand0 can have it supplied by mixing it with the gum for the ground4 ,to understand this process more clearly1 let it be observed that1 as the illuminators of medival manuscripts gave relief and the appearance of solidity to gold by making a raised surface with a powder of gesso 7plaster of ,paris7 and clay and gum1 so this principle can be carried out to a far greater extent by giving relief to a ground4 ,here those of limited views1 who never get beyond the merely artisan stage of art1 will at once decry this as shamming1 and as imitating effect by the aid of modelling1 and not being true art1 quite forgetting that all is true to genius1 and everything more or less sham in the mere imitation4 ,having a surface1 either panel or ,bristol board1 which latter had better be pasted to a panel or good thick solid cardboard1 begin by taking a little gum or glue in tolerably fluid solution on the point of a brush1 and incorporating with it the paper pulp or cloth-dust to a very soft paste1 with which paint what is to be in relief4 ,the same effect is produced in oil by using a heavier1 thicker kind of paint4 ,that is all the difference1 one being as legitimate as the other4 ,by intermixing chalk or sand or clay1 and by using glass-paper where the crayon1 c41 refuse to take easily1 the relief adapts itself to every substance4 ,in this1 as in every process known1 the artist must at first experiment a little1 according to his materials4 ,solid sheets of fine hard paper1 with strong paste between1 when passed between rollers form a kind of papier-mch which1 is as hard as wood1 fire-proof1 and1 what is most singular1 more durable than iron4 ,wheels for railway carriages are often made of it1 and they never warp under the action of heat or cold1 neither do they crack nor bend4 ,you can make this cardboard for yourself of very good quality by this process3--,take a sheet of writing-paper--the better the quality the better the result will be--cover it with good flour-paste in which there is a little alum and glue and a few drops of oil of cloves1 which latter will prevent paste from turning or souring4 ,then lay on this another sheet1 apply another coat of paste1 and when it is a little dry or past the softer stage1 yet while still capable of adhesion1 lay the sheets on a hard1 smooth slab or table1 and pass a roller over them1 at first gently1 but eventually frequently1 and with force4 ,add as many sheets as necessary for the thickness required4 ,it will be understood that if the surface on which this sheet is formed were an intaglio-cut die or mould1 the cardboard when taken up would present a bas-relief of it as hard as any wood1 and the whole would form a panel which could be used for the side of a box or to be set in a cabinet4 ,if made of good paper and firmly rolled1 this panel will be in every respect equal to wood for all decorative purposes4 ,as anybody who can carve wood at all can cut moulds1 and as a wooden mould1 if kept well oiled 7or otherwise secured from yielding to moisture71 will serve for papier-mch and leather or wood-paste casting1 it is remarkable that such work is so very little practised by the students of the minor arts4 ,that such panels can be very easily and rapidly made ,i know by experience2 that the materials for the work are cheap speaks for itself2 and1 finally1 that beautiful panels for cabinets and doors1 whether made of carved wood1 stamped leather1 or papier-mch bring a very good price will also be most apparent to anybody who will go to a fashionable cabinetmaker and order them4 ,thus we will say that a small plain cabinet costs #e4 ,put into it six panels1 really costing about #f;d4 each to mould1 and the price will be #aj4 ,such pressed panels are admirably adapted for binding books1 as1 when properly made and dried1 they cannot warp or bend4 ,if covered with relief they may be made very beautiful4 ,simply blackened or browned1 then rubbed with oil1 varnished with ,,soehn,e1 ,no4 #c1 and rubbed by hand1 they are as beautiful as polished wood or leather4 ,papier-mch1 pulp1 or paper powder can be combined with caoutchouc or indiarubber1 which latter can be itself dissolved in benzine1 camphine1 sulphuric ether1 and other solvent mediums1 so as to form a paste which becomes like indiarubber when dry or as it hardens4 ,mixed with sulphur this forms vulcanite4 ,or it may be combined with white colouring matter of almost any kind4 ,this can be applied to mending the broken noses of dolls1 or any other wounds which these pretty semblances of humanity often receive1 their beauty being unfortunately generally more shortlived than that of their prototypes4 ,the final finish of such reparation is a coat of paint4 ,in many cases this is better when rubbed on with the finger than when directly painted4 ,the reader who shall have studied this work will find no difficulty in restoring any toy4 ,i may1 however1 here remark that 8no solution of india rubber can be well moulded without intimate intermixture of sulphur1 aided by heat and pressure4 ,this is a difficult process1 and the amateur would do well1 therefore1 to purchase rubber composition1 which he may do at any large shop in which rubber goods are made as a specialty0 7,work1 ,may #ba1 #ahib74 ,illustration ,it is easy to make any article of papier-mch if the mere beginning of a form has once been shaped2 because1 after that is set1 all that we have to do is to gradually paste one piece of paper on1 here and there1 till it is finished4 ,this beginning is very easy if we have an object on which to begin4 ,thus take a vase or cup4 ,oil this1 and then lay on and all around it soft1 damp paper4 ,newspaper will do--a soft1 white printing paper4 ,then1 with a broad brush1 lay on paste1 and apply a second coat of paper4 ,press it meanwhile as hard as you can4 ,continue this till the papier-mch is thick enough4 ,when dry1 take a penknife and cut a line through from top to bottom4 ,scale it off1 and reunite the edges with strong glue2 then paste over the line of junction a strip of paper4 ,then you will have a cup4 ,if it be rough1 cut it smooth and use glass-paper4 ,when finished it may be painted or covered with wet leather1 which can be worked into relief4 ,or it may be made to look like ivory by the process elsewhere described4 ,paper may in this process be combined with soft leather rags2 as1 for instance1 pieces of old gloves out of which the thread has been taken1 old chamois1 bookbinders' clippings1 or the like4 ,this forms effectively leather4 ,,carton-,,pierre1 or stone-paper1 is a very useful composition1 which is very fully described by ,,george ,,parland in ,work1 ,july #b1 #ahic4 ,it consists of paper scraps1 in the proportion of an ordinary washing boiler or copper one-half full of boiling water and about one-half paper waste4 ,add two pounds of best flour-paste2 also1 in a separate vessel1 a quart of water1 into which sprinkle a handful of fine plaster of ,paris4 ,let it stand ten minutes before mixing it4 8,when the paper in the copper has become a fine pulp add the flour-paste1 keeping the whole well stirred4 ,fifteen minutes after add the plaster1 and a few minutes later rake out the fire from under the boiler4 ,have ready three pails of fine ground whiting2 pour in one pail of whiting and stir up well1 adding more whiting till the stick used to stir will stand of itself in the mixture4 ,let it cool1 and it will be ready for use4 8,some firms10 writes ,mr4 ,,parland1 8add powdered alum in the boiling process1 others add one pint of boiled linseed-oil2 but if made according to the previous directions1 an excellent carton-pierre will result1 which gives very fine impressions from moulds4 ,if it be cast in a plaster mould1 the latter should have two or three coats of shellac varnish1 and then be well oiled4444 ,in using the carton1 sprinkle some fine plaster of ,paris on a bench1 and taking a lump of the newly made carton1 mix it well with dry plaster1 adding more plaster1 as bakers would add flour to their dough4 ,having worked it well in this way until it will not stick to the fingers1 with clean hands roll pieces very smooth in the palms1 or on a smooth level board1 and press each roll into the cavities and hollows of the mould1 often wetting the edges of the carton in the mould before adding a fresh piece to it4 ,the casts must not be more than from an eighth to a quarter of an inch in thickness1 except at the outside edges of the mould4444 ,the casts must stand about twenty-four hours1 and then be baked in not more than #ajj heat40 ,the reader who is specially interested in papier-mch will find a series of articles on the subject in ,work1 ,nos4 #c1 #f1 #ab1 #ag1 #bb1 #be4 ,pipeclay1 to which calcined magnesia1 whiting1 or baryta may be added or omitted according to the body required1 may be combined with papier-mch and gluten1 such as gum-arabic or dextrine or flour-paste1 which will form under pressure1 or even by hand-rolling1 a very hard and finely grained substance1 which is specially adapted to painting pictures4 ,plates or tavole are sold very cheaply in ,florence of papier-mch1 which are as hard1 heavy1 and glossy as ebony4 ,it is not generally realised that an expensive hydraulic-press or steam-engine is not needed by the amateur to harden papier-mch4 ,a common bread-roller1 passed many times over the material1 will work it 8down and in10 quite as well as direct pressure1 and very often much better4 ,papier-mch mixed and macerated with indiarubber or gutta-percha and benzole 7vide ,indiarubber7 forms in many cases a very good substitute for leather4 ,it can also be combined with flexible varnish to make leather4 ,very valuable soles can be made1 or broken ones repaired1 by taking card or pasteboard and soaking it in a hot solution of indiarubber4 ,these waterproofed soles1 whether of cardboard or leather1 are easily prepared1 as easily applied and renewed1 and they will keep the true sole from wearing out forever1 if renewed4 ,singular as it seems1 there are not many persons who are familiar with the properties or texture of so familiar a substance as paper4 ,we know that if wetted it grows soft1 but still remains1 as it were1 knotty1 and that when chewed it does not properly dissolve4 ,yet if the reader will take a piece of thoroughly wetted paper1 and knead or macerate it with a knife for some time with gum in solution1 he will find it gradually becomes a soft paste1 as flexible and as capable of moulding as putty or clay4 ,this is not the same as papier-mch1 which consists of paper merely wet or mixed and boiled with paste1 and contains fibre and knottiness4 ,the finely macerated paper1 combined with an adhesive1 is ductile1 impressionable1 sets well1 and readily receives pressure on rolling1 under which it becomes extremely hard4 ,paper thus completely softened is readily made into sheets1 and may be easily applied not only to fill up worm-holes in leaves and completely torn-away corners1 c41 but is very useful for cracks and cavities in wood and other substances4 ,it may be made up with any gums1 such as gum-arabic1 dextrine1 fish-glue1 and also with caseine1 gutta-percha1 varnish1 and most of the substances used in cements4 ,paper when thus softened and mixed with1 e4g41 fine glue and glycerine1 or with flour-paste1 can be moulded and applied in ornamental forms to any surface4 ,there is this great difference between simply wet paper1 however wet it may be1 and that which is completely softened by maceration4 ,the former is always lumpy1 the latter passes under the blade of a knife like soft clay or putty4 ,when made up with gum1 glue1 and glycerine1 or strong paste1 it is1 when dry1 like light wood1 but less brittle4 ,kneaded with ,indiarubber solution and glue1 it becomes like leather1 and can be used in several varieties of repairs4 ,rolled into sheets1 this composition makes very good and cheap artificial leather for hangings4 ,to manufacture these1 spread the composition with a broad brush or dabber on a slate or marble table1 and when rather dry pass over it a wooden roller4 ,some practice is needed not to roll it when too soft4 ,if intaglio patterns are cut in the roller1 the sheets will give them in relief4 ,it is worth noting here that a great many pieces of old hangings sold as leather are really only made of papier-mch1 or carton-cuir1 and glue4 ,these hangings1 whether of leather or counterfeited1 can be often bought in a damaged condition very cheaply1 and can be easily restored with this composition1 to great profit4 ,when mixed with white lead1 or oil paint and glue1 soft paper becomes harder and firmer1 and under pressure is as hard and heavy as any wood4 ,white paper with holly wood or white larch or lime-tree wood in powder1 and white gelatine--better if bone or ivory dust be added1 with a little ,naples yellow 7oil7--forms a beautiful cement4 ,it will be seen by what ,i have written that cavities1 holes1 cracks1 and defects in most substances1 including wood and leather1 can be perfectly remedied with paper in combination with glue1 gum1 or other substances2 and as it is always to be obtained1 a knowledge of its nature and applications cannot fail to be of value to all menders and restorers4 ,papier-mch1 like all substantial or putty-like cements1 involves moulding or casting4 ,this subject is exhaustively treated in the ,vollstndige ,anleitung zum ,formen und ,giessen1 by ,eduard ,uhlenhuth2 ,vienna1 ,a4 ,hartleben1 price #cs4 ,on the subject of paper consult the ,handbuch der praktischen ,papier-,fabrikation1 by ,dr4 ,stanislaus ,mierzinski1 three volumes1 which is not only the latest1 but by far the most comprehensive1 work on the subject with which ,i am acquainted4 ,and here ,i may observe in this connection that if my references have been chiefly to ,german works1 it is because1 in the minor technical applications of chemistry to the arts1 and in preparing intelligible practical treatises on such subjects1 the ,germans have been1 especially of late1 by far the first nation in ,europe4 ,i may mention that since writing the foregoing passages ,i purchased1 for a mere trifle1 in ,florence two carved heads of the fourteenth century in walnut wood4 ,they had suffered very much from time and wanton abuse1 their noses having been hacked off4 ,i made a mixture of soft paper-paste and gum-arabic1 working the two thoroughly in together with a knife-blade till the composition was as soft as butter4 ,this thorough maceration is essential to produce a durable body4 ,with this ,i filled up the holes1 made new noses1 and painted the whole with ,vandyke brown1 or brown-black4 ,in a few minutes the restoration was complete1 and the heads which had cost one franc each are now worth at least thirty francs4 ,i should say that the portions restored are as hard as the original wood4 ,it is not always an easy matter to reduce paper to a perfectly soft paste1 such as is called in ,french papier-pourri4 ,a small quantity can be mashed with a knife-blade and flour-paste or gum4 ,a large quantity is prepared as follows3-- ,take clippings of paper and leave them a long time in water1 which must be occasionally changed4 ,when quite dissolved or soft1 bray the paper in a mortar1 and finally boil in very hot water4 ,to give it consistency1 add flour-paste or gum4 ,this makes a very fine cement1 which will receive the most delicate impression4 ,it is invaluable for all kinds of dry mending4 ,as ,i have shown1 it can be applied to make or mend defective leaves of books1 to fill up worm-holes in leaves1 to repair drawings and pictures on wood or canvas1 and when mixed with any gum which sets hard1 to restore1 add to1 fill1 or imitate woodwork4 ,under pressure and combined with different powders it becomes as hard as ebony and fire-proof4 ,its extraordinary value and general utility are as yet very far from being much known4 ,,mending ,,stone-,,work ,,mosaics--,,ceresa-,,work--,,porcelain ,,or ,,crockery ,,mosaic ,mending or repairing stone1 involving its imitations1 is a widely extended branch of technical science1 and one which has of late years called forth much invention4 ,the most widely spread and ancient means of uniting and repairing this material is mortar1 or the mixture of burned and then slacked lime with water4 ,lime is made most commonly from limestone or marble4 ,it improves in quality when carbonate of lime in organic formation1 such as sea-shells1 is used2 and there are degrees of excellence in these1 from common oyster-shells to others of a finer kind1 such as those with which the brilliantly white and hard chunam of ,india is made4 ,in certain places mortar1 when well made1 becomes with age as hard as flint4 ,in ,american towns1 where anthracite coal is burned1 it rots away in chimneys under the influence of sulphurous acid with great rapidity4 ,in the ,pacific ,islands1 where lime is made from delicate small sea-shells or coral1 and mortar is like a paint or enamel1 a missionary has recorded that1 when he taught the natives how to make it1 they whitewashed everything1 even to the children1 who thus became white people4 ,the misapplied word mastic1 which suggests a gum1 refers to certain modifications of mortar into which oil enters2 also the oxides of lead or zinc4 8,oil forms with these an insoluble soap1 which includes or binds the other materials1 forming1 after one month's drying1 a very hard substance10 which some say is as hard as stone1 but which depends entirely on the quality and combination2 for ,i have seen so-called mastic applied to coating cheaply built houses1 which cracked or crumbled away like mere plaster of ,paris4 ,to thoroughly amalgamate mastics1 it is usual to put their ingredients into casks which are two-thirds filled1 and then revolved by machinery4 ,the oil is then added4 ,at least two days are required for the process4 ,the following recipes for mastics are among the best1 having been approved by ,,lehner4 ,it may here be remarked1 once for all1 not only as regards mastics1 but all recipes in this work1 that unless the materials indicated are of the very best quality1 and the processes be most thoroughly carried out1 the experimenter cannot expect complete success4 ,more than this1 the experimenter must not be satisfied with a single trial4 ,if every recipe could be at once executed by every cook1 we should find the most exquisite cookery on every table in ,europe4 ,i once published the correct recipe for making objects of a peculiar kind of papier-mch hardened4 ,it was very easy to make4 ,i had seen specimens of the ware1 and ,i received the recipe from the inventor4 ,moreover1 a great deal of money had been made by it4 ,however1 soon after ,i had published it ,i received an indignant letter from the head of a large manufacturing house1 stating that they had tried my recipe and utterly failed6 ,,french ,,mastic3-- ,quartz or flint sand1 parts #cjj ,powdered quicklime1 0 #ajj ,litharge1 0 #ej ,linseed-oil1 0 #ce ,,paget',s ,,mastic3-- ,flint sand #cae ,washed chalk #aje ,white lead #be ,minium #aj ,sugar of lead in solution #de ,linseed-oil #ce ,the paste or 8dough0 thus formed should be ground with horizontal rollers in a mill1 such as is used for chocolate1 until all the ingredients are very thoroughly amalgamated4 ,a ,,very ,,good ,,cement ,,for ,,mending1 especially where the objects are exposed to water1 whether they be of stone or earthenware1 is made as follows3-- ,powdered glass #dj ,washed litharge #dj ,linseed-oil varnish #bj ,the powdered glass is prepared by heating glass red-hot1 casting it into water1 grinding and sifting it4 ,this powder is saturated with the linseed-oil varnish1 and heated in a kettle4 ,this cement sets hard in three days4 ,,lehner observes that glass-powder serves in such recipes to resist the action of acids1 c41 since it forms in combination on the surface a glaze of great hardness2 that is1 the glass and lead form a chemical combination4 ,pulverised calcined glass therefore acts not as an 8indifferent0 but as a chemical ingredient4 ,,caseine1 or ,cheese1 forms the basis of several recipes for mending stone1 as when there are holes in a block or the mortar has given way4 ,to prepare it for use 7,,lehner71 we let milk stand in a cool place1 skimming away with the utmost care all the cream4 ,place this on a filter1 and pour on it rain-water till it is purified from every trace of lactic acid2 then tie it in a cloth1 boil it in water1 and spread it on blotting-paper in a warm place1 when it will be a horn-like substance4 ,this will keep for a long time4 ,to prepare it for use1 rub it in a saucer with water4 ,,to ,,mend ,,stone make the following3-- ,caseine #ab ,slacked lime #ej ,fine sand #ej ,another recipe3-- ,boil new cheese in water till it draws out in threads1 stirring in slacked lime and sifted wood-ashes in the following proportions3-- ,cheese #ajj ,water #bjj ,slacked lime #be ,wood-ashes #bj ,this may also be used to close cavities in trees or in wood4 ,a ,,cheese ,,cement ,,for ,,stone1 and for many other purposes1 is made as follows4 ,it may be kept for a long time1 and is very durable 7,,lehner73-- ,caseine #bjj ,calcined lime #dj ,camphor #a ,this must be closely incorporated and kept well corked4 ,when it is to be used mix it with water1 and apply at once4 ,the following cement was used by the ,romans especially in setting mosaics4 ,it becomes as hard as marble1 and sets with great rapidity3--,to one quart of milk add the white of five eggs1 and stir in powdered quicklime till a paste is formed4 ,this composition may be used to repair or make scagliola1 which is fragments of marble or stone embedded in a hard mass4 ,when it sets1 polish the surface with rasps1 and rub down with a rough stone1 and finally polish with marble dust1 and then emery or tripoli4 ,beautiful slabs for tables1 columns1 floors1 and walls can thus be made4 ,it is valuable for repairing4 ,,ceresa is allied to this4 ,we make a basis of this or any other cement which will hold firmly1 and press into the surface powdered glass1 which may be fine or of any degree of coarseness4 ,coarse grains shine most brilliantly2 fine powder is best adapted to delicate shading4 ,the effect is best when mosaic stones and gold cubes are sparingly introduced4 ,to make the gold cubes1 take two small panes of window glass1 cover one side of each with varnish or mastic cement1 lay between them gold-leaf1 and join them4 ,very beautiful pictures can be made in this manner4 ,nor is it at all necessary that they should be finely executed for ordinary decoration4 ,all that is needed for this beautiful and little-known art is the cement1 a quantity of glass or stone of different colours1 and a mortar and pestle4 ,the mosaic cubes1 with those of gold1 can be bought in ,london4 ,allied to this is an art which ,i believe ,i can claim to have invented4 ,it consists of breaking waste chinaware1 crockery1 or fictile ware into small squares or triangles1 and setting them as mosaic in cement4 ,the advantage of it is the cheapness of the material1 and the infinite number of shades of colour which can be selected for it4 ,its disadvantage is1 that it will not wear as a pavement1 but it is perfectly adapted to walls4 ,a ,,strong1 ,,coarse ,,cement ,,for ,,brick ,,or ,,stone ,,work in building is made as follows3-- ,slacked lime #dj ,brick-dust #aj ,iron filings #aj ,ox-blood #h ,water #h ,the blood is stirred as it comes from the slaughtered beast with a broom for ten minutes to break the fibre4 ,it should then be mixed with the water and kneaded with the powder4 ,glue may be substituted for the blood4 ,this cement1 if properly made1 sets very hard and adhesively4 ,,for ,,tiles1 ,,bricks1 ,,or ,,composition3-- ,slacked lime #ajj ,sifted stone-coal ashes #ej ,stirred ox-blood #ae ,it may be observed that many of the cheaper cements can be employed to form large bricks by combination with broken stone or rubble1 gravel1 pebbles1 brickbats1 c4 ,another method1 called ,,concrete1 is to make cases of boards1 and to form a solid wall by pouring in the mixture1 or ramming it down1 according to its hardness4 ,thus a house is made entirely in one piece2 but its excellence depends entirely on the quality of the cement employed1 and on the care taken in building4 ,simple lime mortar1 if not of a superior quality1 hastily formed1 as ,i have seen1 is very apt to crack and break off4 ,where hydraulic cement is cheap and good1 houses can be built as firm as granite4 ,a good and strong cement of this kind can be made as follows3-- ,burned lime #aj ,caseine #ab ,hydraulic cement #cj ,the proportions may be very much varied in such cements according to their price1 but generally with a satisfactory result4 ,fractures or discolorations in marble1 as in statuary1 are so perfectly repaired in ,florence that the juncture is not perceptible4 ,even dark spots are drilled out4 ,the process is to drill a round concave hole1 and cut the piece to be inserted so as to exactly fit as a convex plug4 ,it is then fastened in with transparent mastic or other clear cement4 ,it will be seen1 on due consideration1 that this is extremely ingenious1 because by it alone can a perfectly tight fit be secured4 ,by turning the plug in the hollow it speedily grinds itself into an accurate plug2 so when the cement is applied it can be reduced to a minimum--in fact1 by this means the line of junction is reduced to its finest limit4 ,where a very strong cement is needed for stone-work1 it can be prepared by mixing a fine cement powder--e4g41 ,portland cement--with liquid silicate of soda4 ,as it dries almost at once1 it must be promptly applied4 ,it is particularly well adapted for building under water1 since it then becomes extremely hard4 ,before applying it smear the stone with pure silicate4 ,the following is highly commended by ,,lehner3-- ,mending statues of gypsum or plaster of ,paris is allied to stone-work4 ,the broken edges are washed with water till no more is absorbed and the surface remains wet4 ,then stir fresh calcined white plaster of ,paris with much water to a thin paste1 and continue to stir this till it is cold4 ,then rapidly paint this paste on the broken edges1 continuing to press the two together till they set hard4 ,it is1 says ,,lehner1 a peculiarity of gypsum that when mixed with alum dissolved in water it takes a much longer time to harden1 but is very much harder in the end4 ,thus1 if we let the powdered gypsum lie for twenty-four hours in alum-water1 dry it1 and then calcine it again1 the powder when mixed with water sets to a stone as hard as marble4 ,plaster of ,paris and alum1 combined with the fine powder of calcined glass1 form a very hard and durable cement1 of very general utility in all mending of stone-work4 ,for an exhaustive work on the subject of not only mending stone-work1 but also of making artificial stone and many cements1 as well as combining and adapting to use paper1 cellulose1 sawdust and shavings1 gypsum1 chalk1 glue1 c41 including not only ancient but also the most recent recipes1 consult ,die ,fabrikation knstlicher plastischer ,massen1 by ,johannes ,hofer2 ,leipzig1 ,a4 ,hartleben1 price #ds4 ,,repairing ,,ivory ,works of art in carved ivory or bone are very valuable when perfect1 yet when broken or defective they may very often be purchased for a trifle4 ,yet the process of mending them or restoring the missing portions is not difficult4 ,the first thing to consider is the colour4 ,when old ivory has only acquired a delicate hue1 as of ,naples yellow1 this adds to its attractiveness2 nor are the brownish shadows and marks which gather in the angles of the reliefs repulsive4 ,these may be left untouched1 and even imitated4 ,but a great deal of old ivory becomes of blackish bistre1 or of a dirty1 spotted brown or neutral tint1 which has nothing in common with artistic effect1 and suggests1 like old slums in cities1 more that is repulsive than picturesque4 ,to clean such pieces1 dissolve rock-alum in rain-water till it is white or forms a full saturation4 ,boil this1 and keep the ivory in the boiling solution for about an hour1 taking it out from time to time and cleaning it with a soft brush4 ,then let it dry in a damp linen or muslin rag2 it will then be cleaned4 ,ivory is often bleached by the simple process of damping1 or wiping it with water and then exposing it to the rays of the sun2 which must1 however1 be frequently repeated4 ,according to ,,lehner1 the only perfect and certain process by which any ivory can be cleaned is to steep the article for some time in ether or benzole1 in order to extract any fatty matter1 then to wash it in water1 and finally keep it in super-oxide of hydrogen 7,wasserstoff1 super-oxide7 till it is bleached1 after which wash again in water4 ,,to ,,supply ,,missing ,,portions4--,take ivory-dust1 such as can be bought of every ivory-turner1 sift it to an impalpable powder1 or else levigate or grind it down under water as fine as flour in a mortar4 ,then combine this with gum arabic1 in alum solution1 or the silicate of potash4 ,egg-shells1 levigated1 may be substituted for the ivory-dust1 and are even less likely to turn grey2 and very fine white glue or gelatine of the clearest kind may be substituted for the gum-arabic4 ,,louis ,,edgar ,,and,s1 in his able work on ,ivory1 ,horn1 ,mother-of-,pearl1 and ,tortoise-shell1 explains a process much like that already described4 ,according to him1 take finely powdered bone 7or ivory-dust71 combine it with white of eggs1 and the result will be an intensely hard substance1 which can be turned or carved like ivory4 ,to perfect this the mass should be subjected to a heat of from #ej to #fj centigrade1 and then to strong pressure4 ,gelatine or best glue1 with glycerine1 is quite as good as the white of eggs1 and it may to advantage be combined with the latter4 ,having very thoroughly mixed the composition1 take the broken ivory article1 repair the missing portions1 and fill the cavities with the paste4 ,though not equal to celluloid as an imitation of new and fresh ivory1 this cement is very much like old bone and ivory1 and after a little experimenting the artistic amateur may succeed in so blending the binder or adhesive with the dust as to take casts which are almost perfect imitations of the originals4 ,but let it be observed in this1 as in everything1 one must not expect perfect success at a first trial1 as too many do4 ,when the paste is dry1 smooth the surface with a sharp cutter1 so as to remove any small projections1 and then polish it1 first with fine emery or tripoli1 then with a burnisher1 finally by hand4 ,if you have1 for example1 an old flat plate of ivory1 like one of the fourteenth century now before me1 which ,i bought for a mere trifle because it was broken1 lay it in an exactly fitting box--a strip of tin in a square will answer--and fill in the vacancy4 ,the missing ornament on the upper side can be carved1 or even supplied from a hardened stamp or mould of rolled soft bread-crumb4 ,this bread-crumb can be made very hard by admixture with a very little nitric acid and water4 ,imitation meerschaum pipes1 which are rather like ivory or bone1 are made from this composition by pressure4 ,i may here mention that this ivory or bone cement1 which is little known1 is admirably adapted to repair broken inlaying4 ,there was in ,florence1 in the sixteenth century1 an extensive manufacture of delicate bas-reliefs for small caskets from lime and rice1 which greatly resembled bone or ivory4 ,it was extremely durable1 probably from being extremely well worked4 ,specimens of it bring a high price4 ,a very slight infusion of ,naples yellow1 to which a suspicion of brown1 reduced in ,chinese white1 has been added1 gives to the paste an old-ivory colour4 ,the corners and outlines may be shaded in ,vandyke brown4 ,before attempting to glue or mastic fractured ivories1 they should always be washed in the alum solution1 else they will often refuse to adhere4 ,when there is a little addition of whiting and a little oil1 very well worked into the ivory paste1 and it is allowed to dry thoroughly1 it may be cut or carved into any shape4 ,ivory or bone when very old becomes brittle or crumbling and falls to powder1 because certain organic substances dry out of it1 leaving chiefly lime as their residue4 ,when the ivories from ,nineveh were brought to the ,british ,museum the celebrated ,sir ,joseph ,hooker suggested that they should be steeped in gelatine4 ,this effected a perfect restoration4 ,when a case occurs in which an ivory article1 a bone1 or skull is so fragile that it will not bear the slightest touch without falling to dust1 it may often be saved by gently spraying on it water in which gelatine or glue has been dissolved4 ,as the glue may be made by boiling old gloves1 and as a spray can be easily improvised1 it will be seen that excavators and openers of ancient tombs might by this means save thousands of curious relics which are allowed to perish4 ,as it is certainly a species of mending or of restoration1 it is in place in this work4 ,this is especially to be desired as to skulls of the earliest ages1 which are of inestimable value1 of which we have so very few1 and of which thousands have perished which might have been preserved in the manner which ,i have indicated4 ,sprays for spreading perfume or medicated liquids1 which can be adapted to thin liquid glue1 may be had of all chemists4 ,but we can effect the purpose better by taking a tooth-brush1 or any brush of the kind1 wetting1 and then drawing it over a dull edge of a knife or a strip of tin4 ,according to ,j4 ,c4 ,,wiegleb1 a ,frenchman in his time received a very large pension for this invention1 which was applied to spraying pastels4 ,the ,romans made a spray1 very imperfectly1 by suddenly squeezing or throwing liquids from a sponge4 ,ivory handles to knives and forks1 when loose1 can be best reset by first pouring in a little strong vinegar4 ,when dry use acidulated glue4 ,a common recipe for this purpose is the following3-- ,resin 7colophonium7 #bj parts ,sulphur #e 0 ,iron filings #h 0 ,heat1 and use while soft4 ,in repairing ivory it is often necessary to stain it of different colours4 ,most of the old works on recipes contain directions for this4 ,in that of ,,ris ,,paquot they are given as follows3-- ,first prepare a mixture of copper filings1 rock-alum1 and ,roman vitriol4 ,boil it1 let it be for six days1 then add a little rock-alum4 ,the piece of ivory to be dyed is kept in this solution for half an-hour4 ,to dye ,red4--,boil logwood chips or cochineal in water2 when hot add lead dross 7cendre gravele7 about #be grammes1 keep it in the fire till the colour has taken1 then add rock-alum4 ,this is strained through linen1 and the ivory to be dyed is put into this liquor4 ,green4--,take one quart of lye made from vine-ashes 7cendre de sarment71 #g grammes of powdered verdigris1 a handful of common salt1 with a little alum4 ,boil it to one-half2 as soon as it is taken from the fire place the ivory in it1 and leave it till properly coloured4 ,blue4--,dissolve indigo and potash in water1 and then mix this with a quart of vine-ash lye4 ,black4--,boil the ivory in the following composition3--,vinegar1 #ejj grammes2 gall-nuts pulverised1 #ab grammes2 nut-shells1 #ab grammes4 ,boil down to one-half4 ,these are all very strong dyes1 which may be used for other substances4 8,ivory can be softened and made almost plastic by soaking in phosphoric acid4 ,when washed with water1 pressed1 and dried1 it will regain its former consistency40 ,ivory-dust thus treated can be really rendered plastic4 ,the process requires care4 ,in the ,magia ,naturalis of ,,hildebrand1 a work of the sixteenth century1 we are told that ivory can be imitated or repaired with a cement made of powdered egg-shells1 gum-arabic in solution1 and the white of eggs4 ,dry it in the sun4 ,allied to ivory is ,horn4 ,deer-horn was frequently used as a material whence to make a substance which was moulded into many forms4 ,for this purpose the hardest part of the horns was selected and filed or powdered1 and then boiled in strong potash lye4 ,thus it became a paste1 which was promptly pressed into moulds4 ,when dry the figures were carefully polished4 ,ox-horn can be treated in the same manner4 ,when cracked1 carved horns or powder-flasks can be mended with this paste2 also with mastic and whiting4 ,horn in a soft state is easily coloured by mixing with it any dye4#c ,it has been recently complained in a leading review1 in an article on sales of ancient works of art1 that imitations of antique works of ivory are now carried to such perfection that even the learned in such matters have been deceived4 ,this is perfectly true1 and therefore it is the greater pity that such imitation1 which is not necessarily very expensive1 cannot be extended to our great museums1 the wealthiest of which thus far seldom get beyond rough1 plain plaster-casts to make duplicates of ivory-work4 ,the artists in imitation seem to be entirely in the employ of the people who deliberately sell counterfeits for genuine relics of antiquity4 ,but1 as ,martin ,luther or some one once remarked in reference to adapting hymns to popular airs1 8,there was no reason why the devil should keep all the good tunes to himself10 so is there none why duplicates of thousands of exquisite works in ivory1 bone1 and horn should not be better known to the world4 ,it is possible that1 to the world at large1 there is little real interest in such works2 but interest will come in time with familiarity4 ,apropos to ivory1 or horn1 there is a process of applying an imitation of them to any kind of surface1 which is1 when executed with skill1 remarkably effective4 ,it is chiefly executed in ,vienna1 where it is applied to leather1 plaster of ,paris1 wood1 and wall-paper4 ,with variations1 it is essentially as follows3-- ,cover the ground with flexible varnish1 then paint over this with light ,naples yellow1 graduated as nicely to some old ivory model as possible4 ,it is best not to have it all too uniformly of one tone1 since old work often has its shades4 ,the object here need not be to ape or copy old work1 but to catch what is beautiful in it4 ,then fill in the outlines of the pattern1 and the dots and irregularities near it1 or anywhere1 with brown more or less dark4 ,for this1 study old ivory4 ,then varnish with ,,soehn,e1 ,no4 #c4 ,a great deal depends on the quality of this second coat4 ,finally rub down very thoroughly with chamois and hand1 and repeat the process more than once if you want it very much like ivory4 ,very extraordinary and perfect imitations of ivory1 bone1 worn and glossy parchment and brown leather1 wood1 marble--in short1 of any kind of work of art which has been rubbed and worn smooth by hand during centuries1 can be made by this process of ivorying with alternate layers of varnish1 colour1 varnish1 and so on4 ,when there is no relief the paint itself can be worked with wheel and tracer1 and then repainted and varnished4 ,this is a very beautiful art1 specially applicable to book-covers1 and often useful in repairing old work4 ,i would here repeat what ,i said1 that the object of imitating effects in old works of art1 or in other kinds of art--which is so staunchly repudiated by mere artisans who themselves are generally only imitators of the designs of others--is not to make counterfeits1 but to take from age or art beautiful effects1 however produced1 and apply them to work4 ,those who are too conscientious to execute stencilling on a wall1 or to use moulds for leather-work1 would do well to first consider whether they know enough to design a really good or admirable stencil1 or an excellent mould1 for it is in the genius which originates and executes1 not in the mere means1 tools1 and materials employed1 that art consists4 ,art does not depend in the least on either making skill difficult or in rendering its methods easy2 it displays skill1 but scorns the ,chinese standard of mere industry4 ,an artist like ,,albert ,d,,rer would never have prided himself on only using certain tools as being 8artistic20 he would1 however1 have made designs which would have forced originality and art into a photograph4 ,there are marvellous effects of corrugation in ancient walls1 plays of light and shade and colour and polish in rock and strand and heaps of ashes1 which ,,leonardo ,,da ,,vinci knew how to catch and transfer to different subjects1 and at which perhaps the artisans of his time sneered as 8not artistic40 ,age1 which gives a certain exquisite charm to wine and words of wisdom1 has done the same to all material things1 of which1 indeed1 it may be strangely said that wherever it does not destroy a charm it confers one1 like moonlight1 which renders nightly shadows more terrible or else more beautiful4 ,it is to be regretted that this principle1 which is a very important one1 is but little understood4 ,the manufacturers of all decorative art work at present endeavour without exception to make everything staringly1 cruelly brand new1 or else a mere copy of old work4 ,what they need is to draw1 as ,,rembrandt did1 from age so much of its peculiar charm as is adaptable to modern work4 ,i have introduced these remarks because the mender and restorer of old ivories and bookbindings and pictures1 if he regards his occupation as an art--which it really is--is peculiarly adapted to fully appreciate them4 ,restoring1 like copying1 leads to creating new work4 ,i think that any person of ordinary intelligence can1 with zeal and application1 learn to mend anything as described in this work1 and from such mending it is much easier to learn to make works of minor art4 8,short the step from senator to podest--shorter the step from podest to king40 ,a great merit and peculiarity of ivory1 as of horn1 is that it is tough and elastic1 as well as of a beautiful transparent or diaphanous quality4 ,these characteristics have1 with the exception of its graining or texture1 been well imitated thus far only in celluloid1 which is unfortunately too expensive for very general use1 and1 what is worse1 too liable to destruction4 ,i1 however1 confidently anticipate that ere long some substance will be discovered much superior to celluloid as a substitute1 and probably much cheaper and less perishable4 ,to celluloid ,i may1 however1 add the sulphuretted preparations of caoutchouc and gutta-percha1 known as vulcanite or ebonite4 ,these are indeed hard1 tough1 and elastic to perfection1 but very dark and opaque4 ,,lehner1 in his work ,die ,imitationen1 observes that imitations of ivory must be varied to suit the colour and quality of originals4 ,this requires a study1 firstly1 of the adhesive or glue which is to be used4 ,this1 when colourless1 is known as ,french gelatine1 and is very expensive4 ,in lieu thereof the experimenter may take best white ,salisbury glue or gum-arabic prepared with alum-water4 ,secondly1 the body1 which may be of carbonate of magnesia1 carbonate of lime1 such as powdered marble1 sulphuretted lime1 or powdered gypsum1 chalk1 starch1 or flour1 white oxide of tin1 zinc1 sulphate of barytes or ,chinese white1 white oxide of lead4 ,in combining1 e4g41 magnesia with the glue1 an addition of ten per cent4 of glycerine gives elasticity and a horn-like clearness4 ,to harden artificial ivory made with glue1 the objects are dipped into strong solution of alum or tannin for about four minutes4 ,the tannin is best made from gall-apples4 ,objects thus made have an antique ivory1 yellowish hue4 ,red chrome alkali may be used in solution with water instead of tannin1 but it gives a stronger yellow4 ,according to ,,hyatt',s patent1 artificial ivory is made by combining a syrup made of eight parts shellac and three parts of ammoniac with forty of the oxide of zinc4 ,this is heated and subjected to pressure4 ,,celluloid is the best material for making artificial ivory4 ,it is made by the combination of cellulose or vegetable fibre in the form of cotton-wool treated with acid2 that is to say1 gun-cotton and camphor4 ,it is sold in thin leaves1 c41 which can be softened at from #ajj to #abe centigrade1 so as to be moulded to any form4 ,by infusion of colouring matter1 such as oxide of zinc1 cinnabar1 c41 celluloid is made to resemble ivory1 coral1 or tortoise-shell4 ,it has often been applied to making a perfect imitation of ,florentine mosaic1 and of course serves admirably to repair such work when broken4 ,a very strong cement for ivory1 bone1 or fine wood is made by boiling transparent gelatine in water to a thick mass4 ,add to this gum-mastic dissolved in alcohol1 this solution being one-fourth1 and stir into it pure white oxide of zinc till it forms a fluid like honey4 ,this is also of itself an artificial ivory1 when prepared and dried in the mass4 ,another can be made by combining diamond cement 7vide ,glass7 with powdered ivory and a little glycerine4 ,also with the same1 or very strong white glue and powdered egg-shells1 which latter should have been boiled4 ,also white of egg1 gum-arabic1 a very little strong vinegar1 and levigated egg-shells4 ,another recipe for such mending or making of ivory and similar substances is to take soft and very white paper in pulp1 combined with cotton-wool1 treated with very dilute acid or strong vinegar4 ,to this add powdered egg-shells1 made into paste with a little glycerine2 amalgamate this with the paper and cotton mixture as thoroughly as possible1 and submit to strong pressure or rolling4 ,,cellulose in any form1 whether made from cotton1 linen1 wood1 or other vegetable fibrous substance1 affords a basis which can be treated with dilute acid to produce a horny or parchment-like substance4 ,a modification of this is seen in making celluloid with camphor4 ,these modified forms of organic creation can be combined with other organic substances or minerals in great variety4 ,thus glycerine1 and at times oil of different kinds1 in such admixtures confers elasticity1 or a diaphanous appearance2 ivory-dust has an affinity for oil and glue2 and these all combine with parchment1 boiled ivory-dust1 and fibrine or cellulose4 ,certain marine plants1 such as kelp1 yield a fibrous substance which has very peculiar qualities1 and which admits of ingenious combination4 ,certain experiments and observations convince me that there is here a vast field1 as yet unexplored1 in which science will yet make discoveries and afford valuable contributions to technology4 ,the reader who is specially interested in this subject may consult to advantage ,die ,verarbeitung des ,hornes1 ,elfenbeines1 ,schildpatts und der ,perlenmutter1 c41 von ,louis ,edgar ,ands2 ,vienna1 ,a4 ,hartleben1 price #cs4 ,,repairing ,,amber ,,how ,,to ,,perfectly ,,re-,,join ,,broken ,,amber1 ,,and ,,to ,,imitate ,,it--,,how ,,to ,,melt ,,amber ,,in ,,fragments ,,to ,a ,,single ,,body ,amber has been admired in all ages and everywhere from its exquisite colour and semi-transparency4 ,many superstitions were attached to it1 and many still believe that to carry a bead made from it is good for the eyesight4 ,it is principally found on the ,prussian coast1 off the ,german ,ocean1 but is also picked up in considerable quantities on the ,english shore4 ,it is the gum or resin of a now extinct species of pine1 which was probably much like that in ,new ,zealand1 which produces the gum kauri1 which so much resembles amber4 ,some amber is yellow and clear like lemon-candy4 ,this is extensively imitated for cigar-holders and pipe-mouthpieces1 beads1 c4 ,then there is the clouded1 varying from white to straw-colour1 and the beautiful golden-brown1 which appears so rich in sunlight2 also the dark-brown and black4 ,these dark-brown ambers are generally seen in old ornaments1 and are of a kind which is dug out of the earth4 ,light amber can be darkened to brown by an artificial process4 ,gum copal1 which comes from ,africa1 much resembles amber1 but is less beautiful and more brittle4 ,gum kauri1 from ,new ,zealand1 is very much like it4 ,both are used to imitate amber4 ,there are not many who know how to mend amber when broken4 ,i am assured that the following is a trustworthy method3--,warm the pieces1 dampen them with caustic potash 7tz-kali71 and then press them together4 ,when well done the joining will not be perceptible4 ,it is said that by this process small pieces of amber1 amber-dust1 c41 can be made into blocks4 ,in imitating amber1 the best pieces of copal are picked out1 put into an air-tight vessel1 and dissolved in petroleum1 sulphuric ether1 or benzole4 ,after being dried in blocks this is submitted to a great pressure4 ,as it dries the pressure is increased4 ,it occurred to me many years ago that the proper way to unite copal to a tough body like amber would be to use a tough or flexible varnish as a binding medium4 ,i find by the work of ,,lehner on ,imitations that he has verified this by experiment4 ,what is also important is1 that the process of hardening by pressure is by this means very much facilitated4 ,i should judge1 by all chemical laws1 that a varnish infused with glycerine in combination with copal1 kauri1 or amber-dust would1 even without pressure1 form in time a substance quite as hard as amber1 and much less brittle4 ,it is to be desired that some technist would experiment on a variety of gums in this manner1 and thus fix or render permanent their beauty4 ,there is a wide field here to be worked4 ,the subject of meerschaum and amber is fully treated in a work entitled ,die ,meerschaum- und ,bernstein-,fabrikationen1 von ,g4 ,m4 ,raufer2 ,vienna1 ,a4 ,hartleben1 #b marks4 ,i may add that carving amber is a very elegant art1 yielding beautiful results4 ,i have known a young lady1 the late ,miss ,catherine ,l4 ,bayard1 who excelled in it4 ,it is effected chiefly with fine files and emery or glass paper1 as1 owing to its extremely brittle nature1 there is much risk for any save experts to use cutting tools4 ,amber is a very expensive material1 but objects made from it are of more than proportionate value4 ,those who would practise carving it should begin with pieces of copal4 ,as ,i have already explained1 small fragments and the dust of both amber and copal can be melted and combined with clear turpentine into large masses1 which are even tougher than the native gums4 ,an inferior1 but still very pretty1 imitation of amber can be made by combining almost any gum properly clarified and coloured2 as1 for instance1 gum-arabic or dextrine with gelatine 7best quality white7 and glycerine4 ,if thoroughly well combined and dried1 this will wear as well as amber4 ,some of the gums of fruit-trees--e4g41 of the peach and cherry--are very beautifully coloured and clear1 and seem to be admirably adapted to be hardened by the same process4 ,they occur very frequently in old books of recipes as adhesives or cements4 ,perfectly clear glue or gelatine with glycerine and transparent dyes form an excellent imitation for beads4 ,,indiarubber ,,and ,,gutta-,,percha ,,mending ,,indiarubber ,,shoes ,,and ,,making ,,garments ,,waterproof1 ,,with ,,other ,,applications ,indiarubber or gutta-percha enters into so many familiar and useful objects that there are few people who would not like to know how to repair them when injured4 ,like the brittle or non-elastic gums1 caoutchouc 7with which ,i include the nearly allied gutta-percha7 is greatly modified by admixture with certain pulverised substances1 which form with it a partly mechanical1 partly chemical1 combination4 ,those who would thoroughly study the subject in all its relations may consult ,kautschuk 7,caoutchouc7 und ,guttapercha1 von ,raimund ,hoffer2 ,wien1 #ahib1 ,hartleben4 ,caoutchouc is partially soluble in carburetted sulphur1 ether1 pure petroleum1 or benzole1 but gutta-percha is perfectly so4 ,in this state it may be applied as a varnish or coating for repairs1 as it hardens by exposure to the air4 ,when mixed with sulphur and exposed to a heat of #aaj to #aae centigrade1 gutta-percha becomes what is called 8vulcanised10 assuming a very light grey colour1 is more elastic1 and retains this elasticity at a much lower grade than before4 ,when the heat is raised to 7maximum7 #ahj the mass becomes very hard1 tough1 and black1 or like horn4 ,the conditions of its toughness1 elasticity1 and hardness depend upon the amount of sulphur used2 as in other combinations1 the harder the material becomes the less elastic it is--that is1 the more brittle4 ,,ebonite is extremely hardened caoutchouc4 ,it is first treated with chlorine1 washed with sulphate of soda infused in water1 and finally mixed with hardening substances and submitted to severe pressure4 ,as indiarubber or 8gum0 shoes are in general use1 most people would consider them the proper objects to begin with4 ,to do this1 first make two separate preparations as follows3 ,i4 ,caoutchouc #aj ,chloroform #bhj ,,ii4 ,caoutchouc #aj ,resin #d ,turpentine #b ,oil of turpentine #dj ,no4 ,i4 is simply kept for a time in a bottle or tightly closed jar by itself4 ,no4 ,,ii4 is made by cutting the gum very fine1 mixing it with the resin1 then adding the turpentine1 and finally dissolving the whole in the oil of turpentine4 ,then combine ,i4 and ,,ii4 ,to repair the shoe1 take a linen patch1 steep it in the mixture1 and place it over the rent4 ,when this is dry apply one or more coats4 ,it may be observed that this preparation may be used not only for indiarubber shoes1 but many other objects4 ,applied to the soles of leather boots1 and then heated in1 repeating the process a few times1 they become perfectly waterproof4 ,this is better when the shoemaker makes a coating of it between the two soles4 ,i have tested this often4 ,the inner sole may be made by simply dissolving the indiarubber in benzole or ether4 ,a solution for ordinary repairing can be made by simply steeping the indiarubber in benzine4 ,rents or holes in ordinary leather shoes or other objects can be very well repaired in this way4 ,a piece of leather can in this case be substituted for the linen rag4 ,boots or shoes which will be very much exposed to wet should be warmed and then soaked or permeated with a solution of indiarubber4 ,preparations for the purpose can be bought of all dealers in gum and gutta-percha4 ,cloth is generally waterproofed by steeping it in a slight solution of caoutchouc4 ,another recipe 7,,lehner7 is as follows3-- ,caoutchouc #aej ,tallow #aj ,slacked lime #aj ,this is used to cork or close bottles4 ,to render it more resistant1 substitute pipeclay for the lime4 ,or if in place of either we use red oxide of lead1 it will form in time an extremely hard and perfectly waterproof cement of great value4 ,a ,,strong ,,indiarubber ,,cement3-- ,caoutchouc1 about #ij ,pulverised sulphur #aj ,or from #f to #ab of the latter4 ,this is specially commended as useful to close tins containing fruits1 c4 ,it is simply vulcanised indiarubber4 ,,marine ,,glue is a very valuable and generally useful cement4 ,it is so called because1 being perfectly waterproof1 it is used for many purposes in ships4 ,it is applicable not only to repairing indiarubber or gutta-percha garments1 but also to objects of metal1 wood1 glass1 stone1 paper1 or cloth2 as1 for instance1 umbrellas1 on which1 when torn1 a patch or strip of silk or muslin may be gummed1 which will last as long as the rest4 ,it is also good for waterproofing shoes4 ,it is sold by dealers in ships' stores1 chemists1 and others4 8,it is a good thing to have in the country40 ,,hard ,,marine ,,glue3-- ,caoutchouc #aj ,rectified petroleum #abj ,asphalt #bj ,to prepare this1 the caoutchouc should be hung in a linen bag in a cask with a very large bung1 or in a large jar1 so that the bag shall be only half immersed4 ,this is kept in a warm place for from ten to fourteen days1 till the solution is effected4 ,then the asphaltum may be melted in an iron kettle4 ,let the rubber solution slowly run into the kettle over a gentle heat1 and stir in the one to the other till the mass is thoroughly preserved are put in the bag2 the edge is then turned incorporated4 ,when this is effected pour the mixture into moulds which have been oiled to prevent adhesion4 ,the result is dark brown or black thin cakes1 which are broken with difficulty4 ,the excellence of this cement is somewhat counteracted by the difficulty or care which must be observed in using it4 ,to do this1 put the vessel in which it is to be melted in another or a balneum mari1 as for glue1 filled with boiling water4 ,when fluid take the kettle from the fire and subject it directly to heat till it attains a temperature of #aej centigrade4 ,when it is possible1 heat the object to be glued to #ajj4 ,the thinner the coat and the hotter the surface the better will it adhere1 unless the objects be such as hard boards4 ,in all cases as strong a pressure as possible should be employed to bring the two parts together1 which should be continued till the glue has dried4 ,boxes which are cemented together by means of marine glue and are also nailed are of extraordinary strength1 and may be thus made air-tight and waterproof4 ,those who intend to send articles which can be affected by sea-air1 such as silks and tea1 which change their colour and quality even when packed in the tightest ordinary cases1 should employ boxes well secured with good marine glue4 ,it is also invaluable to secure clothing against moths1 for if anything be very thoroughly dusted and there are no moths in it1 none can get in if it be enclosed in a box rendered air-tight4 ,apropos of which ,i would say that in ,america moths1 which are far more of a pest than in ,europe1 are effectively excluded by means of bags of strong paper1 well tarpaulined or tarred4 ,the objects to be over and warmed1 so that it seals itself up4 ,strong paper bags are better than any trunks to exclude moths1 but they must always be well gummed up4 ,tobacco is no protection at all against these insects4 ,i have even had an old woollen ,turkish tobacco-bag which had been in use ten years1 and which was partly full of tobacco1 almost devoured by moths1 which must have eaten no small quantity of tobacco in so doing4 ,nor is camphor or any other scent half as effective as hermetic closing in some substance which insects will not eat4 ,,lehner gives a suggestion regarding the rendering walls air-tight which is of such remarkable practical utility that it ought to be enforced by health laws in every house4 ,whenever walls have any tendency to absorb dampness--and all have it in damp weather1 especially in underground rooms--it is far more dangerous than is generally supposed to put paper on them4 ,this is so much the case that where workmen1 from carelessness1 paste one coat of paper over another on a damp wall1 the mass in time gives out a very poisonous exhalation1 so that an instance is recorded in which several people died1 one after the other1 in consequence of sleeping in such a room4 ,to prevent this take the following waterproof cement3-- ,caoutchouc #aj ,washed chalk #aj ,oil of turpentine #bj ,bisulphide of carbon #aj ,resin 7colophonium7 #e ,asphalt #e ,these are combined in a large flask1 kept in a moderately warm place1 and often shaken till well incorporated4 ,the wall to be covered should be brushed and wiped1 and in some cases heated1 until extremely dry4 ,then1 using the cement1 apply the paper in the ordinary way4 ,it will stick with great tenacity1 this being a very tight and strong glue4 ,all wall-paper whatever is more or less productive of malaria in damp weather1 as is the smell of a damp library1 or one where the scent of old paper is rankly and offensively perceptible4 ,therefore every precaution should be taken to render it innocuous4 ,even if no paper be applied1 this cement is very valuable when simply used to coat the interior or exterior of damp walls4 ,it can1 of course1 be used to repair many articles of indiarubber1 and to mend shoes1 tan garments1 c4 ,apropos of which latter ,i may here remark that all persons who intend to rough it in the bush as colonists1 or go into any region where mending or getting mended is difficult--as ,i myself have many a time experienced--would do well to carry a tight tin box of waterproof glue1 with which torn shoes1 and very often torn clothes1 can be promptly repaired4 ,in fact1 with the aid of a little rough stitching1 or even without it1 garments of leather1 muslin1 and even of cloth can be made to hold together with certain cements1 which will literally bind anything4 ,it is well worth while for those who propose to live in the wilderness1 wherever it may be1 to know how to prepare or make indiarubber garments4 ,the recipe is very easily made3-- ,gutta-percha #aj ,benzine #ajj ,linseed-oil varnish #ajj ,the gutta-percha is dissolved in the benzine2 the solution1 when clear1 is poured into a bottle already containing the varnish1 and all is then thoroughly shaken4 ,this mixture1 when spread on woven fabrics of any kind1 renders them completely waterproof4 ,the garments can then be cut out and 8sewed20 that is1 bound together with the same cement4 ,according to ,,lehner1 this cement can be used for making the soles of shoes1 and is marvellously elastic4 ,all travellers1 and assuredly all housekeepers1 should have this cement among their possessions4 ,it may also happen to a traveller to find himself with an aching hollow tooth in a region where no dentist is accessible4 ,should he have with him some gutta-percha 7bleached is best for this purpose7 he may combine it with very finely pulverised glass4 7,to levigate or powder anything as fine as flour1 it must be pounded in a mortar1 or on metal or hard stone under water47 ,then warm and thoroughly mix the gutta-percha and glass4 ,make it into little pencils1 which1 when they are to be used1 must be dipped in hot water4 ,this cement may be also used for a great variety of other purposes4 ,a very admirable cement1 which should be found in every stable and known to every one who owns a horse1 is made as follows3-- ,hartshorn and resin ammoniacum 7,ammoniakharz7 #aj ,purified gutta-percha #bj-be ,heat the gutta-percha to #ij-ajj centigrade1 and thoroughly incorporate it with the powdered resin4 ,the chief use of this admirable composition is to fill up cracks or splits in horses' hoofs4 ,it may also be used for plaster on occasion4 ,to apply it to hoofs1 warm it and spread it in with a warmed knife4 ,it sets so hard that it will hold nails4 ,in mending or making1 it may be observed that a very little indiarubber or gutta-percha may be combined with benzole or ether1 or rectified petroleum in large amount1 which soon becomes dense4 ,therefore1 to produce a surface or a skin1 we first spread a thin coat over the object or mould1 and then apply another with a broad1 soft brush or 8dabber0 with great care1 so as to make it of uniform thickness4 ,it is1 therefore1 best to have the preparation always rather thin1 and use it at the right time1 and not when it has become dense by long keeping4 ,in the latter case add more of the solvent4 ,glass bottles or vials containing liquids are often broken1 even by the pressure of soft objects1 such as clothing1 when placed in trunks4 ,it is therefore advisable to dip or coat them with this solution1 which forms a bag which will contain the fluid2 that is1 unless it be of a nature which will soften it4 ,i have known a bottle of hair-oil to be packed in a valuable cashmere shawl1 which was almost ruined by its breaking1 and which could have easily been prevented by this easy precaution4 ,any apothecary will make up these recipes4 ,a very curious and valuable imitation of indiarubber waterproof cloth is made as follows3--,caseine is macerated with water and with borax to a solution4 ,the cloth is dipped in this1 and when quite dry1 again dipped into a strong infusion of gall-apples4 ,this is a kind of tanning4 ,for exhaustive information on the subject of indiarubber the technologist may consult ,kautschuk und ,guttapercha1 by ,raimund ,hoffer1 ,leipzig1 #ahib1 which is1 ,i believe1 the latest and best work on this important subject4 ,,mending ,,metal-,,work ,,or ,,repairing ,,by ,,means ,,of ,,it ,,fireproof ,,cements1 ,,with ,,iron ,,binders ,metal-work1 especially in iron1 requires so much forging and so many appliances that it is to a certain extent beyond the ordinary mender1 who must in most cases have resort to the smith or artificer4 ,but there is still much within the capacity of the amateur to effect1 and this ,i will describe4 ,one of the commonest requirements in repairing trunks and many other objects is to make a strap or strip of metal hold either to a surface or to itself4 ,this is to be promptly effected by riveting4 ,if the iron band on a trunk is broken1 you cannot well nail it again into its place4 ,a nail will not hold in the thin side1 possibly of pasteboard4 ,to learn how to repair in such a case1 take a piece of common hoop iron1 lay it on a block of wood or a board1 and with a fine nail or brad-awl and hammer knock a hole in it4 ,then take a rivet or any flat-headed tack1 put it through the hole1 lay it with the head of the tack down on iron or stone if possible1 and then give the point a blow1 a little sideways4 ,the result is that the point will be flattened and the tack firmly held4 ,the result will be the same if the rivet passes through two thick pieces of metal4 ,in this manner the two ends of an iron hoop for a box are fastened4 ,therefore1 if we take a piece of tin or sheet-iron1 put it in the trunk against the side1 and bring down the broken strip on the outside1 we can1 with a little care1 rivet it4 ,it is advisable1 when this is done1 to paste a strong piece of muslin or leather over the tin to prevent it from cutting anything in the trunk4 ,these riveted strips are far better for surrounding and holding many bundles than cords4 ,they are better for books1 because they do not leave marks on the edges1 neither do they untie nor are they hard to fasten1 requiring no knotting4 ,riveted bands1 corners1 or bent pieces of sheet-metal are more generally applicable to broken furniture than is generally supposed4 ,the plate thus applied can generally be concealed either by chiselling a place for it or by hammering it into the wood1 and then cementing and painting it over4 ,wire is also very useful for mending of many kinds1 either in metal or wood4 ,to manage it we need a pair of cutting pliers or pincers1 as well as the long-nosed and flat pliers4 ,thus1 to attach two bodies--for instance1 the two parts of a broken gunstock--begin by fastening one end of the wire in one piece1 and wind it round both1 drawing it as tightly as possible with the flat pliers4 ,when united1 fasten the other end by driving it under the twist or into the wood4 ,this also can be so adroitly treated that the wire1 flattened with a file and hammered down1 can be concealed under paint and varnish4 ,by means of wire passed through holes made with long brad-awls or fine gimlets1 picture-frames can be firmly repaired4 ,in many cases the wire should be brought round and the ends fastened or wound together2 in others1 make a double ring in one end of the wire and nail it down1 then pass the wire through the hole and fasten the other end in the same way4 ,many kinds of broken implements may be thus mended4 ,endeavour to get strong1 flexible wire for such purposes4 ,boxes containing goods will be doubly strong when protected by strips of iron nailed round them4 ,hoop-iron is generally used for this purpose4 ,soldering is1 however1 the best and most usual means of repairing all kinds of metal-work1 and this is very far from being so difficult as is generally supposed2 indeed1 a lady-writer on metal-work goes so far as to declare that it is fascinating4 ,as every tinker and tinman knows how to 8sodder10 and will willingly give instruction for a trifle 7children1 indeed1 often behold the whole process admiringly for nothing71 and1 finally1 as it is most unlikely that any reader of this work should be in a place where neither tinkers nor tinmen are to be found--for ,i have read that a gipsy tinker was once discovered mending a kettle seated in the shadow of the ,great ,wall of ,china--it is hardly necessary to describe in detail processes which any one can take in at a glance4 ,the principle is this3--,as in cementing glass1 the glue which binds requires powdered glass to be mixed in it1 so that it may establish a quicker and closer affinity with the glass2 so to unite two metallic surfaces we must have a flux or some fusible substance as an intermediary4 ,for this purpose various substances1 such as resin and borax1 are employed with the solder1 which is a compound of metals1 which melts very easily1 takes a firm hold of other metals1 and sets hard at once4 ,there are many varieties of it1 adapted to different metals4 ,it is generally sold in small sticks for use4 ,i lay some stress on the fact that there should be some one in every family knowing how to repair1 especially in metal1 because there is no household in which there is not damage of tin and iron ware1 trunks1 kitchen utensils1 and often even of jewellery1 which a clever youth or young lady could easily restore4 ,a pin is detached from a brooch4 ,you could repair it yourself in five minutes1 at a halfpenny's expense2 but no1 it must be sent to a jeweller's to be mended for a shilling4 ,it is the same with earrings and chains and bracelets and clasps and securing-rings4 ,when they become shaky you fasten them with thread4 ,it will hold for the present1 of course2 and then comes an advertisement in the ,times3 8,lost--,twenty-five ,pounds ,reward60 ,all because you never learned how to repair or solder4 ,illustration ,but1 as 'tis never too late to mend1 and no one should be a mend ,i-can't1 or go begging to others to do for him what he can do for himself1 ,i trust that reflection on this subject will induce many to become practical repairers4 ,if you have a valuable coin1 do not take half the value out of it1 as most people do1 by boring a hole through it4 ,make a simple twist and eyelet of a bit of silver wire and solder it on the edge4 ,do not tie a gold chain with twine2 mend it properly4 ,rivet your broken scissors1 and when hinges come out screw them on again4 ,if there were really anything difficult in all this ,i would honestly say so1 but there is not1 and people who have received some education learn how to do it all with ease in a short time4 ,a recipe for a cement to attach metal to any other substance is made as follows3-- ,purified flint-sand 7or glass-powder7 #aj ,caseine or curd #h ,slacked lime #aj ,mix thoroughly1 and add water to a creamy consistency4 ,the following for metals is also very strong3-- ,sturgeon's bladder solution #ajj ,nitric acid #a ,the acid is stirred in at the same time with the cement1 which should be as dense as possible1 and with this mixture the surfaces of the metal are covered4 8,the nitric acid is intended to make the surfaces of the metal rough1 but it has the drawback that it hinders the drying of the glue0 7,,lehner74 ,this slowly drying is1 however1 a great advantage4 ,the same is found when it is mixed with common glue1 which generally dries too rapidly4 ,cements which dry rather slowly take hold the most firmly and permanently4 ,the acid hardens the mass by contracting the cellular tissue4 ,to hasten the drying1 the metallic parts1 which should be very strongly compressed together1 must be exposed to heat4 ,a simpler method for light articles of metal is to wet the surfaces with nitric acid for a few minutes till they are roughened1 then wash away the acid in water1 and cement the metal with sturgeon's bladder cement4 ,a special cement for zinc is made by thickening very strong dense glue with powdered slacked lime1 into which is kneaded one-tenth part of flowers of sulphur4 ,a so-called ,jeweller's ,cement1 which holds firmly1 is the so-called ,diamond1 elsewhere given2 also the following3-- ,sturgeon's bladder #ajj ,gum mastic varnish #ej ,the sturgeon's bladder is dissolved in as little water as possible with strong spirits of wine 7equivalent to ordinary spirits74 ,to prepare the mastic varnish1 mix finely powdered mastic with the most highly rectified spirits of wine and benzine1 and use as little liquid as possible4 ,the two mixtures must be then rubbed as intimately as possible together4 ,when carefully made this cement will serve for anything--glass or china1 c4 ,a ,,cement ,,for ,,zinc1 especially for ornaments and small work3--,in ten parts by weight of silicate of soda 7solution7 stir two parts of cleansed chalk and three of zinc in powder4 ,this is kneaded for some time into a putty1 with which defects1 roughnesses1 c41 can be remedied4 ,after twenty-four hours1 when polished with agate1 this cement has all the appearance of zinc4 ,it may be observed that other metals in fine powder may be substituted for the zinc1 and that with bronze powders1 oxides of metals1 and indeed with all the range of painters' colours1 combinations may be formed of infinite application in the arts4 ,according to ,,lehner the silicate of soda should be of #cc4 ,a specially strong and valuable cement1 capable of many uses in metal1 wood1 glass1 or china1 or to fasten glass to metal1 is made as follows3--,take best purified litharge1 stir it with glycerine until it becomes a thin homogeneous mass1 which in less than an hour will become a very hard mass1 which is of almost universal application4 ,it is not affected by water1 and resists the action 7according to ,,lehner7 of almost all acids1 the strongest alkalies1 as well as etherised oils and the fumes of chlorine and alcohol4 ,the surfaces which are to be united with it must first be covered with pure1 thick glycerine4 ,it will readily occur to the reader that in or to this1 as in every recipe given in this book1 modifications1 alterations1 and additions can be made1 of very great value1 adaptable to a great variety of substances4 ,it is to be observed that in such cases as this1 where one cannot be sure of the exact result1 it is best1 e4g41 to first experiment with a very little finest pulverised oxide of lead with the glycerine4 ,another form of this powerful metallic cement is given as follows3-- ,concentrated glycerine litre ,litharge #e kilogs4 ,to make a cement to fill or close joints in zinc-work3--,soak three parts by weight of glue in water1 pour off the superfluous water1 dissolve the glue in warm water1 stir into it six parts of slacked lime and one of flowers of sulphur4 ,when ironwork1 as1 for instance1 window-bars1 is to be set in stone1 the following is commended as taking a firm hold3-- ,calcined gypsum #cj ,finely powdered iron #aj ,vinegar #bj ,the following recipes1 though ,i have found many of them in other works1 are here taken1 with acknowledgment1 from ,,lehner1 as his proportions are invariably accurate1 or confirmed by experiment4 ,,an ,,iron ,,cement which resists heat and moisture3-- ,clay #aj ,iron filings #e ,vinegar #b ,water #c ,a ,,very ,,strong ,,waterproof ,,cement ,,for ,,iron3-- ,iron filings #ajj ,sal-ammoniac #b ,water #aj ,this in a few days will begin to turn into a hard rust4 ,another ,,oxidised ,,cement1 which holds like iron1 is made as follows3-- ,iron filings #fe ,sal-ammoniac #b4e ,flowers of ,sulphur #a4e ,sulphuric acid #a ,the sulphuric acid is diluted with water and added to the mixed powders4 ,a ,,rust ,,or ,,oxide ,,cement1 resisting fire3-- ,common iron filings #de ,clay #bj ,finest porcelain clay #ae ,salt in water #h ,fine clay may be used in lack of the finest porcelain clay4 ,,an ,,iron ,,cement to resist heat3-- ,iron filings #bj ,clay in powder #de ,borax #e ,salt #e ,peroxide of manganese #aj ,the borax and salt are melted in water and then quickly mixed with the remaining ingredients1 which are in a combined powder4 ,at a white-heat this becomes a glassy substance1 which seals hermetically4 ,,iron ,,cement to resist intense heat3-- ,peroxide of manganese #eb ,white oxide of zinc #be ,borax #e ,this is applied with silicate of soda4 ,it must dry gradually4 ,,iron ,,cement to resist heat3-- ,iron filings #ajj ,clay #ej ,salt #aj ,flint-sand #bj ,,fireproof ,,cement3-- ,iron filings #adj ,hydraulic cement #bj ,flint-sand #be ,sal-ammoniac #c ,this powder is made into a paste with vinegar4 ,it must dry for a long time before being submitted to heat4 ,another cement of the same kind is as follows3-- ,iron filings #ahj ,clay #de ,salt #h ,this is also made up with vinegar1 and must be dried for a long time4 ,,to ,,set ,,iron ,,in ,,stone3-- ,iron filings1 fine #aj ,calcined gypsum #cj ,sal-ammoniac #j4e ,also combined with vinegar4 ,when there are defects in iron castings1 they may be filled up with the following cement3-- ,clean iron filings #ajj ,flowers of sulphur #j4e ,sal-ammoniac #j4h ,to be mixed with water to a paste4 ,it does not fuse nor act as a paste until exposed to great heat4 ,before applying it wash the edges to be united with liquid ammonia4 ,brimstone or sulphur melts iron very promptly when the latter is red-hot1 and applied to it1 the iron will drop like melted sealing-wax4 ,a ,,cement ,,for ,,iron ,,stoves is made as follows3-- ,iron filings #ajj ,chalk-marl #dj ,flint-sand #ej ,vinegar #bj ,this is made into a paste1 which can be rendered porous by mixing with it bristles1 chopped straw1 sawdust1 or chaff4 ,when the latter is converted to coal by heat1 the cement is1 of course1 full of cavities4 ,in like manner1 clay for water-coolers is made light and spongy by mixing it with salt4 ,the salt gradually melts in the damp clay1 forming a porous substance4 ,when iron doors are to be hermetically sealed at very high temperatures the following may be used3-- ,finest iron filings #ajj ,sal-ammoniac #a ,limestone #aj ,silicate of soda #aj ,when the iron plates about a fireplace give way the following may be used3-- ,iron filings #bj ,iron dross or refuse #ab ,calcined gypsum #cj ,common salt #aj ,this mixture may be combined with either blood or silicate of soda1 preferably the latter1 as the former has a disagreeable smell4 ,iron filings mixed with vinegar are allowed to stand till of a brown colour1 and then driven with plugs and hammer into cavities1 where they form a rust cement4 ,,for ,,cracks ,,in ,,iron ,,pots1 c43-- ,iron filings #aj ,clay #fj ,this is mixed with linseed-oil to a paste4 ,it requires several weeks to harden1 but forms a hard cement4 ,a ,,black ,,cement ,,for ,,ironware3-- ,iron filings #aj ,sand #ab ,ivory black #aj ,slacked lime #ab ,lime water #e ,,schwartz',s ,,iron ,,cement for holes in pots1 c43-- ,i4 ,finely powdered glue #d-e ,finest iron dust #b ,peroxide of manganese #a ,common salt ,borax ,to be powdered extremely fine or levigated and made with water to a paste4 ,resists fire and hot water4 ,,ii4 ,pulverised peroxide of manganese #a ,white oxide of zinc #a ,to be finely pulverised and combined with silicate of soda4 ,an important part of all metal-mending is soldering4 ,this is based on the principle that certain metallic compounds which fuse at a very low heat can1 however1 be so brought into union with others which have an affinity for them as by melting to unite the harder objects4 ,thus bismuth1 which will melt in hot water1 has an affinity for lead1 which combines easily with tin and brass1 c42 as1 in like manner1 borax and resin with iron4 ,,newton',s ,,solder 7,,lehner73-- ,bismuth #h ,tin #c ,lead #e ,this melts at #id4e ,celsius4 ,,rose',s ,,solders3-- ,i4 ,bismuth #b ,lead #a ,tin #a ,,ii4 ,bismuth #e ,lead #c ,tin #b ,a ,,metallic-,,glass ,,solder3-- ,lead #cj ,tin #bj ,bismuth #be ,the lead is first carefully melted1 then the tin added1 and the melted mixture carefully stirred2 the bismuth is put in last of all4 ,,cement ,,for ,,iron ,,stoves3-- ,wood-ashes #aj ,clay #aj ,calcined lime #d ,to be mixed with water to form a firm paste4 ,also applicable to holes in trees4 ,clay mixed with waste-paper is also applicable for the latter purpose 7,,lehner74 7,glue may be added to it47 ,this mixture of clay and paper should be well mixed with sour milk4 ,,claus',s ,,cement ,,for ,,metal ,,and ,,glass3--#dj grammes of starch and #cbj grammes purified chalk are dissolved in #b quarts water1 into which is stirred pint solution of caustic soda4 ,the most important part of mending broken metal-work is soldering1 and this is so difficult to practically teach by mere writing1 while it can be so easily learned from any tinsmith1 or even tinker1 that ,i deem it common-sensibly best to acquire it from the latter4 ,those who would study it in all its details1 scientific or technological1 may do so in ,das ,lthen und die ,bearbeitung der ,metalle1 by ,edmund ,schlosser2 ,vienna1 ,a4 ,hartleben1 price #cs4 ,,repairing ,,leather-,,work ,,trunks1 ,,shoes1 ,,or ,,in ,,any ,,other ,,forms--,,joining ,,straps--,,making ,,cheap ,,shoes ,leather-work when much worn is seldom restored1 and1 except by a few experts1 it is generally regarded as incurable4 ,that is to say1 that leather-work is only repaired by the same method in which it is made--that is1 by sewing--when in fact a great deal is lost which might be saved1 and much imperfectly repaired which might seem like new by resorting to a more scientific process4 ,and therefore1 having devoted much attention to it1 ,i am persuaded that the worst cases may be mended4 ,within a week ,i purchased two small folio volumes which had been beautifully bound in black leather1 embossed in deep relief1 about #aebj1 in a style which was then becoming antiquated4 ,the pattern had been cut in a wooden mould1 stamped on the wet leather1 and then completely worked over by hand with tracers and matted or stamped in the ground4 ,but the black colour had been worn away from the relief and turned brown1 and it was otherwise dilapidated at the edges4 ,i took a volume and where the surface was ragged moistened it1 applied gum-arabic in solution1 and smoothed it down with an agate burnisher4 ,leather treated in this way soon becomes like a paste4 ,when it was all even ,i painted it over with strong liquid ,indian ink4 ,common ink would have done as well4 ,then ,i varnished it over lightly with the admirable vernis retoucher1 ,no4 #c1 of ,,soehn,e1 which is flexible1 preservative1 and does not crack4 ,i may add for ladies that it smells like eau de cologne4 ,this dries almost immediately4 ,it may be had at all artists' material shops4 ,finally1 ,i rubbed it for some time by hand4 ,then the binding was as good as new1 yet not too new4 ,it was simply perfectly restored4 ,i have in the introduction mentioned another work which ,i also restored4 ,this was a ,madonna in high relief1 very much dilapidated2 that is to say1 it was of thin leather1 which had been originally made in a mould1 and was accordingly puffed out1 so to speak1 like a pie-crust4 ,on the mould there had been laid a coat of muslin or cotton fabric2 this1 when dry1 had been very thinly covered with gesso or plaster of ,paris1 and on this1 when dry1 a thin wet leather had been pressed4 ,i may here note that very often the gesso was then blackened without any leather being applied1 and that when thus blackened1 covered1 and varnished it looked exactly like leather--an easy art1 which may be practised to profit by any one who can carve or buy moulds4 ,on examining this1 ,i found that it would be very difficult to repair it with good leather4 ,i found in a shop some thin black sham-leather1 such as the ,japanese apparently manufacture from leather dust1 made by grinding up all kinds of leather waste to a powder4 ,it was wretched1 rotten stuff as leather1 but all the better suited to my purpose4 ,some of this ,i cut into small bits1 and with a knife soon mashed it1 mixed with gum-arabic and water1 into a very smooth paste4 ,with such a paste one can repair any tear1 roughening1 or imperfection1 care being taken that the paste and leather be alike in colour4 ,with this ,i filled the hollows at the back1 making the work solid2 and having wetted all the ragged edges and fractured or torn places1 smoothed them down with gum and a pen or paper knife1 supplying deficiencies with the black paste4 ,when all was smooth and dry ,i applied a coat of ,,soehn,e',s varnish1 and then rubbed it well down by hand4 ,it was quite restored4 ,as this varnishing leather may sound like a heresy to artistic leather-workers1 ,i would ask them if they would consider an application of tannin in solution--which is the preservative principle of leather itself--as 8inartistic40 ,certainly it is not1 nor is the application of ,,soehn,e 7which is more of a simple preservative than a glaze7 a mere finish for show4 ,the leather-paste of which ,i speak has certain qualities of its own which make it quite different from any other substance4 ,we may include in leather 8paste0 not only the mere dust made from the dried substance1 but all scraps1 and also any thin leather1 thoroughly softened or macerated4 ,even in the latter form it is1 combined with a binder1 really a plastic substance1 since it can be worked into any form with ease4 ,mixed with caoutchouc or indiarubber in solution1 and then dried1 it is invaluable for mending boots and making waterproof soles4 ,as ,i have indicated1 it is excellent for mending old books4 ,and here ,i may mention that if you have1 let us say1 one cover of a book in high relief1 and the other1 it may be1 lost or worn plain1 you can supply or make the duplicate very easily1 very cheaply1 and in a short time as follows3--,take a sheet of soft1 white newspaper1 dampen it1 and press it on the relief4 ,as soon as possible1 taking care not to wet the book1 fill in the back of the squeeze either with other coats of wet paper1 melted wax1 or liquid plaster of ,paris4 ,when this is dry1 wax or oil carefully the face of the squeeze1 wipe it dry1 and make a cast from it in leather-paste4 ,thus you will have a facsimile of the relief4 ,from a solid plaster mould1 well oiled or boiled in wax1 a cast may be taken in softened or wet leather1 which is even better2 it sets hard and tough4 ,i may here mention that it is very unusual to see books bound in deep relief with hand-worked1 black1 or black and gold1 antique patterns1 and that such a cover1 say of eight by ten inches1 would probably cost at least a pound1 and be cheap at that4 ,and yet any girl of ordinary capacity with1 let us say1 fifty shillings' worth of moulds1 and two weeks' practice in tracing and stamping grounds1 could produce from two to four such book-covers as those before me in a day4 ,there is now generally sold in furnishing or chemists' shops a good waterproof glue4 ,leather softened and then well incorporated with this is also waterproof1 and may be used to mend trunks4 ,i have known a torn boot to be mended in this manner1 and that so well that it lasted for a long time4 ,even a leather strap which is subjected to great tugging may be restored1 if cut or broken in two1 by shaving the edges obliquely1 so as to sharpen them4 ,illustration ,then apply glue with acid1 and before it is quite dry apply pressure1 though not so great as to squeeze the glue out4 ,shaving across the edges1 judicious pressing together1 and final smoothing are of the greatest importance in all leather patching and piecing1 because it depends on these to make the juncture imperceptible4 ,very few persons--even shoemakers--are at all aware of the degree of perfection to which mending rents in foot-covering can be carried by the use of waterproof glue1 such as is sold by many chemists4 ,i have worn such a patch for months1 and it was hardly perceptible4 ,but1 like every art1 it requires some practice to apply such patches properly1 and ,i cannot promise to any lady that she can perfectly and neatly patch a boot by simply daubing on a piece of leather at a first trial4 ,it may be noted that in such strap-joining as that which ,i have described1 the repair will be greatly strengthened by pasting very thin bits of leather1 or even of muslin1 over the edges and pressing them in4 ,it is true that this cover will soon wear away1 but meanwhile the mended leather is all the while growing stronger and uniting more perfectly4 ,even paper1 glued and pressed on1 materially aids to make the exposed joint unite4 ,and here ,i may say that many a lady and youth would do well to take a few practical lessons from any shoemaker in the noble art of cobbling2 that is to say1 of heeling1 soleing1 and patching1 all of which are as easy to learn as steps in dancing1 and are even more interesting or amusing when once mastered4 ,it is1 moreover1 an art which will be of use through life4 ,those who can do this will probably1 if ambitious by nature1 progress to making slippers1 it may be shoes2 and he who can do this may be assured that he never need quite starve to death while human beings go shod4 ,it is not so difficult as many think1 for ,i have known shoemakers of very ordinary minds1 and ,i also once knew a mechanical artist who learned to make a fine pair of shoes in a few weeks4 ,in fact1 there is a living in a great many things for those who have once learned to use their fingers4 ,few people are aware of the extraordinary durability of leather-work of certain kinds4 ,there are in the ,british ,museum ,roman sandals1 probably made of raw hide1 but cut into pretty form1 which were found in the ,thames1 and which look as new as if recently made4 ,i have seen within a day as ,i write a gracefully formed pitcher of the early fifteenth century of very solid black leather1 like the old blackjacks once common in ,england1 which has probably passed through centuries of use1 and is as perfect as ever4 ,wood splits1 earthenware breaks1 and metal rusts1 but raw hide1 or cuir bouilli1 as set forth in the old song of the 8,leather ,bottl10 seems to endure every trial4 ,as the man commemorated in 8sop's ,fables0 declared1 8,after all1 there is nothing like leather40 ,the reader who may be especially interested in this easiest of all the minor arts may consult on this subject my ,manual of ,leather-,work 7#es472 ,whittaker ,co41 #b ,white ,hart ,street1 ,paternoster ,square1 ,london1 ,e4,c4 ,strips of raw hide are without equal for repairing broken vehicles1 wheels1 saddles1 and similar articles1 because they shrink while drying1 drawing everything tight1 and set so hard when once dry that what is mended is often stronger than before4 ,i have elsewhere mentioned that the strongest trunks in the world are made in ,america from it1 as they had need to be1 since there is no country in the world where the 8baggage-smasher10 figurative or literal1 is so much to be feared4 ,the reader who has occasion to repair anything in leather should study the chapter of this book which treats of indiarubber and gutta-percha1 the subjects being in many respects the same4 ,a strong cement for leather is made by combining gutta-percha and ,schwefelkohlenstoff1 or bisulphide of carbon1 with petroleum to a syrupy consistency4 ,a very good cement specially adapted to joining leather straps is as follows3-- ,asphalt #ab ,resin #aj ,gutta-percha #dj ,bisulphide of carbon #aej ,petroleum #fj ,the materials1 excepting the ,schwefelkohlenstoff1 are put together in a bottle which stands in hot water for several hours2 when the mass has grown thick with the petroleum add the rest1 and let the whole stand for several days1 shaking it very often4 ,if the pieces of leather to be united are first heated and then pressed very tightly together1 the adhesion will be increased4 ,this cement is as well adapted for glass1 crockery1 horn1 ivory1 wood1 or metal as for leather4 ,it is admirable for mending trunks1 whether made of leather1 wood1 or pasteboard4 ,when a trunk is made of any of these1 and a hole is broken through the side or top1 take a newspaper and coat it with this cement1 applying another1 till there are a dozen or more thicknesses4 ,if1 as it gradually dries1 this be pressed and hardened with a roller1 or even a round ruler1 it will be much improved4 ,glue this into or upon the fracture4 ,in most cases with care it can be made as strong as ever4 ,where a rib is broken it should be promptly replaced4 7,vide ,metal-,work47 ,all trunks should be covered with waterproof glue or varnish1 as it effectually protects them from exposure to the rain4 ,this is very rarely done1 however1 the result being an immense amount of loss to all travellers4 ,in any town where there is a chemist's shop1 and where a bit of indiarubber is to be had1 even at the stationer's1 a waterproof cement can be at once manufactured4 ,the easiest of these to prepare is the following3-- ,gutta-percha #ajj ,pine resin #bjj ,the resin is first melted in a pan1 the gutta-percha1 in very small bits1 being gradually stirred in till all is amalgamated4 ,when used it must be warmed again4 ,this cement can be used for as many different articles as the preceding4 ,it may here be noted that vast quantities of waste leather from shoemakers and bookbinders1 which sell for a mere trifle1 can be utilised to make admirable waterproof carpets and wall-covers4 ,the leather is first soaked till soft1 then smoothed out and mixed with waterproof cement1 and rolled into one flat piece4 ,this makes a very cheap sub-carpet for winter--better than oil-cloth1 being softer4 ,for walls it can be pressed in moulds1 gilded1 or painted4 ,if varnished there is no unpleasant smell from it4 ,the harder it is compressed or rolled the more will all smell disappear4 ,even with rolling by hand with a bread-roller almost all substances--for instance1 paper1 cloth-rags1 sawdust1 leather1 clay1 wool1 cotton-wool1 when combined with any fit adhesive or cement--can be made very hard or tough2 and it is remarkable1 considering the cheapness of the materials1 how little this principle is as yet applied4 ,it may be remarked that there are many people who do not know what to do when the sole of a boot splits off or wears away and there is no shoemaker at hand4 ,if the heel is lost and no leather can be had1 a very good substitute can be cut from wood and cemented on4 ,a few tacks will make it last as long almost as leather4 ,if a piece of sole leather can be got1 even from another old shoe1 one or two layers can be cemented on to make a sole4 ,a short screw or nail through three-quarters of the heel greatly aids in making the layers adhere4 ,this may also be done with a vice4 ,in the town of ,bagni di ,lucca1 where ,i now am1 a pair of leather shoes with wooden soles1 such as are commonly worn by women and children1 cost only fivepence4 ,they are1 of course1 rough1 but still far better than none4 ,the sole is rudely and very easily cut1 with a high heel1 from white pine or larch wood4 ,the upper is a single piece of leather1 which only covers the front half of the foot4 ,it is moistened and bent into shape1 and then tacked or glued on4 ,many people simply buy the soles1 then the leather1 and make the shoes for themselves1 in which case the expense does not amount to more than twopence4 ,in ,florence there is often added to this the back1 or heel-piece1 which costs twopence more1 and makes an almost perfect shoe4 ,this art would be worth knowing in a wild country4 ,illustration3 ,italian 7,lucchese7 ,peasant ,shoe1 costing from #e;d4 to #h;d4 per pair1 undecorated4 ,,lehner 7vide ,indiarubber and ,gutta-percha7 specially commends for mending soles the composition of--,gutta-percha1 #aj2 benzine1 #ajj2 linseed-oil varnish1 #ajj4 ,it is extremely elastic and tough1 and therefore suitable to soles4 ,mixed with black dye1 or made with japan1 it forms patent leather or polished leather4 ,it should for this purpose be applied with a broad brush in thin successive coats1 and well dried before applying a new one4 ,this is far superior to ordinary blacking2 it is more easily applied1 and does not injure the leather so much1 because the latter is often made with vitriol1 which1 while it promptly gives a shine1 eats away the fibre4 ,boots and shoes will1 in fact1 wear much longer with this coating than without it4 ,this is even more applicable to a great deal of harness1 saddle1 and bridle mending1 and restoring sheet leather in every form2 as1 for instance1 waggon curtains1 when worn and dry4 ,first soften the leather1 then restore its quality1 if required1 with tannin or indiarubber in solution4 ,if very dry and exhausted1 it may first be treated with neat's-foot oil for several days4 ,then sew it up1 if a seam1 or mend by applying leather and the cement4 ,if all persons who own much harness would carefully study this subject1 they would be astonished to find what economy could be effected by judicious mending4 ,it may happen that the reader may have occasion to wish to renew black1 glazed leather-work1 or to make a brilliant black pattern on a brown ground in stamped leather4 ,i have often executed it with success4 ,in such a case it suffices to simply blacken the leather with ink or dye1 and then coat it with any flexible varnish2 that is1 one into which glycerine or gutta-percha has been infused4 ,any one who can draw can in this manner execute very beautiful work for covering walls1 panels1 chests1 or doors4 ,or flexible black varnish can be directly applied4 ,,lehner gives a recipe for attaching leather to metal1 which may also be applied to any other substance3--,cover the leather with a thin and very hot coating of glue1 press it on the metal1 and then wet the other side with a strong solution of gall-apples or tannin 7,lohe1 extract of oak-bark7 till it is thoroughly-penetrated4 ,the tannin combines with the glue1 and attaches the leather with extreme tenacity to the metal1 c4 ,it is advisable to roughen the metallic surface to facilitate adhesion4 ,by combining glue 7and many other adhesives7 directly with the tannin or gall nut astringent we obtain a waterproof cement of great strength1 which is very useful for shoes4 ,it is1 in fact1 not at all a difficult matter1 where other appliances are wanting1 to make from leather1 without sewing1 a soled shoe when tannin and glue are obtainable4 ,the same can be done with canvas4 ,during the great wars in ,america thousands of soldiers often went barefoot in winter-time1 with abundance of horses or cattle killed all round them1 because they did not know that a strong moccasin can be made by cutting out a piece of raw hide1 piercing holes in it1 and drawing it up like a bag round the ankles1 as is so commonly done here in the mountain districts in ,italy4 ,i once astonished a soldier in the war by suggesting this1 and he declared he must try it4 ,it is remarkable how rarely man in an uneducated state ever invents anything1 be it a myth1 a tale1 or a practical invention4 ,if the upper leather of a slipper or shoe be cut out1 it can1 if wet1 be easily made to assume the form of a foot by drying it on a last1 or even on another shoe4 ,let the seam of the back jut or flap over the edge1 and allow full selvage for the rest to turn under the sole4 ,the latter may be of sole leather4 ,if there is none1 glue two or three pieces of the leather together with the tannin cement1 and roll them over strongly4 ,then glue the back and the under-lap with great care4 ,with a little practice a fairly good shoe can be thus made4 ,canvas can be used in the same way4 ,to dwellers in the wilderness this may be valuable information4 ,but very pretty ornamental slippers can be made by young ladies out of scraps of gaily coloured leather4 ,they can buy a pair of soles1 and get the leather at a leather-dealer's4 ,this is all simply substituting glueing for sewing1 and strong tannin-glue holds quite as strongly as a great deal of the sewing of cheap1 machine-made shoes4 ,it would1 indeed1 not be a very difficult or expensive thing to shoe or clothe all mankind comfortably1 were it not for the fashions followed by the wealthy4 ,these very cheap shoes1 made with either wooden or leather soles1 and that so easily that a child can learn to manufacture them in an hour1 can be easily ornamented so as to be really attractive4 ,take the leather1 moisten it with a sponge1 and then with a tracer1 which is like the end of a screw-driver--i4e4-- ,illustration draw a pattern in the damp1 soft leather4 ,when it dries the pattern will remain4 ,then with a point or stamp1 dot or roughen the ground4 ,finally1 when dry1 paint the pattern black1 and then varnish it4 ,anybody with the least knowledge of drawing can make and sell such ornamented shoes for a good profit1 as they are as yet hardly known to anybody4 ,other colours may be substituted for black1 or gilding applied4 ,i have in another place shown 7vide ,papier-,mch7 how good artificial leather can be made by combining paper--best in pulp--with indiarubber and benzole fluid solution4 ,also how soles can be made by steeping pasteboard in the same1 and how these1 which are very easily and cheaply made1 can be glued on to the leather so as to protect the latter from wearing out1 for ever1 if renewed4 ,a bottle of this cement1 combined with ,diamond or ,turkish ,cement1 will in like manner repair boots when the sole begins to split or part2 and if applied when it begins to gape1 it will be closed for a long time4 ,this is such a practical1 cheap1 and easy method of making boots and shoes last1 that my wonder is that every man who goes shod1 and especially every traveller1 has not a bottle of it by him4 ,observe that the two edges should be well pinched or screwed together 7a six-penny vice will answer for this71 and the leather first heated1 though all this is not a sine qu non1 but only an improvement4 ,leather thus attached by a very strong cement is quite as durable and much pleasanter to wear than 8copper toes0 or iron heels1 which assimilate their wearers to horses4 ,and it takes no longer to make and attach a heel or a sole in this manner than to black a pair of boots1 as ,i have myself verified within a few hours4 ,where seams rip out1 the best repairing is by sewing as shoemakers do1 which is not hard to learn1 and ,i advise all young people to learn it4 ,but where sewing cannot be resorted to1 the cement1 well applied and compressed till dry1 will hold almost any break for a long time4 ,i urge ladies of all classes and conditions to carefully consider this chapter4 ,they are more accustomed to repairing than men1 and will take to it more intelligently4 ,as their chaussures are made of thinner leather than ours1 they need repair oftener1 but are1 on the other hand1 so much the easier to repair4 ,every mother of a family will at least profit by studying this book4 ,shoemakers' paste1 much used for shoes1 belongs properly to leather-work4 ,it is made by boiling crushed barley to a thick mess1 the water being kept extremely hot4 ,it is then set aside till fermentation begins1 which announces itself by an extremely offensive smell4 ,thence it passes to a stage in which it is a brownish syrupy mass1 possessing great power as an adhesive4 ,it is now taken from the fire and a little carbolic acid added to arrest fermentation4 ,this can be used by itself for an adhesive2 it also combines well with indifferent substances1 such as powdered lime1 or chalk1 white zinc1 ochre1 clay1 or umber4 ,it may be as well used for binding books4 ,i have already given a very good recipe for reuniting broken leather straps4 ,i here add another from ,,lehner4 ,it is very good1 but hardly worth the very considerable extra trouble and expense as compared to the former3-- ,gilders' glue #bej ,sturgeon's bladder #fj ,gum-arabic #fj ,reduce to bits and boil in water to a solution1 to which add3-- ,venice turpentine #e ,oil of turpentine #f ,spirits of wine #aj ,the strap-ends1 or pieces of leather1 having been thoroughly cleaned1 are now covered with the adhesive and pressed together between hot plates1 where the work must remain till cold4 ,a very good artificial leather1 perfectly waterproof1 may be made by covering a strip of strong paper1 or1 better still1 one of glazed muslin1 with the gutta-percha cement4 ,add to this fresh layers of cement and paper1 till the requisite thickness is obtained4 ,this is useful for mending soles4 ,where the gutta-percha or indiarubber cement is not to be had1 substitute copal varnish and glycerine1 or thick turpentine varnish and a little glycerine4 ,,to ,,mend ,,hats1 ,,blankets1 ,,and ,,similar ,,fabrics ,,by ,,felting ,wool1 as is well known1 if put into a pair of shoes1 will pack or settle into a solid felt sole if the shoes are worn4 ,this felt is like cloth4 ,the same can be done by rolling it like dough on a board with a roller4 ,lay the cloth or hat to be mended so that the felt to be made can be worked into it4 ,then take fine wool and clean and roll it thoroughly1 working it into the edges4 ,it may happen many a time to a man without a needle to succeed in mending garments in this manner4 ,waterproof glue or adhesive1 such as is fully described in the chapter on ,indiarubber1 may be added to facilitate the adhesion of the felt to the cloth or felt ground4 ,there is a peculiar art or knack of working moistened felt into the edges of cloth1 and of ironing or pressing them down so as not to show1 which can1 however1 be soon acquired4 ,in this way cloth may be glued upon cloth with very good effect4 ,the extraordinary tenacity and fineness of the adhesives now made1 be it specially observed1 renders mending of this kind 7which was impossible a generation ago7 now perfectly possible4 ,i advise those who doubt this to get a piece of cloth and experiment for themselves4 ,the patch may not be invisible1 but it will look better than if botched with a needle4 ,felt1 however1 can easily be repaired to perfection4 ,large pieces of stuff can be made by rolling slightly gummed wool1 which fact many men do not know1 even when living in the wilderness1 where wool or hair may be abundant4 ,nothing is so common as to see shepherds in utter raggedness where the very shreds of wool left by their sheep on the thorns would clothe them1 with a little industry4 ,the quality1 durability1 and fineness of felt depend on the quality of the wool1 and the care and skill of the operator4 ,many of the cheap cloths known as shoddy are really felts4 ,felt is easily formed1 because under certain conditions it seems to have a strange tendency to form itself4 ,the reader knows that a string in the pocket1 subjected to our every movement1 will inevitably tangle and knot itself up in the most mysterious manner2 and so the fibres of wool1 if rubbed together1 twine and bind themselves into most intimate union4 ,i earnestly advise all who expect to live where sheep are plenty1 and tailors or seamstresses few and far between1 to experiment in felt-making1 and1 if possible1 learn from a hatmaker how it is done4 ,there was at one time in ,new ,york a factory where strong1 serviceable suits of felt cloth were made1 and these1 consisting of coat1 waistcoat1 and trousers1 were sold at retail for five dollars1 or one pound--,i myself having seen them4 ,when a piece of cloth is thus adjusted or applied to fill a hole or mend a rent1 the edges may be either simply gummed and adjusted1 or they may be treated with a mixture of felt or cloth-dust and gum4 ,in this case1 before the adhesive is quite hard1 yet after it has ceased to be soft1 lay over the patch a piece of cloth of exactly the same kind1 and press it with a warm flat-iron4 7,vide ,invisible ,mending of ,garments1 ,laces1 or ,embroideries47 ,in most cases a torn woollen garment may be very well restored by carefully sewing a piece into the hole1 or by uniting the edges with long stitches4 ,then make a paste of felt or dust1 or short1 fine threads of the same cloth1 with indiarubber cement1 and work it over the surface4 ,with practice this can be done so neatly as to quite conceal the mending4 ,pass an iron over the whole4 ,when indiarubber cement cannot be obtained1 glue mixed with one-fourth glycerine can be used4 ,ammonia combined with wool forms a solvent which is also a cement4 ,i have not experimented with it4 ,,invisible ,,mending ,,of ,,garments1 ,,laces1 ,,or ,,embroideries ,most people are aware that there are tailors or others who are such artists in mending that they can sew up a rent 8in almost anything0 so skilfully that the tear cannot be perceived4 ,i have myself seen this done so admirably in fine black cloth that not only was there no sign of a tear perceptible1 but none was manifest after long wearing the garment4 ,this nicety is partly due to skill1 but there is also a method in it4 ,such mending is specially shown in ,italy by ,jewesses in repairing valuable old laces1 embroideries1 and the like4 ,as a very large proportion of those who buy and sell such goods are ,jews1 it is but natural that their wives and female friends should be specially employed in mending4 ,the process which they employ is as follows3-- ,illustration 8,thread a needle with one of your own hairs1 then draw the edge of the rent or tear together in this manner1 darning it1 as it were1 very finely and carefully1 for it is in this that the whole art consists4 8,after this take a piece of cloth as near like to the stuff you wish to mend as you can obtain4 ,lay this piece on the rent so as to cover it1 then damp it slightly1 and press it down with a hot iron until the surface looks quite even40 ,it may here be observed that1 firstly1 the thinner the thread used1 so that it be only strong enough to hold1 the less probability is there that the repair will show4 ,for this purpose1 for extremely delicate mending a human hair is almost invisible2 for most work silk thread will answer4 ,it is1 however1 more likely to cut through the edge than a hair1 because the hair is more elastic4 ,secondly1 it may be observed that the so-called darning is really a kind of invisible weaving1 and not a sewing together or a stitching close of edges1 which latter1 as it always puckers up or rises1 must show the line of repair4 ,the darning has its strength of attachment afar off1 not close to the edges2 it makes1 as it were1 a kind of network or a weaving together of the cloth--that is1 the cloth is woven again into one piece by an invisible thread which hides itself in the thicker fabric4 ,the laying down of a cloth of precisely the same texture as that mended1 and then ironing it1 is very ingenious1 because one of a different kind would produce a different impression4 ,the friend from whom ,i received the above1 ,miss ,,roma ,,lister1 adds that the ,jewesses do this kind of work very well1 but ask a franc or twenty-five sous for mending the smallest rent4 ,however1 when the torn shawl is once finished you cannot see where the hole has been4 ,somewhat allied to this is the patient ,german method of mending stockings by reknitting2 also that of spreading strong flexible glue on a patch of chamois4 ,this is laid under the rent1 the edges being carefully reunited over it4 ,i would here suggest that if the tear be first carefully darned1 even with human hair or finest silk1 and the gummed leather then applied to the reverse1 the mending would endure for a much longer time4 ,there is a stitch known in ,germany as ,kettenstich1 or chain-stitch--though it is not that which is generally known among us as the 8,german chain-stitch40 ,it is peculiarly long and strong1 and will hold together the edges of even soft leather1 for which reason it is generally used in ,turkey and ,russia to sew together the many-coloured pieces of leather such as we see in ,kasan work--slippers and boots--and cushions from ,constantinople4 ,this is a valuable stitch for close1 invisible mending4 ,it is allied to the lock-stitch of the sewing-machine4 ,a great variety of fabrics can be carefully adjusted and drawn together over a piece of strong1 glazed muslin 7of the same colour7 covered with waterproof glue--e4g41 indiarubber or glue and rubber cement--so that the mending will not be apparent4 ,this process is very applicable to loose skirts1 or to any garments on which there is no such severe pull1 as1 e4g41 trousers or coat-sleeves4 ,to effect these as well as all other repairs perfectly it will be necessary to experiment a few times4 ,unfortunately nearly all amateurs without exception make no experiment till it is necessary to repair something1 and then1 because they very naturally botch it1 find fault with the recipe4 ,yet1 strangely as it may sound1 there are many cases in which mending or making fabrics can be executed far more neatly with a very strong cement1 such as that of mastic and sturgeon's bladder1 than with needle and thread1 the former actually requiring less margin to hold than the average width of a seam1 for the least possible overlap suffices to bind where the adhesive is strong4 ,this process of mending is little known1 probably because there has been hitherto very little general knowledge of the immense strength and tenacity of certain cements1 which have1 indeed1 only been discovered of late4 ,for all ordinary mending1 in fact1 glue with glycerine1 or glue and indiarubber solution in benzole1 will answer as well as the far more expensive ,turkish or ,diamond cement4 ,if the reader will only reflect that a large proportion of all black and glossy silks are heavily gummed1 sometimes up to their own weight1 it will be understood that there can be no substance with which they can be more appropriately mended than with cement--a fact well known to many who employ postage-stamps or black court-plaster to heal their rents2 but as this is generally very expensive1 and as any old silk and glue or gelatine1 or dextrine1 answer just as well1 the latter had better be considered4 ,there is much weaving of the most exquisite fabrics done in the ,east1 and even among savages1 almost entirely by hand2 that is to say1 the threads are simply attached to a rod1 while the woof is worked in with a needle4 ,most fabrics can be mended by an analogous process1 which is a remaking the cloth4 ,much depends on the proper finishing or dressing the surface by laying on it a piece of cloth and ironing it4 ,,mending ,,mother-,,of-,,pearl ,,and ,,coral ,mother-of-,pearl is the shell of the pearl-oyster 7,avigula margaritifera71 much admired for its beautiful texture and white colour1 in which there is a peculiar iridescence or rainbow play of colours4 ,the best1 and by far the principal portion in commerce1 comes from the islands of the ,pacific4 ,it has risen immensely in value of late years4 ,almost1 if not quite1 equal to it is the ,east ,indian1 from the ,sulu ,islands1 ,ceylon1 and ,aden1 or the ,persian ,gulf4 ,an inferior kind comes from the ,eastern ,mediterranean1 also another from ,america4 ,the iridescent glaze1 accompanied with more or less of the mother or solid substance1 is found in a very great number of shells2 e4g41 the ,peter's ,ear 7,halyotis iris7 of the ,pacific2 also in common mussels1 especially the ,unio1 found in most clear streams or brooks in ,europe and ,america where there is not much lime4 ,these often yield pearls of great value4 ,mother-of-pearl can be sawed without any great difficulty into plates1 which are polished with fine sand and then with tripoli4 ,of late a great deal of small furniture inlaid with squares and triangles of this material has found its way from ,turkey and ,persia to ,london4 ,these pieces are simply attached with cement made of sturgeon's bladder1 mastic1 salmiac1 or even glue4 ,they can generally be obtained from dealers in ,oriental goods4 ,,abraham ,,sassoon1 of ,wardour ,street1 will supply them in any quantity4 ,,louis ,,edgar ,,and,s and ,,sigmund ,,lehner1 both experimental technologists1 have given several curious recipes for imitating mother-of-pearl4 ,from filing or grinding1 the best mother-of-pearl shell becomes like a white metal1 which can be combined with white of egg or pure white gelatine to a fine marble-like substance1 which1 however1 lacks iridescence4 ,broken into very small pieces1 which are set in a bed of glue and glycerine1 and then covered1 when dry1 with another coating of the same1 we have what its inventor1 ,l,e,h,n,er1 assures us is a very good imitation of pearl-shell4 ,but there is scaled away from a variety of shells a coating of nacre1 or coloured glaze1 which when powdered still retains the pearly lustre4 ,this may be taken even from the common ,american oyster or all mussels4 ,according to ,,and,s1 who refers1 ,i think1 to this1 it can be laid on any substance and covered with a gum-glaze4 ,he also informs us that the pearl-like inner layers of oyster-shells1 or of any other kind1 reduced to powder and mixed with sturgeon's bladder and spirits1 painted on grey paper in several coats1 present the appearance of nacre4 ,i have seen specimens of such painting which were indeed very pretty1 but the pearly iridescence was rather faint4 ,according to the author1 the pearly brilliancy is much increased by an addition of silver-bronze powder4 ,i conclude from this1 not having in this instance experimented personally1 save in carving pearl1 that coarse powders of the highly coloured greenish and other nacres of tropical shells1 as well as of the ,european mussel and some other shells1 can be combined with binding-gums of a transparent nature so as to form a very admirable imitation of mother-of-pearl4 ,i may here remark1 in connection with this1 that the common ,american clam 7,venus mercernaria7 has a white shell of intense hardness1 which1 when polished1 is as beautiful as porcelain or ivory2 also that the purple spot in the ,american oyster-shell1 from which the ,indians made a very hard and beautiful bead1 might easily be drilled out for buttons4 ,a very beautiful imitation of mother-of-pearl is made in ,japan4 ,it is not1 however1 iridescent4 ,it is said to be made with rice4 ,i conjecture that this is rice treated with diluted acid4 ,i have before me now a string of #djj imitation red coral beads1 price twopence1 such as are commonly sold everywhere4 ,they are manufactured of vermilion powder1 rice-flour1 and gum1 and1 when they are carefully made1 are extremely hard and durable1 so much so that the composition may be used to mend broken articles made of red coral4 ,such objects in a fractured state are very common in curiosity shops1 but the art of repairing them seems to be as yet unknown1 though it is extremely profitable4 ,of coral1 ,,lehner tells us that celluloid in combination with different substances--e4g41 white zinc or cinnabar--can be coloured from delicate rose to fiery vermilion1 and forms a very close imitation of coral4 ,a very good and much cheaper imitation can be made by preparing perfectly white paper-paste 7vide ,papier-,mch71 and combining it with vermilion1 zinc1 c4 ,from such artificial coral very beautiful cups1 plates1 and ornaments for inlaying1 beads1 pendants for jewellery1 book-covers1 c41 can easily be made4 ,the colour can be varied to turquoise1 emerald1 ebony1 ivory1 c41 by simply changing the colouring-powders used4 ,there is a very cheap and common imitation of coral made by dipping vermicelli1 twigs1 c41 into a solution of red sealing-wax in spirits of wine4 ,this is1 however1 extremely brittle4 ,white marble-dust1 or very fine white flint sand1 combined with vermilion and silicate of soda1 is said to produce a very admirable imitation of coral4 ,the basis of levigated sand1 or carbonate of lime1 with silicate1 can be varied with the dyes to imitate any gems1 and is invaluable for mending pottery or stone-work4 ,coral and several other substances are also imitated by combining about nine parts of very clear glue to one of glycerine4 ,this is qualified with one equivalent of white zinc or dye-stuffs4 ,thus the glue basis is combined with colcothar1 ochre-sepia1 umber1 ochre1 or chrome4 ,this is also a valuable cement for mending a great variety of objects4 ,any fine white shells ground to powder may be combined with gum and a very little glycerine and vermilion to make artificial coral2 also white glue or gelatine with glycerine4 ,this may be made in quantity for casts of all kinds of objects1 such as plates in inlaid work4 ,,restoring ,,and ,,repairing ,,pictures 8,the restoration of disfigured and decayed works of art is next in importance to their production40--,field1 ,chromatography4 ,i published in #ahfd a work entitled ,the ,egyptian ,sketch ,book1 which began with the following abridged account of how oil pictures are cleaned3-- 8,three young painters had often heard what the ,american ,,page has proved1 that by carefully peeling the pictures of certain great artists1 coat by coat1 one may learn all their secrets of colour4 ,so1 having obtained an undoubted ,titian1 representing the ,holy ,virgin1 they laid it on a table and proceeded to remove the outer varnish by means of friction with the fingers2 which varnish very soon rose up in a cloud of white dust1 and acted very much as a shower of snuff would have done4 8,then they arrived at the #8naked colours1' which had by this time assumed a very crude form1 owing to the fact that a certain amount of liquorish tincture1 as of ,turkey rhubarb1 or tinct4 rhabarbara1 had become incorporated with the varnish1 and to which the colours had been indebted for their golden warmth4 8,this brought them to the glazing proper1 which had been deprived of the evidence of the age or antiquity by the removal of the patin1 or little cups1 which had formed in the canvas between the web and the woof4 8,the next process was to remove the glaze from the saffron robe1 composed of yellow lake and burnt sienna4 ,this brought them to a flame colour1 in which the modelling had been made4 ,they next attacked the robe of the ,virgin ,mary1 and having taken away the crimson lake1 were astonished to find a greenish drab4 ,when they had thus in turn removed every colour in the picture1 dissecting every part by diligent care1 loosening every glaze by solvents too numerous to mention--including alcohol and various adaptations of alkali--they had the ineffable satisfaction of seeing the design in a condition of crude1 blank chiaroscuro4 ,blinded by enthusiasm1 having made careful notes of all they had done1 they flew at the white and black with pumice-stone and potash2 when1 lo and behold6 something very rubicund appeared1 which further excavation declared was the tip of the red--nose of ,king ,george the ,fourth6 ,the ,titian for which they had sacrificed so much was a false god40 ,the foregoing extracts were dictated by the late ,,henry ,,merritt1 a very distinguished restorer and artist1 the author of ,pictures and ,art separated in the ,works of the ,old ,masters1 and other works of which ,i can truly say that the name ,,merritt indicates that nomen est omen4 ,i was often by him while at his work1 and had the benefit of seeing the processes employed and the progress which he made in bringing to light the 8buried beauties0 of pictures by great artists4 ,what ,i have since learned in addition will be found in the following pages4 ,though it is simple and easy to describe the manner in which old pictures in general are restored1 it must be borne in mind that1 as regards a detailed and comprehensive description1 the task would be the most difficult in the whole range of repairing2 for when a picture has suffered so much that repainting is absolutely necessary1 then nothing but the skill of the original artist himself would ever do full justice to it4 ,in many cases we have pictures1 like decayed works in wood1 so far gone that only a mere hint or sketch of the original remains1 so that they are generally deemed not worth keeping4 ,in such cases the restorer or repairer may very well do his best4 ,there is1 and always will be1 an immense field for every skilled repairer in this remaking of antiques1 to great profit1 because there is an unlimited supply of material1 almost everywhere1 wherewith to work4 ,to be a perfectly accomplished restorer of pictures one should be an expert in chemistry1 and not only one very familiar with all the styles and schools of art1 and gifted with great knowledge of the technique of great artists1 but also no mean painter oneself4 ,there is a very general1 but very vulgar and stupid1 popular belief that the restoration and cleaning of old pictures is a merely mechanical art1 about on a par with house-painting as regards skill or intelligence2 but this ,i earnestly deny1 having found1 since ,i have practised it myself1 that it affords a wide field to ingenuity1 and that the greatest artists living--,i care not who they may be--can find in restoration tasks which would fully tax all their skill1 knowledge1 or genius4 ,before proceeding to clean or repair a picture it is often advisable for the artist to make an outline sketch of it with great care1 in order to correct and guide him in details4 ,to do this1 take very transparent tracing-paper--the recipe for making which is elsewhere given--then with a soft crayon-pencil1 or a very black lead-pencil 7from #c to #d ,b71 trace the whole4 ,if the paper be not transparent enough1 then use thin glass1 or1 what is far better1 sheets of mica1 gummed together at the edges1 which will not break even if dropped4 ,trace the picture on this with a fine brush and black oil-colour1 or any black paint which will hold4 ,then make a tracing from this on transparent paper4 ,to transfer crayon or lead pencil drawing to wood or paper1 very slightly dampen the surface of the latter1 lay the tracing on it face down1 and rub the back of the latter with a burnisher or ivory paper-knife4 ,it will thus be perfectly transferred4 ,this making preparatory sketches or copies will be found in many cases extremely useful1 as training the eye carefully to the work to be done4 ,it is not invariably true1 though a great authority on picture-cleaning 7,,henry ,,mogford7 has declared the contrary--that 8pictures 444 unquestionably enjoy their highest perfection at the first moment of production40 ,many artists recognise the truth that a year1 or even years1 are needed to give a certain delicate tone1 which is like the ripeness of fruit1 to certain pictures2 and the same is true of certain artists1 though by no means in the same degree of all4 ,but there are many persons who can associate the mellowing tones of age or the venerable grey of antiquity with nothing but dirt1 decay1 and poverty2 as was the case with an ,italian marquis1 who1 having heard that a distinguished artist#d had copied an old moss-grown wall or fragment of ruin on his estate1 sent an apology to the latter1 stating that if he had known that such a distinguished person intended to copy it he would have had it cleaned and lime-washed1 not in glaring white 7he knew better than that1 he said71 but in light blue6 ,so ,i have known an ,american gentleman to be distressed at discovering the appearance of lichen on a corner of a 8spick-and-span1 brand-new villa10 which he at once declared must be cleaned and painted all over4 ,people who suffer from this vulgar mania of over-scouring are apt to imagine that when they detect the least sign of age in a picture it suggests dirt and neglect1 and hurry it off to the cleaner2 unless1 indeed 7as is too often the case71 they--with insufficient knowledge1 and with 8notions generally derived from guess-work1 and suggested by the usual arrangements for taking care of other household objects0--attempt to restore the work themselves1 which has been the cause of the ruin of thousands of great works of art4 ,it may here be observed that modern pictures1 owing to the hurried processes of manufacture and the use of cheap materials in machinery-made paints1 change so rapidly that many lose half their value in fifty years' time4 ,and1 as if this were not enough1 we have the sulphuric acids generated by coal-fires 7especially that from anthracite coal in ,america1 which even eats away the lime in chimneys71 as well as the deleterious effects of gas1 vapours from food1 and1 finally1 the want of air and light in ever-curtained and shaded rooms4 ,the causes1 in fact1 which lead to deterioration in pictures are almost as many as those which produce diseases in man1 and in not a few instances they will be found to be the same4 ,these are1 as ,i have said1 foul air or malaria1 or want of fresh air1 dampness1 the smoke of candles in churches1 too long exposure to sunshine1 the exhalations of charcoal1 sulphur1 sinks1 c42 8in short1 all penetrating scents are injurious to painting1 especially if it be new40 ,owing to this prevalence of gas and coal smoke in houses1 allied to the bad quality of paints1 as now manufactured cheaply by machinery1 it is1 indeed1 considered doubtful whether any of the pictures painted during the reign of ,queen ,victoria will exist in 8half-visible0 condition fifty or a hundred years hence4 ,there is1 as regards them1 a grand future for the restorer4 ,one need only look at most of ,turner's earlier pictures to fully verify what is here asserted4 ,the face of all old pictures long untouched will always be found covered more or less with what is simply dirt2 that is1 dust more or less dissolved by moisture4 ,now1 dust consists simply of all kinds of substances1 even invisible extinct animal organisms in vast numbers4 ,the first step is simply to wash away this dirt with distilled or rain water and ox-gall4 ,use a very soft1 clean sponge1 and pass it over the picture many times4 ,the last time wrap the sponge in a clean1 white linen or muslin handkerchief to see whether the surface is quite clean4 ,this and nothing more will often produce an astonishing improvement4 ,the next task will be to remove the varnish4 ,hot water attacks any varnish1 reducing it to a dry powder2 but1 as ,m4 ,,goupil remarks1 this is trs hasarde1 or is very risky1 because it may also attack and dissolve anything like gum or glue in the colours4 ,m4 ,,goupil1 however1 sanctions the use of cold water in cleaning even to mere abuse1 in which he is in contradiction to ,,henry ,,mogford1 whose work ,i regard as by far the best with which ,i am acquainted on the subject of cleaning and restoring pictures which ,i have read4#e ,on this subject he says3-- 99 99 99 99 99 8,during all operations of lining1 and of picture-cleaning generally1 saturation by water is attended with disastrous effects1 and the use of it should therefore be limited to application by means of a squeezed piece of sponge1 or1 what is better1 a piece of buff leather1 soaked and wrung out4 ,water is a most dangerous enemy to pictures2 it penetrates to the priming or ground1 loosens them by promoting decomposition of the size with which they are worked1 and thus lays the foundation for their eventual disintegration and decay4 ,imbibed damp will sooner or later cause the destruction of every woven material1 and while our daily experience shows its lamentable effects on the walls of our dwellings1 it will be well for us to remember that it is no less destructive to the canvas of our pictures1 and to the materials which form its priming4 8,all the pictures of the early masters of the ,italian school1 and those of ,claude and ,william ,vandervelde1 which are painted on chalk and absorbent grounds1 are in the greatest danger if washed with water4 ,it penetrates through the small crevices which may exist in the paint1 and often totally destroys the picture4 ,if the painting be upon canvas1 like those of the two latter-named masters1 it breaks into a thousand small lines or cracks2 and if upon panel1 like the pictures of ,raffaelle1 ,andrea del ,sarto1 or ,fra ,bartolomeo1 it breaks up the paint by scaling it off in small points of the size of a pin's head4 ,if the picture1 again1 is of the ,spanish school1 and is painted upon the red absorbent grounds and upon a rough canvas1 water not only breaks the unity of its surface1 but from the canvas being of a coarser texture than the pictures of ,claude or ,william ,vandervelde1 it often penetrates in a greater proportion1 and frequently scales off pieces as large as a sixpence1 especially in the dark shadows1 or where the ground has not been sufficiently protected by a thick impasto 7heavy coat or ground7 of colour4 ,at all times and to all pictures water is more or less dangerous1 unless used with the greatest caution1 and then it should only be applied by means of a piece of thick buckskin leather well wrung out1 and left just wet enough to slip lightly over the surface of the picture4 ,in the case of some masters1 as with those we have specialised above1 the free use of water may be regarded as next door to absolute destruction2 and the warmer and drier the weather the more active and ruinous the operation4 ,instances have occurred in which an ,andrea del ,sarto1 a ,claude and a ,william ,vandervelde1 were destroyed in a few minutes by the injudicious use of simple water40 99 99 99 99 99 ,i have given this quotation in full1 because water is generally the first thing freely resorted to clean pictures by the ignorant4 ,thus ,i have heard of very valuable pictures being actually given to common servants or the washerwoman to scour clean1 which was effected with soap and hot water and sand1 to the speedy ruin of the work4 ,nor is it any great wonder that this should be done1 when we find in ,,goupil',s work that1 while he admits that cold water 8infiltrates itself partially to the fissures of a painting and does great harm10 he declares that 8hot water acts differently10 giving the impression that it may be very freely used1 and declaring that 8clean cold water harmlessly dissolves grease and dirt resulting from dust deposited by the air40 ,this is true1 but he does not seem1 like ,mr4 ,,mogford1 to have fully understood the other side of the question4 7,manuel ,gnral et ,complet de la ,peinture l',huile1 par ,f4 ,,goupil47 ,for first cleaning away impurities from a surface ,,mogford recommends ox-gall to be applied with a soft brush4 ,this may be obtained in shilling or six-penny bottles from ,winsor ,newton1 or any other dealers in artists' materials4 8,it is10 he adds1 8an excellent detergent1 which may be freely applied without fear4 ,it must1 however1 be well washed0 7i4e41 wiped7 8off with pure water1 or it will leave a clamminess on the surface that may prevent the varnish1 afterwards applied1 from drying40 ,but a distinction must be carefully borne in mind between washing with water and letting it soak into a picture and simply wiping off the surface with a damp chamois or buckskin or soft old linen handkerchief4 ,in fact1 this latter is the first thing to be done before slightly cleaning the surface with the diluted ox-gall4 ,it is very necessary that the skilled cleaner shall understand exactly the nature of varnishes1 so as to know on what he is to work4 ,thus1 according to the picture1 he may employ 8liquor potass1 oil of tartar1 spirits of wine1 pure alcohol1 liquor ammoni fortis1 naphtha1 ether1 soda1 and oil of spike or lavender4 ,the very nomenclature of these powerful agents will at once show the great risk of their being injudiciously or carelessly employed40 ,great care should be taken not to allow an excessive or unequal quantity of cleaning fluid to gather in one place4 ,therefore all pictures should be laid flat while being restored1 as streams1 for instance of ammonia1 would cut very irregularly into a surface4 ,with pictures of any value1 the process of cleaning is always very delicate1 requiring much practice and very perfect knowledge of all the principles of the art4 ,where the varnishes are tender and thin1 such as mastic1 ,,mogford advises the use of spirits of wine2 but to be sure that no harm can be done by it1 it is desirable that 8the spirit1 which is usually sold at #eh of strength1 should be diluted by a fourth part of water1 or by the same proportion of rectified spirits of turpentine1 or it may be used with an addition of a sixth part of linseed oil1 added to the diluted or pure spirit40 ,in every instance the mixture is to be 8well shaken before taken10 or applied4 ,care should be taken to prevent oil from softening the paint1 which it is apt to do4 ,as a rule it is best to begin with the lightest or brightest portions of a picture--as1 for instance1 the face of a portrait--as these parts are always the hardest4 ,beginning by wiping the surface with white cotton wool and turpentine1 observe if any varnish comes off on it1 and as soon as it is seen change the part of the rubber used1 else you will go on simply taking up 8dirt0 from one place and rubbing it into another4 ,this is elsewhere explained as regards cleaning cloth or absorbing ink1 that we must continually subtract from and not add again to the ground4 8,turpentine is a counteracting medium1 which instantly arrests the action of the solvent spirit40 ,when all the varnish has thus been removed1 the whole may be wiped over with spirits of turpentine1 and then when dry revarnished1 if nothing more be required4 ,rubbing with the fingers1 or powders1 or any kind of dry cleaning must be avoided1 or else practised with great care1 since it produces an effect known as woolliness1 which will begin to show very decidedly after some time4 ,but when a picture has had no varnish it can only be cleaned mechanically1 as by using tripoli1 pumice-stone1 or whiting4 ,this method requires great skill4 ,sometimes a very fine-edged scraper or knife is used to thin the varnish before using turpentine4 8,solvents10 adds ,mogford1 8are only necessary to remove varnish40 ,unvarnished pictures are best cleaned by carefully wiping with buff or chamois leather1 damp1 not wet1 aided by a little powdered whiting4 ,varnish1 when not on a picture1 may1 however1 be removed by rubbing it with the fingers1 or palm1 or leather1 aided by powdered resin1 or rosin4 ,for certain purposes1 as to make a panel of a piano thoroughly seasoned for heat1 and1 as it were1 enamel it1 a coat of varnish is applied1 and when dry is rubbed down smooth with pumice-powder or resin1 and this process is repeated many times4 ,if pictures are painted in oil1 directly on canvas1 without a ground1 the paint sinks down in between the threads and lies thinly on them4 ,therefore if there is rubbing on the surface the grain of the canvas becomes very apparent4 ,if oil-paint be laid directly on a panel of wood1 the soft parts between the hard fibres1 lines1 or grain shrink away1 drawing the paint with them4 ,old artists avoided this by laying on a strong ground of gesso or plaster of ,paris mixed with glue or white of eggs4 ,the great task in cleaning is to remove the repainting or coats of paint which have been added by restorers4 ,i have seen this done with extraordinary skill by the late ,mr4 ,,merritt1 who was recommended by ,,ruskin1 and who was the first and most truly artistic restorer of his time4 ,i can recall his cleaning the most beautiful ,carpoccio which ,i ever saw1 and a magnificent ,velasquez1 both of which had been repainted again and again1 and were in such wretched condition that even the painter of the latter had been mistaken4 ,they bore about the same relation when untouched and afterwards that a dirty old rag has to a magnificent cashmere shawl4 8,caustic1 soap-makers' lye1 liquor potass1 pure alcohol1 and the scraper10 remarks ,,mogford1 8are the ordinary means to take off repaints2 all of them dangerous appliances if not closely watched and used without violence or carelessness40 ,it is advisable to examine carefully the backs of old pictures for signatures1 date1 or documents1 all of which are sometimes pasted over with other paper or canvas4 ,once1 in ,florence1 ,i found in a small shop a portrait of ,charles ,i41 but differing in many respects from any which ,i had ever seen4 ,i told the owner that it was by ,vandyke1 but he insisted on it that it was by an ,italian with some such name as ,guillermo or ,gillonio1 till ,i proposed that we should examine the back1 where we found1 after some investigation1 the name of ,vandyke4 ,at which discovery the dealer promptly raised the price of the picture from one hundred to one thousand francs1 and it was1 indeed1 cheap enough at that4 ,a lady to whom ,i narrated the occurrence said1 8,oh1 why didn't you buy the picture before you told the man who painted it80 ,to which ,i replied1 8,for the same reason that ,i did not steal a valuable ring out of the case in the shop when his back was turned40 ,much is said about the shrewdness of dealers in antiques1 but it has often happened to me to explain to them that articles in their possession were worth far more than they imagined2 while1 on the other hand1 they will1 surmising that a thing may be worth a great deal1 charge a fearful sum for something that is merely cinque cento2 e4g41 a thousand francs for what is really dear at ten4 ,i mention this in order that the reader may realise 7which few do7 what bargains may be picked up by any one who knows anything of art1 and especially of the humble art of cleaning1 mending1 or restoring1 which lets us into a world of secrets even in high art1 and which is of more use to a picture-buyer than all the high-flown sthetic culture in all the works of all the rhapsodists of the age4 ,the preceding remarks on cleaning were drawn chiefly from the manual by ,h4 ,,mogford1 and my own experiences4 ,i add to them those of ,m4 ,,goupil on the same subject4 ,the intelligent leader will find no difficulty in collecting and drawing his own inferences from both3-- 8,when the picture is certainly in oil1 steam may be used to remove the varnish4 ,there is1 however1 the great risk of loosening the painting from its ground40 ,but when a picture has been1 instead of varnished1 glazed with white of egg1 we have a coating which1 when old1 cannot be dissolved by water or acids2 for this other and specially elaborate detergents1 or cleaners1 are employed4 ,there are few substances which so persistently harden with time as the white of egg1 as does also the yolk when boiled4 ,ordinary varnish1 when dry and old1 can be removed by mechanically scraping or rubbing with fine1 dry powders1 such as that of resin4 ,the dust from the varnish itself aids in the operation4 ,this process is slow and tiresome1 but it is very often advisable to begin with it1 after washing1 as it does not injure the colours4 ,it is needless to say that it requires great skill1 care1 and experience not to 8cut into the colour40 ,it may be remarked1 as regards this1 that in all cases where there is a difference of opinion between the ,french and ,english artist--as in the use of water--we must remember that both are1 or may be1 in the right as regards certain kinds of pictures4 ,so varied are the methods of painters that it seems to me to be by far wiser to describe different methods than to attempt the impossible task of giving infallible rules4 8,varnish can be removed by means of spirits4 ,to effect this1 lay the picture on a table1 and wet a small portion of it with spirits of wine4 ,after a minute or more1 wash the place with clean water and a sponge4 ,thus1 little by little1 clean the entire surface1 taking care not to injure the paint1 ,when quite dry1 apply new varnish40 ,practised restorers1 who can tell by examination and knowledge of the methods employed by painters what they can venture on1 often use detergents which would ruin the picture if applied by a person without experience4 ,these are alkaline salts1 such as wood-ashes or lye1 pearl and pot ashes1 or salts of tartar1 all of which1 except the latter1 are extremely hazardous for a tyro4 ,salts of tartar may be safely employed if we begin with a feeble solution1 which may be gradually strengthened4 ,wood-ashes1 very finely sifted1 are spread on the face of the picture1 and delicately1 or carefully and lightly1 rubbed with a soft sponge4 ,this must be carefully washed away as soon as the surface is cleaned4 ,other detergents failing1 borax dissolved in water may be employed4 ,this works slowly but surely2 but1 as ,m4 ,,goupil remarks1 this lessive1 like wood ashes1 must not be left long on the colours1 but be promptly wiped away with a sponge4 ,lime-water will serve as well as the solution of borax4 ,soaps of different qualities are also used for cleaning1 according to the state of the picture4 ,it may be here again remarked that no exact rule can be given regarding an art specially founded on skill and experience4 ,the beginner should first try his hand on a few common old pictures4 ,soap made into a foam or lather with water will generally clean a surface1 however dark it may be from smoke4 ,let the foam settle completely1 and then wipe it clean with a damp sponge4 ,essential oils1 especially turpentine1 or those of spikenard1 lavender1 and rosemary--of either two parts of spirits of wine to one of turpentine1 c4--are commonly used to clean pictures4 ,pictures not varnished require great care and skill in cleaning4 ,for these yeast with water1 or flour mixed with lime-water1 is employed2 also spirits of wine or vinegar4 ,ammonia is also used4 ,,goupil mentions that one of the most dangerous mediums for this purpose is the old one of urine1 and that it should never be used4 ,when the canvas of a picture is very old and rotten1 it may be replaced by a process requiring the utmost nicety4 ,if only certain portions are injured1 it will suffice to glue pieces of fine canvas on the back4 ,to completely transfer the painting1 gum over its surface two coats of soft paper4 ,lay it on the face1 and carefully remove the old canvas ground4 ,this is effected by wetting every thread till soft1 and then picking it away4 ,a piece of pumice-stone and tweezers are also used4 ,when all fibres are removed1 carefully glue a canvas and apply it1 pressing it well on the back of the paint4 ,before it is quite dry1 press the picture with a warm flat-iron1 not too hot4 ,then remove the paper carefully with a damp sponge and by tearing4 ,to transfer a picture on wood1 the back is sawn into many small triangles or squares1 which are carefully chiselled away one by one4 ,then with files and scrapers approach the paint till only a thin film of wood remains4 ,the last remnant is wetted with a sponge1 and picked or scraped away4 ,first1 use paper on the face and restore as before4 ,there is a great enemy to pictures in mould or mildew1 which has quasi-equivalents in must1 dry-rot1 mucor1 or robigo4 ,it is divided by ,goupil into apparent softening and actual softening or mildew4 ,the former is mildew or mere superficial mould2 i4e41 a light vegetation which gathers on the surface from germs in the air4 ,it can easily be wiped away1 and is caused by dampness4 ,sometimes1 when long rooted1 it destroys the varnish1 which must be replaced4 ,there is also a mould which is properly decay1 or a radical destruction of fabric1 for which there is1 in fact1 no cure1 save in renewing the canvas and retouching the picture4 ,where a picture is painted by glazing1 especially where varnish comes in instead of body1 it is apt to crack or thread like a cobweb4 ,in time these divisions will scale off in flakes4 ,wax dissolved in turpentine is used for the light cracks4 ,scaling must be treated by careful softening with oil and pressing down a warm iron4 ,the surface must1 previous to ironing1 be covered with chalked paper4 ,it sometimes happens that a picture has been painted over1 and ,i have seen a very distinguished restorer in such case succeed in removing the outer coat4 ,this requires great knowledge of the chemical properties of the paint2 also of solvents1 and the different methods of scraping1 absorbing1 c4 ,still1 it can be learned with patience4 ,extraordinary results have been thus obtained4 ,it has often happened that men with little or no knowledge of painting have fancied themselves capable of 8repairing0 very valuable pictures1 and so smeared them over to utter ruin4 ,before attempting to retouch an old picture1 let the restorer make a copy of it4 ,if he can do this very well he is qualified for his work1 and not otherwise4 ,the fraternity of picture-cleaners and menders may protest against this2 but the vast amount--,i may say the vast proportion1 meaning the majority--of good pictures spoiled by bad retouching confirms the truth of my assertion4 ,it is worth remarking in this connection that very few amateurs1 sthetes1 or 8connoisseurs10 so called1 appreciate the value of mere technique or practical work in art4 ,they 8swarm for the ideal10 and that is all4 ,the great masters were wiser than this4 ,it would do much good if very generous prizes on a large scale were to be paid annually for copies of great pictures4 ,and ,i would have rewards given specially for pictures painted with colours prepared by the artists themselves from chemically pure and unalterable materials1 according to the ancient recipes4 ,i would like to see a society formed of artists who would produce such work4 ,it would certainly find buyers--in time4 ,there are to be found in most curiosity shops in ,italy panel pictures of the fourteenth century1 earlier or later1 with gold grounds1 which can be had of all prices1 from a very few francs upward4 ,they are without name and of no great artistic merit1 but very curious and interesting indeed as ancient relics painted 8before oil10 and as inspired with the spirit of the ,middle ,ages4 ,these generally require restoration4 ,they were painted on wood of all kinds1 very often on deal4 ,the surface was covered with a thin coat of gesso or plaster of ,paris1 mixed with the white of egg1 and on this the gilding and paint were applied4 ,the latter was in white of egg and fig-juice1 or encaustic--that is1 wax and white of egg1 which is the most ancient and durable method known2 so much so that long after every oil-painting ever executed 7if left to itself7 will have disappeared1 the ancient ,egyptian1 ,roman1 or ,middle ,ages pictures will be as fresh as if made yesterday4 ,if a panel be warped or bent1 it is straightened by damping the concave side1 and screwing to it crosspieces4 ,if the ground be scaled away1 supply it with powdered plaster of ,paris mixed with gum-water4 ,the repainting can be executed with water-colours mixed with white of egg1 gouache1 or even oil in small quantities1 which should be rather rubbed in or glazed than painted in body4 ,a common panel picture of the fourteenth and fifteenth century1 painted with white of egg1 can be well enough restored with water-colour1 or gouache1 and then varnished4 ,but the colour with gouache medium will not hold well1 except on the gesso-ground4 ,it is apt to scale off from any smooth1 hard surface4 ,therefore it is difficult to restore them by painting on the old hard glaze4 ,most of the mediums which are sold to heighten water-colours--e4g41 ,winsor ,newton's glass medium--will cause the colour to adhere4 ,a ,,ground ,,for ,,wax-,,painting ,,on ,,porous ,,substances was made as follows3-- ,white wax #aj ,resin #e ,essence of turpentine #dj ,melt the wax in a bain-marie1 pass the solution through a linen strainer1 and lay it on in successive coats on a wall which is first heated by a hand-furnace or brazier4 ,to close holes in the wall use a putty made of wax1 gum-anim1 resin1 and whiting4 ,colours are prepared for wax-painting by grinding them with a gluten4 ,they are the same in substance as those mixed with oil for oil-painting4 ,the gluten is made as follows3-- ,resin #a ,white wax #d ,essence of spikenard #af ,a harder gluten can be made by substituting copal for the gum-anim4 ,there is a vast field for profitable labour in the cleaning and restoration of old pictures1 as well as of antiques of all kinds1 and thousands of young or even elder artists1 whose life is a painful struggle towards becoming known1 would do well to endeavour to raise the art of restoration to its proper place1 instead of being ashamed to descend to it4 ,the restorer should make a point of studying varnishes1 oils1 and colours1 with great care4 ,let him read what cyclopdia articles and books he can find on these subjects1 and make all practical inquiries from manufacturers and dealers4 ,he should1 if he intends to seriously practise the art1 study chemistry4 ,i can imagine no better restorer than a skilful analyst4 ,there is a great deal yet to be learned regarding colours1 and most of it will come by the way of chemistry4 ,a great deal is1 however1 actually being revived or arriving as new from training 8the popular eye0 to hitherto unaccustomed shades1 tints1 and tones4 ,during the ,middle ,ages1 when culture was exhausted in art and decoration1 there was a marvellous development in this respect1 even in most delicate details1 though much of it now seems so 8loud0 or excessive to us4 ,we have of late years learned a great deal from ,china and ,japan as regards subdued colours4 ,it may be that as in ,oriental music even the tenth part of a note becomes as distinct to the practised ear as a natural one1 so these blendings and subdivisions of hues may be as perceptible to people as the normal colours4 ,all of this should be carefully studied by the restorer as well as the painter4 ,the restoration of a fine work of art which has become utterly dim1 wrinkled with a thousand lines1 and1 it may be1 utterly ugly to beauty and freshness1 is so much like a resurrection or transfiguration to new life1 youth1 and beauty1 that poets have not failed to use it as a simile for all that is expressive of renaissance4 ,thus ,dean ,hole1 in his ,memoirs1 remarks that1 8as when some beautiful picture which has been concealed and forgotten1 removed in time of battle lest it should be destroyed by the enemy1 is found after many years1 and is carefully cleaned and skilfully restored1 and the eye is delighted with the successive development of colour and of form1 and the life-like countenance1 the historical scene1 the sunny landscape1 or the moonlit sea come out once more upon the canvas2 so in that great revival of religion which began in ,england more than half a century ago the glorious truths of the ,gospel were restored40 ,regarded in itself1 the art of restoring beauty is both beautiful and noble1 and deserves to be regarded as such4 ,,general ,,recipes ,,recipe4--,the word4 ,a formula or prescription is a recipe1 derived from the ,latin word recipe1 meaning take4 ,an acknowledgment of money paid is a receipt1 from receptus1 or received4 ,a description of the materials to be used in making a pie is not a receipt1 but a recipe4--,familiar ,errors4 ,,to ,,clean ,,woollen ,,cloth4--,rub it with sal-ammoniac and water till clean1 then wash with pure water4 ,this liquid is very useful1 when any article of clothing has been stained by vinegar1 wine1 or lemon1 to restore the original colour4 ,an old-fashioned but excellent method of cleaning greased silk ribbons or cloth is as follows3--,lay the ribbon on a wad or flat surface of cotton wadding1 strew on this dried clay1 or calcined magnesia1 or whiting1 and over this another layer of wadding4 ,pass over it a flat-iron not too warm4 ,the oil or grease will be absorbed into the cotton4 ,repeat this till the cure is effected4 ,if any spots still remain1 paint them with yolk of egg1 dry the stuff in a draught of air1 and when quite hardened remove the yoke and wash with water4 ,,wine-,,stains can be removed by simply pressing on them pads dampened with cold water4 ,this method will succeed1 when wiping only spreads a stain4 ,salt alone is also employed4 8,when a lady's skirt of any material has had spilt on it gravy1 wine1 oil1 or any light liquid1 as distinguished from such substances as paint1 pitch1 or tar1 do not attempt1 as is usually the case1 to wipe or wash it clean4 ,lay a linen sheet or even spongy white paper--wanting this1 newspapers may be used--on a table2 on this spread the soiled fabric very evenly4 ,then lay on the upper surface another clean white sheet1 or white muslin cloth1 or napkins or towels1 and press on it till as much as possible of the fluid is sucked out4 ,by changing the white cloths or paper1 and pressing continually1 the fabric can be very nearly cleaned4 ,then dust it well with calcined magnesia in powder or whiting4 ,where these cannot be had chalk will answer4 ,this will generally absorb all that remains of the grease40--,notes by a ,housekeeper 7,,ms474 8,clean1 dry blotting-paper laid on grease-stains is admirable for extraction4 ,apply pressure with a flat-iron or hand-roller such as is used for bread4 ,there are blotting-paper rollers1 made for ink1 which are quite suitable for cleaning cloth2 but the paper should be thrown away the instant it has received any grease2 otherwise it will only spread the stain and make it indelible by rubbing it into the fibre of the threads4 ,a good soft sponge will also be found to be almost equal to it40--,notes by a ,housekeeper 7,,ms474 ,,old ,,woollen ,,or ,,silk ,,garments can be very brilliantly renewed in the following manner3--,they are steeped in sulphuric cupreous acid 7copper or blue vitriol71 oxide of lead1 or bismuth oxide1 or simply with their metallic oxides1 and then exposed to steam1 mingled with sulphuric acid gas4 ,another method is to steep the stuffs simply in a solution of sulphuric acid and copper or of oxide of bismuth4 ,this is slowly heated1 but the heating must be qualified according to the colour of the stuffs to be revived4 ,the application of these requires great care and some knowledge or experience4 ,ink for restoring inscriptions on metal of any kind1 silver1 zinc1 or brass3--,to one part of crystallised acetic acid1 oxide of copper1 one of ammonia1 and half a part of soot from fir wood4 ,mix in a saucer with ten parts of water4 ,this is said to resist exposure to the weather very well4 ,a ,,very ,,valuable ,,aid ,,to ,,the ,,restorer ,,or ,,mender ,,of ,,implements1 when it can be obtained1 is ,,raw ,,hide4 ,this material dries as hard as any wood and is tougher than any textile fabric4 ,thus1 if a broken wheel or any portion of a vehicle is tied with a thong of raw hide1 firmly drawn1 when the latter dries1 shrinking a little1 it holds better than iron4 ,raw or untanned ox-hide or similar skin1 when dried1 is in fact similar to parchment1 and1 like it1 resembles horn in hardness4 ,the strongest trunks in the world are made in ,america from raw hide4 ,this material1 when made into small objects1 such as flasks1 boxes1 sheaths1 or portable ink-stands1 has often withstood the wear of generations4 ,as it is cheap1 easily moulded into form1 or stamped1 it is remarkable that it is no longer used as it once was4 ,,lead-,,pencil ,,or ,,crayon ,,drawings can be preserved from rubbing by a light wash of gum of any kind1 diluted varnish1 or even milk4 ,the latter is in most cases preferable4 ,it is also preservative of handwriting1 and1 like all glazes1 prevents fading4 ,,bases ,,for ,,beads and similar work can be made as follows3--,take mother-of-pearl dust1 which can be bought cheaply at a turner's1 powder or levigate it finely1 mix it with half its bulk of fine white barley-meal1 and make it up with a weak solution of gum-mastic4 ,also take snail-shells1 or the glaze of any large1 hard sea-shells1 washing them first in strong lye to clean them4 ,pulverise and make up with yolk of eggs and alum1 or any other fine binder4 ,the same can be done with rock-crystal or pure flint4 ,grind it to finest powder1 and make it up with a well-incorporated mixture of the white of eggs and pure gum-arabic4 ,this will1 when dry1 become hard as a stone1 and more and more waterproof with age4 ,,to ,,pulverise ,,glass4--,first put in the fire till red-hot1 then drop it into cold water1 after which reduce it in a mortar4 ,glass-powder thus made1 mixed with almost any cement1 renders it extremely hard4 ,it is also mixed with paint4 ,,burnished ,,steel ,,or ,,iron-,,work can be preserved from rusting by rubbing the article with oil of cloves or oil of lavender2 also with a mixture of turpentine1 oil of lavender or cloves1 and petroleum4 ,mercurial ointment is commonly used for guns4 ,,rust can be removed from iron by rubbing it with oil of tartar 7oleum tartari71 using a woollen rag4 ,,brass-,,ware1 when it has become dull or rusty1 may be renewed and made to look like gold4 ,take sal-ammoniac1 grind it in a mortar with saliva2 rub this on the brass2 lay it on hot coals to dry it well1 and tub it with a woollen cloth4 ,so says ,,johann ,,wallberger2 adding3 8,with this art a certain man did once1 in ,rome1 gain much money1 inasmuch as he thereby did clean the brass lamps of the churches and other things of the same metal40 ,there is another preparation for the same purpose still more gold-like4 ,it consists of sulphur1 chalk1 and the soot from wood fires4 ,but as it soon disappears1 the brass should be lackered or varnished4 ,,the ,,best ,,cleaner ,,for ,,brass with which ,i am acquainted is a ,german preparation used by ,,barkentin ,,krall1 ,regent ,street1 from whom it can also be obtained4 ,a ,,very ,,strong ,,cement1 and one good for luting1 can be made by combining sturgeon's bladder1 dissolved in spirits1 with finest pulverised flint or sand4 ,,glue1 into which resin has been well infused by heat1 combined with sand or ashes or clay1 forms a strong cement1 useful for all kinds of coarse work4 ,a ,,very ,,good1 ,,strong ,,cement is made as follows3--,to three-eighths of a pound of water add three-eighths of a pound of spirits and a quarter of a pound of starch2 also1 prepare two ounces of good glue in water1 mixed with two ounces of thick turpentine1 and stir well into the first composition4 ,this is a very good bookbinders' glue4 ,,the ,,tufa ,,or ,,soft ,,stone which abounds in ,italy and elsewhere is much used when reduced to powder and burned for building4 ,it is also useful as a cement4 ,an old writer says it can be brayed in a mortar1 but that 8there are many who1 for lack of a mortar1 take old baptismal fonts out of the churches1 and in lieu of a pestle use the clapper of a church bell40 ,a ,,curious ,,decoration may be made by drawing figures--for example1 of animals--with glue or gum on a wall surface1 and then powdering it with cloth-dust of appropriate colours4 ,these figures can be stencilled4 ,as of all repairing and restoring that of human beauty is the most important1 it may be worth while to give here a few recipes1 which have held their own for centuries3-- ,,to ,,make ,,wrinkles ,,and ,,freckles ,,disappear4--,this is more possible than is generally supposed1 and ,i have known a lady1 a great beauty1 of whom all my readers have heard1 who at fifty years of age had artificially and miraculously preserved her face in perfect smoothness1 though ,i do not know by what means4 ,the following is given by ,,wallberger3--8,take fine1 pure alum1 compound it carefully with the fresh white of eggs1 and boil it gently in a pipkin1 stirring it constantly with a wooden stick or spoon till it forms a soft paste4 ,spread this on the face1 morning and evening1 for two or three days1 and you will soon see that it is free from wrinkles and freckles1 and marvellously fair and pleasant to view4 ,frivolous souls may carry the sinful misuse of such beauty to their own account2 the virtuous hold in horror all such deeds0 7,zauberbuch1 #agfj74 ,,lemon-,,juice or the salts of lemon1 or lemon-juice and salt1 are of great service in whitening the hands and causing freckles to disappear4 ,,gum-,,benzoin ,,dissolved ,,in ,,spirits may be had of every apothecary4 ,pour a few drops into a wine-glassful of warm water1 and it will form a milk-white emulsion1 which is a perfect and harmless cosmetic for the face1 and serves as a delightful soap in washing4 ,this is the lac virginis so much used two centuries ago4 ,,eau ,,de ,,cologne mixed with water forms a white emulsion1 which is much superior to any soap for delicate hands4 ,it forms a perfectly harmless cosmetic for the face4 ,even a few drops of it in a basin of water will have a good result4 ,too much of it1 or of any wash1 will have a contrary effect1 and dry the skin4 ,if the mouth be rinsed with this emulsion of eau de cologne and water1 it will purify the breath1 and that for a long time if used as a gargle4 ,a ,,strong ,,marking-,,ink1 or black dye1 which will resist much exposure to the weather1 is made as follows3--,take gum-arabic #aj lbs41 logwood liquor 7specific gravity #a4cg7 #bj fluid oz41 bi-chromate of potash #b oz41 with water sufficient to dissolve the bi-chromate4 ,dissolve the gum in one gallon of water1 strain1 add the logwood liquor1 mix1 and let the mixture stand for twenty-four hours2 then stir in rapidly the bi-chromate solution1 and add a little nitrate of iron and fustic acid4 ,if too thick1 thin with lukewarm water4 ,a ,,very ,,hard ,,cement can be made by digesting fluor spar for some time in sulphuric acid1 adding magnesium sulphate and stirring calcined magnesia into the mixture4 ,a ,,red ,,cement ,,for ,,iron ,,or ,,stone ,,or ,,luting is made of red lead and litharge in equal parts mixed with concentrated glycerine to the consistency of soft putty4 ,when dry it is water and fire proof4 ,,silico ,,enamel is a thin liquid glaze1 finer than varnish1 which is easily applied to all polished metals1 as well as other substances4 ,it may be obtained in bottles1 price one shilling1 with brush1 of the ,silico ,enamel ,company1 #ig ,hampstead ,road1 ,london1 ,n4,w4 ,,light-,,coloured ,,gloves may be cleaned by rolling bread-crumb over them2 also with indiarubber4 ,also by means of benzine4 ,several patent washes for this purpose are now sold4 ,,cleaning ,,marble4--8,if #8,sculptor' will get some salts of wormwood1 and dissolve in warm water1 then mix with whiting into a moderate paste1 and apply to stone or marble1 and let it remain upon either for twenty-four hours--and if not successful the first time1 apply again--he will draw all stains out of marble1 and clear all lichen either from sandstones or oolitic stones4 ,thoroughly wash the stone with a strong soap 7say1 of ,hudson's ,no4 #b soap powder7 and lukewarm water1 and1 when thoroughly dry1 give a coat of sulphuretted oil4 ,he can make his own oil4 ,boil in a bath one quart of linseed-oil for one hour1 with half-a-pound of flower of sulphur gently and continually stirring same2 then take off fire and let cool2 then pour oil from sediment1 using oil upon stone4 ,no lichen will hurt his stone if out exposed to the air1 for the rain will wash all clean every time4 ,i have cleaned several statues with nothing but ,hudson's ,no4 #b and water40--,work1 ,april #b1 #ahib4 ,,calcined ,,magnesia1 or calcined and powdered bone1 laid for some time on simply oiled or greased marble1 which has first been well washed with soap and water1 will often extract the stain4 ,for ink use oxalic acid in weak solution with water4 ,,gum-,,dextrine1 or gum substitute1 is made from roasted flour4 ,it forms1 mixed with water1 a gum not much inferior to gum-arabic1 for which it is1 as the name denotes1 a substitute4 ,it is very extensively used in many manufactures1 and may be obtained of any chemist4 ,it sometimes happens that it is too brittle after drying1 and does not hold4 ,in such case add four or five drops of glycerine to a teacupful of the dextrine in solution4 ,,mouth ,,glue 7,,mundleim7 ,,or ,,solid ,,cement4--,this is sold by stationers in thin1 flat sticks or tablets1 and is used by wetting and rubbing it1 chiefly for paper4 ,it is made as follows for labels3-- ,sturgeon's bladder #be ,sugar #ab ,water #cf ,carbolic acid ,the sturgeon's bladder is first dissolved1 the sugar then added1 also a few drops of carbolic acid1 which causes it to set more firmly1 and also to resist mould in dampness1 induced by the presence of sugar4 ,this cement is applicable to glass1 wood1 or metal4 ,like the following1 it has the advantage of being always ready to use1 and requires no boiling4 ,if it becomes too hard to use freely1 let so much of it as is required steep for a time in water4 ,many think1 from merely dampening it in the mouth when it is hard1 and using it immediately1 that it is a very weak adhesive1 which is a mistake4 ,a great deal of that sold by the stationers is1 however1 of very inferior quality1 and made with very common glue4 ,,mouth ,,glue ,,in ,,tablets3-- ,transparent glue1 ,no4 #a #bd ,sugar #ac ,gum-arabic #e ,water #ej ,the glue1 sugar1 and gum are boiled in the water until a drop let fall on a slab hardens4 ,it is then rolled and cut into flat cakes4 ,,to ,,mend ,,or ,,make ,,meerschaum ,,pipes4--,dissolve caseine in silicate of soda2 stir into the cement fine calcined magnesia4 ,by the addition of meerschaum powder a close imitation of meerschaum in the mass can be made4 ,,turkish ,,cement of the strongest kind1 and such as is used to attach gems to metal1 is made as follows3-- ,sturgeon's bladder cement #cj ,mastic 7best7 #b ,gum-ammoniac #a ,spirits of wine #aj ,the sturgeon's bladder1 shredded1 is dissolved with spirits of wine while remaining in a warm place2 the gum is also dissolved in spirit and mixed with the sturgeon's bladder2 the whole must be then carefully and slowly boiled to a syrup4 ,close with a cork1 as it is sure to gum tightly4 ,,to ,,improve ,,corks4--,when bottles contain substances which adhere to the cork and harden1 the latter should be first steeped in oil or vaseline1 or boiled in a mixture of both4 ,,armenian ,,cement4--,this is much like ,diamond and ,turkish cements3-- ,i4 ,sturgeon's bladder #fjj ,,ii4 ,gum-ammoniac #f ,mastic #fj ,the sturgeon's bladder is dissolved in spirits of wine separately1 the gum-ammoniac and mastic also1 but with a minimum of spirit2 the two are then combined4 ,a cement which will resist the action of spirits of wine will often be very valuable1 as when large lids are to be fastened to jars containing anatomical preparations4 ,one is made as follows3-- ,cleaned manganese powder #bj ,soluble silicate of soda #aj ,this must be freely used to make the cover adhere4 ,when in time it shall become brittle1 coat it over with a thick solution of asphaltum in turpentine or petroleum4 ,,to ,,seal ,,bottles very securely1 roughen the opening or mouth with a file or glass-paper1 drive in a hard cork till half-an-inch below the top1 and then seal it with silicate of soda mixed with marble-dust4 ,,chloride ,,of ,,zinc added to silicate of soda and oxide of zinc forms a very good cement1 which will resist most influences4 ,,bread macerated with glue or gelatine1 with a little glycerine1 makes an admirable substance for artificial flowers1 casts1 medallions1 c4 ,if worked with gum-arabic and a little alum1 or dextrine1 or common mucilage1 we shall have the same result4 ,it can also be worked with thin varnish or gutta-percha cement2 also with diluted sulphuric or nitric acids to produce a hard substance4 ,it may here be observed that bread is for certain work far superior to flour or starch paste1 since the combination with yeast causes a development of cellular tissue1 the result of which is a firmer and more wax-like substance4 ,i was led to observe this at first1 not from what ,i read of the action of acids on bread1 but from observing the bread-flowers made by the ,italian peasantry to adorn images of saints4 ,i believe that in these there is a little vinegar mixed4 ,they are quite wax-like4 ,the bread used should be soft household bread1 of course well kneaded with the acid and colours4 ,bread-paste would probably combine well with indiarubber in solution4 ,of late1 ,german illustrated newspapers have published patterns of small ornamental dishes made of dough or bread1 intended to receive conserves of fruit and other edibles--the dishes themselves not being intended to be eaten4 ,soft bread with a little varnish or any ordinary gum and a little glycerine1 well worked1 makes an admirable filler for cracks in wood4 ,combined with any gum1 or even with tragacanth or peach or cherry gum1 and lamp-black 7or liquid ,indian ink71 it forms a cement which resembles ebony4 ,the more thoroughly it is macerated the harder it will be4 ,casts of panels1 c41 made with this are really beautiful4 ,rub with oil and the hand after it is quite dry4 ,add a few drops of glycerine and alum in solution to prevent cracking1 or1 better1 a little indiarubber4 ,soft rye bread hardens to a rather tougher cement than wheat4 ,bread cement makes an admirable ground for gilding or painting4 ,bread macerated with lime and white of egg forms a very hard composition like ivory4 ,bread1 glue1 and glycerine1 ditto4 ,,horse-,,chestnut ,,paste4--,this is called a cement1 but it is properly a paste like that of flour4 ,horse-chestnuts are generally neglected1 but they can be profitably utilised for paste1 which admits of the same combinations as flour4 ,,waste ,,tea-,,leaves from which the tea has been extracted can be macerated with gum and treated as rose-leaves to form artificial ebony4 ,carefully separate all the hard portions4 ,,gum ,,for ,,general ,,use1 like gum-arabic3-- ,common sugar1 by weight #ab ,water #cf ,slacked lime #c ,stir the lime into the warm solution of sugar and water4 ,keep it boiling and stir it often for one hour4 ,pour off the liquid from the lees of the lime4 ,this gum also admits of modifications4 ,one of these is the well-known ,,syndetikon1 which is made as follows3--,to fifteen parts of the sugar and lime solution add three of good glue1 leaving them to soak for twenty-four hours2 warm gradually1 and frequently stir1 till the glue is dissolved4 ,then let it boil for a few minutes4 ,this makes a good plain cement1 which serves to unite paper1 leather1 glass1 or porcelain4 ,it1 however1 spots or changes colour in paper1 c4 ,a ,,general ,,cement1 which may be used for joining metal and glass1 stone1 tiles1 c41 is thus made3-- ,plaster of ,paris #ba ,iron filings #c ,water #aj ,white of eggs #d ,,the ,,general ,,mending ,,cement so commonly sold consists of nothing but-- ,gum-arabic #a ,plaster of ,paris #c ,this must be mixed with water when used4 ,it does not1 however1 resist the action of hot water4 ,a ,,cement ,,which ,,resists ,,acids is made as follows3--,indiarubber is dissolved in double its weight of linseed-oil1 and kneaded to a dough with white bolus4 ,should the cement harden too quickly1 add to it a little litharge4 ,,indiarubber ,,cement ,,for ,,chemical ,,apparatus3-- ,indiarubber #h ,tallow #b ,linseed-oil #af ,white bolus #c ,this does not resist high temperature1 but is good against acids4 ,,scheibler',s ,,cement ,,for ,,chemical ,,apparatus3-- ,gutta-percha #b ,wax #a ,shellac #c ,,sorel',s ,,cement4--,this consists of oxide of zinc combined with its chloride4 ,the chloride of zinc is in a heavy1 syrupy form1 which1 combined with the white oxide1 sets very hard4 ,it is chiefly used for filling teeth1 but is also applicable to making medallions and other objects of art4 ,for this latter purpose it is mixed with powdered chalk1 pulverised glass1 c4 ,the process of preparing and combining the ingredients of this cement is1 however1 so tedious that it is most unlikely that the ordinary repairer will care to attempt it2 the more so as there are many preparations far superior to it4 ,,glue ,,for ,,tapestry1 c43-- ,flour-paste #ajj ,alum water #c ,dextrine-paste #e ,this may also be applied in many ways4 ,,to ,,lute ,,stills1 c43-- ,glue in powder #bj ,flour #aj ,bran #e ,to be well mixed with water4 ,as alum cannot be affected by petroleum1 it is used to fasten rings to petroleum-lamp holders4 ,these are lined with alum which has been melted by heat4 ,alum melted forms a strong cement for glass and metal4 ,,paste ,,for ,,wall-,,paper4--,ten parts of flour are made into common paste2 add one of glue boiled in hot water2 add to the whole one-twentieth part of white of egg4 ,this holds very firmly4 ,paste made with flour and gum-arabic1 c41 does not mould or turn sour if it be mixed with a few drops of oil of cloves or carbolic acid4 ,,clay ,,mortar4--,where lime cannot be had1 a very good mortar for chimneys may be made by mixing clay with common molasses4 ,this is said 7,,lehner7 to resist the action of heat when well dried4 ,another fireproof cement is made as follows3-- ,clay #dj ,flint-sand #dj ,slacked lime #d ,borax #b ,this is mixed with a very little water4 ,it is used as a wash1 and should1 when dry1 be heated by fire4 ,,log ,,cabins and houses built with wood are1 in ,america1 often swarming with vermin to a degree which would seem incredible4 ,in all such cases the joints and cavities should be well packed and plastered with cement--lime if possible--and then whitewashed4 ,rat-holes should be plugged with stones or gravel and then cemented4 ,,zeiodeleth4--,vessels of wood1 iron1 stoneware1 or of moulded cement1 are often eaten away by the action of acids and alkalies4 ,to prevent this they are in ,germany coated with a composition called ,zeiodeleth4 ,in its simplest form this is simply sulphur mixed with very finely sifted flint-sand1 or else ground glass1 chinaware1 or stone4 ,of this thin plates are also made to coat such vessels1 or even to form them4 ,,merrick',s ,,zeiodeleth3-- ,sulphur #bj ,glass-powder #dj ,b,,ttger',s ,,zeiodeleth 7,,lehner73-- ,powdered flint #ij ,graphite #aj ,sulphur #ajj ,i4 ,a ,,fluid ,,paste is made by pouring into a porcelain jar #e kilogrammes of potato-starch with #f kilogrammes of water and #bej grammes of white nitric acid4 ,keep the whole in a warm place for forty-eight hours1 stirring it frequently1 and then boil it till syrupy and transparent4 ,add a little water1 or sufficient to make it fluid enough to be filtered through a closely woven towel4 ,,ii4 ,dissolve #e kilogrammes of gum-arabic to #a of sugar in #e quarts of water1 adding #ej grammes of nitric acid2 warm to boiling1 and then add ,no4 ,i4 ,the result is a perfectly fluid adhesive1 which will not mould1 and dries on paper with a glaze4 ,it is adapted for postage-stamps1 marking over impressions1 and fine stationery4 ,,durable ,,flour-,,paste ,,for ,,stationers4--,take good flour-paste1 adding to it while boiling one-tenth part of clear liquid glue1 to be well stirred in4 ,add a few drops of carbolic acid or oil of cloves4 ,keep it corked in wide-mouthed1 large vials4 ,,dry ,,cement1 ,,or ,,travellers' ,,glue3-- ,glue #fjj grms4 ,sugar #bej 0 ,the glue must be of the best quality1 and perfectly melted in water1 as usual1 and the sugar stirred in4 ,it is then steamed away until it becomes hard when cold4 ,to use1 place it in hot water1 when it at once liquefies4 ,this is specially used for paper4 ,,coating ,,to ,,protect ,,trees ,,from ,,insects3-- ,colophonium 7resin7 #ajj ,common soap #ajj ,tar #ej ,whale-oil #be ,smear the trunks of the trees with this4 ,it may also be put on sheets of brown paper to catch flies4 ,,cement ,,for ,,filling4--,take fresh curd 7caseine71 and knead it with water to a putty4 ,it can be used in this state for many purposes4 ,to greatly harden it1 add one-twentieth of its weight in lime1 and more or less of some indifferent substance1 such as chalk1 calcined magnesia1 oxide of zinc1 and colouring matter4 ,this sets so hard that it may be used to make casts or many small works of art4 ,,french ,,glues4--,two very excellent glues used in ,france are the colle forte de ,flandre and that of ,givet4 ,,goupil recommends as the best glue1 where a very superior article is required1 one made of equal parts of the two4 ,break them up1 let the pieces remain fifteen hours in water1 then boil for two hours in the bain-marie1 or glue-kettle4 ,after a time the glue will settle and become clear4 ,add1 if needed1 a little water from the bain-marie4 ,,to ,,give ,a ,,satin ,,gloss ,,to ,,paper4--,paint with a broad1 soft brush on the paper with a solution of hypo-sulphite of barium 7chemically expressed by ,ba,s#b,o#c74 ,it may be laid on by itself or mingled with a colour4 ,it is used sometimes by bookbinders4 ,this may be applied in water-colour pictures to the imitation of silk or satin4 ,,gomme ,,laque1 or shellac1 also gelatine glue1 is sold in thin leaves4 ,to prepare it1 put into a bain-marie twenty parts of the gum to one of flowers of sulphur1 stir it well1 and add a little lukewarm water4 ,it may be made into little bars by hand2 let them cool1 and warm them when required for use4 ,a ,,very ,,good ,,cement1 which1 according to ,,fred4 ,,dillaye1 is both fire and water proof1 is made as follows3--,take half-a-pint of milk1 as much vinegar1 mix them1 and take away the whey4 ,add the white of five eggs to the curd1 mix the whole well1 and add so much finely sifted quicklime as will form a paste4 ,,snail ,,cement4--,it is said that snails or slugs1 mashed1 form a strong and hard glue4 ,this is probable2 also1 that it would combine with powdered quicklime1 or carbonate of lime in powder1 to set very hard4 ,,to ,,mend ,,marble use shellac in leaves1 mixed with white wax4 ,,to ,,mend ,,alabaster use gum-arabic mixed with powdered alabaster4 ,this is also useful for many other purposes4 ,a ,,cement useful for many purposes1 also as a ground for painting1 is made as follows3--,take barley and soak it in six equivalents of water for several days1 or till the barley expands or sprouts4 ,throw out the barley1 after pressing it4 ,this gives a glutinous liquid1 which1 combined with pipeclay and white soap1 sets hard4 ,it is improved by adding the powder of calcined bone4 ,barley water may also be used in many other combinations4 ,gum-arabic and thin glue1 dextrine1 and fish-glue may be used in its place4 ,a ,,strong ,,cement ,,for ,,horn ,,or ,,tortoise-,,shell3-- ,glue 7fluid7 #a ,sugar-candy #c ,gum-arabic ,the two latter to be dissolved in six parts of water4 ,,another ,,for ,,the ,,same3--,take strong lime-water2 combine it with new cheese4 ,the latter is to be mixed with two parts of water1 so as to form a soft mass4 ,pour into this the lime-water1 but see that there is no solid cheese in it4 ,this will form a liquid which can be used as a cement4 ,,cat-,,gut1 which is1 however1 made from the intestines of sheep1 c41 is of great service in some kinds of repairing1 owing to its strength4 ,it can be made into very small cord1 which will sustain a man4 ,very strong cords for fishermen are also said to be made by taking silkworms just before they spin1 cutting them open1 and using the silk1 which is then found in a solid1 longish lump1 and which can be artificially drawn out into any shape4 ,it is probable that the silk in this state could be thinned and applied in combination with fibre to produce useful results4 ,it is also probable that this substance1 or the silk en masse1 could be used for mending silk fabrics in many ways4 ,it could be produced very cheaply1 because the greatest expense in manufacturing silk is the reeling1 winding1 and spinning the thread4 ,an incredibly strong and serviceable silk is spun by the elm-worm1 which can be raised in any quantities wherever elm-trees abound4 ,this is much cultivated in ,china1 and it is said that garments made of its silk descend from father to son4 ,it is several times larger than the silkworm1 and survives even the severe winters of ,canada4 ,it would be much easier to raise than the delicate bombyx1 or common silkworm4 ,it is worth noting that a man can carry easily in his pocket fifty yards of cat-gut or elm worm silk cord strong enough to sustain his weight1 which is very useful for travellers to know1 since it is useful to mend harness or tether horses4 ,,to ,,soften ,,horn4--,this material can be softened so as to bend in hot water4 ,it requires long boiling4 ,according to ,geissler1 a horn can be moulded to shape by steeping the horn for two or three days in half a kilogramme of black alicant1 #cge grammes of newly calcined lime1 and #b litres 7two full quarts7 of hot water4 ,should the mixture assume a reddish colour it is all right2 if not1 add more alicant and lime4 ,after the horn has been moulded1 dry it in well-dried common salt4 ,horn shavings and filings are made into a paste1 which hardens by being in a strong solution of potash and slacked lime1 in which it becomes jelly-like and can be moulded4 ,this must be subjected to pressure to expel the moisture4 ,by adding a little glycerine its brittleness is much diminished4 ,,artificial ,,bonework4--,reduce the bone or ivory to a very fine1 flour-like powder1 mix it very thoroughly with the white of eggs1 and a very hard and tough mass will be the result4 ,this can be turned and highly polished4 ,this is improved in hardness and quality by grinding the mass again and subjecting it to heat and pressure 7,die ,verarbeitung ,hornes1 c41 von ,louis ,edgar ,ands2 ,vienna1 #ahib74 ,,to ,,properly ,,dust ,,clothes4--,the following extract on cleaning garments is taken from my forthcoming work1 entitled ,one ,hundred ,arts3-- 99 99 99 99 99 8,the obvious way to remove dust from a coat--as some take evil out of children 7vide ,,northcote',s ,fables7--is by whipping or beating with a stick4 ,this1 indeed1 effects the purpose1 but it speedily breaks the fibre of the cloth4 ,therefore in ,germany1 as in ,italy1 a little bat plaited of split cane or reeds is employed to exorcise the demon of dust1 known as ,ppkeewis to the ,chippeways4 ,but better than this is a small whisp-broom4 ,half a century ago this simple contrivance was only known in the ,united ,states and in ,poland4 8,whip the garment with the side of the soft whisp1 and as the dust rises to the surface brush it away4 ,if the reader will try this on any coat1 however clean it may be1 he will be astonished to find how much dust he will extract or raise4 8,all the dust which thus lies hidden in cloth1 when it comes to the surface1 acts as grit or powder insensibly but certainly1 and helps to wear away the surface whenever it is touched4 ,that we take in dust every time we go out will appear from inspecting a silk hat4 ,again1 the dust on a coat1 c41 every time it is rubbed by the cleanest hand1 takes in grease1 which in time aids in spoiling the surface4 ,in fact1 half the wear-out of all cloth is due to dust alone4 8,therefore1 if we carefully dust our clothes with a whisp1 every time we take them off1 fold them with care1 and lay them in a drawer1 they will last much longer than they do4 ,pure air free from dust is as conducive to the well-being of coats as to that of their wearers1 and ,dominie ,sampson uttered more truth than he imagined when he observed that the atmosphere of his patron's dwelling was singularly preservative of broadcloth40 99 99 99 99 99 ,in proof of this it may be observed1 that as a sandblast attacks some substances exclusively1 so dust or grit injures certain fabrics and not others1 and that the latter are all known as the more lasting fabrics4 ,,index ,accuracy and care required in making cements1 #bh ,adding art to arts1 #dg ,alabaster1 to mend1 #bdi ,,allston1 the painter1 #abc ,alum as a base1 #f ,amber1 repairing and imitating1 #aef-aeh2 carving amber1 #aeh ,american cement1 #bdj ,american glaze for postage-stamps1 #aac1 #aad ,,and,s1 ,,louis ,,edgar1 #bjg1 #beb2 varnishes1 #d2 on ivory and bone1 #add1 #aee2 on working horn1 #adi ,arabic1 gum1 cement of1 with vinegar1 #cg ,avoiding excess in cementing1 #ca ,badly bound books1 #ajh ,,baer1 ,j41 catalogue on glass1 #dd ,bark1 powdered1 combined with glue1 #hb ,barley cement1 #bdi1 #bej ,bases for beads1 c41 #bcd ,,bayard1 ,,miss ,,catherine ,l41 #aeh ,bell made of a bottle1 #di ,bent leaves in books1 or dog's ears1 #hi1 #ij ,benzoin1 gum1 or lac virginis1 #bcf1 #bcg ,binding books1 #ig-ajj 7illustrations71 #ig1 #ih ,blood in cements1 #f ,blowpipe1 the1 #ag1 #cf ,boats or canoes made from shavings1 #eb ,boiling china in milk1 #ai ,bone1 calcined1 #ib2 artificial1 #bea ,bookbinders' varnish1 #hi2 glue1 #bce ,books1 repairing and restoring1 #hf-abj ,book-worms1 #aae-abj ,b,,ttger',s cement for pavements1 stone slabs1 c41 #bi2 acid-proof cement1 #bdg ,bottles1 cracked1 how to mend1 #bf1 #cg2 to close 7a cement71 #dd2 to cork or seal them firmly1 #afa2 to seal1 #bda ,brass-ware1 to look like gold1 #bcd1 #bce ,bread cement1 #bda-bdc ,bread in cements1 #h ,,brewster1 ,sir ,d41 #cg ,brickwork tiles1 how to repair1 #bh ,burnished steel or iron work1 #bcd ,canes and bows made of shavings1 #ed ,caoutchouc1 indiarubber1 gutta-percha1 #b1 #d1 #abf1 #abg1 #aei ,cardboard or pasteboard as hard as wood1 how to make1 #abd1 #abe ,carpenters' cement1 #gi ,carton-cuir1 #aba ,carton-pierre1 or 8stone-paper10 to make1 #abh ,caseine or cheese in cements1 #f1 #bg1 #dj1 #da1 #acg1 #ach ,,castellani1 ,signore1 #dh ,cat-gut1 #bej ,cedar1 to imitate1 #hc ,cellular tissue1 cause of hardening in organic substances1 #i1 #aj ,celluloid1 or artificial ivory1 its raw materials1 manufacture1 c41 by ,dr4 ,f4 ,,bockmann1 #i1 #aeb1 #aec ,cellulose1 #i2 how discovered and made1 #hb2 to prepare it with acid1 #aed ,cement1 or adhesive1 definition1 #a2 for broken glass or china1 #bc-di2 for glass1 china1 leather1 c41 #cd2 for wood1 #gf-hc2 for horses' hoofs1 #aff1 #afg2 to attach metal1 #agc1 #agd ,ceresa1 or mosaic in powder1 #bi1 #ach ,chalk1 #b ,chamois-leather in repairs1 #bjc ,chemical apparatus1 cement for1 #bdd ,chestnut1 horse1 paste1 #bdc ,china1 broken1 porcelain1 crockery1 majolica1 terra-cotta1 brick and tile work1 #ab-cb ,chinese transparent vases1 a lost art rediscovered1 #dg1 #dh ,chloride of zinc cement1 #bda ,cholula1 vase from1 #ac1 #ad ,chrome glue1 #bf1 #cd ,chunam1 or ,indian shell-lime1 #bd1 #acd ,circles1 to draw1 #ajc ,clamps1 or strips of sheet-iron or wire1 #fg ,,claude and ,,vandervelde1 #baf1 #bag ,,claus',s cement for metal and glass1 #ahb ,clay and molasses mortar1 #bdf ,closing wine-bottles1 old method1 #dh1 #di ,cloth-dust on gum in decoration1 #bcf ,cloth1 waterproofed1 recipe for1 #afa2 felt1 how to make1 #aii1 #bjj ,clothes1 to properly dust and keep clean1 #beb1 #bec ,coarse cements for brick1 c41 #aci ,cobbling and shoemaking1 #ahg1 #ahh ,cologne1 eau de1 #bcg ,concrete1 #adj ,copal1 gum1 #aeg ,coral1 imitation of1 #bji ,corks1 to improve1 #bdj ,cracking of seasoned wood in ,america1 #ej ,cracks in furniture1 filling1 #fg ,,crane1 ,,walter1 #bd ,crockery1 #ag1 #ah ,crockery or china1 mosaic made from broken fragments1 #aci ,cups and vases of papier-mach1 how to make 7illustration71 #agb ,,davidowsky1 ,f41 on glue and gelatine1 #d ,decayed wood1 to restore1 #fc ,decorator1 ,the1 #gc ,defacing books1 #ij ,,delille1 alleged inventor of wiring porcelain1 #ah ,deterioration in pictures1 causes of1 #bad1 #bae ,dextrine1 or ,leiokom1 #g2 gum1 #bch ,diamond cement1 #da4 7,vide ,turkish7 ,,dillaye1 ,f41 #cb ,,dillaye',s cement1 #bdi ,dirt in old pictures1 its nature1 #bae ,domes or arched roofs1 building1 #fd ,,drake1 ,sir ,w41 #dg ,drawers1 to put handles to1 #fb2 shrinking of them1 #fb1 #fc ,dry cleaning1 #bbj ,d,,rer1 ,,albert1 #aea ,dusting broken china1 #ca ,earthenware tubes1 how to lute1 #bg ,ebonite1 #afj ,ebony1 repairing or imitating1 #ff1 #fg ,,eder',s gum for photographs1 #aad ,eggs in cements1 #e 8,egyptian ,sketch-,book10 #baj ,elmworm silk1 #bej ,embossing leather1 #ajj ,engraving and etching glass or china1 #ch ,erasures in paper1 #ajc ,essential oils in cleaning pictures1 #bbe ,etruscan vases repaired1 #ae ,excess of cleaning and ignorance as to effects by age1 #bad ,fastening broken furniture1 #fj1 #fa ,fictile or ceramic ware1 #ab ,,field1 8,chromatography0 #baj ,fillers for wood1 #fi ,fire-proof paper1 #ajc ,floors laid with shavings1 #ec ,flour and starch paste1 #d1 #e ,flour-paste1 to make a strong1 #aab ,flowers made from wood-shavings and plaster of ,paris1 glue1 c41 #fh ,fluid paste1 #bdg ,flour spar cement1 #bcg ,flux1 vitreous or metallic1 #ag ,forgeries in antiques1 #id1 #adi ,french glue for wood1 #hj ,french glues1 #bdh ,furniture1 cheap and bad1 #eh ,furniture-making1 #gb ,,garman1 ,,samuel1 #aaf ,garments1 invisible mending of1 #bjb-bje ,gelatine and vinegar cement for china1 #be ,general cements1 #bdd ,,gerner1 ,,raimund1 ,die ,glas ,fabrikation1 by1 #cd1 #ce ,gesso-painting1 #bd ,glass-mending1 with allied processes1 #cc-di2 old proverb on1 #cc ,glass-powder1 #acf2 how to prepare1 #bg ,glass1 to pulverise1 #bcd ,glazed or patent leather1 how to make1 #aic ,glaze-mediums1 #bbh ,gloves1 how cleaned1 #bch ,glue1 #d2 and lime cement1 #da2 for coarse work1 #bce2 waterproof1 #ahf ,glycerine1 in cements1 #f2 with glue1 #fh ,gomme laque1 or shellac1 #bdi ,,goupil1 ,f41 ,manual of ,mending1 #cb1 #fd1 #bah1 #bbb1 #bbe ,grease-spots1 to remove1 #ib ,,green1 ,dr4 ,,samuel ,a41 on book-worms1 #aae ,grinding off fractures in glass1 #dh ,ground for wax-painting1 #bbh1 #bbi ,grounds of pictures1 #bba ,guards for mending broken fictile wares1 #ca1 #cb ,gum for general use1 #bdc ,gum-mastic1 #af1 #bb ,gum 7or starch71 #b1 #c ,gutta-percha and oil cement for mending soles1 #aib ,gutta-percha cement for leather1 #ahi ,gypsum1 #f ,hard cement for all wood1 #hj ,harness1 saddle1 and bridle repairing1 #aic ,hats1 blankets1 c41 to mend by felting1 #aii-bja ,heating wood before glueing1 #fj ,,heigelin1 ,professor1 exhibition of flowers made from shavings1 #fh ,hide1 raw1 #ahi ,,hildebrand1 ,,wolfgang1 on liquid glass1 #g1 #ce1 #adh ,,hofer1 ,,johannes1 #adb ,,hofer1 ,,raimund1 on indiarubber1 #aei1 #afh ,holding together broken china while mending1 c41 #ag ,holes in leather repaired with linen1 #afa ,horn1 to mould or soften1 #adh1 #bea ,,hubbard1 ,,ernst1 8,the rendering ,valuable of ,refuse ,wood10 by1 #fi ,,hyatt',s patent ivory1 #aec ,hydraulic lime1 #h ,ignorance1 general1 as to cleaning pictures1 #bab ,imitation indiarubber cloth1 #afg ,imperfect work1 #ajg1 #ajh ,indiarubber1 applied to soles of shoes1 #afa2 or vulcanised cement1 #afb ,indifferent substances1 #f ,ink-stains1 to remove1 #ij-id1 #if ,inserting pieces in china1 c41 #ai1 #bj ,iron cements to resist heat1 #agg1 #agh ,iron doors of furnaces1 how to seal hermetically1 #agi ,iron in cements1 #f ,iron strips and bands in repairing1 #aga ,iron1 to set in stone1 #agh ,iron ware1 or block cement1 #ahj ,ironwork1 setting a cement for1 #agf ,italian peasants' shoes 7illustration71 #aib ,ivory1 repairing and imitating1 #adc-aee2 cleaning1 #adc1 #add2 imitations1 #add2 staining1 #adg1 #adh2 softening1 #adh ,jewellers' cement1 #dc4 7,vide ,turkish7 ,jewellers' or ,diamond cement1 #agd ,jewesses1 repair of embroidery by1 #bjb ,joco-,seriorum ,natur et ,artis1 #afgj1 story from1 referring to broken pottery1 #bj1 #ba1 #ce4 ,join1 to1 glass and metal1 #dc ,joints in timbers1 holes and cracks1 how to close1 #hj ,,junemann1 ,f41 ,die ,fabrikation des ,alauns1 #f ,kaleidoscope1 folding1 how to make a1 #cg1 #ch ,kauri1 the gum1 #aef1 #aeg ,kelp1 #aed ,kettenstich1 for ,german chain-stitch1 #bjd ,,kircher1 ,,athanasius1 #ib1 #ie ,knotting1 patent1 #gb-gd ,,koppe1 ,j4 ,w41 on glycerine1 #f ,,krall1 ,,barkentin 1 brass-cleaner1 #bce ,,kratzer1 ,,harrmann1 on liquid glass1 #h ,lacquers1 #cd ,,layard1 ,sir ,,austin1 #dg ,lead pencil or crayon drawings1 to protect1 #bcc ,leather1 artificial1 #aif1 #aih ,leather1 durability of1 #ahh1 #ahi ,leather-glue1 #aig ,leather-,work1 ,manual of1 #aaa ,leather-work1 repairing1 #ahc-aih ,,lehner1 #b1 #e1 #g1 #i1 #bf1 #bh1 #bi1 #ca1 #cd1 #dj1 #dd1 #gg1 #gi1 #hj1 #ace1 #acf1 #ada1 #add1 #aeb1 #aeg1 #aic1 #aig1 #bjg1 #bjh ,,leland1 ,,charles ,g41 quotation from1 #ej ,lemon-juice to whiten the hands1 #bcf ,lime1 #e1 #bd1 #acd ,lime cement for glass1 #dc ,liquid acid glue1 #ei1 #fj2 recipe for1 #ha ,,lister1 ,,miss ,,roma1 #bjc2 ,,ms4 of ,recipes1 #fe ,litharge cements for many uses1 #age ,,luther1 ,,martin1 #adi ,luting cement1 #bce ,luting or closing chemical apparatus1 c41 cements for1 #cj ,magnesia1 calcined1 to extract stains1 #bch ,majolica1 #ac1 #ae1 #af ,malleable glass1 #ch ,manuel ,gnral du ,modelage1 #fd ,marble1 fractures1 c41 in1 #adj2 how to clean1 #bch2 to mend1 #bdi ,marine glue1 hard glue1 recipe and description1 #afb1 #afc ,marking-ink1 #bcg ,marquetry1 or inlaid wood1 repairing1 #ga1 #gb1 #hc-he ,mastic1 #ai1 #ace1 #acf2 ,french mastic1 #acf ,materials used in mending1 #a-aa ,meerschaum pipes1 to mend or make1 #bdj ,mending cloth with indiarubber1 #afe-afh ,mending furniture1 #gd-gf ,mending or repairing defined1 #a1 #b ,,merrick',s acid-proof cement1 #bdf ,,merritt1 ,,henry1 #baa1 #bba ,metal1 to attach leather to1 #aic ,metal-work1 mending1 #afi-ahb ,metallic corners for books 7illustrations71 #ajd-ajf ,mica1 leaves of1 how to prepare them for windows1 #dg ,,mierzinski1 ,dr4 ,,stanislaus1 on the manufacture of paper1 #acb ,minor ingredients in cements1 #aj ,mirror with ornaments 7illustration71 #he ,,mogford1 ,,henry1 #bac1 #bah1 #bai-bbb ,mosaics1 #acd ,mother-of-pearl and coral1 mending1 #bjf-bji2 how imitated1 #bjg2 from rice1 #bjh ,mould or mildew in pictures1 #bbf ,mouth-glue1 or solid cement1 #bci1 #bdj ,musical glasses of different kinds1 #ci ,musical instruments repaired with shavings1 #ed1 #ee ,neutral substances in cements1 #f ,oil1 as a basis1 #b2 combination1 #c2 softening paint1 #bai ,old recipes for mending crockery1 #bc et seq4 ,,olympiodorus1 #ii 8,one ,hundred ,arts10 a book by the ,author1 #ch ,ornamenting panes for windows1 and doubling them1 #dd #de2 beautiful and varied effects1 #df ,ornamental work made of shavings1 #ef1 #eg ,ox-gall in cleaning pictures1 #bah ,oxidised cement1 #agf ,,page1 the ,american painter1 #baj ,pages in books1 to repair when torn1 #ij1 #ia1 #id ,,paget',s ,french mastic1 #acf ,pamphlets1 binding1 #ajj ,panel pictures1 repairing1 with shavings1 #eg2 fourteenth century1 in distemper1 c41 #bbg ,panel1 warped1 how to straighten a1 #bbh ,panels of artificial wood1 #ha2 cements for1 #hb ,paper and wood-shavings1 #eb ,paper1 its composition1 #hf1 #hg2 repairing damaged paper1 #hf1 #hg ,paper-leather1 #abi1 #acj ,papier-mch1 or softened paper1 #ajf1 #aba-acc2 articles made from1 #aba2 moulding1 #aba1 #abb ,,paracelsus1 #ce ,parchment paper1 how to prepare1 #ie1 #if ,parchment1 repairing1 #abb2 artificial1 from paper1 #abb ,,parland1 ,mr41 #abh ,paste of starch or flour1 #aj ,paste1 leather1 the same mixed with indiarubber1 #ahe2 use and preparation1 c41 #ahf ,paste1 bookbinders'1 #if2 shoemakers'1 #aig ,patches1 inserting1 #bja ,patterns cut from wood-shavings 7engraving71 #ea-ec ,pavements1 to repair different kinds1 #bh ,peat1 #gh ,,philatius1 the inventor of book-binding and glue1 #ii ,pictures1 restoring1 #baj-bcj2 glazed and scaling1 how to treat1 #bbf ,plaster of ,paris1 alum1 and glass cement1 #ada ,plugging teeth with indiarubber1 #aff ,polytechnic cement and imperial liquid glue1 also ,,keye',s cement1 #ci ,porcelain1 #ah ,potatoes as cement1 c41 #i ,pots1 cracks in iron1 #ahj ,prepare1 to1 wood for paint1 #hc ,process of restoring worn and injured binding of a book1 and of a bas-relief in leather1 #ahc-ahe ,proper paste1 the1 for wallpaper1 waterproof1 #afd1 #afe ,pulp1 paper1 #acj-acc ,putty1 #cc1 #cd1 #fi ,,raufer1 ,g4 ,m41 on meerschaum and amber1 #aeh ,raw hide1 #bcc ,recipe1 old1 for repairing glass1 #cf1 #cg2 definition of1 #bca2 general1 #bca-bec ,red cement for iron1 #bcg ,reliefs cut in brick1 #bi ,repainting old pictures1 #bbf1 #bbg ,repairing wood with paper-pulp1 #acb ,resin or pitch1 #b1 #c ,restoring fragments of engravings1 c41 #aae ,rice and lime cement1 #ade ,,rimmel1 bookseller in ,oxford ,street1 #dj ,ringing or sounding glasses by blowing on them1 #ci ,,ris-,,pacquot1 ,m41 #ah1 #bi1 #adg ,riveting sheet-metal1 #afi1 #agj ,roller1 use of the1 #ed ,roman and ,hungarian pottery1 c41 #ab ,roman cement1 #bd2 for fine mosaics1 #ach ,rosewood stain1 #gd ,rubbing in colour1 #ad ,,ruprecht1 ,,karl1 on egg substances and albumen1 #e ,,ruskin1 #bba ,rust1 how removed1 #bcd ,rust or oxide cement1 #agg ,,salle',s cement for glass1 #dd ,satin gloss for paper1 #bdh1 #bdi ,sawdust 7vide also ,wood-paste or artificial wood71 #hj ,,scheibler',s cement1 #bdd ,,schlosser1 ,,edmund1 on soldering and metal-work1 #ahb ,,schwartz',s iron cement1 #ahj ,scissors1 cutting glass with1 #dh ,scraping varnish1 #bbc ,screws1 to be dipped in oil or boiling wax1 #fg ,seams1 to repair1 #aif ,,sedna1 ,,ludwig1 on wax1 c41 #g ,sewing or stitching books1 #aji ,shoes1 easily made1 #aid1 #aie2 indiarubber1 to repair1 #afj ,side-binding1 #aaj ,silicate of soda1 or liquid glass1 #g1 #bj2 with colour1 #bi1 #cc1 #ce ,silico-enamel1 #bcg1 #bch ,silk or woolen cloth1 to clean1 #bcb1 #bcc ,silks1 black1 gummed1 #bje ,silkworm gum1 #bej ,silver bands1 #bj ,snail cement1 #bdi ,soaps in cleaning pictures1 #bbd ,solder1 ,,newton',s and ,,rose',s1 a metallic glass1 #aha ,soldering1 #aga1 #agb1 #ahj1 #aha ,soles1 wooden1 for shoes1 #aia ,,sorel',s cement1 #bdd ,south ,sea ,bubble1 #eh ,spirits of wine to remove dry varnish1 #bai ,splicing broken rods1 spars1 c4 7with illustration71 #fa ,spraying1 to restore crumbling substances by1 #adf1 #adg ,staining or colouring wood1 #fi1 #gj ,stains1 grease1 wine1 oil1 to remove1 #bcb ,stationer's paste1 #bdg ,statues1 mending1 of plaster of ,paris1 #ada ,steam1 to clean pictures by1 #bbc ,,stevens' and ,,manders' wood-stains1 #gj ,stills1 to lute1 #bde ,,stohmann1 classification of cements1 with ,,lehner',s extension of it1 #b1 #c ,stonework1 mending1 #acd-adb ,stopper1 glass1 filed to shape1 #dh ,stoves1 cement for1 #agi1 #ahb ,strips or braces on panels1 c41 #fa1 #fb ,strong adhesives for paper1 c41 #aac1 #aad ,strong cement1 for glass1 wood1 or stone1 #db2 for porcelain1 glass1 c41 #bf1 #acf ,strop1 leather1 how to mend a1 #ahf1 #ahg ,sturgeon's bladder or fish-glue gum1 c41 #e1 #cb1 #db ,syndetikon1 #bdc ,tapestry glue1 #bde ,tarred or tarpaulin paper-bags1 #afc ,tausendknstler of #aghb1 #bc ,tea-leaves1 #bdc ,terra-cotta1 #ab1 #ac1 #ae ,to preserve the contents of bottles when broken1 #afg ,to protect wood under water1 #gi ,tortoise-shell or horn1 cement for1 #bej ,toys1 mending1 #abb1 #abc ,tragacanth1 gum1 #h ,transferring pictures1 #bbe ,travellers' glue1 #bdg ,trees3 bark1 splits or cavities in1 #hb2 to protect1 #bdh ,triangles of tin1 c41 used to fasten panes of glass1 #ce ,tribune1 the ,new ,york1 #fj ,trunks1 mending1 #aij ,tufa cement1 #bce ,turkish or diamond cement1 #ai1 #da1 #db ,turpentine1 a counteracting medium of solvent spirit1 #bbj ,,ulenhuth1 ,,eduard1 on moulding1 #aca ,,vandyke1 picture by1 #bbb ,,van ,,helmont on liquid glass1 #g ,varnish1 #c1 #cd2 to remove1 #baf-bbj ,veneers1 #ea1 #ec ,venetian marquetry1 #ga ,venetian glass1 #cf ,venus mercernaria1 or ,american clam1 #bjh ,vermin in wooden dwellings1 #bdf ,,vinci1 ,,leonardo ,,da1 #aea ,vinegar1 commonly made from sulphuric acid1 #fj ,vitreous paint1 #dj ,,wagner1 ,r41 on liquid glass1 #g1 #h1 #ce ,,wallberger1 ,,johann1 ,zauberbuch1 #if1 #bcd-bcf ,wall-paper of wood1 used in ,america1 #fi ,wall-paper paste1 #bde ,wall-paper with common paste poisonous1 #afe ,walls rendered air-tight 7recipe71 #afd ,warped or curved wood1 and how to flatten it1 #fa1 #fb ,washing broken china for repairing1 #ca ,water in cleaning pictures1 #baf-bah ,waterproof carpets and wall-covering made from waste-paper1 #aia ,waterproof cement1 #aid ,wax in cements1 #g ,white of egg glaze1 #bbc ,whitewash1 to make equal to paint1 #gi ,,wiegleb1 ,j4 ,c41 quotation from1 #a1 #adg ,windows1 stained glass1 works on the subject by ,a4 ,w4 ,,franks1 ,,owen ,,jones1 ,,westlake1 c41 #dj ,wine-stains1 to remove1 #bca1 #bcb ,wire1 for mending china1 #ai2 in repairing1 #agj1 #aga ,wire-mending1 #fb ,wood-ashes in picture-cleaning1 #bbd ,wood-,carving1 a ,manual of1 by ,,charles ,,godfrey ,,leland1 #gj ,wood-paste1 or artificial wood1 #fc et seq42 houses can be made of it1 #fd ,wood-shavings in mending and making1 #ej-eg ,woodwork1 repairing1 #eh-he ,woollen cloth1 to clean1 #bca ,work1 a scientific journal1 #abi ,worms in wood1 to exterminate1 #gb ,wrinkles and freckles1 #bcf ,zeiodeleth1 #bdf1 #bdg ,zinc1 a cement for1 #agd1 #age ,,zwick1 ,dr4 ,h41 on lime and mortar1 #e2 in ,hydraulischer ,kalk und ,portland ,cement1 #h ,,the ,,end ,,footnotes3 #a ,ceresa is the setting of powdered glass of different colours in a cement bed4 ,mosaic cubes are often combined with it4 #b ,vide 8,wood-,carving10 by ,,charles ,,godfrey ,,leland1 ,f4,r4,l4,s41 ,m4,a4 7,london1 ,whittaker ,co41 #es471 for a chapter on this subject4 #c ,for fullest details as to the treatment of horn1 the reader may consult ,die ,verarbeitung des ,hornes1 c41 by ,,louis ,e4 ,,and,s1 in which he will also find full details as to dyeing ivory4 #d ,the late ,w4 ,w4 ,,story1 the sculptor and man of letters4 #e 8,handbook on the ,preservation of ,pictures10 by ,,henry ,,mogford2 twelfth edition1 revised4 ,london3 ,winsor ,newton1 #as4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,obvious printer errors corrected silently4 ,inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original4