,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,con/ruction ( ,peck's ,run ,sew]1 ,baltimore1 ,m>yl&4 ,frontispiece4 ,,sew]age ,,& ,,sewage ,,treatm5t ,,by ,,h>old ,e4 ,,babbitt1 ,m4,s4 ,assi/ant ,pr(essor1 ,municipal & ,sanit>y ,eng9e]+1 ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois2 ,associate ,memb] ,am]ican ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s ,,new ,,york ,,john ,,wiley ,,sons1 ,,inc4 ,,london3 ,,*apman ,,hall1 ,,limit$ #aibb ,copyright1 #aibb1 by ,,h>old ,e4 ,,babbitt1 ,m4,s4 ,,press ,,( ,,braunwor? ,,co4 ,,book ,,manufactur]s ,,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,preface ,?is book is a developm5t ( class-room & lecture notes prep>$ by ! au?or = use 9 8 classes at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois4 ,he has f\nd su* notes necess>y1 s9ce among ! _m books deal+ ) sew]age & sewage treatm5t he has f\nd none suitable z a text-book design$ to cov] ! entire subject4 ,! ne$ = a s+le book ( ! "* describ$ has be5 express$ by eng9e]s 9 practice1 & by /ud5ts & tea*]s = use 9 ! class-room4 ,?is book has be5 prep>$ to meet bo? ^! ne$s4 ,x is hop$ t ! se>*+ que/ions prop\nd$ by /ud5ts 9 us+ ! orig9al notes1 & ! sugge/ions & criticisms ( eng9e]s & tea*]s :o h read ! manuscript1 h result$ 9 a text :i* c be readily und]/ood4 ,! gr\nd cov]$ includes an exposition ( ! pr9ciples & me?ods = ! design+1 con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( sew]age works1 & also ( ! treatm5t ( sewage4 ,9 cov]+ s wide a field ! au?or has deem$ x necess>y to include "s *apt]s :i* might equally well appe> 9 works on o!r bran*es ( eng9e]+1 su* z ! *apt] on ,pumps & ,pump+ ,/ations4 ,special /ress has be5 laid on ! fundam5tals ( ! subject r ?an ! details ( practice1 al?\gh illu/rations h be5 drawn freely f practical "w4 ,! quotation ( exp]t op9ions :i* may be 9 controv]sy1 or ! citation ( examples ( diff]5t me?ods ( accompli%+ ! same ?+1 has be5 avoid$ :5 possible 9 ord] to simplify explanations & to avoid confus+ ! beg9n]4 ,! "w is to "s ext5t a compilation ( notes & quotations :i* h be5 collect$ by ! au?or dur+ ye>s ( /udy & tea*+ ! subject4 ,cr$it has be5 giv5 :]ev] due1 & at ! same "t ref]5ces h po9t$ out ! orig9al s\rces :5ev] possible4 ,^! ref]5ces1 :i* h be5 supplem5t$ by brief bibliographies at ! end ( c]ta9 *apt]s1 w be useful to ! /ud5t & eng9e] int]e/$ 9 fur!r /udy4 ,occasionally ! orig9al ref]5ce has be5 lo/ or ! phraseology ( a quotation has be5 s alt]$ by class-room use1 z to make x impossible to trace ! orig9al s\rce1 s t 9 "s few in/ances full cr$it may be lack+4 ,! au?or is indebt$ to _m ( 8 fri5ds = _! criticisms & sugge/ions 9 ! prep>ation ( ! manuscript2 b he desires p>ticul>ly to ackn[l$ge ! assi/ance ( ,pr(essor ,a4 ,n4 ,talbot1 ,pr(essor ( ,municipal & ,sanit>y ,eng9e]+ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois1 & ( ,pr(essor ,m4 ,l4 ,eng]1 ,pr(essor ( ,me*anics & ,hydraulics at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois1 9 ! entire "w2 also t ( ,mr4 ,t4 ,d4 ,pitts1 ,pr9cipal ,assi/ant ,eng9e] ( ! ,baltimore ,sew]age ,commission dur+ ! con/ruction ( ! ,baltimore sew]s1 = 8 sugge/ions on ! fir/ half ( ! book2 & to ,mr4 ,paul ,hans51 consult+ eng9e]1 ( ,*icago1 & to ,mr4 ,langdon ,pe>se1 ,sanit>y ,eng9e] ( ! ,sanit>y ,di/rict ( ,*icago1 = _! help on ! section cov]+ ! treatm5t ( sewage2 & to ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,b>t[1 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry at ! ,univ]sity ( ,i[a1 = 8 review ( ! *apt] on ,activat$ ,sludge2 9 g5]al 8 ?anks are due to all o!rs :o h furni%$ sugge/ions1 illu/rations1 or quotations1 ackn[l$gm5ts ( :i* h be5 includ$ 9 ! text4 ,h4 ,e4 ,b4 ,,urbana1 ,,ill9ois1 #aibb4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,,pages #a4 ,sew]age & ! ,sanit>y ,eng9e]4 #b4 ,hi/orical4 #c4 ,me?ods ( ,collection4 #d4 ,me?ods ( ,disposal4 #e4 ,me?ods ( ,treatm5t4 #f4 ,def9itions4 #a-h ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,"w ,,prelim9>y ,,to ,,design #g4 ,division ( ,"w4 #h4 ,prelim9>y4 #i4 ,e/imate ( co/4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,f9anc+4 #aj4 ,bond ,issues4 #aa4 ,special ,assessm5t4 #ab4 ,g5]al ,taxation4 #ac4 ,private ,capital4 ,,prelim9>y ,,"w4 #ad4 ,prep>+ = ,design4 #ae4 ,und]gr\nd ,surveys4 #af4 ,bor+s4 #i-bc ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,quantity ,,( ,,sewage #ag4 ,dry ,wea!r ,fl[4 #ah4 ,me?ods = ,pr$ict+ ,population4 #ai4 ,ext5t ( ,pr$iction4 #bj4 ,s\rces ( ,in=mation on ,population4 #ba4 ,d5sity ( ,population4 #bb4 ,*anges 9 ,area4 #bc4 ,relation betwe5 ,population & ,sewage ,fl[4 #bd4 ,"* ( ,di/rict4 #be4 ,fluctuations 9 ,rate ( ,sewage ,fl[4 #bf4 ,effect ( ,gr\nd ,wat]4 #bg4 ,rsum ( ,me?od = ,det]m9ation ( ,quantity ( ,dry wea!r ,sewage4 ,,quantity ,,( ,,/orm ,,wat]4 #bh4 ,! ,rational ,me?od4 #bi4 ,rate ( ,ra9fall4 #cj4 ,"t ( ,conc5tration4 #ca4 ,"* ( ,surface4 #cb4 ,empirical ,=mulas4 #cc4 ,ext5t & ,int5sity ( ,/orms4 #bd-ej ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,hydraulics ,,( ,,sew]s #cd4 ,pr9ciples4 #ce4 ,=mulas4 #cf4 ,solution ( ,=mulas4 #cg4 ,use ( ,diagrams4 #ch4 ,fl[ 9 ,circul> ,pipes ,p>tly ,full4 #ci4 ,sections ,o!r ?an ,circul>4 #dj4 ,non-,uni=m ,fl[4 #ea-gg ,,*apt] ,v ,,design ,,( ,,sew]age ,,sy/ems #da4 ,! ,plan4 #db4 ,prelim9>y ,map4 #dc4 ,lay\t ( ! ,sep>ate ,sy/em4 #dd4 ,location & ,numb]+ ( ,manholes4 #de4 ,dra9age ,areas4 #df4 ,quantity ( ,sewage4 #dg4 ,surface ,pr(ile4 #dh4 ,slope & ,diamet] ( ,sew]s4 #di4 ,! ,sew] ,pr(ile4 ,,design ,,( ,a ,,/orm-,,wat] ,,sew] ,,sy/em4 #ej4 ,plann+ ! ,sy/em4 #ea4 ,location ( ,/reet ,inlets4 #eb4 ,dra9age ,areas4 #ec4 ,computation ( ,flood ,fl[ by ,mc,math ,=mula4 #ed4 ,computation ( ,flood ,fl[ by ,rational ,me?od4 #gh-ih ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,appurt5ances #ee4 ,g5]al4 #ef4 ,manholes4 #eg4 ,lampholes4 #eh4 ,/reet ,inlets4 #ei4 ,cat*-bas9s4 #fj4 ,grease ,traps4 #fa4 ,flu%-tanks4 #fb4 ,siphons4 #fc4 ,regulators4 #fd4 ,junctions4 #fe4 ,outlets4 #ff4 ,f\ndations4 #fg4 ,und]dra9s4 #ii-abf ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,pumps ,,& ,,pump+ ,,/ations #fh4 ,ne$4 #fi4 ,reliability4 #gj4 ,equipm5t4 #ga4 ,! ,build+4 #gb4 ,capacity ( ,pumps4 #gc4 ,capacity ( ,receiv+ ,well4 #gd4 ,types ( ,pump+ ,ma*9]y4 #ge4 ,sizes & ,descriptions ( ,pumps4 #gf4 ,def9itions ( ,duties & ,effici5cy4 #gg4 ,details ( ,c5trifugal ,pumps4 #gh4 ,c5trifugal ,pump ,*>act]i/ics4 #gi4 ,sett+ ( ,c5trifugal ,pumps4 #hj4 ,/eam ,pumps & ,pump+ ,eng9es4 #ha4 ,/eam ,turb9es4 #hb4 ,/eam ,boil]s4 #hc4 ,air ,ejectors4 #hd4 ,electric ,motors4 #he4 ,int]nal ,combu/ion ,eng9es4 #hf4 ,selection ( ,pump+ ,ma*9]y4 #hg4 ,co/s ( ,pump+ ,ma*9]y4 #hh4 ,co/ ,comp>isons ( ,diff]5t ,designs4 #hi4 ,numb] & ,capacity ( ,pump+ ,units4 #abg-afc ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,mat]ials ,,= ,,sew]s #ij4 ,mat]ials4 #ia4 ,vitrifi$ ,clay ,pipe4 #ib4 ,cem5t & ,concrete ,pipe4 #ic4 ,proportion+ ( ,concrete4 #id4 ,wat]pro(+ ( ,concrete4 #ie4 ,mix+ & ,plac+ ,concrete4 #if4 ,sew] ,brick4 #ig4 ,vitrifi$ ,clay ,sew] ,block4 #ih4 ,ca/ ,iron1 ,/eel1 & ,wood4 #afd-aic ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,design ,,( ,,! ,,sew] ,,r+ #ii4 ,/resses 9 ,buri$ ,pipe4 #ajj4 ,design ( ,/eel ,pipe4 #aja4 ,design ( ,wood ,/ave ,pipe4 #ajb4 ,ext]nal ,loads on ,buri$ ,pipe4 #ajc4 ,/resses 9 ,circul> ,r+4 #ajd4 ,analysis ( ,sew] ,ar*es4 #aje4 ,re9=c$ ,concrete ,sew] ,design4 #aid-baj ,,*apt] ,x ,,contracts ,,& ,,specifications #ajf4 ,importance ( ! ,subject4 #ajg4 ,scope ( ! ,subject4 #ajh4 ,types ( ,contracts4 #aji4 ,! ,agreem5t4 #aaj4 ,! ,adv]tisem5t4 #aaa4 ,in=mation & ,in/ructions = ,bidd]s4 #aab4 ,proposal4 #aac4 ,g5]al ,specifications4 #aad4 ,te*nical ,specifications4 #aae4 ,special ,specifications4 #aaf4 ,! ,contract4 #aag4 ,! ,bond4 #baa-bcb ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,con/ruction #aah4 ,elem5ts4 ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,eng9e]4 #aai4 ,duties4 #abj4 ,inspection4 #aba4 ,int]pretation ( ,contract4 #abb4 ,unexpect$ ,situations4 #abc4 ,co/ ,data & ,e/imates4 #abd4 ,progress ,reports4 #abe4 ,records4 ,,excavation4 #abf4 ,specifications4 #abg4 ,h& ,excavation4 #abh4 ,ma*9e ,excavation4 #abi4 ,types ( ,ma*9es4 #acj4 ,cont9u\s ,bucket ,excavators4 #aca4 ,cableway & ,tre/le ,excavators4 #acb4 ,t[] ,cableways4 #acc4 ,/eam ,%ovels4 #acd4 ,drag ,l9e & ,bucket ,excavators4 #ace4 ,excavation 9 ,quicks&4 #acf4 ,pump+ & ,dra9age4 #acg4 ,tr5* ,pump4 #ach4 ,diaphragm ,pump4 #aci4 ,jet ,pump4 #adj4 ,/eam ,vacuum ,pumps4 #ada4 ,c5trifugal & ,reciprocat+ ,pumps4 #adb4 ,well ,po9ts4 #adc4 ,rock ,excavation4 #add4 ,p[] ,drill+4 #ade4 ,/eam or ,air = ,p[]4 #adf4 ,dep? ( ,drill ,hole4 #adg4 ,diamet] ( ,drill ,hole4 #adh4 ,spac+ ( ,drill ,holes4 ,,%eet+ ,,& ,,brac+4 #adi4 ,purposes & ,types4 #aej4 ,/ay ,brac+4 #aea4 ,skeleton ,%eet+4 #aeb4 ,pol+ ,bo>ds4 #aec4 ,box ,%eet+4 #aed4 ,v]tical ,%eet+4 #aee4 ,pull+ ,wood ,%eet+4 #aef4 ,e>? ,pressures4 #aeg4 ,design ( ,%eet+ & ,brac+4 #aeh4 ,/eel ,%eet ,pil+4 ,,l9e ,,& ,,grade4 #aei4 ,locat+ ! ,tr5*4 #afj4 ,f9al ,l9e & ,grade4 #afa4 ,transf]r+ ,grade & ,l9e to ! ,pipe4 #afb4 ,l9e & ,grade 9 ,tunnel4 ,,tunnell+4 #afc4 ,dep?4 #afd4 ,%afts4 #afe4 ,timb]+4 #aff4 ,%ields4 #afg4 ,tunnel ,ma*9es4 #afh4 ,rock ,tunnels4 #afi4 ,v5tilation4 #agj4 ,compress$ ,air4 ,,explosives ,,& ,,bla/+4 #aga4 ,requirem5ts4 #agb4 ,types ( ,explosives4 #agc4 ,p]missible ,explosives4 #agd4 ,/r5g?4 #age4 ,fuses & ,detonators4 #agf4 ,c>e 9 ,h&l+4 #agg4 ,prim+1 ,load+1 & ,fir+4 #agh4 ,quantity ( ,explosive4 ,,pipe ,,sew]s4 #agi4 ,! ,tr5* ,bottom4 #ahj4 ,lay+ ,pipe4 #aha4 ,jo9ts4 #ahb4 ,labor & ,progress4 ,,brick ,,& ,,block ,,sew]s4 #ahc4 ,! ,inv]t4 #ahd4 ,! ,ar*4 #ahe4 ,block ,sew]s4 #ahf4 ,organization4 #ahg4 ,rate ( ,progress4 ,,concrete ,,sew]s4 #ahh4 ,con/ruction 9 ,op5 ,cut4 #ahi4 ,con/ruction 9 ,tunnels4 #aij4 ,mat]ials = ,=ms4 #aia4 ,design ( ,=ms4 #aib4 ,wood5 ,=ms4 #aic4 ,/eel-l9$ ,wood5 ,=ms4 #aid4 ,/eel ,=ms4 #aie4 ,re9=cem5t4 #aif4 ,co/ ( ,concrete ,sew]s4 ,,backfill+4 #aig4 ,me?od4 #bcc-cca ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,ma9t5ance ,,( ,,sew]s #aih4 ,"w ,involv$4 #aii4 ,causes ( ,tr\bles4 #bjj4 ,inspection4 #bja4 ,repairs4 #bjb4 ,clean+ ( ,sew]s4 #bjc4 ,flu%+ ,sew]s4 #bjd4 ,clean+ ,cat*-bas9s4 #bje4 ,protection ( ,sew]s4 #bjf4 ,explosions 9 ,sew]s4 #bjg4 ,valuation ( ,sew]s4 #ccb-cea ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,composition ,,& ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,sewage #bjh4 ,physical ,*>act]i/ics4 #bji4 ,*emical ,composition4 #baj4 ,significance ( ,*emical ,con/itu5ts4 #baa4 ,sewage ,bact]ia4 #bab4 ,organic ,life 9 ,sewage4 #bac4 ,decomposition ( ,sewage4 #bad4 ,! ,nitrog5 ,cycle4 #bae4 ,plankton & ,macroscopic ,organisms4 #baf4 ,v>iations 9 ! ,quality ( ,sewage4 #bag4 ,sewage ,disposal4 #bah4 ,me?ods ( ,sewage ,treatm5t4 #ceb-cga ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,disposal ,,by ,,dilution #bai4 ,def9ition4 #bbj4 ,conditions ,requir$ = ,success4 #bba4 ,self-purification ( ,runn+ ,/reams4 #bbb4 ,self-purification ( ,lakes4 #bbc4 ,dilution 9 ,salt ,wat]4 #bbd4 ,quantity ( ,dilut+ ,wat] ,ne$$4 #bbe4 ,gov]nm5tal ,control4 #bbf4 ,prelim9>y ,treatm5t4 #bbg4 ,prelim9>y ,inve/igations4 #cgb-chb ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,scre5+ ,,& ,,s$im5tation #bbh4 ,purpose4 #bbi4 ,types ( ,scre5s4 #bcj4 ,sizes ( ,op5+s4 #bca4 ,design ( ,fix$ & ,movable ,scre5s4 ,,pla9 ,,s$im5tation4 #bcb4 ,!ory ( ,s$im5tation4 #bcc4 ,types ( ,s$im5tation ,bas9s4 #bcd4 ,limit+ ,velocities4 #bce4 ,quantity & ,"* ( ,grit4 #bcf4 ,dim5sions ( ,grit ,*amb]s4 #bcg4 ,exi/+ ,grit ,*amb]s4 #bch4 ,numb] ( ,grit ,*amb]s4 #bci4 ,quantity & ,*>act]i/ics ( ,sludge f ,pla9 ,s$im5tation4 #bdj4 ,dim5sions ( ,s$im5tation ,bas9s4 ,,*emical ,,precipitation4 #bda4 ,! ,process4 #bdb4 ,*emicals4 #bdc4 ,prep>ation & ,addition ( ,*emicals4 #bdd4 ,results4 #chc-dji ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,septicization #bde4 ,! ,process4 #bdf4 ,! ,septic ,tank4 #bdg4 ,results ( ,septic ,action4 #bdh4 ,design ( ,septic ,tanks4 #bdi4 ,imh(f ,tanks4 #bej4 ,design ( ,imh(f ,tanks4 #bea4 ,imh(f ,tank ,results4 #beb4 ,/atus ( ,imh(f ,tanks4 #bec4 ,op]ation ( ,imh(f ,tanks4 #bed4 ,o!r ,tanks4 #daj-dcj ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,filtration ,,& ,,irrigation #bee4 ,!ory4 #bef4 ,! ,contact ,b$4 #beg4 ,! ,trickl+ ,filt]4 #beh4 ,int]mitt5t ,s& ,filt]4 #bei4 ,co/ ( ,filtration4 ,,irrigation4 #bfj4 ,! ,process4 #bfa4 ,/atus4 #bfb4 ,prep>ation & ,op]ation4 #bfc4 ,sanit>y ,aspects4 #bfd4 ,! ,crop4 #dca-dfd ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,activat$ ,,sludge #bfe4 ,! ,process4 #bff4 ,composition4 #bfg4 ,advantages & ,disadvantages4 #bfh4 ,hi/orical4 #bfi4 ,aration ,tank4 #bgj4 ,s$im5tation ,tank4 #bga4 ,rearation ,tank4 #bgb4 ,air ,di/ribution4 #bgc4 ,obta9+ ,activat$ ,sludge4 #bgd4 ,co/4 #dfe-dgi ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,acid ,,precipitation1 ,,lime ,,& ,,electricity1 ,,& ,,dis9fection #bge4 ,! ,miles ,acid ,process4 ,,electrolytic ,,treatm5t4 #bgf4 ,! ,process4 ,,dis9fection4 #bgg4 ,dis9fection ( ,sewage4 #dhb-dic ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,sludge #bgh4 ,me?ods ( ,disposal4 #bgi4 ,lagoon+4 #bhj4 ,dilution4 #bha4 ,burial4 #bhb4 ,dry+4 #die-eje ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,automatic ,,dos+ ,,devices #bhc4 ,types4 #bhd4 ,op]ation4 #bhe4 ,?ree ,alt]nat+ ,siphons4 #bhf4 ,f\r or ,m ,alt]nat+ ,siphons4 #bhg4 ,tim$ ,siphons4 #bhh4 ,multiple ,alt]nat+ & ,tim$ ,siphons4 #ejf-eab ,,sew]age ,,& ,,sewage ,,treatm5t ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction #a4 ,sew]age & ! ,sanit>y ,eng9e]4--,pres5t day conceptions ( sanitation are bas$ on ! sci5tific discov]ies :i* h result$ s mu* 9 ! increas$ com=t & safety ( human life dur+ ! pa/ c5tury1 9 ! increase ( our mat]ial possessions1 & ! ext5t ( our k4 ,! dang] to heal? 9 ! accumulation ( fil?1 ! spread+ ( disease by v>i\s ag5ts1 ! g]m !ory ( disease1 & o!r important pr9ciples ( sanitation c be c\nt$ among ! m rec5t sci5tific discov]ies & pron\ncem5ts4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n1 & cont9ues to %[1 t ! increase ( population may be inhibit$ by accumulations ( human wa/e 9 popul\s di/ricts4 ,! removal ( ^! wa/es is !re=e ess5tial to ! exi/5ce ( our mod]n cities4 ,! greate/ ne$ ( a mod]n city is its wat] supply4 ,)\t x city life w\ld be impossible4 ,! next mo/ important ne$ is ! removal ( wa/e matt]s1 p>ticul>ly wa/es conta9+ human excreta or ! g]ms ( disease4 ,to exi/ )\t /reet lights1 pavem5ts1 /reet c>s1 telephones1 & ! _m o!r attributes ( mod]n city life might be possible1 al?\gh uncom=table4 ,to exi/ 9 a l>ge city )\t ei!r wat] or sew]age w\ld be impossible4 ,! s]vice r5d]$ by ! sanit>y eng9e] to ! l>ge municipality is indisp5sable4 ,9 addition to ! s]vice necess>y to ! ma9t5ance ( life 9 l>ge cities1 ! sanit>y eng9e] s]ves ! small] city1 ! rural community1 ! isolat$ in/itution1 & ! private e/ate ) sanit>y conv5i5ces :i* make possible com=table exi/5ce 9 !m1 & :i* are frequ5tly consid]$ z ( p>am\nt necessity4 ,tra9+ = s]vice 9 municipal sanitation is tra9+ = a s]vice :i* has a m direct b5eficial effect on humanity ?an any o!r eng9e]+ "w1 or any o!r pr(ession4 ,w4 ,p4 ,g]h>d /ates3 ,a ,sanit>y ,eng9e] is an eng9e] :o c>ries out ^? works ( civil eng9e]+ :i* h = _! object3 7a7 ,! promotion ( ! public & individual heal?2 7b7 ,! rem$y+ ( insanit>y conditions2 7c7 ,! prev5tion ( epidemic diseases4 ,a well-educat$ sanit>y eng9e] %\ld h a ?or\gh k ( g5]al civil eng9e]+1 ( ar*itecture1 & ( sanit>y sci5ce4 ,! practice ( ! sanit>y eng9e] embraces wat] supply1 sew]age1 & sewage & g>bage disposal = cities & = s+le build+s2 ! prev5tion ( riv] pollution1 ! improvem5t ( pollut$ wat] supplies2 /reet pav+ & /reet clean+1 municipal sanitation1 city improvem5t plans1 ! lay+ out ( cities1 ! prep>ation ( sanit>y surveys1 ! regulation ( noxi\s trades1 dis9fection1 cremation1 & ! sanitation ( build+s4 ,! ne$ ( ! "w ( ! sanit>y eng9e] 9 ! provision ( sew]s & dra9s is ?ru/ ^u u 9 our daily exp]i5ce by ! clogg+ ( sew]s1 ! flood+ ( /reets by heavy ra9s1 fil?y conditions 9 unsew]$ di/ricts1 increas$ values ( prop]ty & improv$ conditions ( liv+ 9 sew]$ di/ricts1 & 9 _m o!r ways4 ,! increas+ dem& = sew]age & ! am\nt ( money exp5d$ on sew] con/ruction is indicat$ by ! in=mation giv5 9 ,table ,i4 #b4 ,hi/orical4--,an ord9ance pass$ by ! ,roman ,s5ate 9 ! "n ( ! ,emp]or ab\t ,a4,d4 #hj1 /ates3 ,i desire t nobody %all conduct away any excess wat] )\t hav+ receiv$ my p]mission or t ( my repres5tatives2 = x is necess>y t a "p ( ! supply fl[+ f ! deliv]y tanks %all be utiliz$ n only = clean+ our city1 b also = flu%+ ! sew]s4#a ,nei!r ! sew]s m5tion$ nor ! di/ribut+ pipes ( ! public wat] supply 7 connect$ to individual resid5ces4 ,! contributions to ! sew]s came f ! gr\nd & ! /reet surface4 ,! /reets 7 ! receptacles ( liquid & solid wa/es & 7 (t5 little m ?an op5 sew]s4 ,a prom5ade aft] d>k 9 an anci5t1 m$ieval1 or e>ly mod]n city 0 accompani$ n only by ! und]foot dang]s ( an unev5 pavem5t or an enc\nt] ) a footpad1 b ) ! ov]head dang] f ! empty+ ( slops into ! /reets f ! upp] w9d[s4 ,sew]s 7 us$ = ! collection ( surface wat]2 ! dis*>ge ( fecal matt] into !m 0 prohibit$4 ,! problem ( ! collection ( sewage rema9$ unsolv$ until ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,,table #a ,,population ,,tribut>y ,,to ,,sew]age ,,sy/ems #aijeb #aiaec #aibjd ,population dis*>g+ raw sewage into ! sea or tidal e/u>ies #f1ejj1jjj #h1ejj1jjj ,population dis*>g+ raw sewage into inl& /reams or lakes #bj1djj1jjjbf1djj1jjj ,population connect$ to sy/ems :]e sewage is treat$ 9 "s way #a1ajj1jjj #f1ijj1jjj ,population connect$ ) sew]age sy/ems #bh1jjj1jjjda1hjj1jjjdf1cjj1jjj ,! developm5t ( ! ,london sew]s 0 comm5c$ e>ly 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,! sew]age sy/em ( ,hamburg1 ,g]many1 0 laid out 9 #ahdb by ,l9dley1 an ,engli% eng9e] :o ) o!r ,engli% eng9e]s p]=m$ simil> "w 9 o!r ,g]man cities because ( _! e>li] exp]i5ce 9 ,engli% communities4 ,b]l9's pres5t sy/em dates f #ahfj4 ,! con/ruction ( /orm-wat] dra9s 9 ,p>is dates f #affc4e ,!y 7 int5d$ only z /reet dra9s b are n[ includ$ 9 ! compreh5sive sy/em ( ! city4 ,! fir/ compreh5sive sew]age sy/em 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 design$ by ,e4 ,s4 ,*esbr\gh = ! ,city ( ,*icago 9 #ahee4 ,previ\s to ?is "t sew]s _h be5 in/all$ 9 an indiff]5t mann] & )\t def9ite plan4 ,! in/allation ( a compreh5sive sew]age sy/em 9 ,baltimore 9 #aiae m>ks ! completion ( in/allation ( sew]age sy/ems 9 all l>ge ,am]ican cities4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( sew]age design x 0 consid]$ unsafe to dis*>ge dome/ic wa/es into ! sew]s z ! conc5tration ( s mu* sewage 0 expect$ to create great nuisances & dang]s to heal?4 ,t ! fe> t ! conc5tration ( l>ge quantities ( sewage w\ld create a nuisance 0 n ill f\nd$ is prov5 by ! conditions on ! ,?ames at ,london 9 #aheh-ei4 ,dr4 ,budd /ates3#f ,= ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( man1 ! sewage ( ne>ly ?ree millions ( p _h be5 br\ght to see! & f]m5t "u a burn+ sun 9 "o va/ op5 cloaca ly+ 9 _! mid/4 ,! result we all "k4 ,/5* s f\l we may well believe _h nev] be=e asc5d$ to pollute ?is l[] air4 ,nev] be=e at lea/ _h a /9k ris5 to ! height ( an hi/oric ev5t4444 ,= mon?s toge!r ! topic almo/ monopoliz$ ! public pr9ts4444 #8,india is 9 revolt & ! ,?ames /9ks' 7 ! two great facts c\pl$ toge!r by a di/+ui%$ =eign writ]1 to m>k ! climax ( a national humiliation4#g ,! problem ( sewage disposal foll[$ ! m or less successful solutions ( ! problem ( sewage collection4 ,9 ,engl& ! ,briti% ,royal ,commission on ,sewage ,disposal 0 appo9t$ 9 #aheg & issu$ its fir/ report 9 #ahfe4 ,! fir/ /udies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 />t$ 9 #ahhg by ! e/abli%m5t ( an exp]im5t /ation at ,lawr5ce1 ,massa*usetts1 :]e valuable "w has be5 done4 ,! /ation is "u ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 :i* issu$ its fir/ report conta9+ ! results ( ! "w at ! /ation1 9 #ahij4 ,v>i\s me?ods ( sewage treatm5t prep>atory to disposal h be5 devis$ f "t to "t4 ,"s h fall5 into disuse1 su* z ! ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 7alum1 blood & clay7 process1 & o!rs h tak5 a p]man5t place1 su* z ! septic tank4 ,! unsolv$ problems ( sewage collection1 & ! numb] ( p]sons /ill uns]v$ by sew]age & sewage disposal op5s a wide field to ! /udy & con/ruction ( sew]age works4 #c4 ,me?ods ( ,collection4--,! me?od ( collection :i* involves ! removal ( night soil f a privy vault1 ! pail sy/em :i* involves ! collection ( buckets ( human excreta f closets & homes1 indoor *emical closets1 & o!r make%ift me?ods ( collection are ( extreme importance :]e no sew]s exi/1 b !y are n prop]ly consid]$ z sew]age sy/ems or sew]age works4 ,^! me?ods ( collection are g5]ally conf9$ to rural di/ricts & to outly+ p>ts ( urban communities4 ,!y require con/ant att5tion = _! prop] conduct & little skill = _! in/allation1 ! pr9cipal requirem5ts be+ to make ! receptacles fly-pro(4 ,! pneumatic sy/em 0 introduc$ by ,li]nur1 a ,dut* eng9e]4#h ,x is us$ 9 p>ts ( a few cities 9 ,europe1 b x is n capable ( use on a l>ge scale4 ,x consi/s ( a sy/em ( air-tight pipes1 connect+ wat] closets1 kit*5 s9ks1 etc41 ) a c5tral pump+ /ation at :i* an air-tight tank is provid$ f :i* ! air is p>tly exhau/$4 ,z little wat] z possible is all[$ to mix ) ! fecal matt] & o!r wa/es 9 ord] n to ov]tax ! sy/em4 ,solid & liquid wa/es are drawn to ! c5tral /ation :5 ! wa/e valve on ! plumb+ fixture is op5$4 ,! collection ( sewage 9 a sy/em ( pipes ?r\gh :i* x is conduct$ by ! buoyant effect & sc\r+ velocity ( wat] is kn[n z ! wat]-c>riage sy/em4 ,?is is ! only me?od ( sewage collection 9 g5]al use 9 urban communities4 ,9 ?is sy/em solid & liquid wa/es are s highly dilut$ ) wat] z ei!r to float or to be susp5d$ !re94 ,! mixture result+ f ?is high dilution foll[s ! laws ( hydraulics z appli$ to pure wat]1 or wat] conta9+ susp5d$ matt]4 ,x w fl[ freely ?r\gh prop]ly design$ conduits & w conc5trate ! sewage wa/es at ! po9t ( ultimate disposal4 #d4 ,me?ods ( ,disposal4--,sewage is dispos$ ( by dilution 9 wat]1 by treatm5t on l&1 or occasionally by dis*>g+ x into *annels t conta9 no dilut+ wat]4 ,"s =m ( treatm5t to prep>e sewage = ultimate disposal is frequ5tly necess>y & w und\bt$ly be requir$ 9 a comp>atively %ort "t = all sewage dis*>g$ into wat]c\rses4 ,! solid matt]s remov$ by treatm5t may be buri$1 burn$1 dump$ into wat]1 or us$ z a f]tiliz]4 ,if ! volume ( dilut+ wat]1 or ! area & "* ( l& us$ = disposal are n z !y %\ld be1 a nuisance w be creat$4 ,! aim ( all me?ods ( sewage treatm5t has s f> be5 to produce an efflu5t :i* c\ld be dispos$ ( )\t nuisance & 9 c]ta9 exceptional cases to protect public wat] supplies f pollution4 ,f9ancial returns h be5 s\ght only z a second>y consid]ation4 ,a few sewage f>ms & irrigation projects might be consid]$ z exceptions to ?is z ! value ( ! wat] 9 ! sewage z an irrigant has be5 ! prim>y inc5tive to ! promotion ( ! f>m4 ,x is to be rememb]$ t s9ce ! aim ( all sewage treatm5t is to produce an efflu5t t c be dispos$ ( )\t caus+ a nuisance1 ! simple/ process by :i* ?is result c be atta9$ "u ! conditions pres5t$ is ! process to be adopt$4 ,no attempt is made to purify sewage completely1 or on a practical scale to make dr9k+ wat]4 #e4 ,me?ods ( ,treatm5t4--,scre5+ & s$im5tation are ! prim>y me?ods = ! treatm5t ( sewage4 ,by ^! me?ods a portion ( ! float+ & settleable solids are remov$1 prev5t+ ! =mation ( unsightly scum & putrefy+ sludge banks4 ,*emicals are sometimes add$ to ! sewage to =m a heavy floccul5t precipitate :i* ha/5s s$im5tation ( ! solid matt]s 9 ! sewage4 ,! process 9 ^! me?ods is me*anical & ! solid matt]s remov$ f ! sewage mu/ be dispos$ ( by o!r me?ods ?an dilution ) ! sewage efflu5t4 ,m complete me?ods ( treatm5t are dep5d5t on biologic action4 ,"u ^! me?ods ( treatm5t complete /abilization ( ! efflu5t is approa*$1 & 9 ! mo/ complete treatm5t an efflu5t is produc$ :i* is cle>1 sp>kl+1 non-odor\s1 non-putrescible1 & /]ile4 ,/]ilization ( sewage1 usually ) *lor9e or "s ( its comp\nds1 has be5 us$1 n to r$uce ! am\nt ( dilut+ wat] necess>y1 b to r$uce ! numb] ( pa?og5ic g]ms & to m9imize ! dang] ( ! transmission ( disease4 #f4 ,def9itions4--,sewage & sew]age are n synonym\s t]ms al?\gh frequ5tly confus$4 ,sewage is ! sp5t wat] supply ( a community conta9+ ! wa/e f dome/ic1 indu/rial or comm]cial use1 & su* surface & gr\nd wat] z may ent] ! sew]4#i ,sew]age is ! "n ( ! sy/em ( conduits & appurt5ances design$ to c>ry (f ! sewage4 ,x is also us$ to indicate any?+ p]ta9+ to sew]s4 ,a diff]5ce is made betwe5 sanit>y sewage1 /orm sewage1 & indu/rial wa/es4 ,sanit>y sewage1 sometimes call$ dome/ic sewage1 is ! liquid wa/es dis*>g$ f resid5ces or in/itutions1 & conta9s wat] closet1 laundry & kit*5 wa/es4 ,/orm sewage is ! surface run-(f :i* rea*es ! sew]s dur+ & imm$iately aft] a /orm4 ,indu/rial wa/es are ! liquid wa/e products dis*>g$ f indu/rial plants4 ,a sew] is a conduit us$ = convey+ sewage4 ,! names ( ! conduits ?r\gh :i* sewage may fl[ are3 ,soil ,/ack4--,a v]tical pipe 9 a build+ ?r\gh :i* wa/e wat] conta9+ fecal matt] or ur9e is all[$ to fl[4 ,wa/e ,pipe4--,a v]tical pipe 9 a build+ ?r\gh :i* wa/e wat] conta9+ no fecal matt] is all[$ to fl[4 ,h\se ,dra94--,! approximately horizontal portion ( a h\se dra9age sy/em :i* conveys ! dra9age f ! soil /ack or wa/e pipe to ! po9t ( dis*>ge f ! build+4 ,h\se ,sew]4--,! pipe :i* leads f ! outside wall ( ! build+ to ! sew] 9 ! /reet4 ,lat]al ,sew]4--,! smalle/ bran* 9 a sew]age sy/em1 exclusive ( ! h\se sew]s4 ,sub-ma9 or ,bran* ,sew]4--,a sew] f :i* ! sewage f two or m lat]als is dis*>g$4#aj ,ma9 or ,trunk ,sew]4--,a sew] into :i* ! sewage f two or m sub-ma9 or bran* sew]s is dis*>g$4#aa ,int]cept+ ,sew]4--,a sew] g5]ally laid transv]sely to a sew]age sy/em to int]cept "s portion or all ( ! sewage collect$ by ! sy/em4 ,relief ,sew]4--,a sew] int5d$ to c>ry a portion ( ! fl[ f a di/rict already provid$ ) sew]s ( insuffici5t capacity & ?us prev5t+ ov]tax+ ! latt]4#ab ,outfall ,sew]4--,t portion ( a ma9 or trunk sew] bel[ all bran*es4 ,flu%+ ,sew]4--,a conduit ?r\gh :i* wat] is convey$ = flu%+ portions ( a sew]age sy/em4 ,=ce ,ma94--,a conduit ?r\gh :i* sewage is pump$ "u pressure4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,"w ,,prelim9>y ,,to ,,design #g4 ,division ( ,"w4--,eng9e]+ "w on sew]age c be divid$ into f\r p>ts1 namely3 prelim9>y1 design1 con/ruction & ma9t5ance4 ,an eng9e] may be engag$ dur+ any "o or all ( ^! p]iods on ! same sew]age sy/em1 & %\ld !re=e be acqua9t$ ) 8 duties dur+ ea* p]iod4 #h4 ,prelim9>y4--,! dem& = sew]age normally foll[s ! in/allation or ext5sion ( ! public wat] supply4 ,x may be caus$ by3 a lack ( dra9age on "s o!rwise desirable tract ( real e/ate2 f a public realization ( unpleasant or unheal?ful conditions 9 a built-up di/rict2 or ?r\gh ! realization by ! municipal adm9i/ration ( ! necessity = c>+ = ! future4 ,9 :atev] way ! dem& may be creat$ ! eng9e] %\ld take an active "p 9 ! promotion ( ! "w4 ,! eng9e]'s duties dur+ ! prelim9>y p]iod are3 to make a /udy ( ! possible me?ods by :i* ! dem& = sew]age c be satisfi$2 to pres5t ! results ( ?is /udy 9 ! =m ( a report to ! committee or organization responsible = ! promotion ( ! "w2 & s to famili>ize himself ) ! conditions affect+ ! in/allation ( ! propos$ plans z to be able to answ] all inquiries conc]n+ !m4 ,?is "w w require ! g5]al qualities ( "*1 judgm5t1 effici5cy & ! und]/&+ ( m5 9 address+ int]e/$ p]sons individually & collectively on ! features ( ! propos$ plans1 & ! ex]cise ( eng9e]+ te*nique 9 ! survey & ! draw+ ( ! plans4 ,! eng9e] %\ld assure himself t all legal requirem5ts 9 ! draw+ ( petitions1 adv]tis+1 p]mits1 etc41 h be5 compli$ )4 ,?is requires "s k ( national1 /ate1 & local laws4 ,al?\gh none ! less ess5tial _! description is n )9 ! scope ( ?is book4 ,! eng9e]'s prelim9>y report %\ld conta9 a section devot$ to ! feasibility ( "o or m plans :i* may be expla9$ 9 m or less detail ) a /atem5t ( ! co/ & advantages ( ea*4 ,a conclusion %\ld be rea*$ z to ! mo/ desirable plan & a recomm5dation made t ?is plan be in/all$4 ,o!r sections ( ! report may be devot$ to a hi/ory ( ! gr[+ dem&1 a description ( ! conditions necessitat+ sew]age1 possible me?ods ( f9anc+1 & su* o!r subjects z may be p]t95t4 ,! mak+ ( ! prelim9>y plan & ! design ( sew]age works are describ$ 9 subsequ5t *apt]s4 #i4 ,e/imate ( ,co/4--,9 mak+ an e/imate ( co/ ! in=mation %\ld be pres5t$ 9 a readable & easily compreh5d$ mann]4 ,x is necess>y t ! items be cle>ly def9$ & t all items be includ$4 ,! me?od ( det]m9+ ! co/s ( d\btful items su* z depreciation1 int]e/ *>ges1 labor1 etc41 & ! probability ( ! fluctuation ( ! co/s ( c]ta9 items %\ld be expla9$4 ,! eng9e]'s e/imate may be divid$ some:at z foll[s3 ,labor4 ,mat]ial4 ,ov]head4 ,?is may include con/ruction plant1 (fice exp5se1 sup]vision1 bond1 int]e/ on borr[$ capital1 insurance1 transportation1 etc4 ,! am\nt ( ! item is seldom less ?an #ae p] c5t & is usually ov] #bj p] c5t ( ! contract price4 ,cont+5cies4 ,?is all[ance is usually #aj to #ae p] c5t ( ! contract price4 ,pr(it4 ,?is %\ld be f #e to #aj p] c5t ( ! sum ( ! f\r prec$+ items4 ,! contract price is ! sum ( ^! items4 ,to ?is may be add$3 ,eng9e]+4 #b to #e p] c5t ( ! contract price4 ,extra ,"w4 ,z]o to #ae p] c5t ( ! contract price2 dep5d5t on ! "* ( ! "w1 ! complet5ess ( ! prelim9>y in=mation1 ! complet5ess ( ! plans1 etc4 ,legal exp5se4 ,pur*ase ( l&1 rights ( way1 etc41 etc4 ,! co/ ( ! sew] may be /at$ z s mu* p] l9e> foot = diff]5t sizes ( pipe1 includ+ all appurt5ances su* z manholes1 cat*-bas9s1 etc41 or ! items may be sep>at$ 9 great detail some:at z foll[s3 ,e>? excavation1 p] cu4 yd4 ,rock excavation1 p] cu4 yd4 ,backfill1 p] cu4 yd4 ,brick manholes1 #c feet by #d feet1 p] foot ( dep?4 ,vitrifi$ sew] pipe ) cem5t jo9ts1 9 place1 444 in*es 9 diamet]1 #j to #f feet deep #f to #h feet deep #h to #aj feet deep ,repav+1 macadam p] sq4 yd4 asphalt p] sq4 yd4 ,flu%-tanks1 444 gal4 capacity1 p] tank4 ,s]vice pipes to flu%-tanks1 p] l9e> foot41 etc41 etc4 ,^! me?ods repres5t ! two extremes ( pres5t+ co/ e/imates4 ,ea* me?od1 or modification !re(1 may h its use1 dep5d5t on circum/ances4 ,reliable co/ data are difficult to obta94 ,li/s ( prices ( mat]ials & labor are publi%$ 9 c]ta9 eng9e]+ & trade p]iodicals4 ,! ,h&book ( ,co/ ,data by ,h4 ,p4 ,gillette conta9s li/s ( ! am\nt ( mat]ial & labor us$ on c]ta9 specific jobs & types ( con/ruction4 ,! price ( labor & mat]ials on ! local m>ket c be obta9$ f ! local ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce1 contractors & o!r employ]s ( labor1 & deal]s 9 ! desir$ commodities4 ,contract prices = sew]age "w publi%$ 9 ! con/ruction news sections ( eng9e]+ p]iodicals may be a guide to ! judgm5t ( ! probable co/ ( propos$ "w1 b are g5]ally dang]\s to rely ^u z full details are lack+ 9 ! description ( ! "w4 ,a wide exp]i5ce 9 ! collection & use ( co/ data is ! desirable qualification = mak+ e/imates ( co/4 ,x is possess$ by few & is n an infallible aid to ! judgm5t4 ,hav+ complet$ ! design & summ>y ( ! bills ( mat]ial & labor necess>y = ea* /ructure or portion ( ! sew]age sy/em1 ! product ( ! unit co/ & ! am\nt ( ea* item plus an all[ance = ov]head w equal ! co/ ( ! item4 ,! total co/ w be ! sum ( ! co/s ( ea* item4 ,! items %\ld be s gr\p$ t ! co/ ( ! diff]5t portions ( ! sy/em are sep>at$ 9 ord] t ! effect on ! total co/ result+ f diff]5t comb9ations ( items or ! omission ( any "o item may be readily comput$4 ,a me?od = e/imat+ ! approximate co/ ( sew]s1 devis$ by ,w4 ,g4 ,kir*(f]#ac dep5ds ^u ! use ( ! diagram %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,! factors = local conditions are %[n 9 ,table #b4 ,= example1 let x be requir$ to f9d ! co/ ( a #ae-;in* vitrifi$ pipe sew] at a dep? ( #i feet1 if ! unit co/s ( labor & mat]ial & ! conditions are ! same z %[n 9 ,table #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,diagram = ,e/imat+ ! ,co/ ( ,sew]s4 ,eng4 ,news1 ,vol4 #gf1 p4 #gha4 ,solution ,fir/3 ,to f9d ! factor dep5d+ on local conditions1 ent] ! diagram at ! #aj-;in* diamet] & cont9ue d[n until ! int]section ) ! dep? ( tr5* at #h4b feet is f\nd4 ,n[ g diagonally p>allel to l9es runn+ f left to "r upw>ds to ! int]section ) ! v]tical l9e ?r\gh a co/ ( #de c5ts p] foot4 ,! diagonal l9e runn+ f left to "r d[nw>ds ?r\gh ?is int]section corresponds to a factor ( ab\t #aa4 ,,table #b ,,factors ,,= ,,co/s ,,( ,,sew]s ,,to ,,be ,,us$ ,,) ,,figure #b ,"* ( ,mat]ial ,factor ,clay1 gravel & b\ld]s1 ,m$=d #bb-bf ,mo/ly s&1 deep tr5*es %eet$4 ,wages m$ium4 ,ri*l& ,c5t]4 #ba-bb ,s&y clay4 ,wages m$ium4 ,labor conditions good at ,kiel4 #ae-bj ,s&4 ,s&y clay1 "s wat]4 ,labor conditions good4 ,pipe prices m$ium at ,man/on4 #ad-bj ,gravelly clay1 ? laid 9 concrete at ,burl+ton4 #ac-bb ,s&y clay1 "s wat]1 %eet+ at ,la ,f>ge4 #ag-bc ,s& ) wat]4 #bj ,gravel & b\ld]s4 ,high wages4 #bf ,clay soil4 ,good digg+4 #ag ,s&y clay4 ,"s wat]4 #bc ,clay #b miles inl&4 ,labor]s bo>d$ at sanit>ium1 ,wales #ce ,clay1 gravel & b\ld]s at ,plym\?4 #bj-bg ,s&1 clay & good digg+ at ,lake ,mills4 #af-ai ,r$ clay4 ,ma*9e "w at ,nor? ,milwaukee4 #bj-bd ,good digg+4 ,wages m$ium at ,we/ ,salem4 #ag-ai ,s&y soil1 brac+ only requir$4 ,no wat]4 ,wages & pipe m$ium4 #ad ,r$ /icky clay4 #bd ,good digg+ 9 any soil4 ,"w sc>ce4 #ae ,r$ clay4 ,no brac+4 #bj ,"w inl& f railroad4 ,bo>d+ labor]s & o!r exp5ses4 #ce ,second3 ,to f9d ! co/ ( #ae-;in* pipe at a dep? ( #i4j feet1 ent] ! diagram at a diamet] ( #ae in*es & cont9ue d[n until ! int]section ) a dep? ( tr5* at #i feet is f\nd4 ,n[ g diagonally p>allel to l9es runn+ f left to "r upw>ds to ! int]section ) ! diagonal l9e runn+ f left to "r d[nw>ds correspond+ to ! factor ( #aa f\nd above4 ,! v]tical l9e pass+ ?r\gh ?is po9t %[s ! co/ to be #fg c5ts p] foot4 ,,table #c ,,co/ ,,( ,,sew] ,,con/ruction ,,at ,,atlantic1 ,,i[a 7,f ,gillette's ,h&book ( ,co/ ,data7 ,mat]ial3 ,clay1 n difficult to spade & requir+ little or no brac+ & practically no pump+4 ,all h& "w except backfill :i* 0 done by team & scrap]4 ,dep? ( tr5* av]ag$ #h4b feet2 wid? #cj in*es4 ,diamet] ( pipe #aj in*es4 ,item ,wage1,co/1 ,c5ts,c5ts p] p] ,h\r ,foot4 ,pipe4 #j4bj ,haul+ team & driv]4 #cj 4#jjc ,haul+4 ,man help+4 #ag 4#jja ,cem5t & s&4 4#jjf ,pipe lay]s4 #bb 4#jad ,pipe lay]'s help]4 #ag 4#jad ,tr5*+4 ,top m54 #ag 4#jbg ,tr5*+4 ,bottom m54 #ag 4#acj ,tr5*+4 ,scaffold m54 #ag 4#jjb ,tr5*+4 ,brac+ m54 #ag 4#jjb ,backfill+4 ,%ovel4 #ag 4#jaj ,backfill+4 ,team & scrap]4 #cj 4#jjh ,backfill+4 ,man & scrap]4 #ag 4#jje ,wat] boy4 #aj 4#jjf ,=eman4 #cj 4#jbb ,total4 4#dej ,,me?ods ,,( ,,f9anc+ ,! con/ruction ( sew]age works may be paid = by ! issue ( municipal bonds1 by special assessm5t1 by funds available f ! g5]al taxes1 or by private ent]prise4 #aj4 ,bond ,issues4--,a municipal bond is a promise by ! municipality to pay ! face value ( ! bond to ! hold] at a c]ta9 specifi$ "t1 ) int]e/ at a /ipulat$ rate dur+ ! int]im4 ,! security on ! bond is ! taxable prop]ty 9 ! municipality4 ,! legal re/rictions ?r[n ar\nd municipal bond issues1 ! value ( ! taxable prop]ty 9 ! municipality1 all ( :i* may be us$ z security = municipal bonds1 & ! fact t a municipality c be su$ 9 case ( default1 make municipal bonds desirable & provide a good m>ket = _! sale4 ,! funds available f a municipal bond issue are limit$ by ! am\nt t ! legal limit is 9 excess ( ! out/&+ issues4 ,! legal limit v>ies 9 diff]5t /ates f ab\t #e to #ae p] c5t ( ! assess$ value ( ! prop]ty 9 ! municipality4 ,9 "s cases ! am\nt available f municipal bonds has be5 increas$ by =m+ a municipality )9 a municipality su* z a sanit>y di/rict1 a p>k di/rict1 a dra9age di/rict1 etc41 :i* comprises a l>ge portion or all ( an exi/+ municipal corporation4 ,?is case is well illu/rat$ 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,city ( ,*icago :]e ! municipal tax+ p[]s are %>$ by ! ,city gov]nm5t1 ! ,sanit>y ,di/rict1 & ,p>k ,commission]s4 ,! "r to create a new municipal corporation mu/ be grant$ by ! /ate legislature4 ,k ( fix$ bonds1 s]ial bonds1 life ( bonds1 s9k+ funds1 etc4 is an important "p ( an eng9e]'s education4#ad ,bond issues mu/ usually be pres5t$ to ! vot]s = approval at an election4 ,if approv$1 & o!r legal proc$ure has be5 foll[$1 ! bonds may be b\ght by "s ( ! _m bond+ h\ses1 or by private individuals1 & ! money is imm$iately available = con/ruction4 ,! bonds are r$eem$ by g5]al taxation spread ov] ! p]iod ( ! issue4 #aa4 ,special ,assessm5t4--,a special assessm5t is levi$ aga9/ prop]ty b5efit$ directly by ! /ructure be+ paid =4 ,special assessm5ts are us$ = ! paym5t = ! con/ruction ( lat]al sew]s :i* are a direct b5efit to sep>ate di/ricts b are )\t g5]al b5efit to ! city4 ,9 case ! con/ruction ( an outfall sew] or ! erection ( a treatm5t plant1 :i* may be ( "s g5]al b5efit1 is necess>y to c>e = a sep>ate di/rict1 a "p ( ! exp5se may be borne by funds available f g5]al taxation4 ,! legal proc$ure = ! rais+ ( funds by special assessm5t & ! purpose to :i* ! funds s rais$ may be appli$ are /ipulat$ 9 great detail 9 diff]5t /ates & _! directions mu/ be foll[$ implicitly4 ,ill9ois proc$ure1 :i* is simil> to t 9 "s o!r /ates1 is z foll[s3 a meet+ ( ! int]e/$ prop]ty own]s is call$ by a committee or bo>d ( ! municipal gov]nm5t1 z ! result ( a petition by int]e/$ p]sons or ?r\gh ! indep5d5t action ( ! ,bo>d4 ,at ?is prelim9>y meet+ or public he>+ argum5ts = & aga9/ ! propos$ improvem5t are he>d4 ,! eng9e] is pres5t at ?is meet+ to answ] que/ions & to advise conc]n+ ! eng9e]+ features ( ! plan4 ,if approval is giv5 by ! ,bo>d ! plan & specifications are prep>$ complete 9 e detail & incorporat$ 9 an ord9ance :i* is pres5t$ to ! legislative bran* ( ! city gov]nm5t = passage4 ,if ! project is adopt$ x is tak5 to ! c\nty c\rt4 ,an assessm5t roll is prep>$ by a commission] appo9t$ by ! c\rt4 ,?is roll %[s ! am\nt to be assess$ aga9/ ea* piece ( prop]ty b5efit$4 ,a he>+ is !n held 9 ! c\nty c\rt at :i* ! own] ( any assess$ prop]ty may voice objections to ! cont9uation ( ! project4 ,! project may be ?r[n out ( c\rt = _m diff]5t reasons1 su* z ! misspell+ ( a /reet "n1 an error 9 an elevation1 an error 9 ! description ( a pavem5t1 b mo/ important ( all is def9ite pro( t ! b5efit is n equal to ! assessm5t4 ,! _m m9or irregul>ities :i* may nullify ! proc$ure 9 a special assessm5t diff] 9 diff]5t /ates & 9 diff]5t c\rts 9 ! same /ate1 b 9 g5]al no c\rt c approve an assessm5t great] ?an ! b5efits giv54 ,aft] ! project has pass$ ?r\gh ! c\nty c\rt & ! assessm5t roll has be5 approv$1 bonds may be issu$ = ! paym5t ( ! contractor4 ,special assessm5t bonds are li5s aga9/ ! prop]ty assess$ & h n ! same security z a g5]al municipal bond4 ,= ?is reason a city :i* has rea*$ its legal limit ( municipal bond issues c /ill pay = "w by special assessm5t4 ,! funds available f special assessm5ts are limit$ only by ! b5efit to ! prop]ty assess$4 ,! am\nt ( ! b5efit is difficult to fix & may lead to mu* controv]sy4 ,x %\ld n exce$ ! am\nt dem&$ = simil> "w 9 o!r localities1 unless unusual & well-und]/ood reasons c be giv54 #ab4 ,g5]al ,taxation4--,9 pay+ = public improvem5ts by g5]al taxation ! money is tak5 f ! g5]al municipal funds :i* h be5 apportion$ = t purpose by ! legislative dep>tm5t ( ! municipal gov]nm5t4 ,?is me?od ( rais+ funds = sew]age con/ruction is seldom us$ unless ! political situation is unfavorable to ! success ( a bond issue or special assessm5t & ! ne$ = ! improvem5t is great4 ,x is usually difficult to appropriate suffici5t funds = new con/ruction z ! g5]al tax is apportion$ to support only ! op]at+ exp5ses ( ! city1 & /atutory provisions limit ! am\nt ( tax :i* c be levi$4 #ac4 ,private ,capital4--,private capital has be5 us$ = f9anc+ sew]age works 9 "s cases because ( ! av]sion ( ! public 9 "s cities to ! paym5t ( a tax = ! negative s]vice p]=m$ by a sew]4 ,sew]s are buri$1 unse51 & frequ5tly =gott51 b k ( _! necessity has spread & ! numb] ( privately own$ sew]age works is dim9i%+ because ( ! bett] s]vice :i* c be provid$ by ! municipality4 ,fran*ises are grant$ to private companies = ! con/ruction ( sew]s only aft] ! city has exhau/$ o!r me?ods = ! rais+ ( capital4 ,! return on ! private capital inve/$ is receiv$ f a r5tal paid by ! city1 or paid directly by ! us]s ( ! sy/em1 an initial paym5t usually be+ dem&$ = connection to ! sy/em4 ,to be successful ! ent]prise mu/ be popul> & mu/ fill a great ne$4 ,?is me?od ( f9anc+ sew]age works is seldom employ$ z favorable conditions are n common4 ,,prelim9>y ,,"w #ad4 ,prep>+ = ,design4--,me?ods = ! design ( sew]age sy/ems are giv5 9 ,*apt] ,v4 ,be=e ! design is made c]ta9 in=mation is ess5tial4 ,a survey mu/ be made f :i* ! prelim9>y map c be prep>$ z describ$ 9 ,art4 #db4 ,o!r necess>y in=mation :i* is ! basis ( subsequ5t e/imates ( ! quantity ( sewage to be c>$ = mu/ be obta9$ by a /udy ( rates ( wat] consumption & ! d5sity & gr[? ( population1 ! measurem5t ( ! dis*>ge f exi/+ sew]s1 & ! compilation ( ra9fall & run-(f data4 ,if no ra9fall data are available e/imates mu/ be made f ! ne>e/ available data4 ,obs]vations ( ra9fall or run-(f = p]iods ( less ?an #aj to #bj ye>s are likely to be mislead+4 ,me?ods = ga!r+ & us+ ?is in=mation are expla9$ 9 subsequ5t *apt]s4 ,und]gr\nd surveys are desirable along ! l9es ( ! propos$ sew]s to le>n ( ob/ructions1 difficult excavation & o!r conditions :i* may be met4 ,all su* data are seldom ga!r$ except = sew]age sy/ems involv+ ! exp5diture ( a l>ge am\nt ( money4 ,= con/ruction 9 small t[ns or small ext5sions to an exi/+ sy/em ! funds are usually insuffici5t = ext5sive prelim9>y inve/igation4 ,! sav+ 9 ?is respect is paid unkn[+ly to ! contractor z comp5sation = ! risk 9 bidd+ )\t complete in=mation4 #ae4 ,und]gr\nd ,surveys4--,^! may be m or less ext5sive dep5d5t on ! "* ( ! di/rict 9 :i* con/ruction is to take place4 ,9 built-up di/ricts ! survey %\ld be m ?or\gh ?an 9 sp>sely settl$ di/ricts :]e only ! "* ( ! excavat$ mat]ial is ( int]e/ & no ob/ructions are to be met4 ,und]gr\nd surveys furni% to ! eng9e] & to prospective bidd]s on contract "w in=mation on :i* ! design & e/imate ( co/ & ! contractor's bid may be bas$ & )\t :i* no intellig5t "w c be done4 ,by remov+ mu* ( ! unc]ta9ty ( ! conditions to be met 9 ! con/ruction ( ! sew]1 ! design c be made m economical & ! contractor's bid %\ld be m>k$ly l[]1 suffici5tly s to repay m ?an ! exp5se ( ! survey4 ,! in=mation to be obta9$ consi/s ( ! location ( ! gr\nd-wat] level1 & ! location & sizes ( wat]1 gas1 & sew] pipes1 telephone & electric conduits1 /reet-c> tracks1 /eam pipes1 & all o!r /ructures :i* may 9 any way int]f]e ) subsurface con/ruction4 ,^! /ructures %\ld be locat$ by ref]5ce to "s p]man5t po9t on ! surface4 ,! elevation ( ! top ( ! pipes1 except sew]s1 r ?an ! dep? ( cov] %\ld be record$1 z ! dep? ( cov] is subject to *ange4 ,! elevation ( sew]s %\ld be giv5 to ! inv]t r ?an to ! top ( ! pipe4 ,a portion ( ! map ( ! subsurface conditions at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,_m ( ! dim5sions & notations are n %[n to avoid confusion on ?is small reproduction4#ae ,colors are g5]ally us$ in/ead ( diff]5t =ms ( cross hat*+ to %[ ! diff]5t classes ( pipe & /ructures4 ,9 addition to a record ( ! und]gr\nd /ructures ! "* ( ! gr\nd & ! pavem5t %\ld be record$4 ,a compreh5sive und]gr\nd survey is seldom available nor does "t usually p]mit its be+ made prelim9>y to ! design ( a sew]age sy/em4 ,! "* ( ! mat]ial ?r\gh :i* ! sew] is to pass %\ld be det]m9$ 9 all cases4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,record ,map ( ,und]gr\nd ,/ructures1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,eng4 ,record1 ,vol4 #gd1 p4 #bfc4 ,! v>i\s subsurface l9es are diff]5tiat$ by colors z foll[s3 ,a--,sew]s1 v]milion4 ,b--,wat] ma9s1 blue4 ,c--,potomac ,electric ,p[] ,co41 c>m9e4 ,d--,wa%+ton ,railway & ,electric ,co41 c>m9e4 ,e--,capital ,traction ,co41 violet4 ,f--,*esapeake & ,potomac ,telephone ,co41 gre54 ,g--,wa%+ton ,gas ,light ,co41 gre54 ,h--,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,co41 orange4 ,i--,po/al ,telegraph ,co41 orange4 ,k--,private vaults1 black4 ,l--,city ,electric ,co41 yell[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,pun* ,drill4 ,und]gr\nd pipes & /ructures are locat$ by excavations1 :i* may be q ext5sive 9 "s cases4 ,_! position is fix$ by measurem5ts ref]r$ to manholes & o!r und]gr\nd /ructures :i* are some:at p]man5t 9 position4 ,a city eng9e] %\ld grasp e opportunity to record und]gr\nd /ructures :5 excavations are made 9 ! /reets4 ,! "* ( ! mat]ial ?r\gh :i* ! sew] is to pass is det]m9$ by bor+s4 #af4 ,bor+s4--,me?ods us$ = ! inve/igation ( subsurface conditions prelim9>y to sew] con/ruction are3 pun* drill+1 bor+ ) e>? aug]1 jet bor+1 wa% bor+1 p]cussion drill+1 abrasive drill+1 & hydraulic drill+4 ,! la/ ?ree me?ods nam$ are us$ only = unusually deep bor+s or 9 rock4 ,pun* drills are ( two sorts4 ,! simple/ pun* drill consi/s ( an iron rod ( an in* to #a in* 9 diamet]1 9 sections ab\t #d feet long4 ,"o section is %>p5$ at "o end & ?read$ at ! o!r s t ! next section c be screw$ into x )\t increas+ ! diamet] ( ! rod1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,! drill is driv5 by a sl$ge /rik+ ^u a piece ( wood held at ! top ( ! drill to prev5t injury to ! ?reads4 ,! drill %\ld be turn$ z x is driv5 to prev5t /ick+4 ,x is pull$ out by a hook & lev] z %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,x is useful 9 s(t gr\nd = s\nd+s up to #h to #ab feet 9 dep?4 ,ano!r =m ( pun* drill describ$ by ,a4 ,c4 ,veat*#af consi/s ( a cyl9d] ( /eel or iron1 "o to two feet long split along "o side & slightly spread4 ,! l[] portion is v slightly exp&$ & temp]$ into a cutt+ edge4 ,9 use x is atta*$ to a rope or wood5 poles & lift$ & dropp$ 9 ! hole by means ( a rope giv5 a few turns ab\t a w9dlass or drum4 ,by ?is process ! mat]ial is =c$ up into ! bit1 slightly spr+s x1 & s is held4 ,:5 ! bit is fill$ x is rais$ to ! surface & empti$4 ,mu* deep] holes c be made ) ?is ?an ) ! %>p5$ solid rod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,lev] = ,pull+ ,pun* ,drill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,e>? ,aug]s4 ,types ( e>? aug]s ab\t #a-;in*es 9 diamet] are %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,!y are screw$ on to ! end ( a section ( ! pipe or rod & z ! hole is deep5$ successive l5g?s ( pipe or rod are add$4 ,! device is op]at$ by two m54 ,x is pull$ by /raight lift+ or ) ! assi/ance ( a l9k & lev] simil> to t %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,! device is suitable = s(t e>? or s& free f /ones1 & c be us$ = holes #ae to #be feet 9 dep?4 ,= deep] holes a block & tackle %\ld be us$ = lift+ ! aug] f ! hole4 ,x is n suitable = holes deep] ?an ab\t #ce feet4 ,9 ! jett+ me?od wat] is l$ into ! hole ?r\gh a -in* or #a-;in* pipe1 & =c$ d[nw>d ?r\gh ! drill bit or nozzle aga9/ ! bottom ( ! hole4 ,! complete equipm5t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #g4ag ,x is n always necess>y to case ! hole z %[n 9 ! figure z ! muddy wat] & ! vibration ( ! pipe puddle ! sides s t !y w /& alone4 ,! jet pipe may be *urn$ 9 ! hole by a rope pass+ ov] a block & a revolv+ drum4 ,9 suitable s(t mat]ials su* z clay1 s&1 or gravel1 holes c be bor$ to a dep? ( #ajj feet & samples collect$ ( ! mat]ial remov$4 ,an objection to ! me?od is ! difficulty ( obta9+ suffici5t wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,jett+ ,outfit4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 ,wat] ,supply ,pap]1 ,no4 #beg #a4 ,simple ,jett+ ,outfit4 #b4 ,jett+ ,process4 #c4 ,common ,jett+ ,drill4 #d;a & #d;b4 ,expansion ,bit or ,paddy4 #e4 ,drive ,%oe4 ,me?ods ( drill+ 9 rock up to dep?s ( #bj feet are describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xi "u ,rock ,drill+4 ,= deep] holes p]cussion1 abrasive1 or hydraulic me?ods z us$ = deep well drill+ mu/ be employ$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,quantity ,,( ,,sewage #ag4 ,dry wea!r ,fl[4--,e/imates ( ! quantity ( sewage fl[ to be expect$ are ord9>ily bas$ on ! population1 ! "* ( ! di/rict1 ! rate ( wat] consumption1 & ! probable gr\nd-wat] fl[4 ,future conditions are e/imat$ & provid$ =1 z ! sew]s %\ld h suffici5t capacity to c>e = ! sewage deliv]$ to !m dur+ _! p]iod ( usefulness4 #ah4 ,me?ods = ,pr$ict+ ,population4--,me?ods = ! pr$iction ( future population are giv5 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs4 ,! me?od ( graphical ext5sion4 ,?is is ! quicke/ & mo/ simple ( all4 ,9 ?is me?od a curve is plott$ on rectangul> coord9ates to any conv5i5t scale1 ) population z ord9ates & ye>s z abscissas4 ,! curve is ext5d$ into ! future by judgm5t ( its g5]al t5d5cy4 ,an example is giv5 ( ! det]m9ation ( ! population ( ,urbana1 ,ill9ois1 9 #aiej4 ,table #d conta9s ! population /ati/ics :i* h be5 plott$ on l9e ,a 9 ,fig4 #h & ext5d$ to #aiej4 ,! probable population 9 #aiej is %[n by ?is l9e to be ab\t #ba1jjj4 ,! me?od ( geometrical progression4 ,9 ?is me?od ! rate ( increase dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s or decades is assum$ to be con/ant & ?is rate is appli$ to ! pres5t population to =eca/ ! population 9 ! future4 ,= example ! rate ( increase ( population 9 ,urbana = ! pa/ #g decades has v>i$ widely1 b indications are t = ! next few decades x w be ab\t #bj p] c5t4 ,apply+ ?is rate f #aibj to #aiej ! population 9 #aiej is %[n to be ab\t #ag1hjj4 ,x is evid5t t ?is me?od may lead to s]i\s error z insuffici5t in=mation is giv5 9 ! table to make possible ! selection ( ! prop] rate ( increase4 ,,table #d ,,population ,,/udies ,urbana1 ,ill9ois ,ye>,population,absolute,p] ,c5t ,increase,increase = ,ea*= ,ea* ,decade ,decade #ahej #baj #ahfj #b1jch #ahbh #he4f #ahgj #b1bgg #bci #aj4e #ahhj #b1idb #ffe #bb4f #ahij #c1eaa #efi #af4b #aijj #e1gbh #bbag #ch4g #aiaj #h1bde #beag #cj4e #aibj #aj1bcj #aihe #ai4d ,population ( ,ye>,decatur,danville,*ampaign,kankakee, peoria,bloom+ton ,ann1 ,arbor ,mi*igan #ahej #gcf #e1jie #a1eid #ahfj #c1hci #a1fcb #a1gbg #b1ihdad1jde #g1jge #e1jig #ahgj #g1afa #d1gea #d1fbe #e1ahibb1hdi #ad1eij #g1cfh #ahhj #i1edg #g1gcc #e1ajc #e1feabi1bei #ag1ahj #h1jfa #ahij #af1hda #aa1dia #e1hci #i1jbeda1jbd #bj1dhd #i1dca #aijj #bj1ged #af1ced #i1jih #ac1eieef1ajj #bc1bhf #ad1eji #aiaj #ca1adj #bg1hga #ab1dba #ac1ihfff1iej #be1ghf #ad1hag #aibj #dc1hah #cc1gej #ae1hgc #af1gbagf1aba #bh1fch #ai1eaf ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,diagram ,%[+ ,me?ods = ,e/imat+ ,future ,population4 ,! me?od ( utiliz+ a decreas+ rate ( increase4 ,?is me?od attempts to correct ! error 9 ! assumption ( a con/ant rate ( increase4 ,aft] a c]ta9 p]iod ( gr[?1 z ! age ( a city increases its rate ( increase dim9i%es4 ,9 apply+ ?is k to a pr$iction ( ! future population ( a city ! population curve is plott$1 z 9 ! graphical me?od & a /raight l9e repres5t+ a con/ant rate or increase is drawn tang5t to ! curve at its end4 ,! curve is !n ext5d$ at a flatt] rate 9 accordance ) ! rate ( *ange ( a simil> ne>by l>g] city4 ,?is me?od has n be5 appli$ to any ( ! cities includ$ 9 ,table #d1 z none has rea*$ t limit+ p]iod :]e ! rate ( increase has begun to dim9i%4 ,! me?od ( utiliz+ an ari?metical rate ( increase4 ,?is me?od all[s = ! error ( ! geometrical progression :i* t5ds to give too l>ge results = old & sl[-gr[+ cities4 ,?is me?od g5]ally gives results t are too l[4 ,! absolute increase 9 ! population dur+ ! pa/ decade or o!r p]iod is assum$ to cont9ue ?r\gh\t ! p]iod ( pr$iction4 ,apply+ ?is me?od to ! same case1 ! increase 9 ! population dur+ ! pa/ decade 0 #b1jjj4 ,add+ ?ree times ?is am\nt to ! population 9 #aibj1 ! population ( ,urbana 9 #aiej w be ab\t #af1jjj4 ,! me?od involv+ ! graphical comp>ison ) o!r cities ) simil> *>act]i/ics4 ,9 ?is me?od population curves ( a numb] ( cities l>g] ?an ,urbana b hav+ simil> *>act]i/ics1 are plott$ ) ye>s z abscissas & population z ord9ates1 ) ! pres5t population ( ,urbana z ! orig9 ( coord9ates4 ,! population curve = ,urbana is fir/ plott$4 ,x w lie entirely 9 ! ?ird quadrant z %[n by ! heavy full l9e 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,! population curves ( "s l>g] cities are !n plott$ 9 su* a mann] t ea* curve passes ?r\gh ! orig9 at ! "t _! population 0 ! same z t ( ! pres5t population ( ,urbana4 ,^! curves lie 9 ! fir/ & ?ird quadrants4 ,! population curve ( ! city 9 "q is !n ext5d$ to con=m ) ! curves ( old] cities 9 ! mo/ probable mann] z dictat$ by judgm5t4 ,su* a s]ies ( plots has be5 made 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,! results indicate t ! population ( ,urbana 9 #aiej w be ab\t #be1ejj4 ,! la/ me?od describ$ w give ! mo/ probable result z x is ! mo/ rational4 ,= quick approximations ! geometrical progression is us$4 ,! ari?metical progression is useful only z an approximate e/imate = old cities4 #ai4 ,ext5t ( ,pr$iction4--,! p]iod = :i* a sew]age sy/em %\ld be design$ is su* t ea* g5]ation be>s its %>e ( ! co/ ( ! sy/em4 ,x is unfair to ! pres5t g5]ation to build & pay = an ext5sive sy/em t w n be utiliz$ = #be ye>s4 ,x is likewise unfair to ! next g5]ation to con/ruct a sy/em suffici5t to comply ) pres5t ne$s only1 & to po/pone ! paym5t = x by a long t]m bond issue4 ,an ideal solution w\ld be to plan a sy/em :i* w\ld satisfy pres5t & future ne$s & to con/ruct only ^? portions :i* w\ld be useful dur+ ! p]iod ( ! bond issue4 ,un=tunately ?is solution is n practical1 because1 #a/1 x is less exp5sive to con/ruct portions ( ! sy/em su* z ! outfall1 ! treatm5t plant1 etc41 to c>e = conditions 9 advance ( pres5t ne$s1 & #bnd1 ! life ( practically all portions ( a sew]age sy/em is great] ?an ! legal or cu/om>y "t limit on bond issues4 ,a compromise betwe5 ! practical & ! ideal is rea*$ by ! design ( a complete sy/em to fulfill all probable dem&s1 & ! con/ruction ( su* portions z are ne$$ n[ 9 accordance ) ?is plan4 ,! paym5t %\ld be made by bond issues ) z long life z is f9ancially or legally practical1 b :i* %\ld n exce$ ! life ( ! improvem5t4 ,! pr$iction ( ! population %\ld !re=e be made su* t a compreh5sive sy/em c be design$ ) intellig5ce4 ,practice has seldom call$ = pr$ictions m ?an #ej ye>s 9 ! future4 #bj4 ,s\rces ( ,in=mation on ,population4--,! ,unit$ ,/ates dec5nial c5sus furni%es ! mo/ complete in=mation on population4 ,un=tunately x becomes some:at old t[>ds ! end ( a decade4 ,m rec5t in=mation c be obta9$ f local s\rces4 ,practically e community takes an annual s*ool c5sus ! accuracy ( :i* is fairly reliable4 ,! g5]al t5d5cies ( ! population to *ange c be le>n$ by a /udy ( ! po/ (fice records %[+ ! am\nt ( mail matt] h&l$ at v>i\s p]iods4 ,local *amb]s ( comm]ce & newspap]s attempt to keep records ( population1 b !y are (t5 inaccurate4 ,ano!r s\rce ( in=mation is ! gross receipts ( public s]vice companies1 su* z /reet railways1 wat]1 gas1 electricity1 telephone1 etc4 ,! population c be assum$ to h increas$ almo/ directly z _! receipts1 ) prop] all[ance = *ange 9 rates1 "* ( managem5t1 & o!r factors4 #ba4 ,d5sity ( ,population4--,s f> ! /udy ( population has be5 conf9$ to ! entire city4 ,x is frequ5tly necess>y to pr$ict ! population ( a di/rict or small section ( a city4 ,a direct c5sus may be tak51 or m frequ5tly its population is det]m9$ by e/imat+ its d5sity bas$ on a comp>ison ) simil> di/ricts ( kn[n d5sity1 & multiply+ ?is d5sity by ! area ( ! di/rict4 ,9 det]m9+ ! d5sity1 /ati/ics ( ! population ( ! entire city w be helpful b are insuffici5t = su* a problem4 ,a special c5sus ( ! area involv$ w\ld be conclusive b is g5]ally consid]$ too exp5sive4 ,a c\nt ( ! numb] ( build+s 9 ! di/rict c be made quickly1 & ! d5sity det]m9$ by approximat+ ! numb] ( p]sons p] build+4 ,/ati/ics ( ! population ( v>i\s di/ricts toge!r ) a description ( ! "* ( ! di/rict are giv5 9 ,table #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,d5sity1 ,area1 & ,population1 ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio4 #ahej to #aiej4 ,,table #e ,,d5sities ,,( ,,population ,city ,"* ( ,di/rict ,area1 ,d5sity ,acres p] ,acre ,philadelphia,?omas ,run4 ,resid5tial4 ,mo/ly pairs ( two & ?ree-/ory h\ses4 #abjd acres settl$4 #a1hdj #ei ,p9e ,/reet4 ,resid5tial4 ,mo/ly solid f\r to six-/ory h\ses4 #aef acres settl$4 #afj #ig ,%unk ,/reet4 ,resid5tial4 ,mo/ly pairs ( two & ?ree-/ory h\ses4 #eci acres settl$4 #eci #aai ,lomb>d ,/reet4 ,t5em5ts & hotels1 #ade acres settl$4 #adg #aac ,york ,/reet4 ,resid5tial & manufactur+4 #ced acres settl$4 #ceh #id ,new ,york ,resid5tial4 ,?ree-/ory dwell+s ) ,city #ah-;foot frontage1 & f\r-/ory flats ) #bj-;foot frontage4 #ajj ,resid5tial4 ,five-/ory flats4 #ebj-fgj ,resid5tial4 ,six-/ory flats4 #hjj-ajjj ,resid5tial4 ,six-/ory ap>tm5ts4 ,high class4 #cjj ,*icago #a/ ,w>d4 ,retail & comm]cial4 ,! 8,loop04 #a1ddj #bj4e #b;d ,w>d4 ,comm]cial & l[-class resid5tial solidly built up4 #hjj #ec4e #c;d ,w>d4 ,l[-class resid5tial4 #ifj #dh4a #e? ,w>d4 ,indu/rial4 ,"s l[-class resid5ces4 ,n solidly built up4 #b1bdj #be4ea #f? ,w>d4 ,resid5tial4 ,f\r & five-/ory ap>tm5ts4 ,a few deta*$ resid5ces4 #a1fjj #dg4j #g? ,w>d4 ,same z ,w>d #f4 ,n solidly built up4 ,conta9s a l>ge p>k4 #d1afj #ba4g #h? ,w>d4 ,indu/rial4 ,sp>sely settl$4 #ac1fbd #d4h #i? ,w>d4 ,indu/rial & l[-class resid5tial4 ,solidly built up4 #fdj #gj4j #aj? ,w>d4 ,same z ,w>d #i4 #fdj #hj4h #ac? ,w>d4 ,l[-class resid5tial4 ,solidly built ) ?ree & f\r-/ory flats4 #f1ajj #cf4g #af? ,w>d4 ,middle-class resid5tial4 ,"s indu/ries4 ,well built up4 #hjj #ha4e #ai? ,w>d4 ,indu/rial & comm]cial4 ,"s l[-class resid5ces4 #fdj #ij4g #bj? ,w>d4 ,l[-class resid5tial4 ,"s indu/ries4 ,entirely built up4 #hjj #gg4a #ba/ ,w>d4 ,indu/rial4 ,entirely built up4 #ifj #di4i #bc;d ,w>d4 ,indu/rial & resid5tial4 #hjj #ee4d #bd? ,w>d4 ,resid5tial ap>tm5t h\ses & middle-class resid5ces4 #a1abj #df4h #be? ,w>d4 ,resid5tial4 ,high-class ap>tm5ts4 ,weal?y homes4 ,conta9s a l>ge p>k4 #d1afj #bd4j #bf? ,w>d4 ,resid5tial4 ,middle-class homes & ap>tm5ts4 ,fairly well built up4 #d1fdj #af4a #bg? ,w>d4 ,resid5tial4 ,sp>sely settl$4 #bj1dhj #e4e #bi? ,w>d4 ,l[-class resid5tial4 ,two-/ory frame h\ses4 8,back ( ! ,y>ds04 #f1djj #ab4h #cj? ,w>d4 ,! ,/ock ,y>ds4 #a1bhj #dj4a #cb;d ,w>d4 ,scatt]$ resid5ces4 #h1dhj #h4c #cc;d ,w>d4 ,scatt]$ resid5ces4 #ab1idd #e4e #ce? ,w>d4 ,scatt]$ resid5ces4 #d1ifj #ab4j ,g5]al ,! mo/ cr[d$ conditions ) av]age five-/ory & high]1 contigu\s build+s 9 poor class di/ricts4 #gej-ajjj ,five & six-/ory contigu\s flat build+s4 #ejj-gej ,six-/ory high-class ap>tm5ts4 #cjj-ejj ,?ree & f\r-/ory dwell+s1 bus9ess blocks & indu/rial e/abli%m5ts4 ,closely built up4 #ajj-cjj ,sep>ate resid5ces1 #ej to #ge-;foot fronts1 comm]cial di/ricts1 mod]ately well built up4 #ej-ajj ,sp>sely settl$ di/ricts & scatt]$ frame dwell+s = individual families4 #j-ej ,! d5sity ( population 9 ,c9c9nati f #ahej to #aiac ) pr$ictions to #aiej is giv5 9 ,fig4 #i4ah ,?is %[s ! d5sities = ! entire city & is illu/rative ( ! mann] 9 :i* future conditions 7 pr$ict$ = ! design ( an int]cept+ sew]4 ,! data giv5 9 ,table #e are ( value 9 e/imat+ ! d5sities ( population 9 v>i\s di/ricts4 ,! ,committee on ,city ,plan ( ! ,bo>d ( ,e/imate & ,apportionm5t ( ,new ,york ,city obta9$ "s valuable in=mation on ?is po9t1 especially 9 ,manhattan4 ,?ree-/ory dwell+s ) #ah-;foot frontage1 or f\r-/ory flats ) #bj-;foot frontage1 presumably contigu\s1 7 f\nd to hold #ajj p]sons to ! acre4 ,five-/ory flats held #ebj to #fgj p]sons p] acre4 ,six-/ory flats held #hjj to #a1jjj p]sons p] acre1 & high-class six-/ory ap>tm5ts held less ?an #cjj p] acre4 #bb4 ,*anges 9 ,area4--,9 ord] to det]m9e ! probable ext5t ( a propos$ sew]age sy/em x is important to e/imate ! *anges 9 ! area ( a city z well z ! *anges 9 ! population4 ,) ! same population & an increas$ area ! quantity ( sewage w be increas$ because ( ! l>g] am\nt ( gr\nd wat] :i* w ent] ! sew]s4 ,pr$ictions ( ! area ( a city are less accurate ?an pr$ictions ( population because ! factors affect+ *anges _c be s easily pr$ict$4 ,an area curve plott$ aga9/ "t w\ld be helpful 9 guid+ ! judgm5t1 b its ext5sion into ! future bas$ on pa/ occurr5ces w\ld be futile4 ,a k ( ! city1 its political t5d5cies1 possibilities ( ext5sion1 & o!r factors mu/ be weigh$ & judg$4 ,! eng9e]1 if he is ignorant ( ! city = :i* he is mak+ provision1 is dep5d5t ^u ! te/imony ( real e/ate m51 bus9ess m5 & o!rs acqua9t$ ) ! local situation4 #bc4 ,relation betwe5 ,population & ,sewage ,fl[4--,! am\nt ( sewage dis*>g$ into a sew]age sy/em is g5]ally equal to ! am\nt ( wat] suppli$ to a community1 exclusive ( gr\nd wat]4 ,! entire public wat] supply does n rea* ! sew]s1 b ! losses due to leakage1 lawn spr9kl+1 manufactur+ processes1 etc41 are made up by additions f private wat] supplies1 surface dra9age1 etc4 ,! e/imat$ quantity ( wat] us$ b :i* did n rea* ! sew]s 9 ,c9c9nati is %[n 9 ,table #f4 ,! am\nt %[n repres5ts #ch p] c5t ( ! total consumption4 ,unless direct obs]vations h be5 made on exi/+ sew]s or o!r factors are kn[n :i* w affect ! relation betwe5 wat] supply & sewage1 ! av]age sewage fl[ exclusive ( gr\nd wat]1 %\ld be tak5 z ! av]age rate ( wat] consumption4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t wat] consumption increases aft] ! in/allation ( sew]s4 ,,table #f ,,e/imat$ ,,quantity ,,( ,,wat] ,,us$ ,,b ,,n ,,dis*>g$ ,,into ,,! ,,sew]s ,,9 ,,c9c9nati ,express$ 9 gallons p] capita p] day1 & bas$ on a total consumption ( #abe to #aej gallons p] capita p] day4 ,/eam railroads4 #f to #g ,/reet spr9kl]s4 #f to #g ,consum]s n sew]$4 #i to #aj ,manufactur+ & me*anical4 #f to #g ,lawn spr9kl]s4 #c to #c ,leakage4 #ah to #ba ,! public wat] supply is g5]ally in/all$ be=e ! sew]age sy/em4 ,by collect+ /ati/ics on ! rate ( supply ( wat] a fair pr$iction c be made ( ! quantity ( sewage :i* mu/ be c>$ =4 ,! rate ( wat] supply v>ies widely 9 diff]5t cities4 ,x is controll$ by _m factors su* z met]s1 co/ & availability ( wat]1 quality ( wat]1 climate1 population1 etc4 ,9 ,am]ican cities a r\gh av]age ( consumption is #ajj gallons p] capita p] day4 ,o!r factors be+ equal ! rate ( consumption aft] met]s h be5 in/all$ w be ab\t "o-half ! rate be=e ! met]s 7 in/all$4 ,l[ co/1 good quantity & good quality w increase ! rate ( consumption1 & ! rate w increase sl[ly ) increas+ population4 ,/ati/ics ( rates ( wat] consumption are giv5 9 ,table #g4 #bd4 ,"* ( ,di/rict4--,! v>i\s sections ( a city are classifi$ z comm]cial1 indu/rial1 or resid5tial4 ,! resid5tial di/ricts c be subdivid$ into sp>sely populat$1 mod]ately populat$1 cr[d$1 weal?y1 poor1 etc4 ,comm]cial di/ricts may be ei!r retail /ores1 (fice build+s1 or :olesale h\ses4 ,indu/rial di/ricts may be ei!r l>ge factories1 f\ndries1 etc41 or !y may be made up ( small indu/ries h\s$ 9 l(t build+s4 ,9 cities ( less ?an #cj1jjj population ! ref9em5t ( su* subdivisions is g5]ally unnecess>y 9 ! /udy ( sewage fl[1 all di/ricts be+ consid]$ ! same4 ,! data giv5 9 ,tables #h & #i indicate ! diff]5ce to be f\nd 9 diff]5t di/ricts ( l>ge cities4 ,! ,milwaukee data are pres5t$ 9 a =m available = e/imates on diff]5t bases4 ,^! data are %[n 9 ,table #aj4 ,,table #g ,,rates ,,( ,,wat] ,,consumption ,f ,j\rnals ( ,am]ican & ,new ,engl& ,wat] ,works ,associations ,city ,population ,p] ,c5t ,consumption1 9 ,met]$ ,gal4 p] ,?\s&s ,capita p] ,day ,tacoma1 ,wa%4 #ajj #aa4f #dfj ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 #dej #d4i #caj ,*ey5ne1 ,wyo4 #ac #bgj ,erie1 ,pa4 #gb #c4j #aih ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 #afaa #d4f #ahj ,/4 ,ca!r9es1 ,ont4 #ag #c4b #afj ,port ,ar?ur1 ,ont4 #ah #ad4g #ade ,ogd5sburg1 ,n4 ,y4 #ah #j4b #adj ,los ,angeles1 ,cal4 #eaf #gg4i #adj ,wilm+ton1 ,del4 #ib #dc4g #abe ,lanca/] ,pa4 #fj #cd4f #abj ,ri*mond1 ,va4 #abj #ge4b #aae ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 #gcj #f4g #aaj ,spr+field1 ,mass4 #ajj #id4d #aaj ,keokuk1 ,ia4 #ad #fd4e #aje ,jeff]son ,city1 ,mo4 #ac4e #cd4d #ajj ,muncie1 ,ind4 #cj #bc4h #ie ,burl+ton1 ,ia4 #bd #d4e #ij ,c\ncil ,bluffs1 ,ia4 #cb #ge4e #hj ,san ,diego1 ,cal4 #he #ajj #hj ,monroe1 ,wis4 #c #ajj #hj ,yazoo ,city1 ,miss4 #g #hd4a #ge ,oak ,p>k1 ,ill9ois4 #bf #ajj #gj ,portsm\?1 ,va4 #ge #h4a #fe ,new ,orleans1 ,la4 #cfj #ii4g #fj ,rock=d1 ,ill4 #ec #ic4j #ee ,=t ,dodge1 ,ia4 #bj #if4j #ej ,man*e/]1 ,vt4 #a4e #fi4j #de ,woonsocket1 ,r4 ,i4 #dg4e #ie4f #ce ,attempts h be5 made to express ! rate ( sewage fl[ 9 diff]5t units o!r ?an 9 gallons p] capita p] day4 ,a unit 9 t]ms ( gallons p] squ>e foot ( floor area tribut>y has be5 sugge/$ = comm]cial & indu/rial di/ricts4 ,x has n be5 g5]ally adopt$4 ,! rates ( fl[ 9 ,new ,york ,city z report$ 9 ?is unit by ,w4 ,s4 ,mc,grane are giv5 9 ,table #aa4 ,! mo/ successful way to pr$ict ! fl[ f comm]cial or indu/rial di/ricts is to /udy ! "* ( ! di/rict's activities & to base ! pr$iction on ! quantity ( wat] dem&$ by ! comm]ce & indu/ry ( ! di/rict affect$4 #be4 ,fluctuations 9 ,rate ( ,sewage ,fl[4--,! rate ( fl[ ( sewage f any di/rict v>ies ) ! season ( ! ye>1 ! day ( ! week1 & ! h\r ( ! day4 ,! maximum & m9imum rates ( sewage fl[ are ! controll+ factors 9 ! design ( sew]s4 ,! sew]s mu/ be ( suffici5t capacity to c>ry ! maximum load :i* may be put ^u !m1 & !y mu/ be on su* a grade t deposits w n occur dur+ p]iods ( m9imum fl[4 ,! maximum & m9imum rates ( fl[ are usually express$ z p]c5tages ( ! av]age rate ( fl[4 ,,table #h ,,sewage ,,fl[ ,,f ,,diff]5t ,,classes ,,( ,,di/ricts ,arrang$ f data by ,k5ne? ,all5 9 ,municipal ,eng9e]'s ,j\rnal1 ,feb41 #aiah4 ,di/rict ,gallons,gallons p] p] ,capita ,acre p] ,dayp] ,day ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,f ,report ( ,int]national ,jo9t ,commission on ! ,pollution ( ,b\nd>y ,wat]s3 ,indu/rial3 ,metal & automobile plants4 ,maximum4 #ac1jjj ,indu/rial3 ,meat pack+1 *emical & soap4 #af1jjj ,comm]cial3 ,hotels1 /ores & (fice build+s4 #fj1jjj ,dome/ic3 ,av]age4 #hj ,dome/ic3 ,ap>tm5t h\ses4 #adg ,dome/ic3 ,fir/-class dwell+s4 #abi ,dome/ic3 ,middle-class dwell+s4 #ha ,dome/ic3 ,l[e/-class dwell+s4 #ce4e ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio4 #aiac ,report on ,sew]age ,plan3 ,indu/rial1 9 addition to resid5tial & gr\nd wat]4 #i1jjj ,comm]cial1 9 addition to resid5tial & gr\nd wat]4 #dj1jjj ,dome/ic4 #ace ,detroit1 ,mi*43 ,dome/ic4 #bbh ,indu/rial1 9 addition to resid5tial & gr\nd wat]4 #ab1jjj ,comm]cial1 9 addition to resid5tial & gr\nd wat]4 #ej1jjj ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 #aiae ,report ( ,sew]age ,commission3 ,indu/rial1 maximum4 #ha #af1fjj ,indu/rial1 av]age4 #ca #h1cjj ,comm]cial1 maximum4 #fj1ejj ,comm]cial1 av]age4 #cg1djj ,:olesale comm]cial1 maximum4 #bj1jjj ,:olesale comm]cial1 av]age4 #i1fej ,,table #i ,,obs]v$ ,,wat] ,,consumption ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,classes ,,( ,,di/ricts ,,9 ,,new ,,york ,,city ,f data by ,k5ne? ,all5 9 ,municipal ,eng9e]s ,j\rnal1 = #aiah ,hotels ,daily ,cons4 ,t5em5ts ,daily ,cons4 ,(fice & ,daily ,cons4 ,gals4 p] ,gals4 p] ,l(t ,gals4 p] #ajjj ,sq4 ,ft4 #ajjj ,sq4 ,ft4 ,build+s #ajjj ,sq4 ,ft4 ,floor ,area ,floor ,area ,floor ,area ,build+ ,max4#ai;,avg4 ,location ,max4#ai;,avg4 ,build+ ,max4#ai;,avg4 ,hotel #gh?-#gi? ,mc,graw ,biltmore4 ,/4 & ,bldg4 #dgj #cfh ,b'way4 #bef #aib #cji #bjf ,hotel #daj ,e4 ,n4 ,y4 ,mc,alpin4 #fe? ,/4 ,telephone #gec #fid #cej #bie ,bldg4 #aid ,hotel ,plaza4 #cj? ,/4 ,met4 ,life & ,bldg4 ,madison #fcj #egh ,ave #cjf #ahh #bef ,hotel ,waldorf #bg ,lewis #db;d ,/4 ,a/oria4 #fah #dhb ,/4 #cjg #bej ,bldg #bga ,hotel ,a/or4 #beh ,municipal ,delancey ,bldg4 #gcb #dib ,/4 #bfg #bbf #aah ,hotel ,equitable ,v&]bilt4 #fjd #ede ,bldg4 #cff #bfh ,av]age #fcd #ebf ,av]age #big #bcj ,av]age #cch #bai ,,table #aj ,,sewage ,,fl[ ,,f ,,diff]5t ,,classes ,,( ,,di/ricts ,,bas$ ,,on #aiae ,,report ,,( ,,milwaukee ,,sew]age ,,commission ,ratio ( maximum to av]age rate = dep>tm5t /ore di/rict4 #a4gee ,ratio ( maximum to av]age rate = hotel di/rict4 #a4fe ,ratio ( maximum to av]age rate = (fice build+ di/rict4 #a4ea ,ratio ( maximum to av]age rate = :olesale comm]cial di/rict4 #b4a ------------------------ ,av]age & maximum gallons p] ?\s& squ>e feet ( floor area3 ,avg4 ,max4 ------------------------ ,= dep>tm5t /ore di/rict4 #bcb #djg ,= (fice build+ di/rict4 #eda #hia ,= :olesale comm]cial di/rict4 #afd #cdd ,= all di/ricts except :olesale comm]cial4 #cha #fah ,av]age & maximum gallons p] day3 ,= all di/ricts except :olesale comm]cial4 #ag1gjjbi1hjj ,= :olesale comm]cial di/rict4 #i1fejbj1jjj ,,table #aa ,,rates ,,( ,,consumption ,,pr$ict$ ,,= ,,diff]5t ,,di/ricts ,,9 ,,new ,,york ,,city ,net ,bldg4 ,obs]v$,obs]v$ ,area 9 ,sq4 ,avg4 ,cons4 9,cons4 9,pr$ict$ ,di/rict ,ft4 p] ,numb] g4p4d4 g4p4d4 ,mean ,acre = ( p] #ajjjp] #ajjj ,cons4 ,ultimate ,floors,sq4 ,ft4 ,sq4 ,ft4 ,consumption ,max4 ,avg4 ,hotel & #bd1hjj #ae #fcd #ebf #ejj midt[n4 ,midt[n & #bd1hjj #ae #cch #bai #cjj f9ancial4 ,ea/ & ,we/ ( #bd1hjj #aj #big #bcj #cjj midt[n4 ,ap>tm5t1 #ei? to #bj1djj #g #bcj #cjj #aee? ,/s4 ,manhattan nor? ( #bj1djj #e #bcj #cjj #aee? ,/4 ,pr$ict$,pr$ict$,pr$ict$,measur$,measur$ ,mean 9 ,dry ,max4 ,dry ,avg4 ,dry,max4 ,dry ,di/rict ,million ,wea!r ,wea!r ,wea!r ,wea!r ,gals4 p] ,fl[1 ,fl[1 ,fl[1 ,fl[1 ,acre p] c4f4s4 c4f4s4 c4f4s4 c4f4s4 ,day p] ,acre p] ,acre p] ,acrep] ,acre ,hotel & 4#bj 4#bi 4#cd #a4jd 4#adf midt[n4 ,midt[n & 4#ab 4#ah 4#bc 4#jgh 4#aaj f9ancial4 ,ea/ & ,we/ ( 4#jgd 4#ab 4#ae 4#jeg 4#jig midt[n4 ,ap>tm5t1 #ei? to 4#jdc 4#jf 4#ji #aee? ,/s4 ,manhattan nor? ( 4#jca 4#je 4#jh #aee? ,/4 ,midt[n di/rict consi/s ( dep>tm5t /ores1 l>ge railroad t]m9als1 indu/rial & l(t build+s1 & sky-scrap] (fice build+s4 ,x is difficult to set any def9ite figure = ! p]c5tage :i* ! maximum rate ( fl[ is ( ! av]age4 ,fluctuations above & bel[ ! av]age are great] ! small] ! tribut>y population4 ,?is relation c be express$ empirically z ,m #ejj,p1 9 :i* ,m repres5ts ! p] c5t :i* ! maximum fl[ is ( ! av]age1 & ,p repres5ts ! tribut>y population 9 ?\s&s4 ,! expression %\ld n be us$ = populations bel[ #a1jjj nor above #a1jjj1jjj4 ,hav+ det]m9$ ! expect$ av]age fl[ ( sewage by a /udy ( ! population1 wat] consumption1 etc41 ! maximum quantity ( sewage is det]m9$ by multiply+ ! av]age fl[ by ! p] c5t :i* ! maximum is ( ! av]age4 ,9 ?is connection ,w4 ,g4 ,h>mon#bj (f]s ! relation ,m #a #ad7d 7,p771 :i* 0 us$ 9 ! design ( ! ,t5 ,mile ,creek int]cept+ sew] at ,tol$o1 ,ohio4 ,= r\gh e/imates & = comp>ative purposes ! ratio ( ! av]age to ! m9imum fl[ c be tak5 ! same z ! ratio ( ! maximum to ! av]age fl[1 unless direct gaug+s or o!r in=mation %[ x to be o!rwise4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--;,daily & ,h\rly ,v>iations ( ,sewage ,fl[4 #a4 ,tol$o1 ,o42 ,manufactur+ av]age4 #b4 ,tol$o1 ,o42 ,manufactur+1 ,monday4 #c4 ,tol$o1 ,o42 ,manufactur+1 ,sunday4 #d4 ,tol$o1 ,o42 ,resid5tial1 av]age4 #e4 ,tol$o1 ,o42 ,resid5tial1 ,monday4 #f4 ,tol$o1 ,o42 ,resid5tial1 ,sunday4 #g4 ,c9c9nati1 ,o41 ,indu/rial1 av]age4 #h4 ,c9c9nati1 ,o42 ,resid5tial1 av]age4 #i4 ,c9c9nati1 ,o42 ,comm]cial1 av]age4 #aj4 ,av]age ( #g cities4 ,! fluctuations ( fl[ 9 comm]cial & indu/rial di/ricts are s diff]5t f ^? 9 resid5tial di/ricts t ! =mulas giv5 %\ld n be us$ 9 ! design ( sew]s o!r ?an ^? dra9+ resid5tial areas4 ,x is reasonable to suppose t fluctuations 9 rates ( fl[ f indu/rial di/ricts are dep5d5t ^u ! "* ( ! tribut>y indu/ries4 ,a /udy ( ^! indu/ries w give valuable light on ! maximum & m9imum rates at :i* sewage w be deliv]$ to ! sew]s4 ,h\rly1 daily1 & seasonal fluctuations 9 rates ( sewage fl[ are ( int]e/ 9 ! design ( pump+ /ations to give k ( ! rates at :i* ! pumps mu/ op]ate at v>i\s p]iods4 ,! fluctuations 9 rates ( sewage fl[ dur+ v>i\s h\rs & days 9 diff]5t cities & di/ricts are %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,fluctuations 9 rate ( fl[ ( sewage lag beh9d fluctuations 9 rate ( wat] consumption1 ! "t be+ dep5d5t on ! di/ance ?r\gh :i* ! wave ( *ange mu/ travel 9 ! sew]4 #bf4 ,effect ( ,gr\nd ,wat]4--,sew]s are seldom laid ) wat]-tight jo9ts4 ,s9ce !y usually lie bel[ ! gr\nd wat] level x is inevitable t a c]ta9 am\nt ( gr\nd wat] w ent]4 ,v>i\s units h be5 sugge/$ = ! expression ( ! infl[ ( gr\nd wat] 9 an attempt to include all ( ! _m factors4 ,"s ( ^! units are3 gallons p] acre dra9$ by ! sew] p] day1 gallons p] mile ( pipe p] day1 gallons p] in* diamet] p] mile ( pipe p] day1 etc4 ,s9ce ! gr\nd wat] ent]s pipe sew]s at ! jo9ts1 ! long] ! jo9ts ! great] ! probability ( ! entrance ( gr\nd wat]4 ,! la/ unit is !re=e ! mo/ logical b ! accuracy ( ! result is sc>cely wor?y ( su* ref9em5t & ! unit usually adopt$ is gallons p] mile ( pipe p] day4 ,no def9ite figure c be giv5 = ! am\nt ( gr\nd wat] to be expect$ 9 sew]s s9ce ! "* ( ! soil & ! gr\nd wat] pressure mu/ be consid]$4 ,relatively normal infiltration may be f\nd f #e1jjj to #hj1jjj gallons p] mile ( pipe p] day4 ,! m9imum is seldom rea*$ 9 wet gr\nd & ! maximum is frequ5tly exce$$4 ,table #ab %[s ! am\nt ( gr\nd wat] measur$ 9 v>i\s sew]s z giv5 by ,brooks4#ba #bg4 ,rsum ( ,me?od = ,det]m9ation ( ,quantity ( ,dry wea!r ,sewage4--,! /eps 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! quantity ( sewage are3 det]m9e ! p]iod 9 ! future = :i* ! sew]s are to be design$2 e/imate ! population & tribut>y area at ! end ( ?is p]iod2 e/imate ! rate ( wat] consumption & assume ! sewage fl[ to equal ! wat] consumption2 det]m9e ! maximum & m9imum rates ( sewage fl[2 & f9ally1 e/imate ! maximum rate ( gr\nd wat] seepage & add x to ! maximum rate ( sewage fl[ to give ! total quantity ( sewage to be c>ri$ by ! propos$ sew]s4 ,,table #ab ,,data ,,on ,,! ,,infiltration ,,( ,,gr\nd ,,wat] ,,into ,,sew]s ,ab/ract$ f pap] by ,j4 ,n4 ,brooks 9 ,transactions ,am4 ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,vol4 #gf1 p4 #aiji4 ,place ,diam- et] ,wet ,avg4 or ,tr5*1 ,head ,*>- ,dim5- ,p] ( act] sions ,c5t (,gr\nd ( 9 ,mate- ,total ,wat]1,sub- ,%ape,in*esrial ,l5g? ,fee grade ,gallons p] #bd ,h\rs ,p] ,in* ,diam- et] ,p] ,p] ,foot ,mile ( ( ,p] ,mile ,jo9t ,pipe ( ,pipe ,bo/on1 #h to ,mass4 ,circ4 #cf ,v4,p4 #b4f #a1hah #dj1jjj ,ea/ ,orange1 ,n4 ,j4 #aj ,q4 #bb1djj ,ea/ ,orange1 #h to ,n4 ,j4 #bd ,v4,p4 #j4h #edj #h1fej ,jo9t trunk sew]1 ,new ,g4 ,j]sey ,q4 #be1jjj ,rog]s ,p>k1 ,ill4 #f #j4c #bjg #a1bdj ,altoona1 ,pa4 #cj #e4j #b1hij #hf1eib ,concord1 ,mass4 #ah #h #dc1jjj ,mald51 ,mass4 ,circ4 ,v4,p4 #fj #ej1jjj ,we/boro1 ,mass4 #ae ,v4,p4 #ajj #hh1ajja1cbj1cjj ,fond du ,lac1 ,wis4,circ4 #bd ,v4,p4 #ajj #e ,c4 #a4e #a1jaj #bd1cgj ,ea/ ,orange1 #aj to ,n4 ,j4 ,circ4 #bd ,v4,p4 #ajj #d4g #b1edj #dc1bej ,ocean ,grove1 ,n4 #d to ,j4 ,circ4 #ab ,v4,p4 #ajj #c,s4,c4 #b4g #a1hij #ae1abf ,ocean ,grove1 ,n4 #d to ,j4 ,circ4 #ab ,v4,p4 #ajj #d,s4,c4 #g4i #e1dhj #dc1gfd ,ea/ ,orange1 #bd ,n4 ,j4 ,rect4 #cf ,brick #ajj #egj1jjj ,we/boro1 ,mass4 ,brick #dae1hej ,altoona1 #cc ,b4 ,pa4 ,rect4 #dd ,c4 #e1cij #bfd1jjj ,columbus1 #db ,con- ,ohio4 ,h4,s4 #db crete #abj #f1cdj ,bronx ,valley1 #dd to ,con- ,n4 ,y4 ,circ4 #gb crete ,g4 #abc #g1bff ,c9c9nati1 ,e/imat$ 9 design4 ,data n ,ohio4 f ,brooks #fg1ejj ,milwaukee1 ,resid5tial di/ricts1 gals4 p] acre p] #adfj to ,wis4 day4 ,n tak5 f ,brooks #bbjj ,abbreviations3 ,h4,s4 horse%oe %ap$2 ,b4 ,c ,brick & concrete2 ,v4,p4 vitrifi$ pipe2 ,g4 gravel2 ,q4 quicks&2 ,s4 ,c4 s& clay2 ,c4 clay4 ,,quantity ,,( ,,/orm ,,wat] #bh4 ,! ,rational ,me?od4--,! wat] :i* falls dur+ a /orm mu/ be remov$ rapidly 9 ord] to prev5t ! flood+ ( /reets & basem5ts1 & o!r damages4 ,! quantity ( wat] to be c>$ = is dep5d5t ^u3 ! rate ( ra9fall1 ! "* & slope ( ! surface1 & ! area to be dra9$4 ,all me?ods = ! det]m9ation ( /orm-wat] run-(f1 :e!r rational or empirical1 dep5d ^u ^! factors4 ,! s-call$ ,rational ,me?od c be express$ algebraically1 z1 ,q ,,air1 9 :i* ,q rate ( run-(f 9 cubic feet p] second2 ,a area to be dra9$ express$ 9 acres2 ,i p]c5tage imp]vi\sness ( ! area2 ,r maximum av]age rate ( ra9fall ov] ! entire dra9age area1 express$ 9 in*es p] h\r1 :i* may occur dur+ ! "t ( conc5tration4 ,! area to be dra9$ is det]m9$ by a survey4 ,a discussion ( ,r & ,i foll[s 9 ! next two sections4 ,an example ( ! use ( ! ,rational ,me?od is giv5 on page #ie4 #bi4 ,rate ( ,ra9fall4--,ra9fall obs]vations h be5 made ov] a long p]iod ( "t by ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau obs]v]s & o!rs4 ,cont9u\s records are available 9 a few places 9 ?is c\ntry %[+ ra9fall obs]vations cov]+ m ?an a c5tury4 ,su* records h be5 ! bases = a numb] ( empirical =mulas = express+ ! probable maximum rate ( ra9fall 9 in*es p] h\r1 hav+ giv5 ! duration ( ! /orm4 ,table #ac is a collection ( ^! =mulas ) a /atem5t z to ! conditions "u :i* ea* =mula is applicable4 ,! =mula mo/ suitable to ! problem 9 h& %\ld be select$ = its solution4#bb ,,table #ac ,,ra9fall ,,=mulas ,"n ( ,conditions = :i* ,=mula ,orig9ator ,=mula is ,suitable ,e4 ,s4 ,dorr i #aej7t #cj7 ,a4 ,n4 ,talbot,maximum /orms 9 ,ea/]ni #cfj7t #cj7 ,unit$ ,/ates ,a4 ,n4 ,talbot,ord9>y /orms 9 i #aje7t #ae7 ,ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates ,emil ,heavy ra9fall ne> ,new i #abj7t #bj71 etc4 ,kui*l+ ,york ,city ,l4 ,j4 ,le ,= ,san ,francisco4 ,see ,t4 ,conte ,a4 ,s4 ,c4 ,e4 v4 #ed1 p4 i #gt #aih ,%]man ,maximum = ,bo/on1 ,mass4i #be4abt4#fhg ,%]man ,extraord9>y = ,bo/on1i #aht ,mass4 ,web/] ,ord9>y = i #abt#j4f ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,ord9>y /orms = ,h5drick ,baltimore4 ,eng4 i #aje7t #aj7 ,cont41 ,aug4 #i4 #aiaa ,j4 de ,ord9>y /orms = i #afc7t #bg7 ,bruyn-,kops ,savannah1 ,ga4 ,c4 ,d4 ,hill ,= ,*icago1 ,ill4 i #abj7t #ae7 ,metcalf & ,l\isville1 ,ky4 ,am4 ,sew4 i #adt ,eddy ,prac41 ,vol ,i4 ,w4 ,w4 ,horn],/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 ,eng4 ,news1i #ef7t #e74he ,sept4 #bi1 #aiaj ,r4 ,a4 ,= ,spokane1 ,wa%4 ,eng4 i #bc4ib7t #b4ae7 #j4aed ,brack5buy ,record1 ,aug4 #aj1 #aiab ,metcalf & ,new ,orleans i #ait ,eddy ,metcalf & ,= ,d5v]1 ,colo4 i #hd7t #d7 ,eddy ,c5tral ,p>k1 ,n4 ,y4 ,k5ne? #ea-,ye> ,record4 ,eng4 i #djj7bt #dj7bc ,all5 ,news-,record1 ,april #g1 #aiba1 p4 #ehh #cj4 ,"t ( ,conc5tration4--,by ! "t ( conc5tration is meant ! longe/ "t )\t unreasonable delay t w be requir$ = a drop ( wat]#bd to fl[ f ! upp] limit ( a dra9age area to ! outlet4 ,assum+ a ra9fall to />t sudd5ly & to cont9ue at a con/ant rate & to be ev5ly di/ribut$ ov] a dra9age area ( #ajj p] c5t imp]vi\sness & ev5 slope t[>ds "o po9t1 ! rate ( run-(f w\ld increase con/antly until ! drop ( wat] f ! upp] limit ( ! area rea*$ ! outlet1 aft] :i* ! rate ( run-(f w\ld rema9 con/ant4 ,9 nature ! rate ( ra9fall is n con/ant4 ,! %ort] ! duration ( a /orm ! great] ! int5sity ( ra9fall4 ,!re=e ! maximum run-(f dur+ a /orm w occur at ! mom5t :5 ! upp] limit ( ! area has comm5c$ to contribute4 ,f t "t on ! rate ( run-(f w decrease4 ,! "t ( conc5tration c be measur$ fairly well by obs]v+ ! mom5t ( ! comm5cem5t ( a ra9fall1 & ! "t ( maximum run-(f f an area on :i* ! ra9 is fall+4 ,a pr$iction ( ! "t ( conc5tration is m or less guess "w4 ,z ! result ( measurem5ts "s eng9e]s assume ! "t ( conc5tration on a city block built up ) imp]vi\s ro(s & walks1 & on a mod]ate slope1 is ab\t #e to #aj m9utes4 ,?is is us$ z a basis = ! judgm5t ( ! "t ( conc5tration on o!r areas4 ,= relatively l>ge dra9age areas su* a me?od _c be us$4 ,! proc$ure is to measure ! l5g? ( fl[ ?r\gh ! dra9age *annels ( ! area1 to assume ! velocity ( ! flood cre/ ?r\gh ^! *annels & ?us to det]m9e ! "t ( conc5tration4 ,table #ad %[s ! flood cre/ velocities 9 v>i\s /reams ( ! ,ohio ,riv] ,bas9 "u flood conditions4 ,! velocity ov] ! surface ( ! gr\nd may be approximat$ by ! use ( ! =mula#be ,v #b1jjj;,i7,s71 9 :i* ,v ! velocity ( fl[ ov] ! surface ( ! gr\nd 9 feet p] m9ute2 ,i ! p]c5tage imp]vi\sness ( ! gr\nd2 ,s ! slope ( ! gr\nd4 ,= areas up to #ajj acres :]e natural dra9age *annels are n exi/5t ?is =mula w give m satisfactory results ?an guesses bas$ on ! "t ( conc5tration ( c]ta9 kn[n areas4 ,hav+ det]m9$ ! "t ( conc5tration1 ! rate ( ra9fall ,r to be us$ 9 ! ,rational ,me?od is f\nd by sub/itution 9 "s "o ( ! ra9fall =mulas giv5 9 ,table #ac4 ,,table #ad ,,flood ,,cre/ ,,velocities ,,9 ,,ohio ,,riv] ,,bas9 ,,9 ,,m>*1 #aiac ,f ,table #ab4 ,u4 ,s4 ,g4 ,s41 ,wat] ,supply ,pap]4 ,no4 #ccd ,riv] ,/ations ,di/ance ,di/ance ( ,velocity ,velocity ,di/anceto ,m\? ,l[] ,/ation betwe5 f ,"t betwe5 ( bel[ ,/ations1,pittsburgh1betwe5 ,/ations ,riv]1 ,/>t+-po9t1,miles p] ,miles p] ,/ations 9 ,miles ,miles ,miles ,h\r ,h\r 9 ,h\rs ,ohio ,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 to ,:eel+1 ,w4 ,va4 #ij #ifg #ij #i4j #i4j #aj4j ,ohio ,:eel+1 ,w4 ,va41 to ,m>ietta1 ,ohio #hb #hgg #agb #e4i #g4b #ad ,ohio ,m>ietta1 ,ohio1 to ,p>k]sburg1 ,w4 ,va4 #ab #gie #ahd #j4i #d4h #ad ,ohio ,p>k]sburg to ,po9t ,pleasant1 ,w4 ,va4 #hj #ghc #bfd #f4g #e4c #ab ,ohio ,po9t ,pleasant to ,hunt+ton1 ,w4 ,va4 #dd #gjc #cjh #aa4j #e4g #d ,ohio ,hunt+ton to ,catlettsburg1 ,w4 ,va4 #i #fei #cag #j4h #d4a #aa ,ohio ,catlettsburg1 ,w4 ,va41 to ,portsm\?1 ,ohio #ch #fej #cee #e4j ,ohio ,portsm\? ,ohio1 to ,maysville1 ,ky4 #eb #fab #djg #e4b #e4j #aj ,ohio ,maysville1 ,ky41 to ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio #fa #efj #dfh #f4h #e4b #i ,ohio ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio1 to ,l\isville1 ,ky4 #acf #dii #fjd #aa4d #e4i #ab ,ohio ,l\isville1 ,ky41 to ,evansville1 ,ind4 #ahc #cfc #ghg #a4i #e4c #if ,ohio ,evansville1 ,ind41 to ,mt4 ,v]non ,ind4 #cf #ahj #hbc #i4j #e4c #d ,ohio ,mt4 ,v]non1 ,ind41 to ,paducah1 ,ky4 #aja #add #ibd #b4a #d4f #dh ,ohio ,paducah1 ,ky4 to ,cairo1 ,ill4 #dc #dc #ifg #b4i #d4b #ae ,monongahela,fairmont1 ,w4 ,va41 to ,lock ,no4 #b ,pa4 7,upp]7 #ajg #aai #ajg #f4g #af ,little ,cre/on1 ,w4 ,kana:a ,va41 to ,dam4 ,no4 #d ,w4 ,va4 7,upp]7 #af #dh #af #af4j #a ,new ,rad=d1 ,w4 ,va41 to ,h9ton1 ,w4 ,va4 #gh #aci #gh #c4j #bf ,kana:a ,kana:a ,falls1 ,w4 ,va4 to ,*>le/on1 ,w4 ,va4 #cg #ie #cg #b4f #ad ,scioto ,columbus1 ,ohio1 to ,*illico!1 ,ohio #eb #aaj #eb #d4g #aa ,miami ,dayton1 ,ohio1 to ,hamilton1 ,ohio #dd #gg #dd #ad4g #c ,k5tucky ,highbridge1 ,ky41 to ,frank=t1 ,ky4 #eb #aag #eb #e4b #aj ,cumb]l& ,cel9a1 ,t5n4 to ,na%ville1 ,t5n4 #aij #chc #aij #b4i #fd4e ,t5nessee ,knoxville to ,*attanooga1 ,t5n4 #ahc #fce #ahc #c4b #eg ,,note4--,! velocities %[n are ! velocities ( ! cre/ ( ! flood wave & are n ! av]age velocity ( ! fl[ ( ! riv]4 ,! velocity ( ! cre/ ( ! flood wave %\ld be us$ 9 det]m9+ ! "t ( conc5tration4 ,! flood cre/ velocity is sl[] !n t ( ! riv] because ( ! /orage 9 ! riv] bas94 #ca4 ,"* ( ,surface4--,! proportion ( total ra9fall :i* w rea* ! sew]s dep5ds on ! relative porosity1 or imp]vi\sness1 & ! slope ( ! surface4 ,absolutely imp]vi\s surfaces su* z asphalt pavem5ts or ro(s ( build+s w give ne>ly #ajj p] c5t run-(f reg>dless ( ! slope1 aft] ! surfaces h become ?or\ghly wet4 ,= unpav$ /reets1 lawns1 & g>d5s ! /eep] ! slope ! great] ! p] c5t ( run-(f4 ,:5 ! gr\nd is already wat] soak$ or is froz5 ! p] c5t ( run-(f is high1 & 9 ! ev5t ( a w>m ra9 on sn[ cov]$ or froz5 gr\nd1 ! run-(f may be great] ?an ! ra9fall4 ,! run-(f dur+ ! flood ( ,m>*1 #aiac1 at ,columbus1 ,ohio1 0 ov] #ajj p] c5t ( ! ra9fall4 ,table #aebf %[s ! relative imp]vi\sness ( v>i\s types ( surfaces :5 dry & on l[ slopes4 ,! e/imates = relative imp]vi\sness us$ 9 ! design ( ! ,c9c9nati int]cept] are giv5 9 ,table #af4 ,,table #ae ,,values ,,( ,,relative ,,imp]vi\sness ,ro( surfaces assum$ to be wat]-tight #j4gj- #j4ie ,asphalt pavem5ts 9 good ord] 4#he- 4#ij ,/one1 brick1 & wood-block pavem5ts ) tightly cem5t$ jo9ts 4#ge- 4#he ,! same ) op5 or uncem5t$ jo9ts 4#ej- 4#gj ,inf]ior block pavem5ts ) op5 jo9ts 4#dj- 4#ej ,macadamiz$ roadways 4#be- 4#fj ,gravel roadways & walks 4#ae- 4#cj ,unpav$ surfaces1 railroad y>ds1 & vacant lots 4#aj- 4#cj ,p>ks1 g>d5s1 lawns1 & mead[s1 dep5d+ on surface slope & "* ( subsoil 4#je- 4#be ,wood$ areas or =e/ l&1 dep5d+ on surface slope & "* ( subsoil 4#ja- 4#bj ,mo/ d5sely populat$ or built up portion ( a city 4#gj- 4#ij ,,table #af ,,coeffici5ts ,,( ,,imp]vi\sness ,,us$ ,,9 ,,! ,,design ,,( ,,! ,,c9c9nati ,,sew]s ,"* ( ,resid5tial1 ,improvem5t #bia4a ,a4 #bj p] ,acre1 ,middle ,class1 ,deta*$ ,dwell+s1 ,yell[ & ,comb9$ ,t5em5t ,blue ,clay & ,indu/rial4 ,ov]ly+ ,typical ,comm]cial ,area1 #cj4d #ce4f ,a41 #ee p] ,b$s ( ,a4 ,none ,undevelop$4 ,s& & ,acre4 ,clay1 ,s& ,%ale & ,gravel & ,gravel ,s&/one ,area ,equival5t ,area ,p] 9 ,p] ,imp4 ,area1 9 ,p] ,c5t #ajjj's,c5t ,i1 #ajjj's #ajjj's,c5t ,i1 ( ,i1 ,squ>e,total,e/i- ,squ>e ,squ>e,total,e/i-,total,e/i- ,feet ,area mat$ ,feet ,feet ,area mat$,area mat$ ,ro(s3 ,public & comm]cial #hha4b #ff4e #j4ij #gic4j #ff4h #d4c #j4dj #d4h #j4dj ,resid5ces #bhi4b #ah4f 4#ij #ac4a 4#ij ,b>ns & %$s #gi4b #e4a 4#ge #a4d 4#ge ,int]ior ,walks3 ,brick #g4e #j4f 4#dj #c4j #ce4f #b4c 4#dj #j4f 4#dj ,cem5t #aj4j #j4g 4#ge #g4e #bb4f #a4e 4#ge #b4f 4#ge ,/reet ,walks3 ,brick #f4a #j4e 4#dj #b4d #dh4b #c4a 4#dj #a4j 4#dj ,cem5t #aci4c #aj4e 4#ge #ajd4e #gh4a #e4j 4#ge #c4d 4#ge ,/reet ,pavem5ts3 ,asphalt1 brick1 wood block #ade4e #aa4j 4#he #abc4g #e4j 4#he ,granite block #aaa4d #h4d 4#ge #hc4f #a4j 4#ge ,macadam & cobble #bc4b #a4h 4#dj #i4c #bch4f #ae4d 4#dj #d4h 4#dj ,granite & poor macadam #j4d 4#bj ,unimprov$ y>ds & lawns3 #fib4d #dd4g 4#ae ,tribut>y to pav$ gutt]s #eg4a 4#ae ,n tribut>y to pav$ gutt]s #g4i 4#aj ,total #acbd4bajj4j #aabg4jaeej4gajj4j #ajj4j ,imp]vi\s coeffici5t = ! di/rict #he4a #dd4d #ce4i ,c4 ,e4 ,gregory#bg /ates t ,i1 9 ! expression ,q ,,air is a function ( ! "t ( conc5tration or ! duration ( ! /orm4 ,if t repres5ts ! "t ( conc5tration & ,t repres5ts ! duration ( ! /orm1 !n :5 ,t is less ?an t ,i #j4aget1 b :5 ,t is great] ?an t1 ,i #j4aget7,t#d_/c 7,t t7#d_/c74 ,gregory cond5ses ,kui*l+'s rules ) reg>d to ! p] c5t run-(f1 z foll[s3 #a4 ,! p] c5t ( ra9fall dis*>g$ f any giv5 dra9age area is ne>ly con/ant = heavy ra9s la/+ equal p]iods ( "t4 #b4 ,?is p] c5t v>ies directly ) ! area ( imp]vi\s surface4 #c4 ,?is p] c5t increases rapidly & directly or uni=mly ) ! duration ( ! maximum int5sity ( ! ra9fall until a p]iod is rea*$ :i* is equal to ! "t requir$ = ! conc5tration ( ! dra9age wat]s f ! entire area at ! po9t ( obs]vation1 b if ! ra9fall cont9ues at ! same int5sity = a long] p]iod ?is p] c5t w cont9ue to increase at a mu* small] rate4 #d4 ,?is p] c5t becomes l>g] :5 a mod]ate ra9 has imm$iately prec$$ a heavy %[] on a p>tially p]meable t]ritory4 ,gregory's =mulas h n be5 g5]ally accept$ & are n widely us$ 9 practice4 ,m>/on /at$3#bh ,all t eng9e]s are at pres5t1 w>rant$ 9 do+ is to make "s d$uction f #ajj p] c5t run-(f 444 ! d$uction 444 be+ at pres5t left to ! eng9e] 9 view ( 8 g5]al k & 8 famili>ity ) local conditions4 ,burg] /ates#bi 9 ! same connection3 ,9 its application !re w usually be z _m results 7diff]+ widely f ea* o!r7 z ! numb] ( m5 us+ x4 ,9 spite ( ^! objections ! ,rational ,me?od is 9 m favor ) eng9e]s ?an any o!r me?od4 #cb4 ,empirical ,=mulas4--,! difficulty ( det]m9+ run-(f ) accuracy has l$ to ! production by eng9e]s ( _m empirical =mulas = _! own use4 ,"s ( ^! =mulas h attract$ wide att5tion & h be5 us$ ext5sively1 9 "s cases "u conditions to :i* !y are n applicable4 ,9 g5]al ^! =mulas are expressions = ! run-(f 9 t]ms ( ! area dra9$1 ! relative imp]vi\sness1 ! slope ( ! l&1 & ! rate ( ra9fall4 ,! ,burkli-,ziegl] =mula1 devis$ by a ,swiss eng9e] = ,swiss conditions & introduc$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ,rudolph ,h]+1 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ ( ! empirical =mulas to attract att5tion 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x has be5 us$ ext5sively 9 ! =m ,q ,ci,a7,s,a71 9 :i*,q ! run-(f 9 cubic feet p] second2 i ! maximum rate ( ra9fall 9 in*es p] h\r ov] ! entire area4 ,?is is det]m9$ only by exp]i5ce 9 ! p>ticul> locality1 & is usually tak5 at f #a to #c in*es p] h\r2 ,s ! slope ( ! gr\nd surface 9 feet p] ?\s&1 ,a ! area 9 acres2 ,c an expression = ! "* ( ! gr\nd surface1 or relative imp]vi\sness4 ,9 ?is =m ( ! expression ,c is recomm5d$ z #j4g4 ,! ,mc,math =mula 0 develop$ = ,/4 ,l\is conditions & 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,vol4 #af1 #ahhg1 p4 #ahc4 ,us+ ! same notation z above1 ! =mula is1 ,q ,ci,a7,s,a71 ,mc,math recomm5d$ ! use ( ,c equal to #j4ge1 i z #b4ge in*es p] h\r1 & ,s equal to #ae4 ,! =mula has be5 ext5d$ = use ) all values ( ,c1 i1 ,s1 & ,a ord9>ily met 9 sew]age practice4 ,fig4 #aa is pres5t$ z an aid to ! rapid solution ( ! =mula4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--;,diagram = ! ,solution ( ,mc,math's ,=mula1 ,q ,aci,s,a4 ,o!r =mulas h be5 devis$ :i* are m applicable to dra9age areas ( m ?an #a1jjj acres4#cj ,su* areas are met 9 ! design ( sew]s to enclose exi/+ /ream *annels dra9+ l>ge areas4 ,kui*l+'s =mulas1 publi%$ 9 #aija 9 ! report ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,b>ge ,canal1 7 devis$ = areas great] ?an #ajj squ>e miles4 ,! foll[+ modification ( ^! =mulas = ord9>y /orms on small] areas 0 publi%$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ,am]ican ,sew]age ,practice1 ,volume ,i1 by ,metcalf & ,eddy3 ,q #be1jjj7;,a #abe7 #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--;,comp>ison ( ,empirical ,run-(f ,=mulas4 ,x is to be not$ t ! only factor tak5 into consid]ation is ! area ( ! wat]%$4 ,x is obvi\s t o!r factors su* z ! rate ( ra9fall1 slope1 imp]vi\sness1 etc41 w h a m>k$ effect on ! run-(f4 ,!re are o!r run-(f =mulas devis$ = p>ticul> conditions1 "s ( :i* are ( z g5]al applicability z ^? quot$4 ,two =mulas :i* are frequ5tly quot$ are3 ,fann+'s1 ,q #bjj,m & ,talbot's ,q #ejj,m1 9 :i* ,m is ! area ( ! wat]%$ 9 squ>e miles4 ,a compreh5sive treatm5t ( ! subject is giv5 9 ,am]ican ,sew]age ,practice1 ,vol4 ,i1 by ,metcalf & ,eddy4 ,a comp>ison ( ! results obta9$ by ! application ( a few =mulas to ! same conditions is %[n graphically 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,x is to be not$ t ! div]g5ce betwe5 ! smalle/ & l>ge/ results is ov] #ajj p] c5t4 ,z ^! =mulas are n all applicable to ! same conditions1 ! diff]5ces %[n are due p>tially to an ext5sion ( "s ( !m beyond ! limits = :i* !y 7 prep>$4 #cc4 ,ext5t & ,int5sity ( ,/orms4--,9 ! design ( /orm sew]s x is necess>y to decide h[ heavy a /orm mu/ be provid$ =4 ,! v heavie/ /orms occur infrequ5tly4 ,to build a sew] capable ( c>+ = all /orms w\ld involve a prohibitive exp5se ov] ! inve/m5t necess>y to c>e = ! ord9>y heavy /orms enc\nt]$ annually or once 9 a decade4 ,?is extra inve/m5t w\ld lie idle = a long p]iod entail+ a consid]able int]e/ *>ge = :i* no return is easily se54 ,! alt]native is to con/ruct only = su* heavy /orms z are ( ord9>y occurr5ce & to all[ ! sew]s to ov]fl[ on exceptional occasions4 ,! result w be a m frequ5t use ( ! sew]age sy/em to its capacity1 a sav+ 9 ! co/ ( ! sy/em1 & an occasional flood+ ( ! di/rict 9 excessive /orms4 ,! am\nt ( damage caus$ by inundations mu/ be balanc$ aga9/ ! extra co/ ( a sew]age sy/em to avoid ! damage4 ,a municipality :i* does n provide adequate /orm dra9age is liable1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 = damages occasion$ by ?is neglect4 ,x is n liable if no dra9age exi/s1 nor is x liable if ! /orm is ( su* unusual "* z to be class$ legally z an act ( ,god4 ,kui*l+'s /udies ( ! probabilities ( ! occurr5ce ( heavy /orms are publi%$ 9 ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,vol4 #ed1 #aije1 p4 #aib4 ,in=mation on ! ext5t ( ra9 /orms is giv5 by ,francis 9 ,vol4 #g1 #ahgh1 p4 #bbd1 ( ! same publication4 ,kui*l+ expresses ! int5sity ( /orms :i* w occur1 once 9 #aj ye>s z i #aje7t #bj71 once 9 #ae ye>s z i #abj7t #bj71 9 :i* i is ! int5sity ( ra9fall 9 in*es p] h\r & t is ! duration ( ! /orm 9 m9utes4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,hydraulics ,,( ,,sew]s #cd4 ,pr9ciples4--,! hydraulics ( sew]s deals ) ! application ( ! laws ( hydraulics to ! fl[ ( wat] ?r\gh conduits & op5 *annels4 ,9 s f> z its hydraulic prop]ties are conc]n$ ! *>act]i/ics ( sewage are s simil> to ^? ( wat] t ! same physical laws are applicable to bo?4 ,9 g5]al x is assum$ t ! en]gy lo/ due to friction betwe5 ! liquid & ! sides ( ! *annel v>ies z "s function ( ! velocity1 usually ! squ>e1 & t ! total en]gy pass+ any section ( ! /ream diff]s f ! en]gy pass+ any o!r section only by ! loss ( en]gy due to friction4 ,! g5]al expression = ! fl[ ( sewage w\ld !n be1 h 7f7,vn1 9 :i* h is ! head or en]gy lo/ betwe5 any two sections1 & ,v is ! av]age velocity ( fl[ betwe5 ^! sections4 ,x is to be not$ 9 ?is g5]al expression t ! quantity & rate ( fl[ pa/ all sections is assum$ to be con/ant4 ,?is condition is kn[n z /eady fl[4 ,problems are enc\nt]$ 9 sew]age design :i* involve conditions ( un/eady fl[1 & me?ods ( solution ( !m h be5 develop$ bas$ on modifications ( ?is g5]al expression4 ,! av]age velocity ( fl[ is comput$ by divid+ ! rate 7quantity7 ( fl[ pa/ any section by ! cross-sectional area ( ! /ream at t section4 ,?is does n repres5t ! true velocity at any p>ticul> po9t 9 ! /ream1 z ! velocity ne> ! c5t] is fa/] ?an t ne> ! sides ( ! *annel4 ,! di/ribution ( velocities 9 a clos$ circul> *annel is some:at 9 ! =m ( a p>aboloid sup]impos$ on a cyl9d]4 ,! laws ( fl[ are express$ z =mulas ! con/ants ( :i* h be5 det]m9$ by exp]im5t4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ^! con/ants dep5d on ! "* ( ! mat]ial =m+ ! *annel & ! hydraulic radius4 ,! hydraulic radius is def9$ z ! ratio ( ! cross-sectional area ( ! /ream to ! l5g? ( ! wett$ p]imet]1 or l9e ( contact betwe5 ! liquid & ! *annel1 exclusive ( ! horizontal l9e betwe5 ! air & ! liquid4 #ce4 ,=mulas4--,! loss ( head due to friction caus$ by fl[ ?r\gh circul> pipes fl[+ full z express$ by ,d>cy is1 h f7ld7 7,v#bb;g71 9 :i* h is ! head lo/ due to friction 9 ! di/ance l1 ,v is ! velocity ( fl[1 g is ! accel]ation due to gravity1 & f is a factor dep5d5t on d & ! mat]ial ( :i* ! pipe is made4 ,a =mula = f express$ by ,d>cy z ! result ( exp]im5ts on ca/-iron pipe is1 f #j4jaii #j4jjaff;d1 9 :i* d is ! diamet] 9 feet4 ,9 us+ ! =mula ) ?is factor ! units us$ mu/ be feet & seconds4 ,ano!r =m ( ! same expression is kn[n z ! ,*ezy =mula4 ,x is an algebraic trans=mation ( ! ,d>cy =mula1 b 9 ! =m %[n "h1 by ! use ( ! hydraulic radius1 x is made applicable to any %ape ( conduit ei!r full or p>tly full4 ,! ,*ezy =mula is1 ,v ,c7,,rs71 9 :i* ,r is ! hydraulic radius1 ,s ! slope ratio ( ! hydraulic gradi5t1 & ,c a factor simil> to f 9 ! ,d>cy =mula4 ,kutt]'s =mula 0 d]iv$ by ! ,swiss eng9e]s1 ,ganguillet & ,kutt]1 z ! result ( a s]ies ( exp]im5tal obs]vations4 ,x 0 introduc$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ,rudolph ,h]+ & its d]ivation is giv5 9 ,h]+ & ,trautw9e's translation ( 8,! ,fl[ ( ,wat] 9 ,op5 ,*annels by ,ganguillet & ,kutt]40 ,9 ,engli% units x is1 ,v 7#a4ha_/n #da4fg 4#jjbh_/,s7_/7#a 7n_/,r77#da4fg 74#jjbh_/,s7777,,rs71 9 :i* n is a factor express+ ! "* ( ! surface ( ! conduit & ! o!r notation is z 9 ! ,*ezy =mula4 ,v is ! velocity 9 feet p] second1 ,s is ! slope ratio1 & ,r ! hydraulic radius 9 feet4 ,! values ( n to be us$ 9 all cases are n agre$ ^u1 b 9 g5]al ! values %[n bel[ are us$ 9 practice4 ,,values ,,( n ,,9 ,,kutt]',s ,,=mula n ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,mat]ials #j4jji ,well-plan$ timb]4 #j4jaj ,neat cem5t or v smoo? pipe4 #j4jab ,unplan$ timb]4 ,be/ concrete4 ,smoo? masonry or brickwork1 or concrete sew]s "u ord9>y #j4jac conditions4 #j4jae ,vitrifi$ pipe or ord9>y brickwork4 #j4jag ,rubble masonry or r\gh brickwork4 #j4jbj ,smoo? e>?4 #j4jce #j4jcj ,r\gh *annels ov]gr[n ) grass4 #j4jej ,kutt]'s =mula is ( g5]al application to all classes ( mat]ial & to all %apes ( conduits4 ,x is ! mo/ g5]ally us$ =mula 9 sew]age design4 ,! cumb]som5ess ( ,kutt]'s =mula is caus$ some:at by ! attempt to all[ = ! effect ( ! l[ slopes ( ! ,mississippi ,riv] exp]im5ts on ! coeffici5ts4 ,! correctness ( ^! exp]im5ts has n be5 well e/abli%$ & ! slopes are s flat t ! omission ( ! t]m #j4jjbh,s w h no appreciable effect on ! value ( ,v ord9>ily us$ 9 sew] design4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! value ( ,v det]m9$ by ! omission ( ?is t]m & ! value ( ,v f\nd by includ+ x is less ?an #a p] c5t = all slopes great] ?an #a 9 #a1jjj = #h in* pipe 7,r #j4afg feet74 ,z ! diamet] ( ! pipe or ! hydraulic radius ( ! *annel increases up to a diamet] ( #ac4jb feet 7,r #c4bh feet71 ! diff]5ce becomes less & at ?is value ( ,r !re is no diff]5ce :e!r ! slope is includ$ or n4 ,= l>g] pipes ! diff]5ce increases sl[ly4 ,= a #af foot pipe 7,r #d feet7 on a slope ( #a 9 #a1jjj ! diff]5ce is less ?an #j4b p] c5t1 & on a slope ( #a 9 #aj1jjj ! diff]5ce is approximately #a p] c5t4 ,flatt] slopes ?an ^! are seldom us$ 9 sew] design1 except = v l>ge sew]s :]e c>eful det]m9ations ( ! hydraulic slope are necess>y4 ,x is !re=e safe 9 sew] design to use ,kutt]'s =mula 9 ! modifi$ =m %[n bel[ 9 :i* ! t]m 74#jjbh7,s has be5 omitt$4 ,v 7#a4ha #da4fgn7,r,s_/n7,r #da4fgn74 ,baz9's =mula is ,v 7,,rs7_/7 _/d7 9 :i* & are con/ants = diff]5t classes ( mat]ial4 ,= ca/-iron pipe is #j4jjjjggbf & is #j4jjjjjfdg4 ,?is =mula is seldom us$ 9 sew]age design4 ,expon5tial =mulas h be5 develop$ z ! result ( exp]im5ts :i* h demon/rat$ t ,v does n v>y z ! "o-half p[] ( ,r & ,s b t ! relation %\ld be express$ z1 ,v ,,crp,sq1 9 :i* p & q are con/ants & ,c is a factor dep5d5t on ! "* ( ! mat]ial4 ,! v>i\s =mulas com+ "u ?is classification h be5 giv5 ! names ( ! exp]im5t]s propos+ !m4 ,examples ( ^! =mulas are3 ,flamant's1 9 ,engli% units1 = new ca/-iron pipe1 :i* is1 ,v #bcb,r4#gae,s4#egb1 & ,lamp's = ! same mat]ial :i* is1 ,v #bjc4c,r4#fid,s4#eee4 ,^! =mulas are useful only = ! mat]ial to :i* !y apply1 b !y c be us$ = conduits ( any %ape4 ,a4 ,v4 ,saph & ,e4 ,w4 ,s*od] h %[n#ca t ! g5]al =mula = all mat]ials lies betwe5 ! limits1 ,v 7#ic to #adb7,s4#ej to 4#ee,r4#fc to 4#fi4 ,haz5 & ,williams' =mula is 9 ! =m1 ,v #a4ca;,,cr4#fc,s4#ed1 9 :i* ,c is a factor dep5d5t on ! "* ( ! mat]ial ( ! conduit4 ,! values ( ,c z giv5 by ,haz5 & ,williams are1 ,c ,,"* ,,( ,,mat]ial #ie ,/eel pipe "u future conditions4 7,rivet$ /eel47 ,ca/ iron "u ord9>y future conditions & brick #ajj sew]s 9 good condition4 #aaj ,new rivet$ /eel1 & cem5t pipe4 #abj ,smoo? wood or masonry conduits "u ord9>y conditions4 ,masonry conduits aft] "s "t & = v smoo? pipes su* z glass1 brass1 lead1 etc41 :5 old1 & = new #acj ca/-iron pipe "u ord9>y conditions4 ,?is =mula is ( z g5]al application z ,kutt]'s =mula & is easi] ( solution1 b be+ m rec5tly 9 ! field & because ( ! ease ( ! solution ( ,kutt]'s =mula by diagrams x is n 9 su* g5]al use4 ,expon5tial =mulas are us$ m 9 wat]works ?an 9 sew]age practice4 ,mann+'s =mula is 9 ! =m1 ,v #a4dhfn,r,s 9 :i* n is ! same z = ,kutt]'s =mula4 ,*>ts = ! solution ( ,mann+'s =mula are giv5 9 ,eng4 ,news-,record1 ,vol4 #he1 #aibj1 p4 #hcg4 #cf4 ,solution ( ,=mulas4--,! solution ( ev5 ! simple/ ( ^! =mulas1 su* z ,flamant's1 is labori\s because ( ! expon5ts involv$4 ,d>cy's & ,kutt]'s =mulas are ev5 m cumb]some because ( ! "* ( ! coeffici5t4 ,! labor involv$ 9 ! solution ( ^! =mulas has result$ 9 ! developm5t ( a numb] ( diagrams & o!r %ort cuts4 ,s9ce ea* =mula involves ?ree or m v>iables x _c be repres5t$ by a s+le /raight l9e on rectangul> coord9ate pap]4 ,! simple/ =m ( diagram = ! solution ( ?ree or m v>iables is ! nomograph1 an example ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac = ! solution ( ,flamant's =mula4 ,a /raight-edge plac$ on any two po9ts ( ! scales ( two diff]5t v]tical l9es w cross ! o!r l9e at a po9t on ! scale correspond+ to its correct value 9 ! =mula4 ,su* a diagram is 9 common use = ! solution ( problems = ! fl[ ( wat] 9 ca/-iron pipe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,diagram = ! ,solution ( ,flamant's ,=mula = ! ,fl[ ( ,wat] 9 ,ca/-iron ,pipe4 ,fig4 #ad has be5 prep>$ to simplify ! solution ( ,haz5 & ,williams' =mula4 ,! scales ( slope = diff]5t classes ( mat]ial are %[n on v]tical l9es to ! left ( ! slope l9e4 ,= use ^! scales mu/ be project$ horizontally on ! slope l9e4 ,! scales = o!r factors are %[n on indep5d5t ref]5ce l9es4 ,= example let x be requir$ to f9d ! loss ( head 9 a #ab in* pipe c>ry+ #a cubic foot p] second :5 ! coeffici5t ( r\ghness is #ajj4 ,a /raight-edge plac$ at #a4j cubic feet p] second on ! quantity scale1 & #ab in*es on ! diamet] scale crosses ! slope l9e at 4#jjjib opposite ! slope scale = c #ajj4 ,x crosses ! velocity l9e at #a4ca feet p] second4 ,kutt]'s =mula is ! mo/ commonly us$ = sew] design & has be5 g5]ally accept$ z a /&>d 9 spite ( its cumb]som5ess4 ,fig4 #ae is a graphical solution ( ,kutt]'s =mula = small pipes1 & ,fig4 #af = l>g] pipes4 ,! diagrams are drawn on ! nomographic pr9ciple & give solutions = a wide range ( mat]ials1 b !y are specially prep>$ = ! solution ( problems 9 :i* n 4#jae4 ,9 _! prep>ation ! effect ( ! slope on ! coeffici5t has be5 neglect$4 ,fig4 #ag is drawn on ord9>y rectangul> coord9ate pap] & c be us$ only = ! solution ( problems 9 :i* n 4#jae4 ,bo? diagrams are giv5 = practice 9 ! use ( ! diff]5t types4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,diagram = ! ,solution ( ,haz5 & ,williams' ,=mula4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--;,diagram = ! ,solution ( ,kutt]'s ,=mula4 ,= values ( n betwe5 #j4jaj & #j4jbj4 ,specially arrang$ = n #j4jae4 ,values ( ,q f #j4a to #aj second-feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,diagram = ! ,solution ( ,kutt]'s ,=mula4 ,= values ( n betwe5 #j4jaj & #j4jbj4 ,specially arrang$ = n #j4jae4 ,values ( ,q f #aj to #a1jjj second-feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--;,diagram = ! ,solution ( ,kutt]'s ,=mula4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,conv]sion ,factors = ,kutt]'s ,=mula4 ,9 ,figs4 #ae & #af ! diamet] scales are v>i$ = diff]5t values ( ! r\ghness coeffici5t n4 ,! velocity scale is %[n only = a value ( n 4#jae4 ,! velocity = o!r values ( n c be det]m9$ by ! me?od giv5 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs4 #cg4 ,use ( ,diagrams4--,!re are five factors 9 ,kutt]'s =mula3 n1 ,q1 ,v1 d 7or ,r71 & ,s4 ,if any ?ree ( ^! are giv5 ! o!r two c be det]m9$1 except :5 ! ?ree giv5 are ,q1 ,v1 & d4 ,^! ?ree are relat$ 9 ! =m ,q ,,av1 :i* is indep5d5t ( slope or ! "* ( ! mat]ial4 ,!re are only n9e diff]5t comb9ations possible ) ^! five factors1 :i* w be met 9 ! solution ( ,kutt]'s =mula4 ,! solution ( ! problems by means ( ! diagrams is simple :5 ! data giv5 include n 4#jae4 ,= o!r giv5 values ( n ! solution is m complicat$4 ,results ( ! solution ( types ( ea* ( ! n9e problems are giv5 9 ,table #ag & ! explanatory text bel[4 ,if n is giv5 & is equal to 4#jae1 ! solution is simple4 ,= example 9 ,table #ag case #a1 example #a2 to be solv$ on ,fig4 #ae4 ,place a /raight-edge at #a4j on ! ,q l9e & at #f in*es on ! diamet] l9e = n 4#jae4 ,! slope & ! velocity w be f\nd at ! int]section ( ! /raight-edge ) ^! respective scales4 ,all problems 9 :i* n is giv5 z 4#jae & ! solution = :i* falls )9 ! limits ( ,fig4 #ae or #af %\ld be solv$ by plac+ a /raight-edge on ! two kn[n scales & read+ ! two unkn[n results at ! int]section ( ! /raight-edge & ! rema9+ scales4 ,= example 9 case #a1 example #b f9d ! int]section ( ! horizontal l9e repres5t+ ,q #ajj ) ! slop+ diamet] l9e repres5t+ d #dh in*es4 ,! v]tical slope l9e pass+ ?r\gh ?is po9t repres5ts ,s 4#jjfe & ! slop+ velocity l9e pass+ ?r\gh ?is po9t repres5ts #h4e feet p] second4 ,9 g5]al problems 9 :i* n 4#jae1 c be solv$ on ,fig4 #ag by f9d+ ! int]section ( ! two l9es repres5t+ ! giv5 data1 & read+ ! values ( ! rema9+ v>iables repres5t$ by ! o!r two l9es pass+ ?r\gh ?is po9t4 ,,table #ag ,,solutions ,,( ,,problems ,,by ,,kutt]',s ,,=mula ,case ,example ,giv5 ,f\nd n ,q ,v d ,s n ,q ,v d ,s #a #a #j4jae #a4j #b4e #f #e4j #j4jege #a #b 4#jaeajj4j #h4e 4#jjfe #a #c 4#jbj #a4j #f #e4j 4#ac #a #d 4#jbjajj4j #dh #h4e 4#jabe #b #a 4#jae #e4j #j4jjjc #a4b #bh #b #b 4#jaj #e4j 4#jjjc #a4g #bc4e #c #a 4#jae #ah4jjb #d4jb4be #c #b 4#jah #ah4jjjh #b4ja4a #d #a 4#jae #b4j #b4e #ab 4#jjdge #d #b 4#jaa #b4j #b4e #ab 4#jjbb #e #a 4#jae #e4j #cf #ce4j 4#jjch #f #a 4#jah #e4j 4#jja #ahe4j #hj #g #a #c4j #ah4jjb #j4jai #a4g #g #b #ej4j #cf4jje 4#jab #g4j #h #a #f4j #b4e 4#jjc 4#jah #ba #i #a #d4b #ff4jjjei 4#jaaajj4j ,if n is giv5 & is n equal to 4#jae ! solution is n s simple4 ,9 ,fig4 #ae & #af ! diagram is s drawn t ! position ( ! diamet] scales = all values ( n is fix$ on ! v]tical 8diamet]0 l9e4 ,! scales ( diamet] *ange = ea* value ( n4 ,^! scales ( diamet] are %[n = ea* value ( n f 4#jaj to 4#jbj on v]tical l9es to ! left ( ! 8diamet]0 l9e4 ,= use1 ! prop] diamet] scale = any giv5 value ( n mu/ be project$ horizontally ^u ! v]tical 8diamet]0 l9e4 ,! velocity c be det]m9$ on ,fig4 #ae & #af1 only :5 ! diamet] has be5 det]m9$ & !n only :5 ! diamet] scale = n equal 4#jae is us$1 s9ce ! only scale %[n = velocity is = n 4#jae4 ,= example1 9 ,case #a1 ,example #c !re are giv5 n 4#jbj1 ,q1 & d4 ,f9d ! int]section ( ! v]tical l9e = n 4#jbj ) ! slop+ diamet] l9e = d #f in*es4 ,project ! int]section horizontally to ! "r to ! v]tical 8diamet]0 l9e4 ,place a /raight-edge at ?is po9t & at ,q #a4j on ! quantity scale4 ,! requir$ value ( ,s is read at ! int]section ( ! /raight-edge & ! slope scale & is equal to #j4ac4 ,! int]section ( ! /raight-edge 9 ?is position ) ! velocity scale is n ! requir$ value ( ! velocity s9ce ! velocity scale is made out = n 4#jae & n 4#jbj4 ,x is necess>y to *ange ! position ( ! /raight-edge s t x may lie on ,q equal #a4j & on d equal #f in*es = n equal 4#jae4 ,! value ( ,v is %[n 9 ?is position z #e feet p] second4 ,! rev]se process = ,fig4 #ae & #af is illu/rat$ by ,case #d1 ,example #b 9 :i* n 4#jaa & ,q & ,v are also giv54 ,:5 ,q & ,v are giv5 ! value ( d is fix$ indep5d5t ( all o!r factors4 ,!re=e ! value ( d c be read f ! scale ) n 4#jae & is f\nd to be #ab in*es4 ,n[ f9d ! value ( d #ab in*es on ! scale = n 4#jaa & project on to ! 8diamet]0 l9e4 ,place ! /raight-edge at ?is po9t & at ,q #b4 ,! requir$ slope is read z 4#jjbb4 ,fig4 #ag is prep>$ = ! solution ( problems 9 :i* n 4#jae only4 ,= problems 9 :i* n has "s o!r value x is necess>y to trans=m ! data to equival5t conditions 9 :i* n 4#jae4 ,?is is done by means ( ! conv]sion factors %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,! giv5 slope or velocity is multipli$ by ! prop] factor to conv]t f or to ! value ( n 4#jae4 ,= example 9 ,case #a1 ,example #d !re are giv5 n 4#jbj1 ,q1 & d4 ,) ,q & d giv5 ! value ( ,v c be read f ,fig4 #ag )\t conv]sion4 ,! correspond+ value ( ,s = n 4#jae is 4#jjfe4 ,x is n[ necess>y to use ! trans=mation diagram ,fig4 #ah4 ,! hydraulic radius ( ! giv5 pipe is "o foot4 ,on ,fig4 #ah at ! int]section ( ! slope l9e = ,r #a4j foot & n 4#jbj ! value ( ! factor is read z #a4ib4 ,s9ce ! giv5 n is = r\gh] mat]ial ?an t repres5t$ by n 4#jae ! requir$ slope mu/ be great] ?an = n 4#jae to give ! same velocity4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to multiply 4#jjfe #a4ib & ! requir$ slope is 4#jabe4 ,9 ,case #f1 ,example #a !re are giv5 n 4#jah1 d1 & ,s4 ,! rema9+ factors are to be solv$ by ,fig4 #ag4 ,solve fir/ z ?\gh n 4#jae 9 ord] to f9d an approximate value ( d or ,r4 ,9 ?is case x is evid5t t d is great] ?an #eg in*es4 ,! value ( ,r is !re=e ab\t #a4be4 ,ref]r+ to ,fig4 #ah ! conv]sion factor = ! slope = n 4#jah is ab\t #a4eb4 ,s9ce ! giv5 slope = n 4#jah is 4#jja1 = an equal velocity & = n 4#jae ! slope %\ld be less4 ,!re=e 9 read+ ,fig4 #ag x is necess>y to use a slope ( 4#jjaa4eb 4#jjjff4 ,! diamet] is f\nd to be ab\t #hj in*es4 ,s9ce ?is is ne>] to ! correct diamet] ! value ( ! conv]sion factor mu/ be correct$ = ?is approximation4 ,! hydraulic radius = an #hj in* pipe is #a4fg feet1 & ! conv]sion factor f ,fig4 #ah is ab\t #a4dh4 ,! slope = n 4#jae %\ld be !re=e 4#jjaa4dh 4#jjjfge & f ,fig4 #ag ! requir$ diamet] & quantity are read z #hj in*es & #ahe second-feet1 respectively4 ,if n is n giv5 b mu/ be solv$ =1 ! solution on ,fig4 #ae & #af is relatively simple4 ,! desir$ value ( n is read at ! int]section ( ! slop+ diamet] l9e repres5t+ ! kn[n diamet] & ! horizontal projection ( ! int]section ( ! /raight-edge ) ! v]tical 8diamet]0 l9e4 ,= example 9 ,case #g1 ,example #a !re are giv5 ,q1 d1 & ,s4 ,lay ! /raight-edge on ! giv5 values ( ,q #c & ,s 4#jjb4 ,at ! po9t :]e ! /raight-edge crosses ! v]tical 8diamet]0 l9e project a horizontal l9e to ! slop+ diamet] l9e = d #ah in*es4 ,! v]tical l9e pass+ ?r\gh ?is po9t repres5ts a value ( n 4#jai4 ,9 ord] to f9d ! value ( ,v lay ! /raight-edge on ,q #c & d #ah in*es = n 4#jae4 ,! value ( ,v is read z #a4g4 ,a slightly diff]5t condition is illu/rat$ 9 ! solution ( ,case #h1 ,example #a 9 :i* ,q1 ,v & ,s are giv54 ,det]m9e fir/ ! value ( d z ?\gh n 4#jae4 ,!n proce$ to det]m9e n z 9 ! prec$+ examples4 ,! solution = an unkn[n value ( n on ,fig4 #ag is n s simple4 ,x mu/ be det]m9$ by work+ backw>ds f ! conv]sion factor4 ,= example 9 ,case #g1 ,example #b !re are giv5 ,q1 d1 & ,s4 ,! value ( ,v is read directly z ?\gh n 4#jae z #g feet p] second4 ,! value ( ,s read = n 4#jae is 4#jjge4 ,b ! giv5 slope is 4#jje4 ,s9ce ! giv5 slope is flatt] ?an t = n 4#jae ! conv]sion factor is less ?an unity & is !re=e 4#jje4jjge #j4fg4 ,) ?is value ( ! conv]sion factor & ! value ( ,r giv5 z #j4ge ! value ( n is read f ,fig4 #ah z slightly great] ?an 4#jab4 #ch4 ,fl[ 9 ,circul> ,pipes ,p>tly ,full4--,! prec$+ examples h involv$ ! fl[ 9 circul> pipes completely fill$4 ,! same me?ods ( solution c be us$ = pipes fl[+ p>tly full except t ! hydraulic radius ( ! wett$ section is us$ in/ead ( ! diamet] ( ! pipe4 ,diagrams are us$ to save labor 9 f9d+ ! hydraulic radius & ! o!r hydraulic elem5ts ( conduits fl[+ p>tly full4 ,! hydraulic elem5ts ( a conduit = any dep? ( fl[ are3 7a7 ,! hydraulic radius1 7b7 ! area1 7c7 ! velocity ( fl[1 & 7d7 ! quantity or rate ( dis*>ge4 ,! velocity & quantity :5 p>tly full z express$ 9 t]ms ( ! velocity & quantity :5 full z calculat$ by ,kutt]'s =mula w v>y slightly ) diff]5t diamet]s1 slopes & coeffici5ts ( r\ghness4 ,! o!r elem5ts are con/ant = all conditions = ! same type ( cross-section4 ,! hydraulic elem5ts = all dep?s ( a circul> section = two diff]5t diamet]s & slopes are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! velocity & quantity "u ! diff]5t conditions are %[n to be slight1 & 9 practice all[ance is seldom made = ?is discrepancy4 ,9 ! solution ( a problem involv+ "p full fl[ 9 a circul> conduit ! me?od foll[$ is to solve ! problem z ?\gh x 7 = full fl[ conditions & !n to conv]t to p>tial fl[ conditions by means ( ,fig4 #ai1 or to conv]t f p>tial fl[ conditions to full fl[ conditions & solve z 9 ! prec$+ section4 ,= example let x be requir$ to det]m9e ! quantity ( fl[ 9 a #ab-;in* diamet] pipe ) n 4#jae :5 on a slope ( 4#jje & ! dep? ( fl[ is #c in*es4 ,fir/ f9d ! quantity = full fl[4 ,f ,fig4 #ae ?is is #b4j cubic feet p] second4 ,! dep? ( fl[ ( #c in*es is "o-f\r? or #j4be ( ! full dep? ( #ab in*es4 ,f ,fig4 #ai1 runn+ horizontally on ! #j4be dep? l9e to meet ! quantity curve1 ! proportionate quantity at ?is dep? is f\nd to be on ! #j4ac v]tical l9e1 & ! quantity ( fl[ is !re=e #b #j4ac #j4bf cubic feet p] second4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--;,hydraulic ,elem5ts ( ,circul> ,sections4 d #ab #j s 4#jjjd n 4#jae d #a #j s 4#ja n 4#jac ,ano!r problem1 involv+ ! rev]sal ( ?is process is illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ example3 ,let x be requir$ to det]m9e ! diamet] & full capacity ( a vitrifi$ pipe sew] on a grade ( #j4jjb if ! velocity ( fl[ is #c4j feet p] second :5 ! sew] is dis*>g+ at #cj p] c5t ( its full capacity1 ! dep? ( fl[ be+ #ab in*es4 ,f ,fig4 #ai ! dep? ( fl[ :5 ! sew] is c>ry+ #cj p] c5t ( its full capacity is #j4ch ( its full dep?4 ,s9ce ! p>tial dep? is #ab in*es ! full diamet] is #ab4jch #ca4f in*es4 ,! velocity ( fl[ at #ch p] c5t dep? is #hf p] c5t ( ! full velocity4 ,s9ce ! velocity giv5 is #c4j feet p] second1 ! full velocity is #c4j4hf #c4e feet p] second4 ,) a full velocity ( #c4e feet p] second & a diamet] ( #ca4f in*es f ,fig4 #af ! full capacity ( ! sew] is #ah cubic feet p] second4 #ci4 ,sections ,o!r ?an ,circul>4--,! ord9>y %ape us$ = small sew]s is circul>4 ,! difficulty ( con/ruct+ l>ge sew]s 9 a circul> %ape1 special conditions ( con/ruction su* z small head room1 s(t f\ndations1 etc41 or widely fluctuat+ conditions ( fl[ h l$ to ! developm5t ( o!r %apes4 ,= conduits fl[+ full at all times a circul> section w c>ry m wat] ) ! same loss ( head ?an any o!r section "u ! same conditions4 ,9 any section ! small] ! fl[ ! sl[] ! velocity1 an undesirable condition4 ,! ideal section = fluctuat+ fl[s w\ld be "o t w\ld give ! same velocity ( fl[ = all quantities4 ,su* a section is yet to be develop$4 ,sections h be5 develop$ t w give relatively high] velocities = small quantities ( fl[ ?an are giv5 by a circul> section4 ,! be/ kn[n ( ^! sections is ! egg %ape1 ! proportions & hydraulic elem5ts ( :i* are %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj4 ,o!r %apes t h ! same prop]ty1 b :i* 7 n develop$ = ! same purpose are ! rectangul>1 ! ,u-%ape1 & ! section ) a cunette4 ,! egg-%ap$ section has be5 m widely us$ ?an any o!r special section4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 m difficult & exp5sive to build "u c]ta9 conditions1 & has a small] capacity :5 full ?an a circul> sew] ( ! same area ( cross-section4 ,v>i\s sections are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bb & #bc4 ,! ,u-%ap$ section is suitable :]e ! cov] is small1 or close "u ob/ructions :]e a flat top is desirable & ! fluctuations ( fl[ are s great z to make advantage\s a special %ape to increase ! velocity ( l[ fl[s4 ,! proportions ( a ,u-%ap$ section are %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc 7#f74 ,o!r sections us$ = ! same purpose are ! semicircul> & special =ms ( ! rectangul> section4 ,! proportions & ! hydraulic elem5ts ( ! squ>e-%ap$ section are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba4 ,?is is useful "u l[ heads :]e a flat ro( is requir$ to c>ry heavy loads1 & ! fluctuations ( fl[ are n l>ge4 ,sections ) cunettes h n be5 /&>diz$4 ,a cunette is a small *annel 9 ! bottom ( a sew] to conc5trate ! l[ fl[s1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb 7#g74 ,a cunette c be us$ 9 any %ape ( sew]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--;,hydraulic ,elem5ts ( an ,egg-%ap$ ,section4 d #f #j s 4#jjjfe n 4#jae ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--;,hydraulic ,elem5ts ( a ,squ>e ,section4 d #aj #j s 4#jjjd n 4#jae ,sections develop$ ma9ly because ( ! great] ease ( con/ruction "u c]ta9 conditions are ! basket h&le1 ! go?ic1 ! cat5>y1 & ! horse %oe4 ,"s ( ^! %apes are %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb & #bc4 ,!y are suitable = l>ge sew]s on s(t f\ndations1 :]e x is desirable to build ! sew] 9 ?ree portions1 su* z inv]t1 side walls1 & ar*4 ,!y are also suitable = con/ruction 9 tunnels :]e ! %ape ( ! sew] con=ms to ! %ape ( ! timb]+1 or 9 op5 cut "w :]e ! %ape ( ! =ms are easi] to support4 ,problems ( fl[ 9 all sections c be solv$ by det]m9+ ! hydraulic radius involv$1 & sub/itut+ directly 9 ! desir$ =mula1 or by ! use ( "o ( ! diagrams aft] conv]t+ to ! equival5t circul> diamet]4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! hydraulic radius ( ^! special sections is labori\s1 & h5ce o!r less difficult me?ods are foll[$4 ,problems are m commonly solv$ by conv]t+ ! giv5 data into an equival5t circul> sew]1 solv+ = ! elem5ts ( ?is circul> sew] & !n reconv]t+ into ! orig9al t]ms1 or by work+ 9 ! o!r direction4 ,! hydraulic elem5ts ( v>i\s sections :5 full are giv5 9 ,table #ah4 ,,table #ah ,,hydraulic ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,sew] ,,sections4 ,,sew]s ,,fl[+ ,,full4 ,section ,area 9 ,t]ms ,hydraulic ,v]t4 ,dia4 ,s\rce ,v]tical ,radius 9 ,d 9 ,t]ms ,diamet] t]ms ( ( ,dia4 d ,squ>$ ,d#b,v]tical ,dia4( ,equival5t ,d ,circul> ,section ,circul> #j4ghed #j4bej #a4jjj ,egg #j4eaej 4#aicaa4bie ,eng4 ,record1 ,vol4 #gb3 #fjh ,ovoid #j4efej 4#bjgja4bjh ,eng4 ,record1 ,vol4 #gb3 #fjh ,semi-elliptical #j4hagf 4#bdhga4jda ,eng4 ,news1 ,vol4 #ga3 #eeb ,cat5>y #j4ffbe 4#bbcga4aage ,eng4 ,record1 ,vol4 #gb3 #fjh ,horse%oe #j4hdgb 4#becfj4ihe ,eng4 ,record1 ,vol4 #gb3 #fjh ,basket h&le #j4hcac 4#beecj4igi ,eng4 ,record1 ,vol4 #gb3 #fjh ,rectangul> #a4cabe 4#bhfej4gifh ,hydraulic ,dgms4 & ,tbls4 ,g>rett ,squ>e 7#c sides #a4jjjj 4#ccc #j4gejj ,eng4 ,record1 wet7 ,vol4 #gb3 #fjh ,squ>e 7#d sides #a4jjjj 4#bej #a4jjjj ,eng4 ,record1 wet7 ,vol4 #gb3 #fjh ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,/&>d ,egg-%ap$ ,section1 ,nor? ,%ore ,int]cept]1 ,*icago1 ,ill9ois4 ,illu/ration3 #b4 ,rectangul> ,section1 ,omaha1 ,nebraska1 ,eng4 ,contract+1 ,vol4 #df1 p4 #di4 ,illu/ration3 #c4 ,tr5* 9 firm gr\nd4 #d4 ,tr5* 9 ,rock4 ,,note4--,und]dra9s & ,w$ges to be us$ only :5 ,ord]$ by ! ,eng9e]4 ,illu/ration3 #g4 ,brick & ,concrete ,sew] %[+ cunette4 ,illu/ration3 #e4 ,s(t ,f\ndation4 #f4 ,wet gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 #h4 ,brick & ,concrete ,sew]1 ,evan/on1 ,ill41 ,eng4 ,contract+1 ,vol4 #df1 p4 #bbg4 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,illu/ration #a4 ,tunnel ,sections4 #b4 ,op5 ,cut ,sections4 ,type ,a4 ,type ,b4 ,type ,c4 ,type ,d4 ,:]e ,rock ,:]e ,rock ,:]e ,rock ,:]e ,rock #af #f ,:]e ,rock is m is m is betwe5 drops bel[ ,sew]4 #be is above ?an #af ?an #g ,spr++ ,spr++ ,fill ,spr++ above & less ,l9e & #g ,l9e on ,l9e ,spr++ ?an #af above ei!r ,l9e4 above ,spr++ ,side4 ,spr++ ,l9e on ,l9e on bo? ,sides4 bo? ,sides4 ,mill ,creek ,sew]1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,eng4 ,record1 ,vol4 #gj1 pp4 #dcd1 #dce4 ,illu/ration3 #c4 ,circul> ,concrete ,section 9 ,s(t & ,h>d ,gr\nd1 ,eng4 ,record1 ,vol4 #ei1 p4 #egj4 ,illu/ration3 #d4 ,semi-,elliptical ,section1 ,l\isville1 ,ky41 ,eng4 ,news1 ,vol4 #fb1 p4 #daf4 ,illu/ration3 #e4 ,re9=c$ ,concrete ,sew]1 ,h>lem ,creek1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,eng4 ,news1 ,vol4 #fj1 p4 #aca4 ,illu/ration3 #f4 ,u-,%ap$ ,section1 ,san ,francisco1 ,eng4 ,news1 ,vol4 #gc1 p4 #caj4 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,equival5t sections are sections ( ! same capacity = ! same slope & coeffici5t ( r\ghness4 ,!y h n necess>ily ! same dim5sions1 %ape1 nor area4 ,! diamet] ( ! equival5t circul> section 9 t]ms ( ! diamet] ( ea* special section %[n is giv5 9 ,table #ah4 ,! inside height ( a sew] is spok5 ( z its diamet]4 ,= example let x be requir$ to det]m9e ! rate ( fl[ 9 a #ed-;in* egg-%ap$ sew] on a slope ( #j4jja :5 n 4#jae4 ,fir/ conv]t to ! equival5t circle4 ,f ,table #ah ! diamet] ( ! equival5t circle is #aa4bie times ! diamet] ( ! egg-%ap$ sew]1 :i* becomes 9 ?is case #dc in*es4 ,f ,fig4 #af ! capacity ( a circul> sew] ( ?is diamet] ) ,s #j4jja & n 4#jae is #bh cubic feet p] second1 :i* by def9ition is ! fl[ 9 ! egg-%ap$ sew]4 ,z an example ( ! rev]se process let x be requir$ to f9d ! velocity ( fl[ 9 an egg-%ap$ sew] fl[+ full & equival5t to a #dh-;in* circul> sew]4 ,bo? sew]s are on a slope ( #j4jje & h a r\ghness coeffici5t ( n 4#jae4 ,x is fir/ necess>y to f9d ! quantity ( fl[ 9 ! circul> sew]1 :i* by def9ition is ! quantity ( fl[ 9 ! equival5t egg-%ap$ sew]4 ,! velocity ( fl[ 9 ! egg-%ap$ sew] is f\nd by divid+ ?is quantity by ! area ( ! egg-%ap$ section4 ,z read f ! diagram ! quantity ( fl[ is #ij cubic feet p] second4 ,f ,table #ah ! area ( ! egg-%ap$ sew] is #j4ea;,d#b :]e ,d is ! diamet] ( ! egg-%ap$ sew]1 & ,d #a4bie;d :]e d is ! diamet] ( ! equival5t circul> sew]4 ,!re=e ! area equals 7#j4ea7 7#a4bie #d7b #ac4e squ>e feet & ! velocity ( fl[ is #ijac4e #f4g feet p] second4 ,?is is slightly less ?an ! velocity 9 ! circul> section4 ,"s l9es = egg-%ap$ sew]s h be5 %[n on ,fig4 #ag by :i* solutions c be made directly4 ,= o!r %apes1 & = sizes ( egg-%ap$ sew]s n f\nd on ,fig4 #ag ! prec$+ me?od or ! orig9al =mula mu/ be us$ = solution4 ,problems 9 p>tial fl[ 9 special sections are solv$ simil>ly to p>tial fl[ 9 circul> sections1 by conv]t+ fir/ to ! conditions ( full fl[ or by work+ 9 ! opposite direction4 #dj4 ,non-uni=m ,fl[4--,9 ! prec$+ articles x is assum$ t ! mean velocity & ! rate ( fl[ pa/ all sections are con/ant4 ,?is condition is kn[n z /eady1 uni=m fl[4 ,9 ?is article x w be assum$ t conditions ( /eady non-uni=m fl[ exi/1 t is1 ! rate ( fl[ pa/ all sections is con/ant1 b ! velocity ( fl[ pa/ ^! sections is diff]5t = diff]5t sections4 ,"u su* conditions ! surface ( ! /ream is n p>allel to ! inv]t ( ! *annel4 ,if ! velocity ( fl[ is increas+ d[n /ream ! surface curve is kn[n z ! drop-d[n curve4 ,if ! velocity ( fl[ is decreas+ d[n /ream ! surface curve is kn[n z ! backwat] curve4 ,! hydraulic jump repres5ts a condition ( non-uni=m fl[ 9 :i* ! velocity ( fl[ decreases d[n /ream 9 su* a mann] t ! surface ( ! /ream /&s normal to ! inv]t ( ! *annel at ! po9t :]e ! *ange 9 velocity occurs4 ,above & bel[ ?is po9t conditions ( uni=m fl[ may exi/4 ,conditions ( non-uni=m fl[ exi/ at ! outlet ( all sew]s1 except "u ! unusual conditions :]e ! dep? ( fl[ 9 ! sew] "u conditions ( /eady1 uni=m fl[ ) ! giv5 rate ( dis*>ge w\ld raise ! surface ( wat] 9 ! sew]1 at ! po9t ( dis*>ge1 to ! same elevation z ! surface ( ! body ( wat] into :i* dis*>ge is tak+ place4 ,by an application ( ! pr9ciples ( non-uni=m fl[ to ! design ( outfall sew]s1 small] sew]s1 /eep] grades1 great] dep? ( cov]1 & o!r advantages c be obta9$4 ,! backwat] curve is caus$ by an ob/ruction 9 ! sew]1 by a flatt5+ ( ! slope ( ! inv]t1 or by all[+ ! sew] to dis*>ge into a body ( wat] ^: surface elevation w\ld be above ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! sew]1 at ! po9t ( dis*>ge1 "u conditions ( /eady1 uni=m fl[ ) ! giv5 rate ( dis*>ge4 ,! drop-d[n curve is caus$ by a sudd5 /eep5+ ( ! slope ( ! inv]t2 by all[+ a free dis*>ge2 or by all[+ a dis*>ge into a body ( wat] ^: surface elevation w\ld be bel[ ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! sew]1 at ! po9t ( dis*>ge1 "u conditions ( /eady1 uni=m fl[ ) ! giv5 rate ( dis*>ge4 ,! la/ describ$ condition is common at ! outlet ( _m sew]s1 h5ce ! common occurr5ce ( ! drop-d[n curve4 ,! hydraulic jump is a ph5om5on :i* is seldom consid]$ 9 sew] design4 ,if n gu>d$ aga9/ x may cause tr\ble at ov]fl[ weirs & at o!r control devices1 9 grit *amb]s1 & at unexpect$ places4 ,! causes ( ! hydraulic jump are suffici5tly well und]/ood to p]mit designs t w avoid its occurr5ce1 b if x is all[$ to occur ! exact place ( ! occurr5ce ( ! jump & its height are difficult1 if n impossible1 to det]m9e "u ! pres5t /ate ( k conc]n+ !m4 ,! hydraulic jump w occur :5 a high velocity ( fl[ is int]rupt$ by an ob/ruction 9 ! *annel1 by a *ange 9 grade ( ! inv]t1 or ! approa* ( ! velocity to ! 8critical0 velocity4 ,! 8critical0 velocity is equal to 7gh71 :]e h is ! dep? ( fl[ & g is ! accel]ation due to gravity4 ,! velocity 9 ! *annel above ! jump mu/ be great] ?an 7gh#a71 :]e h#a is ! dep? ( fl[ 9 ! *annel above ! jump4 ,! velocity 9 ! *annel bel[ ! jump mu/ be great] ?an 7gh#b71 :]e h#b is ! dep? ( fl[ bel[ ! jump4 ,! jump w n take place unless ! slope ( ! inv]t ( ! *annel is great] ?an g,c#b1;9 :i* ,c is ! coeffici5t 9 ! ,*ezy =mula4 ,) ?is in=mation x is possible to avoid ! jump by sl[+ d[n ! velocity by ! in/allation ( drop manholes1 flight sew]s1 or by o!r exp$i5ts4 ,! %ape ( ! drop-d[n curve c be express$1 9 "s cases1 by ma!matical =mulas ( m or less simplicity1 dep5d5t on ! %ape ( ! conduit4 ,! =mula = a circul> conduit is complicat$4 ,due to ! assumptions :i* mu/ be made 9 ! d$uction ( ^! =mulas1 ! results obta9$ by _! use are ( no great] value ?an ^? obta9$ by approximate me?ods4 ,a me?od = ! det]m9ation ( ! drop-d[n curve is giv5 by ,c4 ,d4 ,hill4#cb ,9 ?is me?od x is necess>y t ! rate ( fl[ pa/ all sections %all be ! same2 t ! dep? ( subm]g5ce at ! outlet %all be kn[n2 & t ! dep? ( fl[ at "s unkn[n di/ance up ! /ream %all be assum$4 ,! %ape & mat]ial ( con/ruction ( ! sew] & ! slope ( ! inv]t %\ld also be kn[n4 ,! problem is !n to det]m9e ! di/ance betwe5 cross-sections1 "o :]e ! dep? ( fl[ is kn[n1 & ! o!r :]e ! dep? ( fl[ has be5 assum$4 ,?is di/ance c be express$ z foll[s3 ,l 77d#b d#a7 7,h#a ,h#b777,s ,s#a7 7d ,h7,s1 9 :i* ,l ! di/ance betwe5 cross-sections2 d#a ! dep? ( fl[ at ! l[] section2 d#b ! dep? ( fl[ at ! upp] section2 ,h#a ! velocity head at ! l[] section2 ,h#b ! velocity head at ! upp] section2 ,s ! hydraulic slope ( ! /ream surface2 ,s#a ! slope ( ! inv]t ( ! sew]4 ,9 ord] to solve su* problems ) a satisfactory degree ( accuracy ! diff]5ce betwe5 d#a & d#b %\ld be tak5 suffici5tly small to divide ! entire l5g? ( ! sew] to be inve/igat$ into a l>ge numb] ( sections4 ,! solution ( ! problem requires ! det]m9ation ( ! wett$ area1 ! hydraulic radius1 & o!r hydraulic elem5ts at _m sections4 ,! labor involv$ c be simplifi$ by ! use ( diagrams1 su* z ,fig4 #ai1 or by specially prep>$ diagrams su* z ^? accompany+ ! orig9al article by ,c4 ,d4 ,hill4 ,! solution ( ! problem c be simplifi$ by tabulat+ ! computations z foll[s3 ,,drop-,,d[n ,,curve ,,computation ,,%eet ,uni=m dis*>ge4 ,v>y+ dep? ,d ,q ,a ,v ,q,a ,s#a ,l 7d#a ,h#a7,s#a #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac ,dep? ,r,h,h#a;d#a,v,s,s#a,l ,elevation ,h#a ,ddd#a ,sew],w4 ,l4 ,at ! head ( ! computation %eet %\ld be record$ ! diamet] ( ! sew] 9 feet1 ! assum$ volume ( fl[1 ! area ( ! full cross-section ( ! sew]1 ! velocity ( ! assum$ volume fl[+ ?r\gh ! full bore ( ! sew]1 & ! gradi5t or slope ( ! inv]t4 ,9 ! #a/ column ent] ! assum$ dep? 9 decimal p>ts ( ! diamet] = ea* cross-section2 9 ! #bnd column ent] ! same dep? 9 feet2 9 ! #crd column ent] ! diff]5ce 9 feet betwe5 ! successive cross-sections2 9 ! #d? column ent] ! hydraulic radius correspond+ to ! dep? at ea* cross-section2 9 ! #h? column ent] ! velocity1 equal to ! volume divid$ by ! wett$ area1 = ea* cross-section2 9 ! #e? column ent] ! correspond+ velocity head2 9 ! #f? column ent] ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! velocity heads at successive cross-sections2 9 ! #g? column ent] ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! quantities 9 ! ?ird & 9 ! six? columns2 9 ! #i? column ent] ! hydraulic slope correspond+ to ! velocity & hydraulic radius ( ea* cross-section2 9 ! #aj? column ent] ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! hydraulic slope & ! slope or gradi5t ( ! sew]2 9 ! #aa? column ent] ! comput$ di/ance betwe5 successive cross-sections2 9 ! #ab? column ent] ! elevation ( ! bottom ( ! sew] at ea* cross-section2 & 9 ! #ac? column ent] ! correspond+ elevation ( ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,! table %\ld be fill$ 9 until ! di/ance to ! requir$ section is det]m9$1 or if ! di/ance is kn[n1 x %\ld be fill$ 9 until ! dep? ( fl[ ) ! assum$ rate ( dis*>ge has be5 *eck$4 ,if only ! dep? ( fl[ at "s section is kn[n & x is requir$ to "k ! maximum rate ( fl[ ) a free dis*>ge1 or a dis*>ge ) a subm]g5ce at ! outlet less ?an ! dep? ( fl[ ) ! maximum rate ( dis*>ge1 x is necess>y to make a prelim9>y e/imate ( ! maximum rate ( fl[ 9 ord] to fill 9 ! quantity ,q at ! head ( ! table4 ,! proc$ure %\ld be z foll[s3 #a/4 ,assume a dep? ( fl[ at ! outlet4 #bnd4 ,compute ! area 7,a7 & ! hydraulic radius 7,r7 at ! kn[n section & at ! outlet4 #crd4 ,det]m9e ! area & ! hydraulic radius half way betwe5 ^! two sections z ! mean ( ! areas & ! hydraulic radii ( ! two sections4 #d?4 ,det]m9e ! rate ( fl[ ?r\gh ! sew] f ! condition t ! diff]5ce 9 head at ! two sections is ! head lo/ due to friction caus$ by ! av]age velocity ( fl[ betwe5 ! sections 7equals 7l,v#b77;,c#b,r77 plus ! ga9 9 velocity head 7equals ,v#bb 7,v#ab77b;g771 :i* !n comb9$ & transpos$ result 9 ! expression3 ,q ,,aa#a;,a#b 7#b,rgh7#b;,a#ab;,a#bb;gl 7,a#a ,a#b77;,a#b;,c#b,r777 9 :i* ,q rate ( fl[2 ,a ! area det]m9$ 9 ! #crd /ep2 ,a#a ! area at ! upp] cross-section2 ,a#b ! area at ! l[] cross-section2 ,c ! coeffici5t 9 ! ,*ezy =mula2 g ! accel]ation due to gravity2 h ! diff]5ce 9 elevation ( ! surface ( ! /ream at ! two cross-sections2 l ! di/ance betwe5 ! cross-sections2 ,r ! hydraulic radius det]m9$ 9 ! ?ird /ep4 #e?4 ,cont9ue ?is process by assum+ diff]5t dep?s at ! outlet until ! maximum rate ( dis*>ge has be5 f\nd by trial4 ,) ?is rate ( dis*>ge & dep? ( fl[ at ! outlet1 ! dep? ( fl[ at ! kn[n section c be *eck$4 ,if appreciably 9 error a correction %\ld be made by ! assumption ( a diff]5t dep? ( fl[ at ! outlet4 ,! approximate "* ( ! me?od is sc>cely wor?y ( ! ref9em5t 9 ! results :i* w be obta9$ by *eck+ back = ! dep? ( fl[ at ! kn[n section4 ,x w be suffici5tly accurate to assume ! rate ( fl[ obta9$ by trial f ! prec$+ expression1 z ! maximum rate ( dis*>ge f ! sew]4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,design ,,( ,,sew]age ,,sy/ems #da4 ,! ,plan4--,good practice dem&s t a compreh5sive plan = a sew]age sy/em be provid$ = ! ne$s ( a community = ! entire ext5t ( its probable future gr[?1 & t sew]s be con/ruct$ z ne$$ 9 accordance ) ?is plan4 ,sew]age sy/ems may be laid out on any "o ( ?ree sy/ems3 sep>ate1 /orm1 or comb9$4 ,a sep>ate sy/em ( sew]s is "o 9 :i* only sanit>y sewage or indu/rial wa/es or bo? are all[$ to fl[4 ,/orm sew]s c>ry only surface dra9age1 exclusive ( sanit>y sewage4 ,comb9$ sew]s c>ry bo? sanit>y & /orm sewage4 ,! use ( a comb9$ or a sep>ate sy/em ( sew]age is a "q ( exp$i5cy4 ,portions ( ! same sy/em may be ei!r sep>ate1 comb9$1 or /orm sew]s4 ,"s conditions favorable to ! adoption ( ! sep>ate sy/em are :]e3 a4 ,! sanit>y sewage mu/ be conc5trat$ at "o outlet1 su* z at a treatm5t plant1 & o!r outlets are available = ! /orm dra9age4 b4 ,! topography is flat necessitat+ deep excavation & /eep] grades = ! l>g] comb9$ sew]s4 c4 ,! sanit>y sew]s mu/ be plac$ mat]ially deep] ?an ! necess>y dep? = ! /orm-wat] dra9s4 d4 ,! sew]s are to be laid 9 rock1 necessitat+ m difficult excavation = ! l>g] comb9$ sew]s4 e4 ,an exi/+ sew]age sy/em c be us$ to convey ! dry wea!r fl[1 b is n l>ge en\gh = ! /orm sewage4 f4 ,! city f9ances are su* t ! great] co/ ( ! comb9$ sy/em _c be met & sanit>y dra9age is imp]ative4 g4 ,! di/rict to be sew]$ is an old resid5tial section :]e prop]ty values are n increas+ & ! assessm5t mu/ be kept d[n4 ,"s additional po9ts giv5 9 a report by ,alvord & ,burdick to ! city ( ,bill+s1 ,montana1 are3 ,! sep>ate sy/em ( sew]age %\ld be us$1 :]e3 #a/4 ,/orm wat] does n require ext5sive und]gr\nd removal1 or :]e x c be conc5trat$ 9 a few %all[ und]gr\nd *annels4 #bnd4 ,dra9age areas are %ort & /eep facilitat+ rapid fl[ ( wat] ov] /reet surfaces to ! natural wat] c\rses4 #crd4 ,! sanit>y sewage mu/ be pump$4 #d?4 ,sew]s are be+ built 9 advance ( ! city's developm5t to enc\rage its gr[?4 #e?4 ,! exi/+ sew] is laid at grades unsuitable = sanit>y sewage1 x c be us$ z a /orm sew]4 ,a comb9$ sy/em mu/ be relatively l>g] ?an a sep>ate /orm sew] z ! latt] may ov]fl[ on exceptional occasions1 b ! =m] nev]4 ,a comb9$ sy/em ( sew]age %\ld be us$ :]e3 #a/4 ,x is evid5t t /orm & sanit>y sew]age mu/ be provid$ soon4 #bnd4 ,bo? sanit>y & /orm sewage mu/ be pump$4 #crd4 ,! di/rict is d5sely built up4 #db4 ,prelim9>y ,map4--,! fir/ /ep 9 ! design ( a sew]age sy/em is ! prep>ation ( a map ( ! di/rict to be s]v$ )9 ! limits ( its probable gr[?4 ,! map %\ld be on a scale ( at lea/ #bjj feet to ! in* 9 ! built up sections or o!r areas :]e x is anticipat$ t sew]s may be built1 & :]e mu* detail is to be %[n a scale z l>ge z #dj feet to ! in* may h to be us$4 ,! adoption ( s l>ge a scale w usually necessitate ! division ( ! city or sew] di/rict into sections4 ,a key map %\ld be drawn to su* a scale t ! v>i\s sections repres5t$ by sep>ate draw+s c all be %[n ^u x4 ,9 prep>+ ! enl>g$ portions ( ! map x is n necess>y to include ^! portions ( ! city 9 :i* x is improbable t sew]s w be con/ruct$1 su* z p>ks & cemet]ies4 ,! cont\r int]val %\ld dep5d on ! "* ( ! di/rict & ! slope ( ! l&4 ,9 ^? sections drawn to a scale ( #bjj feet to ! in* = slopes ov] #e p] c5t1 ! cont\r int]val ne$ n be clos] ?an #aj feet4 ,= slopes betwe5 #a & #e p] c5t ! cont\r int]val %\ld be #e feet4 ,= flatt] slopes ! int]val %\ld n exce$ #b feet1 & a "o foot int]val is sometimes desirable4 ,9 g5]al ! horizontal di/ances betwe5 cont\rs %\ld n exce$ #djj feet & !y %\ld be close en\gh to %[ important features ( ! natural dra9age4 ,elevations %\ld also be giv5 at /reet int]sections1 & at abrupt *anges 9 grade4 ,= portions ( ! map on a small] scale ! cont\rs ne$ be suffici5tly close to %[ only ! dra9age l9es & ! g5]al slope ( ! l&4 ,! foll[+ may be %[n on ! prelim9>y map3 ! elevation ( lots & cell>s2 ! "* ( ! built up di/ricts1 :e!r *eap frame resid5ces1 flat-ro( build+s1 manufactur+ plants1 etc42 prop]ty l9es2 wid? ( /reets betwe5 prop]ty l9es & betwe5 curb l9es2 ! wid? & "* ( ! sidewalks & pavem5ts2 /reet c> & railroad tracks2 exi/+ und]gr\nd /ructures su* z sew]s1 wat] pipes1 telephone conduits1 etc42 ! location ( important /ructures :i* may h a be>+ on ! design ( ! sew]s su* z bridges1 railroad tunnels1 deep cuts1 culv]ts1 etc42 & ! location ( possible sew] outlets & ! sites = sewage disposal plants4 ,fig4 #bd %[s a prelim9>y map = a section ( a city1 on :i* ! necess>y in=mation has be5 ent]$4 ,! map is made f survey notes4 ,all /reets are pav$ ) brick4 ,! alleys are unpav$4 ,! entire section is built up ) high-class deta*$ resid5ces av]ag+ "o to ea* lot4 ,! lots v>y f #a to #c feet above ! elevation ( ! /reet4 #dc4 ,lay\t ( ! ,sep>ate ,sy/em4--,^u completion ( ! prelim9>y map a t5tative plan ( ! sy/em is laid out4 ,! l9es ( ! sew] pipe are drawn 9 p5cil1 usually along ! c5t] l9e ( ! /reet or alley 9 su* a mann] t a sew] w be provid$ )9 #ej feet or less ( e lot4 ,! location ( ! sew]s %\ld be su* z to give ! mo/ desirable comb9ation ( l[ co/1 %ort h\se connections1 prop] dep? = cell> dra9age1 & avoidance ( pav$ /reets4 ,"s dispute arises among eng9e]s z to ! advisability ( plac+ pipes 9 alleys1 al?\gh !re is less opposition to s plac+ sew]s ?an any o!r utility conduit4 ,! pr9cipal advantage 9 plac+ sew]s 9 alleys is to avoid di/urb+ ! pavem5t ( ! /reet1 b if bo? /reet & alley are pav$ x is usually m economical to place ! sew] 9 ! /reet z ! h\se connections w be %ort]4 ,on b\lev>ds & o!r wide /reets su* z ,m]idian ,av5ue 9 ,fig4 #bd1 ! sew]s are plac$ 9 ! p>k+ on ea* side ( ! /reet1 r ?an to di/urb ! pavem5t & lay long h\se connections to ! c5t] ( ! /reet4 ,all pipes %\ld be made to slope1 :]e possible1 9 ! direction ( ! natural slope ( ! gr\nd4 ,! prelim9>y lay\t ( ! sy/em is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bd4 ,! l[e/ po9t 9 ! portion ( ! sy/em %[n is 9 ! alley betwe5 ,alabama & ,t5nessee ,/reets4 ,! fl[ 9 all pipes is t[>ds ?is po9t1 & only "o pipe dra9s away f any junction1 except t m ?an "o pipe may dra9 f a t]m9al manhole on a summit4 #dd4 ,location & ,numb]+ ( ,manholes4--,manholes are next locat$ on ! pipes ( ?is t5tative lay\t4 ,good practice calls = ! location ( a manhole at e *ange 9 direction1 grade1 elevation1 or size ( pipe1 except 9 sew]s #fj in*es 9 diamet] or l>g]4 ,! manholes %\ld n be m ?an #cjj to #ejj feet ap>t1 & pref]ably z close z #bjj to #cjj feet4 ,9 sew]s too small = a man to ent] ! di/ance is fix$ by ! l5g? ( sew] rods :i* c be work$ successfully4 ,9 ! l>g] sew]s ! di/ances are sometimes made great] b inadvis$ly s1 s9ce quick means ( escape %\ld be provid$ = workm5 f a sudd5 rise ( wat] 9 ! sew]1 or ! effect ( an asphyxiat+ gas4 ,9 ! prelim9>y lay\t ! manholes are locat$ at pipe int]sections1 *anges 9 direction1 & n ov] #cjj to #ejj feet ap>t on long /raight runs at conv5i5t po9ts su* z opposite /reet int]sections :]e o!r sew]s may ent]4 ,no /&>d sy/em ( manhole numb]+ has be5 adopt$4 ,a sy/em :i* avoids confusion & is subject to unlimit$ ext5sion is to numb] ! manholes consecutively upw>ds f ! outlet1 beg9n+ a new s]ies ( numb]s prefix$ by "s index numb] or lett] = ea* bran* or lat]al4 ,?is sy/em has be5 foll[$ ) ! manholes on ,fig4 #bd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,typical ,map ,us$ 9 ! ,design ( a ,sep>ate ,sew] ,sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--,typical ,map ,us$ 9 ! ,design ( a ,/orm ,sew] ,sy/em4 #de4 ,dra9age ,areas4--,! quantity ( dry wea!r sewage is det]m9$ by ! population r ?an ! topography4 ,lot l9es & /reet int]sections or o!r artificial l9es m>k+ ! b\nd>ies betwe5 di/ricts are !re=e tak5 z wat]%$ l9es = sanit>y sew]s4 ,! quantity ( sewage to be c>ri$ & ! available slope are ! det]m9+ factors 9 fix+ ! diamet] ( ! sew]4 ,s9ce !re may be no *ange 9 diamet] or slope betwe5 manholes ! quantity ( sewage deliv]$ by a sew] into any manhole w det]m9e ! diamet] ( ! sew] betwe5 x & ! next manhole above4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ! additional am\nt contribut$ betwe5 manholes a l9e is drawn ar\nd ! dra9age area tribut>y to ea* manhole4 ,?is l9e g5]ally foll[s prop]ty l9es & ! c5t] l9es ( /reets or alleys1 its position be+ su* t x includes all ! area dra9+ into "o manhole1 & excludes all areas dra9+ else:]e4 ,an entire lot is usually assum$ to lie )9 ! dra9age area into :i* ! build+ on ! lot dra9s4 ,9 lay+ out ^! areas x is be/ to comm5ce at ! upp] end ( a lat]al & "w d[n to a junction4 ,!n />t aga9 at ! upp] end ( ano!r lat]al ent]+ ?is junction1 & cont9ue ?us until ! map has be5 cov]$4 ,! areas are giv5 ! same numb]s z ! manholes into :i* !y dra94 ,! divid+ l9es = ! dra9age areas on ,fig4 #bd are %[n z dot & da% l9es1 & ! areas enclos$ are appropriately numb]$4 ,if m ?an "o sew] dra9s into ! same manhole ! area %\ld be subdivid$ s t ea* subdivision encloses only ! area contribut+ ?r\gh "o sew]4 ,su* a condition is %[n at manhole ,c#b4 ,! areas are designat$ by sublett]s or symbols correspond+ to ! symbol us$ = ! sew] into :i* !y dra94 ,= example1 ! two areas contribut+ to manhole ,c#b are lett]$ ,c#b,k & ,c#b;,d4 ,! sew] f manhole ,c#c to ,c#b receives no addition1 x be+ assum$ t all ! lots adjac5t to x dra9 into ! sew] on ! alley4 ,!re is !re=e no area ,c#b4 ,likewise !re is no area ,a#a;,c4 #df4 ,quantity ( ,sewage4--,! rema9+ "w 9 ! computation ( ! quantity ( sewage is be/ kept 9 ord] by a tabulation4 ,table #ai %[s ! computations = ! sew]s dis*>g+ f ! ea/ into manhole ,no4 #adb4 ,! computation %\ld beg9 at ! upp] end ( a lat]al1 cont9ue to a junction1 & !n />t aga9 at ! upp] end ( ano!r lat]al ent]+ ?is junction4 ,ea* l9e 9 ! table %\ld be fill$ 9 completely f left to "r be=e proce$+ ) ! computations on ! next l9e4 ,9 ! illu/rative solution 9 ,table #ai1 computations = quantity h n be5 made betwe5 manholes :]e x 0 app>5t t !re w\ld be an insuffici5t additional quantity to necessitate a *ange 9 ! size ( ! pipe4 ,9 mak+ ^! computations ! assumptions ( quantity & o!r factors giv5 bel[ indicate ! sort ( assumptions :i* mu/ be made1 bas$ on su* /udies z are giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! d5sity ( population 0 tak5 z #bj p]sons p] acre1 ! assumption be+ bas$ on ! c5sus & ! "* ( ! di/rict4 ,! av]age sanit>y sewage fl[ 0 tak5 z #ajj gallons p] capita p] day4 ,! p] c5t :i* ! maximum dry wea!r fl[ is ( ! av]age 0 tak5 z ,m #ejj,p1 9 :i* ,p is ! population 9 ?\s&s4 ,! p] c5t is n to exce$ #ejj nor to be less ?an #aej4 ,! rate ( infiltration ( gr\nd wat] 0 assum$ z #ej1jjj gallons p] mile ( pipe p] day4 ,9 ! fir/ l9e ( ,table #ai1 ! entries 9 columns 7#a7 to 7#f7 are self-explanatory4 ,!re are no entries 9 columns 7#g7 to 7#aj71 z no additional sewage is contribut$ betwe5 manholes #c4e & #c4d4 ,9 column 7#aa71 #bbej p]sons are record$ z ! numb] tribut>y to manhole ,no4 #c4e 9 ! di/rict to ! nor? & we/4 ,^! p contribute an av]age ( #ajj gallons p] p]son p] day1 or a total ( #j4cdf second foot4 ,?is quantity is ent]$ 9 column 7#ac74 ,! figure 9 column 7#ad7 is obta9$ f ! expression ,m 7#ejj7,p4 ,column 7#ae7 is 4#ja ( ! product ( columns 7#ac7 & 7#ad74 ,column 7#af7 is ! product ( ! l5g? ( pipe betwe5 manholes #c4e & #c4d1 & ! gr\nd wat] unit r$uc$ to cubic feet p] second4 ,column 7#ag7 is ! sum ( column 7#af71 & all ( ! gr\nd wat] tribut>y to manhole #c4e1 :i* is n record$ 9 ! table4 ,column 7#ah7 is ! sum ( columns 7#ae7 & 7#ag74 ,no new pr9ciple is repres5t$ 9 ! second & ?ird l9es4 ,9 ! f\r? l9e ! fir/ #aj columns ne$ no fur!r explanation4 ,! 7#aa?7 column is ! sum ( ! 7#aj?7 column1 & ! 7#aa?7 column 9 ! ?ird l9e4 ,x repres5ts ! total numb] ( p]sons tribut>y to manhole #c4d on lat]al ,no4 #h4 ,column 7#ac7 9 ! f\r? l9e is ! sum ( column 7#ac7 9 ! ?ird l9e & ! 7#ab?7 column 9 ! f\r? l9e1 & ! 7#ae?7 column 9 ! f\r? l9e is ! product ( ! #b prec$+ columns 9 ! f\r? l9e4 ,note t 9 no case is ! figure 9 column 7#ae7 ! sum ( any previ\s figures 9 column 7#ae74 ,) ?is introduction ! /ud5t %\ld be able to *eck ! rema9+ figures 9 ! table1 & %\ld compute ! quantity ( sewage ent]+ manhole ,no4 #adb f ! we/1 mak+ reasonable assumptions = ! tribut>y quantities f beyond ! limits ( ! map4 ,,table #ai ,,computations ,,= ,,quantity ,,( ,,sewage ,,= ,a ,,sep>ate ,,sew]age ,,sy/em ,on ,/reet ,f ,to ,/reet ,f ,to ,l5g?,m>k (,area1 ,/reet ,manhole,manhole ,feet ,add$ ,acres ,areas ,nebraska ,map m>g9,alley ,s4 #c4e #c4d #cch ,/4 ,grant ,/4 ,alley ,s4 ,railroad ,e4 ( #h4c #h4b #cbh #h4b #b4g ( ,grant ,miss\ri ,/4 ,/4 ,alley ,s4 ,e4 ( ,e4 ( #h4b #h4a #cee #h4a #c4da ( ,grant ,miss\ri ,kansas ,/4 ,/4 ,/4 ,alley ,s4 ,e4 ( ,nebraska #h4a #c4d #cdjc4dh #b4fh ( ,grant ,kansas ,/4 ,/4 ,/4 ,nebraska ,alley ,s4 ,alley ,s4 #c4d #c4c #chj ,/4 ( ,grant ( ,/4 ,m]idian #g4a ,alley ,s4 ,railroad ,nebraska #g4b #c4c #hjjc4cg #g4ad ( ,/4 ,m]idian ,nebraska ,alley ,s4 ,alley ,s4 #c4c #c4b #cjd ,/4 ( ( ,smi? ,m]idian ,av4 #f4a ,alley ,s4 ,railroad ,nebraska #f4b #c4b #fjic4bf #c4hb ( ,smi? ,/4 ,ave4 ,nebraska ,alley ,s4 ,s4 ( #c4b #c4a #cjj ,/4 ( ,smi? ,cordovez ,ave4 ,/4 ,s4 ( ,railroad ,nebraska #d4a #c4a #dajc4ad #c4aj ,cordovez ,/4 ,/4 ,s4 ( ,map m>g9,nebraska #e4a #c4a #chjc4ae #b4fi ,cordovez ,/4 ,/4 ,nebraska ,s4 ( ,long ,/4 #c4a #adh #agb ,/4 ,cordovez ,/4 ,long ,/4 ,map m>g9,nebraska #adi #adh #chj #adh #a4ec ,/4 ,long ,/4 ,nebraska ,n4 #adh #adg #dib ,/4 ,c>ol9a ,/4 ,long ,/4 ,n4 ,georgia #adg #adf #dcj ,c>ol9a ,/4 ,/4 ,long ,/4 ,georgia ,h>ris ,/4 #adf #ade #dai #adf #j4ha ,/4 #b4a ,long ,/4 ,h>ris ,/4,t5nessee #ade #adc #gbeadc-ade #f4f ,/4 ,column ,no4 7#b7 7#c7 7#d7 7#e7 7#f7 7#g7 7#h7 7#a7 ,on ,/reet ,f ,to ,/reet ,population,numb] ,total ,avg4 ,/reet p] ,acre ( ,p]sons ,sanit>y ,p]sons,tribut>y ,fl[1 ,c4,f4,s4 ,nebraska ,map m>g9,alley ,s4 #bbej #j4jjjj ,/4 ,grant ,/4 ,alley ,s4 ,railroad ,e4 ( #bj #ed #ed 4#jjhd ( ,grant ,miss\ri ,/4 ,/4 ,alley ,s4 ,e4 ( ,e4 ( #bj #fh #abb 4#jajf ( ,grant ,miss\ri ,kansas ,/4 ,/4 ,/4 ,alley ,s4 ,e4 ( ,nebraska #bj #ed #agf 4#jjhd ( ,grant ,kansas ,/4 ,/4 ,/4 ,nebraska ,alley ,s4 ,alley ,s4 #bdbh 4#jjjj ,/4 ( ,grant ( ,/4 ,m]idian ,alley ,s4 ,railroad ,nebraska #bj #adb #adb 4#jbba ( ,/4 ,m]idian ,nebraska ,alley ,s4 ,alley ,s4 #befh 4#jjjj ,/4 ( ( ,smi? ,m]idian ,av4 ,alley ,s4 ,railroad ,nebraska #bj #gf #gf 4#jaai ( ,smi? ,/4 ,ave4 ,nebraska ,alley ,s4 ,s4 ( #bfdd 4#jjjj ,/4 ( ,smi? ,cordovez ,ave4 ,/4 ,s4 ( ,railroad ,nebraska #bj #fb #fb 4#jjif ,cordovez ,/4 ,/4 ,s4 ( ,map m>g9,nebraska #bj #ed #ed 4#jjhd ,cordovez ,/4 ,/4 ,nebraska ,s4 ( ,long ,/4 #bgfj 4#jjjj ,/4 ,cordovez ,/4 ,long ,/4 ,map m>g9,nebraska #bj #ca #ca 4#jjdh ,/4 ,long ,/4 ,nebraska ,n4 #bgia 4#jjjj ,/4 ,c>ol9a ,/4 ,long ,/4 ,n4 ,georgia #bgiaa4jjjcc ,c>ol9a ,/4 ,/4 ,long ,/4 ,georgia ,h>ris ,/4 #bj #af #bhjg 4#jjbe ,/4 ,long ,/4 ,h>ris ,/4,t5nessee #bj #acb #bicf 4#jbje ,/4 ,column ,no4 7#b7 7#c7 7#i7 7#aj7 7#aa7 7#ab7 7#a7 ,on ,/reet ,f ,to ,/reet ,cumulative,p] c5t ,total ,/reet ,avg4 ,max4 ,max4 ,sanit>y ,sanit>y,sanit>y1 ,fl[1 is ( ,c4,f4,s4 ,c4,f4,s4 ,av]age ,nebraska ,map m>g9,alley ,s4 #j4cdf #dbe #a4dg ,/4 ,grant ,/4 ,alley ,s4 ,railroad ,e4 ( 4#jjhd #ejj #j4jda ( ,grant ,miss\ri ,/4 ,/4 ,alley ,s4 ,e4 ( ,e4 ( 4#jaij #ejj #j4jie ( ,grant ,miss\ri ,kansas ,/4 ,/4 ,/4 ,alley ,s4 ,e4 ( ,nebraska 4#jbgd #ejj #j4acg ( ,grant ,kansas ,/4 ,/4 ,/4 ,nebraska ,alley ,s4 ,alley ,s4 4#cgc #dbc #a4eh ,/4 ( ,grant ( ,/4 ,m]idian ,alley ,s4 ,railroad ,nebraska 4#jbba #ejj #j4aaa ( ,/4 ,m]idian ,nebraska ,alley ,s4 ,alley ,s4 4#cie #dad #a4fc ,/4 ( ( ,smi? ,m]idian ,av4 ,alley ,s4 ,railroad ,nebraska 4#jaai #ejj #j4jfj ( ,smi? ,/4 ,ave4 ,nebraska ,alley ,s4 ,s4 ( 4#djg #dad #a4fh ,/4 ( ,smi? ,cordovez ,ave4 ,/4 ,s4 ( ,railroad ,nebraska 4#jjif #ejj #j4jdh ,cordovez ,/4 ,/4 ,s4 ( ,map m>g9,nebraska 4#jjhd #ejj #j4jdb ,cordovez ,/4 ,/4 ,nebraska ,s4 ( ,long ,/4 4#dbe #dji #a4gd ,/4 ,cordovez ,/4 ,long ,/4 ,map m>g9,nebraska 4#jjdh #ejj #j4jbd ,/4 ,long ,/4 ,nebraska ,n4 4#dcj #dji #a4gf ,/4 ,c>ol9a ,/4 ,long ,/4 ,n4 ,georgia 4#dcj #dji #a4gf ,c>ol9a ,/4 ,/4 ,long ,/4 ,georgia ,h>ris ,/4 4#dcc #djg #a4gf ,/4 ,long ,/4 ,h>ris ,/4,t5nessee 4#ded #djc #a4hc ,/4 ,column ,no4 7#b7 7#c7 7#ac7 7#ad7 7#ae7 7#a7 ,on ,/reet ,f ,to ,/reet ,increm5t,cumulative,total ,l9e ,/reet ( ,gr\nd ,gr\nd ,fl[1 ,numb] ,wat]1 ,wat]1 ,c4,f4,s4 ,c4,f4,s4 ,c4,f4,s4 ,nebraska ,map m>g9,alley ,s4 #j4jje #j4jahg #a4ff #a ,/4 ,grant ,/4 ,alley ,s4 ,railroad ,e4 ( 4#jjdh 4#jjdh #j4jdf #b ( ,grant ,miss\ri ,/4 ,/4 ,alley ,s4 ,e4 ( ,e4 ( 4#jjeb 4#jaj #j4aje #c ( ,grant ,miss\ri ,kansas ,/4 ,/4 ,/4 ,alley ,s4 ,e4 ( ,nebraska 4#jjej 4#jae #j4aeb #d ( ,grant ,kansas ,/4 ,/4 ,/4 ,nebraska ,alley ,s4 ,alley ,s4 4#jjeh 4#bjh #a4gi #e ,/4 ( ,grant ( ,/4 ,m]idian ,alley ,s4 ,railroad ,nebraska 4#jaag 4#jaag #j4abc #f ( ,/4 ,m]idian ,nebraska ,alley ,s4 ,alley ,s4 4#jjde 4#bbd #a4he #g ,/4 ( ( ,smi? ,m]idian ,av4 ,alley ,s4 ,railroad ,nebraska 4#jjhi 4#jjhi #j4jfi #h ( ,smi? ,/4 ,ave4 ,nebraska ,alley ,s4 ,s4 ( 4#jjdd 4#bcg #a4ib #i ,/4 ( ,smi? ,cordovez ,ave4 ,/4 ,s4 ( ,railroad ,nebraska 4#jjf 4#jjf #j4jed #aj ,cordovez ,/4 ,/4 ,s4 ( ,map m>g9,nebraska 4#jjef 4#jjef #j4jdh #aa ,cordovez ,/4 ,/4 ,nebraska ,s4 ( ,long ,/4 4#jjbe 4#bea #a4ii #ab ,/4 ,cordovez ,/4 ,long ,/4 ,map m>g9,nebraska 4#jjef 4#jjef #j4jcj #ac ,/4 ,long ,/4 ,nebraska ,n4 4#jjgb 4#bfd #b4jb #ad ,/4 ,c>ol9a ,/4 ,long ,/4 ,n4 ,georgia 4#jjfd #a4bg #c4jc #ae ,c>ol9a ,/4 ,/4 ,long ,/4 ,georgia ,h>ris ,/4 4#jjfa #a4bh #c4jd #af ,/4 ,long ,/4 ,h>ris ,/4,t5nessee 4#jbd #a4cj #c4ac #ag ,/4 ,column ,no4 7#b7 7#c7 7#af7 7#ag7 7#ah7 7#a7 ,,table #bj ,,computations ,,= ,,slope ,,& ,,diamet] ,,( ,,pipes ,,= ,a ,,sep>ate ,,sew]age ,,sy/em ,on ,/reet ,f ,to ,/reet ,f ,to ,l5g?,el4 ( ,surface ,/reet ,manhole,manhole ,feet ,upp] ,l[] ,manhole,manhole ,nebraska ,map m>g9,alley ,s4 #c4e #c4d #cch #aje4h #ajb4d ,/4 ,grant ,/4 ,alley ,s4 ,railroad ,e4 ( #h4c #h4b #cbh #aac4e #aab4j ( ,grant ,miss\ri ,/4 ,/4 ,alley ,s4 ,e4 ( ,e4 ( #h4b #h4a #cee #aab4j #ajg4g ( ,grant ,miss\ri ,kansas ,/4 ,/4 ,/4 ,alley ,s4 ,e4 ( ,nebraska #h4a #c4d #cdj #ajg4g #ajb4d ( ,grant ,kansas ,/4 ,/4 ,/4 ,nebraska ,alley ,s4 ,alley ,s4 #c4d #c4c #chj #ajb4d #ajj4g ,/4 ( ,grant ( ,/4 ,m]idian ,alley ,s4 ,railroad ,kansas ,/4 #g4b #g4a #djj #aaa4h #ajg4j ( ,m]idian ,alley ,s4 ,kansas ,/4,nebraska #g4a #c4c #djj #ajg4j #ajj4g ( ,/4 ,m]idian ,nebraska ,alley ,s4 ,alley ,s4 #c4c #c4b #cjd #ajj4g #ii4c ,/4 ( ( ,smi? ,m]idian ,av4 ,alley ,s4 ,railroad ,ea/ ( #f4b #f4a #cje #aji4c #aje4c ( ,smi? ,kansas ,ave4 ,/4 ,alley ,s4 ,ea/ ( ,nebraska #f4a #c4b #cjd #aje4c #ii4c ( ,smi? ,kansas ,/4 ,ave4 ,/4 ,nebraska ,alley ,s4 ,s4 ( #c4b #c4a #cjj #ii4c #aja4a ,/4 ( ,smi? ,cordovez ,ave4 ,/4 ,s4 ( ,railroad ,nebraska #d4a #c4a #daj #ajj4h #aja4a ,cordovez ,/4 ,/4 ,s4 ( ,map m>g9,nebraska #e4a #c4a #chj #ajd4f #aja4a ,cordovez ,/4 ,/4 ,nebraska ,s4 ( ,long ,/4 #c4a #adh #agb #aja4a #ih4g ,/4 ,cordovez ,/4 ,long ,/4 ,map m>g9,nebraska #adi #adh #chj #ajc4h #ih4g ,/4 ,long ,/4 ,nebraska ,n4 #adh #adg #dib #ih4g #ajc4h ,/4 ,c>ol9a ,/4 ,long ,/4 ,n4 ,georgia #adg #adf #dcj #ajc4h #ii4a ,c>ol9a ,/4 ,/4 ,long ,/4 ,georgia ,h>ris ,/4 #adf #ade #dai #ii4a #if4i ,/4 ,alley ,s4 ,end ( ,h>ris ,/4 #b4b #b4a #cej #aje4b #ih4a ( ,janis ,janis ,/4 ,/4 ,h>ris ,/4,alley ,n4 ,long ,/4 #b4a #ade #ace #ih4a #if4i ( ,janis ,/4 ,long ,/4 ,h>ris ,/4,k5tucky #ade #add #beh #if4i #id4d ,/4 ,long ,/4 ,k5tucky ,t5nessee #add #adc #bhb #id4d #ic4f ,/4 ,/4 ,t>bell ,h>ris ,/4,long ,/4 #a4a #adc #dag #ih4g #ib4f ,ave4 ,long ,/4 ,t5nessee ,alley ,w4 #adc #adb #ahe #ib4f #ib4c ,/4 ( ,t5n4 ,/4 ,column ,no4 7#b7 7#c7 7#d7 7#e7 7#f7 7#g7 7#h7 7#a7 ,on ,/reet ,f ,to ,/reet ,total ,slope ,dia4 ,velocity,capacity ,/reet ,fl[1 ( :5 :5 ,c4,f4,s4 ,pipe1 ,full1 ,full1 ,in*es,ft4 p] ,second ,second ,feet ,nebraska ,map m>g9,alley ,s4 #a4ffj4jajh #aj #c4be #a4gh ,/4 ,grant ,/4 ,alley ,s4 ,railroad ,e4 ( #j4jdf4jjege #h #b4jj #j4ga ( ,grant ,miss\ri ,/4 ,/4 ,alley ,s4 ,e4 ( ,e4 ( #j4aje 4#jaaj #h #b4gh #j4ih ( ,grant ,miss\ri ,kansas ,/4 ,/4 ,/4 ,alley ,s4 ,e4 ( ,nebraska #j4aeb 4#jaef #h #c4bg #a4ah ( ,grant ,kansas ,/4 ,/4 ,/4 ,nebraska ,alley ,s4 ,alley ,s4 #a4gi4jjche #ab #b4bh #a4gi ,/4 ( ,grant ( ,/4 ,m]idian ,alley ,s4 ,railroad ,kansas ,/4 4#jabj #h #b4ij #a4jc ( ,m]idian ,alley ,s4 ,kansas ,/4,nebraska #j4abc 4#jaeg #h #c4bh #a4ah ( ,/4 ,m]idian ,nebraska ,alley ,s4 ,alley ,s4 #a4he 4#jjdb #ab #b4cf #a4he ,/4 ( ( ,smi? ,m]idian ,av4 ,alley ,s4 ,railroad ,ea/ ( 4#jaca #h #c4jj #a4jh ( ,smi? ,kansas ,ave4 ,/4 ,alley ,s4 ,ea/ ( ,nebraska #j4jfi 4#jaig #h #c4gj #a4cb ( ,smi? ,kansas ,/4 ,ave4 ,/4 ,nebraska ,alley ,s4 ,s4 ( #a4ib4jjbac #ae #b4jj #b4de ,/4 ( ,smi? ,cordovez ,ave4 ,/4 ,s4 ( ,railroad ,nebraska 4#jjegd #h #b4jj #j4ga ,cordovez ,/4 ,/4 ,s4 ( ,map m>g9,nebraska #j4jed4jjhed #h #b4df #j4hg ,cordovez ,/4 ,/4 ,nebraska ,s4 ( ,long ,/4 #a4ii4jjbac #ae #b4jj #b4de ,/4 ,cordovez ,/4 ,long ,/4 ,map m>g9,nebraska #j4jcj 4#jacd #h #c4jd #a4jh ,/4 ,long ,/4 ,nebraska ,n4 #b4jb4jjbac #ae #b4jj #b4de ,/4 ,c>ol9a ,/4 ,long ,/4 ,n4 ,georgia #c4jc 4#jjaf #ah #b4jj #c4ej ,c>ol9a ,/4 ,/4 ,long ,/4 ,georgia ,h>ris ,/4 #c4jd 4#jjaf #ah #b4jj #c4ej ,/4 ,alley ,s4 ,end ( ,h>ris ,/4 4#jbjc #h #c4gh #a4ce ( ,janis ,janis ,/4 ,/4 ,h>ris ,/4,alley ,n4 ,long ,/4 4#jjhh #h #b4ec #j4hi ( ,janis ,/4 ,long ,/4 ,h>ris ,/4,k5tucky 4#jjcec #ah #b4ih #e4bj ,/4 ,long ,/4 ,k5tucky ,t5nessee 4#jjfce #ah #d4jj #g4jj ,/4 ,/4 ,t>bell ,h>ris ,/4,long ,/4 4#jadf #h #c4ah #a4ad ,ave4 ,long ,/4 ,t5nessee ,alley ,w4 #c4ac 4#jjaf #ah #b4jj #c4ej ,/4 ( ,t5n4 ,/4 ,column ,no4 7#b7 7#c7 7#i7 7#aj7 7#aa7 7#ab7 7#ac7 7#a7 ,on ,/reet ,f ,to ,/reet ,el4 ( ,inv]t ,l9e ,/reet ,numb] ,upp] ,l[] ,manhole,manhole ,nebraska ,map m>g9,alley ,s4 #ig4hj #id4dj #a ,/4 ,grant ,/4 ,alley ,s4 ,railroad ,e4 ( #aje4ej #ajc4fb #b ( ,grant ,miss\ri ,/4 ,/4 ,alley ,s4 ,e4 ( ,e4 ( #ajc4fa #ii4gj #c ( ,grant ,miss\ri ,kansas ,/4 ,/4 ,/4 ,alley ,s4 ,e4 ( ,nebraska #ii4fi #id4dj #d ( ,grant ,kansas ,/4 ,/4 ,/4 ,nebraska ,alley ,s4 ,alley ,s4 #id4jg #ib4fa #e ,/4 ( ,grant ( ,/4 ,m]idian ,alley ,s4 ,railroad ,kansas ,/4 #ajc4hj #ii4jj #f ( ,m]idian ,alley ,s4 ,kansas ,/4,nebraska #ih4ii #ib4gj #g ( ,/4 ,m]idian ,nebraska ,alley ,s4 ,alley ,s4 #ib4cg #ia4ji #h ,/4 ( ( ,smi? ,m]idian ,av4 ,alley ,s4 ,railroad ,ea/ ( #aja4cj #ig4cj #i ( ,smi? ,kansas ,ave4 ,/4 ,alley ,s4 ,ea/ ( ,nebraska #ig4bi #ia4cj #aj ( ,smi? ,kansas ,/4 ,ave4 ,/4 ,nebraska ,alley ,s4 ,s4 ( #ij4hd #ij4bj #aa ,/4 ( ,smi? ,cordovez ,ave4 ,/4 ,s4 ( ,railroad ,nebraska #ib4hj #ij4fb #ab ,cordovez ,/4 ,/4 ,s4 ( ,map m>g9,nebraska #if4fj #ic4aj #ac ,cordovez ,/4 ,/4 ,nebraska ,s4 ( ,long ,/4 #ij4jd #hi4hg #ad ,/4 ,cordovez ,/4 ,long ,/4 ,map m>g9,nebraska #ie4hj #ij4gj #ae ,/4 ,long ,/4 ,nebraska ,n4 #hi4hf #hh4id #af ,/4 ,c>ol9a ,/4 ,long ,/4 ,n4 ,georgia #hh4fi #hh4jj #ag ,c>ol9a ,/4 ,/4 ,long ,/4 ,georgia ,h>ris ,/4 #hg4ii #hg4cb #ah ,/4 ,alley ,s4 ,end ( ,h>ris ,/4 #ig4bj #ij4aj #ai ( ,janis ,janis ,/4 ,/4 ,h>ris ,/4,alley ,n4 ,long ,/4 #ij4ji #hh4ij #bj ( ,janis ,/4 ,long ,/4 ,h>ris ,/4,k5tucky #hg4ca #hf4dj #ba ,/4 ,long ,/4 ,k5tucky ,t5nessee #hf4ci #hd4fj #bb ,/4 ,/4 ,t>bell ,h>ris ,/4,long ,/4 #ij4gj #hd4fj #bc ,ave4 ,long ,/4 ,t5nessee ,alley ,w4 #hc4gg #hc4dg #bd ,/4 ( ,t5n4 ,/4 ,column ,no4 7#b7 7#c7 7#ad7 7#ae7 7#a7 #dg4 ,surface ,pr(ile4--,a pr(ile ( ! surface ( ! gr\nd along ! propos$ l9es ( ! sew]s %\ld be drawn aft] ! completion ( ! computations = quantity4 ,an example ( a pr(ile is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf = ! l9e betwe5 manholes ,no4 #c4e & ,no4 #adg4 ,! v]tical scale %\ld be at lea/ #aj times ! horizontal4 ,a horizontal scale ( #a in* to #bjj feet c be us$ :]e n mu* detail is to be %[n1 b a scale ( "o #a to #ajj feet is m common & m satisfactory & ev5 "o in* to #aj feet has be5 us$4 ,! in=mation to be giv5 & ! me?od ( %[+ x are illu/rat$ on ,fig4 #bf4 ,! pr(ile %\ld %[ ! "* ( ! mat]ial to be pass$ ?r\gh & ! location ( und]gr\nd ob/acles :i* may be enc\nt]$4 ,! me?od ( obta9+ ?is in=mation is tak5 up 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! collection ( ! in=mation %\ld be complet$ z f> z possible previ\s to design1 & bor+s & o!r inve/igations made z soon z ! t5tative r\tes = ! sew]s h be5 select$4 #dh4 ,slope & ,diamet] ( ,sew]s4--,aft] ! quantity ( sewage to be c>ri$ has be5 det]m9$1 & ! pr(ile ( ! gr\nd surface has be5 drawn1 x is possible to det]m9e ! slope & diamet] ( ! sew]4 ,a table su* z ,no4 #bj is made up some:at simil> to ,no4 #ai1 or :i* may be an ext5sion ( ,table #ai s9ce ! fir/ #f columns 9 bo? tables are ! same4 ,! elevation ( ! surface at ! upp] & l[] manholes is read f ! pr(ile4 ,! dep? ( ! sew] bel[ ! gr\nd surface is fir/ det]m9$4 ,sew]s %\ld be suffici5tly deep to dra9 cell>s ( ord9>y dep?4 ,9 resid5tial di/ricts cell>s are seldom m ?an #e feet bel[ ! gr\nd surface4 ,to ?is dep? mu/ be add$ ! drop necess>y = ! grade ( ! h\se sew]4 ,six-in* pipe laid on a m9imum grade ( #a4fg p] c5t is a common size & slope re/riction = h\se dra9s or sew]s4 ,an additional #ab in*es %\ld be all[$ = ! b5ds 9 ! pipe & ! dep? ( ! pipe "u ! cell> floor4 ,:]e ! elevation ( ! /reet & lots is ab\t ! same1 & ! /reet is n ov] #hj feet 9 wid? betwe5 prop]ty l9es1 a m9imum dep? ( #h feet to ! inv]t ( sew]s1 #bd in*es or less 9 diamet] is satisfactory4 ,?is is on ! assumption t ! axes ( ! h\se dra9 & ! sew] int]sect4 ,= l>g] pipes ! dep? %\ld be increas$ s t :5 ! /reet sew] is fl[+ full1 sewage w n back up into ! cell>s or = any great di/ance into ! tribut>y pipes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--,typical ,pr(ile ,us$ 9 ! ,design ( a ,sep>ate ,sew] ,sy/em4 ,! grade or slope at :i* a sew] %all be may be fix$ by3 ! slope ( ! gr\nd surface2 ! m9imum p]missible self-cleans+ velocity2 a comb9ation ( diamet]1 velocity1 & quantity2 or ! maximum p]missible velocity ( fl[4 ,sew]s are laid ei!r p>allel to ! gr\nd surface :]e ! slope is suffici5t or :]e possible )\t com+ too ne> ! surface !y are laid on a flatt] grade to avoid unnecess>y excavation4 ,! m9imum p]missible slope is fix$ by ! m9imum p]missible velocity4 ,! velocity ( fl[ 9 a sew] %\ld be suffici5t to prev5t ! s$im5tation ( sludge & light m9]al matt]4 ,su* a velocity is 9 ! neighborhood ( #a foot p] second4 ,s9ce sew]s seldom fl[ full ?is velocity %\ld be available "u ord9>y conditions ( dry wea!r fl[4 ,! m9imum velocity :5 full %\ld !re=e be ab\t #b feet p] second4 ,"u ?is condition1 ! velocity ( #a foot p] second is n rea*$ until ! sew] is less ?an #ah p] c5t full4 ,! velocity 9 small sew]s %\ld be made some:at fa/] ?an 9 l>ge sew]s s9ce ! velocity ( fl[ = small dep?s 9 small pipes is less ?an = ! same proportionate dep? 9 l>ge pipes4 ,! maximum p]missible velocity ( fl[ is fix$ at ab\t #aj feet p] second 9 ord] to avoid excessive erosion ( ! inv]t4 ,if ! sew] is c>efully laid ?is limit may be exce$$ 9 sanit>y sew]s4 ,! me?od = det]m9+ ! grade & diamet] ( sew]s is be/ expla9$ ?r\gh an illu/rative problem :i* is work$ out 9 ,table #bj = ! pr(ile %[n on ,fig4 #bf4 ,! figures are ins]t$ 9 ! table f left to "r 9 ea* l9e1 "o l9e be+ complet$ be=e ! next "o is comm5c$4 ,! head+s 9 ! fir/ #f columns are self-explanatory4 ,! elevations ( ! surface at ! upp] & l[] manholes are read f ! pr(ile4 ,! total fl[ is read f column 7#ah7 9 ,table #ai4 ,! slope ( ! gr\nd surface is !n comput$1 & ) ! quantity1 slope1 & coeffici5t ( r\ghness1 ! diamet] ( ! pipe & ! velocity ( fl[ are read f ,fig4 #ae4 ,! foll[+ conditions may arise3 7#a7 ,! diamet] requir$ is less ?an #h in*es4 ,use a diamet] ( #h in*es z exp]i5ce has %[n t ! use ( small] diamet]s is unsatisfactory4 7#b7 ,! velocity ( fl[ :5 ! sew] is full is less ?an #b feet p] second4 ,increase ! slope until ! velocity :5 full is #b feet p] second4 7#c7 ,! diamet] ( ! pipe requir$ is n "o ( ! comm]cial sizes %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,use ! next l>ge/ comm]cial size4 7#d7 ,! slope ( ! gr\nd surface is /eep] ?an necess>y to ma9ta9 ! requir$ m9imum velocity & ! upp] end ( ! sew] is deep] ?an ! requir$ m9imum dep?4 ,place ! sew] on ! m9imum p]missible grade1 or ^u su* a grade t its l[] end w be at ! m9imum p]missible dep?4 7#e7 ,! slope ( ! gr\nd surface is s /eep z to make ! velocity ( fl[ great] ?an ! maximum rate p]missible4 ,r$uce ! grade by deep5+ ! sew] at ! upp] manhole & us+ a drop manhole at ?is po9t4 ,x is n p]missible to use a pipe l>g] ?an t call$ = by ! above conditions4 ,?is is attempt$ sometimes 9 ord] to r$uce ! grade & !reby save excavation1 "u ! rule ( a m9imum velocity ( #b feet p] second :5 full4 ,x is bett] to use ! small] pipe on ! flat grade z ! quantity ( sewage is insuffici5t to fill ! l>g] sew] & ! m9imum p]missible velocity is m quickly rea*$4 ,hav+ det]m9$ ! slope1 ! diamet]1 & ! capacity ( ! pipe to be us$1 ^! values are ent]$ 9 ! table4 ,! elevations ( ! inv]t ( ! pipe at ! upp] & l[] manholes are next comput$ & ent]$ 9 ! table4 ,?is me?od is foll[$ until all ( ! diamet]s1 slopes1 & elevations h be5 det]m9$4 ,! slopes are comput$ f c5t] to c5t] ( manholes1 b an extra all[ance ( #j4ja ( a foot is all[$ by "s design]s = ! increas$ loss 9 head 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! manhole4 ,:5 x becomes necess>y to increase ! diamet] ( ! sew] ! top ( ! outgo+ sew] is plac$ at ! same elevation or bel[ ! top ( ! l[e/ incom+ sew]4 ,no extra all[ance is made to comp5sate = loss 9 head 9 ! manhole 9 ?is case4 ,?is case is illu/rat$ 9 columns 7#ad7 & 7#ae7 9 l9es 7#af7 & 7#ag7 ( ,table #bj4 ,all ( ! conditions li/$ above are illu/rat$ 9 ,table #bj1 except ! condition = a velocity great] ?an #aj feet p] second4 ,! fir/ condition is met at ! head ( practically e lat]al1 & is illu/rat$ 9 ! second l9e4 ,! second condition is also illu/rat$ 9 ! second l9e4 ,! slope ( ! gr\nd surface is #j4jjdf1 :i* gives a velocity ( only #a4h feet p] second 9 an #h-;in* pipe4 ,! slope is !re=e increas$ to #j4jjege1 on :i* ! full velocity is #b feet p] second4 ,! ?ird condition is met 9 ! fir/ l9e4 ,! diamet] call$ = to c>ry #a4ff cubic feet p] second on a slope ( #j4jajh is slightly less ?an #aj in*es4 ,a #aj-;in* pipe is !re=e us$ & its full capacity & velocity are record$4 ,! f\r? condition is illu/rat$ 9 ! f\rte5? l9e4 ,! cut at manhole ,no4 #c4a is #aa4a feet4 ,! slope ( ! gr\nd is #j4jad1 mu* /eep] ?an is necess>y to ma9ta9 ! m9imum velocity 9 a #ae-;in* pipe4 ,! pipe is !re=e plac$ on ! m9imum p]missible slope1 & excavation is sav$4 ,! /ud5t %\ld *eck ! figures 9 ,table #bj & be sure t !y are und]/ood be=e an attempt is made to make a design indep5d5tly4 #di4 ,! ,sew] ,pr(ile4--,! pr(ile is next complet$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf1 ! pipe l9e be+ drawn 9 z ! computations are made4 ,! cut is record$ to ! ne>e/ ? ( a foot at ea* manhole1 or *ange 9 grade4 ,x %\ld n be giv5 else:]e z x invites controv]sy ) ! contractor4 ,! cut is ! diff]5ce ( ! elevation ( ! inv]t ( ! l[e/ pipe 9 ! tr5* at ! po9t 9 "q1 & ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! /ation+ %\ld be %[n to ! ne>e/ ? ( a foot4 ,x %\ld comm5ce at #j #jj at ! outlet & increase up ! sew]4 ,! /ation ( any po9t on ! sew] may %[ ! di/ance f x to ! outlet1 or a new sy/em ( /ation+ may be comm5c$ at important junctions or at ea* junction4 ,elevations ( ! surface ( ! gr\nd %\ld be %[n to ! ne>e/ ? ( a foot1 & ! inv]t elevation to ! ne>e/ #a_/ajj? ( a foot4 ,only ! ma9 l9e sew] is %[n 9 pr(ile 9 ,fig4 #bf4 ,! pr(iles ( ! lat]als comput$ 9 ,table #bj1 h n be5 %[n4 ,! approximate location ( all h\se inlets are %[n on ! pr(ile & locat$ exactly1 & are made a matt] ( record dur+ con/ruction4 ,,design ,,( ,a ,,/orm ,,wat] ,,sew] ,,sy/em #ej4 ,plann+ ! ,sy/em4--,/orm sew] sy/ems are seldom z ext5sive z sep>ate or comb9$ sew] sy/ems1 s9ce /orm sewage c be dis*>g$ into ! ne>e/ suitable po9t 9 a fl[+ /ream or o!r dra9age *annel1 :]eas dry wea!r or comb9$ sewage mu/ be conduct$ to "s po9t :]e its dis*>ge w be in(f5sive4 ,! ne$ ( a compreh5sive g5]al plan ( a /orm sew] sy/em is q z great1 h[ev]1 z = a sep>ate sy/em4 ,! haphaz>d con/ruction ( sew]s at ! po9ts mo/ ne$$ = ! mom5t results 9 ! duplication ( =gott5 dra9s1 exp5se 9 increas+ ! capacity ( inadequate sew]s1 & difficult con/ruction due to und]gr\nd /ructures ?\ghtlessly locat$4 ,a compreh5sive plan p]mits ! con/ruction ( sew]s :]e !y are ne$$ z !y are requir$1 & enables all probable future ne$s to be c>$ = at a m9imum ( exp5se4 ,! same prelim9>y survey1 map1 & und]gr\nd in=mation are necess>y = ! design ( a /orm sew] sy/em z = a sep>ate sew] sy/em4 ,! map %[n on ,fig4 #be has be5 us$ = ! design ( a /orm-wat] sew] sy/em4 ,! /eps 9 ! design ( a /orm-wat] sew] sy/em are3 #a/4 ,note ! mo/ advantage\s po9ts to locate ! inlets & lay out ! sy/em to dra9 ^! inlets4 #bnd4 ,det]m9e ! requir$ capacity ( ! sew]s by a /udy ( ! run-(f f ! diff]5t dra9age areas4 #crd4 ,draw ! pr(ile & compute ! diamet] & slope ( ! pipes requir$4 #ea4 ,location ( ,/reet ,inlets4--,! location ( /orm sew]s is det]m9$ ma9ly by ! desirable location ( ! /reet inlets4 ,! inlets mu/ !re=e be locat$ be=e ! sy/em c be plann$4 ,9 g5]al ! inlets %\ld be locat$ s t no wat] w fl[ across a /reet or sidewalk1 9 ord] to rea* ! sew]4 ,?is requires t inlets be plac$ on ! high corn]s at /reet int]sections1 9 depressions betwe5 /reet int]sections1 & at suffici5tly frequ5t int]vals t ! gutt]s may n be ov]load$4 ,city blocks are seldom s long z to necessitate ! location ( inlets betwe5 cross+s solely on acc\nt ( inadequate gutt] capacity4 ,! capacity ( a gutt] c be comput$ approximately by ! application ( ,kutt]'s =mula4 ,inlet capacities are discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,:5 ! area dra9$ is suffici5tly l>ge to tax ! capacity ( ! gutt] or inlet1 an inlet %\ld be in/all$ reg>dless ( ! location ( ! /reet int]sections4 ,! /reet inlets are locat$ on ! map z %[n 9 ,fig4 #be4 ,! sew] l9es are !n locat$ s z to make ! l5g? ( pipe to pass ne> to all inlets a m9imum4 ,/orm sew]s are seldom plac$ ne> ! c5t] ( a /reet because ( ! frequ5t cr[d$ condition on ?is l9e4 #eb4 ,dra9age ,areas4--,! outl9e ( a dra9age area is drawn s t all wat] fall+ )9 ! area outl9$ w ent] ! same inlet1 & wat] fall+ on any po9t beyond ! outl9e w ent] "s o!r inlet4 ,?is requires t ! outl9e foll[ true dra9age l9es r ?an ! artificial l& divisions us$ 9 locat+ ! dra9age l9es 9 ! design ( sanit>y sew]s4 ,! dra9age l9es are det]m9$ by pavem5t slopes1 location ( d[nsp\ts1 pav$ or unpav$ y>ds1 grad+ ( lawns & ! _m o!r features ( ! natural dra9age :i* are alt]$ by ! build+ up ( a city4 ,! location ( ! dra9age l9es is fix$ z ! result ( a /udy ( local conditions4 ,! wat]%$ or dra9age l9es are %[n on ,fig4 #be by means ( dot & da% l9es4 ,a dra9age l9e passes d[n ! middle ( ea* /reet because ! cr[n ( ! /reet ?r[s ! wat] to ei!r side & directs x to diff]5t inlets4 ,a wat]%$ l9e is drawn ab\t #ej feet we/ ( su* /reets z ,k5tucky ,/41 ,florida ,/41 etc41 because ! d[nsp\ts f ! h\ses on ^? /reets dis*>ge or w dis*>ge into ! /reet on :i* !y face4 ,! location ( any wat]%$ l9e )9 #bj feet m or less is1 9 mo/ cases1 a matt] ( judgm5t r ?an exactness4 ,ea* area is giv5 an id5tify+ numb] or m>k :i* is useful only 9 design4 ,x usually corresponds to ! inlet numb]4 #ec4 ,computation ( ,flood ,fl[ by ,mc,math ,=mula4--,mc,math's ,=mula is us$ z an example ( ! me?od pursu$ :5 an empirical =mula is adopt$ = ! computation ( run-(f1 & because ( its frequ5t use 9 practice4 ,o!r =mulas may be m satisfactory "u favorable conditions4 ,computations %\ld be kept 9 ord] by a tabulation su* z is %[n 9 ,table #ba1 9 :i* ! quantity ( /orm fl[ dis*>g$ f ! sew] at ! foot ( ,t5nessee ,/41 on ,fig4 #be1 has be5 comput$ by means ( ! ,mc,math ,=mula1 us+ ! con/ants sugge/$ = ,/4 ,l\is conditions1 i #b4ge1 & c #j4ge4 ,! solutions ( ! =mula h be5 made by means ( ,fig4 #aa4 ,! column head+s 9 ! ,table are explanatory ( ! figures z record$4 ,! computation %\ld beg9 at ! upp] end ( a lat]al1 proce$ to ! fir/ junction & !n return to ! head ( ano!r lat]al tribut>y to ?is junction4 ,!y %\ld be cont9u$ 9 ! same mann] until all tribut>y areas h be5 cov]$4 ,special computations w be necess>y = ! det]m9ation ( ! maximum quantity ( /orm wat] ent]+ ea* inlet to avoid ! flood+ ( an inlet or gutt]4 ,^! computations h n be5 %[n z !y are s easily made by ! application ( ,mc,math's ,=mula to ea* area conc]n$4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! av]age slope ratio is a matt] ( judgm5t1 bas$ on ! av]age natural slope ( ! surface ( ! gr\nd & an e/imate ( ! probable future conditions4 #ed4 ,computation ( ,flood ,fl[ by ,rational ,me?od4--,! rational me?od = ! computation ( /orm-wat] run-(f is describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,an example ( its application to /orm sew] design is giv5 "h = ! di/rict %[n 9 ,fig4 #be4cd ,! computations are %[n 9 ,table #ba4 ,z 9 ! prec$+ designs ! table has be5 fill$ 9 f left to "r & l9e by l9e4 ,computations h />t$ at ! upp] end ( lat]als tribut>y to ea* junction4 ,! column head$ ,i repres5ts ! imp]vi\sness factor 9 ! expression ,q ,,air4 ,x is bas$ on judgm5t guid$ by ! con/ants giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,iii conc]n+ imp]vi\sness4 ,! column head$ 8,equival5t #ajj p] c5t ,i acres0 is ! product ( ! two prec$+ columns4 ,x r$uces all areas to ! same t]ms s t !y c be add$ = entry 9 ! column head$ 8,total #ajj p] c5t ,i acres40 ,x may be necess>y to record ! values = ?is column on sev]al l9es :]e ! imp]vi\snesses ( ! tribut>y areas are diff]5t4 ,?is condition is illu/rat$ 9 ! la/ l9e ( ! table1 = ! l5g? ( sew] ne>e/ ! outlet4 ,9 ! prec$+ l9es ! imp]vi\sness record$ repres5ts an av]age = all ! tribut>y areas4 ,,table #ba ,,computations ,,= ,,! ,,quantity ,,( ,,/orm ,,sewage ,,at ,,! ,,foot ,,( ,,t5nessee ,,/reet ,,on ,,figure #be ,on ,/reet ,f ,to ,/reet ,id5tify+ ,by ,mc,math's ,=mula ,/reet ,numb] ( ,acres ,dra9$ ,additional ,total ,slope ,run ,acres ,acres ( ,(f 9 ,dra9$ ,dra9$,surface,c4,f4,s4 ,/ate ,n4 ,s4 #ia & #ib #b4ce #b4ce #j4jje #e4e ,c>ol9a ,c>ol9a ,/ate ,s4 ,georgia #hh1 #hi & #c4j #e4ce 4#jje #aj4h ,c>ol9a #ij ,/ate ,georgia ,florida #he1 #hf & #c4j #h4ce 4#jjg #af4e #hg ,/ate ,florida ,k5tucky #ha1 #hc & #c4j #aa4ce 4#jji #bb4j #hd ,/ate ,k5tucky ,t5nessee #gi1 #hj & #c4j #ad4ce 4#jaj #bh4j #hb ,/ate ,texas ,l\isiana #gf & #c4h #c4h 4#jje #h4c o!rs ,/ate ,l\isiana ,alabama #gc1 #gd & #c4g #g4e 4#jjg #ae4j #ge ,/ate ,alabama ,t5nessee #gj1 #ga & #c4j #aj4e 4#jjf #ai4j #gb ,t5nessee,/ate ,talon #fh1 #fi1 #gg #d4c #bi4ae 4#ae #eb & #gh ,talon ,albem>le ,t5nessee #fe1 #ff & #b4h #b4h 4#jah #h4d #fg ,t5nessee,talon ,burnside #fd & #j4g #bi4he 4#ae #ee #fd;a ,burnside ,n4 ,s4 #eg1 #eh & #b4hd #b4hd 4#jjh #g4b ,c>ol9a ,c>ol9a #ei ,burnside ,s4 ,georgia #ed1 #ee & #c4hh #f4gb 4#jaj #ad4i ,c>ol9a #ef ,burnside ,georgia ,florida #ej1 #eb & #c4hh #aj4fj 4#jab #bb #ec ,burnside ,florida ,k5tucky #dg1 #dh & #c4hh #ad4dh 4#jac #cj #ea ,burnside ,k5tucky ,t5nessee #dd1 #de & #c4hh #ah4cf 4#jac #cf #df ,t5nessee,burnside ,elm #db & #dc #b4hd #ea4je 4#jae #hb ,elm ,above ,*etwood ,includ$ 9 next l9e bel[ ,*etwood ,elm ,*etwood ,albem>le #ca1 #cb & #b4ge #b4ge 4#jjg #g4j #cc ,elm ,albem>le ,t5nessee #bg1 #bh1 #bi #e4ge #h4ej 4#jaf #bj & #cj ,t5nessee,elm ,v>5nes #be1 #bf & #b4fb #fb4ag 4#jag #ajj #da ,v>5nes ,s4 ,georgia #ag1 #ah & #c4ag #c4ag 4#jaj #h4c ,c>ol9a #ai ,v>5nes ,georgia ,florida #ad1 #ae & #c4ag #f4cd 4#jaa #ad4e #af ,v>5nes ,florida ,k5tucky #aa1 #ab & #c4ag #i4ea 4#jac #ba #ac ,v>5nes ,k5tucky ,t5nessee #h1 #i & #ajc4ag #ab4fh 4#jac #bf ,t5nessee,v>5nes ,b\lev>d #f & #g #b4cb #gg4ag 4#jag #abj ,t5nessee,b\lev>d ,outlet #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1d4gb #ha4hi 4#jag #abb & #e ,on ,/reet ,f ,to ,/reet ,by ,rational ,me?od ,/reet ,area1 ,i ,equival5t,total ,"t ( ,acres #ajj ,p] #ajj ,conc5tration1 ,c5t ,i ,p] ,m9utes ,acres ,c5t ,i ,acres ,/ate ,n4 ,s4 #b4ce #j4ej #a4ag #a4ag #g4j ,c>ol9a ,c>ol9a ,/ate ,s4 ,georgia #c4jj 4#ej #a4ej #b4fg #h4a ,c>ol9a ,/ate ,georgia ,florida #c4jj 4#ej #a4ej #d4ag #i4j ,/ate ,florida ,k5tucky #c4jj 4#ej #a4ej #e4fg #i4i ,/ate ,k5tucky ,t5nessee #c4jj 4#ej #a4ej #g4ag #aj4g ,/ate ,texas ,l\isiana #c4hj 4#ce #a4cc #a4cc #aj4j ,/ate ,l\isiana ,alabama #c4gj 4#dj #a4dh #b4ha #aa4i ,/ate ,alabama ,t5nessee #c4jj 4#de #a4ce #d4af #ab4i ,t5nessee,/ate ,talon #d4cj 4#ej #b4aeac4dh #ad4e ,talon ,albem>le ,t5nessee #b4hj 4#dj #a4ab #a4ab #h4j ,t5nessee,talon ,burnside #j4gj 4#bj #j4adad4gd #ae4c ,burnside ,n4 ,s4 #b4hd 4#ee #a4ef #a4ef #aj4j ,c>ol9a ,c>ol9a ,burnside ,s4 ,georgia #c4hh 4#ee #b4ac #c4fi #aa4a ,c>ol9a ,burnside ,georgia ,florida #c4hh 4#ee #b4ac #e4hb #ab4b ,burnside ,florida ,k5tucky #c4hh 4#ee #b4ac #g4ie #ac4a ,burnside ,k5tucky ,t5nessee #c4hh 4#ee #b4acaj4jh #ac4h ,t5nessee,burnside ,elm #b4hd 4#de #b4bhbf4aj #ae4g ,elm ,above ,*etwood ,*etwood ,elm ,*etwood ,albem>le #b4ge 4#dj #a4aj #a4aj #h4j ,elm ,albem>le ,t5nessee #e4ge 4#de #b4ei #c4fi #i4e ,t5nessee,elm ,v>5nes #b4fb 4#ej #a4cacj4jj #af4b ,v>5nes ,s4 ,georgia #c4ag 4#ee #a4gd #a4gd #i4j ,c>ol9a ,v>5nes ,georgia ,florida #c4ag 4#ee #a4gd #c4dh #i4i ,v>5nes ,florida ,k5tucky #c4ag 4#ee #a4gd #e4bb #aj4h ,v>5nes ,k5tucky ,t5nessee #c4ag 4#ee #a4gd #f4if #aa4d ,t5nessee,v>5nes ,b\lev>d #b4cb 4#ee #a4bhcb4hd #af4e ,t5nessee,b\lev>d ,outlet #j4ah 4#hj #j4ad ,area ,no4 #a #a4ch 4#ej #j4fi ,area ,no4 #b #b4hj 4#ee #a4ed ,areas ,no4 #c & #d #j4cf 4#ge #j4bgce4dh #af4i ,on ,/reet ,f ,to ,/reet ,by ,rational ,me?od ,l9e ,/reet ,numb] ,r,q ,s ,v ,sew] ,"t ,l5g?1 9 ,feet ,sew] ,/ate ,n4 ,s4 #d4h #e4fj4jaa #d4f #cjj #a4a #a ,c>ol9a ,c>ol9a ,/ate ,s4 ,georgia #d4fab4b 4#jaj #e4e #cjj #j4i #b ,c>ol9a ,/ate ,georgia ,florida #d4dah4c 4#jab #e4h #cjj #j4i #c ,/ate ,florida ,k5tucky #d4bbc4i 4#jji #f4j #cjj #j4h #d ,/ate ,k5tucky ,t5nessee #d4abi4c 4#jji #f4b #cjj #j4h #e ,/ate ,texas ,l\isiana #d4b #e4f 4#jji #c4b #cgj #a4i #f ,/ate ,l\isiana ,alabama #c4iaa4j 4#jaa #e4b #cjj #a4j #g ,/ate ,alabama ,t5nessee #c4hae4h 4#jjb #c4b #cjj #a4f #h ,t5nessee,/ate ,talon #c4fdh4e 4#jai #i4h #dej #j4h #i ,talon ,albem>le ,t5nessee #d4f #e4b 4#jjd #c4j #baj #a4b #aj ,t5nessee,talon ,burnside #c4eea4e 4#jjf #e4j #abj #j4d #aa ,burnside ,n4 ,s4 #d4b #f4e 4#jjh #d4e #cjj #a4a #ab ,c>ol9a ,c>ol9a ,burnside ,s4 ,georgia #d4jad4h 4#jjg #d4g #cjj #a4a #ac ,c>ol9a ,burnside ,georgia ,florida #c4ibb4g 4#jaa #e4h #cjj #j4i #ad ,burnside ,florida ,k5tucky #c4gbi4d 4#jaf #g4e #cjj #j4g #ae ,burnside ,k5tucky ,t5nessee #c4gcg4c 4#jai #i4b #cjj #j4e #af ,t5nessee,burnside ,elm #c4dhh4h 4#jaeaj4b #bhj4 #j4e #ag ,elm ,above ,*etwood #ah ,*etwood ,elm ,*etwood ,albem>le #d4f #e4a 4#jbj #e4c #dhj #a4e #ai ,elm ,albem>le ,t5nessee #d4cae4h 4#jab #f4a #daj #a4a #bj ,t5nessee,elm ,v>5nes #c4d #ajb 4#jabaj4b #ahj #j4c #ba ,v>5nes ,s4 ,georgia #d4d #g4g 4#jab #e4b #bgj #j4i #bb ,c>ol9a ,v>5nes ,georgia ,florida #d4bad4e 4#jaj #e4g #cjj #j4i #bc ,v>5nes ,florida ,k5tucky #d4aba4d 4#jag #g4g #cjj #j4f #bd ,v>5nes ,k5tucky ,t5nessee #d4jbg4h 4#jae #g4h #cjj #j4f #be ,t5nessee,v>5nes ,b\lev>d #c4c #ajh 4#jabaj4b #bcj #j4d #bf ,t5nessee,b\lev>d ,outlet #bg #bh #bi #c4c #aag;,areas ,no4 #a-e inclusive #cj ,! "t ( conc5tration 9 m9utes is assum$ by judgm5t = ! fir/ area4 ,= all subsequ5t areas x is ! sum ( ! "t ( conc5tration = ! area or areas tribut>y to ! inlet next above & ! "t ( fl[ 9 ! sew] f ! inlet next above to ! inlet 9 "q4 ,= example1 9 l9e #b ! "t #h4a m9utes is ! sum ( #g4j m9utes "t ( conc5tration to ! inlet at ! corn] ( ,/ate & ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,/41 & ! "t ( fl[ ( #a4a m9ute 9 ! sew] on ,/ate ,/4 f ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,/4 to ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,/4 ,:]e two sew]s are conv]g+ z at ! corn] ( ,v>5nes ,road & ,t5nessee ,/4 ! longe/ "t is tak54 ,= example1 ! "t ( conc5tration d[n ,v>5nes ,road to ,t5nessee ,/4 is %[n 9 l9e #be z #aa4d #j4f #ab4j m9utes4 ,! "t to ! same po9t d[n ,t5nessee ,/4 is %[n 9 l9e #ba z #af4b #j4c #af4e m9utes4 ,?is "t is !re=e us$ 9 l9e #bf4 ,r1 ! rate ( ra9fall 9 in*es p] h\r is det]m9$ by ,talbot's =mula4 ,q1 is 9 cubic feet p] second & is ! product ( ! #h? & #aj? columns4 ,s9ce ! #h? column is ! sum ( ! products ( ! #e? & ! #f? columns = ! l9es repres5t+ tribut>y areas1 !n ! #aa? column is ! product ( ,a1 ,i1 & ,r4 ,s1 is ! slope on :i* x is assum$ t ! sew] w be laid4 ,x is usually assum$ z p>allel to ! gr\nd surface unless ! velocity = ?is slope becomes less ?an #b feet p] second4 ,9 su* a case ! slope is tak5 z "o :i* w cause ?is velocity4 ,v1 ! velocity 9 feet p] second1 is comput$ f diagrams = ! solution ( ,kutt]'s =mula4 ,! l5g? 9 feet is scal$ f ! map z ! di/ance betwe5 inlets or gr\ps ( inlets1 & ! "t is ! l5g? 9 feet divid$ by ! velocity 9 feet p] m9ute4 ,hav+ comput$ ! quantity ( fl[ to be c>ri$ 9 ! sew]1 ! design is complet$ by draw+ ! pr(ile & comput+ ! diamet]s & slopes by ! same me?od z us$ 9 ! design ( sep>ate sew]s4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,appurt5ances #ee4 ,g5]al4--,! appurt5ances to a sew]age sy/em are ^? devices :i*1 9 addition to ! pipes & conduits1 are ess5tial to or are ( assi/ance 9 ! op]ation ( ! sy/em4 ,"u ?is head+ are includ$ su* /ructures & devices z3 manholes1 lampholes1 flu%-tanks1 cat*-bas9s1 /reet inlets1 regulators1 siphons1 junctions1 outlets1 grease traps1 f\ndations & und]dra9s4 #ef4 ,manholes4--,a manhole is an op5+ con/ruct$ 9 a sew]1 ( suffici5t size to p]mit a man to ga9 access to ! sew]4 ,manholes are ! mo/ common appurt5ances to sew]age sy/ems & are us$ to p]mit inspection & ! removal ( ob/ructions f ! pipes4 ,! details ( ! ,baltimore /&>d manholes are %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg & a manhole on a l>ge sew] 9 ,omaha is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bh4 ,! features ( ^! designs :i* %\ld be not$ are ! size ( ! op5+ & work+ space1 & ! /r5g? ( ! /ructure4 ,manhole op5+s are seldom made less ?an #bj in*es 9 diamet] & op5+s #bd in*es 9 diamet] are pref]able4 ,a man c pass ?r\gh any op5+ t he c get 8 hips ?r\gh provid$ he c b5d 8 knees & twi/ 8 %\ld]s imm$iately on pass+ ! hole4 ,= ?is reason ! manhole %\ld wid5 out rapidly imm$iately bel[ ! op5+1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg & #ch4 ,! walls ( ! manhole may be built ei!r ( brick or ( concrete4 ,brick is m commonly us$1 z ! =ms necess>y = concrete make ! "w m exp5sive unless !y c be us$ a numb] ( times4 ,! walls ( ! manhole %\ld be at lea/ #h in*es ?ick4 ,great] ?icknesses are us$ 9 trea*]\s soils & = deep manholes1 or to exclude moi/ure4 ,a r\gh expression = ! ?ickness ( ! walls ( a brick manhole m ?an #ab feet deep 9 ord9>y firm mat]ial is t d#b #b1 9 :i* t is ! ?ickness 9 in*es & d is ! dep? 9 feet4 ,! ?ickness ( brick walls may be *ang$ e #e to #aj feet or s4 ,concrete walls may be built ?9n] ?an brick walls4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--;,baltimore ,/&>d ,manhole ,details4 ,! bottoms ( brick manholes are frequ5tly made ( concrete z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,! floor slopes t[>ds ! c5t] & is con/ruct$ s t ! sewage fl[s 9 a half r\nd or ,u-%ap$ *annel ( great] capacity ?an ! tribut>y sew]s4 ,! sides ( ! *annel %\ld be high en\gh to prev5t ! ov]fl[ ( sewage onto ! slop+ floor1 :i* %\ld h a pit* ( ab\t "o v]tical to #aj or #ab horizontal4 ,9 manholes :]e two or m sew]s jo9 at approximately ! same level ! *annels 9 ! bottom %\ld jo9 ) smoo? easy curves4 ,:]e ! inlet & outlet pipes are n ( ! same diamet] ! tops ( ! pipes %\ld ord9>ily be plac$ at ! same elevation to prev5t back fl[ 9 ! small] pipes :5 ! l>g] pipes are fl[+ full4 ,! dim5sions ( ! manhole %\ld n be less ?an #c feet wide by #d feet long = a height ( at lea/ #d feet1 :5 built 9 ! =m ( an ellipse1 or #d feet 9 diamet] :5 built circul>4 ,no /&>d me?od = ! r$uction ( ! diamet] ( ! manhole ne> ! top is obs]v$1 ! rate be+ m or less dep5d5t on ! dep? ( ! manhole4 ,! use ( slop+ sides above ! fro/ l9e is desirable z su* a =m is m resi/ant to heav+ by fro/ action4 ,= sew]s up to #dh in*es 9 diamet] ! manhole is usually c5t]$ ov] ! int]section ( ! pipes & has a special f\ndation4 ,= l>g] sew]s ! manhole walls spr+ f ! walls ( ! sew] z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--;,details ( a ,manhole & a ,well ,hole4 ,9 ! case ( a decid$ drop 9 ! elevation ( a sew]1 or ( a tribut>y sew] appreciably high] ?an an outlet 9 any manhole1 ! sewage is all[$ to drop v]tically at ! manhole1 h5ce ! "n drop manhole4 ,! ,baltimore /&>d drop manhole is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,a well hole is an unusually deep drop manhole 9 :i* ! =ce ( ! v]tical drop ( sewage is brok5 by a s]ies ( baffle plates1 or by a sump at ! bottom ( ! well hole4 ,fig4 #bh %[s a well hole at ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9n4 ,! use ( drop manholes c be avoid$ 9 l>ge sew]s by ! con/ruction ( a flight ( /eps or flight sew] z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bi1 :i* all[s ! use ( a /eep grade & s]ves to break ! velocity ( ! sewage4 ,! specifications ( ! ,sanit>y ,di/rict ( ,*icago1 cov]+ ! con/ruction ( manhole cov]s & frames are3 ,all ca/+s %all be ( t\gh1 close gra9$1 gray iron1 free f bl[ holes1 %r9kage & cold %uts1 & s\nd1 smoo?1 clean & free f bli/]s & all defects4 ,all ca/+s %all be made accurately to dim5sions to be furni%$ & %all be plan$ :]e m>k$ or :]e o!rwise necess>y to secure p]fectly flat & true surfaces4 ,all[ance %all be made 9 ! patt]ns s t ! specifi$ ?ickness %all n be r$uc$4 ,all ca/+s %all be ?or\ghly clean$ & pa9t$ be=e ru/+ beg9s & be=e leav+ ! %op ) two coats ( high grade asphaltum or any o!r v>ni% t ! ,eng9e] may direct4 ,aft] ! ca/+s h be5 plac$ 9 a satisfactory mann]1 all =eign adh]+ sub/ances %all be remov$ & ! ca/+s giv5 "o additional coat ( asphaltum4 ,no ca/+s %all be accept$ ! weight ( :i* %all be less ?an t due to its dim5sions by m ?an #e p] c5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--;,flight ,sew] at ,baltimore4 ,eng4 ,record1 ,vol4 #ei1 p4 #afa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--;,baltimore ,/&>d ,manhole ,frame & ,cov]4 ,! weights ( frames & cov]s 9 use v>y f #bjj to #fjj p\nds1 ! weight ( ! frame be+ ab\t #e times t ( ! cov]4 ,! lighte/ weights are us$ :]e no traffic o!r ?an an occasional p$e/rian w pass ov] ! manhole4 ,frames & cov]s weigh+ ab\t #djj p\nds are commonly us$ on resid5tial /reets1 :]eas #fjj p\nd frames & cov]s are desirable 9 /reets on :i* ! traffic is heavy4 ,! frames %\ld be s design$ t ! pavem5t w re/ firmly aga9/ x & we> at ! same rate z ! surr\nd+ /reet surface4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t v]tical sides %\ld be us$ = ! outside ( ! frame to approa* ?is condition1 & t ! frame %\ld n be less ?an #h in*es high4 ,! cov] %\ld be r\gh5$ 9 "s desirable patt]n z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj4 ,smoo? cov]s become dang]\sly slipp]y4 ,:]e ! v5tilation ( ! sew]s is n satisfactory ! manhole cov]s are sometimes p]=at$4 ,?is is undesirable f o!r po9ts ( view z ! ris+ odors & vapors are obnoxi\s at ! surface & ! ent]+ dirt & wat] are detrim5tal to ! op]ation ( ! sew]4 ,! /eal+ & de/ruction ( manhole cov]s & ! unau?oriz$ ent]+ ( sew]s has occasionally requir$ ! lock+ ( ! cov]s to ! frame :5 9 place4 ,! locks commonly us$ consi/ ( a tumbl] :i* falls into place :5 ! manhole is clos$1 & :i* c be op5$ only by a special wr5* or hook4 ,adju/able frames are sometimes us$ :]e ! /reet grade is settl+1 or may be rais$ 9 ord] t ! elevation ( ! top ( ! cov] may be made to con=m to t ( ! /reet surface1 )\t recon/ruct+ ! top ( ! manhole4 ,"o type ( adju/able cov] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ca4 ,manhole cov]s %\ld be s m>k$ t ! sanit>y sew] c be di/+ui%$ f ! /orm-wat] sew]1 & bo? f ! telephone conduit1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--;,adju/able ,manhole ,frame & ,cov]4 ,iron /eps are set into ! walls ( ! manhole ab\t #ae in*es ap>t v]tically to all[ entrance & exit to & f ! manhole4 ,galvaniz$ iron is pref]able to unprotect$ metal z ! action ( ru/ is p>ticul>ly rapid 9 ! moi/ air ( ! sew]4 ,"o type ( ^! manhole /eps is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,! /eps %\ld h a firm grip 9 ! wall z a loose /ep is a s\rce ( dang]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--;,baltimore ,/&>d ,lamphole4 #eg4 ,lampholes4--,a lamphole is an op5+ f ! surface ( ! gr\nd into a sew]1 l>ge en\gh to p]mit ! l[]+ ( a lant]n into ! sew]4 ,lampholes are us$ 9 ! place ( manholes to p]mit ! inspection or ! flu%+ ( sew]s1 & to avoid ! exp5se ( a manhole4 ,!y are locat$ f #cjj to #djj feet f ! ne>e/ manhole 9 su* a mann] t a lamp l[]$ 9 ! lamp hole c be se5 f ! two ne>e/ manholes4 ,lampholes %\ld be con/ruct$ ( #h- to #ab-;in* tile or ca/-iron pipe4 ,! l[] section %\ld be a ca/-iron ,t on a firm f\ndation1 b if con/ruct$ ( tile x %\ld be re9=c$ ) concrete to take up ! weight ( ! %aft4 ,! details ( ! ,baltimore /&>d lamphole are %[n 9 ,fig4 #cb4 ,lampholes are n commonly us$ on sew]age sy/ems on acc\nt ( _! lack ( real usefulness & ! tr\bles enc\nt]$ by break+ ( ! pipe bel[ ! %aft4 #eh4 ,/reet ,inlets4--,a /reet inlet is an op5+ 9 ! gutt] ?r\gh :i* /orm wat] ga9s access to ! sew]4 ,! types us$ 9 diff]5t cities v>y widely4 ,details ( an inlet 9 successful use are %[n 9 ,fig4 #cc4 ,! figure %[s also a common =m ( connection to ! sew]4 ,a wat]-seal trap is sometimes us$ to prev5t ! escape ( odors f ! sew]4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 9 design t su* traps d n freeze 9 w9t] nor dry out 9 summ]1 al?\gh x is n always possible to prev5t ^! cont+5cies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--;,details ( an ,untrapp$ ,/reet ,inlet1 )\t ,cat*-,bas94 ,! important features to be obs]v$ 9 ! design ( a /reet inlet are3 height & l5g? ( op5+1 "* ( grat+1 & location4 ,! g5]al location ( inlets is discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,v4 ,! cle> height ( op5+ commonly us$ is f #e to #f in*es1 ) a cle> l5g? ( #bd to #cj in*es or long]4 ,inlets ( ?is size h giv5 satisfaction on pav$ /reets ) mod]ate slopes1 :]e ! dra9age area is n great] ?an #aj1jjj to #ab1jjj squ>e feet ( pavem5t4 ,w4 ,w4 ,horn] /ates3#ce ,! ,/4 ,l\is type ( inlet 8old0 /yle 0 a v]tical op5+ 9 ! curb #h in*es high & #d feet 9 l5g? ) a horizontal b> mak+ ! net op5+ ab\t #e in*es4 ,x has a broad sill ext5d+ "u ! sidewalk4 ,! 8new0 /yle inlet is #d feet long ) a cle> op5+ ( #f in*es & no b>4 ,! sill is done away ) & ! op5+ drops d[n directly f ! curb4 ,te/s 7 made ( ! capacity ( ?is inlet on pavem5ts on diff]5t slopes ) sumps ( dep?s v>y+ f #j to #f in*es 9 front ( ! inlet1 ext5d+ out #c feet f ! gutt]1 & return+ to ! elevation ( ! gutt] at a slope ( #c in*es to ! foot4 ,! results ( ^! te/s are %[n 9 ,table #bb4 ,! capacity ( ! inlet is express$ z ! am\nt ( wat] ent]+ j be=e "s wat] beg9s to lap pa/4 ,if a l>ge am\nt ( wat] is all[$ to fl[ pa/ mu* m wat] w ent] ! inlet ?us furni%+ a factor ( safety = l>ge /orms4 ,x 0 not$ t by beg9n+ ! rise 9 ! pavem5t ab\t opposite ! middle ( ! inlet ! capacity ( ! inlet 0 increas$ f #bj to #ej p] c5t4 ,,table #bb ,,capacities ,,( ,,/4 ,,l\is ,,/reet ,,inlets ,f te/s by ,w4 ,w4 ,horn]4 ,cubic feet p] second ,slope 9 #j4db #a4e ,p] ,ct4 ,dep? ( #j4j #b #d #f #j #b #d #f ,sump1 ,in*es ,capacity1 #a4bg old /yle ,capacity1 #j4a #j4e #a4e #b4ej4jh #j4d #a4a #b4a new /yle ,slope 9 #b4he #d4e ,p] ,ct4 ,dep? ( #j #b #d #f #j #b #d #f ,sump1 ,in*es ,capacity1#j4jcj4bej4gha4di old /yle ,capacity1#j4jcj4bhj4hga4fbj4jbj4aej4de #a4j new /yle ,grat+s ) horizontal b>s w admit m wat] ?an grat+s ) v]tical b>s1 b !y w also admit m rubbi% su* z /icks1 pap]s1 leaves1 etc41 :i* s]ve to clog ! sew]s4 ,v]tical b>r$ grat+s & grat+s 9 ! bottom ( ! gutt] clog m quickly ?an o!r types4 ,9 ! selection ( ! type ( grat+ to be us$ a decision mu/ be made z to :e!r x is m desirable to clean ! sew] or cat*-bas91 or to flood ! /reet z a result ( clogg$ inlets4 ,:]e cat*-bas9s are us$ or ! sew]s are l>ge1 horizontal b>s are m satisfactory4 ,! op5+s betwe5 b>s %\ld be small en\gh to prev5t ! entrance ( a horse's ho( or objects ( suffici5t size to clog ! sew]4 ,f\r in*es 9 ! cle> = v]tical op5+s & #f in*es = horizontal op5+s are reasonable sizes4 ,! location ( ! inlets at ! int]section ( ! two curb l9es at a corn] results 9 a l[] fir/ co/ b on heavily travel$ /reets ?is may result 9 a high] ma9t5ance co/ ?an = o!r locations because ( ! conc5tration ( traffic at /reet corn]s1 hamm]+ ! inlet ca/+ out ( %ape or position4 ,vehicles mak+ %ort turns w t5d to climb ! curb & w int5sify ! we> ^u ! inlet4 ,^! objections c be ov]come by ! use ( two inlets at ea* corn]1 set back f> en\gh f ! curb int]section to avoid int]f]5ce ) ! cross-walks4 ,?is also makes x possible to raise ! cross-walks )\t ! use ( gutt]s "u !m4 ,! size ( ! pipe f ! inlet to ! cat*-bas9 or sew] %\ld be l>ge en\gh to c>e = all ( ! wat] :i* may ent] ! inlet4 ,z ! capacity ( ! inlet is seldom kn[n ) accuracy & ! capacity ( ! pipe is difficult ( det]m9ation1 x has become cu/om>y to use a #aj-;in* or a #ab-;in* connect+ pipe = ea* ord9>y indep5d5t inlet4 #ei4 ,cat*-bas9s4--,cat*-bas9s are us$ to int]rupt ! velocity ( sewage be=e ent]+ ! sew]1 caus+ ! deposition ( susp5d$ grit & sludge & ! det5tion ( float+ rubbi% :i* might ent] & clog ! sew]4 ,a sep>ate cat*-bas9 may be us$ = ea* inlet1 or to save exp5se1 ! pipes f sev]al inlets may dis*>ge into "o cat*-bas94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--;,cat*-bas94 ,outlets are n always trapp$4 ,! types 9 successful use are extremely v>i$1 b ! di/+ui%+ feature ( all is an outlet locat$ above ! floor ( ! bas94 ,a common =m ( cat*-bas9 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cd4 ,x is con/ruct$ simil> to a manhole ) a diamet] ( ab\t #d or #d feet & a dep? ( reta9$ wat] f #c to #d feet4 ,cat*-bas9s ( ?is size w c>e = ! sewage f ! inlets at ! f\r corn]s ( a /reet int]section1 ea* dra9+ a city block4 ,9 unusual situations x may be necess>y to in/all a l>g] bas91 b too l>ge a cat*-bas9 is less desirable ?an "o :i* is too small1 z ! =m] /9ks & ! latt] is useless4 ,traps are sometimes us$ to prev5t ! escape ( odors f ! sew] into ! /reet1 b odors are (t5 creat$ 9 ! cat*-bas9s !mselves4 ,"s eng9e]s arrange ! trap s t x c be op5$ = obs]vation d[n ! sew] z 9 ,fig4 #cd1 ?us comb9+ ! advantages ( a manhole ) ! cat*-bas94 ,! use ( cat*-bas9s is objectionable because3 !y furni% a bre$+ place = mosquitoes & o!r fly+ insects2 ! septic action 9 !m produces (f5sive odors2 if on a comb9$ sew] !y p]mit ! escape ( (f5sive odors 9 dry wea!r :5 ! wat] seal 9 ! trap has evaporat$2 & ! freez+ ( ! wat] seal 9 ! trap prev5ts ! entrance ( wat] to ! sew]4 ,! sole advantage lies 9 ! prev5tion ( ! clogg+ ( ! sew]s1 b ?is may be suffici5t to ov]balance all ( ! disadvantages4 ,9 g5]al cat*-bas9s %\ld be provid$ on pav$ /reets :i* are clean$ by flu%+ ! mat]ial into ! sew]s1 or :]e ! dra9age is f an unimprov$ or macadamiz$ /reet1 s&y c\ntry1 or into sew]s 9 :i* ! velocity ( fl[ is less ?an #b feet p] second4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--;,diagrammatic ,section ?r\gh a ,grease ,trap4 #fj4 ,grease ,traps4--,! pres5ce ( grease 9 sew]s results 9 ! =mation ( incru/ations :i* are difficult to remove & :i* cause a mat]ial loss 9 ! capacity ( ! sew]4 ,! pres5ce ( oil & gasol9e has result$ 9 viol5t & de/ructive explosions z is describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,a type ( grease trap us$ on ! dra9s f hotels1 re/aurants1 or o!r l>ge grease produc+ indu/ries is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ce4 ,! trap is simil> to a cat*-bas9 except t x is too small = a man to ent]1 & ! outlet is necess>ily trapp$ 9 ord] to prev5t ! escape ( grease4 ,! details ( a gasol9e & oil sep>ator approv$ by ! ,new ,york ,city ,fire ,dep>tm5t are %[n 9 ,fig4 #cf4cf ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--;,gasol9e & ,oil ,sep>ator4 #fa4 ,flu%-,tanks4--,^! are devices to hold wat] us$ 9 flu%+ sew]s4 ,!y are requir$ only on sanit>y & comb9$ sew]s4 ,_! use t5ds to prev5t ! clogg+ ( sew]s laid on flat grades & p]mits flatt] grades 9 con/ruction ?an c\ld o!rwise be adopt$4 ,flu%-tanks may be op]at$ ei!r by h& or automatically4 ,automatic op]ation is m common ?an h& op]ation4 ,! h&-op]at$ tanks are simil> to manholes s arrang$ t ! inlet & outlet sew]s c be plugg$ :ile ! manhole or tank is be+ fill$ ) wat] ei!r f a hose or a special s]vice connection4 ,:5 suffici5t wat] has be5 accumulat$ ! outlet is op5$ & ! sew] is flu%$ by ! ru% ( wat]4 ,a sluice gate1 flap valve1 or a specially fitt$ bo>d is suffici5t to fit ov] ! m\? ( ! inlet & outlet dur+ ! fill+ ( ! tank4 ,su* an arrangem5t has ! advantage ( be+ *eap1 simple1 & satisfactory1 ?\gh some:at crude4 ,9 "s cases wat] is run into ! tank at ! same rate t x is dis*>g$ ?r\gh ! op5 outlet1 ma9ta9+ a dep? ( #d or #e feet 9 ! tank until ! wat] pass+ ! manhole bel[ runs clean4 ,! volume ( wat] requir$ by ?is me?od is l>ge4 ,flu%+ wat] "u a relatively high head is sometimes obta9$ by ! use ( tank wagons :i* are quickly empti$ into ! sew] ?r\gh a canvas pipe dropp$ d[n a manhole4 ,9 all su* cases if n well con/ruct$ ! manhole is subject to cav+ due to ! ru% ( wat] ar\nd ! outlet4 ,precautions %\ld be tak5 to m9imize ?is dang] by limit+ ! dep? ( wat] :i* may be accumulat$4 ,?is c be done by con/ruct+ an ov]fl[ at a height ( #d or #e feet above ! bottom ( ! manhole1 dis*>g+ into ! sew] ?r\gh an outside dra94 ,automatic flu%-tanks are con/ruct$ simil> to a manhole1 b special c>e %\ld be tak5 to make !m wat]-tight4 ,! app>atus = provid+ ! automatic dis*>ge may op]ate ei!r ) or )\t mov+ p>ts1 ! latt] be+ pref]able z !y require less att5tion & are n s liable to get out ( ord]4 ,an automatic flu%-tank ( ! ,mill] type is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cg4 ,x is a pat5t$ device manufactur$ by ! ,pacific ,flu% ,tank ,company4 ,! small pipe at ! left is a s]vice connection to ! wat] ma94 ,wat] is all[$ to fl[ cont9u\sly into ! tank at su* a rate z to fill x 9 ! requir$ int]val betwe5 dis*>ges4 ,! tanks are dis*>g$ z ne>ly once a day z x is practicable to regulate !m4 ,! rate ( fl[ into ! tank is det]m9$ by trial & v>ies to "s ext5t ) ! wat] pressure4 ,! regulator %[n 9 ! figure is desirable z ! cont9u\s fl[ ?r\gh ! ord9>y cock soon we>s x away4 ,"s wat]s w cause deposits to =m 9 ! small passages ( ! cocks or regulators1 ?us cutt+ (f ! fl[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--;,automatic ,flu%-,tank4 ,pacific ,flu% ,tank ,co4 ,! tank op]ates z foll[s3 :5 ! wat] ris+ 9 ! tank rea*es ! bottom ( ! bell1 air is trapp$ 9 ! bell & prev5t$ f escap+ ?r\gh ! ma9 trap by ! wat] at ,a4 ,z ! wat] cont9ues to rise 9 ! tank ! air 9 ! bell is compress$1 ! wat] level at ,a is driv5 d[n & wat] trickles f ! siphon at ,c4 ,! height ( ! wat] 9 ! tank above ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! bell is equal at all times to ! height ( ,c above ! l[]+ position ( ,a4 ,:5 ,a rea*es ! position ( ,b a small am\nt ( air is releas$ ?r\gh ! %ort leg ( ! trap & a correspond+ volume ( wat] ent]s ! bell4 ,! head ( wat] above ! bell !n becomes great] ?an ! head ( wat] 9 ! %ort leg ( ! trap1 :i* results 9 ! dis*>ge ( all ( ! air 9 ! long leg ( ! trap & ! rapid dis*>ge ( ! wat] 9 ! tank ?r\gh ! siphon4 ,! dis*>ge is cont9u$ until ! siphonic action is brok5 by ! admission ( air :5 ! wat] level 9 ! tank is l[]$ to ! bottom ( ! bell4 ,! size ( ! siphons is fix$ by ! diamet] ( ! leg ( ! siphon4 ,table #bc %[s ! capacity & size ( sew]s = :i* ! diff]5t sizes ( siphons are recomm5d$ by ! manufactur]s4#cg ,,table #bc ,,sizes ,,( ,,siphons ,,to ,,be ,,us$ ,,) ,,automatic ,,flu%-,,tanks ,height ( ,diamet] ( ,total ! ,tank at ! ,dis*>ge ,av]age ,dis*>ge ,diamet] ,dis*>ge = ,"o ,rate ( ,diamet] ( ,l9e above ( ,siphon ,l9e 9 ,flu% 9 ,dis*>ge ,sew] 9 ! ,edge ( 9 ,in*es ,feet ,gallons 9 ,sec4-ft4 ,in*es ! ,bell #d #c #fj #j4ce #d to #fa ft4 #b 94 #e #c #ajj #j4gc #f to #ha ft4 #aa 94 #f #d #bdj #a4jf #h to #ajb ft4 #f 94 #h #d #bhj #b4ab #ab to #aeb ft4 #aa 94 ,:5 flu%-tanks are plac$ at ! upp] end ( lat]als provision %\ld be made = inspect+ & clean+ ! sew] by ! con/ruction ( a sep>ate manhole1 or by comb9+ ! features ( a manhole & a flu%-tank 9 ! same /ructure4 ,su* a comb9ation is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ch f a design by ,alex&] ,pott]4 ,except "u unusual conditions flu%-tanks are us$ only on sep>ate sew]s4 ,!y %\ld be plac$ at ! upp] end ( lat]als 9 :i* ! velocity ( fl[ :5 full is less ?an #b to #d feet p] second4 ,! capacity ( ! tank or ! volume ( ! dose is dep5d5t on ! diamet] & slope ( ! sew]4 ,! mo/ effective flu% is obta9$ by a volume ( wat] travel+ at a high velocity & completely fill+ ! sew]4 ,a l>ge volume all[$ to run sl[ly ?r\gh ! sew] w h b little if any flu%+ action4 ,data on ! quantity ( flu%+ wat] ne$$ are giv5 9 ,table #bd4ch ,z ! result ( a s]ies ( exp]im5ts conduct$ by ,pr(4 ,h4 ,n4 ,ogd5 on ! flu%+ ( sew]s1#ci ! conclusion 0 rea*$ t ! effect ( a flu% ( ab\t #cjj gallons 9 an #h-;in* sew] on a grade less ?an #a p] c5t w\ld n be effective beyond #hjj to #a1jjj feet1 b t on /eep] grades mu* small] quantities ( wat] w\ld produce equally good results4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--;,automatic ,flu%-,tank & ,manhole4 ,mill]-,pott] ,design4 ,pacific ,flu% ,tank ,co4 ,,table #bd ,,gallons ,,( ,,wat] ,,ne$$ ,,= ,,flu%+ ,,sew]s ,slope ,diamet] ( ,sew] 9 ,in*es #h #aj #ab #j4jje #hj #ij #ajj 4#jjge #ee #fe #hj 4#ja #de #ee #gj 4#jb #bj #cj #ce 4#jc #ae #bj #bd ,eng9e]s d n agree ^u ! advisability ( ! use ( automatic flu%-tanks1 "s believ+ t !y are a ne$less exp5se t c be avoid$ by h& flu%+1 & o!rs feel+ t a flu%-tank %\ld be plac$ at ! upp] end ( e lat]al4 ,^! div]se op9ions are ! result ( diff]5t exp]i5ces 9 diff]5t cities4 #fb4 ,siphons4--,!re are two =ms ( siphons us$ 9 sew]age practice1 a true siphon & an inv]t$ siphon4 ,a true siphon is a b5t tube ?r\gh :i* liquid w fl[ at a pressure less ?an atmosph]ic1 fir/ upw>ds & !n d[nw>ds1 ent]+ & leav+ at atmosph]ic pressure4 ,an inv]t$ siphon is a b5t tube ?r\gh :i* liquid w fl[ at a pressure great] ?an atmosph]ic fir/ d[nw>ds & !n upw>ds1 ent]+ & leav+ at atmosph]ic pressure4 ,9 sew]age practice ! ^w siphon ref]s to an inv]t$ siphon unless o!rwise qualifi$4 ,siphons1 bo? true & inv]t$1 are us$ 9 sew]age sy/ems to pass above or bel[ ob/acles4 ,true siphons are seldom us$ z !y mu/ be kept con/antly fill$ ) liquid4#dj ,accumulat$ gas mu/ be remov$ 9 ord] to prev5t ! break+ ( ! siphon :i* results 9 ! cessation ( fl[4 ,by ! break+ ( a true siphon is meant ! /oppage ( siphonic action due to ! accumulation ( air or gas at ! peak ( ! siphon4 ,s9ce ! rate ( fl[ ( sewage fluctuates widely x is extremely difficult to control ! fl[ s t a true siphon may be completely fill$ ) liquid at all times4 ,9 ! design ( inv]t$ siphons c>e mu/ be tak5 to prev5t s$im5tation1 & to p]mit inspection & clean+4 ,s$im5tation is prev5t$ by ma9ta9+ a velocity great] ?an a fix$ m9imum1 usually tak5 at ab\t #b feet p] second4 ,?is m9imum is atta9$ by provid+ a numb] ( *annels4 ,! smalle/ *annel is design$ to convey ! lea/ expect$ fl[ at ! m9imum velocity4 ,ea* ( ! o!r *annels is made z small z possible1 )9 ! limits ( economy & simplicity1 9 ord] t ! m9imum velocity %all be exce$$ quickly aft] fl[ has comm5c$ 9 !m4 ,! la/ *annel or *annels to be fill$ are made some:at l>g]1 because ! sewage convey$ 9 !m conta9s less settleable matt] ?an is conta9$ 9 ! m conc5trat$ dry wea!r fl[4 ,! type ( siphon us$ 9 ,new ,york to pass "u ! subway is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ci4 ,note %\ld be tak5 ( ! clean-out manhole provid$ on ! #ad-;in* pipe4 ,! o!r pipes are l>ge en\gh = a man to ent] & clean4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--,sew] ,siphon "u ,new ,york ,subway4 ,eng4 ,news ,vol4 #gf1 p4 #ddc4 ,! computations involv$ 9 ! design ( a siphon are illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ example1 9 :i* x is desir$ to con/ruct a siphon to pass "u ! railway cut %[n 9 ,fig4 #dj4 ,! fir/ /ep is to det]m9e ! limit+ diamet] & slope ( ! smalle/ pipe 9 ! siphon4 ,"o-six? ( ! capacity ( ! #f-;foot approa* sew] or #ai cubic feet p] second w be assum$ z ! m9imum fl[4 ,! diamet] ( ! pipe necess>y to c>ry #ai cubic feet p] second at a velocity ( #b feet p] second is #db in*es4 ,! hydraulic gradi5t %\ld h a slope ( #j4jjje if ! mat]ial us$ has a r\ghness coeffici5t ( 4#jae4 ,?is is ! m9imum p]missible slope ( ! siphon4 ,! selection ( a /eep] slope w necessitate ! lay+ ( ! sew] at a great] dep?1 & w p]mit ! use ( small] pipes = ! siphon4 ,! selection ( ! exact slope mu/ !n be bas$ on judgm5t ) ! m9imum limitation above plac$4 ,! slope w be arbitr>ily select$ z #j4jja1 ! same z t ( ! approa* sew]4 ,! diamet] ( ! dry wea!r pipe w !re=e be #cf in*es1 ) a capacity ( #ah second-feet1 :i* is approximately ! assum$ dry wea!r fl[4 ,! velocity ( fl[ w be #b4e feet p] second4 ,! l5g? ( fl[ along ! siphon is #aej feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--;,diagram = ! ,design ( an ,inv]t$ ,siphon4 ,! next /ep %\ld be ! det]m9ation ( ! elevation at ! l[] end ( ! #cf-;in* pipe4 ,?is is done by multiply+ ! assum$ grade by ! equival5t l5g? ( /raight pipe1 & subtract+ ! product f ! elevation at ! upp] end4 ,! l5g? ( /raight pipe :i* w give ! same loss ( head z ! siphon is call$ ! equival5t pipe4 ,x is det]m9$ z foll[s3 ,fir/1 det]m9e ! head loss at entrance4 ,?is w v>y betwe5 no?+ & "o velocity head1 dep5d5t on ! arrangem5t at ! entrance4#da ,! l5g? ( /raight pipe :i* w give ?is same loss c be comput$ f ! expression l h,s1 us+ = ,s ! assum$ slope ( ! hydraulic gradi5t4 ,second1 det]m9e ! head loss due to ! b5ds1 ,?is is det]m9$ f ! expression h 7fl77d7 7,v#b77b;g7 9 :i* h ! head loss 9 ! b5d2 l ! l5g? ( ! b5d2 d ! diamet] ( ! pipe2 v ! av]age velocity ( fl[2 g ! accel]ation due to gravity2 f a factor dep5d5t on ! radius 7,r7 ( ! b5d & d4 ,! relation betwe5 f1 ,r1 & d1 = #ij b5ds is %[n z foll[s3#db ,rd #bd #af #aj #f #d #b4d f #j4jcf #j4jcg #j4jdg #j4jfj #j4jfb #j4jgb ,aft] ! head loss has be5 det]m9$1 ! equival5t l5g? ( /raight pipe is det]m9$ z above4 ,?ird4 ,! equival5t l5g? ( pipe w be ! sum ( ! actual l5g? ( pipe & ! equival5t l5g?s z f\nd above4 ,9 ! problem 9 h& ! head lo/ at ! entrance w be assum$ z "o-?ird ( a velocity head1 or #j4jcbd foot4 ,) ! assum$ slope ( #j4jja ?is is equival5t to #cb feet ( pipe4 ,! radius ( ! b5d is ab\t #bj feet & ! l5g? = a #de c5tral angle is ab\t #af feet4 ,! head loss = ?is angle w probably be a little m ?an "o-half t = a #ij angle4 ,! expression w !re=e be tak5 z ab\t #j4b7,v#b77b;g7 & = two b5ds is equival5t to ab\t #dj feet ( pipe4 ,! equival5t l5g? ( pipe is !re=e #aej #cb #dj #bbb feet4 ,! elevation at ! l[] end %\ld !re=e be3 ! elevation at ! upp] end1 #ib4jg #bbb 4#jja #ia4he4 ,! diamet]s ( ! rema9+ pipes 9 ! siphon are det]m9$ s t ! sewage 9 ! approa* sew] is back$ up z little z is consi/5t ) good judgm5t be=e ea* pipe comes into action4 ,?is is done satisfactorily by a me?od ( cut & try4 ,let x be assum$ t ! siphon w be compos$ ( ?ree pipes3 ! dry wea!r pipe tak+ #ah second-feet1 ! second pipe tak+ #bh second-feet1 & ! ?ird pipe tak+ ! rema9+ #gj second-feet4 ,! diamet]s ( ! two l>g] pipes on ! assum$ slope ( #j4jja w !re=e be #db in*es & #fj in*es respectively4 ,o!r comb9ations might be us$ :i* w\ld be equally satisfactory4 ,!re are _m me?ods by :i* ! sewage c be div]t$ into ! diff]5t *annels ( ! siphon4 ,= example1 ! op5+s into ! diff]5t pipes may be plac$ at ! same elevation1 & ! sewage all[$ to ent] !m 9 turn ?r\gh automatically or h&-controll$ gates1 or 9 ano!r me?od ( control ! op5+s may be plac$ at su* elevations t :5 ! capacity ( "o pipe has be5 exce$$ ! sewage w fl[ into ! next l>ge/ pipe z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dj4 ,! outlets f ! diff]5t pipes are ord9>ily plac$ at ! same elevation1 ?us leav+ ea* pipe /&+ full ( sewage4 ,/op planks %\ld be provid$ at ! outlet 9 ord] t ! pipes may be pump$ out = clean+4 ,! objection to ?is arrangem5t is t ! l>g] pipes may op]ate at a velocity less ?an #b feet p] second1 & !y w be /&+ full ( sewage :i* might become septic4 ,h[ev]1 z !y w take no?+ b ! /orm fl[ ne> ! top ( ! sew] no difficulty %\ld be enc\nt]$ f s$im5tation 9 !m1 & all are l>ge en\gh = a man to ent] = inspection or clean+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--;,c(f9 ,sew] ,regulator4 #fc4 ,regulators4--,regulators are commonly us$ to div]t ! direction ( fl[ ( sewage 9 ord] to prev5t ! ov]*>g+ ( a sew] or to regulate ! fl[ to a treatm5t plant4 ,sew] regulators are ( two types1 ^? ) mov+ p>ts & ^? )\t mov+ p>ts4 ,an example ( ! mov+ "p type is %[n 9 ,fig4 #da4 ,9 ?is type z ! sewage rises ! float closes ! gate to ! inlet sew]1 ?us prev5t+ ! entrance ( sewage "u head f ! l>g] sew]4 ,!re are _m v>iations 9 ! details ( float controll$ regulators1 b ! pr9ciple ( op]ation is simil> 9 all4 ,^! regulators c be adju/$ to fix ! maximum rate ( fl[ to a relief *annel or sewage treatm5t plant1 or dur+ times ( /orm to cut (f ! outlet to ! dry wea!r *annel4 ,ano!r =m ( ! mov+ "p type is %[n 9 ,fig4 #db4dc ,x has be5 us$ ext5sively by ! ,milwaukee ,sew]age ,commission4 ,9 its op]ation ! dry wea!r fl[ is div]t$ by ! dam into ! int]cept]4 ,x passes "u ! movable gate on its way to ! treatm5t plant4 ,z ! fl[ increases ! dam is ov]topp$ & flood wat]s are dis*>g$ d[n ! /orm *annel4 ,! movable gate is hung on a pivot plac$ bel[ c5t]4 ,z ! wat] rises 9 ! int]cept]1 ! pressure aga9/ ! upp] portion ( ! gate becomes great] ?an t aga9/ ! l[] portion1 & ! gate closes4 ,an op5+ is left at ! bottom to all[ an am\nt ( sewage equal to ! dry wea!r fl[ to escape b5ea? ! gate to prev5t clogg+ or s$im5tation 9 ! int]cept] *annel4 ,objections to all mov+ "p regulators are _! ne$ ( att5tion & liability to become clogg$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4--,mov+ ,"p ,regulator )\t ,float4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--,leap+ ,weir at ,danville1 ,ill9ois4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--,ov]fl[ ,weir at ,san ,francisco4 ,eng4 ,news1 ,vol4 #gc1 p4 #cjg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--,ov]fl[ ,weir 9 ,action4 ,%ad[ ( /eel knife edge :i* =ms ! lip ( ! weir c be se5 ?r\gh ! fall+ sewage4 ,! ov]fl[ weir & ! leap+ weir h no mov+ p>ts & are us$ = ! regulation ( ! fl[ 9 sew]s4 ,a leap+ weir is =m$ by a gap 9 ! inv]t ( a sew] ?r\gh :i* ! dry wea!r fl[ w fall & ov] :i* a portion or all ( ! /orm fl[ w leap4 ,"o =m ( leap+ weir is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dc4 ,an ov]fl[ weir is =m$ by an op5+ 9 ! side ( a sew] high en\gh to p]mit ! dis*>ge ( excess fl[ into a relief *annel4 ,a weir at ,san ,francisco is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dd4 ,a s]ies ( te/s 7 run on leap+ weirs & ov]fl[ weirs 9 ! hydraulic laboratory ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois4 ,! type ( leap+ weir te/$ 0 =m$ by ! smoo? spigot end ( a /&>d vitrifi$ sew] pipe4 ,! ov]fl[ weirs 7 =m$ by a /eel knife edge 9 ! side ( ! pipe p>allel to its axis z %[n 9 ,fig4 #de4 ,te/s 7 made 9 #ah-;in* & #bd-;in* pipes on v>i\s slopes f #j4jah to #j4jje1 = bo? leap+ weirs & ov]fl[ weirs4 ,! ov]fl[ weirs 7 v>i$ 9 l5g? f #af in*es to #db in*es & 7 plac$ at v>i\s heights f #be p] c5t to #ej p] c5t ( ! diamet] above ! inv]t ( ! sew]4 ,z ! result ( ! obs]vations ! foll[+ =mulas 7 develop$4 ,= ! leap+ weir ! expressions = ! coord9ates ( ! curve ( ! surfaces ( ! fall+ /ream1 are3 ,= ! outside surface x #j4ec,v y#dg ,= ! inside surface x #j4cj,v#dg y 9 :i* x & y are ! coord9ates4 ,! orig9 is 9 ! upp] surface ( ! /ream v]tically above ! end ( ! inv]t ( ! pipe4 ,! ord9ate y is measur$ v]tically d[nw>ds4 ,v is ! velocity ( approa* 9 feet p] second4 ,^! expressions are applicable to any diamet] ( sew] up to #aj or #ae feet4 ,!y %\ld n be us$ = dep?s ( fl[ great] ?an ab\t #ad in*es2 nor = slopes ( m ?an #be p] #a1jjj2 nor = velocities less ?an #a foot p] second nor m ?an #aj feet p] second4 ,! expression = ! ord9ate ( ! inside curve is n good = less ?an #f in*es nor m ?an #e feet4 ,! expression = ! ord9ate ( ! outside curve is limit$ to values betwe5 ! orig9 & #e feet bel[ x4 ,! expression = ! l5g? ( an ov]fl[ weir ( ! type %[n 9 ,fig4 #de1 necess>y to dis*>ge a giv5 quantity1 is 9 ! =m1 l #b4c,vd log h#a;h#b 9 :i* l ! l5g? ( ! weir 9 feet2 ,v ! velocity ( approa* 9 feet p] second2 d ! diamet] ( ! pipe 9 feet2 h#a ! head ( wat] on ! upp] end ( ! weir2 h#b ! head ( wat] on ! l[] end ( ! weir4 ,9 ! design ( an ov]fl[ weir by ?is =mula ! height ( ! weir above ! inv]t ( ! sew] & ! fl[ ov] ! weir %\ld be det]m9$ arbitr>ily4 ,! height %\ld be subtract$ f ! comput$ dep? ( wat] above ! weir to det]m9e ! value ( h#a4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! fl[ ov] ! weir & ! fl[ above ! weir w repres5t ! rate ( fl[ 9 ! sew] bel[ ! weir4 ,! value ( h#b c !n be comput$ z ! diff]5ce 9 ! dep? ( fl[ bel[ ! weir & ! height ( ! weir above ! inv]t4 ,! value ( ,v is comput$ f ,kutt]'s =mula4 ,! l5g? ( ! weir is det]m9$ by sub/itut+ ^! values 9 ! =mula4 #fd4 ,junctions4--,at ! junction ( two or m sew]s ! elevation ( ! inv]ts %\ld be su* t ! normal fl[ l9es are at ! same elevation 9 all sew]s4 ,! sew]s %\ld approa* ! junction on a /eep grade to prev5t sewage back+ up 9 "o :5 ! o!r is fl[+ full4 ,! velocity ( fl[ at ! junction %\ld n be decreas$ & turbul5ce %\ld be avoid$ 9 ord] to prev5t s$im5tation & loss ( head4 ,! junction %\ld be effect$ on smoo? easy curves ) radii at lea/ five times ! diamet] ( ! sew] :]e possible4 ,curves ) %ort radii cause back+ up ( sewage ?us r$uc+ ! capacity ( ! sew]s4 ,! t]ms bellm\? or trumpet ar* are sometimes appli$ to ! junction ( sew]s l>ge en\gh to be ent]$ by a man4 ,9 small sew]s ! ,y bran*es & special junctions are manufactur$ s t ! c5t] l9es ( ! pipes int]sect1 & ! junctions ( ma9s & lat]als are made 9 manholes4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( a bellm\? ! ar* is c>ri$ ov] all ! sew]s4 ,a manhole %\ld be con/ruct$ at ^! junctions z clogg+ frequ5tly occurs !re1 due to swirl+ & back eddies :i* _c be avoid$4 #fe4 ,outlets4--,! outlets to a sew]age sy/em dis*>g+ into a swiftly runn+ /ream mu/ be protect$ aga9/ wa% & float+ debris4 ,9 a /ream or o!r body ( wat] subject to wide v>iations 9 elevation ! back+ up ( ! sewage dur+ high wat] %\ld be avoid$4 ,:]e tidal flats or l[ gr\nd ab\t ! outlet may be alt]nately subm]g$ & uncov]$ ! dis*>ge %\ld always be into swiftly runn+ wat]4 ,9 quiesc5t bodies ( wat] su* z lakes & h>bors1 & 9 riv]s :]e ! dilution is l[1 & 9 _m o!r cases1 ! sew] outlet %\ld be subm]g$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--,tide ,gate4 ,outlets are protect$ aga9/ wa% & ! impact ( debris by ! con/ruction ( deep f\ndations & heavy protect+ walls4 ,al?\gh ! con/ruction ( an outlet 9 a sl[ curr5t or a back eddy w\ld avoid dang] f wa% & debris1 ! dis*>ge ( ! sewage into ! mo/ rapid curr5t possible aids 9 ! prev5tion ( a local nuisance4 ,a r[ ( batt] piles on ! up/ream or expos$ side ( ! sew] is desirable1 or x may be necess>y to con/ruct a break-wat] to prev5t ! wa% ( ! curr5t f dislodg+ ! pipe4 ,^! break-wat]s are l[ dams ( wood or brok5 /one1 m or less loosely ?r[n toge!r4 ,! back+ up ( wat] into ! sew] c be prev5t$ by con/ruct+ ! sew] above ! outlet on a /eep grade4 ,:]e ?is is n possible ! use ( tide gates w be helpful4 ,a tide gate1 "o =m ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #df1 is a special =m ( *eck valve plac$ on ! end ( ! sew]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--,sew] ,outlet on a ,tre/le4 ,eng4 ,news1 ,vol4 #di1 p4 #i4 ,sew] outlets are sometimes con/ruct$ on long tre/les 9 ord] to rea* deep or runn+ wat]4 ,su* a tre/le is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dg4 ,9 ,bo/on ! outlet sew]s are subm]g$ "u ! h>bor & dis*>ge ?r\gh outlets well out 9 ! tidal curr5ts4 ,! sewage is dis*>g$ "u pressure & ! pumps are op]at$ at "s ( ! /ations only at su* times z ! tidal curr5ts w c>ry ! sewage away f ! h>bor4 ,x is n always necess>y 9 a comb9$ sew]age sy/em to c>ry ! /orm fl[ to a di/ant subm]g$ outlet4 ,a d\ble outlet c be con/ruct$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dh 9 :i* ! dry wea!r fl[ is c>ri$ to ! *annel 9 a subm]g$ sew] & ! /orm fl[ is dis*>g$ on ! bank4#dd ,ca/-iron pipe %\ld be us$ = subm]g$ outlets z ! sew] is subject to di/urbance by ! curr5ts1 an*ors1 ice1 & o!r causes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--;,dry ,wea!r & ,/orm ,sew] ,outlet at ,m9neapolis1 ,m9nesota4 ,eng4 ,record1 ,vol4 #fc1 p4 #chc4 #ff4 ,f\ndations4--,sew]s con/ruct$ 9 firm dry soil require no special f\ndation to di/ribute ! weight ov] ! support+ m$ium4 ,9 s(t mat]ials ! l[] half ( ! sew] r+ may be spread z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb1 & 9 rock ! pressures on sew] pipes are ev5ly di/ribut$ by a cu%ion ( s&4 ,9 wet gr\nd su* z quicks&1 mud1 swamp l&1 etc41 a f\ndation mu/ be con/ruct$ if ! wat] _c be dra9$ (f4 ,! p]missible int5sities ( pressure on f\ndations 9 v>i\s classes ( mat]ial all[$ by ! build+ codes 9 diff]5t cities are giv5 9 ,table #be4 ,^! figures are bas$ on ! assumption t ! mat]ial is re/ra9$ lat]ally1 :i* is g5]ally ! condition 9 sew] con/ruction4 ,9 ! s(t] mat]ials x becomes necess>y to spread ! f\ndations n only to r$uce ! int5sity ( pressure1 b also to c>e = ! ?ru/ ( ! sew] ar*4 ,! ar* ?ru/ may be f\nd by "o ( ! me?ods ( ar* analysis1 & ! haun*es spread to c>e = ?is1 or ! sew] inv]t may be transv]sally re9=c$ to assi/ 9 c>+ = ?is action4 ,"s sew] sections 9 h>d & s(t mat]ial are %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb & #bc4 ,,table #be ,,all[able ,,be>+ ,,value ,,on ,,soils ,,9 ,,v>i\s ,,cities ,f ,proc4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,civil ,engrs41 ,vol4 #df1 #aibj1 p4 #ijf ,quicks& & alluvial to #a ton p] sq4 ft4 = ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i41 soil ton p] sq4 ft4 = #f cities ,s(t clay #a ton p] sq4 ft4 = #bg cities1 ton p] sq4 ft4 = ,new ,orleans1 #b to #c tons = ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i4 ,mod]ately dry clay & #b tons = #g cities1 #a to #b = ,*icago1 #b f9e s&1 clean & tons = ,l\isville1 #b to #d tons = dry ,provid5ce1 #c tons = ,gr& ,rapids & ,los ,angeles ,clay & s& 9 #b tons = #ai cities1 #a to #b = ,*icago1 #c alt]nate lay]s to #e tons = ,provid5ce ,firm & dry loam or #c tons = #bd cities1 #b tons = #b cities1 #b clay1 or h>d dry clay to #c tons = ,atlanta1 #c tons = or f9e s& ,philadelphia1 #d tons = #f cities ,compact co>se s&1 #d tons = #be cities1 #c tons = ,buffalo1 #c /iff gravel or natural to #d tons = ,atlanta1 #d to #e tons = e>? ,c9c9nati1 #e tons = ,d5v]1 #d to #f tons = #c cities1 #f tons = ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,co>se gravel1 /ratifi$#f tons = #c cities1 #e tons = #b cities1 #h /one & clay1 or rock tons = #a city inf]ior to be/ brick masonry ,gravel & s& well #h tons = #e cities1 #f tons = #b cities1 #h cem5t$ to #aj tons = #a city ,good h>d pan or h>d #aj tons = #d cities1 #f tons = #b cities1 #h %ale tons = #a city ,good h>d pan or h>d #h tons = #a city1 #aj to #ae tons = #a city1 %ale unexpos$ to air1 #ab to #ah tons = #a city fro/ or wat] ,v h>d native b$ rock#bj tons = #e cities1 #ae tons = #a city1 #aj tons = #a city1 #be to #ej tons = #a city ,rock "u caisson #bd tons = ,baltimore1 #be tons = ,clevel& ,on s(t f\ndations su* z swamps or = outfalls on ! muck bottom ( riv]s ! sew] may be c>ri$ on a plat=m4 ,= small sew]s #b-;in* planks1 #b to #d feet long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! pipe are laid across ! tr5*1 & ! sew] re/s directly ^u !m4 ,= l>ge sew]s impos+ a heavy conc5trat$ load1 a pile f\ndation %\ld be con/ruct$4 ,! f\ndation may consi/ ( piles alone1 pile b5ts1 or a wood5 plat=m support$ on pile b5ts4 ,! load :i* c be c>ri$ by a pile is det]m9$ ) accuracy only by driv+ a te/ pile & plac+ a load on x4 ,:]e piles d n p5etrate to a firm /ratum ! load !y w support c be det]m9$ by any "o ( ! v>i\s =mulas1 ei!r !oretical or empirical1 :i* h be5 devis$4 ,probably ! be/ kn[n ( ^! =mulas are ! s-call$ ,eng9e]+ ,news =mulas "o ( :i* is3 ,p #b,:7,s #a7 = a pile driv5 by a drop hamm]1 9 :i* ,p ! safe load on ! pile 9 p\nds4 ,! factor ( safety is #f2 ,w ! weight ( ! hamm] 9 p\nds2 h ! fall ( ! hamm] 9 feet2 ,s ! p5etration ( ! pile 9 in*es at ! la/ driv+ bl[4 ,! bl[ is assum$ to be driv5 on s\nd wood )\t reb\nd ( ! hamm]4 ,ref]5ce %\ld be made to eng9e]+ h&books = o!r =ms ( pile =mulas4 ,! accuracy ( all ( ^! =mulas is n ( a high degree4 ,! piles are driv5 at ab\t #b to #d feet c5t]s1 to a dep? ( f #h to #bj feet1 unless h>d bottom is /ruck at a less] dep?4 ,! butt diamet] ( ! piles us$ = ! smalle/ sew]s is ab\t #f to #h in*es4 ,if b5ts are us$1 #b or #c piles are driv5 9 a r[ across ! l9e ( ! sew] & are capp$ ) a timb]4 ,= brick1 block1 pipe1 & "s concrete sew]s1 a wood5 plat=m mu/ be con/ruct$ betwe5 ! pile b5ts = ! support ( ! sew]4 #fg4 ,und]dra9s4--,! con/ruction ( special f\ndations c sometimes be avoid$ by lay+ dra9s "u ! sew]s1 ?us remov+ ! wat] held 9 ! soil4 ,! lay+ ( ! und]dra9s facilitates ! con/ruction ( ! sew] & r$uces ! am\nt ( gr\nd wat] ent]+ ! sew]4 ,! und]dra9s usually consi/ ( #f- or #h-;in* vitrifi$ tile laid ) op5 jo9ts f #a to #b feet bel[ ! bottom ( ! sew] z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,if ! sew]s are l>ge1 p>allel l9es ( dra9s may be laid b5ea? !m4 ,an obs]vation hole %\ld be con/ruct$ f ! bottom ( ! manhole to ea* und]dra94 ,?is hole usually consi/s ( a #f- or #h-;in* pipe1 emb$d$ 9 concrete1 connect$ to ! dra9 & op5 at ! top4 ,x is too small to p]mit effective clean+ ( ! und]dra9s1 :i* are usually neglect$ aft] con/ruction1 & :i* z a result clog & cease to function4 ,s9ce ! pr9cipal p]iod ( usefulness ( ! dra9s is dur+ con/ruction1 _! /oppage aft] ! "w is complet$ is n s]i\s4 ,! holl[ tile us$ 9 vitrifi$ block sew]s s]ve z und]dra9s aft] con/ruction1 b are ( little or no assi/ance to ! dra9+ ( ! tr5* dur+ con/ruction4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,pumps ,,& ,,pump+ ,,/ations #fh4 ,ne$4--,9 ! design ( a sew]age sy/em x is occasionally necess>y to conc5trate ! sewage ( a l[-ly+ di/rict at "s conv5i5t po9t f :i* x mu/ be lift$ by pumps4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( sew]s 9 flat topography ! grade requir$ to cause prop] velocity ( sewage fl[ necessitates deep excavation4 ,x is sometimes less exp5sive to raise ! sewage by pump+ ?an to cont9ue ! con/ruction ( ! sew]s ) deep excavation4 ,9 ! op]ation ( a sewage-treatm5t plant a c]ta9 am\nt ( head is necess>y4 ,if ! sewage is deliv]$ to ! plant at a dep? too great to make possible ! utilization ( gravity = ! requir$ head1 pumps mu/ be in/all$ to lift ! sewage4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( l>ge (fice build+s1 bus9ess blocks1 etc41 ! sub-basem5ts are frequ5tly con/ruct$ bel[ ! sew] level4 ,! sewage & o!r dra9age f ! l[ portion ( ! build+ mu/ !re=e be remov$ by pump+4 ,because pumps are (t5 an ess5tial "p ( a sew]age sy/em1 _! details %\ld be und]/ood by ! eng9e] :o mu/ write ! specifications "u :i* !y are pur*as$ & in/all$4 #fi4 ,reliability4--,if ! only outlet f a sew]age sy/em is ?r\gh a pump+ /ation1 ! inability ( ! pumps to h&le all ( ! sewage deliv]$ to !m may s back up ! sewage z to flood /reets & basem5ts1 endang]+ lives & heal? & de/roy+ prop]ty4 ,su* an occurr5ce %\ld be gu>d$ aga9/ by provid+ suffici5t pump+ capacity & ma*9]y ( ! greate/ reliability4 #gj4 ,equipm5t4--,! equipm5t ( a sewage pump+ /ation1 9 addition to pump+ ma*9]y1 may include a grit *amb]1 a scre51 & a receiv+ well4 ,! grit *amb] & scre5 are necess>y to protect ! pumps f we> & clogg+4 ,grit *amb]s are n necess>y 9 sewage devoid ( gritty matt]1 su* z ! av]age dome/ic sewage1 unless reciprocat+ pumps are us$4 ,suffici5t gritty matt] is f\nd 9 av]age dome/ic sewage to h an undesirable effect on reciprocat+ pumps4 ,receiv+ wells are us$ 9 small pump+ /ations :]e ! capacity ( ! pumps is great] ?an ! av]age rate ( sewage fl[4 ,! pumps are !n op]at$ int]mitt5tly1 ! pumps /&+ idle dur+ ! "t t ! receiv+ well is fill+4 ,except = a few types ( pumps ( :i* ! valve op5+s are unsuitable1 any ma*9e capable ( pump+ wat] is capable ( pump+ sewage :i* has be5 prop]ly scre5$4 ,! pr9ciples ( sewage pumps are !n simil> to pr9ciples ( wat] pumps4 ,! conditions "u :i* ^! pr9ciples are appli$ diff] b slightly 9 ! "* ( ! liquid1 & a small] range ( dis*>ge pressures4 ,pumps ) l>ge passages1 dis*>g+ "u l[ heads are m commonly f\nd among sewage pumps4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--;,calumet ,sewage ,pump+ ,/ation1 ,*icago1 ,ill9ois4 #ga4 ,! ,build+4--,! pump+ /ation %\ld1 if possible1 be ( pleas+ design & %\ld be surr\nd$ by attractive gr\nds4 ,! ,calumet ,sewage ,pump+ ,/ation 9 ,*icago is %[n 9 ,fig4 #di4 ,its ar*itecture is pleas+ p>ticul>ly 9 contra/ ) its location & imm$iate surr\nd+s4 ,su* /ructures t5d to remove ! popul> prejudice f sew]age & to ar\se int]e/ 9 sew]age que/ions4 ,s]vice to ! public is ( value4 ,x c be r5d]$ m easily by ar\s+ public int]e/ & coop]ation by ! erection ( attractive /ructures1 ?an by fe$+ popul> prejudice by ! con/ruction ( mis]able eyesores4 #gb4 ,capacity ( ,pumps4--,! capacity ( ! pump+ equipm5t %\ld be suffici5t to c>e = ! maximum quantity ( sewage deliv]$ to x1 ) ! l>ge/ pump+ unit %ut d[n1 & ! provision ( su* additional capacity z1 9 ! op9ion ( ! design]1 w provide ! necess>y factor ( safety4 ,pumps c usually be op]at$ "u m or less ov]load4 ,p[] pumps & c5trifugal pumps driv5 by con/ant spe$ electric motors h no ov]load capacity4 ,a p[] pump or a c5trifugal pump may be ov]load$ up to ! maximum horse-p[] ( any v>iable spe$ motor or /eam eng9e driv+ x1 provid$ ! pump has be5 design$ to p]mit x4 ,direct-act+ /eam pumps :i* are design$ = prop] pi/on spe$ & valve action at normal loads1 c c>ry a #ej p] c5t ov]load = %ort p]iods1 al?\gh ! /ra9 on ! pump is great4 ,!y w c>ry a #bj to #be p] c5t ov]load = ab\t eight h\rs ) less vibration & /ra94 ,! use ( pumps capable ( work+ at an appreciable ov]load is some:at ( an additional factor ( safety1 b ! ov]load factor %\ld n be tak5 into consid]ation 9 det]m9+ ! capacity ( ! pump+ equipm5t4 ,! load on a pump+ /ation consi/s ( ! quantity ( sewage to be pump$ & ! height x mu/ be lift$4 ,v>iations 9 ! quantity are discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! head aga9/ :i* ! pumps mu/ op]ate fluctuates ) ! level 9 ! tribut>y sew] or pump well1 & 9 ! dis*>ge conduit4 ,= a free dis*>ge or dis*>ge into a %ort =ce ma9 ! great] ! rate ( sewage fl[ ! small] ! lift1 z ! dep? ( fl[ 9 ! tribut>y sew] increases m rapidly ?an t 9 ! dis*>ge conduit4 ,if ! dis*>ge is into a l>ge body ( wat] or "u o!r conditions :]e ! dis*>ge head is approximately con/ant1 ! fluctuations 9 total head %\ld n exce$ ! diamet] ( ! tribut>y sew]4 ,su* fluctuations are ( m9or importance 9 ! op]ation ( direct-act+ /eam pumps1 b may be ( great importance 9 ! op]ation ( c5trifugal pumps1 z is br\ght out 9 ,art4 #gh4 #gc4 ,capacity ( ,receiv+ ,well4--,! use ( receiv+ wells is re/rict$ to small in/allations :i* require1 9 addition to ! /&by unit1 only "o pump1 ! capacity ( :i* is equal to ! maximum rate ( sewage fl[4 ,:5 ! receiv+ well has be5 pump$ dry ! pump /ops1 all[+ ! well to fill aga94 ,al?\gh ! use ( a l>ge receiv+ well1 or an equaliz+ res]voir1 = a l>ge pump+ /ation w\ld p]mit ! op]ation ( ! pumps "u m economical conditions1 ! /orage ( sewage = ! l5g? ( "t requir$ w\ld n be feasible4 ,! sewage w\ld probably become septic1 creat+ odors & corrod+ ! pumps4 ,! extra co/ ( ! res]voir might n comp5sate = ! sav+ 9 ! capacity & op]ation ( ! pumps4 ,! capacity ( ! receiv+ well %\ld be s design$ t ! pump :5 op]at+ w be work+ at its maximum capacity1 & ! p]iod ( re/ dur+ conditions ( av]age rate ( fl[ %\ld be 9 ! neighborhood ( #ae to #bj m9utes4 ,= example1 assume an av]age rate ( fl[ ( #b cubic feet p] second1 ) a maximum rate ( d\ble ?is am\nt4 ,! pump %\ld h a capacity ( #d cubic feet p] second1 & if ! receiv+ well is to be fill$ 9 #ae m9utes by ! av]age rate ( sewage fl[ its capacity %\ld be #ae #e #fj #g4e or #ad1jjj gallons4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! pump w op]ate #ae m9utes & re/ #ae m9utes1 dur+ av]age conditions ( fl[4 #gd4 ,types ( ,pump+ ,ma*9]y4--,! two pr9cipal types ( pump+ ma*9es = lift+ sewage are c5trifugal pumps & reciprocat+ pumps4 ,a c5trifugal pump is1 9 g5]al1 any pump :i* raises a liquid by ! c5trifugal =ce creat$ by a :eel1 call$ ! impell]1 revolv+ 9 a tight cas+1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ej4 ,a reciprocat+ pump is "o 9 :i* !re is a p]iodic rev]sal ( motion ( ! p>ts ( ! pump4 ,c5trifugal pumps are sometimes classifi$ z volute pumps & turb9e pumps4 ,a volute pump is a c5trifugal pump ) a spiral cas+ into :i* ! wat] is dis*>g$ f ! impell] ) ! same velocity at all po9ts ar\nd ! circumf]5ce1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ea4 ,a turb9e pump is a c5trifugal pump 9 :i* ! wat] is dis*>g$ f ! impell] ?r\gh guide passages into a collect+ *amb]1 9 su* a mann] z to prev5t loss ( en]gy 9 *ang+ f k9etic head to pressure head4 ,a turb9e pump is %[n 9 section 9 ,fig4 #ea4 ,c5trifugal pumps are sometimes classifi$ z s+le /age & multi-/age4 ,a c5trifugal pump f :i* ! wat] is dis*>g$ at ! pressure creat$ by a s+le impell] is call$ a s+le-/age pump4 ,if ! wat] 9 ! pump is dis*>g$ f "o impell] into ! suction ( ano!r impell] ! pump is kn[n z a multi-/age pump4 ,! numb] ( impell]s op]at+ at diff]5t pressures det]m9es ! numb] ( /ages ( ! pump4 ,a ?ree-/age pump is %[n 9 ,fig4 #eb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--,section ?r\gh de ,laval ,s+le-,/age1 ,d\ble ,suction ,c5trifugal ,pump4 #cge ,lubricat+ r+4 #chj ,oil hole cap4 #chc ,oil dra9 tube4 #djd ,%aft sleeve lock nut4 #ddj ,driv+ c\pl+4 #dda ,driv5 c\pl+4 #ddc ,c\pl+ *eck nut4 #dej ,c\pl+ bolt4 #dea ,c\pl+ bolt nut4 #deb ,c\pl+ rubb]4 #dec ,c\pl+ rubb] /eel tube4 #ejj ,pump case4 #eej ,be>+ bracket cap4 #eea ,be>+4 #eeb ,%aft4 #eec ,%aft sleeve1 "r h& ?read4 ,,pw ,impell]4 #eed ,%aft sleeve1 left h& ?read4 #eee ,%aft /op coll>1 inn]4 #eee-a ,%aft /op coll>1 out]4 #eef ,guide r+4 #efj ,pack+ gl&4 #efc ,be>+4 #efg,r ,impell] protect+ r+1 "r h& ?read4 #efg,l ,impell] protect+ r+1 left h& ?read4 #ehc ,pump case protect+ r+4 #efg ,labyr9? pack+4 #ehc ,labyr9? pack+4 #fjj ,pump case cov]4 #fib ,impell] key4 #hae ,be>+ bracket1 out]4 #hae-a ,be>+ bracket1 inn]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--,types ( ,c5trifugal ,pumps4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4--,section ( a ,multi-,/age ,c5trifugal ,pump4 ,c\rtesy ,de,laval ,/eam ,turb9e ,co4 ,reciprocat+ pumps are g5]ally driv5 by /eam & are ei!r direct-act+1 or ( ! crank-&-fly-:eel type4 ,p[] pumps are reciprocat+ ma*9es :i* may be driv5 by any =m ( motor1 to :i* !y are connect$ by belt1 *a9 or %aft4 ,a ,dem+ triplex p[] pump is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ec4 ,p[] pumps c be us$ only :]e ! "* ( ! sewage w n clog ! valves nor corrode ! pump4 ,a direct-act+ /eam pump is "o 9 :i* ! /eam & wat] cyl9d]s are 9 ! same /raight l9e & ! /eam is us$ at full boil] pressure ?r\gh\t ! full l5g? ( ! /roke4 ,! crank-&-fly-:eel type ( pump+ eng9e p]mits ! use ( /eam expansively dur+ a "p ( ! /roke1 ! en]gy /or$ 9 ! fly:eel c>ry+ ! ma*9e ?r\gh ! rema9d] ( ! /roke4 ,reciprocat+ pumps are sometimes classifi$ z plung] pumps & pi/on pumps4 ,9 ! action ( a plung] pump ! wat] is expell$ f ! wat] cyl9d]1 by ! action ( a plung] :i* only p>tly fills ! wat] cyl9d]1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #ed & #ee4 ,9 a pi/on pump ! wat] is expell$ f ! wat] cyl9d] by ! action ( a pi/on :i* completely fills ! wat] cyl9d]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fc1 :i* illu/rates a direct-act+ pi/on pump4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--,triplex ,p[] ,pump4 ,c\rtesy1 ,! ,dem+ ,co4 ,plung]s are bett] ?an pi/ons = pump+ sewage z ! we> betwe5 ! pi/ons & ! inside face ( ! cyl9d] soon r$uces ! effici5cy ( ! pump4 ,outside pack$ plung]s are bett] ?an ! inside pack$ type because ! pack+ c be tak5 up )\t /opp+ ! pump & ! leakage f ! pump is visible at all times4 ,outside pack$ pumps are m exp5sive 9 fir/ co/1 b are easi] to ma9ta9 & h a long] life ?an pi/on pumps4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--,wat] ,end ( ,inside ,c5t]-,pack$ ,plung] ,pump4 ,9 select+ a pump to p]=m c]ta9 "w ! size ( ! wat] cyl9d] & ! spe$ ( ! travel ( ! pi/on %\ld be inve/igat$ to insure prop] capacity4 ,! av]age l9e> travel ( ! pi/on = sl[ spe$ pumps is e/imat$ at ab\t #ajj feet p] m9ute1 dep5d5t on ! l5g? ( /roke & ! valve area4 ,= %ort /rokes & small valve areas ! spe$ may be z l[ z #dj feet p] m9ute1 & = long /roke fire pumps ) l>ge valves ! pi/on c be op]at$ at a spe$ ( #bjj feet p] m9ute4#de ,v]tical1 triple-expansion1 crank-&-fly-:eel1 outside pack$ plung] pumps ) flap valves c be op]at$ at spe$s ( #bjj feet p] m9ute :5 lift+ sewage1 & :5 equipp$ ) me*anically op]at$ valves & lift+ wat] !y c be run at spe$s ( #djj to #ejj feet p] m9ute4 ,! spe$ ( travel multipli$ by ! volume ( pi/on or plung] displacem5t1 ) prop] all[ance = slippage1 w give ! capacity ( ! pump4 ,! slippage all[ance may be f #c to #h p] c5t = ! be/ pumps1 & = pumps 9 poor conditions x may be a high z #cj to #dj p] c5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee--,wat] ,end ( ,outside ,c5t]-,pack$ ,plung] ,pump4 ,c\rtesy ,allis-,*alm]s ,co4 ,!re are two types ( ejector pumps us$ = lift+ sewage4 ,"o ( ^! dep5ds on ! vacuum creat$ by ! velocity ( a /ream ( wat] or /eam pass+ ?r\gh a small nozzle4 ,! op]ation ( ?is pump is describ$ 9 ,art4 #aci & x is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ig4 ,! o!r type ( ejector pump is kn[n z ! compress$-air ejector4 ,x is op]at$ by means ( compress$ air :i* is turn$ into a receptacle conta9+ sewage4 ,! details ( ?is type are expla9$ 9 ,art4 #hc & are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #fh4 #ge4 ,sizes & ,description ( ,pumps4--,! size ( a c5trifugal pump is express$ z ! diamet] ( ! dis*>ge pipe 9 in*es4 ,x has no?+ to d ) ! head = :i* ! pump is suit$4 ,on ! assumption ( a velocity ( fl[ ( #aj feet p] second ?r\gh ! dis*>ge pipe ! capacity ( ! pump c be approximat$4 ,! size ( a reciprocat+ pump involves ! expression ( ! diamet]s ( ! /eam cyl9d]s1 ! wat] cyl9d]1 & ! l5g? ( ! /roke 9 in*es1 9 ! ord] nam$1 beg9n+ ) ! /eam cyl9d] ) ! highe/ pressure4 ,a complete description ( a /eam pump+ eng9e might be2 comp\nd1 duplex1 horizontal1 cond5s+1 crank-&-fly-:eel1 outside-c5t]-pack$1 #ab #bd #ah #bd pump4 ,! ^w comp\nd means t !re are a high-pressure & a l[-pressure /eam cyl9d]2 ! ^w duplex means t !re are two ( ea* ( ^! cyl9d]s2 ! ^w horizontal means t ! axes ( ^! cyl9d]s are 9 a horizontal plane2 ! ^w cond5s+ means t ! /eam is dis*>g$ f ! l[-pressure cyl9d]s into a cond5s]2 ! "n crank-&-fly-:eel is self-explanatory2 ! "n outside-c5t]-pack$ means t ! wat] cyl9d] is divid$ into two portions betwe5 :i* ! plung] is expos$ to ! atmosph]e1 & t ! pack+ r+s are on ! outside ( ! two portions ( ! cyl9d] z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ee2 ! figures %[n mean t ! high-pressure /eam cyl9d] is #ab in*es 9 diamet]1 ! l[-pressure #bd in*es 9 diamet]1 ! wat] cyl9d] is #ah in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! /roke ( ! pump is #bd in*es4 #gf4 ,def9itions ( ,duty & ,effici5cy4--,! duty ( a pump is ! numb] ( foot-p\nds ( "w done by ! pump p] million ,b4,t4,u41 p] ?\s& p\nds ( /eam1 or p] hundr$ p\nds ( coal1 consum$ 9 p]=m+ ! "w4 ,^! units are only approximately equal z #ajj p\nds ( coal or #a1jjj p\nds ( /eam d n always conta9 ! same numb] ( ,b4,t4,u4 & may only approximately equal #a1jjj1jjj ,b4,t4,u4 ,s9ce #a1jjj1jjj ,b4,t4,u4 are equal to #ggh1jjj1jjj foot-p\nds ( "w1 a pump ) a duty ( #ggh1jjj1jjj w h an effici5cy ( #ajj p] c5t4 ,! effici5cy ( a pump is !re=e its duty bas$ on ,b4,t4,u4 divid$ by #ggh1jjj1jjj4 ,! effici5cies or duties ( v>i\s types ( pumps are giv5 9 ,table #bf4df ,,table #bf ,,approximate ,,duties ,,( ,,/eam ,,pumps ,small duplex1 non-cond5s+ #aj1jjj1jjj ,l>ge duplex1 non-cond5s+ #be1jjj1jjj ,small simple1 fly:eel1 cond5s+ #ej1jjj1jjj ,l>ge simple1 fly:eel1 cond5s+ #fe1jjj1jjj ,small comp\nd1 fly:eel1 cond5s+ #fe1jjj1jjj ,l>ge comp\nd1 fly:eel1 cond5s+ #abj1jjj1jjj ,small triple1 fly:eel1 cond5s+ #aej1jjj1jjj ,l>ge triple1 fly:eel1 cond5s+ #afe1jjj1jjj #gg4 ,details ( ,c5trifugal ,pumps4--,a section ( a c5trifugal pump ) ! names ( ! p>ts m>k$ !reon is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ej4 ,among ! important p>ts :i* require ! att5tion ( ! pur*as] are3 ! impell] 7,,pw71 ! impell] pack+ r+s 7#efg ,r ,l71 ! be>+s 7#eea1 #efc71 ! ?ru/ be>+s 7#eee-a71 ! %aft 7#eeb71 & ! %aft c\pl+ 7#ddj74 ,! impell] %\ld be ( bronze1 gun metal1 or o!r alloy1 because !re is no ru/+ or r\gh5+ ( ! surface1 & ! effici5cy does n fall ) age4 ,normal fre% sewage is n corrosive1 b septic sewage & sludge are usually s corrosive t iron p>ts _c be us$ ) success 9 contact ) !m4 ,! impell] %\ld be ma*9$ & poli%$ to r$uce ! friction ) ! liquid4 ,impell]s are made ei!r clos$ or op51 i4e41 ei!r ) or )\t plates on ! sides connect+ ! blades to avoid ! friction ( ! liquid aga9/ ! side ( ! cas+4 ,! clos$ type ( impell] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ej4 ,clos$ impell]s are slightly m exp5sive1 b g5]ally give bett] s]vice & high] effici5cies ?an ! op5 type4 ,s+le impell] pumps %\ld h an inlet on ea* side ( ! impell] to aid 9 balanc+ ! ma*9e1 unless ! plane ( ! impell] is to be horizontal :5 op]at+4 ,multi-impell] pumps usually h s+le inlet op5+s = ea* impell]4 ,vibration 9 ! pump is sometimes caus$ by an unbalanc$ impell]4 ,! mov+ p>ts may be balanc$ at "o spe$ & unbalanc$ at ano!r4 ,to det]m9e if ! mov+ p>ts are balanc$ ! pump %\ld be run free at diff]5t spe$s & ! am\nt ( vibration obs]v$4 ,if ! impell] is remov$ f ! pump its balance :5 at re/ c be /udi$ by re/+ x on horizontal knife edges4 ,if !re is a t5d5cy to rotate 9 any direction f any position ! impell] is n p]fectly balanc$4 ,pack+ r+s are us$ to prev5t ! escape ( wat] f ! dis*>ge *amb] back into ! suction *amb]4 ,^! r+s %\ld be made ( ! same mat]ial z ! impell]4 ,labyr9? type r+s1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ej1 are sometimes us$ z ! long tortu\s passages are effici5t 9 prev5t+ leakage4 ,! be>+s mu/ be c>efully made because ( ! high spe$ ( ! pump4 ,!y are usually made ( ca/ iron ) babbitt l9+4 ,!y %\ld be plac$ on ! ends ( ! %aft on ! outside ( ! pump cas+1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ej1 & %\ld be split horizontally s z to be easily r5ew$4 ,ext]ior be>+s are oil lubricat$ by means ( r+ or *a9 oil]s ) deep oil wells4 ,:]e int]ior be>+s are necess>y1 because ( ! l5g? ( ! %aft1 !y %\ld be made ( h>d brass & %\ld be wat] lubricat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4--,m>9e ,type ,?ru/ ,be>+4 ,c\rtesy1 ,de,laval ,/eam ,turb9e ,co4 ,?ru/ be>+s or ?ru/ balanc+ devices are us$ to take up ! end ?ru/ :i* occurs 9 ev5 ! be/ design$ pumps4 ,to ov]come ?is pumps are design$ ) d\ble suction1 oppos$ impell]s1 or two pumps ) _! impell]s oppos$ may be plac$ on ! same %aft4 ,due to inequalities 9 we>1 workman%ip or o!r conditions1 end ?ru/ w occur & mu/ be c>$ =4 ,v>i\s types ( ?ru/ be>+s are 9 successful use1 su* z3 ! pi/on1 ball1 roll] or m>9e types4 ,! m>9e type ?ru/ be>+ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ef4 ,! pi/on type ( hydraulic balanc+ device is %[n 9 ,fig4 #eg4 ,9 ! figure ,a repres5ts ! impell]1 & ,b a pi/on fix$ to ! %aft & revolv+ ) x4 ,!re is a passage = wat] ?r\gh ! op5+s 7#a71 7#b71 & 7#c7 lead+ f ! impell] *amb] to ! atmosph]e or to ! suction ( ! pump4 ,if ! impell] t5ds to move to ! "r op5+ 7#a7 is clos$ result+ 9 pressure on ! "r ( ! impell] =c+ x to ! left4 ,if ! impell] moves to ! left 7#a7 is op5$ ?us transmitt+ pressure to ! pi/on ,b =c+ ! impell] to ! "r4 ,! flange ,c is n ess5tial1 b is advantage\s 9 pumps h&l+ gritty matt]4 ,z ! *annel 7#b7 we>s l>g] ! pressure aga9/ ! pi/on decreases all[+ x to move to ! left4 ,?is p>tially closes 7#c7 build+ up ! pressure aga94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4--,pi/on ,type ( ,?ru/ ,balanc+ ,device4 ,flexible %aft c\pl+s %\ld be us$ if ! %aft ( ! driv+ motor & ! pump are 9 ! same l9e1 z direct alignm5t is difficult to obta9 or to ma9ta94 ,:]e connect$ to /eam turb9es1 r$uction ge>+ & rigid c\pl+s are usually us$ on sewage pumps to obta9 sl[ spe$ & p]mit l>ge passages4 ,flexible c\pl+s are ( v>i\s types1 "o ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ej4 ,a rigid c\pl+ w\ld be =m$ by bolt+ ! flanges firmly toge!r4 ,%aft c\pl+s are usually n necess>y :]e ! pump is driv5 by belt connection to ! eng9e or motor1 or :]e ! pump & pulley re/ on only two be>+s4 ,! /uff+ box %[n 9 ,fig4 #ej is pack$ loosely ) two lay]s ( hemp betwe5 :i* is a lant]n gl&1 9 ord] to p]mit a small am\nt ( leakage4 ,a drip box is plac$ bel[ ?is gl& to cat* ! leakage & return x to ! pump4 ,! leakage is p]mitt$ z x aids 9 lubrication & ! tight5+ ( ! gl& w cause b9d+ ( ! %aft4 ,! gl& on ! suction side ( ! pump %\ld be connect$ by a small pipe to ! dis*>ge *amb] 9 ord] to keep a con/ant supply ( wat] = lubrication & to prev5t ! entrance ( air to ! suction end ( ! pump4 #gh4 ,c5trifugal ,pump ,*>act]i/ics4--,! capacity ( a c5trifugal pump is fix$ by ! size & type ( its impell] & by ! spe$ ( revolution4 ,r\ghly1 ! capacity ( a pump1 = maximum effici5cy1 v>ies directly z ! spe$ ( revolution1 ! dis*>ge pressure v>ies z ! squ>e ( ! spe$1 & ! p[] v>ies z ! cube ( ! spe$4 ,^! relations are f\nd n to hold exactly 9 te/s because ( int]nal hydraulic friction 9 ! pump4 ,! *>act]i/ic curves = a c5trifugal pump1 or ! s-call$ pump *>act]i/ics1 are repres5t$ graphically by ! relation betwe5 quantity & effici5cy1 quantity & p[] necess>y to drive1 & quantity & head1 all at ! same spe$4 ,! quantities are plott$ z abscissas 9 e case4 ,! curve ^: ord9ates are head & ^: abscissas are quantities is kn[n z 8! *>act]i/ic40 ,! curve %[+ ! relation betwe5 quantities & spe$s is sometimes includ$ among ! *>act]i/ics4 ,*>act]i/ics ( pumps ) diff]5t /yles ( impell]s are %[n 9 ,fig4 #eh4 ,fig4 #ei %[s ! *>act]i/ics ( a pump run at diff]5t spe$s1 ! effici5cies at ^! spe$s :5 pump+ at diff]5t rates1 & ! maximum effici5cy at diff]5t spe$s4 ,x is to be not$ t ! in=mation giv5 9 ?is figure is m ext5sive ?an t 9 ,fig4 #eh4 ,! op]at+ conditions "u any head1 rate ( dis*>ge1 & spe$ are giv54 ,! curves ( con/ant spe$ are p>allel1 & _! di/ances ap>t v>y z ! squ>e ( ! spe$4 ,! l9e ( maximum effici5cy is approximately a p>abola4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4--;,*>act]i/ics ( ,c5trifugal ,pumps ) ,diff]5t ,/yles ( ,impell]s at ,con/ant ,spe$4 ,a /udy ( ! *>act]i/ics ( any p>ticul> pump %\ld be made ) a view to its selection = ! load & conditions "u :i* x is to be us$4 ,among ! important ?+s to be consid]$ 9 ! selection ( a c5trifugal pump = ! expect$ conditions ( load are3 ! capacity requir$1 ! maximum & m9imum total head to be pump$ aga9/1 ! maximum v>iations 9 suction & dis*>ge heads1 & ! nature ( ! drive4 ,= example1 ! pump1 ^: *>act]i/ics are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ei1 %\ld be op]at$ at ab\t #hjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,"u total heads betwe5 #dj & #ej feet1 ! dis*>ge = ! be/ effici5cy w v>y betwe5 #fjj & #fgj gallons p] m9ute4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4--;,effici5cy & ,*>act]i/ic ,curves ( a ,c5trifugal ,pump at ,diff]5t ,spe$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4--;,effici5cies ( ,c5trifugal ,pumps4 ,! effici5cies ( c5trifugal pumps increase ) _! capacities z is %[n approximately 9 ,fig4 #fj4 #gi4 ,sett+ ( ,c5trifugal ,pumps4--,9 sett+ a c5trifugal pump1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to provide a firm f\ndation to hold ! %afts ( ! pump & ! electric motor or ! r$uction ge>+ 9 good alignm5t1 or to prev5t ! pump f be+ displac$ by ! pull ( a belt4 ,x is desirable t ! f\ndation be level4 ,c5trifugal pumps %\ld be set subm]g$ = small pump+ /ations automatically controll$4 ,sludge pumps mu/ be set subm]g$ z o!rwise !y w n prime successfully4 ,provision %\ld be made by :i* ! pump c be lift$ f ! sewage1 or sludge1 = inspection & repair4 ,9 _m cases ! pump c be made self-prim+ by sett+ x 9 a dry1 wat]-tight vault bel[ ! l[ level ( sewage fl[4 ,:]e possible x is desirable n to set ! pump subm]g$ z x w receive bett] c>e :5 easily accessible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4--;,c5trifugal ,pump 9 ,manhole at ,dulu?1 ,m9n4 ,eng4 ,contract+1 ,vol4 #dc1 #aiae1 p4 #caj4 ,! suction pipe %\ld be free f v]tical b5ds :]e air might collect & %\ld be /raight = at lea/ #ah to #bd in*es f ! pump cas+4 ,an elb[ on ! suction pipe1 atta*$ directly to ! cas+ ( ! pump gives a l[] effici5cy ?an a suction pipe ) a %ort /raight run4 ,c5trifugal pumps w op]ate ) z high a suction lift z reciprocat+ pumps1 b at ! />t !y mu/ be prim$ & "s provision mu/ be made = prim+ !m4 ,! suction pipe %\ld be equipp$ ) foot valves to hold ! prim+1 or "s me?od may be provid$ = exhau/+ ! air f ! suction pipe4 ,! foot valves %\ld be s in/all$ z to =m no appreciable ob/ruction to ! fl[ ( wat]4 ,!y %\ld h an area ( op5+ at lea/ #ej p] c5t great] ?an ! cross-section ( ! suction pipe4 ,a /ra9] on ! suction pipe is undesirable z x becomes clogg$ & is usually 9 an inaccessible position = clean+4 ,a scre5 %\ld be plac$ at ! entrance to ! suction well to prev5t ! entrance ( objects t are likely to clog ! pump4 ,a gate-valve & a *eck-valve %\ld be provid$ on ! dis*>ge pipe1 ! =m] to assi/ 9 controll+ ! rate ( dis*>ge & ! latt] to prev5t back fl[ into ! pump :5 x is n op]at+4 ,c5trifugal pumps are well adapt$ to s]vice 9 ei!r l>ge or small units4 ,an in/allation 9 a manhole at ,p>k ,po9t1 ,dulu?1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fa4 ,?is /ation is controll$ by an automatic electric device :i* is op]at$ by a float 9 ! suction pit4 ,su* automatic control is an add$ advantage ( ! use ( electrically driv5 c5trifugal pumps4 ,! ,calumet ,pump+ ,/ation 9 ,*icago1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #di1 has a capacity ( approximately #a1jjj cubic feet p] second4 ,! simplicity ( ! lay\t ( ?is /ation is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4--;,int]ior ,arrangem5t ( ! ,calumet ,sewage ,pump+ ,/ation1 ,*icago4 ,eng4 ,news-,record1 ,vol4 #he1 #aibj1 p4 #hgb4 #hj4 ,/eam ,pumps & ,pump+ ,eng9es4--,! direct-act+ /eam pump1 "o type ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fc1 is adapt$ to pump+ sewage ! "* ( :i* w n corrode or clog ! valves4 ,9 ?is =m ( pump x is necess>y to utilize ! /eam at full pressure ?r\gh\t ! entire l5g? ( ! /roke1 :i* results 9 high /eam consumption4 ,a fly:eel p]mits ! use ( /eam expansively dur+ a "p ( ! /roke1 ?us increas+ ! economy ( op]ation4 ,o!r devices us$ = ! same purpose are kn[n z comp5sators4 ,!y are n 9 g5]al use4 ,/eam eng9es are classifi$ 9 _m diff]5t ways1 = example2 accord+ to ! type ( valve ge>1 z1 pla9 slide valve1 ,corliss1 ,l5tz1 etc42 or accord+ to ! numb] ( /eam expansions1 z1 simple1 comp\nd1 triple-expansion1 etc42 or accord+ to ! effici5cy ( ! ma*9e z l[ duty or high duty2 or z ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4--,section ( ,duplex ,pi/on ,/eam ,pump4 ,c\rtesy1 ,! ,john ,h4 ,mc,gowan ,co4 ,,/eam ,,end #b ,/eam cyl9d] & h\s+ comb9$4 #h ,/eam pi/on head4 #i ,/eam pi/on foll[]4 #aj ,/eam pi/on inside r+4 #aa ,/eam pi/on outside r+ 7#b74 #ab ,/eam cyl9d] head4 #ad ,/eam *e/4 #af ,/eam *e/ cov]4 #ag ,/eam slide valve4 #ah ,/eam valve rod4 #bj ,/eam valve rod1 p9 & nut4 #bb ,/eam valve rod1 coll> & set screw4 #bc ,/eam valve rod1 /uff+ box4 #bd ,/eam valve rod1 /uff+ box1 nut & gl&4 #ch ,pi/on rod4 #dg ,pi/on rod /uff+ box4 #dh ,pi/on rod1 /uff+ box1 nut & gl&4 #di ,valve ge> /&4 #ea ,long valve crank & %aft4 #eb ,%ort valve crank & %aft4 ,,pump ,,end #aae ,pump body4 #abg ,brass l9]4 #abi ,wat] pi/on head4 #acj ,wat] pi/on foll[]4 #acg ,cyl9d] head4 #aci ,valve plate4 #adj ,cap4 #aeb ,suction flange4 #afa ,dis*>ge flange4 #afb ,valve seat1 suction or dis*>ge4 #afc ,valve1 suction or dis*>ge4 #afd ,suction valve spr+4 #afg ,dis*>ge valve spr+4 #afh ,valve plate1 suction or dis*>ge4 #afi ,valve /em1 suction or dis*>ge4 ,,/eam ,,end #ee ,crank p94 #ef ,valve rod l9k4 #fa ,long rock] arm4 #fb ,%ort rock] arm4 #fc ,rock] arm wip]4 #fi ,cross head4 cond5s+ or non-cond5s+1 etc4 ,?rottl+ eng9es or automatic eng9es ref] to ! me?od ( control ( ! /eam by ! gov]nor4 ,9 ?rottl+ eng9es ! gov]nor controls ! am\nt ( op5+ ( ! ?rottle valve1 9 automatic eng9es ! gov]nor controls ! position ( ! cut-(f4 ,! simple slide valve1 l[-duty1 non-cond5s+1 ?rottl+ eng9e1 is ! l[e/ 9 fir/ co/ & ! mo/ exp5sive 9 ! consumption ( fuel4 ,! triple-expansion ,corliss1 or ! non-releas+ ,corliss1 high-duty pump+ eng9e is ! mo/ exp5sive 9 fir/ co/ b consumes less /eam = ! p[] deliv]$ ?an any o!r =m ( reciprocat+ eng9e4 ,= pumps ( v small capacity ! co/ ( fuel is n s important an item z ! fir/ co/ ( ! ma*9e4 ,= ?is reason & because ( ! l[] co/ ( att5dance l[-duty pumps are m frequ5tly f\nd 9 small pump+ /ations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4--;,diagram ,%[+ ,rates ( ,/eam ,consumption = ,diff]5t ,size ,units "u ,diff]5t ,loads4 ,,table #bg ,,wat] ,,rates ,,( ,,prime ,,mov]s ,,at ,,full ,,& ,,"p ,,loads ,type ( ,eng9e ,boil] ,p[]1 ,press4 ,k4,w4 ,p] ,c5t ( ,full ,load ,lbs4 #be #ej #ge #ajj #abe ,s+le cyl9d]1 high spe$1 #ajj to non-cond5s+ #be #cc #bgbf4c #bg4jbg4e #aej #bej #dbcg4e #ce #cd4jcd4j ,automatic1 flat f\r valve1 #ajj to high spe$ #aej #cb #cj #bf4ebi4j #abe #bej #cc #ca #bhcj4j ,t&em comp\nd cond5s+1 #ajj to high spe$ #abe #bc #ai #ag #ah #aej #be #bj #ai4e #ba ,cross comp\nd1 cond5s+1 #abe high spe$ #cj #bf #bd #bcbc4e ,cross comp\nd1 non-cond5s+1 #abe high spe$ #ci #ca #bg #bfbg4e ,s+le cyl9d] ,corliss1 #ajj cond5s+ #abjbc4gbj4d #ai #ah4eai4j #ejjbf4cbb4hba4c #bj4hba4c #abe ,comp\nd ,corliss1 cond5s+ #af4e #adab4e #ab4aab4e #ajj #bb4b #aiag4j #af4eag4j #aej ,s+le cyl9d]1 rot>y f\r #ajj valve1 non-cond5s+ #gebf4bbb4cba4c #ba4fbb4h #djjce4jbg4bbf4d #bf4jbf4h #ahj ,rot>y f\r valve1 t&em #ajj comp\nd non-cond5s+ #abecb4jbb4j #bjah4beah4e #fjjdj4jbh4cbc4b #bb4ebb4g #aej ,cross comp\nd1 non-cond5s+ #ajj rot>y f\r valve #abe #be #baai4a #ah4eai4j #fjjci4d #bhbb4c #bj4fbj4g #aej ,s+le cyl9d]1 poppett valve1 #ajj non-cond5s+ #abjbb4gbj4eai4g #ai4abj4a #fjjbh4ebf4jbe4j #bd4cbe4e #aej ,s+le cyl9d]1 poppett valve1 #ajj cond5s+ #abjah4eaf4gaf4a #ae4faf4d #fjjbd4fbb4cba4d #bj4hba4i #aej ,comp\nd cond5s+1 poppett #ajj valve #bjjad4bac4jab4e #ab4bab4i #abjjah4daf4iaf4c #ae4iaf4h #aej ,unifl[ #abead4fac4gac4d #ac4dac4c #aej #fjjae4jad4cac4g #ac4ead4j ,/eam turb9es1 cond5s+1 #abe ,allis-,*alm]s #cjj #bd #ag #afjaf4e #bjjj #ca4ibf4c #bc4hbc4j #age ,/eam turb9es1 cond5s+1 #abe ,we/+h\se #cjj #ac4gab4h #ab4bab4f #bjjj #ah4baf4i #af4baf4h #age ,/eam turb9es1 high pressure1 non-con41 #ab to #cf :eel1 #d to #h #ajjj to #cfjj ,r4,p4,m4 /ages #bh #e #aaf4e ,ditto4 ,cond5s+1 #bf-;in* #ag #c #aab4j ,! /eam consumption p] indicat$ horse-p[]1 bett] kn[n z ! wat] rate ( ! eng9e1 = v>i\s types ( eng9es at full & at "p load is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fd4 ,! /eam consumption ( o!r types at full load is %[n 9 ,table #bg4 ,! indicat$ horse-p[] 7,i4,h4,p47 ( a /eam eng9e is ! product ( ! mean effective pressure 7,m4,e4,p471 ! area ( ! /eam pi/ons1 ! l5g? ( ! /roke1 & ! numb] ( /rokes p] unit ( "t4 ,a common =m ( ?is expression is1 ,i4,h4,p ,,plan#cc1jjj1 9 :i* ,p ! ,m4,e4,p4 9 p\nds p] squ>e in*2 ,l ! l5g? ( ! /roke 9 in*es2 ,a ! sum ( ! areas ( ! pi/ons 9 squ>e in*es2 ,n ! numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! ,i4,h4,p4 multipli$ by ! me*anical effici5cy ( ! ma*9e w give ! brake or wat] horse-p[]1 t is1 ! horse-p[] deliv]$ by ! ma*9e4 ,! product ( ! ,m4,e4,p41 ! sum ( ! areas ( ! /eam pi/ons & ! me*anical effici5cy ( ! ma*9e1 %\ld equal ! product ( ! total head ( wat] pump$ aga9/ express$ 9 p\nds p] squ>e in* & ! sum ( ! areas ( ! wat] pi/ons or plung]s4 ,! ,m4,e4,p4 is det]m9$ f indicator c>ds tak5 f ! /eam cyl9d]s dur+ op]ation4 ,^! c>ds %[ ! /eam pressure on ! head & crank ends ( ea* cyl9d] at all po9ts dur+ ! /roke4 #ha4 ,/eam ,turb9es4--,among ! advantages 9 ! use ( /eam turb9es z comp>$ ) reciprocat+ /eam eng9es = driv+ c5trifugal pumps are _! simplicity ( op]ation1 ! small floor space ne$$1 _! fre$om f vibration requir+ a relatively light f\ndation1 & _! ability to op]ate successfully & economically ei!r cond5s+ or non-cond5s+ "u v>y+ /eam pressure4 ,!y c be op]at$ ) /eam at atmosph]ic or l[ pressure1 ?us tak+ ! exhau/ f o!r eng9es4 ,! greate/ economy ( op]ation = ! turb9e alone w be obta9$ by op]at+ ) high pressure1 sup]heat$ /eam & ) a vacuum ( #bh in*es4 ,9 l>ge units ! economy ( op]ation ( /eam turb9es is equal to t ( ! be/ type ( reciprocat+ eng9es4 ,9 ord] to develop ! highe/ economy turb9es are op]at$ at spe$s f ab\t #c1fjj to #aj1jjj r4p4m4 or great]1 ! small] turb9es op]at+ at ! high] spe$s4 ,z ^! spe$s are usually too great = ! op]ation ( c5trifugal pumps = lift+ sewage1 r$uction ge>s mu/ be introduc$ betwe5 ! turb9e & ! pump4 ,al?\gh ! be/ =m ( spiral-cut r$uction ge>s may obta9 effici5cies ( #ie to #ih p] c5t1 or ev5 high]1 _! use1 p>ticul>ly 9 small units1 is an undesirable feature ( ! /eam turb9e = driv+ pumps4 ,! /eam consumption ( ,de,laval turb9es ( diff]5t p[]s1 & ! /eam consumption ( a #dej horse-p[] ,de,laval turb9e at diff]5t loads are %[n 9 ,fig4 #fd4 ,"s /eam consumptions ( o!r turb9es are record$ 9 ,table #bg4 ,x is to be not$ t ! /eam consumption ( ! #dej horse-p[] turb9e at "p loads is n m>k$ly great] ?an t at full loads4 ,?is is an advantage ( /eam turb9es z comp>$ ) reciprocat+ eng9es4 ,! /eam consumption ( any turb9e is dep5d5t on ! conditions ( op]ation & is l[] ! high] ! vacuum into :i* ! exhau/ takes place4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4--,! ,de,laval ,trade ,m>k1 ,illu/rat+ ! ,pr9ciple ( ! ,de,laval ,/eam ,turb9e4 ,c\rtesy1 ,de,laval ,/eam ,turb9e ,co4 ,!re are two types ( turb9es 9 g5]al use1 ! s+le /age or impulse ma*9es1 & ! comp\nd or reaction type4 ,! ,de,laval is a well-kn[n make ( ! s+le /age or impulse type4 ,! pr9ciple ( its op]ation is indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #fe1 :i* is ! trade m>k ( ! ,de,laval ,/eam ,turb9e ,co4 ,! en]gy ( ! /eam is transmitt$ to ! :eel due to ! high velocity ( ! /eam imp++ aga9/ ! vanes4 ,9 ! comp\nd or reaction type ( ma*9e ! /eam exp&s f "o /age to ! next imp>t+ its en]gy to ! :eel by virtue ( its expansion 9 ! passages ( ! turb9e4 ,= ?is reason ! s+le-/age or impulse type is op]at$ at high] spe$s ?an ! comp\nd or reaction ma*9es4 #hb4 ,/eam ,boil]s4--,among ! important po9ts to be consid]$ 9 ! selection ( a /eam boil] = a sewage pump+ /ation are3 ! necess>y p[]2 ! quality ( ! fe$ wat]2 ! available floor space2 ! /eam pressure to be c>ri$2 & ! quality & "* ( ! fuel4 ,tubul> boil]s ( ! type %[n 9 ,fig4 #ff1 are l[] 9 fir/ co/ ?an o!r types ( boil]s4 ,!y are n ord9>ily built 9 units l>g] ?an #bej to #cjj horse-p[] & :]e m p[] is desir$ a numb] ( units mu/ be us$4 ,!y are objectionable because ( ! relatively l>ge floor space requir$1 & because ( _! relatively poor economy ( op]ation4 ,! effici5cies ( wat]-tube boil]s ( diff]5t types are giv5 9 ,table #bh4 ,l>ge p[] units ( ! wat]-tube type1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fg1 al?\gh m exp5sive 9 fir/ co/1 require less floor space4 ,almo/ any desir$ /eam pressure c be obta9$ f ei!r type b wat]-tube boil]s are m commonly us$ = high pressures4 ,! grate or /ok] c be arrang$ to burn almo/ any k9d ( fuel "u ei!r wat]-tube or fire-tube boil]s4 ,! use ( poor quality ( wat] 9 wat]-tube boil]s is undesirable z ! tubes are m likely to become clogg$ ?an ! l>g] passages ( ! fire-tube boil]s4 ,if necess>y1 a fe$-wat] purification plant %\ld be in/all$1 z x is usually *eap] to take ! impurities out ( ! wat] ?an to take ! scale out ( ! boil]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4--;,horizontal ,fire-tube ,boil]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4--;,babcock & ,wilcox ,wat]-tube ,boil]4 ,n less ?an two boil] units %\ld be us$ 9 any p[] /ation1 reg>dless ( ! dem&s = p[]1 & if ! fe$ wat] is bad1 ?ree or ev5 f\r units %\ld be provid$1 z two units may be d[n at any "t4 ,an appreciable factor ( safety is provid$ by ! ability ( a boil] to be op]at$ at #cj to #ej p] c5t ov]load1 if suffici5t draft is available1 b ) result+ r$uction 9 ! economy ( op]ation4 ,! numb] ( units provid$ %\ld be su* t ! maximum load on ! pump+ /ation c be c>ri$ ) at lea/ "o 9 e #f units or less1 out ( s]vice = repairs or o!r cause4 ,,table #bh ,,effici5cies ,,( ,,/eam ,,boil]s ,f ,m>ks' ,me*anical ,eng9e]'s ,h&book ,type ,horse-p[] ,furnace ,evap4 f & at ,b4,t4,u4 #bab ,comb9$ ,sq4 ,p] ,c5t p] p] ,effici5cy ,ft4 ( ,rat$ ,lb4 ,lb4 ( ,boil] ,grate ,capacity ,dry ,dry & ,area ,d'v'l'd ,coal ,coal ,furnace ,babcock #cjj;,h&-fir$ ,wilcox #hd #aah4gaa1iab #h4ha #ga4h ,babcock #fdj;,h&-fir$ ,wilcox #aah #aba4ead1fjb #aj4hc #gb4j ,/irl+ #aabh;,b4 ,w4 *a9 grate #ahg #aih4cab1acj #i4ea #gf4a ,ru/ #cce;,h&-fir$ #fh #baj4eac1bjb #i4db #fh4i ,he9e #djj;,gre5 *a9 grate #hc4e #abc4haa1fjh #h4gi #gc4e ,maximum effici5cy record$ #hc ,! /eam deliv]$ by a boil] is ! basis ( ! measurem5t ( its capacity or p[]4 ,a boil] horse-p[] is ! deliv]y ( #cc1cbj ,b4,t4,u4 p] h\r4 ,x is approximately equal to ! rais+ ( #cj p\nds ( wat] p] h\r f a temp]ature ( #ajj ,fahr5heit1 to /eam at a pressure ( #gj p\nds p] squ>e in*1 or to #cd p\nds ( wat] p] h\r *ang$ to /eam f & at #bab ,fahr5heit1 at atmosph]ic pressure4 ,! horse-p[] ( a boil] is sometimes approximat$ by ! area ( its grate or heat+ surface4 ,su* a me?od ( measur+ has a l[ degree ( accuracy on acc\nt ( ! v>iations 9 ! quality ( ! fuel1 & ! rate ( combu/ion4 ,= example1 ! rate ( combu/ion "u a locomotive boil] is high & !re is less ?an ? ( a squ>e foot ( grate area & ab\t #d4e squ>e feet ( heat+ surface p] boil] horse-p[]4 ,! ,scot* ,m>9e type ( boil] us$ on /eam %ips1 has slightly m grate area & slightly less heat+ surface ?an ! locomotive type ( boil]1 because ! rate ( combu/ion is l[]4 ,/ation>y wat]-tube boil]s may h #b to #c times z mu* grate area & heat+ surface p] horse-p[] z is f\nd 9 locomotive boil]s4 ,if a poor type ( fuel is to be us$ ! area ( ! grate %\ld be increas$ ab\t inv]sely z ! heat cont5t ( ! fuel4 ,! approximate heat cont5t ( v>i\s types ( fuels is %[n 9 ,table #bi4 ,,table #bi ,,approximate ,,heat ,,value ,,( ,,fuels ,fuel ,p\nds ( ,wat] ,evaporat$ f & at #bab ,f4 ,all heat ,b4,t4,u4 p] ,p\nd utiliz$ ,an?racite #ac1ejj #ad4j ,semi-bitum9\s1 ,p5nsylvania #ae1jjj #ae4e ,semi-bitum9\s1 be/1 ,we/ ,virg9ia #ae1jjj #ae4h ,bitum9\s1 be/1 ,p5nsylvania #ad1dej #ae4j ,bitum9\s1 poor1 ,ill9ois #aj1ejj #aj4i ,lignite1 be/1 ,utah #aa1jjj #aa4d ,lignite1 poor1 ,oregon #h1ejj #h4h ,wood1 be/ oak #i1cjj #i4f ,wood1 poor a% #h1ejj #h4h #hc4 ,air ,ejectors4--,! ,ansonia compress$-air sewage ejector is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fh4 ,9 its op]ation1 sewage ent]s ! res]voir ?r\gh ! inlet pipe at ! "r1 ! air displac$ be+ expell$ sl[ly ?r\gh ! air valve m>k$ ,b4 ,! ris+ sewage lifts ! float :i* actuates ! balanc$ pi/on valve 9 ! pipe above ! res]voir :5 ! res]voir fills4 ,! lift+ ( ! valve admits compress$ air to ! res]voir4 ,! air pressure closes valve ,a & ! inlet valve at ! "r1 & ejects ! sewage ?r\gh ! dis*>ge pipe at ! left4 ,z ! float drops ) ! desc5d+ sewage x %uts (f ! air supply & op5s ! air exhau/ ?r\gh ! small pipe at ! top c5t]4 ,sewage is prev5t$ f fl[+ back into ! res]voir by ! *eck valve 9 ! dis*>ge pipe4 ,o!r ejectors op]at+ on a simil> pr9ciple are ! ,ellis1 ! ,pacific1 ! ,prie/mann & ! ,%one4 #hd4 ,electric ,motors4--,! mo/ common =m ( alt]nat+ curr5t electric motor us$ = driv+ sewage pumps :]e cont9u\s op]ation & /eady loads are met is ! squirrel-cage polyphase induction motor4 ,^! motors op]ate at a ne>ly con/ant spe$ :i* %\ld be select$ to develop ! maximum effici5cy ( ! pump & motor set4 ,:ile ,fig4 #ei %[s ! be/ effici5cy "u v>y+ heads to be obta9$ ) v>iable spe$1 ! advantages ( co/1 att5tion1 & availability make ! use ( a con/ant spe$ motor common4#dg ,?is type ( motor is undesirable :]e /opp+ & />t+ are frequ5t because x has a relatively small />t+ torque & x requires a l>ge />t+ curr5t4 ,su* motors c be con/ruct$ 9 small sizes = high />t+ torques by increas+ ! resi/ance ( ! rotor1 b at ! exp5se ( ! effici5cy ( op]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4--;,ansonia ,compress$-,air ,sewage ,ejector4 ,alt]nat+ curr5t motors are m g5]ally us$ ?an direct-curr5t motors because ( ! great] economy ( transmission ( alt]nat+ curr5t1 b :]e direct curr5t is available con/ant spe$ %unt w\nd motors %\ld be adopt$4 ,9 ! selection ( a motor to drive a c5trifugal pump x is important t ! motor h n only ! requisite p[]1 b t its spe$ w develop ! maximum effici5cy f ! pump & motor comb9$4 ,if ! pump & motor op]ate on ! same %aft ! spe$ ( ! two ma*9es mu/ be ! same4 ,if ! two are belt connect$1 ! size ( ! pulleys may be select$ s z to give ! requir$ spe$4 ,if ! motor is to be connect$ to a p[] pump an adequate automatic pressure relief valve %\ld be provid$ on ! dis*>ge pipe f ! pump1 to prev5t ! ov]load+ ( ! motor or bur/+ ( ! pump 9 case ( a sudd5 /oppage 9 ! pipe4 ,! motor mu/ be select$ to suit ! conditions ( voltage1 cycle1 & phase on ! l9e4 ,trans=m]s are available to /ep ! voltage up or d[n to practically any value4 ,rot>y conv]t]s are us$ to *ange direct to alt]nat+ curr5t or vice v]sa4 #he4 ,int]nal ,combu/ion ,eng9es4--,int]nal combu/ion eng9es are us$ = driv+ pumps4 ,units are available 9 size f fractions ( #a horse-p[] to #b1jjj horse-p[] or m1 al?\gh ! use ( ! l>g] sizes is exceptional4 ,^! eng9es are n commonly us$ = sewage pump+ b :5 us$ !y are ord9>ily belt connect$ to a c5trifugal pump1 or to an electric g5]ator :i* 9 turn drives electric motors :i* op]ate c5trifugal pumps4 ,?is type ( eng9e is m commonly adapt$ to small loads1 al?\gh n entirely conf9$ to ?is field1 z !y s]ve admirably z em]g5cy units to supplem5t an electrically equipp$ pump+ /ation4 ,! fuel effici5cy ( int]nal combu/ion eng9es is high] ?an = /eam eng9es z is indicat$ 9 ,table #cj1 b ! fuel is m exp5sive4 ,! f\r-cycle gas eng9e %[n 9 ,fig4 #fi is ! type mo/ commonly us$4 ,its horse-p[] is ! product (3 ! mean effective pressure1 ! l5g? ( ! /roke1 ! area ( ! pi/on1 & ! numb] ( explosions p] second divid$ by #eej4 ,! ,m4,e4,p4 is dep5d5t on ! "* ( ! fuel us$ & ! compression ( ! gas be=e ignition4 ,produc] gas w furni% mean effective pressures betwe5 #fj & #gj p\nds p] squ>e in*1 natural gas & gasol9e1 #he to #ij p\nds p] squ>e in*1 & alcohol f #ie to #aaj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,,table #cj ,,comp>ative ,,fuel ,,co/s ,,= ,,prime ,,mov]s ,type ( ,eng9e ,quantity ( ,co/ ( ,fuel 9 ,fuel p] ,h4,p4 ,c5ts p] ,h\r ,horse-p[] ,h\r ,reciprocat+ /eam eng9es1 simple1 #ba to #h lb4 #d4b to #a4f non-cond5s+1 #be to #bjj ,h4,p4 coal ,triple cond5s+1 #bjjj to #aj1jjj #b4c to #a4i lb4 #j4df to #j4cg ,h4,p4 coal ,/eam turb9es1 high pressure1 non-cond5s+1 #bjj to #ejj ,k4,w4 #f4e to #d4b lb4 #a4c to #j4hf coal #ejj to #cjjj ,k4,w4 #b4f to #a4i lb4 #j4eb to #j4cg coal ,cond5s+ #ejjj to #bj1jjj ,k4,w4 #a4h to #a4dc lb4 #j4cf to #j4bh coal ,gas eng9es ,natural gas1 #ej to #bjj ,h4,p4 #ai to #aa cu4 ft4 ,produc] gas1 #ej to #bjj ,h4,p4 #b to #a4e cu4 ft4 ,illum9at+ gas1 #aj to #ge ,h4,p4 #bf to #ai cu4 #b4a to #a4e ft4 ,gasol9e1 #aj to #ge ,h4,p4 #a4e to #j4h #e4f to #c4j p9ts ,oil eng9es1 #ajj to #ejj ,h4,p4 #a4a to #j4ge lb4 oil ,,note4--,coal assum$ at #d4jj p] ton1 illum9at+ gas at #hj c5ts p] ?\s& cubic feet1 & gasol9e at #cj c5ts p] gallon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4--;,bessem] ,oil ,eng9e4 ,tw9 ,cyl9d]1 ,valve ,side4 ,! ,diesel ,eng9e is ! mo/ effici5t ( int]nal combu/ion eng9es4 ,! orig9al aim ( ! inv5tor1 ,dr4 ,rudolph ,diesel1 0 to avoid ! explosive effect ( ! ord9>y int]nal combu/ion eng9e by inject+ a fuel into air s highly compress$ t its heat w\ld ignite ! fuel1 caus+ sl[ combu/ion ( ! fuel ?us utiliz+ its en]gy to a great] ext5t4 ,! fuel & air 7 to be s proportion$ z to require no cool+4 ,al?\gh ! ideal condition has n be5 atta9$1 ! heat effici5cy ( ,diesel eng9es is high4 ,!y w consume f #j4c to #j4e ( a p\nd ( oil 7conta9+ #ah1jjj ,b4,t4,u4 p] p\nd7 p] brake horse-p[] h\r1 giv+ an effective heat effici5cy ( #be to #cj p] c5t4 ,al?\gh n n[ 9 ext5sive use 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates x is probable t ?is eng9e w be m g5]ally adopt$ = conditions suitable = int]nal combu/ion eng9es4 #hf4 ,selection ( ,pump+ ,ma*9]y4--,c5trifugal pumps are p>ticul>ly adapt$ to ! lift+ ( sewage because ( _! l>ge passages1 & _! lack ( valves4 ,! l[ lifts1 ne>ly con/ant head1 & ! possibility ( equaliz+ ! load by means ( res]voirs are p>ticul>ly suit$ to effici5t op]ation ( c5trifugal pumps4 ,!y require less floor space ?an reciprocat+ pumps ( ! same capacity1 & because ( _! fre$om f vibration !y d n dem& s heavy a f\ndation4 ,! dis*>ge f ! pump is cont9u\s ?us reliev+ ! pip+ f vibration4 ,9 case ( em]g5cy ! dis*>ge valve c be %ut (f )\t %utt+ d[n ! pump1 an important po9t 9 8fool pro(0 op]ation4 ,volute pumps are bett] adapt$ to pump+ sewage z _! passages are m free & !y are bett] suit$ to ! l[ lifts met4 ,gritty & solid matt] w cause we> on ! diffusion vanes ( turb9e pumps 9 spite ( ! mo/ c>eful design4 ,al?\gh turb9e pumps c possibly be built ) high] effici5cy ?an volute pumps1 _! effici5cy at "p load falls rapidly & ! fluctuations ( sewage fl[ are suffici5t to affect ! economy ( op]ation4 ,turb9e pumps are m exp5sive & heavi] ?an volute pumps on acc\nt ( ! increas$ size necessitat$ by ! diffusion vanes4 ,multi-/age pumps are us$ = high lifts & are seldom if ev] requir$ 9 sewage pump+4 ,z ord9>ily manufactur$1 ea* /age is good = an additional #dj to #ajj p\nds pressure1 b wide v>iations 9 ! limit+ pressures betwe5 /ages are to be f\nd4 ,reciprocat+ plung] pumps are sometimes us$ = sewage pump+ :]e ! "* ( ! sewage is su* t ! valves w n be clogg$ nor p>ts ( ! pump corrod$4 ,^! pumps are seldom us$ 9 small in/allations or = l[ lifts4 ,!y are n adapt$ to automatic or long di/ance control z are electrically driv5 c5trifugal pumps4 ,! use ( reciprocat+ pumps = sewage pump+ is practically re/rict$ to v l>ge pump+ /ations ) capacities 9 ! neighborhood ( #ej1jjj1jjj gallons p] day or m4 ,/eam-driv5 pumps are ! mo/ common ( ! reciprocat+ type1 b p[] pumps are sometimes us$ 9 special cases = small in/allations & may be driv5 by ei!r a /eam or gas eng9e or an electric motor4 ,compress$ air ejectors1 z describ$ 9 ,art4 #hc are us$ = lift+ sewage & o!r dra9age f ! basem5t ( build+s bel[ ! sew] level4 ,c5trifugal pumps electrically driv5 are1 z a rule1 ! mo/ satisfactory = sewage pump+4 ,electric drive l5ds itself to control by automatic devices1 :i* are p>ticul>ly conv5i5t 9 small pump+ /ations4 ,! control c be arrang$ s t ! pump is op]at$ only at full load & high effici5cy1 & :5 n op]at+ no p[] is be+ consum$1 z is n ! case ) a /eam pump :]e /eam pressure mu/ be ma9ta9$ at all times4 ,! electric driv5 pump is ?r[n into op]ation by a float controll$ swit* :i* is clos$ :5 ! res]voir fills1 & op5s :5 ! pump has empti$ ! res]voir4 ,! *oice betwe5 /eam & electric p[] = l>ge pump+ /ations is a matt] ( relative reliability & economy4 ,! selection ( ! prop] type ( pump1 :e!r reciprocat+ or o!rwise1 requires "s exp]i5ce 9 ! consid]ation ( ! factors involv$4 ,fig4 #gj is ( "s assi/ance4 ,9 discuss+ ?is figure1 ,*e/] /ates3 8,fig4 #gj attempts to repres5t graphically1 ! writ]'s ideas "u g5]al conditions1 ( ! ma*9es t %\ld be select$ = c]ta9 capacities = bo? pr9cipal eng9e & alt]nate & ! /ation duty !y may be expect$ to produce1 b y mu/ realize t ?is int5ds ! pr9cipal eng9e do+ at lea/ #ij p] c5t ( ! "w & t ! head1 ! co/ ( coal1 ! load factor1 ! co/ ( real e/ate 444 ! boil] pressure1 & ! space available1 & f9ally 444 ! funds available1 are factors :i* may %ift bo? ! horizontal & curv$ l9es4 ,9 ! field ( l[ s]vice pumps ( #aj1jjj1jjj capacity or ov]1 ! c5trifugal pump reigns supreme1 & = con/ant l[ heads ( #bj1jjj1jjj capacity or ov] ! turb9e driv5 c5trifugal usurps ! field40 ,a reciprocat+ pump ( any type w\ld h to be specially built = pump+ sewage n c>efully scre5$ or o!rwise treat$1 z ! valves1 ord9>ily us$ 9 su* pumps = lift+ wat]1 w\ld clog4 ,! v]tical triple-expansion pump+ eng9e ) special valves & = l>ge in/allations1 & ! c5trifugal pump = l>ge or small in/allations are ! only suitable types = pump+ sewage4 ,) /eam turb9e or electric drive ! c5trifugal has ! field to itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4--;,expectancy ,curves = ,pump+ ,eng9es ,work+ aga9/ a ,pressure ( #ajj ,p\nds p] ,squ>e ,in*4 ,j4 ,n4 ,*e/]1 ,j\rnal ,am4 ,wat] ,works ,ass'n1 ,vol4 #c1 #aiaf1 p4 #dic4 #hg4 ,co/s ( ,pump+ ,ma*9]y4--,! co/ ( pump+ ma*9]y c n be /at$ accurately z ! _m factors involv$ v>y ) ! fluctuations 9 ! prices ( raw mat]ials1 transportation1 labor1 etc4 ,! actual pur*ase price ( ma*9]y c be f\nd accurately only f ! sell]4 ,! co/s giv5 9 ?is *apt] are useful pr9cipally = comp>ative purposes & = ex]cise 9 ! mak+ ( e/imates4 ,! co/s ( complete pump+ /ations are %[n 9 ,table #ca4dh ,^! figures repres5t co/s 9 #aiaa4 ,,table #ca ,,co/s ,,( ,,complete ,,pump+ ,,/ations ,^! co/s include ! be/ type ( triple-expansion eng9es1 high-pressure boil]s1 brick or inexp5sive /one build+ ) slate ro(1 *imney & intake4 ,co/ ( l& is n includ$4 ,dis*>ge ,horse-p[] p] ,pressure1 ,lbs4 ,million ,gals4 ,co/1 ,doll>s p],co/1 ,doll>s p] p] ,sq4 ,94 ,pump$ ,horse-p[] ,million ,gallons #cj #ab #efb #f1gej #dj #af #dch #g1jjj #ej #bj #cfb #g1bej #fj #bd #cab #g1ejj #gj #bh #bgg #g1gej #hj #cb #bej #h1jjj #ij #cf #bbi #h1bej #ajj #dj #bac #h1ejj #aaj #dd #bjj #h1gej #abj #dh #ahg #i1jjj #acj #eb #aib #aj1jjj #hh4 ,co/ ,comp>isons ( ,diff]5t ,designs4--,9 ! design ( a pump+ /ation & its equipm5t ! relative co/s ( diff]5t designs %\ld be comp>$1 & ! lea/ exp5sive design select$1 due consid]ation be+ giv5 to s]viceability1 reliability1 & o!r factors )\t def9ite f9ancial value4 ,9 comp>+ ! co/s ( diff]5t types ( ma*9]y1 all items 9 connection ) ! pump+ /ation %\ld be consid]$4 ,= example1 ! co/ ( an electrically driv5 c5trifugal pump & equipm5t may be less ?an ! total co/ ( a /eam driv5 reciprocat+ pump & equipm5t because ( ! sav+ 9 ! co/ ( boil]s1 boil] h\se1 etc41 b a comp>ison ( ! capitaliz$ co/ ( ! two might %[ 9 favor ( ! reciprocat+ /eam pump because ( ! l[] co/ ( op]ation4 ,! total co/ ( a plant1 or any portion !re(1 may be consid]$ z made up ( ?ree p>ts3 7#a7 ,! fir/ co/1 7#b7 op]ation & ma9t5ance &1 7#c7 r5ewal4 ,! total co/ ,s c be express$ z ,s ,c ,or ,r1 9 :i* ,c ! fir/ co/2 ,o ! annual exp5diture = op]ation & ma9t5ance2 ,r ! am\nt set aside to cov] r5ewal2 r ! rate ( int]e/4 ,s is call$ ! capitaliz$ co/ ( a plant4 ,! annual paym5t necess>y to p]petuate a plant is ,a ,sr ,cr ,o ,rr4 ,! value ( ,r is useful :5 express$ 9 t]ms ( ! life ( ! plant or ma*9e & ! curr5t rate ( int]e/4 ,x is sometimes call$ ! depreciation factor or capitaliz$ depreciation4 ,if x is borne 9 m9d t ,r is ! am\nt to be set aside at comp\nd int]e/ = ! life ( ! plant1 at ! end ( :i* "t ! accru$ int]e/ %\ld be suffici5t to r5ew ! plant1 x is evid5t t ,r7#a ,r7n ,r ,c or ,r ,c77#ar7n #a7 9 :i* n is ! p]iod ( usefulness1 or life ( ! plant1 express$ 9 ye>s1 no all[ance be+ made = scrap value4 ,a comp>ison ( ! annual exp5se ( ?ree diff]5t plants is %[n 9 ,table #cb4 ,x is evid5t f ?is comp>ison t ! ma*9]y ) ! lea/ fir/ co/ is n always ! lea/ exp5sive :5 all items are consid]$4 ,a s9k+ fund is a sum ( money to :i* additions are made annually = ! purpose ( r5ew+ a plant at ! expiration ( its p]iod ( usefulness4 ,! annual paym5t into ! s9k+ fund is equival5t to ! t]m ,rr 9 ! expression = annual co/1 or 9 t]ms ( ,c1 r1 & n1 ! annual paym5t is ,cr77#a r7n #a74 ,x is ! same z ! capitaliz$ depreciation multipli$ by ! rate ( int]e/4 ,! expression r77#a r7n #a7 is sometimes call$ ! rate ( depreciation4 ,! pres5t wor? ( a ma*9e is ! diff]5ce betwe5 its fir/ co/ & ! pres5t value ( ! s9k+ fund4 ,if m repres5ts ! pres5t age ( a plant 9 ye>s1 !n ! pres5t wor? is ,p ,c7#a - 77#a r7n #a777a r7m #a774 ,,table #cb ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,co/s ,,( ,,?ree ,,diff]5t ,,pump+ ,,/ations4 ,,nom9al ,,capacity ,,?irty ,,million ,,gallons ,,p] ,,day ,,rais$ ,,?irty ,,feet ,equipm5t ,plant ,a ,"o ,acre ( ,l&4 ,brick ,build+1 ,/eel ,truss$ ,ro(1 ,slate ,cov]$4 ,cross ,comp\nd ,cond5s+ ,horizontal ,pump+ ,eng9e ,annual ,ye>s ( ,s9k+ ,total ,paym5t,usefulness ,fund on ,paym5t ,fir/ ,co/ ,l& #ajj #j #ajj ,p]man5t #aahh #ej #ajhj #b1bfj ,/ructures#di ,pumps & #ddj #ae #dce #hge ,ma*9]y ,boil]s #bhj #aj #ddf #gbf ,labor #ad1jjj ,fuel #e1ejj ,repairs1 etc4 #dhj ,total #bc1ida ,equipm5t ,plant ,b ,"o ,acre ( ,l&4 ,brick ,build+4 ,/eel ,truss$ ,ro(1 ,slate ,cov]$4 ,comp\nd ,cond5s+ ,l[ ,duty ,horizontal ,pump+ ,eng9e ,annual ,ye>s ( ,s9k+ ,total ,paym5t,usefulness ,fund on ,paym5t ,fir/ ,co/ ,l& #ajj #j #ajj ,p]man5t #aahj #ej #ajhj #b1bfj ,/ructures#di ,pumps & #cij #ae #cie #ghe ,ma*9]y ,boil]s #beb #aj #djj #feb ,labor #ad1jjj ,fuel #g1bjj ,repairs1 etc4 #djj ,total #be1dig ,equipm5t ,plant ,c ,"o ,acre ( ,l&4 ,frame ,build+1 ,%+le ,ro(4 ,comp\nd ,duplex ,non-,cond5s+ ,pump+ ,eng9e4 ,annual ,ye>s ( ,s9k+ ,total ,paym5t,usefulness ,fund on ,paym5t ,fir/ ,co/ ,l& #ajj #j #ajj ,p]man5t #haj #ej #gge #a1ehe ,/ructures#di ,pumps & #cfj #ae #ceb #gab ,ma*9]y ,boil]s #cjh #aj #dij #gih ,labor #ad1jjj ,fuel #h1bjj ,repairs1 etc4 #eej ,total #be1ide ,:]e /raight-l9e depreciation is spok5 ( x is assum$ t ! wor? ( a ma*9e depreciates an equal "p ( its fir/ co/ ea* ye>4 ,= example1 if ! life ( a plant is assum$ to be #bj ye>s1 /raight-l9e depreciation w assume t ! plant loses #a_/bj ( its orig9al value annually4 ,! pres5t wor? ( a plant "u ?is assumption w\ld be ! product ( its fir/ co/ & ! ratio betwe5 its rema9+ life & its total life4 ,?is me?od ( e/imat+ depreciation & wor? is frequ5tly us$1 p>ticul>ly = %ort-liv$ plants & = simplicity 9 bookkeep+1 b x is less logical ?an ! me?od giv5 above4 #hi4 ,numb] & ,capacity ( ,pump+ ,units4--,9 ord] to select ! numb] & capacity ( pump+ units = ! be/ economy1 a comp>ison ( ! co/s ( diff]5t comb9ations ( units %\ld be made & ! mo/ economical comb9ation det]m9$ by trial4 ,! pr9ciples outl9$ 9 ! prec$+ articles %\ld be obs]v$ 9 mak+ ^! comp>isons4 ,9 a /eam pump+ /ation1 :5 ! numb] ( units op]at+ is less ?an ! av]age daily maximum = ! p]iod1 /eam mu/ nev]!less be kept on a suffici5t numb] ( boil]s to op]ate ! maximum numb] ( pumps4 ,?is1 & correspond+ /&by losses mu/ n be ov]look$1 z !y may %[ t a small] numb] ( l>g] units is ultimately m economical4 ,,table #cc ,,summ>y ,,( ,,fluctuations ,,( ,,sewage ,,fl[ ,,at ,a ,,propos$ ,,pump+ ,,/ation ,numb] ( ,days ,fl[ 9 ,?\s& ,loads ,occurr$ 9 ,gallons p] ,"o ,ye> ,m9ute ,lift 9 ,feet ,horse-p[] #a #bic #f4j #dej #h #afc #h4f #ced #ae #aai #aj4j #cjj #ah #ajf #aj4f #bhd #bc #hh #aa4b #bdi #ca #fi #ab4b #baa #cb #fe #ab4d #bjd #de #ea #ac4d #agc #da #ej #ac4e #afi #cj #de #ac4h #aeh #bh #dd #ac4i #aed #bc #dj #ad4b #adc #ba #ch #ad4d #acg #ah #ce #ad4f #abi #ab #bi #ae4j #aaa #h #bd #ae4f #ie #e #bj #af4j #gi #c #af #af4e #fe #b #ad #af4h #eh #a #f4e #ah4j #bi ,total horse-p[] days = "o ye>1 #ajb1jjj4 ,av]age load 9 horse-p[]1 #bhj4 ,,table #cd ,,possible ,,comb9ations ,,( ,,five ,,pump+ ,,units ,,to ,,c>e ,,= ,,! ,,loads ,,%[n ,,9 ,,table #ccej #dj ,horse-p[] ,load ,type #aea ,p] ,c5t,p\nds ,load 9 ,p\nds,numb] ,total ( ,rat$,/eam ,horse-p[],/eam1( ,days ,load ,capacity p] ,units ,load is,c>ri$ ,h4,p4 #aj1jjj;,c>ri$ on ,h\r ,p\nds9 ,ye> ^! ,days 9 ,h4,p4 #aea #de #fj4d #f4e #a #fha #abj #dd #dh #dj4e #h #edb #ajb #de #dj4h #ff4a #ae #deh #if #de #ch4d #gd4h #ah #dcd #ih #de #ci4b #ig4e #bc #cha #ca #cbb #cb #cab #de #bfd #da #beh #aja #de #dj4d #aca #cj #bdb #ih #de #ci4b #aai #bh #bce #bc #bah #ba #baj #ah #aih #ab #agj #ajd #de #da4f #bj4i #h #ade #e #aba #c #ajj #ii #de #ci4f #h4e #b #hi #aac #dd #de4b #d4h #a #de -------- ,sub-total #eif4f ,gr& total 9 p\nds1 #fe1gjj1jjj #ej ,horse-p[] ,load ,type #aea ,p] ,c5t,p\nds ,load 9 ,p\nds,numb] ,total ( ,rat$,/eam ,horse-p[],/eam1( ,days ,load ,capacity p] ,units ,load is,c>ri$ ,h4,p4 #aj1jjj;,c>ri$ on ,h\r ,p\nds9 ,ye> ^! ,days 9 ,h4,p4 #aea #de #ge4e #h4b #a #fha #abj #dd #fj4j #ej4g #h #edb #ajb #de #ea4j #hb4g #ae #deh #ij #de #dh4j #ic4e #ah #dcd #ih #de #di4j #abb4j #bc #cha #ajd #de #eb4j #agd4e #ca #cbb #aja #de #ej4e #agd4h #cb #cab #de #bfd #ajc #de #ea4e #bbh #da #beh #cj #bdb #bh #bce #bc #bah #ba #baj #ah #aih #ab #agj #h #ade #aji #dd #ed4e #bh4h #e #aba #c #ajj #ii #de #di4e #aj4g #b #hi #a #de -------- #igc4i #fj ,horse-p[] ,load ,type #aea ,p] ,c5t,p\nds ,load 9 ,p\nds,numb] ,total ( ,rat$,/eam ,horse-p[],/eam1( ,days ,load ,capacity p] ,units ,load is,c>ri$ ,h4,p4 #aj1jjj;,c>ri$ on ,h\r ,p\nds9 ,ye> ^! ,days 9 ,h4,p4 #aea #de #ij4f #i4h #a #fha #abj #dd #gb4j #fj4h #h #edb #ajb #de #fa4b #ii4b #ae #deh #if #de #eg4f #aab #ah #dcd #bc #cha #ajd #de #fb4d #bji4j #ca #cbb #aja #de #fj4f #baj #cb #cab #ajb #de #fa4b #cbe #de #bfd #da #beh #cj #bdb #bh #bce #bc #bah #ba #baj #ah #aih #ajf #de #fc4f #acg #ab #agj #h #ade #aji #dd #fe4d #cd4e #e #aba #c #ajj #b #hi #a #de -------- #aaig4c #ajj ,horse-p[] ,load ,type #dea ,p] ,c5t,p\nds ,load 9 ,p\nds,numb] ,total ( ,rat$,/eam ,horse-p[],/eam1( ,days ,load ,capacity p] ,units ,load is,c>ri$ ,h4,p4 #aj1jjj;,c>ri$ on ,h\r ,p\nds9 ,ye> ^! ,days 9 ,h4,p4 #aea #bh #aea #aj4b #a #fha #abj #be #abj #eg4e #h #edb #ajb #be #ajb #fb4e #ae #deh #if #be #if #ajc4h #ah #dcd #ih #be #ih #ace4a #bc #cha #ca #cbb #cb #cab #de #bfd #da #beh #cj #bdb #bh #bce #bc #bah #ba #baj #ah #aih #ajf #be #ajf #gf4e #ab #agj #ajd #be #ajd #bi4a #h #ade #e #aba #ajj #be #ajj #cb4d #c #ajj #b #hi #a #de -------- #ejg4a #bjj ,horse-p[] ,load ,type #eea ,p] ,c5t,p\nds ,load 9 ,p\nds,numb] ,total ( ,rat$,/eam ,horse-p[],/eam1( ,days ,load ,capacity p] ,units ,load is,c>ri$ ,h4,p4 #aj1jjj;,c>ri$ on ,h\r ,p\nds9 ,ye> ^! ,days 9 ,h4,p4 #aea #bc #cjb #af4g #a #fha #abj #bj #bdj #ib4j #h #edb #ajb #bj #bjd #adg #ae #deh #if #bj #aib #aff #ah #dcd #ih #bj #aif #baf #bc #cha #ajd #bj #bjh #cji4e #ca #cbb #aja #bj #bjb #caj #cb #cab #ajb #bj #bjd #dha #de #bfd #ajc #bj #bjf #dje #da #beh #aja #bj #bjb #bia #cj #bdb #ih #bj #aif #bfd #bh #bce #aji #bj #bah #bda #bc #bah #aje #bj #baj #bab #ba #baj #ii #bj #aih #aga #ah #aih #ab #agj #h #ade #e #aba #c #ajj #b #hi #a #de -------- #ccbb4b ,,table #ce ,,f9ancial ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,pump+ ,,equipm5ts ,! loads to be c>$ = are %[n 9 ,table #cd4 ,an em]g5cy unit is suppli$ to br+ ! ov]load capacity ( ! plant1 less ! l>ge/ unit1 equal to ! maximum load on ! plant4 ,no unit w be ov]load$ m ?an fifty p] c5t ( its rat$ capacity4 ,numb] ( ,units ,exclusive ( ,em]g5cy ,unit #e #d #c #b #a ,capacity #dj h4p41 & ,type ( ,type #a ,units #ej h4p41 #ej h4p41 ,type #a ,type #a #fj h4p41 #ajj h4p41 #ej h4p41 ,type #a ,type #d ,type #a #ajj h4p41 #abe h4p41 #aej h4p41 #bjj h4p41 ,type #d ,type #d ,type #e ,type #e #bjj h4p41 #age h4p41 #bej h4p41 #bej h4p41 #dej h4p41 ,type #e ,type #e ,type #f ,type #f ,type #g ,em]g5cy ,unit1 ,capacity #bjj h4p41 #age h4p41 #bej h4p41 #bej h4p41 #dej h4p41 & ,type ,type #e ,type #e ,type #f ,type #f ,type #g ,annual paym5ts1 ,doll>s ,fir/ co/ ( pumps #a1efj #a1ffj #a1dhj #a1ddj #a1ejj ,r5ewal ( pumps #a1cdj #a1dcj #a1bgj #a1bdj #a1bij ,fir/ co/1 boil]s #a1jbd #a1jhi #a1abe #a1aae #a1daj ,r5ewal1 boil]s #hjj #ice #iff #ieh #a1baj ,fuel #ac1adj #aa1hfj #aj1dij #i1dbj #i1djj ,repairs1 oil1 etc4 #b1jjj #a1hjj #a1ejj #a1cjj #a1bjj ,labor #ce1jjj #ca1ejj #bi1ejj #bg1jjj #bg1jjj ,em]g5cy unit4 ,fir/ co/ #fdj #efj #hjj #hjj #a1ejj ,em]g5cy unit4 ,r5ewal #eej #dhj #fij #fij #a1bij ,total #ef1acd #ea1cad #dg1hba #dc1ifc #de1hjj ,type #a4 ,simple duplex1 non-cond5s+1 horizontal4 ,type #d4 ,comp\nd cond5s+ l[ duty horizontal4 ,type #e4 ,l[ duty1 triple1 cond5s+1 horizontal4 ,type #f4 ,cross comp\nd1 cond5s+1 horizontal4 ,type #g4 ,high duty1 triple1 cond5s+1 v]tical4 ,= example1 ! sewage fl[ expect$ at a propos$ pump+ /ation is %[n 9 ,table #cc4 ,! /eps involv$ 9 ! selection ( ! numb] & capacity ( pump+ units to c>e = ^! quantities are z foll[s3 7#a7 ,det]m9e ! rat$ capacity ( ! equipm5t to be provid$4 ,9 ?is case ! capacity w be tak5 z #dej horse-p[]1 :i* is ! maximum load to be plac$ on ! pumps4 7#b7 ,select any numb] ( units ( su* diff]5t types & capacities z are available = comp>ison1 & arrange !m 9 diff]5t comb9ations s t ea* unit w op]ate z ne>ly z possible at its rat$ capacity4 ,! "w involv$ 9 su* a /udy = #e units is %[n 9 ,table #cd4 ,! weight ( /eam consum$ p] indicat$ horse-p[] h\r correspond+ to ! p] c5t ( ! rat$ capacity at :i* ! unit is op]at+ is read f ,fig4 #fd or o!r data4 7#c7 ,repeat ?is /ep = o!r numb]s & types ( units4 7#d7 ,prep>e a table %[+ ! annual co/s ( comb9ations ( diff]5t numb]s & types ( units z %[n = ?is example 9 ,table #ce4 ,! figures 9 ,table #ce %[ t ! lea/ exp5sive ( ! comb9ations ( ! units /udi$ is "o #bjj horse-p[] unit1 & "o #bej horse-p[] unit1 ) a #bej horse-p[] unit 9 res]ve4 ,x is to be not$ t a res]ve unit has be5 provid$ 9 ea* comb9ation1 ! capacity ( :i* is equal to t ( ! l>ge/ unit ( ! comb9ation4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,mat]ials ,,= ,,sew]s #ij4 ,mat]ials4--,! mat]ials mo/ commonly us$ = ! manufacture ( sew] pipe are vitrifi$ clay & concrete4 ,ca/ iron1 /eel1 & wood are also us$1 b only "u special conditions4 ,= pipes built 9 ! tr5*1 concrete1 concrete blocks1 brick1 & vitrifi$ clay blocks are us$4 ,concrete is be+ us$ to-day m ?an bricks or blocks because x is *eap]4 ,a decade or m ago all l>ge sew]s 7 built ( bricks4 ,vitrifi$ clay & concrete are us$ = manufactur$ pipe #db in*es & less 9 diamet]4 ,concrete is us$ almo/ exclusively = l>g] sizes ( pipe1 p>ticul>ly = pipe con/ruct$ 9 place1 al?\gh a brick inv]t l9+ is advisable :5 high velocities ( fl[ are expect$4 ,! "* ( ! ext]nal load1 ! velocity ( fl[ & ! quality ( sewage are important factors 9 det]m9+ ! mat]ial to be us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( sew]s4 ,re9=c$ concrete %\ld be us$ = l>ge sew]s ne> ! surface subject$ to heavy mov+ loads4 ,a high velocity ( fl[ ) erosive susp5d$ matt] dem& a brick we>+ surface on ! inv]t4 ,_m eng9e]s consid] concrete less suitable ?an vitrifi$ clay or brick = convey+ septic sewage or acid indu/rial wa/es1 z concrete det]iorates m rapidly "u su* conditions4 ,concrete %\ld be us$ on s(t yield+ f\ndations1 :]eas a h>d compact e>?1 :i* c be cut to ! =m ( ! sew]1 is suitable to ! use ( brick or concrete4 ,ca/-iron pipe ) lead jo9ts is us$ = sew]s fl[+ "u pressure1 or :]e movem5ts ( ! soil are to be expect$4 ,if ! sewage is n fl[+ "u pressure1 cem5t jo9ts are sometimes us$ 9 ! ca/-iron pipe4 ,movem5ts ( ! soil are to be expect$ on side hills1 "u railroad tracks1 etc4 ,/eel pipe is us$ on long outfalls or "u o!r conditions :]e ext]nal loads are light & ! co/ is less ?an = o!r mat]ials4 ,because ( ! ?9 plates us$ & ! liability to corrosion /eel is n frequ5tly us$4 ,x %\ld nev] be deeply buri$ nor ext]nally load$ because ( its weakness 9 resi/+ su* =ces4 ,l wood pipe1 its lightness is favorable to use on bridges1 b ! great] heat conductivity ( /eel ?an wood necessitates protection aga9/ freez+ 9 expos$ positions4 ,wood is pref]able only :]e ! economy ( its use is pron\nc$ & ! pipe is runn+ full at all times4 ,x is desirable t ! wood pipe %\ld be always subm]g$ z ! life ( alt]nately wet & dry wood is %ort4 ,corrugat$ galvaniz$ iron & unglaz$ tile h be5 us$ = sew]s1 b usually only 9 em]g5cies or z a make%ift4 ,corrugat$ iron is n suitable on acc\nt ( its r\ghness & liability to corrosion1 & unglaz$ tile because ( its lack ( /r5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4--;,diagrammatic ,section ?r\gh ,clay-pipe ,press4 #ia4 ,vitrifi$ ,clay ,pipe4--,9 g5]al ! physical & *emical qualities ( clays be=e burn+ are n suffici5t to cause _! condemnation or approval by ! eng9e]1 z _! behavior 9 ! furnace is q individual & dep5ds greatly on ! mann] 9 :i* !y are fir$4 ,! eng9e] is int]e/$ 9 ! result & writes 8 specifications accord+ly4 ,9 ! manufacture ( clay pipe1 ! clay z excavat$ is tak5 to a mill & gr\nd :ile dry1 to z f9e a condition z possible4 ,x is !n s5t to /orage b9s f :i* x is tak5 = wet gr9d+ & temp]+4 ,9 ?is process ! clay is mix$ ) wat] to ! prop] degree ( pla/icity4 ,a v>iation ( #a to #a p] c5t 9 ! moi/ure cont5t w mean failure4 ,too wet a mixture w n h suffici5t /r5g? to ma9ta9 its %ape 9 ! kiln4 ,too dry a mixture w %[ lam9ations z x is press$ ?r\gh ! discs4 ,a press us$ 9 ! manufacture ( clay pipe is %[n 9 cross-section 9 ,fig4 #ga4 ,) ! pi/on heads 9 ! /eam & mud cyl9d]s at _! extreme upw>d positions1 ! mud cyl9d] is fill$ ) clay ( ! prop] consi/5cy4 ,/eam is !n turn$ into ! /eam cyl9d] "u pressure & ! clay is squeez$ into ! space betwe5 ! inn] & out] %ells ( ! die & m&rel to =m ! hub ( ! pipe4 ,! pressure on ! clay may be f #bej to #fjj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,:5 clay appe>s at ! holes1 m>k$ hh at ! bottom ( ! mud cyl9d]1 ! bottom plate & ! c5t] portion ( ! die are remov$ & ! rema9d] or /raight portion ( ! pipe is =m$ by squeez+ ! clay betwe5 ! m&rel & ! out] wall ( ! die4 ,a completely =m$ pipe c be se5 issu+ f ! press 9 ,fig4 #gb4 ,any siz$ pipe t is desir$ c be =m$ f ! same press by *ang+ ! size ( ! dies & m&rel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4--;,clay-pipe ,press4 ,c\rtesy1 ,blackm] & ,po/ ,manufactur+ ,co4 ,curv$ pipes are made 9 two ways--by b5d+ directly z !y issue f ! press1 or by %ap+ by h& 9 pla/] ( p>is molds4 ,junctions are made by cutt+ ! bran* pipe to ! %ape ( ! outside ( ! ma9 pipe1 fa/5+ ! bran* 9 place ) s(t clay & !n cutt+ out ! wall ( ! ma9 pipe ! size ( ! bran*4 ,special fitt+s are usually made by h& 9 pla/] molds4 ,aft] be+ press$ into %ape ! pipes are tak5 to a /eam-heat$ dry+ room :]e a con/ant temp]ature is ma9ta9$ 9 ord] to prev5t crack+ ( ! pipes4 ,!y rema9 9 ! dry+ room f #c to #aj days until dry1 :5 !y are tak5 to ! kilns4 ,if tak5 to ! kilns :5 moi/ bli/]s w be produc$4 ,! dri$ pipes are pil$ c>efully 9 ! kiln s t heat & weight may be z ev5ly di/ribut$ z possible1 & ! fire is !n />t$ 9 ! kiln4 ,! process ( burn+ c be r\ghly divid$ into five /ages3 #a/4 ,wat] smok+1 :i* la/s ab\t #gb h\rs dur+ :i* ! temp]ature is rais$ gradually to #cej degrees ,fahr5heit4 #bnd4 ,heat+1 dur+ :i* ! temp]ature is rais$ to #hjj degrees ,fahr5heit 9 #bd h\rs4 #crd4 ,oxidation1 dur+ :i* ! temp]ature is rais$ to #a1djj degrees ,fahr5heit 9 #hd h\rs4 #d?4 ,vitrification1 9 :i* ! temp]ature is rais$ to #b1ajj degrees ,fahr5heit 9 #dh h\rs1 & f9ally1 #e?4 ,glaz+1 dur+ :i* ! temp]ature is un*ang$ b salt 7,na,cl7 is ?r[n 9 & all[$ to burn4 ,oxidation mu/ be complete be=e vitrification is />t$ z o!rwise bli/]s w be rais$ due to imprison$ c>bon dioxide4 ,! important po9ts 9 vitrification are to make ! requir$ temp]ature )9 a reasonable "t & to ma9ta9 a uni=m di/ribution ( heat ?r\gh\t ! kiln4 ,:5 vitrification is complete z %[n by a glassy fracture ( a brok5 sample tak5 f ! kiln1 glaz+ is accompli%$ by ?r[+ a %ovelful ( salt on ! hotte/ "p ( ! fire4 ,ab\t five to six applications ( salt f two to ?ree h\rs ap>t may be ne$$4 ,! kiln is !n all[$ to cool & ! manufacture ( ! pipe is complete4 ,! complet5ess ( vitrification is indicat$ by ! am\nt ( wat] t ! f9i%$ pipe w absorb4 ,completely vitrifi$ pipe w absorb no moi/ure4 ,s(t-burn$ pipe may absorb z mu* z #ae p] c5t moi/ure4 ,vitrifi$ clay blocks are made ( ! same mat]ial & 9 ! same mann] z vitrifi$ clay pipe4 ,! foll[+ data on vitrifi$ pipe h be5 ab/ract$ f ! specifications = vitrifi$ pipe adopt$ by ! ,am]ican ,society = ,te/+ ,mat]ials4 ,pipes %all be subject to rejection on acc\nt ( ! foll[+3 7a7 ,v>iation 9 any dim5sion exce$+ ! p]missible v>iations giv5 9 ,table #cf4 7b7 ,fracture or cracks pass+ ?r\gh ! %ell or hub1 except t a s+le crack at ei!r end ( a pipe n exce$+ #b in*es 9 l5g? or a s+le fracture 9 ! hub n exce$+ #c in*es 9 wid? nor #b in*es 9 l5g? w n be deem$ cause = rejection unless ^! defects exi/ 9 m ?an #e p] c5t ( ! entire %ipm5t or deliv]y4 7c7 ,bli/]s or :]e ! glaz+ is brok5 or :i* exce$ #c in*es 9 diamet]1 or :i* project m ?an in* above ! surface4 7d7 ,lam9ations :i* indicate ext5d$ voids 9 ! pipe mat]ial4 7e7 ,fire cracks or hair cracks suffici5t to impair ! /r5g?1 durability or s]viceability ( ! pipe4 7f7 ,v>iations ( m ?an in* p] l9e> foot 9 alignm5t ( a pipe int5d$ to be /raight4 7g7 ,glaze :i* does n fully cov] & protect all p>ts ( ! %ell & ends except ^? exempt$ 9 ,sect4 #ca4 ,also glaze :i* is n equal to be/ salt glaze4 7h7 ,failure to give a cle> r++ s\nd :5 plac$ on end & dry tapp$ ) a light hamm]4 7i7 ,insecure atta*m5t ( bran*es or spurs4 ,workman%ip & ,f9i% 7#bi7 ,pipes %all be sub/antially free f fractures1 l>ge or deep cracks & bli/]s1 lam9ations & surface r\ghness4 7#ca7 ,! glaze %all consi/ ( a cont9u\s lay] ( bright or semi-bright glass sub/antially free f co>se bli/]s & pimples4444 ,n m ?an #aj p] c5t ( ! inn] surface ( any pipe b>rel %all be b>e ( glaze except ! hub1 :]e x may be entirely abs5t4 ,glaz+ w n be requir$ on ! out] surface ( ! b>rel at ! spigot end = a di/ance f ! end equal to ! specifi$ dep? ( ! socket = ! correspond+ size ( pipe4 ,:]e glaz+ is requir$ !re %all be abs5ce ( any well def9$ network ( craz+ l9es or hair cracks4 7#cb7 ,! ends ( ! pipe %all be squ>e ) _! longitud9al axis4 7#cc7 ,special %apes %all h a pla9 spigot end & a hub end correspond+ 9 all respects ) ! dim5sions specifi$ = pipes ( ! correspond+ int]nal diamet]4 ,,table #cf ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,clay ,,sew] ,,pipe ,ab/racts f ,t5tative ,specifications ( ! ,am]ican ,society = ,te/+ ,mat]ials ,int]nal ,m9imum ,maximum ,lay+ ,diamet],dep? ,tap] ,m9imum ,diamet]1,cru%+ ,absorption1l5g?1 ( ( ( ,?ickness ,in*es ,/r5g?1 ,p] ,c5t ,feet ,inside ,socket,socket ( ,p\nds ( ,in*es ,b>rel4 p] ,socket1 ,in*es ,l9e> ,in*es ,foot4 ,see ,note #b #f #adcj #e #b1 #b1 #h #b #a 3 #bj #c #h #adcj #e #b1 #b1 #aj #b #a 3 #bj #c #aj #aegj #e #b1 #b1 #ac #b #a 3 #bj #c #ab #agaj #e #b1 #b1 #ae #b #a 3 #bj #a #c #ae #aifj #e #b1 #b1 #ah #b #a 3 #bj #a #c #ah #bbjj #e #b1 #b1 #bb #c #a 3 #bj #a #c #ba #beij #e #b1 #b1 #bf #c #a 3 #bj #a #c #bd #cjgj #e #b1 #b1 #bi #c #a 3 #bj #b #c #bg #ccgj #e #c #cc #c #a 3 #bj #b #cj #cfij #e #c #cg #c #a 3 #bj #b #cc #cicj #e #c #dj #d #a 3 #bj #b #cf #ddjj #e #c #dd #d #a 3 #bj #b #ci #dgaj #e #c #dg #d #a 3 #bj #b #db #ejcj #e #c #ea #d #a 3 #bj #c ,int]nal ,p]missible ,v>iations ,numb] ,diamet]1 ( ,in*es ,scor+s on ,spigot & ,socket ,in* ,deep ,l5g?1 ,int]nal ,l5g? ,dep? ,?ickness ,in*es ,diamet]1 ( ,two ( ( 7-71 ,in*es ,opposite,socket1 ,b>rel1 p] ,sides1 ,in*es ,in*es ,foot ,in*es 7-7 7-7 ,spigot,socket 77 77 #f #c_/af #a_/af #b #h #e_/af #a_/af #b #aj #e_/af #a_/af #b #ab #e_/af #a_/af #b #ae #e_/af #c_/cb #c #ah #g_/af #c_/af #c_/cb #c #ba #g_/af #c_/af #c #bd #i_/af #d #bg #aa_/af #d #cj #aa_/af #d #cc #ac_/af #c_/af #e #cf #ac_/af #c_/af #e #ci #ac_/af #c_/af #e #db #ac_/af #c_/af #e ,,note #a4 ,= me?ods ( mak+ te/s see ,proc4 ,am4 ,soc4 = ,te/+ ,mat]ials4 ,,note #b4 ,conc5trat$ load at end ( v]tical diamet]4 7a7 ,slants %all h _! spigot ends cut at an angle ( approximately #de degrees ) ! longitud9al axis4 7b7 ,curves %all be at angles ( #ij1 #de1 #bb1 & #aa degrees z requir$4 ,!y %all con=m sub/antially to ! curvature specifi$4 7c7 444 ,all bran*es %all t]m9ate 9 sockets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4--,/&>d ,clay ,pipe ,specials4 ,c\rtesy1 ,blackm] & ,po/ ,manufactur+ ,co4 ,9 ,fig4 #gc are %[n ! v>i\s =ms ( vitrifi$ pipe & specials :i* are ord9>ily available on ! m>ket4 ,! life ( vitrifi$ clay sew]s & "s obs]vations on ! results ( ! inspection ( ! sew]s 9 ,manhattan are discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,! /r5g? ( vitrifi$ sew] pipes is %[n 9 ,table #cg4 ,,table #cg ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,sew] ,,pipe ,/r5g? 9 p\nds p] l9e> foot to c>ry loads f dit* fill+ mat]ial su* z ord9>y s& & ?or\ghly wet clay1 ) ! "u side ( ! pipe b$d$ #fj to #ij by ord9>y good me?ods4 ,f ,proc4 ,am4 ,society = ,te/+ ,mat]ials1 ,vol4 #bj1 #aibj1 page #fjd4 ,height ( ,fill ,above ,top ( ,pipe1 ,feet ,bread? ( ! ,dit* a ,little ,bel[ ! ,top ( ! ,pipe #a ,foot #b ,feet #c ,feet #d ,feet #e ,feet ,dit* ,fill+ ,mat]ial s& clay s& clay s& clay s& clay s& clay #b #bfe #bhj #fae #fce #igj #iij #accj #a1cej #a1fij #a1gaj #d #djj #dej #ajee #aabe #agde #ahbe #bdee #b1ece #c1afe #c1bej #f #dgj #ede #acgj #aejj #bcgj #bebe #cdje #c1ege #d1dfj #d1gdj #h #eje #fje #afjj #agij #bhge #caae #dbae #d1die #e1eie #e1hij #aj #ebe #fdj #agfe #bjae #cbge #cfaj #dijj #e1bie #f1eij #g1jbj #ab #ece #ffj #ahhj #bahe #cfjj #djcj #edhe #f1jjj #g1dfj #h1jce #ad #edj #fge #aife #bcbj #chee #dchj #eige #f1fbj #h1bbe #h1iej #af #ede #fhj #bjbe #bdbe #djfe #dfge #fcie #g1afe #h1hij #i1gge #ah #ede #fhe #bjgj #beje #dbcj #dibj #fgej #g1fcj #i1dhjaj1ebj #bj #ede #fij #bajj #befe #dcfe #eacj #gjej #h1jfj #i1iieaa1aij #bb #ede #fij #babe #bfaj #ddgj #ecje #gcje #h1dbeaj1ddeaa1gie #bd #ede #fij #badj #bfde #defj #edde #gebe #h1gejaj1hdjab1cdj #bf #ede #fij #baej #bfge #dfcj #eege #ggje #i1jceaa1aheab1hcj #bh #ede #fij #bafj #bfie #dfhe #efhj #ghfj #i1bhjaa1dijac1bgj #cj #ede #fij #bafe #bgae #dgbe #egfe #giij #i1ejjaa1geeac1fgj ,v great #ede #fij #bahj #bggj #diaj #fbcj #hgbeaa1jgeac1fceag1cje #ib4 ,cem5t & ,concrete ,pipe4--,al?\gh !re is no g5]al recognition ( a diff]5ce betwe5 cem5t & concrete pipe1 !re is a t5d5cy to t]m manufactur$ pipe ( small diamet] cem5t pipe1 & l>ge pipes or pipes con/ruct$ 9 place1 concrete pipe4 ,cem5t1 unlike clay1 is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( pipe 9 ! field or by m or less unskill$ op]ators 9 8"o man0 plants4 ,great c>e %\ld be us$ 9 ! selection ( cem5t1 aggregate1 & re9=cem5t = preca/ cem5t pipe s9ce ! %ocks to :i* x is subject$ 9 transit are m liable to rupture x ?an ! heavi] b /eadi] loads impos$ on x 9 ! tr5*4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t1 v>i\s sci5tific & eng9e]+ societies1 & o!r int]e/$ organizations h collaborat$ 9 ! prep>ation ( specifications = cem5t & cem5t te/s4 ,^! specifications c be f\nd 9 ,trans4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,vol4 #hb1 #aiah1 p4 #aff1 & 9 o!r publications4 ,! foll[+ ab/racts h be5 tak5 f ! propos$ t5tative specifications = ,concrete ,aggregates1 ( ! ,am4 ,society = ,te/+ ,mat]ials1 issu$ ,june #ba1 #aiba3 #a4 ,f9e aggregate %all consi/ ( s&1 /one scre5+s1 or o!r in]t mat]ials ) simil> *>act]i/ics1 or a comb9ation !re(1 hav+ clean1 h>d1 /rong1 durable uncoat$ gra9s1 free f injuri\s am\nts ( du/1 lumps1 s(t or flaky p>ticles1 %ale1 alkali1 organic matt]1 loam or o!r delet]i\s sub/ances4 #b4 ,f9e aggregates %all pref]ably be grad$ f f9e to co>se1 ) ! co>s] p>ticles pr$om9at+1 )9 ! foll[+ limits3 ,pass+ ,no4 #d sieve #ajj p] c5t ,pass+ ,no4 #ej sieve1 n m ?an #ej p] c5t ,weight remov$ by elutriation te/1 n m ?an #c p] c5t ,sieves %all con=m to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,/&>ds specifications = sieves4 #c4 ,! f9e aggregate %all be te/$ 9 comb9ation ) ! co>se aggregate & ! cem5t ) :i* x is to be us$ & 9 ! proportions1 includ+ wat]1 9 :i* !y are to be us$ on ! "w1 9 accordance ) ! requirem5ts specifi$ 9 ,section #f4444 #g4 ,co>se aggregate %all consi/ ( cru%$ /one1 gravel or o!r approv$ in]t mat]ials ) simil> *>act]i/ics1 or a comb9ation !re(1 hav+ clean1 h>d1 /rong1 durable1 uncoat$ pieces free f injuri\s am\nts ( s(t1 friable1 ?91 elongat$ or lam9at$ pieces1 alkali1 organic or o!r delet]i\s matt]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ ,table indicates desirable grad+s1 9 p]c5tages1 = co>se aggregate = c]ta9 maximum sizes4 ,,grad+s ,,( ,,co>se ,,aggregates ,maximum ,circul> ,op5+s1 ,in*es ,pass+ ,scre5 ,size ( ,hav+ ,circul> ,aggregate ,op5+s ,in* 9 ,in*es diamet]1 n m ?an #c #b #b #a #a #a #c #ajj #dj-ge #ae p] c5t #b #ajj #dj-ge #ae p] c5t #b #ajj #dj-ge #ae p] c5t #a #ajj #dj-ge #ae p] c5t #a #ajj #ce-gj #ae p] c5t #a #ajj #dj-ge #ae p] c5t #ajj #ae p] c5t ,! manufacture ( small size cem5t pipe requires relatively m skill ?an equipm5t4 ,z a result great c>e mu/ be obs]v$ 9 ! inspection ( cem5t pipe & 9 ! en=cem5t ( specifications4 ,= l>ge size concrete pipe & re9=c$ concrete pipe ! difficulty ( hold+ ! pipe toge!r dur+ transportation & l[]+ into ! tr5* aid 9 insur+ a good product4 ,cem5t pipe is made by ramm+ a mixture ( cem5t1 s&1 & wat] into a cyl9drical mold & all[+ x to /& until set4 ,! mold is !n remov$ & ! pipe /&s = a fur!r p]iod ( "t to become cur$4 ,! selection & proportion ( mat]ials1 ! am\nt ( wat]1 ! me?od ( ramm+1 ! p]iod ( sett+1 ! l5g? ( "t ( cur+1 & ! control ( moi/ure & temp]ature dur+ ?is p]iod are ( great importance 9 ! result+ product4 ,e4 ,s4 ,hanson#eb /ates t ! mo/ cons]vative eng9e]s recomm5d a mixture ( "o sack ( cem5t to #b cubic feet ( aggregate measur$ z loosely ?r[n into ! measur+ box4 ,9 mak+ up ! aggregate1 clean gravel or brok5 /one up to in* 9 size is us$4 ,! ,am]ican ,concrete ,in/itute recomm5ds t #ajj p] c5t pass a -in* scre51 #gj p] c5t a -in* scre51 #ej p] c5t a ,no4 #aj1 #dj p] c5t a ,no4 #bj1 #cj p] c5t a ,no4 #cj1 & #bj p] c5t a ,no4 #dj4 ,! mat]ials %\ld be c>efully grad$ by exp]im5t & n guess$ at1 z ! behavior ( all aggregates is n ! same4 ,too co>se an aggregate is difficult to h&le 9 manufactur+4 ,x causes loss ( pipe :5 ! jacket or mold is remov$ & results 9 r\gh pipe1 /one pockets1 & p9 holes ?r\gh :i* wat] spurts :5 pressure te/s are appli$4 ,too f9e an aggregate causes loss ( /r5g? & ) ord9>y mixtures t5ds to produce a pipe :i* w %[ seepage "u int]nal pressure te/s4 ,! am\nt ( wat] 9 ! mixture w v>y1 f #ae to #bj p] c5t4 ,! mixture %\ld appe> dry b %\ld ball 9 ! h& "u "s pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4--;,details ( #bd-;,in* ,concrete ,pipe ,=m4 ,! mixture c be ramm$ into ! molds by h& or ma*9e4 ,a ma*9e-made pipe is pref]able z x produces a m ev5 & /rong] product4 ,!re are two types ( ma*9es = ?is purpose4 ,"o type consi/s ( a numb] ( tamp+ feet :i* deliv] ab\t #bjj bl[s to ! m9ute ) a pressure ( ab\t #hjj p\nds p] squ>e in* ( area expos$4 ,9 ! o!r type a revolv+ core is drawn ?r\gh ! pipe1 pack+ & poli%+ ! concrete z x is pull$ ?r\gh1 ) special provision = pack+ ! bell ( ! pipe4 ,! tamp+ ma*9es c make #a1ejj feet ( small size pipe to #cjj feet ( #bd-;in* pipe 9 a day4 ,ma*9es ( ! second type c make #gej feet ( #h-;in* to #bjj feet ( #cj-;in* pipe 9 #cj-;in* l5g?s 9 #i h\rs4 ,! inside & outside =ms = a #bd-;in* pipe are %[n 9 ,fig4 #gd z us$ ) ! tamp+ ma*9es4 ,! =ms are swabb$ ) oil be=e be+ fill$ 9 ord] to facilitate _! removal4 ,9 mak+ a ,y-bran* or o!r special1 a hole is cut 9 ! pipe or mold ! size ( ! jo9+ pipe :i* is !n set 9 place & ! jo9t wip$ smoo? ) cem5t4 ,,table #ch ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,cem5t ,,concrete ,,sew] ,,pipe #aiag ,specifications ( ,am]ican ,society = ,te/+ ,mat]ials1 ) ,subsequ5t ,revisions ,lay+ ,diamet],normal ,dep? ,tap] ,m9imum ,l5g?1 at ,annul> ( ( ,?ickness ,feet ,inside ,space1 ,socket1,socket ( ( ,in*es ,in*es ,b>rel1 ,socket1 ,in*es ,in*es ,int]nal ,diamet]1 ,in*es #b1 #b1 #h #b #a 3 #bj #f #c #b1 #b1 #aa #b #a 3 #bj #h #c #b1 #b1 #ac #b #a 3 #bj #aj #c #b1 #b1 #ae #b #a 3 #bj #a #ab #c #b1 #b1 #ai #b #a 3 #bj #a #ae #c #b1 #b1 #bb #b #a 3 #bj #a #ah #c #b1 #b1 #bf #b #a 3 #bj #a #ba #c #b1 #b1 #cj #c #a 3 #bj #b #bd #c #bg #c #cd #c #a 3 #bj #b #cj #c #ch #a #c #a 3 #bj #b #cc #c #da #a #d #a 3 #bj #b #cf #c #de #a #d #a 3 #bj #c #ci #c #di #a #d #a 3 #bj #c #db #c #ec #a #d #a 3 #bj #c ,limits ( ,p]missible ,v>iations ,m9imum ,maximum ,cru%+ ,absorption1 ,/r5g?1 ,p] ,c5t ,p\nds p] ,l9e> ,int]nal ,foot at ,diamet]1 ,end ( ,in*es ,diamet] ,l5g?1 ,int]nal ,dep? ,?ickness ,in* ,diamet]1 ( ,hub( ,b>rel p] ,in*es 7-7 7-7 ,foot ,in*es ,in*es 7-7 ,spigot,socket 77 77 #c_/af #c_/af #a_/af #adcj #h #f #a_/af #adcj #h #h #a_/af #aegj #h #aj #a_/af #aiaj #h #ab #c_/cb #aifj #h #ae #c_/cb #bbjj #h #ah #e_/af #e_/af #beij #h #ba #e_/af #e_/af #cjgj #h #bd #bg #e_/af #ccgj #h #cj #cfij #h #cc #c_/af #cicj #h #cf #c_/af #ddjj #h #ci #c_/af #dgaj #h #db #c_/af #ejcj #h ,aft] ! removal ( ! mold ! pipe may be cur$ by ! wat] or ! /eam process4 ,hanson /ates3 ,by ! =m] ! pipe are simply set on ! floor ( ! plant & z soon z !y are suffici5tly /rong s t !y c be spr9kl$ ) wat] )\t fall+ d[n2 spr9kl+ is comm5c$ & cont9u$ at su* int]vals = #f or #g days t ! pipe w be moi/ at all times4 ,?is is a sl[] process ?an /eam cur+4 ,x is also less uni=m & less subject to control ?an :]e ! product is cur$ by /eam4 ,9 ! /eam process ! pipe is expos$ to l[-pressure /eam ) pl5ty ( moi/ure 9 a clos$ receptacle = #bd h\rs1 or until h>d5$4 ,x has be5 f\nd by te/s t pipes spr9kl$ = #bh days are z /rong z /eam-cur$ pipes4 ,! dim5sions ( cem5t concrete sew] pipe z recomm5d$ by ! ,am4 ,society = ,te/+ ,mat]ials are %[n 9 ,table #ch4 ,! foll[+ has be5 ab/ract$ f ! description ( ! manufacture ( "o =m ( concrete pipe by ,g4 ,c4 ,b>tram4#ec ,all pipe are manufactur$ 9 #d-;foot l5g?s ne> ! site at :i* !y are to be in/all$ because ( _! great weight1 = example1 #cf-;in* pipe weighs "o ton4 ,! plant = ! manufacture ( ! pipe consi/s ( ca/-iron bottom & top r+s = ea* size to be us$ on ! job1 & inside & outside /eel cas+s4 ,!re are ?ree bases = ea* /eel cas+ z ! pipes /& on ! bases = #gb h\rs & ! /eel cas+ rema9s on = only #bd h\rs aft] ! concrete has be5 p\r$4 ,! pipes are !n lift$ (f ! bases & /or$ = ag+4 ,! pipes are ca/ ) ! spigot end up4 ,! concrete is ord9>ily mix$ 9 ! proportions ( #a 3 #b 3 #d4 ,! mat]ials are plac$ 9 ! mix] 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 fir/1 ! /one1 !n ! s&1 !n ! cem5t1 & f9ally ! wat]4 ,suffici5t wat] is add$ to make ! concrete fl[ freely4 ,9 cold wea!r or = a hurry-up job ! molds are cov]$ ) canvas & are /eam$ = #b or #c h\rs imm$iately aft] ! concrete is p\r$4 ,! molds are !n remov$ b ! pipe %\ld be /eam$ be=e use4 ,o!rwise !y are all[$ to /& #gb h\rs1 z expla9$ above4 ,9 cold wea!r ! /eam is us$ to prev5t freez+ & n to ha/5 ! completion ( ! pipe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4--,triangle ,me% ,re9=c$ ,concrete ,pipe4 ,z made by ! ,am4 ,concrete ,pipe & ,pile ,co41 ,*icago4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4--,me?ods ( ,jo9+ & ,re9=c+ ,concrete ,pipe4 ,"o lay] or r+ ( re9=cem5t is us$ = sizes f #bd to #dh in*es & two lay]s or r+s = l>g] pipe4 ,a type ( re9=cem5t sometimes us$ is ! ,am]ican ,/eel & ,wire ,company's ,triangul> ,me%1 an illu/ration ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ge4 ,! wire me% is cut to fit & is plac$ 9 a slot 9 ! ca/-iron base4 ,! slot is !n fill$ ) s& s t ! concrete _c ent]1 ?us leav+ a portion ( ! re9=cem5t expos$4 ,! inside re9=cem5t ext5ds ?r\gh & out ( ! spigot ( ! complet$ pipe4 ,9 ! tr5* ! two re9=cem5ts ov]lap 9 ! key-%ap$ space left on ! inside ( ! pipe by ! design ( ! bell & spigot4 ,?is space is %[n 9 ,fig4 #gf ,a4 ,:5 ! pipe is plac$ 9 ! tr5* ! key-%ap$ space is pla/]$ ) mort> & a piece is knock$ out ( ! bell to receive ! gr\t ) :i* ! jo9t is clos$4 ,a spr+ /eel b& is !n put on ! outside ( ! jo9t & gr\t p\r$ into ! hole at ! top4 ,! b& is remov$ z soon z ! jo9t mat]ials h set4 ,! rules = ! re9=cem5t ( concrete pipe recomm5d$ 9 ,volume ,,xv1 #aiai1 ( ! ,transactions ( ! ,concrete ,in/itute are z foll[s3 ,no re9=cem5t is approv$ = pipe betwe5 #cj & #fj in*es 9 diamet] or 9 rock or h>d soils4 ,= pipe #cf in*es 9 diamet] or less ! m9imum ?ickness ( %ell %all be #e in*es4 ,= #fj-;in* pipe ! m9imum ?ickness %all be #g in*es ) int]m$iate sizes 9 proportion4 ,re9=cem5t = circul> pipe %all consi/ ( "o or two r+s ( circul> wire fabric or rods ( ! areas %[n 9 ,table #ci4 ,all sew]s ne> ! surface & subject to vibration %\ld be re9=c$4 ,= sew]s #f feet or less 9 diamet] ! re9=cem5t %\ld consi/ ( at lea/ ( #a p] c5t ( ! area ( ! concrete4 ,x %\ld be plac$ ne> ! inside at ! cr[n & ne> ! outside at ! haun*es4 ,if l>ge horizontal pressures are expect$ ! pipe %\ld be re9=c$ = ^! rev]se /resses1 :i* involves plac+ ! re9=cem5t ne> ! outside at ! cr[n & ne> ! inside at ! haun*es4 ,! m9imum ?ickness ( ! walls ( sew]s great] ?an #f feet 9 diamet] ) flat bottom & ar*1 ) or )\t side walls1 %\ld be #h in*es4 ,,table #ci ,,re9=cem5t ,,= ,,circul> ,,concrete ,,sew] ,,pipe 7,see ,vol4 ,,xv1 ,proce$+s ,am4 ,concrete ,in/itute7 ,diamet] 9 ,m9imum ,?ickness ,numb] ( ,r+s ,cross ,sectional ,in*es ( ,%ell 9 ,area ( ,ea* ,r+ ,in*es #bd #c #a 4#jeh #bg #c #a 4#jfh #cj #c #a 4#jhj #cc #d #a 4#ajg #cf #d #a 4#adf #ci #d #a 4#adf #db #d #a 4#aec #dh #e #b 4#ajg #ed #e #b 4#abc #fj #f #b 4#adf #ff #f #b 4#afh #gb #g #b 4#ahj #hd #h #b 4#bjh #if #i #b 4#bde ,?ree me?ods = ! re9=cem5t ( concrete sew]s are %[n 9 ,fig4 #gf ,b4 #ic4 ,proportion+ ( ,concrete4--,9 ! proportion+ ( concrete que/ions ( /r5g?1 ( p]meability1 & ( workability#ed may ne$ consid]ation4 ,all ( ^! qualities are affect$ by ! am\nt ( cem5t1 ! nature & gradation & relative proportions ( ! f9e & ! co>se aggregate1 & ! am\nt ( mix+ wat] us$4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal ! /r5g? v>ies ) ! am\nt ( cem5t put into ! concrete4 ,= ! same am\nt ( cem5t & ! same consi/5cy ( ! mixture1 ! /r5g? increases ) increas$ d5sity ( concrete 7t is1 ) decreas$ voids71 & ! ef=t %\ld be made s to proportion ! f9e & co>se aggregates z to produce ! d5se/ concrete 7lea/ voids7 ) ! aggregates available4 ,= ! same consi/5cy1 ! /r5g? !n w v>y ) ! ratio ( ! am\nt ( cem5t to ! am\nt ( ! voids4 ,s f> z ! mix+ wat] is conc]n$1 ! greate/ /r5g? 9 ! concrete w be atta9$ at a r dry mix2 t :i* produces ! lea/ volume ( concrete4 ,! addition ( m wat] results 9 a concrete ( less /r5g?2 #dj p] c5t m wat] may give a concrete ( less ?an half ! normal /r5g?4 ,! r$uction 9 /r5g? is !n v m>k$ = ! wett] mixes1 & ! wat] cont5t us$ is a feature ( consid]able importance 9 ! design ( concrete mixtures4 ,p]meability is affect$ by ! same elem5ts z /r5g?1 b ! size & discont9uity ( ! pores h a great] influ5ce4 ,workability is an important quality2 9 "s respects x w h to be obta9$ at ! exp5se ( /r5g?4 ,increas+ ! am\nt ( mix+ wat] increases ! workability ( ! mixtures1 ) a result+ decrease 9 /r5g? :i* may h to be accept$ or else ov]come by increas+ ! cem5t 9 ! mix4 ,an excess ( wat] is (t5 us$ unnecess>ily ?r\gh ignorance ( ! injuri\s results4 ,a high proportion ( co>se aggregate1 up to a c]ta9 limit1 w give concrete ( high /r5g?1 b ! mixture w be h>%-work+ & n easy to place4 ,l[] proportions ( co>se aggregate w give great] workability & bett] uni=mity ( product1 ! latt] be+ an important matt]4 ,x is app>5t t ! degree ( workability ( ! mixture ne$$ w dep5d ^u ! nature ( ! con/ruction--= a pavem5t :]e ! concrete w receive sub/antial tamp+ or work+ ! wat] cont5t may be mu* less ?an t :i* may ne$ to be us$ 9 plac+ concrete ar\nd re9=cem5t 9 n>r[ memb]s1 or :]e little tamp+ or spad+ c be done4 ,! nature ( ! "w w affect ! /&>d ( consi/5cy to be specifi$4 ,! proportion+ ( ! concrete %\ld !n be dep5d5t ^u ! ne$s ( ! /ructure & ! mann] ( plac+ ! concrete4 ,! proportions select$ %\ld be c>efully adh]$ to & especially %\ld c>e be tak5 to see t ! "r quantity ( mix+ wat] is us$4 ,! mat]ials are commonly measur$ volumetrically 7by bulk74 ,because ( ! v>iations :i* are introduc$ by volumetric measurem5t ( ! mat]ials by ! pres5ce ( v>y+ degrees ( moi/ure1 measurem5ts by weight w\ld be m accurate1 b ^! w\ld also be affect$ by diff]5ces 9 ! specific gravity ( ! mat]ials4 ,! me?ods ( measur+1 ! all[ance = moi/ure1 z well z ! proportions ( ! mat]ials1 %\ld be specifi$4 ,! me?ods = proportion+ concrete are3 7#a7 ,arbitr>ily select$ proportions4 7#b7 ,proportions bas$ on m9imum voids4 7#c7 ,proportions bas$ on trial mixtures4 7#d7 ,proportions bas$ on a sieve analysis curve4 7#e7 ,proportions bas$ on ! surface area ( ! aggregates4 7#f7 ,proportions bas$ on ! wat]-cem5t ratio & ! f95ess modulus4 7#g7 ,proportions bas$ on mort>-voids & cem5t-voids ratio4 ,arbitr>ily select$ proportions are 9 q g5]al use2 !y are int5d$ to apply to ! mat]ials mo/ commonly us$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! "w4 ,! mo/ common practice is to use twice z great a volume ( co>se aggregate z f9e aggregate1 z = in/ance #a "p cem5t1 #b p>ts f9e aggregate1 & #d p>ts co>se aggregate4 ,decreas+ ! ratio ( co>se aggregate to f9e aggregate may give a m easily work$ mix or require relatively less wat] = a giv5 workability1 & 9 "s cases x w be prop] to increase ?is ratio & ?us secure an increase ( /r5g?4 ,judgm5t & exp]i5ce ) giv5 mat]ials may w>rant *anges f a /at$ ratio4 ,! proportions are n[ frequ5tly giv5 z "o "p cem5t to a c]ta9 numb] ( p>ts ( ! mix$ aggregate1 leav+ ! proportions ( ! f9e to co>se to be det]m9$ o!rwise1 s9ce small v>iations 9 ! relation ( ^! w n greatly affect ! /r5g?4 ,proportions 9 common use are3#ee ,mort> = ,lay+ brick & /one masonry f #a 3 #j to #a 3 #c ,fill+ jo9ts 9 sew] pipe #a 3 #j to #a 3 #b ,surfaces1 floors1 sidewalks1 pavem5ts #a 3 #j to #a 3 #b ,wat]pro( l9+s #a 3 #j to #a 3 #b ,cem5t1 bricks1 & blocks #a 3 #b to #a 3 #d ,concrete = ,gravity reta9+ walls1 heavy f\ndations1 /ructures ne$+ mass m ?an /r5g? f #a 3 #c 3 #f to #a 3 #d 3 #h ,reta9+ walls1 pi]s1 sew]s1 pavem5ts1 f\ndations1 & "w requir+ /r5g?4 7,compressive /r5g? 9 #bh days1 #a1ejj to #b1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in*7 f #a 3 #b 3 #d to #a 3 #c 3 #f ,floors1 beams1 pavem5ts1 re9=c$ concrete1 ar* bridges1 l[-pressure tanks4 7,compressive /r5g? 9 #bh days1 #b1jjj to #c1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in*7 f #a 3 #a 3 #c to #a 3 #b 3 #d ,re9=c$ concrete columns1 conduit pipe1 imp]vi\s concrete4 7,compressive /r5g? 9 #bh days1 #c1jjj to #d1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in*7 f #a 3 #a 3 #b to #a 3 #a 3 #c ,! usual me?od ( proportion+ bas$ on m9imum voids is to assume t ! p>ticles ( f9e aggregate %\ld fill ! voids 9 ! co>se aggregate & t ! p>ticles ( ! cem5t w fill ! voids 9 ! f9e aggregate4 ,ab\t #e to #aj p] c5t additional f9e aggregate is g5]ally add$ to pu% ! p>ticles ( ! co>se aggregate ap>t & ?us give a m easily work$ concrete & "o fre] f void spaces4 ,?is me?od is inaccurate1 pr9cipally because ( ! effect ( ! moi/ure on ! volume ( ! voids1 & because ! effect on ! volume by ! addition ( wat] is unkn[n4 ,trial mixtures may be made by c>efully weigh+ ea* ( ! +r$i5ts & !n comb9+ !m to give a workable concrete4 ,us+ a giv5 am\nt ( cem5t1 ! proportion ( +r$i5ts1 ( ! same total weight1 :i* w give ! lea/ volume & !re=e ! d5se/ concrete is adopt$4 ,:5 mak+ ! comp>ison ! consi/5cy ( ! mixes mu/ be ma9ta9$ con/ant4 ,proportion+ may be bas$ on an ideal sieve analysis curve ( ! mix$ cem5t & aggregates4 ,! sieve analysis ( ! aggregates is made by scre5+ a pr$et]m9$ weight ( ! sample ?r\gh a s]ies ( #e to #h sieves grad$ 9 size f slightly bel[ ! size ( ! l>ge/ p>ticle to slightly above ! smalle/ p>ticle ( ! aggregate4 ,! analysis is !n express$ 9 ! =m ( a curve4 ,! ideal curve1 accord+ to ,full]1#ef is %[n 9 ,fig4 #gg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4--;,gravel ,analysis4 ,! dott$ l9e indicates ! ideal comb9ation ( ! co>se & f9e portions4 ,! heavy full l9e indicates ! comb9ation atta9$4 ,! me?od ( proportion+ concrete by surface areas is bas$ on ! !ory t ! /r5g? ( a concrete dep5ds on ! am\nt ( cem5t us$ 9 proportion to ! surface area ( ! aggregates4#eg ,! proportion+ ( concrete on ! basis ( a wat]-cem5t ratio & a f95ess modulus 0 introduc$ by ,pr(4 ,d4 ,a4 ,abrams4#eh ,x is bas$ on ! !ory t ) fix$ conditions ( aggregate1 moi/ure1 etc41 ! ratio ( wat] to cem5t det]m9es ! /r5g? ( ! concrete4 ,a me?od ( proportion+ concrete by det]m9+ exp]im5tally ! voids 9 mort>s made up ) a giv5 am\nt ( s& & def9ite proportions ( cem5t1 & !n calculat+ ! voids 9 ! concrete made up by add+ a def9ite am\nt ( co>se aggregate to ! mixture1 has be5 develop$4#ei ,! me?od is bas$ on ! !ory t ! /r5g? ( ! concrete is a kn[n function ( ! ratio ( ! volume ( cem5t to ! volume ( ! voids 9 ! concrete4 ,! effect ( v>y+ ! proportion ( ! +r$i5ts1 includ+ an increase 9 ! am\nt ( mix+ wat] beyond t requir$ to give ! d5se/ mixture1 may be f\nd by ! me?od1 & a comp>ison may be made ( results obta9able ) diff]5t classes ( f9e & co>se aggregates4 ,arbitr>ily select$ proportions1 proportions bas$ on voids1 & proportions bas$ on trial mixtures are usually satisfactory = small jobs :]e ! am\nt ( mat]ials involv$ is n l>ge4 ,:]e ! sav+ 9 mat]ials w p]mit1 m accurate me?ods %\ld be us$4 ,! me?ods c be /udi$ m fully by ref]5ce to ! orig9al articles quot$ 9 ! footnotes1 or to ! foll[+ texts3 ,mat]ials ( ,con/ruction1 ,johnson1 #e? ,edition1 #aiah4 ,mat]ials ( ,eng9e]+1 ,h4 ,f4 ,moore1 #b;d ,edition1 #aibj4 ,masonry ,con/ruction1 ,i4 ,o4 ,bak]1 #aj? ,edition1 #aiab4 ,concrete ,eng9e]'s ,h&book1 ,hool & ,johnson1 #aiah4 ,concrete1 ,pla9 & ,re9=c$1 ,taylor & ,?ompson1 #aiaf4 #id4 ,wat]pro(+ ,concrete4--,! wat]pro(+ ( concrete is mo/ satisfactorily done by mak+ d5se mixtures4 ,9 practice su* sub/ances z hydrat$ lime1 clay1 alum & soap1 & propriet>y comp\nds su* z ,c]esit1 ,m$usa1 etc41 are frequ5tly mix$ ) ! concrete "u ! !ory t ^! v f9e sub/ances w fill any rema9+ voids & r5d] ! concrete imp]vi\s4 ,! specifications ( ! ,jo9t ,committee issu$ on ,june #d1 #aiba1 are mu* brief] & conta9 less detail$ in/ruction ?an ^? issu$ e>li]4#fj ,! e>li] in/ructions foll[4 ,_m exp$i5ts h be5 resort$ to = mak+ concrete imp]vi\s to wat]4 ,exp]i5ce %[s1 h[ev]1 t :5 mort> or concrete is proportion$ to obta9 ! greate/ practicable d5sity & is mix$ to ! prop] consi/5cy1 ! result+ mort> or concrete is imp]vi\s "u mod]ate pressure4 ,on ! o!r h& concrete ( dry consi/5cy is m or less p]vi\s to wat]1 &1 ?\gh comp\nds ( v>i\s k9ds h be5 mix$ ) ! concrete or appli$ z a wa% to ! surface1 9 an ef=t to (fset ?is defect1 ^! exp$i5ts h g5]ally be5 disappo9t+1 = ! reason t _m ( ^! comp\nds h at be/ b tempor>y value1 & 9 "t lose _! p[] ( imp>t+ imp]meability to ! concrete4 ,9 ! case ( subways1 long reta9+ walls1 & res]voirs1 provid$ ! concrete itself is imp]vi\s1 cracks may be s r$uc$1 by horizontal & v]tical re9=cem5t prop]ly proportion$ & locat$1 t !y w be too m9ute to p]mit leakage1 or w be clos$ by infiltration ( silt4 ,asphaltic or coal t> prep>ations appli$ ei!r z a ma/ic or z a coat+ on felt clo? or fabric1 are us$ = wat]pro(+1 & %\ld be pro( aga9/ injury by liquids or gases4 ,= reta9+ & simil> walls 9 direct contact ) ! e>?1 ! application ( "o or two coat+s ( hot coal t> pit*1 foll[+ a pa9t+ ) a ?9 wa% ( coal t> dissolv$ 9 b5zol1 to ! ?or\ghly dri$ surface ( concrete is an effici5t me?od ( prev5t+ ! p5etration ( moi/ure f ! e>?4 ,t> pap] & asphaltic comp\nds are n (t5 us$ 9 sew] "w z absolute imp]vi\sness is seldom necess>y4 #ie4 ,mix+ & ,plac+ ,concrete4--,c>eful workman%ip is desirable 9 ! mix+ & plac+ ( concrete 9 sew]s s9ce wat]-tight con/ruction is desir$4 ,because ( ! difficulty ( inspect+ concrete 9 wet1 d>k & cr[d$ excavations1 & ! c>eless habits ( workm5 exp]i5c$ 9 concrete sew] con/ruction1 ! highe/ class ( concrete "w _c be expect$4 ,! situation is met by design+ ?ick walls z %[n 9 ! sections illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bb & #bc4 ,9 ! report ( ! ,jo9t ,committee on ,concrete & ,re9=c$ ,concrete 9 ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s = #aiag1 on page #aaja ! recomm5dation is made conc]n+ ! mix+ & plac+ ( concrete z foll[s3#fa ,! mix+ ( concrete %\ld be ?or\gh & %\ld cont9ue until ! mass is uni=m 9 color & is homog5e\s4 ,z ! maximum d5sity & greate/ /r5g? ( a giv5 mixture dep5ds l>gely on ?or\gh & complete mix+1 x is ess5tial t ?is "p ( ! "w %\ld receive special att5tion & c>e4 ,inasmu* z x is difficult to det]m9e by visual inspection :e!r ! concrete is uni=mly mix$1 especially :]e aggregates hav+ ! color ( cem5t are us$1 x is ess5tial t ! mix+ %\ld occupy a def9ite p]iod ( "t4 ,! m9imum "t w dep5d on :e!r ! mix+ is done by ma*9e or h&4 7a7 ,measur+ ,+r$i5ts3 ,me?ods ( measurem5t ( ! v>i\s +r$i5ts %\ld be us$ :i* w secure at all times sep>ate & uni=m measurem5ts ( cem5t1 f9e aggregate1 co>se aggregate & wat]4 7b7 ,ma*9e ,mix+3 ,! mix+ %\ld be done 9 a bat* ma*9e mix] ( a type :i* w insure ! uni=m di/ribution ( ! mat]ials ?r\gh\t ! mass1 & %\ld cont9ue = ! m9imum "t ( #a m9utes aft] all ! +r$i5ts are assembl$ 9 ! mix]4 ,= mix]s ( #b or m cubic y>ds capacity1 ! m9imum "t ( mix+ %\ld be #b m9utes4 ,s9ce ! /r5g? ( ! concrete is dep5d5t on ?or\gh mix+1 a long] "t ?an ?is m9imum is pref]able4 ,x is desirable to h ! mix] equipp$ ) an atta*m5t = automatically lock+ ! dis*>g+ device s z to prev5t ! empty+ ( ! mix] until all ! mat]ials h be5 mix$ toge!r = ! m9imum "t requir$ aft] !y are assembl$ 9 ! mix]4 ,means %\ld be provid$ to prev5t aggregates be+ add$ aft] ! mix+ has comm5c$4 ,! mix] %\ld also be equipp$ ) wat] /orage1 & an automatic measur+ device :i* c be lock$ if desir$4 ,x is also desirable to equip ! mix] ) a device record+ ! revolutions ( ! drum4 ,! numb] ( revolutions %\ld be s regulat$ z to give at ! p]iph]y ( ! drum a uni=m spe$4 ,ab\t #bjj feet p] m9ute seems to be ! be/ spe$ 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! art4 7c7 ,h& ,mix+3 ,h& mix+ %\ld be done on a wat]-tight plat=m & especial precautions tak5 aft] ! wat] has be5 add$1 to turn all ! +r$i5ts toge!r at lea/ #f times1 & until ! mass is homog5e\s 9 appe>ance & color4 7d7 ,consi/5cy3 ,! mat]ials %\ld be mix$ wet en\gh to produce a concrete ( su* a consi/5cy z w fl[ sluggi%ly into ! =ms & ab\t ! metal re9=cem5t :5 us$1 & :i* at ! same "t c be convey$ f ! mix] to ! =ms )\t sep>ation ( ! co>se aggregate f ! mort>4 ,! quantity ( wat] is ( ! greate/ importance 9 secur+ concrete ( maximum /r5g? & d5sity2 too mu* wat] is z objectionable z too little4 7e7 ,retemp]+3 ,! remix+ ( concrete & mort> t has p>tly reset %\ld n be p]mitt$4 ,plac+ ,concrete 7a7 ,me?ods3 ,concrete aft] ! completion ( ! mix+ %\ld be convey$ rapidly to ! place ( f9al deposit2 "u no circum/ances %\ld concrete be us$ t has p>tly set4 ,concrete %\ld be deposit$ 9 su* a mann] z w p]mit ! mo/ ?or\gh compact+ su* z c be obta9$ by work+ ) a /raight %ovel or slic+ tool kept mov+ up & d[n until all ! +r$i5ts are 9 _! prop] place4 ,special c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ to prev5t ! =mation ( laitance2 :]e laitance has =m$ x %\ld be remov$1 s9ce x lacks /r5g? & prev5ts a prop] bond 9 ! concrete4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! =ms are sub/antial & ?or\ghly wett$ 7except 9 freez+ wea!r7 or oil$1 & t ! space to be occupi$ by ! concrete is free f all debris4 ,:5 ! plac+ ( concrete is susp5d$1 all necess>y grooves = jo9+ future "w %\ld be made be=e ! concrete has set4 ,:5 "w is resum$ concrete previ\sly plac$ %\ld be r\gh5$1 cleans$ ( =eign mat]ial & laitance1 ?or\ghly wett$ & !n slu%$ ) a mort> consi/+ ( "o "p ,portl& cem5t & n m ?an #b p>ts ( f9e aggregate4 ,! surfaces ( concrete expos$ to premature dry+ %\ld be kept cov]$ & wet = at lea/ #g days4 ,:]e concrete is convey$ by sp\t+1 ! plant %\ld be ( su* a size & design z to insure a practically cont9u\s /ream 9 ! sp\t4 ,! angle ( ! sp\t ) ! horizontal %\ld be su* z to all[ ! concrete to fl[ )\t sep>ation ( ! +r$i5ts2 9 g5]al an angle ( ab\t #bg degrees or #a v]tical to #b horizontal is good practice4 ,! sp\t %\ld be ?or\ghly flu%$ ) wat] be=e & aft] ea* run4 ,! deliv]y f ! sp\t %\ld be z close z possible f ! po9t ( deposit4 ,:]e ! dis*>ge mu/ be int]mitt5t1 a hopp] %\ld be provid$ at ! bottom4 ,sp\t+ ?r\gh a v]tical pipe is satisfactory :5 ! fl[ is cont9u\s2 :5 x is *eck$ & discont9u\s x is highly objectionable unless ! fl[ is *eck$ by baffle plates4 7b7 ,freez+ ,wea!r3 ,concrete %\ld n be mix$ or deposit$ at a freez+ temp]ature1 unless special precautions are tak5 to prev5t ! use ( mat]ials cov]$ ) ice cry/als or conta9+ fro/1 & to prev5t ! concrete f freez+ be=e x has set & suffici5tly h>d5$4 ,z ! co>se aggregate =ms ! great] portion ( ! concrete1 x is p>ticul>ly important t ?is mat]ial be w>m$ to well above ! freez+ po9t4 ,! enclos+ ( a /ructure & ! w>m+ ( a space inside ! enclosure is recomm5d$1 b ! use ( salt to l[] ! freez+ po9t is n recomm5d$4 7c7 ,rubble ,concrete3 ,:]e ! concrete is to be deposit$ 9 massive "w1 its value may be improv$ & its co/ mat]ially r$uc$ by ! use ( clean /ones saturat$ ) wat]1 ?or\ghly emb$d$ 9 & completely surr\nd$ by concrete4 7d7 ,"u ,wat]3 ,9 plac+ concrete "u wat]1 x is ess5tial to ma9ta9 /ill wat] at ! place ( deposit4 ,) c>eful inspection ! use ( tremies1 prop]ly design$ & op]at$1 is a satisfactory me?od ( plac+ concrete ?r\gh wat]4 ,! concrete %\ld be mix$ v wet 7m s ?an is ord9>ily p]missible7 s t x w fl[ readily ?r\gh ! tremie & into place ) practically a level surface4 ,! co>se aggregate %\ld be small] ?an ord9>ily us$ & nev] m ?an "o in* 9 diamet]4 ,! use ( gravel facilitates ! mix+ & assi/s ! fl[4 ,! m\? ( ! tremie %\ld be buri$ 9 ! concrete s t x is at all times entirely seal$ & ! surr\nd+ wat] prev5t$ f =c+ itself into ! tremie4 ,! concrete w !n dis*>ge )\t com+ 9 contact ) ! wat]4 ,! tremie %\ld be susp5d$ s t x c be l[]$ quickly :5 x is necess>y ei!r to *oke (f or to prev5t too rapid fl[4 ,! lat]al fl[ pref]ably %\ld n be ov] #ae feet4 ,! fl[ %\ld be cont9u\s 9 ord] to produce a monoli?ic mass & to prev5t ! =mation ( laitance 9 ! int]ior4 ,9 case ! fl[ is int]rupt$ x is important t all laitance be remov$ be=e proce$+ ) ! "w4 ,9 l>ge /ructures x may be necess>y to divide ! mass ( concrete into sev]al small comp>tm5ts or units to p]mit ! cont9u\s fill+ ( ea* "o4 ,) prop] c>e x is possible 9 ?is mann] to obta9 z good results "u wat] z 9 ! air4 ,a less desirable me?od is ! use ( ! drop bottom bucket4 ,:]e ?is me?od is us$ ! bottom ( ! bucket %\ld be releas$ :5 9 contact ) ! surface ( ! place ( deposit4 ,concrete sew]s %\ld be con/ruct$ 9 longitud9al sections 9 a cont9u\s op]ation )\t int]ruption = ! entire inv]t1 side walls1 or ar*4 ,9 p\r+ ! concrete x %\ld be kept level 9 ! =ms & %\ld rise ev5ly on ea* side ( ! sew]4 ,all r\gh places 9 ! concrete %\ld be f9i%$ smoo? by bru%+ ) a gr\t ( neat cem5t & wat] & honeycombs %\ld be fill$ ) neat cem5t or a "o-to-"o mort>4 #if4 ,sew] ,brick4--,! quality ( brick us$ 9 sew]s is seldom specifi$ ) ! m9ute c>e t is tak5 9 ! specifications = concrete1 iron1 & c]ta9 o!r mat]ials ( con/ruction1 z inf]ior mat]ials 9 brick are m easily detect$4 ,! specifications ( ! ,baltimore ,sew]age ,commission = sew] brick are3 ,sew] brick %all be :ole1 new bricks ( ! be/ quality1 ( uni=m /&>d size1 ) /raight & p>allel edges & squ>e corn]s3 !y %all be ( compact texture1 burn$ h>d & entirely ?r\gh1 free f injuri\s cracks & flaws1 t\gh & /rong1 & %all h a cle> r+ :5 /ruck toge!r4 ,! sides1 ends & faces ( all bricks %all be plane surfaces at "r angles & p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,bricks ( any "o make %all n v>y m ?an #a_/af? ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 nor m ?an #a? ( an in* 9 wid? or l5g?1 f ! av]age ( ! samples submitt$ = approval4 ,! true/ bricks %all be us$ 9 ! face ( ! masonry & ! expos$ surfaces %all be true & smoo? planes4 ,all bricks deliv]$ = use %all be cull$ by ! ,contractor :5 requir$4 ,no brick ?r[n out 9 ! cull+ %all be us$ 9 any "w done "u any contract ( ! ,sew]age ,commission1 except t ! be/ ( ! culls may be us$ 9 manholes1 above ! level ( ! top ( ! sew]1 if p]mitt$ by ! ,eng9e]4 ,! av]age am\nt ( wat] absorb$ by ! bricks1 aft] be+ ?or\ghly dri$ & !n imm]s$ = #bd h\rs1 %all n exce$ #f p] c5t4 ,all bricks %all be uni=m 9 quality & p]c5tage ( absorption4 ,:5ev] vitrifi$ bricks are requir$ 9 ! inv]t ( ! sew]1 !y %all be smoo?1 h>d1 t\gh1 & ( su* durability z w fit !m = ?is use4 ,!y %all be ( /&>d size1 well & uni=mly burn$1 ?or\ghly vitrifi$ ?r\gh\t1 & free f w>ps1 cracks1 & o!r defects4 ,! surfaces & edges %all be true & /raight & ! corn]s %>p & squ>e4 ,!y %all be 9 e respect satisfactory to ! ,eng9e]1 & 9 all respects equal to ! sample 9 ! (fice ( ! ,eng9e]4 ,! rema9+ p>agraphs ( ! specifications deal ) ! mann] 9 :i* samples %all be submitt$ & ! necessity = con=mity betwe5 ! samples submitt$ & ! bricks us$4 ,a common size ( brick 9 use = sew]s is #b #d #h in*es1 b ! v>iations 9 size are _m4 ,! bricks 9 use on any "o job %\ld be z ne> ! same size z possible z ! extra mort> fill+ necess>y to make up = small brick detracts f ! /r5g? ( ! sew]4 ,small brick are undesirable z ! co/ ( lay+ small & l>ge bricks is ! same1 b ! ?ickness ( ! f9i%$ sew] is less4 ,sew] brick %\ld n absorb m ?an #aj to #bj p] c5t moi/ure by volume1 9 #bd h\rs2 except ! special pav+ brick us$ to prev5t erosion at ! inv]t :i* %\ld absorb less ?an #e p] c5t moi/ure4 #ig4 ,vitrifi$ ,sew] ,block4--,blocks & bricks are manufactur$ 9 a mann] simil> to ! manufacture ( vitrifi$ sew] pipe describ$ 9 ,art4 #ia4 ,j4 ,m4 ,egan describes two types ( sew] blocks#fb z foll[s3 ,!re are on ! m>ket two designs ( blocks1 "o be+ a s+le-r+ block & ! o!r a d\ble-r+ block4 ,! =m] has a %ip-lap jo9t on ! ends & a tongue-&-groove jo9t on ! sides4 ,9 ! d\ble block ! laps & jo9ts are made 9 ! con/ruction ( ! sew] & ! blocks are plac$ "o on top ( ! o!r z 9 a two r+ brick sew]4 ,! blocks are holl[ longitud9ally ) web braces4 ,!y are made = sew]s f #cj in*es to #ajh in*es 9 diamet] & weigh f #dj to #abj p\nds4 ,!y are #ah in*es to #bd in*es long1 #i to #ae in*es wide1 & #e to #aj in*es ?ick4 ,%ort l5g?s are made = conv5i5ce 9 con/ruction & = use on %>p curves4 ,special blocks are made = connections & junctions4 ,a special block is also made = inv]ts1 :i* has occasionally be5 us$ ) brick sew]s to avoid ! difficulty ( con/ruct+ ) brick at ?is po9t4 ,su* blocks are objectionable1 z !y leave a l9e ( weakness along ! longitud9al jo9t s =m$4 ,!y are n us$ frequ5tly 9 pres5t day practice4 ,vitrifi$ blocks are g5]ally *eap] ?an bricks1 b !y d n make s /rong a /ructure4 ,9 "s cases x is possible to lay vitrifi$ block )\t ! exp5se ( high-pric$ bricklay]s1 ?us sav+ on ! co/ ( ! sew] & obta9+ a conduit ) a smoo!r int]ior f9i%4 #ih4 ,ca/ ,iron1 ,/eel1 & ,wood4--,ca/ iron1 /eel1 & wood pipe belong m to ! field ( wat]works ?an ( sew]age1 z !y are n ext5sively us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( sew]s4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s special conditions "u :i* ^! mat]ials may be s]viceable4 ,! iron us$ 9 ca/-iron pipe = sew]s1 & 9 ca/+s = manhole cov]s1 inlet frames1 etc41 is seldom c>efully or def9itely specifi$4 ,! /&>d specifications ( ! ,am]ican ,wat] ,works ,association ) reg>d to ! quality ( iron = wat] pipe are3 ,all pipe & special ca/+s %all be made ( ca/ iron ( good quality & ( su* "* z %all make ! metal ( ! ca/+s /rong1 t\gh1 & ( ev5 gra9 & s(t en\gh to satisfactorily admit ( drill+ & cutt+4 ,! metal %all be made )\t ! admixture ( c9d] iron or o!r inf]ior metal1 & %all be remelt$ 9 a cupola or air furnace4 ,! specifications ( ! ,sanit>y ,di/rict ( ,*icago = ! quality ( iron to be us$ 9 manhole cov]s1 etc41 are giv5 on page #aja4 ,al?\gh sew] pipes are n ord9>ily subject$ to int]nal pressure1 ca/-iron pipe = sew]s %\ld be z heavy or heavi] ?an wat] pipe to resi/ ! corrosive action ( ! sewage & ! ext]nal /resses t are to be impos$ ^u x4 ,! sizes & details ( /&>d ca/-iron pipe us$ = bo? wat] works & sew]age c be f\nd 9 specification ( ! ,am]ican & ,new ,engl& ,wat] ,works ,associations4 ,! quality ( /eel us$ = re9=c+ concrete %\ld be c>efully specifi$ because ( ! possibility ( ! sub/itution ( inf]ior mat]ial4 ,! specifications = 8,billet ,/eel ,concrete ,re9=cem5t ,b>s10 ( ! ,am]ican ,society = ,te/+ ,mat]ials#fc are ! /&>d = eng9e]+ practice1 or ! foll[+ specifications may be us$3 ,all re9=cem5t %all be free f excessive ru/1 scale1 pa9t1 or coat+s ( any "* :i* w t5d to de/roy ! bond4 ,! b>s %all be roll$ f new billets4 ,no r]oll$ mat]ial w be accept$4 ,all re9=cem5t b>s %all develop an ultimate t5sile /r5g? ( n less ?an #gj1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,! te/ specim5 %all b5d cold ar\nd a p91 ^: diamet] is two times ! ?ickness ( ! b>1 #ahj degrees )\t crack+ on ! outside portion4 ,! re9=c+ b>s %all 9 all respects fulfill ! requirem5ts ( ! /&>d specifications ( ! ,am]ican ,society = ,te/+ ,mat]ials = ,billet ,/eel ,concrete ,re9=c+ ,b>s s]ial designation ,a #ae-ad4 ,! /eel us$ 9 pipe %\ld be a s(t1 op5-he>? /eel ) an ultimate t5sile /r5g? ( #fj1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in*1 an ela/ic limit ( #cj1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in*1 an elongation 9 #h in*es be=e fracture betwe5 #bb & #be p] c5t1 & a r$uction 9 area be=e fracture ( #ej p] c5t4 ,! work+ /r5g? ( ! /eel is tak5 at #af1jjj to #bj1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in* 9 t5sion1 #aj1jjj to #ab1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in* 9 %e>1 & #bj1jjj to #bd1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in* 9 be>+4 ,a lib]al all[ance %\ld be made = corrosion4 ,! /&>d specifications = ,op5-,he>? ,boil] ,plate & ,rivet ,/eel ( ! ,am]ican ,society = ,te/+ ,mat]ials1 ,aug4 #af1 #aiai1 include 8flange /eel10 :i* is suitable = ! manufacture ( plates1 & extra s(t /eel :i* is suitable = rivets4 ,/eel pipe %\ld be coat$ bo? inside & out to protect x aga9/ corrosion4 ,! v>i\s propriet>y coat+s are ma9ly coal t> pit*es1 or mixtures ( coal t> pit* & asphalt4 ,a coal t> pit* is a di/illate ( coal t> f :i* ! naph?a has be5 remov$ & to :i* ab\t "o p] c5t ( heavy l9se$ oil has be5 add$4 ,! coat+ is appli$ to ! pipe at a temp]ature ( ab\t #cjj degrees ,fahr5heit1 by dipp+ hot pipe 9 ! heat$ coat+ mat]ial4 ,! pipe %\ld be c>efully clean$ & all ru/ & scale remov$ be=e x is dipp$4 ,9 "s cases ! /eel is pickl$ be=e dipp+4 ,?is consi/s 9 roll+ ! cold plates to a %ort radius to loos5 ! scale1 heat+ !m to ab\t #abe degrees1 & dipp+ !m 9 a w>m #e p] c5t acid solution = ab\t #c m9utes1 & f9ally r9s+ 9 a weakly basic wa% wat]4 ,! woods commonly us$ = ! manufacture ( wood pipe are spruce1 ,oregon fir1 ,d\glas fir1 & ,cali=nia r$wood4 ,wood pipe l9es h be5 con/ruct$ ( o!r k9ds ( lumb] b only 9 m or less unusual conditions4 ,! foll[+ has be5 ab/ract$ f ! specifications = ,cali=nia r$wood giv5 by ,j4 ,f4 ,p>tridge4#fd ,! /aves %all be ( cle>1 air-dri$1 ,cali=nia r$wood1 season$ at lea/ "o ye> 9 ! op5 air1 & %all be free f knots 7except small knots appe>+ on "o face only71 sap1 dry rot1 w9d %akes1 pit*1 pit* seams1 pit* pockets1 or o!r defects :i* w\ld mat]ially impair _! /r5g? or durability4 ,! sides ( ! /aves %all be mill$ to con=m to ! inside & outside radii ( ! pipe2 & ! edges %all be bevel$ to true radial planes4 ,! /aves %all be mill$ f /ock sizes ( lumb]1 ! net f9i%$ ?ickness ( ! /ave1 = ! v>i\s diamet]s ( pipe1 %all be z giv5 9 ,table #dj4 ,! ends %all be cut squ>e & slott$ to receive ! metallic tongues :i* =m ! butt jo9ts4 ,! slots %all appe> 9 ! same position on ea* /ave1 & %all be cut to make a tight fit ) ! tongues 9 all directions4 ,! /aves %all h an av]age l5g? ( at lea/ #ae ft4 #f 94 & n m ?an "o p] c5t %all h a l5g? ( less ?an #i ft4 #f 94 ,/aves %ort] ?an #h ft4 w n be accept$4 ,! b&s %all be spac$ on ! pipe ) a factor ( safety ( at lea/ f\r1 & %all consi/ ( r\nd1 mild /eel rods1 connect$ ) malleable iron %oes4 ,ei!r op5-he>? or ,bessem] /eel may be us$4444 ,! ultimate /r5g? %all be f #ee1jjj to #fe1jjj lb4 p] sq4 94 ,! orig9al ref]5ce %\ld be consult$ = complete details & = specifications = v>i\s k9ds ( wood & classes ( pipe4 ,! discussion foll[+ ! specifications is ( value4 ,ma*9e-made wood pipe is sup]ior to /ave pipe put toge!r 9 ! field4 ,x is seldom manufactur$ 9 sizes l>ge en\gh = use 9 sew]s1 :i* results 9 ! almo/ exclusive use ( field con/ruct$ /ave pipe4 ,! /eel b&s us$ to hold ! /aves toge!r %\ld be coat$ simil>ly to /eel plates4 ,all lumb]1 except ,cali=nia r$wood %\ld receive a pres]vative coat+ ( creosote#fe or o!r mat]ial4 ,"o ( ! be/ me?ods ( pres]v+ ! wood is to keep x subm]g$ & to ma9ta9 ! pipe "u int]nal pressure4 ,,table #dj ,,details ,,( ,,design ,,= ,,cont9u\s ,,/ave ,,wood ,,pipe ,,classes ,a1 ,b1 ,,& ,c 7,by ,j4 ,f4 ,p>tridge1 ,trans4 ,a4 ,s4 ,c4 ,e41 ,vol4 #hb1 page #dfa7 ,/ave ,/ock ,size ,size ( ,top ,wid? ,spac+ ( ,?ickness1 ( ,lumb]1 ,b&1 ( ,/aves1 ,b&s = ,diamet]1 ,/&>d1 ,in*es ,in*es ,/&>d1 #ajj ,feet ,in*es ,in*es ,in*es ,head #ab #a #b #d #c4ef #f4ch #ah #a-g_/af #b #d #g_/af #c4ff #e4gf #bd #a-g_/af #b #d #g_/af #c4gj #d4cd #cj #a #b #f #e4dh #d4ec #cf #a-i_/af #b #f #e4fb #c4gg #db #a #b #f #e4ea #c4bc #a #b #f or #e4fj #b4hd or #dh #d4da #fj #b #c #f #e4ef #c4ed #c #d #f or #e4fi #b4ie or #gb #d4bd #hd #c #d #f #e4fe #c4fc #abj #c #d #f #e4fh #b4ed #c #d #f or #e4fd #b4ab or #add #b4hi ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,design ,,( ,,! ,,sew] ,,r+ #ii4 ,/resses 9 ,buri$ ,pipe4--,! /resses :i* sew] pipe %\ld be design$ to resi/ are3 int]nal bur/+ pressure1 = sew]s fl[+ "u pressure2 /resses due to h&l+1 = preca/ pipe2 temp]ature /resses2 & ext]nal loads4 ,! latt] is by f> ! mo/ important & frequ5tly is ! only /ress consid]$ 9 design4 ,! ?ickness ( a pipe to resi/ int]nal /ress %\ld be 7,,pr7ft1 9 :i* ,p ! int5sity ( int]nal pressure2 ,r ! radius ( ! inside ( ! pipe1 & ft ! unit-/r5g? ( ! mat]ial 9 t5sion ,! d]ivation ( ?is expression is simple4 ,! /resses due to h&l+ _c be comput$ & are c>$ = by a ?ickness ( mat]ial dictat$ by exp]i5ce4 ,^! ?icknesses are giv5 = vitrifi$ clay & cem5t pipe 9 ! specifications 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,temp]ature /resses are n all[$ = 9 ! design ( ! pipe r+1 b all[ance mu/ be made = !m 9 long rigid pipe l9es expos$ to wide v>iations 9 temp]ature4 ,su* a condition seldom exi/s 9 sew]age works4 ,! ext]nal =ces are ord9>ily ! controll+ features 9 ! design ( sew] r+s4 ,! simple/ problems arise 9 ! design ( a circul> pipe4 ,if ! ext]nal load+ is uni=m ab\t ! circumf]5ce ( ! pipe ! int]nal /resses w all be compression4 ,almo/ all o!r =ms ( load+ w cause b5d+ mom5ts result+ 9 t5sion & compression 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! pipe4 ,! maximum b5d+ is caus$ by two conc5trat$ loads diametrically oppos$4 ,z su* a condition is extreme x is n c>$ = 9 ord9>y design1 b a load+ betwe5 ?is condition & p]fect di/ribution is assum$1 z expla9$ 9 ,art4 #ajc4 #ajj4 ,design ( ,/eel ,pipe4--,! /resses :i* may occur 9 /eel sew] pipes are commonly caus$ by ! int]nal or bur/+ pressure ( ! conta9$ liquid4 ,occasionally a /eel pipe may be us$ z a bridge or z a /ress$ memb] ( a bridge1 b /eel pipes %\ld n be us$ to )/& compression normal to ! axis4 ,9 ord] to avoid su* /resses ! bur/+ t5sile /resses %\ld exce$ ! ext]nal compressive /resses4 ,su* a condition 9 design requires t buri$ pipes %all nev] be empti$1 a condition t _c always be fulfill$4 ,precaution %\ld be tak51 by ! in/allation ( prop] valves1 to prev5t ! empty+ ( ! pipe at s rapid a rate t a vacuum is creat$ result+ 9 ! collapse ( ! pipe4 ,/eel pipes are ord9>ily made ( plates curv$ to ! prop] diamet]1 ! edges be+ held toge!r by rivets4 ,! design ( ! pipe consi/s 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! ?ickness ( ! plate & ! design ( ! rivet$ jo9t4 ,! longitud9al jo9t & ! ?ickness ( ! plate are fir/ design$4 ,! design ( ! jo9t consi/s 9 det]m9+ ! diamet] & pit* ( ! rivets & ! ?ickness ( ! plate s t ! full /r5g? ( ! uncut metal %all be develop$ z ne>ly z possible "u be>+1 te>+1 & %e>+4 ,?is is done by mak+ ! effici5cy ( ! jo9t ! same "u all /resses4 ,! effici5cy ( ! jo9t is ! ratio ( ! /r5g? ( ! jo9t "u any k9d ( /ress to ! /r5g? 9 t5sion ( ! unpun*$ plate4 ,prop]ties ( rivet$ jo9ts are giv5 9 ,table #da4 ,! diamet] ( ! rivet holes %\ld be comput$ z #a_/af ( an in* l>g] ?an ! diamet] ( ! rivets4 ,rivets & plates %\ld be design$ = ! ne>e/ or next l>ge/ comm]cial size1 & a g5]\s all[ance = corrosion %\ld be made 9 det]m9+ ! ?ickness ( ! plate4 ,! di/ance f ! edge ( ! plate to ! side ( ! rivet %\ld n be less ?an #a times ! diamet] ( ! rivet4 ,! unit-/r5g?s ( ! metal are giv5 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,! transv]se jo9t mu/ be design$ empirically z ! /resses 9 x are indet]m9ate4 ,! common =m ( jo9t = pipes less ?an #dh in*es 9 diamet] is a s+le-rivet$ lap jo9t1 & = l>g] pipes or = pipes expos$ to unusual /resses1 a d\ble rivet$ lap jo9t is us$4 ,! same size rivets are us$ z 9 ! longitud9al jo9t4 ,! maximum p]missible di/ance betwe5 rivets %\ld be us$ 9 ! transv]se jo9t4 ,,table #da ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,rivet$ ,,jo9ts 7,*icago ,bridge & ,iron ,works7 ,type ( ,jo9t ,?ickness,diamet] ,pit*1 ,effici5cy,?ickness ,plate1 ( ,in*es ( ,jo9t1 ,butt ,in* ,rivet1 ,p] ,c5t ,plate1 ,in* ,in*es ,s+le-rivet$ lap #a4hh #di #b4be #ej #e_/af #b4fc #ej ,d\ble rivet$ lap #b4ej #gj #e_/af #c4jj #ga #c4dj #ga ,triple rivet$ lap #b4ci #gd #e_/af #b4if #gd #c4ec #ge #g_/af #d4ji #gf ,quadruple rivet$ lap #c4bj #gg #g_/af #c4ij #gh ,d\ble rivet$ butt #c4fb #gb #i_/af #c4fb #gb #c4fb #gb #aa_/af #c4fb #gb #g_/af #a #d4ab #gc #g_/af #a #c4hb #ga #a #a #c4dh #fh #i_/af ,triple rivet$ butt #d4id #hj #a #e4fb #hj #i_/af #a #e4af #gh #i_/af #a #a #d4ff #gf #i_/af ,quadruple rivet$ butt #a #g4ac #hd #a #f4ea #hc #aa_/af #a #a #e4hd #ha ,pipes us$ z compression memb]s ( a bridge are /iff5$ by rivet+ /&>d roll$ /eel sections longitud9ally on ! pipe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4--,lock ,b> ,pipe4 ,lock ,b> ,pipe is a /eel pipe ) a special =m ( jo9t made by ! ,ea/ ,j]sey ,pipe ,corporation4 ,x is arrang$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #gh & has ! advantage ( develop+ ! full /r5g? ( ! plate4 ,x is equival5t to a jo9t ) #ajj p] c5t effici5cy1 :i* p]mits ! use ( ?9n] plates4 #aja4 ,design ( ,wood ,/ave ,pipe4--,9 ! design ( wood /ave pipe#ff ! entire bur/+ pressure is tak5 up by /eel b&s wrapp$ ar\nd ! outside ( wood /aves :i* make up ! %ell ( ! pipe4 ,! pipe is n design$ to resi/ ext]nal loads except ^? :i* may be ov]come by ! int]nal pressure 9 ! pipe4 ,! ?ickness ( ! /aves is fix$ by exp]i5ce4 ,! sizes ( /aves & b&s recomm5d$ by ,j4 ,f4 ,p>tridge#fg are giv5 9 ,table #dj4 ,! size ( ! /eel b&s c be det]m9$ f ! expression2 ,s ,cr7,r t7 9 :i* ,s ! total /ress 9 ! b&2 ,r ! radius ( ! inside ( ! pipe2 t ! ?ickness ( ! /ave2 r ! area ( be>+ p] unit l5g? ( ! b& on ! wood4 ,= circul> b&s x is assum$ z ! radius ( ! b&2 ,c ! cru%+ /r5g? ( wood1 usually tak5 at #fej p\nds p] sq4 94 ,! prec$+ expression c be d]iv$ easily by ! application ( ! laws ( me*anics1 & f x ! expression = ! di/ance betwe5 b&s foll[s logically4 ,x is1 p ,s7,,pr kt7 9 :i* ,s ! /r5g? ( ! b&2 p ! di/ance betwe5 b&s2 ,p ! int5sity ( bur/+ pressure 9 ! pipe2 ,r ! radius ( ! inside ( ! pipe2 t ! ?ickness ( ! /aves2 k ! swell+ /r5g? ( wood1 usually tak5 at #ajj p\nds p] sq4 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4--,%oe = ,wood ,/ave ,pipe4 ,transv]se jo9ts betwe5 /aves are clos$ by ins]t+ metal /rips betwe5 !m1 or by %ap+ ! edges irregul>ly s t !y fit closely toge!r ) an irregul> jo9t4 ,transv]se jo9ts betwe5 all /aves at any "o po9t are avoid$ by splitt+ ! jo9ts betwe5 /aves4 ,longitud9al jo9ts betwe5 /aves are usually made smoo? & are clos$ by /eel b&s :i* are drawn tight ab\t ! pipe by ins]t+ ! ends 9 c\pl+ %oes z %[n 9 ,fig4 #gi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4--;,b 9 ,=mula ,w ,cw,b#b #ajb4 ,ext]nal ,loads on ,buri$ ,pipe4--,pr(4 ,an/on ,m>/on & ,h4 ,c4 ,&]son publi%$#fh ! results ( a s]ies ( exp]im5ts on ! loads on buri$ pipes :i* are ( extreme value 9 ! design ( sew] pipe4 ,! load on ! pipe is giv5 by ! empirical expression ,w ,cw,b#b1 9 :i* w is ! weight ( ! backfill+ mat]ial 9 p\nds p] cubic foot1 ,b is ! wid? ( ! tr5* 9 feet at ! elevation ( ! end ( a radius mak+ an angle ( #de degrees upw>ds ) ! horizontal diamet] ( ! pipe z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #hj1 & ,c is a coeffici5t dep5d5t on ! "* ( ! backfill & ! ratio ( ! wid? to ! dep? ( ! tr5*4 ,values ( ,c are giv5 9 ,table #db4 ,! weights ( v>i\s classes ( backfill+ are giv5 9 ,table #dc4 ,,table #db ,,approximate ,,safe ,,work+ ,,values ,,( ,c ,,9 ,,! ,,expression ,w ,cw,b#b ,f ,bullet9 ,no4 #ca ( ! ,eng9e]+ ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,i[a ,/ate ,college ( ,agriculture4 ,ratio ( ,dep? ,approximate ,values ( ,c to ,wid? ,damp ,top ,soil ,saturat$ ,top ,damp ,yell[ ,saturat$ & ,dry & ,soil ,clay ,yell[ ,clay ,wet ,s& #j4e #j4df #j4dg #j4dg #j4dh #a4j #j4ce #j4hf #j4hh #j4ij #a4f #a4af #a4ba #a4be #a4bg #c4j #a4dg #a4ea #a4ef #a4fb #b4f #a4gj #a4gg #a4hc #a4ia #c4j #a4ij #a4ii #b4jh #b4ai #c4f #b4jh #b4ah #b4bh #b4dc #d4j #b4bb #b4ce #b4dg #b4fe #d4f #b4cd #b4di #b4fc #b4he #f4j #b4de #b4fa #b4gh #c4jb #f4e #b4ed #b4gb #b4ij #c4ah #f4j #b4fa #b4ha #c4ja #c4cb #f4f #b4fh #b4hi #c4aa #c4dd #g4j #b4gc #b4ie #c4ai #c4ee #g4e #b4gh #c4ja #c4bg #c4ff #h4j #b4hb #c4jf #c4cc #c4gd #h4e #b4he #c4aj #c4ci #c4hb #i4j #b4hh #c4ad #c4dd #c4hi #i4e #b4ij #c4ah #c4dh #c4if #aj4j #b4ib #c4bj #c4eb #d4ja #aa4j #b4ie #c4be #c4eh #d4aa #ab4j #b4ig #c4bh #c4fc #d4ai #ac4j #b4ii #c4ca #c4fg #d4be #ad4j #c4jj #c4cc #c4gj #d4cj #ae4j #c4ja #c4cd #c4gb #d4cd #c4jc #c4ch #c4gi #d4ej ,,table #dc ,,approximate ,,weights ,,( ,,dit* ,,fill+ ,,mat]ial ,,to ,,be ,,us$ ,,9 ,,! ,,expression ,w ,cw,b#bfi ,dit* ,fill+ ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot ,p>tly compact$ top soil 7damp7 #ij ,saturat$ top soil #aaj ,p>tly compact$ damp yell[ clay #ajj ,saturat$ yell[ clay #acj ,dry s& #ajj ,wet s& #abj ,:]e surface loads are to be c>ri$ on ! sew] tr5* ! prop] proportion ( ! load to be c>ri$ by ! sew] is det]m9$ by ! expression ,lp ,,cl1 9 :i* ,lp is ! equival5t backfill load p] unit l5g? ( ! tr5*1 ,l is ! surface load p] unit l5g? ( ! tr5*1 & ,c is a coeffici5t 9 :i* all[ance is made = ! "* ( ! backfill+1 ! ratio ( dep? to wid? ( tr5*1 & ! "* ( ! load1 :e!r long or %ort4 ,a long load is a load ext5d+ along ! l5g? ( ! tr5* su* z a pile ( build+ mat]ial4 ,a %ort load is "o ext5d+ across ! tr5* & = only a %ort di/ance along x1 su* z t caus$ by a /reet c> or road roll] cross+ ! tr5*4 ,values ( ,c are giv5 9 ,table #dd = long loads1 & 9 ,table #de = %ort loads4 ,values ( long & %ort loads occasionally met 9 practice are giv5 9 ,tables #df & #dg respectively4 ,,table #dd ,,ratio ,,( ,,load ,,on ,,pipe ,,to ,,long ,,load ,,on ,,tr5*#gj ,ratio ( ,dep?,s& & ,damp ,saturat$ ,top ,damp ,yell[ ,saturat$ to ,wid? ,top ,soil ,soil ,clay ,yell[ ,clay #j4j #a4jj #a4jj #a4jj #a4jj #j4e #j4he #j4hf #j4hh #j4hi #a4j #j4gb #j4ge #j4gg #j4hj #a4e #j4fa #j4fd #j4fg #j4gb #b4j #j4eb #j4ec #j4ei #j4fd #b4e #j4dd #j4dh #j4eb #j4eg #c4j #j4cg #j4da #j4de #j4ea #d4j #j4bg #j4ca #j4ce #j4da #e4j #j4ai #j4bc #j4bg #j4cc #f4j #j4ad #j4ag #j4bj #j4bf #h4j #j4jg #j4ji #j4ab #j4ag #aj4j #j4jd #j4je #j4jg #j4aa ,= example1 let x be desir$ to det]m9e ! load on a #gb-;in* concrete sew] ) a #i-;in* %ell "u ! foll[+ conditions3 dep? ( backfill ov] ! top ( ! pipe1 #ae feet2 "* ( backfill1 saturat$ yell[ clay2 sup]impos$ load1 pile ( build+ brick #f feet high4 ,! ratio ( ! dep? ( backfill to ! wid? ( ! tr5* is #ae #i or #a4fg4 ,! coeffici5t 9 ! expression ,cw,b#b is #a4ci1 f ,table #db4 ,! weight ( saturat$ yell[ clay is #acj p\nds p] cubic foot1 f ,table #dc4 ,!re=e ! load p] foot l5g? ( ! sew] due to ! backfill is3 ,w ,cw,b#b #a4ci #acj #ha #ad1fjj p\nds4 ,,table #de ,,ratio ,,( ,,load ,,on ,,pipe ,,to ,,%ort ,,load ,,on ,,tr5*#ga ,ratio ( ,height to ,wid? ( ,s& & ,damp ,saturat$ ,top ,damp ,yell[ ,saturat$ ,tr5* ,top ,soil ,soil ,clay ,yell[ ,clay ,l5g? ( ,load ,equal to ,wid? ,wid? ,wid? ,wid? ,wid? ,wid? ,wid? ,wid? ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ,tr5* ,tr5* ,tr5* ,tr5* ,tr5* ,tr5* ,tr5* ,tr5* #j4j #a4jj #a4jj #a4jj #a4jj #a4jj #a4jj #a4jj #a4jj #j4e #j4gg #j4ab #j4gh #j4ac #j4gi #j4ac #j4ha #j4ac #a4j #j4ei #j4jb #j4fa #j4jb #j4fc #j4jb #j4ff #j4jb #a4e #j4df #j4dh #j4ea #j4ed #b4j #j4ce #j4ch #j4dj #j4dd #b4e #j4bg #j4bi #j4cb #j4ce #c4j #j4ba #j4bc #j4be #j4bi #d4j #j #ab #j4ab #j4af #j4ai #e4j #j4jg #j4ji #j4aj #j4ac #f4j #j4jd #j4je #j4jf #j4jh #h4j #j4jb #j4jb #j4jc #j4jd #aj4j #j4ja #j4ja #j4ja #j4jb ,,table #df ,,weights ,,or ,,common ,,build+ ,,mat]ial ,,:5 ,,pil$ ,,= ,,/orage4 ,,p\nds ,,p] ,,cubic ,,foot ,brick #abj ,cem5t #ij ,s& #ij ,brok5 /one #aej ,lumb] #ce ,granite pav+ #afj ,coal #ej ,pig iron #djj ,! pressure ( ! pile ( brick p] squ>e foot ( tr5* area is1 f ,table #df1 #abj #f #gbj p\nds p] squ>e foot4 ,! value ( ,c f ,table #dd1 is ab\t #j4gj4 ,!re=e ,lp is #j4g #i #gbj #decf p\nds4 ,! equival5t dep? ( backfill weigh+ #acj p\nds p] cubic foot is 7#decf7acj #i #c4hh foot4 ,! total equival5t dep? ( backfill is !re=e #c4hh #ae #ah4hh feet4 ,! ratio ( dep? to wid? is #ah4hhi #b4ih4 ,! coeffici5t ,c 9 ! expression ,w ,cw,b#b is #b4ag4 ,! total load p] foot l5g? ( sew] is !re=e ,w #b4ag #acj #ha #bb1hjj p\nds4 ,,table #dg ,,weights ,,( ,,%ort ,,loads ,,on ,,sew] ,,tr5*es 7,adapt$ f ,specifications ( ! ,am]ican ,bridge ,company = ,bridges7 ,/reet railways1 heavy ,a load ( #bd tons on #b axles on #aj foot c5t]s4 ,/reet railways1 light ,a load ( #ah tons on #b axles on #aj foot c5t]s4 ,= city /reets1 heavy ,a load ( #bd tons on #b axles #aj feet traffic ap>t & #e foot gage4 ,= city /reets1 mod]ate ,a load ( #ab tons on #b axles #aj feet traffic ap>t & #e foot gage4 ,= city /reets1 light ,a load ( #f tons on #b axles #aj feet traffic or c\ntry roads ap>t & #e foot gage4 ,road roll]s ,total weight #cj1jjj p\nds4 ,weight on front :eel1 #ab1jjj p\nds1 & on ea* ( two re> :eels1 #i1jjj p\nds4 ,wid? ( front :eel1 #d feet & ( ea* ( two re> :eels #bj in*es4 ,di/ance betwe5 front & re> axles #aa feet4 ,gage ( re> :eels1 #e feet1 c4 to c4 #ajc4 ,/resses 9 ,circul> ,r+--,9 ,fig4 #ha;a ! loads %[n indicate ! di/ribution ord9>ily assum$ 9 sew] design1 ! =ces be+ uni=mly di/ribut$ across ! diamet]4 ,to f9d ! b5d+ mom5t 9 ! pipe caus$ by ?is load+1 let ab 9 ,fig4 #ha;b repres5t a section ( a pipe load$ ) equally di/ribut$ horizontal & v]tical =ces4 ,!n ! v]tical compon5t on a /rip ( diff]5tial l5g? ds is wds cos & ! horizontal compon5t is wds s9 & resolv+1 ! resultant normal to ! surface is wds1 9 :i* w is ! int5sity p] unit l5g? ( ! horizontal & v]tical =ces & is ! angle :i* ! tang5t to ds makes ) ! horizontal4 ,?us ! load+ ( ! nature %[n 9 ,fig4 #ha;b is equival5t to a load+ ( equally di/ribut$ normal =ces :i* give no mom5t 9 ! r+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4--;,di/ribution ( ,/resses on ,buri$ ,pipe4 ,consid]+ a r+ subject$ to v]tical =ces only1 ! mom5ts w be z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ha;c & if load$ ) horizontal =ces only1 ! mom5ts w be z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ha;d4 ,because ( ! symmetry ( ! figure1 mom5t 7#a7 equals mom5t 7#d7 b is opposite 9 direction & mom5t 7#b7 equals mom5t 7#c7 b is opposite 9 direction4 ,:5 ! horizontal & v]tical =ces are comb9$ on ! same r+ z 9 ,fig4 #ha;b ^! mom5ts cancel ea* o!r z has be5 prov54 ,!re=e mom5t 7#a7 equals mom5t 7#b7 & mom5t 7#c7 equals mom5t 7#d74 ,!n 9 ,fig4 #ha;e1 ,ma ,mb4 ,n[ ,m ,o = conditions ( equilibrium1 !re=e ,ma ,mb 7,w#b77;d#d7 ,o & solv+ ,ma 7,wd7#af4 ,?is mom5t occurs at ! ends ( ! horizontal & v]tical diamet]s & causes t5sion on ! inside ( ! pipe at ! top & on ! outside at ! ends ( ! horizontal diamet]4 ,!re w also be compression at ea* end ( ! horizontal diamet] equal to "o-half ( ! total load on ! pipe4 ,if ! mat]ial ( ! pipe is homog5e\s1 ! maximum fib] /ress f c be f\nd ?r\gh ! expression f 7,my7,i ,p,a 9 :i* ,m is ! b5d+ mom5t1 y is ! di/ance f ! neutral axis to ! extreme fib] ( a cross-section ( ! %ell ( ! pipe ( unit l5g?1 ,i is ! mom5t ( in]tia ( ?is cross-section ab\t its neutral axis1 ,p is "o-half ! total load on ! pipe1 & ,a is ! area ( ! cross-section4 ,= re9=c$ concrete1 ! /&>d =mulas %\ld be us$ ) ?is expression = ,m4 ,! /resses 9 a circul> r+ subject$ to o!r di/ributions ( loads are %[n 9 ,table #dh4 ,an exhau/ive /udy ( ! /resses 9 circul> r+s 0 publi%$ by ,pr(4 ,a4 ,n4 ,talbot 9 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bb ( ! ,eng9e]+ ,exp]im5t ,/ation at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois1 #aijh4 ,,table #dh ,,maximum ,,/ress ,,9 ,,flexible ,,r+s ,,due ,,to ,,diff]5t ,,load+s 7,f ,m>/on7 ,symmetrical ,mom5t at ,cr[n ,mom5t at ,end ,compressive ,v]tical ,load+s ( ,sew] ( ,horizontal ,?ru/ at ,diamet] ,cr[n ,"* ,wid? ,conc5trat$ #j 4#cah,r,w_/#ab- 4#ahb,r,w_/#ab #j4jjj ,uni=m #fj 4#bjg,r,w_/#ab- 4#afh,r,w_/#ab #j4jjj ,uni=m #ij 4#afi,r,w_/#ab- 4#aed,r,w_/#ab #j4jjj ,uni=m #ahj 4#abe,r,w_/#ab- 4#abe,r,w_/#ab #j4jjj ,symmetrical ,compressive ,%e> at ,%e> at ,v]tical ,load+s ,?ru/ at ,cr[n ,end ( ,end ( ,horizontal ,horizontal ,diamet] ,diamet] ,"* ,wid? ,conc5trat$ #j 4#ejj,w_/#abj4ejj,w_/#ab #j4jjj ,uni=m #fj 4#ejj,w_/#abj4jjj,w_/#ab #j4jjj ,uni=m #ij 4#ejj,w_/#abj4jjj,w_/#ab #j4jjj ,uni=m #ahj 4#ejj,w_/#abj4jjj,w_/#ab #j4jjj ,r ! radius ( ! pipe1 ,w total weight ( dit* fill+ & sup]impos$ load plus ( ! weight ( ! pipe itself 7usually neglect$71 express$ 9 p\nds p] foot l5g? ( pipe4 ,mom5ts are in*-p\nds p] in* l5g? ( pipe4 ,%e>s & ?ru/s are 9 p\nds p] in* l5g? ( pipe4 #ajd4 ,analysis ( ,sew] ,ar*es4--,! prec$+ me?od = ! det]m9ation ( ! /resses 9 a sew] r+ has ref]r$ only to a circul> pipe uni=mly load$4 ,o!r me?ods mu/ be us$ if ! pipe is n circul> or ! load is n uni=mly di/ribut$4 ,! simple/ me?od1 is ! /atic or s-call$ v\issoir me?od4 ,9 ?is me?od ! ar* is assum$ to be fix$ at bo? ends1 presumably at ! spr++ l9e or l9e ( int]section betwe5 ! inside face ( ! ar* & ! abutm5t1 & x is s design$ t ! resultant ( all ! =ces act+ on any section %all lie )9 ! middle ?ird ( t section4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4--,v\ssoir ,ar* ,analysis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4--;,=ce ,polygon = ,v\ssoir ,ar* ,analysis4 ,to design an unre9=c$ sew] ar* by ! v\issoir me?od1 a desir$ ar* is drawn to scale 9 app>5tly good proportions = ! load+s anticipat$4 ,! ar* is !n divid$ into any numb] ( sections ( equal or approximately equal l5g? call$ v\issoirs1 & ! l9e ( action ( ! resultant load1 includ+ ! weight ( ! v\issoir is drawn above ea* v\issoir z %[n 9 ,fig4 #hb4 ,! =ces are assum$ to act z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,9 symmetrically load$ sew] ar*es !re is no v]tical reaction at ! cr[n4 ,! resultant ,r is assum$ to act at ! l[] middle ?ird ( ! skewback1 :i* is ! incl9$ jo9t betwe5 ! ar* & ! abutm5t4 ,! upp] horizontal =ce ,h is assum$ to act at ! upp] middle ?ird ( ! middle or cr[n section4 ,! magnitude ( ,h is comput$ by equat+ ! sum ( ! mom5ts ( all =ces ab\t ! po9t ( application ( ,r at ! skewback to z]o1 & solv+4 ,! =ce polygon is !n drawn z %[n 9 ,fig4 #hc1 & ! equilibrium polygon is complet$ 9 ,fig4 #hb ) its rays p>allel to ! correspond+ /r+s drawn f ! end ( ,h z orig9 9 ,fig4 #hc4 ,if ! equilibrium polygon l9e1 call$ ! resi/ance l9e1 lies :olly )9 ! middle ?ird ( ea* v\issoir1 ! ar* is satisfactory to support ! assum$ load )\t re9=cem5t4 ,if any portion ( ! resi/ance l9e lies outside ( ! middle ?ird1 an attempt %\ld be made to f9d a resi/ance l9e :i* lies :olly )9 ! middle ?ird4 ,! true resi/ance l9e is t :i* deviates ! lea/ f ! neutral axis ( ! ar*4 ,to approximate m ne>ly ! true resi/ance l9e f9d two po9ts at :i* ! resi/ance l9e already drawn deviates ! mo/ f ! neutral axis ( ! ar*4 ,select po9ts ,m & ,n on ^! jo9ts1 ,m be+ ne>] ! cr[n ?an ,n4 ,!n let ,w#a & ,w#b be ! sum ( all ! loads betwe5 ! cr[n & ,m & ,n respectively1 y repres5t ! v]tical di/ance f ! cr[n to ,n1 & y repres5t ! v]tical di/ance betwe5 ,m & ,n1 & x#a & x#b repres5t ! horizontal di/ance f ,w#a & ,w#b to ,m & ,n respectively4 ,!n ! horizontal ?ru/1 ,h1 & a1 ! di/ance f ! cr[n to ! po9t ( application ( ,h1 are1 ,h 77,w#bx#b ,w#ax#a77y1 a y 7,w#bx#b7;,h4#gb ,a resi/ance l9e %\ld be drawn ) ?is new horizontal ?ru/4 ,if no resi/ance l9e c be f\nd ly+ :olly )9 ! middle ?ird1 new sections %\ld be design$ until a resi/ance l9e c be drawn ly+ :olly )9 ! middle ?ird--unless ! ar* is to be re9=c$4 ,a numb] ( satisfactory ar*es %\ld be design$ & ! easie/ "o to build %\ld be select$4 ,?is me?od is limit$ 9 its application to sew] ar*es ) rigid side walls & x _c be ext5d$ to include ! inv]t4 ,al?\gh an approximate me?od x is accurate )9 less ?an #aj p] c5t ( ! true /resses & is usually q close4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4--,me?od = ,divid+ ,ar* into ,proportion ,i,s4 ,! ela/ic me?od = ! design ( ar*es locates ! true l9e ( resi/ance )\t approximations & is m accurate ?\gh n s simple to apply z ! /atic or v\issoir me?od4 ,9 ?is me?od a desir$ =m ( ar* is drawn z 9 ! /atic me?od & subdivid$ into v\issoirs s t ! di/ance ,s along ! neutral axis betwe5 jo9ts is su* t ! ratio ,i,s %all be ! same = all v\issoirs4 ,i is ! av]age ( ! mom5ts ( in]tia ( ! surfaces ( ! two limit+ jo9ts ab\t ! neutral axis4 ,if ! ?ickness ( ! ar* is con/ant ! di/ance betwe5 jo9ts w be ! same4 ,! me?od = divid+ ! ar* into sections su* t ! ratio ,i,s %all be a con/ant#gc is z foll[s3 divide ! half ar* axis into any numb] ( equal p>ts2 measure ! radial dep? at ea* po9t ( division2 lay (f ! l5g? ( ! ar* axis to scale on a /raight l9e2 divide ?is l9e into ! same numb] ( equal p>ts z ! half ar*1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #hd2 at ea* po9t erect a p]p5dicul> equal 9 l5g? by scale to ! mom5t ( in]tia at ! correspond+ po9t on ! ar* section2 draw a smoo? curve ?r\gh ! tops ( ^! l9es2 draw a l9e ab at any slope f ! c5t] ( ! orig9al /raight l9e to ! curve1 & !n a l9e bc back to ! /raight l9e to =m an isosceles triangle abc2 cont9ue =m+ ^! triangles 9 a simil> mann] ?us divid+ ! orig9al /raight l9e 9 ! requir$ ratio4 ,! di/ance betwe5 jo9ts is repres5t$ by ! bases ( ! triangles4 ,by con/ruction ! altitude ( ! triangle repres5ts ! av]age mom5t ( in]tia betwe5 ! two limit+ jo9ts4 ,! base ( ea* isosceles triangle is ,s1 & ,i,s tan 9 :i* is ! base angle ( all ! isosceles triangles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4--;,ela/ic ,ar* ,analysis4 ,! foll[+ /eps 9 ! proc$ure are tak5 f ! second edition ( ! ,am]ican ,civil ,eng9e]s ,pocket ,book1 p4 #fcd3 ,9 ,fig4 #he let ! middle po9ts ( ! jo9ts be m>k$ #a1 #b1 #c1 etc4 & ! coord9ates x & y f ! cr[n be f\nd = ea* by computation or measurem5t4 ,= a load ,w plac$ at "o ( ^! po9ts1 let z d5ote ! di/ance f x1 t[>d ! ne>e/ skewback1 to ano!r middle po9t4 ,let zx be ! sum ( ! products ( all ! values ( z by ! correspond+ x1 & zy be ! sum ( all ! products ( z by ! correspond+ y2 t is1 ea* z 9 ! la/ two summations is multipli$ by ! x or y ( ! po9t back ( ,w :i* corresponds to z4 ,= a s+le load ,w on ! left semi-ar* ( ,fig4 #he ! foll[+ =mulas are d$uc$ f ! ela/ic !ory1 n be+ ! numb] ( p>ts into :i* ! semi-ar* is divid$4 ,horizontal ?ru/1 ,h 7,w#b77nzy yz77ny#b 7y7#b7 7#a7 ,mom5t at ,cr[n1 ,m#j 7,wz ,hy7n 7#b7 ,%e> at ,cr[n1 ,v#j 7,wzx7x#b 7#c7 ,= symmetrical load+ su* z ,w on ! left & ,w on ! "r ! horizontal ?ru/ & cr[n mom5t due to bo? loads are d\ble ^? f\nd by ! above =mulas1 :ile ! cr[n %e> ,v#j is z]o4 ,= sev]al loads unsymmetrically plac$ ! =mulas are to be appli$ to ea* 9 succession & ! results add$ algebraically1 ! value ( ,v#j be+ tak5 z negative = ! left semi-ar* & positive = ! "r semi-ar*4 ,= any jo9t ^: middle po9t is at a di/ance x f ! cr[n ,m ,m#j ,hy ,v#jx ,wz1 ,v ,v#j ,w1 :]e ,w is ! sum ( all ! loads betwe5 ! jo9t & ! cr[n & ,wz is ! sum ( ! mom5ts ( ^? loads ) respect to ! middle ( ! jo9t4 ,! compon5ts ( ! resultant ?ru/ normal & p>allel to ! jo9ts are1 ,n ,h cos ,v s9 1 ,f ,h s9 ,v cos 1 9 :i* is ! angle :i* ! plane ( ! jo9t makes ) ! v]tical4 ,! di/ances f ! neutral axis to ! resi/ance l9e are1 at ! cr[n1 e#j ,m#j;,h1 at ! jo9t1 e ,m,n4 ,! resi/ance l9e %\ld be locat$ z 9 ! v\issoir me?od & if n )9 ! middle ?ird a new design %\ld be /udi$4 #aje4 ,re9=c$ ,concrete ,sew] ,design4--,! me?od to be foll[$ 9 ! design ( re9=c$ concrete ar*es is simil> except t ! mom5t ( in]tia %\ld include bo? ! concrete & ! /eel1 t is1 ,i ,ic n,is1 9 :i* ,i is ! mom5t ( in]tia to be employ$1 ,ic is ! mom5t ( in]tia ( ! concrete1 ,is is ! mom5t ( in]tia ( ! /eel1 & n is ! ratio ( _! moduli ( ela/icity1 g5]ally tak5 z #ae4 ,all ( ! mom5ts ( in]tia are ref]r$ to ! neutral axis ( ! beam4 ,! re9=cem5t call$ = 9 preca/ circul> pipes is giv5 9 ,table #ci4 ,sew]s ca/ 9 place are ord9>ily design$ to avoid re9=cem5t1 except :]e ! dep? ( cov] is small & ! sew] may be subject$ to sup]impos$ loads4 ,concrete sew]s are sometimes re9=c$ longitud9ally1 ) expansion jo9ts f #cj to #ej feet ap>t4 ,?is re9=cem5t is to r$uce ! size ( expansion & contraction cracks by di/ribut+ !m ov] ! l5g? ( a section4 ,! pipe is divid$ into sections to conc5trate motion due to expansion or contraction at def9ite po9ts :]e x c be c>$ =4 ,! am\nt ( longitud9al re9=cem5t to be us$ is a matt] ( judgm5t4 ,x v>ies 9 practice f #j4a to #j4d p] c5t ( ! area ( ! section4 ,s9ce ! coeffici5ts ( expansion ( concrete & ( /eel are ne>ly ! same1 movem5ts ( ! /ructure are z important z ! /resses due to *anges 9 temp]ature4 ,because ( ! unc]ta9 & difficult conditions "u :i* concrete sew]s are frequ5tly con/ruct$ x is advisable to specify ! be/ grade ( concrete & n to /ress ! concrete ov] #dej p\nds p] squ>e in* 9 compression1 ) no all[able /ress 9 t5sion4 ,! concrete cov]+ ( re9=c+ /eel %\ld be ?ick] ?an is ord9>ily us$ = concrete build+ design1 because ( ! possibility ( poor concrete all[+ ! sewage to ga9 access to ! /eel1 result+ 9 m rapid det]ioration ?an w\ld be caus$ by exposure to ! atmosph]e4 ,a m9imum cov]+ ( ab\t #b in*es is advisable1 except 9 v ?9 sections n 9 contact ) ! sewage4 ,a m9imum ?ickness ( concrete ( ab\t #i in*es is frequ5tly us$ 9 design1 al?\gh cr[n ?icknesses ( #d in*es h be5 us$ ) success4 ,great] ?icknesses %\ld be us$ ne> ! surface1 p>ticul>ly 9 locations subject$ to heavy or mov+ loads4 ,brick l9+s are (t5 provid$ = ! inv]t :]e mod]ately high velocities ( ab\t #aj feet p] second :5 fl[+ full are to be expect$4 ,= velocities 9 ! neighborhood ( #bj feet p] second ! inv]t %\ld be l9$ ) ! be/ quality vitrifi$ brick4 ,al?\gh concrete may erode no fa/] ?an brick "u ! same conditions1 brick l9+s are m easily replac$ & at a small] exp5se4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,contracts ,,& ,,specifications #ajf4 ,importance ( ! ,subject4--,sew]s may be con/ruct$ by day labor or by contract4 ,"u ! day labor plan a city (ficial or commission is *>g$ ) ! pur*ase ( mat]ial1 ! hir+ & fir+ ( employees1 & ! managem5t ( ! "w4 ,"u ! contract sy/em a private individual or company contracts to supply all ! mat]ial & labor necess>y = ! completion ( ! "w4 ,"u ! day labor plan all p]sons engag$ are 8work+ = ! ,city40 ,!re is n ! same s5se ( individual responsibility1 ! same inc5tive to economize1 ! same feel+ ( loyalty t is inspir$ by "w "u ! p]sonality ( a contractor4 ,"u ei!r ! day labor or contract plan unscrupul\s politics are likely to ent] into ! relations ( ! employees ( ! city & ! city (ficials or betwe5 ! contractor & ! city (ficials4 ,nei!r ! day labor nor ! contract plan (f] a sure cure = unscrupul\s political misdeal+s4 ,"u ! contract plan ! contractor is l$ to keep 8 bid z l[ z possible1 realiz+ ! competition ( o!r bidd]s1 & dur+ con/ruction he w obta9 great] effici5cy f 8 labor because ( _! realization ( ! diff]5t conditions "u :i* !y are work+4 ,9 "s /ates & cities x is illegal = ! municipality to d sew] con/ruction except "u ! contract me?od4 ,! contract me?od is !re=e us$ 9 ! majority ( cases1 & x is to ! int]e/ ( ! eng9e] t he be acqua9t$ ) ! ess5tials ( contracts & specifications necess>y = ! prop] prosecution ( sew] con/ruction4 #ajg4 ,scope ( ,subject4--,! mak+ ( a contract is "o ( ! mo/ common episodes ( e day life4 ,! contract may be an in=mal v]bal agreem5t to meet at a c]ta9 place at a c]ta9 "t1 or x may be a =mal docum5t h$g$ ab\t by confus+ legal phraseology & be>+ v>ieties ( p5alties & dire consequ5ces 9 ! ev5t ( its brea*4 ,! purpose ( ?is *apt] is to expla9 only ^? g5]al features ( an eng9e]+ contract :i* h p>ticul> be>+ ^u sew]age con/ruction4 ,only ! mo/ ess5tial po9ts c be t\*$ 9 ! limit$ space available to ?is subject1 x be+ presum$ t ! eng9e] is previ\sly gr\nd$ 9 ! pr9ciples ( bus9ess law4#gd #ajh4 ,types ( ,contracts4--,contracts are kn[n z lump sum1 co/-plus1 unit-price1 & by o!r titles indicat+ ! me?od ( paym5t4 ,a lump sum contract is "o 9 :i* a /at$ am\nt is fix$ ^u1 be=e ! execution ( ! contract1 to be paid = all ! "w to be done & mat]ials to be furni%$ "u ! contract4 ,su* an arrangem5t is n advisable = a sew] contract1 z ! cauti\s contractor w bid high en\gh to protect himself 9 ! ev5t ( any probable em]g5cy4 ,! pr9cipal mu/ !re=e pay :e!r ! em]g5cy or un=ese5 difficulty is met or n4 ,! advantage ( ?is type ( paym5t is t ! pr9cipal kn[s exactly ! co/ ( ! "w to him be=e con/ruction is comm5c$4 ,co/-plus contracts are ^? 9 :i* ! co/ ( ! "w to ! contractor is to be paid by ! pr9cipal1 plus1 7a7 a fix$ sum ( money1 7b7 a p]c5tage ( ! co/ ( ! "w1 7c7 a p]c5tage ( ! co/ ( ! "w b ) a fix$ limit1 7d7 a p]c5tage ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! co/ ( ! "w & "s fix$ sum1 or o!r v>iations ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,su* contracts h ! advantage t ! pr9cipal assumes all ! risk 9 con/ruction & !re=e pays = only ^? cont+5cies :i* actually arise4 ,except = ! la/ nam$ =m1 !y h ! disadvantage t !re is little or no inc5tive = ! contractor to keep ! co/ ( ! "w d[n4 ,!y are mo/ successful :]e ! contractor c be select$ by ! pr9cipal1 b :]e x is necess>y to let contracts to ! l[e/ bidd]1 ! 8co/-plus0 contract is n easily manag$4 ,9 mo/ /ates a municipality _c make a co/-plus contract4 ,a unit-price contract is "o 9 :i* ! am\nt to be paid is fix$ 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( "w done or mat]ials suppli$4 ,?is type ( contract is ! mo/ suitable = sew] con/ruction = a municipality :]e ! contract mu/ be let to ! l[e/ bidd]4 ,! contractor is protect$ 9 ! ev5t ( _m un=ese5 em]g5cies & ! pr9cipal is protect$ aga9/ a raise 9 bids to cov] su* em]g5cies & aga9/ increase 9 ! co/ ( ! "w 9 ord] to increase ! pr(its "u a 8co/-plus0 contract4 ,x is sometimes desirable = ! pr9cipal to furni% a portion ( ! mat]ials1 ! bidd]s be+ notifi$ be=eh& t ?is mat]ial w be furni%$4 ,9 ?is mann] ! quality ( mat]ial is assur$1 contractors ) ! necess>y skill b small capital may be attract$ to bid1 & unc]ta9ties 9 ! procur+ ( mat]ials is elim9at$4 #aji4 ,! ,agreem5t4--,a contract is an agreem5t betwe5 two or m int]e/$ p>ties to d a c]ta9 ?+4 ,a contract = ! con/ruction ( a sew] is an agreem5t betwe5 a municipality or individual desir+ sew]age facilities & a company or individual engag$ 9 ! con/ruction ( sew]s4 ,! latt] promises to con/ruct a sew] 9 return = :i* ! =m] promises to pay a c]ta9 am\nt ( money4 ,! v>i\s portions ( ! agreem5t :i* are b\nd toge!r z ! complete contract are3 ,i4 ,! ,adv]tisem5t1 ,,ii4 ,in=mation & ,in/ructions = ,bidd]s1 ,,iii4 ,proposal1 ,,iv4 ,g5]al ,specifications1 ,v4 ,te*nical ,specifications1 ,,vi4 ,special ,specifications1 ,,vii4 ,contract1 ,,viii4 ,bond1 & ,,ix4 ,contract ,draw+s4 ,^! %\ld be fa/5$ toge!r 9 pamphlet =m & con/itute ! complete in/rum5t call$ ! contract4 ,no b9d+ contract & specifications c be drawn ^u logical d$uctions alone z legal prec$5t & tri$ me?ods mu/ be foll[$ to insure success4 ,to draw up an orig9al contract requires ! comb9$ k ( an eng9e] & a lawy]4 ,! eng9e] ( to-day writes 8 specifications by copy+ copi\sly f specifications us$ on "w :i* has be5 complet$ successfully4 ,9 ord] t selections may be made ) judgm5t & discrim9ation "s examples h be5 select$ f exi/+ publi%$ specifications & contracts4 #aaj4 ,! ,adv]tisem5t4--,?is %\ld conta93 7#a7 ,a head+ indicat+ ! type ( "w1 7#b7 ,a /atem5t z to :51 :]e & h[ bids w be receiv$ & op5$1 7#c7 ,a brief description ( ! "* & am\nt ( "w to be done1 7#d7 ,! me?od ( paym5t1 7#e7 ,! conditions "u :i* fur!r in=mation c be obta9$1 7#f7 ,a /atem5t z to ! am\nt ( money :i* mu/ be deposit$ ) ! bid1 & 7#g7 ,any o!r p]t95t facts conc]n+ ! "w4#ge ,an example ( an adv]tisem5t foll[s2 ,sew] ,con/ruction ,con/ruction ,turkey ,creek ,sew] ,kansas ,city1 ,miss\ri4 ,bids = ! con/ruction ( ! ,turkey ,creek ,sew]1 two sewage pump+ /ations to be us$ 9 connection !re)1 & c]ta9 lat]als & ext5sions ( exi/+ sew]s !reto1 = ,kansas ,city1 ,miss\ri1 w be receiv$ up to #b p4m4 ,augu/ #ai1 #aiai1 at ! (fice ( ! ,bo>d ( ,public ,works1 ,city ,hall1 ,kansas ,city1 ,miss\ri4 ,! ma9 sew] w be ab\t "o & "o-fif? miles long1 & ! lat]als & ext5sions ab\t ?ree & "o-half miles3 ! ma9 sew] w be con/ruct$ ( re9=c$ concrete1 ! lat]als & ext5sions w consi/ ( concrete1 segm5t blocks1 & clay pipe4 ,?is "w is e/imat$ to co/ f #a1ejj1jjj to #a1gej1jjj4 ,paym5t = ! "w w be made 9 f\r ye> special tax bills1 be>+ #g p] c5t int]e/1 payable "o-f\r? ea* ye>4 ,"t #fjj work+ days1 b>r+ /rikes1 bad wea!r1 etc4 ,bidd]s are requir$ to deposit #ae1jjj 9 ca% or a c]tifi$ *eck ) bid1 to insure sign+ ( contract :5 let4 ,same to be return$ on execution ( ! contract or rejection ( bid4 ,complete plans & specifications = ! "w may be _h & all in=mation obta9$ by see+ or writ+ to ,a4 ,d4 ,ludl[1 ,eng9e] ( ,sew]s1 ,city ,hall1 ,kansas ,city1 ,miss\ri4 ,tw5ty-five 7#be4jj7 ,doll>s w be requir$ to be deposit$ = a set ( ! plans1 b #bj4jj !re( w be refund$ ^u return ( ! plans 9 good condition4 ,,bo>d ,,( ,,public ,,works1 ,kansas ,city1 ,miss\ri1 by ,f4 ,e4 ,mc,cabe1 ,secret>y4 ,!re are usually legal re/rictions :i* require t ! adv]tisem5t be ins]t$ a c]ta9 numb] ( times 9 specifi$ newspap]s or o!r adv]tis+ m$iums be=e ! op5+ ( bids4 ,if ! contract is ( suffici5t size to attract outside contractors1 ! adv]tisem5t %\ld be ins]t$ 9 eng9e]+ & contract+ j\rnals ( wide circulation4 ,al?\gh ! adv]tisem5t appe>s sep>ately f ! o!r portions ( ! contract1 a copy is usually b\nd 9 z ! fir/ page ( ! pamphlet conta9+ ! contract & specifications & is made an integral "p !re(4 #aaa4 ,in=mation & ,in/ructions = ,bidd]s4--,?is is some:at on ! ord] ( an introduction to ! pamphlet 9 :i* ! specifications1 contract1 & contract draw+s are publi%$4 ,z examples ( ! type ( in=mation & in/ructions giv5 to prospective bidd]s ! ab/racts bel[ h be5 tak5 f ! 8,contract1 ,specifications1 ,bond1 & ,proposal = ! ,nor? ,%ore ,sanit>y ,int]cept+ ,sew]0 by ! ,sanit>y ,di/rict ( ,*icago4 ,! in=mation & in/ructions to bidd]s c be divid$ into ! foll[+ sections3 #a/4 ,exam9ation ( ,site1 #bnd4 ,"* & ,quantity ( ,"w1 #crd4 ,qualification = ,bidd+1 #d?4 ,in/ructions = ,mak+ out ,proposal1 #e?4 ,c]tifi$ ,*eck1 & #f?4 ,rejection ( ,bids4 ,,requirem5ts ,,= ,,bidd+ ,,& ,,in/ructions ,,to ,,bidd]s ,bidd]s are requir$ to submit _! bids ^u ! foll[+ express conditions3 ,bidd]s mu/ c>efully exam9e ! entire sites ( ! "w & ! adjac5t premises1 & ! v>i\s means ( approa* to ! sites1 & %all make all necess>y inve/igations to in=m !mselves ?or\ghly z to ! facilities = deliv]+ & h&l+ mat]ials at ! sites & to in=m !mselves ?or\ghly z to all ! difficulties t may be involv$ 9 ! complete execution ( all "w "u ! atta*$ contract 9 accordance ) ! specifications h]eto atta*$4 ,bidd]s are also requir$ to exam9e all maps1 plans1 & data m5tion$ 9 ! specifications1 contract or proposal z be+ on file 9 ! (fice ( ! ,*ief ,eng9e]1 = exam9ation by bidd]s4 ,no plea ( ignorance ( conditions t exi/ or t may h]eaft] exi/ or ( conditions or difficulties t may be enc\nt]$ 9 ! execution ( ! "w "u ?is contract1 z ! result ( a failure to make ! necess>y exam9ations & inve/igations1 w be accept$ z an excuse = any failure or omission on ! "p ( ! ,contractor to fulfill 9 e detail all ( ! requirem5ts ( said contract1 specifications & plans1 or w be accept$ z a basis = any claims :atsoev] = extra comp5sation4 ,^u application all in=mation 9 ! possession ( ! ,*ief ,eng9e] w be %[n to bidd]s1 b ! correctness ( su* in=mation w n be gu>ante$ by ! ,sanit>y ,di/rict4 ,! foll[+ s*$ule ( quantities1 al?\gh /at$ ) z mu* accuracy z is possible 9 advance1 is approximate only1 & is assum$ solely = ! purpose ( comp>+ bids4 ,!n foll[s an itemiz$ s*$ule ( ! quantity ( "w to be done aft] :i* comes ! foll[+3 ,bidd]s mu/ det]m9e = !mselves ! quantities ( "w t w be requir$1 by su* means z !y may pref]1 & %all assume all risks z to v>iations 9 ! quantities ( ! diff]5t classes ( "w actually furni%$ "u ! contract4 ,bidd]s %all n at any "t aft] ! submission ( ?is proposal1 dispute or compla9 ( ! a=esaid s*$ules ( quantities or ass]t t !re 0 any misund]/&+ 9 reg>d to ! am\nt or ! "* ( ! "w to be done1 & %all n make any claims = damages or = loss ( pr(its because ( a diff]5ce betwe5 ! quantities ( ! v>i\s classes ( "w assum$ = comp>ison ( bids & ! quantities ( "w actually p]=m$4 ,proposals t conta9 any omissions1 erasures1 or alt]ations1 conditions or items n call$ = 9 ! contract & plans atta*$ h]eto1 or t conta9 irregul>ities ( any k9d1 w be reject$ z in=mal4 ,bids manife/ly unbalanc$ w n be consid]$ 9 aw>d+ ! contract4#gf ,no bid w be accept$ unless ! p>ty mak+ x %all furni% evid5ce satisfactory to ! ,bo>d ( ,tru/ees ( ! ,sanit>y ,di/rict ( ,*icago ( 8 exp]i5ce & famili>ity ) "w ( ! "* specifi$ & ( 8 f9ancial ability to successfully & prop]ly prosecute ! propos$ "w to completion )9 ! specifi$ "t4 ,ea* bid %all be accompani$ by a c]tifi$ *eck1 or ca%1 to ! am\nt ( t5 7#aj7 p] c5t ( ! total am\nt ( said bid figur$ on ! quantities giv5 h]e)1 ! l[e/ alt]native total be+ all[$4 ,said am\nts deposit$ ) bids1 %all be held until all ( ! bids h be5 canvass$ & ! contract aw>d$ & sign$4 ,! return ( said *eck or ca% to ! bidd] to :om ! contract = said "w is aw>d$ w be condition$ ^u 8 appe>+ & execut+ a contract = ! "w s aw>d$ & giv+ bond satisfactory to said ,bo>d ( ,tru/ees1 = ! fulfillm5t ( ea* contract 9 ! am\nt ( fifty 7#ej7 p] c5t ( ! am\nt ( ea* contract4 ,! said ,bo>d ( ,tru/ees res]ves ! "r to reject any or all bids4 ,accompany+ ! contract =m are plans :i*1 toge!r ) ! specifications1 %[ ! "w on :i* said t5d]s are to be made4 ,! proposal mu/ n be deta*$ h]efrom or f ! contract by any bidd] :5 submitt+ a bid4 #aab4 ,proposal4--,! proposal is a blank pr9t$ =m on :i* ! bidd] is requir$ to ent] ! prices = :i* he proposes to d ! "w4 ,! proposal blank is necess>y 9 ord] t ! bids may be suffici5tly uni=m = prop] comp>ison4 ,sew]s are (t5 paid =1 p>ticul>ly = small sizes1 p] foot ( complet$ sew] z measur$ along ! c5t] l9e ( ! pipe p>allel to ! surface ( ! gr\nd ) ! ext]ior l5g? ( manholes & o!r /ructures d$uct$4 ,sometimes1 "u o!r conditions1 a diff]5t rate is all[$ = ea* additional two feet ( dep? ( sew]1 & special /ructures1 su* z manholes1 cat*-bas9s1 flu%-tanks1 etc41 are paid = at a unit price accord+ to ! dep?4 ,wat] connections to flu%-tanks are paid = p] foot ( l5g? ( s]vice pipe laid4 ,9 especially l>ge or difficult "w1 mat]ials are paid = at a unit-price1 = example1 p] cubic y>d ( excavation1 p] cubic y>d ( concrete1 p] ?\s& feet bo>d measure ( lumb]1 etc4 ,! foll[+ example is tak5 f ! contract = ! ,nor? ,%ore ,int]cept+ ,sew] previ\sly quot$1 to indicate ! type ( ,proposal us$3 ,,proposal ,,= ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,nor? ,,%ore ,,int]cept+ ,,sew] ,to ! ,honorable1 ! ,presid5t & ! ,bo>d ( ,tru/ees ( ! ,sanit>y ,di/rict ( ,*icago3 ,g5tlem53,! und]sign$ h]eby c]ti t ha exam9$ ! specifications & =m ( contract & ! accompany+ plans = ! con/ruction ( ! ,nor? ,%ore ,int]cept+ sew]1 & ha also exam9$ ! premises at & adjac5t to ! sites ( ! propos$ "w1 z h]e9 describ$1 & ! means ( approa* to ! said sites4 ,! und]sign$ ha also exam9$ ! =ego+ 8,requirem5ts = ,bidd+ & ,in/ructions to ,bidd]s0 & propose to d all ! "w call$ = 9 said specifications & contract1 & %[n on said plans1 & to furni% all mat]ials1 tools1 labor & all appliances & appurt5ances necess>y to ! full completion ( said "w at ! rates & prices = said "w z foll[s1 towit3 7#a;a7 ,= six 7#f7 by n9e 7#i7 foot concrete sew]1 complete 9 place1 z specifi$1 ! sum ( ,doll>s & c5ts 7 7 p] l9e> foot4 7#f;a7 ,= manholes1 concrete1 complete 9 place1 z specifi$ ! sum ( ,doll>s & c5ts 7 7 ea*4 ,! foll[+ plans %[+ ! "w to be p]=m$ 9 accordance ) ! atta*$ specifications1 h be5 exam9$ by ! und]sign$ 9 prep>+ ! =ego+ proposal1 to-wit3 ,9 accordance ) ! requirem5ts set =? 9 ! atta*$ ,in=mation & ,in/ructions = ,bidd]s1 !re is deposit$ h]e) ! sum ( ,doll>s & c5ts 7 7 :i* "u ! t]ms !re9 m5tion$ entitle to bid on said "w1 ! said sum to be refund$ to ^u ! fai?ful p]=mance ( all conditions set =? 9 ! ,in=mation & ,in/ructions = ,bidd]s4 ,"n ,address ,blanks are provid$ = ea* item4 ,no place is left at ! end = a summ>y4 ,! proposal ends ) an ackn[l$gm5t t ! contract has be5 exam9$ completely & all prelim9>y directions !re9 h be5 compli$ )4 ,a blank is prep>$ = ins]t+ ! am\nt ( ! requir$ c]tifi$ *eck1 & f9ally = ! signature ( ! bidd]s4 #aac4 ,g5]al ,specifications4--,! specifications1 bo? g5]al & te*nical1 are occasionally incorporat$ 9 ! contract =m1 b m frequ5tly !y are pr9t$ sep>ately & are b\nd 9 ! pamphlet prec$+ ! contract4 ,! g5]al specifications relate to ! conditions "u :i* all "w mu/ be p]=m$ & are z applicable to ! con/ruction ( a pump+ /ation z to ! smalle/ lat]al1 unless o!rwise specifi$4 ,x is n possible to include a complete set ( ,g5]al ,specifications 9 ! limit$ space ( ?is text1 b ! m important specifications w be emphasiz$ by examples tak5 f specifications 9 use4#gg ,! subjects cov]$ 9 ,g5]al ,specifications are3 7#a7 ,def9itions ( d\btful t]ms4 7#b7 ,! ,eng9e] to settle disputes4 7#c7 ,duties ( ! ,eng9e]4 7#d7 ,duties ( ! ,contractor4 7#e7 ,h\rs & days ( "w4 7#f7 ,no "w to be done 9 ! abs5ce ( an inspector4 7#g7 ,contractor to be repres5t$ at all times4 7#h7 ,"t ( comm5c+ & complet+ ! "w4 7#i7 ,liquidat$ damages = delay 9 completion4 7#aj7 ,! ,city may *ange ! plans4 7#aa7 ,! ,city may increase ! am\nt ( ! "w4 7#ab7 ,inspection & its conduct4 7#ac7 ,! ,contractor to be acqua9t$ ) laws relat+ to ! "w4 7#ad7 ,contractor responsible = damages to p]sons or prop]ty4 7#ae7 ,city to be protect$ aga9/ pat5t claims4 7#af7 ,ab&onm5t ( contract & its rem$y4 7#ag7 ,e/imates ( "w done & moneys due4 7#ah7 ,paym5ts = extra "w4 7#ai7 ,"* ( workm5 to be employ$4 7#bj7 ,city may res]ve a sum = repairs dur+ /ipulat$ t]m aft] completion4 7#ba7 ,city may use money due ,contractor to pay claims = labor or mat]ials us$ on ! "w & n paid = by ! ,contractor4 7#bb7 ,! ,contractor %all h no claim = damages on acc\nt ( delay or un=ese5 difficulties4 7#bc7 ,! ,contractor may n assign nor sublet ! contract )\t ! ,city's cons5t4 7#bd7 ,clean+ up aft] completion4 7#be7 ,! ,contractor's relations to o!r contractors4 7#bf7 ,! portions compos+ ! contract4 ,! foll[+ examples cov] ! subjects nam$ 9 ! prec$+ titles3 #a4 ,def9itions4 ,! ^w ,eng9e] :5ev] n qualifi$ %all mean ! ,*ief ,eng9e] ( ! ,commission1 act+ ei!r directly or ?r\gh 8 prop]ly au?oriz$ ag5ts1 su* ag5ts act+ sev]ally )9 ! scope ( ! p>ticul> duties entru/$ to !m4 ,?is article may include words t may be 9 dispute or ambigu\s su* z3 ,bo>d ( ,tru/ees1 ,elevation1 ,city1 ,contractor1 ,rock1 ,e>?1 etc41 etc4 #b4 ,disputes4 ,to prev5t disputes & litigations1 ! ,eng9e] %all 9 all cases det]m9e ! am\nt1 quality1 & acceptability ( ! "w :i* is to be paid = "u ! contract2 %all decide all que/ions 9 relation to said "w & ! p]=mance !re(1 & %all 9 all cases decide e "q :i* may arise relative to ! fulfillm5t ( ! contract on ! "p ( ! ,contractor4 ,8 det]m9ation1 decision & e/imate %all be f9al & conclusive1 & 9 case any "q %all arise betwe5 ! p>ties t\*+ ! contract1 su* det]m9ation1 decision1 & e/imate %all be a condition prec$5t to ! "r ( ! ,contractor to receive any moneys "u ! contract4 #c4 ,duties ( ! ,eng9e]4 ,! ,eng9e] %all make all necess>y explanations z to ! mean+ & int5tions ( ! specifications & %all give all ord]s & directions1 ei!r contemplat$ !re9 or !reby1 or 9 e case 9 :i* a difficulty or un=ese5 condition %all arise 9 ! p]=mance ( ! "w4 ,%\ld !re be any discrepancies 9 or betwe51 or %\ld any misund]/&+ arise z to ! import ( any?+ conta9$ 9 ! plans & specifications1 ! decision ( ! ,eng9e] %all be f9al & b9d+4 ,any errors or omissions 9 plans & specifications may be correct$ by ! ,eng9e]1 :5 su* corrections are necess>y = ! prop] fulfillm5t ( _! int5tions z con/ru$ by him4 #d4 ,duties ( ! ,contractor4 ,! ,contractor %all d all ! "w & furni% all ! labor1 mat]ials1 tools & appliances necess>y or prop] = p]=m+ & complet+ ! "w requir$ by ! contract1 9 ! mann] call$ = by ! specifications1 & )9 ! contract "t4 ,he %all complete ! entire "w at ! prices agre$ ^u & fix$ !re= to ! satisfaction ( ! ,commission & its ,*ief ,eng9e] & 9 accordance ) ! specifications1 ! draw+s1 & su* detail$ draw+s z may be furni%$ f "t to "t1 toge!r ) su* extra "w z may be requir$ = ! p]=mance ( :i* writt5 ord]s may be giv5 & receiv$ z h]e9aft] provid$4 ,! ,contractor %all place suffici5t lights on or ne> ! "w & keep !m burn+ f twilight to sunrise2 %all erect suitable rail+s1 f5ces or o!r protections ab\t all op5 tr5*es1 & provide all wat*m5 on ! "w1 by day or night1 t may be necess>y = ! public safety4 ,! ,contractor %all1 ^u notice f ! ,eng9e] t he has n satisfactorily compli$ ) ! =ego+ requirem5ts1 imm$iately take su* me?ods & provide su* means & labor to comply !re) z ! ,eng9e] may direct1 b ! ,contractor %all n be reliev$ ( ?is obligation "u ! contract by any su* notice or directions giv5 by ! ,eng9e]1 or by neglect1 failure1 or refusal on ! "p ( ! ,eng9e] to give su* notice & directions4 ,! ,contractor %all furni% su* /akes & ! necess>y labor = driv+ !m z may be requir$ by ! ,eng9e]4 ,he %all ma9ta9 ! /akes :5 set1 ) reasonable dilig5ce1 & /akes misplac$ due to ! c>elessness ( ! ,contractor or 8 workm5 %all be reset "u ! direction ( ! ,eng9e]1 at ! ,contractor's exp5se4 #e4 ,night1 ,sunday1 & ,holiday ,"w3#gh ,no night1 ,sunday1 nor holiday "w requir+ ! pres5ce ( an eng9e] or inspector w be p]mitt$ except 9 case ( em]g5cy1 & !n only to su* an ext5t z is absolutely necess>y & ) ! writt5 p]mission ( ! ,eng9e]2 provid$ t ?is clause %all n op]ate 9 ! case ( a gang organiz$ = regul> & cont9u\s night1 ,sunday1 or holiday "w4 #f4 ,abs5ce ( ,eng9e] or ,inspector4 ,any "w done )\t l9es1 levels1 & in/ructions hav+ be5 giv5 by ! ,eng9e] or )\t ! sup]vision ( an assi/ant or inspector1 w n be e/imat$ or paid = except :5 su* "w is au?oriz$ by ! ,eng9e] 9 writ+4 ,"w s done may be ord]$ remov$ & replac$ at ! ,contractor's sole co/ & exp5se4 #g4 ,abs5ce ( ,contractor4 ,dur+ ! abs5ce ( ! ,contractor he %all at all times h a duly au?oriz$ repres5tative on ! "w4 ,! ,contractor %all give writt5 notice to ! ,commission ( ! "n & address ( said repres5tative & %all /ate :]e & h[ su* repres5tative c be rea*$1 at any & all h\rs1 :e!r by day or night4 ,:5ev] ! ,contractor or 8 repres5tative is n pres5t at any place on ! "w :]e x may be necess>y to give ord]s or directions1 su* ord]s or directions w be giv5 by ! ,eng9e] & !y %all be receiv$ & promptly obey$ by ! sup]9t5d5t or =eman :o may h imm$iate *>ge ( ! p>ticul> "w 9 relation to :i* ! ord] may be giv54 #h4 ,comm5c+ ,"w4 ,! ,contractor agrees to beg9 ! "w cov]$ by ?is contract )9 ---- days ( ! execution ( ! contract & to prosecute ! same ) all due dilig5ce & to entirely complete ! "w )9 ---- days4 ,x is und]/ood & agre$ t "t is ( ! ess5ce ( ?is contract1 & t a failure on ! "p ( ! ,contractor to complete ! "w h]e9 specifi$ )9 ! "t specifi$ w result 9 great loss & damage to said ,sanit>y ,di/rict & t on acc\nt ( ! peculi> nature ( su* loss x is difficult1 if n impossible1 to accurately asc]ta9 & def9itely det]m9e ! am\nt !re(4 #i4 ,liquidat$ ,damages4 ,x is !re=e cov5ant$ & agre$ t 9 case ! said ,contractor %all fail or neglect to complete ! "w h]e9 specifi$ on or be=e ! date h]e9be=e fix$ = completion1 ! said ,contractor %all & w pay ! said ,sanit>y ,di/rict ! sum ( ---- ,doll>s = ea* & e day ! ,contractor %all be 9 default 9 ! "t ( completion ( ?is contract4 ,said sum ( ---- ,doll>s p] day is h]eby agre$ ^u1 fix$ & det]m9$ by ! p>ties h]eto z ! liquidat$ damages :i* said ,sanit>y ,di/rict w suff] by reason ( su* defaults1 & n by way ( a p5alty4 #aj4 ,*anges 9 ,plans4 ,! ,bo>d res]ves ! "r to *ange ! alignm5t1 grade1 =m1 l5g?1 dim5sions or mat]ials ( ! sew]s or any ( _! appurt5ances1 :5ev] any condition or ob/ructions are met t r5d] su* *anges desirable or necess>y4 ,9 case ! alt]ations ?us ord]$ make ! "w less exp5sive to ! ,contractor a prop] d$uction %all be made f ! contract prices & ! ,contractor %all h no claim on ?is acc\nt = damages or = anticipat$ pr(its on ! "w t may be disp5s$ )4 ,9 case su* alt]ations make ! "w m exp5sive1 a prop] addition %all be made to ! contract prices4 ,any d$uction or addition z a=esaid %all be det]m9$ & fix$ by ! ,eng9e]4 #aa4 ,ext5sions & ,additions4 ,9 ! ev5t t any mat]ial alt]ations or additions are made z h]e9 specifi$ :i* 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,eng9e] w require additional "t = execution ( all ! "w "u ?is contract1 !n1 9 t case ! "t ( completion ( ! "w %all be ext5d$ by su* a p]iod or p]iods ( "t z may be fix$ by said ,eng9e] & 8 decision %all be f9al & b9d+ ^u bo? p>ties h]eto1 provid$ t 9 su* case ! ,contractor1 )9 f\r 7#d7 days aft] be+ notifi$ 9 writ+ ( su* alt]ations & additions1 %all reque/ 9 writ+ an ext5sion ( "t1 b ! provisions ( ?is p>agraph %all n o!rwise alt] ! provisions ( ?is contract ) ref]5ce to liquidat$ damages1 & ! said ,contractor %all n be entitl$ to any damages or comp5sation f ! said ,sanit>y ,di/rict on acc\nt ( su* additional "t requir$ = ! execution ( ! "w4 #ab4 ,inspection4 ,all mat]ials ( :atsoev] k9d to be us$ 9 ! "w %all be subject to ! inspection & approval ( ! ,eng9e] & %all be subject to con/ant inspection be=e acceptance4 ,any imp]fect "w t may be discov]$ be=e its f9al acceptance %all be correct$ imm$iately1 & any unsatisfactory mat]ials us$ 9 ! "w or deliv]$ at ! site %all be reject$ & remov$ on ! requirem5t ( ! ,eng9e]4 ,! inspection ( any "w %all n relieve ! ,contractor ( any ( 8 obligations to p]=m prop] & satisfactory "w z h]e9 specifi$1 & all "w :i*1 dur+ ! progress & be=e ! f9al acceptance1 may become damag$ f any cause1 %all be remov$ & replac$ by good & satisfactory "w )\t extra *>ge !re=4 ,! ,eng9e] & 8 assi/ants %all h at all times free access to e "p ( ! "w & to all po9ts :]e mat]ial to be us$ 9 ! "w is manufactur$1 procur$ or /or$ & %all be all[$ to exam9e any mat]ial furni%$ = use 9 ! "w "u ?is contract4 ,all inspection ( any & all mat]ial furni%$ = use 9 "w to be p]=m$ "u ?is contract %all be made at ! site ( ! "w aft] ! deliv]y ( ! mat]ial1 provid$1 t1 if reque/$ by ! ,contractor ! ,eng9e] may at 8 option p]=m1 or h p]=m$1 inspection ( mat]ials at po9ts o!r ?an ! site ( ! "w4 ,9 any su* case ! ,contractor %all pay ! ,sanit>y ,di/rict ! extra co/ ( su* inspection1 includ+ ! necess>y exp5ses ( ! inspector = ! extra "t exp5d$ 9 p]=m+ any su* inspection at said o!r po9ts4 #ac4 ,legal ,requirem5ts4 ,! ,contractor %all keep himself fully in=m$ ( all exi/+ & future national & /ate laws & local ord9ances & regulations 9 any mann] affect+ ^? engag$ or employ$ 9 ! "w1 or ! mat]ials us$ 9 ! "w1 or ( all su* ord]s & degrees ( bodies or tribunals hav+ any jurisdiction or au?ority ov] ! same1 & %all protect & indemnify ! p>ty ( ! fir/ "p aga9/ any claim or liability aris+ f or bas$ on ! violation ( su* law1 ord9ance1 regulation1 ord] or decree1 :e!r by himself or 8 employees4 #ad4 ,damages4 ,if any damage %all be done by ! ,contractor or by any p]son or p]sons 9 8 employ to ! own] or occupants ( any l& or to any real or p]sonal prop]ty adjo9+1 or 9 ! vic9ity ( ! "w h]e9 contract$ to be done or to ! prop]ty ( a neighbor+ contractor ! ,eng9e] %all h ! "r to e/imate ! am\nt ( said damage & to cause ! ,sanit>y ,di/rict to pay ! same to ! said own]1 occupant1 or contractor1 & ! am\nt s paid %all be d$uct$ f ! money due said ,contractor "u ?is contract4 ,said ,contractor cov5ants & agrees to pay all damages = any p]sonal injury su/a9$ by any p]son gr[+ out ( any act or do+ ( himself or 8 employees t is 9 ! nature ( a legal liability1 & he h]eby agrees to indemnify & save ! ,sanit>y ,di/rict h>mless aga9/ all suits or actions ( e "n & description br\ght aga9/ said ,sanit>y ,di/rict1 = or on acc\nt ( any su* injuries1 or su* damages receiv$ or su/a9$ by any p]son or p]sons2 & ! said ,contractor fur!r agrees t s mu* ( ! money due to him "u ?is contract1 z %all be consid]$ necess>y by ! ,bo>d ( ,tru/ees ( said ,sanit>y ,di/rict1 may be reta9$ by ! ,sanit>y ,di/rict until su* suit or claim = damages %all h be5 settl$1 & evid5ce to t effect %all h be5 furni%$ to ! satisfaction ( said ,bo>d ( ,tru/ees4 #ae4 ,pat5ts4 ,x is fur!r agre$ t ! ,contractor %all indemnify1 keep & save h>mless said ,sanit>y ,di/rict f all liabilities1 judgm5ts1 co/s1 damages & exp5ses :i* may 9 any wise come aga9/ said ,sanit>y ,di/rict1 or :i* may be ! result ( an infr+em5t ( any pat5t by reason ( ! use ( any mat]ials1 ma*9]y1 devices1 app>atus1 or process furni%$ or us$ 9 ! p]=mance ( ?is contract1 or by reason ( ! use ( designs furni%$ by ! ,contractor & accept$ by ! ,sanit>y ,di/rict1 & 9 ! ev5t ( any claim or suit or action at law or 9 equity ( any k9d :atsoev] be+ made or br\ght aga9/ said ,sanit>y ,di/rict1 !n ! ,sanit>y ,di/rict %all h ! "r to reta9 a suffici5t am\nt ( money 9 ! same mann] & ^u ! conditions z h]e9aft] specifi$4 #af4 ,ab&onm5t ( ,contract4 ,if ! "w to be done "u ! contract %all be ab&on$ by ! ,contractor1 or if at any "t ! ,eng9e] %all be ( ! op9ion1 & %all s c]tify1 9 writ+1 to ! ,commission1 t ! p]=mance ( ! contract is unnecess>ily or unreasonably delay$1 or t ! ,contractor is willfully violat+ any ( ! conditions ( ! specifications1 or is execut+ ! same 9 bad fai?1 or n 9 accordance ) ! t]ms !re(1 or if ! "w be n fully complet$ )9 ! "t nam$ 9 ! contract = its completion1 ! ,commission may notify ! ,contractor to discont9ue all "w !reund]1 or any "p !re(1 by a writt5 notice s]v$ ^u ! ,contractor1 z h]e9 provid$2 & !reupon ! ,contractor %all discont9ue ! "w1 or su* "p !re(1 & ! ,commission %all !reupon h ! p[] to contract = ! completion ( said "w 9 ! mann] prescrib$ by law1 or to procure & furni% all necess>y mat]ials1 animals1 ma*9]y1 tools & appliances1 & to place su* & s _m p]sons z x may deem advisable to "w at & complete ! "w describ$ 9 ! specifications1 or su* "p !re(1 & to *>ge ! entire co/ & exp5se !re( to ! ,contractor4 ,& = su* completion ( ! "w or any "p !re(1 ! ,commission may = itself or its contractors1 take possession ( & use or cause to be us$ any or all su* mat]ials1 animals1 ma*9]y1 tools & implem5ts ( e description z may be f\nd on ! l9e ( ! said "w4 ,! co/ & exp5se s *>g$ %all be d$uct$ f1 & paid by ! ,city out ( su* moneys z may be due or may become due to ! ,contractor1 "u & by virtue ( ! contract4 ,9 case su* exp5se %all exce$ ! am\nt :i* w\ld h be5 payable "u ! contract1 if ! same _h be5 complet$ by ! ,contractor1 he %all pay ! am\nt ( su* excess to ! ,city4 ,:5 any p>ticul> "p ( ! "w is be+ c>ri$ on by ! ,commission1 by contract or o!rwise1 "u ! provisions ( ?is clause ( ! contract1 ! ,contractor %all cont9ue ! rema9d] ( ! "w 9 con=mity ) ! t]ms ( 8 contract1 & 9 su* mann] z 9 no wise to h9d] or int]f]e ) ! p]sons or workm5 employ$ by ! ,commission by contract or o!rwise z above provid$1 to d any "p ( ! "w or to complete ! same "u ! provisions h]e(4 #ag4 ,e/imates4 ,! ,eng9e] %all f "t to "t z ! "w progresses1 on or ab\t ! la/ day ( ea* mon?1 make 9 writ+ an e/imate1 su* z he %all believe to be j & fair1 ( ! am\nt & value ( ! "w done & ! mat]ials incorporat$ into ! "w by ! ,contractor "u ! specifications1 provid$ h[ev] t no su* e/imate %all be requir$ to be made :51 9 ! judgm5t ( ! ,eng9e] ! total value ( ! "w done & ! mat]ials incorporat$ into ! "w s9ce ! la/ prec$+ e/imate is less ?an ---- doll>s4 ,su* e/imates %all n be requir$ to be made by /rict measurem5ts1 b !y may be approximate only4 ,! ,contractor %all n be entitl$ to dem& f ! ,commission z a "r1 a detail$ /atem5t ( ! measurem5ts or quantities ent]+ into ! sev]al items ( ! mon?ly e/imates1 b he w be giv5 su* opportunities & facilities to v]ify ! e/imates z may be deem$ reasonable by ! ,commission4 ,:5 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,eng9e]1 ! ,contractor %all h completely p]=m$ ! contract on 8 "p1 ! ,eng9e] %all make a f9al e/imate1 bas$ on actual measurem5ts1 ( ! :ole am\nt ( ! "w "u & accord+ to ! t]ms ( ! contract1 & %all c]tify to ! ,commission 9 writ+1 ! am\nt ( ! f9al e/imate at ! completion ( ! "w4 ,aft] ! completion ( ! "w ! ,city %all pay to ! ,contractor ! am\nt rema9+ aft] d$uct+ f ! total am\nt or value ( ! "w1 z /at$ 9 ! f9al e/imate1 all su* sums z h !ret(ore be5 paid to ! ,contractor "u any ( ! provisions ( ! contract1 except su* sums z may h be5 paid = extra "w1 & also any sum or all sums ( money :i* by ! t]ms !re( ! ,city is or may be au?oriz$ to res]ve or reta92 provid$ t no?+ !re9 conta9$ %all affect ! "r ( ! ,city1 h]eby res]v$1 to reject ! :ole or any portion ( ! a=esaid "w1 %\ld ! said c]tificate be f\nd or kn[n to be inconsi/5t ) ! t]ms ( ! contract or o!rwise improp]ly giv54 ,all mon?ly e/imates ^u :i* p>tial paym5ts h be5 made1 be+ m]ely e/imates1 %all be subject to correction 9 ! f9al e/imate1 :i* f9al e/imate may be made )\t notice !re( to ! ,contractor1 or ( ! measurem5ts ^u :i* x is bas$4 #ah4 ,extra ,"w4 ,! ,contractor %all d any "w n h]e9 o!rwise provid$ =1 :5 & z ord]$ 9 writ+ by ! ,eng9e] or 8 ag5ts specially au?oriz$ !reto 9 writ+1 & %all :5 reque/$ by ! ,eng9e] s to d1 furni% itemiz$ /atem5ts ( ! co/ ( ! "w ord]$ & give ! ,eng9e] access to acc\nts1 bills1 v\*]s1 etc4 relat+ !reto4 ,if ! ,contractor claims comp5sation = extra "w n ord]$ z a=esaid1 or = any damages su/a9$1 he %all )9 "o week aft] ! beg9n+ ( any su* "w or ! su/a9+ ( any su* damage1 make a writt5 /atem5t ( ! nature ( ! "w p]=m$ or ! damage su/a9$1 to ! ,eng9e]1 & %all1 on or be=e ! fifte5? day ( ! mon? succe$+ t 9 :i* any su* extra "w %all h be5 done or any su* damage %all h be5 su/a9$1 file ) ! ,eng9e] an itemiz$ /atem5t ( ! details & am\nt ( any su* "w or damage2 & unless su* /atem5t %all be made z s requir$1 8 claim = comp5sation %all be =feit$ & he %all n be entitl$ to paym5t on acc\nt ( any su* "w or damage4 ,= all su* extra "w ! ,contractor %all receive ! reasonable co/ ( said "w1 plus fifte5 7#ae7 p] c5t ( said co/4 #ai4 ,compet5t ,employees4 ,! ,contractor %all employ only compet5t skillful m5 to d ! "w2 & :5ev] ! ,eng9e] %all notify ! ,contractor1 9 writ+1 t any man employ$ on ! "w is1 9 8 op9ion unsatisfactory1 su* man %all be dis*>g$ f ! "w & %all n aga9 be employ$ on x1 except ) ! cons5t ( ! ,eng9e]4 #bj4 ,money ,reta9$4 ,^u ! completion ( ! "w & its acceptance by ! ,city1 ! ,city %all res]ve & reta9 five 7#e7 p] c5t ( ! total value ( ! "w done "u ! contract z %[n by ! f9al e/imate1 ov] & above any & all o!r res]vations :i* ! city by ! t]ms !re( is entitl$ or requir$ to reta9 & %all hold ! said five 7#e7 p] c5t = a p]iod ( n9e 7#i7 mon?s f & aft] ! date ( completion & acceptance1 & ! ,city %all be au?oriz$ to apply su* "p ( said five 7#e7 p] c5t s reta9$ to any & all co/s ( repairs & r5ewals z may become necess>y dur+ su* p]iod ( n9e 7#i7 mon?s1 due to improp] "w done or mat]ials furni%$ by ! ,contractor1 if ! ,contractor %all fail to make su* repairs or r5ewals )9 tw5ty-f\r 7#bd7 h\rs aft] receiv+ notice f ! ,city s to d4 ,^u ! expiration ( said n9e 7#i7 mon?s f & aft] ! completion & acceptance ( ! "w1 ! ,city %all pay to ! ,contractor ! said five 7#e7 p] c5t h]eby reta9$1 less su* sums z may h be5 reta9$ h]eund]4 #ba4 ,unpaid ,claims aga9/ ,contractor4 ,! ,contractor %all furni% ! ,city ) satisfactory evid5ce t all p]sons :o h done "w or furni%$ mat]ials "u ! contract1 & h giv5 writt5 notices to ! ,city1 be=e & )9 t5 7#aj7 days aft] ! f9al completion & acceptance ( ! :ole "w "u ! contract1 t any balance = su* "w or mat]ials is due & unpaid1 h be5 fully paid or satisfactorily secur$4 ,& 9 case su* evid5ce is n furni%$ z a=esaid1 su* am\nt z may be necess>y to meet ! claims ( ! p]sons a=esaid %all be fully dis*>g$ or su* notices )drawn4 #bb4 ,delays & ,difficulties4 ,! ,contractor %all n be entitl$ to any claims = damages on acc\nt ( po/ponem5t or delay 9 ! "w occasion$ by =ces beyond ! control ( ! ,city1 nor = po/ponem5t or delay 9 ! "w :]e t5 7#aj7 days writt5 notice has be5 giv5 ! ,contractor ( su* po/ponem5t or delay1 nor :]e un=ese5 difficulties are enc\nt]$ 9 ! prosecution ( ! "w4 ,9 ! ev5t ( a po/ponem5t or delay ord]$ 9 writ+ by ! ,city ! "t ( completion ( ! contract %all be ext5d$ a numb] ( days equal to ! numb] ( days t ! "w has be5 po/pon$ or delay$4 #bc4 ,assignm5t ( ,contract4 ,! ,contractor %all n assign by p[] ( attorney or o!rwise1 nor sublet ! "w or any "p !re(1 )\t ! previ\s writt5 cons5t ( ! p>ty ( ! fir/ "p1 & %all n ei!r legally nor equitably assign any ( ! moneys payable "u ?is agreem5t or 8 claim !reto unless by & ) ! cons5t ( ! p>ty ( ! fir/ "p4 #bd4 ,clean+ ,up4 ,on or be=e ! completion ( ! "w1 ! ,contractor %all1 )\t *>ge !re=1 te> d[n & remove all build+s & o!r /ructures built by him1 %all remove all rubbi% ( all k9ds f any gr\nds :i* he has occupi$1 & %all leave ! l9e ( ! "w 9 a clean & neat condition4 #be4 ,access to ,"w & ,o!r ,contractors4 ,! ,commission & its eng9e]s1 ag5ts & employees may at any "t & = any purpose ent] ^u ! "w & ! premises us$ by ! ,contractor1 & ! ,contractor %all provide prop] & safe facilities !re=4 ,o!r contractors ( ! ,commission may also :5 s au?oriz$ by ! ,eng9e]1 ent] ^u ! "w & ! premises us$ by ! ,contractor = all ! purposes :i* may be requir$ by _! contracts4 ,any diff]5ces or conflicts :i* may arise betwe5 ?is ,contractor & o!r contractors ( ! ,commission 9 reg>d to _! "w %all be adju/$ & det]m9$ by ! ,eng9e]4 #bf4 ,! ,contract4 ,x is und]/ood & agre$ by ! ,city & ! ,contractor t ! t]ms ( ?is contract are embodi$ & includ$ 9 ! ,adv]tisem5t1 ,in=mation & ,in/ructions to ,bidd]s1 ,proposal1 ,specifications ( e nature1 ! ,bond & ! contract draw+s h]eto atta*$4 ,^! few articles h be5 giv5 z examples ( "s ( ! ess5tial subjects to be treat$ 9 g5]al specifications4 ,x is to be und]/ood t ^! examples d n repres5t a complete set ( g5]al specifications & items h be5 omitt$ ! abs5ce ( :i* 9 a complete contract might be injuri\s to ! successful completion ( ! "w4 #aad4 ,te*nical ,specifications4--,^! ord9>ily foll[ ! g5]al specifications & h to d ) ! quality ( mat]ials1 ! mann] ( putt+ !m toge!r1 & ! me?od ( do+ ! "w4 ,! subject head+s 9 ! ,te*nical ,specifications on ! ,baltimore ,sew]age ,commission are3 ,excavation ,tunnel+ ,rock ,excavation ,%eet+ ,%eet ,pil+ ,%eet+ & ,brac+ ,piles ,bla/+ ,pump+ & ,dra9age ,f\ndations ,refill+ ,repav+ ,und]dra9s ,build+s ,inlets & ,cat*-,bas9s ,cem5t ,mort> ,concrete ,brick ,masonry ,re9=c$ ,concrete ,vitrifi$ ,pipe ,concrete & ,brick ,sew]s ,vitrifi$ ,pipe ,sew]s & ,dra9s ,manholes ,iron ,ca/+s ,h\se ,connections ,ob/ructions ,f5ces ,flu%-,tanks ,ea* ( ^! subjects is treat$ 9 ! appropriate section ( ?is book4 ,an important "p ( ea* section ( ! te*nical specifications is ! clause provid+ = ! me?od ( paym5t = ! "w specifi$4 ,?is is usually ! la/ clause 9 ! section4 ,= example1 ! la/ clause 9 ! ,baltimore ,specifications relat+ to ,rock ,excavation1 is3 8,paym5t w be made = ! numb] ( cubic y>ds ( rock measur$ & all[$ z above specifi$ at ! price ( f\r doll>s & fifty c5ts 7#d4ej7 p] cu4 yd41 measur$ 9 place4 ,paym5t = rock excavation w be made 9 addition to ! prices bid = excavation40 #aae4 ,special ,specifications4--,^! h to d ) problems1 me?ods ( con/ruction1 or mat]ials peculi> to c]ta9 contracts or c]ta9 portions ( ! "w4 ,x frequ5tly occurs t ! con/ruction ( sew]age works w be let out "u a numb] ( contracts1 or bids w be call$ = on diff]5t alt]natives to :i* ! entire ,adv]tisem5t1 ,in=mation & ,in/ructions = ,bidd]s1 ,proposal1 & ,g5]al ,specifications are applicable4 ,! special specifications w apply only to ! contract 9 "q1 e4g41 9 "s "w done "u ! direction ( ! au?or1 ! sew] on "o contract came )9 twelve in*es ( ! surface ( a highway4 ,! special specification relat+ to ?is piece ( con/ruction1 03 8,:]e cross+ "u ! ,*icago ,road ! pipe sew] %all be emb$d$ 9 concrete z %[n on ! contract draw+s4 ,! concrete = ?is purpose %all be mix$ 9 ! proportions ( "o 7#a7 "p cem5t1 ?ree 7#c7 p>ts f9e aggregate1 & six 7#f7 p>ts co>se aggregate4 ,paym5t = ! concrete s us$ w be made at ! unit price /at$ 9 ! accompany+ ,proposal40 ,9 ord] to avoid confusion ! special specifications are ei!r incorporat$ directly 9 ! ,contract =m1 or foll[ ! ,te*nical ,specifications & are gr\p$ accord+ to ! contracts to :i* !y apply4 #aaf4 ,! ,contract4--,! contract is a brief in/rum5t :i* includes a simple /atem5t ( ! obligations ( ea* p>ty involv$4 ,! foll[+ is an example ( a =m 9 successful use3 ,,contract ,?is agreem5t made & ent]$ into ?is day ( 9 ! ye> "o ?\s& n9e hundr$ & by & betwe5 ! ,city ( by its duly con/itut$ or elect$ au?orities h]e9 act+ = ! ,city ( )\t p]sonal liability to !mselves1 p>ty ( ! fir/ "p1 h]e9aft] designat$ z ! ,city1 & p>ty ( ! second "p h]e9aft] designat$ z ! ,contractor4 ,,witnesse?1 t ! p>ties to ^! pres5ts ea* 9 consid]ation ( ! und]tak+s1 promises & agreem5ts on ! "p ( ! o!r h]e9 conta9$1 h und]tak51 promis$ & agre$1 & d h]eby und]take1 promise & agree1 ! p>ty ( ! fir/ "p = itself1 its successors & assigns1 & ! "p ( ! second "p = & heirs1 executors1 adm9i/rators & assigns z foll[s1 to-wit3 ,art4 ,i4 ,to be b\nd5 by all ! articles ( ! ,g5]al1 ,te*nical1 & ,special ,specifications applicable1 & by ! t]ms ( ! ,adv]tisem5t1 ,in=mation & ,in/ructions = ,bidd]s1 ,proposal & ,contract ,draw+s h]eto atta*$1 & :i* are und]/ood & ackn[l$g$ to be an integral "p ( ?is contract4 ,art4 ,,ii4 ,! "w to be complet$ "u ?is contract is ,art4 ,,iii4 ,! ,city %all pay & ! ,contractor %all receive z full comp5sation = ev]y?+ furni%$ & done by ! ,contractor "u ?is contract1 includ+ all "w requir$ b n specifically m5tion$ 9 ! foll[+ items1 & also = all loss or damage aris+ f ! nature ( ! "w a=esaid1 or f ! action ( ! elem5ts1 or f any un=ese5 ob/ruction or difficulty enc\nt]$ 9 ! prosecution ( ! "w & = well & fai?fully complet+ ! "w z h]e9 provid$1 z foll[s3 ,!n foll[s a copy ( ! ,proposal ) ! prices bid4 ,! contract closes ) ! f9al clause3 ,9 witness :]e( ! said ,city ( 1 p>ty ( ! fir/ "p h h]eunto set _! h&s & seals1 & ! ,contractor has also h]eunto set 8 h& & seal & ! p>ty ( ! fir/ "p & ! ,contractor h execut$ ?is agreem5t 9 duplicate1 "o "p to rema9 ) ! p>ty ( ! fir/ "p & "o to be deliv]$ to ! ,contractor ?is day ( 9 ! ye> "o ?\s& n9e hundr$ & ,city ( ,contractor #aag4 ,! ,bond4--,! bond call$ = 9 ! ,in=mation & ,in/ructions = ,bidd]s is b\nd 9 ! pamphlet foll[+ ! ,contract4 ,no uni=m practice is foll[$ 9 ! am\nt ( ! bond requir$4 ,x v>ies f #ej to #ajj p] c5t ( ! contract price & may be /at$ z a lump sum be=e ! contract price is kn[n4 ,!re is a possibility t ! ,contractor may fail be=e he has comm5c$ "w & ! ,city may be unable to procure ano!r contractor to take up ! "w4 ,! ,city %\ld !n be protect$ by a #ajj p] c5t bond4 ,su* a cont+5cy is remote4 ,! ,contractor seldom fails until "w is well "u way1 & o!r contractors are usually available1 al?\gh ! failure ( "o contractor t5ds to increase ! bids ( o!r contractors = ! same "w4 ,9 fix+ ! am\nt ( ! bond ! judgm5t ( ! ,eng9e] is call$ into play 9 ord] t ! am\nt may be z l[ z possible 9 fairness to ! ,contractor1 & high en\gh to protect ! int]e/s to ! ,city4 ,by r$uc+ ! am\nt ( ! bond ! exp5se to ! ,city is also r$uc$ z ! ,city ultimately mu/ pay its co/4 ,^u ! acceptance ( ! bond & ! execution ( ! ,contract1 ! ,eng9e]'s duties take him out ( ! design+ (fice & into ! con/ruction field4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,con/ruction #aah4 ,elem5ts4--,! pr9cipal elem5ts 9 con/ruction are3 labor1 mat]ials1 tools1 & transportation4 ,! lack ( or inadequat5ess ( any "o ( ^! detracts f ! effectiv5ess ( ! o!rs4 ,! eng9e] %\ld assure himself ( ! complet5ess ( 8 plans or ^? ( ! contractor on ea* ( ^! po9ts4 ,! disposition ( labor & ! h&l+ ( mat]ials to obta9 ! l>ge/ am\nt ( good ) ! lea/ exp5diture ( money & ef=t are problems :i* mu/ be solv$ by ! eng9e] or ! contractor dur+ con/ruction4 ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,eng9e] #aai4 ,duties4--,! duties ( ! eng9e] dur+ con/ruction consi/ 9 giv+ l9es & grades2 inspect+ mat]ials2 int]pret+ ! contract1 specifications & draw+s2 mak+ decisions :5 unexpect$ conditions are enc\nt]$2 mak+ e/imates ( "w done2 collect+ co/ data2 mak+ progress reports2 keep+ records2 & 9 gu>d+ ! int]e/s ( ! ,city4 #abj4 ,inspection4--,9 ! inspection ( workman%ip & mat]ials1 ! eng9e] is assi/$ by a corps ( inspectors & assi/ants :o act "u 8 direction4 ,! duties ( ! inspector are to be pres5t at all times t "w is 9 progress & to act = ! eng9e] 9 en=c+ ! t]ms ( ! contract1 ! details ( ! draw+s1 & ! te/s applicable to ! workman%ip & mat]ials t he is delegat$ to inspect4 ,he %\ld h a copy ( ! contract1 or t portion ( x :i* p]ta9s to 8 "w1 available at all times4 ,he %\ld exam9e all mat]ials z !y are deliv]$ on ! job & see t reject$ mat]ials are remov$ at once4 ,an ord9>y rec\rse ( "s =em5 w be to place reject$ mat]ial to "o side until a brief abs5ce ( ! inspector w pres5t ! opportunity = ! use ( ! reject$ mat]ial4 ,! me?ods to be foll[$ 9 ! inspection ( mat]ials & workman%ip %\ld be su* z to discov] discrepancies betwe5 ! specifications & ! mat]ials deliv]$ or ! "w done4 ,o!r duties ( ! inspector are3 to record ! location ( h\se connections or to drive a /ake ov] !m = subsequ5t location by ! eng9e]2 to see t plugs are put 9 ! bran*es left = future h\se connections2 to inspect ! workman%ip 9 ! mak+ ( jo9ts 9 pipe sew]s2 to protect ! l9e & grade /akes f displacem5t2 to *eck ! size1 dep?1 & grade ( sew]s & elevations ( special /ructures1 etc4 ,di%one/ & unscrupul\s workm5 h _m tricks to get by ! inspector4 ,^! tricks are be/ le>n$ by exp]i5ce z no academic li/ c impress !m prop]ly on ! memory4 ,! position ( ! inspector is n always enviable4 ,he mu/ hold ! respect ( ! workm51 ( ! contractor1 & ( ! eng9e]4 ,to d ?is he mu/ n be unreasonable or arbitr>y 9 8 decisions1 b :5 a decision is once made he mu/ be firm 9 foll[+ up its en=cem5t4 ,he mu/ be c>eful n to give directions ^: fulfillm5t he _c en=ce1 nor = :i* he _c give adequate reason to 8 sup]iors4 ,8 integrity mu/ nev] be que/ion$4 ,he mu/ n all[ himself to become "u obligations to ! contractor by ! acceptance ( favors he _c return except at ! exp5se ( 8 employ]1 yet at ! same "t he mu/ n appe> priggi% by ! refusal ( all favors or social invitations4 ,9 brief he mu/ be fri5dly )\t be+ intimate1 indep5d5t )\t be+ alo(1 & firm )\t be+ arbitr>y4 ,! eng9e] mu/ support 8 inspectors 9 _! decisions or dis*>ge !m if he _c4 #aba4 ,int]pretation ( ,contract4--,9 int]pret+ ! contract1 specifications & draw+s1 ! eng9e] is suppos$ly an imp>tial arbit] betwe5 ! int]e/s ( ! city & ! contractor4 ,8 decisions1 z to ! mean+ ( ! contract1 mu/ be f\nd$ on 8 eng9e]+ judgm5t1 & %\ld aim to produce ! be/ results )\t dem&+ m f ! contractor ?an1 9 8 hone/ op9ion1 x is ! int5tion ( ! contract to dem&4 ,h[ev] consci5ti\sly he may attempt to rema9 imp>tial1 & 9 spite ( ! hone/y ( ! contractor1 8 position1 z an employee ( ! city w almo/ inv>iably cause him to favor ! city 9 8 decisions on close po9ts4 ,! exp]i5c$ contractor kn[s ?is & fixes 8 bid accord+ly1 ! p]sonality ( ! eng9e] sometimes act+ z an important factor 9 ! am\nt ( ! bid4 ,! situation arises ?r\gh ! "* ( ! contract1 & n ?r\gh a lack ( moral integrity on ! "p ( anyone conc]n$4 #abb4 ,unexpect$ ,situations4--,:5 unexpect$ or unc]ta9 conditions are enc\nt]$ 9 con/ruction ! eng9e] %\ld visit ! spot at once & %\ld advise or direct1 accord+ to ! t]ms ( ! contract1 ! proc$ure to be foll[$4 ,su* conditions may be ! enc\nt]+ ( o!r pipes1 quicks&1 rock1 etc4 ,ea* case is a problem 9 itself4 ,wat]1 gas1 telephone & electric wire conduits c be mov$ above or bel[ ! sew] be+ con/ruct$ ) comp>ative ease4 ,o!r sew]s1 if small]1 may be p]mitt$ to fl[ tempor>ily across ! l9e ( ! sew] "u con/ruction & f9ally dis*>ge into ! complet$ sew]1 or "o sew] mu/ be made to pass "u ! o!r1 ei!r z an inv]t$ siphon or by *ang+ ! grade ( "o ( ! sew]s4 ,rock1 or o!r mat]ial = :i* a special rate ( paym5t is all[$1 mu/ be measur$ z soon z uncov]$ 9 ord] to avoid delay+ ! "w or los+ ! record ( ! am\nt remov$4 ,:5 quicks& is met special precautions mu/ be tak5 to safegu>d ! sew] f\ndation & to insure t ! sew] w rema9 9 place until aft] ! backfill+ is complet$4 ,^! precautions are describ$ 9 ,art4 #ace4 #abc4 ,co/ ,data & ,e/imates4--,co/ acc\nt keep+ & ! mak+ ( mon?ly or o!r e/imates are closely connect$4 ,co/ acc\nts are ( value 9 e/imat+ ! am\nt ( "w done to date1 & 9 mak+ prelim9>y e/imates ( ! co/ ( simil> "w4 ,al?\gh ! eng9e] is n always requir$ to keep su* acc\nts1 !y are usually ( suffici5t value to pay = ! labor ( keep+ !m4 ,"u "s contracts ! contractor's acc\nts are op5 to exam9ation by ! eng9e]4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 he mu/ dep5d on reports f ! inspectors = in=mation conc]n+ ! man-h\rs requir$ on diff]5t pieces ( "w1 & on 8 own measurem5ts ( mat]ials us$ & 8 k ( _! unit co/s1 9 ord] to make up an e/imate ( total co/4 ,! measurem5t ( a complet$ /ructure & a summ>y ( ! mat]ials us$ 9 its con/ruction may act z a *eck on ! use ( prop] mat]ials z call$ = 9 ! contract4 ,= example1 if x is kn[n t #b1jjj bricks are requir$ = ! con/ruction ( a manhole & if only #ae1jjj h be5 us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( t5 manholes1 x is probable t "s or all ( ! manholes h be5 skimp$4 ,simil> conditions may %[ 9 ! proportions ( concrete1 backfill+ 9 tunnels1 %eet+ to be left 9 place1 etc4 ,! /atem5t ( a few pr9ciples ( co/ acc\nt+1 & ! illu/ration ( a few blanks 9 use %\ld be suffici5tly sugge/ive to lead a res\rceful eng9e] 9 ! "r direction4#gi ,co/s %\ld be divid$ into f\r g5]al classifications3 labor1 mat]ials1 equipm5t1 & ov]head4 ,labor %\ld be subdivid$ "u its sev]al diff]5t classifications arrang$ 9 accordance ) rates ( pay4 ,! numb] ( labor]s "u ea* classification & ! am\nt ( "w done p] day %\ld be record$4 ,fig4 #hf is an example ( a =m :i* may be us$ = su* a purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4--;,=eman's ,daily ,payroll ,report4 ,f ,eng9e]+ & ,contract+1 #aijg4 ,mat]ials may be record$ z !y are deliv]$ on ! job1 z !y are us$1 or 9 bo? cases4 ,measurem5ts are usually easi] to make at ! "t ( deliv]y1 b records made at ! "t mat]ials are us$ are m s]viceable4 ,= example1 #ajj b>rels ( cem5t may be deliv]$ on a job 9 ,novemb]1 #ej ( !m are us$ be=e ! job freezes up & ! o!r #ej are held ov] until spr+4 ,x w\ld be mislead+ to *>ge #ajj b>rels us$ 9 ,novemb]4 ,fig4 #hg is a =m 9 use = an inspector's report on mat]ials4 ,! total co/ mu/ be made up 9 ! (fice f ^! records & a k ( unit co/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4--;,=eman's ,daily ,mat]ial ,report4 ,f ,eng9e]+ & ,contract+1 #aijg4 ,equipm5t consi/s ( tools1 animals1 ma*9]y1 & app>atus us$ 9 con/ruction4 ,only equipm5t t is actually us$ %\ld be *>g$ to ! job & a cr$it %\ld be made at ! completion ( ! job = ! fair value ( ! equipm5t rema9+ aft] ! completion ( ! "w4 ,ov]head *>ges include ! exp5se ( ! (fice =ce1 sup]9t5d5ce1 & miscellane\s items su* z insurance1 r5t1 transportation1 etc41 :i* _c be *>g$ to any p>ticul> portion ( ! "w b are equally applicable to all portions4 ,x happ5s frequ5tly t _m jobs are h&l$ 9 ! same ma9 (fice4 ,! division ( ov]head becomes m difficult & is frequ5tly arrang$ on an arbitr>y basis1 e4g41 ea* job may be *>g$ ! proportion ( ov]head t its contract price be>s to ! total contract prices be+ p]=m$ "u t (fice4 ,?is rule may be modifi$ :5 x becomes evid5t t "s job is tak+ di/9ctly m ?an its %>e ( ! ov]head4 ,e/imates ( "w done 9 any p]iod c be made ) ! above data 9 h& by subtract+ ! total co/s ( ! "w up to ! beg9n+ ( ! p]iod f ! total co/s up to ! end ( ! p]iod4 ,fig4 #hh %[s a sample blank f ! f9al e/imate %eets us$ at ,sc>sdale1 ,n4 ,y4 #abd4 ,progress ,reports4#hj--,^! are kept by ! eng9e] 9 ord] t he may see t ! "w is progress+ z call$ = 9 ! contract1 & any portion :i* is lagg+ beh9d )\t reason may be pu%$4 ,su* reports are mo/ useful :5 ! in=mation is express$ graphically1 z ! eye quickly cat*es po9ts :]e ! "w is fall+ beh9d s*$ule4 #abe4 ,records4--,! contract draw+s are suppos$ to %[ exactly :]e & h[ con/ruction is to be done4 ,due to unexpect$ cont+5cies *anges occur1 ( :i* a record %\ld be made & pres]v$4 ,^! records may be kept 9 a =m simil> to ! contract draw+s1 or if ! *anges are n ext5sive1 !y c be record$ on ! orig9al contract draw+s4 ,! location ( h\se & o!r connections %\ld be record$ 9 a sep>ate note book available = imm$iate consultation4 ,! eng9e] %\ld keep a di>y ( ! "w 9 :i* are record$ ev5ts ( ord9>y r\t9e z well z ^? ( special int]e/ & importance4 ,?is di>y %\ld be illu/rat$ by photographs %[+ ! condition ( ! /reets be=e & aft] con/ruction1 me?ods ( con/ruction1 accid5ts1 etc4 ,su* acc\nts are ( great value 9 def5d+ subsequ5t litigation & _! exi/5ce sometimes prev5ts litigation4 ,a contractor may wait a ye> or s aft] ! completion ( a piece ( "w until ! eng9e] & o!r city (ficials h brok5 _! connection ) ! city4 ,suit is !n br\ght aga9/ ! city & unless good records are available ! adm9i/ration may be =c$ to buy ! claimant (f or may elect to ent] c\rt1 only to be beat54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4--,samples ( ,co/ ,record ,=ms4 ,f ,eng9e]+ & ,contract+1 #aiji4 ,excavation #abf4 ,specifications4--,! foll[+ ab/racts h be5 tak5 f ! specifications on ,excavation by ! ,baltimore ,sew]age ,commission z illu/rative ( good practice4 ,9 conduct+ ! "w ! contractor %all3 444 remove all pav+1 or grub & cle> ! surface ov] ! tr5*1 :5ev] x may be necess>y & %all remove all surface mat]ials ( :atev] nature or k9d4 ,he %all prop]ly classify ! mat]ials remov$1 sep>at+ !m z requir$ by ! ,eng9e]2 & %all prop]ly /ore1 gu>d1 & pres]ve su* z may be requir$ = future use 9 backfill+1 surfac+1 repav+ or o!rwise4 ,all macadam mat]ial remov$ %all be sep>at$ & grad$ into su* sizes z ! ,eng9e] may direct & mat]ials ( diff]5t sizes %all be kept sep>ate f ea* o!r & f any & all o!r mat]ials4 ,all ! curb1 gutt]1 & flag-/ones & all pav+ mat]ial :i* may be remov$1 toge!r ) all rock1 e>? & s& tak5 f ! tr5*es %all be /or$ 9 su* p>ts ( ! c>riageway or su* o!r suitable place1 & 9 su* mann] z ! ,eng9e] may approve4 ,! ,contractor %all be responsible = ! loss ( or damage to curb1 gutt] & flag-/ones & to pav+ mat]ial because ( c>eless removal or wa/eful /orage1 disposal1 or use ( ! same4 444 ,:5 s direct$ by ! ,eng9e] ! bottom ( ! tr5* %all be excavat$ to ! exact =m ( ! l[] half ( ! sew] or ( ! f\ndation "u ! sew]4 ,! bottom wid? ( ! tr5* = a brick or concrete sew] %all be 444 n less 9 any case ?an ! ov]all wid? ( ! sew]1 z %[n on ! plans4 ,9 case ! tr5* is %eet$ ?is m9imum wid? w be measur$ betwe5 ! int]ior faces ( ! %eet+ z driv51 b 9 no case %all brac+1 /r+]s1 or wal+ /rips be left )9 any portion ( ! masonry ( ! sew] except by p]mission ( ! ,eng9e]2 & su* braces1 /r+]s & wal+ /rips %all n1 9 any case1 be all[$ to rema9 )9 ! neat l9es ( ! masonry z %[n on ! plans4 ,9 case t ! di/ance betwe5 faces ( ! %eet+ is less ?an t call$ = by ! wid? ( ! sew] to be laid 9 ! tr5*1 ! ,eng9e] may direct ! %eet+ to be drawn & r$riv51 or o!rwise *ang$ & alt]$2 or he may direct t ! sew] be re9=c$ 9 su* mann] & to su* an ext5t z he may deem necess>y )\t comp5sation to ! ,contractor1 ev5 ?\gh su* n>r[] tr5* 0 n caus$ by neglig5ce or o!r fault on ! "p ( ! ,contractor4 ,tr5*es = vitrifi$ pipe %all be at all po9ts at lea/ six in*es wid] 9 ! cle> on ea* side ?an ! greate/ ext]nal wid? ( ! sew]1 measur$ ov] ! hubs ( ! pipe4444 ,bell holes %all be excavat$ 9 ! bottoms ( tr5*es = vitrifi$ pipe sew]s :]ev] necess>y4 ,n m ?an ?ree hundr$ feet ( tr5* %all be op5$ at any "o "t or place 9 advance ( ! complet$ build+ ( ! sew]1 unless by writt5 p]mission ( ! ,eng9e] & = a di/ance !re9 specifi$4444 ,! excavation ( ! tr5* %all be fully complet$ at lea/ tw5ty feet 9 advance ( ! con/ruction ( ! inv]t1 unless o!rwise ord]$4 ,dur+ ! progress ( con/ruction ! ,contractor w be requir$ to pres]ve f ob/ruction all fire hydrants & ! c>riageway on ea* side ( ! l9e ( ! "w4 ,! /reets1 cross-walks1 & sidewalks %all be kept clean1 cle>1 & free = ! passage ( c>ts1 wagons1 c>riages & /reet or /eam railway c>s1 or p$e/rians1 unless o!rwise au?oriz$ by special p]mission 9 writ+ f ! ,eng9e]4 ,9 all cases a /raight & cont9u\s passageway on ! sidewalks & ov] ! cross walks ( n less ?an ?ree feet 9 wid? %all be pres]v$ free f all ob/ruction4 ,:]e any cross walk is cut by ! tr5* x %all be tempor>ily replac$ by a timb] bridge at lea/ ?ree feet wide1 ) side rail+s1 at ! ,contractor's exp5se4 ,! plac+ ( planks across ! tr5* )\t prop] means ( connection or fa/5+s1 or pipe or o!r mat]ial1 or ! us+ ( any o!r make%ift 9 place ( prop]ly con/ruct$ bridges1 w n be p]mitt$4 ,?is is equally applicable to c]ta9 wagon bridges to be fix$ ^u by ! ,eng9e]1 on ! basis ( traffic requirem5ts4 ,9 /reets t are important ?or\ghf>es or 9 n>r[ /reets ! mat]ial excavat$ f ! fir/ "o hundr$ feet ( any op5+ or f su* additional l5g? z may be requir$1 %all ^u ! ord] ( ! ,eng9e]1 be remov$ by ! ,contractor1 z soon z excavat$4 ,! mat]ial subsequ5tly excavat$ %all be us$ to refill ! tr5* :]e ! sew] has be5 built4 ,! prec$+ specifications are applicable to op5-tr5* excavation4 ,rigid re/rictions are plac$ ab\t tunnel+ because ( ! great] difficulty ( do+ good "w1 ! great] dang] to life & prop]ty & ! possibility ( lat] surface subsid5ce if ! backfill+ is done improp]ly4 ,a common clause 9 specifications is3 ,all excavations = sew]s & _! appurt5ances %all be made 9 op5 tr5*es unless writt5 p]mission to excavate 9 tunnel %all be giv5 by ! ,eng9e]4 #abg4 ,h& ,excavation4--,e>? excavation by pick & %ovel is ! simple/ & mo/ primitive mode ( excavation4 ,only small jobs are h&l$ 9 ?is mann] 9 ord] to save ! inve/m5t necess>y 9 ma*9es or ! exp5se ( hir+ & mov+ "o to ! "w4 ,! tools us$ 9 ! h& excavation ( tr5*es are3 picks1 pickaxes1 long-h&l$ & %ort-h&l$ po9t$ %ovels1 squ>e-edg$ long- & %ort-h&l$ %ovels1 scoop %ovels1 axes1 cr[b>s1 rock drills1 mauls1 sl$ges1 etc4 ,! excavat+ gangs are divid$ up into units ( #bj to #ej m5 "u "o =eman or /raw boss1 & among ! m5 may be a few high] pric$ labor]s :o set ! pace = ! o!rs4 ,ea* labor] on excavation %\ld be provid$ ) a %ovel1 ! /yle be+ dep5d5t on ! "* ( ! mat]ial be+ excavat$ & ! dep? ( ! tr5*4 ,9 /iff mat]ial & deep tr5*es requir+ ! lift+ ( ! mat]ial 9 ! %ovel1 long-h&l$ po9t$ %ovels %\ld be us$4 ,9 loose s&y mat]ial load$ directly into buckets %ort-h&l$1 squ>e po9t$ %ovels are satisfactory4 ,picks are us$ 9 cem5t$ gravels or :]e h>d ob/ructions prev5t cutt+ d[n ) ! edge ( ! %ovel4 ,v /iff b n h>d mat]ial c be cut out 9 *unks ) a pickaxe & ?r[n f ! tr5* or into a bucket ) a scoop %ovel4 ,scoop %ovels are also useful 9 wet runn+ quicks&4 ,! numb] ( picks1 axes1 cr[b>s1 & o!r tools mu/ be proportion$ accord+ to ! mat]ial be+ excavat$4 ,"u ! wor/ conditions ( excavation 9 a h>d cem5t$ gravel x may be necess>y to provide ea* man ) a pick z well z a %ovel1 :]eas 9 s& only a %ovel is necess>y4 ,two or ?ree cr[b>s1 axes1 a l5g? ( *a91 two or ?ree screw jacks1 etc41 are provid$ p] gang 9 case ( an unexpect$ enc\nt] ) an ob/ruction 9 ! tr5*1 su* z a b\ld]1 a tree /ump1 a l5g? ( pipe1 etc4 ,9 lay+ out ! "w ! =eman m>ks ! outl9es ( ! tr5* on ! gr\nd by means ( a scrat* made ) a pick1 *alk m>ks1 tape1 or o!r devices4 ,^! m>ks are measur$ f (fset or c5t] /akes set by ! eng9e]4 ,c5t] /akes are less conducive to error b are m likely to be di/urb$ be=e use ?an are (fset /akes1 b c>eless =em5 make m errors ) (fset ?an ) c5t] /akes4 ,! inspector %\ld assi/ or be pres5t at ! lay+ out ( ! tr5*4 ,aft] ! tr5* has be5 laid out ea* labor] %\ld be giv5 a c]ta9 specific portion ( x to dig & ?is portion is m>k$ out on ! gr\nd4 ,9 ?is way a *eck c be kept ^u ! p]=mance ( ea* labor] & ! k ( ?is fact t5ds to a uni=mly bett] p]=mance4 ,! am\nt ( "w t c be p]=m$ by "o man ) a pick & %ovel is z %[n 9 ,table #di4 ,"s m5 may exce$ ^! rates1 _m w n atta9 !m4 ,! allott$ task mu/ be gag$ on ! "* ( ! gr\nd 9 ord] t ! tasks may be equal & a _s ( competition fo/]$4 ,! h>d work] w set ! pace = ! lazy man4 ,"s contractors h adopt$ ! exp$i5t ( dismiss+ labor]s = ! day z soon z ! allott$ task is done4 ,,table #di ,,am\nt ,,( ,,mat]ial ,,mov$ ,,by ,,"o ,,man ,,) ,a ,,pick ,,& ,,%ovel 7,f ,h4 ,p4 ,gillette7 ,mat]ial ,cubic ,y>d p] h\r ,h>dpan #j4cc ,common e>? #j4h to #a4b ,/iff clay #j4he ,clay #a4jj ,s& #a4be ,s&y soil #j4h to #a4b ,clayey e>? #a4c ,s&y soil 7froz57 #j4ge ,! op5+ ( ! tr5* may be facilitat$ by break+ gr\nd ) a pl[4 ,9 h>d gr\nd or on pav$ roads x may be necess>y to cut ?r\gh ! surface cru/ ) a hamm] & drill1 al?\gh 9 "s cases a pl[ c be us$ successfully4 ,froz5 gr\nd c be ?aw$ by build+ fires along ! l9e ( ! tr5*1 or great] economy may be a*iev$ by plac+ /eam pipes along ! surface ) p]=ations ab\t e #ah in*es & ei!r box+ !m on ! top & sides or bury+ !m 9 ! froz5 e>? ) a cov]+ ( s&4 ,ano!r arrangem5t is to bl[ /eam into a l9e ( bottomless boxes 9 :i* ea* box is ab\t #h feet long4 ,holes are left 9 ! top ( ! boxes into :i* ! pipe is %ov$1 & aft] its )drawal ! holes are cov]$4 ,bla/+ ( froz5 e>? is sometimes successful b _c be resort$ to 9 built up di/ricts :]e x is unsafe unless prop]ly controll$4 ,once ! fro/ cru/ is brok5 ?r\gh x c be attack$ f bel[ & frequ5tly brok5 d[n by und]m9+4 ,a labor] _c dig & raise ! e>? mu* m ?an to ! height ( 8 head1 & pref]ably n q s high1 )\t tir+ quickly4 ,aft] ! tr5* has pass$ a dep? ( #d feet he _c ?r[ ! e>? cle> ( ! tr5*4 ,an additional labor] is ne$$ !n at ! surface to ?r[ ! e>? back4 ,he %\ld %ovel ! e>? f a bo>d plat=m plac$ at ! edge ( ! tr5* z a protection to ! bank4 ,:5 ! tr5* passes ! #f-;foot dep? a /ag+ is put 9 ab\t #d feet f ! top on :i* ! l[e/ labor] piles 8 mat]ials4 ,x is !n pass$ up to ! surface by a second labor] on ! /ag+1 & a ?ird labor] on ! surface ?r[s ! mat]ial back cle> ( ! tr5*4 ,/ag+s are put 9 ab\t e #e or #f feet = ! full dep? ( ! tr5*4 ,:5 ! tr5* has come )9 half ! diamet] ( ! pipe ( ! f9al grade1 if ! mat]ial is suffici5tly firm1 ! rema9d] ( ! tr5* %\ld be cut to con=m to ! %ape ( ! l[] half ( ! outside ( ! pipe1 ) prop] enl>gem5ts = ea* bell4 #abh4 ,ma*9e ,excavation4--,on "w ( mod]ately l>ge magnitude excavation by ma*9e is *eap] ?an by pick & %ovel alone4 ,9 comp>+ ! co/ ( excavation by ! two me?ods all items su* z %eet+1 pipe lay+1 backfill+1 etc41 %\ld be includ$1 s9ce ^! items w be affect$ by ! me?od ( excavation4 ,! co/ ( sett+ up & re%ipp+ ! ma*9e mu/ be includ$ z ?is is frequ5tly ! item on :i* ! use ( ! ma*9e dep5ds4 ,because ( ! co/ ( sett+ up & %ipp+1 :i* mu/ be di/ribut$ ov] ! total numb] ( y>ds excavat$1 ! co/ p] cubic y>d ( excavat+ by ma*9e v>ies ) ! numb] ( cubic y>ds excavat$4 ,! po9t ( economy 9 ! use ( a ma*9e is rea*$ :5 ! co/ by h& & by ma*9e are equal4 ,= all "w ( great] magnitude1 excavation by ma*9e w prove *eap]4#ha ,items favor+ ! use ( ma*9]y :i* may cause its adoption = small jobs are3 its great] spe$1 reliability1 ease 9 h&l+1 economy 9 %eet+1 economy 9 labor1 & small am\nt ( space ne$$ mak+ x useful 9 cr[d$ /reets4 ,cont9u\s bucket ma*9es1 drag l9es1 & occasionally /eam %ovels are n adapt$ to conditions :]e rocks1 pipes & o!r und]gr\nd ob/acles are frequ5tly met4 ,! foll[+ problem is an example ( ! "w necess>y 9 mak+ a comp>ison ( ! relative economy ( ma*9e & h& excavation3 ,x is assum$ t a man c excavate #ae feet ( tr5* #cj in*es wide & #h feet deep 9 #aj h\rs4 ,he receives #ee c5ts p] h\r = 8 "w4 ,a ma*9e co/+ #aj1jjj has a life ( #f ye>s4 ,x c be kept busy #aej days 9 ! ye>4 ,:5 op]at+ x co/s #a4be p] h\r = ! op]ator1 fuel & repairs4 ,x w excavate #hjj l9e> feet ( #cj in* tr5* to a dep? ( #h feet 9 #aj h\rs4 ,x is assum$ t capital is wor? #aj p] c5t on su* a v5ture & t ! s9k+ fund w draw #aj p] c5t4 ,if ! co/ ( mov+ & sett+ up ! ma*9e is #a1hjj1 h[ _m cubic y>ds ( excavation mu/ !re be to make excavation by ma*9e economical8 ,co/s ( %eet+1 pump+1 etc41 are assum$ to be ! same = ma*9e or h& "w4 ,solution4--,= h& "w ! man excavat$ #a4aa cubic y>d p] h\r at #ee c5ts4 ,! relative co/ ( h& excavation is !n #ej c5ts p] cubic y>d4 ,! co/ ( ma*9e "w w be divid$ into3 int]e/ on fir/ co/2 op]ation & repairs2 & s9k+ fund = r5ewal4 ,! int]e/ on ! fir/ co/ ( #aj1jjj at #aj p] c5t is #a1jjj p] ye>4 ,! ma*9e works #a1ejj h\rs 9 ! ye>4 ,!re=e ! co/ p] h\r is #j4fg4 ,! s9k+ fund paym5t1 z f\nd f s9k+ fund tables or ! accumulation ( #aj1jjj 94 #f ye>s1 is #a1cjj p] ye> or p] h\r = #a1ejj h\rs is #j4hg4 ,! co/ ( op]ation p] h\r is giv5 z #a4be4 ,! total co/ p] h\r is !re=e #b4gi4 ,! ma*9e excavat$ #ei4c cubic y>ds p] h\r :i* makes ! co/1 exclusive ( mov+1 equal to #j4dg p] cubic y>d4 ,9 ord] to equalize ! co/ ( ma*9e & h& excavation ! co/ ( mov+ ! ma*9e mu/ be divid$ among a suffici5t numb] ( cubic y>ds s t ! co/ p] cubic y>d %all be #c c5ts4 ,! co/ ( mov+ is giv5 z #a1hjj4 ,?is am\nt divid$ among #fj1jjj cubic y>ds equals #c c5ts p] cubic y>d4 ,!re=e ! job mu/ provide at lea/ #fj1jjj cubic y>ds ( excavation 9 ord] t ! use ( ! ma*9e %all be ju/ifiable f ! viewpo9t ( economy alone4 #abi4 ,types ( ,ma*9es4--,ma*9es p>ticul>ly adapt$ to ! excavation ( sew] & wat] pipe tr5*es are ( f\r types3 7#a7 cont9u\s bucket excavators2 7#b7 ov]head cableway or track excavators2 7#c7 /eam %ovels2 & 7#d7 boom & bucket excavators4 ,o!r types ( excavat+ ma*9]y c be us$ = sew] tr5*es "u special conditions4 ,ma*9es are ord9>ily limit$ to a m9imum wid? ( tr5* ( #bb in*es4 ,betwe5 wid?s ( #bb in*es & #cf in*es ! limit ( dep? = ! fir/ class ( ma*9es is ab\t #be feet4 ,= o!r types ( ma*9es !re is no def9ite limit1 ?\gh ! economical dep? = op5 cut "w seldom exce$s #dj feet4 #acj4 ,cont9u\s ,bucket ,excavators4--,cont9u\s bucket excavators are ( ! types %[n 9 ,figs4 #hi & #ij4 ,! buckets :i* d ! digg+ & rais+ ( ! e>? may be support$ on a :eel z 9 ,fig4 #hi or on an endless *a9 z 9 ,fig4 #ij4 ,! support ( ! :eel or endless *a9 c be rais$ or l[]$ at ! w ( ! op]ator s z to keep ! tr5* z close to grade z c be done by h& "w4 ,9 "s ma*9es ! %ape ( ! buckets c be made su* z to cut ! bottom ( ! tr5*1 9 suitable mat]ial1 to ! %ape ( ! sew] inv]t4 ,9 op]ation1 ! buckets are at ! re> ( ! ma*9e & revolve s t at ! l[e/ po9t 9 _! pa? !y are travel+ =w>d4 ,! excavat$ mat]ial is dropp$ on to a cont9u\s belt :i* ?r[s x on ! gr\nd cle> ( ! tr5*1 into dump wagons1 or on to ano!r cont9u\s belt runn+ p>allel ) ! tr5* to ! backfill]1 by means ( :i* ! excavat$ mat]ial is ?r[n directly into ! backfill )\t reh&l+4 ,! body ( ! ma*9e support+ ! eng9e travels on :eels ahead ( ! excavation & is kept 9 l9e by means ( ! pivot$ front axle4 ,:5 ob/acles are enc\nt]$ ! excavat+ :eel or *a9 is rais$ to pass ov] ! ob/acle1 & all[$ to dig itself 9 on ! o!r side4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4--;,buckeye ,:eel ,excavator4 ,c\rtesy1 ,buckeye ,traction ,dit*] ,co4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4--;,buckeye ,endless-*a9 ,excavator4 ,c\rtesy1 ,buckeye ,traction ,dit*] ,co4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4--,movable ,%eet+ ,fa/5$ to ,traction ,dit*]4 ,f ,eng4 ,news-,record1 ,vol4 #hb1 #aiai1 p4 #gdj4 ,:eel excavators are n adapt$ to ! excavation ( sew] tr5*es ov] #c to #d feet 9 wid? & #f to #h feet 9 dep?4 ,! endless-*a9 excavators are suitable = dep?s ( #be feet ) wid?s f #bb to #gb in*es1 & due to ! arrangem5t p]mitt+ buckets to be mov$ sideways !y w cut tr5*es ( diff]5t wid?s ) ! same size buckets4 ,?is is an advantage :]e !re are to be irregul>ities 9 ! wid? ( ! tr5* su* z = manholes or *anges 9 size ( pipe4 ,) excavat+ ma*9es pipe c be laid )9 #c feet ( ! mov+ buckets & ! tr5* backfill$ imm$iately1 ?us mak+ an appreciable sav+ 9 ! am\nt ( %eet+4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( tr5*es = dra9 tile at ,g>d5 ,prairie1 ,ill9ois1 ! %eet+ 0 built 9 ! =m ( a box or %ield fa/5$ to ! re> ( ! ma*9e & pull$ along aft] x z is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ia4 ,! p]=mance ( ?is type ( excavat+ ma*9e "u suitable conditions is l>ge4 ,a rem>kable record 0 made by ,ryan & ,co4 9 ,*icago1#hb ) an excavat+ ma*9e4 #acch feet ( #cb-;in* tr5* 7 excavat$ to an av]age dep? ( #h feet 9 #g h\rs1 or an av]age ( #afj cubic y>ds p] h\r4 ,m c\ld h be5 accompli%$ if x _h n be5 = delays 9 supplies4 ,ano!r crew at ,greeley1 ,colorado1#hc ) a ,buckeye endless-*a9 dit*] weigh+ #ag tons & co/+ #ebjj1 av]ag$ #bcb cubic y>ds p] day = #cjj days1 & ! co/ 0 #aj4g c5ts p] cubic y>d4 ,a #ae-ton ,au/9 excavator c be expect$ to remove #cjj to #ejj cubic y>ds p] day4 ,! co/ ( op]ation ( ! ma*9es is made up ( items li/$ 9 ,table #ej4 ,! figures giv5 are m]ely sugge/ive4 ,,table #ej ,,co/ ,,( ,,op]at+ ,,dit*+ ,,ma*9e ,p] ,day ,total ,labor3 #a ,op]ator at #aej p] mon? #f4jj #a ,assi/ant ,op]ator at #abj p] mon? #d4jj #d labor]s at #d4jj p] day #af4jj ------------ #bf4jj ,fuel3 #bj ,gallons ( gasol9e at #bh c5ts #e4fj #e4fj ,miscellane\s3 ,oil1 wa/e1 etc4 #a4bj ,repairs & ma9t5ance #aj4jj ,int]e/1 #f p] c5t on #aj1jjj = #aej days #d4jj ,depreciation1 #bjj work+ days p] ye> & an #h ye> life #aa4aa #bf4ca ------------------------ ,total co/ p] day #eg4ia ,,table #ea ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,co/ ,,( ,,h& ,,excavation ,,& ,,ma*9e ,,excavation ,,) ,,cont9u\s-,,bucket ,,excavator ,h& ,"w ,p] ,ma*9e ,"w ,p] ,day1 ,day1 ,doll>s ,doll>s ,=eman #d4jj;,eng9e] #d4jj ,timb]man #c4jj;,fireman #b4ej ,help] #b4ej;,coal #e4jj #d ,labor]s at #b4jj #hj4jj,team #d4jj ,=eman #d4jj ,pipe lay] #c4jj ,help] #b4ej #b ,teams backfill+ #h4jj #b ,help]s #d4jj ,int]e/1 depreciation & repairs #aj4jj ------------ ------------ ,total #ie4jj ,total #ed4ej ,9 mak+ a comp>ison ( ! co/ ( h& & ma*9e excavation ! figures giv5 9 ,table #ea are f 8,excavat+ ,ma*9]y0 by ,mc,daniel1 :o quotes ! co/ ( ma*9e excavation f ! manufactur]s ( ! ,p>sons ma*9e issu$ z ! result ( sev]al ye>s' exp]i5ce ) _! excavator4 ,9 ! comp>ison ! h& crew is assum$ to dig #cae l9e> feet ( tr5* #bh in*es wide by #ab feet deep 9 a day ( #aj h\rs4 ,?is assumes t ea* man w excavate #g cubic y>ds p] day4 ,! ma*9e is assum$ to excavate #bej feet ( ! same tr5*4 ,! comp>ison indicates t an excavator w "w at ab\t #ej p] c5t ( ! co/ ( h& excavation1 if ! co/ ( mov+ ! ma*9e is n includ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4--;,c>son ,excavat+ ,ma*9e on ,tr5* ,excavation 9 ,s\? ,milwaukee4 ,c\rtesy1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,h5n+4 #aca4 ,cableway & ,tre/le ,excavators4--,cableway & tre/le excavators are mo/ suitable = deep tr5*es & cr[d$ conditions4 ,!y %\ld n be us$ = tr5*es mu* less ?an #h feet 9 dep?4 ,!y diff] f ! cont9u\s bucket excavators 9 t ! actual dislodgm5t ( ! mat]ial is done by pick & %ovel1 ! excavat$ mat]ial be+ ?r[n by h& into ! buckets ( ! ma*9e4 ,a ma*9e ( ! ,c>son type is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ib4 ,! ma*9e consi/s ( a s]ies ( dem\ntable frames held toge!r by cross braces & /ruts to =m a semirigid /ructure4 ,an ,i beam or *annel ext5d+ ! l5g? ( ! ma*9e is hung closely bel[ ! top ( ! /ruts4 ,! l[] flange ( ?is beam s]ves z a track = ! c>riages :i* c>ry ! buckets4 ,all ! c>riages are atta*$ to ea* o!r & to an endless cable lead+ to a drum on ! eng9e4 ,?is cable s]ves to move ! buckets along ! tr5*4 ,! buckets are atta*$ to ano!r cable :i* is w\nd ar\nd ano!r drum on ! eng9e & s]ves to l[] or raise all ! buckets at ! same "t4 ,9 op]ation !re are always at lea/ two buckets = ea* c>riage1 "o 9 ! tr5* be+ fill$ & ! o!r on ! ma*9e be+ dump$4 ,!re %\ld be a surplus ( buckets to replace ^? ne$+ repairs4 ,! ma*9es may be f #bjj to #cej feet 9 l5g?1 & ! numb] ( buckets :i* c be lift$ at "o "t v>ies f "o to a doz5 or m4 ,on tr5*es ov] #e to #f feet 9 wid? a d\ble l9e ( buckets is sometimes us$4 ,! entire ma*9e re/s on roll]s & /raddles ! tr5*4 ,x is mov$ along ! tr5* by its own p[]1 ei!r by ge>+ or *a9s atta*$ to ! :eels1 or by a cable atta*$ to a dead-man ahead4 ,! ,pott] tr5* ma*9e diff]s f ! ,c>son 9 t only #b buckets are us$ at a "t & ^! are c>ri$ on a c> :i* travels on a track on top ( ! tre/le4 ,! movem5t ( ! buckets & ! c> are controll$ by #b dump m5 :o ride on ! c> & :o c raise or l[] ! buckets indep5d5tly4 ,! organization ne$$ to op]ate ^! ma*9es is3 a lockman :o locks & unlocks ! buckets on ! cable1 a dump]1 z _m %ovel]s z !re are buckets on ! ma*9e1 & an eng9eman :o is usually 8 own fireman4 ,f #ej to #djj cubic y>ds ( mat]ial c be excavat$ 9 a day ) "o ( ^! ma*9es1 dep5d5t on ! "* ( ! mat]ial & ! dep? ( ! tr5*4 ,h4 ,p4 ,gillette 9 8 ,h&book ( ,co/ ,data reports t ab\t #aij cubic y>ds 7 excavat$ p] day ) a ,pott] ma*9e4 ,! ma*9e 0 #cgj feet long4 ,six -y>d buckets 7 us$1 #d 9 ! tr5* & #b on ! c>ri]4 ,! tr5* 0 #aj feet wide & #ah feet deep 9 wet s& & s(t blue clay4 ,! organization consi/$ ( an eng9eman1 a fireman1 #b dumpm5 on ! c>ri]1 & f #ag to #ba excavat+ labor]s dep5d+ on ! k9d & ! am\nt ( ! excavation4 ,9 g5]al ! capacity ( su* ma*9es is limit$ by ! am\nt ( mat]ial :i* c be %ovel$ into !m by h&4 #acb4 ,t[] ,cableways4--,^! are ess5tially ( ! same class z ! tre/le cableway ma*9es4 ,!y diff] 9 t ! c>riage support+ ! buckets travels on a cable susp5d$ betwe5 #b t[]s in/ead ( on a track support$ on a tre/le4 ,z a rule only "o bucket is h&l$ 9 ! ma*9e at a "t4 ,!y are us$ 9 sew] "w only 9 exceptional cases z ! t[]s mu/ be tak5 d[n & re-erect$ ea* "t t !re is an advance 9 ! tr5* great] ?an ! di/ance betwe5 ! t[]s4 #acc4 ,/eam ,%ovels4--,! use ( /eam %ovels = ! excavation ( sew] tr5*es is becom+ m preval5t because ( _! gr[+ dep5dability & durability z comp>$ ) o!r ma*9es1 _! adaptability = small tr5*es1 & ! relatively l>ge numb] ( widely diff]5t uses to :i* !y c be put4 ,9 excavat+ a tr5* ! %ovel /raddles ! tr5* & runs on tractors1 :eels1 or roll]s on ei!r side ( x4 ,! %ovel cuts ! tr5* ahead ( x4 ,z a result x is difficult to set %eet+ & brac+ close to ! end ( ! tr5* :ile ! %ovel is op]at+4 ,/eam %ovels are !re=e n suitable = excavation 9 un/able mat]ial1 unless ! %eet+ is driv5 ahead ( ! excavation4 ,x is only 9 ! s(te/ gr\nd t ord9>y wood %eet+ c be driv5 ahead ( ! excavation4 ,/eel %eet pil+ is m suitable = su* use4 ,fig4 #ichd %[s a %ovel at "w on a tr5* 9 ,evan/on1 ,ill9ois4 ,%ovels are equipp$ ) extra long dipp] h&les to adapt !m to tr5* excavation4 ,! dipp] h&le 9 ! picture is long] ?an ! /&>d = ?is type ( ma*9e4 ,! me?od ( support+ ! %ovel c be se5 9 ! picture "u ! ma*9e & ! me?od ( brac+ & ( f9i%+ ! tr5* by h& "w are also %[n4 ,! excavat$ mat]ial is tak5 out 9 ! %ovel & dropp$ on ! bank or into wagons4 ,! limit+ dep? to :i* tr5*es c be excavat$ by /eam %ovels is ab\t #bj to #be feet1 :]e ! tr5* is too n>r[ = ! %ovel to ent]4 ,wid] tr5*es are cut 9 /eps ( ab\t #ae feet1 ! %ovel work+ 9 ! tr5* = additional dep?s4 ,%ovels are n[ made to cut tr5*es z n>r[ z a man c ent] to lay pipe4 ,! greate/ wid? t c be cut f "o position ( ! %ovel is f #ae to #dj feet1 dep5d5t on ! size ( ! %ovel4 ,occasionally a comb9ation ( a drag l9e & a /eam %ovel c be us$1 z on ! con/ruction ( ! ,calumet sew] 9 ,*icago4 ,on ?is "w ! fir/ /ep 0 cut by a /eam %ovel4 ,x 0 foll[$ by a drag l9e re/+ on ! /ep ?us prep>$1 & excavat+ ! rema9+ di/ance to grade4 ,! dep? ( ! tr5* 9 ?is "w av]ag$ ab\t #be to #cj feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4--,/eam ,%ovel at ,"w on ,sew] ,tr5* = ,nor? ,%ore ,int]cept+ ,sew]1 ,evan/on1 ,ill9ois4 ,/eam %ovels are rat$ accord+ to _! tonnage & ! capacity ( ! dipp] 9 cubic y>ds4 ,bo? are necess>y z ! size ( ! dipp] is v>i$ = ! same weight ( ma*9e1 dep5d5t on ! "* ( ! mat]ial be+ excavat$4 ,= rock ! dipp] is made small] ?an = s&4 ,gillette 9 8 ,h& ,book ( ,co/ ,data gives ! coal & wat] consumption ( /eam %ovels z %[n 9 ,table #eb4 ,! p]=mance ( /eam %ovels is record$ 9 ,table #ec4 ,! conditions ( ! "w h a m>k$ effect on ! output ( ! %ovel4 ,a %ovel 9 a ?or\gh cut1 i4e41 9 a tr5* j wide en\gh = ! %ovel to turn #ahj degrees b too n>r[ to run c>s or wagons along side ( x1 w p]=m less ?an "o-half ( ! "w t x c p]=m 9 a side cut1 i4e41 :]e ! c>s c be run along side ! %ovel :i* turns less ?an #ij degrees4 ,,table #eb ,,coal ,,& ,,wat] ,,consumption ,,by ,,/eam ,,%ovels 7,f ,h&book ( ,co/ ,data1 by ,h4 ,p4 ,gillette7 ,weight 9 tons #ce #de #ee #fe #ge #ij ,dipp]1 cubic y>ds #a #a #a #b #b #c ,coal1 tons p] #aj h\r day #a #a #a #b #b ,wat]1 gallons p] #aj h\r day #aejj #bjjj #bejj #cjjj #djjj #dejj ,,table #ec ,,p]=mance ,,by ,,/eam ,,%ovels ,weight,dipp],dep? ,wid? #aj-;,h\r ,co/ ,au?ority ,rem>ks 9 ,cubic ( ( ,cut ,p]=mance 9 ,tons ,y>ds ,cut1 ,c5ts1 ,feet p] ,cubic ,y>d #be #a #i #cf 94 #he #bb4f ,r4 ,t4 ,dana #a ,eng4 ,rec41 #fi3eha #be #a #h #ce 94 #if #bc4e d4 #b #gj #b #bf #af ft4 #efi #f4g d4 #c #cj #a #ae-ah #fj 94 #cjj ,a4 ,b4 ,mc,daniel #d ,excavat+ ,ma*9]y #ae #ad #acd ft4 #djj ,eng4 ,cont'r1 #e #h-be-ji #h #cf ,v #af yd4 c>s ,m>ion ,/eam #f wide ,%ovel ,co4 #ee #bif ,h4 ,p4 #g ,gillette's ,co/ ,data #fe #b #bhj d4 ,great] #gjj #cj4f ,g4 ,c4 ,d4 #h ?an #gh ,l5?1 ,eng4 94 ,news-,record1 #he3bb ,rem>ks3 #a4 ,"o runn] at #e4jj1 "o fireman at #b4ca1 two labor]s at #a4gj ea*1 supplies at #d4ej1 & int]e/ & depreciation on #bjj days p] ye>1 #d4jj4 ,total p] day1 #ai4ba4 ,mat]ial1 clay & gravel4 #b4 ,av]age ( #aa jobs ) ! same %ovel4 #c4 ,co/ p] day1 "o runn] at #e4jj1 "o crane-man at #c4fj1 "o fireman at #b4jj1 #g roll] m5 at #a4ej ea*1 supplies #i4jj & int]e/ & depreciation on #ijjj at #bjj days p] ye> #h4jj4 ,total1 #ch4aj4 #d4 ,h>d clay4 #e4 ,/iff clay = ! basem5t ( a build+ 9 ,*icago4 #f4 ,/ripp+ ore4 ,?is is a maximum record4 ,! av]age 0 ab\t ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty #af cubic y>d c>s p] day4 #g4 ,bla/$ mica-s*i/4 #h4 ,g5]al av]age4 #acd4 ,drag ,l9e & ,bucket ,excavators4--,a drag l9e excavator is %[n 9 ,fig4 #id4 ,! back ( ! bucket is atta*$ to a drum on ! eng9e by means ( a cable pass+ ov] ! :eel 9 ! end ( ! long boom4 ,! front ( ! bucket is atta*$ by ano!r cable directly to ano!r drum on ! eng9e4 ,9 op]ation ! bucket is rais$ by its re> end & dropp$ out to ! extremity ( ! boom4 ,x is !n dragg$ ov] ! gr\nd t[>ds ! ma*9e1 digg+ itself 9 at ! same "t4 ,:5 fill$ ! bucket is rais$ by tight5+ up on ! two cables1 swung to "o side by means ( ! movable boom1 & dump$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4--;,drag ,l9e at ,"w on ,tr5* = ,dra9 ,tile4 ,drag l9e excavators w p]=m z mu* "w z /eam %ovels "u favorable conditions4 ,!y are less exp5sive 9 fir/ co/ & op]ation1 & are equally reliable b !y are n adapt$ to ! m difficult situations :]e /eam %ovels c be us$ to advantage4 ,drag l9es are suitable only = relatively wide tr5*es 9 mat]ial requir+ no brac+1 & 9 a locality :]e relatively long /ret*es ( tr5* c be op5$ at "o "t4 ,! bucket excavator diff]s f ! drag l9e 9 t ! bucket c be lift$ v]tically only & ! types ( buckets us$ 9 ! two types ( ma*9e are diff]5t4 ,! bucket may be self fill+ ( ! orange-peel or clam-%ell type1 or a cyl9drical conta9] :i* mu/ be fill$ by h&4 ,a drag l9e c be easily conv]t$ into a boom & bucket excavator4 ,boom & bucket excavators are well adapt$ to use 9 deep1 closely brac$ tr5*es & %afts4 #ace4 ,excavation 9 ,quicks&4#he--;,a s& or o!r granul> mat]ial 9 :i* !re is suffici5t upw>d fl[ ( gr\nd wat] to lift x1 is kn[n z quicks&4 ,its mo/ important prop]ty1 f ! viewpo9t ( sew] con/ruction1 is its inability to support any weight unless ! s& is s conf9$ z to prev5t fl[+ ( ! s&1 or unless ! wat] is remov$ f ! s&4 ,excavation 9 quicks& is tr\blesome & exp5sive & is frequ5tly dang]\s4 ,! mat]ial w fl[ sluggi%ly z a liquid1 x _c be pump$ easily1 & its excavation causes ! sides ( ! tr5* to fall 9 or ! bottom to rise4 ,! f\ndations ( ne>by /ructures may be und]m9$1 caus+ collapse & s]i\s damage4 ,^! conditions may arise ev5 aft] ! backfill+ has be5 plac$ unless prop] c>e has be5 tak54 ,! greate/ safegu>d aga9/ su* dang]s is n only to ex]cise c>e 9 ! backfill+ to see t x is compactly tamp$ & plac$1 b to leave all %eet+ 9 position aft] ! completion ( ! "w4 ,! ord9>y me?od ( combat+ quicks& & 9 conduct+ "w 9 wet tr5*es is to drive wat]-tight %eet+ #b or #c feet bel[ ! bottom ( ! tr5*1 & to dewat] ! s& by pump+4 ,:5 dry x c be excavat$ relatively easily4 ,a m primitive b equally successful me?od is to ?r[ /raw1 brickbats1 a%es1 or o!r fill+ mat]ial into ! tr5* 9 ord] to hold ! excavation once made1 or ?is may supplem5t ! attempts at pump+1 or ! wet s& may be bail$ out 9 buckets4 ,successful excavation 9 quicks& requires exp]i5ce1 res\rcefulness4 & a c>eful wat* = unexpect$ developm5ts4 ,! well po9ts describ$ 9 ,art4 #adb are us$ = dewat]+ quicks&4 #acf4 ,pump+ & ,dra9age4--,gr\nd wat] is to be expect$ 9 ne>ly all sew] con/ruction & provision %\ld be made = its c>e4 ,:]e geological conditions are well kn[n or :]e previ\s excavations h be5 made & x is kn[n t no gr\nd wat] exi/s x may be safe to make no provision = enc\nt]+ gr\nd wat]4 ,:]e gr\nd wat] is to be expect$ ! am\nt mu/ rema9 unc]ta9 )9 c]ta9 r wide limits until actually enc\nt]$4 ,9 ord] to avoid ! necessity = pump+1 or work+ 9 wet tr5*es x is sometimes possible to build ! sew] f ! l[ end upw>ds & to dra9 ! tr5* into ! new sew]4 ,! wette/ tr5*es are ! mo/ difficult to dra9 9 ?is mann] z ! mat]ial is usually s(t & ! wat] s lad5 ) s$im5t z to ?reat5 ! clogg+ ( ! sew]4 ,x is undesirable to run wat] ?r\gh ! pipes until ! cem5t 9 ! jo9ts has set4 ,?is necessitates damm+ up ! tr5* = a p]iod :i* may be s long z to flood ! tr5* or delay ! progress ( ! "w4 ,if x is n possible to dra9 ! tr5* ?r\gh ! sew] already con/ruct$ ! am\nt ( wat] to be pump$ c be r$uc$ by ! use ( tight %eet+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4 ,improvis$ ,tr5* ,pump4 ,pumps = dewat]+ tr5*es mu/ be pro( aga9/ injury by s&1 mud1 & o!r solids 9 ! wat]4 ,= ?is purpose pumps ) wide passages & )\t valves or pack$ jo9ts are desirable4 ,! types ( pumps us$ are3 simple flap valve pumps improvis$ on ! job1 diaphragm pumps1 jet pumps1 /eam vacuum pumps1 c5trifugal pumps1 & reciprocat+ pumps4 ,all are ( ! simple/ ( _! type & little att5tion is paid to ! economy ( op]ation because ( ! tempor>y nature ( _! s]vice4 #acg4 ,tr5* ,pump4--,a simple pump :i* c be improvis$ on ! job is %[n 9 section 9 ,fig4 #ie4 ,its capacity is ab\t #bj gallons p] m9ute b its op]ation is backa*+ "w4 ,x is inexp5sive1 quickly put toge!r & may be a help 9 an em]g5cy4 ,x is to be not$ t ! passages are l>ge & /raight1 t !re are no pack$ jo9ts1 & t ! velocity ( fl[ is s small t x is n liable to clogg+ by pick+ up small objects4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if4--;,diaphragm ,pump ,c\rtesy1 ,edson ,manufactur+ ,co4 #ach4 ,diaphragm ,pump4--,! type ( pump %[n 9 ,fig4 #if is ! mo/ common 9 use = dra9+ small quantities ( wat] f excavations4 ,x is kn[n z ! diaphragm pump f ! l>ge rubb] diaphragm on :i* ! op]ation dep5ds4 ,! pump is made ( a %ort ca/-iron cyl9d]1 divid$ by ! rubb] diaphragm or disk to ! c5t] ( :i* ! h&le is connect$4 ,! valve is %[n at ! c5t] ( ! disk4 ,z ! diaphragm is lift$ ! valve rema9s clos$1 creat+ a p>tial vacuum 9 ! suction pipe & at ! same "t dis*>g+ ! wat] :i* pass$ ?r\gh ! valve on ! previ\s d[n /roke4 ,:5 ! valve is l[]$ ! foot valve on ! suction pipe closes1 hold+ ! wat] 9 place1 & ! valve 9 ! pump op5s all[+ ! wat] to fl[ out on top ( ! disk to be dis*>g$ on ! next up /roke4 ,table #ed %[s ! capacities ( "s diaphragm pumps z rat$ by ! manufactur]s4 ,! small] sizes are ! m frequ5tly us$ & are equipp$ ) a #c-;in* suction hose ) /ra9] & foot valve4 ,!y are n adapt$ to suction lifts ov] #aj to #ab feet4 ,:]e great] lifts are necess>y "o pump may dis*>ge into a tub 9 :i* ! foot valve ( a high] pump is subm]g$4 ,,table #ed ,,capacities ,,( ,,diaphragm ,,pumps ,diamet] ( ,diamet] ( ,l5g? ( ,/roke ,capacity p] ,cyl9d]1 ,in*es ,suction1 ,in*es 9 ,in*es ,/roke1 ,gallons #f #c #d #j4di #h #d #f #a4dg #ihf #b #j4ge #abhf #c #a4be ,p[] driv5 by #a horse-p[] #abhf eng9e #j4ehhg ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig4--,mc,gowan ,/eam ,jet ,pump4 ,c\rtesy1 ,! ,john ,h4 ,mc,gowan ,co4 #aci4 ,jet ,pump4--,! simplicity ( ! p>ts ( ! jet pump is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ig4 ,x has a di/9ct advantage ov] pumps conta9+ valves & mov+ p>ts 9 t !re are no ob/ructions (f]$ to ! passage ( solids z well z liquids ?r\gh ! pump4 ,x is n economical 9 ! use ( /eam1 h[ev]4 ,x op]ates by means ( a /eam jet ent]+ a pipe at high velocity ?r\gh a nozzle4 ,?is action causes a vacuum :i* w lift wat] f #f to #aj feet4 ,! l[] ! suction lift1 h[ev]1 ! great] ! effici5cy ( ! "w4 ,! sizes & capacities ( jet pumps z manufactur$ by ! ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gowan ,co4 are %[n 9 ,table #ee4 ,,table #ee ,,capacities ,,( ,,jet ,,pumps 7,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gowan ,co47 ,size ( ,pump ,capacity1 ,approximate & ,suction ,dis*>ge ,/eam ,pipe1 ,gallons p] ,horse-p[] ,pipe1 ,in*es ,pipe1 ,in*es ,in*es ,m9ute ,requir$ #h #b #a #ae #c #a #a #bj #d #a #a #cj #f #b #a #dj #h #b #b #a #ej #aj #c #b #a #fj #ae #d #c #a #he #be #adj4 ,/eam ,vacuum ,pumps4--,?is type ( pump dep5ds on ! cond5sation ( /eam 9 a clos$ *amb] to create a vacuum :i* lifts wat] into ! *amb] previ\sly occupi$ by ! /eam & f :i* ! wat] is eject$ by ! admission ( m /eam4 ,! be/ kn[n pumps ( ?is type are ! ,pulsomet]1 manufactur$ by ! ,pulsomet] ,/eam ,pump ,co41 ! ,em]son1 manufactur$ by ! ,em]son ,pump & ,valve ,co41 & ! ,nye ,pump1 manufactur$ by ! ,nye ,/eam ,pump & ,ma*9]y ,co4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4--,pulsomet] ,/eam ,vacuum ,pump4 ,a section ( a ,pulsomet] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ih4 ,x consi/s ( two bottle-%ap$ *amb]s ,a & ,b ) _! necks communicat+ at ! top & ea* op5+ into ! outlet *amb] ,o ?r\gh a *eck valve4 ,/eam is admitt$ at ! top & ent]s *amb] ,a or ,b accord+ to ! position ( ! /eam valve ,c z %[n4 ,?is /eam valve is a ball :i* is free to roll ei!r to ! "r or left & =ms a /eam-tight jo9t ) :i*ev] seat x re/s ^u4 ,9 normal op]ation *amb] ,a w\ld be fill$ ) wat] z ! /eam ent]s ! cyl9d]4 ,at ! same "t a *eck valve at ! top op5s to admit a small quantity ( air :i* =ms a cu%ion insulat+ ! /eam f ! wat]1 r$uces ! cond5sation ( ! /eam1 & s]ves z a cu%ion = ! incom+ wat] on ! opposite /roke4 ,! pressure ( ! /eam depresses ! surface ( ! wat] )\t agitation & =ces ! wat] ?r\gh ! *eck valve ,f into ! dis*>ge *amb] ,o4 ,:5 ! wat] falls to ! level ( ! dis*>ge *amb] ! ev5 surface is brok5 up & ! intimate contact ( ! /eam & wat] cond5ses ! =m] in/antane\sly4 ,?is =ms a vacuum 9 *amb] ,a :i*1 assi/$ by a slight upw>d pressure 9 *amb] ,b caus$ by ! incom+ wat]1 imm$iately pulls ! ball ,c ov] to ! o!r seat & directs ! /eam into *amb] ,b4 ,! vacuum 9 *amb] ,a n[ draws up a new *>ge ( wat] ?r\gh ! suction pipe into ! *amb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii4--;,em]son ,/eam ,vacuum ,pump4 ,a section ( ! ,em]son pump is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ii4 ,! pump consi/s ( two v]tical cyl9d]s ,b & ,c4 ,ea* *amb] has a suction valve ,l at ! bottom1 op5+ upw>d f a common *amb] f :i* ! dis*>ge pipe ,u ext5ds4 ,on ! top ( ea* *amb] is a baffle plate ,g :i* op]ates to di/ribute ! /eam ev5ly to ! two *amb]s & to prev5t x f agitat+ ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! *amb]s4 ,a cond5s] nozzle ,f is connect$ ) ! bottom ( ! opposite *amb] by a pipe into :i* a *eck valve op5s upw>d4 ,z ! pressure 9 ! *amb] alt]nates wat] w be inject$ ?r\gh ,f into ! opposite *amb] & cond5se ! /eam !re91 promptly =m+ a vacuum4 ,an air valve ,p admits a small quantity ( air :ile ! *amb] is fill+ ) wat]1 ! air act+ z an insulat+ cu%ion z 9 ! ,pulsomet]4 ,valve ,o1 j above ! top connection ,s is us$ to regulate ! am\nt ( /eam t ent]s ! pump4 ,! top connection ,s has two ports1 "o lead+ to ea* *amb]4 ,an oscillat+ valve enclos$ 9 x admits ! /eam ?r\gh ^! ports to ! two *amb]s alt]nately4 ,?is valve is driv5 by a small ?ree-cyl9d] eng9e1 ! crank %aft ( :i* ext5ds into ! top connection 9 ! c5t] ( ! be>+ on :i* ! valve oscillates4 ,a positive ge>$ connection is made betwe5 ! valve & ! eng9e & s arrang$ t ! eng9e w run fa/] ?an ! valve4 ,! action ( ^! pumps consi/s ( alt]nately fill+ & empty+ ! two *amb]s4 ,!y w cont9ue op]ation )\t att5tion or lubrication s long z ! /eam is turn$ on4 ,9 view ( ! simplicity ( _! op]ation & make-up1 _! ability to h&le liquids heavily *>g$ ) solids1 & _! reasonable /eam consumption ^! pumps are widely us$ = pump+ wat] 9 con/ruction "w4 ,!y h an add$ advantage t no f\ndation or sett+ is requir$ = !m z !y c be hung by a *a9 f any available support4 ,^! pumps are manufactur$ 9 sizes v>y+ f #be to #bejj gallons p] m9ute at a #be-;foot head1 & ) a /eam consumption ( ab\t #aej p\nds p] horse-p[] h\r4 ,!y r$uce ab\t #d p] c5t 9 capacity = ea* #aj feet ( additional lift4 ,!y w op]ate satisfactorily betwe5 heads ( #e to #aej feet1 ) a suction lift n to exce$ #ae feet4 ,l[] suction lifts are desirable & ! be/ op]ation is obta9$ :5 ! pump is p>tly subm]g$4 ,! /eam pressure %\ld be balanc$ aga9/ ! total head4 ,x v>ies f #ej to #ge p\nds = lifts up to #ej feet1 & increases proportionally = high] lifts4 ,! dry] ! /eam ! l[] ! necess>y boil] pressure4 #ada4 ,c5trifugal & ,reciprocat+ ,pumps4--,! details ( ^! pumps1 _! adaptability to v>i\s conditions1 & _! capacities are giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,! c5trifugal is bett] adapt$ to tr5* pump+ z x is n s affect$ by wat] conta9+ s& & grit1 b = cle> wat]1 high suction lifts & fairly p]man5t in/allations1 reciprocat+ pumps c be us$ ) satisfaction4 #adb4 ,well ,po9ts4--,9 dewat]+ quicks& a me?od frequ5tly att5d$ ) success is to drive a numb] ( well po9ts into ! s& & connect !m all to a s+le pump4 ,figure #ajj %[s a well po9t sy/em us$ on sew] "w 9 ,indiana4 ,! well po9ts are #c feet ap>t & are connect$ to a #b-;in* head] :i* 9 turn is connect$ to six ,nye pumps1 ea* ) a capacity ( #bjj gallons p] m9ute = a lift ( #ej feet4 ,! numb] & size ( well po9ts & pumps to use w dep5d on conditions z met on ! job4 ,on a piece ( "w 9 ,atlantic ,city#hh ! equipm5t consi/$ ( two complete outfits ea* compris+ "o hundr$ #a in* by #cf-;in* ,no4 #fj well po9ts1 "o hundr$ #f-;foot l5g?s ( rubb] hose1 ab\t #fjj feet ( suction ma91 "o hundr$ valv$ ,t connections1 & a #g #h-;in* ,g\ld ,triplex ,pump ) a capacity ( #bjj gallons p] m9ute1 belt$ to a #g horse-p[] motor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4--,well ,po9ts ,pump$ by ,nye ,/eam ,vacuum ,pump4 #adc4 ,rock ,excavation4--,a common def9ition ( rock us$ 9 specifications is3 :5ev] ! ^w ,rock is us$ z ! "n ( an excavat$ mat]ial x %all mean ! l$ge mat]ial remov$ or to be remov$ prop]ly by *annel+1 w$g+1 b>r+1 or bla/+2 b\ld]s hav+ a volume ( #i 7?is volume may be v>i$7 cubic feet or m1 & any excavat$ masonry4 ,no s(t dis9tegrat$ rock :i* c be remov$ ) a pick1 nor loose %ale1 nor previ\sly bla/$ mat]ial1 nor mat]ial :i* may h fall5 into ! tr5* w be measur$ or all[$ z rock4 ,*annel+ consi/s 9 cutt+ long n>r[ *annels 9 ! rock to free ! sides ( l>ge blocks ( /one4 ,! block is !n loos5$ by driv+ 9 w$ges or x is pri$ loose ) b>s4 ,x is a me?od us$ m frequ5tly 9 qu>ry+ ?an 9 tr5* excavation :]e x is n necess>y to pres]ve ! /one intact4 ,9 bla/+1 a hole is drill$ 9 ! rock1 & is load$ ) an explosive :i* :5 fir$ %att]s ! rock & loos5s x f its position4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja4--,plug & ,fea!rs = ,splitt+ ,rock4 ,9 drill+ rock by h& ! drill is manipulat$ by "o man :o holds x & turns x 9 ! hole ) "o h& :ile /rik+ x ) a hamm] weigh+ ab\t #d p\nds held 9 ! o!r h&1 or "o man may hold & turn ! drill :ile "o or two o!rs /rike x ) heavi] hamm]s4 ,9 *urn drill+ a heavy drill is rais$ & dropp$ 9 ! hole1 ! =ce ( ! bl[ develop+ f ! weight ( ! fall+ drill4 ,h& drills are /eel b>s ( a l5g? suitable = ! dep? ( ! hole1 ) ! cutt+ edge wid5$ & %>p5$ to an angle z %>p z c be us$ )\t break+4 ,! drill b> is usually ab\t ? ( an in* small] ?an ! diamet] ( ! face ( ! drill4 ,w$ges us$ are call$ plugs & fea!rs4 ,!y are %[n 9 ,fig4 #aja :i* %[s also ! me?od ( _! use4 ,! fea!rs are w$ges ) "o r\nd & "o flat face on :i* ! flat faces ( ! plug slide4 #add4 ,p[] ,drill+4--,9 p[] drill+ ! drill is driv5 by a reciprocat+ ma*9e :i* ei!r /rikes & turns ! drill 9 ! hole1 or lifts & turns x z 9 *urn drill+1 or ! drill may be driv5 by a rot>y ma*9e :i* is revolv$ by compress$ air1 /eam1 or electricity4 ,!re are _m diff]5t types ( ma*9es suitable = drill+ 9 ! diff]5t classes ( mat]ial enc\nt]$ & = utiliz+ ! v>i\s =ms ( p[] available4 ,a jack hamm] drill is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,9 its lighte/ =m ! drill weighs ab\t #bj p\nds & is capable ( drill+ -in* holes to a dep? ( #d feet4 ,heavi] ma*9es are available = drill+ l>g] & deep] holes4 ,! same ma*9e c be adapt$ to ! use ( /eam or compress$ air4 ,:5 9 use ! po9t ( ! drill is plac$ aga9/ ! rock & a pressure on ! h&le op5s a valve admitt+ air or /eam4 ,! pi/on is caus$ to reciprocate 9 ! cyl9d]1 /rik+ ! head ( ! drill at ea* /roke4 ,! drill is revolv$ 9 ! hole by h& or by a me*anism 9 ! ma*9e4 ,a holl[ drill c be us$ by means ( :i* ! op]ator admits air or /eam to ! hole1 ?us bl[+ x out & keep+ x clean4 ,^! ma*9es h ! advantage ( small size1 portability & simplicity4 ,!y c be easily & quickly set up & ! drills c be *ang$ rapidly4 ,_! undesirable features are ! vibration transmitt$ to ! op]ator & ! du/ rais$ 9 ! tr5*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4--;,jack ,hamm] ,rock ,drill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4--,tripod ,drill4 ,a type ( drill heavi] & l>g] ?an ! jack hamm] drill is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,x requires "s =m ( support su* z a tripod1 or 9 tunnel "w x c be brac$ aga9/ ! ro( or sides4 ,"s data on /eam & air drills are giv5 9 ,table #ef4 ,! effect ( ! l5g? ( ! transmission pipe1 temp]ature ( ! outside air1 pressure at ! boil] or compressor1 etc41 w h a m>k$ effect on ! am\nt ( /eam or air to be deliv]$ to ! drill4 ,compress$ air is affect$ m ?an /eam by ^! outside factors1 b x has an advantage 9 t z x loses 9 pressure x increases 9 volume s t ! loss ( p[] is n s m>k$4 ,gillette /ates3 ,we may assume t a cubic foot ( /eam w d practically ! same "w 9 a drill z a cubic foot ( compress$ air at ! same pressure1 because nei!r ! /eam nor ! air acts expansively to any great ext5t 9 a drill cyl9d]1 due to ! late cut-(f4 ,?is be+ s 444 "o p\nd ( /eam is equival5t to ne>ly #cj cubic feet ( free air 444 all at ! same pressure ( #ge p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,if a drill consumes at ! rate ( #ajj cubic feet ( free air p] m9ute 444 x w\ld !re=e consume #bdj p\nds ( /eam 7at #ge p\nds pressure7 p] h\r4444 ,:]e n m ?an ?ree or f\r drills are to be op]at$1 probably no p[] c equal compress$ air g5]at$ by gasol9e4 ,x w require #ab horse-p[] to compress air = ea* drill1 h5ce #a gallons ( gasol9e w be requir$ p] h\r p] drill :ile actually drill+4 ,,table #ef ,,data ,,on ,,rock ,,drills 7,f ,h4 ,p4 ,gillette7 ,diamet] ( cyl9d] 9 in*es #b #b #b #c #c #c ,l5g? ( /roke 9 in*es #e #f #f #f #f #g ,l5g? ( drill f end ( crank to end ( pi/on #cf #dc #ej #ej #ej #eb ,dep? ( hole drill$ )\t *ange ( bit1 in*es #ae #bj #bd #bd #bd #bd ,diamet] ( supply inlet4 ,/&>d pipe1 in*es #a #a #a ,approximate /rokes p] m9ute ) #fj p\nd pressure at ! drill #ejj #dej #cge #cej #cbe #cjj ,dep? ( v]tical hole ea* ma*9e w drill easily1 feet #f #h #aj #ad #af #bj ,diamet] ( holes drill$1 in*es to #a z desir$ ,diamet] ( octagon /eel1 in*es to to #a to#a to#a to#a to #a #a #a #a #a ,be/ size ( boil] to give pl5ty ( /eam at high pressure1 horse-p[] #f #h #h #i #aj #ab ,be/ size ( supply pipe to c>ry /eam #ajj to #bjj feet1 in*es #a #a #a ,weight ( drill unm\nt$1 ) wr5*es & fitt+s1 hot box$1 p\nds #abh #aij #bfe #cae #che #cij ,weight ( tripod1 )\t weights1 n box$1 p\nds #hj #afj #afj #afj #baj #bge ,weight ( hold+ d[n weights1 n box$1 p\nds #abj #bgj #bgj #bhe #ccj #cge ,cubic feet ( free air p] m9ute requir$ to run "o drill at #ajj p\nds #ib #ajd #abf #adf #aed #afj ,= m ?an "o drill1 multiply ! value 9 ! above l9e by ! foll[+ factors3 ,= #b drills1 #a4h2 #e by #d4a2 #aj by #g4a2 #ae by #i4e2 #bj by #aa4g2 #cj by #ae4h2 #dj by #ba4d2 #gj by #cc4b4 ,s9ce gasol9e air compressors are self regulat+1 :5 ! drill is n us+ air v little gasol9e is burn$ by ! gasol9e eng9e driv+ ! compressor4 ,a gasol9e compressor possesses o!r v important economic advantages ov] a small /eam-driv5 plant4 ,fir/1 !re is ! sav+ 9 wages ( firem5 & second1 !re is ! sav+ 9 haul+ & pump+ ( wat] & ! haul+ ( fuel4 ,! co/ ( gasol9e is (t5 less ?an ! co/ ( coal = op]at+ a small plant4 ,an electric drill#hi op]at$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! sol5oid does away ) motor1 valves1 pipes1 vapor1 freez+1 & o!r difficulties att5dant on ! use ( /eam or air4 ,! rates ( drill+ 9 diff]5t classes ( rock are %[n 9 ,table #eg4 ,frequ5t *anges ( drills & relocation ( tripods w mat]ially r$uce ! p]=mance ( a drill1 = z mu* z #de m9utes may be lo/ 9 mak+ a new set up4 ,9 ?is ! jack hamm] drills %[ _! advantage z no "t is lo/ 9 a set up4 ,,table #eg ,,rates ,,( ,,rock ,,drill+ ,rates 9 ,feet p] ,t5-h\r ,%ift4 ,v]tical ,holes #aj-bj ,feet ,deep4 7,f ,gillette7 ,h>d ,adirondack granite #dh ,ma9e & ,massa*usetts granite #de-ej ,mica-s*i/ ( ,new ,york ,city4 ,possible #fj-gj ,mica-s*i/ ( ,new ,york ,city4 ,av]age #dj-ej ,h>d1 ,hudson ,riv] trap rock #dj ,s(t r$ s& /one ( ,nor!rn ,new ,j]sey #ij ,h>d lime/one ne> ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y #gj ,lime/one ( ,*icago ,dra9age ,canal #gj-hj ,d\glass1 ,indiana1 sy5ite4 ,difficult set ups #cf ,canadian granite on ,gr& ,trunk ,r4 ,r #cj ,w9dmill po9t1 ,ont>io lime/one3 #c-;in* drills #ge #b-;in* drills #fj #b-;in* drills #cg #ade4 ,/eam or ,air = ,p[]4--,! *oice betwe5 /eam or air is dep5d5t on ! conditions ( ! "w4 ,/eam is undesirable 9 tunnels on acc\nt ( ! heat produc$4 ,9 op5 cut "w x is at a disadvantage because ( ! loss ( p[] due to radiation f ! hose or pipe4 ,! life ( ! hose is n s long z :5 air is us$1 escap+ /eam causes cl\ds ( vapor :i* obscure ! "w1 & s]i\s burns may occur due to hot wat] ?r[n f ! exhau/4 ,x is advantage\s s9ce leaks may be easily discov]$ & rem$i$1 x requires less ma*9]y ?an air1 & x is sometimes less exp5sive4 ,) compress$ air1 gasol9e or electric motors c be us$ = op]at+ ! compressors4 ,,table #eh ,,rock ,,bla/+ 7,f ,gillette7 ,"* ( ,p[d] ,us$ p] ,hole ,di/ance ,di/ance ,mat]ial ,dep? ( ,back ( ,hole to ,hole1 ,face1 ,hole1 ,feet feet feet ,lime/one ( ,*icago#dj p] c5t dynamite ,dra9age ,canal #ab #h #h ,s&/one #bjj p\nds black p[d] #bj #ah #ad ,granite #b p\nds #fj p] c5t dynamite #ab #a #d to #e ,pit m9+1 ,treadwell1 ,m9e1 ,alaska #ab #b #f #adf4 ,dep? ( ,drill ,hole4--,! dep? ( ! hole is dep5d5t on ! "* ( ! "w4 ,! deepe/ holes c be us$ 9 op5 cut "w :]e ! %att]$ rock is to be remov$ by /eam %ovel4 ,! face c be made #aj to #ae feet high4 ,! dep? ( ! hole 9 c5t] cut tunnel fac+s are f #f to #aj or ev5 #ab feet4 ,9 ! b5* ! dep? is equal to ! height ( ! b5*4 ,9 n>r[ tr5*es :]e ! rock is to be remov$ by d]rick or ?r[n into a bucket by h&1 ! hole %\ld be suffici5tly deep to %att] ! rock to a dep? ( at lea/ #f in*es bel[ ! f9i%$ sew]4 ,frequ5tly %oot+ to ?is dep? at "o %ot _c be done due to ! built up condition ( ! neighborhood or o!r local factors4 ,! dep? ( ! hole 9 tr5* "w %\ld n mu* exce$ ! di/ance betwe5 holes4 ,deep holes are usually desirable z a matt] ( economy 9 sav+ frequ5t set ups1 b ! holes _c be made mu* ov] #bj feet 9 dep? )\t increas+ ! friction on ! drill to a prohibitive am\nt4 #adg4 ,diamet] ( ,drill ,hole4--,! diamet] ( ! hole %\ld be su* z to take ! desir$ size ( explosive c>tridge4 ,! common sizes ( dynamite c>tridges are f in* to #b in*es 9 diamet]4 ,9 drill+1 ! diamet] ( ! hole is r$uc$ ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* at a "t z ! drill beg9s to /ick4 ,?is r$uction %\ld be all[$ =1 & exp]i5ce is ! be/ guide = ! size ( ! hole at ! />t4 ,9 g5]al ! s(t] or m faulty or seamy ! rock1 ! m frequ5t ! necess>y r$uctions 9 size ( bit4#ij ,= h>d homog5e\s rock ! holes c be drill$ #aj feet or m )\t *ang+ ! size ( ! drill bit4 #adh4 ,spac+ ( ,drill ,holes4--,! spac+ ( holes 9 op5 cut excavation is commonly equal to ! dep? ( ! hole4 ,! "* ( ! mat]ial be+ excavat$ has mu* to d ) ! spac+ ( ! holes4 ,! spac+1 diamet] & dep? ( holes us$ on "s jobs is %[n 9 ,table #eh4 ,gillette /ates3 ,x is obvi\sly impossible to lay d[n any h>d & fa/ rule = drill holes4 ,9 /ratifi$ rock t is friable1 & 9 traps t are full ( natural jo9ts & seams1 x is (t5 possible to space ! holes a di/ance ap>t some:at great] ?an _! dep?1 & /ill break ! rock to comp>atively small sizes ^u bla/+4 ,9 t\gh granite1 gneiss1 sy5ite1 & 9 trap :]e jo9ts are few & f> betwe51 ! holes may h to be spac$ #c to #h feet ap>t reg>dless ( _! dep? = ) wid] spac+ ! blocks ?r[n d[n w be too l>ge to h&le ) ord9>y appliances4 ,s9ce 9 %all[ excavations ! holes c seldom be mu* fur!r ap>t ?an "o to "o & "o-half times _! dep? we see t ! co/ ( drill+ p] cubic y>d increases v rapidly ! %all[] ! excavation4 ,fur!rmore ! co/ ( drill+ a foot ( hole is mu* increas$ :]e frequ5t %ift+ ( ! drill tripod is necess>y4 ,! common practice 9 plac+ drill holes is to put d[n holes 9 pairs1 "o hole on ea* side ( ! propos$ tr5*2 & if ! tr5* is wide "o or m holes are drill$ betwe5 ^! two side holes#ia b 9 n>r[ tr5* "w1 su* z = a #ab-;in* pipe1 "o hole 9 ! middle ( ! tr5* w usually prove suffici5t4 ,! holes are spac$ ab\t #c feet ap>t longitud9ally4 ,aft] ! holes h be5 complet$ !y %\ld be plugg$ to keep out dirt & wat]4 ,,%eet+ ,,& ,,brac+ #adi4 ,purposes & ,types4--,%eet+ & brac+ are us$ 9 tr5*+ to prev5t cav+ ( ! banks & to prev5t or ret>d ! entrance ( gr\nd wat]4 ,! diff]5t me?ods ( plac+ wood5 %eet+ are call$ /ay brac+1 skeleton %eet+1 pol+ bo>ds1 box %eet+1 & v]tical %eet+4 ,/eel %eet+ is usually driv5 to secure wat]-tightness & if brac$ ! brac+ is simil> to ! =m us$ = v]tical wood5 %eet+4 #aej4 ,/ay ,brac+4--,?is consi/s ( bo>ds plac$ v]tically aga9/ ! sides ( ! tr5* & held 9 position by cross braces :i* are w$g$ 9 place4 ,! purpose ( ! bo>d aga9/ ! side ( ! tr5* is to prev5t ! cross brace f s9k+ into ! e>?4 ,! bo>ds %\ld be f #a #d in*es to #b #f in*es & #c to #d feet long4 ,! cross braces %\ld n be less ?an #b #d in*es = ! n>r[e/ tr5*es & l>g] sizes %\ld be us$ = wid] tr5*es4 ,! spac+ betwe5 ! cross braces is dep5d5t on ! "* ( ! tr5* & ! judgm5t ( ! =eman4 ,/ay brac+ is us$ z a precaution>y measure 9 relatively %all[ tr5*es ) sides ( /iff clay or o!r cohesive mat]ial4 ,x %\ld n be us$ :]e a t5d5cy t[>ds cav+ is pron\nc$4 ,/ay brac+ is dang]\s 9 tr5*es :]e slid+ has comm5c$ z x gives a false s5se ( security4 ,! bo>ds & cross braces are plac$ 9 position aft] ! tr5* has be5 excavat$4 #aea4 ,skeleton ,%eet+4--,?is consi/s ( rang]s & braces ) a piece ( v]tical %eet+ beh9d ea* brace4 ,a section ( skeleton %eet+ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajd ) ! names ( ! diff]5t pieces m>k$ on !m4 ,?is =m ( %eet+ is us$ 9 unc]ta9 soils :i* app>5tly require only slight support1 b may %[ a t5d5cy to cave ) b little w>n+4 ,:5 ! w>n+ is giv5 v]tical %eet+ c be quickly driv5 beh9d ! rang]s & additional braces plac$ if necess>y4 ,! sizes ( pieces1 spac+ & me?od ( plac+ %\ld be ! same z = complete v]tical %eet+ 9 ord] t ?is may be plac$ if necess>y4 #aeb4 ,pol+ ,bo>ds4--,^! are planks plac$ v]tically aga9/ ! sides ( ! tr5* & held 9 place by rang]s & braces4 ,!y diff] f v]tical %eet+ 9 t ! pol+ bo>d is ab\t #c or #d feet long4 ,x is plac$ aft] ! tr5* has be5 excavat$2 n driv5 d[n ) ! excavation l v]tical %eet+4 ,an arrangem5t ( pol+ bo>ds is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aje4 ,?is type ( support is us$ 9 mat]ial t w /& unsupport$ = f #c to #d feet 9 height4 ,its advantages lie 9 t no driv+ is necess>y1 ?us sav+ ! tr5* f j>r+2 no %eet+ is /ick+ above ! sides ( ! tr5* to int]f]e ) ! excavation2 & only %ort planks are necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4--,skeleton ,%eet+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aje4--,pol+ ,bo>ds4 ,%[+ ,diff]5t ,types ( ,cross ,brac+4 ,! me?od ( plac+ pol+ bo>ds is z foll[s3 ,excavate ! tr5* z f> z ! cohesion ( ! bank w p]mit4 ,pol+ bo>ds1 #a in* to #b in* planks1 #f in*es or m 9 wid?1 are !n /ood on end at ! desir$ int]vals along ea* side ( ! tr5* = ! l5g? ( "o rang]4 ,! pol+ bo>ds may be held 9 place by "o or two rang]s4 ,two are saf] ?an "o b may n always be necess>y4 ,if "o rang] is to be us$ x is plac$ at ! c5t] ( ! pol+ bo>d4 ,aft] ! pol+ bo>ds are 9 position ! rang]s are laid 9 ! tr5* & ! cross braces are cut to fit4 ,if w$ges are to be us$ = tight5+ ! cross braces1 ! cross braces are cut ab\t #b in*es %ort4 ,if jacks are to be us$ ! braces are cut %ort en\gh to accommodate ! jacks :5 clos$1 or adju/able tr5* braces may be us$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,! use ( ext5sion braces saves ! labor ( fitt+ wood5 braces4 ,) ev]y?+ 9 read9ess 9 ! tr5*1 ! cross brace is press$ aga9/ ! rang] :i* is ?us held 9 place4 ,! w$ge or jack is !n tight5$ hold+ ! pol+ bo>ds & cross brace 9 position4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4--;,box ,%eet+4 ,%[+ ,diff]5t ,types ( ,cross ,brac+4 #aec4 ,box ,%eet+4--,box %eet+ is compos$ ( horizontal planks held 9 position aga9/ ! sides ( ! tr5* by v]tical pieces support$ by braces ext5d+ across ! tr5*4 ,! arrangem5t ( planks & braces = box %eet+ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,?is type ( %eet+ is us$ 9 mat]ial n suffici5tly cohesive to p]mit ! use ( pol+ bo>ds1 & "u su* conditions t x is inadvisable to use v]tical %eet+ :i* protrudes above ! sides ( ! tr5* :ile be+ driv54 ,?is %eet+ is put 9 position z ! tr5* is excavat$4 ,no m ( ! excavation ?an ! wid? ( ?ree or f\r planks ne$ be unsupport$ at any "o "t4 ,9 plac+ ! %eet+ ! tr5* is excavat$ = a dep? ( #ab to #bd in*es4 ,?ree or f\r planks are !n plac$ aga9/ ! sides ( ! tr5* & are caught 9 position by a v]tical brace :i* is 9 turn support$ by a horizontal cross brace4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajg4--,v]tical ,%eet+4 #aed4 ,v]tical ,%eet+4--,?is is ! mo/ complete & ! /ronge/ ( ! me?ods = %eet+ a tr5*4 ,x consi/s ( a sy/em ( rang]s & cross braces s arrang$ z to support a solid wall ( v]tical planks aga9/ ! sides ( ! tr5*4 ,an arrangem5t ( complete v]tical %eet+ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,?is type c be made ne>ly wat]-tight by ! use ( mat*$ bo>ds1 ,wakefield pil+1 /eel pil+1 etc4 ,wakefield pil+ is made up ( ?ree planks ( ! same wid? & usually ! same ?ickness4 ,!y are nail$ toge!r s t ! two outside planks protrude beyond ! inside "o on "o side1 & ! inside "o protrudes beyond ! two outside ones on ! o!r side z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,! protrud+ inside plank =ms a tongue :i* fits into ! groove =m$ by ! protrud+ outside planks ( ! adjac5t pile4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajh4--,wakefield ,%eet ,pil+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aji4 ,section ?r\gh ,malleable ,/eel ,driv+ ,cap4 ,9 plac+ v]tical %eet+ ! tr5* is excavat$ z f> z x is safe bel[ ! surface4 ,blocks ( ! same ?ickness z ! %eet+ are !n plac$ aga9/ ! bank at ! middle & at ! ends ( two rang]s on opposite sides ( ! tr5*4 ,! rang] re/ aga9/ blocks1 & are held away f ! sides ( ! tr5* by !m4 ,cross braces are next tight5$ into position opposite ! blocks to hold ! rang]s 9 place4 ,aft] ! skeleton %eet+ is 9 place ! planks =m+ ! v]tical %eet+ are put 9 position ) a *isel edge cut on ! l[] end ( ! plank1 ) ! flat side aga9/ ! bank4 ,! planks %\ld be driv5 ) a maul1 ! edge ( ! plank foll[+ closely beh9d ! excavation4 ,9 relatively dry "w ! driv+ ( ! plank is facilitat$ by excavat+ b5ea? ! edge z x is driv54 ,! upp] end ( ! %eet+ %\ld be protect$ by a malleable /eel or iron cap to prev5t broom+ ( ! lumb]4 ,a cap is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aji4 ,a sl$ge hamm] may be us$ = driv+ :5 ! lumb] is protect$4 ,if ! %eet+ is to />t at ! surface & is to be driv5 by h&1 ! fir/ l5g? %\ld n exce$ #d feet unless a plat=m is erect$ = ! driv]4 ,succe$+ l5g?s may be long]1 ! driv] /&+ on planks support$ on ! cross braces 9 ! tr5*4 ,/eam hamm]s & pile driv]s are sometimes us$ = driv+ %eet+4 ,! framework ( ! %eet+ %\ld be plac$ ) a cross brace = ea* end ( ea* rang] & a cross brace = ! middle ( ea* rang]4 ,if ! ends ( two rang]s re/ on ! same cross brace an accid5t displac+ "o rang] w be pass$ on to ! next & might cause a progressive collapse ( a l5g? ( tr5*1 :]eas ! movem5t ( an indep5d5tly support$ rang] %\ld h no effect on ano!r rang]4 ,! cross braces %\ld h horizontal cleats nail$ on top ( !m z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajg to prev5t ! braces f be+ knock$ out ( place by fall+ objects4 ,9 driv+ v]tical %eet+ a vacant place w be left beh9d ea* cross brace correspond+ to ! orig9al block plac$ to hold ! rang] away f ! bank4 ,?is is an undesirable feature 9 ! use ( v]tical %eet+4 ,x is ord9>ily rem$i$ by slipp+ 9 planks ! wid? ( ! slot & w$g+ or nail+ !m aga9/ ! conv5i5t cross brac+4 ,9 extremely wet tr5*es1 aft] all o!r pieces ( v]tical %eet+ are 9 place1 ! orig9al cleat beh9d ! cross brace c be knock$ out & a piece ( %eet+ slipp$ into ?is op5+ & driv54 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 9 ?is ev5t n to drive ! rang]s d[n :5 driv+ ! %eet+4 ,if ! brac+ beg9s to drop1 x %\ld be support$ by v]tical pieces betwe5 ! rang]s & re/+ on a sill at ! bottom ( ! tr5*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaj4--,/eel ,clamp = ,pull+ ,wood ,%eet+4 #aee4 ,pull+ ,wood ,%eet+4--,wood %eet+ is pull$ aft] ! completion ( ! tr5* by a device %[n 9 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,9 wet tr5*es :]e ! removal ( ! %eet+ w\ld p]mit a movem5t ( ! banks1 result+ 9 dang] to ! sew] or o!r /ructures1 ! %eet+ %\ld be left 9 place 9 ! tr5*4 ,if suffici5t sav+ c be made ! %eet+ is cut (f 9 ! tr5* imm$iately above ! dang] l9e1 usually ! gr\nd wat] l9e4 ,! cutt+ is done ) an axe or by a p[] driv5 saw devis$ = ! purpose4 #aef4 ,e>? ,pressures4#ib--,! v>i\s !ories ( e>? pressure are s conflict+ 9 _! conclusions z to be confus+4 ,rank9e's !ory1 ! mo/ frequ5tly us$1 assumes t ! pressure increases ) ! dep?1 :]eas ,meem's !ory#ic leads to an opposite conclusion4 ,! discussion foll[+ ,meem's article is v illum9at+4 ,x indicates t no matt] h[ good ! !ory1 practical exp]i5ce toge!r ) ! use ( g5]\s sizes & close spac+ are ! be/ guides = brac+ tr5*es & c(f] dams4 ,all are n possess$ ) ! desir$ practical exp]i5ce & "s basis on :i* to comm5ce "w is ess5tial4 ,ano!r factor affect+ computations ( sizes bas$ on !ory is ! t5d5cy 9 practice to use ! same size mat]ial = rang]s & braces on any "o job = all except v deep tr5*es & o!r special cases4 ,occasionally :]e !re is an indep5d5t brace = ea* end ( ea* rang]1 ! brace is made ?9n]1 b is ( ! same dep? z ! rang]4 ,! application ( ,rank9e's !ory ( e>? pressure to ! computation ( ! sizes ( rang]s & braces w be %[n4 ,8 =mula = ! active e>? pressure aga9/ a reta9+ wall is3 ,p : cos 7cos 7cos#b cos#b 777cos 7cos#b cos#b 77 9 :i* w ! weight ( e>? 9 p\nds p] cubic foot2 h dep? 9 feet at po9t at :i* pressure is to be det]m9$2 ! angle ( sur*>ge1 or ! angle :i* ! surface makes ) ! horizontal2 ! angle ( repose ( ! e>?4 ,usually tak5 z #cc-da #a horizontal to #a v]tical2 ,p ! int5sity ( pressure 9 p\nds p] squ>e foot on a v]tical plane 9 a direction p>allel to ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,9 /udy+ ! pressures = tr5*es ! surface ( ! gr\nd w be assum$ z horizontal & ! =mula r$uces to ,p 7#a s9 77#a s9 7:4 #aeg4 ,design ( ,%eet+ & ,brac+4--,! tr5* %[n 9 ,fig4 #aaa is assum$ to be con/ruct$ 9 moi/ s& weigh+ #aaj p\nds p] cubic foot1 ) an angle ( repose ( #cj degrees4 ,! mat]ial us$ = %eet+ & brac+ is yell[ p9e4 ,! /eps tak5 9 ! design ( ! %eet+ & brac+ = ?is tr5* are z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaa4--;,diagram = ! ,design ( ,wood ,%eet+4 #a4 ,e>? ,pressure4--,sub/itut+ ! units giv5 9 ! data1 9 ,rank9e's =mula = e>? pressures1 ,p #cf4g;h4 ,because ! e>? has be5 fre%ly cut & w n be kept op5 long en\gh to break up ! cohesiv5ess ( ! banks x is cu/om>y to r$uce ! assum$ pressure by divid+ by #b1 #c1 or #d1 accord+ to ! natural cohesiv5ess ( ! mat]ial4 ,! cohesiv5ess ( s& is n great1 !re=e ! pressure w be assum$ z "o-half ( ! am\nt giv5 by ! =mula1 or p #ah;h4 #b4 ,?ickness ( ,%eet+ & ,spac+ ( ,rang]s4--,x is desirable to use ! same ?ickness ( %eet+ ?r\gh\t ! dep? ( ! tr5*4 ,computations %\ld !re=e be comm5c$ at ! bottom ( ! tr5* :]e ! pressures are ! greate/ & ! ?icke/ %eet+ w be requir$4 ,x is necess>y to det]m9e by trial a spac+ = ! rang]s & a ?ickness ( %eet+ s t ! %eet+ is /ress$ to its full work+ /r5g?4 ,hav+ det]m9$ ! ?ickness ( ! %eet+ at ! bottom1 ! rema9d] ( ! computations consi/s 9 det]m9+ ! spac+ ( ! rang]s4 ,9 ! example ! l[] rang] w be assum$ z #c feet f ! bottom ( ! tr5* & ! di/ance to ! next rang] z #d feet4 ,! int5sity ( pressure at #bb feet #i in*es is #dji4e p\nds p] squ>e foot4 ,! int5sity ( pressure at #bf feet #i in*es is #dha4e p\nds p] squ>e foot4 ,! di/ribution ( pressures is %[n by ! diagram on ,fig4 #aaa4 ,! maximum b5d+ mom5t is slightly bel[ ! po9t midway betwe5 ! rang]s & = a #ab-;in* /rip is #aj1ejj in*-p\nds4 ,assum+ #c in* %eet+ ! maximum fib] /ress is3 f ,mc,i 7#aj1djj #a4e #ab7ab #bg #efh p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,! work+ /r5g? ( yell[ p9e z giv5 9 ,table #ei1 is #abjj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,?9n] %eet+ %\ld !re=e be us$4 ,,table #ei ,,work+ ,,unit ,,/resses ,,= ,,timb] ,! mo/ us$ value 9 ! ,build+ ,codes ( ,baltimore1 ,bo/on1 ,c9c9nati1 ,*icago1 ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 & ,new ,york ,city ,wood ,%e> ,%e> ,) ,across ,compression,transv]se,gra91,gra91 ,t5sion1,compression ,across ,b5d+1 lb4 lb4 lb4 sq4 ,) ,gra91,gra91 lb4 lb4 sq4 sq4 sq4 94 lb4 sq4 94 sq4 94 94 94 94 ,yell[ p9e #abjj #ajjj #fjj #abjj #gj #ejj ,:ite p9e #hjj #hjj #djj #hjj #dj #bej ,spruce & ,va4 p9e4 #hjj #hjj #djj #hjj #ej #cbj ,oak #ajjj #ijj #hjj #ajjj #ajj #fjj ,hemlock #fjj #ejj #ejj #fjj #dj #bge ,*e/nut #fjj #ejj #ajjj #hjj #aej ,locu/ #abjj #ajjj #abjj #ajj #gbj ,z publi%$ 9 ,am]ican ,civil ,eng9e]s ,pocket ,book4 ,assum+ #b-;in* %eet+1 ! fib] /ress is #a1cjj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,?is /ress is too l>ge4 ,by r$uc+ ! rang] spac+ slightly ! /ress c be br\ght )9 ! requir$ limits4 ,assum+ a rang] spac+ ( #c feet #i in*es ! dep? to ! upp] rang] is *ang$ to #bc feet & ! maximum /ress 9 ! #b-;in* %eet+ becomes #a1adj p\nds p] squ>e in*1 a satisfactory result4 ,! results = ! computations = ! o!r rang] spac+s are %[n 9 ,table #fj4 ,! spac+ ( ! rang]s at ! %eet+ junctions is controll$ by conv5i5ce & is n comput$ s long z x is obvi\sly safe4 #c4 ,size ( ,rang]s4--,! rang]s w be assum$ z #af feet long ) two end cross braces & "o int]m$iate cross brace = ea* rang]4 ,/>t+ z be=e at ! bottom ( ! tr5*4 ,! area ( ! panel bel[ ! rang] & betwe5 cross braces is #bd squ>e feet4 ,! av]age int5sity ( pressure is #bh4be #ah #ejh4e p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,! load transmitt$ to ! rang] is #f1jjj p\nds4 ,simil>ly ! load transmitt$ to ! rang] f ! panel above is #f1hij p\nds4 ,! total di/ribut$ load on ! rang] is #ab1hij p\nds4 ,if b is ! v]tical dim5sion ( ! rang] & d is ! horizontal dim5sion 9 in*es1 !n f ! beam !ory1 us+ f z #a1bjj p\nds p] squ>e in*1 bd#b ,m#bjj1 9 :i* ,m is express$ 9 in*-p\nds4 ,! maximum b5d+ mom5t is 7,wl7#h #ab1bjj #h #abh #aee1jjj in*-p\nds ,!re=e1 bd#b #gge4 ,an #h #aj in* beam w fulfill ! conditions closely4 ,sub/itut+ ^! dim5sions 9 ! beam =mula f 7,mc7,i 7#aee1jjj #e #ab7h #ajjj #a1afj p\nds p] squ>e in* t5sion 9 out] fib]4 ,! results ( ! computations = o!r rang]s are %[n 9 ,table #fj4 #d4 ,size ( ,cross ,braces4--,! cross braces act z columns4 ,! dim5sions ( ! cross braces are det]m9$ by trial 9 su* a mann] t ! v]tical dim5sion ( ! brace is equal to ! v]tical dim5sion ( ! rang] & ! compressive /ress 9 p\nds p] squ>e in* is comput$ f ! expression1 ,s ,s#a7a l7#fj;d771#id ,,table #fj ,,computations ,,= ,,%eet+ ,,& ,,brac+ ,,= ,,tr5* ,,%[n ,,9 ,,fig4 #aaa ,mat]ial is moi/ s& weigh+ #aaj p\nds p] cubic foot1 ) an angle ( repose ( #cj4 ,lumb] is yell[ p9e1 ) work+ /ress z giv5 9 ,table #ei4 ,work+ /resses = columns giv5 z ,s7#a l7#fj;d774 ,%eet+ #b in*es #ab ,in*es ,cross ,braces ,maximum ,fib] ,/ress1 ,actual ,all[able ,maximum ,p\nds ,int5sity1,int5sity1 ,b5d+ p] ,total ,p\nds p],p\nds p] ,mom5t1 ,squ>e ,dep? & ,load1 ,size1 ,squ>e ,squ>e ,dep? ,in*-,p\nds ,in* ,description,p\nds,in*es ,in* ,in* end at #bf #bc-bf4ge #iajj #aadj #i #f1dde #d #h #bjb #ghd int4 at #bf #ai-bc #hhjj #aajj #iab1hij #d #h #djc #ghd end at #bc #ac-ag4e #heej #ajgj #j #f1cic #d #h #bjj #ghd int4 at #bc #h-ac #gafj #ijj #jab1ghe #d #h #djj #ghd end at #ai #j-f #cjjj #cge #j #c1icj #d #h #abc #ghd int4 at #ai #j #g1hfj #d #h #bdj #ghd end at #ag #f #c1eff #d #h #aab #fhd int4 at #ag #f #g1acb #d #h #bbd #fhd end at #ac #j #d1che #d #h #acg #fhd int4 at #ac #j #h1ggj #d #h #bgd #fhd end at #h #j #b1bgj #d #f #if #fhg int4 at #h #j #d1edj #d #f #ahi #ffg end at #f #j #a1cdd #d #f #fj #ehd int4 at #f #j #b1fhg #d #f #aab #ehd end at #j #j #dcb #d #f #ah #ehd int4 at #j #j #hfc #d #f #cf #ehd ,rang]s ,area ( ,int5sity ,panel ( ,maximum ,bel[ ,pressure1 ,maximum ,/ress ?is ,p\nds ,total ,b5d+ ,p\nds ,dep?1 p] ,load ,mom5t 9 p] ,squ>e ,squ>e 9 ,load ,transmitt$ to ,size1 ,?\s& ,squ>e ,dep? ,feet ,in* ,p\nds! ,rang] f ! ,in*es,in*-,p\nds ,in* ,panel ,panel ,bo? ,bel[ ,above ,panels #bf #i #bd #ejh4eab1bjj #fjjj #fhijab1hijh #aj #aee #aafj #bc #j #cj #ddhac1ddj #fede #fbdjab1gheh #aj #aec #aaej #ai #j #cb #cghab1ajj #ehfj #bjjj #g1hfjh #aj #id4c #gjh #ag #f #ab #cbh4e #c1idb #aidb #eaij #g1acbh #aj #he4f #fcf #ac #j #cf #bgd4e #i1hhj #dfij #djhj #h1ggjh #aj #aje #gij #h #j #dj #ahi #g1efj #cdhj #ajfj #d1edjf #h #ed4d #hej #f #j #af #abf #b1jbj #ifj #agbg #b1fhgf #h #cb4b #ejc #j #j #dh #ed #b1eij #hfc #j #hfcf #h #aj4d #afa 9 :i* ,s p]missible cru%+ across ! gra9 9 a column ^: l5g? is great] ?an #ae diamet]s2 ,s#a unit work+ compressive /r5g? ( wood2 l l5g? ( ! column2 d smalle/ dim5sion ( ! column2 l & d are 9 ! same units4 ,! l[] int]m$iate cross brace supports a l5g? ( #h feet ( ! l[] rang] on :i* ! load has be5 f\nd to be #ab1hij p\nds4 ,! load on ! end cross brace = ! same rang] is "o-half ( ?is or #f1dde p\nds4 ,! l5g? ( ea* brace is #d feet #d in*es4 ,f ,table #ei1 ,s#a is #a1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,f ! column =mula1 ,s is #ghd p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,a #d #h in* cross brace is ! smalle/ t is feasible4 ,?is is /ress$ only #ab1hij p\nds or #djc p\nds p] squ>e in*1 :i* is well )9 ! p]missible limits4 ,! results ( ! o!r computations = cross braces are %[n 9 ,table #fj4 #aeh4 ,/eel ,%eet ,pil+4--,?is is com+ into m g5]al use ) ! increas$ co/ ( lumb] & bett] acqua9tance ) its sup]iority ov] wood "u _m conditions4 ,al?\gh its fir/ co/ is high] ?an t ( wood1 ! fact t ) prop] c>e x c be us$ almo/ an indef9ite numb] ( times r5d]s x economical to contractors :o may h an opportunity to make repeat$ use ( x4 ,! life ( good yell[ p9e %eet+ ) ! be/ ( c>e may be z mu* z ?ree or f\r seasons4 ,) no p>ticul> c>e x w be de/roy$ at ! fir/ us+4 ,fig4 #aab %[s v>i\s sections ( /eel pil+ us$ = tr5* %eet+4 ,^! =ms are practically wat]-tight & aid mat]ially 9 ma9ta9+ dry tr5*es4 ,! pil+ c be made wat] tight by slipp+ a piece ( s(t wood betwe5 ! /eel sections :5 !y are be+ driv51 or by p\r+ 9 betwe5 ! piles "s dry mat]ial :i* w swell :5 wet4 ,! pil+ is g5]ally driv5 by a /eam hamm] & is pull$ by atta*+ a r+ ?r\gh a bolt hole 9 ! pile1 or by grasp+ ! pile ) a clut* t tight5s its grasp z ! pull increases4 ,an inv]t$ /eam hamm] atta*$ to ! pile is sometimes us$ 9 pull+ x4 ,! impulses ( ! hamm] toge!r ) a /eady pull on ! cable s]ve to drag out ! mo/ /ubborn piece ( pil+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aab4--,sections ( ,lackawanna ,/eel ,%eet ,pil+4 ,,l9e ,,& ,,grade #aei4 ,locat+ ! ,tr5*4--,9 ord] to locate a tr5* a l9e ( /akes %\ld be driv5 at ab\t #ej-;foot int]vals along ! c5t] l9e ( ! propos$ sew] be=e excavation is comm5c$4 ,ref]5ce /akes or ref]5ce po9ts to ?is l9e are locat$ at "s fix$ (fset or easily describ$ po9t1 or ! /akes m>k+ ! c5t] l9e ( ! tr5* may be driv5 at "s con/ant (fset di/ance "o side ( ! tr5*1 9 ord] to avoid dang] ( loss or di/urbance ( ! /akes4 ,grade or cut is seldom m>k$ on ! l9e ( prelim9>y /akes1 al?\gh ! approximate cut may be indicat$4 ,= h& excavation ! =eman lays out ! tr5* f ^! /akes4 ,9 ma*9e "w ! op]ator guides ! ma*9e s z to foll[ ! l9e ( ! /akes4 #afj4 ,f9al ,l9e & ,grade4--,aft] ! excavation ( ! tr5* has proce$$ to )9 a foot or two ( ! f9al dep?1 ! grade & l9e are transf]r$ to m>k]s support$ ov] ! c5t] ( ! tr5*4 ,! m>k]s are horizontal bo>ds spann+ ! tr5* & held 9 position ei!r by nails driv5 into /akes at ! side ( ! tr5*1 by nails driv5 into ! %eet+1 or by weights hold+ ! bo>ds on ! gr\nd4 ,two /akes driv5 9 ! gr\nd at ! side ( ! tr5* z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aac are ! common me?od ( support4 ,if ! banks are too weak to /& "u ! j>r+ ( ! driv+ ( ! /akes1 or pavem5t or o!r causes prev5t _! use ! horizontal cross piece may be weight$ d[n by bricks or a bank ( e>?4 ,! cross pieces are locat$ ab\t e #be feet along ! tr5* & at any conv5i5t di/ance above ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! ne>] ! gr\nd ! /rong] ! support b ! great] ! int]f]5ce ) "w 9 ! tr5*4 ,! c5t] l9e ( ! sew] is m>k$ on ! cross pieces aft] !y are set1 & v]tical /ruts are nail$ on !m ) "o edge ( ! /rut /raight1 v]tical1 & on ! c5t] l9e z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,! correspond+ edge %\ld be us$ on all /ruts 9 ord] to avoid confusion4 ,! edge is plac$ 9 a v]tical position by means ( a plumb bob or c>p5t]'s level4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aac4--,me?ods = ! ,support ( ! ,grade ,l9e4 ,! cut to ! inv]t ( ! sew] is record$ to an ev5 numb] ( feet :]e practicable by driv+ a nail 9 ! upright /rut s t ! top edge ( ! nail is at ! desir$ elevation above ! sew]1 or ! upright is nail$ ) its top at ! prop] numb] ( feet above ! sew] inv]t4 ,! cut is m>k$ on ! upright 9 feet1 t5?s1 & hundr$?s f ! record$ po9t to ! elevation ( ! inv]t4 ,! inspector %\ld wat* ^! grade m>k]s ) c>e by sight+ back along !m to see t !y are 9 l9e & h n mov$4 ,9 quicks& or cav+ mat]ial ! m>ks may move dur+ ! sett+ ( ! pipes & ! levelman %\ld be on ! job con/antly4 ,:5 excavation is be+ done by ma*9e ! dep? ( ! excavation is controll$ by ! op]ator :o ma9ta9s a sight+ rod on ! ma*9e 9 l9e ) ! grade m>ks on ! uprights4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aad4--;,diagram ,%[+ ! ,use ( ! ,grade ,rod = ,fix+ ! ,elevation ( a ,sew]4 #afa4 ,transf]r+ ,grade & ,l9e to ! ,pipe4--,9 transf]r+ grade & l9e to ! sew] a light /rong /r+ is /ret*$ tightly f nail to nail on ! uprights m>k+ ! l9e & grade4 ,a rod ) a "r angle projection at ! l[] end1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aad1 is m>k$ ) *alk or a not* at su* a di/ance f ! end t :5 ! m>k is held on ! grade cord ! l[] portion ( ! rod :i* projects into ! pipe w re/ on ! inv]t4 ,! pipe is plac$ 9 l9e by hang+ a plumb bob s t ! plumb bob /r+ t\*es ! grade & c5t] l9e cord4 ,^! m>ks are tak5 only z frequ5tly z may be necess>y to keep ! sew] 9 l9e4 ,an exp]i5c$ workman c ma9ta9 ! l9e by eye = consid]able di/ances4 ,measurem5ts %\ld nev] be tak5 to ! top ( ! pipe 9 ord] to det]m9e position & grade z ! v>iations 9 ! diamet] ( ! pipe may cause appreciable errors4 ,! position & elevation ( ! =ms = brick1 concrete1 & unit block sew]s are locat$ by ref]5ce to ! grade l9e1 or !y may be plac$ "u ! imm$iate direction ( ! survey p>ty1 or by specially locat$ /akes4 ,= l>ge sew]s requir+ deep & wide excavation ! grade & l9e /akes are driv5 9 ! bottom ( ! tr5* ab\t a foot above ! f9i%$ grade4 ,?is requires ! con/ant pres5ce ( an eng9e] :o is usually available on "w ( su* magnitude4 #afb4 ,l9e & ,grade 9 ,tunnel4--,9 tunnels1 l9e & grade are giv5 by nails driv5 9 ! ro(1 ! progress ( excavation or ! %ield be+ foll[$ by eye & ! =ms set by direct measurem5t to ! nails4 ,,tunnel+ #afc4 ,dep?4--,! dep? at :i* x becomes economical to tunnel dep5ds ma9ly ^u ! "* ( ! mat]ial to be excavat$ & on ! surface conditions4 ,9 s(t dry mat]ial ) unob/ruct$ work+ space at ! surface1 op5 cut may be desirable to dep?s z great z #ce or #dj feet4 ,tunnels are cut 9 rock at dep?s ( #ae feet or less4 ,9 "s v wet & runn+ quicks& enc\nt]$ 9 ! con/ruction ( sew]s = ! ,sanit>y ,di/rict ( ,*icago x 0 f\nd economical to tunnel at dep?s ( #bj feet & less4 ,cr[d$ conditions on ! surface1 exp5sive pavem5ts1 or ext5sive und]gr\nd /ructures ne> ! surface may make x advantage\s to tunnel at %all[] dep?s ?an w\ld o!rwise be economical4 ,w9t] is ! be/ season = tunnel+ z ! workm5 are protect$ f ! elem5ts & labor is m pl5tiful4 #afd4 ,%afts4--,9 s9k+ a %aft 9 s(t mat]ial1 ! excavation is usually done by h&1 ! mat]ial be+ ?r[n into a bucket :i* is hoi/$ to ! surface & dump$4 ,! size ( ! %aft is indep5d5t ( ! size ( ! sew] & dep5ds pr9cipally on ! ma*9]y :i* x is necess>y to l[] into ! tunnel4 ,ord9>ily a %aft #f feet 9 ! cle> is satisfactory4 ,a me?od ( timb]+ a %aft is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aae4 ,because ( ! timb]+ ! %aft mu/ be />t$ suffici5tly l>ge at ! top to f9i% ) ! desir$ dim5sions at ! bottom4 ,?is excess size is sometimes obviat$ by driv+ ! %eet+ at an angle to ma9ta9 ! same size ( %aft f top to bottom4 ,9 timb]+ a %aft z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aae ! upp] frame is /ak$ securely 9 position at ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,?is frame is compos$ ( timb]s fa/5$ toge!r 9 ! =m ( a squ>e ) ! ends ( ! timb]s ext5d+ ab\t #ab in*es on all sides4 ,! protrud+ ends are us$ to hold ! frame 9 position4 ,excavation is begun inside ! frame1 & %eet+ is driv5 ar\nd ! outside ( x z excavation progresses4 ,only two or ?ree m5 c "w advantage\sly at "o "t 9 ^! small %afts4 ,! second frame is made up ( ! same size timb]s1 b all are cut (f flu% ) ! outside ( ! squ>e4 ,! outside dim5sions ( ?is frame are su* z to all[ %eet+ to be slipp$ 9 betwe5 x & ! %eet+ already driv54 ,! frame is l[]$ into position & support$ f ! upp] frame by v]tical /ruts nail$ to x4 ,! l[] end ( ! %eet+ already driv5 is held out f ! l[] frame by blocks ( ! ?ickness ( ! next l5g? ( %eet+4 ,^! blocks are remov$ z ! next l5g? ( %eet+ is plac$ & driv54 ,! driv+ ( ! %eet+ is facilitat$ by excavat+ b5ea? x z x desc5ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aae4--,section ( ,%aft ,timb]+4 ,abbot1 ,j\rnal ,we/]n ,society ( ,eng9e]s1 ,vol4 #bb4 ,! sizes ( %eet+ & timb]+ %\ld be comput$ on ! same basis z t = tr5* %eet+ except t = dep?s great] ?an #cj to #ce feet ,rank9e's ,!ory is n applicable & judgm5t mu/ be reli$ on = comput+ ! sizes = deep %afts4 ,9 /iff dry mat]ial ! pressures w *ange v little z ! dep? increases4 ,%eet+ is ne$$ 9 %aft excavation 9 rock only to protect ! workm5 f fall+ fragm5ts1 b 9 s&1 p>ticul>ly 9 quicks& & 9 wet gr\nd1 ! pressures increase directly ) ! dep? & ! %eet+ %\ld be comput$ accord+ly4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to prev5t ! =mation ( cavities beh9d ! %eet+1 to fill !m if =m$1 & to see t all pieces ( ! %eet+ & brac+ h a firm be>+4 ,x is difficult to prev5t ! collapse ( ! %aft once ! movem5t ( e>? aga9/ ! %eet+ has comm5c$4 ,%afts are also sunk 9 s(t gr\nd by con/ruct+ a concrete or metal %ell re/+ on a cutt+ %oe on ! surface4 ,! mat]ial inside is dug out & ! %ell s9ks ( its own or add$ weight4 ,! fir/ section ( ! %ell may be f #e to #aj feet long4 ,z ?is section s9ks o!r sections are add$4 ,?is is call$ ! caisson me?od4 ,x is advantage\s 9 wet gr\nd & :5 ! %afts are to be left z a p]man5t manhole4 ,if a p]man5t %aft is to be left 9 an excavation be+ brac$ ) wood1 ! p]man5t l9+ %\ld foll[ )9 #bj to #cj feet ( ! %aft excavation4 ,?is is done to avoid ! difficulty ( ma9ta9+ a great l5g? ( tempor>y wood %aft ) ! dang] ( collapse1 or ( blocks or o!r objects fall+ on ! work]s bel[4 ,! di/ance betwe5 %afts is controll$ by ! dep? & size ( ! tunnel1 surface conditions1 & ! "* ( ! mat]ial be+ tunnel$4 ,except :]e surface conditions are cr[d$ ! %all[] ! cov] to ! tunnel ! m frequ5t ! %afts4 ,! advantage ( frequ5t %afts lies 9 ! possibility ( remov+ excavat$ mat]ial f ! tunnel promptly1 & 9 mak+ v5tilation ( ! tunnel easi]4 ,! sav+ made by ! con/ruction ( num]\s %afts mu/ be balanc$ aga9/ ! extra co/ ( ! %afts4 ,= ! %all[e/ tunnels ! %afts are seldom plac$ clos] ?an e #ejj feet4 #afe4 ,timb]+4--,aft] ! %aft has be5 excavat$ to ! prop] grade ! tunnel is /ruck out ei!r by cutt+ ?r\gh ! wood5 %eet+ or by remov+ portions ( ! caisson l9+4 ,practically all tunnels except ^? 9 solid rock mu/ be fram$ to "s ext5t4 ,"s ( ! types ( frames us$ 9 tunnel con/ruction are %[n 9 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,diff]5t comb9ations ( ^! may be us$ 9 diff]5t classes ( mat]ials4 ,9 solid rock :i* rema9s firm on exposure no timb]+ is necess>y4 ,:]e ! ro( only ne$ be support$ & ! sides are /rong en\gh to be us$ = support1 a timb] 8hit*0 or frame support$ on ! sides ( ! tunnel may be us$4 ,?is is suitable = loose rock ro(s ) solid rock sides4 ,timb]+ su* z is %[n 9 ! l[] left h& corn] ( ,fig4 #aaf becomes necess>y 9 extremely s(t1 wet1 or swell+ mat]ial1 :]e ! bottom & sides z well z ! ro( t5d to pu% 94 ,! rema9+ frame 9 ,fig4 #aaf %[s a =m frequ5tly us$ & ly+ betwe5 ! two extremes indicat$4 ,9 wet tunnels a *annel may be cut 9 ! bottom bel[ ! sill = dra9age purposes z %[n 9 ?is =m4 ,! ne$le beam me?od ( timb]+ is also %[n 9 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,?is me?od ( timb]+ is us$ ma9ly ne> ! head+ because ( ! spe$ & ease ) :i* x c be in/all$1 b x is undesirable because ( ! space occupi$4 ,! di/ance betwe5 frames is dep5d5t on ! size ( ! tunnel & ! "* ( ! mat]ial4 ,x is seldom great] ?an #f feet & ! frames are sometimes plac$ t\*+ ea* o!r4 ,! size ( ! timb]+ is a matt] ( exp]i5ce & is g5]ally det]m9$ by ! judgm5t ( ! responsible p]son 9 *>ge ( ! con/ruction z ! result ( obs]vation dur+ ! progress ( ! "w4 ,! %eet+ betwe5 frames is call$ pol+ bo>ds1 or spil+ or lagg+ accord+ z x is %>p5$ & driv5 ahead ( ! excavation or plac$ aft] ! excavation has progress$4 ,! horizontal /rips plac$ betwe5 ! frames to keep !m ap>t are call$ wales4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaf4--,types ( ,frames & ,timb]+ = ,tunnels4 ,9 cutt+ out f ! %aft 9 s(t mat]ials requir+ support1 :]e ! wid? ( ! tunnel is ! same or small] ?an t ( ! %aft1 a frame ) a maximum wid? f\r ?icknesses ( %eet+ less ?an ! wid? ( ! tunnel is set up aga9/ ! l9+ ( ! %aft4 ,! v]tical side pieces ( ! tunnel frame re/ on ! bottom frame ( ! %aft z a sill & are securely w$g$ into position4 ,z ! l9+ ( ! %aft at ! top is cut away ! top pol+ bo>ds ( ! tunnel are slipp$ 9 betwe5 ! cap ( ! fir/ tunnel frame & ! %aft frame imm$iately above x4 ,! pol+ bo>ds are driv5 ) an upw>d pit* s t !re may be room to slip ! second l5g? ( bo>ds betwe5 ! next tunnel frame & ! fir/ l5g? ( bo>ds4 ,! plac+ ( ! side %eet+ foll[s 9 a simil> mann]4 ,excavation is !n />t$ & ! pol+ bo>ds driv5 to keep pace ) x4 ,! next frame is plac$ 9 position & ! previ\s %eet+ or bo>ds w$g$ out a suffici5t di/ance to all[ ! advance l9+ to be slipp$ 9 :5 ! w$ges are remov$4 ,wal+ pieces are nail$ firmly betwe5 ! frames to hold !m 9 position4 ,! v>i\s phases 9 ! driv+ ( a #ab-;foot sew] tunnel 9 ,seattle are %[n 9 ,fig4 #aag4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aag4--,/ages ( ,sew] ,tunnel+4 ,eng4 ,record1 ,vol4 #fi1 #aiad1 p4 #aie4 ,9 s(t or runn+ mat]ial x may be necess>y to protect ! face ( ! tunnel by horizontal bo>ds1 call$ brea/ bo>ds1 w$g$ back to ! la/ frame plac$4 ,! excavation is p]=m$ by remov+ "o bo>d at a "t1 excavat+ beh9d x & !n replac+ x 9 ! advance position4 ,! advance is made f ! top d[nw>ds4 ,?is repres5ts ! me?od pursu$ 9 ! mo/ difficult mat]ial :]e wood5 %eet+ )\t a %ield is us$4 ,! timb]+ dur+ ! advance may be modifi$ 9 any mann] t ! "* ( ! mat]ial w p]mit4 ,! timb]+ may lag beh9d ! excavation a di/ance ( two or m frames1 or x may be omitt$ altoge!r4 ,heavi] timb]+ may be necess>y 9 s(t1 slipp+ or %att]$ rock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aah4--,%ield = ,driv+ ,milwaukee ,sew] ,tunnel4 ,eng4 ,news-,record1 ,vol4 #hj1 #aiah1 p4 #ffi4 #aff4 ,%ields4--,%ields are us$ 9 tunnel+ 9 s(t wet mat]ial & are p>ticul>ly suitable = "w "u air pressure4 ,!y are us$ 9 rock tunnels :]e wat] is anticipat$ or air pressure is us$4 ,! %ields (t5 save ! exp5se & difficulty ( timb]+ z ! masonry ( ! sew] foll[s closely beh9d ! %ield4 ,fig4 #aah %[s ! arrangem5t = a %ield = tunnel+ 9 s(t mat]ial 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,milwaukee sew]s4 ,! %ield has an ext]ior diamet] ( #i feet #d in*es & an ov]all l5g? ( #i feet #h in*es4 ,! cutt+ edge section is #bj in*es long4 ,! %ell is made ( "o in* plate to ! back ( ! jack *amb]s & "o-half in* plate 9 ! tail4 ,! %ield is driv5 by t5 #fj-ton hydraulic jacks4 ,! jacks are %[n 9 position 9 ! figure4 ,^! jacks re/ aga9/ ! f9i%$ tunnel l9+ & s]ve to consolidate x at ! same "t t !y pu% ! %ield into ! mat]ial to be excavat$4 ,! face ( ! tunnel is cut ) a pick & %ovel :ile ! jacks are remov$ "o at a "t & a new r+ ( l9+ is put 9 place4 ,! l9+ may be tempor>y timb]+ to receive ! ?ru/ ( ! jacks1 b x is usually desirable t ! p]man5t l9+ foll[ imm$iately beh9d ! %ield4 ,s9ce ! %ield is l>g] ?an ! outside ( ! l9+ ! space left by its passage %\ld be gr\t$ imm$iately aft] x has pass$4 #afg4 ,tunnel ,ma*9es4--,tunnel ma*9es h be5 us$ successfully on sew] tunnels 9 s(t mat]ials1 b n 9 rock4#ie ,! ma*9es are ( diff]5t types1 b 9 g5]al consi/ ( a revolv+ cutt+ head1 equipp$ ) knives1 & driv5 by an electric motor4 ,! be>+ on :i* ! %aft = ! cutt+ head re/s is support$ aga9/ ! sides ( ! tunnel4 ,! muck is c>ri$ away by means ( a conveyor & dump$ into muck c>s )\t reh&l+4 ,rapid progress c be made ) ^! ma*9es 9 suitable conditions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aai4--,me?od ( ,drill+ & ,load+ ,rock ,tunnel ,face4 ,c\rtesy1 ,aetna ,p[] ,co4 #afh4 ,rock ,tunnels4--,tunnels 9 rock are advanc$ by drill+ into ! face z %[n 9 diagrammatic =m 9 ,fig4 #aai4 ,! holes ne> ! c5t] are driv5 9 at an angle t[>ds ! c5t] & to dep?s f #f to #ae feet4 ,! h>d] ! rock ! great] ! angle ) ! tunnel4 ,?is is call$ ! c5t] cut4 ,o!r holes are driv5 ne> ! out] edge ( ! tunnel & p>allel to its axis4 ,:5 fir$1 ! w$ge ( rock betwe5 ! c5t] cut holes is ?r[n back into ! tunnel & a delay$ explosion !n ?r[s ! sides into ! hole ?us made4 ,a f9al delay ?ru/+ %ot ?r[s ! muck s =m$ away f ! face ( ! tunnel4 ,= tunnels up to #f or #h feet 9 height ! entire bore is cut out 9 ?is fa%ion4 ,= l>g] tunnels1 ! upp] portion call$ ! head+1 is tak5 out 9 ?is way1 & ! rema9d]1 call$ ! b5*1 is tak5 out by drill+ & bl[+ holes normal to ! axis ( ! tunnel4 ,! am\nt ( p[d] necess>y 9 ! b5* holes is mu* less ?an t requir$ 9 ! head+4 #afi4 ,v5tilation4--,no tunnel m ?an #ej feet long %\ld be built )\t v5tilation4 ,a fair am\nt ( air = ord9>y conditions is #ge cubic feet ( free air p] m9ute p] p]son 9 ! tunnel1 & d\ble ?is am\nt = ea* animal4 ,:]e explosive gases are met1 or "u conditions :]e ! tunnel is hot1 five or six times z mu* air may be ne$$ 9 ord] to cool ! tunnel or to dilute ! gases4 ,9 ord] t ! air may be fre% & cool at ! face ( ! tunnel :]e "w is go+ on x %\ld be conduct$ to ! tunnel face 9 a pipe & bl[n out into ! tunnel4 ,imm$iately foll[+ a bla/ at ! face ! curr5t %\ld be rev]s$ s z to draw ! poison\s gases out ( ! tunnel ?r\gh ! duct4 ,! high pressure air l9e lead+ to ! drills %\ld be op5$ at ! same "t to create a curr5t t[>ds ! face 9 ord] to accel]ate ! cle>+ ( ! air at ! head+4 ,! capacity ( ! air ma*9es %\ld be suffici5t to exhau/ f\r times ! volume ( ! gases creat$ by ! explosion1 9 #ae m9utes4 ,?is w ord9>ily call = a capacity ( ab\t #d1jjj cubic feet ( free air p] m9ute4 ,if ! same bl[] is to be us$ = exhau/+ ! gases z = v5tilation :ile "w is go+ on1 x %\ld h a high ov]load capacity to c>e = ?is situation4 ,! air l9e %\ld be arrang$ to all[ = rev]sal ( fl[4 ,! diamet] ( ! air pipe %\ld be det]m9$ by a /udy ( ! sav+ ( ! co/ & op]ation ( ! air equipm5t comp>$ to ! increas$ co/ ( a l>g] pipe l9e4 ,o!r factors affect+ ! size ( ! pipe l9e to be us$ are3 ! available space 9 ! tunnel1 ! tempor>y "* ( ! in/allation1 ! use ( ! exhau/ f high-pressure air ma*9es = ! purpose ( v5tilation1 etc4 ,ca/-iron1 spiral-rivet$ galvaniz$ %eet iron1 & canvas pipes h be5 us$ = conduct+ l[-pressure v5tilat+ air4 ,v5tilation 9 tunnels work+ "u air pressure is suppli$ f ! compressors1 & ! air is deliv]$ ne> ! face ( ! head+1 except t be+ us$ 9 ! locks4 ,9 tunnels us+ air drills1 ! air = ! drills is conduct$ ?r\gh a sep>ate pipe z x is n economical to compress ! v5tilat+ air to ! pressure necess>y to op]ate ! drills4 #agj4 ,compress$ ,air4--,compress$ air is us$ 9 tunnel "w to prev5t ! entrance ( wat] into ! tunnel & to keep ! "w dry4 ,! pressure ( air us$ is closely t ( ! pressure ( ! gr\nd wat] b 9 a l>ge tunnel or a tunnel ) a weak ro( ! pressure may be some:at l[] on acc\nt ( ! dang] ( bl[+ ?r\gh ! ro(4 ,x is evid5t t ! wat] pressure _c be balanc$ at ! top & ! bottom ( ! tunnel4 ,to balance x at ! bottom makes a bl[ out ne> ! top m probable4 ,to balance ! pressure at ! top may leave ! bottom wet4 ,judgm5t & c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ dur+ con/ruction & if ! pressure is balanc$ at or ne> ! bottom ! ro( mu/ be c>efully gu>d$ by gr\t+ & puddl+ ) clay1 or ! surface1 p>ticul>ly if "u wat]1 may be cov]$ ) a clay bank4 ,if ! cavities 9 ! tunnel l9+ are l>ge1 sawdu/ c be mix$ ) ! gr\t to advantage1 ! mixture be+ pump$ ?r\gh holes 9 ! ro( by h& or p[] op]at$ =ce pumps4 8,bl[s0 mu/ be c>efully gu>d$ aga9/ z !y endang] ! lives ( ! workm5 & ?reat5 ! loss ( ! tunnel4 ,! pressure & volume ( air suppli$ = "s l>ge subaque\s tunnels is %[n 9 ,table #fa4 ,labor "u compress$ air is ardu\s & dang]\s ) ! be/ ( safegu>ds4#if ,pressure m ?an ab\t #dc p\nds p] squ>e in* _c be us$ & at ?is high pressure m5 _c "w m ?an f\r h\rs at a "t4 ,little or no di/ress is not$ at pressures less ?an #ae p\nds4 ,,table #fa ,,volume ,,& ,,pressure ,,( ,,compress$ ,,air ,,9 ,,tunnels 7,am]ican ,civil ,eng9e]s ,pocket ,book7 ,tunnel ,maximum ,av]age ,conditions & ,cubic ,maximum ,air ,air ,feet ( ,free ,air p] ,di/ance ,pressure1,pressure1 ,m9ute ,high ,p\nds ,p\nds ,wat] to,m9imum p] p] ,inv]t1 ,cov] ,squ>e ,squ>e ,feet 9 ,feet ,in* ,in* ,city & ,9 wat] be>+-s&4 ,s\? #affj cubic feet p] ,london m9ute p] face4 ,:5 gr\t$ #ajjj to #acjj cubic feet p] m9ute #cd #db #ae p] face ,blackwall #aj1jjj cubic feet p] m9ute p] face 9 op5 balla/ = "s #hj #e #cg #ce "t ,bak] ,/4 ,9 gravel1 #ccjj cubic & feet ( air p] ,wat]loo m9ute p] face4 ,p>allel tunnel #afej cubic feet p] m94 #gj #ah #ce #bh p] face ,gre5wi* ,av]age #hc4e p] man p] m9ute4 ,nev] #gj #cj #bh #bj less ?an #ff4g ,batt]y1 ,9 s&4 ,two work+ ,ea/ faces4 ,maximum #cb1jjj ,riv]4 ,n4 ,y4 #id #ab #db #bf ,ea/ ,maximum = "o face ,riv]1 #be1jjj cubic feet p] ,n4 ,y41 m9ute = #bd h\rs4 ,p5n4 ,capacity ( plant = ,r4,r4 #h faces1 #hj1djj cubic #ic #h #db #bg feet p] m9ute ,nor? ,maximum 9 gravel ,riv]1 #aj1jjj cubic feet p] ,n4 ,y41 man p] h\r4 ,p5n4 ,g5]ally rang$ ,r4,r4 #ih #bj #cg #bf betwe5 #aejj & #ejjj ,entrance & exit to ! tunnel are ga9$ ?r\gh air locks4 ,^! are %eet iron cyl9d]s concret$ into ! l9+ ( ! tunnel or %aft4 ,air-tight iron doors are provid$ at bo? ends1 :i* op5 inw>ds t[>ds ! tunnel4 ,on ent]+ ! lock f ! outside ! door to ! tunnel is f\nd tightly clos$4 ,! outside door is !n clos$ by h&1 ! air valve is op5$ & air is admitt$ to ! lock until ! pressure on ! lock side ( ! tunnel door equalizes t on ! tunnel side & ! tunnel door is swung op5 by h&4 ,:5 ! lock is op5 to ! tunnel ! pressure 9 ! tunnel keeps ! outside door clos$4 ,9 ord] to leave ! tunnel ! process is rev]s$4 ,mat]ials are pass$ ?r\gh ! lock by ! lock t5d] or t5d]s :o pass ?r\gh ! lock ) ! mat]ial if ! pressure is l[1 or :o manipulate ! air outside ( ! lock if ! pressure is high4 ,if pressures ( #cj to #dj p\nds are be+ us$1 two or ev5 ?ree locks may be necess>y4 ,,explosives ,,& ,,bla/+#ig #aga4 ,requirem5ts4--,! desirable features 9 an explosive to be us$ 9 tr5*+ & tunnel+ 9 rock are3 7#a7 /ability 9 make up s z n to det]iorate 9 /r5g? or to become dang]\s dur+ /orage1 7#b7 imp]vi\sness to ord9>y v>iations 9 temp]ature & moi/ure1 7#c7 ins5sibility to ord9>y %ocks receiv$ 9 transportation & h&l+1 7#d7 n too difficult ( detonation1 7#e7 conv5i5t =m = transportation & load+ & = mak+ up *>ges ( diff]5t weights1 7#f7 ! non-=mation ( poison\s gases :5 fir$1 7#g7 imp]vi\sness to wat] & usefulness 9 wet holes1 7#h7 p[] )\t bulk1 etc4 #agb4 ,types ( ,explosives4--,explosives :i* fill "s or all ^! requirem5ts c be divid$ into two classes1 deflagrat+ & detonat+4 ,a deflagration is an explosion transmitt$ progressively f gra9 to gra94 ,a detonation is a sudd5 disruption caus$ by syn*ron\s vibrations ( a wave-l "*4 ,! deflagrat+ explosives are repres5t$ by gun-p[d]s & contractors' p[d]s4 ,!y mu/ be c>efully tamp$ 9 ! hole to develop _! full p[] & !y mu/ be ignit$ by a fuse or flame4 ,!y are valueless 9 wat] or moi/ holes4 ,^! p[d]s are us$ ma9ly = loos5+ froz5 e>?1 s(t s&/one1 cem5t$ gravels & simil> mat]ials :]e a ?ru/+ action r ?an a disruption is desir$4 ,! detonat+ explosives are mo/ commonly repres5t$ by ! dynamites4 ,^! are explod$ by a %ock usually caus$ by ano!r explosive :i* has be5 ignit$ by a fuse or electric sp>k1 & :i* is kn[n z ! 8detonator40 ,detonat+ explosives are m p[]ful ?an deflagrat+ explosives & are us$ 9 all b ! s(te/ mat]ials4 ,gunp[d]4--,?is is a me*anical mixture ( sulphur1 *>coal1 & saltpet] g5]ally 9 ! proportions ( #aj p>ts sulphur1 #ae p>ts *>coal1 & #ge p>ts saltpet] 7sodium nitrate74 ,x weighs ab\t #fb p\nds p] cubic foot & produces ab\t #bhj times its own volume 9 gas at a pressure ( #d4fh tons p] squ>e in* at a temp]ature ( #cb degrees ,f41 :i* am\nts to a pressure ( approximately #ch tons p] squ>e in* at ! temp]ature ( explosion ( #d1jjj degrees ,f4 ,bla/+ ,p[d]4--,?is is a mixture ( #ai p>ts sulphur1 #ae p>ts *>coal1 & #ff p>ts saltpet]4 ,^! p[d]s are made 9 diff]5t size angul> poli%$ gra9s1 f ! size ( a p9 head to sizes j pass+ a to in* hole4 ,! l>g] ! gra9s ! sl[] ! action ( ! p[d]4 ,nitro-,sub/itution ,comp\nds4--,^! comp\nds are =m$ by ! action ( nitric acid on hydroc>bons4 ,triton1 ,t4,n4,t41 or tr9itrotolu5e1 made fam\s dur+ ! w>1 is an example ( ^! comp\nds4 ,x is made by ! successive nitration ( tolu5e1 a coal t> d]ivative4 ,x melts at #hj degrees ,c41 is v /able1 & is ( great explosive /r5g?4 ,x is manufactur$ 9 a conv5i5t =m1 be+ compress$ into blocks ab\t #b in*es squ>e by ab\t #d in*es long ) a specific gravity ( ab\t #a4e4 ,! blocks are usually copp] plat$ to protect ! ,t4,n4,t4 f moi/ure4 ,! m d5se x is ! less its s5sitiv5ess4 ,x is also put up 9 cry/all9e =m 9 c>tridges l dynamite1 9 :i* condition x is practically equal to #dj p] c5t dynamite4 ,x c be cut ) a knife1 p\nd$ ) a hamm]1 & w burn freely & sl[ly 9 small quantities 9 ! op5 air )\t explod+4 ,x is suitable = all b ! h>de/ rocks4 ,x creates poison\s gases on detonation :i* are quickly dissipat$ 9 ! op5 air b :i* r5d] x unsuitable = use 9 tunnel "w4 ,nitro-glyc]9e4--,?is is =m$ by ! action ( nitric & sulphuric acids on animal comp\nds su* z gelat9e or glyc]9e4 ,nitro-glyc]9e is a yell[i%1 oily1 highly un/able explosive liquid ) a specific gravity ( ab\t #a4f4 ,x w burn quietly :5 ignit$ 9 ! op5 air4 ,x w freeze at #da degrees ,f41 & w explode at #chh degrees ,f41 or on concussion at a l[] temp]ature4 ,x develops ab\t #a1ejj times its volume 9 gas1 :i* due to ! heat ( combu/ion is increas$ to ab\t #aj1jjj times its volume4 ,x is a v dang]\s explosive to h&le1 & is unsuitable = use 9 ! liquid =m4 ,bla/+ ,gelat9e4--,?is is made by soak+ guncotton 9 nitro-glyc]9e4 ,gelat9e dynamite is a comb9ation ( bla/+ gelat9e & an absorb5t4 ,=cite is a gelat9e dynamite 9 :i* ! bla/+ gelat9e1 =m+ #ej p] c5t ( ! comp\nd1 conta9s #ij p] c5t nitro-glyc]9e & #b p] c5t guncotton2 & ! absorb5t1 =m+ ! o!r #ej p] c5t ( ! comp\nd1 conta9s #gf p] c5t ( sodium nitrate1 #c p] c5t sulphur1 #bj p] c5t ( wood t>1 & #a p] c5t ( wood pulp4 ,bla/+ gelat9e is pack$ 9 a jelly-l mass 9 metal l9$ wood5 boxes4 ,x is less s5sitive ?an /raight dynamite & is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful explosives kn[n4 ,x c be made up to equal #ajj p] c5t dynamite4 ,x is suitable = use 9 ! h>de/ rocks & = subaque\s "w z x is n affect$ by moi/ure4 ,x is suitable = use 9 tunnels z ! am\nt ( c>bon monoxide1 p]oxide ( nitrog51 hydrog5 sulphide & o!r dang]\s gases is comp>atively l[ :5 fully detonat$4 ,gelat9e dynamite#ih is sold z #cj p] c5t to #gj p] c5t dynamite1 ! actual p]c5tage ( nitro-glyc]9e be+ less ?an ! nom9al quantity giv54 ,dynamite4--,! dynamites are made by soak+ nitro-glyc]9e 9 "s absorb5t4 ,if ! absorb5t is "s neutral sub/ance su* z infusorial e>? ! comb9ation is kn[n z a true dynamite4 ,! false or active dynamites are ^? 9 :i* ! absorb5t is also an explosive comp\nd4 ,! false dynamites =m ! be/ kn[n contractors' explosives4 ,among ! mat]ials mix$ ) ! nitro-glyc]9e are3 magnesium c>bonate1 sulphur1 wood meal1 wood pulp1 wood fib]1 wood t>1 nut galls1 kieselguhr1 sawdu/1 res91 pit*1 sug>1 *>coal1 & guncotton4 ,! /r5g? ( dynamites is not$ by ! p] c5t ( nitro-glyc]9e & nitro sub/itutes conta9$4 ,dual9 & ,h]cules p[d] bo? conta9 #dj p] c5t nitro-glyc]9e4 ,dual9 conta9s #cj p] c5t sawdu/ & #cj p] c5t potassium nitrate1 b ! ,h]cules p[d]1 :i* is /rong]1 conta9s #af p] c5t sug>1 #c p] c5t potassium *lorate1 #ca p] c5t potassium nitrate1 & #aj p] c5t magnesium c>bonate4 ,dynamite is ! mo/ common explosive us$ on con/ruction "w4 ,x is suppli$ 9 cyl9drical /icks wrapp$ 9 pap]1 ! diamet] ( ! /icks v>y+ betwe5 & #b in*es4 ,!y are ab\t #h in*es long4 ,=ty p] c5t dynamite is ! common /r5g? f\nd on ! m>ket4 ,x is suitable = ord9>y "w 9 all b v h>d rocks or v s(t mat]ial4 ,direct contact ) wat] sep>ates ! nitro-glyc]9e f ! base & is dang]\s :5 ! explosive is us$ 9 wet places unless x is fir$ imm$iately aft] ! hole is load$4 ,x freezes at ab\t #db degrees ,f41 or at ev5 high] temp]atures & 9 ! froz5 /ate x is highly dang]\s1 requir+ p[]ful detonators = fir+1 b explod+ spontane\sly f a slight j>1 or ! break+ ( ! /ick4 ,special l[-freez+ dynamites are made t w n freeze above #ce degrees ,f4 ,ammonia ,comp\nds4--,ammonia dynamite is a comb9ation ( nitro-glyc]9e1 ammonium nitrate & su* o!r +r$i5ts z sodium nitrate1 calcium c>bonate & combu/ible mat]ial4 ,?is =m ( explosive is advantage\s = und]gr\nd "w because1 l gelat9e dynamite1 its explosion does n create l>ge quantities ( poison\s gases4 ,x has a l[ freez+ po9t & is relatively l[ 9 co/4 ,x is s]i\sly affect$ by moi/ure1 h[ev]1 & c n be us$ 9 wet places4 ,ammonium nitrate explosives :i* d n conta9 nitro-glyc]9e include #gj p] c5t to #ie p] c5t ammonium nitrate & "s combu/ible mat]ial4 ,ammonal is a special type ( ?is class =m$ by a mixture ( ammonium nitrate1 alum9um1 & triton4 ,all ( ^! explosives are deliquesc5t1 ins5sitive to %ock1 & are *eap] ?an ! dynamites4 #agc4 ,p]missible ,explosives4--,z specifi$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,m9es explosives ^: rapidity1 detonation1 & temp]ature ( explosion w n ignite explosive mixtures ( pit gases & air are kn[n z p]missible explosives4 ,!y include nitrate explosives1 ammonia dynamite1 & o!rs4 ,gunp[d]1 triton1 picric acid1 bla/+ gelat9e1 dynamite1 guncotton1 etc41 are n class$ z p]missible explosives4 #agd4 ,/r5g?4--,! relative weights = equal /r5g? ( v>i\s explosives are giv5 9 ,table #fb4 ,,table #fb ,,relative ,,weights ,,( ,,explosives ,,) ,,! ,,same ,,/r5g? ,,z ,a ,,unit ,,weight ,,( #dj ,,p] ,,c5t ,,dynamite ,explosive ,relative ,weight ,picric acid #j4hf ,gun p[d] 7well tamp$7 #c4aj ,/raight dynamite1 #ae #a4de ,/raight dynamite1 #bj #a4cc ,/raight dynamite1 #be #a4bh ,/raight dynamite1 #cj #a4ah ,/raight dynamite1 #ce #a4jg ,/raight dynamite1 #dj #a4jj ,/raight dynamite1 #de #j4ic ,/raight dynamite1 #ej #j4hf ,/raight dynamite1 #ee #j4hc ,/raight dynamite1 #fj #j4gh ,l[-freez+ dynamites are ! same z /raight dynamites ,smokeless p[d]1 well tamp$ #j4gd ,triton #j4hf ,bla/+ gelat9e #j4dc ,gelat9e dynamite1 #cj #a4bh ,gelat9e dynamite1 #ce #a4ba ,gelat9e dynamite1 #dj #a4ad ,gelat9e dynamite1 #ej #a4jd ,gelat9e dynamite1 #ee #j4ig ,gelat9e dynamite1 #fj #j4ij ,gelat9e dynamite1 #gj #j4hc ,ammonia dynamites are ! same z gelat9e dynamites4 ,*lorates 7spr5gle7 ,rack-a-rock #a4cc ,guncotton #j4gb #age4 ,fuses & ,detonators4--,! explosion ( gunp[d] & o!r deflagrat+ explosives is caus$ by ! direct application ( a flame l$ to ! *>ge by a p[d] fuse1 or !y may be fir$ by a bla/+ cap :i* is itself explod$ by ! heat f a fuse or an electric sp>k4 ,! p[d] fuse is a cord made up ( a tra9 ( p[d] securely wrapp$ 9 a numb] ( ?icknesses ( wov5 cotton or l95 ?reads & usually made wat]pro(4 ,ord9>y fuse burns at ab\t #b feet p] m9ute b !re may be wide v>iations f ?is rate due to ! quality ( ! fuse1 moi/ure1 temp]ature1 or pressure4 ,moi/ure t5ds to ret>d ! rate1 pressure to increase x4 ,in/antane\s fuse w burn at ab\t #abj feet p] second4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f ! ord9>y safety fuse bo? by eye & t\* due to ! r\gh r$ braid ) :i* x is cov]$4 ,x is us$ 9 fir+ a numb] ( *>ges simultane\sly4 ,p[d] fuses are light$ by ! application ( a flame or smold]+ tor* to ! fre%ly cut or op5$ end expos+ ! p[d] gra9s4 ,cordeau ,bick=d is lead tub+ fill$ ) triton1 9 :i* ! flame travels at ab\t #ag1jjj feet p] second4 ,?is is also us$ = ignit+ *>ges simultane\sly4 ,! detonation ( an explosive is caus$ by ! %ock or heat ( ! explosion ( a m s5sitive sub/ance :i* has be5 explod$ by a p[d] fuse or electric sp>k4 ,! common me?od ( detonat+ explosive *>ges is by ! fir+ ( a bla/+ cap4 ,^! caps are copp] cyl9d]s1 clos$ at "o end1 ab\t #a in*es long & to ( an in* 9 diamet]1 or l>g]4 ,!y conta9 a mixture ( ab\t #he p] c5t fulm9ate ( m]cury & #ae p] c5t potassium *lorate held 9 place by a wad ( %ellac1 collodion1 or pap]4 ,! /r5g? ( detonators is bas$ on ! weight ( fulm9ate ( m]cury & is designat$ z %[n 9 ,table #fc4 ,,table #fc ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,bla/+ ,,caps ,bla/+ ,cap1 ,comm]cial ,grade ,gra9s ,fulm9ate ( ,m]cury #c,x or ,triple #h4c #d,x or ,quadruple #aj4j #e,x or ,qu9tuple #ab4c #f,x or ,sextuple #ae4d #g,x or ,numb] #bj #bc4a #h,x or ,numb] #cj #cj4i ,s+le /r5g? #ab4c ,d\ble /r5g? #ae4d ,triple /r5g? #bc4a ,quadruple /r5g? #cj4i ,! =ce ( ! explosion is m>k$ly affect$ by ! /r5g? ( ! caps1 ! effect be+ great] = l[-grade p[d]s4 ,= #dj p] c5t dynamite ! explosion caus$ by a #e,x cap is #ae p] c5t /rong] ?an t caus$ by a #c,x cap4 ,= #fj p] c5t dynamite ! diff]5ce is only #f p] c5t4 ,! det]ioration ( ! caps w r$uce ! /r5g? ( an explosion noticeably4 ,) /raight dynamite1 #c,x caps are g5]ally us$1 b ) gelat9e dynamite #f,x or heavi] caps mu/ be us$4 ,caps may be te/$ by explod+ !m 9 a conf9$ space & not+ ! report & ! effect on ! %ell4 ,a full /r5g? cap w te> ! %ell into m9ute pieces1 :ile a det]iorat$ cap w m]ely te> x into ?ree or f\r l>ge pieces4 ,an ord9>y bla/+ cap is %[n 9 ,fig4 #abj toge!r ) o!r equipm5t = bla/+4 ,fir+ by electricity is g5]ally saf] & m satisfactory ?an by ! use ( ord9>y caps & p[d] fuses4 ,! explosion is m c]ta9 & its exact "t is "u ! control ( ! op]ator4 ,fig4 #aba %[s a section ?r\gh an electric bla/+ cap or detonator1 commonly call$ an electric fuse4 ,delay$ action electric detonators are made by ins]t+ a sl[-burn+ sub/ance betwe5 ! plat9um bridge & ! detonat+ sub/ance4 ,! "t ( delay is controll$ by ! dep? ( ! sl[-burn+ sub/ance4 ,delay$ action detonators are useful 9 tunnel "w :]e x is desir$ to explode ! *>ge 9 ?ree or f\r /ages 9 ord] t ! debris f "o *>ge may be out ( ! way ( ! foll[+1 & t ! =ces ( ! explosions may n s]ve to nullify ea* o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abj4--;,bla/+ ,supplies4 ,c\rtesy1 ,aetna ,p[d] ,co4 #agf4 ,c>e 9 ,h&l+4--,"s ( ! don'ts 9 ! h&l+ ( explosives recomm5d$ by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,army ,eng9e] ,field ,manual are3 9 ! use ( nitro-glyc]9e explosives ( all k9ds-- 7a7 ,don't /ore detonators ) explosives4 ,detonators %\ld be kept by !mselves4 7b7 ,don't op5 packages ( explosives 9 a /ore h\se4 7c7 ,don't op5 packages ( explosives ) a nail pull]1 pick or *isel4 ,packages %\ld be op5$ ) a h>d wood w$ge & mallet1 outside ( ! magaz9e & at "s di/ance f x4 7d7 ,don't /ore explosives 9 a hot or damp place4 ,all explosives spoil rapidly if s /or$4 7e7 ,don't /ore explosives conta9+ nitro-glyc]9e s t ! c>tridges /& on end4 ,! nitro-glyc]9e is m likely to leak f ! c>tridges :5 !y /& on end ?an x is :5 !y lie on _! sides4 7f7 ,don't use explosives t are froz5 or p>tly froz54 ,! *>ge may n explode completely & s]i\s accid5ts may result4 ,if ! explosion is n complete ! full /r5g? ( ! *>ge is n ex]t$ & l>g] quantities ( h>mful gases are giv5 (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aba4--;,electric ,fuse4 ,full size4 7g7 ,don't ?aw froz5 explosives 9 front ( an op5 fire1 nor 9 a /ove1 nor ov] a lamp1 nor ne> a boil]1 nor ne> /eam pipes1 nor by plac+ c>tridges 9 hot wat]4 ,use a comm]cial or improvis$ ?aw]4 7h7 ,don't put hot wat] or /eam pipes 9 a magaz9e = ?aw+ purposes4 7i7 ,don't c>ry detonators & explosives 9 ! same package4 ,detonators are extremely s5sitive to heat1 friction1 or bl[s ( any k9d4 7j7 ,don't h&le detonators or explosives ne> an op5 flame4 7k7 ,don't expose detonators or explosives to direct sunlight = any l5g? ( "t4 ,su* exposure may increase ! dang] 9 _! use4 7l7 ,don't op5 a package ( explosives until ready to use ! explosive1 !n use x promptly4 7m7 ,don't h&le explosives c>elessly4 ,!y are all s5sitive to bl[s1 friction1 & fire4 7n7 ,don't crimp a detonator 7bla/+ cap7 ar\nd a fuse ) ! tee?4 ,use a cap crimp]1 :i* is suppli$ = ?is purpose4 7o7 ,don't economize by us+ a %ort l5g? ( fuse4 7p7 ,don't return to a *>ge = at lea/ "o-half h\r aft] a miss fire4 ,hang fires are likely to happ54 7q7 ,don't attempt to draw nor to dig out ! *>ge 9 case ( a miss fire4 ,"s ( ! positive rules 9 connection ) ! h&l+ ( explosives are3 build ! magaz9e on an e>? f\ndation remote f any o!r /ructures1 protect x ) e>? embankm5ts t w direct ! =ce ( ! explosion upw>ds1 & build x ( mat]ials t w supply z few missiles z possible4 ,holl[ tile brick1 d\ble-wall$ galvaniz$ iron fill$ ) s&1 & simil> con/ructions are satisfactory4 ,! magaz9e may be heat$ by /eam or hot-wat] pipes s locat$ t explosives _c come 9 contact ) !m1 or by a clu/] ( inc&esc5t bulbs1 b if ! explosives become froz5 !y mu/ n be ?aw$ out by turn+ on ! /eam or hot wat]4 ,if p[d] or nitro-glyc]9e is dropp$ on ! floor ! magaz9e %\ld be empti$1 wa%$ out ) a hose & spots ( nitro-glyc]9e scrubb$ ) a bru% & a mixture ( gallon ( wood alcohol1 gallon ( wat] & #b p\nds ( sodium sulphide4 ,froz5 explosives may be ?aw$ by spread+ out on special %elves 9 a w>m ?aw h\se--n 9 ! magaz9e prop]1 by bury+ 9 a manure pile s t ! explosive may n become moi/5$1 or m commonly by heat+ sl[ly 9 a wat] ba?4 ,?is is a dry kettle 9 :i* ! explosives are plac$ & cov]$4 ,! kettle is !n put 9 ano!r conta9+ wat] :i* is heat$ g5tly to ab\t #abj degrees ,f4 ,x %\ld n be boil$4 ,9 case ( a miss fire1 in/ead ( digg+ out ! old *>ge put a new *>ge on top ( ! old & fire ! two simultane\sly4 #agg4 ,prim+1 ,load+1 & ,fir+4--,prim+ is ! act ( plac+ ! cap or detonator 9 ! c>tridge ( explosive4 ,! prim] is ei!r ! cap or ! cap & c>tridge :i* are to be detonat$ by ! fuse4 ,if a cap & safety fuse are to be us$ ! pap] at ! upp] end ( ! c>tridge is op5$1 a hole is pok$ 9 ! explosive ) ! f+] or a piece ( wood1 ! cap & ! atta*$ fuse are pu%$ into ! hole & g5tly emb$d$ 9 ! explosive s t ! end ( ! cap is expos$ suffici5tly to prev5t ! fuse f ignit+ ! dynamite directly4 ,! pap] is !n fold$ up & ti$ firmly ar\nd ! fuse ) a piece ( /r+4 ,! result is %[n 9 ,fig4 #abb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abb4--;,dynamite ,c>tridge1 ,safety ,fuse1 & ,cap4 ,9 plac+ ! fuse 9 ! cap ! end ( ! fuse is cut (f squ>e1 & ins]t$ 9 ! op5 end ( ! cap1 c>e be+ tak5 n to spill ! loose gra9s ( p[d] or to gr9d ! fuse d[n on top ( ! cap4 ,:5 ! fuse is %ov$ firmly into place ! upp] portion ( ! copp] cap is press$ or crimp$ ) ! cap crimp]s %[n 9 ,fig4 #abj4 ,! numb] ( prim]s to be us$ is dep5d5t on ! size & location ( ! *>ge1 b 9 practically all sew] "w only "o prim] is us$ to ea* hole4 ,9 bulky *>ges ! prim] %\ld be plac$ ne> ! c5t] ( ! *>ge & ! fuse s protect$ t x w n ignite ! *>ge prematurely4 ,9 drill holes ! prim] is put 9 la/ ) ! cap end d[n4 ,9 load+ a hole1 x is fir/ pump$ & clean$ out4 ,?is c be done satisfactorily ) ! end ( a /ick fray$ out into a broom4 ,c>tridges :i* v ne>ly fill ! hole are dropp$ 9 "o at a "t & are press$ firmly toge!r1 ) a light wood5 tamp+ b>4 ,!y %\ld n be p\nd$4 ,aft] ! prim] is plac$1 a wad ( clay or simil> mat]ial is press$ g5tly into ! hole aga9/ x & ! hole is !n fill$ ) well-tamp$ clay4 ,9 tunnel "w tamp+ is n s ess5tial z an ov]*>ge ( p[d] is usually us$ & ! "t ( tamp+1 :i* is wor? m ?an two or ?ree /icks ( dynamite1 is sav$4 ,9 h&l+ bulk explosives1 su* z gunp[d]1 !y are p\r$ into ! hole1 ! fuse is set 9 ! upp] portion & ! rema9d] ( ! hole is tamp$ ) clay z = dynamite c>tridges4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abc4--,me?ods = ,cutt+ ,safety ,fuse = ,splic+4 ,if a l>ge numb] ( *>ges are to be fir$ simultane\sly ) a safety fuse1 ! l5g? ( ! fuse to ea* *>ge %\ld be made equal or a safety fuse us$ to a common c5t] & approximately equal l5g?s ( in/antane\s fuse or ,cordeau ,bick=d us$ f !re to ! *>ge4 ,9 splic+ ! fuses = su* connections !y are cut diagonally z %[n 9 ,fig4 #abc & b\nd toge!r firmly ) tape4 ,electric connections are p>ticul>ly advantage\s "u su* conditions z !y avoid ! dang]s incid5tal to splic$ fuses & are less exp5sive4 ,9 tunnel "w simultane\s electric detonation is n desirable z ! holes %\ld be fir$ progressively3 #a/1 ! cuts2 #bnd1 ! reliev]s2 #crd1 ! backs2 #d?1 ! sides2 & #e?1 ! lift]s4 ,diff]5t l5g?s ( safety fuse1 or delay$ action electric fuses c be us$ = ^! delay %ots4 ,9 ignit+ a safety fuse an op5 flame su* z t furni%$ by a mat* or c&le is ! mo/ satisfactory4 ,= electric fuses ! curr5t is g5]at$ by a magneto %[n 9 ,fig4 #abj4 ,press+ vigor\sly d[n on ! h&le closes ! circuit & g5]ates an electric curr5t :i* heats ! plat9um bridges & explodes ! *>ges4 ,= ! small numb] ( *>ges us$ 9 ord9>y con/ruction !y are connect$ 9 s]ies s t if !re is a brok5 connection any:]e no *>ge w be explod$4 ,if _m *>ges are to be fir$ & a l9e circuit is to be us$1 ! f9al connection %\ld n be made until j be=e ! *>ge is to be fir$ 9 ord] to obviate ! dang] ( /ray curr5ts fir+ ! *>ge prematurely4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t all connections are good & t !re are no brok5 wires on ! l9e4 #agh4 ,quantity ( ,explosive4--,! quantity ( explosive to be us$ c be det]m9$ satisfactorily only by exp]i5ce on ! job 9 "q1 z ! factors affect+ ! necess>y quantity are s div]se4 ,! figures 9 ,table #fd indicate ! relative am\nts ne$$ "u diff]5t conditions4 ,,table #fd ,,quantities ,,( ,,explosives ,k9d ( ,drift ,feet#ii;,black#ii;,dynamite#ii1;,grade ( ,rock 9 ( ,hole ,p[d]1 ,p\nds ,dynamite1 ,rem>ks ,feet ,p\nds ,p] ,c5t ,lime/one1 ,*icago #ab #j4dj #j4ge #dj;,gillette ,dra9age ,canal ,lime/one = #f #a4jj #j4gj #dj;,gillette cru%+ ,lime/one = #bj #j4cg #ej;,gillette cem5t ,lime/one1 holes #ae #j4dj #j4bf #ej;,gillette sprung ,s&/one1 #bj #j4aj #a4j #j4aj #dj;,gillette side cut ,s&/one1 ?or\gh #bj #j4bj #b4j #j4bj #dj;,gillette cut ,%ale1 s(t #bd #j4jh #j4g #j4jc #dj;,gillette4 side cut ,op5 cut ,%ale1 h>d ?or\gh #bd #j4bj #a4e #j4aj #dj;,gillette cut ,granite = #af #a4cf #j4bj #fj;,gillette rubble ,gneiss1 ,new #ab #a4cc #j4fj #dj;,gillette ,york ,city ,gneiss1 ,new #ad #j4fc #j4ej #dj;,gillette ,york ,city ,sy5ite1 ,treadwell #ab #a4gj #j4fg #dj;,gillette ,m9e ,magnetic #ab #j4cb #j4dd #eb;,gillette iron ore ,trap1 seamy #ad #j4ce #j4bj #ge;,gillette ,trap1 #ag #a4jj #j4gj #dj;,gillette massive #ej ,granite1 dynamite ,gr& #be #j4aj #j4hj #ej us$ to ,trunk spr+ holes ,clay1 rock & ,tunnel #a4jj ,gypsum ,grade v>i$ at ,h>d %ale ,tunnel #b4jg #de1 at #fj1 "s at #ajj ,h>d rocky ,tunnel #a4fj #c4eg slate ,h>d rocky ,tunnel #a4df #c4eg slate ,mill ,creek ,mun4 sew]1 ,tunnel #d4jj #fj ,eng'g4 ,/4 ,l\is ,vol4 #eb1 p4 #ad ,,pipe ,,sew]s #agi4 ,! ,tr5* ,bottom4--,x is cu/om>y to dig ! bottom ( ! tr5* to con=m to ! %ape ( ! l[] #de degrees to #ij degrees ( ! sew] if ! "* ( ! mat]ial w all[ su* con/ruction4 ,9 s(t mat]ial :i* w n hold its %ape ! sew] may be encas$ 9 concrete or a concrete cradle may be prep>$ = ! pipe4 ,9 rock ! tr5* is excavat$ to ab\t #f in*es bel[ grade & refill$ ) well-tamp$ e>? s z to =m a cradle giv+ be>+ to #fj to #ij degrees ( ! pipe circumf]5ce4 ,= l>ge sew]s to be con/ruct$ 9 ! tr5* special f\ndations are sometimes built4 #ahj4 ,lay+ ,pipe4--,be=e ! pipe is l[]$ into ! tr5* ! sections :i* are to be adjac5t %\ld be fitt$ toge!r on ! surface & ! relative positions m>k$ by *alk s t ! same position c be obta9$ 9 ! tr5*4 ,small pipes are l[]$ into ! tr5* & swung into position on a hook z %[n 9 ,fig4 #abd4 ,pipes up to #ae or #ah in*es 9 diamet] c be h&l$ by ! pipe lay] & help] 9 ! tr5* )\t assi/ance4 ,heavi] pipes may be l[]$ into ! tr5* by pass+ ropes ar\nd ea* end ( ! pipe4 ,"o end ( ! rope is fa/5$ at ! surface & ! ropes are paid out by ! m5 at ! surface z ! pipe is l[]$4 ,if ! pipes h be5 fitt$ toge!r & m>k$ at ! surface x is undesirable to use ?is me?od ( l[]+ z ! position 9 :i* ! pipes arrive 9 ! bottom ( ! tr5* c n be easily pr$ict$4 ,a cradle may be us$ = %ov+ ! pipe into position z is %[n 9 ,fig4 #abe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abd4--;,hook = ,l[]+ & ,plac+ ,sew] ,pipe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abe4--;,cradle = ,plac+ ,sew] ,pipe4 ,pipes above #bd to #bg in*es 9 diamet] are too l>ge to be h&l$ f ! side ( ! tr5*4 ,a hook z %[n 9 ,fig4 #abd is plac$ 9 ! pipe s t x w be 9 ! prop] position :5 l[]$4 ,x is rais$ by a rope pass+ ?r\gh a block at ! peak ( a /iff-legg$ d]rick :i* spans ! tr5*1 or by a crane4 ,if a d]rick is us$ ! rope passes to a w9dlass on ! opposite side ( ! tr5* f ! pipe4 ,me*anical p[] may be us$ = rais+ pipes too heavy to be rais$ by h&4 ,! pipe is !n l[]$ & swung into position :ile support$ f ! d]rick4 ,excessive sw++ is prev5t$ by hold+ back on ! guide rope z ! pipe is rais$ & l[]$4 ,pipes are usually laid ) ! bell end up grade z x is easi] to fit ! succe$+ pipe into ! bell s laid & to make ! jo9t1 p>ticul>ly on /eep grades4 ,! ,baltimore specifications /ate3 ,! ends ( ! pipe %all abut aga9/ ea* o!r 9 su* a mann] t !re %all be no %\ld] or unev5ness ( any k9d along ! inside ( ! bottom half ( ! sew] or dra94 ,special c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! pipe are well b$d$ on a solid f\ndation4444 ,! tr5*es :]e pipe lay+ is 9 progress %all be kept dry1 & no pipe %all be laid 9 wat] or ^u a wet b$ unless especially all[$ 9 writ+ by ! ,eng9e]4 ,z ! pipe are laid ?r\gh\t ! "w !y mu/ be ?or\ghly clean$ & protect$ f dirt & wat]1 no wat] be+ all[$ to fl[ 9 !m 9 any case dur+ ! con/ruction except su* z may be p]mitt$ 9 writ+ by ! ,eng9e]4 ,no l5g? ( pipe %all be laid until ! prec$+ l5g? has be5 ?or\ghly emb$d$ & secur$ 9 place1 s z to prev5t any movem5t or di/urbance ( ! f9i%$ jo9t4 ,! m\? ( ! pipe %all be provid$ ) a bo>d or /opp]1 c>efully fitt$ to ! pipe1 to prev5t all e>? & any o!r sub/ances f wa%+ 94 #aha4 ,jo9ts4--,pipes may be laid ) op5 jo9ts1 mort> jo9ts1 cem5t jo9ts1 or p\r$ jo9ts4 ,op5 jo9ts are us$ = /orm sew]s 9 dry gr\nd close to ! surface4 ,mort> & cem5t jo9ts are commonly us$ on all sew]s except 9 special cases4 ,cem5t jo9ts are m c>efully made ?an mort> jo9ts & result 9 a great] p]c5tage ( wat]-tight jo9ts4 ,p\r$ jo9ts are us$ 9 wet tr5*es :]e x is necess>y to exclude gr\nd wat] f ! sew]4 ,a specification us$ 9 "s cities = op5 jo9ts is3 ,pipes laid ) op5 jo9ts are to be laid ) _! inv]ts 9 ! same /raight l9e & %all be firmly b$d$ ?r\gh\t _! l5g? on ! bottom ( ! tr5*4 ,no cem5t or mort> is to be us$ 9 ! jo9ts4 ,n m ?an in* %all be left betwe5 ! spigot end ( ! pipe & ! %\ld] ( ! hub ( ! pipe into :i* x fits4 ,! jo9ts %all be surr\nd$ ) *eese clo?1 burlap1 brok5 pipe1 gravel or brok5 /one4 ,! purpose ( ! *eese clo?1 etc41 is to prev5t f9e e>? f sift+ into ! pipe until ! *eese clo? or o!r mat]ial has rott$ away1 by :i* "t ! e>? has become ar*$ ov] ! op5+4 ,mort> jo9ts are specifi$ by ,metcalf & ,eddy z foll[s3 ,be=e a pipe is laid ! l[] "p ( ! bell ( ! prec$+ pipe %all be pla/]$ on ! inside ) /iff mort> ( equal p>ts ( ,portl& cem5t & s&1 ( suffici5t ?ickness to br+ ! inn] bottoms ( ! abutt+ pipe flu% & ev54 ,aft] ! pipe is laid ! rema9d] ( ! bell %all be ?or\ghly fill$ ) simil> mort> & ! jo9t wip$ inside & f9i%$ to a smoo? bevel outside4 ,9 "s "w a wood block or a /one is emb$d$ 9 ! mort> at ! bottom ( ! jo9t to br+ ! spigot 9 place conc5tric ) ! next pipe4 ,cem5t jo9ts are specifi$ 9 ! ,baltimore specifications z foll[s3 ,cem5t jo9ts %all be made ) a n>r[ gasket ( hemp or jute & cem5t mort>1 & special c>e %all be tak5 to secure tight jo9ts4 ,! gasket %all be soak$ 9 ,portl& cem5t gr\t & !n c>efully ins]t$ betwe5 ! bell & ! spigot1 & well calk$ ) suitable h>dwood or iron calk+ tools4 ,x %all be 9 "o cont9u\s piece = ea* jo9t1 & ( su* ?ickness z to br+ ! inv]ts ( ! two pipes smoo? & ev54 ,! rema9d] ( ! jo9t %all be fill$ ) cem5t mort> all ar\nd1 on ! bottom1 top & sides1 appli$ by h& ) rubb] mitt5s1 well press$ into ! annul> space & bevel$ (f f ! out] edge ( ! bell to a di/ance ( two in*es !refrom1 or to an angle ( #de degrees4 ,! inside ( ea* jo9t %all be ?or\ghly cleans$ ( all surplus mort> t may squeeze out 9 mak+ ! jo9t2 & to accompli% ?is "s suitable scrap] or foll[]1 or =m %all be provid$ & always us$ imm$iately aft] ea* jo9t is f9i%$4 ,cem5t jo9ts s made1 =m ! mo/ satisfactory jo9t = ord9>y conditions & are ! mo/ frequ5tly us$4 ,!y are n always wat]-tight & c be p5etrat$ by roots4 ,"s roots are able to p5etrate holes ( almo/ microscopic size & to =m gr[?s 9 ! sew] or to split ! jo9ts4 ,p\r$ jo9ts are made by p\r+ "s jo9t+ comp\nd1 :ile 9 a fluid /ate1 into ! jo9t 9 :i* x h>d5s1 ?us seal+ ! jo9t4 ,wat]-tightness 9 sew] l9es to exclude gr\nd wat] has also be5 attempt$ by us+ ! ord9>y cem5t jo9t & surr\nd+ ! pipe ) a lay] ( cem5t or concrete4 ,?is has n always be5 successful z x is difficult to obta9 ! prop] class ( workman%ip 9 wet sew] tr5*es4 ,! requisite qualities ( a p\r$ jo9t+ mat]ial are3 7#a7 ,x %\ld make a jo9t pro( aga9/ ! entrance ( wat] & roots4 7#b7 ,x %\ld be inexp5sive4 7#c7 ,x %\ld h a long life4 7#d7 ,x %\ld n det]iorate 9 sewage :i* may be ei!r acid or alkal9e4 7#e7 ,x %\ld adh]e to ! surface ( ! pipe4 7#f7 ,x %\ld run at a temp]ature bel[ ab\t #djj ,f41 z too high temp]atures w crack ! pipe4 7#g7 ,x %\ld nei!r melt nor s(t5 at temp]atures bel[ #bej ,f4 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! jo9t if hot liquids are p\r$ into ! sew]4 7#h7 ,x %\ld be ela/ic en\gh to p]mit slight movem5ts ( ! pipes4 7#i7 ,x %\ld n require great skill 9 us+ z x mu/ be h&l$ ord9>ily by unskill$ work]s4 ,! mat]ials us$ = p\r$ jo9ts are3 cem5t gr\t2 sulphur & s&2 & asphalt or "s bitum9\s comp\nd made ( vulcaniz$ l9se$ oil1 clay1 & o!r sub/ances ! result+ mixture hav+ ! appe>ance ( vulcaniz$ rubb] or coal t>4 ,! bitum9\s mat]ials mo/ ne>ly approa* ! ideal conditions4 ,cem5t gr\t is made up ( pure cem5t & wat] mix$ into a s\py consi/5cy4 ,its ma9 advantages are its *eapness & ease 9 h&l+ 9 wet tr5*es or difficult situations4 ,! result is no bett] ?an a well made cem5t jo9t4 ,!re is no ela/icity to ! jo9t & a movem5t ( ! pipe w break x4 ,sulphur & s& are inexp5sive1 comp>atively easy to h&le1 & make an absolutely wat]-tight & rigid jo9t :i* is /rong] ?an ! pipe itself4 ,x frequ5tly results 9 ! crack+ ( ! pipe & is object$ to by "s eng9e]s on t acc\nt4 ,9 mak+ ! mixture1 p[d]$ sulphur & v f9e s& are mix$ 9 equal proportions4 ,x is ess5tial t ! s& be f9e s t x w mix well ) ! sulphur & n precipitate out :5 ! sulphur is melt$4 ,n9ety p] c5t ( ! s& %\ld pass a ,no4 #ajj sieve & #ej p] c5t %\ld pass a ,no4 #bjj sieve4 ,! mixture melts at ab\t #bfj ,f4 & does n s(t5 at l[] temp]atures4 ,= mak+ a jo9t 9 an #h in* pipe ab\t #a p\nds ( sulphur1 #a p\nds ( s&1 p\nd ( jute1 & #j4d p\nd ( pit* are us$4 ,! pit* is us$ to pa9t ! surface ( ! jo9t :ile /ill hot 9 ord] to close up any possible cracks4 ,among ! bett] kn[n ( ! bitum9\s jo9t comp\nds are3 8,g4,k40 ,comp\nd made by ! ,atlas ,company1 ,m]tzt[n1 ,pa41 ,jo9tite & ,filtite1 manufactur$ by ! ,pacific ,flu% ,tank ,co41 ,*icago & ,new ,york1 & "s ( ! products ( ! ,w>r5 ,bro!rs ,co41 ,bo/on4 ,^! comp\nds fill ne>ly all ( ! ideal conditions except z to co/ & ease 9 h&l+4 ,!y are some:at exp5sive & if ov]heat$ or heat$ too long become c>boniz$ & brittle4 ,9 cold wea!r !y d n /ick to ! pipe well unless ! pipe is heat$ be=e ! jo9t is p\r$4 ,on "s "w jo9ts h be5 p\r$ "u wat] ) ^! comp\nds1 b success is d\btful )\t skillful h&l+4 ,an ov]heat$ comp\nd w make /eam 9 ! jo9t caus+ explosions :i* w bl[ ! jo9t clean1 & an und]heat$ comp\nd w h>d5 be=e ! jo9t is complet$4 ,! mat]ials %\ld be heat$ 9 an iron kettle ov] a gasol9e furnace or o!r controllable fire1 until !y j comm5ce to bubble & are ( ! consi/5cy ( a ?9 sirup4 ,only a suffici5t quantity ( mat]ial = imm$iate use %\ld be prep>$ & x %\ld be us$ )9 #aj to #ae m9utes aft] x has become prop]ly heat$4 ,! ladle us$ %\ld be l>ge en\gh to p\r ! entire jo9t )\t refill+4 ,!re are o!r important po9ts to be consid]$ 9 p\r+ jo9ts :i* c be le>n$ be/ by exp]i5ce4 ,! quantity ( mat]ial necess>y = mak+ ^! jo9ts1 z ann\nc$ by ! manufactur]s1 is %[n 9 ,table #fe4 ,,table #fe ,,quantity ,,( ,,comp\nd ,,ne$$ ,,= ,,p\r$ ,,jo9ts ,diamet] ( ,pipe1 9 ,quantity ( ,mat]ial 9 ,p\nds p] ,jo9t ,in*es ,/&>d ,socket ,deep & ,wide ,socket ,jo9tite ,filtite ,g4 ,k4 ,jo9tite ,filtite ,g4 ,k4 #f #j4hb #j4gb #j4db #a4df #a4bh #j4gb #h #a4jf #j4ie #j4gc #a4hb #a4fj #a4be #aj #a4cj #a4ae #j4hi #b4bf #a4ih #a4eb #ab #b4jh #a4hb #a4db #b4fe #b4cb #a4hj #ae #b4eb #b4bj #a4gd #c4bj #b4hj #b4bj #ah #c4jb #b4fd #b4eh #c4ge #c4bi #c4be #bj #c4dd #c4jj #b4hf #d4cj #c4gh #c #fj #bb #c4fb #c4af #c4ac #d4fb #d4jg #c4ig #bd #d4jc #c4ej #c4da #d4ia #d4ca #d4bg ,9 mak+ a p\r$ jo9t ! pipes are fir/ l9$ up 9 position4 ,a hemp or oakum gasket is =c$ into ! jo9t to fill a space ( ab\t ( an in*4 ,an asbe/os or o!r non-combu/ible gasket su* z a rubb] hose sme>$ ) clay is =c$ ab\t in* into ! op5+ betwe5 ! bell & ! spigot & ! comp\nd is p\r$ d[n "o side ( ! pipe ?r\gh a hole brok5 9 ! bell1 until x appe>s on ! o!r side1 & ! hole is fill$4 ,occasionally ! non-combu/ible gasket is wrapp$ tightly ar\nd ! spigot ( ! pipe & press$ or ti$ firmly to ! bell4 ,9 p\r+ cem5t gr\t jo9ts a pap] gasket is us$ :i* is held to ! bell & spigot by draw /r+s4 ,great] spe$ 9 con/ruction & economy 9 ! use ( mat]ials are obta9$ by jo9+ two or ?ree l5g?s ( pipe on ! bank & l[]+ !m into ! tr5* z a unit4 ,! pipes are set 9 a v]tical position on ! bank ) ! bell end up1 "o l5g? re/+ 9 ! o!r4 ,! jo9t is calk$ ) hemp & p\r$ )\t ! use ( ! gasket4 ,! jo9t %\ld always be p\r$ imm$iately aft] be+ calk$ s t ! hemp c n become wat] soak$4 ,! asbe/os gasket %\ld be remov$ z soon z possible aft] ! jo9t is p\r$ 9 ord] to prev5t /ick+ ) resultant dang] ( break+ ( ! jo9t :5 attempt+ to pull ! gasket free4 ,"o man c p\r ab\t #cc eight-in* jo9ts1 & two m5 c complete ab\t #bf twelve-in* jo9ts p] h\r on ! bank :]e conditions are m or less fix$4 #ahb4 ,labor & ,progress4--,! labor requir$ = ! lay+ ( pipe sew]s1 exclusive ( excavation1 brac+ & backfill+1 consi/s ( pipe lay]s & help]s4 ,= pipes #bd to #bg in*es 9 diamet] or small] "o pipe lay] & "o or m help]s are necess>y1 dep5d5t on ! size ( ! pipe & ! dep? ( ! tr5*4 ,= l>g] pipes two pipe lay]s c "w economically ea* work+ on "o-half ( ! pipe & mak+ half ( ! jo9t4 ,! spe$ ( pipe lay+ is ord9>ily limit$ by ! spe$ ( ! excavation1 b on a job 9 ,topeka1 ,kan41#ajj :]e ! av]age day's progress ) a ma*9e excavator 0 #bjj to #ejj feet ( tr5* p] day1 ! pace 0 limit$ by ! spe$ ( ! pipe lay+ gang4 ,?is gang consi/$ ( two pipe lay]s 9 ! tr5* & two help]s on ! surface4 ,! sizes ( pipes h&l$ 7 f #h to #bg in*es4 ,,brick ,,& ,,block ,,sew]s #ahc4 ,! ,inv]t4--,9 good firm gr\nd ! excavation is cut to ! %ape ( ! sew] & ! bricks are laid directly on ! gr\nd1 be+ emb$d$ 9 a ?ick lay] ( mort>4 ,aft] ! f\ndation has be5 prep>$ & be=e ! bricks are laid1 two wood5 templates1 call$ pr(iles1 are prep>$1 simil> to t %[n 9 ,fig4 #abf1 to con=m to ! %ape ( ! inside & outside ( ! sew]4 ,ea* c\rse ( bricks is repres5t$ by a r[ ( nails 9 ! pr(ile & ea* nail corresponds to a jo9t 9 ! r[4 ,! two pr(iles are set true to l9e & grade4 ,a cord is /ret*$ tightly betwe5 ! two l[e/ nails on opposite templates & a r[ ( bricks is laid4 ,! bricks are laid radially & on edge ) _! long dim5sion p>allel to ! axis ( ! sew] & ) "o edge j t\*+ ! /r+4 ,z ea* "o or two or ?ree r[s are complet$ ! guide l9e is mov$ up to ! next nails4 ,:5 ! bricks are laid on ! gr\nd all b l>ge depressions are fill$ 9 ) tamp$ s& or mort> by ! masons4 ,approximately ! same numb] ( r[s ( bricks is kept complet$ on ei!r side ( ! c5t] l9e4 ,! succe$+ c\rses foll[ )9 ?ree to five r[s ( ea* o!r1 ! only bond betwe5 c\rses be+ ! mort> jo9t4 ,?is is call$ r[ lock bond & ) few exceptions has be5 us$ on all brick sew]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,z ! sides ( ! sew] become high] dur+ ! con/ruction1 plat=ms mu/ be built = ! masons4 ,^! plat=ms are built ( wood & re/ directly on ! gre5 brickwork4 ,!y %\ld be design$ to spread ! load z mu* z possible4 ,! brickwork ( ! inv]t is cont9u$ up 9 ?is way to ! spr++ l9e4 ,z soon z "o section is complet$ "o pr(ile is mov$ #aj to #bj feet ahead along ! tr5* accord+ to ! /&>d l5g? ( sections1 & set 9 position4 ,! l9e is !n /rung f x to nails driv5 or pu%$ into ! cem5t jo9ts ( ! la/ complet$ section4 ,betwe5 "w done on sep>ate days ! bricks are rack$ back 9 c\rses to provide a satisfactory bond4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abf4--,pr(ile = ,brick ,sew]s4 ,9 gr\nd too s(t to support ! brickwork directly a cradle is prep>$ by plac+ pr(iles 9 position 9 ! sew] & nail+ #b-;in* planks to ^! pr(iles1 fir/ firmly tamp+ e>? "u ! planks4 ,! bricks are laid 9 ?is cradle 9 a mann] simil> to t expla9$ = sew]s ) a firm f\ndation4 ,9 /ill s(t] gr\nd x may be necess>y to con/ruct a concrete cradle to support ! bricks4 #ahd4 ,! ,ar*4--,! ar* c5t]+ consi/s ( a wood5 =m made up ( wood5 ribs z %[n 9 ,fig4 #abg4 ,! c5t] con=ms to ! %ape ( ! inside ( ! ar* ) all[ance = ! ?ickness ( ! lagg+4 ,! lagg+ is nail$ on ! ribs 9 /raight /rips p>allel to ! axis ( ! sew]4 ,! c5t] is support$ on triangul> /ruts re/+ aga9/ ! sides & on ! bottom ( ! sew] & is lift$ into position by w$ges driv5 betwe5 x & ! support4 ,! c5t]s may be plac$ imm$iately aft] ! completion ( ! inv]t1 or a day or two may be all[$ to pass to give ! inv]t an opportunity to set4 ,aft] ! c5t]s are fix$ 9 place ! ar* brick are c>ri$ up ev5ly on ea* side & are p\nd$ firmly into place4 ,! c5t] is usually1 b n always 8/ruck0 imm$iately1 & ! ar* brick are clean$ & po9t$ up f ! inside4 ,! outside is cov]$ ) a lay] ( to ( an in* ( cem5t mort> & may be backfill$ to ! top ( ! ar* 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! moi/ure ( ! mort> dur+ sett+ & to press ! bricks ( ! ar* toge!r firmly4 ,! c5t]s are sometimes made collapsible s t !y c be c>ri$ or roll$ ?r\gh ! f9i%$ brickwork to ! advanc$ position4 ,9 8/rik+0 ! c5t]s ! w$ges are remov$ & ! w+s fold$ 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abg4--;,c5t]+ = ,brick ,sew]4 ,9 tunnel+1 ! inv]t ( ! sew] is con/ruct$ 9 ! same fa%ion z = op5 cut "w4 ,! ar* c5t]+ is made 9 %ort sections & ! bricks are put 9 position by rea*+ 9 ov] ! end ( ! c5t]+4 ,all ( ! timb]+ ( ! tunnel is remov$ except ! pol+ bo>ds or lagg+ aga9/ :i* ! bricks or mort> are tightly press$1 ! bo>ds be+ brick$ 9 p]man5tly4 #ahe4 ,block ,sew]s4--,sew]s made ( unit blocks ( concrete or vitrifi$ clay are con/ruct$ 9 a simil> mann] to brick sew]s4 ,fig4 #abh %[s ! con/ruction ( a block sew] at ,cl9ton1 ,i[a4 ,9 ?is sew] !re are two r+s2 an inside "o ( solid blocks & an outside "o ( holl[ blocks4 ,block sew]s d n dem& ! skill 9 con/ruction t is dem&$ by brick sew]s1 z ! blocks are s ca/ t ! jo9ts are radial1 :]eas only exp]i5c$ masons c lay bricks radially4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abh4--,segm5tal ,block ,sew] at ,cl9ton1 ,i[a4 #ahf4 ,organization4--,! numb] ( m5 employ$ on a brick or block sew] is proportion$ accord+ to ! size ( ! sew] & ! work+ conditions4 ,! numb] ( m5 work+ on diff]5t tasks usually be>s ! same ratio to ! numb] ( masons employ$1 reg>dless ( ! size ( ! "w4 ,^! proportions are %[n = diff]5t jobs1 9 ,table #ff4 ,,table #ff ,,organizations ,,= ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,brick ,,& ,,block ,,sew]s #hd- to ,g5]al ,ratio #ae-;foot1#ff-;in* #hd-;in* #ajh-;in* #db-;in* ,type ( ,"w on ,basis ( #e-r+ ,circul>,circul> ,sew] ,lock-,jo9t ,f\r ,brick ,brick1 ,brick1 ,brick1 ,brick 9,tile ,block ,lay]s ,*icago ,g>y ,g>y ,detroit ,tunnel ,=eman #a #a #a #a #a #a ,brick lay]s #d #ab #f #f #e #b ,help]s #b #aa #c #c #a ,scaffold m5 #b #ba #c ,brick toss]s #b #g #ae #b ,brick #b #b #b c>ri]s ,cem5t mix]s #b #f #f #e #a ,cem5t #b #aj #h c>ri]s ,=m sett]s #a #c #c ,labor]s #a #h #ai #c #ad #g ,municipal ,s\rce ( ,eng9e]+1 ,h4 ,p4 ,gillette1 ,h&book ( ,co/ ,data ,in=mation ,vol4 #ed1 p4 #bbh #ahg4 ,rate ( ,progress4--,9 a g5]al way x c be assum$ t ! lay+ ( #a1jjj bricks w require #c h\rs ( ! "t ( "o mason1 #aj man-h\rs = help]s & labor]s1 #b b>rels ( cem5t1 #j4f cubic y>d ( s&1 & ab\t #aj feet bo>d measure ( c5t]+4 ,"o ?\s& bricks w make ab\t #b cubic y>ds ( brickwork4 ,to ! co/s1 z e/imat$ on ! basis ( mat]ials & labor1 mu/ be add$ ab\t #ae p] c5t = ov]head & an additional am\nt = ! contractor's pr(it4 ,! numb] ( bricks requir$ 9 v>i\s size sew]s is %[n 9 ,table #fg4 ,a mason c lay m bricks p] h\r 9 a l>ge sew] ?an 9 a small "o z !re is a small] p]c5tage ( face "w1 !re is m room to "w1 & x is easi] to lay ! bricks radially4 ,! numb] ( bricks laid & ! rate ( progress on v>i\s jobs are %[n 9 ,table #fh4 ,,table #fg ,,brick ,,masonry ,,9 ,,circul> ,,sew]s4 ,,cubic ,,y>ds ,,p] ,,l9e> ,,foot 7,f ,h4 ,p4 ,gillette7 ,diamet]1 ,"o ,r+ ,two ,r+ ,?ree r+ ,feet & ,in*es 7#d ,in*es7 7#i ,in*es7 7#ac ,in*es7 #b #j #j4ajc #j4bdj #b #f #j4abe #j4bhj #c #j #j4adg #j4cbg #c #f #j4afi #j4cga #d #j #j4aia #j4dae #d #f #j4bac #j4deh #e #j #j4bcd #j4eja #j4hjb #e #f #j4bef #j4ede #j4hfg #f #j #j4bgh #j4ehi #j4icc #f #f #j4fcc #a4jjj #g #j #j4fgg #a4jfc #g #f #j4gbj #a4abh #h #j #j4gfc #a4aic #h #f #j4hjg #a4bfj #i #j #j4hea #a4cbe #i #f #j4hie #a4cij #aj #j #j4ich #a4def ,,concrete ,,sew]s #ahh4 ,con/ruction 9 ,op5 ,cut4--,9 ! con/ruction ( sew] pipe ( cem5t & concrete "o ( two me?ods may be employ$2 #a/1 to manufacture ! pipe 9 a plant at "s di/ance f ! place ( f9al use1 or #bnd1 to manufacture ! pipe 9 place4 ,! me?ods ( ! manufacture ( cem5t & concrete pipe :i* are to be transport$ to ! place ( use are treat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,! process ( con/ruct+ ! pipes 9 place is ord9>ily us$ = pipes #dh in*es or m 9 diamet]4 ,= small] sizes1 brick1 vitrifi$ clay1 & preca/ cem5t pipes are usually m economical4 ,! prep>ation ( ! f\ndation ( a concrete sew] is simil> to t = a brick sew]4 ,if ! gr\nd is suitable ! tr5* is %ap$ to ! outside =m ( ! sew] & ! concrete p\r$ directly on x4 ,9 s(t mat]ial :i* w\ld give poor support to a sew] ) a r\nd$ ext]ior1 ! bottom ( ! tr5* is cut horizontal & a concrete cradle ( poor] quality ?an t 9 ! f9i%$ sew] is p\r$ on ! s(t gr\nd1 on a bo>d plat=m1 on piles1 or on cribb+ support$ on piles4 ,if ! inv]t ( ! sew] is s flat t ! concrete w /& )\t an inside =m ! %ape ( ! inv]t is obta9$ by a scre$ or /raight-edge :i* is pass$ ov] ! surface ( ! concrete & guid$ on two c5t]s1 or on "o c5t] & ! face ( ! f9i%$ "w4 ,! con/ruction ( a flat inv]t sew] at ,baltimore is %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,! c5t] = ! concrete is %[n 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,:5 ! concrete = ! next section is p\r$ x w be smoo!d to %ape by a scre$ or /raight-edge re/+ on ! face ( ! f9i%$ concrete & ! c5t]4 ,! c5t] is %ap$ to con=m to t ( ! f9i%$ concrete4 ,x is firmly /ak$ 9 position & acts z a bulkhead = ! concrete z x is p\r$1 z well z a guide = ! scre$4 ,,table #fh ,,rate ,,( ,,progress ,,on ,,brick ,,sew] ,,con/ruction 7,bas$ on #h-;h\r day7 ,bricks ,diamet] ,numb],numb] p] ,numb] ( ,sew] ,%ape ,r+s1,masons,mason ,labor]s ,brick p] ,day #g #j;,circul> #h #aa & #b #f #dgaj #ci ,oval #d #j;,circul> #b #c #bejj #c ar* #f #h;,circul> #a #ah #fb inv]t #a ar* #b #i;,egg #b #b #c inv]t #e #f;,circul> #b #f #degj #ce #f #f;,circul> #d #dhjj #b #i;,circul> #b #b #bjhj #e #af #j;,circul> #e #h #e cu4 yd4 #af #j;,circul> #e #ab #gj-ge #c #f;,egg #bcjj #i #f;,circul> #cjjj #c #f;,circul>blocks #b #ac ,diamet] ,feet ( ,sew],progress ,location ,au?ority ,rem>ks p] ,day #g #j #h #aa #fj;,g>y ,gillette #i-;h\r day ,metcalf ,g5]al #d #j #cf & av]age ,eddy ,concrete #f #h ,d5v] ,gillette inv]t ,eng4 ,spr+field1 ,con41 #b #i ,mass4 ,jan4 #af1 #aijg #e #f #aaj;,g>y ,gillette #f #f ,gillette ,exceptional spe$ ,tunnel #b #i #ac4i,syracuse ,gillette #ab-;h\r day #af #j #bb;,*icago ,gillette ,fir/ ye> #af #j #ce;,*icago ,gillette ,second ye> #c #f ,/4 ,l\is ,gillette #i #f #ab4e;,*icago ,h4 ,r4 ,abbott ,lock jo9t #c #f #cj & tile4 #aj-;h\r day ,if inside =ms are to be us$ !y are made z units 9 l5g?s ( #ab or #af feet = wood5 =ms1 & #e feet = /eel =ms4 ,! inside =m is support$ by preca/ concrete blocks plac$ "u x & :i* are concret$ into ! sew]4 ,x is held 9 position by cleats nail$ to ! outside =m1 to ! %eet+1 or w$g$ aga9/ ! outside ( ! tr5*4 ,9 "s cases1 p>ticul>ly :]e /eel =ms are us$1 ! inside =m is hung by *a9s f braces across ! tr5* z is %[n 9 ,fig4 #abi4 ,! =m is easily br\ght to prop] grade by adju/m5t ( ! turnbuckles & is !n w$g$ into position to prev5t movem5t ei!r sideways or upw>ds dur+ ! p\r+ ( ! concrete4 ,x may be necess>y to weight ! =ms d[n to prev5t flotation4 ,cross brac+ 9 ! tr5* :i* int]f]es ) ! plac+ ( ! =m is remov$ & ! braces are plac$ aga9/ ! =m until ! concrete is p\r$4 ,!y are remov$ imm$iately 9 advance ( ! ris+ concrete4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abi4--;,blaw ,/&>d ,half ,r\nd ,sew] ,=m1 ,susp5d$ f ,ov]head ,support4 ,c\rtesy1 ,blaw ,/eel ,=m ,co4 ,! sew] section may be built z a monoli?1 9 two p>ts1 or 9 ?ree p>ts4 ,9 ca/+ ! sew] z a monoli? ! complete full r\nd inside =m is fix$ 9 place by concrete blocks & wires4 ,! full r\nd outside =m is complet$ z f> z possible )\t int]f]+ too mu* ) ! plac+ & tamp+ ( ! concrete4 ,! concrete is p\r$ f ! top1 be+ kept at ! same height on ea* side ( ! =m1 & tamp$ :ile be+ p\r$4 ,! rema9+ panels ( ! outside =m are plac$ 9 position z ! concrete rises to !m4 ,an op5+ is left at ! top ( ! outside ar* =ms :i* is ( su* a wid? t ! concrete w /& )\t support4 ,! ca/+ ( sew]s z a monoli? is difficult & is usually undesirable because ( ! unc]ta9ty ( ! quality ( ! "w4 ,x has ! advantage1 h[ev]1 ( elim9at+ longitud9al work+ jo9ts 9 ! sew]s :i* may all[ ! entrance ( wat] or act z a l9e ( weakness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acj4--;,con/ruction ,jo9ts = ,concrete ,sew]s4 ,if ! sew] is to be ca/ 9 two sections ! inv]t is p\r$ to ! spr++ l9e or high]4 ,a triangul> or rectangul> timb] is set 9 ! top ( ! wet concrete z %[n 9 ,fig4 #acj4 ,:5 ! concrete has set ! timb] is remov$ & ! groove ?us left =ms a work+ jo9t ) ! ar*4 ,aft] ! inv]t concrete has set1 ! ar* c5t]+ is plac$ & ! ar* is complet$4 ,?is is ! mo/ common me?od = ! con/ruction ( m$ium-siz$ circul> sew]s4 ,l>ge sew]s ) relatively flat bottoms are p\r$ 9 two or ?ree sections4 ,fir/ ! inv]t is p\r$ )\t =ms & is %ap$ ) a scre$4 ,ab\t #f in*es ( v]tical wall is p\r$ at ! same "t4 ,?is acts z a support = ! side-wall =ms4 ,! side walls rea* to ! spr++ l9e ( ! ar* & are p\r$ aft] ! inv]t has set4 ,at ! ?ird p\r+ ! ar* is complet$4 ,! sew] %[n 9 ,fig4 #a is be+ p\r$ 9 two /eps1 z ! side walls are s l[ t !y are p\r$ at ! same "t z ! inv]t4 ,a transv]se work+ jo9t simil> to "o ( ! types us$ 9 ,fig4 #acj is set betwe5 ea* day's "w4 ,! l5g? ( ! =m us$ & ! capacity ( ! plant %\ld be adju/$ s t "o complete unit ( inv]t1 side wall1 or ar* c be p\r$ 9 "o op]ation4 ,! =ms are left 9 place until ! concrete has set4 ,inv]t & side-wall =ms are g5]ally left 9 position = at lea/ two days1 & 9 cold wea!r long]4 ,! ar* =ms are left 9 place = d\ble ?is "t4 ,= example if #bj feet ( inv]t & ar* c be p\r$ 9 a day1 #fj feet ( inv]t =m & #ajj feet ( ar* =m w be requir$4 ,z ! =ms are releas$ !y mu/ be mov$ =w>d ?r\gh ^? 9 place4 ,= ?is reason collapsible or dem\ntable =ms are necess>y & /eel =ms are advantage\s4 ,wood5 ar* =ms are sometimes dismantl$ & c>ri$ =w>d 9 sections1 b are pref]ably design$ to collapse z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aca1 s t !y c be pull$ ?r\gh on roll]s or a c>riage4 #ahi4 ,con/ruction 9 ,tunnels4--,9 tunnels ! inv]t & side walls are con/ruct$ 9 ! same mann] z = op5 cut "w4 ,! tunnel+1 :i* acts z ! outside =m1 is concret$ p]man5tly 9 place4 ,! concret+ ( a tunnel by h& is %[n 9 ,fig4 #acb4 ,if ! "w is to be done by h& ! concrete is ?r[n 9 betwe5 ! ribs ( ! ar* c5t]+ & beh9d ! plates or lagg+1 :i* are set 9 advance ( ! ris+ concrete4 ,! lagg+ plates are #e feet long :i* makes x possible to ?r[ ! concrete 9 place at ! ar*1 & to tamp x 9 place f ! end4 ,a bulkhead & a well-greas$ jo9t timb] are plac$ 9 position z ! concrete rises4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aca4--,section ?r\gh a ,collapsible ,wood ,=m4 ,pneumatic transmission ( concrete is also us$ = fill+ ! ar* =ms z well z ! side walls & inv]t =ms4 ,9 us+ ?is me?od ! mix] may be plac$ at ! surface or at ! bottom ( ! %aft or o!r conv5i5t p]man5t location :i* may be "s di/ance f ! =m4 ,! mixture is dis*>g$ into a pipe l9e ?r\gh :i* x is bl[n by air to ! =ms4 ,! />t+ pressure ( ab\t #hj p\nds p] squ>e in* c be r$uc$ aft] fl[ has comm5c$4 ,9 con/ruct+ ! ,/4 ,l\is ,wat] ,works tunnel ! compressor equipm5t = mov+ ! concrete _h a capacity ( #a1fjj cubic feet p] m9ute at a pressure ( #aaj p\nds4 ,! tunnel is horse%oe %ap$1 #h feet 9 height & ) walls v>y+ f #i to #bj in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,! extreme travel ( ! concrete 0 #a1ajj feet 9 an #h in* pipe4 ,! am\nt ( air consum$ at #aaj p\nds v>i$ f #a4b to #a4g cubic feet ( free air p] l9e> foot ( pipe4 ,by ! "t ! bat* _h be5 dis*>g$ ! pressure _h r$uc$ to #be to #dj p\nds1 dep5d+ on ! l5g? ( ! pipe4 ,x is report$ t a #f-;in* pipe l9e w\ld probably h giv5 bett] results4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acb4--,ogi]'s ,run ,int]cept+ ,/orm-,wat] ,dra91 ,baltimore1 ,m>yl&4 ,plac+ concrete 9 ,ar*4 ,! /eel lagg+ ( ! =ms is c>ri$ up 9 sections z ! concrete is deposit$4 ,! dra9 is horse%oe %ap$1 & is #ab feet #c in*es high & #ab feet #c in*es wide4 ,! end ( ! concrete convey+ pipe is provid$ ) a flexible jo9t ! simple/ =m ( :i* c be made by slipp+ a section ( pipe ( l>g] diamet] ov] ! end ( ! transmission l9e4 ,! concrete is deposit$ directly on ! inv]t or into ! side-wall =ms & c be bl[n into ! ar* =ms = #bj to #be feet4 #aij4 ,mat]ials = ,=ms4--,! mat]ials us$ 9 =ms = concrete sew]s are3 wood1 wood ) /eel l9+1 & /eel alone4 ,! fir/ co/ ( wood =ms is l[] ?an t ( /eel b _! life is relatively %ort4 ,if ! =ms are to be us$ a numb] ( times /eel is m economical4 ,) prop] c>e & repairs /eel =ms w outla/ any o!r mat]ial4 ,because ( ! increas+ price ( lumb] & improvem5ts 9 /eel =ms1 wood =ms are n frequ5tly us$4 ,a common type ( specification "u :i* =ms are us$ is3 ,! mat]ial ( ! =ms %all be ( suffici5t ?ickness & ! frames hold+ ! =ms %all be ( suffici5t /r5g? s t ! =ms %all be unyield+ dur+ ! process ( fill+4 ,! face ( ! =m next to ! concrete %all be smoo?4 ,if wood5 =ms are us$ ! plank+ =m+ ! l9+ %all inv>iably be fa/5$ to ! /udd+ 9 horizontal l9es1 ! ends ( ^! planks %all be neatly butt$ aga9/ ea* o!r1 & ! inn] surface ( ! =m %all be z ne>ly z possible p]fectly smoo?1 )\t crevices or (fsets betwe5 ! ends ( adjac5t planks4 ,:]e =ms are us$ a second "t1 !y %all be fre%ly jo9t$ s z to make a p]fectly smoo? f9i% to ! concrete4 ,all =ms %all be wat]-tight & %all be wett$ be=e us+4 ,any mat]ial 9 contact ) wet concrete %\ld be oil$ or greas$ be=eh& 9 ord] to prev5t adh]5ce to ! concrete4 #aia4 ,design ( ,=ms4--,! design ( =ms = re9=c$ concrete "w requires "s k ( ! /r5g? ( mat]ials & ! !ories ( beams1 columns1 & ar*es4 ,=ms c be con/ruct$ )\t su* k b t !y w be bo? economical & adequate is an improbability4 ,! ord9>y beam & column =mulas are applicable to ! design ( =ms4 ,! maximum b5d+ mom5t = %eet+ & ribs is tak5 z 7wl#b7h1 :]e w is ! load p] unit l5g?1 & l is ! l5g? betwe5 supports4 ,san=d ,?ompson recomm5ds t ! deflection be calculat$ z 7wl#c77abh;,,ei71 9 :i* ,e is ! modulus ( ela/icity ( ! mat]ial1 & ,i is ! mom5t ( in]tia ( ! cross-section ref]r$ to ! neutral axis4 ,! horizontal pressure ( ! concrete aga9/ ! =ms has be5 express$ empirically by ,e4 ,b4 ,smi?1#aja z ,p ,h#j4b,r#j4c #abj;,c #j4c,s 9 :i* ,p lat]al pressure 9 p\nds p] squ>e in*2 ,r rate ( fill+ =ms 9 feet p] h\r2 ,h head ( fill4 ,ord9>ily tak5 z ,r1 b 9 cold wea!r or :5 cont9u\sly agitat$ x may be z high z ,r2 ,c ratio1 by volume1 ( cem5t to aggregate2 ,s consi/5cy 9 in*es ( slump4 ,e>li] inve/igators h usually conclud$ t ! pressures 7 equal to ^? caus$ by a liquid weigh+ #add p\nds p] cubic foot1 b ! te/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,public ,roads1 f :i* ! above =mula 0 devis$1 %[ ! pressures to be decid$ly bel[ ?is am\nt "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acc4--;,c5t]+ = ,l>ge ,=ms4 ,) ^! units & =mulas ! design ( ! lagg+ becomes a matt] ( sub/itution 91 & ! solution (1 ! equations produc$4#ajb ,! =ces act+ on ! ribs are indet]m9ate4 ,no m satisfactory design c be made = ! ribs ?an to foll[ successful practice1 or :at is seldom done1 to det]m9e ! /resses 9 ! =ms by ! application ( "o ( ! !ories = ! solution ( ar* /resses4 ,! sizes ( ! lumb] us$ 9 ! ribs v>ies f #a #f in*es to #b #aj in*es1 dep5d+ on ! size ( ! sew]4 ,if v]tical po/s are us$ at ! ends to support ! ar* =ms !y are comput$ z columns tak+ ! full weight ( ! ar*4 ,if ! span is s wide t radial supports are us$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #acc ! load at ! c5t] is assum$ z "o-f\r? ( ! weight ( ! ar*4 #aib4 ,wood5 ,=ms4--,norway & ,s\!rn p9e1 spruce1 & fir are satisfactory = =m con/ruction4 ,:ite p9e is satisfactory b is g5]ally too exp5sive4 ,! h>d woods are too difficult to "w4 ,! lumb] %\ld be only p>tly dri$ z kiln-dri$ lumb] swells too mu* :5 x is moi/5$1 w>p+ ! =ms out ( %ape or cru%+ ! lagg+ at ! jo9ts4 ,gre5 lumb] mu/ be kept moi/ con/antly to prev5t w>p+ be=e use & :5 x is us$ x does n swell en\gh to close ! cracks4 ,! lumb] %\ld be dress$ on ! face next to ! concrete & at ! ends4 ,ei!r bevel$ or mat*$ lumb] may be us$ = lagg+4 ,! jo9t made by bevel$ lumb] %[n 9 ,fig4 #acd is *eap] b less satisfactory ?an a tongu$ & groov$ jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acd4--;,bevel$ ,jo9t = ,wood ,=ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ace4--;,collapsible ,wood5 ,inv]t ,=m = ,concrete ,sew]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acf4--,support = ,ar* ,c5t]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acg4--,wood5 ,=ms ,us$ 9 ,tunnel1 ,nor? ,%ore ,sew]1 ,sanit>y ,di/rict ( ,*icago4 ,j\rnal ,we/]n ,society ( ,eng9e]s1 ,vol4 #bb1 p4 #che4 ,types ( wood5 =ms are %[n 9 ,figs4 #ace & #acf = use 9 sew]s to be built z monoli?s or 9 two portions4 ,fig4 #acg %[s ! details ( a built-up wood5 =m us$ 9 tunnel "w = a #db in* egg-%ap$ sew]4 #aic4 ,/eel-l9$ ,wood5 ,=ms4--,%eet metal l9+s are sometimes us$ on wood5 =ms4 ,!y p]mit ! use ( *eap] undress$ lumb]1 dem& less c>e 9 ! jo9+ ( ! lagg+1 & :5 9 good condition give a smoo? surface to ! f9i%$ concrete4 ,_! use has frequ5tly be5 f\nd unsatisfactory & m exp5sive ?an well-con/ruct$ wood5 =ms because ( ! difficulty ( prev5t+ w>p+ & cr9kl+ ( ! metal l9+ & 9 keep+ ! ends fa/5$ d[n s t !y w n curl4 ,%eet /eel or iron ( ,no4 #ah or #bj gage 7#j4je to #j4jcge ( an in*7 weigh+ #b to #a p\nds p] squ>e foot is ord9>ily us$ = ! l9+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ach4--;,blaw ,/&>d ,full ,r\nd ,telescopic ,sew] ,=ms1 ,%[+ ,knock$-,d[n ,sections ,load$ on a ,truck4 ,c\rtesy1 ,blaw ,/eel ,=m ,co4 #aid4 ,/eel ,=ms4--,^! are simple1 light1 durable1 & easy to h&le4 ,! eng9e] is seldom call$ ^u to design ^! =ms z ! types mo/ frequ5tly us$ are manufactur$ by ! pat5tees & are furni%$ to ! contractor at a fix$ r5tal p] foot ( =m1 exclusive ( freight & haul+ f ! po9t ( manufacture4 ,! =ms c be made 9 any %ape desir$1 ! ord9>y /ock %apes su* z ! circul> =ms be+ ! lea/ exp5sive4 ,! small] circul> =ms are adju/able )9 ab\t #c in*es to diff]5t diamet]s s t ! same =m c be us$ = two sizes ( sew]s4 ,! same =m c be us$ = ar* & inv]t 9 circul> sew]s4 ,fig4 #ach %[s ! collapsible circul> =ms & ! mann] 9 :i* !y are pull$ ?r\gh ^? /ill 9 position4 ,fig4 #abi %[s a half r\nd /eel =m swung 9 position by *a9s & turnbuckles f ! tr5* brac+1 & ,fig4 #aci %[s ! free unob/ruct$ work+ space 9 ! int]ior ( "s l>ge /eel =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aci4--;,int]ior ( ,/eel ,=ms = ,calumet ,sew]1 ,*icago4 ,sew] is #af feet wide4 ,note abs5ce ( ob/ructions4 ,c\rtesy1 ,hydraulic ,/eelcraft ,co4 #aie4 ,re9=cem5t4--,x is ess5tial t ! re9=cem5t be held firmly 9 place dur+ ! p\r+ ( ! concrete4 ,a section ( re9=cem5t misplac$ dur+ con/ruction may s]ve no useful purpose & result 9 ! collapse ( ! sew]4 ,9 sew] con/ruction a few longitud9al b>s may be laid 9 ord] t ! transv]se b>s may be wir$ to !m & held 9 position by not*es 9 ! c5t]+ & 9 fa/5+s to b>s protrud+ f ! f9i%$ "w4 ,?is con/ruction is %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,! network ( re9=cem5t is held up f ! bottom ( ! tr5* by not*$ bo>ds :i* are remov$ z ! concrete rea*es !m1 or bett] by /ones or concrete blocks :i* are concret$ 94 ,sometimes ! re9=cem5t is laid on top ( ! fre%ly p\r$ portion ( ! concrete ! surface ( :i* is at ! prop] di/ance f ! f9i%$ face ( ! "w4 ,?is me?od has ! advantage ( n requir+ any special support = ! re9=cem5t1 b x is undesirable because ( ! result+ irregul>ity 9 ! re9=cem5t spac+ & position4 ,9 ! side walls ! position ( ! re9=cem5t is fix$ by wires or metal /rips :i* are fa/5$ to ! outside =ms or to /akes driv5 into ! gr\nd4 ,wires are !n fa/5$ to ! re9=cem5t b>s & are drawn ?r\gh holes 9 ! =ms & twi/$ tight4 ,:5 ! =ms are remov$ ! wires or /rips are cut leav+ a %ort portion protrud+ f ! face ( ! wall4 ,! re9=c+ /eel f ! inv]t %\ld protrude into ! ar* or ! side walls = a di/ance ( ab\t #dj diamet]s 9 ord] to provide good bond betwe5 ! sections4 ,! protrud+ ends are us$ z fa/5+s = ! new re9=cem5t4 ,! ar* /eel may be support$ above ! =ms by specially design$ metal supports1 by small /ones or concrete blocks :i* are concret$ into ! f9i%$ "w2 or by not*$ /rips ( wood :i* are remov$ z ! concrete approa*es !m4 ,/rips ( wood are n satisfactory because !y are sometimes c>elessly left 9 place 9 ! concrete result+ 9 a l9e ( weakness 9 ! /ructure4 ,metal *airs are ! mo/ secure supports4 ,!y are fa/5$ to ! =ms & ! b>s are wir$ to ! *airs4 ,9 "s in/ances ! entire re9=cem5t has be5 =m$ ( "o or two b>s :i* are fa/5$ into position z a complete r+4 ,?is results 9 a bett] bond 9 ! re9=cem5t1 requires less fa/5+ & tr\ble 9 h&l+1 b is 9 ! way dur+ ! p\r+ ( ! concrete & int]f]es ) ! h&l+ ( ! =ms4 #aif4 ,co/s ( ,concrete ,sew]s4--,"u pres5t day conditions a g5]al /atem5t ( ! co/s ( an eng9e]+ /ructure c n be giv5 ) accuracy4 ,only ! items ( labor1 mat]ials1 & transportation t g to make up ! co/ c be e/imat$ quantitively1 & ! total co/ comput$ by multiply+ ! am\nt ( ea* item by its prop] unit co/ obta9$ f ! m>ket quotations4 ,a summ>y ( "s ( ! items t g to make up ! co/ ( a concrete sew] & ! relative am\nt ( ^! items on diff]5t jobs is giv5 9 ,tables #fi & #gj4 ,,table #fi ,,division ,,( ,,labor ,,co/s ,,= ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( #if-;,,in* ,,circul> ,,concrete ,,sew] ,classification ( ,labor ,classification ( ,"w ,task or ,title ,total ,type ( ,"w ,numb] ( doll>s p] ,doll>s p] m5 day foot ,sup]9t5d5t #a #f4jj;,excavation #a4hj ,eng9eman ,%eet+ & #a #c4ej brac+ #j4eh ,hoi/] ,bottom plank 7eng9eman7 #a #b4jj #j4ag ,tag-m5 #b #c4cj,pull+ %eet+ #j4de ,e>? digg]s #aj #af4ej;,backfill+ #j4cc ,on dump c>s ,mak+ & #b #c4cj plac+ inv]t #a4ag ,c>p5t] on ,mak+ & brac+ #b #c4jj plac+ ar* #a4ed ,c>p5t]s' ,lay+ brick 9 help]s #b #c4cj inv]t #j4bi ,lay+ bottom #b #c4cj ,mov+ pumps1 ,b5d+ & etc4 plac+ /eel #b #c4cj 9 ar* #j4bj ,pull+ %eet+ #c #e4be ,mix+ & ,b5d+ & plac+ plac+ /eel concrete #af #bf4dj 9 inv]t #j4ji ,on /eel =ms ,mov+ =ms & #c #e4be c5t]s #j4fb ,wat] boy ,wat*m51 wat] #a #a4jj boy1 etc4 #j4fb ,coal & oil #e4jj ---------- ---------- ,total #ij4dj ,total #g4hf ,,notes4--,tr5* 0 #ab feet wide & ( v>i\s dep?s4 ,at dep? ( #ab feet ! co/ ( excavation 0 #a4fa p] foot4 ,f ,eng9e]+ & ,contract+1 ,vol4 #dg1 p4 #aeg4 ,,backfill+ #aig4 ,me?ods4--,c>eful backfill+ is necess>y to prev5t ! displacem5t ( ! newly laid pipe & to avoid subsequ5t settlem5t at ! surface result+ 9 unev5 /reet surfaces & dang]s to f\ndations & o!r /ructures4 ,! backfill+ %\ld comm5ce z soon z ! cem5t 9 ! jo9ts or 9 ! sew] has obta9$ its initial set4 ,clay1 s&1 rock du/1 or o!r f9e compactible mat]ial is !n pack$ by h& "u & ar\nd ! pipe & ramm$ ) a %ovel & light tamp]4 ,?is me?od ( fill+ is cont9u$ up to ! top ( ! pipe4 ,! backfill %\ld rise ev5ly on bo? sides ( ! pipe & tamp+ %\ld be cont9u\s dur+ ! plac+ ( ! backfill4 ,= ! next #b feet ( dep? ! backfill %\ld be plac$ ) a %ovel s z n to di/urb ! pipe1 & %\ld be tamp$ :ile be+ plac$1 b no tamp+ %\ld be done )9 #f in*es ( ! cr[n ( ! sew]4 ,! tamp+ %\ld become progressively heavi] z ! dep? ( ! backfill increases4 ,g5]ally "o man tamp+ is provid$ = ea* man %ovel+4 ,,table #gj ,,division ,,( ,,co/s ,,= ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,concrete ,,sew]s ,gillette's ,h&book ( ,co/ ,data4 ,item ,location ,fond du ,s\? ,lac ,b5d ,wilm+ton ,ri*mond1 ,indiana ,diamet] 9 in*es #cj #ff #ec #ed #dh #db ,%ape circul> circul>horse%oe circul>circul>circul> ,pla9 or re9=c$ pla9 re94 re94 re94 re94 re94 ,cubic y>ds p] foot #j4aa #j4eid #j4cg #e %ell#e %ell#d %ell ,daily progress1 feet #dg #bd to #cf ,co/ p] foot1 doll>s #a4bj #d4dj #b4ig #a4ce #a4jh #j4ia ,p] c5t ( total co/3 ,labor #ci4jajc #cc4e #cc4j #ag4a ,tools #a4e #aa4e ,s& & gravel #ab4d #ae4e #ah4i #ai4c ,lumb] #j4i ,wat] #j4g #aa4e ,re9=c+ #j4j #ad4e #bb4c ,cem5t #bc4j #bj4j #bg4e #cb4jajd ,fro/ prev5tion #b4j ,=ms #ab4e #h4j #f4a #i4c ,eng9e]+ #h4j ,l5g? ( day1 h\rs #h #aj ,ye> ( con/ruction #aijh #aijf ,pre-w> conditions ,above a po9t #b feet above ! top ( ! sew] ! me?od pursu$ & ! c>e obs]v$ 9 backfill+ w dep5d on ! "* ( ! backfill+ mat]ial & ! location ( ! sew]4 ,if ! sew] is 9 a pav$ /reet ! backfill is spread 9 lay]s #f in*es ?ick & tamp$ ) ramm]s weigh+ ab\t #dj p\nds ) a surface ( ab\t #cj squ>e in*es4 ,"o man tamp+ = ea* man %ovel+ is frequ5tly specifi$4 ,if no pavem5t is to be laid b x is requir$ t ! f9i%$ surface %all be smoo?1 slightly less c>e ne$ be tak5 & only "o man tamp+ is specifi$ = ea* two m5 %ovel+4 ,on pav$ /reets a re9=c$ concrete slab ) a be>+ ( at lea/ #ab in*es on ! undi/urb$ sides ( ! tr5* may be design$ to support ! pavem5t & its loads4 ,?is is ( great help 9 prev5t+ ! unsightly appe>ance & r\ghness due to an improp]ly backfill$ tr5*4 ,on unpav$ /reets ! backfill is cr[n$ ov] ! tr5* to a dep? ( ab\t #f in*es & !n roll$ smoo? by a road roll]4 ,9 op5 fields1 9 side dit*es1 or 9 locations :]e ob/ruction to traffic or unsightl9ess ne$ n be consid]$1 aft] ! fir/ #b feet ( backfill h be5 plac$ ) prop] c>e1 ! rema9d] is scrap$ or ?r[n into ! tr5* by h& or ma*9e1 c>e be+ tak5 n to drop ! mat]ial s f> z to di/urb ! sew]4 ,if ! top ( ! sew]1 manhole1 or o!r /ructure comes close to or above ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 an e>? embankm5t %\ld be built at lea/ #c feet ?ick ov] & ar\nd ! /ructure4 ,! embankm5t %\ld h side slopes ( at lea/ #a on #a & %\ld be tamp$ to a smoo? & ev5 f9i%4 ,if %eet+ is to be )drawn f ! tr5* x %\ld be )drawn imm$iately ahead ( ! backfill+1 & 9 tr5*es subject to cav+ x may be pull$ z ! backfill+ rises4 ,puddl+ is a process ( backfill+ 9 :i* ! tr5* is fill$ ) wat] be=e ! fill+ mat]ial is ?r[n 94 ,x avoids ! necessity = tamp+ & c be us$ satisfactorily ) mat]ials t w dra9 well & w n %r9k on dry+4 ,s& & gravel are suitable mat]ials = puddl+1 heavy clay is unsatisfactory4 ,puddl+ %\ld n be resort$ to be=e ! fir/ #b feet ( backfill has be5 c>efully plac$4 ,m compact "w c be obta9$ by tamp+ ?an ) puddl+4 ,froz5 e>?1 rubbi%1 old lumb]1 & simil> mat]ials %\ld n be us$ :]e a p]man5t f9i%$ surface is desir$ z ^! w decompose or s(t5 result+ 9 settlem5t4 ,rocks may be ?r[n 9 ! backfill if n dropp$ too f> & ! e>? is c>efully tamp$ ar\nd & ov] !m4 ,9 rock tr5*es f9e mat]ials su* z loam1 clay1 s&1 etc41 mu/ be provid$ = ! backfill+ ( ! fir/ portion ( ! tr5* = #b feet ov] ! top ( ! pipe4 ,m clay c g5]ally be pack$ 9 an excavation ?an 0 tak5 out ( x1 b s& & gravel occupy m space ?an orig9ally ev5 :5 c>efully tamp$4 ,tamp+ ma*9es h n come into g5]al use4 ,"o type ( ma*9e sometimes us$ consi/s ( a gasol9e eng9e :i* raises & drops a weight$ rod4 ,! rod c be swung back & =? across ! tr5* :ile ! app>atus is be+ pu%$ along4 ,x is claim$ t two m5 op]at+ ! ma*9e c d ! "w ( six to t5 m5 tamp+ by h&4 ,! ma*9e deliv]s #ej to #fj bl[s p] m9ute1 ) a #b foot drop ( ! #hj to #ij p\nd tamp+ head4 ,backfill+ 9 tunnels is usually difficult because ( ! small space available 9 :i* to "w4 ,ord9>ily ! timb]+ is left 9 place & concrete is ?r[n 9 f ! end ( ! pipe betwe5 ! outside ( ! pipe & ! tunnel walls & ro(4 ,if vitrifi$ pipe is us$ 9 ! tunnel1 ! backfill+ is done ) select$ clayey mat]ial :i* is pack$ into place ar\nd ! pipe by workm5 ) long tamp+ tools4 ,! backfill+ %\ld be done ) c>e "u ! sup]vision ( a vigilant inspector 9 ord] t subsequ5t settlem5t ( ! surface may be prev5t$4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,ma9t5ance ,,( ,,sew]s #aih4 ,"w ,involv$4--,! pr9cipal ef=t 9 ma9ta9+ sew]s is to keep !m clean & unob/ruct$4 ,a sew]age sy/em1 al?\gh buri$1 _c be =gott5 z x w n c>e = itself1 b becom+ clogg$ w =ce itself on ! att5tion ( ! community4 ,besides ! clean+ & repair+ ( sew]s & ! mak+ ( inspections = det]m9+ ! necessity = ?is "w1 ord9ances %\ld be prep>$ & en=c$ = ! purpose ( protect+ ! sew]s f abuse4 ,inspections to det]m9e ! am\nt ( ! depreciation ( sew]s ) a view t[>ds possible r5ewal1 or to det]m9e ! capacity ( a sew] 9 relation to ! load impos$ ^u x are sometimes necess>y4 ,! valuation ( ! sew]age sy/em z an item 9 ! inv5tory ( city prop]ty may be assign$ to ! eng9e] 9 *>ge ( sew] ma9t5ance4 ,! "w involv$ 9 ! inspection & clean+ ( sew]s 9 ,new ,york ,city = ! ye> end+ ,may1 #aiad1 includ$ ! removal ( #bb1fhg cubic y>ds ( mat]ial f cat*-bas9s1 & #ad1hbf cat*-bas9 clean+s4 ,?is made an av]age ( two & "o-half clean+s p] cat*-bas9 p] ye>1 or #a cubic y>ds remov$ at ea* clean+4 ,! #f1dcb cat*-bas9s 7 inspect$ #ga1hij times4 ,!re 7 #d1aab cubic y>ds ( mat]ial remov$ f #eag miles ( sew]s1 or ab\t #h cubic y>ds p] mile4 ,inspection ( #aid miles ( brick sew]s 7 made1 #d4d miles 7 flu%$1 & #bg miles 7 clean$4 ,inspections ( #aih miles ( pipe sew]s 7 made1 #hj miles 7 exam9$ m closely1 #cg miles 7 flu%$1 & #ia miles 7 clean$4 ,! field organization = ?is "w consi/$ ( #ag =em51 #h assi/ant =em51 #bi labor]s1 #ga clean]s1 #ac me*anics1 #g inspectors ( con/ruction1 #c inspectors ( sew] connections1 #ac horses & wagons1 & #bh horses & c>ts4#aje #aii4 ,causes ( ,tr\bles4--,! compla9ts mo/ frequ5tly receiv$ ab\t sew]s are caus$ by clogg+1 breakage ( pipes1 & bad odors4 ,sew]s become clogg$ by ! deposition ( s& & o!r detritus :i* results 9 ! =mation ( pools 9 :i* organic matt] deposits1 aggravat+ ! clogg$ condition ( ! sew]s & caus+ ! odors compla9$ (4 ,grease is a prolific cause ( tr\ble4 ,x is dis*>g$ into ! sew] 9 hot wa/es1 & becom+ cool$1 deposits 9 ?ick lay]s :i* may effectively block ! sew] if n remov$4 ,x c be prev5t$ f ent]+ ! sew]s by ! in/allation ( grease traps z describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! p]iodic clean+ ( ^! traps is z important z _! in/allation4 ,tree roots are tr\blesome1 p>ticul>ly 9 small pipe sew]s 9 resid5tial di/ricts4 ,roots ( ! ,nor? ,c>ol9a popl>1 silv] leaf popl>1 will[1 elm1 & o!r trees w ent] ! sew] ?r\gh m9ute holes & may fill ! sew] b>rel completely if n cut away 9 "t4 ,fungus gr[?s occasionally cause tr\ble 9 sew]s by =m+ a network ( t5drils t cat*es float+ objects & builds a b>ricade across ! sew]4 ,difficulties f fungus gr[?s are n common1 b con/ant att5tion mu/ be giv5 to ! removal ( grit1 grease1 & roots4 ,t>ry deposits f gas-manufactur+ plants are occasionally a cause ( tr\ble1 z !y cem5t ! detritus already deposit$ into a t\gh & gummy mass t cl+s t5aci\sly to ! sew]4 ,brok5 sew]s are caus$ by excessive sup]impos$ loads1 und]m9+1 & progressive det]ioration4 ,! *ang+ "* ( a di/rict may result 9 a *ange ( /reet grade1 an increase 9 ! weight ( traffic1 or 9 ! con/ruction ( o!r /ructures caus+ loads ^u ! sew] = :i* x 0 n design$4 ,! pres5ce ( corrosive acids or gases may cause ! det]ioration ( ! mat]ial ( ! sew]4 #bjj4 ,inspection4--,! ma9t5ance ( a sew]age sy/em is usually plac$ "u ! direction ( a sew] dep>tm5t4 ,9 ! organization ( ! "w ( ?is dep>tm5t no regul> r\t9e ( inspection ( all sew]s ne$ be foll[$ ord9>ily4 ,att5tion %\ld be giv5 regul>ly to ^? sew]s t are kn[n to give tr\ble1 :]eas ! less tr\blesome sew]s ne$ n be inspect$ m frequ5tly ?an once a ye>1 pref]ably dur+ ! w9t] :5 labor is easi] to obta94 ,! r\t9e inspection ( sew]s too small to ent] is made by an exam9ation at ! manhole4 ,if ! wat] is runn+ z freely at "o manhole z at ! next manhole above1 x is assum$ t ! sew] betwe5 ! manholes is clean & no fur!r inspection ne$ be giv5 unless !re is "s o!r reason to suspect clogg+ betwe5 manholes4 ,if ! sewage is back$ up 9 a manhole x indicates t !re is an ob/ruction 9 ! sew] bel[4 ,if ! sewage 9 a manhole is fl[+ sluggi%ly & is cov]$ ) scum x is an indication ( clogg+1 sl[ velocity & septic action 9 ! sew]4 ,sludge banks on ! slop+ bottom ( ! manhole or signs ( sewage high ^u ! walls indicate an occasional flood+ ( ! sew] due to inadequate capacity or clogg+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adj4--;,inspect+ ,sew]s ) ,reflect$ ,sunlight4 ,if any ( ! signs obs]v$ indicate t ! sew] is clogg$1 ! manhole %\ld be ent]$ & ! sew] m c>efully inspect$4 ,su* inspection may be made ) ! aid ( mirrors z %[n 9 ,fig4 #adj or ) a p]iscope device z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ada4 ,sunlight is m brilliant ?an ! electric lamp %[n 9 ,fig4 #ada1 b ! mirror 9 ! manhole directs ! sunlight into ! eyes ( ! obs]v]1 dazzl+ him & prev5t+ a good view ( ! sides ( ! sew]4 ,! obs]v]s' eyes c be protect$ aga9/ ! direct rays ( ! electric light1 :i* c be project$ aga9/ ! sides ( ! pipe by prop] %ades & reflectors4 ,x is possible ) ?is device to locate h\se connection1 /oppages1 breaks ( ! pipe1 & to det]m9e fairly accurately ! condition ( ! sew] )\t discom=t to ! obs]v]s4 ,sew]s t are l>ge en\gh to ent] %\ld be inspect$ by walk+ ?r\gh !m :]e possible4 ,! inspection %\ld be conduct$ by clean+ (f ! sew] surface 9 spots ) a small broom1 & exam9+ ! brick wall = loose bricks1 loose cem5t or cem5t lo/ f ! jo9ts1 op5 jo9ts1 brok5 bond1 erod$ inv]t1 & su* o!r items z may cause tr\ble4 ,an inspection 9 /orm sew]s is sometimes ( value 9 detect+ ! pres5ce ( =bidd5 h\se connections4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ada4--;,inspect+ ,sew]s ) ,p]iscope & ,electric ,light4 ,! ,g-,k ,sy/em4 ,c]ta9 precautions %\ld be tak5 be=e ent]+ sew]s or manholes4 ,if a di/9ct odor ( gasol9e is evid5t ! sew] %\ld be v5tilat$ z well z possible by leav+ a numb] ( manhole cov]s op5 along ! l9e until ! odor ( gasol9e has disappe>$4 ,! /r5g? ( gasol9e odor above :i* x is unsafe to ent] a sew] is a matt] ( exp]i5ce possess$ by few4 ,a slight odor ( gasol9e is evid5t 9 _m sew]s & indicates no special dang]4 ,a discussion ( ! am\nt ( gasol9e necess>y to create explosive conditions is giv5 9 ,art4 #bjf4 ,9 mak+ obs]vations ( ! odor x %\ld also be not$ :e!r air is ent]+ or leav+ ! manhole4 ,! pres5ce ( gasol9e _c be detect$ at a manhole into :i* air is ent]+4 ,z soon z x is consid]$ t ! odors f a sew] indicate ! abs5ce ( an explosive mixture1 a light$ lant]n or o!r op5 flame %\ld be l[]$ into ! manhole to te/ ! pres5ce ( oxyg54 ,c>bon monoxide or o!r asphyxiat+ gases may accumulate 9 ! sew]1 & if pres5t w ext+ui% ! flame4 ,if ! flame burns brilliantly ! sew] is probably safe to ent]1 b if conditions are unkn[n or unc]ta91 ! man ent]+ %\ld we> a life belt atta*$ to a rope & t5d$ by a man at ! surface4 ,asphyxiat+ or explosive gases are sometimes run into )\t w>n+ due to _! lack ( odor1 or ! pres5ce ( /rong] odors 9 ! sew]4 ,brea?+ masks & electric lamps are precautions aga9/ ^! dang]s1 ! masks be+ ready = use only :5 actually ne$$4 ,m dea?s h occurr$ 9 sew]s due to asphyxiat+ gases ?an by explosions1 z ! av]age sew] explosion is ( insuffici5t viol5ce to d great damage1 al?\gh on occasion1 extremely viol5t explosions h occurr$4 ,dur+ inspections ( sew]s !re %\ld always be at lea/ "o man at ! surface to call help 9 case ( accid5t & ! inspect+ p>ty %\ld consi/ ( at lea/ two m54 ,x mu/ n be felt t ent]+ sew]s is fraught ) great dang]1 z x is p]fectly safe to ent] ! av]age sew]4 ,! air is n unpleasant & no discom=t is felt1 b conditions are su* t unexpect$ situations may arise = :i* ! man 9 ! sew] %\ld be prep>$4 ,x is !re=e wise to take c]ta9 precautions4 ,^! may indicate to ! un9itiat$1 a great] dang] ?an actually exi/s4 ,! inspection ( sew]s %\ld include ! inspection ( ! flu%-tanks1 control devices1 grit *amb]s1 & o!r appurt5ances4 ,a common difficulty f\nd ) flu%-tanks is t ! tank is 8drool+10 t is to say ! wat] is trickl+ out ( ! siphon z fa/ z x is ent]+ ! tank1 & ! int]mitt5cy ( ! dis*>ge has ceas$4 ,if1 :5 ! tank is fir/ inspect$ ! wat] is ab\t at ! level ( ! top ( ! bell x is probable t ! siphon is drool+4 ,a m>k %\ld be made at ! elevation ( ! wat] surface & ! tank inspect$ aga9 9 ! c\rse ( an h\r or m4 ,if ! wat] level is un*ang$ ! siphon is drool+4 ,?is may be caus$ by ! clogg+ ( ! snift hole or by a rag or o!r ob/acle hang+ ov] ! siphon :i* p]mits wat] to pass be=e ! air has be5 exhau/$1 or a misplacem5t ( ! cap ov] ! siphon1 or o!r difficulty :i* may be recogniz$ :5 ! pr9ciple on :i* ! siphon op]ates is und]/ood4 ,occasionally x is discov]$ t an ov] zeal\s wat] dep>tm5t has %ut (f ! s]vice4 ,control devices1 su* z leap+ or ov]fl[ weirs1 automatic valves1 etc41 may become clogg$ & cease to op]ate satisfactorily4 ,!y %\ld be inspect$ frequ5tly1 dep5d5t ^u _! importance & ! frequ5cy ) :i* !y h be5 f\nd to be inop]ative4 ,an inspection w reveal ! ob/acle :i* %\ld be remov$4 ,floats %\ld be exam9$ = loss ( buoyancy or leaks r5d]+ !m useless4 ,grit & scre5 *amb]s %\ld be exam9$ = sludge deposits4 ,cat*-bas9s on /orm sew]s are a frequ5t cause ( tr\ble & ne$ m or less frequ5t clean+4 ,clean+s are m important ?an inspections = cat*-bas9s = if !y are op]at+ prop]ly !y are usually 9 ne$ ( clean+ aft] e /orm ( any magnitude1 & a regul> s*$ule ( clean+ %\ld be ma9ta9$4 ,a record %\ld be kept ( all inspections made4 ,x %\ld include an acc\nt ( ! inspection1 its date1 ! conditions f\nd1 by :om made & ! rem$ies tak5 to effect repairs4 #bja4 ,repairs4--,common repairs to sew]age sy/ems consi/ 9 replac+ /reet inlets or cat*-bas9 cov]s brok5 by traffic2 rais+ or l[]+ cat*-bas9 or manhole heads to comp5sate = ! s9k+ ( ! manhole or ! we> ( ! pavem5t2 replac+ ( brok5 pipes1 loos5$ bricks or mort> :i* has dropp$ out2 & o!r miscellane\s repairs z ! necessity may arise4 ,connections f private dra9s are a s\rce ( tr\ble because ei!r ! sew] or ! dra9 has brok5 due to c>eless "w or ! settlem5t ( ! f\ndation or ! backfill4 #bjb4 ,clean+ ,sew]s4--,sew]s too small to ent] are clean$ by ?ru/+ rods or by dragg+ ?r\gh !m "s "o ( ! v>i\s in/rum5ts available4 ,! common sew] rod %[n 9 ,fig4 #adb is a hickory /ick1 or light metal rod1 #c or #d feet long1 on ! end ( :i* is a c\pl+ :i* _c come undone 9 ! sew]4 ,sections ( ! rod are jo9$ 9 ! manhole & pu%$ d[n ! sew] until ! ob/ruction is rea*$ & dislodg$4 ,occasionally pieces ( pipe screw$ toge!r are us$ ) success4 ,! end section may be fitt$ ) a special cutt+ %oe = dislodg+ ob/ructions4 ,9 extreme cases ^! rods may be pu%$ #djj to #ejj feet1 b are m effective at %ort] di/ances4 ,ob/ructions may be dislodg$ by %ov+ a fire hose1 :i* is dis*>g+ wat] "u high pressure ?r\gh a small nozzle1 d[n ! sew] t[>d ! ob/ruction4 ,! wat] pressure /iff5s ! hose1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! support f ! sides ( ! conduit1 make x possible to pu% ! hose 9 = effective "w #ajj feet or m f ! manhole4 ,a /rip ( flexible /eel ab\t in* ?ick & #a to #b in*es wide is useful = 8rodd+0 a %ort l5g? ( crook$ sew]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adb4--,sew] ,rods ,sew]s are seldom s clogg$ t no *annel :atev] rema9s4 ,z a sew] becomes m & m clogg$1 ! passage becomes small]1 !reby increas+ ! velocity ( fl[ ( ! sewage ar\nd ! ob/ruction & ma9ta9+ a passageway by erosion4 ,?is ph5om5on has be5 tak5 advantage ( 9 ! clean+ ( sew]s by 8pills40 ,^! consi/ ( a s]ies ( light holl[ balls v>y+ 9 size4 ,"o ( ! small] balls is put into ! sew] at a manhole4 ,:5 ! ball /rikes an ob/ruction x is caught & jamm$ aga9/ ! ro( ( ! sew]4 ,! sewage is back$ up & seeks an outlet ar\nd ! ball1 ?us cle>+ a *annel & wa%+ ! ball along ) x4 ,! ball is caught at ! next manhole bel[4 ,a net %\ld be plac$ = cat*+ ! ball & a small dam to prev5t ! dislodg$ detritus f pass+ d[n into ! next l5g? ( pipe4 ,! fe$+ ( ! balls into ! sew] is cont9u$1 us+ l>g] & l>g] sizes1 until ! sew] is clean4 ,?is me?od is p>ticul>ly useful = ! removal ( sludge deposits1 b x is n effective aga9/ roots & grease4 ,! balls %\ld be suffici5tly light to float4 ,holl[ metal balls are bett] ?an heavi] wood5 ones4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adc4--;,cable & ,w9dlass ,me?od ( ,clean+ ,sew]s4 ,! cable is held to ! bottom ( ! sew] by brac+ a #b x #d upright 9 ! sew]1 ) a snat* block atta*$4 ,a trail] is atta*$ to ! scoop to prev5t loss ( mat]ial4 ,pl[s & o!r scrap+ in/rum5ts are dragg$ ?r\gh pipe sew]s to loos5 banks ( sludge & detritus & to cut roots or dislodge ob/ructions4 ,"o =m ( pl[ consi/s ( a scoop#ajf simil> to a groc]'s sug> scoop1 :i* is pu%$ or dragg$ up a sew] aga9/ ! direction ( fl[4 ,z fa/ z ! scoop is fill$ x is drawn back & empti$4 ,! me?od ( dragg+ ?is ?r\gh a sew] is indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #adc4 ,at ,atlantic ,city ! crew op]at+ ! scoop comprises five m51 two are at "w 9 ea* manhole & "o on ! surface to w>n traffic & wait on ! m5 9 ! manholes4 ,! outfit ( tools is conta9$ 9 a h&-drawn tool box & includes sew] rods1 metal scoops = all sizes ( sew]s1 picks1 %ovels1 hat*ets1 *isels1 lant]ns1 grease & root cutt]s1 etc41 & two w9*es ) f #djj to #fjj feet ( -in* wire cable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #add4--,sew] ,clean+ ,device4 ,eng4 ,news1 ,vol4 #db1 #ahii1 p4 #cbh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ade4--,tools = ,clean+ ,sew]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adf4--,turb9e ,sew] ,ma*9e ,connect$ to ,=c+ ,jack4 ,! =c+ jack is us$ :5 w9dlass & cable _c be us$4 ,c\rtesy1 ,! ,turb9e ,sew] ,ma*9e ,co4 ,ano!r =m ( pl[ or drag consi/s ( a set ( hooks or tee? h+$ to a c5tral b> z %[n 9 ,fig4 #add4 ,a root cutt] & grease scrap] 9 ! =m ( a spiral spr+ ) %>p5$ edges1 & o!r tools = clean+ sew]s are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ade4 ,a turb9e sew] clean] %[n 9 ,fig4 #adf consi/s ( a set ( cutt+ blades :i* are revolv$ by a hydraulic motor ( ab\t #c horse-p[] "u an op]at+ pressure ( ab\t #fj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,! turb9e is atta*$ to a /&>d fire hose & is pu%$ ?r\gh ! sew] by utiliz+ ! /iffness ( ! hose1 or by rods atta*$ to a pu%+ jack z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,?is ma*9e 0 inv5t$ & pat5t$ by ,w4 ,a4 ,/ev5son 9 #aiad4 ,its p]=mance is excell5t4 ,! blades revolve at ab\t #fjj ,r4,p4,m41 cutt+ roots & grease4 ,! revolv+ blades & ! escap+ wat] also s]ve to loos5 & /ir up ! deposits & ! =w>d helical motion imp>t$ to ! wat] is useful 9 pu%+ ! mat]ial ahead ( ! ma*9e & 9 scrubb+ ! walls ( ! sew]4 ,9 ,milwaukee f\r m5 ) ! ma*9e clean$ #cai feet ( #ab-;in* sew] 9 #af h\rs1 & 9 ,kansas ,city #g1hja feet ( sew]s 7 clean$ 9 #ad days4 ,sew]s l>ge en\gh to ent] may be clean$ by h&4 ,! mat]ials to be remov$ are %ovel$ into buckets :i* are c>ri$ or float$ to manholes1 rais$ to ! surface & dump$4 ,9 v l>ge sew]s tempor>y tracks h be5 laid & small c>s pu%$ to ! manhole = ! removal ( ! mat]ial4 ,hydraulic s& ejectors may also be us$ = ! removal ( deposits1 simil> to ! /eam ejector pump %[n 9 ,fig4 #ig4 ,! wat] ent]s ! app>atus at high velocity1 "u a pressure ( ab\t #fj p\nds p] squ>e in*1 leaps a gap 9 ! ma*9e f a nozzle to a funnel-%ap$ guide lead+ to ! dis*>ge pipe4 ,! suction pipe ( ! ma*9e leads to ! *amb] 9 :i* ! leap is made4 ,9 leap+ ?is gap ! wat] creates a vacuum t is suffici5t to remove ! uncem5t$ detritus l>ge en\gh to pass ?r\gh ! ma*9e1 & w lift small /ones to a height ( #aj to #ab feet4 ,occasionally b>ricades ( logs1 tree bran*es1 rope1 leaves1 & o!r ob/ructions :i* h pil$ up aga9/ "s inw>d project+ portion ( ! sew]1 mu/ be remov$ by h& ei!r by cutt+ ) an axe or by pull+ !m out4 ,projections f ! sides ( sew]s are objectionable because ( _! t5d5cy to cat* ob/acles & =m b>ricades4 ,little au!ntic in=mation on ! co/ ( clean+ sew]s is available4 ,a p]man5t sew] organization is ma9ta9$ by _m cities4 ,! division ( _! "t betwe5 repairs1 clean+1 & o!r duties is seldom made a matt] ( record4 ,f data publi%$ 9 ,public ,works#ajg x is probable t ! co/ v>ies f #c to #ae p] cubic y>d ( mat]ial remov$4 ,f ! in=mation 9 ,vol4 ,,ii ( 8,am]ican ,sew]age ,practice0 by ,metcalf & ,eddy ! comb9$ co/ ( clean+ & flu%+ w v>y betwe5 #aj & #dj p] mile2 ! exp5se ( ei!r flu%+ or clean+ alone be+ ab\t "o-half ( ?is4 #bjc4 ,flu%+ ,sew]s4--,sew]s c sometimes be clean$ or kept clean by flu%+4 ,flu%+ may be automatic & frequ5t1 or h& flu%+ may be resort$ to at int]vals to remove accumulat$ deposits4 ,automatic flu%-tanks1 flu%+ manholes1 a fire hose1 a connection to a wat] ma91 a tempor>y fix$ dam1 a mov+ dam1 & o!r me?ods are us$ 9 flu%+ sew]s4 ,! design1 op]ation1 & results obta9$ f ! use ( automatic flu%-tanks & flu%+ manholes are discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! me?od 9 use = clean+ a sew] by ?ru/+ a fire hose d[n x c also be us$ = flu%+ sew]s4 ,x is an inexp5sive & fairly satisfactory me?od4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "s dang] ( displac+ ! sew] pipe because ( ! high velocity ( ! wat]4 ,an easi] & saf] b less effective me?od is to all[ wat] to ent] at ! manhole & fl[ d[n ! sew] by gravity4 ,direct connections to ! wat] ma9s are sometimes op5$ = ! same purpose4 ,sew]s are sometimes flu%$ by ! con/ruction ( a tempor>y dam across ! sew]1 caus+ ! sewage to back up4 ,:5 ! sew] is half to ?ree-qu>t]s full ! dam is sudd5ly remov$ & ! accumulat$ sewage all[$ to ru% d[n ! sew]1 ?us flu%+ x out4 ,! dam may be made ( s& bags1 bo>ds fitt$ to ! sew]1 or a comb9ation ( bo>ds & bags4 ,! exp5se ( equipm5t = flu%+ by ?is me?od is less ?an t by any o!r me?od1 b ! results obta9$ are n always desirable4 ,bel[ ! dam ! results comp>e favorably ) ^? obta9$ by o!r me?ods1 b above ! dam ! /oppage ( ! fl[ ( ! sewage may cause depositions ( great] quantities ( mat]ial ?an h be5 flu%$ out bel[4 ,a "t %\ld be *os5 = ! application ( ?is me?od :5 ! sewage is comp>atively weak & free f susp5d$ matt]4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t place = ! con/ruction ( a dam is at a manhole 9 ord] t ! op]ator may be cle> ( ! ru% ( sewage :5 ! dam is remov$4 ,movable dams or scrap]s are useful 9 clean+ sew]s ( a mod]ate size1 b are ( little value 9 small sew]s4 ,! scrap] fits loosely aga9/ ! sides ( ! sew] & is pu%$ =w>d by ! pressure ( ! sewage accumulat$ beh9d x4 ,! iron-%od sides ( ! dam s]ve to scrape grease & gr[?s atta*$ to ! sew] & to /ir up s& & sludge deposit$ on ! bottom4 ,! high velocity ( ! sewage escap+ ar\nd ! sides ( ! dam aids 9 clean+ & scrubb+ ! sew]4 ,a natural wat]c\rse may be div]t$ into ! sew] if topographical conditions p]mit1 or :]e sew]s dis*>ge into ! sea bel[ high tide a gate may be clos$ dur+ ! flood & held clos$ until ! ebb4 ,! ru% ( sewage on ! op5+ ( ! gate s]ves to flu% ! sew]s & /ir up ! sludge deposit$ dur+ high tide4 ,o!r me?ods ( flu%+ sew]s may be us$ dep5d5t on ! local conditions & ! +5uity ( ! eng9e] or =eman 9 *>ge4 ,9 "s sew]s x is n necess>y to remove ! clogg+ mat]ial f ! sew]4 ,x is suffici5t to flu% & pu% x along until x is pick$ up & c>ri$ away by high] velocities caus$ by /eep] grades or l>g] am\nts ( sewage4 #bjd4 ,clean+ ,cat*-bas9s4#ajh--;,cat*-bas9s h no reason = exi/5ce if !y are n kept clean4 ,_! purpose is to cat* undesirable settl+ solids & to prev5t !m f ent]+ ! sew]s1 on ! !ory t x is *eap] to clean a cat*-bas9 ?an x is to clean a sew]4 ,if ! clean+ ( /orm sew]s bel[ "s inlet to :i* no cat*-bas9 is atta*$ becomes burd5some1 ! eng9e] 9 *>ge ( ma9t5ance %\ld in/all an adequate cat*-bas9 & keep x clean4 ,cat*-bas9s are clean$ by h&1 suction pumps1 & grab buckets4 ,9 clean+ by h& ! accumulat$ wat] & sludge are remov$ by a bucket or dipp] & dump$ into a wagon f :i* ! surplus settl$ wat] is all[$ to run back into ! sew]4 ,! grit at ! bottom ( ! cat*-bas9 is remov$ by %ovel+ x into buckets :i* are !n hoi/$ to ! surface & empti$4 ,suction pumps 9 use = clean+ cat*-bas9s are ( ! hydraulic eductor type4 ,! eductor works on ! pr9ciple ( ! /eam pump %[n 9 ,fig4 #ig1 except t wat] is us$ in/ead ( /eam4 ,! mat]ial remov$ may be dis*>g$ into settl+ bas9s con/ruct$ 9 ! /reet1 or may be dis*>g$ directly into wagons4#aji ,9 ,*icago a special motor-driv5 app>atus is us$4 ,?is consi/s ( a #e-y>d body on a #e-ton truck1 & a c5trifugal pump driv5 by ! truck motor4 ,9 use1 ! truck1 ab\t half fill$ ) wat]1 drives up to ! cat*-bas91 ! eductor pipe is l[]$ & wat] pump$ f ! truck into ! eductor & back into ! truck aga91 toge!r ) ! cont5ts ( ! cat*-bas94 ,! surplus wat] dra9s back into ! sew]4 ,! ,*icago ,bureau ( ,sew]s reports a truck s equipp$ to h clean$ #ajac cat*-bas9s1 remov+ #agfc cubic y>ds ( mat]ial1 & runn+ #achj miles1 dur+ ! mon?s ( ,augu/1 ,septemb] & ,octob]1 #aiag4 ,! co/1 includ+ all items ( depreciation1 wages1 repairs1 etc41 0 #a1cic4hi4 ,orange-peel buckets1 ab\t #bj in*es 9 diamet]1 op]at$ by h& or by ! motor ( a #c to #e-ton truck ) a wat]-tight body1 are us$ = clean+ cat*-bas9s 9 "s cities4 ,cat*-bas9s 9 unpav$ /reets & on /eep s&y slopes %\ld be clean$ aft] e /orm ( consequ5ce4 ,bas9s :i* s]ve to cat* only ! grit f pavem5t wa%+s require clean+ ab\t two or ?ree times p] ye>1 & f "o to ?ree cubic y>ds ( mat]ial are remov$ at ea* clean+4 ,! co/ ( clean+ ord9>y cat*-bas9s by h& may v>y f #ae to #be1 b ) ! use ( eductors or orange-peel buckets ! co/ is some:at l[]4 ,9 ,seattle ! co/ ( clean+ l>ge detritus bas9s by h& is said#aaj to v>y f #de to #fj4 ,) ! use ( eductors ?is co/ has be5 r$uc$ to "o-?ird or "o-fif? ! co/ ( clean+ by h&4 #bje4 ,protection ( ,sew]s4#aaa--;,city ord9ances %\ld be wisely drawn & /rictly en=c$ = ! protection ( sew]s aga9/ abuse & de/ruction4 ,! requirem5ts ( "s city ord9ances are giv5 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41#aab sew] ord9ances provide t3 ,no p]son %all make or ma9ta9 any connection ) any public sew] or appurt5ance !re( :]eby !re may be convey$ into ! same any hot1 suffocat+1 corrosive1 inflammable or explosive liquid1 gas1 vapor1 sub/ance or mat]ial ( any k9d 444 provid$ t ! provisions ( ?is act %all n apply to wat] f ord9>y hot wat] boil]s or resid5ces4 ,! foll[+ extracts f ! ord9ances ( ,indianapolis are typical ( ^? f _m cities3 #biej4 ,no connection %all be made ) any public sew] )\t ! writt5 p]mission ( ! ,committee on ,sew]s & ! ,sew]age ,eng9e]4 #biec4 ,no p]son %all be au?oriz$ to d ! "w ( mak+ connections until he has furni%$ a satisfactory c]tificate t he is qualifi$ = ! duties4 ,he %all also file bond = n less ?an #a1jjj t he w indemnify ! ,city f all loss or damage t may result f 8 "w & t he w d ! "w 9 con=mity to ! rules & regulations e/abli%$ by ! ,city ,c\ncil4 #biee4 ,x %all be unlawful = any p]son to all[ premises connect$ to ! sew]s or dra9s to rema9 )\t good fixtures s atta*$ z to all[ a suffici5cy ( wat] to be appli$ to keep ! same unob/ruct$4 #bief4 ,no but*]'s (fal or g>bage1 or dead animals1 or ob/ructions ( any k9d %all be ?r[n 9 any receiv+ bas9 or sew] 9 p5alty n great] ?an #ajj4 ,any p]son injur+1 break+1 or remov+ any portion ( any receiv+ bas91 manhole cov]1 etc41 %all be f9$ n m ?an #ajj4 #bifb4 ,no p]son %all dra9 ! cont5ts ( any cesspool or privy vault into any sew] )\t ! p]mission ( ! ,common ,c\ncil4 ,! ,clevel& ord9ances are simil> & conta9 ! foll[+ 9 addition3 #abea4 ,rule #d4 ,all connections ) ! ma9 or bran* sew]s %all be made at ! regul> connections or junctions built into ! same1 except by special p]mit4 ,rule #af4 ,no /eam pipe1 nor ! exhau/1 nor ! bl[ (f f any /eam eng9e %all be connect$ ) any sew]4 ,evan/on1 ,ill9ois1 protects its sew]s aga9/ ! additions ( grease & o!r undesirable sub/ances z foll[s3 #addd4 ,x is unlawful = any p]son to use any sew] or appurt5ance to ! sew]age sy/em 9 any mann] contr>y to ! ord]s ( ! ,commission] ( ,public ,works4 #addf4 ,wa/es f any kit*5 s9ks1 floor dra9s1 or o!r fixtures likely to conta9 greasy matt] f hotels1 c]ta9 ap>tm5t h\ses1 bo>d+ h\ses1 re/aurants1 but*] %ops1 pack+ h\ses1 l>d r5d]+ e/abli%m5ts1 bak]ies1 laundries1 clean+ e/abli%m5ts1 g>ages1 /ables1 y>d & floor dra9s1 & dra9s f gravel ro(s %all be made ?r\gh int]v5+ receiv+ bas9s con/ruct$ z prescrib$ 9 p>4 ,,viii ( ?is code4 ,receiv+ bas9s suitable = ! "w requir$ 9 ! code are illu/rat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vi4 #bjf4 ,explosions 9 ,sew]s4--,disa/r\s explosions 9 sew]s 7 fir/ record$ ab\t #ahhf4aac ,up to ab\t #aije explosions 7 infrequ5t & 7 consid]$ z unavoidable accid5ts & s r>e z to be unwor?y ( /udy4 ,= a decade or m aft] #aije explosions occurr$ ) increas+ viol5ce & frequ5cy caus+ de/ruction ( prop]ty1 b by "s freaki% *ance1 b little loss ( life4 ,a viol5t & de/ructive explosion occurr$ 9 ,pittsburgh on ,nov4 #be1 #aiac1aad & ano!r on ,m>* #ab1 #aiaf4 ,! prop]ty damage am\nt$ to #cjj1jjj to #ejj1jjj on ea* occasion1 b !re 0 no loss ( life4 ,two miles ( pavem5t 7 ripp$ up1 gas1 wat]1 & o!r sew] pipes 7 brok51 build+s collaps$ & ! /reets 7 flood$4 ,! /reets 7 r5d]$ uns]viceable = long p]iods dur+ ! exp5sive repairs t 7 necess>y4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! numb] ( explosions 9 sew]s has be5 small]1 due probably to ! ga9 9 k ( ! causes & intellig5t me?ods ( prev5tion4 ,! ?ree pr9cipal causes ( explosions 9 sew]s are3 gasol9e vapor1 illum9at+ gas1 & calcium c>bide4 ,x is probable t gasol9e vapor is by f> ! mo/ tr\blesome4 ,explosions caus$ by ^! gases are n s viol5t z ^? caus$ by dynamite or o!r high explosives1 z ! volume ( gas & ! temp]ature g5]at$ are mu* less4 ,! viol5ce ( sew] explosions may be increas$ some:at by ! sudd5 pressures t are put ^u !m4 ,gasol9e f9ds its way into sew]s f g>ages & clean+ e/abli%m5ts4 ,a mixture ( #a p] c5t gasol9e vapor & air may be explosive4 ,x ne$s only ! /ray sp>k ( an electric curr5t1 a light$ mat*1 or a cig> ?r[n into ! sew] to cause ! explosion4 ,z ! result ( a s]ies ( exp]im5ts on #b1gjf feet ( #h-;foot sew]1 ,burrell & ,boyd conclude4#aae ,"o gallon ( gasol9e if entirely vaporiz$ produces ab\t #cb cubic feet ( vapor at ord9>y temp]ature & pressure4 ,if #a p] c5t be adopt$ z ! l[ explosive limit ( mixtures ( gasol9e vapor & air1 #ee gallons or a b>rel ( gasol9e w\ld produce en\gh vapor to r5d] explosive ! mixture 9 #a1ijj feet ( #i foot sew] provid$ ! gasol9e & ! air 7 p]fectly mix$4 ,_m diff]5t factors1 h[ev]1 gov]n explosibility1 su* z3 size ( ! sew]1 velocity ( ! sewage1 temp]ature ( ! sew]1 volatility & rate ( infl[ ( ! gasol9e4 ,only "u id5tical conditions ( te/s w\ld duplicate results be obta9$4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( gasol9e p\r$ 9 at "o "t is less dang]\s ?an ! same am\nt all[$ to run 9 sl[ly4 ,) a velocity ( fl[ ( ab\t #f feet p] second x 0 evid5t t #ee gallons ( gasol9e p\r$ all at once into a manhole r5d]$ ! air explosive only a few m9utes 7less ?an #aj7 at any p>ticul> po9t4 ,) ! same am\nt ( gasol9e run 9 at ! rate ( #e gallons p] m9ute1 an explosive flame w\ld h swept along ! sew] if ignit$ #ae m9utes aft] ! gasol9e _h be5 dump$4 ,) a sl[ velocity ( fl[ & a subm]g$ outlet ! gasol9e vapor be+ heavi] ?an air accumulat$ at "o po9t & extremely explosive conditions c\ld result f a small am\nt ( gasol9e4 ,comp>atively ri* explosive mixtures 7 f\nd #e h\rs aft] ! gasol9e _h be5 dis*>g$4 ,high-te/ gasol9e is mu* m dang]\s ?an ! naph?a us$ 9 clean+ e/abli%m5ts1 yet on acc\nt ( ! l>ge quantity ( wa/e naph?a ! sewage f clean+ e/abli%m5ts may be v dang]\s4 ,illum9at+ gas is n s dang]\s z gasol9e vapor z x is light] ?an air & x is m likely to escape f ! sew] ?an to accumulate 9 x4 ,x requires ab\t "o "p ( illum9at+ gas to sev5 p>ts ( air to produce an explosive mixture4 ,calcium c>bide is dang]\s because x is self ignit+4 ,! heat ( ! g5]ation ( gas is suffici5t to ignite ! explosive mixture4 ,! gases are highly explosive & cause a relatively p[]ful explosion4 ,=tunately l>ge am\nts ( ?is mat]ial seldom rea* a sew]1 ! gas be+ g5]at$ 9 g>age dra9s or traps & escap+ 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,a hydroc>bon oil us$ by railroads 9 prev5t+ ! freez+ ( swit*es1 if all[$ to rea* ! sew]s1 may cause explosions !re94#aaf ,! oil cry/allizes & 9 ?is =m x is soluble 9 wat]4 ,x w ?us pass traps & on volatilization w produce explosive mixtures4 ,me?ane1 g5]at$ by ! decomposition ( organic matt]1 is a feebly explosive gas occasionally f\nd 9 sew]s4 ,its pres5ce may add to ! /r5g? ( o!r explosive mixtures4 ,sew] explosions may be prev5t$ by ! build+ ( prop] =ms ( int]cept+ bas9s to prev5t ! entrance ( gasol9e & calcium c>bide gases1 & by v5tilation to dilute ! explosive mixtures :i* may be made up 9 ! sew]4 ,!re are no practical means to pr$ict :5 an explosion is ab\t to occur1 & aft] an explosion has occurr$ x is difficult to det]m9e ! cause z all evid5ce is usually de/roy$4 #bjg4 ,valuation ( ,sew]s4--,! necessity = ! valuation ( a sew]age sy/em may arise f ! legal provisions 9 "s /ates limit+ ! am\nt ( out/&+ bonds :i* may be issu$ by a municipality to a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( ! pres5t wor? ( municipal prop]ty4 ,! inve/m5t 9 ! sew]age sy/em is usually great & =ms a l>ge portion ( ! ,city's tangible prop]ty4 ,x may be desirable also to det]m9e ! depreciation ( ! sew]s ) a view t[>ds _! r5ewal4 ,! mo/ valuable "w on ! valuation ( sew]s has be5 done 9 ,new ,york ,city#aag by ! eng9e]s ( ! ,sew] ,dep>tm5t4 ,! committee ( eng9e]s appo9t$ to d ! "w recomm5d$3 7#a7 t ! orig9al co/ be made ! basis ( valuation1 & t 7#b71 9 fix+ ?is co/ ! co/ ( pavem5t %\ld be omitt$ or at mo/ ! co/ ( a *eap 7cobble/one7 pavem5t %\ld be includ$4 ,tr5*es previ\sly excavat$ 9 rock 7 consid]$ z undepreciat$ assets4 ,! pres5t wor? ( sew]s dep5ds on _m factors aside f ! effects ( age1 su* z ! c>e ex]cis$ 9 ! orig9al con/ruction1 ! mat]ial us$1 ! k9d & quantity ( sewage c>ri$1 ! c>e tak5 9 ma9t5ance1 & f9ally ! injury caus$ by ! c>eless build+ ( adjo9+ sub/ructures4 ,dur+ ! progress ( ! inspections ! exam9ation ( brick sew]s1 due to _! accessibility1 yield$ bett] results ?an ! exam9ation ( pipe sew]s4 ,! r\t9e ( ! exam9ation ( ! brick sew]s consi/$ 9 clean+ (f ! bricks ) a %ort broom1 tapp+ ! brick ) a light hamm] to det]m9e solidity1 & te/+ ! cem5t jo9ts by scrap+ ) a *isel4 ,9 addition1 measurem5ts ( height & wid? 7 tak5 e #cj feet4 ,! bricks 9 ! inv]t at & bel[ ! fl[ l9e 7 exam9$ = we>4 ,a /udy ( ! reports ( ^! exam9ations disclos$ t ! foll[+ defects 7 noticeable3 #a4 ,cem5t p>tly out at wat] l9e4 #b4 ,cem5t p>tly out above wat] l9e4 #c4 ,depress$ ar* & sew] slightly spread4 #d4 ,l>ge op5 jo9ts4 #e4 ,loose brick4 #f4 ,bond ( brick brok54 #g4 ,di/ort$ sides1 unev5 bottom1 jo9ts out ( l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adg4--;,diagrams us$ 9 ,e/imat+ ,depreciation ( ,brick ,sew]s ,due to ,age1 ,manhattan ,bor\gh1 ,new ,york ,city4 a4 ,proportionate det]ioration f v>i\s causes4 b4 ,p]c5tage ( depreciation bas$ on exam9ation ( sew]s1 use ( det]ioration curve 7,fig4 a71 & age ( sew]s exam9$4 ,eng4 ,news1 ,vol4 #ga1 p4 #hd4 ,inspection ( pipe sew]s f manholes1 ! pipe be+ illum9at$ by float+ c&les1 0 f\nd to be unsatisfactory4 ,reliance 0 plac$ on ! reports ( m5 exp]i5c$ 9 mak+ connections & repairs to ! sew]s4 ,e>ly pipe sew]s 9 ,new ,york 7 laid directly on ! bottom ( ! tr5*4 ,"u ^! circum/ances a small leak at a jo9t 0 suffici5t to wa% ! e>? away & to drop ! pipe1 caus+ s]i\s conditions along ! l9e4 ,no we> or det]ioration ( pipe sew]s 7 not$1 ! only defects be+ crack+ ( ! pipes at ! c5t] l9e due to poor f\ndation & to defects 9 ! pipe itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adh4--;,diagram ,%[+ ,rate ( ,depreciation ( ,pipe ,sew]s4 ,eng4 ,news1 ,vol4 #ga1 p4 #hf4 ,! depreciation ( brick sew]s z /udi$ 9 ,new ,york1 is %[n graphically 9 ,fig4 #adg4 ,at z]o ! sew] is 9 good condition & at #ajj x is 9 su* a /ate ( dilapidation z to require in/ant rebuild+4 ,repairs are n consid]$ economical 9 ?is condition4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ?is diagram ea* condition on ! li/ above 0 giv5 a c]ta9 numb] ( po9ts1 :i* :5 add$ toge!r repres5t$ ! /ate ( depreciation ( ! sew]4 ,^! sums 7 plott$ z ord9ates & ! correspond+ ages ( ! sew] 7 plott$ z abscissas4 ,! v>i\s po9ts 7 tak5 cumulatively1 & :]e ! bond ( ! brickwork 0 brok5 7giv5 a value ( #gb7 plus o!r defects gave a total ( #afd ! sew] 0 consid]$ z valueless & n wor? repair4 ,! scale ( #afd 0 lat] r$uc$ to a p]c5tage basis z %[n on ! "r ( ! figure4 ,fig4 #adh %[s a simil> diagram = ! depreciation ( pipe sew]s4 ,x 0 conclud$ t ! life ( a brick sew] 9 ,new ,york is #fd ye>s4 ,"s ( ! sew]s exam9$ 7 ov] #bjj ye>s old4 ,! total orig9al co/ ( #dhc miles ( brick1 pipe & wood sew]s 0 figur$ z #bc1hhj1jjj ) a pres5t wor? ( #ah1ffe1jjj & an av]age annual depreciation ( #b4b p] c5t4 ,9 figur+ ^! am\nts no acc\nt 0 tak5 ( obsolesc5ce4 ,! det]ioration ( cat*-bas9s proce$$ at ab\t ! same rate z = brick sew]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,composition ,,& ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,sewage #bjh4 ,physical ,*>act]i/ics4--,sewage is ! sp5t wat] supply ( a community conta9+ ! wa/es f dome/ic1 indu/rial1 or comm]cial use1 & su* surface & gr\nd wat] z may ent] ! sew]4#aah ,sewages are class$ z3 dome/ic sewage1 indu/rial wa/e1 /orm wat]1 surface wat]1 /reet wa%1 & gr\nd wat]4 ,dome/ic sewage is ! liquid dis*>g$ f resid5ces or in/itutions & conta9s wat] closet1 laundry1 & kit*5 wa/es4 ,x is sometimes call$ sanit>y sewage4 ,indu/rial sewage is ! liquid wa/e result+ f processes employ$ 9 indu/rial e/abli%m5ts4 ,/orm wat] is t "p ( ! ra9fall :i* runs ov] ! surface ( ! gr\nd dur+ a /orm & = su* a %ort p]iod foll[+ a /orm z ! fl[ exce$s ! normal & ord9>y run-(f4 ,surface wat] is t "p ( ! ra9fall :i* runs ov] ! surface ( ! gr\nd "s "t aft] a /orm4 ,/reet wa% is ! liquid fl[+ on or f ! /reet surface4 ,gr\nd wat] is wat] /&+ 9 or fl[+ ?r\gh ! gr\nd bel[ its surface4 ,ord9>y fre% sewage is gray 9 color1 some:at ( ! appe>ance ( soapy di% wat]4 ,x conta9s p>ticles ( susp5d$ matt] :i* are visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,if ! sewage is fre% ! "* ( "s ( ! susp5d$ matt] c be di/+ui%$ z3 mat*es1 bits ( pap]1 fecal matt]1 rags1 etc4 ,! am\nt ( susp5d$ matt] 9 sewage is small1 s small z to h no practical effect on ! specific gravity ( ! liquid nor to necessitate ! modification ( hydraulic =mulas develop$ = application to ! fl[ ( wat]4 ,! total susp5d$ matt] 9 a normal /rong dome/ic sewage is ab\t #ejj p>ts p] #a1jjj1jjj4 ,x is repres5t$ graphically 9 ,fig4 #adi4 ,! quantity ( organic or volatile susp5d$ matt] is ab\t #bjj p>ts p] #a1jjj1jjj4 ,x is %[n graphically 9 ! small] cube 9 ,fig4 #adi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adi4--;,graphical ,repres5tation ( ,relative ,volumes ( ,liquids & ,solids 9 ,sewage4 ,! odor ( fre% sewage is fa9t & n necess>ily unpleasant4 ,x has a slightly pung5t odor1 some:at l a damp unv5tilat$ cell>4 ,occasionally ! odor ( gasol9e1 or "s o!r pr$om9at+ wa/e matt] may hide all o!r odors4 ,/ale sewage is black & gives (f nauseat+ odors ( hydrog5 sulphide & o!r gases4 ,if ! sewage is s /ale z to become septic1 bubbles ( gas w be se5 break+ ! surface & a black or gray scum may be pres5t4 ,be=e ! ,s\? ,bran* ( ! ,*icago ,riv] 0 clean$ up & flu%$ ?is scum became s ?ick 9 places1 p>ticul>ly 9 t portion ( ! ,/ock ,y>ds :]e ! riv] became kn[n z ,bubbly ,creek1 t x is said t we$s & small bu%es spr\t$ 9 x1 & *ick5s & small animals ran across its surface4 ,a physical analysis ( sewage %\ld include an obs]vation ( its appe>ance1 & a det]m9ation ( its temp]ature1 turbidity1 color1 & odor1 bo? hot & cold4 ,! temp]ature is useful 9 indicat+ c]ta9 ( ! antec$5ts ( ! sewage1 its effect on c]ta9 =ms ( bact]ial life1 & its effect on ! possible cont5t ( dissolv$ gases4 ,temp]atures high] ?an normal are indicative ( ! pres5ce ( trades wa/es dis*>g$ :ile hot into ! sew]s4 ,a l[ temp]ature may indicate ! pres5ce ( gr\nd wat]4 ,if ! temp]ature is mu* ov] #dj ,c4 bact]ial action w be inhibit$ & ! cont5t ( dissolv$ gases w be r$uc$4 ,turbidity1 color1 & odor det]m9ations may be ( value 9 ! control ( treatm5t devices1 or to indicate ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 trades wa/es1 :i* give typical reactions4 ,s9ce all normal sewages are high 9 color & turbidity1 ! relative am\nts ( ^! two con/itu5ts 9 two diff]5t sewages has little significance reg>d+ ! relative /r5g?s ( ! two sewages or ! prop] me?od ( treat+ !m4 ,a fre% dome/ic sewage %\ld h no highly (f5sive odor4 ,! pres5ce ( c]ta9 trades wa/es c be detect$ sometimes 9 fre% sewages1 & a /ale sewage may sometimes be recogniz$ by its odor4 ,sewage is a liability to ! community produc+ x4 ,al?\gh "s sub/ances ( value c be obta9$ f sewage#aai ! co/ ( ! processes usually exce$ ! value ( ! sub/ances obta9$4 ,:]e x becomes necess>y to treat sewage ! value ( ^! sub/ances may be helpful 9 defray+ ! co/ ( treatm5t4 #bji4 ,*emical ,composition4--,sewage is compos$ ( m9]al & organic comp\nds :i* are ei!r 9 solution or are susp5d$ 9 wat]4 ,9 mak+ a /&>d *emical analysis ( sewage only ^? *emical radicals & elem5ts are det]m9$ :i* are indicative ( c]ta9 important con/itu5ts4 ,nei!r a complete qualitative nor quantitative analysis is made4 ,a sewage analysis w n %[1 !re=e1 ! numb] ( grams ( sodium *loride pres5t or any o!r con/itu5t4 ,a complete /&>d sanit>y *emical analysis w report ! con/itu5ts z nam$ 9 ! fir/ column ( ,table #ga4 ,! quantities ( ^! mat]ials f\nd 9 av]age /rong1 m$ium & weak sewages are also %[n 9 ?is table4 ,^! values are n int5d$ z fix$ b\nd>ies betwe5 sewages ( diff]5t /r5g?s4 ,!y are pres5t$ m]ely z a guide to ! int]pretation ( sewage analyses4 ,! pr9cipal objects ( a *emical analysis ( sewage are to det]m9e its /r5g? & its /ate ( decomposition4 ,! influ5ts & efflu5ts ( a sewage treatm5t device are analyz$ to aid 9 ! control ( ! device & to ga9 in=mation conc]n+ ! effect ( ! treatm5t4 ,*emical & o!r analyses1 9 connection ) ! desir$ conditions aft] disposal1 w indicate ! ext5t ( treatm5t :i* may be requir$4 ,! /&>d me?ods ( wat] & sewage analysis adopt$ by ! ,am]ican ,public ,heal? ,association h be5 g5]ally accept$ by sanit>ians4 ,^! uni=m me?ods make possible comp>isons ( ! results obta9$ by laboratories work+ accord+ to ^! /&>ds4 ,,*emical ,,analysis ,,( ,,sewages 7,p>ts p] million7 ,f ,report on ,indu/rial ,wa/es f ! ,/ock ,y>ds & ,pack+t[n1 ,*icago by ! ,sanit>y ,di/rict ( ,*icago 9 #aiba1 page #bca4 ,wat]bury1 ,bo/on ,columbus ,conn41 ,typical ,analyses #aije-g #aijd-e #aije-f ,/rong,m$ium,weak ,nitrog5 z ,organic ,nitrog5 #ce #bj #aj #i4a #i4j #ad4h ,free ,ammonia #ej #cj #ae #ac4i #aa4j #g4h ,nitrites #j4aj #j4je #j4j #j4j #j4ji #j4ad ,nitrates #j4dj #j4bj #j4a #j4bj #j4bj #a4eb ,oxyg5 consum$ #ge #ej #cjefabj #eaaba #dfabj ,oxyg5 dem& #cjj #bjj #ajj ,*lor9e #age #ajj #ae #bcjj #fe #dh ,susp5d$ matt] #ejj #cjj #aej #ace #bji #afe ,volatile #ia #gi #aae ,fix$ #dd #acj #ej ,alkal9ity #bjj #ajj #ej #abe #cej #da ,fats #dj #bj #be #bf ,*icago1 ,c5t] ,*icago1 ,av5ue4 ,glov]sville1,worce/]1 #ci? ,/4 ,indu/rial4 ,n4 ,y4 ,mass4 ,resid5tial,day ,sewage #aijh-i #aijh #aiji-ab #aiac ,nitrog5 z ,organic ,nitrog5 #bc4j #g4h #gi ,free ,ammonia #ab4j #bb4b #i4a #bb ,nitrites #j4ch #j4aj #j4di ,nitrates #j4hh #j4cc #c4jd ,oxyg5 consum$ #ieabj #aag #dc #bfh ,oxyg5 dem& ,*lor9e #aeh #eg #dj #aajj ,susp5d$ matt] #djf #beh #add #fje ,volatile #bbi #aff #ij #df ,fix$ #agg #ib #ed #add ,alkal9ity #bcc #bab #bia ,fats #dh #bcabb #aihabc #baj4 ,significance ( ,*emical ,con/itu5ts4--,organic nitrog5 & free ammonia tak5 toge!r are an index ( ! organic matt] 9 ! sewage4 ,organic nitrog5 includes all ( ! nitrog5 pres5t ) ! exception ( t 9 ! =m ( ammonia1 nitrites1 & nitrates4 ,free ammonia or ammonia nitrog5 is ! result ( bact]ial decomposition ( organic matt]4 ,a fre% cold sewage %\ld be relatively high 9 organic nitrog5 & l[ 9 free ammonia4 ,a /ale w>m sewage %\ld be relatively high 9 free ammonia & l[ 9 organic nitrog54 ,! sum ( ! two %\ld be un*ang$ 9 ! same sewage4 ,nitrites 7,,rno#b7 & nitrates 7,,rno#c7abd are f\nd 9 fre% sewages only 9 conc5trations ( less ?an "o "p p] million4 ,9 well-oxidiz$ efflu5ts f treatm5t plants ! conc5tration w probably be mu* high]4 ,nitrates conta9 "o m atom ( oxyg5 ?an nitrites4 ,!y repres5t ! mo/ /able =m ( nitrog5\s matt] 9 sewage4 ,nitrites are n /able & are r$uc$ to ammonias or are oxidiz$ to nitrates4 ,_! pres5ce indicates a process ( *ange4 ,!y are n f\nd 9 l>ge quantities 9 raw sewage because _! =mation requires oxyg5 :i* mu/ be absorb$ f "s o!r s\rce ?an ! sewage4 ,9 an ord9>y sew] or sluggi%ly fl[+ op5 /ream ?is absorption _c take place f ! atmosph]e ) suffici5t rapidity to supply ! necess>y oxyg54 ,oxyg5 consum$ is an index ( ! am\nt ( c>bonace\s matt] readily oxidizable by potassium p]manganate4 ,x does n indicate ! total quantity ( any p>ticul> con/itu5t1 b x is ! mo/ useful index ( c>bonace\s matt]4 ,c>bonace\s matt] is usually difficult ( treatm5t & a high oxyg5 consum$ is indicative ( a sewage difficult to c>e =4 ,! am\nt ( oxyg5 consum$1 z express$ 9 ! analysis1 is dep5d5t on ! am\nt ( oxidizable c>bonace\s matt] pres5t1 ! oxidiz+ ag5t us$1 & ! "t & temp]ature ( contact ( ! sewage & ! oxidiz+ ag5t4 ,x is ess5tial !re=e t ! te/ be conduct$ accord+ to "s /&>d me?od1 s9ce ! results are ( value only z comp>$ ) results obta9$ "u simil> conditions4 ,total solids 7residue on evaporation7 are an index ( ! /r5g? ( ! sewage4 ,!y are made up ( organic & inorganic sub/ances4 ,! inorganic sub/ances include s&1 clay1 & oxides ( iron & alum9um1 :i* are usually insoluble1 & *lorides1 c>bonates1 sulphates & phosphates1 :i* are usually soluble4 ,! insoluble inorganic sub/ances are undesirable 9 sewage because ( _! s$im5t =m+ prop]ties :i* result 9 ! clogg+ ( sew]s1 treatm5t plants1 pumps1 & /ream b$s4 ,! soluble inorganic sub/ances are g5]ally h>mless & cause no nuisance1 except t ! pres5ce ( sulphur may p]mit ! =mation ( hydrog5 sulphide1 :i* has a highly (f5sive odor4 ,! organic sub/ances are3 c>bohydrates1 fats1 & soaps1 :i* are c>bonace\s & are difficult ( removal by biological processes2 & ! nitrog5\s sub/ances su* z urea1 prote9s1 am9es1 & am9o acids4 ,! inorganic & organic sub/ances may be ei!r 9 solution or susp5sion or 9 a colloidal condition4 ,volatile solids are us$ z an index ( ! organic matt] pres5t1 z x is assum$ t ! organic matt] is m easily volatiliz$ ?an ! inorganic matt]4 ,! am\nt ( volatile inorganic matt] pres5t is usually s small z to be negligible4 ,fix$ solids are report$ z ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! total & volatile solids4 ,!y are !re=e repres5tative ( ! am\nt ( inorganic matt] pres5t4 ,susp5d$ matt] is ! undissolv$ portion ( ! total solids4 ,high volatile susp5d$ matt] is an indication ( (f5sive qualities 9 ! nature ( putrefy+ organic matt]1 :]eas fix$ susp5d$ matt] is indicative ( in(f5sive inorganic matt]4 ,x is difficult to obta9 a sample ( sewage :i* w repres5t ! am\nt ( susp5d$ matt] 9 ! sewage1 s9ce a sample tak5 f ne> ! surface w conta9 less inorganic matt] & grit ?an a sample tak5 ne> ! bottom4 ,settl+ solids are indicative ( ! sludge =m+ prop]ties ( ! sewage & ( ! probable degree ( success ( treatm5t by pla9 s$im5tation4 ,volatile settl+ solids indicate ! prop]ty ( ! =mation ( (f5sive putrefy+ sludge banks4 ,!re is no *emical te/ :i* w indicate ! scum-=m+ prop]ties ( sewage4 ,fix$ settl+ solids indicate ! pres5ce ( inorganic matt]1 probably gritty mat]ial su* z s&1 clay1 iron oxide1 etc4 ,colloidal matt] is mat]ial :i* is too f9ely divid$ to be remov$ by filtration or s$im5tation1 yet is n held 9 solution4 ,x c sometimes be remov$ by viol5t agitation 9 ! pres5ce ( a floccul5t precipitate1 z 9 ! treatm5t ) activat$ sludge1 or by ! floccul5t precipitate alone1 z 9 *emical precipitation1 or by ! acidulation ( ! sewage s z to precipitate ! colloids4 ,colloidal matt] is probably ! result ( ! con/ant abrasion ( f9ely divid$ susp5d$ matt] :ile fl[+ ?r\gh ! sew] or o!r *annel4 ,high colloidal matt] may !re=e indicate a /ale sewage1 or ! pres5ce ( a p>ticul> trades wa/e4 ,colloids are difficult ( removal4 ,= ?is reason1 :]e sewage is to be treat$1 turbul5ce 9 ! tribut>y *annels %\ld be avoid$4 ,alkal9ity may indicate ! possibility ( success ( ! biologic treatm5t ( sewage1 s9ce bact]ial life fl\ri%es bett] 9 a slightly alkal9e ?an 9 a slightly acid sewage4 ,)9 ! normal limits ( ! am\nt ( alkal9ity 9 sewage ! exact am\nt has little significance 9 sewage analyses4 ,sewages are normally slightly alkal9e4 ,an abnormal alkal9ity or acidity may indicate ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 trades wa/es necessitat+ special me?ods ( treatm5t4 ,a me?od ( sewage treatm5t may be successful )\t *ang+ ! am\nt ( alkal9ity 9 ! sewage s9ce ! am\nt ( alkal9ity is n inh]5tly an objection4 ,*lor9e1 9 ! =m ( sodium *loride1 is an inorganic sub/ance f\nd 9 ! ur9e ( man & animals4 ,! am\nt ( *lor9e above ! normal *lor9e cont5t ( pure wat]s 9 ! di/rict is us$ z an index ( ! /r5g? ( ! sewage4 ,! *lor9e cont5t may be affect$ by c]ta9 trades wa/es su* z ice-cream factories1 meat-salt+ plants1 etc41 :i* w increase ! am\nt ( *lor9e mat]ially4 ,s9ce *lor9e is an inorganic sub/ance :i* is 9 solution x is n affect$ by biological processes nor s$im5tation4 ,its dim9ution 9 a treatm5t plant or 9 a fl[+ /ream is indicative ( dilution & ! r$uction ( *lor9e w be approximately proportional to ! am\nt ( dilution4 ,fats h a recov]able m>ket value :5 pres5t 9 suffici5t quantity to be skimm$ (f ! surface ( ! sewage4 ,ord9>ily fats are an undesirable con/itu5t ( sewage z !y precipitate on & clog ! int]/ices 9 filt]+ mat]ial1 !y =m objectionable scum 9 tanks & /reams1 & !y are act$ on v sl[ly by biological processes ( sewage treatm5t4 ,al?\gh fats are c>bonace\s matt] !y are n indicat$ by ! oxyg5 consum$ te/ because !y are n easily oxidiz$4 ,!y are !re=e det]m9$ 9 ano!r mann]2 by evaporation ( ! liquid & extract+ ! fats f ! residue by dissolv+ !m 9 e!r4 ,relative /ability & bio-*emical oxyg5 dem& are ! mo/ important te/s indicat+ ! putrefy+ *>act]i/ics ( sewage4 ,s9ce /ability & putrescibility h opposite mean+s ! relative /ability te/ is sometimes call$ ! putrescibility te/4 ,! relative /ability ( a sewage is an expression = ! am\nt ( oxyg5 pres5t 9 t]ms ( ! am\nt requir$ = complete /ability4 ,a relative /ability ( #ge signifies t ! sample exam9$ conta9s a supply ( available oxyg5 equal to #ge p] c5t ( ! am\nt ( oxyg5 :i* x requires 9 ord] to become p]fectly /able4 ,! available oxyg5 is approximately equival5t to ! dissolv$ oxyg5 plus ! available oxyg5 ( nitrate & nitrite4#abe ,,table #gb ,,relative ,,/ability ,,numb]s ,"t ,requir$ = ,decolorization at #bj ,c4 ,days ,relative ,/ability ,numb] #j4e #aa #a4j #ba #a4e #cj #b4j #cg #b4e #dd #c4j #ej #d4jabf #fj #e4j #fh #f4j #ge #g4j #hj #h4j #hd #i4j #hg #aj4j #ij #aa4j #ib #ab4j #id #ac4j #ie #ad4j #if #af4j #ig #ah4j #ih #bj4j #ij ,! relative /ability numb]s1 giv5 9 ,table #gb1 are comput$ f ! expression1 ,s #ajj7a #j4gidt7 9 :i* ,s is ! /ability numb] & t is ! "t 9 days t ! sample has be5 incubat$ at #bj ,c4 ,! bio-*emical oxyg5 dem& is m directly an index ( ! consumption ( available oxyg5 by ! biological & *emical *anges :i* take place 9 ! decomposition ( sewage or pollut$ wat]4 ,z su* x is a m valuable1 ?\gh less easily p]=m$ te/ ?an ! te/ ( relative /ability4 ,! me?ods = ! det]m9ation ( ! relative /ability & ! bio-*emical oxyg5 dem& are giv5 to %[ m cle>ly :at ^! te/s repres5t4 ,! proc$ure 9 ! relative /ability te/ is to add #j4d c4c4 ( a /&>d solution ( me?yl5e blue to #aej c4c4 ( ! sample4 ,! mixture is !n all[$ to /& 9 a completely fill$ & tightly /opp]$ bottle at #bj ,c4 = #bj days or until ! blue fades out due to ! exhau/ion ( ! available oxyg54 ,!re are ?ree me?ods 9 use = ! det]m9ation ( ! bio-*emical oxyg5 dem&2#abg ! relative /ability me?od1 ! excess nitrate me?od1 & ! excess oxyg5 me?od4 ,9 ! relative /ability me?od ! sample to be treat$ %\ld h a relative /ability ( at lea/ #ej4 ,if x is l[] ?an ?is ! sample %\ld be dilut$ ) wat] conta9+ oxyg5 until ! relative /ability has be5 rais$ to or above ?is po9t4 ,! oxyg5 dem& 9 p>ts p] million is !n express$ z ,o 77#a ,p7,o7,,rp1#abh 9 :i* ,o is ! oxyg5 dem&1 ,o is ! initial oxyg5 9 p>ts p] million 7p4p4m47 9 ! dilut+ wat] or sewage1 ,p is ! proportion ( sewage 9 ! mixture express$ z a ratio1 & ,r is ! relative /ability ( ! mixture express$ z a decimal4 ,= ! efflu5ts f sewage treatm5t plants1 pollut$ wat]s1 & simil> liquids1 ! total available oxyg5 express$ z ! sum ( ! dissolv$ oxyg51 nitrites1 & nitrates1 divid$ by ! relative /ability express$ z a decimal w give ! bio-*emical oxyg5 dem&4 ,! excess nitrate me?od requires ! det]m9ation ( ! total oxyg5 available z dissolv$ oxyg51 nitrites1 & nitrates & ! addition ( a suffici5t am\nt ( oxyg5 9 ! =m ( sodium nitrate to prev5t ! exhau/ion ( oxyg5 dur+ a #aj-;day p]iod ( incubation4 ,at ! end ( ! p]iod ! total available oxyg5 is aga9 det]m9$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! orig9al & ! f9al oxyg5 cont5t repres5ts ! bio-*emical oxyg5 dem&4 ,! excess oxyg5 te/ requires ! det]m9ation ( ! total available oxyg5 z be=e1 & ! addition ( a suffici5t am\nt ( oxyg51 9 ! =m ( dissolv$ oxyg5 9 ! dilut+ wat]1 to prev5t exhau/ion ( ! oxyg5 9 a #aj-;day p]iod ( incubation4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! orig9al & f9al oxyg5 cont5t repres5ts ! bio-*emical oxyg5 dem&4 ,!riault concludes z a result ( 8 te/s1 t ! relative /ability & excess nitrate me?ods are op5 to objections b t ! excess oxyg5 me?od yields v accurate & consi/5t results ) z little or less labor ?an is requir$ by o!r me?ods4 ,dissolv$ oxyg5 repres5ts :at its "n implies1 ! am\nt ( oxyg5 7,o#b7 :i* is dissolv$ 9 ! liquid4 ,normal sewage conta9s no dissolv$ oxyg5 unless x is unusually fre%4 ,x is well1 if possible1 to treat a sewage be=e ! orig9al dissolv$ oxyg5 has be5 exhau/$4 ,normal pure surface wat] conta9s all ( ! oxyg5 :i* x is capable ( dissolv+1 z %[n 9 ,table #gc4 ,! pres5ce ( a small] am\nt ( oxyg5 ?an is %[n 9 ?is table indicates ! pres5ce ( organic matt] 9 ! process ( oxidation1 :i* may be 9 su* quantities z ultimately to r$uce ! oxyg5 cont5t to z]o4 ,normal pure gr\nd wat]s may be defici5t 9 dissolv$ oxyg5 because ( ! abs5ce ( available oxyg5 = solution4 ,! pres5ce ( c]ta9 oxyg5-produc+ organisms 9 pollut$ or o!rwise potable surface wat]s may cause a sup]saturation ) oxyg5 h[ev]4 ,! dissolv$-oxyg5 te/ = pollut$ wat] is probably ! mo/ significant ( all te/s4 ,if dissolv$ oxyg5 is f\nd 9 a pollut$ wat] x means t putrefactive odors w n occur1 s9ce putrefaction _c beg9 9 ! pres5ce ( oxyg54 ,x is possible = diff]5t /rata 9 a body ( wat] to h diff]5t quantities ( dissolv$ oxyg51 & putrefaction may be proce$+ 9 ! l[] /rata be=e ! oxyg5 is exhau/$ f ! upp] /rata4 ,! oxyg5 cont5t ( a riv] wat] w indicate ! ability ( ! riv] to receive sewage )\t result+ 9 a nuisance4 ,,table #gc ,,solubility ,,( ,,oxyg5 ,,9 ,,wat] ,"u an atmosph]ic pressure ( #gfj mm4 ( m]cury1 ! atmosph]e conta9+ #bj4i p] c5t ( oxyg54 ,temp]ature1 degrees ,c ,oxyg5 9 p>ts p] million #j #ad4fb #a #ad4bc #b #ac4hd #c #ac4dh #d #ac4ac #e #ab4h #f #ab4dh #g #ab4ag #h #aa4hg #i #aa4ei #aj #aa4cc #aa #aa4jh #ab #aj4hc #ac #aj4f #ad #aj4cg #ae #aj4ae #af #i4ie #ag #i4gd #ah #i4ed #ai #i4ce #bj #i4ag #ba #h4ii #bb #h4hc #bc #h4fh #bd #h4ec #be #h4ch #bf #h4bb #bg #h4jg #bh #g4ib #bi #g4gg #cj #g4fc #baa4 ,sewage ,bact]ia4--,a slight k ( ! nature ( bact]ia is necess>y 9 ord] t ! biological *anges :i* occur 9 ! treatm5t ( sewage may be und]/ood4 ,bact]ia are liv+ organisms :i* are s small t x is difficult or impossible to /udy !m ei!r ) ! eye alone or ) ! aid ( p[]ful microscopes4 ,!y are /udi$ by means ( cultures1 /a9s1 & c]ta9 *>act]i/ic ph5om5a su* z ! production ( a gas1 ! production ( a r$ colony on litmus lactose ag>1 etc4 ,bact]ia occur 9 ?ree =ms3 sph]ical1 call$ coccus2 cyl9drical1 call$ bacillus2 & spiral1 call$ spirillum4 ,9 size !y v>y f ! l>ge/ at ab\t #aaj1jjj ( an in* to sizes s small z to be invisible "u ! mo/ p[]ful microscope4 ,an ord9>y size is #abe1jjj ( an in*4 ,! cyl9drical or rod bact]ia are ab\t f\r times z long z !y are wide4 ,"s bact]ia possess ! p[] ( motion due to ! pres5ce ( flagella or hairs :i* c be mov$ & cause ! cell to progress at a rate z high z #ah cm4 p] h\r1 b usually ! rate is v mu* less ?an ?is4 ,! composition ( ! bact]ial cell has nev] be5 def9itely det]m9$4 ,bact]ia are unicellul> plants4 ,!y possess no dige/ive organs & app>5tly obta9 _! food by absorption f ! surr\nd+ m$ia4 ,reproduction is by ! division ( ! cell into two approximately equal portions4 ,?is reproduction may occur z frequ5tly z once e half h\r & if un*eck$ w\ld quickly m\nt to unimag9able numb]s4 ,! natural cause limit+ ! gr[? ( bact]ia is ! g5]ation by ! bact]ium ( c]ta9 sub/ances su* z ! am9o acids1 :i* are injuri\s to cell life4 ,! exhau/ion ( ! food supply is n consid]$ z an important cause ( inhibition ( multiplication4 ,! products ( gr[? ( "o species ( bact]ia may be helpful or h>mful to o!r =ms4 ,:]e ! products are helpful ! effect is kn[n z symbiosis1 & :]e h>mful ! effect is kn[n z antibiosis4 ,9 sewage ! pres5ce ( bo? arobic & anarobic bact]ia is usually mutually helpful & ! condition is an example ( symbiosis4 ,! arobes1 sometimes call$ obligatory arobes1 are bact]ia :i* dem& available oxyg5 = _! gr[?4 ,! anarobes1 or obligatory anarobes1 c gr[ only 9 ! abs5ce ( oxyg54 ,!re are o!r =ms t are kn[n z facultative anarobes 7or arobes7 ^: gr[? is indep5d5t ( ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( oxyg54 ,spores are =m$ by "s bact]ia :5 !y are subject$ to an unfavorable environm5t su* z high temp]atures1 ! abs5ce ( food1 ! abs5ce ( moi/ure1 etc4 ,spores are cells 9 :i* gr[? & animation are susp5d$ b ! life ( ! cell is c>ri$ on ?r\gh ! unsuitable p]iod1 some:at simil> to ! condition 9 a plant se$4 #bab4 ,organic ,life 9 ,sewage4--,liv+ organisms1 bo? plants & animals1 exi/ 9 sewage4 ,bact]ia are ! smalle/ ( ^! organisms4 ,o!rs1 :i* c be /udi$ easily "u ! microscope or c be se5 ) difficulty by ! nak$ eye b :i* d n require special cultures = _! /udy1 are class$ z microscopic organisms or plankton4 ,organisms :i* are l>ge en\gh to be /udi$ )\t ! aid ( a microscope or special cultures are class$ z macroscopic4 ,! "p tak5 9 ! biolysis ( sewage by macroscopic organisms belong+ to ! animal k+dom1 su* z birds1 fi%1 insects1 rod5ts1 etc41 :i* fe$ ^u sub/ances 9 ! sewage is s inconsequ5tial z to be ( no importance4 ,bo? plants & animals are f\nd among ! macroscopic organisms4 ,organisms 9 sewage may be ei!r h>mful1 h>mless1 or b5eficial4 ,f ! viewpo9t ( mank9d ! h>mful organisms are ! pa?og5ic bact]ia4 ,_! condition ( life 9 sewage is n normal & 9 g5]al _! exi/5ce !re9 is ( %ort duration4 ,x may be ( suffici5t l5g?1 h[ev]1 to p]mit ! transmission ( disease4 ,! diseases :i* c be transmitt$ by sewage are only ^? t are contract$ ?r\gh ! alim5t>y canal1 su* z typhoid fev]1 dys5t]y1 *ol]a1 etc4 ,diseases are n commonly contract$ by contact ( sewage ) ! sk9 nor by brea?+ ! air ( sew]s4 ,x is safe to "w 9 & ar\nd sewage s long z ! sewage is kept out ( ! m\?1 & asphyxiat+ or toxic gases are avoid$4 ,! b5eficial organisms 9 sewage are ^? on :i* dep5d5ce is plac$ = ! success ( c]ta9 me?ods ( treatm5t4 ,^! organisms h n all be5 isolat$ or id5tifi$4 ,! total numb] ( bact]ia 9 a sample ( sewage has little or no significance4 ,9 a normal sewage ! numb] may be betwe5 #b1jjj1jjj & #bj1jjj1jjj p] c4c4 & because ( ! extreme rapidity ( multiplication ( bact]ia a sample %[+ a c\nt ( #a1jjj1jjj p] c4c4 on ! fir/ analysis may %[ #d to #e times z _m #c or #d h\rs lat]4 ,a bact]ial analysis ( sewage is ord9>ily ( little or no value1 s9ce pa?og5ic organisms are practically c]ta9 to be pres5t1 !re is no int]e/ 9 ! h>mless organisms1 & ! helpful nitrify+ & arobic bact]ia w n gr[ on ord9>y laboratory m$ia4 ,occasionally ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 bact]ia may indicate ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 trades wa/es4 ,9 g5]al1 ! total bact]ial c\nt1 z sometimes report$1 repres5ts only ! numb] ( bact]ia :i* h gr[n "u ! conditions provid$4 ,x be>s no relation to ! total numb] ( bact]ia 9 ! sample4 ,! pres5ce ( bact]ia 9 sewage is ( great importance h[ev]1 z practically all me?ods ( treatm5t dep5d on bact]ial action1 & all sewages :i* d n conta9 delet]i\s trades wa/es1 conta9 or w support ! necess>y bact]ia = _! successful treatm5t1 if prop]ly develop$4 #bac4 ,decomposition ( ,sewage4--,if a glass conta9] be fill$ ) sewage & all[$ to /&1 op5 to ! air1 a black s$im5t w appe> aft] a %ort "t1 a greasy scum may rise to ! surface1 & (f5sive odors w be giv5 (f4 ,?is condition w p]si/ = sev]al weeks1 aft] :i* ! liquid w become cle> & odorless4 ,! sewage has be5 decompos$ & is n[ 9 a /able condition4 ,! decomposition ( sewage is br\ght ab\t by bact]ial action ! exact nature ( :i* is unc]ta94 ,x#abi is well e/abli%$ t _m ( ! *emical effects wr\ght by bact]ia1 z by o!r liv+ cells1 are due1 n to ! direct action ( ! protoplasm1 b to ! int]v5tion ( soluble f]m5ts or enzymes4 ,enzymes are soluble f]m5ts produc$ by ! gr[? ( ! bact]ial cell4 ,9#acj _m cases ! enzymes diffuse out f ! cell & ex]t _! ef=t on ! ambi5t sub/ances 444 9 o!rs ! enzyme action occurs )9 ! cell & ! products pass out1 7= example7 444 ! alcohol-produc+ enzymes ( ! yea/ cell act ^u sug> )9 ! cell1 ! result+ alcohol & c>bon dioxide be+ eject$4 ,o!r *emical effects may be br\ght ab\t by ! direct action ( ! liv+ cells1 b ?is has nev] be5 well e/abli%$4 ,metabolism is ! life process ( liv+ cells by :i* !y absorb _! food & conv]t x into en]gy & o!r products4 ,x is ! metabolism ( bact]ial gr[? t 9 itself or by ! production ( enzymes ha/5s ! putrefactive or oxidiz+ /ages ( ! organic cycles 9 sewage treatm5t4 ,bact]ia c assimilate only liquid food s9ce !y h no dige/ive tract ?r\gh :i* solid food c ent]4 ,! surr\nd+ solids are dissolv$ by ! action ( ! enzymes1 ! result+ solution diffus+ ?r\gh ! *romat9 or out] sk91 & be+ dige/$ ?r\gh\t ! int]ior cytoplasm4 ,bact]ia are sometimes classifi$ z p>asites & saprophytes4 ,! p>asites live only on ! gr[+ cells ( o!r plant or animal life4 ,! saprophytes obta9 _! food only f ! life products ( liv+ organisms & d n exi/ at ! exp5se ( ! organisms !mselves4 ,facultative saprophytes 7or p>asites7 may exi/ on ei!r liv+ or dead tissue4 ,! decomposition ( sewage may be divid$ into anarobic & arobic /ages4 ,^! conditions are usually1 b n always1 di/9ctly sep>ate4 ,! gr[? ( c]ta9 =ms ( bact]ia is concurr5t1 :ile ! gr[? ( o!r =ms is dep5d5t on ! results ( ! life processes ( o!r bact]ia 9 ! e>ly /ages ( decomposition4 ,:5 sewage is v fre% x conta9s "s oxyg54 ,?is oxyg5 is quickly exhau/$ s t ! fir/ important /ep 9 ! decomposition ( sewage is c>ri$ on "u anarobic conditions4 ,?is is accompani$ by ! creation ( f\l odors ( organic sub/ances1 ammonia1 hydrog5 sulphide1 etc42 o!r odorless gases su* z c>bon dioxide1 hydrog51 & m>% gas1 ! latt] be+ inflammable & explosive2 & o!r complicat$ comp\nds4 ,an exception to ! rule t putrefaction takes place only 9 ! abs5ce ( oxyg5 is ! production ( o!r f\l-smell+ sub/ances by ! putrefactive activity ( obligatory & facultative arobes4 ,hydrog5 sulphide may be produc$ app>5tly 9 ! pres5ce ( oxyg5 ! action :i* takes place n be+ ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,! biolysis ( sewage is ! t]m appli$ to ! *anges ?r\gh :i* its organic con/itu5ts pass due to ! metabolism ( bact]ial life4 ,organic matt] is compos$ almo/ exclusively ( ! f\r elem5ts3 c>bon1 oxyg51 hydrog51 & nitrog5 7,,cohn7 & sometimes 9 addition sulphur & phosphorus4 ,! organic con/itu5ts ( sewage c be divid$ into ! prote9s1 c>bohydrates1 & fats4 ,! prote9s are pr9cipally con/itu5ts ( animal tissue1 b !y are also f\nd 9 ! se$s ( plants4 ,! pr9cipal di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ! prote9s is ! possession ( betwe5 #ae & #af p] c5t ( nitrog54 ,to ?is gr\p belong ! album5s & case94 ,! c>bohydrates are organic comp\nds 9 :i* ! ratio ( hydrog5 to oxyg5 is ! same z 9 wat]1 & ! numb] ( c>bon atoms is #f or a multiple ( #f4 ,to ?is gr\p belong ! sug>s1 />*es & celluloses4 ,! fats are salts =m$1 toge!r ) wat]1 by ! comb9ation ( ! fatty acids ) ! tri-acid base glyc]ol4 ,! m common fats are /e>91 palmat91 ole91 & butyr9e4 ,! soaps are m9]al salts ( ! fatty acids =m$ by replac+ ! weak base glyc]ol ) "s ( ! /rong] alkalies4 ,! fir/ /ate 9 ! biolysis ( sewage is m>k$ by ! rapid disappe>ance ( ! available oxyg5 pres5t 9 ! wat] mix$ ) organic matt] to =m sewage4 ,9 ?is /ate ! urea1 ammonia1 & o!r products ( dige/ive or putrefactive decomposition are p>tially oxidiz$ & 9 ?is oxidation ! available oxyg5 pres5t is rapidly consum$1 ! conditions 9 ! sewage becom+ anarobic4 ,! second /ate is putrefaction 9 :i* ! action is "u anarobic conditions4 ,! prote9s are brok5 d[n to =m urea1 ammonia1 ! f\l-smell+ m]captans1 hydrog5 sulphide1 etc41 & fatty & aromatic acids4 ,! c>bohydrates are brok5 d[n into _! orig9al fatty acid1 wat]1 c>bon dioxide1 hydrog51 me?ane1 & o!r sub/ances4 ,cellulose is also brok5 d[n b mu* m sl[ly4 ,! fats & soaps are affect$ some:at simil>ly to ! hydroc>bons & are brok5 d[n to =m ! orig9al acids ( _! make up toge!r ) c>bon dioxide1 hydrog51 me?ane1 etc4 ,! bact]ial action on fats & soaps is mu* sl[] ?an on ! prote9s1 & ! active biological ag5ts 9 ! biolysis ( ! hydroc>bons1 fats1 & soaps are n s closely conf9$ to anarobes z 9 ! biolysis ( ! prote9s4 ,! ?ird /ate 9 ! biolysis ( sewage is ! oxidation or nitrification ( ! products ( decomposition result+ f ! putrefactive /ate4 ,! products ( decomposition are conv]t$ to nitrites & nitrates1 :i* are 9 a /able condition & are available = plant food4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t ! v>i\s /ates may be coexi/5t b t ! conditions ( ! diff]5t /ates pr$om9ate approximately 9 ! ord] /at$4 ,9 ! biolysis ( sewage !re is no de/ruction ( matt]4 ,! same elem5ts exi/ 9 ! same am\nt z at ! />t ( ! biolytic action4 #bad4 ,! ,nitrog5 ,cycle4--,nitrog5 is an elem5t t is f\nd 9 all organic comp\nds4 ,its pres5ce is necess>y to all plant & animal life4 ,! nitrog5\s comp\nds are mo/ readily attack$ by bact]ial action 9 sewage treatm5t4 ,! non-nitrog5\s sub/ances su* z soaps & fats1 & ! inorganic comp\nds are m sl[ly affect$ by bact]ial action alone4 ,! elem5t nitrog5 passes ?r\gh a c\rse ( ev5ts f life to dea? & back to life aga9 t is kn[n z ! ,nitrog5 ,cycle4 ,x is typical ( ! cycles ?r\gh :i* all ( ! organic elem5ts pass4 ,^u ! dea? ( a plant or animal1 decomposition sets 9 accompani$ by ! =mation ( urea :i* is brok5 d[n into ammonia4 ,?is is kn[n z ! putrefactive /age ( ! ,nitrog5 ,cycle4 ,! next /ate is nitrification 9 :i* ! comp\nds ( ammonia are oxidiz$ to nitrites & nitrates1 & are ?us prep>$ = plant food4 ,9 ! /ate ( plant life ! nitrites & nitrates are d5itrifi$ s z to be available z a plant or animal food4 ,! highe/ /ate ( ! ,nitrog5 ,cycle is animal life1 9 :i* nitrog5 is a "p ( ! liv+ animal sub/ance or is *>g$ f prote9 to urea1 ammonia1 etc41 by ! functions ( life 9 ! animal4 ,^u ! dea? ( ?is animal organism ! cycle is repeat$4 ,! ,nitrog5 ,cycle1 l ! cycle ( ,life & ,dea?1 is purely an ideal condition z 9 nature !re are _m %ort circuits & back curr5ts :i* prev5t ! cont9u\s progression ( ! cycle4 ,! conception ( ?is cycle is an aid1 h[ev]1 9 und]/&+ ! processes ( sewage treatm5t4 #bae4 ,plankton & ,macroscopic ,organisms4--,9 g5]al ! "p play$ by ^! organisms 9 ! biolysis ( sewage is n suffici5tly well und]/ood to aid 9 ! selection ( me?ods ( sewage treatm5t involv+ _! activities4 ,! pres5ce 9 bodies ( wat] receiv+ sewage1 ( c]ta9 plankton :i* are kn[n to exi/ only :5 putrefaction is n imm95t1 indicates t ! body ( wat] into :i* ! dis*>ge ( sewage is occurr+ is n be+ ov]tax$4 ,! control ( sewage treatm5t plant efflu5ts s z to avoid ! poison+ ( fi% life or ! contam9ation ( %ell fi% is likewise important4 ,! /udy ( plankton & macroscopic life 9 ! treatm5t ( sewage is an op5 field = rese>*4 #baf4 ,v>iations 9 ! ,quality ( ,sewage4--,! quality ( sewage v>ies ) ! h\r ( ! day & ! season ( ! ye>4 ,"s ( ! causes ( ^! v>iations are3 *anges 9 ! am\nt ( dilut+ wat] due to ! infl[ ( /orm wat] or flu%+ ( ! /reets or sew]s2 v>iations 9 dome/ic activities su* z ! susp5sion ( contributions ( organic wa/es dur+ ! night1 ,monday's wa%1 etc42 *>act]i/ics ( diff]5t indu/ries :i* dis*>ge diff]5t k9ds ( wa/es accord+ to ! /age ( ! manufactur+ process1 etc4 ,9 g5]al night sewage is m>k$ly weak] ?an day sewage 9 bo? dome/ic & indu/rial wa/es1 b 9 specific cases ! v>y+ /r5g? dep5ds entirely ^u ! *>act]i/ics ( ! di/rict4 ,"s analyses are giv5 9 ,table #gd1 :i* emphasize ^! po9ts4 ,,table #gd ,,sewage ,,analyses ,,%[+ ,,h\rly1 ,,daily1 ,,& ,,seasonal ,,v>iations ,,9 ,,quality ,place ,"t ,susp5d$ ,rem>ks ,ref]5ce ,nitrog5 ,total,*lor9e ,matt] ,m>ion1 ,ohio,mid't-noon1 ,indu/rial #a #e-ba-jf4 #de #ec #aij ,noon-mid't ,dome/ic #a #e-ba-jf4 #cg #id #acc ,we/]ville1,day college #a ,ohio #aj4b #gf #aah t[n ,night #b4f #gd #da #a ,columbus1 #aijd-aije ,ohio ,mid't to #b #b a4m4 #d4f #ej #aca #b a4m4 to #d #b a4m4 #c4j #eb #ie #d a4m4 to #f #b a4m4 #b4c #ea #hc #f a4m4 to #h #b a4m4 #b4g #dh #hc #h a4m4 to #aj #b a4m4 #af4c #ff #dgf #aj a4m4 to #b noon #aa4d #ajj #cbd ,noon to #b #b p4m4 #aa4c #hf #bdf #b p4m4 to #d #b p4m4 #ab4c #gh #bdf #d p4m4 to #f #b p4m4 #bb4j #gh #cfh #f p4m4 to #h #b p4m4 #h4b #ga #bji #h p4m4 to #aj #b p4m4 #g4h #hj #abj #aj p4m4 to #b mid't #f4b #ef #aag ,c5t] ,ave41,mid't to #c #c ,*icago4 a4m4 #abc #d a4m4 to #g #c p4m4 #caf #h a4m4 to #aa #c p4m4 #fjh ,noon to #c #c p4m4 #ghe #d p4m4 to #g #c p4m4 #gag #h p4m4 to #aa #c p4m4 #bhg ,columbus1 ,sunday #b ,ohio #f4g #ee #heh ,monday #i4a #ff #ajdh #b ,tuesday #i4d #fi #ajbd #b ,w$nesday #i4f #fh #ajje #b ,?ursday #i4b #ff #iij #b ,friday #i4b #fg #ajah #b ,saturday #i4c #fg #ajaf #b ,baltimore1 ,aug4 #a to #d #aijg-aijh ,sept4 #a #af4j #bdf ,sept4 #d to #d ,oct4 #c #ai4j #aij ,oct4 #f to #d ,nov4 #d #bj4j #ahh ,nov4 #ae to #d ,nov4 #bi #bj4j #afd ,dec4 #c to #d ,dec4 #bi #bj4j #abc ,jan4 #f to #d ,jan4 #ba #ai4j #abg ,feb4 #b to #d ,feb4 #bf #bj4j #adi ,feb4 #bi to #d ,m>4 #bd #bh4j #bgd ,m>4 #bg to #d ,april #bi #be4j #afe ,april #cj to #d ,may #bf #ai4j #ajd ,june #h to #d ,july #aa #ae4j #hh ,july #ac to #d ,aug4 #h #i4e #abd ,ref]5ces3 #a4 #aijh ,report ( ! ,ohio ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?4 #b4 ,report on ,sewage ,purification at ,columbus1 ,ohio1 by ,g4 ,a4 ,johnson1 #aije4 #c4 ,report on ,indu/rial ,wa/es f ! ,/ock ,y>ds & ,pack+t[n 9 ,*icago1 by ! ,sanit>y ,di/rict ( ,*icago4 #aiba4 #d4 ,report ( ! ,baltimore ,sew]age ,commission1 #aiaa4 #bag4 ,sewage ,disposal4--,previ\s to ! developm5t ( ! wat]-c>riage me?od = remov+ human excreta & o!r liquid wa/es ! solid matt] 0 dispos$ ( by burial & ! liquid wa/es 7 all[$ to seep into ! gr\nd or to run away ov] its surface4 ,foll[+ ! developm5t ( ! wat]-c>riage sy/em1 :i* necessitat$ ! developm5t ( sew]s1 ! problem ( ultimate disposal 0 r5d]$ m s]i\s by ! conc5tration ( human excreta toge!r ) a l>ge volume ( wat]4 ,! un?9k+ citiz5 believes ! problem ( sewage disposal is solv$ :5 ! toilet is flu%$ or ! ba? tub is dra9$4 ,! problem may m truly be said to comm5ce at ?is po9t4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! simple/ me?od ( disposal ( sewage w\ld be to dis*>ge x into ! ne>e/ wat] c\rse4 ,un=tunately ! nature ( sewage is su* t x may be ei!r highly (f5sive to ! s5ses or dang]\s to heal? or bo?1 :5 dis*>g$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,only ! mo/ =tunate communities are favor$ ) a body ( wat] ( suffici5t size to receive sewage )\t creat+ a nuisance4 ,! problems ( sewage disposal are to prev5t nuisances caus+ (f5se to sight & smell2 to prev5t ! clogg+ ( *annels2 to protect pump+ ma*9]y2 to protect public wat] supplies2 to protect fi% life2 to prev5t ! contam9ation ( %ell fi%2 to recov] valuable con/itu5ts ( ! sewage2 to enri* & to irrigate ! soil2 to safegu>d ba?+ & boat+2 = o!r m9or purposes2 & 9 "s cases to comply ) ! law4 ,sewage may be treat$ to atta9 "o or m ( ^! objects by me?ods ( treatm5t v>y+ z widely z ! objects to be atta9$4 #bah4 ,me?ods ( ,sewage ,treatm5t4--,9 /udy+ ! subject ( sewage treatm5t x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t x is impossible to de/roy any ( ! elem5ts pres5t4 ,!y may be remov$ f ! mixture only by gasification1 /ra9+ or s$im5tation4 ,_! *emical comb9ations may be s *ang$1 h[ev]1 z to result 9 diff]5t sub/ances ?an ^? introduc$ to ! treatm5t plant4 ,x is ) ^! *emical *anges t ! /ud5t ( sewage treatm5t is int]e/$4 ,! me?ods ( sewage treatm5t c be classifi$ z me*anical1 *emical & biological4 ,^! classifications are n sep>at$ by rigid l9es b may ov]lap 9 c]ta9 treatm5t devices or me?ods4 ,me*anical me?ods ( treatm5t are exemplifi$ by s$im5tation1 & scre5+4 ,*emical precipitation & /]ilization are examples ( *emical me?ods4 ,! biological me?ods1 ! mo/ important ( all1 include dilution1 septicization1 filtration1 sewage f>m+1 activat$ sludge1 etc4 ,if = any reason x is desir$ to treat sewage by m ?an "o ( ^! me?ods ! proc$ure %\ld foll[ z ne>ly z possible ! ord] ( ! occurr5ce ( ! ph5om5a 9 ! natural biolysis ( sewage4 ,= example1 9 "o treatm5t plant ! sewage w\ld fir/ pass ?r\gh a grit *amb] :]e ! co>se s$im5t w\ld be remov$1 !n ?r\gh a scre5 :]e ! float+ matt] & co>se susp5d$ matt] w\ld be remov$1 !n to a s$im5tation bas9 :]e "s f9] susp5d$ matt] might settle out1 !n to a dige/ive tank :]e ! solid matt] deposit$ w\ld be work$ ^u by bact]ial action & p>tially liquefi$4 ,simultane\s to ! liquefaction ( ! deposit$ solid matt] ! liquid efflu5t f ! dige/ive tank might proce$ to an arat+ device to exp$ite oxidation1 !n to an arobic filt]1 & f9ally to disposal by dilution4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,disposal ,,by ,,dilution #bai4 ,def9ition4--,disposal ( sewage by dilution is ! dis*>ge ( raw sewage or ! efflu5t f a treatm5t plant into a body ( wat] ( suffici5t size to prev5t (f5se to ! s5ses ( sight & smell1 & to avoid dang] to ! public heal?4 #bbj4 ,conditions ,requir$ = ,success4--,among ! desir$ conditions = successful disposal by dilution are3 adequate curr5ts to prev5t s$im5tation & to c>ry ! sewage away f all habitations be=e putrefaction sets 91 or suffici5t dilut+ wat] high 9 dissolv$ oxyg5 to prev5t putrefaction2 a fre% or non-septic sewage2 abs5ce ( float+ or rapidly settl+ solids1 grease or oil2 & abs5ce ( back eddies or quiet pools favorable to s$im5tation 9 ! /ream into :i* disposal is tak+ place4 ,! conditions :i* %\ld be prev5t$ are3 (f5sive odors due to sludge banks1 ! rise ( septic gases1 & unsightly float+ or susp5d$ matt]4 ,9 "s in/ances ! pollution ( ! receiv+ body ( wat] is undesirable & ! sewage mu/ be fre$ f pa?og5ic organisms & ! dang] ( aft]gr[?s m9imiz$ be=e disposal4 ,su* conditions are typifi$ at ,baltimore1 :]e ! sewage is dis*>g$ into ,back ,bay1 an arm ( ,*esapeake ,bay4 ,"o ( ! important indu/ries ( ! /ate ( ,m>yl& is ! cultivation ( oy/]s4 ,! pollution ( ! ,bay 0 !re=e s objectionable t c>eful treatm5t ( ! ,baltimore sewage has be5 a necess>y prelim9>y to f9al disposal by dilution4 ,x is unwise to draw public wat] supplies1 )\t treatm5t1 f a /ream receiv+ a sewage efflu5t1 no matt] h[ c>eful or ?or\gh ! treatm5t ( ! sewage4 ,! treatm5t ( ! sewage is a safegu>d1 & light5s ! load on ! wat] purification plant1 b "u no consid]ations c x be dep5d$ ^u to protect ! community consum+ ! dilut$ efflu5t4 ,! sew] outlet %\ld be locat$ well out 9 ! curr5t ( ! /ream1 lake1 or h>bor4 ,deeply subm]g$ outlets are usually bett] ?an an outlet at ! surface1 z a bett] mixture ( ! sewage & wat] is obta9$4 ,! dis*>ge ( sewage into a body ( wat] ( :i* ! surface level *anges1 alt]nately cov]+ & expos+ l>ge areas ( ! bottom is unwise1 z ! sludge :i* is deposit$ dur+ inundation w cause (f5sive odors :5 uncov]$4 ,su* conditions mu/ be c>efully gu>d$ aga9/ :5 select+ a po9t ( disposal 9 tidal e/u>ies because ( ! frequ5t fluctuations 9 level4 #bba4 ,self-,purification ( ,runn+ ,/reams4--,! self-purification ( runn+ /reams is due to dilution1 s$im5tation1 & oxidation4 ,! action is physical1 *emical1 & biological4 ,:5 putrescible organic matt] is dis*>g$ into wat] ! (f5sive "* ( ! organic matt] is m9imiz$ by dilution4 ,if ! dilution is suffici5tly great1 x alone may be suffici5t to prev5t all nuisance4 ,! oxidation ( ! organic matt] comm5ces imm$iately on its dis*>ge into ! dilut+ wat] due to ! gr[? & activity ( nitrify+ & o!r oxidiz+ organisms & to a slight degree to direct *emical reaction4 ,s long z !re is suffici5t oxyg5 pres5t 9 ! wat] septic conditions w n exi/ & (f5sive odors w be abs5t4 ,:5 ! organic matt] is completely nitrifi$ or oxidiz$ !re w be no fur!r dem& on ! oxyg5 cont5t ( ! /ream & ! /ream w be said to h purifi$ itself4 ,at ! same "t t ?is oxidation is go+ on "s ( ! organic matt] w be settl+ due to ! action ( s$im5tation4 ,if oxidation is complet$ be=e ! matt] has settl$ on ! bottom ! result w be an in(f5sive silt+ up ( ! riv]4 ,if oxidation is n complete1 h[ev]1 ! result w be (f5sive putrefy+ sludge banks :i* may s5d _! /9ks up ?r\gh ! sup]impos$ lay]s ( clean wat] to pollute ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 ,! mo/ important condition = ! successful self-purification ( a /ream is an initial quantity ( dissolv$ oxyg5 to oxidize all ( ! organic matt] contribut$ to x1 or ! addition ( suffici5t oxyg5 subsequ5t to ! contribution ( sewage to complete ! oxidation4 ,oxyg5 may be add$ ?r\gh ! dilution receiv$ f tribut>ies1 ?r\gh aration ov] falls & rapids1 or by quiesc5t absorption f ! atmosph]e4 ,! rapidity ( self-purification is dep5d5t on ! "* ( ! organic matt]1 ! pres5ce ( available oxyg51 ! rate ( rearation1 temp]ature1 s$im5tation1 & ! velocity ( ! curr5t4 ,sluggi% /reams are m likely to purify !mselves 9 a %ort] di/ance & rapidly fl[+ turbul5t /reams are m likely to purify !mselves 9 a %ort] "t1 o!r conditions be+ equal4 ,al?\gh ! absorption ( oxyg5 by a /ream ^: surface is brok5 is m rapid ?an ?r\gh a smoo? unbrok5 surface1 ! gr[? ( alg1 biological activity1 ! effect ( sunlight1 & s$im5tation are m pot5t factors & h a great] effect 9 sluggi% /reams ?an ! slightly m rapid absorption ( oxyg5 9 a turbul5t /ream4 ,x is frequ5tly m advantage\s to dis*>ge sewage into a swiftly mov+ /ream1 h[ev]1 reg>dless ( ! conditions ( self-purification1 z ! undesirable conditions :i* may result occur f> f ! po9t ( disposal & may be (f5sive to no "o4 ,! sewage f a population ( ab\t #c1jjj1jjj p]sons resid+ 9 & ab\t ,*icago is dis*>g$ into ! ,*icago ,dra9age ,canal4 ,x ultimately rea*es tide wat] ?r\gh ! ,des ,pla9es1 ! ,ill9ois1 & ! ,mississippi ,riv]s4 ,! action occurr+ 9 ^! *annels is "o ( ! be/ illu/rations kn[n ( ! self-purification ( a /ream4 ,9 ,table #ge are %[n ! results ( analyses ( samples tak5 at v>i\s po9ts bel[ ! m\? ( ! ,*icago ,riv] :]e ! dilut+ wat] f ,lake ,mi*igan ent]s1 to ,grafton1 ,ill9ois1 at ! junction ( ! ,ill9ois & ,mississippi ,riv]s ab\t #dj miles above ,/4 ,l\is4 ,! effect ( ! physical *>act]i/ics ( ! /ream on its *emical composition is well illu/rat$ 9 ?is table4 ,! rise 9 ! *lor9e cont5t betwe5 ,lake ,mi*igan & ! entrance to ! ,dra9age ,canal is a measure ( ! addition ( sewage4 ,s9ce ! *lor9e is an inorganic sub/ance :i* is n affect$ by biologic action1 its loss 9 conc5tration 9 ! l[] rea*es ( ! riv]s is due to dilution by tribut>ies & s$im5tation1 e4g41 betwe5 ! end ( ! canal at ,lockport & ! sampl+ po9t at ,joliet1 ! entrance ( ! ,des ,pla9es ,riv] r$uces ! conc5tration ( *lor9e f #abd4e to #da4e p>ts p] million4 ,! entrance ( ! ,kankakee ,riv] at ,dresd5 ,heights fur!r r$uces ! *lor9e to #bd4e p4p4m4 ,! increase ( album9oid & ammonia nitrog5 accompani$ by a decrease 9 nitrites & nitrates1 betwe5 ! upp] end ( ! canal at ,bridgeport & its l[] end at ,lockport indicates ! r$uc+ action proce$+ !re94 ,! oxidiz+ action ov] ! v>i\s dams & ! effect ( dilution ) wat] conta9+ oxyg5 is %[n betwe5 miles #cd & #ch1 at mile #gi1 & at mile #bid4 ,! excell5t effect ( quiesc5t s$im5tation & aration 9 ,peoria ,lakes is %[n betwe5 miles #ade1 #afa & #afe4 ,,table #ge ,,analyses ,,( ,,*icago1 ,,des ,,pla9es ,,& ,,ill9ois ,,riv]s 7,p>ts p] million7 ,sampl+ ,di/ance,janu>y-,june1 #aijj1 f 8,sewage ,disposal10 by ,po9t 9 ,miles ,k9nicutt1 ,w9sl[ & ,pratt f ,lake ,mi*igan ,*lor9e ,ammonia,album9oid,nitrates,nitrates ,nitrog5 ,nitrog5 ,lake #j #c4j #j4jc #fj4ac #j4jjb #j4jjh ,mi*igan ,canal1 #e #if4f #h4je #b4je 4#jba 4#jgd ,bridgeport ,canal1 #cd #abd4e #aj4ij #b4jg 4#jac 4#jff ,lockport ,joliet #ch #da4e #d4bb #j4hc 4#jba 4#jhf ,dresd5 #eb ,heights ,dresd5 #eb ,heights ,morris #fb #bd4e #b4df 4#fj 4#jge 4#dbd ,m>seilles #gi ,m>seilles #gi ,ottawa #he #ae4c #a4ee 4#da 4#aig 4#iff ,la ,salle #ajj #ag4e #a4je 4#dc 4#aji 4#igi ,h5ry #abi #ac4c 4#ib 4#ch 4#ajb 4#hjj ,*illico! #ade ,av]yville #afa #ac4e 4#ha 4#cg 4#jjd #a4aej ,wesley #afe #ab4j 4#eg 4#da 4#jhc #a4jc ,pek9 #age #ab4c 4#gj 4#dc 4#jfj 4#iij ,havana #bje #aa4b 4#fj 4#cf 4#jfe 4#egj ,be>d/[n #bcg #aj4g 4#fi 4#dd 4#ajf 4#fhe ,la ,grange #bdi ,kampsville #bid #aa4c 4#ff 4#dd 4#jdd 4#hgj ,kampsville #bid ,grafton #cbe #i4h 4#df 4#db 4#jca #a4jf ,grafton #cbe ,sampl+ ,dissolv$ ,oxyg5 ,rem>ks ,po9t ,jan4 ,july ,nov4 #cj-;,feb4 #h-ae #ab-ai1 #b1 #aiab #aiab #aiab ,lake #ad4a #aj4h,typical ,mi*igan *emical analysis ,canal1 #f4i,k$zie ,bridgeport ,av5ue ,canal1 #i4i #a4g;,above dam ,lockport ,joliet #a4d #e4f;,aration ov] dam4 ,dilution by ,des ,pla9es ,riv] ,dresd5 #a4j #d4a;,des ,pla9es ,heights ,riv] ,dresd5 #aj4d,kankakee ,heights ,riv] ,morris #g4h #e4g;,ill9ois ,riv] ,m>seilles #e4g #j4f #f4h;,above dam ,m>seilles #h4b #d4e #i4c;,bel[ dam ,ottawa #aj4j #h4a ,la ,salle #e4d #g4h ,h5ry #g4i ,*illico! #c4d #a4e #e4i;,above ,peoria ,lakes ,av]yville #c4c #h4b #h4i;,bel[ ,peoria ,lakes ,wesley #g4a;,bel[ ,peoria ,pek9 #d4i #c4b #h4i ,havana #d4h #h4h ,be>d/[n #f4e #i4a ,la ,grange #d4a #i4d;,bel[ dam ,kampsville #d4a #aj4j;,above dam ,kampsville #d4f #aj4j;,bel[ dam ,grafton #f4f #d4g #aj4d;,ill9ois ,riv] ,grafton #g4c #ab4j,mississippi ,riv] #bbb4 ,self-,purification ( ,lakes4--,sewage may be dispos$ ( into lakes ) z great success z into runn+ /reams if conditions exi/ :i* are favorable to self-purification4 ,lakes & riv]s purify !mselves f ! same causes2 oxidation1 s$im5tation1 etc41 b 9 ! =m] ! curr5ts are mu* less pron\nc$ & may be entirely abs5t4 ,9 %all[ lakes 7#bj feet or less 9 dep?7 dep5d5ce mu/ be plac$ on horizontal curr5ts & ! /irr+ action ( ! w9d to keep ! wat] 9 motion 9 ord] t ! sewage & ! dilut+ wat] may be mix$4 ,9 deep] bodies ( wat]1 curr5ts induc$ by ! w9d are helpful b entire dep5d5ce ne$ n be plac$ ^u !m4 ,v]tical curr5ts1 & ! seasonal turnov]s 9 ! spr+ & fall completely mix ! wat]s ( ! lake above ^? lay]s ( wat] ^: temp]ature nev] rises high] ?an #d ,c4 ,9 ! e>ly w9t] ! cold air cools ! surface wat]s ( a lake4 ,! cool+ increases ! d5sity ( ! surface wat] caus+ x to s9k1 & all[+ ! w>m] lay]s bel[ to rise & become cool$4 ,aft] ! temp]ature ( ! entire lake has rea*$ #d ,c4 ! v]tical curr5ts induc$ by temp]ature cease1 z cont9u$ cool+ decreases ! d5sity ( ! surface wat] ma9ta9+ ! same lay] at ! surface4 ,9 ! spr+ z ! temp]ature ( ! surface wat] rises to #d ,c4 & above x becomes heavi] & drops ?r\gh ! cold] wat] bel[ caus+ v]tical curr5ts4 ,^! ph5om5a are kn[n z ! fall & spr+ turnov]s4 ,! =m] is m pron\nc$4 ,^! turnov]s are effective 9 assi/+ 9 ! self-purification ( lakes4 #bbc4 ,dilution 9 ,salt ,wat]4--,! oxyg5 cont5t 9 salt wat] is ab\t #bj p] c5t less ?an 9 fre% wat] at ! same temp]ature4 ,! great] cont5t ( matt] 9 solution 9 salt wat] r$uces its capacity to absorb _m sewage solids4 ,?is1 toge!r ) ! *emical reaction betwe5 ! con/itu5ts ( ! salt wat] & ^? ( ! sewage s]ve to precipitate "s ( ! sewage solids & to =m (f5sive sludge banks4 ,! evid5ce ( ! action :i* takes place 9 ! absorption ( oxyg5 f ! atmosph]e by salt wat] & its effect on dissolv$ sewage solids is conflict+1 b 9 g5]al fre% wat] is a bett] dilut+ m$ium ?an salt wat]4 ,black & ,phelps h made valuable /udies ( ! relative rates ( absorption ( oxyg5 f ! air by fre% & salt wat]4 ,! results ( _! exp]im5ts are publi%$ 9 a ,report to ! ,bo>d ( ,e/imate & ,apportionm5t ( ,n4 ,y4 ,city1 made ,m>* #bc1 #aiaa4aca ,conc]n+ ^! rates !y conclude3 ,!re=e !re is no reason to believe t ! rearation ( salt wat] foll[s any o!r laws ?an ^? we h det]m9$ ma!matically & exp]im5tally = fre% wat]4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( full] in=mation on ! effect ( increas$ viscosity ^u ! diffusion coeffici5t1 x c only be /at$ t ! rate ( rearation ( salt wat] is less ?an t ( fre% wat]1 9 proportion to ! respective solubilities ( oxyg5 9 ! two wat]s1 & /ill less1 b to an unkn[n ext5t1 by reason ( ! great] viscosity & consequ5t small value ( ! diffusion coeffici5t4 #bbd4 ,quantity ( ,dilut+ ,wat] ,ne$$4--,9 a l>ge majority ( ! problems ( disposal ( sewage by dilution x is n necess>y to add suffici5t dilut+ wat] to oxidize completely all organic matt] pres5t4 ,ord9>ily x is suffici5t to prev5t putrefactive conditions until ! fl[ ( ! /ream1 lake1 or tidal curr5t1 has rea*$ "s l>ge body ( dilut+ wat] or :]e putrefaction is no long] a nuisance4 ,x is nev] desirable to all[ ! oxyg5 cont5t ( a /ream to be exhau/$ z putrescible conditions w exi/ locally be=e exhau/ion is complete4 ,! exact po9t to :i* oxyg5 c be r$uc$ 9 safety is 9 "s dispute4 ,black & ,phelps h assum$ #gj p] c5t ( saturation z ! all[able limit2 ,full] has plac$ x at #cj p] c5t2 ,k9nicutt1 ,w9sl[1 & ,pratt h plac$ x at #ej p] c5t4 ,s9ce ! reaction betwe5 ! oxyg5 & ! organic matt] is quantitative1 o!rs h plac$ ! limit 9 t]ms ( p>ts p] million ( oxyg54 ,wisn]1#acb has recomm5d$ a m9imum ( #b4e p4p4m4 z ! limit = ! su/5ance ( fi% life1 :i* is n f> f ,full]'s limit = hot-wea!r conditions4 ,=mulas ( v>i\s types h be5 devis$ to express ! rate ( absorption ( oxyg5 ) a giv5 quantity ( dilut+ wat] :i* is mix$ ) a giv5 quantity & quality ( sewage4 ,! quantity ( sewage is sometimes express$ 9 t]ms ( ! tribut>y population or 9 o!r ways4 ,kn[+ ! rate at :i* oxyg5 is exhau/$ & ! velocity ( fl[ ( ! /ream1 ! po9t at :i* ! oxyg5 w be r$uc$ to ! limit all[$ is easily det]m9$4 ,! accuracy ( none ( ^! =mulas has be5 prov51 & _! use1 )\t an und]/&+ ( ! effect ( local conditions1 may lead to error4 ,!y may be us$ z a *eck on ! bio-*emical oxyg5 dem& det]m9ations1 :i* %\ld be conclusive4 ,! foll[+ =mula1 bas$ on ! "w ( ,black & ,phelps1 is a guide to ! am\nt ( sewage :i* c be add$ to a /ream )\t caus+ a nuisance4 ,x is3 ,c 7log7,o,o77kt1 9 :i* ,c p] c5t ( sewage all[$ 9 ! wat]2 ,o p] c5t ( saturation or ! p4p4m4 ( oxyg5 9 ! mixture at ! "t ( dilution2 ,o p] c5t ( saturation or ! p4p4m4 ( oxyg5 9 ! /ream aft] p]iod ( fl[ to po9t beyond :i* no nuisance c be expect$2 t "t 9 h\rs requir$ = ! /ream to fl[ to ?is po9t2 k con/ant det]m9$ by te/ det]m9ations ( ! factors 9 ! foll[+ expression3 k 7log7,o#a,o#a77;,c#at#a1 9 :i* ,o#a p] c5t ( saturation or ! p4p4m4 ( oxyg5 9 ! dilut+ wat] be=e mix+ ) ! sewage2 ,o#a p] c5t ( saturation or ! p4p4m4 ( oxyg5 9 an artificial mixture made 9 ! laboratory1 aft] t#a h\rs ( incubation2 ,c#a p] c5t ( sewage 9 ! mixture2 t#a numb] ( h\rs ( incubation ( ! mixture ( sewage & dilut+ wat] "u laboratory conditions4 ,9 ! solution ( ^! =mulas x is desir$ to det]m9e ! p]missible am\nt ( sewage to dis*>ge into a giv5 quantity ( dilut+ wat]4 ,?is value is express$ by ,c 9 ! fir/ equation4 ,9 solv+ ?is equation3 ,o is det]m9$ by laboratory te/s & %\ld repres5t ! conditions to be expect$ dur+ v>i\s seasons ( ! ye>2 ,o is det]m9$ by judgm5t4 ,x may be #cj p] c5t or #ej p] c5t or m z previ\sly expla9$2 t is det]m9$ by float te/s or o!r measurem5ts ( ! /ream fl[2 k is det]m9$ by laboratory te/s 9 :i* mixtures ( v>i\s /r5g?s are incubat$ = v>i\s p]iods ( "t4 ,diff]5t values ( k w be obta9$ = diff]5t *>act]i/ics ( ! sewage2 b = ! same sewage ! value ( k %\ld be un*ang$ = diff]5t p]iods ( incubation4 ,rideal devis$ ! =mula3#acc ,,xo ,c7,m ,n7,s 9 :i* ,x fl[ ( ! /ream express$ 9 second-feet2 ,o grams ( free oxyg5 9 "o cubic foot ( wat]2 ,s rate ( sewage dis*>ge 9 second-feet2 ,m grams ( oxyg5 requir$ to consume ! organic matt] 9 "o cubic foot ( dilut$ sewage z det]m9$ by ! p]manganate te/ ) #d h\rs boil+2 ,n grams ( oxyg5 available 9 ! nitrites & nitrates 9 "o cubic foot ( dilut$ sewage2 ,c ratio betwe5 ! am\nt ( oxyg5 9 ! /ream & t requir$ to prev5t putrefaction4 ,:]e ,c is equal to or great] ?an "o1 satisfactory conditions h be5 atta9$4 ,9 us+ ?is =mula x is necess>y to make analyses ( trial mixtures ( sewage & wat] until ! correct mixture has be5 f\nd4 ,haz5's =mula is3#acd ,d x,s #dm,o1 9 :i* ,d dilution ratio2 x volume ( wat]2 ,s volume ( sewage2 m result ( ! oxyg5 consum$ te/ express$ 9 p4p4m4 aft] #e m9utes1 boil+ ) potassium p]manganate2 ,o am\nt ( dissolv$ oxyg5 9 ! dilut+ wat] express$ 9 p4p4m4 ,= comp>ison ) ,rideal's =mula ! factor ( #g %\ld be us$ in/ead ( #d to all[ = ! increas$ "t ( boil+4 ,s9ce ! am\nt ( oxyg5 ne$$ is dep5d5t on ! am\nt ( organic matt] 9 ! sewage r ?an ! total volume ( ! sewage1 & s9ce ! am\nt ( organic matt] is closely proportional to ! population1 ! am\nt ( dilut+ wat] has sometimes be5 express$ 9 t]ms ( ! population4 ,h]+'s recomm5dation = ! quantity ( dilut+ wat] necess>y = ,*icago sewage 0 #c4c cubic feet ( wat] p] second p] ?\s& population4 ,exp]i5ce has prov5 ?is to be too small4 ,betwe5 a m9imum limit ( #b second-feet & a maximum ( #h second-feet ( dilut+ wat] p] ?\s& population ! success ( dilution is unc]ta94 ,above ?is limit success is practically assur$ & bel[ ?is limit failure c be expect$4 ,ev5 ) ^! c>efully devis$ =mulas & empirical guides1 ! factors ( rearation1 dilution1 s$im5tation1 temp]ature1 etc41 may h s great an effect z to vitiate ! conclusions4 ,z %[n 9 ,table #ge dilution 9 w9t] is f> m successful ?an 9 summ]4 ,! l[] temp]atures s r$uce ! activity ( ! putrefy+ organisms t consumption ( oxyg5 is greatly ret>d$4 #bbe4 ,gov]nm5tal ,control4--,a compreh5sive discussion ( ! legal pr9ciples gov]n+ ! pollution ( inl& wat]s is conta9$ 9 8,a ,review ( ! ,laws ,=bidd+ ! ,pollution ( ,inl& ,wat]s10 by ,e4 ,b4 ,goodell1 publi%$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey 9 #aije1 z ,wat] ,supply ,pap] ,no4 #aeb4 ,! disposal ( sewage by dilution is subject to /atutory limitations 9 _m /ates4 ,! en=cem5t ( ^! laws is usually 9 ! h&s ( ! /ate bo>d ( heal?1 :i* is frequ5tly giv5 discretion>y p[]s to recomm5d & sometimes to en=ce measures = ! abatem5t ( an actual or pot5tial nuisance4 ,su* recomm5dations usually take ! =m ( a specification ( c]ta9 =ms ( treatm5t prelim9>y to disposal by dilution4 ,no project = ! disposal ( sewage by dilution %\ld be consummat$ until ! local1 /ate1 national1 & 9 ! case ( b\nd>y wat]s1 int]national laws h be5 compli$ )4 ,! attitude ( ! c\rts 9 diff]5t /ates has n be5 uni=m4 ,little guidance c be tak5 f ! p]sonal feel+ ( ! p]sons imm$iately int]e/$4 ,! op9ion ( ! rip>ian own] #e miles d[n /ream may diff] mat]ially f ! popul> w ( ! vot]s ( a city1 & x is likely to receive a m favorable he>+ f ! c\rt4 ,/atutes & legal prec$5ts are ! safe/ guides4 #bbf4 ,prelim9>y ,treatm5t4--,if ! sewage to be dispos$ ( by dilution conta9s unsightly float+ matt]1 oil1 or grease1 no am\nt ( oxyg5 9 ! dilut+ wat] w prev5t a nuisance to sight1 or ! =mation ( putrefy+ sludge banks4 ,"u su* conditions x w be necess>y to introduce scre5s or s$im5tation bas9s1 or bo?1 9 ord] to remove ! float+ & ! settl+ solids4 ,biologic tanks1 filtration1 or o!r me?ods ( treatm5t may be necess>y = ! removal ( o!r undesirable con/itu5ts4 #bbg4 ,prelim9>y ,inve/igations4--,be=e adopt+ disposal ( sewage by dilution )\t prelim9>y treatm5t1 or be=e consid]+ ! prop] =m ( treatm5t necess>y to r5d] disposal by dilution successful1 a /udy %\ld be made ( ! "* ( ! body ( wat] into :i* ! sewage or efflu5t is to be dis*>g$4 ,?is /udy %\ld include3 measurem5ts ( ! quantity ( wat] available at all seasons ( ! ye>2 analyses ( ! dilut+ wat] to det]m9e p>ticul>ly ! available dissolv$ oxyg52 obs]vations ( ! velocity & direction ( curr5ts1 & ! effect ( w9ds !reon2 a /udy ( ! effect on public wat] supplies1 ba?+ bea*es1 fi% life1 etc4 ,good judgm5t1 aid$ by ! prop] int]pretation ( su* in=mation %\ld lead to ! mo/ desirable location = ! sew] outlet4 ,if prelim9>y treatm5t is f\nd to be necess>y te/s %\ld be made to det]m9e ! necess>y ext5t & ?or\ghness ( ! treatm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,scre5+ ,,& ,,s$im5tation #bbh4 ,purpose4--,! fir/ /ep 9 ! treatm5t ( sewage is usually t ( co>se scre5+ 9 ord] to remove ! l>g] p>ticles ( float+ or susp5d$ matt]4 ,scre5s & s$im5tation bas9s are us$ to prev5t ! clogg+ ( sew]s1 *annels1 & treatm5t plants2 to avoid clogg+ ( & injuries to ma*9]y2 to ov]come ! accumulation ( putrefy+ sludge banks2 to m9imize ! absorption ( oxyg5 9 dilut+ wat]2 & to int]cept unsightly float+ matt]4 ,by ! pla9 s$im5tation ( sewage is meant ! removal ( susp5d$ matt] by quiesc5t subsid5ce unaffect$ by septic action or ! addition ( *emicals or o!r precipitants4 ,9 ord] to prev5t septic action pla9 s$im5tation tanks mu/ be clean$ z frequ5tly z once or twice a week 9 w>m wea!r b n q s (t5 9 cold wea!r4 ,f9e scre5+ may take ! place ( s$im5tation :]e insuffici5t space is available = s$im5tation tanks1 & x is desir$ to remove only a small portion ( ! susp5d$ matt]4 ,rec5t ,am]ican practice has t5d$ to re/rict ! field ( f9e scre5+ to treatm5t requir+ less ?an #aj p] c5t removal ( susp5d$ matt]1 ?us elim9at+ scre5s f ! field cov]$ by pla9 s$im5tation tanks4 ,! practice is well express$ by ,pott]1 :o /ates3#ace ,:]e a high degree ( purification is s\ght1 ! use ( f9e scre5s is ( d\btful value4 ,a mod]n settl+ tank w give bett] results & at a less co/ = a giv5 degree ( purification4 ,a settl$ liquid is also sup]ior to a scre5$ liquid = subsequ5t biological treatm5t 9 filt]s4444 ,aga9 ! /or+ ( l>ge quantities ( scre5+s mu/ necess>ily be m objectionable ?an ! /or+ ( ! dige/$ sludge ( a mod]n settl+ tank4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aej4--,types ( ,mov+ ,scre5s4 ,trans4 ,am4 ,society ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,vol4 #gh1 #aiae1 p4 #hic4 #bbi4 ,types ( ,scre5s4--,! def9itions ( "s types ( scre5s z propos$ by ! ,am]ican ,public ,heal? ,association foll[3 ,a b> scre5 is compos$ ( p>allel b>s or rods4 ,a me% scre5 is compos$ ( a fabric1 usually wire4 ,a grat+ consi/s ( #b sets ( p>allel b>s 9 ! same plane 9 sets int]sect+ at "r angles4 ,a b& scre5 consi/s ( an endless p]=at$ b& or belt :i* passes ov] upp] & l[] roll]s4 ,a p]=at$ plate scre5 is made ( an endless b& ( p]=at$ plates simil> to a b& scre54 ,a w+ scre5 has radial vanes uni=mly spac$ :i* rotate on a horizontal axis4 ,a disc scre5 consi/s ( a circul> p]=at$ disc ) or )\t a c5tral truncat$ cone ( simil> mat]ial m\nt$ 9 ! c5t]4 ,! ,re9s* ,wurl scre5 is ! be/ kn[n type ( disc scre54 ,a cage scre5#acf consi/s ( a rectangul> box made up ( p>allel b>s ) ! up/ream side ( ! box or cage omitt$4 ,all5#acg gives ! foll[+ def9itions3 ,a drum scre5 is a cyl9d] or cone ( p]=at$ plates or wire me% :i* rotates on a horizontal axis4 ,a %ovel vane scre5 is simil> to a w+ scre5 ) semicircul> w+s & a diff]5t me?od ( remov+ ! scre5+s4 ,examples ( a b& scre51 a w+ scre51 a %ovel vane scre51 a drum scre5 & a disc scre5 are %[n 9 ,fig4 #aej4 ,a b> scre5 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aea & a cage scre5 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aeb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aea4--,sket* ( a ,b> ,scre54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeb4--,sket* ( a ,cage ,scre54 ,scre5s c be class$ z fix$1 movable1 or mov+4 ,fix$ scre5s are p]man5tly set 9 position & mu/ be clean$ by rakes or tee? t are pull$ betwe5 ! b>s4 ,movable scre5s are /ation>y :5 9 op]ation1 b are lift$ f ! sewage = ! purpose ( clean+4 ,mov+ scre5s are 9 cont9u\s motion :5 9 op]ation & are clean$ :ile 9 motion4 ,fix$ b> scre5s may be set ei!r v]tical1 incl9$1 or horizontal4 ,movable scre5s ) a cage or box at ! bottom are sometimes us$4 ,! box %\ld be ( solid mat]ial to prev5t ! =c+ ( scre5+s ?r\gh x :5 ! scre5 is be+ rais$ = clean+4 ,a me% scre5 %\ld be us$ only "u special circum/ances because ( ! difficulty 9 clean+4 ,scre5s :i* mu/ be rais$ f ! sewage = clean+ %\ld be arrang$ 9 pairs 9 ord] t "o may be work+ :5 ! o!r is be+ clean$4 ,movable scre5s are undesirable = small plants because ! labor involv$ 9 rais+ & l[]+ is great] ?an 9 clean+ ) a rake & ! scre5s are m likely to be neglect$4 ,9 a l>ge plant rakes op]at$ by h& are too small = clean+ ! scre5s4 ,a fix$ scre5 is sometimes us$ ) mov+ tee? fa/5$ to endless *a9s4 ,! tee? pass betwe5 ! p>allel b>s & comb out ! scre5+s4 ,if ! scre5 *amb] 9 a small plant is too deep = accessibility a movable cage or box scre5 may be desirable4 ,mov+ scre5s are g5]ally ( f9e me% or p]=at$ plates4 ,!y are kept mov+ 9 ord] to all[ cont9u\s clean+4 ,!y are clean$ by bru%es or by jets ( air1 wat]1 or /eam4 #bcj4 ,sizes ( ,op5+s4--,! area or size ( ! op5+ ( a scre5 is dep5d5t ^u ! "* ( ! sewage to be treat$ & ^u ! object to be atta9$4 ,l>ge scre5s1 ) op5+s betwe5 #a in*es & #f in*es are us$ to protect c5trifugal pumps1 tanks1 automatic dos+ devices1 conduits1 & gate valves f l>ge objects su* z pieces ( timb]1 dead animals1 etc41 :i* are f\nd 9 sewage4 ,! quantity ( mat]ial remov$ is v>iable1 & is usually small4 ,m$ium-size scre5s ) op5+s f in* to #a in*es are us$ to prep>e sewage = passage ?r\gh reciprocat+ pumps1 complex dos+ app>atus1 contact b$s1 & s& filt]s4 ,! am\nt ( mat]ial remov$ v>ies f #j4e to #aj cubic feet p] million gallons ( sewage treat$1 dep5d5t on ! "* ( ! sewage & ! size ( ! scre54 ,scre5+s be=e dry+ conta9 #ge to #ij p] c5t moi/ure & weigh #dj to #ej p\nds p] cubic foot4 ,at times ! am\nt remov$ may v>y widely f ! limits /at$4 ,s*aetzle & ,davis#ach /ate3 ,scre5+s diff] greatly bo? 9 am\nt & "*4444 ,! am\nt v>ies ) ! days ( ! week z well z dur+ ! c\rse ( ! day4 ,x rea*es its maximum ab\t noon or %ortly be=e & comm5ces to disappe> ab\t midnight1 rea*+ a m9imum ab\t #d or #e a4m4 ,! mat]ial is almo/ :olly organic & consi/s ( scraps ( vegetables or fruit1 clo?1 hair1 wood1 pap] & lumps ( fecal matt]4 ,! am\nt v>ies s widely t x is impossible to /ate j :at to expect any def9ite size scre5 to remove4 ,! am\nt ( wat] conta9$ is small comp>$ ) t 9 ! sludge 9 s$im5tation bas9s & am\nts to f #gj p] c5t to #hj p] c5t4 ,on acc\nt ( its organic orig9 x is highly putrescible4 ,m$ium-size scre5s are sometimes plac$ close toge!r ) ! b>s ( ! "o opposite ! op5+s 9 ! o!r1 ?us approa*+ a f9e scre54 ,f9e scre5s v>y 9 size ( op5+ f in* to #ej op5+s p] l9e> in* or #b1ejj p] squ>e in*4 ,!y are us$ = remov+ solids prep>atory to disposal by dilution1 to protect spr9kl+ filt]s1 complex dos+ app>atus1 s& filt]s1 sewage f>ms1 & to prev5t ! =mation ( scum 9 subsequ5t tank treatm5t4 ,9 g5]al1 f9e scre5s w remove f #j4a to #a cubic y>d ( wet mat]ial p] million gallons ( sewage treat$4 ,! wet scre5+s w conta9 ab\t #ge p] c5t moi/ure & w weigh ab\t #fj p\nds p] cubic foot4 ,! dry weight ( ! scre5+s w !re=e be ab\t #aj to #djj p\nds p] million gallons ( sewage treat$4 ,! effect ( ! removal ( ?is am\nt ( mat]ial is usually n detectable by me?ods ( *emical analysis1 ! am\nt ( susp5d$ matt] be=e & aft] scre5+ be+ f\nd un*ang$4 ,9 8 conclusions on ! discussion ( ! results to be expect$ f f9e scre5s1 ,all5 /ates3#aci ,) op5+s n m ?an #j4a in* 9 size1 f9e scre5+ %\ld remove at lea/ #cj p] c5t ( ! susp5d$ solids & #bj p] c5t ( ! susp5d$ organic solids f ord9>y dome/ic sewage1 or #j4a cubic y>d ( scre5+s1 conta9+ #ge p] c5t wat] p] ?\s& population daily4 ,! effect ( ! use ( diff]5t size op5+s "u ! same conditions is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aec4adj ,"s data cov]+ ! am\nt ( mat]ial remov$ by scre5+ are giv5 9 ,table #gf4 ,m ext5sive data are giv5 9 ,volume ,,iii ( 8,am]ican ,sew]age ,practice0 by ,metcalf & ,eddy4 ,,table #gf ,,data ,,on ,,scre5s 7,trans4 ,am4 ,society ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,vol4 #gh1 ,page #idb7 ,type ( ,location ,cle> ,scre5+s ,scre5 ,op5+1 9 ,in*es ,p] ,million ,p] #ajjj ,gallons1 ,population y ,cubic ,daily1 ,y>d y ,cubic t ,tons ,y>d t ,tons ,b& ,hamburg #j4f #j4cdy #j4jahy ,gtt+5 #j4d #j4cey #j4jbfy ,sutton #j4cgeada #j4fy ,*icago #b4d-c4at ,w+ ,frank=t #j4dj #j4gy #j4jdjy ,elb]feld #j4dj #a4aey #j4jecy ,/ralsund #j4bj #j4jgiy ,wiesbad5 #j4fj #a4ay #j4jccy ,%ovel ,/rassburg #j4aj #a4fy #j4jdcy vane ,gleiwitz #j4ab #j4aiby ,temesv> #j4ab #j4i-a4gy #j4jfg-4accy ,drum ,bromb]g #j4jh #d4get ,ma9z ,note #f #j4eby ,tri] #j4aj #j4ci-j4dby #j4acy ,osnabruck #j4jh #c4b-d4jy #j4jh-4ajy ,we& ,read+1 #cfada #a4jy ,pa4 ,brockton #cfada #a4dt ,re9s*,dresd5 #j4jh #j4igt #j4jiy ,wurl ,type (,p] ,c5t,horse-,p[] ,co/ ( ,rem>ks ,scre5 ,moi/ure,p] ,scre5 ,op]ation ,p] ,million ,gallons1 ,doll>s ,b& #hg #b4e ,note #a #b4j #gi ,/ock ,y>d ,w+ #e4j ,note #b #ge ,note #c #d4e h& p[] #a4fd ,note #d ,%ovel #hi4c #c4ce ,note #e vane #j4ij #fj-gj small ,drum #dj-fj #b4de ,exp]im5tal #ge #e4b-f4h #j4hi-c4db #ej-fj #b4da ,exp]im5tal #i4jj ,note #g ,we& #hi4e #b4j #a4jj ,re9s* #hd #b4e 4#cbe-a4gf ,wurl ,notes3--#a4 ,aft] removal ( ?is volume ( grit4 #b4 ,aft] removal ( #af p] c5t by ! grit *amb]4 #c4 ,includ+ #j4f cubic y>d grit p] million gallons4 #d4 ,aft] pass+ #a4f in* b> scre54 #e4 ,aft] removal ( #j4acb cubic y>d grit & co>se scre5+s p] #ajjj population4 #f4 #j4ab1 #j4jd-j4jh4 #g4 ,be=e removal ( #j4d cubic y>d grit p] million gallons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aec4--,scre5+s ,collect$ on ,diff]5t ,siz$ ,op5+s4 #aiba ,report on ,indu/rial ,wa/es ,disposal1 ,union ,/ock ,y>ds ,di/rict1 ,*icago1 ,ill9ois1 to ! ,sanit>y ,di/rict ( ,*icago4 #bca4 ,design ( ,fix$ & ,movable ,scre5s4--,! det]m9ation ( ! size ( ! op5+ is ! fir/ /ep 9 ! design ( a sewage scre54 ,?is is foll[$ by ! computation ( ! net area ( op5+s 9 ! scre54 ,! f9al /eps are ! det]m9ation ( ! ov]all dim5sions ( ! scre52 ! size ( ! b>1 wire1 or support2 & ! dim5sions ( ! scre5 *amb]4 ,! net area ( op5+s is fix$ by ! p]missible velocity ( fl[ ?r\gh ! scre5 & ! quantity ( sewage to be treat$4 ,9 det]m9+ ! velocity ( fl[ ! g5]al pr9ciple %\ld be foll[$ t ! velocity %\ld n be r$uc$ suffici5tly to all[ s$im5tation 9 ! scre5 *amb]4 ,! velocity ( grit be>+ sewage 9 pass+ ?r\gh co>se scre5s %\ld n be r$uc$ bel[ #b or #c feet p] second4 ,if ! sewage conta9s no grit1 or ! scre5 is plac$ bel[ a grit *amb] ! velocity ?r\gh a m$ium or f9e scre5 %\ld be f to #a feet p] m9ute4 ,! velocity ?r\gh ! scre5 9 a direction normal to ! plane ( ! scre5 c be r$uc$ )\t r$uc+ ! horizontal velocity ( ! sewage by plac+ ! scre5 9 a slop+ position4 ,! f9al /eps are ! design ( ! scre5 b> & ! det]m9ation ( ! dim5sions ( ! scre5 & ( ! scre5 *amb]4 ,! size ( ! b> 9 a b> scre51 or z a support to a wire me%1 is dep5d5t on ! unsupport$ l5g? ( ! b>4 ,! /resses 9 ! b>s are ! results ( impact & b5d+1 caus$ by clean+1 & ( ! load due to ! back+ up ( ! sewage :5 ! scre5 is clogg$4 ,all[ance %\ld be made = a head ( #b or #c feet ( sewage aga9/ ! scre54 ,a g5]\s all[ance %\ld be made 9 addition = ! indet]m9ate /resses due to clean+4 ,! scre5 %\ld be support$ only at ! top & bottom1 z int]m$iate supports 9 a b> scre5 are undesirable unless !y are s arrang$ z n to int]f]e ) ! tee? ( ! clean+ devices4 ,fix$ scre5s %\ld be plac$ at an angle betwe5 #cj & #fj ) ! horizontal1 ) ! direction ( slope su* t ! scre5+s are caught on ! upp] portion ( ! scre54 ,a small slope is desirable 9 ord] to obta9 a l[ velocity ?r\gh ! scre54 ,! slope is limit$ s9ce ! small] ! slope ! long] ! b>s ( ! scre5 & ! great] ! difficulty ( h& clean+4 ,small slopes w t5d to make ! scre5s self clean+4 ,z ! scre5 clogs1 ! increas+ head ( sewage w pu% ! accumulat$ scre5+s up ! scre54 ,! use ( flat scre5s 9 a v]tical position is n desirable because ( ! difficulty ( clean+ & ! accumulation ( mat]ial at inaccessible po9ts4 ,if a flat scre5 is plac$ 9 a horizontal position ) ! fl[ ( sewage d[nw>d difficulties are enc\nt]$ 9 clean+ & solid matt] is =c$ ?r\gh ! scre5 z clogg+ increases4 ,an upw>d fl[ ?r\gh a horizontal scre5 is undesirable z ! mat]ial is caught 9 a position inaccessible = clean+4 ,movable scre5s are m easily h&l$ :5 plac$ 9 a v]tical position4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( small scre5s1 r\nd b>s are sometimes us$ :]e ! unsupport$ l5g? ( ! b> is less ?an #c or #d feet4 ,!y are n recomm5d$1 h[ev]1 z ! effici5t area & ! am\nt ( mat]ial remov$ by ! scre5 are dim9i%$4 ,b>s :i* produce op5+s ) ! l>g] end up/ream are undesirable z p>ticles become w$g$ 9 ! scre51 & are ei!r =c$ ?r\gh or become difficult to remove4#adb ,rectangul> b>s are easily obta9$ & give satisfactory s]vice except :]e !y are ( insuffici5t /r5g? lat]ally4 ,= great] lat]al ?ickness a pe>-%ap$ b> is sometimes us$1 ) ! ?ick] side up/ream4 ,f9e me% scre5s or p]=at$ plates are support$ on grids or p>allel b>s ( /rong] mat]ial design$ to take up ! heavy /resses on ! scre54 ,! dim5sions ( ! b> may be select$ arbitr>ily4 ,! l5g? & wid? ( ! scre5 are fix$ to give desirable dim5sions to ! scre5 *amb] & to give ! necess>y net op5+ 9 ! scre54 ,! wid? ( ! scre5 *amb] & ! scre5 %\ld be ! same4 ,! scre5 *amb] %\ld be suffici5tly long to prev5t swirl+ & eddy+ ar\nd ! scre54 ,if ! dim5sions ?us fix$ p]mit an undesirable1 velocity 9 ! scre5 *amb] !y %\ld be *ang$4 ,a suffici5t l5g? ( scre5 %\ld be all[$ to project above ! sewage = ! accumulation ( scre5+s4 ,! b>s may be c>ri$ up & b5t ov] at ! top z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aea to simplify ! removal ( scre5+s4 ,co>se scre5s are usually plac$ above all o!r portions ( a treatm5t plant4 ,!y may be foll[$ by grit *amb]s or f9] scre5s4 ,co>se scre5s are occasionally plac$ z a protection above m$ium or f9e scre5s4 ,9 sewage conta9+ grit ! small] scre5s are sometimes plac$ bel[ ! grit *amb]4 ,x is desirable to provide "s means ( div]t+ ! sewage f a scre5 *amb] to all[ ( repairs to ! scre5 & ! clean+ ( ! *amb]4 ,scre5 *amb]s are sometimes design$ 9 duplicate to all[ = ! clean+ ( "o :ile ! o!r is op]at+4 ,,pla9 ,,s$im5tation #bcb4 ,!ory ( ,s$im5tation4--,s$im5tation takes place 9 sewage because "s p>ticles ( susp5d$ matt] h a great] specific gravity ?an t ( wat]4 ,all p>ticles d n settle at ! same rate4 ,s9ce ! weights ( p>ticles v>y z ! cubes ( _! diamet]s1 :]eas ! surface areas 7^u :i* ! action ( ! wat] takes place7 v>y only z ! squ>es ( ! diamet]s1 ! am\nt ( ! sk9 friction on small p>ticles is proportionally great] ?an t on l>ge p>ticles1 because ( ! relatively great] surface area comp>$ to _! weight4 ,z a result ! small] p>ticles settle m sl[ly4 ,! velocity ( s$im5tation ( l>ge p>ticles has be5 f\nd to v>y ab\t z ! diamet] & ( small p>ticles z ! squ>e root ( ! diamet]4 ,! *ange takes place at a size ( ab\t #j4ja mm4 ,s$im5tation is accompli%$ by s ret>d+ ! velocity ( fl[ ( a liquid t ! settl+ p>ticles w be giv5 ! opportunity to settle out4 ,! sl[+ d[n ( ! velocity is accompli%$ by pass+ ! sewage ?r\gh a *amb] ( great] cross-sectional area ?an ! conduit f :i* x came4 ,! "t t ! sewage is 9 ?is *amb] is call$ ! p]iod ( ret5tion4 ,al?\gh ! %ape ( a bas91 ! arrangem5t ( ! baffles & o!r details h a m>k$ effect on ! results ( s$im5tation1 ! controll+ factors are ! p]iod ( ret5tion & ! velocity ( fl[4 ,ano!r factor affect+ ! effici5cy ( ! process is ! quality ( ! sewage4 ,usually ! great] ! am\nt ( s$im5t 9 ! sewage ! great] ! p] c5t ( susp5d$ matt] remov$4 ,a me?od = ! det]m9ation ( ! prop] p]iod ( s$im5tation has be5 develop$ by ,haz5 9 ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,volume #ec1 #aijd1 page #de4 ,! results ( 8 /udies are summ>iz$ 9 ,fig4 #aed :i* %[s ! p] c5t ( s$im5t rema9+ 9 a treat$ wat] aft] a c]ta9 p]iod ( ret5tion4 ,?is p]iod ( ret5tion is express$ 9 t]ms ( ! hydraulic coeffici5t#adc ( ! smalle/ size p>ticle to be remov$4 ,table #gg %[s ! hydraulic coeffici5ts ( v>i\s p>ticles4 ,9 ,fig4 #aed a repres5ts ! p]iod ( ret5tion & t ! "t t x w\ld take a p>ticle to fall to ! bottom ( ! bas94 ,! diff]5t l9es ( ! diagram repres5t ! results to be expect$ by v>i\s arrangem5ts ( settl+ bas9s4 ,! mean+ ( ^! l9es is giv5 9 ,table #gh4 ,,table #gg ,,hydraulic ,,values ,,( ,,settl+ ,,p>ticles ,,9 ,,millimet]s ,,p] ,,second ,diamet] 9 mm4 ,hydraulic ,value #a4jj #ajj #j4hj #hc #j4fj #fc #j4ej #ec #j4dj #db #j4cj #cb #j4bj #ba #j4ae #ae #j4aj #h #j4jh #f #j4jf #c4h #j4je #b4i #j4jd #b4a #j4jc #a4c #j4jb #j4fb #j4jae #j4ce #j4jaj #j4aed #j4jjh #j4jih #j4jjf #j4jee #j4jje #j4jche #j4jjd #j4jbdg #j4jjc #j4jach #j4jjb #j4jjfb #j4jjae #j4jjce #j4jja #j4jjaed #j4jjja #j4jjjjaed ,an example w be giv5 to illu/rate ! me?od ( us+ ! diagram & tables to det]m9e ! size ( a s$im5tation bas9 to p]=m c]ta9 requir$ "w4 ,let x be requir$ to det]m9e ! p]iod ( ret5tion 9 a cont9u\sly op]at$ s$im5tation bas9 ) good baffl+1 correspond+ to two prop]ly baffl$ s$im5tation bas9s 9 s]ies4 ,! bas9s are to remove #fj p] c5t ( ! f9e/ p>ticles :i* are to h a size ( 4#ja mm4 ,! quantity to be treat$ daily is #c1jjj1jjj gallons4 #a/4 ,ent]+ ,table #gg1 we f9d t ! hydraulic value ( ! f9e/ p>ticles is 4#aed mm4 p] second4 #b;d4 ,s9ce we wi% to remove #fj p] c5t ( ! f9e/ p>ticles1 #dj p] c5t w rema94 ,s9ce ,fig4 #aed %[s ! p] c5t rema9+ aft] ! "t at we ent] ,fig4 #aed at #dj p] c5t on ! ord9ates & run horizontally until we enc\nt] ,l9e #d correspond+ to good baffl+ 9 ,table #gh4 ,we !n run d[n v]tically f ?is int]section & f9d t ! ratio ( at is #a4j4 ,!n a equals t1 :i* means t ! p]iod ( ret5tion %\ld equal ! "t t x takes a p>ticle #j4ja mm4 9 diamet] to drop f ! top to ! bottom ( ! bas94 ,s9ce ?is dep5ds on ! dep? ( ! bas9 x is necess>y to det]m9e ! dep? be=e ! o!r dim5sions ( ! bas9 c be fix$4 ,al?\gh ?is me?od is seldom us$ 9 practice = ! f9al design ( a s$im5tation bas91 x is a guide to judgm5t & c be us$ to supplem5t ! data obta9$ f te/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aed4--;,haz5's ,diagram1 ,%[+ ! ,relation betwe5 ! ,"t ( ,settl+ & ! ,p]iod ( ,ret5tion 9 ,v>i\s ,types ( ,s$im5tation ,bas9s4 ,trans4 ,am4 ,society ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,vol4 #ec1 #aijd1 p4 #de4 ,,table #gh ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,arrangem5ts ,,( ,,settl+ ,,bas9s 7,f ,haz57 ,description ( ,bas9s ,l9e 9 ,fig4 ,values ( #aed at4 ,p] ,c5t ( ,matt] ,remov$ #ej #gd #hg4e ,!oretical maximum4 ,_c be rea*$4 ,a #j4ej #j4gej4hge ,surface skimm+4 ,rockn] ,ro? sy/em4 ,b #j4ed #j4ih #a4cg ,int]mitt5t bas9s1 reckon$ on "t ( ,c s]vice only4 #j4fc #a4bf #a4hi ,cont9u\s bas94 ,!oretical limit4 ,d #j4fi #a4ch #b4jh ,close approximation to ! above4 #af #j4ga #a4de #b4bc ,v well baffl$ bas94 #h #j4gc #a4fb #b4cg ,good baffl+4 #d #j4gf #a4ff #b4ge ,two bas9s1 t&em4 #b #j4hb #b4jj #c4gj ,"o long bas91 well controll$4 #a4e #j4ij #b4cd #d4ej ,int]mitt5t bas9 9 s]vice half "t4 ,e #a4bf #b4ej #c4hj ,"o bas91 cont9u\s4 #a #a4j #c4jj #g4jj ,! design ( s$im5tation bas9s %\ld be bas$ on exp]im5tal obs]vations made ^u ! quantity ( s$im5t remov$ at c]ta9 rates ( fl[ & p]iods ( ret5tion 9 diff]5t types ( bas9s4 ,haz5's ma!matical analysis is s]viceable 9 mak+ prelim9>y e/imates & 9 *eck+ ! results4 ,! %ape ( ! tank1 p]iod ( ret5tion & rate ( fl[ produc+ ! mo/ desirable results %\ld be duplicat$ ) ! expectation ( obta9+ simil> results or results b slightly modifi$ f ^? obta9$ 9 ! te/s4 ,?is is ! mo/ satisfactory me?od ( det]m9+ ! prop] p]iod ( ret5tion4 #bcc4 ,types ( ,s$im5tation ,bas9s4--,a s$im5tation bas9 is a tank = ! removal ( susp5d$ matt] ei!r by quiesc5t settlem5t or by cont9u\s fl[ at su* a velocity & "t ( ret5tion z to all[ deposition ( susp5d$ matt]4#add ,! diff]5ce betwe5 s$im5tation tanks & o!r =ms ( tank treatm5t is t no *emical or biological action is dep5d$ on = ! successful op]ation ( ! tank4 ,s$im5tation tanks may be divid$ into two classes1 grit *amb]s & pla9 s$im5tation bas9s4 ,a grit *amb] is a *amb] or enl>g$ *annel 9 :i* ! velocity ( fl[ is s controll$ t only heavy solids1 su* z grit & s&1 are deposit$ :ile ! light] organic solids are c>ri$ =w>d 9 susp5sion4 ,if ! velocity ( fl[ is m ?an ab\t "o foot p] second1 ! tank is a grit *amb] & bel[ ?is velocity x is a pla9 s$im5tation bas94 ,!re are six g5]al types ( pla9 s$im5tation bas9s3 #a/4 ,rectangul> flat-bottom tanks op]at$ on ! cont9u\s-fl[ pr9ciple4 #bnd4 ,rectangul> flat-bottom tanks op]at$ on ! fill & draw pr9ciple4 #crd4 ,rectangul> or circul> hopp]-bottom tanks op]at$ on ! cont9u\s-fl[ pr9ciple1 ) horizontal fl[4 #d?4 ,rectangul> or circul> hopp]-bottom tanks op]at$ on ! fill & draw pr9ciple1 ) horizontal fl[4 #e?4 ,rectangul> or circul> hopp]-bottom tanks op]at$ on ! cont9u\s-fl[ pr9ciple ) v]tical fl[4 #f?4 ,circul> hopp]-bottom tanks op]at$ on ! cont9u\s-fl[ pr9ciple ) radial fl[4 ,,table #gi ,,critical ,,velocities ,,= ,,! ,,transportation ,,( ,,debris ,s$im5tation w n ,occur at ,high] ,velocities ,diamet] (,critical ,velocity1 ,feet p] ,second4 ,size ( ,scre5 or ,p>ticle 9 ,numb] ( ,me%es p] ,millimet]s ,in* ,specific ,gravity #a4e #b4j #c4j #e4j #j4jaj #j4ac #j4bj #j4bb #j4bh #j4jej #j4bc #j4cd #j4ci #j4ej ,m ?an #bjj #j4ajj #j4cj #j4db #j4ej #j4fe ,m ?an #aej #j4ejj #j4ee #j4gc #j4ia #a4ae ,m ?an #bh #a4j #j4ga #j4ib #a4ah #a4ej ,m ?an #ad #a4be #j4gg #a4jj #a4cj #a4fj #b4j #j4ib #a4bj #a4ej #a4ij ,m ?an #aj #e4j #a4cj #a4gj #b4bj #b4fj ,m ?an #d #aj #a4gj #b4bj #b4h #c4d ,diamet] 9 ,millimet]s = a ,velocity ( #a ,foot p] ,second #b4e #a4be #j4fe #j4cb #bcd4 ,limit+ ,velocities4--,s&1 clay1 bits ( metal & o!r p>ticles ( m9]al matt] w comm5ce to deposit 9 appreciable quantities :5 ! velocity ( fl[ falls bel[ #c feet p] second4 ,! am\nt deposit$ w increase z ! velocity decreases4 ,9 ,table #gi are giv5 ! approximate horizontal velocities at :i* c]ta9 size p>ticles ( m9]al matt] w deposit4 ,at a velocity ( ab\t "o foot p] second organic matt] w comm5ce to deposit4 ,x w be notic$ by int]polation 9 ,table #gi1ade t p>ticles ) ! same specific gravity z s& 7#b4f71 l>g] ?an "o mm4 9 diamet] w deposit at a velocity ( ab\t "o foot p] second or less1 & t small] & light] p>ticles w n deposit at velocity ( "o foot p] second or great]4 ,x w also be notic$ t a velocity ( "o foot p] m9ute is suffici5tly sl[ to p]mit ! deposit ( ! smalle/ & lighte/ p>ticles4 ,= ?is reason velocities ( #a or #b or ev5 #c feet p] second h be5 adopt$ z ! velocities 9 grit *amb]s & velocities less ?an #a foot p] m9ute 9 pla9 s$im5tation bas9s4 #bce4 ,quantity & ,"* ( ,grit4--,! am\nt ( mat]ial deposit$ 9 grit *amb]s v>ies approximately betwe5 #j4aj & #j4ej cubic y>d p] million gallons4 ,x is to be not$ t grit *amb]s are us$ only = comb9$ & /orm sewage & = c]ta9 indu/rial wa/es4 ,!y are unnecess>y = ord9>y dome/ic sewage4 ,! mat]ial deposit$ 9 grit *amb]s op]at+ ) a velocity great] ?an "o foot p] second is non-putrescible1 inorganic1 & in(f5sive4 ,x c be us$ = fill+1 = mak+ pa?s & roadways1 or z a filt]+ mat]ial = sludge dry+ b$s4 ,an analysis ( a typical grit *amb] sludge is %[n 9 ,table #hj4 ,,table #hj ,,analysis ,,( ,,grit ,,*amb] ,,sludge ,velocity ,specific ,p] ,c5t ,calculat$ to ,dry ,weight1 ,p] ,c5t ,feet p] ,gravity ,moi/ure ,second ,nitrog5 ,fix$ ,miscellane\s ,matt] #a4j #a4e #de #bj #gh #b #bcf4 ,dim5sions ( ,grit ,*amb]s4--,! quantity ( sewage to be treat$ & ! am\nt & "* ( ! settl+ solids :i* x conta9s %\ld be det]m9$ by measurem5t & analysis1 & ! am\nt ( settl+ solids to be remov$ %\ld be det]m9$ by a /udy ( ! desir$ conditions ( disposal1 9 ord] t a grit *amb] t w accompli% ! desir$ results may be design$4 ,! p]iod ( ret5tion & ! velocity ( fl[ are ! controll+ features 9 ! successful op]ation ( any grit *amb]4 ,^! %\ld be det]m9$ by exp]im5t or z ! result ( exp]i5ce4 ,:]e nei!r are available1 ,haz5's me?od c be foll[$ or a decision made bas$ on a /udy ( o!r grit *amb]s4 ,9 g5]al1 ! p]iod ( ret5tion 9 grit *amb]s is f #cj to #ij seconds1 & ! velocity ( fl[ is ab\t "o foot p] second4 ,aft] hav+ det]m9$ ! quantity ( sewage to be treat$1 ! quantity ( grit to be /or$ betwe5 clean+s1 ! p]iod ( ret5tion1 ! arrangem5t ( ! *amb]s1 & ! velocity ( fl[ to be us$1 ! ov]all dim5sions ( ! *amb]s are comput$4 ,! capacity ( ! *amb] is fix$ z ! sum ( ! quantity ( sewage to be treat$ dur+ ! p]iod ( ret5tion & ! requir$ /orage capacity = grit accumulat$ betwe5 clean+s4 ,! l5g? ( ! *amb] is fix$ z ! product ( ! velocity ( fl[ & ! p]iod ( ret5tion4 ,! cross-sectional area ( ! portion ( ! *amb] devot$ to s$im5tation is fix$ z ! quoti5t ( ! quantity ( fl[ ( sewage p] unit "t & ! velocity ( fl[4 ,only ! relation betwe5 ! wid? & dep? ( ! portion devot$ to s$im5tation & ! portion devot$ to ! /orage ( grit rema9 to be det]m9$4 ,^! %\ld be s design$ z to give ! greate/ economy ( con/ruction comm5surate ) ! requir$ results4 ,!y w be affect$ by ! local conditions su* z topography1 available space1 difficulties ( excavation1 etc4 ,common dep?s 9 use lie betwe5 #h & #ab feet1 al?\gh wide v>iations c be f\nd4 ,a /udy ( ! proportions ( exi/+ grit *amb]s w be ( assi/ance 9 ! design ( o!r bas9s4 #bcg4 ,exi/+ ,grit ,*amb]s4--,! details ( "s typical grit *amb]s are %[n 9 ,figs4 #aee & #aef4 ,! grit *amb] at ! foot ( #eh? ,/reet1 9 ,clevel&1 ,ohio1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aee4 ,! special feature ( ?is /ructure is ! %ape ( ! s$im5tation bas91 ! bottom ( :i* is =m$ by slop+ /eel plates =m+ a #f-;in* longitud9al slot above ! grit /orage *amb]4 ,fl[s betwe5 #h1jjj1jjj & #af1jjj1jjj gallons p] day are controll$ by ! outlet weir s t ! velocity ( fl[ rema9s at "o foot p] second4 ,?is is accompli%$ by increas+ ! dep? ( fl[ 9 ! same ratio z ! increase 9 ! rate ( fl[4 ,! bottoms ( ! two *amb]s diff]1 "o hav+ a special hopp] = grit & ! o!r a flat bottom4 ,?is is due to ! me?od ( clean+ ! *amb]s1 x be+ necess>y 9 ! "o ) a flat bottom to %ut (f ! fl[ :5 remov+ ! grit :ile 9 ! "o ) ! hopp] bottom x is hop$ to remove ! grit by ! use ( s& ejectors )\t /opp+ ! sewage fl[4 ,! details ( ! *amb] at ,hamilton1 ,ont>io1 are %[n 9 ,fig4 #aef4 ,9 /udy+ ^! draw+s ! foll[+ features %\ld be not$3 #a/1 ! smoo? curves 9 ! *annel to prev5t eddies1 undue deposition ( organic matt]1 & difficulties 9 clean+2 #bnd1 ! hopp] 9 ! upp] end ( ! grit /orage *amb] & ! slope ( ! bottom ( at lea/ #a3bj2 & #crd1 ! simplicity ( ! inlet & outlet devices :i* may be ei!r /op planks or ca/-iron sluice gates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aee4--;,grit ,*amb] at ,clevel&1 ,ohio4 ,eng4 ,record1 ,vol4 #gc1 #aiaf1 p4 #dji4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aef4--;,grit ,*amb] at ,hamilton1 ,ont>io4 ,eng4 ,news1 ,vol4 #gc1 #aiae1 p4 #dbe4 ,! draw+s %[n are m]ely repres5tative ( "s satisfactory types4 ,! numb] & v>iety ( grit *amb]s 9 exi/5ce is great4 ,9 design+ grit *amb]s consid]ation mu/ be giv5 to ! me?od ( clean+4 ,!y are ord9>ily clean$ by su* me?ods z h be5 describ$ = ! clean+ ( cat*-bas9s 9 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,cont9u\s bucket scrap]s simil> to excavat+ ma*9es are sometimes us$ = ! clean+ ( l>ge grit *amb]s4 ,! p]iod betwe5 clean+s is v>iable4 ,! design %\ld be su* z n to require m frequ5t clean+s ?an twice a mon? "u ! wor/ conditions4 ,! fluctuations 9 quality & quantity ( grit w v>y ! p]iod betwe5 clean+s4 #bch4 ,numb] ( ,grit ,*amb]s4--,! p]iod ( ret5tion 9 grit *amb]s is s %ort & ! velocity ( fl[ s ne> ! maximum & m9imum limitations t ! wide fluctuations 9 ! rate ( dis*>ge 9 /orm & comb9$ sew]s necessitates ! con/ruction ( a numb] ( *amb]s :i* %\ld be op]at$ 9 p>allel 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! velocity betwe5 ! prop] limits4 ,unless arrangem5ts are made p]mitt+ ! clean+ ( grit *amb]s dur+ op]ation1 m ?an "o grit *amb] %\ld be in/all$ 9 ord] t :5 "o is be+ clean$ ! o!rs may be 9 op]ation4 ,! numb] ( grit *amb]s mu/ be det]m9$ by ! desir$ conditions ( op]ation & ! co/ ( con/ruction4 ,! l>g] ! numb] ( bas9s ! m ne>ly ! fl[ 9 any "o bas9 c be ma9ta9$ con/ant1 b ! m exp5sive ! con/ruction4 ,! increase 9 velocity ( fl[ ) increas+ quantity is dep5d5t on ! outlet arrangem5ts4 ,9 a %all[ *amb] ) v]tical sides & a /&>d %>p-cre/$ rectangul> weir at ! outlet ! velocity w v>y approximately z ! cube root ( ! rate ( fl[4 ,simil>ly if ! outlet is a ,v not* ! velocity w v>y z ! fif? root ( ! rate ( fl[4 ,9 all cases ! deep] ! bas9 ! m ne>ly ! velocity v>ies directly z ! rate ( fl[4 ,! outlet weir c be arrang$ z at ,clevel&1 s t ! velocity rema9s con/ant = all rates ( fl[ )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,x is seldom t m ?an ?ree grit *amb]s are necess>y to c>e = ! fluctuations 9 fl[4 #bci4 ,quantity & ,*>act]i/ics ( ,sludge f ,pla9 ,s$im5tation4--,! sludge remov$ f pla9 s$im5tation bas9s is slimy1 (f5sive1 n easily dri$1 & is highly putrescible & odorif]\s4 ,x conta9s ab\t #ij p] c5t moi/ure & has a specific gravity f #a4ja to #a4je4 ,! am\nt remov$ v>ies betwe5 #b & #e cubic y>ds p] million gallons ( sewage4 ,! p]c5tage ( susp5d$ matt] remov$ v>ies betwe5 #bj & #fj4 ,! total am\nt remov$ & ! p]c5tage removal dep5d on ! "* ( ! sewage1 ! type ( bas91 & ! p]iod ( det5tion4 #bdj4 ,dim5sions ( ,s$im5tation ,bas9s4--,! dim5sions ( a s$im5tation bas9 are det]m9$ by a me?od simil> to ! "o giv5 = ! det]m9ation ( ! dim5sions ( a grit *amb] 9 ,art4 #bcf4 ,! capacity ( ! bas9 is fir/ fix$ ^u to give ! requir$ p]iod ( s$im5tation & sludge /orage capacity4 ,! l5g? ( ! bas9 is ! product ( ! velocity & ! p]iod ( ret5tion4 ,! l5g?1 wid?1 & dep? ( ! bas9 are normally fix$ by consid]ations ( economy & ! limitations ( ! local conditions1 su* z available area1 topography1 f\ndations1 etc41 & examples ( good practice4 ,a /udy ( bas9s 9 use %[s ! relation betwe5 l5g? & wid? to v>y normally betwe5 #b3a & #d3a4 ,wid?s great] ?an #cj to #ej feet are undesirable because ( ! dang] ( cross curr5ts & back eddies :i* w r$uce ! effici5cy ( ! s$im5tation4 ,dep?s us$ 9 practice v>y too widely to act z guides = any p>ticul> design4 ,!oretically ! %all[] ! bas9 ! bett] ! result4 ,tanks abroad h be5 built z %all[ z #c feet & "s 9 ?is c\ntry z deep z #af feet4 ,! economical dim5sions c be det]m9$ by trial or by calculus4 ,!y w s]ve z a guide 9 ! adoption ( ! f9al dim5sions4 ,! me?od to be pursu$ 9 det]m9+ ! economical dim5sions ( any eng9e]+ /ructure are3 ,i4 ,express ! total co/ ( ! /ructure 9 t]ms ( z few v>iables z possible4 ,,ii4 ,express all ( ! v>iables 9 t]ms ( any "o & rewrite ! expression = ! total co/ 9 t]ms ( ?is "o v>iable4 ,,iii4 ,equate ! fir/ d]ivative ( ! expression ) reg>d to ?is v>iable to z]o & solve = ! v>iable4 ,! result w be ! economical value ( ! v>iable4 ,! values ( ! o!r v>iables c be comput$ f ! relations already express$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeg4--;,diagram = ! ,computation ( ,economical ,bas9 ,dim5sions4 ,= example1 let x be desir$ to det]m9e ! dim5sions ( two cont9u\s-fl[ s$im5tation bas9s z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aeg1 9 :i* ! p]iod ( ret5tion 9 ea* is to be #b h\rs1 ! velocity ( fl[ is n to exce$ "o foot p] second1 & ! sludge accumulat$ w be #c cubic y>ds p] million gallons ( sewage treat$4 ,! quantity ( sewage to be treat$ is #ah1jjj1jjj gallons p] day4 ,! %orte/ "t betwe5 clean+s w be #b weeks4 ,! capacity ( ea* bas9 mu/ be #b_/bd ( #ah1jjj1jjj gallons1 or #bjj1jjj cubic feet 9 ord] to all[ a p]iod ( ret5tion ( #b h\rs4 ,to ?is volume %\ld be add$ suffici5t capacity to all[ = ! #b weeks ( sludge /orage betwe5 clean+s4 ,:5 a bas9 is be+ clean$ ! load mu/ be put on ! rema9+ bas9s4 ,!n if ,q repres5ts ! rate ( accumulation ( sludge p] day1 n repres5ts ! numb] ( days betwe5 clean+s1 m repres5ts ! numb] ( bas9s1 & ,s ! sludge capacity ( "o bas91 !n ,s 7,q7n #a77m ,q7m #a7 ,! sludge /orage capacity = ! example giv5 w be approximately #aa1jjj cubic feet4 ,9 express+ ! total co/ ( ! bas9s let h ! dep? 9 feet4 l ! l5g? 9 feet4 b ! wid? 9 feet4 ,! co/ ( l&1 floor1 etc41 p] squ>e foot p doll>s4 ,! co/ ( wall p] foot l5g? qh#b doll>s4 ,! co/ ( pipes1 valves & appurt5ances ,p doll>s4 ,!n ! total co/ ,c 7#cl #d;b7qh#b #bplb ,p4 ,x is n[ necess>y to express ! ?ree v>iables b1 l1 & h1 9 t]ms ( "o ( !m4 ,f ! relation ,q #b;blh x is possible to rewrite ! expression = ! total co/ z3 ,c 7#c,q7#b;bh7 #d;b7qh#b 7p,q7h ,p4 ,c 7#cl #b,q7lh77qh#b 7p,q7h ,p4 ,hold+ h con/ant & diff]5tiat+ ) reg>d to b 9 ! fir/ expression & ) reg>d to l 9 ! second expression1 equat+ to z]o & solv+ we get3 b 77#c,q77#h;h77 & l 77#b,q77#c;h774 ,! economical relation betwe5 b & l is !re=e b #j4gel reg>dless ( ! value ( h4 ,sub/itut+ ^! values ( l & b 9 ! orig9al expression = ! total co/1 x becomes ,c 7#c77b,q77#c;h77 #d77c,q77#h;h777qh#b 7p,q7h ,p4 ,diff]5tiat+ ) reg>d to h1 equat+ to z]o1 & solv+ h #j4de77p,q7q74 ,9 ! example giv5 if q #j4b & p #a4j !n h #aa4f feet1 b #abj feet & l #afj feet4 ,s9ce ^! are reasonable dim5sions & 9 accord ) good practice !y %\ld be us$1 unless o!r conditions are unsuitable or ! velocity ( fl[ is too great4 ,a wid? ( *annel ( #abj feet z comp>$ to a l5g? ( #afj feet is conducive to a poor di/ribution ( velocity across ! bas94 ,a ratio ( wid? to l5g? ( ab\t #a3d is desirable4 ,9 ?is case1 by ! use ( ?ree baffles p>allel to ! l5g? ( ! bas91 ?us divid+ x into *annels #dj feet wide & #aa4f feet deep1 ! ratio ( wid? to l5g? is *ang$ to #a3d & ! velocity w be increas$ only to #j4jf foot p] second or #c4f feet p] m9ute1 :i* is a reasonable velocity4 ,x c\ld be r$uc$ by increas+ ! spac+ ( ! baffles or ! dep? ( ! *amb]4 ,complicat$ baffl+ is undesirable4 ,two or ?ree ov]fl[ baffles may be us$ to p]mit quiesc5t s$im5tation 9 ! space ?us =m$1 & hang+ baffles may be plac$ be=e ! inlet & outlet to break up surface curr5ts1 or to prev5t ! movem5t ( scum4 ,! hang+ baffles %\ld n ext5d m ?an #ab to #ah in*es bel[ ! wat] surface4 ,! inlet & outlet are sometimes arrang$ to p]mit ! rev]sal ( fl[1 & ! connect+ *annels betwe5 bas9s to all[ ! op]ation ( any numb] ( bas9s 9 s]ies or 9 p>allel1 al?\gh su* arrangem5ts are m important 9 wat] purification4 ,sewage %\ld ent] & leave at ! top ( ! bas94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeh4--,section ?r\gh a ,dortmund ,tank4 ,dep? #bj to #cj feet4 ,clean+ is facilitat$ by ! location ( a c5tral gutt] 9 ! bottom ( ! bas9 ) ! slope ( ! bottom ( ! bas9 t[>ds ! gutt] f #a3be to #a3hj or /eep]4 ,a pipe1 #b in*es or l>g] 9 diamet]1 conta9+ wat] "u pressure ) connections = hose plac$ at frequ5t int]vals is a useful adjunct 9 flu%+ ! sludge f ! s$im5tation bas9s4 ,= equal capacity1 deep v]tical fl[ tanks are m exp5sive & difficult to con/ruct ?an ! %all[] rectangul> type4 ,deep tanks are advantage\s1 h[ev]1 9 t sludge c sometimes be remov$ by gravity or by pump+ )\t /opp+ ! op]ation ( ! tank4 ,!y w also op]ate successfully ) %ort] p]iods ( det5tion & high] velocities4 ,! upw>d velocity %\ld n be great] ?an ! velocity ( s$im5tation ( ! smalle/ p>ticle to be remov$4 ,! effici5cy ( s$im5tation 9 !m w be increas$ by ! s$im5tation ( ! l>g] p>ticles :i* drag "s ( ! small] p>ticles d[n ) !m4 ,! ,dortmund tank %[n 9 ,fig4 #aeh is an example ( ?is type4 ,ord9>ily x is n necess>y to ro( s$im5tation bas9s z ! odors creat$ are n /rong1 & difficulties ) ice are seldom s]i\s4 ,,*emical ,,precipitation #bda4 ,! ,process4--,*emical precipitation consi/s 9 add+ to ! sewage su* *emicals z w1 by reaction ) ea* o!r & ! con/itu5ts ( ! sewage1 produce a floccul5t precipitate & ?us ha/5 s$im5tation4 ,! advantages ( ?is process ov] pla9 s$im5tation are a m rapid & ?or\gh removal ( susp5d$ matt]4 ,its disadvantages include ! accumulation ( a l>ge am\nt ( sludge1 ! necessity = skill$ att5dance1 & ! exp5se ( *emicals4 ,! process is n 9 ext5sive use z ! conditions "u :i* ! advantages outweigh ! disadvantages are unusual4 ,sewage conta9+ l>ge quantities ( sub/ances :i* w react ) a small am\nt ( an add$ *emical to produce ! requir$ precipitate are ! mo/ favorable = ?is me?od ( treatm5t4 ,*emical precipitation accompli%es ! same result z pla9 s$im5tation1 al?\gh ! efflu5t f ! *emically precipitat$ sewage may be ( bett] quality ?an t f a pla9 s$im5tation bas94 #bdb4 ,*emicals4--,lime is practically ! only *emical us$ = ! precipitation ( ! solid matt] 9 sewage4 ,comm]cial lime us$ = precipitation consi/s ( calcium oxide 7,ca,o71 ) l>ge quantities ( impurities4 ,x %\ld be /or$ 9 a dry place & protect$ f undue exposure to ! air to prev5t ! =mation ( calcium c>bonate 7,ca,c,o#c71 ! =mation ( :i* is commonly kn[n z air slack+4 ,! active "w 9 ! =mation ( ! precipitate is p]=m$ by ! lime 7,ca,o7 or calcium hydroxide 7,ca7,,oh7#b74 ,! lime %\ld !re=e be pur*as$ on ! basis ( available ,ca,o1 :i* may be z l[ z #aj to #ae p] c5t 9 "s comm]cial products4 ,! am\nt ( lime necess>y dep5ds on ! quality ( ! sewage1 ! p]iod ( ret5tion 9 ! s$im5tation bas91 ! me?od ( application1 ! requir$ results1 & o!r less easily measur$ factors4 ,full scale te/s = ! am\nt ( lime ne$$ to produce c]ta9 results are ! mo/ satisfactory4 ,9 practice ! am\nt ( lime necess>y :5 lime alone is us$ z a precipitant has be5 f\nd to be ab\t #ae gra9s p] gallon4 ,?is may be m>k$ly diff]5t1 dep5d5t on ! quality ( ! sewage4 ,= acid sewages1 lime alone is n suitable z a precipitant s9ce x is necess>y to add suffici5t lime to neutralize ! sewage be=e ! calcium c>bonate w be precipitat$4 ,! use ( copp]as 7,fe,s,o#d7 toge!r ) lime1 leads to economy 9 ! use ( *emicals z ! floccul5t precipitate ( f]r\s hydroxide 7,fe7,,oh7#b7 is m volum9\s ?an ! precipitate ( calcium c>bonate4 ,?is is commonly kn[n z ! lime & iron process4 ,! pres5ce ( iron 9 c]ta9 trade wa/es may r$uce ! co/ ( *emical precipitation1 z ! necess>y am\nt ( copp]as is r$uc$4 ,:]e #ae gra9s ( lime alone w be ne$$ p] gallon ( sewage1 ! total am\nt ( *emicals us$ w be r$uc$ to #h to #aj gra9s p] gallon ) ! use ( lime & iron4 ,?is comb9ation is less exp5sive ?an ! use ( lime alone1 & is ev5 *eap] :]e ! iron is already pres5t 9 ! sewage4 ,su* a condition is well illu/rat$ by ! sewage at ,worce/]1 ,mass41 :]e ! olde/ & be/ kn[n *emical precipitation plant 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is locat$4 ,! am\nt ( lime us$ at ?is plant has v>i$ betwe5 #f & #aj gra9s p] gallon ( sewage1 ! normal am\nt be+ ab\t #g gra9s4 ,no iron is add$ because ( ! am\nt already 9 solution4 ,! results ( a s]ies ( exp]im5ts on ! *emical precipitation ( sewage by ,all5 ,haz51 are giv5 9 ! #ahij ,report ( ! ,massa*usetts ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 on p4 #gcg ( ! volume on ! ,purification ( ,wat] & ,sewage4 ,haz5 concludes z ! result ( 8 exp]im5ts3 conc]n+ lime1 ,!re is a c]ta9 def9ite am\nt ( lime 444 :i* gives z good or bett] results ?an ei!r m or less4 ,?is am\nt is t :i* exactly suffices to =m normal c>bonates ) all ! c>bonic acid ( ! sewage4 ,?is am\nt c be det]m9$ 9 a few m9utes by simple titration4 ,conc]n+ lime & iron 7copp]as7 he /ates3 ,ord9>y h\se sewage is n suffici5tly alkal9e to precipitate copp]as1 & a small am\nt ( lime mu/ be add$ to obta9 good results4 ,! quantity ( lime requir$ dep5ds bo? ^u ! composition ( ! sewage & ! am\nt ( copp]as us$1 & c be calculat$ f titration ( ! sewage4 ,v imp]fect results are obta9$ f too little lime1 &1 :5 too mu* is us$1 ! excess is wa/$1 ! result be+ ! same z ) a small] quantity4 ,9 precipitation by f]ric sulphate & crude alum1 ! addition ( lime 0 f\nd unnecess>y1 z ord9>y sewage conta9s en\gh alkali to decompose ^! salts4 ,)9 reasonable limits ! m ( ^! precipitants us$ ! bett] is ! result1 b ) v l>ge quantities ! improvem5t does n comp>e ) ! increas$ co/4 ,us+ equal values ( diff]5t precipitants1 appli$ "u ! mo/ favorable conditions = ea*1 ^u ! same sewage1 ! be/ results 7 obta9$ f f]ric sulphate4 ,ne>ly z good results 7 obta9$ f copp]as & lime us$ toge!r1 :ile lime & alum ea* gave some:at inf]ior efflu5ts4444 ,:5 lime is us$ !re is always s mu* lime left 9 solution t x is d\btful if its use w\ld ev] be f\nd satisfactory except 9 case ( an acid sewage4 ,x is q impossible to obta9 efflu5ts by *emical precipitation :i* w comp>e 9 organic purity ) ^? obta9$ by int]mitt5t filtration ?r\gh s&4 ,x is possible to remove f "o-half to two-?irds ( ! organic matt] by precipitation 444 & x seems probable t 444 a result may be obta9$ :i* w effectually prev5t a public nuisance4 #bdc4 ,prep>ation & ,addition ( ,*emicals4--,lime is n readily soluble 9 wat]4 ,!re=e1 x is n be/ to add ! lime z a p[d] to ! sewage1 b to =m a milk ( lime1 t is1 a sup]saturat$ solution conta9+ f #b1jjj to #d1jjj gra9s p] gallon1 al?\gh dry slak$ lime has sometimes be5 appli$ directly4 ,! solution is prep>$ 9 tanks 9 a quantity suffici5t = "s "p ( ! day's run1 commonly suffici5t to la/ ?r\gh "o %ift ( #h or #aj h\rs4 ,! lime is prep>$ by plac+ ! am\nt necess>y to fill "o /orage tank into a slak+ tank conta9+ "s cold wat]4 ,suffici5t wat] is add$ to keep ! solution j at ! boil+ po9t1 or /eam may be add$ to make x boil4 ,aft] slak+1 x is run into ! milk-(-lime solution tank & suffici5t wat] add$ to br+ to ! prop] /r5g?4 ,! milk ( lime is add$ 9 measur$ quantities1 be+ controll$ by a v>iable head on a fix$ orifice or weir1 s t x may be v>i$ ) ! am\nt ( sewage fl[+ ?r\gh ! plant4 ,! am\nt ( lime to be add$ is det]m9$ by titration ) ph5olph?ale91 exp]i5ce indicat+ ! color to be obta9$ :5 ! prop] am\nt ( lime has be5 add$4 ,! use ( ei!r copp]as or alum has be5 s r>e1 = ! precipitation ( sewage1 t a description ( ! me?ods ( h&l+ ^! *emicals z a sewage precipitant is n w>rant$4 ,an excell5t description ( ! me?ods ( h&l+ ^! *emicals 9 wat] purification w be f\nd 9 8,wat] ,purification0 by ,ellms4 ,,table #ha ,,results ,,( ,,*emical ,,precipitation ,,at ,,worce/]1 ,,massa*usetts#adf #aijj #aiaj #aibj ,am\nt ( sewage treat$1 million #d1gha #e1cag #h1hic gallons ,am\nt ( sewage *emically treat$1 #c1fej #c1egd #g1cjj million gallons ,gallons ( wet sludge p] million #d1dej #d1ahe gallons ( sewage treat$ ,p] c5t ( solids 9 sludge #d4db #h4bj #d4fdadg ,tons ( solids #g1bid #d1ahb #f1dcaadg ,p\nds ( lime add$ p] million #iiiadh #gfbadg #ecd gallons ( sewage pump$ ,p] c5t ( organic matt] remov$3 ,by album9oid ammonia3 ,total #eb4gadi #eh4d #ea4i ,susp5d$ #ij4jadi #hh4g #hc4f ,by oxyg5 consum$3 ,total #fb4hadi #fa4a #fb4e ,susp5d$ #hf4fadi #hi4g #hf4b #bdd4 ,results4--,! results ( ,haz5's exp]im5ts indicate t a great] am\nt ( susp5d$ matt] c be remov$ 9 ! same "t by *emical precipitation ?an by pla9 s$im5tation4 ,! p]c5tage ( removal ( susp5d$ matt] may be z high z #hj to #ij p] c5t ) a p]iod ( ret5tion ( #f to #h h\rs & ! addition ( a prop] am\nt ( *emical4 ,t ! me?od is n always a success is %[n by ! results ( "s te/s at ,canton1 ,ohio4#aej ,! report /ates3 444 lime treatm5t removes ab\t #ej p] c5t ( ! susp5d$ matt]1 & 9 ! ma9 ab\t #ej p] c5t ( ! organic matt]4444 ,^! data are in/ructive z indicat+ t ! addition ( lime to ! ,canton sewage 9 quantities z previ\sly /at$ does n mat]ially improve ! "* ( ! result+ efflu5t ov] & above t :i* c\ld be produc$ by pla9 s$im5tation alone4 ,! plant at ,worce/]1 ,mass41 is ! l>ge/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & in=mation f x is ( value4 ,a summ>y ( ! results at ,worce/] = #aijj1 #aiaj1 & #aibj are %[n 9 ,table #ha4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,septicization #bde4 ,! ,process4--,septic action is a biological process caus$ by ! activity ( obligatory or facultative anarobes z ! result ( :i* c]ta9 organic comp\nds are r$uc$ f high] to l[] conditions ( oxidation1 "s ( ! solid organic sub/ances are r5d]$ soluble1 & a quantity ( gas is giv5 (f4 ,among ^! gases are3 me?ane1 hydrog5 sulphide1 & ammonia4 ,! biologic process 9 ! septic tank repres5ts ! d[nw>d portion ( ! cycle ( life & dea?1 9 :i* complex organic comp\nds are r$uc$ to a m simple condition available z food = l[ =ms ( plant life4 ,! disposal ( sewage by septic action1 :5 introduc$1 promis$ ! solution ( all problems 9 sewage treatm5t4 ,septic action is n[ bett] und]/ood1 & x is kn[n t "s ( ! e>ly claims 7 unf\nd$4 ,! pr9cipal advantage ( septic action 9 sewage treatm5t is ! relatively small am\nt ( sludge :i* mu/ be c>$ = comp>$ to t produc$ by a pla9 s$im5tation tank4 ,! sludge f a septic tank may be #be to #cj p] c5t & 9 "s cases #dj p] c5t less 9 weight1 & #ge to #hj p] c5t less 9 volume ?an ! sludge f a pla9 s$im5tation tank4 ,! mo/ important results ( septic action & ! greate/ septic activity occur 9 ! deposit$ organic matt] or sludge4 ,! biologic *anges due to septic action :i* occur 9 ! liquid portion ( ! tank cont5ts are ( little or no importance4 ,! in/allation ( a septic tank1 al?\gh x may fail to prev5t ! nuisance call+ = abatem5t1 has a rem>kable psy*ological effect 9 /ill+ compla9ts4 ,among o!r advantages are ! comp>ative inexp5siv5ess ( ! tanks & ! small am\nt ( att5tion & skill$ att5dance requir$4 ,! tanks ne$ clean+ once 9 #f mon?s to a ye>4 ,if prop]ly design$ no o!r att5tion is necess>y4 ,! septic tank has fall5 into "s disrepute because ( ! bett] results obta9able by o!r me?ods1 ! occasional dis*>ge ( efflu5ts worse ?an ! influ5t1 ! occasional dis*>ge ( sludge 9 ! efflu5t caus$ by too viol5t septic boil+1 & on acc\nt ( pat5t litigation4 ,?is la/ difficulty has be5 ov]come z ! ,cam]on pat5ts expir$ 9 #aiaf4 ,occasionally ! odors giv5 (f by ! septic process are highly objectionable & are c>ri$ = a long di/ance4 ,^! odors c be controll$ to a l>ge ext5t by h\s+ ! tanks4 ,ov]-septicization mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/ z an ov]-septiciz$ efflu5t is m difficult ( fur!r treatm5t or ( disposal ?an a comp>atively fre%1 untreat$ sewage4 ,an ov]-septiciz$ or /ale sewage is indicat$ by ! pres5ce ( l>ge quantities ( ammonias1 ei!r free or album9oid1 frequ5tly accompani$ by hydrog5 sulphide & o!r f\l-smell+ gases4 ,! oxyg5 dem& 9 an ov]-septiciz$ sewage is great] ?an t 9 a fre% or m c>efully treat$ sewage4 #bdf4 ,! ,septic ,tank4--,a septic tank is a horizontal1 cont9u\s-fl[1 "o-/ory s$im5tation tank ?r\gh :i* sewage is all[$ to fl[ sl[ly to p]mit susp5d$ matt] to settle to ! bottom :]e x is reta9$ until anarobic decomposition is e/abli%$1 result+ 9 ! *ang+ ( "s ( ! susp5d$ organic matt] into liquid & gase\s sub/ances1 & a consequ5t r$uction 9 ! quantity ( sludge to be dispos$ (4#aea ,x is to be not$ t a cont9u\s fl[ is ess5tial to a septic tank4 ,small tanks conta9+ /agnant h\sehold sewage are call$ cesspools1 al?\gh sometimes errone\sly spok5 ( z septic tanks4 ,septic & s$im5tation tanks diff] 9 _! me?od ( op]ation only 9 ! p]iod ( /orage & ! frequ5cy ( clean+4 ,! p]iod ( fl[ 9 a septic tank is long] & x is clean$ less frequ5tly4 ,! results obta9$ by ! two processes diff] widely4 ,a septic tank c be conv]t$ into a s$im5tation tank1 or vice v]sa1 by *ang+ ! me?od ( op]ation1 no con/ructional features requir+ alt]ation4 ,! purpose ( ! tank is to /ore ! sludge = su* a p]iod ( "t t p>tial liquefaction ( ! sludge may take place1 & ?us m9imize ! difficulty ( sludge disposal4 ,= ?is reason ! sludge /orage capacity ( a septic tank is sometimes great] ?an w\ld be necess>y = a pla9 s$im5tation tank4 ,,table #hb ,,effici5cies ,,& ,,p]=mance ,,( ,,septic ,,tank ,,at ,,columbus1 ,,ohio 7,report ( ,sewage ,purification1 by ,g4 ,a4 ,johnson1 ,nov4 #aj1 #aije7 ,mon?1 ,aug4,sept4,oct4,nov4,dec4,jan4,feb4,m>* ,april,may,june,avg4 #aijd-aije ,temp]ature1 degrees ,f4 ,influ5t #fi #gj #fe #fj #ed #ea #dh #ej #eg #fa #fg ,efflu5t #fi #fh #fd #ei #eb #dh #de #di #eg #fb #fh ,oxyg5 consum$1 p>ts p] million3 ,influ5t #di #ej #eb #dg #dc #ea #dd #dg #ec #cc #dj #dg ,efflu5t #dj #cf #dj #ci #cg #ce #cg #ci #ej #cd #cc #ch ,p] c5t #ah #bh #bc #ae #af #ca #af #ag #f -#c #ah #ai removal ,organic nitrog51 p>ts p] million3 ,influ5t #f4e #h4b #i4c #h4d #h4h #h4e #f4g #f4d #g4i #f4af4g #g4h ,efflu5t #g4c #e4e #f4j #g4d #h4b #g4j #e4d #e4e #e4b ,p] c5t -#ab #cb #ce #ab #g #ah #ai #ad #be #cj #ai #ai removal ,free ammonia1 p>ts p] million3 ,influ5t #i4g #ab4b #ab4daf4cad4gaj4hh4c #i4i #ab4c #f4ih4c #aa4g ,efflu5t #aj4eaa4e #ab4dag4bad4caa4ah4i #aj4g #ad4i #i4jh4g #ab4a ,p] c5t -#h #f #j -#f #c -#c -#g -#h -#ba -#bc -#e -#c removal ,residue on ,evaporation1 p>ts p] million3 ,total3 ,influ5t #iij #ieb #iic #ifa #ihi #idi #hij #hej #ajfg #iabide #idf ,efflu5t #ice #hia #hic #iaf #ibe #hhf #hdc #ghb #hie #hjjhce #hgc ,p] c5t #f #f #aj #e #f #f #e #h #af #ab #ab #h removal ,volatile3 ,influ5t #bca #ahd #afb #age #aef #afg #aef #afh #bab #abbafb #aff ,efflu5t #bjf #afj #abi #adh #acg #acg #acd #acg #adg #ajcadd #aci ,p] c5t #aa #ac #bj #ae #ab #ah #ad #ah #ca #af #aa #af removal ,m9]al3 ,influ5t #gei #gfh #hca #ghf #hcc #ghb #gcd #fhb #hee #gjjghc #ghj ,efflu5t #gbi #gca #gfd #gfh #ghh #gdi #gji #fde #gdh #figfia #gcd ,p] c5t #d #e #h #b #e #d #c #e #aa #a #ab #f removal ,cubic y>ds #j4aja4bda4jia4agj4fej4fc #j4eg #a4cd wet sludge p] million gallons3 ,p] c5t removal ( susp5d$ matt]3 ,total #ei #ed #ef #ea #db #dh #cb #dg #ef #fg #ec #ej ,volatile #fj #da #dh #eb #dd #ee #dg #dg #fb #hj #ae #dh ,fix$ #ge #fe #fj #ea #dj #ch #ai #dh #ec #fd #fg #ea ,gas evolv$1 #bi #ad #da #ej cubic feet p] day3 #bdg4 ,results ( ,septic ,action4--,! results obta9$ f ! septic tanks at ! ,columbus ,sewage ,exp]im5t ,/ation are giv5 9 ,table #hb4 ,! efflu5t is high] ?an ! influ5t 9 free ammonia1 b ! r$uction ( o!r con/itu5ts1 p>ticul>ly susp5d$ matt]1 is m>k$4 ,septic action is s5sitive to temp]ature *anges1 & to c]ta9 con/itu5ts ( ! incom+ sewage4 ,cold wea!r or an acid influ5t w inhibit septicization4 ,9 w9t] ! liquefaction ( sludge may practically cease1 :]eas 9 summ] liquefaction may exce$ deposition4 ,! am\nt ( gas g5]at$ is a measure ( ! relative am\nt ( septic action4 ,! rapid g5]ation ( gas 9 w>m wea!r di/urbs ! settl$ sludge & may cause a det]ioration ( ! quality ( ! efflu5t because ( ! pres5ce ( decompos$ sludge4 ,! results 9 ,table #hb %[ ! effect ( cold wea!r on ! process4 ,9 w>m wea!r ! viol5t ebullition ( gas sometimes causes ! dis*>ge ( sludge 9 ! efflu5t1 result+ 9 a liquid m difficult ( disposal ?an ! incom+ sewage4 ,s9ce septic action is dep5d5t on ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 =ms ( bact]ia1 :]e ^! are abs5t !re w be no septic action4 ,sewage g5]ally conta9s ! =ms ( bact]ia necess>y = ?is action b x has occasionally be5 f\nd necess>y to se$ new tanks 9 ord] to />t septic action4 ,! sludge f septic tanks is usually black1 ) a slight odor1 ?\gh 9 "s cases ?is odor may be highly (f5sive4 ,! sludge w fl[ sluggi%ly4 ,x c be pump$ by c5trifugal pumps & x w fl[ ?r\gh pipes & *annels4 ,x has a moi/ure cont5t ( ab\t #ij p] c5t & a specific gravity ( ab\t #a4jc4 ,x is dri$ ) difficulty on op5-air dry+ b$s1 & x is wor?less z a f]tiliz]4 ,! composition ( "s septic sludges are %[n 9 ,table #hc4 #bdh4 ,design ( ,septic ,tanks4--,! s$im5tation *amb]s ( a septic tank are design$ on ! same pr9ciples z ! s$im5tation bas9s describ$ 9 ,art4 #bdj4 ,! velocity ( fl[ %\ld n exce$ "o foot p] m9ute4 ,! *annels %\ld be /raight & free f ob/ructions caus+ back eddies4 ,! ratio ( l5g? to wid? ( *annel %\ld be betwe5 #b 3 #a to #d 3 #a ) a wid? n exce$+ #ej feet1 & desirably n>r[]4 ,! dep?s us$ v>y betwe5 #e & #aj feet1 exclusive ( ! sludge /orage capacity4 ,hang+ baffles %\ld be plac$1 "o be=e ! inlet & ! o!r 9 front ( ! outlet1 s z to di/ribute ! incom+ sewage ov] ! tank1 & to prev5t scum f pass+ into ! outlet4 ,! baffles %\ld hang ab\t #ab in*es bel[ ! surface ( ! sewage4 ,int]m$iate baffles are sometimes desirable to prev5t ! movem5t ( sludge or scum t[>ds ! outlet4 ,! plac+ ( baffles mu/ be consid]$ c>efully z injudici\s baffl+ may less5 ! effectiv5ess ( a tank by s conc5trat+ ! curr5ts z to prev5t s$im5tation or ! accumulation ( sludge4 ,baffles %\ld be built ( concrete or brick1 z wood or metal 9 contact ) septic sewage det]iorates rapidly4 ,9 design+ ! sludge /orage *amb]s x may be assum$ t "o-half ( ! organic matt] & none ( ! m9]al matt] w be liquefi$ or gasifi$4 ,! net /orage volume all[$ is ab\t #b to #c cubic y>ds p] million gallons ( sewage treat$4 ,v>iations betwe5 #j4a & #aj4j cubic y>ds h be5 record$1 h[ev]4 ,if grit is c>ri$ 9 ! sewage to be treat$1 x %\ld be remov$ by ! in/allation ( a grit *amb] be=e ! sewage ent]s ! septic tank4 ,,table #hc ,,analysis ,,( ,,tank ,,sludges ,place ,specific,p] ,c5t ,p] ,c5t 9 ,t]ms ( ,dry ,gravity ,moi/ure ,matt] ,volatile,fix$,nitrog5,fat ,mansfield1 #a4aa #hj4h ,o4 ,*icago1 #a4jc #ij #dj #fj #a4i #g4j ,ill4 ,columbus1 #a4ji #hc4c #d4d #af4g #j4bej4id ,o4 ,atlanta1 #a4jb #hg4a #ci4a #fj4i #a4bef4aa ,ga4 ,baltimore1 #a4jb #ia4i #ff4b #b4ded4jb ,md4 ,baltimore1 #a4jb #ib4d #fb4g #b4ge ,md4 ,baltimore1 #gi4b #gc4h #b4fdi4jj ,md4 ,baltimore1 #ib4d #eh4j #c4ai ,md4 ,place ,cubic ,p\nds ,k9d ( ,ref]5ce ,y>d p] p] ,sludge ,million ,million ,gallons1,gallons1 ,wet ,dry ,mansfield1 ,septic #aijh ,report1 ,o4 ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? ,*icago1 #a4j #bjj,septic ,ill4 #a4e #cjj ,columbus1 ,septic ,g4 ,a4 ,o4 ,johnson #aije ,report ,atlanta1 ,imh(f ,eng4 ,rec41 ,ga4 ,v4 #gb1 #aiae1 p4 #d ,baltimore1 ,dige/ion,eng4 ,md4 ,tank ,news-,rec41 ,v4 #hg1 #aiba1 p4 #ih ,baltimore1 ,imh(f d4 ,md4 ,baltimore1 ,raw d4 ,md4 ,sludge ,baltimore1 ,settl+ d4 ,md4 ,bas9 ,two or m tanks %\ld be con/ruct$ to all[ = ! %ut d[n ( "o = clean+ & to increase ! ela/icity ( ! plant4 ,! numb] ( tanks to be us$ is dep5d5t on ! total quantity ( sewage & ! fluctuations 9 rate ( fl[4 ,an av]age p]iod ( ret5tion ( ab\t #i to #aj h\rs ) a m9imum p]iod ( #f h\rs dur+ maximum fl[ is a fair av]age to be assum$ = design4 ,! p]iod ( ret5tion %\ld n exce$ ab\t #bd h\rs1 z ! sewage may become ov]-septiciz$4 ,! sludge /orage p]iod %\ld be f #f to #ab mon?s4 ,a cov] is n necess>y to ! successful op]ation ( a septic tank4 ,cov]s are sometimes us$ ) success1 h[ev]1 9 r$uc+ ! dissem9ation ( odors f ! tank4 ,!y are also useful 9 reta9+ ! heat ( ! sewage 9 cold wea!r & ?us aid 9 promot+ bact]ial activity4 ,types ( cov]s v>y f a build+ erect$ ov] ! tank to a flat slab set close to ! surface ( ! sewage4 ,9 ! design ( a cov]1 good v5tilation %\ld be provid$ to p]mit ! escape ( ! gases1 & easy access %\ld be provid$ = clean+4 ,tightly cov]$ tanks or tanks ) too little v5tilation h result$ 9 s]i\s explosions1 z at ,s>atoga ,spr+s 9 #aijf & at ,flor5ceville1 ,n4 ,c41 9 #aiae4aeb ,! sludge may be remov$ ?r\gh dra9s 9 ! bottom ( ! tank z describ$ = s$im5tation bas9s1 or :]e su* dra9s are n feasible ! sludge & sewage are pump$ out4 ,= ?is purpose a pump may be in/all$ p]man5tly at ! tank1 or = small tanks portable pumps are sometimes us$4 ,septic tanks %\ld be clean$ z infrequ5tly z possible )\t p]mitt+ ! ov]fl[ ( sludge into ! efflu5t4 ,! less frequ5t ! clean+ ! less ! am\nt ( sludge remov$ s9ce dige/ion is cont9u\s ?r\gh\t ! sludge4 ,x is necess>y to clean :5 ! tank becomes s fill$ ) sludge1 t ! p]iod ( ret5tion is mat]ially r$uc$1 or sludge is be+ c>ri$ ov] into ! efflu5t4 ,! details ( ! septic tank at ,*ampaign1 ,ill9ois1 are %[n 9 ,fig4 #aei4 ,?is tank 0 design$ by ,pr(4 ,a4 ,n4 ,talbot1 & 0 put 9 s]vice on ,nov4 #a1 #ahig4 ,x 0 among ! fir/ ( su* tanks to be in/all$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! tank %[n 9 ,fig4 #aei is an example ( pres5t day practice 9 s+le-/ory septic tank design4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aei4--,septic ,tank at ,*ampaign1 ,ill9ois4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afj4--;,design = a ,resid5tial ,septic ,tank = a ,family ( ,t54 ,ill9ois ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?4 ,small septic tanks = rural homes ( #e to #ae p]sons1 or on a slightly l>g] scale = c\ntry s*ools & small in/itutions1 are little m ?an glorifi$ cesspools4 ,nev]!less mu* att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! con/ruction ( su* tanks by ! ,national ,gov]nm5t & by /ate bo>ds ( heal?4#aec ,! recomm5dations ( "s ( ^! bo>ds h be5 compil$ 9 ,table #hd4 ,a typical me?od = ! con/ruction ( su* tanks1 z recomm5d$ by ! ,ill9ois ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #afj4 ,a subsurface filt]1 into :i* ! efflu5t is dis*>g$1 is an important adjunct :]e no adequate /ream is available to receive ! dis*>ge f ! tank4 ,,table #hd ,,capacities ,,( ,,septic ,,tanks ,,= ,,small ,,in/allations ,rule ,numb]1 ,capacity1,p]iod ( ,rem>ks ,recomm5d$ by ,p]sons ,gallons ,ret5tion ,/ate ,bo>d ( p] ,heal? ,p]son ,wiscons9 #cj #bd h\rs ,ohio #d to #aj #ej ,n less ?an #efj gallons ,k5tucky #bd to #dh ,n m ?an #e feet h\rs deep ,texas #bd h\rs ,ill9ois #de #bd h\rs ,u4,s4 ,dept4 #dj #bd h\rs #be p] c5t additional ,agriculture4 capacity = sludge ,nor? ,c>ol9a,l>ge ,s*ools #ae ,n less ?an #ejj gallons ,nor? ,c>ol9a #bj pupils #be ,nor? ,c>ol9a,m$ium ,s*ool #bj ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,homes #be to #cj #bdi4 ,imh(f ,tanks4--,9 ! discussion ( septic tanks x has be5 br\ght out t "o ( ! objections to _! use is ! unload+ ( sludge into ! efflu5t :i* occasionally causes a great] am\nt ( susp5d$ matt] 9 ! efflu5t ?an 9 ! influ5t4 ,! ,imh(f tank is a =m ( septic tank s arrang$ t ?is difficulty is ov]come4 ,x comb9es ! advantages ( ! septic & s$im5tation tanks & ov]comes "s ( _! disadvantages4 ,an ,imh(f tank is a device = ! treatm5t ( sewage1 consi/+ ( a tank divid$ into #c comp>tm5ts4 ,! upp] comp>tm5t is call$ ! s$im5tation *amb]4 ,9 x ! s$im5tation ( susp5d$ solids causes !m to drop ?r\gh a slot 9 ! bottom ( ! *amb] to ! l[] comp>tm5t call$ ! dige/ion *amb]4 ,9 ?is *amb] ! solid matt] is humifi$ by an action simil> to t 9 a pla9 septic tank4 ,! g5]at$ gases escape f ! dige/ion *amb] to ! surface ?r\gh ! ?ird comp>tm5t call$ ! transition or scum *amb]4 ,sections ( ,imh(f tanks are %[n 9 ,fig4 #afa4 ,x is ess5tial to ! con/ruction ( an ,imh(f tank t ! slot 9 ! bottom ( ! s$im5tation *amb] does n p]mit ! return ( gases ?r\gh ! s$im5tation *amb]1 & t !re be no fl[ 9 ! dige/ion *amb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afa4--,typical ,sections ?r\gh ,imh(f ,tanks4 ,eng4 ,news1 ,vol4 #ge1 p4 #ae4 ,! ,imh(f tank 0 inv5t$ by ,dr4 ,k>l ,imh(f1 director ( ! ,ems*] ,sew]age ,di/rict 9 ,g]many4 ,its design is pat5t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! control ( ! pat5t be+ 9 ! h&s ( ! ,pacific ,flu% ,tank ,co4 ( ,*icago1 :i* collects ! royalties :i* are payable :5 con/ruction "w beg9s4 ,! fee = a tank s]v+ #ajj p]sons is #aj1 = #a1jjj p]sons is #hj & = #ajj1jjj p]sons is #beej4 ,! rate ( ! royalty r$uces 9 proportion z ! numb] ( p]sons s]v$ increases4#aed ,z design$ by ,imh(f & us$ 9 ,g]many ! tanks 7 ( ! radial fl[ type & q deep4 ,! dep?1 z expla9$ by ,imh(f1 is "o ( ! *ief requirem5ts = ! successful op]ation ( ! tank4 ,z adapt$ to ,am]ican practice ! tanks are g5]ally ( ! longitud9al fl[ type & are n made s deep4 ,an isometric view ( a radial fl[ ,imh(f tank is %[n 9 ,fig4 #afb4 ,! sewage ent]s at ! c5t] ( ! tank ne> ! surface & fl[s radially outw>d "u ! scum r+ & ov] a weir plac$ ne> ! circumf]5ce ( ! tank4 ,"o type ( longitud9al fl[ tank is %[n 9 isometric view 9 ,fig4 #afc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afb4--,sket* ( ,radial ,fl[ ,imh(f ,tank at ,baltimore1 ,m>yl&4 ,eng4 ,record1 ,vol4 #gj1 p4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afc4--;,isometric ,view ( ,longitud9al ,fl[ ,imh(f ,tank at ,cleburne1 ,texas4 ,eng4 ,news1 ,vol4 #gf1 p4 #ajbi4 #bej4 ,design ( ,imh(f ,tanks4--,! velocity ( fl[1 p]iod ( ret5tion1 & ! quantity ( sewage to be treat$ det]m9e ! dim5sions ( ! s$im5tation *amb] z 9 o!r =ms ( tanks4 ,! velocity ( fl[ %\ld n exce$ "o foot p] m9ute1 ) a p]iod ( ret5tion ( #b to #c h\rs4 ,a great] velocity ?an "o foot p] m9ute results 9 less effici5t s$im5tation4 ,a long] p]iod ( ret5tion ?an ! approximate limit set may result 9 a septic or /ale efflu5t1 & a %ort] p]iod may result 9 loss ( effici5cy ( s$im5tation4 ,! bottom ( ! s$im5tation *amb] %\ld slope n less ?an #a v]tical to #a horizontal1 9 ord] t deposit$ mat]ial w desc5d into ! sludge dige/ion *amb]4 ,provision %\ld be made = clean+ ^! slop+ surfaces by plac+ a walk on ! top ( ! tank f :i* a squeegee c be h&l$ to pu% d[n accumulat$ deposits4 ,x is desirable to make ! mat]ial ( ! sides & bottom ( ! s$im5tation *amb] z smoo? z possible to assi/ 9 prev5t+ ! ret5tion ( sludge 9 ! s$im5tation *amb]4 ,wood1 glass1 & concrete h be5 us$4 ,! latt] is ! m common & has be5 f\nd to be satisfactory4 ,! l5g? ( ! s$im5tation *amb] is fix$ by ! velocity ( fl[ & ! p]iod ( ret5tion4 ,tanks are seldom built ov] #ajj feet 9 l5g?1 h[ev]1 because ( ! result+ unev5ness 9 ! accumulation ( sludge4 ,:]e long] fl[s are desir$ two or m tanks may be op]at$ 9 s]ies4 ,! wid? ( ! *amb] is fix$ by consid]ations ( economy & conv5i5ce4 ,x %\ld n be made s great z to p]mit cross curr5ts4 ,9 g5]al a n>r[ *amb] is desirable4 ,satisfactory *amb]s h be5 con/ruct$ at dep?s betwe5 #e & #ae feet4 ,! dep? ( ! s$im5tation *amb] & ! dep? ( ! dige/ion *amb] ea* equal ab\t "o-half ( ! total dep? ( ! tank4 ,?is %\ld be made z deep z possible up to a limit ( #cj to #ce feet1 ) due consid]ation ( ! difficulties ( excavation4 ,c4 ,f4 ,mebus /ates3#aee ,9 #i ( ! l>ge/ repres5tative ,unit$ ,/ates in/allations1 ! dep? f ! fl[ l9e to ! slot v>ies f #aj feet #aj in*es to #ac feet #f in*es4 ,imh(f /ates1 conc]n+ ! dep? ( tanks3 ,deep tanks are to be pref]r$ to %all[ tanks because 9 !m ! decomposition ( ! sludge is improv$4 ,?is is s because 9 ! deep] tanks ! temp]ature is ma9ta9$ m uni=mly & because ! /irr+ action ( ! ris+ gas bubbles is m int5se4 ,! /irr+ action ( ! gas bubbles is desirable z x br+s ! fre% sludge m quickly "u ! influ5ce ( ! active bact]ial ag5ts4 ,! great] pressure on ! sludge 9 deep tanks also r$uces its moi/ure cont5t4 ,two or m s$im5tation *amb]s are sometimes us$ ov] "o sludge dige/ion *amb] 9 ord] to avoid ! dep?s call$ = by ! slop+ sides ( a s+le s$im5tation *amb]4 ,an objection to multiple-fl[ *amb]s is ! possibility ( int]*ange ( liquid f "o *amb] to ano!r ?r\gh ! common dige/ion *amb]4 ,! inlet & outlet devices %\ld be s con/ruct$ t ! direction ( fl[ 9 ! tank c be rev]s$ 9 ord] t ! accumulat$ sludge may be m ev5ly di/ribut$ 9 ! hopp]s ( ! dige/ion *amb]4 ,! sewage %\ld leave ! s$im5tation *amb] ov] a broad cre/$ weir 9 ord] to m9imize fluctuations 9 ! level ( sewage 9 ! tank4 ,! gases 9 ! dige/+ sludge are s5sitive to slight *anges 9 pressure4 ,a l[]+ ( ! level ( sewage w release compress$ gas & w too viol5tly di/urb ! sludge 9 ! dige/ion *amb]4 ,hang+ baffles1 subm]g$ #ab to #af in*es & project+ #ab in*es above ! surface ( ! sewage1 %\ld be plac$ 9 front ( ! inlet & outlet1 & 9 long tanks int]m$iate baffles %\ld be plac$ to prev5t ! movem5t ( scum or its escape into ! efflu5t4 ,an ,imh(f tank :i* is op]at+ prop]ly %\ld n h any scum on ! surface ( ! sewage 9 ! s$im5tation *amb]4 ,! slot or op5+ at ! bottom ( ! s$im5tation *amb] %\ld n be less ?an #f in*es wide betwe5 ! lips4 ,wid] slots are pref]able1 b too wide a slot w involve too mu* loss ( volume 9 ! dige/ion *amb]4 ,"o lip ( ! slot %\ld project at lea/ #c in*es horizontally "u ! o!r s z to prev5t ! return ( gases ?r\gh ! s$im5tation *amb]4 ,a triangul> beam may be us$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #afa ,a4 ,?is me?od ( con/ruction is advantage\s 9 increas+ ! available capacity = sludge /orage4 ,! dige/ion *amb] %\ld be design$ to /ore sludge f #f to #ab mon?s1 ! long] /orage p]iods be+ us$ = small] in/allations4 ,9 w>m climates a %ort] p]iod may be us$ ) success4 ,! am\nt ( sludge t w be accumulat$ is z unc]ta9 z 9 o!r =ms ( sewage treatm5t4 ,a widely quot$ empirical =mula1 pres5t$ 9 8,sewage ,sludge0 by ,all51 /ates3 ,c #aj4e ,,pd = comb9$ sewage2 ,c #e4be ,,pd = sep>ate sewage1 9 :i* ,c ! effective capacity ( ! dige/ion *amb] 9 cubic feet2 ,p ! population s]v$1 express$ 9 ?\s&s2 ,d ! numb] ( days ( /orage ( sludge4 ,! effective capacity ( ! *amb] is measur$ z ! entire volume ( ! *amb] approximately #ah in*es bel[ ! l[] lip ( ! slot4 ,! capacity z comput$ f ! above =mula is assum$ z satisfactory = a deep tank4 ,frank & ,fries#aef recomm5d ! increase ( ! capacity = %all[ tanks to comp5sate = ! decreas$ hydro/atic pressure4 ,9 any ev5t ! =mula c be no m ?an a guide to design4 ,no =mula c be ( equal value to data accumulat$ f te/s on ! sewage to be treat$4 ,! ,ill9ois ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? requires #c cubic y>ds ( sludge dige/ion space p] million gallons ( sewage treat$4 ,frank & ,fries recomm5d an all[ance ( #j4jjg cubic foot ( /orage p] inhabitant p] day = comb9$ sewage & "o-half t am\nt = sep>ate sewage4 ,if ?is is bas$ on #hj p] c5t moi/ure cont5t1 ! volume = o!r p]c5tages ( moi/ure c be easily comput$4 ,an av]age figure us$ 9 ! ,ems*] ,di/rict is "o cubic foot capacity = ea* inhabitant = ! comb9$ sy/em1 & ?ree-f\r?s ( ?is = ! sep>ate sy/em4 ,metcalf & ,eddy#aeg recomm5d ! foll[+ me?od = ! det]m9ation ( ! sludge /orage capacity3 7#a7 ,f analyses ( ! sewage or /udy ( ! s\rces asc]ta9 ! am\nt ( susp5d$ matt]4 7#b7 ,assume1 or det]m9e by te/1 ! am\nt :i* w settle 9 ! p]iod ( det5tion select$1 say #fj p] c5t 9 #c h\rs4 7#c7 ,e/imate ! am\nt :i* w be dige/$ 9 ! sludge *amb] at ab\t #be p] c5t1 leav+ #ge p] c5t to be /or$4 7#d7 ,e/imate ! p]c5tage moi/ure 9 ! sludge cons]vatively1 say #he p] c5t4 ,! total volume ( sludge c !n be comput$4 ,?is me?od is m rational ?an ! use ( empirical =mulas1 b because ( ! e/imates :i* mu/ be made its results w probably be ( no great] accuracy ?an ^? obta9$ empirically4 ,! dige/ion *amb] is made 9 ! =m ( an inv]t$ cone or pyramid ) side slopes at mo/ ab\t #b horizontal to #a v]tical & pref]ably mu* /eep] )\t necessitat+ too great a dep? ( tank4 ,! purpose ( ! /eep slope is to conc5trate ! sludge at ! bottom ( ! hopp] ?us =m$4 ,concrete is ord9>ily us$ z ! mat]ial ( con/ruction z a smoo? surface c be obta9$ by prop] workman%ip4 ,:]e flat slopes h be5 us$1 a wat] pipe p]=at$ at int]vals ( #f to #ab in*es may be plac$ at ! top ( ! slopes1 & wat] admitt$ = a %ort "t to move ! sludge :5 ! tank is be+ clean$4 ,a ca/-iron pipe1 #f to #h in*es 9 diamet]1 is support$ 9 an approximately v]tical position ) its op5 l[] end support$ ab\t #ab in*es above ! l[e/ po9t 9 ! dige/ion *amb]4 ,?is is us$ = ! removal ( sludge4 ,a /raight pipe f ! bottom ( ! tank to a free op5+ 9 ! atmosph]e is desirable 9 ord] to all[ ! clean+ ( ! pipe or ! loos5+ ( sludge at ! />t1 & to prev5t ! accumulation ( gas pockets4 ,! sludge is l$ (f ?r\gh an approximately horizontal bran* s locat$ t f #d to #f feet ( head are available = ! dis*>ge ( ! sludge4 ,a valve is plac$ on ! horizontal section ( ! pipe4 ,a sludge pipe is %[n 9 ,fig4 #afb & #afc4 ,"u su* conditions1 :5 ! sludge valve is op5$ ! sludge %\ld fl[ freely4 ,! hydraulic slope to insure prop] sludge fl[ %\ld n be less ?an #ab to #af p] c5t4 ,:]e x is n possible to remove ! sludge by gravity an air lift is ! be/ me?od ( rais+ x4 ,! volume ( ! transition or scum *amb] %\ld equal ab\t "o-half t ( ! dige/ion *amb]4 ,! surface area ( ! scum *amb] expos$ to ! atmosph]e %\ld be #be to #cj p] c5t ( ! horizontal projection ( ! top ( ! dige/ion *amb]4 ,"s tanks h op]at$ successfully ) only #aj p] c5t1 b tr\bles f foam+ c usually be anticipat$ unless ample area = ! escape ( gases has be5 provid$4 ,all portions ( ! surface ( ! tank %\ld be made accessible 9 ord] t scum & float+ objects c be brok5 up or remov$4 ,! gas v5ts %\ld be made l>ge en\gh s t access c be ga9$ to ! sludge *amb] ?r\gh !m :5 ! tank is empty4 ,precautions %\ld be tak5 aga9/ ! wreck+ ( ! tank by high gr\nd wat] :5 ! tank is empti$4 ,) an empty tank & high gr\nd wat] !re is a t5d5cy = ! tank to float4 ,! flotation ( ! tank may be prev5t$ by build+ ! tank ( massive concrete ) a heavy concrete ro(1 by und]dra9+ ! f\ndation1 or by ! in/allation ( valves :i* w op5 inw>ds :5 ! gr\nd wat] is high] ?an ! sewage 9 ! tank4 ,dep5d5ce %\ld n be plac$ on ! att5dant to keep ! tank full dur+ p]iods ( high gr\nd wat]4 ,ro(s are n ess5tial to ! successful op]ation ( ,imh(f tanks4 ,!y are sometimes us$1 h[ev]1 z = septic tanks1 to assi/ 9 controll+ ! dissem9ation ( odors1 to m9imize ! t5d5cy ( ! sewage to freeze1 & to aid 9 bact]ial activity4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( a ro(1 v5tilation mu/ be provid$ z well z ready access to ! tank = inspection1 clean+1 & repairs4 #bea4 ,imh(f ,tank ,results4--,! ,imh(f tank has ! advantage ov] ! septic tank t x w n deliv] sludge 9 ! efflu5t1 except "u unusual conditions4 ,! ,imh(f tank s]ves to dige/ sludge bett] ?an a septic tank & x w deliv] a fre%] efflu5t ?an a pla9 s$im5tation tank4 ,imh(f sludge is m easily dri$ & dispos$ ( ?an ! sludge f ei!r a septic or a s$im5tation tank4 ,?is is because x has be5 m ?or\ghly humifi$ & conta9s only ab\t #hj p] c5t ( moi/ure4 ,z x comes f ! tank x is almo/ black1 fl[s freely & is fill$ ) small bubbles ( gas :i* exp& on ! release ( pressure f ! bottom ( ! tank1 ?us giv+ ! sludge a por\s1 sponge-l consi/5cy :i* aids 9 dry+4 ,:5 dry x has an in(f5sive odor l g>d5 soil1 & x c be us$ = fill+ wa/e l&1 )\t fur!r putrefaction4 ,x has n be5 us$ successfully z a f]tiliz]4 ,(f5sive odors are occasionally giv5 (f by ,imh(f tanks1 ev5 :5 prop]ly op]at$4 ,!y also h a t5d5cy to 8boil0 or foam4 ,! boil+ may be q viol5t1 =c+ scum ov] ! top ( ! transition *amb] & sludge ?r\gh ! slot 9 ! s$im5tation *amb]1 ?us injur+ ! quality ( ! efflu5t4 ,! scum on ! surface ( ! transition *amb] may become s ?ick or s solidly froz5 z to prev5t ! escape ( gas ) ! result t sludge may be driv5 into ! s$im5tation *amb]4 ,"s *emical analyses ( ,imh(f tank influ5ts & efflu5ts are giv5 9 ,table #hf & ! analyses ( "s sludges f ,imh(f tanks are giv5 9 ,table #hc4 ,x is to be not$ t ! nitrites & nitrates are /ill pres5t 9 ! efflu5t1 :]eas !y are seldom pres5t 9 ! efflu5t f septic tanks4 ,! p] c5t ( moi/ure 9 ! ,imh(f sludge is less ?an t 9 ! septic tank sludge1 & its specific gravity is high]4 ,x is heavi] & m compact because ( ! long] "t & ! great] pressure x has be5 subject$ to 9 ! dige/ion *amb] ( ! ,imh(f tank4 #beb4 ,/atus ( ,imh(f ,tanks4--,! introduction ( ! ,imh(f tank into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 l ! introduction ( ! ,burkli-,ziegl] ,run-,(f ,=mula1 & ,kutt]'s ,=mula1 is to be cr$it$ to ,dr4 ,rudolph ,h]+4 ,he advis$ ,dr4 ,imh(f to come to ! ,unit$ ,/ates to introduce 8 tank & gave him mat]ial aid ?r\gh recomm5dations & introductions to eng9e]s4 ,%ortly aft] its introduction1 9 #aijg1 ! tank became v popul> & in/allations 7 made 9 _m cities4 ,?is popul>ity 0 caus$ by a gr[+ dissatisfaction ) ! septic tank1 ! litigation !n progress+ ov] septic pat5ts1 ! production ( in(f5sive sludge1 & ! promis+ results :i* _h be5 obta9$ 9 ,g]many4 ,z a result ( ! ext5d$ exp]i5ce obta9$ 9 ! use ( ,imh(f tanks ,am]ican eng9e]s h le>n$ t1 l all o!r sewage treatm5t devices introduc$ up to ! pres5t "t1 ! ,imh(f tank requires exp]i5c$ att5tion = its successful op]ation4 ,^! tanks are n[ be+ in/all$ 9 ! place ( septic tanks1 & !y are frequ5tly us$ 9 conjunction ) spr9kl+ filt]s4 #bec4 ,op]ation ( ,imh(f ,tanks4--,! important feature 9 ! successful op]ation ( an ,imh(f tank is ! prop] control ( ! sludge & transition *amb]s4 ,dur+ ! rip5+ process1 :i* may occupy #b weeks to #c mon?s aft] ! />t ( ! tank1 (f5sive odors may be giv5 (f1 ! tank may foam viol5tly1 & scum may boil ov] into ! s$im5tation *amb]4 ,?is is usually due to an acid condition 9 ! dige/ion *amb] :i* may possibly be ov]come by ! addition ( lime4 ,a v fre% influ5t w h a simil> effect4 ,too viol5t boil+ is n likely to occur :]e ! area = ! escape ( gas has be5 made l>ge & ! gas is n conf9$4 ,any accumulation ( scum %\ld be brok5 up & pu%$ d[n into ! dige/ion *amb]1 or remov$ f ! tank4 ,! /ream f a fire hose is useful 9 break+ up scum4 ,! side walls ( ! s$im5tation *amb] %\ld be squeege$ z frequ5tly z is necess>y to keep !m free f sludge1 :i* may be z (t5 z once or twice a week4 ,mat]ial float+ on ! surface ( ! s$im5tation *amb] %\ld be remov$ f ! tank or sunk into ! dige/ion *amb] ?r\gh ! gas v5ts 9 ! transition *amb]4 ,no sludge %\ld be remov$1 except = ! tak+ ( samples1 until ! tank is well rip5$4 ,! rip5+ ( ! sludge c be det]m9$ by exam9+ a sample & obs]v+ its color & odor4 ,an odorless1 black1 granul>1 well humifi$ sludge is indicative ( a rip5$ tank4 ,aft] ! tank has rip5$1 sludge %\ld be remov$ 9 small quantities at #b to #c-week int]vals1 except 9 cold or ra9y wea!r4 ,! sludge %\ld be drawn (f sl[ly to insure ! removal ( ! olde/ sludge at ! bottom ( ! dige/ion *amb]4 ,aft] ! draw+ (f ( ! sludge has ceas$ ! pipe %\ld be flu%$ ) fre% wat] to prev5t its clogg+ ) dri$ sludge 9 ! int]im until ! next removal4 ,"u no circum/ances %\ld all ! sludge 9 ! tank be remov$ at any "t4 ,! removal ( "s sludge dur+ foam+ aft] rip5+ may r$uce or /op ! foam+4 ,! rip5+ ( a tank c be ha/5$ by add+ "s sludge f a tank already rip5$4 ,sludge %\ld n be all[$ to accumulate )9 #ah in*es ( ! slot at ! bottom ( ! dige/ion *amb]4 ,! elevation ( ! surface ( ! sludge c be locat$ by l[]+ into ! tank1 a /opp]$1 wide-m\!d bottle on ! end ( a /ick4 ,! /opp] is pull$ out by a /r+ :5 ! bottle is at "s kn[n elevation4 ,! bottle is !n c>efully rais$ & obs]v$ = ! pres5ce ( sludge4 ,! process is repeat$ ) ! bottle at diff]5t elevations until ! surface ( ! sludge has be5 discov]$4 ,ano!r me?od is to place ! suction pipe ( a small h& pump at kn[n po9ts1 successively increas+ 9 dep?1 & to pump 9 ea* position until "o position is f\nd at :i* sludge appe>s 9 ! pump4 ,:5 ! sludge 9 "o portion ( ! dige/ion *amb] has ris5 high] ?an 9 ano!r portion1 ! direction ( fl[ 9 ! s$im5tation *amb] %\ld be rev]s$ if possible4 ,9 ! ord9>y r\t9e ( op]ation x is nev] necess>y to %ut d[n an ,imh(f tank4 ,sludge is remov$ :ile ! tank is op]at+4 ,! %ut d[n ( a tank w be caus$ by accid5ts & breaks to ! /ructure or control devices4 #bed4 ,o!r ,tanks4--,! ,travis ,hydrolytic ,tank repres5ts a /ep 9 ! developm5t f ! septic tank to ! ,imh(f tank4 ,! ,dot5 tank & ! ,alvord tank are rec5t developm5ts1 & are some:at simil> 9 op]ation to ! ,imh(f tank4 ,! ,travis ,hydrolytic ,tank :5 fir/ design$ diff]$ f ! lat] design ( ! ,imh(f tank 9 ! slot betwe5 ! s$im5tation *amb] & ! dige/ion *amb] :i* 0 n trapp$ aga9/ ! escape ( gas f ! latt] to ! =m]1 & 9 op]ation a small quantity ( fre% sewage 0 all[$ to fl[ ?r\gh ! dige/ion *amb]4 ,! tank is call$ a hydrolytic tank because "s solids are liquefi$ 9 x4 ,! tank is ma9ly ( hi/oric int]e/ z designs simil> to x are r>ely made to-day4 ,bett] results are obta9$ f ! use ( ! ,imh(f tank4 ,rec5t developm5ts h alt]$ ! orig9al design ( ! ,travis tank s t x is h>dly recognizable4 ,! ,travis tank at ,luton1 ,eng41 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #afd4 ,! detail$ description giv5 9 ! ,eng9e]+ ,news 9 connection ) ?is illu/ration %[s t ! gov]n+ object ( ! design is to sep>ate z quickly z possible ! sludge deposit$ by ! sewage )\t septic action be+ set up4 ,to aid 9 ! collection & settlem5t ( floccul5t matt] v]tical wood5 grids or colloid]s are us$4 ,! susp5d$ matt] /rikes ^! & =ms a slimy deposit on !m t 9 a %ort "t slips (f 9 pieces l>ge en\gh to settle readily4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afd4--,plan & ,section ( ,hydrolytic ,tank at ,luton1 ,engl&4 ,eng4 ,news1 ,vol4 #gf1 #aiaf1 p4 #aid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afe4--;,dot5 ,tank = ,army ,cantonm5t ,sewage ,disposal4 ,eng4 ,news-,record1 ,vol4 #gi1 #aiag1 p4 #ica4 ,! ,dot5 tank#aeh is a s+le-/ori$1 hopp]-bottom$ septic tank1 views ( :i* are %[n 9 ,fig4 #afe4 ,x 0 devis$ by ,l4 ,s4 ,dot5 = army cantonm5ts dur+ ! ,w>4 ,its *ief purpose 0 to avoid ! foam+ & fro?+ s common to ,imh(f tanks :5 ov]dos$ ) fre% sewage4 ,! fir/ ,alvord tank 0 con/ruct$ 9 ,madison1 ,wis41 9 #aiac4aei ,z n[ con/ruct$ ! tank consi/s ( ?ree deep1 s+le-/ory comp>tm5ts ) hopp] bottoms4 ,^! comp>tm5ts are arrang$ side by side 9 any "o unit4 ,sewage ent]s at ! surface ( "o ( ! comp>tm5ts & is reta9$ "h dur+ "o-half ( ! total p]iod ( ret5tion4 ,x leaves ! fir/ comp>tm5t ov] a weir & passes 9 a *annel ov] ! top ( ! int]m$iate comp>tm5t to ! ?ird or efflu5t comp>tm5t1 :]e x is held = ! rema9d] ( ! p]iod ( det5tion4 ,accumulat$ scum & sludge are drawn (f into ! int]m$iate comp>tm5t at ! w ( ! op]ator1 ?is comp>tm5t be+ us$ = sludge dige/ion only4 ,su* tanks z ! ,dot5 & ! ,alvord h be5 us$ = plants receiv+ v fre% sewages su* z is dis*>g$ f milit>y cantonm5ts1 9 ord] to assi/ 9 ! prev5tion ( ! foam+ to be expect$ f an ,imh(f tank receiv+ su* a fre% influ5t4 ,! tanks are suitable = small in/allations1 or :]e excavation to ! dep? requir$ = an ,imh(f tank is n practicable4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,filtration ,,& ,,irrigation #bee4 ,!ory4--,! cycle ?r\gh :i* ! elem5ts =m+ organic matt] pass f life to dea? & back to life aga9 has be5 describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,x has be5 %[n 9 ,*apt] ,,xvi t septic action occupies t portion ( ! cycle 9 :i* ! comb9ations ( ^! elem5ts are brok5 d[n or r$uc$ to simpl] =ms & ! l[] /ages ( ! cycle are rea*$4 ,! action 9 ! filtration ( sewage builds up ! comp\nds aga9 9 a m /able =m & almo/ complete oxidation is atta9$1 dep5d5t on ! ?or\ghness ( ! filtration4 ,9 ! filtration ( sewage only ! co>se/ p>ticles ( susp5d$ matt] are remov$ by me*anical /ra9+4 ,! success ( ! filtration is dep5d5t on biologic action4 ,! desirable =m ( life 9 a filt] is ! s-call$ nitrify+ bact]ia :i* live 9 ! int]/ices ( ! filt] b$ & fe$ ^u ! organic matt] 9 ! sewage4 ,any?+ :i* injures ! gr[? ( ^! bact]ia injures ! action ( ! filt]4 ,9 a prop]ly con/ruct$ & op]at$ filt]1 all matt] :i* ent]s 9 ! influ5t1 leaves ) ! efflu5t1 b 9 a diff]5t molecul> =m4 ,a slight am\nt may be lo/ by evaporation & gasification b ?is is m ?an made up by ! nitrog5 & oxyg5 absorb$ f ! atmosph]e4 ,! nitrify+ action 9 sewage filtration is %[n by ! analysis ( sewage pass+ ?r\gh a trickl+ filt]1 z giv5 9 ,tables #hf & #hg4 ,x is %[n by ! r$uction ( ! cont5t ( organic nitrog51 free ammonia1 oxyg5 consum$1 & ! increase 9 nitrites1 nitrates1 & dissolv$ oxyg54 ,! r$uction ( susp5d$ matt] is int]rupt$ p]iodically :5 ! filt] 8unloads40 ,! susp5d$ matt] 9 ! efflu5t is !n great] ?an 9 ! influ5t4 ,! nitrify+ organisms h be5 isolat$ & divid$ into two gr\ps--nitrosomonas1 ! nitrite =m]s1 & nitrobact]1 ! nitrate =m]s4 ,exp]im5ts indicate t ! gr[? ( ! nitrobact] organisms is dep5d5t on ! pres5ce ( ! nitrosomonas organisms1 :i* are 9 turn dep5d5t on ! pres5ce ( ! putrefactive comp\nds result+ f ! action ( putrefy+ bact]ia4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! organisms is an example ( symbiotic action 9 bact]ial gr[?4 ,! organisms h be5 f\nd to gr[ be/ on r\gh por\s mat]ial on :i* _! zogleal jelly c be easily deposit$ & affix$4 ,sewage filt]s 7 con/ruct$ to provide ^! ideal conditions be=e ! action ( a filt] 0 ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,! action 9 irrigation is simil> to t 9 filtration4 ,al?\gh m /rictly a me?od ( f9al disposal r ?an prelim9>y treatm5t1 ! simil>ity ( ! actions :i* take place1 & ! grad+ ( s& filtration into broad irrigation ) no di/9ct l9e ( diff]5ce has result$ 9 ! inclusion ( ! discussion ( irrigation 9 ! same *apt] ) filtration4 #bef4 ,! ,contact ,b$4--,a contact b$ is a wat]-tight bas9 fill$ ) co>se mat]ial1 su* z brok5 /one1 ) :i* sewage & air are alt]nately plac$ 9 contact 9 su* a mann] t oxidation ( ! sewage is effect$4 ,a contact b$ has "s ( ! features ( a s$im5tation tank & an oxidiz+ filt]4 ,z su* x m>ks a transitory /ep f anarobic to arobic treatm5t ( sewage4 ,a plan & a section ( a contact b$ are %[n 9 ,fig4 #aff4 ,because ( its dep5d5ce on biologic action a contact b$ mu/ be rip5$ be=e a good efflu5t c be obta9$4 ,! rip5+ or matur+ occurs progressively dur+ ! fir/ few weeks ( op]ation1 ! e>li] /ages be+ m rapidly develop$4 ,! "t requir$ to rea* su* a /age ( maturity t a good efflu5t w be develop$ w v>y betwe5 "o & six or eight weeks1 dep5d5t on ! wea!r & ! "* ( ! influ5t4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( matur+ ! load on ! b$ %\ld be made light4 ,! use ( contact b$s has be5 ext5sive :]e a m /able efflu5t ?an c\ld be obta9$ f tank treatm5t has be5 desir$1 yet ! be/ quality ( efflu5t 0 n requir$4 ,! sewage to und]go treatm5t 9 a contact b$ %\ld be giv5 a prelim9>y treatm5t to remove co>se susp5d$ matt]4 ,! effici5cy ( ! contact treatm5t c be increas$ by pass+ ! sewage ?r\gh two or ?ree contact b$s 9 s]ies4 ,9 d\ble contact treatm5t ! prim>y b$s are fill$ ) co>s] mat]ial & op]ate at a m rapid rate ?an ! second>y b$s4 ,d\ble contact gives bett] results ?an s+le contact1 b triple contact treatm5t1 ?\gh %[+ excell5t results1 is h>dly wor? ! extra co/4 ,an advantage :i* contact treatm5t has ov] all o!r me?ods ( sewage filtration is t ! b$ c be s op]at$ t ! sewage is nev] expos$ to view4 ,z a result ! odors f well-op]at$ contact b$s are slight or are entirely abs5t & !re %\ld be no tr\ble f fly+ insects4 ,su* a me?od ( treatm5t is favorable to plants locat$ 9 popul\s di/ricts & to ! fancies ( a l&scape ar*itect4 ,ano!r advantage ( ! contact b$ is ! small am\nt ( head requir$ = its op]ation1 :i* may be z l[ z #d to #e feet4 ,?is l[ head consumption by a sewage filt] is equal$ only by ! int]mitt5t s& filt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aff4--,plan & ,section ( ,treatm5t ,plant at ,m>ion1 ,ohio1 ,%[+ ,septic ,tank1 ,contact ,b$1 & ,s& ,filt]4 #aijh ,report ,ohio ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?4 ,! quality ( ! efflu5t f "s contact b$s is %[n 9 ,table #he4 ,x is to be not$ t nitrification has be5 c>ri$ to a fair degree ( completion1 & t ! r$uction ( oxyg5 consum$ has be5 m>k$4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! efflu5t f filt]s1 contact efflu5t conta9s a small] am\nt ( nitrog5 z nitrites & nitrates1 & susp5d$ solids4 ,contact efflu5t is usually cle> & odorless1 b x is n /able )\t dilution4 ,! abs5ce ( nitrites & nitrates is sometimes advantage\s z ! efflu5t w n support vegetable gr[?s dep5d5t on ?is =m ( nitrog54 ,! abs5ce ( susp5d$ solids obviates ! use ( second>y s$im5tation bas9s :i* are ne$$ ) trickl+ filt]s4 ,! head ( #e to #h feet requir$ = contact treatm5t is l[ 9 comp>ison to ! #aj to #ae feet requir$ = trickl+ filt]s1 b is slightly high] ?an ! head requir$ = int]mitt5t s& filtration4 ,! co/ ( contact treatm5t is high] ?an ! co/ ( trickl+ filt]s b is l[] ?an ! co/ ( int]mitt5t s& filtration1 z %[n 9 ,table #ij4 ,,table #he ,,quality ,,( ,,efflu5ts ,,f ,,contact ,,b$s ,report on ,sewage ,purification at ,columbus1 ,ohio1 by ,g4 ,a4 ,johnson1 #aije4 ,filt],dep?1 ,size ( ,rate1 ,oxyg5 ,nitrog5 z ,feet ,mat]ial ,million,consum$ 9 ,in*es,gallons p] ,acre p] ,day ,organic ,free ,nitrites,nitrates ,ammonia ,p>ts p] ,million ,a #ej4be-a4jj #j4iec #bc #c4e #h4g #j4bj #a4f ,b #ej4be-b4jj #a4ead #ba #d4j #h4d #j4ae #a4d ,c #ej4be-a4ej #a4bbb #bd #c4e #aj4h #j4aa #j4f ,d #ej4ej-a4ej #a4dje #bb #c4c #i4e #j4ac #j4i ,p] ,c5t ,removal ( ,con/itu5ts ( ,appli$ ,sewage ,a #ej4be-a4jj #j4iec #dh #di #aj ,b #ej4be-b4jj #a4ead #eb #dj #aa ,c #ej4be-a4ej #a4bbb #dg #ca #ab ,d #ej4ej-a4ej #a4dje #df #cg #ai ,filt],dep?1 ,susp5d$ ,matt] ,dissolv$ ,feet ,oxyg5 ,total,volatile,fix$ ,p>ts p] ,million ,a #e #hcb #id #gcg #j4c ,b #e #hca #he #gdf #j4a ,c #e #hbf #ib #gcd #j4h ,d #e #haj #ia #gag #j4i ,p] ,c5t ,removal ( ,con/itu5ts ( ,appli$ ,sewage ,a #e #gc #gj #gf ,b #e #hj #gg #hc ,c #e #gj #gj #gj ,d #e #fg #fa #gb ,! dep? ( ! contact b$ is g5]ally made f #d to #f feet4 ,! deep] b$s are less exp5sive p] unit ( volume1 to con/ruct1 z ! co/ ( ! und]dra9s & ! di/ribution sy/em is r$uc$ 9 relation to ! capacity ( ! filt]4 ,! increas$ dep? r$uces ! aration1 & ! p]iods ( fill+ & empty+ are s increas$ z to limit ! dep?s to ! figures /at$4 ,! o!r dim5sions ( ! b$ are controll$ by economy & local conditions1 z ! success ( ! contact treatm5t is n affect$ by ! %ape ( ! b$4 ,contact units are seldom con/ruct$ l>g] ?an "o-half an acre 9 area1 z l>g] b$s require too mu* "t = fill+ & empty+4 ,a l>ge numb] ( small units is also undesirable because ( ! increas$ difficulty ( control4 ,9 g5]al x is well to build z l>ge units z are compatible ) effici5t op]ation1 ela/icity ( plant1 & :i* c be fill$ )9 ! "t all[$ at ! av]age rate ( sewage fl[1 or f dos+ tanks 9 :i* ! /orage p]iod is n s long z to produce septic conditions4 ,! int]/ices 9 a contact b$ w gradually fill up1 due to ! deposition ( solid matt] on ! contact mat]ial1 ! dis9tegration ( ! mat]ial1 & ! pres5ce ( organic gr[?s4 ,! p]iod ( re/ all[$ e five or six weeks t5ds to re/ore p>tially "s ( ?is lo/ capacity ?r\gh ! dry+ ( ! organic gr[?s4 ,x is occasionally necess>y to remove ! mat]ial f ! b$ & wa% x 9 ord] to re/ore ! orig9al capacity4 ,x may be necess>y to d ?is ?ree or f\r times a ye>1 9 an ov]load$ plant1 or z infrequ5tly z once 9 five or six ye>s 9 a m lightly load$ b$4 ,! p]iod is also dep5d5t on ! "* ( ! contact mat]ial & ! quality ( ! influ5t4 ,?is loss ( capacity may r$uce ! voids f an orig9al am\nt ( #dj to #ej p] c5t ( voids to #aj to #ae p] c5t4 ,if ! b$ is n ov]load$ ! loss ( capacity w n increase beyond ^! figures4 ,! rate ( filtration dep5ds on ! /r5g? ( ! sewage1 ! "* ( ! contact mat]ial1 & ! requir$ efflu5t4 ,x %\ld be det]m9$ = any p>ticul> plant z ! result ( a s]ies ( te/s4 ,= ! purposes ( e/imation & comp>ison ! approximate rate ( filtration %\ld be tak5 at ab\t #id gallons p] cubic y>d ( filt]+ mat]ial p] day on ! basis ( ?ree complete fill+s & empty+s ( ! tank4 ,?is is equival5t to #aej1jjj gallons p] acre foot ( dep? p] day1 or = a b$ #e feet deep to a rate ( #gej1jjj gallons p] acre p] day4 ,! net rate = d\ble or triple filtration is less ?an ^! figures1 b on ea* filt] ! rates are high]4 ,! mat]ial ( ! contact b$ %\ld be h>d1 r\gh1 & angul>4 ,x %\ld be z f9e z possible )\t caus+ clogg+ ( ! b$4 ,mat]ials 9 successful use are3 cru%$ trap rock or o!r h>d /one1 brok5 bricks1 slag1 coal1 etc4 ,s(t crumbl+ mat]ials su* z coke are n suitable z ! weight ( ! sup]impos$ mat]ial & ! movem5t ( ! sewage cru%es & breaks x into f9e p>ticles :i* accumulate 9 ! l[] portion ( ! filt] & clog x4 ,r\ghness1 porosity1 & small size are desirable1 z ! great] ! surface area ! m rapid ! deposition ( mat]ial4 ,aft] a %ort "t1 h[ev]1 ! advantages ( r\ghness & porosity are lo/1 z ! s$im5t soon cov]s all unev5ness alike4 ,! m9imum size ( ! mat]ial is limit$ by ! t5d5cy t[>ds clogg+4 ,! sizes 9 successful use v>y betwe5 & ( an in*1 in* be+ a common size4 ,! same size ( mat]ial is us$ ?r\gh\t ! dep? ( ! b$ except t ! upp] #f in*es may be compos$ ( small :ite pebbles or o!r clean mat]ial1 :i* does n come 9 contact ) ! sewage & :i* w give an attractive appe>ance to ! plant4 ,9 d\ble or triple contact b$s #c or #d-;in* mat]ial is sometimes us$ = ! prim>y b$s1 & -in* mat]ial 9 ! f9al b$4 ,sewage may be appli$ at any po9t on or bel[ ! surface4 ,! sewage is )drawn f ! bottom ( ! b$4 ,x is undesirable to h too few inlet or outlet op5+s z ! velocity ( fl[ ab\t ! op5+s w be s great z to di/urb ! deposit on ! contact mat]ial4 ,! di/ribution sy/em & ! und]dra9s = ! b$ at ,m>ion1 ,ohio1 are %[n 9 ,fig4 #aff4 ,! cycle ( op]ation ( a contact b$ is divid$ into f\r p]iods4 ,a repres5tative cycle might be3 "t ( fill+1 "o h\r2 /&+ full1 #b h\rs2 empty+1 "o h\r2 /&+ empty1 #d h\rs4 ,! l5g? ( ^! p]iods is ! result ( long exp]i5ce bas$ on _m te/s & are an av]age ( ! conclusions rea*$4 ,wide v>iations f !m may be f\nd 9 diff]5t plants1 & te/s may %[ successful results ) diff]5t p]iods4 ,! comb9ation ( ^! f\r p]iods is kn[n z ! contact cycle4 ,! p]iod ( fill+ %\ld be made z %ort z possible )\t di/urb+ ! mat]ial ( ! b$ nor wa%+ (f ! accumulat$ deposits4 ,! sewage %\ld n rise m rapidly ?an "o v]tical foot p] m9ute4 ,dur+ ! contact or /&+ full p]iod s$im5tation & adsorption ( ! colloids are occurr+ on ! area ( surface expos$ to ! sewage4 ,?is p]iod %\ld be ( su* l5g? t septic action does n become pron\nc$1 & long en\gh to p]mit ( ?or\gh s$im5tation4 ,! p]iod ( empty+ %\ld be made z %ort z possible )\t di/urb+ ! b$1 on ! same basis t ! p]iod ( fill+ is det]m9$4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( /&+ empty1 air is 9 contact ) ! s$im5t deposit$ 9 ?9 lay]s on ! contact mat]ial1 & ! oxidiz+ activities ( ! filt] are tak+ place4 ,! filt] is giv5 a re/ p]iod ( "o or two days e five or six weeks1 9 ord] t x may increase its capacity & its biologic activity4 ,! control ( a contact b$ may be ei!r by h& or automatic1 ! latt] be+ ! m common4 ,h& control requires ! con/ant att5tion ( an op]ator & results 9 irregul>ity ( op]ation1 :]eas automatic control w require inspection n m ?an once a day & insures regul>ity ( op]ation4 ,a numb] ( automatic devices h be5 inv5t$ :i* give m or less satisfaction4 ,! air-lock$ automatic siphons1 )\t mov+ p>ts1 h prov5 satisfactory & are practically 8fool-pro(40 ,! op]ation ( ^! devices is expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xxi4 #beg4 ,! ,trickl+ ,filt]4--,a trickl+ or spr9kl+ filt] is a b$ ( co>se1 r\gh1 h>d mat]ial ov] :i* sewage is spray$ or o!rwise di/ribut$ & all[$ to trickle sl[ly ?r\gh ! filt] 9 contact ) ! atmosph]e4 ,a g5]al view ( a trickl+ filt] 9 op]ation at ,baltimore is %[n 9 ,fig4 #afg4 ,! action ( ! trickl+ filt] is due to oxidation by organisms atta*$ to ! mat]ial ( ! filt]4 ,! solid organic matt] ( ! sewage deposit$ on ! surface ( ! mat]ial1 is work$ ov] & oxidiz$ by ! arobic bact]ia1 & is dis*>g$ 9 ! efflu5t 9 a m highly nitrifi$ condition4 ,at times ! dis*>ge ( susp5d$ matt] becomes s great t ! filt] is said to be unload+4 ,! action diff]s f t 9 a contact b$ 9 t !re is no p]iod ( septic or anarobic action & ! filt] nev] /&s full ( sewage4 ,! efflu5t f a trickl+ filt] is d>k1 odorless1 & is ord9>ily non-putrescible4 ,analyses ( typical efflu5ts are giv5 9 ,tables #hf & #hg4 ,! unload+ ( ! filt] may occur at any "t1 b is mo/ likely to occur 9 ! spr+ or 9 a w>m p]iod foll[+ a p]iod ( l[ temp]atures4 ,x causes high] susp5d$ matt] 9 ! efflu5t ?an 9 ! influ5t & may r5d] ! efflu5t putrescible4 ,! action is m>k$ by ! dis*>ge ( solid matt] :i* has sl\gh$ (f ( ! filt] mat]ial & :i* increases ! turbidity ( ! efflu5t4 ,:]e ! dilut+ wat] is insuffici5t to c>e = ! solids s c>ri$ 9 ! efflu5t1 !y c be remov$ by a #b-;h\r p]iod ( s$im5tation4 ,! efflu5t may become septic dur+ ?is "t1 h[ev]4 ,! nitrog5 9 ! efflu5t is almo/ entirely 9 ! =m ( nitrates1 & ! p]c5tage ( saturation ) dissolv$ oxyg5 is high4 ,! efflu5t is m highly nitrifi$ ?an t f a contact b$1 & its relative /ability is also high]1 ?us dem&+ a small] volume ( dilut+ wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afg4--,spr9kl+ ,filt] 9 ,op]ation 9 ,w9t] at ,baltimore4 ,! pr9cipal advantage ( a trickl+ filt] ov] o!r me?ods ( treatm5t is its high rate :i* is f two to f\r times fa/] ?an a contact b$1 & ab\t sev5ty times fa/] ?an an int]mitt5t s& filt]4 ,! greate/ disadvantage is ! head ( #ab to #ae feet or m necess>y = its op]ation4 ,s$im5tation ( ! efflu5t is usually necess>y to remove ! settleable solids4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( second>y s$im5tation ! quality ( ! filt] efflu5t may det]iorate 9 relative /ability4 ,9 w9t] ! =mation ( ice on ! filt] results 9 an efflu5t ( inf]ior quality1 b z ! dilut+ wat] c c>e = su* an efflu5t at ?is "t ! condition is n detrim5tal to ! use ( ! trickl+ filt]4 ,9 summ] ! filt]s sometimes give (f (f5sive odors t c be notic$ at a di/ance ( half a mile1 & fly+ insects may bre$ 9 ! filt] 9 suffici5t quantities to become a nuisance if prev5tive /eps are n tak54 ,! dissem9ation ( odors is especially m>k$ :5 treat+ a /ale or septic sewage4 ,! treatm5t ( a fre% sewage seldom results 9 ! creation ( (f5sive odors4 ,,table #hf ,,analysis ,,( ,,crude ,,sewage1 ,,imh(f ,,tank1 ,,& ,,spr9kl+ ,,filt] ,,efflu5ts ,,at ,,atlanta1 ,,georgia 7,eng9e]+ ,record1 ,vol4 #gb1 p4 #d7 ,temp]ature ,p>ts p] ,million ,fahr5heit ,nitrog5 z ,oxyg5 ,consum$ ,organic ,free ,nitrites,nitrates ,ammonia ,crude ,sewage #aiac ,maximum #gg #ae4f #ba4h #j4a #c4j #ajj4j ,m9imum #fa #aj4d #af4e #j4a #a4d #gh4c ,av]age #gj #ab4h #ah4h #j4a #b4b #ij4f #aiad 7#g mon?s7 ,maximum #gd #af4j #cc4d #b4c ,m9imum #fj #i4e #ah4a #a4f ,av]age #ff #ac4d #bg4a #b4j ,imh(f ,efflu5t #aiac ,maximum #gh #ac4b #ba4i #j4b #c4a #fh4j ,m9imum #eh #f4e #af4h #j4a #a4a #ec4a ,av]age #fh #i4j #bj4j #j4b #b4a #fj4a #aiad 7#g mon?s7 ,maximum #gg #aj4c #cj4c #b4j ,m9imum #ei #d4a #ah4j #a4e ,av]age #fe #g4g #be4i #a4h ,spr9kl+ ,filt] ,efflu5t #aiac ,maximum #gi #e4f #ad4b #j4h #aa4c #cb4a ,m9imum #ee #b4f #f4b #j4e #e4h #bc4f ,av]age #ff #c4h #i4i #j4g #h4b #bh4b #aiad 7#g mon?s7 ,maximum #gg #h4e #bj4g #aa4b ,m9imum #ee #d4d #h4h #c4f ,av]age #fc #e4g #ae4b #g4b ,p>ts p] ,million ,p] ,c5t ,relative ,saturation,/ability ,dissolv$ ,oxyg5 ,susp5d$ ,matt] ,total,volatile,fix$ ,crude ,sewage #aiac ,maximum #cga #aed #afc #dg ,m9imum #bbb #ih #aab #aa ,av]age #bhe #abf #ach #bh #aiad 7#g mon?s7 ,maximum #dca #dh ,m9imum #bgi #ab ,av]age #cea #cj ,imh(f ,efflu5t #aiac ,maximum #ij #ej #da ,m9imum #ce #db #ba ,av]age #fh #df #cc #aiad 7#g mon?s7 ,maximum #gc #dh ,m9imum #di #cd ,av]age #fe #dc ,spr9kl+ ,filt] ,efflu5t #aiac ,maximum #fj #ca #bh #gf #ii ,m9imum #cc #bf #bh #eb #hh ,av]age #di #bh #bh #fd #hi #aiad 7#g mon?s7 ,maximum #ajf #gi #ii ,m9imum #dj #ee #hi ,av]age #fb #fe #ie ,,table #hg ,,effici5cy ,,( ,,spr9kl+ ,,filt] ,,*icago1 ,,ill9ois ,dep? ( ,filt] #i feet4 ,size ( /one #b 94 to #c 94 ,mon? ,organic ,nitrog5 ,free ,ammonia ,influ5t1,efflu5t1 ,p] ,influ5t1,efflu5t1 ,p] ,p>ts p],p>ts p] ,c5t ,p>ts p],p>ts p] ,c5t ,million ,million ,remov$ ,million ,million ,remov$ #aiaj ,octob] #e4a #b4h #de #ab4j #d4f #fb ,novemb] #e4i #b4e #eh #ab4j #e4i #ea ,decemb] #d4f #c4j #ce #ab4j #f4i #db #aiaa ,janu>y #f4c #d4h #bd #aa4j #g4j #cf ,febru>y #i4j #d4h #dg #aj4j #g4b #bh ,m>* #h4c #c4e #eh #i4i #f4d #ce ,april #f4d #d4j #cg #h4c #c4f #fi ,may #g4f #e4d #bi #i4b #b4d #gd ,june #e4i #c4b #df #aa4j #j4f #ie ,july #f4b #d4b #cb #aa4j #a4c #hh ,mon? ,oxyg5 ,consum$ ,nitrites ,influ5t1,efflu5t1 ,p] ,influ5t1,efflu5t1 ,p] ,p>ts p],p>ts p] ,c5t ,p>ts p],p>ts p] ,c5t ,million ,million ,remov$ ,million ,million ,remov$ #aiaj ,octob] #cj #ae #ej 4#ij ,novemb] #ce #ae #eg 4#gf ,decemb] #ci #bj #di 4#jg 4#de #f4d #aiaa ,janu>y #db #bj #eb 4#jh 4#ae #a4i ,febru>y #df #bj #ef 4#ji 4#ae #a4g ,m>* #dg #ba #ef 4#ji 4#ae #a4g ,april #ch #ba #de 4#af 4#ba #a4c ,may #cc #ca #f 4#jh 4#ch #d4h ,june #bh #af #dc 4#jj 4#cj ,july #cd #bf #bd 4#jj 4#cf ,mon? ,nitrates ,dissolv$ ,oxyg5 ,influ5t1,efflu5t1 ,p] ,influ5t1,efflu5t1 ,p] ,p>ts p],p>ts p] ,c5t ,p>ts p],p>ts p] ,c5t ,million ,million ,remov$ ,million ,million ,remov$ #aiaj ,octob] #g4h #j4j #h4e ,novemb] #e4i #j4j #h4a ,decemb] 4#ae #b4f #ag #b4j #h4d #d4b #aiaa ,janu>y 4#bg #b4b #h4b #c4j #g4h #b4i ,febru>y 4#ej #b4f #e4b #b4f #h4j #c4a ,m>* 4#cd #c4b #i4d #b4b #f4f #c4j ,april 4#ec #d4e #h4e #b4a #g4a #c4d ,may 4#ae #g4e #d4c #j4a #g4g #gg ,june 4#af #h4c #e4b #j4j #g4f ,july 4#ji #g4g #h4j #j4j #f4e ,mon? ,p] ,c5t ,susp5d$ ,matt] ,putrescible ,total ,volatile ,influ5t1,efflu5t1 ,p] ,influ5t1,efflu5t1 ,p] ,p>ts p],p>ts p] ,c5t ,p>ts p],p>ts p] ,c5t ,million ,million ,remov$ ,million ,million ,remov$ #aiaj ,octob] #j #ge #dj #dg #ed #be #ed ,novemb] #e #fa #af #gd #eb #ae #ga ,decemb] #ce #he #dj #ec #fj #bf #eg #aiaa ,janu>y #ch #aab #dc #fc #fh #bi #eg ,febru>y #bi #ajj #di #ea #fd #cb #ej ,m>* #bh #ajf #cg #fe #fc #bb #fe ,april #i #aac #fh #dj #ei #ce #da ,may #f #hh #aej #a4g #ed #gj #a4c ,june #a #ib #gg #ah #ef #cf #cf ,july #d #aee #acj #af #gd #fa #ah ,mon? ,susp5d$ ,matt] ,fix$ ,influ5t1,efflu5t1 ,p] ,p>ts p],p>ts p] ,c5t ,million ,million ,remov$ #aiaj ,octob] #ba #ae #bi ,novemb] #i #a #hi ,decemb] #be #ad #dd #aiaa ,janu>y #dd #ac #gj ,febru>y #cg #ag #ec ,m>* #dc #ae #fe ,april #ed #cc #ci ,may #cd #hj #b4d ,june #cf #da #a4a ,july #ha #fi #ae ,,note4--,italic figures repres5t increases4 ,raw sewage _c be treat$ successfully on a trickl+ filt]4 ,co>se solid p>ticles %\ld be scre5$ & settl$ out1 9 ord] t ! di/ribut+ devices or ! filt] may n become clogg$4 ,! efflu5t f an ,imh(f tank has prov5 to be a satisfactory influ5t = a trickl+ filt]4 ,a septic tank efflu5t may be s /ale z to be detrim5tal to ! biologic action 9 ! filt]4 ,9 ! op]ation ( a trickl+ filt] ! sewage is spray$ or o!rwise di/ribut$ z ev5ly z possible 9 a f9e spray or /ream1 ov] ! top ( ! filt]+ mat]ial4 ,! sewage !n trickles sl[ly ?r\gh ! filt] to ! und]dra9s ?r\gh :i* x passes to ! f9al outlet4 ,! di/ribution ( ! sewage on ! b$ is int]mitt5t 9 ord] to all[ air to ent] ! filt] ) ! sewage4 ,! cycle ( op]ation %\ld be complet$ 9 #e to #ae m9utes1 ) approximately equal p]iods ( re/ & di/ribution4 ,cycles ( too great l5g? w expose ! filt] to dry+ or freez+ & w give poor] di/ribution ?r\gh\t ! filt]4 ,cycles :i* are too %ort w op]ate successfully only ) b slight v>iation 9 ! rate ( sewage fl[4 ,9 "s plants x has be5 f\nd advantage\s to all[ ! filt]s to re/ = "o day 9 #c to #f weeks or long]1 dep5d5t on ! quality ( ! efflu5t4 ,! rate ( filtration may be z high z #b1jjj1jjj gallons p] acre p] day1 :i* is equival5t to #bjj gallons p] cubic y>d ( mat]ial p] day 9 a b$ #f feet deep4 ,?is is m ?an d\ble ! rate p]missible 9 a contact b$4 ,! exact rate to be us$ = any p>ticul> plant %\ld be det]m9$ by te/s4 ,x is dep5d5t on ! quality ( ! sewage to be treat$1 on ! dep? ( ! b$1 ! size ( ! fill+ mat]ial1 ! wea!r1 & o!r m9or factors4 ,! filt]+ mat]ial is simil> to t us$ 9 a contact b$4 ,x %\ld consi/ ( h>d1 r\gh1 angul> mat]ial1 ab\t #a to #b in*es 9 size4 ,l>g] sizes w p]mit m rapid rates ( filtration1 b w n produce s good an efflu5t4 ,small] sizes w clog too rapidly4 ,! dep? ( ! filt] is limit$ by ! possibility ( v5tilation & ! /r5g? ( ! filt]+ mat]ial to )/& cru%+4 ,! deep] ! b$ ! less ! exp5se ( ! di/ribution & collect+ sy/em = ! same volume ( mat]ial1 & ! m rapid ! p]missible rate ( filtration4 ,! dep?s 9 use v>y betwe5 #f & #aj feet1 ) #f to #h feet z a satisfactory mean4 ,f a biologic /&po9t ! action ( ! filt] seems to be proportional to ! volume ( ! filt]+ mat]ial & !re=e proportional to ! dep? ( ! b$1 be+ limit$ to a m9imum dep? ( ab\t #e feet1 bel[ :i* sewage may pass ?r\gh ! filt] )\t treatm5t4 ,! %ape & o!r dim5sions ( ! filt] dep5d on ! local conditions & ! economy ( con/ruction4 ,! filt]s ne$ n be brok5 up into units by wat]-tight divid+ walls4 ,"o filt] c be con/ruct$ suffici5t = all ne$s & v>i\s portions ( x c be isolat$ z units by ! manipulation ( valves 9 ! di/ribution sy/em4 ,v5tilation is provid$ by ! air entra9$ ) ! sewage z x falls ^u ! surface4 ,if ! sides ( ! filt] are built ( op5 /one crib "w ! v5tilation w be greatly improv$1 b x w n be possible to flood ! filt]s to keep d[n flies1 & 9 cold climates ^! op5+s mu/ be cov]$ 9 w9t] to prev5t freez+4 ,filt]s h be5 con/ruct$ )\t side walls1 ! filt]+ mat]ial be+ all[$ to assume its natural angle ( repose4 ,?is has usually be5 f\nd to be m exp5sive ?an ! con/ruction ( side reta9+ walls1 due to ! unus$ fill+ mat]ial & ! extra und]dra9s requir$4 ,! di/ribution ( sewage is ord9>ily effect$ by a sy/em ( pipes & spray nozzles z %[n 9 ,fig4 #afh & #afi4 ,o!r me?ods ( di/ribution h be5 us$4 ,at ,spr+field1 ,mo41#afj a mov+ tr\gh f :i* ! sewage fl[s cont9u\sly is drawn back & =? across ! b$ by means ( a cable4 ,9 ,engl& circul> b$s h be5 con/ruct$ & ! sewage di/ribut$ on !m ?r\gh revolv+ p]=at$ pipes4 ,at ! ,great ,lakes ,naval ,tra9+ ,/ation#afa ! di/ribut+ pipes 9 ! plant1 n[ ab&on$1 7 support$ above ! surface ( ! filt]4 ,! sewage fell f holes 9 ! l[] side ( ^! pipes on to brass spla% plates #ad in*es above ! filt]4 ,x 0 deflect$ horizontally f ^! plates ov] ! filt] surface4 ,pipes & spray nozzles h be5 adopt$ almo/ univ]sally 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,spla% plates1 travel+ di/ributors1 & o!r =ms ( di/ribution h be5 us$ only 9 exceptional cases4 ,9 a di/ribut+ sy/em consi/+ ( pipes & nozzles1 a network ( pipes is laid out some:at z %[n 9 ,fig4 #afh1 9 su* a mann] t ! head loss to all po9ts is approximately equal4 ,! numb] ( valves requir$ %\ld be r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,! pipes may be laid out ) ! ma9 fe$]s lead+ f a c5tral po9t & bran*es at "r angles to !m1 some:at on ! ord] ( a spid]'s web1 or !y may be laid out on a rectangul> or gridiron sy/em4 ,! radial sy/em is advantage\s because ( ! c5tral location ( ! control h\se1 b x does n always l5d itself favorably to ! local conditions1 & ! pip+ & nozzle location are n s simple4 ,! gridiron sy/em l5ds itself favorably to ! equalization ( head losses4 ,! pipes us$ %\ld be l>g] ?an w\ld be dem&$ by consid]ations ( economy alone1 bo? = ! purpose ( r$uction ( head loss & ease 9 clean+4 ,no pipe less ?an #f in*es 9 diamet] %\ld be us$1 & ! av]age velocity ( fl[ %\ld n exce$ "o foot p] second4 ,ca/-iron1 concrete1 or vitrifi$ clay pipe may be us$1 b ca/ iron is ! mat]ial commonly us$4 ,! sy/em %\ld be arrang$ = easy flu%+ & clean+ & ! pipes s slop$ t ! entire sy/em c be dra9$ 9 case ( a %ut d[n 9 cold wea!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afh4--,section ?r\gh ,spr9kl+ ,filt] at ,fit*burg1 ,mass41 ,%[+ ,di/ribution ,sy/em4 ,eng4 ,record1 ,vol4 #fg1 p4 #fcd4 ,! pipes are plac$ f> en\gh bel[ ! surface ( ! fill+ mat]ial s t ! top ( ! spray+ nozzle is #f to #ab in*es above ! surface ( ! filt]4 ,if ! pipes are plac$ ne> ! surface !y are accessible = repairs1 b are expos$ to temp]ature *anges4 ,if ! pipes are l>ge _! pres5ce ne> ! surface ( ! filt] may s]i\sly affect ! di/ribution ( ! sewage ?r\gh ! filt]4 ,if ! di/ribut+ pipes are plac$ ne> ! bottom ( ! filt] !y are inaccessible = repairs & ! nozzles mu/ be connect$ to !m by means ( long ris] pipes4 ,! di/ribut+ pipes %\ld be support$ by columns ext5d+ to ! f\ndation ( ! filt] b$1 !re be+ a column at e pipe jo9t ) su* int]m$iate supports z may be requir$4 ,9 "s plants ! pipes h be5 support$ by ! filt]+ mat]ial4 ,al?\gh slightly less exp5sive 9 fir/ co/ ! practice ( s support+ ! pipes is poor1 z settl+ ( ! mat]ial may break ! pipe or cause leaks1 & if ! b$ becomes clogg$1 removal ( ! mat]ial is made m difficult4 ,valves %\ld be plac$ 9 ! di/ribut+ sy/em 9 su* a mann] t diff]5t sets ( nozzles c be cut out at w1 ?us re/+ ^? portions ( ! filt] & p]mitt+ repairs )\t %utt+ d[n ! entire filt]4 ,! spac+ ( ! nozzles is fix$ by ! type & size ( ! nozzle1 ! available head1 & ! rate ( filtration4 ,v>i\s types ( spr9kl] nozzles are %[n 9 ,fig4 #afi & ! dis*>ge rates1 head losses1 & di/ances to :i* sewage is ?r[n = ! ,taylor nozzles1 are %[n 9 ,fig4 #agj4 ,nozzles are available :i* w ?r[ circul>1 squ>e1 or semicircul> sprays4 ,9 ! use ( circul> sprays !re is necess>ily "s portion ( ! filt] :i* is und]dos$ if ! nozzles are plac$ at ! corn]s ( squ>es ) ! sprays tang5t1 & !re is an ov]dos+ ( o!r portions if ! sprays are all[$ to ov]lap s t no portion ( ! filt] is left )\t a dose4 ,rectangul> sprays w app>5tly ov]come ^! difficulties1 b /udies h %[n t circul> sprays ) "s ov]lapp+1 & ! nozzles plac$ at ! apexes ( equilat]al triangles z %[n 9 ,fig4 #agb w give z satisfactory di/ribution z o!r =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afi4--,spr9kl+ ,filt] ,nozzles4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #c1 ,eng9e]+ ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,purdue ,univ]sity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agj4--;,diagram ,%[+ ! ,dis*>ge & ,spac+ ( ,taylor ,nozzles4 ,! nozzles %\ld be select$ to give ! be/ di/ribution1 to consume all ( ! head available1 & to give ! prop] cycle ( op]ation4 ,! entire head available %\ld be consum$ 9 ord] t ! fewe/ numb] ( nozzles may be us$4 ,an excell5t /udy ( ! *>act]i/ics ( v>i\s types ( nozzles has be5 publi%$ 9 ,bullet9 ,no4 #c ( ! ,eng9e]+ ,exp]im5t ,/ation at ,purdue ,univ]sity1 #aibj4 ,z a result ( ! te/s on ! nozzles %[n 9 ,fig4 #afi1 x 0 det]m9$ = all nozzles1 except ,no4 #h1 t ,q ,ca7#b;gh72 9 :i* ,q ! rate ( dis*>ge 9 cubic feet p] second2 ,c a coeffici5t %[n 9 ,table #hh2 a ! net cross-sectional op5+ ( ! nozzle 9 squ>e feet2 h ! pressure on ! nozzle 9 feet ( wat]4 ,,table #hh ,,coeffici5ts ,,( ,,dis*>ge ,,= ,,spr9kl] ,,nozzles ,,%[n ,,9 ,,fig4 #afi ,nozzle ,numb] #a #b #c #d #e #f #g ,coeffici5t 4#fdh 4#gef 4#fif 4#fff 4#fge 4#eih 4#efi ,x is evid5t t if ! head on ! nozzles is con/ant & ! nozzle ?r[s a circul> spray1 ! int5sity ( dos+ at ! circumf]5ce w be great] ?an ne>] ! c5t]4 ,?is difficulty is ov]come by s design+ ! dos+ tank f :i* ! sewage is f$ t ! head on ! nozzle & ! quantity ?r[n w v>y 9 su* a mann] t ! di/ribution ov] ! b$ is equaliz$4 ,int]mitt5t action is obta9$ by an automatic siphon :i* comm5ces to dis*>ge :5 ! tank is full & empties ! tank 9 ! p]iod all[$ = dos+4 ,"u su* conditions ! tank %\ld dis*>ge = a long] "t at ! high] heads ?an at ! l[] heads z !re is m t]ritory to be cov]$ at ! high] heads4 ,! design ( ! tank to d ?is ) exactness is difficult1 & ! con/ruction ( ! necess>y curv$ surfaces is exp5sive4 ,:]e a dos+ tank is us$ = su* conditions x has be5 f\nd satisfactory to con/ruct ! tank ) plane sides slop+ at approximately #de degrees f ! v]tical 7or horizontal74 ,a tank ) curv$ surfaces is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aga4 ,! dos+ siphon is usually plac$ 9 ! tank z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! head & quantity ( dis*>ge ?r\gh ! nozzles c be v>i$ also by ma9ta9+ a con/ant dep? 9 a dos+ tank by means ( a float fe$ valve1 & v>y+ ! head & quantity dis*>g$ to ! nozzles by a butt]fly valve 9 ! ma9 fe$ l9e1 or by ! use ( a ,taylor undulat+ valve design$ = ?is purpose4 ,! butt]fly valve is op5$ & clos$ by a cam s design$ & driv5 at su* a rate t ! requir$ di/ribution is obta9$4 ,! ,taylor undulat+ valve is op5$ & clos$ at a con/ant rate1 ! %ape ( ! valve giv+ ! requir$ v>iations 9 head & dis*>ge4 ,o!r me?ods ( control h be5 attempt$ b h n be5 us$ ext5sively4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aga4--,section ( #ab-;in* ,siphon & ,dos+ ,tank1 = ,k+'s ,p>k1 ,long ,isl&4 ,an example ( ! design ( ! nozzle lay\t & dos+ tank = a spr9kl+ filt] foll[s3 ,let x be requir$ to det]m9e ! nozzle lay\t = "o acre ( spr9kl+ filt]s ) #e feet available head on ! nozzles4 ,! selection ( ! type ( nozzle & ! size ( op5+ is a matt] ( judgm5t & exp]i5ce4 ,nozzles ) l>ge op5+s are less liable to clog & few] nozzles are ne$$ ?an :]e small nozzles are us$1 b ! di/ribution ( sewage is n s ev5 z ) ! use ( small nozzles4 ,9 ?is example ,taylor circul> spray nozzles w be select$4 ,fig4 #agj %[s t a ,taylor circul> spray nozzle w dis*>ge #bb4c g4p4m4 "u a head ( #e feet1 & t ! economical nozzle spac+ w be #ae4c feet4 ,! lea/ numb] ( nozzles at ?is spac+ requir$ = a b$ ( "o acre 9 area is f\nd z foll[s3 ,9 ,fig4 #agb1 let n equal ! numb] ( nozzles 9 a horizontal r[1 c\nt+ half-spray nozzles z 1 & let m equal ! numb] ( r[s c\nt+ r[s ( half-spray nozzles z half r[s4#afb ,!n ! numb] ( nozzles1 ,n1 equals mn1 & #ae4cm #ac4bn equals #dc1efj or mn equals #bae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agb4--,typical ,spr9kl] ,nozzle ,lay\t4 ,! next /ep %\ld be ! design ( ! dos+ tank & siphon4 ,x is possible to design a tank :i* w give equal di/ribution ov] equal areas ( filt] surface4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! exp5se ( ?is ref9em5t is unw>rant$ z !re are a numb] ( outside factors :i* t5d to ov]come ! !oretical design4 ,! effect ( w9d1 unequal spac+1 & irregul>ities 9 ! elevation ( ! nozzles h a t5d5cy to (fset ref9em5ts 9 ! design ( a dos+ tank4 ,x is !re=e ! g5]al practice to slope ! sides ( ! tank at an angle ( ab\t #de degrees z previ\sly /at$4 ,! dos+ tank is g5]ally design$ to h a capacity :i* w give a complete cycle ( op]ation once 9 #ae m9utes4 ,9 ! ord9>y design ! factors giv5 are ! rate ( infl[ & ! giv5 "t ( fill+4 ,9 ! foll[+ example ! "t ( fill+ w be tak5 z #aj m9utes1 ! "t ( empty+ z #e m9utes1 & ! rate ( fl[ z #a1jjj1jjj gallons p] day4 ,! capacity ( ! tank w !re=e be 7#a1jjj1jjj7bd x #f #g1jjj gallons4 ,! diamet] ( ! siphon to be select$ c be comput$ z foll[s3 ,let ,q ! capacity ( ! tank 9 cubic feet2 q#a ! rate ( dis*>ge ( ! siphon 9 cubic feet p] second2 q#b ! rate ( infl[ to ! tank 9 cubic feet p] second2 q ! rate ( empty+ ! tank 9 cubic feet p] second 7q#a q#b72 ,a ! cross-sectional area ( ! free surface ( ! wat] 9 ! tank at any in/ant1 9 squ>e feet2 a ! cross-sectional area ( ! siphon 9 squ>e feet2 b ! small dim5sion ( ! base ( ! tank 9 feet2 h ! head ( wat]1 9 feet1 on ! dis*>ge siphon2 h#a ! initial head ( wat]1 9 feet1 on ! siphon2 h#b ! f9al head ( wat] 9 feet1 on ! siphon2 t ! "t1 9 seconds1 requir$ to empty ! tank1 !n d,q -,adh q#a;dt q#b;dt1 & dt 7d,q7q ,adh7q#a q#b71 b q#a #j4d ,a 77#b;gh771#afc !re=e t h#b;h#a -,adh7#j4d;a7#b;gh7 q#b71 b ,a #d;h#b #d;bh b#b1 !re=e t h#a;h#b 77b#b #d;bh #d;h#b7;dh7#j4d;a7#b;gh7 q#b4 ,! integration ( ?is expression is t$i\s4 ,its solution = siphons betwe5 #f in*es & #ab in*es op]at+ "u heads comm5c+ f #c feet to #f feet1 ) a "t ( empty+ ( #e m9utes & "t ( fill+ ( #aj m9utes is giv5 9 ,fig4 #agc4 ,9 ! example giv5 ! rate ( infl[ is #a4ee sec4 feet & ! head is #e feet4 ,!n f ,fig4 #agc ! size ( ! siphon to be us$ is #ab in*es4 ,:]e a siphon ( ! size requir$ to empty ! tank 9 ! "t fix$ is n available1 comb9ations ( available sizes c sometimes be us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agc4--;,diagram = ! ,det]m9ation ( ! ,capacities ( ,dos+ ,tanks = ,trickl+ ,filt]s4 ,"t ( empty+1 #e m9utes4 ,"t ( fill+1 #aj m9utes4 ,%ape ( tank is a "r pyramid or a truncat$ "r pyramid ) all f\r sides mak+ an angle ( #de degrees ) ! v]tical4 ,all horizontal cross-sections are squ>es4 ,= example1 if ! giv5 head is #f feet1 & ! rate ( infl[ is #a4d sec4 feet1 x is evid5t f ,fig4 #agc t a #f1cjj-;gallon dos+ tank & two #h-;in* siphons w give ! requir$ cycle4 ,! me?od us$ = ! design ( ! sett+ ( ,taylor nozzles by ! ,pacific ,flu% ,tank ,co41 is less rational b m simple & probably z satisfactory4 ,9 ?is me?od ! /eps are z foll[s3 7#a7 ,divide ! maximum daily rate ( sewage fl[ by #a1jjj to get ! maximum m9ute infl[4 7#b7 ,! numb] ( nozzles requir$ is det]m9$ by divid+ ! prec$+ figure by #f4 ,g5]ally a ,taylor nozzle ) an orifice ( ( an in* w dis*>ge ab\t #bj g4p4m4 at ! high head & ab\t #h g4p4m4 at ! l[ head1 & z ! nozzles mu/ h a capacity :i* w take c>e ( ! infl[ at ! l[ head1 ! divisor #f is us$ z a factor ( safety in/ead ( us+ #h z ! divisor4 7#c7 ,! type ( nozzle to be us$ is select$ f exp]i5ce or z a matt] ( judgm5t4 ,circul>-spray nozzles are m g5]ally us$4 7#d7 ,! spac+s are det]m9$ f ,fig4 #agj4 7#e7 ,! dos+ tank ( ! %ape describ$ is !n design$4 ,! capacity is su* z to give a complete cycle once e #ae m9utes4 ,! me?od ( ?is design is simil> to t foll[$ previ\sly4 7#f7 ,! dos+ siphons are design$ s t !y w h a capacity at ! m9imum head ( f #dj to #ej p] c5t 9 excess ( ! maximum m9ute infl[1 & ! dra9+ dep? ( ! siphon w be limit$ to a maximum ( #e to #e feet4 ,! siphons are all made adju/able ) a v>iation ( #f in*es or m on ei!r side ( ! normal dis*>ge l9e s t ! spray+ area & cycle c be v>i$ to secure ! be/ results4 ,! und]dra9age ( a trickl+ filt] %\ld consi/ ( "s =m ( false bottom su* z ! types %[n 9 ,fig4 #agd4 ,:]e possible ! und]dra9s %\ld be op5 at bo? ends = ! purpose ( v5tilation & flu%+4 ,x is desirable t ! dra9s be s arrang$ t a light c be se5 ?r\gh !m 9 ord] t clogg+ c be easily locat$4 ,! dra9s %\ld be plac$ on a slope ( approximately #b 9 #ajj t[>ds a ma9 collector4 ,! l5g? ( ! dra9s is limit$ by _! capacity to c>ry ! av]age dose f ! area dra9$ by !m4 ,! ma9 collect+ conduits mu/ be design$ 9 accordance ) ! hydraulic pr9ciples giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,no valves1 or o!r controll+ app>atus1 are plac$ on ! und]dra9s or outlets f ! filt]4 ,cov]s h be5 provid$ 9 w9t] = "s trickl+ filt]s 9 cold climates4 ,! ,taylor spr9kl+ nozzle has be5 f\nd to "w successfully 9 extremely cold wea!r1 & x is g5]ally accept$ t ! cov]+ ( filt]s is unnecess>y1 if ! filt] is n to be %ut d[n = any l5g? ( "t 9 cold wea!r4 ,! op]ation ( devices = automatically controll+ ! op]ation ( a trickl+ filt] is expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agd4--,types ( ,false ,bottoms = ,trickl+ ,filt]s4 ,eng4 ,news1 ,vol4 #gd1 p4 #e4 #beh4 ,int]mitt5t ,s& ,filt]4--,an int]mitt5t s& filt] is a specially prep>$ b$ ( s&1 or o!r f9e gra9$ mat]ial1 on ! surface ( :i* sewage is appli$ int]mitt5tly1 & f :i* ! sewage is remov$ by a sy/em ( und]dra9s4 ,x diff]s f broad irrigation 9 ! "* ( ! mat]ial1 ! c>e & prep>ation ( ! b$1 & ! ?or\ghness ( ! und]dra9age4 ,a di/9ctive feature ( ! int]mitt5t s& filt] is ! quality ( ! efflu5t deliv]$ by x4 ,9 a prop]ly design$ & op]at$ plant ! efflu5t is cle>1 colorless1 odorless1 & sp>kl+4 ,x is completely nitrifi$1 is /able & conta9s a high p]c5tage ( dissolv$ oxyg54 ,x conta9s no settleable solids except at widely sep>at$ p]iods :5 a small quantity may appe> 9 ! efflu5t4 ,! p]c5tage removal ( bact]ia may be f #ih to #ii p] c5t4 ,"s analyses ( s& filt] efflu5ts are giv5 9 ,table #hi4 ,! dissolv$ solids1 ! rema9+ bact]ia1 & ! antec$5ts ( ! efflu5t are ! only diff]5ces betwe5 x & potable wat]4 ,an efflu5t f an int]mitt5t s& filt] is ! mo/ highly purifi$ efflu5t deliv]$ by any =m ( sewage treatm5t4 ,! efflu5t c be dispos$ ( )\t dilution1 on acc\nt ( its high /ability4 ,! treatm5t ( sewage to s high a degree is seldom requir$1 s t ! use ( int]mitt5t filt]s is n common4 ,o!r drawbacks to _! use are ! relatively l>ge area ( l& necess>y & ! difficulty ( obta9+ good filt] s& 9 all localities4 ,,table #hi ,,quality ,,( ,,efflu5ts ,,f ,,s& ,,filt]s 7,report on ,sewage ,purification at ,columbus1 ,ohio1 by ,g4 ,a4 ,johnson1 #aije7 ,s\rce ( ,p>ts p] ,million ,rate ( ,sample ,filtra- tion ,gallons p] ,acre1 p] ,day ,nitrog5 z ,oxyg5 ,oxyg5 ,consum$,dissolv$ ,free ,album9oid,nitrites,nitrates ,ammonia ,ammonia ,filt] #aa4j #h4f #ei4 influ5t f grit *amb] ,filt] #a4ab #j4hh #j4jh #aa4e #f4i #f4c #j4jha efflu5t ,filt] #j4ha #j4hh #j4aj #ab4f #f4e #f4b #j4aah efflu5t ,filt] #i4g #e4d #cc4 influ5t f pla9 settl+ tank ,filt] #j4fb #j4gg #j4aa #ad4i #f4j #h4b #j4aci efflu5t ,filt] #j4ii #a4aj #j4aj #ab4f #g4h #f4e #j4bgd efflu5t ,filt] #b4fa #a4ci #j4ji #i4j #i4g #c4i #j4ceg efflu5t ,filt] #aj4g #e4f #ch4 influ5t f septic tank ,filt] #a4fc #a4af #j4ji #aa4b #h4j #e4h #j4ceg efflu5t ,filt] #ac4d #d4g #dj4 influ5t f coke /ra9] ,filt] #b4bd #a4ce #a4jc #ad4f #aj4a #f4i #j4cgb efflu5t ,filt] #h4f #c4f #j4ai #a4f #bd4 #j4c influ5t f contact b$ ,filt] #b4fb #a4ce #j4ca #h4a #h4c #e4h #j4eaf efflu5t ,filt] #b4dd #b4da #j4af #i4d #ab4e #e4j #j4ebe efflu5t ,filt] #c4dj #a4ae #j4bj #aj4i #i4g #e4b #j4ebe efflu5t ,filt] #i4j #d4h #j4db #a4c #bg4 #c4d influ5t f spr9kl+ filt] aft] s$im5- tation ,filt] #b4ie #a4be #j4ai #g4j #h4h #c4h #j4fge efflu5t ,filt] #d4gg #b4fc #j4ea #d4f #aa4h #b4e #j4gdi efflu5t ,filt] #c4dg #a4fa #j4ca #g4b #aa4i #c4g #a4abi efflu5t ,! action 9 an int]mitt5t s& filt] is m complete ?an 9 o!r =ms ( filt]s because a great] surface is expos$ to ! passage ( sewage by ! f9e s& p>ticles1 & ! sewage is 9 contact ) ! filt]+ mat]ial a long] "t due to ! l[] rate ( filtration & ! sl[ velocity ( fl[ ?r\gh ! filt]4 ,x is ess5tial t ! sewage be appli$ to ! b$ int]mitt5tly 9 ord] t air %all be entra9$ 9 ! filt]4 ,! p]iod betwe5 doses %\ld n be s long t ! filt] becomes dry4 ,9 ! op]ation ( an int]mitt5t s& filt] "o dose p] day is consid]$ an ord9>y rate ( application1 al?\gh "s plants op]ate ) z _m z f\r doses p] day p] filt]1 & o!rs on "o dose at long & irregul> int]vals4 ,x is n always necess>y to re/ ! filt] = any l5g? ( "t unless signs ( ov]load+ & clogg+ are %[n4 ,! int]mitt5t dos+ action may be obta9$ by ! action ( an automatic siphon z is describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,! sewage is di/ribut$ on ! b$s ?r\gh a numb] ( op5+s 9 ! sides ( di/ribut+ tr\ghs re/+ on ! surface ( ! filt]4 ,! sewage is )drawn f ! bottom ( ! filt] ?r\gh a sy/em ( und]dra9s1 into :i* x ent]s aft] its passage ?r\gh ! b$4 ,!re are no control devices on ! outlet1 z ! rate ( filtration is controll$ by ! action ( ! dos+ app>atus & ! rate at :i* sewage is deliv]$ to x4 ,! action ( ! dos+ app>atus %\ld respond quickly to v>iations 9 sewage fl[4 ,z ! doses are appli$ to a s& filt]1 a mat ( organic matt] or bact]ial zoglea is =m$ on ! surface ( ! b$4 ,! mat is held toge!r by hair1 pap]1 & ! t5acity ( ! mat]ials4 ,x may atta9 a ?ickness ( to an in* be=e x is necess>y to remove x4 ,s long z ! filt] is dra9+ ) suffici5t rapidity ?is mat ne$ n be remov$1 b if ! b$ %[s signs ( clogg+1 ! only clean+ t may be necess>y w be ! roll+ up ( ?is dri$ mat4 ,x is believ$ t ! great] portion ( ! action 9 ! filt] occurs 9 ! upp] #e to #h in*es ( ! b$1 b occasionally ! b$s become s clogg$ t x is necess>y to remove ( an in* to #b in*es ( s& 9 addition to ! surface mat1 or to loos5 up ! surface by %all[ pl[+ or h>r[+4 ,! necessity = su* treatm5t may indicate t ! filt] is be+ ov]load$ z a result ( :i* ! rate ( filtration %\ld be decreas$ or ! prelim9>y treatm5t %\ld be improv$4 ,! pl[+ ( clogg+ mat]ial into ! b$ %\ld be avoid$ z "u ^! conditions ! f9al condition ( ! b$ w be worse ?an its condition :5 tr\ble 0 fir/ obs]v$4 ,9 w9t] ! surface ( ! b$ %\ld be pl[$ up into ridges & valleys4 ,! freez+ sewage =ms a ro( ( ice :i* re/s on ! ridges & ! subsequ5t applications ( sewage f9d _! way into ! filt] ?r\gh ! valleys "u ! ice4 ,9 a prop]ly op]at$ b$ ! filt]+ mat]ial w la/ indef9itely )\t *ange4 ,if a filt] is op]at$ at too high a rate1 h[ev]1 al?\gh ! quality ( ! efflu5t may be satisfactory1 x w be necess>y at "s "t to remove ! s& & re/ore ! filt]4 ,! rate ( filtration dep5ds on ! "* ( ! influ5t1 ! desir$ quality ( ! efflu5t1 & ! dep? & "* ( ! filt]+ mat]ial4 ,filt]s c be f\nd op]at+ at rates ( #ej1jjj gallons p] acre p] day & o!rs at eight times ?is rate4 ,= sewage :i* has _h "s prelim9>y treatm5t1 ! rate %\ld n exce$ #ajj1jjj gallons p] acre p] day1 :]eas ! rate = raw sewage %\ld be less ?an ?is4 ,= r\gh e/imates made )\t te/s ( ! sewage 9 "q1 ! rate %\ld n be tak5 at m ?an #a1jjj p]sons p] acre4 ,if ! prelim9>y treatm5t ( ! sewage has be5 ?or\gh & ! mat]ial ( ! s& filt] is co>s] ?an ord9>y ! rate ( filtration c be high4 ,= less c>eful prelim9>y treatm5t & f9e filt]+ mat]ial ! rates mu/ be r$uc$4 ,! sewage mu/ und]go suffici5t prelim9>y treatm5t to remove l>ge p>ticles ( solid matt] :i* w\ld o!rwise clog ! dos+ app>atus & ! filt]4 ,?is treatm5t %\ld include grit removal1 scre5+1 & "s =m ( tank treatm5t4 ,"s plants h op]at$ successfully ) a /ale sewage & no prelim9>y treatm5t1 z at ,brockton1 ,mass4 ,septic tank efflu5t c be treat$ successfully on an int]mitt5t s& filt]1 b n s satisfactorily z ! efflu5t f a tank deliv]+ a fre% sewage4 ,! mat]ial ( ! filt] %\ld consi/ ( clean1 %>p1 qu>tz or silica s& ) an effective size#afd ( #j4b to #j4d mm41 pref]ably ab\t #j4be to #j4ce mm41 & a uni=mity coeffici5t#afe ( #b to #d4 ,)9 ! limits m5tion$ no c>eful att5tion ne$ be giv5 to ! size ( ! mat]ial4 ,natural s& f\nd 9 place has be5 und]dra9$ & us$ successfully = sewage treatm5t4 ,! size ( ! s& is fix$ by ! rate ( filtration r ?an ! bact]iological action ( ! filt]4 ,a co>se s& w p]mit ! sewage to pass ?r\gh ! b$ too rapidly1 & a f9e s& w hold x too long or w become clogg$4 ,! same size ( mat]ial %\ld be us$ ?r\gh\t ! b$1 except t a lay] ( gravel f #f to #ab in*es ?ick1 grad$ f v small sizes to /ones j pass+ a #b-;in* r+ %\ld be plac$ at ! bottom to facilitate ! dra9age ( ! b$4 ,! ?ickness ( ! s& lay] %\ld n be less ?an #cj in*es to insure complete treatm5t ( ! sewage4 ,9 %all[] b$s ! sewage might trickle ?r\gh )\t adequate treatm5t4 ,b$s are ord9>ily made f #cj to #cf in*es deep1 b :5 deep] lay]s ( s& are f\nd 9 place !re is no set limit to ! dep? :i* may be us$4 ,! %ape & ov]all dim5sions ( ! b$ %\ld con=m to ! topography ( ! site & ! rate ( filtration adopt$4 ,a plan & cross-section ( an int]mitt5t s& filt] %[+ ! di/ribution & "u dra9age sy/ems are giv5 9 ,fig4 #aff & #age4 ,! di/ribution sy/em consi/s ( a sy/em ( tr\ghs on ! surface ( ! filt]1 laid out 9 a bran*+ =m1 z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! op5+s 9 ! tr\ghs %\ld be s locat$ t ! maximum di/ance f any po9t on ! b$ to ! ne>e/ op5+ %\ld n exce$ #bj to #cj feet4 ,if ! filt]s are small en\gh1 tr\ghs ne$ n be us$1 ! sewage be+ di/ribut$ f "o corn]1 or f mid-po9ts on ! sides4 ,:]e tr\ghs are us$ !y %\ld be support$ f ! bottom ( ! filt] 9 ord] to prev5t unev5 settl+ due to ! wa%+ ( ! s&4 ,! op5+s 9 ! tr\ghs are made adju/able by sw++ gates z %[n 9 ,fig4 #agf1 or by o!r means s t aft] ! filt] is 9 op]ation ! int5sity ( ! dose on any portion ( ! filt] c be *ang$4 ,! tr\ghs may be plac$ ) _! bottoms level ) ! surface ( ! s& & ) sides ( suffici5t height to give ! requir$ gradi5t to ! wat] surface1 or !y may be built up above ! surface ( ! filt] & giv5 ! requir$ slope s t ! surface ( ! fl[+ wat] is p>allel to ! bottom ( ! tr\gh4 ,9 ei!r case a spla% plate %\ld be plac$ at ea* op5+1 s t n less ?an #b feet ( ! surface ( ! s& is protect$ 9 all directions f ! op5+4 ,a /one or concrete slab #b to #d in*es ?ick makes a satisfactory spla% plate4 ,ei!r wood or concrete may be us$ = ! con/ruction ( ! tr\ghs4 ,! =m] is less durable1 b also less exp5sive 9 fir/ co/4 ,! capacity ( ! tr\ghs may be comput$ by ,kutt]'s =mula ) ! quantity to be c>ri$ equal to ! maximum rate ( dis*>ge ( ! fe$+ siphon1 ) a r$uction 9 size bel[ ea* bran* or outlet proportional to ! am\nt :i* w be dis*>g$ above ?is po9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #age4--,plan & ,section ( an ,int]mitt5t ,s& ,filt] ,%[+ ,c5tral ,location ( ,control ,h\se4 ,! op]ation ( automatic devices = dos+ ! b$ is expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,! dos+ tank %\ld h a capacity suffici5t to cov] ! b$ to a dep? ( ab\t #a to #c in*es at "o dose1 & ! siphon %\ld dis*>ge at a rate ( ab\t "o second-foot = ea* #e1jjj squ>e feet ( filt] area4 ,a dose %\ld disappe> )9 #bj m9utes to half an h\r aft] x is appli$ to ! filt]4 ,) ! rate /at$ & f\r applications p] day to a dep? ( #a in* at ea* dose1 ! rate p] acre p] day w be #aji1jjj gallons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agf4--;,di/ribut+ ,tr\gh ) ,adju/able ,op5+s4 ,! filtration ( sewage ?r\gh s& 9 a mann] simil> to ! rapid s& filtration ( wat] is be+ attempt$ at ! ,great ,lakes ,naval ,tra9+ ,/ation4 ,no results ( ?is treatm5t h be5 publi%$ & ! practical success ( ! me?od has n be5 assur$4 #bei4 ,co/ ( ,filtration4--,only comp>ative figures c be giv5 9 /at+ ! co/s ( filtration1 z mo/ data available are bas$ on pre-w> conditions1 & are !re=e unreliable = pres5t conditions4 ,! v>iations f ! figures giv5 may be v l>ge b 9 g5]al ! relative co/s h n *ang$4 ,! figures giv5 9 ,table #ij are sugge/ive ( ! relative co/s ( ! diff]5t =ms ( filtration4 ,,table #ij ,,relative ,,co/s ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,me?ods ,,( ,,sewage ,,treatm5t ,co/s 9 ,doll>s p] ,million ,gallons p] ,day ,=m ( ,treatm5t ,fir/ ,co/#aff,op]ation & ,total ,ma9t5ance ,co>se scre5s #j4bj ,f9e scre5s #c4jj ,pla9 s$im5tation #g4jj #c4jj #aj4jj ,*emical precipitation #bb4jjafg ,septic tank #g4jj #a4jj #h4jj ,imh(f tank #aj4jj #a4jj #aa4jj ,contact b$ #h4jj #b4jj #aj4jj ,trickl+ filt] #d4jj #b4jj #f4jj ,int]mitt5t s& filt] #ae4jj #aj4jj #be4jj ,activat$ sludge #f4ej #h4ej #ae4jjafh ,,irrigation #bfj4 ,! ,process4--,broad irrigation is ! dis*>ge ( sewage ^u ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 f :i* a "p ( ! sewage evaporates & ?r\gh :i* ! rema9d] p]colates1 ultimately to escape 9 surface dra9age *annels4 ,sewage f>m+ is broad irrigation practic$ ) ! object ( rais+ crops4 ,broad irrigation c be accompli%$ successfully )\t ! gr[+ ( crops1 b x is seldom attempt$ z "s return & sometimes ev5 a pr(it c be obta9$ f ! crops rais$4 ,broad irrigation & sewage f>m+ diff] f int]mitt5t s& filtration 9 ! int5sity ( ! application ( ! sewage1 ! me?od ( prep>+ ! area on :i* ! sewage is to be treat$1 & ! c>e 9 op]ation4 ,9 broad irrigation & int]mitt5t s& filtration ! p>am\nt consid]ation is successful disposal ( ! sewage4 ,9 sewage f>m+ ! p>am\nt consid]ation is ! gr[+ ( crops4 ,! gr[+ ( crops may be comb9$ ) irrigation & filtration1 h[ev]1 b ! crop %\ld be sacrific$ to ! successful disposal ( ! sewage4 ,! *ange :i* occurs 9 ! *>act]i/ics ( ! sewage due to its filtration ?r\gh ! gr\nd is ! same z occurs 9 arobic filtration4 ,! effect on ! crops is ma9ly t ( an irrigant1 z ! manurial value ( ! sewage is small4 #bfa4 ,/atus4--,! disposal ( sewage by broad irrigation 0 practic$ 9 ,engl& previ\s to ! developm5t ( any ( ! m int5sive biologic me?ods ( treatm5t4 ,x 0 consid]$ ! only safe & sanit>y me?od = ! disposal ( sewage1 & z a result1 areas irrigat$ by sewage 7 common ?r\gh\t ,engl&4 ,crops 7 gr[n on ^! areas z a m9or consid]ation1 & sewage f>m+ ga9$ "s ( its popul>ity f ! app>5t success ( ^! disposal areas4 ,! success ( sewage f>ms is due m to g5]\s irrigation 9 dry ye>s ?an to f]tilization by sewage4 ,! sewage f>ms ( ,p>is & ,b]l9 are frequ5tly cit$ z examples ( ! successful & remun]ative disposal ( sewage by f>m+ 9 connection ) broad irrigation4 ,k9nicutt1 ,w9sl[1 & ,pratt#afi /ate3 ,! ,b]l9 ,sewage f>ms (f] examples ( broad irrigation "u bett] conditions 444 ( #ba1jjh acres receiv+ sewage1 #af1feg acres 7 f>m$ by ! city1 #c1ief acres 7 leas$ to f>m]s1 & only #cie acres 7 unproductive4 ,! contribut+ population at ?is "t 0 #b1jfd1jjj & ! av]age am\nt ( sewage treat$ 0 #gg1jjj1jjj gallons1 giv+ a daily rate ( treatm5t ( ab\t #c1gjj gallons p] acre ( prep>$ l&4 ,! soil is s&y & ( excell5t quality4 ,a qu>t] ( ! area op]at$ by ! au?orities is devot$ to pa/urage1 & ab\t a ?ird to ! cultivation ( c]eals1 ( :i* w9t] rye & oats are ! mo/ important4 ,potatoes & beets are gr[n 9 consid]able am\nts & a wide v>iety ( o!r crops 9 small] proportions4444 ,ev5 fi% ponds are made to yield a "p ( ! rev5ue1 & ! dra9s on "s ( ! f>ms h be5 successfully /ock$ ) bre$ tr\t4 ,! co/ ( ! ,b]l9 f>ms to ,m>* #ca1 #aiaj1 0 #ag1dgj1jjj1 some:at m ?an half be+ ! pur*ase price ( ! l&4 ,! exp5ses = ?is ye> am\nt$ to #a1cjj1che = ma9t5ance1 & #gda1hah = int]e/ *>ges4 ,! receipts 7 #a1bdj1ggc & !re 0 an e/imat$ increase ( #abb1eic 9 value ( live /ock & o!r prop]ty4 ,! conditions at ,b]l9 are quot$ at l5g? to indicate ! success :i* c accompany broad irrigation1 & z an example ( :at is be+ done abroad1 :]e ! ra9fall is light & ! soil is suitable4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates success 9 sewage f>m+ has n be5 m>k$4 ,?is may be due p>tially to ! relative weakness ( ,am]ican sewages1 to ! co/ ( labor1 to lack ( satisfactory irrigation areas1 & to inatt5tion to details4 ,an attempt 0 made to gr[ crops on ! s& filt]s at ,brockton1 ,mass41 b x 0 f9ally ab&on$ z ! int]e/s ( ! crops & ! successful treatm5t ( ! sewage c\ld n bo? be satisfi$4 ,at ,pullman1 ,ill9ois1#agj 9 #ahhj1 !re 0 comm5c$ probably ! mo/ ext5sive attempt at sewage f>m+ 9 ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! f>m 0 a failure f ! />t1 because ( ! clay soil1 & x 0 subsequ5tly ab&on$4 ,sewage f>m+1 ma9ly z a subsidi>y consid]ation to ! filtration ( sewage1 is practic$ 9 a few cities 9 ! ea/]n portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to-day4 ,among ! cities m5tion$ by ,metcalf & ,eddy#aga are ,danbury1 ,conn41 & ,fo/oria1 ,ohio4 ,9 ! we/]n portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :]e wat] is sc>ce & ! gr\nd is por\s1 sewage has be5 us$ z an irrigant ) "s success4 ,su* use ( sewage _c be consid]$ z a me?od ( treatm5t s9ce ! prime consid]ation is ! gr[+ ( crops4 ,9 ?is process all sewage n us$ z an irrigant is dis*>g$ )\t treatm5t into wat] c\rses4 ,accord+ to ,metcalf & ,eddy !re 7 #ce cities 9 ,cali=nia 9 #aiad t 7 op]at+ sewage f>ms4 ,among ^! are ,pasad5a1 ,fresno1 & ,pomona4 ,o!r f>ms1 notably ! pione] f>m at ,*ey5ne1 ,wyo41 h be5 ab&on$ because ( ! local nuisance creat$ & ! lack ( f9ancial success4 #bfb4 ,prep>ation & ,op]ation4--,a por\s s&y soil on a good slope & ) good und]dra9age is mo/ suitable = broad irrigation4 ,imp]vi\s clay or gumbo soils are unsuitable & %\ld n be us$4 ,!y become clogg$ at ! surface1 =m+ pools ( putrefy+ sewage1 or 9 hot wea!r =m cracks :i* may p]mit untreat$ sewage to escape into ! und]dra9s4 ,! sewage may be di/ribut$ to ! irrigat$ area 9 any "o ( five ways :i* are kn[n z3 flood+1 surface irrigation1 ridge & furr[ irrigation1 filtration1 & subsurface irrigation4 ,9 flood+1 sewage is appli$ to a level area surr\nd$ by l[ dikes4 ,! dep? ( ! dose may be f #a in* to #b feet4 ,9 surface irrigation ! sewage is all[$ to ov]fl[ f a dit* ov] ! surface ( ! gr\nd into :i* x s9ks or ov] :i* x fl[s into ano!r dit* plac$ l[] d[n4 ,?is dit* conducts x to a po9t ( disposal or to ano!r area requir+ irrigation4 ,ridge & furr[ irrigation consi/s 9 pl[+ a field into ridges & furr[s & fill+ ! furr[s ) sewage :ile crops are gr[n on or betwe5 ! ridges4 ,9 filtration ! sewage is di/ribut$ 9 any desir$ fa%ion on ! surface & is collect$ by a sy/em ( und]dra9s aft] x has filt]$ ?r\gh ! soil4 ,9 subsurface irrigation ! sewage is appli$ to ! l& ?r\gh a sy/em ( op5-jo9t pipes laid imm$iately bel[ ! surface1 simil>ly to a sy/em ( und]dra9s4 ,comb9ations ( & modifications to ^! me?ods are sometimes made4 ,und]dra9s may be us$ 9 connection ) any ( ^! =ms ( di/ribution4 ,! prep>ation ( ! gr\nd consi/s 93 ! con/ruction ( dit*es or dikes to p]mit ( any ( ! above describ$ me?ods ( application1 grad+ ( ! surface to prev5t pool+1 ! lay+ ( und]dra9s1 & ! grubb+ & cle>+ ( ! l&4 ,! ma9 c>ri]s may be excavat$ 9 op5 e>? or e>? l9$ ) an imp]vi\s mat]ial4 ,! di/ribution ( ! sewage f ! ma9 c>ri]s to gr\ps ( lat]als may be controll$ by h&-op]at$ /op planks4 ,if ! soil has a t5d5cy to become wat]logg$ x may be reliev$ by in/all+ und]dra9s at dep?s ( #c to #f feet1 & #dj to #ajj feet ap>t4 ,! tile und]dra9s may dis*>ge into op5 dit*es excavat$ = ! purpose :i* s]ve also to dra9 ! l&4 ,dra9s %\ld be us$ :]e ! gr\nd wat] is )9 #d feet ( ! surface1 & ! op5 dit*es %\ld be cut bel[ ! dra9s to keep ! gr\nd wat] out ( !m4 ,f\r or #f-;in* op5-jo9t f>m tile may be us$ = und]dra9s4 ,! porosity ( ! soil w be increas$ by cultivation4 ,:]e p>ticul> c>e is tak5 9 ! cultivation ( ! soil s t sewage c be appli$ at a high rate1 broad irrigation m]ges into ! m int5sive int]mitt5t filtration ?r\gh s&4 ,be=e be+ turn$ on to ! l&1 sewage %\ld be scre5$ & heavy-settl+ p>ticles %\ld be remov$4 ,! rate ( application may be increas$ z ! int5sity ( ! prelim9>y treatm5t is increas$4 ,! rate at :i* sewage may be appli$ is dep5d5t also on ! "* ( ! soil1 & may v>y betwe5 #d1jjj & #cj1jjj gallons p] acre p] day1 al?\gh high] rates h be5 us$ ) ! efflu5t f treatm5t plants & on favorable soil4 ,! sewage %\ld be appli$ int]mitt5tly 9 doses1 ! "t betwe5 doses v>y+ betwe5 "o day & two or ?ree weeks or m1 dep5d5t on ! wea!r & ! condition ( ! soil4 ,! me?ods ( dos+ v>y z widely z ! rates4 ,! dose may be appli$ cont9u\sly = "o or two weeks ) correspond+ly long re/s1 or x may be appli$ ) frequ5t int]mitt5cy alt]nat$ ) %ort re/s1 int]sp]s$ ) long re/ p]iods at long] int]vals ( "t4 ,:5 apply+ ! sewage to ! l& ! rate ( application ( ! dose is ab\t #aj1jjj to #aej1jjj gallons p] acre p] day4 ,! area "u irrigation at any "o "t may be z mu* z #aj to #ae acres4 ,! rate ( ! application ( ! sewage is also dep5d5t on ! wea!r & may v>y widely betwe5 seasons4 ,x is obvi\s t a ra9-soak$ pa/ure _c receive a l>ge dose ( sewage )\t dang] ( undue flood+4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal difficulties ) ! treatm5t or disposal ( sewage by broad irrigation is t ! greate/ load ( sewage mu/ be c>$ = 9 wet seasons :5 ! gr\nd is lea/ able to absorb ! additional moi/ure4 #bfc4 ,sanit>y ,aspects4--,a well-op]at$ sewage f>m %\ld cause no (f5se to ! eye or nose1 & is n a dang] to ! public heal?4 ,9 ,b]l91 a portion ( ! sewage f>ms are laid out z city p>ks4 ,! liquid 9 ! dra9age dit*es or und]dra9s may be cle>1 odorless1 & colorless1 high 9 nitrates & non-putrescible4 ,:]e ! f>m has be5 improp]ly manag$ or ov]dos$ ! condition may be s]i\s f bo? e/hetic & heal? consid]ations4 ,sewage may be spread out to pollute ! atmosph]e & to supply bre$+ places = fly+ insects :i* w spread ! fil? = long di/ances surr\nd+ ! f>m4 ,! "* ( ! crop is also a sanit>y consid]ation4 #bfd4 ,! ,crop4--,f a sanit>y viewpo9t no crops :i* come 9 contact ) ! sewage %\ld be cultivat$ on a sewage f>m4 ,su* products z lettuce1 /rawb]ries1 asp>agus1 potatoes1 radi%es1 etc41 %\ld n be gr[n4 ,gra9s1 fruits1 & nuts are gr[n successfully & z !y d n come 9 contact ) ! sewage !re is no sanit>y objection to _! cultivation 9 ?is mann]4 ,italian rye grass & o!r =ms ( hay are gr[n ) ! be/ success z !y w /& a l>ge am\nt ( wat] )\t injury4 ,! rais+ ( /ock is also advisable = sewage f>ms :]e hay & gra9 are cultivat$4 ,! /ock %\ld be f$ ) ! fodd] rais$ on ! irrigat$ l&s & %\ld n be all[$ to graze on ! crops dur+ ! "t t !y are be+ irrigat$4 ,?is is due z mu* to ! dang] ( injury to ! di/ribut+ dit*es & ! =mation ( bogs by ! trampl+ ( ! cattle1 z to ! dang] to ! heal? ( ! cattle4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,activat$ ,,sludge #bfe4 ,! ,process4--,9 ! treatm5t ( sewage by ! activat$ sludge process ! sewage ent]s an aration tank aft] x has be5 scre5$ & grit has be5 remov$4 ,z x ent]s ! aration tank x is mix$ ) ab\t #cj p] c5t ( its volume ( activat$ sludge4 ,! sewage passes ?r\gh ! aration tank 9 ab\t two to f\r h\rs dur+ :i* "t air is bl[n ?r\gh x 9 f9ely divid$ bubbles4 ,! efflu5t f ! aration tank passes to a s$im5tation tank :]e x rema9s = "o-half an h\r to an h\r to all[ ! s$im5tation ( ! activat$ sludge4 ,! sup]natant liquid f ! s$im5tation tank is pass$ to ! po9t ( f9al disposal4 ,a portion ( ! sludge remov$ f ! tank is return$ to ! influ5t ( ! aration tank4 ,! rema9d] may be s5t to any or all ( ! foll[+3 ! sludge dry+ process1 ! rearation tanks1 or to "s po9t = f9al disposal4 ,sections ( ! activat$ sludge plant at ,h\/on1 ,texas1 are %[n 9 ,fig4 #agg4 ,! biological *anges 9 ! process occur 9 ! aration tank4 ,^! *anges are dep5d5t on ! arobic organisms :i* are int5sively cultivat$ 9 ! activat$ sludge4 ,:5 plac$ 9 intimate contact ) fre% sewage1 br\ght ab\t by ! agitation caus$ by ! ris+ air1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( an abundance ( oxyg51 ! organic matt] is p>tially oxidiz$4 ,! putrefactive /age ( ! organic cycle is avoid$4 ,colloids & bact]ia are p>tially remov$ probably by ! agitation effect$ 9 ! pres5ce ( activat$ sludge b ! exact action :i* takes place is n well und]/ood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agg4--;,activat$ ,sludge ,plant at ,h\/on1 ,texas4 ,eng4 ,news1 ,vol4 #gg1 p4 #bcf4 #bff4 ,composition4--,activat$ sludge is ! mat]ial obta9$ by agitat+ ord9>y sewage ) air until ! sludge has assum$ a floccul5t appe>ance1 w settle quickly1 & conta9 arobic & facultative bact]ia 9 su* numb]s t simil> *>act]i/ics c be readily imp>t$ to ord9>y sewage sludge :5 agitat$ ) air 9 ! pres5ce ( activat$ sludge4 ,copel& describ$ activat$ sludge z foll[s3#agb ,! sludge embodi$ 9 sewage & consi/+ ( susp5d$ organic solids1 includ+ ^? ( a colloidal nature1 :5 agitat$ ) air = a suffici5t p]iod assumes a floccul5t appe>ance v simil> to small pieces ( sponge4 ,arobic & facultative bact]ia ga!r 9 ^! flocculi 9 imm5se numb]s--f #ab to #ad million p] c4c4--"s hav+ be5 /ra9$ f ! sewage & o!rs develop$ by natural gr[?4 ,among ! latt] are species t h ! p[] to decompose organic matt]1 especially ( an album9oid or nitrog5\s nature1 sett+ ! nitrog5 free2 & o!rs absorb+ ! nitrog5 conv]t x into nitrites & nitrates4 ,^! biological processes require "t1 air1 & favorable environm5t su* z suitable temp]ature1 food supply & suffici5t agitation to di/ribute !m ?r\gh\t all p>ts ( ! sewage4 ,ard]n /ates t ! sludge diff]s entirely f ! usual tank sludge4 ,x is in(f5sive & floccul5t 9 "*4 ,! p]c5tage ( moi/ure is f #ie to #ii p] c5t4 ,am]ican exp]i5ce has g5]ally be5 t ! sludge does n readily sep>ate f its moi/ure by treatm5t on f9e-gra9 filt]s1 b ! results 9 ,engl& & at ,milwaukee1 ,wiscons91 are 9 conflict ) ?is g5]al exp]i5ce4 ,^u /&+ #bd h\rs or m p>tially dri$ activat$ sludge may />t to decompose accompani$ by ! production ( (f5sive odors4 ,duckwor? /ates3 ,! activat$ sludge at ,sal=d conta9$ ?ree times z mu* nitrog51 twice z mu* phosphoric acid & "o-half z mu* fatty matt] z ord9>y sludge4 ,,table #ia ,,composition ,,( ,,sewage1 ,,imh(f ,,sludge1 ,,& ,,activat$ ,,sludge ,,& ,,efflu5t ,,at ,,milwaukee 7,w4 ,r4 ,copel&1 ,eng4 ,news1 ,vol4 #gf1 p4 #ffe7 ,p]iod,s\rce ( ,p>ts p] ,million ( ,sample ,te/ ,sus- ,nitrog5 z ,nitrog5 p5d$ ,report$ z ,matt] ,ammonia on a ,basis ( ,sludge ,dri$ to #aj ,p] ,c5t ,moi/ure4 ,?ree samples ( ,sludge ,free ,albu- ,organic ,ni- ,ni- ,ammoniam9oid ,nitrog5tritestrates ,ammonia ,aug41 ,sewage #bec #ad4f #g4hh #bi #j4ae #j4ac #aiae ,imh(f #aje #af4b #f4aj #bg #j4ai #j4acb4hgc4hb efflu5t ,activat$ #ad #c4h #c4ai #f #j4bi #f4jje4gad4igg4jd sludge efflu5t ,sept41,sewage #cjj #ac4e #h4ha #bi #j4be #j4ad #aiae ,imh(f #aaf #ae4d #g4aj #bg #j4ab #j4jic4hh efflu5t ,activat$ #h #e4g #b4bb #i #j4bd #e4jah4fii4jj sludge efflu5t ,^! results h be5 r\ghly *eck$ by ,am]ican exp]im5t]s z %[n 9 ,table #ia4agc ,9 ! recov]y ( nitrog5 f sewage ! activat$ sludge process is ! mo/ promis+ = satisfactory results4 ,9 all o!r processes ( sewage treatm5t ! sludge is dige/$ to "s ext5t & nitrog5 lo/ 9 ! gases or 9 ! soluble matt] :i* passes (f ) ! efflu5t4 ,9 ! activat$ sludge process a negligible am\nt ( gasification & liquefaction take place & only a small am\nt ( nitrog5 passes (f ) ! efflu5t z comp>$ ) ! loss f ! ,imh(f process z %[n 9 ,table #ia4 ,! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 9 dri$ activat$ sludge is %[n 9 ,table #ib4 ,,table #ib ,,nitrog5 ,,cont5t ,,( ,,dry ,,activat$ ,,sludge ,,& ,,sludge ,,f ,,o!r ,,processes 7,g4 ,w4 ,full]1 ,eng4 ,news1 ,vol4 #gf1 p4 #ffg7 ,s\rce ,p] ,c5t ,nitrog5 ,milwaukee 7,copel&7 #d4dj ,man*e/]1 ,engl& 7,ard]n7 #d4fj ,sal=d1 ,engl& 7,mell+7 #c4ge ,urbana1 ,ill9ois 7,b>t[7 #c4e to #f4d ,arm\r & ,co4 7,noble7 #d4f ,approximate range ( all o!r processes #a4j to #c4j ,^! figures are express$ 9 t]ms ( nitrog5 & n ( ammonia4 ,nitrog5 is only #hb p] c5t ( ! ammonia cont5t4 ,nitrify+ bact]ia & o!r species :i* h ! p[] ( de/roy+ organic matt] h be5 isolat$ f ! sludge4 ,an analysis ( ! dri$ sludge at ,urbana#agd %[$ ! foll[+ results aft] ! weight _h be5 r$uc$ #ie4e p] c5t by dry+3 #f4c p] c5t nitrog51 #d4jj p] c5t fat1 #a4dd p] c5t phosphorus1 & #ge p] c5t volatile matt] or loss on ignition4 ,analyses ( o!r dome/ic sewages h n %[n su* high cont5ts ( ^! desirable con/itu5ts4 ,! dewat]+ ( activat$ sludge is a problem :i* (f]s s]i\s ob/acles to ! successful op]ation ( ! process4 ,x is its greate/ disadvantage4 ,five to t5 times ! volume ( sludge may be produc$ by ! activat$ sludge process z by an ,imh(f tank1 & ! activat$ sludge conta9s a great] p]c5tage ( wat]4 ,accord+ to ,copel&3 ,! be/ in=mation n[ available po9ts to a comb9ation ( settl+ & decantation z a prelim9>y dewat]+ process4 ,by ?is means ! wat] w be cut d[n f ab\t #ii p] c5t to #if p] c5t4 ,on pass+ ! conc5trat$ residue ?r\gh a pressure filt] ! moi/ure c be cut d[n to #ge p] c5t4 ,! press cake c be dewat]$ 9 a heat dri] to #aj p] c5t moi/ure or less4#age ,! quantity ( sludge produc$ at ,milwaukee#agf is ab\t #ae cubic y>ds p] million gallons ( sewage1 ! sludge hav+ ab\t #ih p] c5t moi/ure4 ,on ! basis ( #aj p] c5t moi/ure x produces ton ( dry sludge p] million gallons ( sewage treat$4 ,at ,clevel&1#agg #bj cubic y>ds p] million gallons at #ig4e p] c5t moi/ure are produc$4 ,me?ods ( dry+ sludge are discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xx4 ,*emical analyses & biological te/s indicate t ! f]tiliz+ value ( ! sludge is appreciable4 ,pr(essor ,c4 ,b4 ,lipman /ates1 z ! result ( a s]ies ( te/s 9 :i* a sludge & a soil 7 incubat$ = "o mon?1 z foll[s3#agh ,! am\nts ( nitrates produc$ 9 "o mon?'s incubation f ! soil's own nitrog5 & f ! nitrog5 f ! sludge mix$ ) ! soil 9 ! ratio ( "o "p ( sludge to #ajj ( soil is1 9 milligrams ( nitrate1 z foll[s3 ,anaheim soil )\t sludge #f4j1 ) sludge #aj4j2 ,davis soil )\t sludge #d4b1 ) sludge #ad4j2 ,oakley soil )\t sludge #b4b1 ) sludge #d4j4 ,! effect ( ! sludge on plant gr[? is %[n 9 ,table #ic4agi ,! results repres5t ! gr[? obta9$ aft] fifte5 weeks f ! plant+ ( #cj :eat se$s 9 ea* pot4 #bfg4 ,advantages & ,disadvantages4--,"s ( ! advantages ( ! process are3 a cle>1 sp>kl+1 & non-putrescible efflu5t is obta9$2 ! degree ( nitrification is controllable )9 c]ta9 limits2 ! "* ( ! efflu5t c be v>i$ to accord ) ! quantity & "* ( ! dilut+ wat] available2 m ?an #ij p] c5t ( ! bact]ia c be remov$2 ! co/ ( in/allation is relatively l[2 & ! sludge has "s comm]cial value4 ,,table #ic ,,f]tiliz+ ,,value ,,( ,,activat$ ,,sludge 7,e4 ,b>t[1 ,j\rnal ,am4 ,wat] ,works ,ass'n1 ,vol4 #c1 p4 #cbg7 ,cultivat+ ,m$ium ,grams ,conta9$ 9 ,exp]im5tal ,pot #a #b #c #d ,:ite s& #ai1hbj #ai1hbj #ai1hbj #ai1hbj ,dolomite #fj #fj #fj #fj ,bone meal #f #f #f #f ,potassium sulphate #c #c #c #c ,activat$ sludge #j #j #bj #j ,activat$ sludge extract$ ) ,ligro9 #j #j #j #bj ,dri$ blood #j #h4fa #j #j ,numb] ( heads ( :eat #ad #ae #bb #bc ,numb] ( se$s #he #ahi #dia #eah ,weight ( se$s1 grams #b4ch #e4bi #ac4gdh #ad4ejd ,bu%els p] acre1 calculat$ #f4bj #ac4f #ce4i #ch4g ,av]age l5g? ( /alk1 in*es #ai4dj #bc4j #ce4d #cg4a ,weight ( /raw1 grams #b4be #h4be #bf4ge #bf4ba ,tons p] acre1 calculat$ #j4ah #j4fh #b4bc #b4ah ,among ! disadvantages ( ! process c be includ$1 unc]ta9ty due to ! lack ( in=mation conc]n+ ! results to be expect$ "u all conditions1 high co/ ( op]ation "u c]ta9 conditions1 ! necessity = con/ant & skill$ att5dance1 & ! difficulty ( dewat]+ ! sludge4 #bfh4 ,hi/orical4--,! mo/ notable "w 9 ! aration ( sewage )9 rec5t ye>s 0 t p]=m$ by ,black & ,phelps = ! ,metropolitan ,sew]age ,commission ( ,new ,york1 9 #aiaj1ahj & by ,cl>k & ,gage at ! ,lawr5ce1 ,massa*usetts1 ,sewage ,exp]im5t ,/ation 9 #aiab & #aiac4aha ,! results ( ^! inve/igations %[$ t ! treatm5t ( sewage by =c$ aration might give a satisfactory efflu5t1 b t ! "t & exp5se 9 connection !reto r5d]$ ! me?od impractical4 ,x rema9$ = ,messrs4 ,ard]n & ,lockett ( ,man*e/]1 ,engl&1 to introduce ! process ( ! aration ( sewage 9 ! pres5ce ( activat$ sludge1 z a result ( _! connection ) ,dr4 ,f[l]1 :o attributes 8 inspiration to 8 visit to ! ,lawr5ce ,exp]im5t ,/ation & obs]v+ ! "w ( ,cl>k & ,gage4 ,ard]n & ,lockett comm5c$ _! exp]im5ts 9 #aiac4 ,_! results 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry1 ,may #cj1 #aiad1 ,vol4 #cc1 p4 #ebc4 ,%ortly !reaft] exp]im5ts 7 />t$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois by ,dr4 ,edw4 ,b>t[ & ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,mohlmann ( ! ,ill9ois ,/ate ,wat] ,survey4 ,at ab\t ! same "t an exp]im5tal plant 0 />t$ at ,milwaukee1 by ,t4 ,c4 ,hatton1 ,*ief ,eng9e] ( ! ,milwaukee ,sew]age ,commission4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,public ,heal? ,s]vice became actively int]e/$ 9 ,decemb]1 #aiad1 & on ,febru>y #bj1 #aiae1 ann\nc$ its int5tion to co-op]ate ) ! ,baltimore ,sew]age ,commission 9 ! conduct ( exp]im5ts4 ,9 ,may1 #aiae1 pat5t numb] #a1aci1jbd 0 grant$ to ,leslie ,c4 ,frank1 ,sanit>y ,eng9e] ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,public ,heal? ,s]vice1 cov]+ c]ta9 features ( ! process4 ,mr4 ,frank g5]\sly donat$ ?is pat5t to ! public = ! use ( municipalities4 ,! fir/ full siz$ plant = ! treatm5t ( sewage by ?is me?od 0 erect$ 9 ,milwaukee 9 ,decemb]1 #aiae4 ,?is plant _h a capacity ( #a1fjj1jjj gallons p] day4 ,x 0 us$ = exp]im5tal purposes & is n n[ 9 use4 ,! ,*ampaign1 ,ill9ois1 septic tank1 among ! fir/ ( its k9d 9 ! c\ntry1 0 conv]t$ into an activat$ sludge tank on ,april #ac1 #aiaf4 ,! *anges1 developm5ts1 & ! results obta9$ f ^! & o!r plants h be5 report$ 9 ! te*nical press f "t to "t4 #bfi4 ,aration ,tank4--,! sewage on leav+ ! scre5 & grit *amb] ent]s ! aration tank1 :i* is usually op]at$ on ! cont9u\s-fl[ pr9ciple1 al?\gh 9 ! e>ly days ( exp]im5tation ! fill & draw me?od 0 practic$4 ,?is tank %\ld be rectangul> ) a dep? ( ab\t #ae feet & a wid? ( *annel n to exce$ #f to #h feet4 ,su* proportions all[ bett] air & curr5t di/ribution ?an l>g] tanks4 ,! bottom %\ld be level to insure an ev5 di/ribution ( air4 ,! velocity ( fl[ ( sewage ?r\gh ! tank is usually 9 ! neighborhood ( #e feet p] m9ute1 dep5d5t on ! l5g? ( ! tank & ! p]iod ( ret5tion4 ,! p]iod ( ret5tion is 9 turn dep5d5t on ! desir$ quality ( ! efflu5t4 ,! process is flexible & ! quality ( ! efflu5t c be *ang$ by *ang+ ! p]iod ( ret5tion or by *ang+ ! rate ( application ( ! air1 or bo?4 ,! p]iod ( ret5tion 9 ! aration tank is usually ab\t #d h\rs4 ,! bottom ( ! aration tank is usually made ( concrete arrang$ 9 ridges & valleys1 or small %all[ hopp]s1 at ! bottom ( :i* ! air-diffus+ devices are locat$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #agg4 ,! inlet & outlet devices are simil> to ^? 9 a pla9 s$im5tation tank4 #bgj4 ,s$im5tation ,tank4--,x is evid5t t z no s$im5tation is p]mitt$ 9 ! aration tank1 ! settleable p>ticles w be dis*>g$ 9 ! efflu5t unless "s provision is made = _! det5tion4 ,! efflu5t f ! aration tank is !re=e run ?r\gh a pla9 s$im5tation tank1 usually ) a hopp] bottom1 :i* has be5 arrang$ to p]mit frequ5t & easy clean+4 ,an air lift or a c5trifugal sludge pump is satisfactory = ?is purpose4 ,ano!r type ( s$im5tation tank :i* has be5 us$ has a smoo? bottom ) a slight slope t[>ds ! c5t]4 ,a revolv+ scrap] collects ! sludge cont9u\sly1 scrap+ x t[>ds ! c5t] ( ! tank4 ,al?\gh ?is arrangem5t gives bett] results ?an ! hopp]-bottom tank1 its exp5se has usually prev5t$ its in/allation4#ahb ,! p]iod ( s$im5tation 9 diff]5t plants v>ies f #cj m9utes to "o h\r1 al?\gh ! long] p]iods usually give ! bett] results4 ,approximately #fe p] c5t ( ! sludge w settle 9 ! fir/ #aj m9utes1 #hj p] c5t 9 ! fir/ #cj m9utes1 & ab\t #e p] c5t m 9 ! next half h\r4 ,! efflu5t f ! s$im5tation tank is ready = f9al disposal or if desir$1 = fur!r treatm5t by "s o!r me?od4 ,! sludge1 or a portion ( x1 is pump$ back into ! influ5t ( ! aration tank1 provid$ ! sludge is 9 a satisfactory /ate ( nitrification4 ,o!rwise x %\ld be pump$ to ! rearation tanks4 ,! rema9d] ( ! sludge :i* is n to be us$ 9 ! process is ready = dry+ & f9al disposal4 #bga4 ,rearation ,tank4--,! purpose ( ! rearation or sludge aration tank is to reactivate ! sludge :i* has gone ?r\gh ! aration tank4 ,dur+ ! process ( ! aration ( ! sewage 9 ! aration tank ! activat$ sludge may lose "s ( its qualities because ( ! defici5cy ( oxyg5 to ma9ta9 arobic conditions4 ,by bl[+ air ?r\gh ! sludge 9 ! rearation tank ^! prop]ties are return$ & ! sludge made available to be pump$ back into ! aration tank4 ,! reactivation ( ! sludge obviates ! necessity = supply+ suffici5t air to ! entire mass ( ! sewage to ma9ta9 arobic conditions1 & results 9 an economy 9 ! use ( air4 ,! use ( me*anical agitators has also be5 attempt$ bo? 9 ! rearation & ! aration tanks ) ! expectation ( sav+ 9 ! use ( air1 b ) indiff]5t success4 ,x is difficult to say1 )\t exp]im5tation1 :at ! size ( ! rearation tank %\ld be1 z ! necess>y am\nt or reactivation is unc]ta94 ,9 ! exp]im5tal plant at ,milwaukee1 !re 7 eight units ( aration tanks1 "o s$im5tation tank1 & two rearation tanks1 all ( ! same capacity & g5]al design4 ,?is repres5ts a ration ( ab\t "o rearation tank to f\r aration tanks4 #bgb4 ,air ,di/ribution4--,air is appli$ to ! sewage at ! bottom ( ! aration tank at a pressure 9 ! neighborhood ( #e4e to #f4j p\nds p] squ>e in*1 dep5d5t on ! dep? ( ! sewage1 ! loss ( head ?r\gh ! di/ribut+ pipes1 & ! rate ( application4 ,9 diff]5t exp]im5tal plants ! pressure has v>i$ f #c to #cj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,su* pressures are on ! l9e :i* divides ! use ( direct bl[]s = l[ pressures f turbo & reciprocat+ pressure ma*9es = pressures above #aj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,positive-pressure bl[]s or direct bl[]s op]ate on ! pr9ciple ( a c5trifugal pump & because ( ! light] specific gravity ( air !y rotate at a v high spe$4 ,! ,na% ,hytor ,turbo ,bl[] consi/s ( a rotor ) a l>ge numb] ( long tee? slightly b5t 9 ! direction ( rotation4 ,! rotor1 :i* has a circul> circumf]5ce1 revolves 9 an elliptical cas+4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( op]ation ! rotor & cas+ are p>tially fill$ ) wat]4 ,! revolution ( ! rotor ?r[s ! wat] to ! outside ( ! elliptical cas+ ?us =m+ a p>tial vacuum betwe5 any two tee? z ! wat] is ?r[n f ne> ! c5t] ( ! %ort diamet] ( ! cas+ to ! extremity ( ! long diamet] ( ! cas+4 ,air is all[$ to ent] ?r\gh ! inlet port to relieve ! vacuum4 ,z ! tee? pass f ! long diamet] to ! %ort diamet] ( ! ellipse1 ! wat] aga9 approa*es ! c5t] ( ! rotor compress+ ! air trapp$ betwe5 ! tee? & =c+ x out "u pressure into ! exhau/ pipe4 ,among ! advantages ( ?is compressor are ! wa%+ ( ! air1 cool+1 & ease 9 op]ation4 ,reciprocat+ air compressors op]ate simil>ly to direct-act+ /eam pumps or crank-&-fly-:eel pumps b at mu* high] spe$s1 & !y require m floor space ?an ei!r ( ! o!r types4 ,fig4 #agh %[s ! field ( s]viceability ( v>i\s types ( air compression ma*9]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agh4--;,economic ,range ( ,air ,compressors4 ,f ,eng4 ,news1 ,vol4 #gd1 p4 #ijf4 ,= pressures up to ab\t #aj p\nds p] squ>e in* ! positive bl[] seems mo/ desirable4 ,x has a l[ fir/ co/ & a relatively high effici5cy ( ab\t #ge to #hj p] c5t ( ! p[] input4 ,no oil or dirt is add$ to ! air to clog ! di/ribut+ plates1 z 9 ! reciprocat+ ma*9e4 ,a disadvantage is ! difficulty ( v>y+ ! pressure or quantity ( ! output ( ! ma*9e4 ,z ! requir$ pressure & volume ( air increases ! turbo bl[] becomes m & m desirable )9 ! limits ( pressure :i* are ord9>ily us$ 9 ?is process4 ,= small in/allations ! be/ =m ( p[] is probably ! electric drive1 b :5 ! capacity becomes su* z to make turbo bl[]s advisable !y %\ld be driv5 by directly connect$ /eam turb9es4 ,! quantity ( air requir$ v>ies betwe5 #j4e to #f4j cubic feet p] gallon ( sewage1 ) f #c to #f h\rs ( aration4 ,! quantity ( air dep5ds on ! degree ( treatm5t requir$1 ! /r5g? ( ! sewage1 ! dep? ( ! tank1 & ! p]iod ( aration4 ,! deep] ! tank ! less ! am\nt ( air ne$$ because ( ! great] travel ( ! bubble 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! sewage1 b ! high] ! pressure at :i* ! air mu/ be deliv]$4 ,%all[ tanks usually require a long] p]iod ( ret5tion4 ,! dep? ( ! tank !n has v little to d ) economy 9 ! use ( air4 ,hatton /ates3#ahc ,! purification ( sewage obta9$ v>ies decid$ly ) ! volume ( air appli$4 ,small volumes appli$ = #e or #f h\rs d z well z l>g] volumes appli$ = #c or #d h\rs1 b ! "t ( aration requir$ to obta9 a l efflu5t does n v>y directly ) ! volume ( air appli$ p] unit ( "t4 ,= in/ance air appli$ at a rate ( #b cubic feet p] m9ute purifies ! sewage 9 less "t ?an "o cubic foot ( air p] m9ute1 b w n accompli% an equal degree ( purification 9 half ! "t4 ,x has be5 f\nd t al?\gh a l[ temp]ature has a delet]i\s effect on ! process1 by ! use ( an additional quantity ( air good results c be ma9ta9$4 ,! effect ( *ang+ ! quantity ( air & ! p]iod ( aration are %[n 9 ,table #id tak5 f ,hatton4 ,! velocity ( ! air 9 ! pipes %\ld be ab\t #a1jjj feet p] m9ute4 ,!re %\ld be relatively few %>p turns 9 ! l9e1 & ! di/ribut+ ma9s %\ld be arrang$ )\t dead ends4 ,x is desirable to use z little pip+ z possible & at ! same "t to make ! travel ( ! sewage long 9 ord] to ma9ta9 a non-settl+ velocity & intimate contact ) ! air4 ,! pip+ %\ld be accessible & well provid$ ) valves4 ,x %\ld be non-corrodible1 p>ticul>ly on ! inside1 z flakes ( ru/ w quickly clog ! air diffus]s4 ,x %\ld dra9 to "o po9t 9 ord] t x c be empti$ :5 flood$1 z occasionally happ5s4 ,,table #id ,,effect ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,rates ,,& ,,p]iods ,,( ,,application ,,( ,,air ,,on ,,! ,,results ,,obta9$ ,,f ,,! ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,sewage ,,by ,,! ,,activat$ ,,sludge ,,process 7,milwaukee ,results7 ,"t ( ,cubic ,cubic ,appe>ance,p] ,c5t ,aration1 ,feet ,feet ( ,settl$,removal ,h\rs ,free ,air ,liquid ,bact]ia ,air p] ,p] ,gallon ,m9ute ( ,sewage #j #j #j4j ,turbid #j #a #afj #j4fg ,cle> #eb #b #afj #a4cb ,cle> #ha #c #afj #a4ih ,cle> #ib #d #afj #b4fd ,cle> #id #e #afj #c4ca ,cle> #ih #b4e #ij #a4jg #ib #c #ij #a4bh #if #d #ij #a4ga #ih #d #hj #a4hb #ig4g #d #gj #a4fj #ii4f #d #df #a4fg #hh4c #d #aje #a4ge #ib4g #c #adj #a4ge #ia4b #b4e #afh #a4gd #if4g #a4hj #ih4a #a4ec #ii #a4ab #ia ,"t ( ,p>ts p] ,million ,/ability1 ,aration1 ,h\rs ,h\rs ,nitrog5 z ,dissolv$,susp5d$ ,oxyg5 ,matt] ,free ,nitrites,nitrates,organic ,ammonia #j #bb #j4jh #j4jh #j4jj #jjj #a #ag #j4jj #j4jd #j4cj #b #b #ae #j4ie #j4gj #a4ij #cc #c #aa #a4ge #b4hj #d4cj #abj #d #g #b4bj #e4fj #e4ij #abj #e #e #b4ej #h4bj #f4gj #abj #b4e #aa #j4je #b4jj #fi #c #i4i #j4ab #b4i #ie #d #a4h #j4ad #e4b #abj #d #a4ie #j4jh #h4e #abj #d #e4gi #j4ad #i4j #abj #d #g4ij #j4jb #b4j #fa #d #d4hf #j4cf #d4i #abj #c #i4ci #j4fj #c4j #abj #b4e #aa4b #j4cf #a4a #hd #h4e #d #aa #abj #e4gi #i4j #h #i #abj #aj4a #b4c #ad #db #gc ,,table #ie ,,comp>ative ,,results ,,f ,,! ,a,,ration ,,( ,,sewage ,,9 ,,! ,,pres5ce ,,( ,,activat$ ,,sludge ,,) ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,di/ribut+ ,,m$ia 7,t4 ,c4 ,hatton1 ,eng4 ,record1 ,vol4 #gc1 p4 #bee7 ,diffus]s ,mon?s 9 ,p\nds ,air1 ,p] ,c5t,nitrates1,/ability #aiae p] ,cubic ,bact]ia,p>ts p],efflu5t ,squ>e ,feet p],remov$ ,million 9 ,h\rs ,in* ,gallon ,filtros plate,june #a to #d4c #b4jf #ia #c4d #gh ,aug4 #ae ,air jet ,june #a to #c4e #a4id #ia #b4b #eb ,aug4 #ae ,filtros plate,nov4 #ah to #d4f #a4ga #ij #j4c #aac ,dec4 #g ,monel metal ,nov4 #ah to #c4j #a4ga #hj #j4b #fc ,dec4 #g ,x is desirable to diffuse ! air 9 small bubbles z by ?is means ! greate/ effici5cy seems to be obta9$ f ! am\nt ( air add$4 ,a diamet] #a_/af to ( an in* is approximately ! maximum limit = ! size ( an effective bubble4 ,monel metal clo?1 por\s wood blocks1 op5 jets1 paddles1 & o!r =ms ( diffus]s h be5 tri$1 b none h giv5 ! satisfaction ( ! filtros plate4 ,! relative value ( diff]5t types ( diffus]s is %[n 9 ,table #ie tak5 f ,hatton4#ahd ,! ,filtros plates are a propriet>y article manufactur$ by ! ,g5]al ,filtration ,company ( ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,!y are made ( a qu>tz s& firmly cem5t$ toge!r & c be obta9$ ) practically any degree ( porosity1 size ( pore op5+ or dim5sion ( plate1 b !y are made 9 a /&>d size #ab in*es squ>e by #a in*es ?ick4 ,! frictional loss ?r\gh ! plate is n v great = ! am\nt ( air ord9>ily us$4 ,! plates are classifi$ 9 accordance ) ! volume ( air :i* w pass ?r\gh !m1 :5 dry1 p] m9ute :5 "u a pressure ( #b in*es ( wat]4 ,^! classes run f to #ab cubic feet ( air p] m9ute4 ,! type usually specifi$ passes ab\t #b cubic feet ( air p] m9ute4 ,! loss ( head ?r\gh ^! plates z te/$ at ,milwaukee %[$ an initial loss ( ( a p\nd & an additional loss ( ab\t ( a p\nd = e cubic foot ( air p] m9ute p] squ>e foot ( surface4 ,x is necess>y to scre5 & wa% ! air be=e bl[+ x ?r\gh ! filtros plate z ord9>y air is s fill$ ) dirt z to clog ! pores ( ! diffus] q rapidly4 ,! area ( filtros plates requir$ 9 ! bottom ( ! tank is usually express$ 9 t]ms ( ! free surface ( ! tank or z a ratio !reto4 ,9 ! ,urbana te/s ! be/ ratio 0 f\nd to be less ?an #a 3 #c & m ?an #a 3 #i4 ,9 ,milwaukee#ahe ! ratio adopt$ is 9 ! neighborhood ( #a 3 #d or #a 3 #e4 ,at ,=t ,wor? ! ratio w be ab\t #a 3 #g & at ,*icago x w be #a 3 #h4 ,! exact ratio %\ld be det]m9$ by exp]im5t & w dep5d on ! con/ruction ( ! tank & ! "* ( ! raw sewage & ! desir$ efflu5t4 ,x is ess5tial t ! filtros plates be plac$ level & at ! same elevation z o!rwise ! di/ribution ( air w be unev54 #bgc4 ,obta9+ ,activat$ ,sludge4--,aft] a plant is once />t$ activat$ sludge is g5]at$ dur+ ! process ( treatm5t & ) c>eful managem5t a /ock ( activat$ sludge c be kept on h&4 ,:5 a plant is new1 or if %ut d[n = su* a l5g? ( "t t ! sludge loses its activation1 x is necess>y to activate "s new sludge4 ,?is is done by bl[+ air cont9u\sly ?r\gh sewage ei!r on ! fill & draw me?od ) p]iodic decantations ( ! sup]natant liquid1 or by ! cont9u\s-fl[ process1 b m pref]ably by ! latt]4 ,:]e activat$ sludge is to be obta9$ f fre% sewage alone ! "t requir$ is 9 ! neighborhood ( #aj to #ad days1 & purification beg9s at ! />t4 ,an e/imate ( ! quantity :i* w be obta9$ c n be made ) accuracy4 ,aft] ! initial quantity ( sludge has be5 obta9$ activat$ sludge c be ma9ta9$ dur+ ! process ( aration ( ! raw sewage1 or by means ( ! rearation tanks previ\sly describ$4 ,! volume ( activat$ sludge pres5t 9 ! aration tank %\ld be ab\t #be p] c5t ( ! volume ( ! tank4 ,! volume ( ! sludge is measur$ 9 a some:at arbitr>y mann] z ! am\nt by volume :i* w settle 9 #cj m9utes 9 an ord9>y te/ tube4 ,x is f\nd t ?is is almo/ #ij p] c5t ( ! solids settl+ 9 #d to #f h\rs4 #bgd4 ,co/4--,! available in=mation on ! co/ ( ! activat$ sludge process is meag] & unreliable4 ,! factors ent]+ into ! co/ are3 ! price ( fuel1 ! size ( ! plant1 ! p]iod ( s$im5tation1 ! am\nt ( air p] gallon ( sewage1 ! air pressure1 & ! p]c5tage ( sludge to be arat$ 9 ! mixture4 ,9 ,milwaukee#ahf ! co/ ( con/ruction is e/imat$ at #dd1jjj p] million gallons1 & #d4ge p] million gallons = op]ation4 ,at ,h\/on1 ,texas1 ! co/ is e/imat$ at #bd1jjj p] million gallons1 exclusive ( ! sludge dry+ plant1 :i* may co/ #dj1jjj p] million gallons4 ,at ,milwaukee1 ! co/ ( press+ ! sludge is #d4hb p] dry ton & ( dry+ is #c4ic p] dry ton4 ,! sludge may be sold at ! normal rate ( #b4ej p] unit ( nitrog54 ,bas$ on ! normal value ! evid5t pr(it w be #c4ge p] ton4 ,! net co/ ( dispos+ ( ,milwaukee sewage is e/imat$ at #i4fd p] million gallons ( :i* #d4hi is *>geable to ov]head & #d4ge to repairs1 op]ation & r5ewal4 ,9 a comp>ison ( ! co/s ( activat$ sludge & ,imh(f tanks ) spr9kl+ filt]s1#ahg ! in=mation giv5 by ,eddy has be5 summ>iz$ 9 ,table #if4 ,9 comp>+ ! relative areas requir$ = diff]5t me?ods ( sewage treatm5t1 activat$ sludge %\ld be all[$ ab\t #ae million gallons p] acre p] day on ! basis ( aration tanks #ae feet deep4 ,?is figure repres5ts approximately ! gross area ( ! plants at ,milwaukee & at ,clevel&4 ,,table #if ,,comp>ative ,,co/s ,,( ,,activat$ ,,sludge1 ,,& ,,( ,,imh(f ,,tanks ,,foll[$ ,,by ,,spr9kl+ ,,filt]s 7,h4 ,p4 ,eddy1 ,eng4 ,record1 ,vol4 #gd1 p4 #eeg7 ,process ,fir/ ,co/ ,op]ation p],total ,annual ,co/ at #d ,p] p] ,million ,million ,c5t ) ,s9k+ ,fund at ,gallons1 ,gallons1 #b4e ,p] ,c5t p] ,doll>s ,doll>s ,million ,capita1 ,gallons1 ,doll>s ,doll>s ,activat$ #eg1ajj #bj4jj #bi4he #a4ji sludge ,imh(f tank #gh1ejj #h4ej #ba4hd #j4hj & spr9kl+ filt] ,,ref]5ces ,,& ,,bibliography ,,on ,,activat$ ,,sludge ,! foll[+ abbreviations w be us$3 ,a4,s4 = ,activat$ ,sludge1 ,e4,c4 = ,eng9e]+ & ,contract+1 ,e4,n4 = ,eng9e]+ ,news1 ,e4,r4 = ,eng9e]+ ,record1 ,e4,n4,r4 = ,eng9e]+ ,news-,record1 p4 = page1 & ,v4 = volume4 ,no4 #a4 ,coop]ation ,s\ght 9 ,conduct+ ,a4,s4 ,exp]im5ts at ,baltimore1 by ,franks & ,h5drick4 ,e4,r4 ,v4 #ga1 #aiae1 pp4 #eba1 #gbd1 & #ghd4 ,v4 #gb1 #aiae1 pp4 #bc1 & #fdj4 #b4 ,sewage ,treatm5t ,exp]im5ts ) ,aration & ,a4,s41 by ,b>t[ & ,mohlman4 ,e4,n4 ,v4 #gc1 #aiae1 p4 #fdg1 & ,e4,r4 ,v4 #ga1 #aiae1 p4 #dba4 #c4 ,a4,s4 ,exp]im5ts at ,milwaukee1 ,wiscons91 by ,hatton4 ,e4,n4 ,v4 #gd1 #aiae1 p4 #acd4 #d4 ,a4,s4 9 ,am]ica1 ,an ,editorial ,survey1 by ,bak]4 ,e4,n4 ,v4 #gd1 #aiae1 p4 #afd4 #e4 ,*oos+ ,air ,compressors = ,a4,s41 by ,nordell1 ,e4,n4 ,v4 #gd1 #aiae1 p4 #ijd4 #f4 ,a ,ye> ( ,a4,s4 at ,milwaukee1 by ,full]4 ,e4,n4 ,v4 #gd1 #aiae1 p4 #aadf4 #g4 ,a4,s4 ,exp]im5ts at ,urbana4 ,e4,n4 ,v4 #gd1 #aiae1 p4 #ajig4 #h4 ,exp]im5ts on ! ,a4,s4 ,process1 by ,b>t[ & ,mohlman4 ,e4,c4 ,v4 #dd1 #aiae1 p4 #dcc4 #i4 ,milwaukee's ,a4,s4 ,plant1 ! ,pione] ,l>ge ,scale ,in/allation1 by ,hatton4 ,e4,r4 ,v4 #gb1 #aiae1 p4 #dha & ,e4,c4 ,v4 #dd1 #aiae1 p4 #cbb4 #aj4 ,a4,s4 ,exp]im5ts at ,milwaukee1 by ,hatton4 ,j\rnal ,am]ican ,wat]works ,association & ,proce$+s ,ill9ois ,society ( ,eng9e]s1 #aiaf4 ,also ,e4,r4 ,v4 #gc1 #aiaf1 p4 #bee4 ,e4,c4 ,v4 #de1 #aiaf1 p4 #ajd1 & ,e4,n4 ,v4 #ge1 #aiaf1 pp4 #bfb & #cjf4 #aa4 ,a4,s4 ,def9$4 ,e4,n4 ,v4 #ge1 #aiaf1 p4 #ejc1 & ,e4,n4,r4 ,v4 #hj1 #aiah1 p4 #bje4 #ab4 ,/atus ( ,a4,s4 ,sewage ,treatm5t1 by ,hammond4 ,e4,n4 ,v4 #ge1 #aiaf1 p4 #gih4 #ac4 ,trial ,a4,s4 ,unit at ,clevel&1 by ,pratt4 ,e4,n4 ,v4 #ge1 #aiaf1 p4 #fga4 #ad4 ,air ,diffus] ,exp]i5ce ) ,a4,s4 ,e4,n4 ,v4 #gf1 #aiaf1 p4 #ajf4 #ae4 ,nitrog5 f ,sewage ,sludge1 ,pla9 & ,activat$1 by ,copel&1 ,j\rnal ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 ,sept4 #bh1 #aiaf4 ,e4,n4 ,v4 #gf1 #aiaf1 p4 #ffe4 ,e4,r4 ,v4 #gd1 #aiaf1 p4 #ddd4 #af4 ,te/s ,%[ ,a4,s4 ,process ,adapt$ to ,treatm5t ( ,/ock ,y>ds ,wa/es4 ,e4,r4 ,v4 #gd1 #aiaf1 p4 #acg4 #ag4 ,aration ,sugge/ions = ,disposal ( ,sludge1 by ,hammond4 ,j\rnal ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 ,sept4 #be1 #aiaf4 ,e4,r4 ,v4 #gd1 #aiaf1 p4 #ddh4 #ah4 ,co/ ,comp>ison ( ,sewage ,treatm5t4 ,imh(f ,tank & ,spr9kl+ ,filt]s vs4 ,a4,s41 by ,eddy4 ,e4,r4 ,v4 #gd1 #aiaf1 p4 #eeg4 #ai4 ,l>ge ,a4,s4 ,plant at ,milwaukee4 ,e4,n4 ,v4 #gf1 #aiaf1 p4 #fhf4 #bj4 ,a4,s4 ,novelties at ,h]mosa ,bea*1 ,cal4 ,e4,n4 ,v4 #gf1 #aiaf1 p4 #hij4 #ba4 ,a4,s4 ,exp]im5ts at ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois1 by ,b>t[1 ,mohlman1 & ,s*nellba*4 ,e4,n4 ,v4 #gf1 #aiaf1 p4 #igb4 #bb4 ,a4,s4 ,results at ,clevel& ,review$1 by ,pratt & ,gascoigne4 ,e4,n4 ,v4 #gf1 #aiaf1 pp4 #ajfa & #aabd4 #bc4 ,sewage ,treatm5t by ,aration & ,activation1 by ,hammond4 ,proce$+s ,am]ican ,society ,municipal ,improvem5ts1 #aiaf4 #bd4 ,a4,s41 by ,b>t[ & ,mohlman1 ,proce$+s ,ill9ois ,society ( ,eng9e]s1 #aiaf4 #be4 ,! ,late/ ,me?od ( ,sewage ,treatm5t1 by ,b>t[4 ,j\rnal ,am]ican ,wat]works ,association1 ,v4 #c1 ,m>*1 #aiaf1 p4 #cbg4 #bf4 ,w9t] ,exp]i5ces ) ,a4,s41 by ,copel&4 ,j\rnal ,am]ican ,society ( ,*emical ,eng9e]s1 ,april #ba1 #aiaf4 ,e4,c4 ,v4 #de1 #aiaf1 p4 #chf4 #bg4 ,a4,s4 ,process ,firmly ,e/abli%$1 by ,hatton4 ,e4,r4 ,v4 #ge1 #aiag1 p4 #af4 #bh4 ,op]ate ,cont9u\s ,fl[ ,a4,s4 ,plant1 by ,b>t[1 ,mohlman1 & ,s*nellba*4 ,e4,r4 ,v4 #ge1 #aiag1 p4 #chj4 #bi4 ,*icago ,/ock ,y>ds ,sewage & ,a4,s41 by ,l$]]4 ,j\rnal ,am]ican ,society ( ,*emical ,eng9e]s1 ,april #ba1 #aiaf4 ,e4,c4 ,v4 #de1 #aiaf1 p4 #chh4 #cj4 ,! ,pat5t ,situation ,conc]n+ ,a4,s4 ,e4,c4 ,v4 #de1 #aiaf1 p4 #bjh4 #ca4 8,sewage ,disposal0 by ,k9nicutt1 ,w9sl[1 & ,pratt1 publi%$ by ,john ,wiley ,sons4 #b;d ,edition1 ,*apt] #ab4 #cb4 ,a4,s4 ,te/s ,made by ,cali=nia ,cities4 ,e4,n4,r4 ,v4 #gi1 #aiag1 p4 #ajji4 #cc4 ,conclusions on ! ,a4,s4 ,process at ,milwaukee4 ,j\rnal ,am]ican ,public ,heal? ,association1 #aiag4 ,e4,n4,r4 ,v4 #gi1 #aiag1 p4 #hdj4 #cd4 ,dewat]+ ,a4,s4 at ,urbana1 by ,b>t[4 ,j\rnal ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,*emical ,eng9e]s1 #aiag4 ,e4,n4,r4 ,v4 #gi1 #aiag1 p4 #bfi4 #ce4 ,milwaukee ,air ,diffusion ,/udies 9 ,a4,s4 ,e4,n4,r4 ,v4 #gh1 #aiag1 p4 #fbh4 #cf4 ,a4,s4 ,bibliography 7up to ,may #a1 #aiag7 by ,j4 ,e4 ,port]4 #cg4 ,air ,diffusion 9 ,a4,s4 ,e4,n4,r4 ,v4 #gh1 #aiag1 p4 #bee4 #ch4 ,a4,s4 ,plant at ,h\/on1 ,texas4 ,e4,n4 ,v4 #gg1 #aiag1 p4 #bcf1 ,e4,n4,r4 #hc1 #aiai1 p4 #ajjc1 & ,v4 #hd1 #aibj1 p4 #ge4 #ci4 ,a4,s4 ,p[] ,co/s1 by ,requ>dt4 ,e4,n4 ,v4 #gg1 #aiag1 p4 #ah4 #dj4 ,a4,s4 at ,san ,m>cos1 ,texas1 by ,elrod4 ,e4,n4 ,v4 #gg1 #aiag1 p4 #bdi4 #da4 ,filtros ,plates ,made ! ,be/ ,%[+ 9 ,air ,diffus] ,te/s4 ,e4,n4,r4 ,v4 #gi1 #aiag1 p4 #bfi4 #db4 ,results ( ,exp]im5ts on ,a4,s41 by ,ard]n & ,lockett4 ,j\rnal ,society = ,*emical ,rese>*1 ,v4 #cc1 ,may #cj1 #aiad1 p4 #ebc4 #dc4 ,f9al ,plans at ,milwaukee4 ,e4,n4,r4 ,v4 #hd1 #aibj1 p4 #iij4 #dd4 ,a4,s4 ,bibliography1 publi%$ by ,g5]al ,filtration ,co41 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 #aiba4 #de4 ,a4,s4 at ,man*e/]1 ,eng4 by ,ard]n4 ,j\rnal ,society ,*emical ,indu/ry1 #aiba4 ,e4,c4 ,v4 #ee1 #aiba1 p4 #caj4 #df4 ,! ,des ,pla9es ,riv] ,a4,s4 ,plant1 by ,pe>se4 ,e4,n4,r4 ,v4 #hh1 #aibj1 p4 #aacd4 #dg4 ,sewage ,treatm5t by ! ,dorr ,sy/em1 by ,eagles4 ,proce$+s1 ,bo/on ,society ( ,eng9e]s1 #aibj4 ,public ,works ,v4 #ej1 #aibj1 p4 #ec4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,acid ,,precipitation1 ,,lime ,,& ,,electricity1 ,,& ,,dis9fection #bge4 ,! ,miles ,acid ,process4--,! ,miles ,acid ,process = ! treatm5t ( sewage 0 devis$ & pat5t$ by ,g4 ,w4 ,miles4 ,x 0 tri$ exp]im5tally at ! ,calf ,pa/ure sewage pump+ /ation1 ,bo/on1 ,mass41 #aiaa to #aiad4 ,9 #aiaf x 0 tri$ exp]im5tally at ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 & x has be5 te/$ subsequ5tly at o!r places1 notably at ,new ,hav51 ,conn41 9 #aiag & #aiah4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ rec5t developm5ts 9 sewage treatm5t & no ext5sive exp]i5ce has be5 _h ) x4 ,! process consi/s 9 ! acidification ( sewage ) sulphuric or sulphur\s acid1 z ! result ( :i* ! susp5d$ matt] & grease are precipitat$ & bact]ia are remov$4 ,! equipm5t requir$ = ! process consi/s ( devices = ! production ( sulphur dioxide 7,,s#b71 & = fe$+ nit] cake or o!r =ms ( acid2 subsid+ bas9s2 sludge-h&l+ app>atus2 sludge dri]s2 grease extractors2 grease /ills2 & tankage dri]s & gr9d]s4 ,! fir/ /ep is ! acidification ( ! sewage4 ,! p]iod ( contact ) ! acid is ab\t #d h\rs4 ,sulphur\s acid seems to give bett] results ?an sulphuric because ( ! ease 9 :i* x c be manufactur$ on ! spot4 ,x seems also to be m virul5t 9 attack+ bact]ia ?an an equal /r5g? ( sulphuric acid4 ,9 exp]im5tal plants ! acidulation has be5 accompli%$ 9 diff]5t ways su* z3 by ! addition ( compress$ sulphur dioxide f tanks2 by ! addition ( sulphur dioxide made f burn+ sulphur2 or by ! roa/+ ( iron pyrite 7,fe,s#b74 ,! acidulation precipitates mo/ ( ! grease z well z ! susp5d$ matt] & results 9 a sludge :i* gives "s promise ( comm]cial value4 ,9 ref]r+ to ! process ,r4 ,s4 ,we/on /ates3#ahh 7#a7 ,x dis9fects ! sewage by r$uc+ ! numb]s ( bact]ia f millions to hundr$s p] c4c4 7#b7 ,if ! dry+ ( ! sludge & ! extraction ( ! grease c be accompli%$ economically1 x is possible t a l>ge "p1 if n all1 ( ! co/ ( ! acid treatm5t may be met by ! sale ( ! grease & f]tiliz] recov]$ f ! sewage4 7#c7 ,! use ( s /rong a deodoriz] & dis9fectant z sulphur dioxide w\ld prev5t ! usual nuisances ( treatm5t works4 7#d7 ,! addition ( sulphur dioxide to ! sewage also avoids any fly nuisance1 :i* is a h&icap to ! op]ation ( ,imh(f tanks & trickl+ filt]s4 ,! am\nt ( acid us$ v>ies ) ! quality ( ! sewage & ! desir$ "* ( ! efflu5t4 ,at ,brad=d1 ,engl&1#ahi #e1ejj p\nds ( sulphuric acid are us$ p] million gallons1 produc+ ab\t #b1cdj p\nds ( grease or #j4dc p\nd ( grease p] p\nd ( sulphuric acid4 ,at ,bo/on only #j4bae p\nd ( grease 7 produc$ p] p\nd ( sulphuric acid4 ,! diff]5ce is probably due to ! great diff]5ce 9 ! am\nt ( grease 9 ! raw sewage4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ,/reet sew] at ,new ,hav51 ,conn41#aij only #gjj p\nds ( acid are us$ p] million gallons ( sewage z ! alkal9ity is only #ej p4p4m4 ,?is am\nt ( acid secures an acidity ( #ej p4p4m4 :]eas 9 ! ,b\lev>d sew] #a1acj p\nds ( acid _h to be add$ to produce ! same result4 ,! results obta9$ by ! exp]im5ts conduct$ by ! ,massa*usetts ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? 9 #aiag are %[n 9 ,table #ig4 ,! "* ( ! sludge f ! same te/s is %[n 9 ,table #ih4 ,aft] acidification#aia ! sewage conta9s bisulphites & "s free sulphur\s acid1 ) "s lime & magnesium soaps :i* are attack$ by ! acid lib]at+ ! free fatty acids4 ,"p ( ! bisulphites & sulphur\s acid are oxidiz$ to bisulphates & sulphuric acid4 ,x 0 f\nd z a result ( ! ,new ,hav5#aia exp]im5ts t ! pres5ce ( sulphur dioxide 9 ! efflu5t caus$ an abnormal oxyg5 dem& f ! dilut+ wat] & t ?is difficulty c\ld be p>tly ov]come by ! aration ( ! efflu5t aft] acidulation & s$im5tation1 )\t prohibitory exp5se4 ,! efflu5t & sludge are bo? /able = appreciable p]iods ( "t & are suitable = disposal by dilution4 ,! "* ( ! sludge z det]m9$ by ! ,new ,hav5 te/s#aib is %[n 9 ,table #ii4 ,,table #ig ,,av]age ,,analysis ,,( ,,sewage ,,ent]+ ,,bo/on ,,h>bor1 ,,be=e ,,& ,,aft] ,,treatm5t1 ,,july #ag ,,to ,,septemb] #bg1 #aiag 7,eng4 ,news-,record1 ,vol4 #hj1 p4 #cai7 ,sample ,p>ts p] ,million ,bact]ia1 ,millions ,ammonia ,kjeldahl ,*lor9e ,oxyg5 ,nitrog5 ,consum$ ,free ,album9oid ,total,total,diss4,total,diss4 #bj #cg ,paddock's ,isl& ,raw #ad4j #c4c #a4h #f4h #c4f #acd #bc4aa4hf #d4ae sewage ,settl$ #ab4b #a4f #a4a #c4e #b4b #ae4d ,sewage ,acidifi$ #bj4i #e4b #c4i #aj4j #g4e unitsunits #ia & #id settl$ sewage ,de] ,isl& ,raw #bc4c #h4b #d4h #af4h #h4i #cajj #hg4cb4fc #a4ej sewage ,settl$ #ba4a #e4f #c4i #aj4g #g4c #fb4b sewage ,acidifi$ #bj4i #e4b #c4i #aj4j #g4e unitsunits #he & #adg settl$ sewage ,calf ,pa/ure ,raw #ah4j #d4e #b4j #i4g #d4a #cbed #da4ba4hi #j4ih sewage ,settl$ #ai4a #b4c #a4d #d4i #c4c #be4h sewage ,acidifi$ #ag4h #b4d #a4f #d4i #c4c unitsunits #adi & #bgg settl$ sewage ,! success ( ! ,miles ,acid ,process 9 comp>ison ) o!r processes is dep5d5t on ! comm]cial value ( ! sludge produc$4 ,! ,new ,hav5 exp]im5ts indicate t #af to #ba p] c5t ( ! grease 9 ! sludge is unsaponifiable & s]i\sly impairs ! value ( ! process4 ,,table #ih ,,av]age ,,am\nt ,,( ,,sludge ,,& ,,fats ,,obta9$ ,,f ,,sewage ,,ent]+ ,,bo/on ,,h>bor ,,aft] ,,eighte5 ,,h\rs ,,s$im5tation ,,) ,,& ,,)\t ,,acidification 7,eng4 ,news-,record1 ,vol4 #hj1 p4 #cai7 ,paddock's ,isl& ,de] ,isl& ,calf ,pa/ure ,s$im5tation ,s$im5tation ,s$im5tation ,pla9,acidulat$,pla9,acidulat$,pla9,acid ulat$ ,p\nds ( ,,s#b #hah #aeac #aahi us$ p] million gallons ( sewage treat$ ,dry sludge p] #ghb #iei #agji #aici #abjh #adbg million gallons ,p] c5t ,nitrog5 9 #c4aj #c4ch #c4eg #c4de #c4ah #b4hc sludge ,p] c5t fats 9 #bg4cj #bg4cjbd4fj #ai4djbd4cj #bf4cj sludge ,,table #ii ,,"* ,,( ,,miles ,,acid ,,sludge ,,at ,,new ,,hav5 7,eng4 ,news-,record1 ,vol4 #ha1 p4 #ajcd7 ,ea/ ,/reet ,sew] ,b\lev>d ,sew] ,l5g? ( run 9 days #be #bd #dd #gj #bi ,total sewage treat$1 #bfj #bci4d #djg4h #fjb4b #ade4e ?\s& gallons ,gallons wet sludge p] #cgej #djbe #cbjj #bfjj #ecge million gallons sewage ,specific gravity #a4jfg #a4jdh #a4jed #a4jfa ,p] c5t moi/ure #hf4f #hh #hf4c #he4g #ib4e ,p\nds ( dry sludge p] #ejc #dhc #dci #cfh #djc million gallons sewage ,e!r extract1 p] c5t #bc4g #bd4j #bi #cb4f #cj4i dry sludge ,e!r extract1 p\nds p] #aai #aaf #abg #abj #abd million gallons ,volatile matt]1 p] c5t #dg4b #ea4b #eg4c #fc4h #gh4e dry sludge ,nitrog51 p] c5t dry #a4f #a4f #b4d #b4j #c4j sludge ,! conclusions rea*$ z a result ( ! ,new ,hav5 exp]im5ts are3#aic ,our exp]i5ce ) ,new ,hav5 sewage l5ds no color to ! hope t a net f9ancial pr(it c be obta9$ by ! use ( ! ,miles ,acid ,process1 except ) sewage ( exceptionally high grease cont5t & l[ alkal9ity4 ,!y d1 h[ev]1 sugge/ t = communities :]e cl>ification & dis9fection are desirable--:]e scre5+ w\ld be insuffici5t & nitrification unnecess>y--! process ( acid treatm5t comes fairly into competition ) ! o!r processes ( tank treatm5t1 & t x is p>ticul>ly suit$ to deal+ ) sewages t conta9 indu/rial wa/es1 & to use 9 localities :]e local nuisances mu/ be avoid$ at all co/s & :]e sludge disposal c\ld be provid$ = only ) difficulty4 ,! conclusions rea*$ z a result ( ! ,*icago exp]im5ts are3#aid ,! results on h& indicate t treatm5t ( ?is sewage ) acid results 9 a some:at great] ret5tion ( fat4 ,an app>5t r$uction 9 ! oxyg5 dem& ov] t result+ f pla9 s$im5tation1 :ile rem>kable1 is probably n real1 be+ simply due to a ret>dation ( decomposition by ! /]ilization ( ! bact]ia pres5t1 ! organic matt] be+ left 9 solution4444 ,h[ev]1 !re appe>s ! add$ co/ ( acid treatm5t & ! co/ ( recov]y ( ! grease1 z well z ! unc]ta9ty ( ! price to be receiv$ = ! grease recov]$4 ,! co/ ( ! treatm5t is e/imat$ by ,dorr to be #ah p] million gallons1 & ! value ( ! sludge obta9$ f ! ,bo/on sewage z #bd p] million gallons1 giv+ a net m>g9 ( pr(it ( #f p] million gallons4 ,at ,new ,hav51 ! total return is e/imat$ at #g4ji p] million gallons4 ,bas$ on ! production ( sulphur dioxide by burn+ sulphur 7assum$ to co/ #cf p] long ton7 & on dry+ f #he p] c5t to #aj p] c5t moi/ure ) coal assum$ to co/ #g4ej p] ton1 x appe>s t ! acid treatm5t ( sewage %\ld be mat]ially *eap] ?an ei!r ! ,imh(f treatm5t or f9e scre5+ "u ! local conditions4 ,a comp>ison ( ! co/ ( ! treatm5t ( ! ,ea/ ,/reet & ! ,b\lev>d sewage at ,new ,hav5 & ! ,calf ,pa/ure sewage 9 ,bo/on is giv5 9 ,table #ajj4 ,! co/ ( con/ruction 0 e/imat$ by ,dorr & ,we/on 9 #aiai z great] ?an #ae1jjj p] million gallons ( sewage p] day capacity4 ,,table #ajj ,,e/imat$ ,,co/ ,,( ,,sewage ,,treatm5t ,,at ,,new ,,hav5 ,,& ,,bo/on ,,by ,,?ree ,,diff]5t ,,processes ,co/ 9 ,doll>s p] ,million ,gallons ,treat$ 7,eng9e]+ & ,contract+1 ,vol4 #ea1 p4 #eaj7 ,miles ,acid ,process ,imh(f ,tank & ,f9e ,scre5s ,*lor9ation & ,*lor9ation ,ea/ ,b\l- ,calf ,ea/ ,b\l- ,calf ,ea/ ,b\l- ,/reetev>d,pa/ure,/reetev>d,pa/ure,/reet ev>d ,tanks & #b4dg #b4dg #b4dg #e4bh #d4dd #d4fj #d4fj ,build+s ,int4 & ,dep4 ,acid treatm5t #f4icaj4gd #ah4fe ,dry+ sludge #b4ji #b4jd #aj4cd ,degreas+ #a4gh #a4ia #i4ab sludge ,sup]9t5d5ce #a4jf #b4fe #a4jf #j4df #a4ae #j4dg #a4ae ,labor on tanks #a4jj #a4jj #a4jj #a4bj #a4ej #a4db #b4je & scre5s ,disposal ( #a4jj #a4jj #j4ej #j4ej sludge or scre5+s ,*lor9ation #d4je #d4je #d4je #d4je ,gross co/ #ae4ejbj4ih #db4ge #aa4iiab4ad #aa4jcab4ce ,rev5ue #f4egaj4ff #dg4ei ,net co/ #h4icaj4cb #d4hd #aa4iiab4ad #aa4jcab4ce ,,electrolytic ,,treatm5t #bgf4 ,! ,process4--,?is process has be5 g5]ally unsuccessful 9 ! treatm5t ( sewage & has gr[n into disrepute4 ,9 ! words ( ! editor ( ! ,eng9e]+ ,news-,record3#aie ,?irty ye>s ( exp]im5ts & demon/rations ) only a few small work+ plants built & mo/ ( !m ab&on$--su* 9 epitome is ! record ( ! electrolytic process ( sewage treatm5t4 ,x is probably true t ! process has nev] receiv$ a ?or\gh & exhau/ive te/ on a l>ge scale1 b ! small-scale te/s h n be5 promis+ ( good results4 ,among ! mo/ ext5sive te/s h be5 ^? at ,elmhur/1 ,long ,isl&1#aif ,decatur1 ,ill41#aig & ,ea/on1 ,pa4#aih ,:atev] degree ( popul>ity ! me?od has possess$ has be5 due possibly to ! my/]y & romance ( 8electricity0 & to ! p]sonality ( its promot]s4 ,! process %\ld1 nev]!less1 be und]/ood by ! eng9e] 9 ord] t x may be expla9$ satisfactorily to ! layman int]e/$ 9 its adoption4 ,9 ?is process1 sometimes call$ ! direct-oxidation process1 all grit is remov$ & ! sewage is pass$ ?r\gh f9e scre5s be=e ent]+ ! electrolytic tank4 ,9 ! electrolytic tank ! sewage passes 9 ?9 %eets betwe5 electrodes & an electric curr5t is dis*>g$ ?r\gh x4 ,a rec5t developm5t has be5 ! addition ( lime to ! sewage at "s po9t 9 its passage ?r\gh ! electrolytic tank4 ,f ! electrolytic tank ! sewage fl[s to a s$im5tation tank1 :]e sludge is accumulat$1 & f :i* ! liquid efflu5t is f9ally dispos$ (4 ,x is claim$ t ! action ( ! electricity electrolyzes ! sewage1 releas+ *lor9e1 :i* acts z a p[]ful dis9fectant4 ,! con/itu5ts ( ! sewage are oxidiz$ s t ! dissolv$ oxyg51 nitrates1 & relative /ability are increas$ & ! sludge is r5d]$ non-putrescible4 ,x is said t ! addition ( lime increases ! effici5cy ( s$im5tation & enhances ! effect ( ! electric curr5t4 ,! results obta9$ by te/s at ,ea/on1 ,pa41 are %[n 9 ,table #aja4 ,x w be obs]v$ f ?is table t ! comb9ation ( lime & electricity does n h a m b5eficial effect ?an ei!r "o ( !m alone4 ,! am\nt ( sludge produc$ by ! comb9ation is ab\t ! same z by *emical precipitation alone1 b ! "* ( ! sludge produc$ ) electricity is less putrescible4 ,! co/ ( ! treatm5t z e/imat$ at ,elmhur/ is %[n 9 ,table #ajb4 ,z a result ( ! te/s at ,decatur1 comp>+ lime alone ) lime & electricity toge!r1 ,dr4 ,ed4 ,b>t[ /at$3 ,! purification by treatm5t ) lime alone 0 great] ?an t obta9$ 9 sev]al ( ! individual samples treat$ ) lime & electricity4 ,,table #aja ,,comp>ative ,,results ,,obta9$ ,,f ,,! ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,sewage ,,by ,,lime ,,alone1 ,,electricity ,,alone1 ,,& ,,lime ,,& ,,electricity ,,comb9$ 7,creighton & ,frankl91 ,j\rnal ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 ,augu/1 #aiai7 ,lime & ,lime ,alone ,electricity ,electricity ,alone ,*ange1,*ange1,*ange1,*ange1,*ange1,*ang e1 ,p>ts ,p] ,p>ts ,p] ,p>ts ,p] p] ,c5t p] ,c5t p] ,c5t ,million ,million ,million ,*lor9e #a4b #a4i #ab4c #ah4b #a4f #b4b ,nitrites #j4jad #eh4c -4#jje -#aj4j -#j4ja -#bj4j ,nitrates #j4ac #bc4f 4#jje #j4h -#j4ae -#bj4j ,ammonia -#c4c -#ah4c #j4b #a4c #j4i #f4f ,album9oid ammonia -#c4f -#ab4a -#j4d -#a4g -#j4e -#b4c ,oxyg5 dem& -#ac4j -#bj4e -#g4g -#h4i -#f4e -#aj4j ,dissolv$ oxyg5 #a4gh #dj4i -#j4ic -#ai4a #a4fa #dj4a ,total bact]ia at #cg -#cdc -#ib4g -#cgc -#hb4d -#afe -#cg4h 7,?\s&s7 ,total bact]ia at #bj -#fhh -#ib4g -#ajgd -#ij4a -#fce -#gj4j 7,?\s&s7 ,b4 ,coli 7,?\s&s7 -#gg4i -#ii4he -#if4c -#ib4c -#de -#ha4h ,oxyg5 absorb$ 9 #e -#c4dj -#ha4f -#a4jc -#ba4 #a4bd #ca days ,,dis9fection #bgg4 ,dis9fection ( ,sewage4--,sewage is dis9fect$ 9 ord] to protect public wat] supplies1 %ell fi%1 & ba?+ bea*es2 to prev5t ! spread ( disease2 to keep d[n odors1 & to delay putrefaction4 ,dis9fection is ! treatm5t ( sewage by :i* ! numb] ( bact]ia is greatly r$uc$4 ,/]ilization is ! de/ruction ( all bact]ial life1 includ+ spores4 ,ord9>ily ev5 ! mo/ de/ructive ag5ts d n accompli% complete /]ilization4 ,*lor9e & its comp\nds are practically ! only sub/ances us$ = ! dis9fection ( sewage4 ,! lime us$ 9 *emical precipitation1 ! acid us$ 9 ! ,miles ,acid ,process1 ! aration 9 ! activat$ sludge process1 all s]ve to dis9fect sewage1 b are n us$ prim>ily = t purpose4 ,copp] sulphate has be5 us$ z an algaecide b nev] on a l>ge scale z a bact]icide4#aii ,heat has be5 sugge/$1 b its high co/ has prev5t$ its practical application to ! dis9fection ( sewage4 ,,table #ajb ,,co/ ,,( ,,electrolytic ,,treatm5t1 ,,elmhur/1 ,,long ,,isl&1 ,,& ,,ea/on1 ,,p5nsylvania ,?ree ,item ,"o ,million ,gallon ,million ,gallon unit at unit at unit at ,ea/on1 ,elmhur/1,elmhur/1 ,doll>s ,doll>s ,doll>s ,hydrat$ lime3 ,elmhur/1 #acjj p\nds at #g4ij ton4 #ab4ef #e4ad #ae4db ,ea/on1 #cgbj p\nds at #f4ge ton4 ,electric p[] electrolysis3 ,elmhur/1 #he kw-h4 at #d c5ts #d4ai #c4dj #i4fj ,ea/on1 #f4be kw-h4 at #h4je c5ts ,electric p[]1 light & agitation3 ,elmhur/1 #fj kw-h4 at #d c5ts #j4ej #b4dj #g4bj ,ea/on1 #f4be kw-h at #h4je c5ts ,heat+ #a4be ,labor & sup]vision #ae4jj #ab4ej #ae4jj ,ma9t5ance1 repairs & supplies #a4ej #a4jj #c4jj ,sludge press+ & removal #e4aa #ae4cc ,total #ce4jj #bi4ee #fe4ee ,co/ p] million gallons #ce4jj #bi4ee #ba4he ,! action :i* takes place on ! addition to sewage ( *lor9e or its comp\nds is n well und]/ood4 ,! idea t ! bact]ia are burn$ up ) 8nasc5t0 or fre%ly born oxyg51 has be5 explod$4#bjj ,likewise ! idea t ! toxic prop]ties ( *lor9e h no effect has n be5 borne out by exp]im5ts4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$1 p>ticul>ly by te/s on /rong tann]y wa/es1 t ! action ( *lor9e gas is m effective ?an ! application ( ! same am\nt ( *lor9e 9 ! =m ( hypo*lorite4 ,all t we are c]ta9 ( at pres5t is t ! great] ! am\nt ( *lor9e add$ "u ! same conditions1 ! great] ! bact]icidal effect4 ,*lor9e is appli$ ei!r 9 ! =m ( a blea*+ p[d] or a gas4 ,9 ord9>y comm]cial blea* 7calcium hypo*lorite7 ! available *lor9e is ab\t #ce to #dj p] c5t by weight4 ,9 ord] to add "o "p p] million ( available *lor9e to sewage x is necess>y to add ab\t #be p\nds ( blea*+ p[d] or #h p\nds ( liquid *lor9e p] million gallons ( sewage4 ,?is c be comput$ z foll[s3 ,! molecul> weight ( calcium hypo*lorite is #abg4j4 ,?is reacts to produce two atoms ( available *lor9e ) a molecul> weight ( #gj4i4 ,if ! blea*+ p[d] 7 pure ! available *lor9e w\ld !re=e repres5t #gj4i #abg1 or #ef p] c5t ( its weight4 ,!n to obta9 "o p\nd ( *lor9e x w\ld be necess>y to h #a4gi p\nds ( pure blea*+ p[d]4 ,s9ce #a1jjj1jjj gallons ( wat] weigh approximately #h1cjj1jjj p\nds1 9 ord] to apply "o "p p] million ( *lor9e to #a1jjj1jjj gallons ( sewage x is necess>y to apply #a4gi #h4c or #ad4i p\nds ( pure blea*+ p[d]4 ,comm]cial blea*+ p[d] is only ab\t #fj p] c5t calcium hypo*lorite4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to add #ad4i #j4fj or ab\t #be p\nds ( comm]cial blea*4 ,s9ce liquid *lor9e is v ne>ly pure1 approximately #h p\nds ( x appli$ to #a1jjj1jjj gallons ( sewage are equival5t to a dose ( "o "p p] million4 ,comm]cial blea*+ p[d] is a dry :ite p[d] :i* absorbs moi/ure sl[ly1 & :i* loses its /r5g? rapidly :5 expos$ to ! air4 ,x is pack$ 9 air-tight %eet iron conta9]s1 :i* %\ld be op5$ "u wat]1 or empti$ into wat] imm$iately on be+ op5$4 ,! /r5g? ( ! solution %\ld be f to #a p] c5t4 ,! rate ( ! application ( ! solution to ! sewage may be controll$ by automatic fe$ devices1 or by h&-controll$ devices4 ,comm]cial liquid *lor9e is sold 9 heavy ca/ /eel conta9]s1 :i* hold #ajj to #adj p\nds ( liquid *lor9e "u a pressure ( #ed p\nds p] squ>e in* at z]o degrees ,c4 or #aba p\nds p] squ>e in* at #bj degrees4 ,! am\nt ( *lor9e us$ is dep5d5t on ! "* ( ! sewage to be treat$1 ! /age ( decomposition ( ! organic matt]1 ! desir$ degree ( dis9fection1 ! p]iod ( contact1 & ! temp]ature4 ,! am\nt ( *lor9e is express$ 9 p>ts p] million ( available *lor9e1 reg>dless ( ! =m 9 :i* ! *lor9e is appli$4 ,9 g5]al ab\t #ae to #bj p>ts p] million ( available *lor9e ) #cj m9utes' contact at a temp]ature ( ab\t #ae ,c4 w effect an app>5t removal ( #ii p] c5t ( ! bact]ia f ! raw sewage4 ,! effect is only app>5t because _m ( ! bact]ia encas$ 9 ! solid matt] ( ! sewage escape ! effect ( ! *lor9e1 or detection 9 ! bact]ial analysis4 ,/rong] & old] sewages1 high] temp]atures1 & %ort] p]iods ( contact w dem& m *lor9e to produce ! same results4 ,a septic efflu5t w require m *lor9e ?an a raw sewage because ( ! great] oxyg5 dem& by ! septic sewage4 ,! results ( exp]im5ts on dis9fection made at diff]5t te/+ /ations h %[n su* wide v>iations 9 ! am\nt ( *lor9e necess>y1 z to demon/rate ! necessity = indep5d5t /udies ( any p>ticul> sewage :i* is to be *lor9at$4 ,= in/ance1 at ,milwaukee approximately #ac p4p4m4 ( available *lor9e appli$ to an ,imh(f tank efflu5t effect$ a #ii p] c5t removal ( bact]ia1 :]eas ! same result 0 obta9$ at ,lawr5ce1 ,mass41 on crude sewage ) only #f4f p4p4m4 & at ,m>ion1 ,ohio1 only #i p] c5t removal ( bact]ia 0 obta9$ by ! addition ( #d1hae p4p4m4 to crude sewage4 ,! ,ohio & ,massa*usetts reports %[ irrational v>iations among !mselves4 ,= in/ance1 #f4b p4p4m4 appli$ to a septic efflu5t effect$ #hh p] c5t removal :]eas 9 ano!r case #g4f p4p4m4 effect$ only #cf p] c5t removal4 ,at ,lawr5ce 9 "o case x took #h4f p4p4m4 to remove #ii p] c5t f a s& filt] efflu5t1 b only #f4c p4p4m4 to effect ! same result 9 ! efflu5t f a septic tank4 ,! mo/ consi/5t results are ^? f\nd at ,milwaukee :i* %[ a /eadily increas+ p]c5tage removal ) increas+ am\nts ( *lor9e4 ,"s "t aft] sewage has receiv$ its dose ( *lor9e ! numb] ( bact]ia may be great] ?an 9 ! raw sewage4 ,su* bact]ia are call$ aft]gr[?s4 ,c]ta9 =ms ( bact]ia1 p>ticul>ly ! pa?og5ic or body temp]ature types1 are mo/ susceptible to dis9fect+ ag5ts4 ,^! are kill$ (f & leave ! sewage 9 a condition m favorable to ! gr[? ( m resi/ant =ms ( bact]ia4 ,z ! latt] are non-pa?og5ic & are g5]ally arobic _! pres5ce is usually m b5eficial ?an detrim5tal1 z !y ha/5 ! action ( self-purification4 ,,ref]5ces ,! foll[+ abbreviations w be us$3 ,e4,c4 = ,eng9e]+ & ,contract+1 ,e4,n4 = ,eng9e]+ ,news1 ,e4,r4 = ,eng9e]+ ,record1 ,e4,n4,r4 = ,eng9e]+ ,news-,record1 ,m4,j4 = ,municipal ,j\rnal1 p4 = page1 & ,v4 = volume4 ,no4 #a4 ,grease & ,f]tiliz] ,base = ,bo/on ,sewage1 by ,we/on1 ,e4,n4 ,v4 #ge1 #aiaf1 p4 #iac & ,j\rnal ,am]ican ,public ,heal? ,association1 ,april1 #aiaf4 #b4 ,gett+ ,grease & ,f]tiliz] f ,city ,sewage1 by ,all54 ,e4,n4 ,v4 #ge1 #aiaf1 p4 #ajje4 #c4 ,new ,hav5 ,te/s ,five ,processes ( ,sewage ,treatm5t4 ,e4,n4,r4 ,v4 #gi1 #aiag1 p4 #hbi4 #d4 ,recov]y ( ,grease & ,f]tiliz] f ,sewage ,comes to ! ,front4 ,e4,n4,r4 ,v4 #hj1 #aiaf1 p4 #cai4 #e4 ,miles ,acid ,process may ,require ,aration ( ,efflu5t1 by ,mohlman4 ,e4,n4,r4 ,v4 #ha1 #aiah1 p4 #bce4 #f4 ,promis+ ,results ) ,miles ,acid ,process 9 ,new ,hav5 ,te/s4 ,e4,n4,r4 ,v4 #ha1 #aiah1 p4 #ajcd4 #g4 ,baltimore ,exp]im5ts on ,grease f ,sewage4 ,e4,n4 ,v4 #ge1 #aiaf1 p4 #aaee4 #h4 ,report on ,indu/rial ,wa/es f ! ,/ock ,y>ds & ,pack+t[n 9 ,*icago to ! ,tru/ees ( ! ,sanit>y ,di/rict ( ,*icago1 #aiad1 pp4 #ahg-aie4 #i4 ,! ,sep>ation ( ,grease f ,sewage1 by ,daniels & ,ros5feld4 ,cornell ,civil ,eng9e]4 ,v4 #bd1 p4 #ac4 #aj4 ,! ,sep>ation ( ,grease f ,sewage ,sludge ) ,special ,ref]5ce to ,plants & ,me?ods ,employ$ at ,brad=d & ,oldham1 ,engl&1 by ,all54 ,e4,c4 ,v4 #dj1 #aiac1 p4 #faa4 #aa4 ,acid ,treatm5t ( ,sewage1 by ,dorr & ,we/on4 ,j\rnal ,bo/on ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,april1 #aiai4 ,e4,c4 ,v4 #ea1 #aiai1 p4 #eaj4 ,m4,j4 ,v4 #df1 #aiai1 p4 #cfe4 #ab4 ,! ,miles ,acid ,process = ,sewage ,disposal4 ,metallurgical & ,*emical ,eng9e]+1 ,v4 #ah1 p4 #eia4 #ac4 ,miles ,acid ,treatm5t ( ,sewage1 by ,w9sl[ & ,mohlman4 ,j\rnal ,am]ican ,society ,municipal ,improvem5ts1 ,oct41 #aiah4 ,m4,j4 ,v4 #de1 #aiah1 pp4 #bhj1 #big1 & #cba4 #ad4 ,new ,electrolytic ,sewage ,treatm5t4 ,m4,j4 ,v4 #cg1 #aiad1 p4 #eef4 #ae4 ,electrolytic ,sewage ,treatm5t4 ,m4,j4 ,v4 #dg1 #aiai1 p4 #aca4 #af4 ,electrolytic ,treatm5t ( ,sewage at ,durant1 ,oklahoma1 by ,b5ham4 ,e4,n4 ,v4 #gf1 #aiaf1 p4 #edg4 ,municipal ,eng9e]+1 ,v4 #di1 #aiaf1 p4 #ada4 #ag4 ,electrolytic ,treatm5t ( ,sewage at ,elmhur/1 ,long ,isl&1 by ,travis4 ,report to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,bor\gh ( ,que5s1 ,aug4 #ca1 #aiad4 ,e4,r4 ,v4 #gj1 #aiad1 pp4 #bib1 #cae1 & #dbi4 ,m4,j4 ,v4 #ci1 p4 #eea4 ,municipal ,eng9e]+1 ,v4 #dg1 p4 #bha4 #ah4 ,te/s ( ! ,electrolysis ( ,sewage at ,toronto1 by ,nevitt4 ,e4,n4 ,v4 #ga1 #aiad1 p4 #ajgf4 #ai4 ,electrolytic ,treatm5t ( ,sewage ,little ,bett] ?an ,lime ,alone1 by ,b>t[4 ,e4,r4 ,v4 #gd1 #aiaf1 p4 #eif4 #bj4 ,electrolytic ,sewage ,treatm5t ,n ,yet an ,e/abli%$ ,process4 ,e4,n4,r4 ,v4 #hc1 #aiai1 p4 #eda4 #ba4 ,te/s ( ,electrolytic ,sewage ,treatm5t ,process at ,ea/on1 ,pa4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 ,aug41 #aiai4 ,e4,n4,r4 ,v4 #hc1 #aiai1 p4 #efi4 #bb4 ,! ,dis9fection ( ,sewage4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 ,wat] ,supply ,pap]1 ,no4 #bbi4 #bc4 ,sewage ,dis9fection 9 ,actual ,practice1 by ,or*>d4 ,e4,r4 ,v4 #gj1 #aiad1 p4 #afd4 #bd4 ,wat] & ,sewage ,purification 9 ,ohio4 ,report ( ! ,ohio ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 #aijh1 pp4 #gch-gfb4 #be4 ,wat] ,purification1 by ,ellms4 ,publi%$ 9 #aiag by ,mc,graw-,hill ,book ,co4 #bf4 ,electrolytic ,sewage ,treatm5t1 ,a ,half ,c5tury ( ,inv5tion & ,promotion4 ,e4,n4,r4 ,v4 #hf1 #aiba1 p4 #be4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,sludge #bgh4 ,me?ods ( ,disposal4--,sludge is ! deposit$ susp5d$ matt] :i* accumulates z ! result ( ! s$im5tation ( sewage4 ,! me?ods = ! disposal ( sludge z discuss$ h]e9 w include ! disposal ( scum4 ,scum is a float+ mass ( sewage solids buoy$ up 9 "p by entra9$ gas or grease1 =m+ a greasy mat :i* rema9s on ! surface ( ! sewage4#bja ,! sludges =m$ by diff]5t me?ods ( sewage treatm5t are describ$ 9 ! *apt] devot$ to ! p>ticul> me?od4 ,! disposal ( sludge is a problem common to all me?ods ( sewage treatm5t involv+ ! use ( s$im5tation tanks4 ,sludge is dispos$ ( by3 dilution1 burial1 lagoon+1 burn+1 fill+ l&1 & z a f]tiliz] or f]tiliz] base4 ,c]ta9 me?ods ( disposal1 su* z burn+ or z a f]tiliz]1 dem& t ! sludge be dri$ prep>atory to disposal4 ,sludge is dri$ on dry+ b$s1 9 a c5trifuge1 9 a press1 9 a hot-air dry]1 or by acid precipitation4 #bgi4 ,lagoon+4--,?is is a me?od ( sludge disposal 9 :i* fre% sludge is run on to previ\sly prep>$ b$s to a dep? ( #ab to #ah in*es or m1 & all[$ to /& )\t fur!r att5tion4 ,! prep>ation ( ! lagoons requires level+ ! gr\nd1 build+ ( embankm5ts1 &1 if ! gr\nd is n por\s1 ! plac+ ( und]dra9s laid 9 s& or gravel4 ,at ,read+1 ,pa41#bjb approximately "o acre 0 requir$ = #a1gjj cubic y>ds ( wet sludge4 ,! results ( lagoon+ at ,philadelphia are giv5 9 ,table #ajc4bjb ,,table #ajc ,,results ,,( ,,dry+ ,,sludge ,,9 ,,lagoons ,,at ,,philadelphia 78,sewage ,sludge0 by ,all57 ,treatm5t ,days ,dep?1 ,p] ,c5t1,ra9fall1 ,cubic ,in*es ,moi/ure ,in*es ,y>ds p] ,acre ,scre5$ #j #ab4bj #hb4h #j #afjj ,scre5$ #bf #g4fg #eg4j #j #ajjj ,scre5$ #di #c4ej #ea4f #j4dc #dgj ,scre5$ #j #ac4ej #ij4a #j #ahjj ,scre5$ #fb #g4jj #fa4j #c4ad #iej ,crude #j #ab4jj #hh4g #j #afjj ,crude #ei #d4gj #fb4h #b4ei #fdj ,dur+ ! p]iod ( /&+ 9 ! lagoon ! moi/ure dra9s out & evaporates & ! organic matt] putrefies1 giv+ (f gases & f\l odors4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?ree to six mon?s1 biological action ceases & ! sludge has become humifi$ & r$uc$ to ab\t #ge p] c5t moi/ure4 ,9 ! utilization ( ?is me?od ( disposal ! lagoons mu/ be remov$ f settl$ di/ricts & %\ld occupy l& ( little value = o!r purposes4 ,! odors creat$ at ! lagoons may be int5se & (f5sive4 ,! l& s us$ is r5d]$ unfit = o!r purposes = _m ye>s4 ,! dige/ion ( sludge 9 special tanks is a =m ( lagoon+ 9 :i* an attempt is made to ma9ta9 septic action z a result ( :i* a portion ( ! sludge is gasifi$ or liquefi$1 leav+ less to be c>$ = by "s ( ! o!r me?ods ( treatm5t or disposal4 ,! results obta9$ by dige/ion tanks h n be5 entirely satisfactory4 ,a p>tial dry+ & consolidation ( ! sludge may be effect$1 h[ev]1 by ! process ( decantation1 9 :i* ! sup]natant liquid is run (f1 foll[$ by fur!r s$im5tation1 r5d]+ ! f9al product m compact4 #bhj4 ,dilution4--,9 ! disposal ( sludge by dilution1 z 9 ! disposal ( sewage by dilution1 !re mu/ be suffici5t oxyg5 available 9 ! dilut+ wat] to prev5t putrefaction1 & a swift curr5t to prev5t s$im5tation4 ,su* conditions exi/ 9 localities along ! sea coa/1 & 9 communities situat$ ne> riv]s1 :5 ! riv]s are 9 flood4 ,9 "s seacoa/ t[ns1 = example at ,london & ,glasg[1 ! sludge is tak5 out to sea 9 boats1 & dump$4 ,s9ce x is n necess>y to dis*>ge sludge cont9u\sly1 x c be /or$ to advantage 9 ! dige/ion *amb] ( a tank1 until ! conditions 9 ! body ( dilut+ wat] are suitable to receive x4 ,! am\nt ( dilut+ wat] to receive sewage sludge has n be5 suffici5tly well det]m9$ to draw reliable g5]al conclusions4 ,a dilution ( #a1ejj to #b1jjj volumes may be consid]$ suffici5tly safe to avoid a nuisance provid$ !re is a suffici5t velocity to prev5t s$im5tation4 ,johnson's ,report on ,sewage ,purification at ,columbus1 ,ohio 7#aije71 /ates t a dilution ( #a to #hjj is suffici5t to avoid a nuisance4 ,! "* ( ! sludge has a m>k$ effect on ! prop] ratio ( dilution1 ! sludge f septic & s$im5tation tanks requir+ a great] dilution ?an t f ,imh(f tanks4 #bha4 ,burial4--,sludge c be dispos$ ( by burial 9 tr5*es ab\t #bd in*es deep ) at lea/ #ab in*es ( e>? cov]1 )\t caus+ a nuisance4 ,! gr\nd us$ = ?is purpose %\ld be well dra9$4 ,?is me?od ( disposal is g5]ally us$ z a make%ift & has n be5 practic$ ext5sively because ( ! l>ge am\nt ( l& requir$4 ,insuffici5t in=mation is available to g5]alize on ! am\nt ( l& requir$ or ! "t be=e ! l& c be us$ = fur!r sludge burial1 or = o!r purposes4 ,indications are t ! sludge may rema9 moi/ & malodor\s = ye>s & t ! l& may be r5d]$ p]man5tly unfit = fur!r sludge burial4 ,"u "s conditions ! l& may be us$ aga9 = ! same or o!r purposes4 ,= example1 ,k9nicutt1 ,w9sl[ & ,pratt#bjc /ate t #ejj tons ( wet sludge c be appli$ p] acre &3 ,! same l&1 x is claim$1 c be us$ aga9 aft] a p]iod ( a ye> & a half to two ye>s1 if 9 two mon?s or s aft] cov]+ ! sludge ) e>?1 ! gr\nd is brok5 up1 plant$1 &1 :5 ! crop is remov$1 aga9 pl[$ & all[$ to rema9 fall[ = ab\t a ye>4 #bhb4 ,dry+4--,be=e sludge c be dispos$ ( to fill l&1 by burn+1 or = use z a f]tiliz] fill] x mu/ be dri$ to a suitable degree ( moi/ure4 ,! removal ( moi/ure f ! sludge decreases its volume & *anges its *>act]i/ics s t sludge conta9+ #ge p] c5t moi/ure has lo/ all ! *>act]i/ics ( a liquid4 ,x c be mov$ ) a %ovel or =k1 & c be transport$ 9 non-wat]tight conta9]s4 ,a r$uction 9 moi/ure f #ie to #ij p] c5t w cut ! volume 9 half4 ,! *ange 9 volume on ! removal ( moi/ure c be repres5t$ z3 ,v#a ,v7#ajj ,p77#ajj ,p#a71 9 :i* ,p ! orig9al p]c5tage ( moi/ure2 ,p#a ! f9al p]c5tage ( moi/ure2 ,v ! orig9al volume2 ,v#a ! f9al volume4 ,! dry+ ( sludge on co>se s& filt] b$s is m p>ticul>ly suit$ to sludge f ,imh(f tanks4 ,?is sludge does n decompose dur+ dry+1 & is suffici5tly light & por\s 9 texture to p]mit ( ?or\gh dra9+4 ,! sludge f pla9 s$im5tation or *emical precipitation tanks is high 9 moi/ure1 putrescible1 & :5 plac$ on a filt] b$ x settles into a heavy1 compact1 imp]vi\s mass :i* dries sl[ly4 ,9 ord] to avoid ?is condition ! sludge is run on to ! b$s z quickly z possible1 to a dep? ( n m ?an #f to #aj in*es4 ,lime is sometimes add$ to ! sludge at ?is "t z x aids dry+ by assi/+ 9 ! ma9t5ance ( ! porosity ( ! sludge1 & x is advantage\s 9 keep+ d[n odors & insects4 ,sludge filt] b$s are made up ( #ab to #bd in*es ( co>se s&1 well-scre5$ c9d]s1 or o!r gritty mat]ial1 und]laid by #f in*es ( co>se gravel & #f or #h-;in* op5-jo9t tile und]dra9s1 laid #d to #aj feet ap>t on c5t]s1 dep5d5t on ! porosity ( ! subsoil4 ,! side walls ( ! filt]s are made ( planks or ( l[ e>? embankm5ts4 ,! sludge filt]s at ,hamilton1 ,ont>io1 are %[n 9 ,fig4 #agi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agi4--,sludge dry+ ,b$s at ,hamilton1 ,ont>io4 ,eng4 ,news1 ,vol4 #gc1 p4 #dbf4 ,! size ( ! b$ is dep5d5t ma9ly ^u ! *>act]i/ics ( ! sludge4 ,= ,imh(f tank sludge :i* comes f ! tank ) ab\t #he p] c5t moi/ure1 ! practice is to all[ ab\t #cejbjd squ>e feet ( filt] surface p] #a1jjj population contribut+ sludge4 ,= o!r types ( sludge ! area v>ies f #ijj to #i1jjj squ>e foot p] #a1jjj population contribut+ sludge1 & only exp]im5ts ) ! sludge 9 h& c det]m9e ! prop] all[ance4 ,imh(f recomm5ds #a1jhj squ>e feet p] #a1jjj population = septic tank sludge1 & #f1dhj squ>e feet = sludge f pla9 s$im5tation tanks4#bje ,k9nicutt1 ,w9sl[1 & ,pratt 9 _! book on ,sewage ,disposal /ate3 ,) an av]age dep? ( #aj in*es p] dose ( sludge ( #hg p] c5t wat] cont5t1 "o squ>e foot ( cov]$ 7glass7 b$ %\ld dry to a spadable condition "o cubic y>d ( sludge p] ye>4 ,! sludge is run on ! b$ 9 small quantities at p]iods f two weeks to a mon? ap>t4 ,9 favorable wea!r ,imh(f sludge w dry 9 two weeks or less to approximately #ej to #fj p] c5t moi/ure4 ,x is !n suitable = use z a fill+ mat]ial on wa/e l&1 = burn+1 or = fur!r dry+ by heat4 ,glass ro(s1 simil> to ^? us$ on gre5-h\ses1 h be5 us$ to spe$ ! dry+ process by prev5t+ ! moi/5+ ( p>tly dri$ sludge dur+ ra9y wea!r4 ,9 "s in/ances sludge has dri$ to #aj p] c5t moi/ure on su* b$s4 ,imh(f sludge c be remov$ f ! dry+ b$s ) a manure or hay =k4 ,x has an odor simil> to well-f]tiliz$ g>d5 soil4 ,x is /able1 d>k br[ni%-gray 9 color1 is ( light co>se mat]ial1 & is granul> 9 texture4 ,sludge presses are suitable = remov+ moi/ure f ! bulky wet sludge obta9$ f pla9 s$im5tation1 *emical precipitation1 & ! activat$ sludge process4 ,! details ( a typical sludge press are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahj4 ,! press %[n is made up ( a numb] ( corrugat$ metal plates ab\t #cj in*es 9 diamet] ) a hole 9 ! c5t] ab\t #h in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! corrugations run v]tically except = a di/ance ab\t #c in*es wide ar\nd ! out] rim1 :i* is smoo?4 ,to ?is smoo? portion is fa/5$1 on ea* side ( ! plate1 an annul> r+ ab\t an in* ?ick & #b to #c in*es wide1 ( ! same outside diamet] z ! plate4 ,a circul> piece ( burlap1 canvas1 or o!r heavy clo? is fa/5$ to ?is r+1 cov]+ ! plate completely4 ,a hole is cut 9 ! c5t] ( ! clo? slightly small] 9 diamet] ?an ! c5t] hole 9 ! plate1 & ! edges ( ! clo? on opposite sides ( ! plate are sew$ toge!r4 ,! plates are !n press$ tightly toge!r by means ( ! screw motion at ! left end ( ! ma*9e1 ?us mak+ a wat]-tight jo9t at ! out] rim4 ,sludge is !n =c$ "u pressure into ! space betwe5 ! plates1 pass+ ?r\gh ! ma*9e by means ( ! c5tral hole4 ,! pressure on ! sludge may be f #ej to #ajj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,?is pressure =ces ! wat] out ( ! sludge ?r\gh ! por\s clo? f :i* x escapes to ! bottom ( ! press along ! corrugations ( ! sep>at+ plate4 ,aft] a p]iod ( #aj to #cj m9utes ! pressure is releas$1 ! cells are op5$1 & ! moi/ sludge cake is remov$4 ,! liquid press$ f ! sludge is highly putrescible & %\ld be return$ to ! influ5t ( ! treatm5t plant4 ,! press+ ( wet greasy sludges is facilitat$ by ! addition ( f #h to #aj p\nds ( lime p] cubic y>d ( sludge4 ,! cake ?us =m$ is m cohesive & easy to h&le4 ,! output ( ! press dep5ds s mu* on ! "* ( ! sludge t a def9ite gu>antee ( capacity is seldom giv5 by ! manufactur]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahj4--;,filt] ,press4 ,! simple/ =m ( c5trifugal sludge dry] is a ma*9e :i* consi/s ( a p]=at$ metal b[l l9$ ) por\s clo? 9 :i* ! sludge is plac$4 ,surr\nd+ ?is b[l is a second wat]-tight metal b[l s arrang$ z to int]cept ! wat] ?r[n f ! sides ( ! inn] b[l z x revolves4 ,! p]iph]al velocity ( ! inn] b[l is ab\t #f1jjj feet p] m9ute1 :i* makes ! effective weight ( ea* p>ticle ab\t #bej times its normal weight :5 at re/4 ,v few data are available on ! op]ation ( su* ma*9es1 & _! use has n be5 ext5sive because ( ! difficulty ( />t+ & /opp+ ! ma*9e at ea* fill+1 & ! difficulty ( remov+ ! p>tially dri$ sludge f ! inn] basket4 ,! ,besco-t]-,me] c5trifuge1 manufactur$ by ! ,b>? ,eng9e]+ & ,sanitation ,co41 c be op]at$ cont9u\sly & ! difficulties ( remov+ ! dri$ sludge f ! ma*9e h be5 ov]come4 ,accord+ to ! manufactur]s ! c5trifuge has be5 op]at$ v successfully 9 ,g]many on pla9 septic tank sludge4 ,a removal ( #gj p] c5t ( susp5d$ solids 9 ! raw sludge & a production ( #c1fjj p\nds ( sludge p] h\r1 conta9+ #fj to #gj p] c5t ( moi/ure1 c be obta9$ at less ?an #ijj r4p4m4 ) a consumption ( #ae horse-p[]4 ,ext5sive te/s ( ! ma*9e 7 made at ,milwaukee f ,octob]1 #aibj1 to ,septemb]1 #aiba1 on activat$ sludge1 b results ( ^! te/s are n z yet available4 ,indications are t ! c5trifuge has act$ z a classifi]4 ,! co>s] p>ticles ( sludge h be5 remov$ b ! f9] p>ticles h be5 cont9u\sly return$ ) ! liquid to ! s$im5tation tank1 ultimately fill+ ?is tank ) f9e p>ticles ( sludge4 ,an illu/ration ( ! unit te/$ at ,milwaukee is %[n on ?is page4 ,illu/ration3 ,besco-t]-,me] ,sludge ,dry+ ,c5trifuge at ,milwaukee1 ,wiscons9 ,c\rtesy1 ,b>? ,eng9e]+ & ,sanitation ,co4 ,exp]im5ts on ! dry+ ( sludge by acid flotation h n progress$ suffici5tly to all[ ! in/allation ( a work+ unit4 ,! me?od1 :i* has be5 appli$ pr9cipally to activat$ sludge1 consi/s 9 add+ a small am\nt ( sulphuric acid to ! sludge z x leaves ! /orage tank4 ,! sludge is coagulat$ by ?is action1 ! coagulat$ mat]ial ris+ to ! surface z a scum conta9+ ab\t #hf p] c5t moi/ure4 ,! consi/5cy is su* t x c be remov$ ) a %ovel4 ,! liquid c be )drawn cont9u\sly f bel[ ! scum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aha4--;,direct-,indirect ,sludge ,dry]4 ,c\rtesy1 ! ,buckeye ,dry] ,co4 ,! moi/ure cont5t ( sludge to be us$ 9 ! manufacture ( f]tiliz] mu/ be r$uc$ to #aj p] c5t or less4 ,none ( ! me?ods ( dry+ describ$ s f> c be reli$ ^u = su* a product & x becomes necess>y to use direct or indirect heat dry]s4 ,!re are v>i\s types ( dry]s on ! m>ket4 ,! details ( a ,buckeye dry] are %[n 9 ,fig4 #aha4 ,9 ! op]ation ( ?is ma*9e moi/ sludge is f$ 9 at ! left end at ! po9t m>k$ 8fe$40 ,! hot gases pass f ! fire box up & ar\nd ! cyl9d] :i* revolves at ab\t eight r4p4m4 ,! gases are drawn into ! inn] cyl9d] ?r\gh ! op5+s m>k$ ,a :i* revolve ) ! two cyl9d]s4 ,! gases escape f ! inn] cyl9d] ?r\gh ! op5+s to ! "r & fl[ t[>ds ! left 9 ! out] cyl9d]4 ,!y come 9 contact ) ! sludge at ?is po9t4 ,! gases !n pass (f ?r\gh ! fan at ! left4 ,! sludge is lift$ by ! small longitud9al baffles fa/5$ to ! out] cyl9d]1 z ! dry+ cyl9d]s revolve4 ,! "r end ( ! cyl9d] is plac$ l[] ?an ! left s t ! dry+ sludge is lift$ & dropp$ ?r\gh ! cyl9d] at ! same "t t x moves sl[ly t[>d ! "r h& end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,^! dry]s require ab\t "o p\nd ( fuel = #aj p\nds ( wat] evaporat$4 ,! odors f ! dry] c be suppress$ by pass+ ! gases ?r\gh a du/ *amb] & wa%]4 ,a summ>y ( ! results f me?ods ( sludge dry+ at ,milwaukee#bjf foll[s3 ,excess sludge produc$1 #ab1ajj gallons1 hav+ #ig4e p] c5t moi/ure1 p] million gallons ( sewage treat$4 ,sludge cake produc$ 7by presses71 #aj1jhc p\nds hav+ #hj4c p] c5t moi/ure1 p] million gallons ( sewage treat$4 ,dri$ sludge 7f heat dri]s7 produc$1 #b1eba p\nds hav+ #aj p] c5t moi/ure1 p] million gallons ( sewage treat$4 ,press w produce #c p\nds ( cake p] squ>e foot ( filt] clo? 9 f\r & a half h\rs1 or five op]ations p] tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,dry]s w r$uce #f1gjj p\nds ( sludge cake at #hj p] c5t moi/ure to #aj p] c5t moi/ure1 & w evaporate #h p\nds ( wat] p] p\nd ( combu/ible4 ,?ick5+ devices kn[n z ,dorr ?ick5]s1 pat5t$ & manufactur$ by ! ,dorr ,co4 & orig9ally int5d$ = metallurgical purposes1 h be5 adapt$ to ! ?ick5+ ( sewage sludge4 ,^! ?ick5]s are circul> s$im5tation tanks1 f #h to #ab feet deep1 m or less1 & are made 9 any diamet] up to #bjj feet or m4 ,an arm1 pivot$ 9 ! c5t] & ext5d+ to ! circumf]5ce1 is provid$ at ! bottom ) a numb] ( baffles or squeegees set at an angle ) ! arm4 ,! arm revolves at f "o to fifte5 revolutions p] h\r1 & ! squeegees1 9 contact ) ! bottom ( ! tank1 scrape ! deposit$ sludge t[>ds a c5tral sump1 f :i* x is remov$ by a pump or by gravity1 )\t int]rupt+ ! op]ation ( ! ?ick5]4 ,! sludge s ?ick5$ may be r$uc$ to #ie or #if p] c5t moi/ure4 ,^! devices are ord9>ily us$ only 9 ! activat$ sludge process 9 :i* !y h be5 a pron\nc$ success4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,automatic ,,dos+ ,,devices #bhc4 ,types4--,automatic dos+ devices are us$ to apply sewage to contact b$s1 trickl+ filt]s1 & int]mitt5t s& filt]s4 ,^! devices c be sep>at$ into two classes2 ^? ) mov+ p>ts & ^? )\t mov+ p>ts4 ,! latt] are bett] kn[n z air-lock$ dos+ devices4 ,simple devices )\t mov+ p>ts are less liable to disord]s & are ne>] 8fool-pro(0 ?an any device dep5d+ on mov+ p>ts = its op]ation4 ,no "o type ( mov+ "p device has be5 us$ ext5sively 9 diff]5t sewage treatm5t plants4 ,design+ eng9e]s h ex]cis$ _! +5uity at diff]5t plants1 result+ 9 ! production ( diff]5t types4#bjg ,among ! be/ kn[n =ms is ! app>atus design$ by ,j4 ,w4 ,alvord = ! int]mitt5t s& filt]s at ,lake ,=e/1 ,ill9ois4#bjh ,9 its op]ation4444 ,a float 9 ! dos+ *amb] lifts an iron ball 9 "o ( a s]ies ( wood5 columns1 & at a c]ta9 height ! ball rolls ?r\gh a tr\gh f "o column to ! next1 9 its passage /rik+ a cat*1 :i* op5s an air valve atta*$ to "o ( t5 bell-siphons 9 ! dos+ *amb]4 ,ea* ( ! siphons dis*>ges on "o ( ! t5 s& b$s1 :i* are ?us dos$ 9 rotation4 ,s9ce air-lock$ dos+ devices are 9 m g5]al use _! op]ation w be expla9$ 9 great] detail4 #bhd4 ,op]ation4--,! simple/ =m ( ^! devices is ! automatic siphon us$ = flu%-tanks1 ! op]ation ( :i* is describ$ 9 ,art4 #fa4 ,9 ! op]ation ( s& filt]s1 spr9kl+ filt]s1 or o!r =ms ( treatm5t :]e !re are two or m units to be dos$ x is desirable t ! dos+ ( ! b$s be done alt]nately4 ,a simple arrangem5t = two siphons op]at+ alt]nately is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahb4 ,!y op]ate z foll[s3 ) ! dos+ tank empty at ! />t wat] w /& at bb 9 siphon ,no4 #b & at aa 9 siphon ,no4 #a4 ,z ! wat] ent]s ?r\gh ! inlet on ! left ! tank fills4 ,:5 ! wat] rises suffici5tly1 air is trapp$ 9 ! bells1 & z ! wat] cont9ues to rise 9 ! tank1 surfaces a & b are depress$ an equal am\nt4 ,:5 b has be5 depress$ to d1 a has be5 depress$ to c4 ,air is releas$ f siphon ,no4 #b ?r\gh ! %ort leg1 & siphon ,no4 #b goes into op]ation4 ,surface c rises 9 siphon ,no4 #a z ! tank empties & :5 ! action ( ,siphon ,no4 #b is brok5 by ! admission ( air :5 ! bottom ( ! bell is uncov]$ ! wat] 9 siphon ,no4 #a has assum$ ! position ( bb & t 9 ,no4 #b is at aa4 ,! conditions ( ! two siphons are n[ rev]s$ f t at ! beg9n+ ( ! op]ation & z ! tank refills siphon ,no4 #a w g into op]ation4 ,x is to be not$ t ^! siphons are made to alt]nate by weak5+ ! seal ( ! next "o to dis*>ge & by /r5g!n+ ! seal ( ! "o :i* has j dis*>g$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahb4--;,diagram ,%[+ ! ,op]ation ( ,two ,alt]nat+ ,siphons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahc4--;,diagram ,%[+ ! ,op]ation ( ,?ree ,alt]nat+ ,siphons4 #bhe4 ,?ree ,alt]nat+ ,siphons4--,?is pr9ciple c be ext5d$ to ! op]ation ( ?ree alt]nat+ siphons z %[n 9 ,fig4 ,no4 #ahc4 ,^! op]ate z foll[s3 ) ! dos+ tank empty at ! />t & wat] at aa 9 siphons #a & #b1 & at bb 9 siphon ,no4 #c1 ! dos+ tank w be all[$ to fill4 ,z ! wat] rises 9 ! tank air is trapp$ 9 all ! bells & surfaces a & b are depress$4 ,:5 surface b has be5 depress$ to d1 a has be5 depress$ to c4 ,air is releas$ f siphon ,no4 #c & ?is siphon goes into action4 ,surface c rises 9 siphons #a & #b to ! position b1 z ! dos+ tank is empti$4 ,at ! same "t a small am\nt ( wat] is pass$ f siphon ,no4 #c to ! %ort leg ( siphon ,no4 #a1 ?r\gh ! small pipes %[n1 ?us fill+ ?is leg s t :5 siphon ,no4 #c ceases to op]ate ! wat] 9 siphons #a & #c /&s at aa & t 9 ,no4 #b /&s at bb4 ,siphon ,no4 #b1 hav+ ! weak] seal1 w be ! next to op]ate4 ,dur+ its op]ation x w fill siphon ,no4 #c1 leav+ ,no4 #a weak4 ,:5 ,no4 #a op]ates x w refill ,no4 #b1 leav+ ,no4 #c weak1 ?us complet+ a cycle = ! ?ree siphons4 ,?is pr9ciple has n be5 appli$ to ! op]ation ( m ?an ?ree alt]nat+ siphons & is seldom us$ on rec5t in/allations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahd4--,mill] ,plural ,alt]nat+ ,siphons4 ,c\rtesy1 ,pacific ,flu% ,tank ,co4 #bhf4 ,f\r or ,m ,alt]nat+ ,siphons4--,an arrangem5t = ! alt]nation ( f\r or m siphons is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ahd4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! cycle x w be assum$ t all />t+ wells are fill$ ) wat] except well ,no4 #a1 & t all ma9 & all bl[-(f traps are fill$ ) wat]4 ,! foll[+ description ( ! op]ation ( ! siphons is tak5 f ! catalog ( ! ,pacific ,flu% ,tank ,company3 ,! liquid 9 ! tank gradually rises & f9ally ov]fl[s into ! />t+ well ,no4 #a & ! />t+ bell be+ fill$ ) air1 pressure is develop$ :i* is transmitt$1 z %[n by ! arr[s1 to ! bl[-(f trap connect$ ) siphon ,no4 #b4 ,:5 ! dis*>ge l9e is rea*$1 suffici5t head is obta9$ on ! />t+ bell to =ce ! seal 9 bl[-(f trap ,no4 #b1 ?us releas+ ! air conf9$ 9 siphon ,no4 #b & br++ x into full op]ation4 ,dur+ ! "t t siphon ,no4 #b is op]at+1 siphonic action is develop$ 9 ! dra9+ siphon connect$ ) />t+ well ,no4 #b & z soon z ! level 9 ! tank is bel[ ! top ( ! well x is dra9$ d[n to a po9t bel[ ! bottom ( />t+ well ,no4 #b4 ,x c n[ be se5 t aft] ! fir/ dis*>ge />t+ well ,no4 #b is empty1 :]eas ! o!r ?ree are full4444 ,!re=e :5 ! tank is fill$ ! second "t1 pressure is develop$ 9 />t+ bell ,no4 #b1 :i* =ces ! seal ( bl[-(f trap ,no4 #c1 ?us />t+ siphon ,no4 #c4444 ,?is alt]nation c be cont9u$ = any numb] ( siphons4 ,o!r arrangem5ts h be5 devis$ = ! automatic control ( alt]nat+ siphons1 b ^! pr9ciples ( ! air-lock$ devices are fundam5tal4 #bhg4 ,tim$ ,siphons4--,9 ! op]ation ( a numb] ( contact b$s n only mu/ ! dos+ ( ! tanks be alt]nat$1 b "s me?od is ne$$ by :i* ! b$s %all be automatically empti$ aft] ! prop] p]iod ( /&+ full4 ,to fulfill ?is ne$ ! pr9ciple ( ! tim$ siphon mu/ be employ$ 9 conjunction ) ! alt]nat+ siphons4 ,fig4 #ahe illu/rates ! op]ation ( ! ,mill] tim$ siphon4 ,its op]ation is z foll[s3 wat] is admitt$ to ! contact b$ & transmitt$ to ! ma9 siphon *amb] ?r\gh ! 8op5+ into b$40 ,wat] fl[s f ! ma9 siphon *amb] into ! tim+ *amb] at a rate det]m9$ by ! tim+ valve4 ,! contact b$ is held full dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,z ! tim+ *amb] fills ) wat] air is caught 9 ! />t+ bell & ! pressure is increas$ until ! seal 9 ! ma9 bl[-(f trap is bl[n & ! ma9 siphon is put into op]ation4 ,z ! wat] level 9 ! ma9 siphon *amb] desc5ds1 wat] fl[s f ! tim+ *amb] into ! ma9 siphon ?r\gh ! dra9+ siphon & ! tim+ *amb] is empti$1 ready to comm5ce ano!r cycle4 #bhh4 ,multiple ,alt]nat+ & ,tim$ ,siphons4#bji--,! alt]nat+ & tim+ ( a numb] ( b$s is m complicat$4 ,! arrangem5t necess>y = ?is is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahf4 ,x w be assum$ at ! />t t all b$s are empty & t all fe$s are air lock$ z %[n 9 ,section ,,ab except t to b$ ,no4 #d into :i* sewage is runn+4 ,z b$ ,no4 #d fills1 sewage is transmitt$ ?r\gh ! op5+ 9 ! wall into ! tim$ siphon *amb] ,no4 #d4 ,:5 ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! b$ & !re=e 9 ?is *amb] has rea*$ ! top ( ! )draw siphon lead+ to ! compression dome *amb] ,no4 #d1 ?is latt] *amb] is quickly fill$4 ,! air pressure 9 />t+ bell ,no4 #d;a is transmitt$ to bl[-(f trap ,no4 #a;a4 ,! seal ( ?is trap is bl[n1 releas+ ! air lock 9 fe$ ,no4 #a & ! fl[ into b$ ,no4 #a is comm5c$4 ,at ! same "t ! air pressure 9 compression dome ,no4 #d is transmitt$ to fe$ ,no4 #d1 air lock+ ?is fe$ & /opp+ ! fl[ into b$ ,no4 #d4 ,! alt]nation ( ! fe$ into ! diff]5t b$s is cont9u$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahe4--,mill] ,tim$ ,siphon4 ,c\rtesy1 ,pacific ,flu% ,tank ,co4 ,b$ ,no4 #d is n[ /&+ full & ,no4 #a is fill+4 ,:5 compression dome *amb] ,no4 #d 0 fill$1 wat] />t$ fl[+ ?r\gh tim+ siphon valve ,no4 #d into tim+ *amb] ,no4 #d at a rate det]m9$ by ! am\nt ( ! op5+ ( ! tim+ valve4 ,z ?is *amb] fills compression is transmitt$ to bl[-(f trap #d;b & :5 suffici5tly great ?is trap is bl[n & tim$ siphon ,no4 #d is put into op]ation4 ,b$ ,no4 #d is empti$ by x1 & compression dome *amb] ,no4 #d is empti$ ?r\gh ! )draw siphon at ! same "t4 ,?is completes a cycle = ! fill+ & empty+ ( "o b$ & ! me?od ( pass+ ! dose on to ano!r b$ has be5 expla9$4 ,! pr9ciple c be ext5d$ to ! op]ation ( any numb] ( b$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahf4--,plural ,tim$ & ,alt]nat+ ,siphons = ,contact ,b$ ,control4 ,c\rtesy1 ,pacific ,flu% ,tank ,co4 ,,index ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 process ( sewage treatm5t1 #d ,ab&onm5t ( contract1 #bbe ,access to "w1 #bbh1 #bbi ,accid5t1 contractor's responsibility1 #bba1 #bbd ,acetyl5e1 explosive1 #cdg ,acid precipitation4 ,see ,miles ,acid ,process4 ( sludge1 #ejc ,acids z dis9fectants1 #dhi1 #dij ,activat$ sludge4 ,*apt] ,,xviii1 #dfe-dgi advantages & disadvantages1 #dfi1 #dgj aration tank1 #dga1 #dgb air diffusion1 #dge1 #dgg air di/ribution1 #dgc-dgh air quantity1 #dge1 #dgf area ( filtros plates1 #dgh colloid removal1 #ceh composition1 #dfe-dfi co/1 #dgh1 #dgi def9ition1 #dff dewat]+1 #dfh1 #dfi1 #dig-eje f]tiliz+ value1 #dfi1 #dgj hi/orical1 #dgj1 #dga h[ obta9$1 #dgh nitrog5 cont5t1 #dfh pat5t1 #dga process1 #dfe quantity1 #dfi rearation tank1 #dgc results1 #dfg1 #dfh1 #dgf s$im5tation tank1 #dgb ,adv]tisem5t1 #bad ,aration1 effect on oxyg5 dissolv$1 #cgc-cge ( sewage1 #cga1 #cgf1 #dfe-dgi ,arobes1 #cfc ,arobic decomposition1 #cff1 #cfg ,aft]gr[?s1 #dib ,aggregates1 specifications1 #agb-agd ,air1 see also v5tilation1 activat$ sludge1 compress$ air1 etc4 ejectors1 #aej lock dos+ app>atus4 ,*ap4 ,,xxi1 #ejf-eab ma*9]y = activat$ sludge1 #dgc1 #dgd ,alg1 #cfc ,alkal9ity1 #ceh ,alleys1 sew]s 91 #hj ,alum1 #djg1 #djh ,alvord tank1 #dbg1 #dbi ,ammonia1 #cff1 #cfg1 #cgd1 #cge1 #daj explosives1 #big ,analyses1 bact]iological1 #cfd *emical1 #ced1 #cee me*anical ( s&1 #ahb physical1 #ceb-ced sewage1 #ceb-cfd ,anarobes1 #cfc1 #cfe-cfg ,anarobic1 action1 #daj bact]ia1 #cfc conditions1 #cfg decomposition1 #cfe-cfg ,ann ,arbor1 ,mi*igan1 ,population1 #ad ,annual exp5se1 me?od ( f9anc+1 #aeg1 #aeh ,ansonia air ejector1 #aej1 #aea ,antibiosis1 def9ition1 #cfc ,appurt5ances to sew]s4 ,*ap4 ,,vi1 #ii-aae ,ar*1 analyses1 #bjd-bjh ela/ic me?od1 #bjf-bjh v\issoir analysis1 #bjd-bjf brick con/ruction1 #cab1 #cac c5t]s = brick sew]s1 #cac concrete con/ruction1 #cah-cba ,ard]n & ,lockett1 developm5t ( activat$ sludge1 #dfg1 #dfh1 #dga ,area ( cities1 #ca ,asphyxiation 9 sew] gas1 #ccf ,assessm5ts1 special1 #ae1 #af ,aug]s1 e>?1 #ba ,automatic1 regulators1 #aag-aba siphons1 flu%-tanks1 #aaj d\ble alt]nat+1 #ejg multiple alt]nat+1 #ejh-eab tim$1 #eaj tim$ & multiple alt]nat+1 #eaj-eab triple alt]nat+1 #ejh ,bacillus1 def9ition & morphology1 #cfb1 #cfc ,backfill+1 #cbh-cca ,backfill1 puddl+1 #ccj weight (1 #aii1 #bja ,backwat] curve1 #gc ,bact]ia1 def9ition & morphology1 #cfb1 #cfc good & bad1 #cfc1 #cfd nature (1 #cfb1 #cfc nitrify+1 #dca1 #dcb sanit>y significance (1 #cfd 9 sewage1 #cfb1 #cfc total c\nt1 #cfd ,bact]ial analyses1 results 9 sewage1 #cfd ,baffles1 scum1 #djd1 #dac1 #dad1 #dba 9 s$im5tation tanks1 #djd 9 septic tanks1 #dac1 #dad 9 ,imh(f tanks1 #dba ,balls1 = clean+ sew]s1 #cch ,b& scre51 #chd ,b>r+1 def9ition1 #bfc ,b>s = scre5s1 #cij ,bas9s1 s$im5tation1 baffl+1 #djd bottoms1 #djd clean+ arrangem5ts1 #djd dep?1 #dja economical dim5sions1 #dja-djc inlets & outlets1 #djd scum bo>ds1 #djd types1 #cie ,basket h&le sew] section1 #fg1 #fi ,ba?+ bea*es1 pollution1 #cha ,baz9's =mula1 #ed ,be>+s1 = c5trifugal pumps1 #aca1 #acg1 #ach ?ru/1 #ach ,bellm\?1 #aba1 #abb ,b5ds 9 pipe1 loss ( head 91 #aaf ,b]l91 sewage f>m1 #dfj1 #dfa sew]s1 date (1 #c ,bids1 proposal1 #bag-bai ,bidd]'s duties1 #bae-bag ,bio-*emical oxyg5 dem&1 #cei-cfa ,biolysis ( sewage1 #cff1 #cfg ,black & ,phelps dilution =mulas1 #cgg-cgi ,bla/+ & explosives1 #bid-cjd caps1 #big1 #bii1 #cjj detonators1 #bid1 #big-cjj fir+1 #cjb-cjd fuses & detonators1 #big-cjj fuses1 delay$ action1 #bia1 #cjj fuses1 electric1 #bii1 #cjj splic+1 #cjc gelat9e1 #bif load+ holes1 #cjc p[d]1 #bie precautions1 #cjj-cjb prim+ & load+1 #cjc rock1 #bfi size ( *>ge1 #cjd1 #cje tunnel+1 #bij1 #bia ,blea*1 *>act]i/ics ( = dis9fection1 #dia ,block sew]1 con/ruction1 #caa-cad holl[ tile z und]dra9s1 #abf ,blocks1 vitrifi$ clay1 #ahi1 #aij ,boil]s1 /eam1 #adg-aej ,boil]s1 effici5cies1 #adi horse-p[]1 #adi ,bond1 contractor's1 #bac1 #bad1 #bcb issues1 #ad ,bonds1 def9ition & types1 #ad-af ,bor+ und]gr\nd1 #bj ,bottom1 activat$ sludge aration tank1 #dgb ,imh(f tanks1 #dbc s$im5tation tanks1 #djd trickl+ filt]1 #dea1 #deb ,box %eet+1 #bgb ,bran* sew]1 def9$1 #g ,brea/ bo>ds1 #bhh ,brick1 ar* con/ruction1 #cab1 #cac & block sew] con/ruction1 #caa-cae inv]t con/ruction1 #caa1 #cab sew] con/ruction1 #caa-cae ar* c5t]s1 #cac inv]t1 #caa-cab organization1 #cad1 #cae progress1 #cad r[ lock bond1 #cab specifications1 #ahh1 #ahi sew]s1 life (1 #cea ,bricks = sew]s1 #caf ,briti% ,royal ,commission on ,sewage ,disposal1 #d ,broad irrigation4 ,see "u ,irrigation4 ,bucket excavators1 #bdf1 #bee1 #bef ,build+ mat]ial1 weight (1 #bja ,burkli-,ziegl] =mula1 #dg1 #dbe ,butyr9e1 #cff ,cableway excavators1 #bdf1 #bej-beb ,cage scre51 #chd1 #che ,caisson excavation1 #bhe1 #bhf ,calcium c>bide1 explosive1 #cdg ,calumet pump+ /ation1 #abh1 #adb ,cam]on septic pat5t1 #daa ,capacity ( sew]s1 diagrams1 #eg-fj ,capital1 private inve/$ 9 sew]s1 #ag ,capitalization1 me?od ( f9anc+1 #aeg-afj ,caps1 bla/+4 ,see bla/+4 ,c>bohydrate1 #cff1 #cfg ,c>bon1 analysis =1 #cef dioxide1 #cff1 #cfg ,c>son ,tr5* ma*9e1 #bej1 #bea ,ca/-iron pipe1 #abb1 #afd1 #aij1 #aia jo9ts1 #afd quality1 #aja1 #ajb1 #aij ,ca/+s1 iron1 #aja1 #ajb ,cat*-bas9s1 #ii1 #ajg-ajh1 #bag clean+1 #cdc1 #cdd inspection1 #ccg ,cat5>y sew] section1 #fi ,cell>s1 dep? (1 #hh ,cellulose1 #cfg ,cem5t4 ,see also ,concrete1 pipe1 specifications1 manufacture & sizes1 #aga-agi vs4 concrete1 #afd ,c5trifugal pumps4 ,see pumps1 c5trifugal4 ,c5trifuge = sludge dry+1 #eja1 #ejb ,cesspool1 #daa1 #daf1 #dag ,*ampaign1 ,ill9ois1 septic tank1 #dae1 #daf ,*anges 9 plan1 #bbb1 #bbc ,*annel+1 def9ition1 #bfc ,"* ( surface1 #dd ,*emical analyses1 #ced-cfb ,*emical precipitation1 #cga1 #dje-dji *emicals us$1 #dje-djg prep>ation ( *emicals1 #djg1 #djh results1 #djh1 #dji at ,worce/]1 #djh ,*ezy =mula1 #eb1 #ec ,*icago4 ,see also ,sanit>y ,di/rict ( ,*icago4 dra9age canal1 #cgd1 #cge dilution requirem5t = sewage1 #chj e>ly sew]s1 #c me?od ( sewage disposal1 #cgd population & d5sity1 #bi1 #cj tr5* excavation 91 #bdh ,*lor9e4 ,see also ,dis9fection4 dis9fectant1 #dhi-dic 9 sewage1 #ceh1 #cgd1 #cge ,*lor9e liquid1 application1 #dia1 #dib ,*ol]a1 transmittable disease1 #cfd ,*romat91 #cfe ,*utes = concrete1 #ahg ,circul> sew] section1 hydraulic elem5ts1 #fe1 #ff1 #fi types1 #gj1 #ga ,city1 gr[? ( area1 #ca gr[? ( population1 #bd-bh legal p[]s1 #bai ,clay1 life ( pipe1 #cdi-cea manufacture ( pipe1 #afe-afg specifications = pipe1 #afh-agj unglaz$ = pipe1 #afe vitrifi$ blocks1 #afg1 #ahi1 #aij vitrifi$ pipe1 #afe-aga ,clean+1 grit *amb]s1 #cih1 #djj s$im5tation bas9s1 #djd sew]s1 co/1 #cda 9 ,n4 ,y4 ,city1 #ccb me?ods1 #ccg-cdc tools1 #cch-cdj up aft] completion ( "w1 #bbh ,coccus1 #cfb ,coeffici5t ( uni=mity ( s&1 #def ,c(f9 sew] regulator1 #aag1 #aah ,colloid1 nature (1 #ceh treatm5t =1 #ceh ,color ( sewage1 #ceb1 #cec ,comb9$ sew] sy/em1 #gh1 #gi ,comm]cial di/ricts1 *>act]i/ics ( & sewage f1 #cb1 #cd1 #ce ,comp5sators = pumps1 #adb ,compress$ air4 ,see also v5tilation1 tunnel+1 drill+1 etc4 activat$ sludge1 #dgc-dge = drill+1 #bfd-bfh 9 tunnels1 #bib-bid transport+ concrete1 #cbj1 #cba ,conc5tration1 "t ( flood fl[1 #da-dc1 #if1 #ig ,concrete1 aggregates1 #agb-agd mix+ & plac+1 #ahd-ahh pipe1 details1 #age-agi manufacture1 #aga-agi re9=cem5t1 #agg1 #agh1 #bji1 #baj pipe1 /eam process1 #agf sizes1 #age pressure aga9/ =ms1 #bcb1 #cbc ,concrete1 proportion+1 #agi-ahc qualities1 #agi1 #ahj re9=cem5t1 plac+1 #agh1 #cbf1 #cbg re9=c+ /eel1 quality1 #aia sew] con/ruction1 #cad-cbh ar*1 #cah-cba =m l5g?1 #cai labor co/s1 #cbg1 #cbh 9 op5 cut1 #cad-cbj 9 tunnel1 #cbj1 #cba inv]t1 #cae-cbj organization =1 #cbh work+ jo9ts1 #cai sew] co/s1 #cbg-cbi /r5g?1 #aha wat]pro(+1 #ahd ,conduits1 special sections1 #fg1 #gj1 #ga ,connections to sew]s1 ord9ances1 #cdd1 #cde record ( #ib1 #bch ,con/ruction ( sew]s1 ,*ap4 ,,xi1 #bcc-cca ,con/ruction1 elem5ts (1 #bcc organizations1 #cae1 #cbh ,contact b$1 #dcb-dcg1 #ejf advantages & disadvantages1 #dcb-dcd automatic control1 #dcg1 #ejf clean+1 #dce clogg+1 #dce con/ruction1 #dcd-dcf control1 #dcg1 #ejf cycle1 #dcf1 #dcg dep?1 #dcd description1 #dcb1 #dcc design1 #dcd-dcf dim5sions1 #dcd1 #dce loss ( capacity1 #dce mat]ial1 #dce1 #dcf multiple1 #dcc1 #dce op]at+ conditions1 #dcb-dcg rate1 #dce results1 #dcc1 #dcd rip5+1 #dcb ,cont9u\s bucket excavators1 #bdf-bej ,cont\r int]val on maps1 #gi1 #hj ,contracts1 ,*ap4 ,x1 #baa-bcb ab&onm5t (1 #bbe assignm5t1 #bbh completion (1 #bbb1 #bbh bond1 #bac1 #bbb cont5t1 #bac1 #bcj1 #bca co/-plus1 #bab1 #bac disputes1 #bbj divisions (1 #bac draw+s1 #bac eng9e] z an arbitrator1 #bbj ! in/rum5t1 #bcj1 #bca int]pretation (1 #bbj1 #bcd1 #bce lump sum1 #bab nature (1 #baa1 #bab sample1 #bcj1 #bca "t all[$1 #bbb types1 #bab1 #bac unit-price1 #bac ,contractor1 abs5ce (1 #bbb bond1 #bcb claims aga9/1 #bbh duties1 #bba liability1 #bbd relations ) o!r contractors1 #bbh1 #bbi ,contractor's p[d]1 #bid ,control devices1 automatic1 = sew]s1 #aag-aba = filt]s1 #ejj-eab inspection (1 #ccf1 #ccg ,copp] sulphate1 dis9fectant1 #dij ,copp]as1 precipitant1 #djf-djh ,cordeau ,bick=d1 #bih1 #cjc ,corrugat$ iron pipe1 #afe ,co/4 ,see "u item want$4 ,co/1 annual4 ,me?od ( f9anc+1 #aeg-afj capitaliz$4 ,me?od ( f9anc+1 #aeg-afj classification (1 #bce-bch comp>isons (4 ,me?ods = mak+1 #aeg-afj collection ( data1 #aj-ad1 #bce-bch e/imate4 ,me?od ( mak+1 #aj-ad ov]head1 #bcg1 #bch ,c\pl+s1 flexible = %afts1 #ach ,cov]s1 ,imh(f tanks1 #dbd septic tanks1 #dae trickl+ filt]s1 #dea ,crops on sewage f>ms1 #dfc1 #dfd ,cunette1 #fg1 #gj ,cut1 dep? ( excavation1 #hh1 #ib ,cycle1 contact b$1 #dcf life & dea?1 #cfg1 #dca nitrog51 #cfg1 #cfh trickl+ filt]1 #dda ,cyl9d]s1 /resses 91 #aid1 #bjb-bjd ,cytoplasm1 #cfe ,damages1 liquidat$1 #bbb mat]ial1 #bba1 #bbd ,d>cy's =mula1 #eb ,day labor1 #baa ,decomposition ( sewage1 #cfe-cfg ,def9itions4 ,see ^w def9$4 ,deflagration1 def9ition1 #bid ,delays 9 contract "w1 #bbh ,delay$ action fuses1 #bia1 #cjj ,d5sities4 ,see population4 ,depreciation1 ( sew]s1 #cdh-cea rate (1 f9ancial1 #aeh ,dep? ( sew]s1 #hh ,design conditions1 #hh-ib economical1 ma!matics (1 #dja-djc prep>ations =1 #ag-bc ,det5tion p]iod1 grit *amb]1 #cig ,imh(f tank1 #dai pla9 s$im5tation1 #cib-cie1 #dja septic tank1 #dae ,detonation1 def9ition1 #bid ,detonator4 ,see bla/+ cap4 ,diamet] ( sew]s1 #eg-fj1 #gb1 #hh-ib ,diaphragm pump1 #beg1 #beh ,diesel eng9e1 #aeb1 #aed ,dige/ion *amb]1 ,imh(f tank1 #dbb1 #dbc ,dige/ion ( sludge 9 sep>ate tank1 #dbg-dcj1 #dig ,dilution1 am\nt ne$$1 #cgg-chj conditions = success1 #cgb1 #cgc ,dilution1 def9ition1 #cgb =mulas = quantity1 #cgh-chj gov]nm5tal control1 #chj1 #cha prelim9>y /udies1 #cha1 #chb 9 salt wat]1 #cgf1 #cgg 9 /reams1 #cgb-cgf ( sewage1 #cgj & ,*ap4 ,,xiv1 #cgb-chb ,diseases1 wat]-borne1 #cfd ,dis9fection1 #dhi-dic action (1 #dhi-dia blea*+ p[d]1 #dia *lor9e1 liquid1 #dia am\nt (1 #dib dis9fectants1 #dhi1 #dij purpose1 #dhi selective action ( dis9fectants1 #dib1 #dic ,disk scre51 #chd ,disposal ( sewage1 ,see sewage treatm5t4 ,disputes1 eng9e] to settle1 #bbj ,dissolv$ oxyg54 ,see ,oxyg5 dissolv$4 ,di/ribution ( sewage1 contact b$s1 #dcf irrigation1 #dfa1 #dfb nozzles1 #ddb-ddi s& filt]1 #dej-deh travel+ di/ributor1 #ddb trickl+ filt]s1 #dda-dea ,di/ricts1 "* (1 #bi1 #cj1 #cb-cg classification (1 #cd1 #ce ,dome/ic sewage1 def9$1 #f1 #g1 #ceb ,dorr ,?ick5]s1 #dgb1 #ejd ,dortmund tank1 #djd ,dos+ devices1 #ejf-eab alt]nat+ & tim$ siphons1 #ejj-eab ,alvord device at ,lake ,=e/1 #ejf f\r or m alt]nat+ siphons1 #eji op]ation ( automatic siphon1 #aaj ?ree alt]nat+ siphons1 #ejh tim$ siphons1 #eaj two alt]nat+ siphons1 #ejg types1 #ejf ,dos+ tank design1 = trickl+ filt]1 #ddf-dej ,dot5 tank1 #dbi1 #dcj ,drag l9e excavators1 #bee1 #bef ,dra9age areas1 #ha1 #hd1 #id ,drills1 electric1 #bfg jack hamm]1 #bfd1 #bfe pun*1 #bj size ( cyl9d] =1 #bff tripod1 #bfd1 #bfe ,drill+1 me?ods1 #bj-bc1 #bfd-bgj dep?1 diamet] & spac+ ( holes1 #bfh-bgj p[] =1 #bfg1 #bfh rate (1 9 rock1 #bfg /eam & air1 #bfg1 #bfh ,drop manhole1 #ajj1 #aja ,drop-d[n curve1 #gc1 #gg ,drum scre51 #chd ,dry wea!r fl[1 #bd1 #ch ,dry+ sludge4 ,see sludge dry+4 ,dual91 #bif ,duty ( contractor4 ,see ,contractor1 duties ,duty ( eng9e]4 ,see ,eng9e]1 duties4 ,duty ( inspector4 ,see ,inspector1 duties4 ,duty ( a pump1 def9$1 #ace ,dynamite1 #bif-bih1 #cjj-cjb1 #cjd1 #cje c>tridge1 #bfh1 #bif1 #cjb ?aw+1 #cja1 #cjb ,dys5t]y1 #cfe ,e>? pressures1 !ories1 #bgd1 #bge ,economical dim5sions1 ma!matics (1 #dja-djc ,effective size ( s&1 def9$1 #def ,effici5cy ( a pump1 def9$1 #ace ,efflu5ts1 "* ( activat$ sludge1 #dfg1 #dfh *emical precipitation1 #djh contact b$1 #dcd ,imh(f tank1 #dad1 #dbd1 #dbe1 #dcb lime & electricity1 #dhi ,miles acid process1 #dhd1 #dhe s& filt]1 #dec ,efflu5ts1 s$im5tation tank1 #dja septic tank1 #dab-dad ,egg-%ap$ section1 #fg1 #fh1 #gj ,ejectors1 air1 #aej1 #aea ,ela/ic ar* analysis1 #bjf-bjh ,electric motors1 #aej-aeb ,electrolytic treatm5t1 #dhg-dhi ,elevations1 me?od ( record+1 #ib ,em]g5cies1 duties ( eng9e]1 #bce ,em]son pump1 #bfa ,eng9es1 int]nal combu/ion1 #aeb-aed /eam1 types1 #adb-add4 ,eng9e]1 abs5ce (1 #bba def9$1 #bbj disputes settl$ by1 #bbj1 #bcd duties (1 #i1 #aj1 #bbj1 #bcc1 #bcd1 #bch individuality & p]sonality1 #i1 #bcd qualifications1 #i sanit>y1 def9ition1 #b ,eng9e]+ ,news pile =mula1 #abe1 #abf ,ent]+ sew]s1 precautions1 #cce1 #ccf ,enzymes1 #cfe ,equipm5t = con/ruction1 #bcg ,equival5t sections1 def9$1 #gb solution ( problems 91 #fg-gb ,e/imates1 co/ & "w done1 #aj-ad :5 made1 #bbf data =1 #bce ,excavation1 dep? ( op5 cut1 #bhd dra9age1 #beb1 #bfb h&1 #bdb-bde1 #bdi economy1 #bde labor]'s ability1 #bdc lay out ( tasks1 #bdc ,excavation1 h&1 op5+ tr5*1 #bdc vs4 ma*9e1 #bde1 #bdi tools1 #bdb ma*9e1 #bdd-bdf economy1 #bde limitations1 #bdf vs4 h&1 #bde1 #bdi specifications1 #bdj1 #bda ,excavat+ ma*9es1 bucket1 #bdf1 #bee cableway & tre/le1 #bdf1 #bej-beb ,c>son ma*9e1 #bej1 #bea cont9u\s belt1 #bdf bucket1 #bdf1 #bdg drag l9e1 #bee ,pott] ma*9e1 #bea /eam %ovel1 #beb-bed t[] cableway1 #beb :eel excavators1 #bdf-bej ,excavation1 ma*9e1 organization1 #bdi pump+ & dra9age1 #bef1 #beg quicks&1 #bef rock1 #bfc1 #bfd paym5t =1 #bcj specifications1 #bdj1 #bda tr5* bottom1 #bda1 #cjd1 #caa ,explosions 9 sew]s1 #ajh1 #ccf1 #cdf-cdh causes (1 #cdf hi/orical1 #cdf prev5tion1 #ajh1 #cdh ,explosives4 ,see also ,bla/+4 ,explosives1 & bla/+1 #bid-cjd ammonia comp\nds1 #big bla/+ gelat9e1 #bif contractor's p[d]1 #bid deflagrat+1 #bid detonat+1 #bid detonators1 #bid1 #big-cjj 8,don'ts10 #cjj1 #cja dynamite1 #bif-bih1 #cjj-cjb1 #cjd1 #cje fuses & detonators1 #big-cjj gelat9e dynamite1 #bif gunp[d]1 #bie h&l+1 #cjj-cjb nitro-glyc]9e1 #bie nitro-sub/itution comp\nds1 #bie p]missible1 #big quantity1 #cjd1 #cje requirem5ts1 #bid /r5g? (1 #big1 #bih ,t4,n4,t41 #bie types1 #bid-big ,expon5tial =mulas = fl[ ( wat]1 #ed1 #ee ,extra "w1 comp5sation1 #bbg ,facultative bact]ia1 #cfc ,fann+'s run-(f =mula1 #di ,f>ms1 septic tanks =1 #daf1 #dag ,f>m+ ) sewage4 ,see irrigation4 ,fats 9 sewage1 #ceg-cei1 #cff1 #cfg f ,miles acid process1 #dhe-dhg ,fea!rs1 = splitt+ rock1 #bfd ,f]r\s sulphate1 precipitant1 #djf-djh ,f]tiliz] f sludge1 #dgj1 #die1 #dig ,f]tiliz+ value (1 activat$ sludge1 #dgj sewage1 #dei1 #dfj ,filt] press = sludge1 #ejj1 #eja ,filt]s4 ,see "u "n ( filt]4 ,filtration1 ( sewage1 #cgj1 #cga1 #dca-dei action 91 !ory (1 #dca co/1 #deh1 #dei ,filtros plates1 #dgg1 #dgh ,f9ances1 ma!matics (1 #aeg-afj ,f9anc+1 me?ods (1 #ad-ag ,flamant's =mula1 #ed1 #ef ,flies on trickl+ filt]s1 #dch ,flight sew]1 #aja1 #ajb ,flood1 cre/ velocities1 #db1 #dc fl[ computations1 #id-ih ,mc,math =mula1 #id1 #if1 #ig ,rational me?od1 #ie-ih ,fl[1 laws (1 #eb velocity (1 #eb1 #ij1 #ia ,fluctuations1 9 rate ( sewage fl[1 #cc-ch 9 quality ( sewage1 #cfh-cgj ,flu%-tanks1 automatic1 #aji-aac capacity1 #aaa details1 #aaj1 #aab inspection (1 #ccf1 #ccg paym5t =1 #bag siphon sizes1 #aaa ,flu%+1 #aji-aac1 #cda-cdc am\nt ( wat] ne$$1 #aab me?ods1 #cda-cdc manhole1 #aji sew]1 def9$1 #h ,foam+ ( ,imh(f tanks1 #dbe1 #dbf ,foot valves1 #ada ,=ce ma91 def9$1 #h ,=ms1 design (1 #cbb1 #cbc l5g? (1 #cai mat]ials1 #cba1 #cbb oil+1 #agd1 #ahf1 #cbb specifications1 #cbb /eel1 #cbe1 #cbf /eel-l9$1 #cbe support =1 #caf1 #cah "t 9 place1 #cai wood51 #cbc1 #cbd ,=mulas1 hydraulic1 me?ods = solution1 #ee-fa = fl[ ( wat]1 #eb-ee = ra9fall4 ,see ,ra9fall1 = run-(f4 ,see ,run-(f4 ,f\ndations1 #ii1 #abd-abf ,fran*ises = sew]s1 #ag ,free ammonia1 #cff1 #cfg1 #cgd1 #cge1 #daj ,freez+1 cat*-bas9s1 #ajh concrete1 #ahf1 #ahg dynamite1 #cja1 #cjb ,fre% sewage1 *>act]i/ics1 #ceb-ced ,friction losses4 ,see ,head losses4 fl[ 9 pipe1 #ea1 #eb ,fuel1 consumption by prime mov]s1 #aec co/s1 #aec heat value1 #aej ,fungus gr[? 9 sew]s1 #ccc ,fuses4 ,see bla/+ fuses4 ,ganguillet & ,kutt]'s =mula1 #eb-fe ,gas1 *amb] 9 ,imh(f tank4 ,see ,scum *amb]4 eng9es1 #aeb-aed illum9at+1 explosive1 #cdg sew]1 #cce1 #ccf ,gasol9e1 explosive1 #ajh1 #aji1 #cce1 #cdf1 #cdg eng9es1 #aeb-aed & oil sep>ator1 #aji odors1 significance1 #cce1 #cec ,ge>+1 r$uction = turb9es1 #adj1 #adf ,gelat9e dynamite1 #bif ,glyc]ol1 #cff ,go?ic section1 #fg ,gov]nm5tal control1 /ream pollution1 #chj1 #cha ,grade1 ( sew]s4 ,see also ,slope4 h[ giv51 #bha-bhd selection (1 #ij /akes1 #bba1 #bha-bhc ,gravel1 specifications1 #agb ,grease1 9 sew]s1 #ii1 #ajh1 #ccc1 #cde cutt]1 #cdj ord9ance conc]n+1 #cde traps1 #ii1 #ajh ,gregory's imp]vi\sness =mulas1 #dd1 #df ,grit1 clogs sew]s1 #ccc *amb]s1 #abg1 #cig-dja description1 #cie1 #cih design1 #cig1 #cih dim5sions1 #cig1 #cih exi/+1 #cih-djj outlet arrangem5ts1 #djj results1 #cig ret5tion p]iod1 #cig sludge analyses1 #cig units1 numb] (1 #djj1 #dja velocity ( fl[ 91 #cif-cih quantity & "* (1 #cig ,grooves 9 concrete1 work+ jo9ts1 #cai ,gr\nd wat] 9 sew]s1 #ch1 #ci1 #he1 #hg1 #bef1 #ceb ,gun cotton1 #bif ,gunp[d]1 #bie ,haz51 !ory ( s$im5tation1 #cib-cie dilution =mula1 #chj ,haz5 & ,william's =mula1 #ee1 #eg ,head loss1 9 b5ds1 #aaf entrance1 #aae friction 9 /raight pipe1 #ea1 #eb1 #aae ,h]cules p[d]1 #bif ,h]+1 ,rudolph1 dilution recomm5dations1 #chj ,h]+1 ,rudolph1 introduction ( ,imh(f tank & hydraulic =mulas1 #dbe ,hi/orical rsum ( sew]age & sewage treatm5t1 #b-e ,hit*1 tunnel frame1 #bhf1 #bhg ,holes1 drill4 ,see ,drill holes4 ,holidays1 "w on1 #bba ,hook = lift+ pipe1 #cjd1 #cjf ,horse-p[]1 boil]1 #adi1 #aej ( pumps1 #add-adf ,horse%oe sew] section1 #ga ,h\se1 connections1 record (1 #ib1 #bcd dra9s1 #g1 #hh1 #ij sew]1 def9$1 #g ,hydraulic1 elem5ts1 #fe1 #fi =mulas1 #eb-ee jump1 #gc-gd pr9ciples1 #ea1 #eb1 #gb1 #gc value ( settl+ p>ticles1 #cic ,hydraulics (1 sew]s1 ,*ap4 ,,iv1 #ea-gg circul> pipes p>tly full1 #fe1 #ff equival5t sections1 #gb non-uni=m fl[1 #gb-gg sections o!r ?an circul>1 #fg-gb use ( diagrams1 #fa-fe ,hydroc>bon1 #cfg ,hydrog5 sulphide1 #cec1 #cff1 #daj ,hydrolytic tank1 #dbg1 #dbh 8,hypo0 z a dis9fectant1 #dia ,hytor ,turbo bl[]1 #dgc1 #dgd ,ill9ois ,riv]1 self-purification1 #cgd-cgf ,imh(f tank1 & *lor9ation1 co/s1 #dhg cov]1 #dbd description1 #dag-dai design1 #dai-dbd dige/ion *amb]1 #dbb inlet & outlet1 #dba op]ation1 #dbf-dbg pat5t1 #dah results1 #dad1 #dbd1 #dbe1 #dci1 #dfg s$im5tation *amb]1 #dai-dbb scum *amb]1 #dbd slot1 #dbb sludge1 #dad1 #dfg sludge pipe1 #dbc1 #dbd /atus1 #dbe1 #dbf & trickl+ filt]1 co/1 #dgi ,impell]1 = c5trifugal pump1 #aca1 #acf ,imp]vi\sness1 relative1 #dj1 #db1 #dd-df1 #ie-ig ,indu/rial1 di/ricts1 #cb-cg wa/es1 def9$1 #g1 #ceb tann]y1 #dia ,in=mation & in/ructions = bidd]s1 #bac1 #bae-bag ,inlets1 /reet1 #ic1 #id1 #ii1 #ajd-ajg ,inspection1 contract /ipulations1 #bba-bbd dur+ con/ruction1 #bcc1 #bcd = ma9t5ance1 #ajd1 #ccc-ccg1 #cdh1 #cdi ,inspector1 abs5ce (1 #bba1 #bbb duties1 #bcc-bcd qualifications1 #bcd ,in/itutional sewage treatm5t plants1 #daf1 #dag ,int]cept+ sew]1 def9$1 #g ,int]mitt5ts& filt]4 ,see ,s& filt]4 ,int]nal combu/ion eng9es1 #aeb-aed ,inv]t$ siphon1 #aac-aaf ,iron1 f]r\s sulphate1 precipitant1 #djf-djh ca/4 ,see ca/ iron4 ,irrigation4 ,see also ,f>m+ & ,sewage f>m+4 area requir$1 #dfc ,b]l9 sewage f>m1 #dfj1 #dfa crops1 #dfc1 #dfd description1 #dei f]tiliz+ value ( sewage1 #dfj1 #dgj1 #die1 #dih vs4 f>m+1 #dei op]ation1 #dfa-dfc prelim9>y treatm5t1 #dfb1 #dfc prep>ation =1 #dfa-dfc process1 #dei1 #dfj sanit>y aspects #dfc /atus1 #dfj1 #dfa !ory1 #dcb 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #dfa ,jack hamm] drill1 #bfd1 #bfe ,jett+ me?od1 #ba-bc ,jet pump1 #bei1 #cda1 #cdc ,jo9ts1 bitum9\s1 #cji-caa 9 ca/-iron pipe1 #afd cem5t1 #cjg1 #cjh inspection (1 #bcd lead1 #afd mort>1 #cjg op51 #cjg p\r$1 #cji-caa cem5t1 #cji1 #caa rivet$ /eel1 #aie1 #aif sulphur & s&1 #cji types1 = pipe1 #cjg work+1 9 concrete1 #cai ,junctions1 #ii ,kui*l+1 run-(f rules1 #df1 #dg1 #di /orm int5sity =mulas1 #ej ,kutt]'s =mula1 #eb-fe ,labor1 day vs4 contract1 #baa co/s on concrete sew]1 #cbh1 #cbi ,labyr9? pack+ r+s1 #acf1 #acg ,lagg+1 tunnel frames1 #bhg = =ms1 #cbb ,lagoon+ sludge1 #die-dig ,laitance1 #ahf1 #ahh ,lakes1 self-purification (1 #cgf ,lamp's =mula1 #ed ,lampholes1 #ii1 #ajd ,lat]al sew]1 def9$1 #g ,lawr5ce ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 #d ,leap+ weir1 #aah-aba1 #ccg ,legal requirem5ts1 con/ruction1 #bbd dilution1 #chj1 #cha 9 design1 #i ,li]nur sy/em1 #e ,life1 organic 9 sewage1 #cfc1 #cfd ( sew]s1 #cdh-cea ,lime z a precipitant1 #dje-djh ) electricity1 #dhh1 #dhi ) iron1 #djf1 #djg ,l9e & grade1 #bha-bhd h[ giv51 #bha-bhc ,liquefaction ( sludge1 #daa-dac1 #dif1 #dig ,liquid *lor9e4 ,see also ,*lor9e1 #dia ,liquidat$ damages1 #bbb ,loads on1 pipe1 #aih-bjb ,m>/on's me?od1 #aih-bjb tr5*1 #aii-bjb ,lock b> pipe1 #aig ,lock-jo9t pipe1 #agg ,long loads1 #bja ,ma*9e excavation4 ,see ,excavation4 ,macroscopic organisms1 #cfc1 #cfh ,ma9 sew]1 def9$1 #g ,ma9t5ance ( sew]s1 ,*ap4 ,,xii1 #ccb-cea cat*-bas9 clean+1 #cdc1 #cdd clean+ sew]s1 #ccg-cdc compla9ts1 #ccc co/1 #cda ent]+ sew]s1 #cce1 #ccf flu%+1 #aji-aac1 #cda-cdc h& clean+1 #cda inspection1 #ccc-ccg organization1 #ccb protection ( sew]s1 #cdd1 #cde repairs1 #ccg tools1 #cch-cda tr\bles1 #ccc "w involv$1 #ccb ,man1 %ovel+ ability1 #bdc ,manholes1 #ha1 #ii-ajd bottom1 #ajj cov]1 #ajb-ajc drop1 #aja flu%+1 #aji1 #cdb location & numb]+1 #ha paym5t me?ods1 #bag1 #bah /eps1 #ajj1 #ajc1 #ajd ,mann+'s =mula1 #ee ,map1 prelim9>y1 #ag1 #gi1 #hj1 #hb1 #hc ,m>% gas1 #cdg1 #cff1 #cfg1 #daj1 #dae ,m>/on's me?ods = ext]nal loads on buri$ pipe1 #aih-bjb ,mat]ials1 = sew]s1 ,*ap4 ,,viii1 #afd-aic measurem5t (1 #bcf1 #bcg record (1 #bcg unit weights1 #bja1 #bjb ,mc,math's =mula1 #dg1 #dh1 #id1 #ie ,meem's !ory ( e>? pressure1 #bgd1 #bge ,m]captan1 #cfg ,metabolism1 #cfe ,me?ane1 #cdg1 #cff1 #cfg1 #daj1 #dae ,me?yl5e blue1 #cfj ,microscopic organisms1 #cfc1 #cfd1 #cfh ,miles acid process1 co/s1 #dhg am\nt ( acid1 #dhc analyses ( sludge1 #dhe description1 #dhb results1 #dhc-dhg sludge1 #dhe ,m9]al matt] 9 sewage1 #ceg ,mirror1 inspect+ device1 #ccd ,money reta9$ by city1 #bbg ,mosquitoes 9 cat*-bas9s1 #ajh ,motors1 electric1 #aej-aeb ,municipal1 bond1 #ad1 #ae corporations1 #ae n1 value ( 9 ,kutt]'s =mula1 #ec ,new ,york ,city1 d5sity ( population1 #bi1 #ca siphons "u subway1 #aad grease & gasol9e trap1 #ajh1 #aji aration ( sewage1 #cgg1 #dgj clean+ sew]s1 #ccb depreciation ( sew]s1 #cdh-cea ,ne$le beam1 #bhf1 #bhg ,night1 soil1 #e "w1 #bba ,nitrates1 #cee1 #cef ,nitrites1 #cee1 #cef ,nitrify+ organisms1 #dca1 #dcb ,nitrobact]1 #dca1 #dcb ,nitro explosives1 #bie1 #bif ,nitrog51 cycle1 #cfg1 #cfh organic1 #cee1 #cef ,nitro-glyc]9e1 #bie ,nitrosomonas1 #dca1 #dcb ,nomograph1 #ee1 #ef ,non-uni=m fl[1 #gb-gg ,nozzles4 ,see also ,trickl+ filt]s4 coeffici5ts ( dis*>ge1 #ddf types1 #dde ,numb]+1 dra9age areas1 #ha1 #id manholes1 #ha ,nye /eam pump1 #bfj1 #bfc ,ob/ructions to con/ruction1 #bce ,odor ( sewage1 #cec ,oil 9 sewage1 #ajh1 #cdd-cdh ,oil+ =ms1 #agd1 #ahf1 #cbb ,ole91 #cff ,ord9ances1 = protection ( sew]s1 #cdd1 #cde ,organisms 9 sewage1 #cfc1 #cfd1 #cfh ,organic matt]1 composition1 #cff ,organizations = con/ruction1 #cae1 #cag1 #cbh ,ord]s1 to :om giv51 #bbb ,outfall sew]1 def9$1 #h ,outlets1 #ii1 #abb-abd1 #cgc ,ov]fl[ weir1 #aah-aba inspection (1 #ccg ,ov]head1 co/s1 division (1 #aj1 #bcg1 #bch -track excavators1 #bdf1 #bej1 #bea ,oxidation 9 /reams1 #cgc-cgf ,oxyg51 absorption (1 #cgd-cgg consum$1 #cee1 #cef dem&1 #cei-cfa computation (1 #cfj bio-*emical1 #cei-cfa ,oxyg5 dissolv$ exhau/ion (1 #cff 9 dilution1 #cha solubility1 #cfb sup]saturation1 #cfa conc5tration = successful dilution1 #cgg-chj =mulas = conc5tration1 #cgh-chj significance ( 9 sewage1 #cei-cfb ,oy/]s1 contam9ation (1 #cgb1 #dhi ,pack+ r+s1 labyr9? type1 #acf1 #acg ,palmat91 #cff ,p>asites1 #cfe ,p>is sewage f>m1 #dfj ,pat5ts4 ,protection ( ,city by contractor1 #bbd1 #bbe ,pa?og5ic bact]ia1 #cfd ,pavem5t1 replac+1 #cbi ,paym5t1 f9al on contract1 #bbh ,paym5ts1 me?ods ( mak+1 #bag1 #bah ,p]iscope inspect+ device1 #ccd1 #cce ,p]missible explosives1 #big ,ph5olph?ale9 indicator1 #djh ,photographic records1 #bch ,piles = f\ndations1 #abc-abf ,pills = clean+ sew]s1 #cch ,pipe1 b$d+1 #bcj1 #cjd1 #cbh ca/-iron4 ,see "u ca/-iron pipe4 design ( r+1 ,*ap4 ,,ix1 #aid-baj ext]nal loads on1 #aih-bjb jo9ts4 ,see ,jo9ts4 sew] con/ruction1 #cjd-caa lay+1 l9e & grade1 #bhb-bhd organization1 #caa me?od ( lay+1 #cjd1 #cjf1 #cjg /eel1 design1 #aie-aig /resses 91 ext]nal =ces1 #aid1 #bjb-bjd /resses due to int]nal pressure1 #aid /resses 9 buri$ pipe1 #aih-bjd /resses 9 circul> r+1 #bjb-bjd wood design1 #aig1 #aih ,plankton1 def9$1 #cfc 9 sewage1 #cfh ,plans1 *anges 9 contract1 #bbb1 #bbc ,plug & fea!rs = splitt+ rock1 #bfd ,pneumatic1 collection sy/em1 #e concret+1 #cbj1 #cba ,pol+ bo>ds1 9 op5 cut1 #bga1 #bgb 9 tunnel1 #bhg ,pollution1 legal features1 #chj1 #cha ,population1 d5sity1 #bh-ca pr$ictions1 #bd-bg s]v$ by sew]s 9 ! ,u4 ,s41 #c s\rces ( in=mation1 #bg1 #bh & quantity ( sewage1 #ca1 #cb ,pott] tr5* ma*9e1 #bea ,p[d]4 ,see ,bla/+4 ,p[] pump1 #acb1 #acc ,precautions 9 ent]+ sew]s1 #cce1 #ccf ,precipitants1 *emical1 #dje-djg ,prelim9>y1 map1 #ag1 #gi1 #hj1 #hb1 #hc "w1 #i1 #ag-bc ,pres5t wor?1 #aeh1 #afj ,press+ sludge1 #ejj1 #eja ,prim+ explosives1 #cjb-cjd ,private1 capital1 #ag sew]s1 #ag ,privy1 #e ,pr(ile1 = brick sew]s1 #cab sew]1 #ib surface1 #hh ,progress1 rate (1 #bbb reports1 #bch ,promotion 7inception ( sew]s71 #i ,proportion+ concrete4 ,see ,concrete proportion+4 ,proposal 7contract71 #bac1 #bag-bai ,protection ( sew]s 7ord9ances71 #cdd1 #cde ,prote91 #cff ,puddl+1 backfill1 #ccj ,pulsomet] pump1 #bfj1 #bfa ,pump+1 9 excavations1 #bef-bfc selection ( ma*9]y1 #aed-aef equipm5t1 co/ comp>ison1 #afb /ation1 #abh1 #adb co/s1 #aef-afc equipm5t1 #abg1 #abh ,pumps1 air ejector1 #aej1 #aea capacity1 #abi1 #afj-afc capacity ( units1 #afj-afc c5trifugal1 details1 #acj1 #aca1 #acf-ach automatic control1 #ada1 #adb *>act]i/ics1 #ach-adj effici5cy1 #adj = excavation1 #bfb motors = driv+1 #aej-aeb p]=mance1 #ach-adj protection (1 by scre5s1 #chf selection (1 #aed-aef sett+1 #adj-adb turb9e1 #acj-acb1 #aed types1 #acj1 #aca ,pumps1 c5trifugal1 volute1 #acj-acb1 #aed "* ( load1 #abi co/s1 #aef1 #aeg description ( types1 #acj-acd = con/ruction "w1 #bef-bfc diaphragm1 #beg1 #beh direct-act+1 #acc duty (1 #ace1 #acf effici5cies1 #ace1 #acf ejector1 #acd1 #aej1 #aea1 #bei1 #cda1 #cdc jet1 #bei ne$ =1 #abg numb] ( units1 #afj-afc pack+ (1 #acc1 #acd pi/on1 #acc spe$1 #acc1 #acd plung]1 #acc p[]1 #acb1 #acc reciprocat+1 #acj1 #acb-ace1 #aed-aef = excavation1 #bfb reliability1 #abg sizes1 #ace /eam1 #acd1 #ace1 #adb-adf consumption1 #add1 #ade vacuum1 #bei1 #bfb improvis$ = tr5* "w1 #beg turb9e1 #acj-acb1 #aed volute1 #acj-acb1 #aed ,putrescibility1 #cei1 #cfj ,quantity1 ( sewage1 #bd-ej1 #hd-hg v>iations1 #cc-ch /orm wat]1 #dj-ej1 #id-ih ,quicks&1 def9ition1 #bef excavation 91 #bef safegu>ds1 #bce ,quiesc5t wat]1 self-purification1 #cgd ,racks4 ,see ,scre5s4 ,ra9fall1 #ag1 #dj1 #da1 #ej1 #if1 #ig data1 #ag rate1 #if1 #ig ,rang]s1 #bgj-bgd1 #bgf-bgi ,rank9e's !ory ( e>? pressure1 #bge ,rapid s& filtration ( sewage1 #deh ,rational me?od ( run-(f det]m9ation1 #dj1 #ie-ih ,rearation tank 9 activat$ sludge1 #dgc ,receiv+ well1 capacity1 #abi1 #acj ,reciprocat+ pumps4 ,see ,pumps1 reciprocat+4 ,records1 "* (1 on con/ruction1 #bch-bdj ,rectangul> sew] section1 #fg-fi ,regulators1 #ii1 #aag-aba1 #ccg inspection (1 #ccg ,re9=c$ concrete sew] design1 #bji1 #baj ,re9=c+ /eel1 specifications1 #aia plac+1 #cbf1 #cbg ,re9s* ,wurl scre51 #chd ,relative /ability numb]s1 #cei ,relief sew]1 def9$1 #g ,repairs to sew]s1 #ccg ,report1 eng9e]'s prelim9>y1 #aj ,res]voir1 collect+ capacity1 #abi1 #acj ,resid5ces1 septic tanks =1 #daf1 #dag ,resid5tial di/ricts1 *>act]i/ics1 #cb-cg ,residue on evaporation1 #cef1 #ceg ,rideal's dilution =mula1 #cgi ,r+1 design4 ,*ap4 ,,ix1 #aid-baj /resses 9 circul>1 #bjb-bjd ,riv] pollution1 legal features1 #chj1 #cha ,riv]s1 self-purification (1 #cgc-cgf ,rivet$ jo9ts1 prop]ties1 #aif ,rock1 bla/+1 #bfh1 #bij1 #bia def9ition1 #bfc drill1 data on1 #bff1 #bfg drill+4 ,see also ,drill+4 by h&1 #bfd by p[]1 #bfd-bfh rates1 #bfg excavation4 ,see also ,excavation4 paym5t =1 #bcj measurem5t (1 9 place1 #bce tunnels1 #bij1 #bia ,rods1 sew]1 #cch ,roman ord9ance relative to sew]s1 #b ,ro(s4 ,see ,cov]s4 ,root cutt]s1 #cdj ,roots1 #ccc1 #cdj ,r[ lock bond = bricks1 #cab ,runn+ wat]1 self-purification1 #cgc-cgf ,run-(f1 computations1 #ag1 #dj1 #df-ej1 #id-ih ,safegu>ds dur+ con/ruction1 #bba1 #bda ,salt wat]1 dilution 91 #cgf1 #cgg ,s&1 effective size1 #def uni=mity coeffici5t1 #def filt]s1 #deb-dei action 91 #dca1 #dcb1 #deb-ded control1 #deh1 #ejf-eaj description1 #deb dim5sions1 #def di/ribution sy/ems1 #dcc1 #def-deh dos+1 #ded-def dos+ devices1 #ejf-eaj mat]ials1 #def op]ation1 #ded1 #dee prelim9>y treatm5t1 #dee rate1 #dee results1 #deb1 #dec size ( s& =1 #def ?ickness1 #def 9 w9t]1 #dee ,sanit>y ,di/rict ( ,*icago1 dilution factor1 #chj specifications1 = manhole cov]s1 #aja1 #ajb tunnel cov]1 #bhd tunnel v5tilation1 #bia ,sanit>y eng9e]+1 #a1 #b ,sanit>y sewage1 def9$1 #g1 #ceb ,saph & ,s*od]'s =mula1 #ed ,saprophytes1 #cfe ,scre$1 #caf ,scre5s1 #chc-cia *lor9ation & f9e scre5s1 co/s1 #dhg co>se1 #chf1 #cia data on f9e1 #chh1 #chi design (1 #chi-cia f9e1 #cha1 #chb1 #chg-chi fix$1 #che1 #cij m$ium1 #chf movable1 #che1 #chf1 #chi-cia mov+1 #chd-chf op5+s1 #chf-chi protection to pumps1 #abg1 #ada purpose1 #chc results1 #chf-chi sewage treatm5t by1 #cga1 #cha size & p]=mance1 #chf-chi sizes1 #chf-cia types1 #chd-chf ,scre5+1 vs4 s$im5tation1 #chc purpose1 object1 #chc ,scre5+s1 "* (1 #chf-chi ,scum1 bo>ds =1 septic tanks1 #dac1 #dad ,imh(f tanks1 #dba *amb] 9 an ,imh(f tank1 #dbd def9ition1 #die ,s$im5t1 velocity ( transportation1 #cif1 #cig ,s$im5tation1 #chc-dje def9ition1 #chc ,haz5's analysis1 #cib-cie hydraulic values1 #cic a me?od ( treatm5t1 #cgj object1 #chc ,peoria ,lakes1 #cgf protection ( siphons1 #aac1 #aad results f pla9 s$im5tation1 #dja !ory (1 #cia-cie transportation ( debris1 #cif velocity (1 #cib1 #cic vs4 scre5+1 #chc velocities1 limit+1 #cif1 #cig ,s$im5tation1 bas9s1 arrangem5t1 #cid baffl+1 #djd clean+1 #djd dim5sions1 #dja-djc inlet & outlet1 #djd op]ation1 #daa types1 #cie *amb]1 ,imh(f tank1 #dai-dbb ,self-purification ( lakes1 #cgf ,self-purification ( /reams1 #cgc-cgf ,sep>ate sew] sy/ems1 #gh-hj ,septic action1 #cec1 #cfe-cfh1 #cga1 #daj1 #daa1 #dif1 #dig results1 #dab1 #dac vs4 s$im5tation1 #daa ,septic tank1 #daa baffl+1 #dac1 #dad capacities ( small tanks1 #dag = c\ntry homes1 #daf1 #dag cov]s =1 #dae def9ition1 #daa design1 #dac-dag explosions 91 #dae results1 #dab1 #dac se$+1 #dac sludge /orage1 #dad small1 #daf1 #dag units1 #dae ,septic sludge analysis1 #dad ,septicization4 ,*ap4 ,,xvi1 #daj-dcj a me?od ( treatm5t1 #cga ! process1 #daj1 #daa results1 #dab1 #dac ,settl+ solids1 #ceg ,sewage & wat] supply1 #cb aration1 #cga1 #cgf1 #dfe-dgi alkal9ity (1 #ceh analyses1 *emical1 #cee1 #cfi1 #dfg int]pretation (1 #cef-cfb physical1 #ceb-ced av]age1 #ceb-cee bact]ia1 #cfb-cfe biolysis (1 #cff1 #cfg *anges 91 rate ( dis*>ge (1 #cc-ch *>act]i/ics1 #cfh-cgj *>act]i/ics (1 #ceb-ced *emical con/itu5ts1 #ced-cef classification (1 #f1 #g1 #ceb collection1 #e color1 #ceb1 #cec compon5ts & prop]ties1 #ceb-cef decomposition (1 #cfe-cfg def9ition1 #f1 #g1 #ceb disposal4 ,see also ,sewage treatm5t4 me?ods1 #f1 #cgj1 #cga purposes1 #cgj1 #cga dome/ic1 #g1 #ceb f>m+4 ,see ,irrigation4 f]tiliz+ value1 #dei1 #dfj fl[ fluctuations1 #cc-ch ratio ( maximum to av]age1 #cf1 #cg1 #he fre%1 #ceb-ced gas1 #cce1 #ccf1 #cec indu/rial1 def9$1 #g1 #ceb life 91 #cfc-cfe1 #cfh odor1 #cec physical1 analyses1 #ceb-ced *>act]i/ics1 #ceb-ced quality v>iations1 #cfh-cgj quantity4 ,*ap4 ,,iii1 #bd-ej1 & #hd1 #hg & population1 #ca1 #cb ( sanit>y1 #bd-dj v>iations1 #cc-ch sanit>y1 def9$1 #g1 #ceb septic1 #cec1 #cfe-cfh1 #cga1 #daj1 #daa1 #dif1 #dig /ability1 #cei1 #cfj /ale1 #cec /orm1 def9$1 #g1 #ceb /rong1 #cee temp]ature1 #cec turbidity1 #cec treatm5t processes1 #cgj1 #cga ,a4 ,b4 ,c41 #d activat$ sludge1 ,*ap4 ,,xviii1 #dfe-dgi biological1 #cga *emical1 #cga contact b$1 #dcb-dcg1 #ejf co/s1 #dei dilution4 ,*ap4 ,,xiv1 #cgb-chb dis9fection1 #dhi-dic electrolytic1 #dhg-dhi filtration1 #dca-dei increase (1 #c irrigation1 #dca1 #dei-dfd me*anical1 #dga ,miles acid process1 #dhb-dhg purpose (1 #f1 #cgj rsum1 #f1 #cgj1 #cga s& filt]1 #deb-deh scre5+1 #chc-cia s$im5tation1 #cia-dji1 #daa septicization4 ,*ap4 ,,xvi1 #daj-dcj trickl+ filt]s1 #dcg-deb weak1 #cee & wat] supplies1 #ca1 #cb ,sew]age1 def9ition1 #g dem& =1 #b design1 #gh-ih gr[? (1 #b-d hi/orical1 #b-d ,sew]s1 anci5t1 #b1 #c capacity1 diagrams1 #ef-fj co/1 #aj-ad def9itions ( v>i\s types1 #g1 #h dep? (1 #hh diamet]1 #eh-fj1 #hh-ib flat grades1 #gc1 #aji flight1 #aja1 #ajb inspection (1 #ccc-ccg life (1 #cdh-cea location (1 #hj1 #ha1 #id mat]ials4 ,*ap4 ,,viii1 #afd-aic m$ieval1 #c pipe1 prop]ties ( concrete1 #age design4 ,*ap4 ,,ix1 #aid-baj vitrifi$ clay1 prop]ties1 #afi-aga pr(ile1 #hi1 #ib section ( diff]5t types1 #fg-gb sep>ate sy/em1 #gh1 #gi1 #hb1 #hf1 #hg slope1 #hh-ib /orm-wat] sy/em1 #gh1 #gi1 #hc1 #ic1 #id /resses 91 #aid1 #aih-bjd ,%afts1 = tunnels1 #bhd-bhg ,%eet+1 #bgj-bhj alignm5t1 #bdj1 #bda backfill+1 #ccj box1 #bgb design1 #bge-bhj driv+1 #bgc l5g?1 #bgc lumb]1 #bgg mov+1 #bdh pol+ bo>ds1 #bga1 #bgb1 #bhg pull+1 #bgd skeleton1 #bgj1 #bga /ay brac+1 #bgj /eel1 #beb1 #bhj1 #bha ?ickness1 #bgf-bgh types1 #bgj v]tical1 #bgj1 #bgb-bgd ,wakefield pil+1 #bgc ,%ellfi% contam9ation1 #cgb1 #dhi ,%ields1 tunnel1 #bhh-bij ,%ort loads on tr5*es1 #bjb ,%ovels1 = h& excavation1 #bdb /eam4 ,see ,/eam %ovels4 ,%ovel vane scre51 #chd ,%ovel+ by h&1 height rais$1 #bdd p]=mance by "o man1 #bdc ,symbiosis1 def9ition1 #cfc example1 #dcb ,s9k+ fund1 #aeh ,siphons1 automatic4 ,*ap4 ,,xxi1 #ejf-eab4 ,see also "u ,dos+ devices4 9 flu%-tanks1 #aji-aaj inspection1 #ccg op]ation1 #aji-aaj1 #ejf-eab = trickl+ filt]1 #ddh-dea true & inv]t$1 #aac-aag ,skeleton %eet+1 #bgj1 #bga ,slope1 ( sew]s1 #hh-ib ( tank bottoms1 ,imh(f1 #dai1 #dbc s$im5tation tank1 #djd ,skewback1 #bjd ,sludge4 ,*ap4 ,,xx1 #die-eje activat$4 ,*ap4 ,,xviii1 #dfe-dgi4 ,see also "u ,activat$ sludge4 analyses1 #dad1 #dfg1 #dfh1 #dhe1 #dif *>act]i/ics1 #die def9ition1 #die dige/ion tanks1 #dbg-dcj1 #dig disposal me?ods1 #die dry+1 #dig-eje acid flotation1 #ejc b$s1 #dih1 #ejj c5trifuge1 #eja-ejb heat1 #ejb1 #ejc press1 #ejj-eja ?ick5]s1 #ejd1 #eje f]tiliz+ value1 #dgj1 #die1 #dig ,sludge1 filt]s1 #dih-ejj lagoon+1 #die1 #dif measurem5t1 #dbg press1 #ejj1 #eja s$im5tation1 #dja septic analysis1 #dcd treatm5t me?ods1 #die ,soaps1 #ceg ,soil1 be>+ value1 #abe /ack1 def9ition1 #g ,solids 9 sewage1 #cef-cfh ,special assessm5t1 #ae1 #af ,specifications4 ,*ap4 ,x1 #baa-bcb g5]al1 #bai-bbi special1 #bcj te*nical1 #bbi1 #bcj ,spil+4 ,see ,piles4 ,spirillum1 #cfb ,spores1 #cfc ,spr++ l9e1 #bjd ,spr9kl+ filt]4 ,see ,trickl+ filt] ,squ>e sew] section1 #fh1 #fi ,/ability1 relative1 #cei-cfa ,/agnant wat]1 #cgd ,/akes1 contractor to provide1 #bba :]e driv51 #bha1 #bhb ,/ation+1 #ib ,/ay brac+1 #bgj ,/eam boil]s1 #adg-aej ,/eam1 consumption by1 pumps1 #add1 #ade turb9es1 #add1 #adg eng9es1 #add1 #ade pump+ eng9es1 #adb-adf pumps4 ,see ,pumps1 /eam4 %ovels1 #bdf1 #beb-bed turb9es1 #adf1 #adg ,/e>91 #cff ,/eel1 =ms4 ,see ,=ms1 /eel4 pipe1 #afd1 #aia1 #aib design1 #aie-aig specifications1 #aia re9=cem5t = concrete1 #aia1 #cbf-cbg %eet pil+1 #beb1 #bhj1 #bha ,/5*1 hi/oric 9 ,london1 #d ,/]ilization4 ,see ,dis9fection4 ,/orm1 sewage1 def9ition1 #g1 #ceb ,/orm1 sew] sy/em design1 #ic-ih wat]1 quantity1 #dj-ej ,/orms1 ext5t & int5sity1 #ej ,/ream pollution1 regulation1 #chj1 #cha ,/reams1 self-purification1 #cgc-cgf ,/reet1 inlet4 ,see ,inlets4 wa%1 def9ition1 #ceb ,/resses1 9 buri$ pipe1 #aih-bjd 9 circul> r+1 #aid1 #bjb-bjd ,sub-ma91 def9$1 #g ,subsurface surveys1 #ah-bj ,suction = c5trifugal pump1 #ada ,sulphur & s& jo9t comp\nd1 #cji ,sunday "w1 #bba ,surface1 elevation1 #ib ( gr\nd1 "*1 #dd-df pr(ile1 #hh wat]1 #g1 #ceb ,surveys1 und]gr\nd1 #ah-bj ,susp5d$ matt]1 #ceg ,talbot's run-(f =mula1 #di ,tamp+1 backfill+1 #cbh-cca ,tann]y wa/es1 dis9fection1 #dia ,taxation1 g5]al1 #af1 #ag ,taylor nozzles1 #ddd1 #dde ,temp]ature ( sewage1 #cec ,templates1 brick sew]s1 #cab ,?aw+ dynamite1 #cja1 #cjb ,tide gate1 #abb ,timb]+ tunnels1 #bhf-bhh ,timb]1 /r5g? (1 #bgg ,"t ( conc5tration1 #da-dc1 #ie-ig ,tools1 = clean+ sew]s1 #ccg-cda excavat+1 #bdb1 #bdf ,t[] cableways1 #beb ,trade wa/es4 ,see ,indu/rial wa/es4 ,traps1 9 cat*-bas9s1 #ajg grease1 gasol9e1 & oil1 #ajh1 #aji 9 /reet inlets1 #ajd1 #aje ,travis tank1 #dbg1 #dbh ,tree roots1 #ccc1 #cdj ,tremie1 #ahg1 #ahh ,tr5*1 backfill+1 #cbh-cca bla/+ 91 #bdd1 #bfi bottom1 %ape (1 #bda1 #cjd1 #caa break+ surface1 #bdc1 #bdd dra9age1 #bef-bfc excavat+1 by h&1 #bdb-bde ma*9e1 #bdd-bef gu>d+ & light+1 #bba lay\t ( tasks1 #bdc l5g? ( op51 #bda1 #bdh l9e & grade1 #bha-bhd location1 #bdc1 #bha op5+1 #bdc1 #bdd pumps1 #bef-bfc %eet+1 #bgj-bhj wid?1 #bdj1 #bda1 #bdf ,tre/le excavators1 #bej1 #bea ,trickl+ filt]1 #dcg-deb advantages1 #dch1 #dci cov]s =1 #dea dep?1 #dda1 #ddb description1 #dcg1 #dch dim5sions1 #ddb di/ribution ( sewage1 #ddb-dea dos+ siphon1 #ddf-dea dos+ tank1 #ddf-dea head lo/1 #dch insects1 #dch mat]ial1 #dda nozzles1 #ddb-dea lay\t1 #ddg-dea odors1 #dch1 #dci op]ation1 #dda rate1 #dda results1 #dci1 #ddj siphon size1 #ddi-dea und]dra9age1 #dea1 #deb unload+1 #dca1 #dcg ,tripod drill1 #bfe ,triton1 #bie ,tr\bles ) sew]s1 causes1 #ccc ,trumpet ar*1 #aba ,trunk sew]1 def9$1 #g ,tunnels1 #bhc-bid backfill+1 #cca brea/ bo>ds1 #bhh brick inv]t1 #cac compress$ air 91 #bib-bid concrete con/ruction1 #cbj1 #cba dep? ( cov]1 #bhd l9e & grade 91 #bhc ma*9es1 #bij rock1 #bij-bib %afts1 #bhd-bhf %ield1 #bhh-bij timb]+1 #bhd-bhh v5tilation1 #bia1 #bib ,turbidity ( sewage1 #cec ,turb9e1 = clean+ sew]s1 #cdj pumps1 #acj1 #acb /eam1 #adf1 #adg ,typhoid fev]1 #cfd ,u-%ap$ sew] section1 #fg1 #fi1 #ga ,und]dra9s =1 sew]s1 #abf trickl+ filt]s1 #dea1 #deb ,und]gr\nd surveys1 #ah-bj ,unexpect$ situations1 #bce ,uni=mity coeffici5t ( s&1 #def ,unload+ ( filt]s1 #dca1 #dcg ,urea1 #cfg ,valuation ( sew]s1 #ccb1 #cdh-cea ,velocities1 deposit+1 #cie-cig di/ribution (1 #ea fl[ 9 sew]s1 #ij ov] surface ( gr\nd1 #db limit+ = s$im5tation1 #cif1 #cig limit+ 9 sew]s1 #cif1 #cig pr9ciples ( fl[ 9 sew]s1 #ea transport+1 #cif ,v5tilation1 air pressures1 #bia compress$ air1 #bib-bid pipes1 #bia ,v5tilation1 ( sew]s1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #cce tunnel1 #bia ,v]tical %eet+1 #bgj-bgd ,vitrifi$ clay4 ,see ,clay vitrifi$4 ,volatile matt] 9 sewage1 #ceg ,volute pumps1 #acj1 #acb1 #aed ,v\issoir ar* analysis1 #bjd ,wakefield pil+1 #bgc ,wales1 #bhh ,wa/e pipe1 def9$1 #g ,wa/es4 ,see ,indu/rial wa/es4 ,wat] consumption1 #ca-cc fl[ (1 #ea-gg rate ( /eam eng9es1 #add1 #ade supply & sewage fl[1 #ca-cc ,wat]%$4 ,see ,dra9age area4 ,weight1 ( backfill1 #aii ( build+ mat]ial1 #bja ( mov+ loads1 #bjj1 #bjb ,well1 hole1 #aja po9ts1 #bfb1 #bfc ,:eel excavator1 #bdf-bej ,w+ scre51 #chd ,wood1 =ms4 ,see ,=ms4 pipe1 mat]ials1 #afd1 #afe1 #aij1 #aib1 #aic design1 #aig1 #aih work+ /r5g? (1 #bgg ,"w1 extra1 #bbg prelim9>y to design1 #i ,sunday1 night1 & holiday1 #bba ,workm51 compet5t1 #bbg di%one/y1 #bcc1 #bcd ----- ,footnote #a3 ,front9us & ! ,wat] ,supply ( ,rome1 p4 #ha1 by ,clem5s ,h]s*el4 ,footnote #b3 ,e/imat$ by ,g4 ,w4 ,full]1 ,trans4 ,am4 ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,vol4 #dd1 #aije1 p4 #adh4 ,! total population connect$ ) sew]age sy/ems 0 assum$ to be ! total population 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 cities ov] #djjj 9 population4 ,footnote #c3 ,e/imat$ by ,metcalf & ,eddy1 ,am]ican ,sew]age ,practice1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bdj4 ,footnote #d3 ,comput$ f report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus1 #aibj1 on ! same basis z ,full]'s e/imate = #aije4 ,footnote #e3 ,cosgrove1 ,hi/ory ( ,sanitation4 ,footnote #f3 ,s$gwick3 ,sanit>y ,sci5ce & ,public ,heal?4 ,footnote #g3 ,no detrim5tal effect on ! public heal? 0 not$ z a result ( ?is condition h[ev]4 ,x has nev] be5 conclusively prov5 t su* nuisances are detrim5tal to ! public heal?4 ,footnote #h3 ,moore & ,silcock1 ,sanit>y ,eng9e]+1 p4 #fg1 #aiji4 ,footnote #i3 ,simil> to ! def9ition propos$ by ! ,am4 ,public ,heal? ,assn4 ,footnote #aj3 ,def9ition recomm5d$ by ,am4 ,public ,heal? ,assn4 ,footnote #aa3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #ab3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #ac3 ,eng4 ,news1 ,vol4 #gf1 #aiaf1 p4 #gha4 ,see also ,eng4 ,news-,record1 ,vol4 #he1 #aibj1 pp4 #bb1 #aage4 ,footnote #ad3 ,= a m ext5sive treatm5t ( ! subject see ,pr9ciples & ,me?ods ( ,municipal ,adm9i/ration by ,w4 ,b4 ,munro1 #aiaf4 ,footnote #ae3 ,eng4 ,record1 ,vol4 #gd1 #aiaf1 p4 #bfc4 ,footnote #af3 ,pr(essional pap] ,no4 #df1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 #aijf1 p4 #ig4 ,footnote #ag3 ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 ,wat] ,supply pap] ,no4 #beg1 #aiaa4 ,footnote #ah3 ,f ,eng4 ,cont41 ,vol4 #da1 #aiad1 p4 #fih4 ,footnote #ai3 ,max4 repres5ts only ! av]age maximum1 n ! greate/ maximum4 ,footnote #bj3 ,eng4 ,news-,record1 ,vol4 #hj1 page #abcc1 #aiah4 ,footnote #ba3 ,infiltration ( ,gr\nd ,wat] into ,sew]s4 ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,vol4 #gf1 #aiac1 p4 #aiji4 ,footnote #bb3 ,a compreh5sive discussion ( ra9fall =mulas w be f\nd 9 ,vol4 #ed ( ! ,transactions ,am4 ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 #aije4 ,footnote #bc3 ,=mula devis$ by ,h4 ,e4 ,babbitt f ,all5's #be-ye> curve4 ,footnote #bd3 ,see ,note "u ,table #ad4 ,footnote #be3 ,sew]age by ,a4 ,p4 ,folwell4 ,footnote #bf3 ,f an article by ,e4 ,kui*l+ 9 ,transactions ,am]ican ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,vol4 #fe1 #aiji1 p4 #cii4 ,footnote #bg3 ,trans4 ,am4 ,society ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,vol4 #eh1 #aijg1 p4 #dhc4 ,footnote #bh3 ,trans4 ,am]ican ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,vol4 #eh1 #aijg1 p4 #dih4 ,footnote #bi3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #cj3 ,! pr9ciples gov]n+ ! run-(f f l>ge areas are expla9$ 9 ,elem5ts ( ,hydrology1 by ,a4 ,f4 ,mey]1 #aiag4 ,footnote #ca3 ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,vol4 #ea1 #aijc1 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #cb3 ,municipal & ,c\nty ,eng9e]+1 ,vol4 #eh4 #aibj1 p4 #afd4 ,footnote #cc3 ,indu/rial wa/e ,treat$ z gr\nd wat]4 ,footnote #cd3 ,= diagrams = ! ,solution ( ! ,rational ,me?od1 see ,eng4 ,news-,record1 ,vol4 #hc1 #aiai1 p4 #hfh & ,vol4 #he1 #aibj1 p4 #aea4 ,footnote #ce3 ,municipal & ,c\nty ,eng9e]+1 ,octob]1 #aiji4 ,footnote #cf3 8,clean+ & ,flu%+ ,sew]s40 ,j\rnal ( ! ,association ( ,eng9e]+ ,societies1 ,vol4 #cc1 #aijd1 p4 #bab4 ,footnote #cg3 ,notes on ! ,design & ,pr9ciples ( ,sewage ,siphons1 ,eng4 ,news-,record1 ,vol4 #he1 #aibj1 p4 #ajda4 ,footnote #ch3 ,f ,a4 ,e4 ,phillips1 ,trans4 ,am4 ,society ( ,municipal ,improvem5ts1 #ahih1 p4 #gj4 ,footnote #ci3 ,trans4 ,am4 ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,vol4 #ae1 #ahhf4 ,footnote #dj3 ,true ,siphon at ,ea/ ,provid5ce1 ,eng4 ,news-,record1 ,vol4 #he1 #aibj1 p4 #hfb4 ,footnote #da3 8,! ,effect ( ,m\?pieces on ,! ,fl[ ( ,wat] ,?r\gh a ,subm]g$ ,%ort ,pipe10 by ,f4 ,b4 ,seely4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #if1 #aiag1 ( ! ,eng'g4 ,exp]im5t ,/ation ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois4 ,footnote #db3 ,trans4 ,am4 ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,vol4 #di1 #aijb4 ,footnote #dc3 ,describ$ by ,w4 ,l4 ,/ev5son be=e ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s 9 #aiaf4 ,footnote #dd3 ,multiple ,outlet = ,calumet ,int]cept+ ,sew]1 by ,s4 ,t4 ,smett]s1 ,eng4 ,news-,record1 ,vol4 #hc1 #aiai1 p4 #gbh4 ,footnote #de3 8,direct ,act+ ,/eam ,pumps10 by ,f4 ,r4 ,nickel1 #aiae4 ,footnote #df3 ,f ,heat ,eng9es1 by ,all5 & ,bursley4 ,footnote #dg3 8,! ,economy ,result+ f ! ,use ( ,v>iable ,spe$ ,induction ,motors = ,driv+ ,c5trifugal ,pumps0 by ,m4 ,l4 ,eng] & ,w4 ,j4 ,putnam4 ,j\rnal ,am4 ,wat] ,works ,ass'n41 #aibj1 ,vol4 #g1 p4 #ecf4 ,footnote #dh3 ,c4 ,a4 ,hague 9 ,trans4 ,am4 ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,vol4 #gd1 #aiaa1 p4 #bj4 ,footnote #di3 ,includes scre5 *amb]1 collect+ res]voir1 & build+4 ,footnote #ej3 ,comput$ on ! assumption t ! pumps may be op]at$ at #ej p] c5t ov]load = %ort p]iods1 ! rat$ capacity be+ equal to ! loads giv5 9 ,table #cc4 ,footnote #ea3 ,= description ( type see note "u ,table #ce4 ,footnote #eb3 ,proce$+s ,ill9ois ,society ( ,eng9e]s1 #aiaf1 page #ha4 ,footnote #ec3 ,municipal ,eng9e]s' ,j\rnal = ,april1 #aiah4 ,footnote #ed3 ,workability involves ease 9 plac+ & smoo?ness ( work+4 ,footnote #ee3 ,johnson's ,mat]ials ( ,con/ruction1 #e? ,edition1 #aiah1 p4 #dcb4 ,footnote #ef3 ,trans4 ,am4 ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,vol4 #ei1 #aijg1 p4 #adf4 ,footnote #eg3 ,l4 ,n4 ,edw>ds1 ,trans4 ,am4 ,society ,te/+ ,mat]ials1 #aiah1 & ,r4 ,b4 ,"y1 ,eng4 ,news-,record1 ,vol4 #hb1 #aiai1 p4 #cc4 ,footnote #eh3 ,bullet9 ,no4 #a1 ,/ructural ,mat]ials ,rese>* ,laboratory1 ,lewis ,in/itute1 ,*icago1 ,ill9ois4 ,footnote #ei3 ,proportion+ ,concrete by ,voids 9 ! ,mort>1 ,a4 ,n4 ,talbot1 read be=e ,am4 ,society ,te/+ ,mat]ials1 ,june #bb1 #aiba4 ,ab/ract 9 ,eng4 ,news-,record1 ,vol4 #hg1 #aiba1 p4 #adg4 ,footnote #fj3 ,trans4 ,am4 ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,vol4 #ha1 #aiag1 p4 #aabb4 ,footnote #fa3 ,see also ,t5tative ,specifications = ,concrete & ,re9=c$ ,concrete submitt$ by ! ,jo9t ,committee to its ,con/itu5t ,organizations1 ,june #d1 #aiba4 ,footnote #fb3 ,j\rnal ,ill9ois ,society ( ,eng9e]s = #aiaf1 p4 #ge4 ,footnote #fc3 ,see ,a4 ,s4 ,t4 ,m4 ,/&>ds = #aiah1 p4 #adh4 ,footnote #fd3 ,trans4 ,am4 ,society ,civil ,engrs41 ,vol4 #hb1 #aiah1 p4 #dei4 ,footnote #fe3 ,see ,trans4 ,am4 ,society ,civil ,eng41 ,vol4 #hb1 #aiah1 p4 #dhb4 ,footnote #ff3 ,see ,trans4 ,am4 ,society ,civil ,engr41 ,vol4 #da1 #ahii1 p4 #gf1 & ,vol4 #hb1 #aiah1 p4 #dcc1 ,eng4 ,news1 ,vol4 #gd1 #aiae1 p4 #djj1 & ,vol4 #ge1 #aiaf1 p4 #iaa4 ,footnote #fg3 ,trans4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,civil ,engrs41 ,vol4 #hb1 #aiah1 p4 #dcc4 ,footnote #fh3 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ca ( ! ,eng9e]+ ,exp]im5t ,/ation ( ! ,i[a ,/ate ,college ( ,agriculture4 ,footnote #fi3 ,f bullet9 ,no4 #ca1 ,eng9e]+ ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,i[a ,/ate ,college ( ,agriculture4 ,footnote #gj3 ,f ,bullet9 ,no4 #ca1 ,eng9e]+ ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,i[a ,/ate ,college ( ,agriculture4 ,footnote #ga3 ,f ,bullet9 ,no4 #ca1 ,eng9e]+ ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,i[a ,/ate ,college ( ,agriculture4 ,footnote #gb3 ,f ,v\issoir ,ar*es by ,ca94 ,footnote #gc3 ,bak]'s ,masonry1 #aj? ,edition1 p4 #fgf4 ,footnote #gd3 ,bus9ess ,law = ,eng9e]s1 ,c4 ,frank ,all51 ,mc,graw-,hill1 #aiag2 ,eng9e]+ ,contracts & ,specifications1 ,j4 ,b4 ,johnson1 ,mc,graw-,hill1 #aijd2 ,contracts 9 ,eng9e]+1 ,j4 ,i4 ,tuck]1 ,mc,graw-,hill1 #aiaj2 ,! ,law ,affect+ ,eng9e]s1 ,w4 ,v4 ,ball1 ,ar*ibald ,con/able1 #aiji2 ,law & ,bus9ess ( ,eng9e]+ & ,contract+1 ,c4 ,e4 ,f[l]1 ,mc,graw-,hill1 #aiji2 ,! ,economics ( ,contract+1 ,d4 ,j4 ,hau]1 ,e4 ,h4 ,baumg>tn]1 #aiae2 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,specification ,writ+1 ,r4 ,s4 ,kirby1 ,john ,wiley ,son1 #aiac2 ,contracts1 ,specifications & ,eng9e]+ ,relations1 ,d4 ,w4 ,mead1 ,mc,graw-,hill1 #aiaf2 ,eng9e]+ & ,ar*itectural ,jurisprud5ce1 ,j4 ,c4 ,wait1 ,john ,wiley1 #aiab4 ,footnote #ge3 ,see article by ,e4 ,w4 ,bu% 9 ,eng4 ,news-,record1 ,vol4 #he1 #aibj1 p4 #abb4 ,footnote #gf3 ,an unbalanc$ proposal is "o 9 :i* ! bids on "s ( ! items are obvi\sly l[ & on o!r items are obvi\sly or suspici\sly high4 ,! purpose ( submitt+ unbalanc$ bids is to keep secret ! true or suppos$ co/ ( ! "w to ! contractor or to obta9 m money by bidd+ high on ^? items :i* are believ$ to h be5 und]e/imat$ by ! ,eng9e]4 ,a l[ bid is made on o!r items 9 ord] to keep d[n ! total am\nt ( ! bid4 ,footnote #gg3 ,tak5 ma9ly f specifications ( ! ,sanit>y ,di/rict ( ,*icago & ! ,baltimore ,sew]age ,commission1 ) miscellane\s selections f o!r s\rces4 ,footnote #gh3 ,re/rictions are plac$ on "w done outside ( ord9>y work+ h\rs 9 ord] t ! ,contractor may n p]=m "w 9 ! abs5ce ( an eng9e] or inspector4 ,footnote #gi3 ,co/ ,keep+ & ,managem5t1 by ,gillette & ,dana4 ,practical ,co/ ,keep+ = ,contractors1 by ,f4 ,r4 ,walk]4 ,co/ ,keep+ 9 ,sew] ,"w1 by ,k4 ,o4 ,gu?rie 9 ,eng4 ,contract+1 ,vol4 #bh1 p4 #bch1 #aije4 ,sew] ,con/ruction ,records at ,sc>sdale1 ,eng4 ,news-,record1 ,vol4 #hc1 p4 #aaa1 #aiai4 ,footnote #hj3 ,see ,plann+ & ,progress on a ,big ,con/ruction ,job1 by ,*as4 ,p5rose1 ,eng4 ,news-,record1 ,vol4 #hd1 #aibj1 pp4 #eed & #fbg4 ,footnote #ha3 ,see also 8,own]%ip & ,op]ation ( ,tr5* ,excavators by ! ,wat] ,dep>tm5t ( ,baltimore10 by ,v4 ,b4 ,seims1 pres5t$ be=e ,am4 ,wat] ,works ,association1 ,june #i1 #aiba4 ,footnote #hb3 ,eng4 & ,contract+1 ,vol4 #dh1 #aiag1 p4 #dib4 ,footnote #hc3 ,e>? ,excavation by ,a4 ,b4 ,mc,daniel4 ,footnote #hd3 ,c\rtesy1 ,sanit>y ,di/rict ( ,*icago4 ,footnote #he3 ,see article by ,j4 ,r4 ,g[1 ,j\rnal ,new ,engl& ,wat]works ,ass'n1 ,sept41 #aibj1 also ,public ,works1 ,vol4 #ej1 p4 #ih4 ,footnote #hf3 ,diamet] ( diaphragm4 ,footnote #hg3 ,gallons p] m9ute4 ,footnote #hh3 ,eng4 ,news1 ,vol4 #ge1 #aiaf p4 #ajej4 ,footnote #hi3 ,mun4 ,eng9e]+1 ,vol4 #ec1 p4 #f4 ,footnote #ij3 ,= types ( drill bits see article by ,t4 ,h4 ,proske1 ,m9+ & ,sci5tific ,press1 ,m>* #e1 #aiaj4 ,footnote #ia3 ,^! int]m$iate holes are seldom m ?an #c feet ap>t4 ,footnote #ib3 ,e>? ,pressures1 ,old ,!ories & ,new ,te/ ,results1 ,eng4 ,news-,record1 ,vol4 #he1 #aibj1 p4 #fcb4 ,footnote #ic3 ,trans4 ,am4 ,society ,civil ,eng'rs1 ,vol4 #fj1 #aijh4 ,footnote #id3 ,adopt$ by ! ,am4 ,ry4 & ,ma9t5ance ( ,way ,ass'n 9 #aijg4 ,footnote #ie3 ,tunnel+ ,ma*9es ,successful on ,detroit ,sew]s1 ,eng4 ,news-,record1 ,vol4 #hd1 #aibj1 p4 #cbi4 ,footnote #if3 ,rules on ,compress$-,air ,"w ( ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,indu/rial ,commission1 ,eng4 ,news-,record1 ,vol4 #he1 #aibj1 p4 #abbe4 ,footnote #ig3 ,tak5 ma9ly f ! ,eng9e] ,field ,manual ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,army2 ,safety ,factors 9 ! ,use ( ,explosives by ,w4 ,o4 ,snell+1 ,te*nical ,pap] ,no4 #ah1 ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,m9es2 & an article 9 ,eng'g & ,contract+1 ,vol4 #eb1 #aiai1 p4 #ehe4 ,footnote #ih3 ,see pap] by ,c4 ,t4 ,hall be=e ,am4 ,in/4 ,*emical ,eng9e]s4 ,footnote #ii3 ,p] cubic y>d ( mat]ial displac$4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,eng4 ,news1 ,vol4 #ge1 #aiaf1 p4 #eib4 ,footnote #aja3 ,pressure ( ,concrete on ,=ms ,measur$ 9 ,te/s1 by ,e4 ,b4 ,smi?1 be=e ,am4 ,concrete ,in/itute1 ,feb4 #ae1 #aibj4 ,ab/ract$ 9 ,eng4 ,news-,record1 ,vol4 #hd1 #aibj1 p4 #ffe4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,see1 also1 ,concrete ,=m ,design1 by ,e4 ,f4 ,rockwood1 ,eng4 & ,contract+1 ,vol4 #ee1 #aiba1 p4 #ebh4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,includes #f c5ts p] foot = excavation4 ,labor = ?is 0 #eh p] c5t ( ! total labor co/4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,cem5t at #a4be p] b>rel4 ,footnote #aje3 ,mun4 ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 #cf1 #aiad1 p4 #gcf4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,mun4 ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 #ci1 #aiae1 p4 #iaa4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,=m]ly ! ,municipal ,j\rnal4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,see ,eng4 ,record1 ,vol4 #ge1 #aiag1 p4 #dfc4 ,footnote #aji3 ,eng4 ,record1 ,vol4 #gc1 #aiaf1 p4 #ada1 & ,eng4 ,news-,record1 ,vol4 #gi1 #aiag1 p4 #ajai4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,eng4 ,record1 ,vol4 #gb1 #aiae1 p4 #fij4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,eng4 ,record1 ,vol4 #ga1 #aiae1 p4 #bef4 ,footnote #aab3 ,eng4 & ,contr41 ,vol4 #da1 #aiad1 p4 #bej4 ,footnote #aac3 ,h4 ,j4 ,kellogg 9 ,j\rnal ,connecticut ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 #aiad1 & ,te*nical ,pap] #aag1 ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,m9es4 ,footnote #aad3 ,eng4 ,news1 ,vol4 #gj1 #aiac1 p4 #aaeg4 ,footnote #aae3 ,te*nical ,pap] ,no4 #aag1 ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,m9es4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,eng4 ,news1 ,vol4 #ga1 #aiad1 p4 #hd4 ,footnote #aag3 ,eng4 ,news1 ,vol4 #ga1 #aiad1 p4 #hb4 ,footnote #aah3 ,simil> to def9ition propos$ by ! ,am4 ,public ,heal? ,ass'n4 ,footnote #aai3 ,economic ,values 9 ,sewage & ,sewage ,sludge1 by ,raymond ,wells1 ,proce$+s ,am4 ,society ,municipal ,improvem5ts1 ,nov4 #ab1 #aiai4 ,eng4 ,news-,record1 ,vol4 #hc1 #aiai1 p4 #idh4 ,footnote #abj3 ,sample boil$ = five m9utes4 ,footnote #aba3 ,sample imm]s$ 9 boil+ wat] = #cj m9utes4 ,footnote #abb3 ,f\r mon?s4 ,footnote #abc3 ,"o week 9 ,m>*1 #aiad4 ,footnote #abd3 ,r repres5ts any *emical elem5t su* z ,k1 ,na1 etc4 ,footnote #abe3 ,/&>d ,me?ods ( ,wat] ,analysis1 ,am]ican ,public ,heal? ,association1 #aibj4 ,footnote #abf3 ,r\t9e te/s are ord9>ily incubat$ = ?is p]iod only1 & if n decoloriz$ 9 ?is "t are record$ z /able4 ,footnote #abg3 ,det]m9ation ( ! ,bio*emical ,oxyg5 ,dem& ( ,sewage & ,indu/rial ,wa/es1 by ,e4 ,j4 ,!riault1 ,report ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,public ,heal? ,s]vice1 ,vol4 #ce1 ,may #g1 #aibj1 ,no4 #ai1 p4 #ajhg4 ,footnote #abh3 ,/&>d ,me?ods ( ,wat] ,analysis1 ,am]ican ,public ,heal? ,association1 #aibj4 ,footnote #abi3 ,jordan1 ,g5]al ,bact]iology1 #aiji1 p4 #ia4 ,footnote #acj3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #aca3 ,repr9t$ 9 ,vol4 ,,iii ( ,contributions f ! ,sanit>y ,rese>* ,laboratory ( ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4 ,footnote #acb3 ,=m]ly ,*ief ,eng9e] ( ! ,sanit>y ,di/rict ( ,*icago4 ,footnote #acc3 ,f 8,sewage10 by ,samuel ,rideal1 #aijj1 p4 #af4 ,footnote #acd3 ,see ,am4 ,civil ,eng9e]s' ,pocket ,book1 ,second ,edition1 p4 #ihb4 ,footnote #ace3 ,trans4 ,am4 ,society ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,vol4 #eh1 #aijg1 p4 #ihh4 ,footnote #acf3 ,n def9$ by ! ,am]ican ,public ,heal? ,association4 ,footnote #acg3 ,trans4 ,am4 ,society ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,vol4 #gh1 #aiae1 p4 #hib4 ,footnote #ach3 ,removal ( ,susp5d$ ,matt] by ,sewage ,scre5s1 ,cornell ,civil ,eng9e]1 #aiad4 ,ab/ract$ 9 ,eng9e]+ & ,contract+1 ,vol4 #da1 #aiad1 p4 #dea4 ,footnote #aci3 8,! ,cl>ification ( ,sewage by ,f9e ,scre5s10 ,trans4 ,am4 ,society ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,vol4 #gh1 #aiae1 p4 #ajjj4 ,footnote #adj3 ,langdon ,pe>se1 ,trans4 ,am4 ,society ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,vol4 #gh1 #aiae1 p4 #ajjj4 ,footnote #ada3 ,me%es p] in*4 ,footnote #adb3 ,see article by ,h5ry ,ryon 9 ,cornell ,civil ,eng9e]1 #aiaj4 ,footnote #adc3 ,! hydraulic coeffici5t is def9$ z ! rate ( settl+ 9 mm4 p] second4 ,footnote #add3 ,def9ition sugge/$ by ! ,am]ican ,public ,heal? ,association4 ,footnote #ade3 ,comput$ f =mula by ,gilb]t 9 8,transportation ( ,debris by ,runn+ ,wat]10 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 ,pr(essional ,pap] ,no4 #hf1 #aiad4 ,diamet] 9 mm4 7#a4bh 7velocity7#b4g77,sp4 gv4 #a74 ,footnote #adf3 ,comput$ f ,annual ,report ( ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,sew]s1 ,nov4 #cj1 #aiai1 & #aibj4 ,footnote #adg3 ,^! figures are = #aiai4 ,footnote #adh3 ,^! figures are = #aije4 ,footnote #adi3 ,^! figures are = #aijb4 ,footnote #aej3 ,report ( ! ,ohio ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 #aijh1 page #dbe4 ,footnote #aea3 ,def9ition propos$ by ! ,am4 ,public ,heal? ,assn4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,see ,eng4 ,news4 ,vol4 #gc1 #aiae1 p4 #daj4 ,footnote #aec3 ,sewage ,treatm5t f ,s+le ,h\ses & ,small ,communities1 by ,l4 ,c4 ,frank4 ,u4 ,s4 ,public ,heal? ,s]vice1 ,bullet9 #aja1 #aibj4 ,footnote #aed3 ,eng4 ,news-,record1 ,vol4 #gh1 #aiag1 p4 #eff4 ,footnote #aee3 ,municipal ,eng9e]+1 ,vol4 #ed1 p4 #adi4 ,footnote #aef3 ,eng4 ,record1 ,vol4 #fh1 #aiac1 p4 #deb4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,am4 ,sew]age ,practice1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #dcg4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,trans4 ,am4 ,society ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,vol4 #hc1 #aibj1 p4 #ccg4 ,footnote #aei3 ,eng4 ,news-,record1 ,vol4 #hc1 #aiai1 p4 #eaj4 ,footnote #afj3 ,see ,eng4 ,news1 ,vol4 #gj1 #aiac1 p4 #aaab2 ,eng4 ,record1 ,vol4 #fh1 #aiac1 p4 #ddj1 & ,eng4 ,news1 ,vol4 #ge1 #aiaf1 p4 #ajbh4 ,footnote #afa3 ,see ,eng4 ,record1 ,vol4 #fg1 #aiac1 p4 #bcb4 ,footnote #afb3 ,! use ( half-spray nozzles is n always advocat$ z x is consid]$ t _! use does n m>k$ly improve ! di/ribution4 ,:]e half nozzles are us$1 a m>g9 ( #ah in*es to #b feet %\ld be all[$ betwe5 ! edge ( ! filt] & ! nozzle1 to prev5t ! bl[+ ( raw sewage f ! filt]4 ,footnote #afc3 ,f pap] by ,e4 ,g4 ,bradbury 9 ,proce$+s ( ! ,ohio ,eng4 ,society1 #aiaj1 p4 #gi4 ,footnote #afd3 ,! effective size ( s& is ! diamet] 9 millimet]s ( ! l>ge/ gra9 9 t #aj p] c5t1 by weight1 ( ! mat]ial :i* conta9s ! smalle/ gra9s4 ,footnote #afe3 ,! uni=mity coeffici5t is ! ratio ( ! diamet] ( ! l>ge/ p>ticle ( ! smalle/ #fj p] c5t1 by weight1 to ! effective size4 ,footnote #aff3 ,int]e/ at #f p] c5t4 ,footnote #afg3 ,worce/] figures4 ,footnote #afh3 ,?is me?od may %[ a pr(it f ! sale ( sludge4 ,footnote #afi3 ,sewage ,disposal1 #aiai1 p4 #bbc4 ,footnote #agj3 ,see ,eng4 ,news1 ,vol4 #i1 #ahhc1 p4 #bjc1 & ,vol4 #bi1 #ahic1 p4 #bg4 ,footnote #aga3 ,am]ican ,sew]age ,practice1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,footnote #agb3 ,ref]5ce #aa1 at end ( ?is *apt]4 ,footnote #agc3 ,ref]5ce #ae4 ,footnote #agd3 ,ref]5ce #b4 ,footnote #age3 ,= me*anical me?ods ( dry+ sludge1 see ,ref]5ce #bb1 p4 #aabg1 & ,no4 #cc1 p4 #hdc4 ,footnote #agf3 ,ref]5ce #aj4 ,footnote #agg3 ,ref]5ce #ac4 ,footnote #agh3 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 ,bullet9 #bea1 #aiae4 ,footnote #agi3 ,ref]5ce #be4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,see ,report by ,black ,phelps ( ,metropolitan ,sew]age ,commission1 #aiaa1 repr9t$ z ,vol4 ,,vii ( ,contributions f ! ,sanit>y ,rese>* ,laboratory ( ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4 ,footnote #aha3 ,see ,reports1 ,mass4 ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,ref]5ce #dg4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,ref]5ce #aj4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,ref]5ce #aj4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,ref]5ce #aj4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,hatton1 ref]5ce #cc4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,ref]5ce #ah4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,ref]5ce #a1 at end ( ?is *apt]4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,ref]5ce #b4 ,footnote #aij3 ,ref]5ce #f4 ,footnote #aia3 ,ref]5ce #e4 ,footnote #aib3 ,ref]5ce #f4 ,footnote #aic3 ,ref]5ce #f4 ,footnote #aid3 ,ref]5ce #h4 ,footnote #aie3 ,ref]5ce #bj4 ,footnote #aif3 ,ref]5ce #ag4 ,footnote #aig3 ,ref]5ce #ai4 ,footnote #aih3 ,ref]5ce #ba4 ,footnote #aii3 ,ref]5ce #bd4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,inorganic ,*emi/ry1 by ,alex&] ,smi?4 ,footnote #bja3 ,am]ican ,public ,heal? ,association def9ition4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,sewage ,sludge by ,all54 ,footnote #bjc3 ,sewage ,disposal by ,k9nicutt1 ,w9sl[ & ,pratt4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,sewage ,disposal by ,full]4 ,footnote #bje3 ,sewage ,sludge by ,all54 ,footnote #bjf3 ,f ,eng4 ,news-,record1 ,vol4 #hd1 #aibj1 p4 #iie4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,a ,simple ,me*anical ,control = ,dos+ ,sewage ,b$s1 by ,p4 ,?ompson1 ,eng4 ,news-,record1 ,vol4 #hd1 #aibj1 p4 #ajah4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,sewage ,disposal by ,k9nicutt1 ,w9sl[ & ,pratt4 ,footnote #bji3 ,design ( ,siphon by ,g4 ,h4 ,bayles1 ,eng4 ,news-,record1 ,vol4 #hd1 #aibj1 p4 #igd4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,sil5tly correct$ typographical errors & v>iations 9 spell+4 #b4 ,ar*aic1 non-/&>d1 & unc]ta9 spell+s reta9$ z pr9t$4 #c4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4 #d4 ,enclos$ bold font 9 equals4 #e4 ,sup]scripts are d5ot$ by a c>et be=e a s+le sup]script "* or a s]ies ( sup]script$ *>act]s enclos$ 9 curly braces1 e4g4 ,mr4 or ,mi/]4 #f4 ,subscripts are d5ot$ by an und]score be=e a s]ies ( subscript$ *>act]s enclos$ 9 curly braces1 e4g4 ,h#b,o4